^'-'^  ^   •  »  t\0 1   iiT"- 
 
 "^a^  *t>e^^ 
 
 BX  8909  .N4  1884 
 
 Encyclopaedia  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  th« 
 
ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH 
 
 IX   THE 
 
 United  States  of  America: 
 
 INCLUDING  THE  NORTHEKX  AXD  SOUTHERN   ASSESIBLIES. 
 
 ALFRED   NEVIN,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Editor, 
 
 ASSISTED  BY 
 
 B.  M.  SMITH,  D.D.,  ELLIOTT  E.  SWIFT,  D.D., 
 
 W.  E.  SCHENCK,  D.D.,  M.  B.  GRIER,  D.D., 
 
 L.  G.  BARBOUR,  D.D.,  j    E.  P.  HUMPHREY,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
 
 B.  M.  PALMER,  D.D.,  J.  W.  DULLES,  D.D., 
 
 WM.  BLACKWOOD,  D.D.,  LL.D., 
 J.  RUMPLE,  D.D., 
 
 J.  B.  STRATTON,  D.D., 
 R.  M.  PATTERSON,  D.D., 
 
 T.  L.  CUYLER,  D.D.,  |    J.  I.  BROWXSON,  D.D., 
 
 AND   OTHER  EMINENT  3UNISTEKS  OF  THE  CHURCH. 
 
 Including  a  Description  of  the  Historic  Decorations  of  the  Pan  Prestiyterian  Council  of  1880, 
 By  REV.  HENRY  C.  McCOOK,  D.  D.,  LL.  D. 
 
 IVa/i  about  Zion,  and  go  round  about  her :  till  the  towers  thereof.     Mark  ye  well  her  bulwarks,  consider  her 
 palaces,  that  ye  may  tell  it  to  the  generation  following— Vs\\.^l  XLVIII,  12,  13. 
 
 Entered  according  to  act  of  Congress,  in  the  ye«r  i884,  bt  D.  fl.  e.  n.,  for  the  Pressyteihan  Encyclopaedi*  Publishing  Co;, 
 IN  THE  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  congress  at  Washington,  d,  C. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN   PUBLISHING    CO., 
 No.  15 10  Chestnut  Street. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 HISTORICAL  TABLETS. 
 
 Scotland, Page     88 
 
 i\ 
 
 Ireland,      
 
 England  and  Wales,  . 
 
 Holland, 
 
 Germany 
 
 Italy,  
 
 France,  
 
 Switzerland, 
 
 Hungary 
 
 Bohemia  and  Moravia,    . 
 De!5criptive  References, 
 
 212 
 
 426 
 
 53° 
 620 
 
 730 
 830 
 
 932 
 1050 
 
 1249 
 
 Memory  Tablels. 
 
 The  reverse  side 
 of  these  Takleis 
 can  be  used  to  re- 
 cord itemsdeemed 
 worthy  of  perma- 
 nent preservation 
 in  the  family. 
 
 7 
 
PEEFACE. 
 
 The  Excyclop.edia  was  undertaken  witli  the  conviction  that  such  a 
 thcf^aurus  of  intelligence  is  not  only  a  need,  but  also  the  desire  of  the 
 Church  which  it  repi  3sents.  It  is  the  fruit  of  much  labor.  The  prepara- 
 tion of  it  has  involvu^i  more  toil  and  2)atience  than  any  one,  perhaps,  can 
 adequately  estimate,  who  h  .s  not  had  experience  in  such  work.  After 
 thorough  reflection,  it  wns,  for  reasons  deemed  satisfactory,  determined  by  the 
 publishers  to  make  it  consist  of  but  one  volume.  The  only  regret  felt  in 
 reaching  this  decision  was  that  the  book,  though  designed  to  be  large,  would 
 not  be  sufficiently  so  to  embrace  full  notices  of  many  ministers  and  elders 
 well  deserving  a  place  on  its  pages.  This  regret,  however,  finally  yielded  to 
 a  sense  of  necessity,  which  seemed  to  be  imperative,  unless  the  work  should  be 
 made  so  voluminous  as  to  be  inconvenient  for  ready  reference,  and  so  expen- 
 sive a.s  to  prevent  its  general  circulation.  It  was,  also,  greatly  mitigated  by 
 the  consideration  that,  although  distinct  sketches  of  persons  and  places  would 
 have  to  be  to  some  extent  limited  in  their  range,  yet  the  incidental  notices  in 
 the  narratives,  of  those  not  thus  formally  delineated,  would  be  so  numerous  as 
 to  fill  up  the  measure  of  general  comprehensiveness. 
 
 The  strictest  accuracy  has  been  steadily  kept  in  view  in  the  construction  of 
 the  volume,  and  the  highest  degree  of  this,  it  is  trusted,  has  been  attained, 
 which  could  be  expected,  in  view  of  the  loss  or  faded  condition  of  some 
 important  records,  the  vagueness  of  traditions,  and  the  difficult  legibility  of 
 not  a  few  of  the  manuscripts  in  which  material  for  the  work  was  communi- 
 cated. In  regard  to  the  precise  date  and  locality  of  the  origin  of  Presbyteri- 
 anism  in  our  country,  the  editor  has  preferred  not  to  assume  the  responsibility 
 of  deciding,  and  has,  therefore,  presented  such  evidence  touching  the  several 
 aspects  of  this  question  as  his  own  research  supplied  or  his  contributors 
 furnished,  leaving  his  readers  to  draw  such  conclusions  from  it  as,  in  their 
 judgment,  may  be  warranted. 
 
 A  grateful  acknowledgment  is  here  made  of  very  kind  and  valuable  aid 
 received  from  our  Assistants,  and  from  many  brethren  in  the  ministry  and  in 
 the  eldership,  in  every  section  of  the  country.     Special  obligation  is  also  felt, 
 
PnEFACE. 
 
 ill  this  rt'spect,  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  B.  B.  WarfieM,  the  Rev.  S.  J.  M.  Eaton,  i».  n., 
 IVnii.s^'lvania;  Prof.  J.  F.  Baiid,  liitliaua;  the  Rev.  A.  L.  Liiidsley,  i).  D., 
 Oregon;  the  Rev.  C.  A.  Stillnian,  d.  d.,  Ahil)aina ;  the  Rev.  Dr.  W.  A. 
 Scott  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  S.  P.  Spreeher,  California;  the  Rev.  Dr.  James 
 ('.  Moffat  and  the  Rev.  A.  A.  Hodge,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  New  Jersey  ;  the  Rev. 
 \V.  E.  Monre,  D.  d.,  and  tlie  Rev.  Anson  Smytli,  d.  n.,  Ohio;  Sheldon  Jack- 
 son, I).  D.,  Henry  J.  Van  Dyke,  Sr.,  d.  d.,  and  C.  W.  Baird,  i>.  D.,  New  York  ; 
 the  Rev.  Samuel  Hodge,  d.  d.,  and  the  Rev.  A.  T.  Norton,  d.  d.,  Illinois;  the 
 Rev.  J.  Aspinwall  Hodge,  u.  d.,  Ojnneetieut,  and  the  Rev.  Stephen  Yerkes,  d.  d., 
 Kentucky. 
 
 In  (jrdcr  to  add  to  the  completeness  ot"  the  ExcvcLur.EDiA,  the  editor 
 availed  himself  freely  of  all  appropriate  material  within  his  reach,  without 
 feeling  it  to  he  neceasary  to  give  specific  credit,  in  every  instance,  to  the 
 .sources  of  information  thus  laid  under  tribute.  Notwithstanding  imperfec- 
 tion.s,  from  which  it  does  not  claim  to  be  exem{)t,  he  will  be  more  than  satisfied 
 if  its  acceptableness  and  usefulness  but  correspond  with  his  design  and  desire. 
 With  its  absolute  silence  on  ecclesiastical  severances,  from  whatever  cause,  few, 
 if  any,  he  cannot  but  think,  will,  after  due  consideration,  feel  like  finding  fault. 
 The  work  has,  he  feels  a.ssured,  this  great  advantage,  that  its  interest  as  a 
 record  of  the  pa.st,  instead  of  being  abated,  will  be  augmented  by  the  fiight 
 of  3'ears.  The  pre])aration  of  it,  though  retjuiring  long  and  earnest  ettbrt,  has 
 given  him  great  pleasure;  and  he  most  heartily  hopes  that,  untler  God's 
 blessing,  it  may  serve  to  attract  the  branches  of  the  Church  which  the  two 
 Assemblies  represent  into  the  closer  fellowship  wiiieh  their  e<»mmon  Faith 
 and  (lovernment,  ancestry  and  aim,  demand,  and  to  make  every  Presbyterian 
 into  whose  hands  it  may  come,  not  only  more  grateful  for  the  Church's  grand 
 hi.story,  but  more  jirayerful  and  active  that  her  future  may  be  signalized  with 
 ever-growing  succi'ss,  both  at  home  and  abroad,  in  securing  the  triumph  of  the 
 Redeemer's  kingdom. 
 
 Alkred  Nevix. 
 
 Piiii.AiiEi.riiiA,  April  1,  1884. 
 
CALVIN. 
 
 CALVIN. 
 
 ejoH::N"  o^Lvi^. 
 
 The  Illustrious  Reformer  was  born  at  Noyon, 
 in  Ficarily,  on  tlie  10th  of  July,  1.509,  and  died  at 
 Geneva  on  the  27th  of  May,  1564.  His  lather,  Ger- 
 hard, whose  name  was  Chaiiriii,  but  was  afterwards 
 Latinized  by  his  sou  into  tlie  more  euphonious 
 shape  of  Cdlcinufi,  or  Calvin,  was  Procureur  Fiscal, 
 of  the  lordship  of  Xoyon,  and  Secret;iry  of  the  diocese. 
 He  was  a  man  of  powerful  understanding,  and  by  his 
 judicious,  i)rudcnt  and  upright  conduct,  won  the  re- 
 gard of  the  nobility  of  tlie  district.  His  mother  Wius 
 Anna  Franke,  of  Cambray,  of  whom  it  is  said,  that 
 "her  feelings  were  colored  by  tlie  age  in  which  she 
 lived,  and  tliat  she  was  animated  by  an  anxious 
 piety.  Faith  was  early  awakened  in  her  heart.  She 
 had  been  taught  to  pray  under  the  open  sky,  a  blessed 
 means  of  imi^ressing  upon  young  minds  a  feeling  of 
 the  presence  of  God." 
 
 Of  the  outward  apjjearance  of  young  Calvin,  desti- 
 tute as  we  are  of  information,  we  can  say  little. 
 Beza,  who  knew  best  how  to  describe  him  correctly, 
 says,  "  He  was  of  middle  stature,  somewhat  pale, 
 his  skin  was  rather  brown,  and  his  clear,  sparkling 
 eyes  gave  token  of  his  keen,  lively  spirit,  and  this 
 even  till  his  death.  In  his  dress  he  was  very  neat, 
 but  without  ornament, as  became  his  great  simplicity. ' " 
 He  was  educated  with  the  children  of  the  noble 
 family  of  Mommor,  the  most  honorable  in  the  dis- 
 trict. In  his  twelfth  year,  his  father,  who  was  not 
 rich,  procured  for  him  an  appointment  in  the  Cliapelle 
 lie  la  Ge/iine.  He  destined  him  to  the  study  of 
 theology,  because,  in  his  tender  years,  he  had  mani- 
 fested extraordinary  piety,  and  was  a  sharp  reprover 
 of  the  follies  of  his  schoolfellows,  but  afterwards 
 changed  his  intentions. 
 
 Calvin  was  sent  by  his  lather,  with  the  younger 
 members  of  the  Mommor  family,  to  the  high  school 
 at  Paris.  Here  he  found  Maturnius  Cordier,  who 
 afterwarels  aly'ured  popery,  and  for  whose  learned 
 and  pious  instructions  he  entertained  the  most  sin- 
 cere and  grateful  recollection.  From  the  CulJige  de 
 la  JIarche  he  passed  to  the  Collige  Montaiiju,  where  he 
 met  with  a  Spaniard,  who  taught  the  scholastic  philoso- 
 phy, and  greatlj-  improved  his  excellent  cajjacity.  The 
 extraordinary  gifts  of  the  young  man  were  here  strik- 
 ingly displayed.  His  mind  was  so  active  that  he 
 soon  left  all  his  fellow-students  behind,  and  was  able 
 to  jiass  from  the  language  classes  to  those  of  dialectics 
 and  the  higher  sciences.  At  this  time  he  became 
 first  acquainted  with  a  Bible.  It  was  that,  perhaps, 
 of  Fal)er  Stapulensis,  or  the  still  uuprinted  transla- 
 tion oi  Robert  Olivetanus,  his  relation.  Heat  that 
 time  understood  neither  Greek  nor  Hebrew,  although 
 he  had  preached.  But  no  sooner  did  he  discover  the 
 errors  of  tlie  Catholic  Church,  than  he  resigned  his 
 benefice. 
 
 I  Calvin  then,  at  the  suggestion  of  his  father,  studied 
 law  at  the  Universities  of  Orleans  and  Bourges,  and  in 
 1532  returned  to  Paris,  a  decided  convert  to  the  Ke- 
 formed  faith.  Compelled  to  fly  from  Paris  in  1533, 
 after  various  wanderings  he  found  a  protector  in 
 Margaret,  Queen  of  Navarre.  In  the  following  year 
 he  went  to  Ba.sel,  and  there  completed  and  published 
 his  great  work,  the  "  Institutes  of  the  Christian  Re- 
 ligion." After  a  short  stay  at  Ferrara  he  went,  in 
 1536,  to  Geneva,  where  reform  had  just  Ix-en  e.s- 
 tablished,  and  there,  on  the  pressing  entn'aties  of 
 Farel  and  his  friends,  he  remained.  In  1538  Calvin 
 and  Farel  were  expelled  from  Geneva,  in  con- 
 sequence of  some  changes  introduced  by  them,  and 
 Calvin  went  first  to  Berne  and  then  to  Stras- 
 burg.  lu  1540,  he  was  invited  to  return  to 
 Geneva.  He  at  first  declined,  but,  at  length, 
 solicited  by  the  councils,  and  by  the  ministers 
 and  inhabitants  of  the  city,  he  left  Strasburg, 
 in  the  Spring  of  1541,  with  an  understanding  that  he 
 should  speedily  return,  and  was  received  with  trans- 
 port at  Geneva.  Active  and  energetic,  zealous  and 
 persevering,  Calvin  instantly  commenced  the  work 
 of  reformation.  The  ecclesiastical  laws  he  assisted 
 in  revising,  the  ordinances  he  altered,  and  before  the 
 year  had  closed,  this  work  of  usefulness  was  accom- 
 plished, and  approved  by  a  general  council.  Those 
 laws  were  as  efficient  and  salutary  as  they  were  wise 
 and  eciuitable.  At  this  time  he  wrote  a  catechism, 
 which  was  translated  into  various  lauguages,  and 
 met  with  general  approbation.  He  also  published 
 a  "  Commentary  on  the  Epistle  to  Titus,"  and  dedi- 
 cated it  to  his  old  friends  Viret  and  Farel.  His 
 labors  now  rapidly  increased.  He  preached  nearly 
 every  day,  he  lectured  very  frequently  in  theology, 
 presided  at  meetings,  instructed  churches,  and 
 defended  the  Protestant  faith  in  works  celebrated  tor 
 their  perspicuity  and  genius.  Nor  was  he  less  active 
 in  his  duties  as  a  citizen  than  as  a  tlieologiau,  or 
 a  minister  of  Jesus  Clirist.  In  1.543  he  composed  a 
 liturgy  for  the  C'liureh  at  Geneva.  He  also  wrote  a 
 work  on  the  necessity  of  a  reformation  in  the  Church, 
 and  exposed  the  absurdities  of  a  frivolous  translation 
 of  the  Bible,  by  Castalio,  in  the  compilation  of  which 
 fancy  had  been  consulted  at  the  expense  of  truth,  and 
 sound  in.stead  of  sense.  The  enemies  to  the  Reform- 
 ation were  numerous  and  iiotent  when  combined,  but 
 singly  they  were  nothing.  The  truth  of  this  remark 
 was  felt  by  Calvin,  and  he,  therefore,  refuted  tlie 
 various  works  of  the  enemies  as  they  appear<'<l.  Thus 
 he  answered  Albert  Pighius. 
 
 But  his  efl'orts  were  not  all  controversial.  Ho 
 established  at  Geneva  a  seminary  for  the  education 
 of  pious  young  men  in  the  Protestant  faith,  who,  by 
 their  future  ministrations,  should  extend  the  borders 
 
CALVIN. 
 
 CALVIN. 
 
 oltlio  true  Church,  and  in  that  great  work  of  nse- 
 I'uluess  he  was  assisted  by  the  celebrated  Beza.  At 
 that  time  also,  the  Waldenses,  iuhabiting  the 
 C'abriers  and  other  places,  who  were  persecuted  by 
 order  of  the  Parliament  of  Aquitaine,  and  who  fled 
 to  Geneva,  found  in  Calvin  a  sincere  and  zealous 
 friend.  He  vindicated  in  public  their  cause  and  in 
 private  their  necessities.  In  tlie  year  1.546,  the  efforts 
 of  Calvin  were  various,  though  jiainful.  Charles  V, 
 who  was  a  determined  enemy  to  the-  Protestant 
 religion,  had  alarmed  some  by  his  threats,  and  cor- 
 rupted others  by  his  promises.  Calvin  exerted  him- 
 self to  counteract  all  his  efforts.  But  this  was  not 
 all.  Wliilst  some  were  lukewarm  at  Geneva,  others 
 were  additionally  profligate.  To  convert  and  con- 
 vince them,  he  labored  with  incessant  anxiety, 
 though  with  but  inadequate  success.  In  1547,  whilst 
 Germany  was  the  scene  of  war  and  France  the  theatre 
 of  persecution,  Calvin  wrote  his  "  L' Antidote," 
 being  a  contTover.sial  work  on  the  doctrine  of  the 
 flr.st  seven  sections  of  the  council  of  Trent,  and  also 
 ■  ■  A  Warning  Letter  to  the  Church  of  Rouen, ' '  against 
 the  doctrines  of  a  ilonk  who  taught  the  Gnostic  and 
 Autinomian  heresies,  lu  the  same  year,  he  also  con- 
 tinued his  piistojal  duties,  and  proceeded  in  the 
 composition  of  his  "Commentaries  on  Paul's 
 Epistles."  In  1.548,  Beza  retired  to  Geneva,  and, 
 with  Calvin,  formed  future  plans  of  yet  more  extended 
 and  important  usefulness.  Calvin,  accompanied  by 
 Farel,  in  the  following  year  Wsited  the  Swiss  churches, 
 and  wrote  two  very  able  and  learned  letters  to  Socinius, 
 the  founder  of  the  sect  called  Socinians.  In  15.50 
 he  assisted  yet  further  in  the  work  of  reformation, 
 by  obtaining  the  direction  of  the  Consistory  at  Geneva, 
 for  the  communication  of  private  as  well  as  public 
 religious  instruction  to  its  iubabita,nts,  and  for  a 
 total  disregard  by  every  one  of  all  feast  and  saint  days. 
 The  next  year  was  less  favorable  to  the  peace  of 
 Calvin.  A  controversy  on  the  doctrine  of  predesti- 
 nation agitated  the  Church,  the  enemies  of  Calvin 
 misrepresented  his  sentiments,  and  endeavored  to 
 excite  a  general  antipathy,  not  merely  to  his  doctrines, 
 bnt  al.so  to  his  person.  But  Providence  rendered 
 their  attempts  abortive. 
 
 Calvin  is  accused  by  his  enemies  of  having  at  this 
 time  acted  with  a  tyrannical  and  persecuting  spirit 
 towards  the  heretical  Servetus.  In  regard  to  this 
 period  of  his  history,  it  has  well  been  observed,  that 
 Papistical  pamphleteers,  swallowing  the  entire  his- 
 tory of  the  Inquisition,  and  straining  at  this  one 
 execution  for  heresy,  present  a  ludicrous  insbince  of 
 liypocrisy,  as  they  come  forth,  with  pious  mien,  to 
 declaim  and  rave  against  the  cruelty  of  Calvin.  But 
 the  case  may  lie  far  more  satisfactorily  vindicated 
 than  by  contrasting  it  with  worse  and  numerous  in- 
 stiinces  in  which  the  very  cruelty  complained  of  Wivs 
 disphiyed.  "  Tlie  execution  of  Servetus,  so  often 
 made  a  stigma  upon  our  noble  Reformer,"  says  Dr. 
 Paul  Henry,  of  Berlin,  "shows  chiefly  that  Cahin 
 
 six>od  above  his  contemporaries.  He  had  done  every- 
 thing, trying  to  rescue  that  restless  company  of 
 spirits  who  would  destroy  the  Reformation.  Let  us 
 approach  this  error  of  Calvin's  life.  We  stand  before 
 the  council  with  him  and  Servetus,  he  seeking  to  ex- 
 l)Ose  error.  For,  as  Servetus  exclaims,  '  Everything  is 
 I  God!'  Cal\-in  replies,  '  What,  do  you  mean  to  .say  that 
 the  floor  on  which  we  tread  is  God  ?  And  what  if  I 
 ask  if  Satan  is  also  really  God  ? '  Servetus  rejoins 
 with  a  mocking  laugh,  '  Well,  do  you  not  believe 
 that  ?  '  Servetus  addressed  the  triune  God  with  hor- 
 rible names  of  bla-sphemy,  calling  Him  a  hell-hound. 
 Nor  to  the  hist  did  he  cea.se  to  re\'ile  what  was  holy. 
 Calvin  continued  in  liis  patient  endeavor  to  refute 
 and  admonish  him.  While  Calvin  was  of  the  opinion 
 that  the  council  acted  rightly,  yet  it  is  certain  tliat 
 he  did  not  influence  their  procedure  in  sentepcing 
 Servetus.  He  challenged  Servetus  to  come  forward  • 
 openly  and  establish  his  assertions.  He  also  entreated 
 the  council  not  to  put  Servetus  to  death  by  fire.  Yet 
 it  was  Calvin  upon  whom  Servetus  had  vented  his 
 fury. 
 
 The  gentle  Melancthon,  on  the  other  hand,  loudly 
 said  that  the  council's  way  of  sentencing  the  blas- 
 phemer was  correct.  Calvin  afterwards  evidently 
 was  in  doubt  about  the  whole  affair  in  which  he, 
 years  before,  had  taken  part,  following  the  sentiment 
 of  his  age.  His  judgment  grew  lenient  beyond  wh:it 
 was  usual  among  even  cultivated  minds  in  that 
 century.  The  spirit  of  toleration,  the  natural  result 
 of  gospel  principles  and  liberty  of  conscience,  rose  in 
 the  Reformed  Church  sooner  than  in  any  other. 
 
 "On  the  27th  of  October,  1853,  Servetus  had  been 
 dead  three  hundred  years.  Tlie  people  of  Geneva 
 went  up  to  Chappel,  the  hill-side  where  the  a.shes  of 
 Servetus  had  been  strewn,  and  observed  the  day  be- 
 fore the  Lord,  honoring  Christian  toleration  and 
 liberty  of  conscience,  and  begging  forgiveness,  in  the 
 name  of  the  old  council,  respecting  Servetus,  eve.n 
 though  he  was  guilty  of  transgression.  "But  to  Cal- 
 •fin,  who  has  been  censured  unjustly,  and  made  to 
 bear  the  burden  of  others'  errors,  was  decreed  a  statue 
 before  the  Cathedral  of  St.  Peter's.*  For  from  Calvin 
 proceeded  a  free,  sublime  and  sanctified  Christian 
 culture,  which  will  work  beneficially  uiion  mankind 
 as  long  as  the  stupendous  Alps  stand  in  all  their 
 splendor." 
 
 About  this  time  Calvin  w;us  mucli  affected  by  the 
 persecution  of  his  friend  and  fellow-laborer,  Farel, 
 for  having  condemned  the  immorality  of  the  Gene- 
 vese,  and  was  almost  incessantly  occupied  in  acts  of 
 kindness  to  the  persecuted  Protestants,  who,  on  the 
 death  of  Edward,  king  of  England,  had  been  coni- 
 pelled  to  quit  the  country.  He  w;is  also  engaged  in 
 wTiting  liis  "  Commentary  on  the  Gospel  of  John." 
 Nor  could  the  spirit  of  bigotry  and  persecution,  which 
 
 *  It  wiw  finitUy  drrcidfd  by  Geneva,  .\t  Calvin's  Ter-cent»^nary,  to 
 erect,  instead  of  tho  statue,  a  memoriat  hall.  This  has  been  built — 
 a  spacious  edifice,  capable  of  accommodating  two  thousand  p^-reons. 
 
CALVIN. 
 
 CALVIN. 
 
 prevailed  in  Englanil  fail  of  attracting  his  attention.  ,  ness  which  he  had  experienced  at  its  hands,  and 
 He  communiciited  with  the  suflerei-s,  both  in  England  !  especially  for  the  friendship  which  had  been  shown 
 and  France,  and  was  indefatigable  in  rooting  up  all  \  him  iluring  his  last  illness.  "  For  I  feel,''  he  said 
 heresies  which  then  disturbed  the  peace  of  the  Church,  i  "  that  this  is  the  last  time  that  I  shall  stand  here." 
 Towards  the  close  of  the  year  Cahin  visited  Frank-  :  These  words  were  uttered  in  a  voice  scarcely  audible, 
 fort,  for  the  purpose  of  terminatiug  the  controversy  !  and  he  immediately  took  his  leave  of  the  council,  the 
 as  to  the  Lord's  Supper,  which  had  been  .so  long  agi-  members  of  which  were  moved  to  tears.  On  the 
 tated.  He  returned  to  Geneva,  much  indisposed,  i  ^d  of  April,  which  was  Ea,ster-day,  he  was  carried  to 
 but  devoted  his  time  to  writing  his  "Commentary  ou  |  church  in  a  chair.  He  remained  during  the  whole 
 the  Psalms,"  and  to  active,  energetic  and  successful  '  sermon,  and  received  the  sacrament  from  the  hand 
 exertions,  through  the  medium  of  German  ambassa-  \  of  Beza.     He  even  joined,  though  with  a  trembling 
 
 dors,  on  behalf  of  the  Protestants  at  Paris,  who  in 
 that  year  (1.5.5.5)  were  unjustly  and  inhumanly  per- 
 secuted. At  this  time,  a  sect  called  the  Ti-itheists, 
 headed  by  Geutilis,  who  believed  that  God  consisted 
 
 voice,  the  congregation  in  the  last  hymn,  '"  Lord,  lot 
 Thy  servant  dei>art  in  peace,"  his  countenance  beam- 
 ing with  the  smile  of  Christian  joyfulness.  April 
 ■2.5th  he  made  his  will,  in  which,  after  declaring  his 
 
 not  merely  of  three  distinct  persons,  but  also  of  three  '  belief,  and  eommeudlng  himself  to  the  mercy  of  God, 
 
 distinct  essences,  was  revived,  and  Calvin  directed 
 his  attention  to  a  refutation  of  the  system.  In  the 
 succeeding  year  he  proposed  the  establishment  of  a 
 college  at  Geneva,  for  the  education  of  youth,  and  in 
 three  years  his  wishes  were  accomplished,  and  him- 
 self was  elected  to  the  situation  of  Professor  of 
 Divinity,  jointly  with  Claudius  Pontius.  This  col- 
 lege afterwards  beaime  eminently  useful,  and  was 
 much  distinguished  for  the  learned  and  pious  men 
 who  emanated  from  it.  In  the  same  and  the  fol- 
 lowing year  Calvin  was  presented  with  the  freedom 
 of  the  city  of  Geneva,  reprinted  his  "  Christian  In- 
 stitutes," as  well  in  French  as  Latin,  prepared  for 
 the  press  his  "Commentary  on  Isaiah,"  and  com- 
 bated, with  success,  a  new  heresy  which  had  arisen, 
 as  to  the  mediatorial  character  of  Christ.  In  1561 
 Calvin  was  summoned  before  the  Council  of  Geneva, 
 at  the  desire  of  Charles  IX,  as,  being  an  enemy  to 
 France  and  her  king.  But  on  examination  it  ap- 
 peared that  the  only  charge  which  could  be  estab- 
 lished against  him  was  that  of  having  sent  Protestant 
 missionaries  to  that  kingdom.  Soon  afterwards  he 
 published  his  " Commentary  on  Daniel,"  and  much 
 interested  himself  on  behalf  of  the  Protestants  in 
 France,  who  were  then  persecuted  by  the  Duke  of 
 Guise.  In  1562  his  health  rapidly  declined,  and  he 
 was  compelled  to  restrict  his  labors  to  Geneva  and 
 his  study     But  in  this  and  the  following  year  he 
 
 he  disposed,  in  the  whole,  of  $235.  On  AprU  30th 
 the  Senators,  whom  he  desired  to  see,  proceeded  in 
 solemn  procession  from  the  council  chamber  to  his 
 house,  where  they  a.ssembled  around  him,  and,  after 
 collecting  all  his  strength,  he  delivered  to  them  a 
 most  impressive  address.  On  the  28th  of  April, 
 when  all  the  ministers  of  the  Genevese  territory  were 
 assembled  at  his  house,  according  to  his  wish,  he  also 
 addressed  them  in  tender  and  solemn  terms.  He 
 then  extended  his  right  hand  to  each,  "and  we  went 
 from  him,"  says  Beza,  "  with  very  heavy  hearts  and 
 wet  eyes."  Having  learned  ou  the  2d  of  May,  by  a 
 letter  from  Farel,  that  that  now  aged  man,  thinking 
 more  of  his  sick  friend  than  of  himself,  proposed 
 making  a  journey  to  Geneva,  Calvin  wrote  to  him  the 
 following  letter,  in  Latin  :  '  Farewell,  my  best  and 
 most  fiiithful  brother.  Since  it  is  God's  will  that 
 you  should  survive  me,  live  in  the  constant  recollec- 
 tion of  our  union,  which,  in  so  far  as  it  was  useful  to 
 the  Church  of  God,  will  still  bear  for  us  abiding  fruit 
 in  heaven.  I  wish  you  not  to  fatigue  yourself  on 
 ray  account.  My  breath  is  weak,  and  I  continually 
 expect  it  to  leave  me.  It  is  enough  for  me  that  I 
 live  and  die  in  Christ,  who  is  gain  to  His  people,  both 
 in  life  and  in  death.  Once  more  farewell,  with  the 
 brethren. ' 
 
 "  The  few  remaining  days  of  his  life,"  says  Beza, 
 "Calvin  spent  in  almost  constant  prayer.      So  weak, 
 
 lectured  on  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  completed  I  however,  was  his  voice,  through  the  shortness  of  his 
 
 his  "Commentaries  on  the  Books  of  Moses  and 
 Joshua,"  and  published  his  celebrated  "Answers  to 
 the  Deputies  of  the  Sjmod  of  Lyons. ' ' 
 
 In  1564  Calvin's  health  became  gradually  worse, 
 but  yet  he  insisted  on  performing  as  many  of  his 
 duties  as  his  strength  would  possibly  allow.  On  the 
 6th  of  February  he  preached  his  last  sermon,  already 
 much  affected  by  a  cough.  March  27th,  though  his 
 feeble  frame  was  much  exhausted,  he  desired  to  be 
 Ciirried  to  the  door  of  the  council  chamber.  He 
 ascended  the  steps  leading  to  the  hall,  supported  by 
 two  attendants,  and  there,  having  proposed  to  the 
 Senate  a  new  rector  for  the  school,  he  took  off  his 
 
 breath,  that  for  the  most  part  his  sighs  onlj-  were 
 audible.  But  his  eyes  shone  bright  to  the  last,  and  he 
 raised  them  to  heaven  with  such  an  expression  that  it 
 was  easy  to  learn  from  them  the  fervor  of  his  prayer. 
 He  frequently  repeated,  in  his  agony,  with  profound 
 sighs,  the  words  of  David,  '  Lord,  I  opened  not  my 
 mouth,  for  it  was  Thy  doing'  :  and  from  time  to 
 time  those  of  Isaiah,  '  I  mourn  as  a  dove. '  I  have 
 also  heard  that  he  said,  '  Thou  dost  sorely  afflict  me, 
 O  Lord:  but  it  is  consolation  enough  for  me,  audi 
 suffer  it  willingly,  since  it  is  Thine  hand. ' 
 
 "  The  day, "  continues  Beza,   "  on  which  he  died, 
 namely  May  27th,  he  seemed  to  suffer  less,  and  even 
 
 skull-cap  and  thanked  the  assembly  for  the  kind-  !  to  speak  with   greater   ease,  but  this  was  the  last 
 
CALriX. 
 
 CALVIN. 
 
 effort  of  nature.  lu  the  evening,  about  eight  o'clock, 
 the  sure  signs  of  death  became  suddenly  apiiareut. 
 As  soon  as  this  was  made  known  to  me.  and  to  one 
 of  the  brethren,  by  the  servants,  I  hastened  to  the 
 bedside,  and  found  him  as  he  quietly  expired;  neither 
 feet  nor  hands  were  convulsed;  he  had  not  even 
 breathed  hard.  He  had  retained  his  consciousness 
 and  reason  to  the  end.  Even  his  voice  was  preserved 
 till  his  last  breath,  and  he  looked  rather  like  one 
 sleeping  than  one  dead.  Thus  on.  this  day,  with  the 
 setting  sun,  the  brightest  light  in  tlie  world,  and  he 
 who  had  been  the  strength  of  the  (church,  was  taken 
 back  to  heaven. 
 
 "During  the  night  and  on  tlie  following  day 
 great  vras  the  mourning  throughout  the  city.  The 
 entire  State  wept  for  the  prophet  of  the  Lord;  the 
 Church  lamented  the  departure  of  its  faithful  pastor; 
 the  Academy  the  loss  of  so  great  a  teacher;  all 
 exclaimed,  in  tlieir  grief,  that  they  had  lost  a  father, 
 who,  after  God,  was  their  truest  frien<l  and  comforter. 
 Many  inhabitants  of  the  city  desired  to  see  him  after 
 he  was  dead,  and  could  hardly  be  induced  to  leave 
 his  remains."  He  was,  according  to  his  own  ex- 
 pressed desire,  buried  without  the  slightest  pomp. 
 
 To  this  biief  sketch  we  can  only  add  the  following 
 just  and  beautiful  eulogy  of  Calvin's  character  from 
 the  miscellaneous  -works  of  George  Bancroft,  Esq., 
 the  distinguished  historian.  Such  a  testimony  from 
 such  a  man,  who  never  speaks  at  random,  must  out- 
 weigh, in  the  minds  of  the  discriminating,  the  many 
 spiteful  outbursts  of  those  who,  taking  offence  at 
 Calvin's  theology,  scriptural  as  it  is,  refuse  to  give 
 him  credit  as  a  scholar,  a  man  of  unblemished  integ- 
 rity, and  a  great  reformer. 
 
 "We  may,  as  rei>ublicans,  remember  that  Calvin 
 was  not  only  the  founder  of  a  sect,  but  foremost 
 among  the  most  efficient  of  modern  republican  legis- 
 lators. More  truly  benevolent  to  the  human  race 
 than  Solon,  more  self-denying  than  Lycurgus,  the 
 genius  of  Calvin  infused  enduring  elements  into  the 
 institutions  of  Geneva,  and  made  it,  for  the  modern 
 world,  the  inipregnable  fortress  of  poi)ular  liberty, 
 the  fertile  seed-plot  of  democracy. 
 
 "We  boast  of  our  common  schools;  Calvin  was  the 
 father  of  popular  education,  the  inventor  of  the  .sys- 
 tem of  free  schools.  He  that  will  not  honor  the 
 memory,  and  respect  the  influence  of  Calvin,  knows 
 but  little  of  the  origin  of  American  liberty. 
 
 "If  personal  considerations  chiefly  win  ajiplau.se, 
 then  no  one  merits  our  sympathy  and  admiration 
 more  than  Calvin,  the  young  exile  from  France,  who 
 achieved  an  immortality  of  fame  before  he  was 
 twenty-eight  years  of  age;  now  boldly  rea.soning 
 with  the  king  of  France  for  religions  liberty;  now- 
 venturing  as  the  apostle  of  truth  to  carry  the  new 
 doctrines  into  the  heart  of  Italy,  and  hardly  escaping 
 from  the  fury  of  Papal  persecution;  the  purest  writer, 
 the  keenest  dialectician  of  his  century ;  i)u.shing  free 
 inquiry  to  its  utmost  verge,  and  j'et  valuing  inquiry 
 solely  as  a  means  of  arriving  at  fixed  conclusions. 
 The  light  of  his  genius  sc;ittered  the  mask  of  darkness 
 which  superstition  had  held  for  centuries  lielbre  the 
 brow  of  religion.  His  probity  was  unquestioned, 
 his  morals  spotless.  His  only  hai)piness  consisted  in 
 his  'task  of  glory  and  of  good,'  for  sorrow  found  its 
 way  into  all  his  private  relations.  He  was  an  e.xile 
 from  his  country;  he  became  for  a  season  an  exile 
 from  his  place  of  exile.  As  a  husband,  he  was 
 doomed  to  mourn  the  premature  loss  of  his  wife;  as 
 a  father,  he  felt  the  bitter  jiang  of  burying  his  only 
 child. 
 
 "Alone  in  the  world,  alone  in  a  strange  land,  he 
 went  forward  in  his  career  with  serene  resignation 
 and  inflexible  firmness;  no  love  of  ea.se  turned  him 
 aside  from  his  vigils;  no  fear  of  danger  relaxed  the 
 nerveof  his  eloquence;  no  bodily  infirmities  checked 
 the  incredible  activity  of  his  mind;  and  so  he  con- 
 tinued, year  after  year,  solitary  and  feeble,  yet  toil- 
 ing for  humanity,  till,  after  a  life  of  glory,  he 
 bequeathed  to  his  personal  heirs  a  fortune  in  books 
 and  furniture,  stocks  and  money,  not  exceeding  two 
 hundred  dollars,  and  to  the  world  a  purer  reforma- 
 tion, a  republican  spirit  in  religion  with  the  kindred 
 principles  of  ro])ublifan  liberty."  (See  Ck/ivh/shi,  in 
 the  Supi>lniinit.) 
 
THE 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  ENCYCLOPiEDIA. 
 
 A 
 
 Abeel,  John  Nelson,  D.  D.,  graduated  at 
 Princeton  College  ill  1787,  and  was  Tutor  in  it  for 
 two  years.  He  entered  upon  the  study  of  theology 
 under  Dr.  Livingston,  and  was  liceiLsed  to  pi-eacli  in 
 April,  1793.  He  first  became  pastor  of  a  Presby- 
 terian Chiu-ch  iu  Philadelphia,  but  in  1795  was 
 installed  aa  pastor  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  in 
 the  City  of  New  York.  With  a  discriminating  mind, 
 a  sweet  and  melodious  voice,  and  his  soul  inflamed 
 with  pious  zeal,  Dr.  Abeel  was  pre-eminent  among 
 extemporaneoiLs  orators.  He  was  a  man  of  uua.ssum- 
 ing  manners,  and  a  truly  eloquent  preacher.  He 
 died  January  20th,  181-2. 
 
 Abington  Church,  Pa.  This  church  was 
 organized  in  the  year  1714,  by  Rev.  Malachi  Jones. 
 The  first  Session  book,  still  in  existence,  gives  the 
 original  membership  as  exactly  threescore  and  ten. 
 These  were  chiefly  ' '  Scotch-Irish, ' '  although  the 
 names  indicate  a  small  commingling  of  the  Low 
 Dutch  element.  For  the  first  fifteen  years  succeed- 
 ing the  formation  of  the  congregation,  Mr.  Jones  per- 
 formed the  duties  of  their  pastor.  He  had  come  to 
 the  colony  of  Pennsylvania  from  Wales,  and  joining 
 the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia  (which  had  been  in 
 existence  eight  years,  and  had  eleven  names  on  its 
 roll),  immediately  began  work  at  Abington.  He 
 seems  to  have  pos.sessed  marked  energy  and  decision 
 of  character,  and  is  referred  to  by  one  of  his  contempo- 
 raries as  "a  good  man,  who  did  good."  By  a  deed 
 dated  August  15th,  1719,  Mr.  Jones  transferred  to 
 the  properly  constituted  representatives  of  the  con- 
 gregation one-half  acre  of  land,  that  they  might  erect 
 thereon  a  church  edifice,  and  at  the  same  time  have 
 a  burying  place  for  the  dead.  The  only  definite 
 information  of  the  original  building  is  tliat  it  was 
 coiLstructed  of  logs,  and  stood  until  April,  1793, 
 when  it  was  superseded  l)y  a  more  sightly  and  sub- 
 stantial structure.  Thirty  marriages  and  one  hun- 
 dred and  sixty-six  baptisms  are  mentioned  in  the 
 record  of  this  pastorate.     It  is  not  stated  how  manv 
 
 were  received  on  profession  of  faith.  Mr.  Jones  died 
 January  28th,  1729.  For  two  years  after  his  decease 
 Rev.  Jedediah  Andrews  occasionally  officiated  ;  but 
 it  was  not  until  1731  tliat  Mr.  Richard  Tieat  was 
 formally  called.  For  forty-seven  years  his  connection 
 with  Abington  was  continued.  In  1778,  having 
 arrived  at  the  seventy-fir.st  year  of  his  age,  this 
 faithful  servant  of  God  "fell  on  sleep."  During  the 
 period  covered  by  his  pastorate  George  Whitefield 
 and  David  Brainerd,  "the  Apostle  to  the  Indians," 
 vasited  Abington  a  numlier  of  times,  and  were  greatly 
 blessed  in  their  labors. 
 
 The  memorable  schism  between  the  Synods  of  New 
 York  and  Philadelphia  occurred  iu  1741;  Abington 
 .sided  with  New  York.  It  was  not  until  17.58  that 
 the  Synods  were  reunited.  Seven  years  previously  the 
 Presbytery  of  Abington  had,  for  convenience'  .sake, 
 been  constituted,  but  this  wiis  merged  in  the  Phila- 
 delphia Presbytery  on  the  union.  An  interregnum 
 of  three  years  followed  Mr.  Treat's  decease,  various 
 ministers  officiating.  In  1781  Rev.  William  Alackey 
 Tennent,  D.  D.,  was  chosen  pastor  and  iu.stalled. 
 Before  coming  to  Abington  Dr.  Tennent  had  been 
 .settled  at  Greenfield,  Conn.,  where  he  was  suc- 
 ceeded by  Dr.  Dwight,  afterwards  President  of  Yale 
 College.  While  here  he  gave  part  of  his  time  to  the 
 congregations  of  Norritcm  and  Pro\'idence.  In  1797 
 Dr.  Tennent  was  chosen  Moderator  of  the  General 
 Assembly.  For  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  Board 
 of  Trustees  of  Princeton  College.  During  his  min- 
 istry a  new  stone  church  was  built  on  the  west  side 
 of  the  turnpike.  This  building  was  first  occupied  in 
 1793.  Five  years  subsequently  Isaac  Boileau  con- 
 veyed to  the  corporation  the  parsonage  farm  of  one 
 hundred  acres.  Dr.  Tennent  was  called  home  Decem- 
 ber 2d,  1810,  after  a  painful  but  patiently  endured 
 illness;  he  rests  in  the  old  graveyard,  near  to  his 
 uncle,  Gilbert  Tennent,  and  close,  also,  to  President 
 Finley,  of  Princeton  College.  After  ah  interval  of 
 two  years  liev.  Wm.  Dunlap,  a  son  of  the  President 
 
ABIXGTOX  CHVRCH. 
 
 10 
 
 ACADEMIES. 
 
 of  Jefferson  College,  was  called  to  Abington;  he  had 
 begun  bis  ministerial  career  as  a  missionary  in  Canada, 
 and  was  instiiUed  at  Abington  July  ^^{l,  1812.  His 
 service  was  brief.  Six  years  after  his  instiillation  lie 
 was  summoned  to  go  up  higher.  He  died  in  his 
 thirty-si.xth  year.  For  about  twelve  months  Pre.sby-  ^ 
 tery  supplied  the  pulpit.  On  September  SHh,  1819,  ' 
 Kev.  Koljert  Steel  was  called  to  the  pa-storate.  He 
 Jiad  pursued  his  studies  with  Dr.  Wylie,  of  Phila- 
 delphia; subsequently  going  to  Nas-siiu  Hall,  where  1 
 he  was  graduated  in  1813.  His  theological  cour.se 
 was  pursued  under  the  supervi-sion  of  Dr.  Mason.  At 
 first  Mr.  Steel  engaged  in  city  mLssionary  work  in  I 
 New  York  and  I'hiladelpliia,  but  at  Abington  he 
 found  his  lirst  and  last  regular  charge.  At  a  eongrc-  j 
 gational  inteting  held  JIarch  I'Jtli,  1833,  it  was  decided 
 to  enlarge  and  entirely  remodel  the  church  edifice. 
 This  w;is  subsequently  done.  In  18.'56  the  parsonage 
 farm  was  sold,  with  the  exception  of  two  acres,  which 
 are  yet  retained. 
 After  this  thir- 
 teen acres  were 
 purchased,  and 
 oil  this  property 
 the  present  par- 
 sonage stands. 
 Mr.  Steel  was  a 
 Trustee  of  the 
 General  Assem- 
 bly, of  the  Board 
 of  Domestic  Jlis- 
 sions,  and  of  La- 
 fayette College. 
 In  1846  he  re- 
 ceived the  degnr 
 ofD.  D.  from  Jef- 
 ferson College. 
 Huntingdon  Val- 
 ley Cliurcli  was 
 organized  under 
 Dr.  Steel's  mini.stry — anolfshoot  I'lom  .Vbington — De- 
 cember 27tli,  18(iO.  Dr.  Steel  died  Seiiteiiilier  id,  18()2. 
 In  May,  18(i3,  Eev.  .loliii  Linn  AVitlirow  was 
 ordained  and  installed  as  piustor  here,  coming  direct 
 from  Princeton  Seminary.  Great  success  attended 
 his  efforts.  He  threw  his  whole  .soul  into  the  project 
 of  erecting  a  new  church  edifice,  and  finally  accom- 
 plished that  desired  end.  The  structure  is  of  brown 
 stone,  very  attractive  architecturally,  and  its  tall 
 spire  is  a  landmark  for  the  entire  neigliborliood. 
 Dr.  Withrow  resigned  in  November,  \>*t)'*,  to  take 
 eliaigeiif  .VrcliStieelCliurch,  Philadelphia.  Lafayette 
 College  bestowed  on  liim  the  degi-ee  of  D.  D.  The 
 ]{ev.  Samuel  T.  Lowrie  succeeded  Dr.  Withrow,  and 
 in  May,  18(>S),  was  installed  as  pastor.  He  had  previ- 
 ously ])reiielied  at  .\le.\andria.  Pa.,  and  the  Bethany  | 
 Mission,  Philadelphia.  During  bis  .sUiy  at  Abington 
 Mr.  Moody  gave  a  week  of  his  time  to  work  there,  a 
 service  whieli  will  lie  long  and  gratefully  remeiubered. 
 
 Jlr.  Lowrie  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Wash- 
 ington and  Jefferson  College.  He  left  Abington  Julj-, 
 1874,  to  accept  a  professorship  in  the  Western  Theo- 
 logical Seminary.  The  present  p-astor.  Rev.  L.  W. 
 Eckard,  was  called  January  1st,  187.">,  and  installed 
 ou  the  S.'Jth  of  the  following  JIay.  He  was  graduated 
 from  Lafayette  College  in  18U(),  and  Princeton  Semi- 
 nary in  1869.  The  first  five  years  of  his  ministry 
 were  spent  as  a  missiomiry  to  China.  Two  mission 
 chapels  have  become  self-supporting  churches  during 
 the  present  pastorate,  and  the  membership  has  been 
 largely  increased.  Such  is,  briefly,  the  story  of  Abing- 
 ton. The  earl}'  records  were  imperfectly  kept,  and 
 much  that  it  would  have  been  pl(a.s;iiit  to  know  about 
 is  altogether  omitted.  But  on  high  the  record  is  com- 
 plete, and,  in  souls  s;ived,  in  Christ's  name  glorified, 
 in  Cxod's  glory  enhanced,  all  shall  presently  know 
 what  divine  grace  hath  done  for  this  portion  of  Zion. 
 Academies,  Presbyterian.  The  early  educa- 
 tional institu- 
 tions of  our 
 Church  reflect 
 great  credit  ou 
 those  by  whom 
 they  were  est;ib- 
 lished  and  sus- 
 tained, and  con- 
 tributed largely 
 to  its  prosperity 
 and  nselulness. 
 
 While  the 
 Synod  of  New 
 York  was  en- 
 gaged in  laying 
 the  foundation  of 
 the  College  of 
 Nassiiu  Hall,  the 
 Synod  of  Phila- 
 delpUia  was  not 
 idle.  In  1739, 
 John  Thompson,  a  man  of  ])romiuence,  proposed 
 to  the  Prcsb.vtery  of  Donegal  the  erection  of  a 
 school  to  be  placi'd  under  the  care  of  the  Synod.  The 
 design  was  approved  by  the  latter  body  in  Jlay  of 
 the  .same  year.  Jlessrs.  Pemberton,  Dickinson, 
 Cross  and  Anderson  were  nominated  to  prosecute  the 
 design  and  secure  subscri|)tions  in  New  England 
 and  in  Europe.  In  1744  the  Synod  took  the  school 
 at  New  London,  Pa.,  which  had  started  the  previous 
 year,  under  its  care.  It  was  to  be  supported  by 
 annual  contributions  from  the  congregations,  and 
 "all  persons  who  please,  may  .send  their  eliildnn  and 
 have  them  instructed  gratis  in  languages,  jdiilosopliy, 
 and  divinity."  The  Kev.  Francis  Alison,  the  linest 
 scholar  in  the  two  Synods,  was  appointed  msuster,  and 
 authorized  to  appoint  his  own  u.sher.  He  was  to  be 
 allowed  by  the  Synod  twenty  pounds  ]>er  annum, 
 and  his  As,si.stant  fifteen  pounds.  Several  ministei-s 
 and  other  gentlemen  contributed  lx)oks  to  begin  a 
 
ACADEMIES. 
 
 11 
 
 ACADEMIES. 
 
 library,  iu  this   respect  imitating  the   example   of 
 Yale. 
 
 Ill  1719  the  plan  of  the  school  was  modified.  Jlr. 
 Ali-son's  salary  w;us  increased,  and  tuition  was 
 allowed.  In  17.r2  he  removed  to  Philadelphia,  to 
 take  charge  of  the  Aca*lemy  there,  but  the  school 
 continued  iu  operation  under  the  care  of  Alexander 
 McDowell,  to  whom,  in  1754,  JIatthew  Wilson  was 
 added  as  Assistant.  The  latter  was  to  teach  the 
 languages,  while  Mr.  McDowell  continued,  "  from  a 
 sen.se  of  the  public  good,"'  to  teach  logic,  mathema- 
 tics, natural  and  moral  philosopliy,  etc.  This  school 
 became  justly  celebrated,  and  served  to  aid  in  fur- 
 nishing the  Stiite  with  able  civilians,  and  the 
 Church  with  well-qualitied  ministers.  Among  those 
 who  were  wholly  or  partially  educated  here  were 
 Charles  Thomson,  Secretary  of  the  Continental 
 Congress  ;  Dr.  John  Ewing,  Provost  of  the  Univer- 
 sity of  Pennsylvania ;  Dr.  David  Eam.say,  the 
 historian  ;  the  celebrated  Dr.  Hugh  Williamson,  one 
 of  the  framers  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
 States  and  historian  of  Xorth  Carolina ;  and  three 
 signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  Governor 
 Thomas  McKean,  Gteorge  Read  and  James  Smith. 
 
 The  school  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Finley,  at  Xotting- 
 liam,  had  a  high  reputation.  It  sent  out  a  large 
 number  of  eminent  men.  Among  them  were  Governor 
 Martin,  of  North  Carolina ;  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  i 
 Colonel  John  Bayard,  Governor  Henry,  of  ilaryland; 
 Rev.  Dr.  Mc'NV'liDrtcr,  the  celebrated  James  Waddel; 
 and  the  Rev.  William  il.  Tennent,  of  Abington. 
 Mr.  Finley  was  an  accomplished  scholar  and  a  skillful 
 teacher  ;  and  to  such  eminence  had  he  attained,  that 
 on  the  death  of  Mr.  Davies  he  was  called  to  succeed 
 him  in  the  presidency  at  Princeton. 
 
 Soon  after  his  settlement  .is  pa.stor  at  Fagg's  Manor, 
 Pa.,  the  Rev.  Samuel  Blair  instituted  a  classical 
 school,  in  which  some  of  the  ablest  ministers  of  the 
 Presbj-terian  Church  received  either  the  whole  or  the 
 more  substantial  parts  of  their  education.  Among 
 these  were  the  Rev.  Samuel  Davies,  the  Rev.  Alex- 
 ander Cummings,  the  Rev.  John  Rodgers,  d.d.  ;  the 
 Rev.  James  Finley,  the  Rev.  Hugh  Henry,  and  the 
 Rev.  Robert  Smith,  P.  D.,  the  father  of  Samuel  Stan- 
 hope Smith  and  John  Blair  Smith;  all  eminent  as 
 scholars  and  divines. 
 
 Soon  after  his  settlement  as  pastor  at  the  church  of 
 Pequea,  Lancaster  Co.,  Pa.,  the  Rev.  Robert  Smith, 
 D.D.,  founded  a  school,  designed  chiefly  for  the  in- 
 struction of  youth  in  the  Latin,  Greek  and  Hebrew 
 languages.  In  this  school  he  employed  the  most  re- 
 spectable teachers,  and  it  was  soon  resorted  to  by  a 
 large  number  of  young  men  from  dlfterent  parts  of 
 Pennsylvania  and  Maryhuid,  .some  of  whom  were 
 afterw.ards  greatly  distingxiished  in  the  different  pro- 
 fessions. He  exerted  a  strong  religious  influence 
 on  the  minds  of  his  pupils,  and  a  large  part  of  those 
 intrusted  to  his  care  became  e.vemplary  profes.S4irs  of 
 /  religion. 
 
 Shortly  before  the  Revolutionary  War,  some  men 
 in  Virginia,  whose  sons  were  growing  up,  felt  a  de- 
 sire for  having  them,  or  part  of  them,  educated  liber- 
 ally, chiefly  with  a  view  to  the  ministry  of  the  gospel. 
 Accordingly  a  small  Ciraramar  School  was  formed  in 
 the  neighborhood  of  Old  Providence,  which  greatly 
 increased,  and  drew  youths  from  distant  neighbor- 
 hoods. This  school  was  moved  to  a  place  aiUed 
 Mount  Pleasant,  near  to  the  little  town  of  Fairfield. 
 Here  the  Rev.  William  Graham,  a  native  of  the  town- 
 ship of  Paxton,  near  Harrisburg,  in  Laucjister  county 
 (now  Dauphin),  Pa.,  at  the  request  of  Hanover  Pres- 
 bytery, commenced  his  labors  as  a  teacher,  and  here 
 we  find  the  germ  whence  sprung  Washington  Col- 
 lege. Iu  1776  the  school  was  est;ibli.shed  at  Timber 
 Ridge  Meeting-house.  As  Jlr.  Graham's  income 
 from  the  Aciidemy  was  small,  and  his  salary  for 
 preaching  to  the  two  cougreg-ations  of  Timber  Ridge 
 and  Hall's  Meeting-house  (now  Monmouth)  was 
 paid  in  depreciated  currency,  it  was  impossible  for 
 him  to  support  his  family,  and  he  purchased  a  small 
 farm  on  the  Xorth  river,  within  a  mile  or  two  of  the 
 present  site  of  Washington  College.  For  some  time 
 after  retiring  to  his  farm  he  endeavored  to  perform 
 the  duties  of  a  Rector,  by  visiting  the  school  and 
 giving  instruction,  several  times  in  each  week.  But 
 this  being  found  very  inconvenient  to  himself,  and 
 disadvantageous  to  the  school,  he  relinquished  the 
 establishment  at  Timber  Ridge,  and  opened  a  school 
 in  his  own  house.  After  some  time  a  frame  edifice 
 was  erected  ;  on  ground  given  for  the  purpose,  and  the 
 school  was  continued  until,  in  the  year  17S2,  appli- 
 cation was  made  to  the  Legislature  for  an  Act  of 
 Incorporation,  and,  accordingly,  a  number  of  trus- 
 tees were  formed  into  a  body  corporate,  to  have  full 
 charge  of  the  Academy,  which  received  the  name  of 
 Liberty  H.vll.  which  name  it  retained  until  it  was 
 endowed  by  General  W;i.shington,  when  his  name 
 was  substituted  for  that  which  it  had  before  borue. 
 In  this  Academy,  notwithstanding  the  adversities  it 
 had  to  encounter  during  the  Revolutionary  War, 
 many  were  eduaited  who  afterwards  attained  gieat 
 eminence.  Among  them  were  Samuel  Doak,  John 
 I  Montgomery,  Archibald  Alex;inder,  James  Houston, 
 William  Tate,  Samuel  Greenlee,  and  William  Wilson. 
 At  an  early  period  after  he  ])ecame  pastor  of  the 
 churches  of  Chartiers  and  Pigeon  Creek,  iu  Western 
 Pennsylvania,  Dr.  John  McMillan  directed  his  .atten- 
 tion towards  the  preparation  of  .suitable  young  men  of 
 piety  and  talents  for  the  gospel  ministry.  He  was  .se- 
 lected by  the  Synod  of  Virginia  to  manage  and  t;ike 
 charge  of  the  institution,  which,  by  their  appointment, 
 was  entrusted  to  the  superintendence  of  the  Presbytery 
 of  Redstone.  This  institution,  with  his  consent,  and 
 the  concurrence  of  the  Presbytery  of  Red.stone,  w.a3 
 located,  within  a  year  after  it  Avas  tlujs  originated,  iu 
 Canonsburg.  and  became  merged  into  the  Academy 
 of  that  place  in  1791-2.  The  first  students  iu  this 
 ' '  Log  Cabin ' '  were  James  Hughes,  John  Brice,  James 
 
ADMli. 
 
 12 
 
 ADAMS. 
 
 McGrcady,  Samuel  Porter,  and  Thomas  Marquis.  | 
 Many  othurs  who  also  bt-cume  promiuuut  iu  the 
 C'huich  here  received  their  education.  The  Academy, 
 in  1802,  was  merged  into  Jeflerson  College,  and  when 
 it  at  length  became  a  chartered  college.  Dr.  McMillan 
 was  its  most  steady  and  ett'ectual  friend,  through 
 his  long  life.  •' Jellerson  College,"  says  Dr.  Joseph 
 Smith,  "owes  an  inimia-surable  debt  of  gratitude  to 
 Dr.  McMillan,  and,of  course,  the  cause,  of  science  and 
 literature  mu.st  ever  regard  him' as  one  of  its  earliest 
 and  most  valuable  patrons  and  supporters."  1 
 
 Adair,  Rev.  Robert,  was  born  in  Belfast,  Ire- 
 land, ilarch  Kith,  1802,  and  wasordained  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  Castle,  November  I'Jth,  1829.  Mr.  Adair 
 was  i)astor  of  the  Second  Cliurch,  Wilmington,  Del., 
 lS2!)-o4;  of  the  church  at  Norristown,  Pa.,  1834-8; 
 stated  supply  of  the  Franklin  Street  Church,  I'hiladel- 
 liliia,  18:58-!);  pastor  of  the  Fii-st  Church,  Southwark, 
 l'hila<lelphia,  1S3U-48  ;  Corresponding  Secretary  of 
 the  I'hiladelphia  Home  Jlissionary  Society,  1848-()2; 
 pastor  of  the  Central  Chmch,  Norristown,  18G2-o; 
 Secretary  of  the  Home  Jlission  Committee,  1865-71; 
 pastor  of  the  Tabor  Church,  Philadelphia,  1871-80; 
 and  on  resigning  the  charge  iu  1880,  was  made  Pastor 
 ICmtritus.  Mr.  Adair  still  resides  in  I'hiladelphia, 
 and  preaches,  as  there  is  opportunity,  for  his  brethren, 
 l)y  whom  he  is  held  in  high  regard,  lie  is  an  earnest 
 and  impressive  preacher,  and  is  always  listened  to 
 with  interest.  As  a  member  of  Pre-sbytery  he  is  very 
 faithful  and  u.seful.  His  long  ministry,  and  service 
 iu  importiuit  spheres,  have  been  crowned  with  the 
 divine  blessing,  and  in  his  advanced  age  he  Ls  stUl 
 ready  to  aid  every  work  which  aims  at  the  glory  of 
 his  Ma.--ter  and  the  gmid  <if  niankiiul. 
 
 Adams,  John  "Watson,  D.  D.,  a  son  of  the 
 Kev.  Kogcr  Adams,  was  born  in  Simsbury,  Conn., 
 December  (ith,  1796.  He  graduated  at  Hamilton  Col- 
 lege in  1822,  having  during  his  collegiate  course  de- 
 veloped a  chanicter,  both  intellectual  and  moral,  of 
 rare  excellence.  On  leaving  college  he  became  the 
 teacher  of  a  select  school  in  Manlius,  New  York. 
 At  the  close  of  this  engagement,  he  went  to  the  city 
 of  New  York,  and  commenced  his  professional  studies, 
 availing  himself  of  the  instnictiim  of  Dr.  Spring, 
 and  two  or  tline  other  Presliyterian  cUrg\nien  of  the 
 city.  A  short  time  alterward  he  joined  the  Middle 
 CUiss  iu  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Auburn,  where 
 he  took  the  first  rank  for  Uilents,  and  diligent  ami 
 successful  study.  He  was  ordained  and  instiilled 
 pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Syracuse, 
 July  28th,  182(),  and  continued  in  this  relation  till  the 
 clo.se  of  his  life.  In  1841  he  was  chosen  a  member 
 of  the  Hoard  of  Overseers  of  Hamilton  College,  and 
 eontinue<l  to  Imlil  tlie  olliee  until  his  death,  which 
 oicurred  Ai>ril,  lith,  1-'.'>(I.  "  Dr.  Adam.s,"  .siiysDr.  K. 
 W.  Condit,  "  was  one  of  the  most  unambitious  men 
 whom  I  have  ever  known  in  the  ministry  ;  he  was 
 indeed  ambitious  to  do  good  and  promote  the  honor 
 of  his  .Vla.stiT,  but    lor  the  a)>plause  of  men  I  never 
 
 could  see  that  he  cared  a  rush.  As  a  preacher,  he 
 had  a  deservedly  high  nputation.  He  could  not  be 
 considered  as  eminently  popular,  but  his  sermons 
 were  always  rich  in  evangeliciil  truth,  and  wTitten  iu 
 a  style  of  great  perspicuity  and  precision,  so  that  it 
 was  the  favilt  of  the  hearer  if  he  was  not  prolited." 
 After  Dr.  Adams'  death  there  was  published  a  duo- 
 decimo volume  of  his  tiiscourses,  which  is  highly 
 creditable,  not  only  to  his  talents  as  a  preacher,  but 
 to  the  American  ]>ulpit. 
 
 Adams,  Rev.  ■William  Hooper,  the  son  of 
 the  Kev.  Dr.  Nehemiah  and  Jlartha  Hooper  Adams, 
 was  born  in  Boston,  Mass.,  January  8th,  1838.  He 
 entered  Harvard  University  in  ISoO,  and  was  honor- 
 ably graduated  in  1860,  after  which  he  became  a  stu- 
 dent of  the  Theological  Seminary  at  AndoS^r.  In 
 January,  1861,  he  ent<red  the  Theological  Seminary 
 at  Columbia,  S.  C.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gos- 
 pel September  27th,  1862,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Hojk'- 
 well,  and  on  Novemljer  21st,  1863,  he  was  ordained 
 as  an  Evangelist  by  the  same  Presbytery.  Immedi- 
 ately after  his  ordination  he  ministered,  as  an  Evan- 
 gelist, to  the  churches  of  Danielsvillc,  Sandy  Creek, 
 and  to  the  peojjle  of  Paolia  and  Beth  Haven,  Ga. 
 
 Mr.  Adams  begim  his  minLstry  at  Eufaula,  Ala., 
 where  he  labored  with  great  lidelity  and  acceptance. 
 In  the  summer  of  1865  he  returned  to  15oston.  Feb- 
 ruary 20th,  1867,  he  visited  Charle,st<m,  S.  C,  accepting 
 an  invitation  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Circular  Church 
 in  that  city,  where  he  remained  twelve  years.  In 
 the  Spring  of  1880  he  was  in  attendance  at  the  meet- 
 ing of  Charleston  Presbj-tery,  and  a  few  days  alter 
 the  adjournment  of  that  body  his  spirit  passid  tran- 
 (luilly  t'rom  time  to  eternity. 
 
 During  his  absence  from  his  church,  in  1877,  to  be 
 near  his  father  during  his  remaining  days,  Mr.  Adams 
 was  laboriously  engaged  in  ministerial  and  literary 
 work.  He  supplied  the  v.ieant  pulpit  of  Vine  Street 
 Church,  Koxbury,  Mass.,  the  Church  of  Middlcl)oro, 
 Mass.,  and  afterwards  the  Hancock  Church,  of  Lex- 
 :  ington,  in  the  same  State.  At  the  same  time  he  pre- 
 pared his  "Seven  Words  from  the  Cross,"  a  work  of 
 great  tenderness  and  nu'rit.  He  was  an  eminently 
 holy,  self-s;urilicing  and  devoted  man.  He  w;us  a 
 general  favorite  with  the  colored  ]M'ople,  in  whom  he 
 had  always  manifested  a  kind,  t-onsiderate  interest, 
 and  they  were  largely  represented  at  his  funeml, 
 where  their  expressions  of  love  and  grief  were  deeply 
 aflecting.  As  a  preacher,  he  "detennincd  to  know 
 nothing  but  Je.sus  Chri.st  and  him  crucified."  His 
 jmlpit  i>rei)arations  were  elalxjrate  and  scholarly. 
 As  a  i)a.stor  he  will  be  rememl>ere<l  with  peculiar 
 aflection.  He  w:us  deeply  interestetl  iu  everything 
 that  int<-rest<<l  his  Hock.  Condescending  to  men  of 
 low  e.st;it<',  he  had  a  kind  and  encour:iging  word  lor 
 all — for  the  chimney  sweep  and  the  sciiveuger  that 
 removed  the  rubbish  from  his  door.  "  Brother  Adiims," 
 said  his  Presbytery,  iu  n  jxaper  adopted  in  view  of  his 
 deatli,    "was  a  heavenly-minded,  cheerful  and  loving 
 
ADAMS. 
 
 13 
 
 ADUKR. 
 
 Christian,  ami  as  a  luinistor  ol'  the  gospel,  was  able, 
 earnest  ami  zealous.  It  c;iu  truly  be  said  ol'  him,  as 
 it  w:is  said  of  another  preacher  ol"  C'lirist,  after  his 
 decease,  "There  was  no  Uiint  of  bigotry  in  his  na- 
 tvire.  All  followers  of  Christ  were  Christians  to  him, 
 and  in  every  sinner  he  s;i\v  a  possible  saint,  and  hoped 
 and  praj-ed  that  the  jKissibility  might  he  realized." 
 Adams,  "William,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  son  of  John 
 ^\dams,  was  btjrn  at  Colchester,  Conn.,  in  1813. 
 When  an  infant  he  w;us  tiiken  to  Audover,  JIass., 
 where  his  father,  wiio  was  one  of  tlie  most  celebrated 
 teachers  of  his  day,  became  the  Principal  of  an 
 aciideniy.  Trained  by  his  father,  and  a  proteg<i  of 
 Professor  Stiuvrt,  he  had  also  the  advautiige  of  con- 
 stant a.ssociation  with  such  men  ;ls  Judsou,  Gordon 
 Hall,    Xewill,    and  many   others.      He    settled    at 
 
 WILLI.^M    .\DAMS,   P.P.,  !,I..P. 
 
 Brigliton.  near  IJoston,  where  his  ministry  was  suc- 
 cessful. In  IslO  he  accepted  a  CiiU  to  the  Broome 
 street  or  Central  Presbyterian  Church  of  Xew  York, 
 and  for  many  years  was  its  most  efficient  and  beloved 
 ])astor.  A  large  portion  of  this  congregati(m,  who 
 thought  it  advisable  to  remove  to  the  upper  part  of  the 
 city,  withdrew,  with  Dr.  Adams,  in  1853,  and  erected 
 an  elegant  church  edifice  on  the  corner  of  Madison 
 avenue  and  Twenty-fourth  street,  and  became  known 
 as  the  Madison  Square  Presb.\-terian  Churcli.  In  this 
 edifice,  for  twenty  years,  Dr.  .\dams  j)reached  to 
 large  and  intelligent  audiences,  and  with  marked  in- 
 dications of  the  Divine  blessing  upon  bis  ministry. 
 Having  been  elected  President  of  the  Union  Theolo- 
 gical Seminary,  Xew  York,  he  preached  his  farewell 
 sermon  as  jiastor  of  the  Madison  Square  Church,  on 
 
 Sunday,  April  loth,  1874,  and  his  inauguration  ;is 
 President  took  place  Jlay  11  tb,  1874. 
 
 Dr.  Adams  w:us  a  finished  gintleman,  dignified,  yet 
 aft'able  and  approachable,  lu  public  and  private  his 
 Ix-aring  was  marked  by  an  entire  self-possession,  and 
 a  happy  adaptiibility  to  circumstances  and  p<Tson.s. 
 He  had  a  genial,  companionable  disposition,  and 
 none  but  ennobling  qualities  of  heart.  He  was  a  very 
 superior  preacher.  All  liis  .sermons  were  able,  and 
 indicated  great  theological  as  well  as  literary  culture. 
 His  voice  was  mellow,  though  full  of  compa.ss,  and 
 his  delivery  and  gestures  were  appropriate  and  im- 
 pressive. He  excelled  as  an  extcmijoraneous  speaker, 
 showing  a  remarkable  fluency  of  chaste,  elfective 
 language.  As  a  pastor  he  was  greatly  beloved  by  his 
 people.  Dr.  Adams  took  high  rank  as  an  author. 
 He  wrote  with  much  gracefulness  and  vigor,  and  his 
 works  reached  a  large  circulation.  Prominent  among 
 his  books  were  "The  Three  Gardens — Eden,  Geth- 
 semane,  and  Paradise,"  and  "Thanksgiving."  In 
 1853  he  was  Jloderator  of  the  General  As.sembly 
 which  met  in  AVashington,  D.  C.  He  exerted  a  com- 
 manding and  widespread  influence  in  the  Church,  by 
 his  Christian  excellence,  well-balanced  character,  in- 
 tellectual force,  and  official  fidelity. 
 
 Addison,  Hon.  Alexander,  was  born  in  Scot- 
 lan<l.  and  received  a  thorough  English  and  cla.ssical 
 education  in  the  College  of  Aberdeen,  in  his  native 
 land.  He  first  adopted  the  ministerial  profession, 
 and  emigrated  to  America  in  1758,  bearing  the  com- 
 mission of  a  preacher  in  the  Pre.sbjterian  Church. 
 He  officiated  in  that  capacity  for  some  time,  at  "Wash- 
 ington, Pa.,  when  he  turned  his  attention  to  the  law, 
 and,  aft<r  pursuing  the  required  course  of  study, 
 commenced  jiractice  and  was  eminently  successful, 
 attaining  to  wealth  antl  honor.  He  was  the  first 
 person  to  receive,  an  appointment  as  President  Law 
 .Tudge  in  \Vestern  Pennsylvania,  his  commission  to 
 that  office  dating  1791.  He  remained  in  this  po.siti(m 
 until  1802,  and  died,  in  Pittsburg,  in  1807.  He  was 
 the  author  o{  Addison's  Ilcports,  at  one  time  a  high 
 authority. 
 
 Adger,  John  Bailey,  D.D.,  was  born  December 
 i:!th,  1810,  in  Charleston,  .S.  C,  and  is  the  clilest  son 
 of  James  .Vdgcr,  who  was  a  wealthy  and  pious  mer- 
 chant in  that  city.  He  graduated  at  I'uion  College, 
 X.  Y'.,  in  18"28.  and  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Charleston  Union,  .Vpril  l.")th.  1834. 
 In  that  vear  he  was  .sent  out  as  a  missionary  to  the 
 Armenians  in  Asia  Minor,  by  the  American  Board  of 
 Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions.  He  labored 
 there  zi-alously  nearly  twelve  years,  Init  was  com- 
 pelled, by  impaired  \isi()n  and  failing  health,  to 
 resign.  Soon  after  his  return  to  his  native  State, 
 viz.,  in  1847  he  proposed  to  the  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Cliarleston.  to  build  a  .sepanite  church  for 
 the  iK'uefit  of  th<'  <<)lored  ])eople,  which  was  ilonc  in 
 1849.  This  colored  congregation  afterwards  Ixcame 
 the  Zion  Church.     In  1857  he  accepted  the  appoint- 
 
ADOPTING  ACT. 
 
 14 
 
 ADOPTING  ACT. 
 
 ment    of    Professor     of     Ecclesiastical     History    and  "'''h  respect  to  any  article  or  articles  of  eaid  Confeasion   or  Cale- 
 
 Church   Polity  itl   tlie  ScmilKiry  of  C'olmilllia    S.  C.  <^'"8™«. 'le  sUhU.  altlie  tiuu- of  liis  makiugisaid  duclaraliun,  il.-cb»re 
 
 itnl    i*^toi»^wl    *!,.    ,       :*;  11      *-   1*111-  ■*       1     .-  ills  et'Ulimenta  tu  tlie  I*rvebvter>' or  Synod,  who  Hhall,  uutwithstaud- 
 
 ami  retainea  the  position,  ablj'  lulhlliuj'  its  duties,  •„      j    . , .    .     .  '       ,  .       .  .     ,  .       . 
 
 .,  '  '  •'  "     "="""'-■'>  ing,  adniil  liim  to  the  eiercue  of  the  minmlrv  in  tlnir  own  l^jundi. 
 
 until   IS, 4.      bulisi-quently  he  was  stat<;d  SUpjjly  of  and  to  niini»terial  communion,  if  the  Syii.Kl  or  Presbytery  iiliall 
 
 Mount    Zion,    ltJ75-77,    pastor  of  Roberts  Church  in  judge  ''■»  ecruple  or  misluke  lo  be  only  about  articles  not  eeMlUial 
 
 1878,  and  since  1879   has  been  jiastor  of  Hopewell  "'"' n«:«»«o- "d doctrine,  »ot>ihip or govemmem.   But  if  tlies^yuod 
 
 r'liiii-«li        Ti^      *  .1..  -  -      ■  1  i    T»        Hi  IT      •  or  Presbytery  bhull  judge  such  Ministers  or  Candidates  erroDeoiu 
 
 cnurcn.     Jjr.  Atlger  resides  at  Pendleton.     He  is  a  ■  .   ,      ,  .  ,      ,,.,.,       ,      „     , 
 
 .  .  in  essential  and  necessary  articles  of  faith,  the  frvnod  or  Presbytery 
 
 gentleman  ol  scholarly  actiuirements  and  a  faithful  .  shall  declare  them  uuca,«ible  of  communion  »ith  them.    .\ud  the 
 laborer  in  the  vineyard  of  tbeLord. 
 
 I  Synod  do  soleniuly  agree,  that  none  of  us  will  traduce  or  use  any 
 oppr^ibious  teniM  of  those  that  differ  fp->ni  us  in  iheseextra-essentiul 
 and  not  necessary  jioints  of  doctrine,  but  tn-at  tliem  with  the  same 
 friendship,  kindness,  and  brotherly  love,  as  if  they  had  not  differed 
 from  us  in  such  sentiments." 
 
 The  foregoing  jKiper  was  adoptetl  in  the  morning. 
 In  the  afternoon  took  place  '"The  Adopting  Act." 
 The  ministers  of  the  Synod  then  iire.-ieut,  with  the 
 exception  of  Jlr.  Eliuer,  who  deilarid  himself  not 
 quire  the  luloption  of  the  Westminster  Confession  by  prepared  (but  g-ave  .in  bis  assent  at  the  ue.xt  meet-, 
 their  ciindidates  for  the  ministry.  Xo  one  will  be  ,  ing  of  the  .Synodi,  alter  proposing  all  the  scruples' 
 surprised,  tlierefore,  to  learn  that  the  overture  which  j  that  any  of  tl.em  ba<l  ag-.iinst  any  articles  and  c.xpre.s- 
 
 Adopting  Act.  The  most  prominent  event  in 
 the  period  of  our  Church's  history,  i'loiii  17-J!)  to  1741, 
 was  the  p;ussing  of  the  Adopting  Act,  by  wliich  assent 
 to  the  Westminster  Coulession  of  Paith  was  retjuired 
 of  all  members  of  the  SjTiodj.and  of  all  candidates 
 for  admission  to  the  Presbyteries.  The  Presbytery  of 
 Newcastle  had  begun,  at  least  as  earlv  iis  1724,  to  re- 
 
 led  to  the  Adojiting  Act  bad  its  origin  in  tliis  I're.s- 
 byteiy.  Tlie  Kev.  .John  Thomi)son,  of  hewes,  Del., 
 was  its  author.  Under  the  date  of  JIarch  •J7th,  1728,  it 
 is  recorded  that  ''an  overture  formerly  read  before 
 Sj-nod,  but  which  was  dropped,  Ijeing  now,  at  the  de- 
 sire of  the  I*resbytery,  produced  by  Jlr.  Thompson 
 and  read,  the  Presbj-tcry  defer  their  judgment  con- 
 cerning it  until  ne.xt  meeting. "     When  the  overture 
 
 sions  in  the  Confession  and  Catechisms,  uminimoiLsly 
 agreed  in  the  solution  of  those  scruples,  and  in  declar- 
 ing the  Confession  and  Catechisms  to  l>e  their  confes- 
 sion of  faith.  The  only  e.vception  made  was  to  tho.se 
 articles  of  the  Form  of  Government  which  related  to 
 the  duties  of  the  civil  magistrate.  In  view  of  the 
 "unanimity,  peace  and  unity"  which  apjieared  in 
 these  consultations  and  delilK-rations  of  the  Synotl, 
 
 was  introiluced  a  second  time  into  Synod,  iu  1728,  |  they '■unanimou.sly  agreed  in  giving  thanks  to  God  in 
 '•the  Synod,  judging  this  to   be  a  very  important  j  solemn   prayer   and   praises."     The    ministers  who 
 
 were     present     at    this     meeting    of    SjTiod    were 
 
 affair,  unanimously  concluded  to  defer  the  considera- 
 tion of  it  till  the  ne.>ct  Synod,  withiil  recommending 
 it  to  the  members  of  each  Presbyterj-  present  to  give 
 timeous  notice  thereof  to  the  absent  members."  In 
 1729  the  subject  wius  taken  up  by  the  Synod,  and  re- 
 ferred to  a  committee  i-onsisting  of  Mes.srs.  Andrews, 
 Dickinson,  Pierwjn,  Thoiup.sim  (the  author  of  the 
 overture),  Craighead,  and  Anderson,  who  brought  in 
 a  rejKirt  which,  alter  long  debate  upon  it,  was  agreed 
 to  in  ha:c  verba : — 
 
 "  Although  the  Synod  do  not  claim  or  protend  to  any  authority  of 
 imiKuing  our  faith  u|xm  oilier  men's  consciences,  but  do  profess  our 
 just  dissulisfaclion  with,  and  abiiorrence  of,  such  inipositiou-s,  and  do 
 utterly  disclaim  all  legislative  iioivcr  and  authority  in  the  Church, 
 being  willing  to  receive  one  another  as  Christ  has  received  us,  to  the 
 glory  of  God,  and  admit  to  fellowship  iu  s.icred  ordinances  all  such 
 as  we  have  grounds  lo  believe  Christ  will  at  last  admit  to  the  King- 
 dom of  Heaven ;  yet  wo  are  undoubtedly  obliged  to  take  caro  that 
 the  faith  once  deliven-d  to  the  sjiints  be  kept  pure  and  iincorrupt 
 among  us,  and  so  handed  down  to  our  posterity.  And  do  therefore 
 agr«u  that  all  the  niinistera  of  this  Synod, orthat  shall  hereafter 
 be  admitted  into  this  Synod,  shall  declare  their  agreement  in,  and 
 approbation  of,  the  Confession  of  Kuilh,  with  the  Largeraiul  Shorter  ^ 
 Catechisms  of  the  .\8semb1y  of  Livini^at  Westminster,  as  iM-ing,  in 
 
 Messrs.  Andrews,  Craighead,  Thompson,  .-Vnderson, 
 Pierson,  Gielston,  Houston,  Tcnncnt,  l?oyd,  Dickin- 
 son, Bradner,  T.  Evans,  Hutchinson,  Elmer,  Steven- 
 son, William  Tenneut,  Conn,  Orme,  (iillespie,  and 
 WiLson. 
 
 A  motion  being  made  to  know  the  Synod's  judg- 
 ment about  tlie  Directory,  they  gave  their  sense  of 
 the  matter  in  the  following  words  : — 
 
 "The  Synod  do  unanimously  acknowledge  ami  de- 
 clare, that  they  judge  the  Directory  for  worshi|),  dis- 
 cipline and  government  of  the  Church,  commonly 
 annexed  to  the  Westminster  Confession,  to  be  agreo 
 able  in  substance  to  the  Word  of  God,  and  founded 
 thereu]X)ii,  and  therefore  <lo  earnestly  recommend  tile 
 same  to  all  their  memlH'i-s.  t<i  be  by  them  observeil,  as 
 near  iis  circumstances  will  allow  ami  Christian  pru- 
 dence flirect." 
 
 After  action  uiKin  the  .\dopting  .\ct,  the  question 
 immediately  arose,  what  do  the  Synotl  mean  by  "es- 
 sential and  neces.s;irv  articles?  "      Mav  the  new  mem- 
 
 all  Iho  essential  and  necessary  articles,  good  forms  of  sound  wonls  |  Ix'rs  object  to  any  anil  all   articles  not  essential   to 
 and  system,  of  Christian  d.Kiriue-,  and  do,  also,  adopt  the  1.1,1  Con-    Christianitv?    This  ambiguitv  ill  the  Act  excited  im- 
 feasion and  Caleclnsnis  OS  the  confession  of  our  failli.     Andu-edi  ,.    .       ,."       ..   ..     ..  ,  ",,       ,,  ,  ,,    , 
 
 also  agree  that  all  .he  Presbyteries  within  our  b..nn,h,  shall  always  ;">"'""«  •'"^■^'t'--*';"'"""-    »"<1    «l'e    -Svnml    Were  called 
 Uke  care  not  lo  wlmit  any  ramlldate  of  the  minislry-iulo  the  exer-  ,  "Pon  to  Siiy  explicitly  how   these  expressions  were  tO 
 cise  of  the  sacreil  functions  but  what  declares  his  agreement  in  ]  lie  UIldersliHid.      This  they  did  at   their  miH'tiilg  iu 
 opinion  with  all  the  essential  and  necesKu-y  articles  ol  said  tVnfcwion,  I  1730^   an  f„|l„«-s  :      "  Oirrliinil.    That   the  Svnod  do 
 Fllherbysiibscrihing  (he  said  I  onfessiou  of  Failh  and  Catechisms,  '  ,      ,  .i     ..   n  i       .       i  .,  ,     "  , 
 
 .,  ,  1  1    1      .,        I- .,  ....  ,  „    .  now  declare,  that  thev  understand  these  dau.ses  that 
 
 or  by  a  verlsil  declaration  of  their  a-eient  thereto,  OS  such  Minister 
 
 or  Candidate  shall  think  i«-,t.    And  in  case  any  minister  of  this    rt^pect  the  admission  of  intrants  or  c:indidates,   in 
 Synod,  or  any  candidate  for  the  ministry,  slioll  have  any  scruple  ;  SUCh  a  sclise  as  to  oblige  them  to  receive  and  adopt 
 
AGK£\r. 
 
 15 
 
 AGNEir. 
 
 the  Confession  and  Catechisms  at  their  admission,  in 
 the  s;ime  manner,  and  as  fully,  as  the  members  of 
 Synod  did  tliat  were  then  present." 
 
 Many  jiersiins  havinj;  been  offended  with  some  ex- 
 pressions or  distinctions  in  the  first  or  preliminary 
 aet  of  Synod  for  adopting  the  Westminster  Confession, 
 Catechisms,  etc.,  in  order  to  remove  said  offence  and 
 all  jealousies  that  had  arisen,  or  might  ari.se,  on  occa- 
 sion of  said  distinctions  and  expressions,  the  follow- 
 ing action  was  taken  in  1736  :  "The  Synod  doth  de- 
 clare, that  the  Synod  have  adopted  and  still  do  adhere 
 to  the  Westminster  Confession,  Catechisms,  and  Di- 
 rectory, without  the  least  variation  or  alteration,  and 
 without  any  regard  to  said  di.stinctions. ''  The  min- 
 istt'rs  present  at  this  meeting  of  Synod  w'ere  Jlessrs. 
 Thomas  Craighead,  J.  Andrews,  J.  Thompson,  J.  An- 
 derson, Richard  Treat,  J.  Houston,  Robert  C'athcart, 
 A.  Boyd,  Robert  Cross,  Robert  Jamison,  Ebenezer 
 Gould,  II.  Stevenson,  II.  Carlisle,  James  JIartiu,  Wil- 
 liam Bertram,  Alexander  Craighead,  John  Paul, 
 William  Tenuent,  Sen.,  William  Tennent,  Juu.,  and 
 David  Evans.  If  to  the.se  be  added  those  members 
 who,  though  absent  this  year,  were  present  vvlien  the 
 explanatory  declaration  of  1730  was  pa.s.sed,  viz. : 
 Messrs.  Johu  Picrson,  Samuel  Gelston,  Gilbert  Ten- 
 nent, Alexander  Hutchinson,  Joseph  Jlorgan,  Daniel 
 Elmer,  Thomas  Evans,  and  Ebenezer  Pemberton,  we 
 have  a  sufficient  list  of  witnesses  as  to  what  were  the 
 true  meaning  and  intent  of  the  Adopting  Act. 
 
 Agne-w,  Benjamin  Lashells.  D.D.,  sou  of 
 Smith  and  Maria  Mayes  Agnew,  was  born  October 
 2d,  1833,  in  what  was  then  called  Warren,  now 
 Apollo,  Armstrong  County,  Pa.  He  giaduated  at 
 Washington  College  in  18.j4,  and  entered  the  Western 
 Theological  Seminary  in  the  Fall  of  the  same  year. 
 At  the  close  of  his  second  year  in  the  Seminary  he 
 was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Allegheny,  April 
 8th,  1856,  an<l  spent  his  Summer  vacation,  of  four 
 months,  in  Somerset,  where  he  laid  the  foundation 
 of  a  new  Presbyterian  church.  In  the  Fall  he 
 returned  to  the  Seminary,  and  graduated  May  13th, 
 1S57.  He  then  went  back  to  Somerset,  completed 
 the  church  commenced  the  previous  Summer,  and 
 rai.seil  the  money  to  free  it  from  all  indebtedness,  but 
 declined  the  pastorate,  which  he  was  urged  to  accept. 
 Febrmiry  18th,  18.58,  he  was  ordained  and  installed 
 pastor  of  the  church  at  Johnstown,  Pa.  ANTiile  here 
 he  w;is  successful  in  securing  the  erection  of  two 
 buildings  within  tlie  bounds  of  his  congregation  ; 
 one,  a  small  building  at  Conemaugh  Station,  chiefly 
 for  the  accommodation  of  ineu  employed  by  the  Penn- 
 sylvania R;iilroad,  and  their  families  ;  the  other,  a 
 large  building  in  Johnstown,  for  the  use  of  the  main 
 congregation.  On  October  18th,  1867,  he  resigned 
 the  pastorate  at  Johnstown,  to  accept  a  call  to  the  j 
 Westrain.ster  Church,  Pliiladelphia,  over  which  he 
 w;is  installed,  January  Ulth,  1808.  "mdlst  he  had 
 cli;irge  of  this  church  a  heavy  indel>tedness  was 
 lifted,  through  his  i)ersisteut  personal  efforts,  and  the 
 
 church  became  very  prosperous.  He  was  installed 
 p;»stor  of  the  North  Church,  I'hiladelphia,  May  i2'2d, 
 1870,  and  during  liis  connection  with  it  the  congre- 
 gation was  prosperous  and  progressive.  All  respected 
 him  for  his  ability,  honored  him  for  his  purity  of 
 character,  and  loved  him  for  his  kin(,lness  and  sym- 
 liathy.  On  December  17th,  188i2,  he  was  in.stalled 
 pastor  of  East  Liberty  Church,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
 
 Throughout  his  ministerial  career.  Dr.  Agnew  has 
 been  an  earnest,  diligent  and  useful  laborer.  Over 
 900  persons  have  unitetl  with  the  communion  of  the 
 chmches  under  his  care.  He  was  for  three  years  a 
 member  of  the  Board  of  Publication,  when  he 
 declined  re-election.  For  teu  years  he  was  a  meml)er 
 of  the  Board  of  Educiition,  was  vice-president  for 
 some  years,  and  w;is  afterwards  President  of  the 
 Board.     He  was  the  eflScient  stated  clerk   of   the 
 
 BENJAMIN   LASHELLS  AGXEW,  D.D. 
 
 Presbytery  of  Philadelphia  Central,  from  the  time  of 
 its  organization  until  1880,  when  he  declined  further 
 service  in  that  capacity.  He  was  Moderator  of  the 
 Synod  of  Philadelphia.  He  read  a  paper  on  "  Minis- 
 terial Support,"  before  the  General  Presbvterian 
 Council,  in  1880.  In  all  the  positions  he  has  occu- 
 pied he  has  discharged  his  duties  with  fidelity, 
 acceptableness  and  success. 
 
 Agne-w,  D.  Hayes,  M.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was  born 
 in  Lancaster  County,  Pa.,  in  1818,  and  is  the  son  of 
 Dr.  Agnew,  formerly  an  eminent  jihysieian  of  that 
 section.  His  classical  education  was  commenced  at 
 the  Moscow  Academy,  Chester  County.  He  next 
 studied  at  .Teft'ersou  College,  Canon.sburg,-  Pa.,  and 
 finally  completed  his  education  at  Newark  College, 
 
agxeh: 
 
 16 
 
 AGXEW. 
 
 Del. ,  where  one  of  his  rehitives,  the  Kev.  John  I  lolincs 
 Agnew,  was  Professor  of  Languages.  His  niecUcal 
 training  wius  obtained  at  the  Vniversity  of  Pennsyl- 
 vania, and  he  entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
 fession ill  the  rural  districts.  After  .some  years  he 
 removed  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  continued  his 
 practice,  and  coniincnccd  to  deliver  a  course  of  lectures 
 in  the  Philad(li)liia  School  of  Anirtoniy,  in  College 
 Avenue.  In  18UU  his  class  in  thi.s  time-honored  in- 
 stitution numhercd  2G5  students,  representing  every 
 State  in  the  Union.  He  also  est;iblished,  at  the  .siime 
 place,  the  Philadelphia  School  of  Operative  Surgerj-. 
 He  was  elected,  in  1854,  one  of  the  Surgeons  of  the 
 Philadelphia  llo.spital,  and  in  that  institution  he 
 founded  the  present  Pathological  Museum,  and  for 
 some  time  acted  as  its  Curator. 
 
 "^5*^ 
 
 V.    HAYES   Ai;.\i:w,  M.   ■>.,    I.I..  1>. 
 
 In  ISfi:!  Dr.  Agnew  was  appointed  Demonstrator  of 
 Anatomy,  and  As-sistant  Lecturer  on  Clinical  Surgery 
 in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
 sylvania ;  alM>ut  the  siime  time  he  was  elected  one  of 
 the  Surgeons  of  Wills  Ophthalmic  Hospitid.  In  1865 
 he  was  elected  to  a  similar  position  in  the  Pennsyl- 
 vania Hospital,  anil  likewi.se  in  the  Orthopicdic  Hos- 
 pit;il.  In  1870  he  was  chost'U  to  till  the  cliair  of 
 0|K-rative  Surgery  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
 and  in  the  year  that  followe<l  he  became  Profc'.s.sor  of 
 the  Principles  and  Practice  of  Surgery  in  the  same 
 institution.  He  is  a  most  skillful,  nipid  and  efficient 
 operator  in  every  department  of  gener.il  surgery,  which 
 is  his  specialty,  and  his  reputation  is  world-wide  in 
 this  resp<'ct.  He  has  paid  ished  a  large  and  exhaust- 
 ive w^ork  on  OiK-rative  Surgery,   which  indicates  the 
 
 highest  tyiie  of  jirofessiomil  ability.  During  the  ill- 
 ness of  President  Garfield  he  was  summoned  as  one 
 of  his  attending  physicians,  and  rendered  most  valu- 
 able service. 
 
 Dr.  Agnew  is  a  gentleman  of  fine  personal  and 
 social  qualities.  He  combines  amiableuess  of  di.spo- 
 sition,  a  winning  address,  and  lirmne.ss  of  purixxse 
 with  an  unall'ected  modesty  which  shetLs  its  lustre 
 over  his  dignilied  and  symmetrical  character.  He 
 is  an  active,  exemplary,  honored  and  u.scful  memln'r 
 of  the  Second  Presbj-tcrian  Church,  and,  notwith- 
 standing the  great  pressure  of  his  professional  claims, 
 is  regular  in  his  ol>ser\auce  of  the  public  and  social 
 ordinances  of  worship. 
 
 Agne-w,  Rev.  John  Holmes,  D.D.,  w;vs  born 
 in  (kttysburg.  Pa.,  May  lltli,  1>04.  He  graduxited  at 
 Dickin.son  College,  under  the  presidency  of  the  dis- 
 tinguished Dr.  John  il;ist>n,  and  taught  the  Grammar 
 School  in  Carlisle  for  some  time  alter  leaxing  the 
 college. 
 
 Mr.  Agnew  pursued  his  theological  studies  in  the 
 seminary  at  Princeton,  and  was  licensed  to  preach 
 the  gosjiel  by  the  Presbrtery  of  Carlisle,  April  11th, 
 18"JT.  That  .s;(nie  year  he  Ixjcame  pastor  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Uniontown,  Pa.  In  1831  he 
 Wiis  elect<'d  Prof<'s.st)r  of  Languages  in  Washington 
 College,  Pa.,  which  position  he  resigned  in  1832.  By 
 this  institution  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  DixTnity  was 
 conferred  uj>ou  him  in  1852.  After  leax'ing  Washing- 
 ton he  became  connected  with  the  Grerman  Reformed 
 Institution  at  York,  Pa.,  then  a  Professor  in  Jlarion 
 College,  Misst>uri,  th<'n  he  filled  a  siniihir  position  in 
 Newark  College,  Delaware.  Suksequently  he  w;ls 
 Profes.sor  of  Ancient  Languages  in  the  University 
 of  >iichigan,  and  after  leaving  this  position  took 
 charge  of  Maplewood  Female  Seminary,  Pittsfield, 
 Mass.  Dr.  Agnew  was  editor  of  the  Eclertic  ilagazhif, 
 the  Biblical  Repertory,  a  qu:irt<Tly  in  the  interest  of 
 the  (then)  New  School  branch  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  also  of  The  Knickerbocker.  He  was  the 
 author  of  a  small  and  valuable  work  on  "The 
 '  Sabl)atli,''  from  the  press  of  the  Presbyterian  I{o;ird 
 of  Publication,  and  a.s.sisted  in  the  translation  of 
 Winer's  Grammar  of  the  New  Testament.  Dr. 
 Agnew  died  October  12th,  1805.  One  who  knew  him 
 thoroughly  thus  succinctly  delineated  his  character: 
 "He  was  generous,  iK-nevolent,  .social,  genial,  gentle- 
 manly, scholarly."' 
 
 Agne'W,  Samuel,  M.  D.,  was  lH)rn  at  Millers- 
 town.  Adams  County,  Pa.,  .Vngu.st  loth,  1777.  He 
 graduated  at  Dickinson  College  in  1798,  and  took  his 
 di'gree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  in  the  Medical  Depart- 
 ment <>f  till-  I'niversity  <.<(  Pennsylvania.  During  the 
 War  of  1812  he  ser\ed  as  a  surgeon,  and  aft»T  its 
 termination  commenced  the  pnictice  of  Medicine  in 
 Gettysburg,  but  afterwards  liK'ated  at  Harri.sburg, 
 where  he  rapidly  rose  tode.serve<I  eminence,  establish- 
 ing a  large  and  Ineraf  is  e  ]iractice.  He  was  an  elder  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  that  place  for  fifteen 
 
AIKEN. 
 
 17 
 
 AIKEN. 
 
 years.      His  death  occurred  November  23d,    1849.  [ 
 Dr.  Agnew  was  a  devoted  and  exemplary  Christian. 
 Few  men  have  been  better  fitted  in  natural  talents, 
 in  education,  in  personal  character  and  in  public 
 position,  than  he,  for  a  wide  and  permanent  influence 
 of  the  best  and  highest  kind  over  their  fellow-men. 
 He  was  a  man  of  not;ible  qualities.     In  the  eye  of  , 
 the  world  he  was  one  of  the  marked  men  of  society,  I 
 and,  both  in  social  and  professional  life,  ;us  well  as  in 
 the  Church,  he  was  promptly  accorded  a  place  as  a 
 leader. 
 
 Aiken,  Charles  A.,  D.D.,  is  the  son  of  the 
 Hon.  John  and  H.  R.  (Adams)  Aiken,  and  was  bom 
 
 CHABtES  i.  AIKEN,  D.D. 
 
 at  Manchester,  Vt.,  October  30th,  1827.  He  gradu- 
 atett  at  Dartmouth  College,  Xew  Hampshire,  in  1846, 
 and  after  studying  theology  at  Andover  and  in  Gter- 
 many,  completed  the  coiirse  at  Andover  in  18.53.  On 
 the  19th  of  October  13.54  he  was  ordained  and  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  at  Yarmouth, 
 Maine,  and  continued  in  the  charge  till  1859,  when 
 he  was  elected  Professor  of  the  Latin  Language  and 
 Literature  in  Dartmouth  College.  In  18G6  he  was 
 appointed  Professor  in  the  same  department  in  the 
 College  of  New  Jersey,  which  he  held  till  1869,  when 
 he  was  elected  President  of  Union  College,  Schenec- 
 tady, N.  Y.  In  consequence  of  the  unfovorable 
 influence  of  the  climate  upon  the  health  of  his 
 family  he  resigned  this  office  after  two  years,  and 
 the  same  season  (1371)  was  chosen  to  the  newly 
 constituted  Archibald  Alexander  Professorship  of 
 Christian  Ethics  and  Apologetics,  in  Princeton  Theo- 
 logical Seminary.  In  1882,  in  a  readjustment  of 
 2 
 
 departments  he  became  Professor  of  Oriental  and 
 Old  Testament  Literature  and  Christian  Ethics.  In 
 1872  he  had  been  chosen  a  member  of  the  Old  Testa- 
 ment Company  in  the  American  Bible  Revision  Com- 
 mittee. Dr.  Aiken  is  the  editor  and  translator  of 
 ' '  Lange's  Commentary  on  the  Book  of  Proverbs. ' '  He 
 has  also  contributed  articles  to  the  Princeton  Eevietc. 
 
 Aiken,  Samuel  Clark,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Windham,  Vt.,  September  21st,  1790.  He  died  in 
 the  first  hour  of  the  fir.st  day  of  the  first  month  of 
 1879,  aged  88  years.  The  voice  at  midnight  came. 
 WTiUe  the  bells  of  Cleveland  were  ringing  out  a  joyful 
 welcome  to  the  new  year,  this  beloved  father  in  Israel 
 was  welcomed  into  the  joy  of  his  Lord. 
 
 His  parents  were  of  Scotch-Irish  descent,  godly 
 people  in  daily  practice  as  well  as  in  public  profession. 
 The  Bible,  the  Shorter  Catechism,  Watts'  Psalms  and 
 Hymns,  and  Doddridge's  Rise  and  Progress  of  Religion 
 in  the  Soul,  composed  the  reading  matter  of  the  child 
 Samuel,  and  in  his  childhood  he  knew  the  Lord.  He 
 graduated  at  Middlebury  College,  having  there  for 
 his  classmates  Silas  Wright,  Governor  and  Senator  ; 
 Samuel  Nelson,  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court ;  Carlos 
 
 •^^MUFL  CLABK   AIKFN     D  D 
 
 WUcos,  preacher  and  poet ;  Pliny  Fisk  and  Levi 
 Parsons,  and,  greatest  of  all,  Sylvester  Lamed,  the 
 "American  Whitefield,"  who  gathered  the  first  Pres- 
 byterian church  in  New  Orleans,  and  died  there,  at 
 the  age  of  24  years.  He  studied  theology  at  Andover, 
 and  in  1817  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Londonderry,  and  in  1818  was  installed  pastor  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Utica,  N.  \'.,  where 
 his  ministry  of  seventeen  years  was  greatly  successful. 
 
ALDEN. 
 
 18 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 In  1835  he  was  installed  the  first  pastor  of  the 
 only  Presbyterian  church  in  Cleveland;  he  found 
 the  church  weak  in  numbers,  but  uiuUr  his  vigorous, 
 though  conservative  ministry,  it  became  prosperous 
 and  strong.  When  he  had  been  sole  pastor  of  this 
 church  for  twentj'-three  years,  Rev.  Dr.  William  H. 
 Goodrich  became  his  Associate  Pastor,  Dr.  Aiken  re- 
 maining Pastor  Emeritus,  ■  and  receiving  Irom  the 
 church  a  liberal  annuity  for  the  twenty  remaining 
 years  of  his  life.  It  is  not  easy  to  sum  up  the  results 
 of  Dr.  Aiken's  labors  in  Cleveland,  for  they  flowed 
 into  all  the  other  Evangelical  congregations  in  the 
 city.  ' '  The  Old  Stone  Church  ' '  h;is  a  numerous 
 famUy  of  daughters,  all  of  whom  rise  up  and  call 
 her  blessed.  Dr.  Aiken's  spirit  and  example  will 
 long  live  in  the  churches  of  Cleveland,  and  thousands 
 speak  his  name  with  reverence  and  love.  In  person 
 he  -yvas  tall,  well  proportioned  and  of  pleasing  and 
 impressive  countenance.  Socially  he  was  a  model 
 gentleman.  His  mental  powers  were  of  a  high  order, 
 and  as  a  preacher  and  pastdr  he  stood  in  the  first 
 rank. 
 
 Alden,  Joseph,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Cairo,  New  York,  in  1807,  and  graduated  at  Union 
 College  in  18'2S;  after  which  he  studied  theology  in 
 Princeton  Seminary,  and  was  two  years  a  Tutor  in 
 the  College.  He  was  then  successively  Professor  of 
 Khetoric  in  Williams  College,  Massachusetts;  Pro- 
 fessor of  Moral  Philosophy  in  Lafayette  College,  Penn- 
 sylvania; I'resident  of  JelFersou  College,  Pennsylva- 
 nia, and  Principal  of  the  State  Normal  School, 
 Albany,  New  York,  1867-80.  Dr.  Alden  is  the  author 
 of  several  instructive  works  for  the  young,  and  has 
 been  a  constant  and  popular  contributor  to  the  peri- 
 odical literature  of  the  country.  In  the  volume  of 
 the  PrinnioH  Ilcvirw  for  1830,  he  reviewed  Payne's 
 Elements  of  Mental  and  Moral  Science,  and  .Dugald 
 Stewart's  works. 
 
 Alden,  Rev.  Timothy,  was  of  Puritan  ances- 
 try. He  was  born  at  Yarmouth,  Ma.ss.,  August  28th, 
 1771.  He  entered  Harvard  in  1790,  and  graduatetl 
 in  1794.  He  seems  to  have  engaged  .somewhat  in  the 
 study  of  theology  during  his  collegiate  course. 
 Whilst  teaching  at  Marblehead,  Mass.,  he  was 
 licensed' to  preach  the  gospel.  Xovenibcr  20th,  1799, 
 he  was  ordained  as eo-p.astor  with  Dr.  Haven,  over  the 
 church  of  Portsmouth,  N.  H.  He  resigned  his  charge, 
 July  31st,  1805,  but  continued  his  labors  there  until 
 1808,  when  he  opened  a  ladies'  school  in  Boston.  In 
 1810  he  took  charge  of  the  young  ladies'  department 
 in  the  Academy  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  after  a  few- 
 years  opened  a  school  for  young  ladies  in  the  city  of 
 New  York.  .July  2-*th,  1817,  he  w:us  inaugurated 
 President  and  Profe.s.sor  in  the  Paeulty  of  ,\ll<gluny 
 College,  Meadville,  Pa.  He  became  a  memlier  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  Erie,  April  2d,  luKi.  He  delight<'d  in 
 niifisiouary  work,  and  for  many  successive  years 
 lalKjred  for  a  time  among  the  Seneca  and  Munsec 
 Indians,  who  had  reservations  in  northwe.';tern  Penn- 
 
 sylvania and  southwestern  New  York.  Mr.  Alden's 
 connection  with  Allegheny  College  terminated  in  No- 
 vember 1831.  He  opened  a  boarding  school  in  Cincin- 
 nati in  1832,  and  in  1834  took  charge  of  the  Academy 
 at  East  Liberty,  Pa.,  becoming  also  stilted  supply  to 
 the  congregation  of  Pine  Creek,  in  that  region.  He 
 died,  July  5th,  1839.  Besides  many  occasional  ser- 
 mons and  addresses,  Jlr.  Alden  published,  in  1814, 
 ' '  A  collection  of  American  Ej)itaphs, "  in  five  vol- 
 umes, 18mo,  and  in  1827,  a  "Illston,'  of  Sundry 
 Missions,"  and  in  1>'21,  a  "Hebrew  Catechi.sm." 
 
 Alexander,  Archibald,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.  No 
 other  name  on  the  records  of  the  I'resbyterian  Church 
 carries  with  it  a  greater  charm  than  this,  to  the  de- 
 nomination of  which  he  whom  it  designates  was  so 
 distingmshed   and   beloved  a  representative.     It  is 
 
 AII('II1B.VLD  ALEXANDER,  D.  P.,  LL.   D. 
 
 blended  with  the  most  endearing  and  enduring  a.sso- 
 ciations,  and  invested  with  an  admiration  and  an 
 honor  which  are  imperishable. 
 
 Dr.  Alexander  was  born  near  Lexington,  Va.,  .\pril 
 17th,  1772.  His  chissieal  and  theological  studies  were 
 pursued  under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  William 
 Graham,  of  Liberty  Hall,  afterward  Washington  Col- 
 lege. He  was  licensed  at  the  early  age  of  nineteen, 
 and  on  ex])ressing  his  dilVideiu'c.  Presbytery  assigned 
 him  tor  a  text,  "Say  not  1  am  a  child"  (Jer.  i,  7). 
 Aft<T  spending  a  year  or  more  in  missionary  lalwr, 
 according  to  the  rules  of  the  Syirod,  he  w:ls  ordained, 
 and  installed  pa.stor  of  liricry  Chureb,  November  7th, 
 1794.  In  179ti  he  Wiis  chosen  I'resident  of  Hampdeu- 
 Sidney  College,  at  the  age  of  twenty-four.  May  20th, 
 1807,  he  w;is  installed  over  Pine  Street  Church,  Phila- 
 
ALEXANDER. 
 
 19 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 (ielphia.  In  the  same  year,  being  thirty-five,  he  was 
 elected  Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  in 
 his  sermon  made  the  suggestion  of  a  Theological  Semi- 
 nary. In  1812  he  was  appointed  Professor  in  the 
 Theological  Seminary  just  established  at  Princeton. 
 Here  he  remained  for  the  rest  of  his  life,  moulding,  j 
 during  forty  years,  the  studies  and  characters  of  two 
 generations  of  ministers.  His  name  was  widely 
 known  in  other  lands,  as  well  as  our  own.  When 
 the  late  Dr.  Thoma.s  Smj^;he,  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  was 
 a  student  in  Highbury,  England,  and  thought  of 
 coming  to  America,  he  a.sked  his  Professors  to  what 
 seminary  he  should  direct  his  .steps.  They  told  him, 
 by  all  means,  to  go  where  Drs.  Alexander  and  Miller 
 were. 
 
 When  in  the  prime  of  life,  Dr.  Alexander  was  thin, 
 though  he  afterwards  grew  more  stout,  with  an 
 inclination  to  corpulence  ;  his  complexion  was  clear, 
 and  his  soft  brown  hair  already  beginning  to  be  sil- 
 vered, albeit,  it  never  became  altogether  white;  his 
 countenance  was  wonderfully  mobile  and  animated, 
 and  his  eye  like  that  of  an  eagle.  Latterly  he  had  a 
 stoop  of  the  shoulder  and  a  characteristic  swaying, 
 irregular  gait.  A  broad  cloak  hung  at  an  angle  on 
 one  side,  and  he  would  dart  sudden  downward 
 glances  to  the  right  or  left.  He  was  of  mercurial 
 spirits,  and  in  the  social  circle  and  at  the  home  fire- 
 side often  full  of  vivacity,  affectionate  gaiety,  and 
 humor.  In  his  best  moods  it  would  be  hard  to  find 
 his  equal  as  a  racnntrur.  He  w;us,  however,  subject 
 to  fits  of  silence  and  depression.  Few  men  were  ever 
 more  deeply  reverenced  or  widely  loved.  His  life 
 was  "hid  with  Christ  in  God. ' '  For  an  hour,  at  twi- 
 light, every  evening,  he  suffered  no  interruption  of 
 his  privacy,  and  was  believed  to  be  then  engaged  in 
 devotional  or  serious  meditation.  His  face  came  to 
 show  unmistakable  traces  of  a  mellowed  Christian 
 experience.  His  very  appearance  Avas  that  of  a  holy 
 as  well  as  aged  and  benevolent  man.  When  preach- 
 ing the  funeral  sermon  of  his  colleague.  Dr.  Miller, 
 he  announced  his  own  departure  as  near  at  hand,  and 
 made  his  preparations  for  the  great  journey  as  calmly  | 
 and  methodically  as  if  he  had  been  going  back  to 
 Rockbridge,  among  his  native  mountains  in  old  | 
 Virginia. 
 
 Dr.  Alexander  was  seized  with  his  final  illness  in 
 the  summer  of  1851.  When  Dr.  Hodge  visited  him 
 for  the  last  time,  he  expressed  his  desii-e  that  Dr. 
 John  McDowell  shovild  preach  his  funeral  sermon,  but 
 with  the  injunction  that  he  should  not  utter  one 
 word  of  eulogy.  He  then,  with  a  smile,  handed  Dr. 
 Hodge  a  white  bone  walking-stick,  which  had  been 
 presented  to  him  by  one  of  the  chiefs  of  the  Sand- 
 wich Island.s,  s;n"ing,  "You  must  leave  this  to  your 
 successor  in  office,  that  it  may  be  handed  down  as  a 
 kind  of  symbol  of  orthodoxy."  In  his  illness,  his 
 e;irlv  days  seemed  to  pa.ss  in  review  before  him,  and 
 during  one  of  tho.se  nights  in  which  his  devoted  vrife 
 was  watching  by  his  side,  he  broke  out  into  a  solilo-  I 
 
 quy,  rehearsing  God's  gracious  dealings  with  his 
 soul.  "  He  was  especially  thankful,"  says  his  son, 
 "that  our  dear  mother  was  permitted  to  wait  on  him 
 to  the  last,  and  when  approaching  his  end,  he  said, 
 with  great  tenderness,  '  my  dear,  one  of  my  last  prayers 
 will  be  that  you  may  have  as  serene  and  painless  a 
 departure  as  mine.'  "  He  died  October  '22d,  of  that 
 year.  The  Eev.  William  E.  Schenck,  D.  D. ,  who  was 
 at  that  time  pastor  of  the  church  with  which  Dr. 
 Alexander's  family  was  connected,  thus  refers  to  the 
 closing  scene  :  "There  was  nothing  excited,  nothing 
 exultant,  and  yet  it  seemed  to  be  thoroughly 
 triumphant,  a  calm,  belieWng,  cheerful  looking 
 through  the  gloomy  grave  into  the  glories  of  the 
 eternal  world.  It  was  the  steady,  unfaltering  step 
 of  a  genuine  Christian  philosopher,  as  well  as  an 
 eminent  saint,  erincing  his  own  thorough,  heartfelt 
 and  practical  belief  in  the  doctrines  he  had  so  long 
 and  so  ably  preached,  as  he  descended  into  the 
 dark  valley  of  the  shadow  of  death. ' 
 
 On  Friday,  October  24th,  Dr.  Alexander's  precious 
 remains  were  deposited  in  the  cemetery  at  Princeton, 
 in  the  presence  of  a  group  such  as  had  seldom  been 
 gathered  in  one  spot  in  any  part  of  our  land.  There 
 were  the  students  and  Faculty  of  the  College  of  New 
 Jersey,  and  those  of  the  Theological  Seminary,  the 
 entire  Sj'nod  of  New  Jersey,  and  many  members  of 
 the  Synods  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  besides  a 
 crowd  of  other  spectators,  a  numerous  company  of 
 God's  ministers  and  people,  all  feeling  that  a  great 
 man  in  Israel  had  fallen. 
 
 As  a  preacher,  Dr.  Alexander  was  equaled  by  few 
 and  surpassed  by  none.  There  was  a  charm  in  his 
 mini.strations  that  no  one  who  ever  heaid  him  can 
 forget.  His  unique  and  inimitable  manner,  so  simple, 
 .so  vivacious,  so  earnest;  was  sure  to  rivet  the  atten- 
 tion. His  discourses  were  replete  with  instruction 
 drawn  tresh  from  the  fountain  of  wisdom.  He  had 
 the  rare  faculty  of  making  didactic  and  familiar 
 topics  interesting,  even  to  persons  of  no  religion,  for 
 his  sermons  partook  of  the  \-itality  and  freshness  of 
 his  mind,  which  was  like  a  perennial  fountain  sending 
 off  its  sparkling  waters.  He  also  possessed  the  capac- 
 ity of  exciting  religious  emotion  in  a  most  remarkable 
 degree.  He  could  set  forth  the  gospel  in  its  adaptation 
 to  the  endlessly  diversified  states  of  human  feeling, 
 with  a  skill  and  efiecr  truly  wonderful .  And  the  facility 
 with  which  he  could  awaken  emotions  of  gratitude, 
 praise,  contrition,  joy,  and  the  like,  gave  him  a  rare 
 control  over  any  Christian  auditory.  Another  element 
 of  his  power  in  the  pulpit  was  his  earnest  sympathy 
 with  his  kind.  He  never  sank  the  man  in  the 
 philosopher,  nor  the  citizen  and  patriot  in  the  divine. 
 Ilis  sterling  common  sense  formed  a  bond  of  union 
 between  himself  and  his  fellow  men,  which  neither 
 his  schola.stic  pursuits  nor  his  high  spiritual  attain- 
 ments ever  weakened  or  tarni.shcd;  but,  above  all, 
 his  eminent  piety  was  the  source  of  his  great  power 
 as  a  preacher,  and  in  all  the  spheres  he  occupied,  it 
 
ALEXANDER. 
 
 20 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 was  to  his  character  what  the  soul  is  to  the  body — the 
 pervading,  life-giving,  governing  principle,  and  it 
 would  be  difficult  to  speak  of  hini  in  any  of  his  rela- 
 tions or  pursuits  without  recognizing  the  fact  of  his 
 singular  attainments  in  holiness.  It  was  his  rare 
 fortune  to  maintain  an  unsullied  reputation  for  su- 
 perior piety,  wisdom,  benevolence  and  consistency, 
 throughout  a  ministry  of  nearly  sixty  years. 
 
 Of  American  divTnes,  the  names  of  Edwards  and 
 Alexandertake  the  first  place,  and  between  the  lives 
 of  Brown,  of  Haddington,  and  Dr.  Alexander,  there 
 is  a  striking  resemblance;  they  both,  in  early  life, 
 were  educated  under  difficulties,  with  irrepressible 
 desires  for  knowledge;  they  not  only  overcame  their 
 disadvantages,  but  became  di.stinguished  for  their 
 learning.  Their  studies  and  their  works  were  to 
 advance  the  practical  and  the  useful.  They  both 
 became  the  educators  of  numerous  ministers  who 
 treasured  their  instructions  and  revered  their  virtues. 
 They  were  both  happy  in  their  domestic  cLrcumstan- 1 
 ces,  and  left  behind  them  a  numerous  tamily  of 
 children  and  grandchildren,  who,  trained  under 
 happier  auspices,  built  on  the  foundation  they  had  ; 
 laid,  and  made  the  names  more  illustrious.  They 
 were  respected  by  the  men  of  their  own  time,  and 
 their  names,  and  their  writings  will  descend  as  the 
 heirlooms  of  the  godly  to  all  generations. 
 
 Dr.  Alexiinder's  published  writings  are  too  numer- 
 ous to  recite  here.  We  may  only  mention  "  History 
 of  the  Colonization  Society, "  "  Evidences  of  the 
 Christian  Religion,"  "Thoughts  on  Eeligion," 
 "Counsels  to  the  Aged,"  "Practical  Sermons,"  all 
 of  which  are  works  of  much  interest  and  value.  He 
 also  published  numerous  tracts,  and  was  a  frequent 
 contributor  to  the  Princeton  Ervicw. 
 
 Alexander,  Rev.  Caleb,  was  born  in  North- 
 fleld,  Ma.ss.,  on  the  2'2d  of  July,  1755.  He  graduated 
 at  Yale  in  1777,  and  took  his  second  degree  at  Brown 
 University  in  1789  ;  on  the  14th  of  October  1778,  he  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Eastern  Associa- 
 tion of  New  London  county.  February  iJSth,  1781, 
 he  became  pastor  of  the  cliiireh  in  New  JIarl borough,  ' 
 and  on  April  liJth,  1786,  Wius  installed  over  the  ' 
 church  in  Mendon,  JIiuss.  In  1801,  lie  was  ai)]>ointed 
 by  the  Ma.s.'<;ichusetts  Missionary  Society  to  visit  the 
 churches  and  Indians  in  the  western  jiart  of  Xew 
 York.  He  resigned  the  charge  of  his  church,  December 
 7th,  1802,  to  go  west.  On  his  return  to  the  State  of 
 New  York,  he  divided  his  ministerial  labors  among 
 the  three  chunhes  of  Salisbury,  Norway  and  Fair- 
 field. When  Hamilton  Academy,  at  Clinton,  was 
 advanced  to  the  dignity  of  a  college,  lie  was,  July 
 22d,  1812,  unanimously  elected  its  President,  but 
 did  not  accept  the  position.  The  s;niie  year  he  be- 
 came I'rincipal  of  an  acjulemy  at  Onondaga  Hollow. 
 After  resigning  the  place,  he  engaged  with  great  zeal 
 and  energy  in  the  founding  of  the  Theological  Semi- 
 naiy  at  Auburn.  He  died  at  Onondaga,  April  12th, 
 1828,  in  the  seventy-third  year  of  his  age. 
 
 Alexander,  Rev.  David,  was  a  native  of 
 Ireland.  He  may  have  been  educated  at  the  Log 
 College,  and  licensed  by  Newc;vstle  Presbytery.  He 
 was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  Pequea  Church, 
 in  the  Presbj-tery  of  Donegal,  October  18th,  1738. 
 The  West  End  (Leacock)  petitioned  that  a  portion  of 
 his  time  might  be  given  to  them.  In  1741  Leacock 
 was  declared  by  the  Synod  entitled  to  all  the  privi- 
 leges of  any  vacant  congregation.  Mr.  .Vlexander  let 
 no  man  outstrip  him  in  his  violation  of  all  rules  in 
 his  treatment  of  those  whom  he  esteemed  ' '  opposers 
 of  the  work."  He  was  suspended  by  his  Pre.sbj-tery 
 tUl ' '  satisfaction  was  given  for  his  disregardful  conduct 
 to  them,  and  his  refusal  to  submit  to  the  government 
 of  Christ's  Chiu'ch  in  their  hands."  The  conjunct 
 Presbyteries  of  New  Brunswick  and  Newcastle 
 appointed  him,  on  account  of  "the  necessity  in  -the 
 Great  Valley,"  to  supply  there.  From  that  time  his 
 history  cannot  be  traced. 
 
 Alexander,  Rev.  James  Calvin,  was  born  of 
 Scotch-Irish  parents,  in  Lincoluton,  North  Carolina, 
 October  the  2d,  1831,  but  spent  the  most  of  his  child- 
 hood and  youth  in  Statcsville  and  Iredell  county, 
 North  Carolina.  He  completed  his  education  at 
 Davidson  College,  North  Carolina,  with  the  cla.ss  of 
 1855,  and  was  prepared  for  the  ministry  at  the  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  in  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  grad- 
 uating, after  the  full  course,  in  1859.  In  April  of  the 
 same  year  he  Wiis  licensed  to  preach  by  tlie  Presby- 
 tery of  Concord,  and  in  April,  18G1,  was  ordained 
 and  installed  pxstor  of  Buffalo  and  Bethel  churches, 
 Guilford  county,  in  Orange  Presbytery,  in  which 
 charge,  venerable  for  age,  he  has  continued  to  the 
 present  time  (1883). 
 
 Mr.  Alexander  has  taken  rank  as  one  of  the  most 
 useful  ministers  and  acceptable  pastors  in  the  Synod 
 of  North  Carolina.  As  a  preacher,  he  has  not  culti- 
 vated, nor  is  he  remarkable  for,  the  ^aces  of  oratory; 
 but  he  is,  by  reason  of  the  strength  of  his  convictions 
 and  the  earnestness  of  delivery,  a  very  effective 
 speaker.  His  sermons  are  characterized  by  the  sim- 
 plicity of  their  style,  scripturalness,  cle:irness  of 
 expo.sition,  and  vigor  in  the  application  of  truth.  He 
 pos.sesses  the  gift  of  sound  judgiiu'iit  and  practical 
 common  sense  in  a  high  degree.  His  Presbytery 
 (Orange)  hiis  for  years  entrusted  to  him  the  manage- 
 ment of  missionary  and  evangelistic  operations  within 
 its  bounds,  the  delicate  and  onerous  duties  of  which 
 important  post  he  has  continued  to  discharge  with 
 entire  accejitance  to  the  Church.  The  jwople  of  his 
 charge  are  warmly  attached  to  him.  and  the  feeling 
 is  reciprocated  in  the  coutiiiuaiue  of  a  pastoral  con- 
 nection formed  upwards  of  twenty-two  years  ago. 
 
 Alexander,  Rev.  James  H.,  w;us  the  oldest 
 child  of  Josiab  Pinikney  Alexander,  and  Marg-.iret 
 Amina  (Steele)  Alexander,  and  w:us  born  in  Pul;i.ski, 
 Giles  County,  Tenn.,  July  IGtli,  182fi.  Having  gradu- 
 ated at  Oglethorpe  llniversity,  July,  1849,  he  entered 
 the  Theological  Seminan-  at   Columbia,   S.  C,  and 
 
ALKXAXDER. 
 
 21 
 
 ALEXANDER. 
 
 graduated  1852.  He  was  licensed  by  Matiry  (now 
 Columbia)  Presbytery,  September,  1852;  was  ordained 
 by  tbe  Presbytery  of  Tuscaloosa,  October  26th,  1854, 
 and  at  once  installed  pastor  of  Payneville  and  Eliza- 
 beth churches,  in  Alabama.  In  1856  he  was  installed 
 pastor  of  Kosciusko  Church,  where  he  is  still  laboring. 
 For  three  years  he  labored  also  as  stated  supply  in  the 
 churchesof  Poplar  Creek  and  French  Camp.  After  this, 
 in  1860  and  1861,  he  supplied  Carthage  Church.  In 
 1869  he  organized  Durant  Church,  and  preached  there 
 four  j-cars,  after  which  he  gave  his  whole  time  to  his 
 pastoral  charge,  laboring  also  in  mission  fields  near. 
 For  three  years  he  was  Principal  of  the  Kosciusko 
 Female  College,  and  for  five  years  was  Superintendent 
 of  Public  Education  of  his  county.  He  has  been  the 
 efficient  chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Home  Jlissjons 
 iu  his  Pre.sbytery  (Central  Mississippi)  for  about 
 twenty  years. 
 
 Mr.  Alexander  is  reserved,  but  polite  and  agreeable 
 in  his  manners.  He  is  not  demonstrative,  but  the 
 kindest  and  truest  of  husbands,  and  a  most  aft'ection- 
 ate  father.  He  is  an  exemplary  and  influential  citi- 
 zen. His  preaching  is  plain,  earnest  and  Scriptural, 
 and  has  been  greatly  blessed  of  God.  But  it  is  espe- 
 cially in  his  pastoral  work,  and  in  his  influence  in 
 winning  young  men  to  the  ministry,  that  he  has 
 rendered  his  best  and  most  permanent  services  to  the 
 cause  of  the  Master.  No  one  was  ever  more  punctual 
 as  a  presbj-ter,  and  his  words  among  his  brethren  are 
 always  courteous,  judicious  and  safe.  He  has  been  a 
 member  of  three  General  Assemblies. 
 
 Alexander,  James  "Waddel,  D.D.,  the  eldest 
 son  of  Eev.  Archibald  and  Janetta  (Waddel),  Alex- 
 ander, was  born  iu  Louisa  county,  Va.,  March  13th, 
 1804.  Surrounded  by  the  happiest  influences,  his 
 active  mind  developed  freely  and  rapidly;  he  was  a 
 frank,  open-hearted,  generous  boy.  At  college, 
 though  the  most  youthful  of  his  class,  the  attractive 
 simplicity  and  loveliness  of  his  character  won  for  him 
 the  affection  of  all.  He  graduated  at  the  College  of 
 New  Jersey,  in  1820,  was  appointed  Tutor  in  the 
 same  Institution  in  1824,  and  was  licensed  by  New 
 Brunswick  Presb.\-tery  the  same  year  ;  he  resigned 
 his  tutorship  in  1825,  and  became  pastor  of  the  Pres- 
 bj-terian  Church  at  Clurlotte  C.  H. ,  Ya. ;  here  he 
 labored  two  years,  when  he  received  a  call  to  the 
 First  Presbj'terian  Church,  Trenton,  N.  J.,  which  he 
 accepted.  In  1830  he  resigned  his  charge,  and  be- 
 came editor  of  the  Presbyterian,  published  in  Phila- 
 delphia. In  1833,  he  accepted  the  appointment  of 
 Professor  of  Rhetoric  and  Belles  Lettres  in  the  Col- 
 lege of  New  Jersey,  and  discharged  the  duties  of  this 
 office  until  1844,  when  he  became  pastor  of  the  I)iuine 
 Street  Presbyterian  Church,  New  York.  In  1849  he 
 was  appointed  Professor  of  Ecclesi;xstical  History  and 
 Church  Government  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at 
 Princeton,  N.  J. 
 
 '  In  1851  Dr.  Alexander  accepted  a  call  to  become 
 pastor  of  the   Fifth  Avenue  Presbj'teriuu   Church, 
 
 New  York,  where  he  continned  until  his  death, 
 which  took  place  at  the  Red  Sweet  Springs,  Va. 
 His  health  had  been  somewhat  feeble,  and  he  had 
 visited  the  Springs  iu  hope  of  restoration,  but  in  this 
 he  was  disappointed.  He  died  July  31st,  1859.  His 
 body  was  taken  to  Princeton,  N.  J.,  where  it  was 
 buried  by  the  side  of  his  sainted  father.  Dr.  Alexan- 
 der was  eminent  as  a  Christian,  gifted  as  a  writer, 
 and  successful  as  a  preacher  and  pastor.  His  excel- 
 lent tiilents,  fine  scholarship  and  large  influence 
 were  all  consecrated  to  the  cause  of  Christ.  Among 
 his  numerous  and  valuable  publiaitions  were:  "The 
 American  Mechanic  and  Working  Man,"  "Good, 
 Better,  Best,  or,  the  Three  Ways  of  Slaking  a  Happy 
 World,"  "The  Scripture  Guide,  a  Familiar  Intro- 
 duction to  the  Study  of  the  Bible,"  "Thoughts  on 
 Family  Worship, "  "Poverty  and  CYime  in  Cities," 
 "  Forty  Y'ears'  Letters,"  "  Plain  Words  to  a  Y'oung 
 Communicant,"  "Consolation,  in  discourses  on 
 select  topics  addres.sed  to  the  suffering  people  of 
 God,"  and  "  Di-scourses  on  Common  Topics  of  Chris- 
 tian Faith  and  Practice." 
 
 Alexander,  Rev.  Joseph,  D.  D. ,  graduated  at 
 Princeton  College  in  1T6U;  was  licensed  by  the  New 
 Castle  Presbytery  in  1767;  the  same  year  w.os  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Sugar  Creek  Presbyterian  Church,  iu 
 North  Carolina,  where  he  established  a  classical  school 
 which  soon  attained  a  high  reputation.  In  a  few 
 years  he  became  pastor  of  Union  Church,  South 
 Carolina,  where  he  remained  until  1773,  when  he  was 
 installed  pastor  of  Bullock's  Creek  Church,  and  con- 
 tinued to  be  so  until  1801.  Dr.  Alexander  was  as 
 active  in  the  cause  of  education  iu  South  Carolina 
 as  he  had  lieen  in  North  Carolina.  He  was  endowed 
 with  fine  talents,  and  was  an  uncommonly  animated 
 and  popular  preacher.  He  was  an  ardent  patriot 
 throughout  the  Revolution.  He  died  July  30th, 
 1809. 
 
 Alexander,  Joseph  Addison,  D.  D.,  the  third 
 son  of  Rev.  Archibald  and  Janetta  (Waddel)  Alex- 
 ander, was  born  in  Philadelphia,  April  24th,  1809. 
 His  early  education  was  obtained  under  the  imme- 
 diate superx-isiou  of  his  parents,  and  owing  to  an  in- 
 tellectual vigor  rare  indeed,  his  powers  of  acquiring 
 knowledge  were  amazing,  especially  in  the  department 
 of  languages.  In  1825  he  graduated  at  the  College 
 of  New  Jersey,  with  the  highest  honors  of  his  class. 
 He  was  elected  Tutor,  but  declined  the  appointment, 
 and,  with  Mr.  Patton,  founded  Edgchill  School,  at 
 Princeton.  He  .studied  theology  at  home  and  at  the 
 University  of  Halle  and  Berlin,  in  Europe.  He  was 
 licen.sed  and  ordained  by  New  Brvmswick  Presbytery 
 in  1832,  and  became  as-sistant  instructor  of  the  Hebrew 
 and  the  Greek  text  of  the  Bible,  in  the  Princeton 
 Theological  Seminar}';  in  1835  he  was  appointed  As- 
 sociate Professor,  and  in  1840  sole  Professor  of  Bibli- 
 cal and  Oriental  Literature;  in  1851  he  was  transferred 
 to  the  chair  of  Biblical  and  Ecclesiastical  Historj-; 
 and  iu  1859,  at  his  own  request,  he  was  assigned  the 
 
ALEXANDER. 
 
 22 
 
 ALEXAXDER. 
 
 department  of  Hellenistic  Greek  and  New  Testament 
 Literature.  Tlie  main  business  of  his  life  was  with 
 the  Holy  Bible,  giving  lo  theological  research  and 
 instruction  all  the  tnirgies  of  his  m;issive  intellect. 
 
 Dr.  Ale.xaudcr'.s  gig-antic  mind  was  in  full  ^^gor 
 until  the  day  before  his  death.  Ou  the  morning  of 
 that  day  he  was  occuj)ied  with  hi.s  usual  course  of 
 polyglot  reading  in  the  Bible,  being  accustomed  to 
 read  the  Scriptures  in  some  six  different  languages, 
 as  part  of  his  daily  devotions.  He  seems  also  to  have 
 entertained  himself,  during  some  part  of  the  day, 
 with  one  of  the  Greek  classics,  Herodotus,  a.s  a  pencU 
 mark  on  the  margin,  "  .Jauu.iry '27th,  1860,"  is  said  J 
 to  show.  In  the  afternoon  of  that  day  he  rode  out  in 
 the  open  air  for  the  first  time  since  his  atta<-k  of 
 hemorrhage.     During  that  ride,  however,  which  was 
 
 JOSKPH  ADDISON  ALEXANDER,  D.  D. 
 
 not  continued  more  than  forty-five  minutes,  a  sudden 
 sinking  of  life  came  on  him,  so  much  so  that  he  was 
 borne  almost  entirely  by  the  help  of  others  from  the 
 carriage.  Tlie  sinking  continued  all  Friday  night, 
 and  on  Saturday  he  w:is  hardly  conscious  of  anj'tliing 
 until  he  died.  His  death  was  ])erfeelly  calm,  with- 
 out a  struggle,  without  one  heaving  breath.  His 
 death  occurred  in  his  study,  .January,  2Stli,  1860. 
 
 Dr.  Alexander's  preaching  wa.s  attractive  through 
 the  beauty,  and  often  the  elociuence,  of  the  composi- 
 tion, thougli  nut  accompanied  with  any  of  the  arts  of 
 elocution,  unless  such  its  are  found  in  a  mehHlious 
 voice  and  earnest  manner.  His  .sermons  were  sure  to 
 be  original,  evangelie^il,  forcible,  elegant  and  tending 
 to  practical  eft'eet  ujion  the  conscience.  He  was  a 
 frequent  contributor   to    the  Prinecton   Review,  and 
 
 for  a  time  served  with  Professor  Dod  as  its  editor. 
 As  an  author  he  took  high  rank.  A  volume  of  his 
 fragmentary  "Notes  on  New  Testament  Literature 
 and  Ecclesiastical  Historj-"  was  posthumously  pul>- 
 lished  in  1861.  In  18.)1  appeared  his  "Psalms  Tran.s- 
 latcd  and  Explained,"  in  tlirce  volumes.  In  18o7 
 "The  Acts  of  the  Apcstles  Explained,"  in  two 
 volumes.  In  1858  "The  Gospel,  According  to  Mark, 
 Explained,"  in  one  volume.  The  Commentary  on 
 Matthew  was  unfinished  at  his  death,  but  so  much 
 as  he  had  prepared  w:ls  publLshed  in  1861,  as  the  last 
 work  on  which  his  pen  was  engaged. 
 
 Alexander,  Samuel  Davies,  D.D.,  the  fifth 
 son  of  Dr.  Archibald  .\lexander,  was  born  at  Prince- 
 ton, N.  J.,  Slay  3d,  1819,  and  graduated  ai  the  Col- 
 legs  of  New  Jersey,  in  1838.  At  first  he  studied 
 civil  engineering,  but  afterwards  decided  to  devote 
 himself  to  the  ministry,  and  entered  the  Princeton 
 Theological  Seminary.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  in 
 1847,  and  in  1848  w.as  pastor  of  the  church  at  Port 
 Richmond,  Philadelphia.  He  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 Village  Clnirch  at  Freehold,  New  Jersey,  in  1850, 
 and  continued  in  that  charge  till  1855,  when  he 
 removed  to  the  City  of  New  York,  and  became  pastor 
 of  the  Fifteenth  Street  Church,  now  the  Phillips 
 Church,  where  ho  has  ever  since  remained,  laboring 
 with  faithfulness  and  success.  Dr.  Alexander  is  the 
 author  of  the  article  on  the  "Editions  of  the  Pil- 
 grim's Progress,"  in  the  volume  of  the  Princeton 
 Review  for  18.59. 
 
 Alexander,  Stephen,  LL.D.,  was  bom  in 
 Schenectady,  X.  Y.,  September  1st,  1806.  He  was 
 graduated  at  Union  College  in  1824,  and  subsequently 
 at  Princeton  Theological  Seminarj-,  where  he  re- 
 ceived license  to  preach.  He  became  a  Tutor  in 
 Princeton  College  in  18:>3,  and  was  connected  with 
 that  institutiim  until  his  decejuse.  In  the  year  fol- 
 lowing his  appointment  as  Tutor  "he  was  made 
 adjunct  Profe.s-sor  of  Mathematics,  and  in  1840  was 
 nuule  Professor  of  Astronomy,  a  position  crcatetl  in 
 that  year.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Allx-rt  D.  Dod,  in 
 184.'j,  he  wai  made  Professor  of  Mathematics,  and  in 
 1854  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Mechanical 
 Philosophy  and  A.stronomy.  In  1862  he  was  made 
 Profes.sor  of  Natural  Philosophy  and  Astronomy  ; 
 and  in  1873,  astronomy  haxing  become  so  important 
 a  factor  in  the  course,  he  was  relieved  from  philo- 
 sophical work  and  made  Profes.sor  of  Astronomy,  a 
 position  he  held  until  1877,  when  he  retired  from 
 the  active  e.xercise  of  his  duties,  being  appointed 
 Professor  Emeritus,  and  w;is  succeeded  by  Profes.sor 
 Charles  A.  Young,  who  Wiis  called  to  the  chair  from 
 Dartmouth  College.  In  1860  he  went  to  the  coast  of 
 Ijubrador  at  the  head  of  a  CW)vernment  Astronomical 
 Exp<'diliim  to  ol>serve  the  ediiise  of  July  18th.  Nine 
 years  later  he  w:us  with  an  expedition  to  the  Rocky 
 Mountains  to  observe  the  solar  eclipse  of  August  of 
 that  year. 
 
 He    was    the     author     of    numerous    papers    ou 
 
ALEXAyDKli. 
 
 23 
 
 ALISON. 
 
 astronomy,  mathematics,  and  kindred  subjects,  which 
 attracted  much  attention  both  in  this  country  and  in 
 Europe.  Among  the  best  known  of  these  were 
 "Physical  Phenomena  Attendant  upon  Solar 
 Eclipses;"  "Fundamental  Principles  of  Mathema- 
 tics;"  "  Originof  the  Forms  and  the  Present  Condition 
 (1850)  of  some  of  the  Clusters  of  the  Stars  and  Several 
 of  the  NebuUe,  Form  and  Equatorial  Diameters  of  the 
 Asteroid  Planets;"  "Harmonies  in  the  Arrange- 
 ment of  the  Solar  System  which  seem  to  be  Conlirm- 
 atory  of  the  NebuUir  Hypothesis  of  La  Place."  He 
 received  the  degree  of  LL.D.,  from  Columbia  Col- 
 lege. He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  National 
 Academy  of  Science,  and  a  member  of  the  American 
 Philosophical  Society,  of  the  American  Academy  of 
 Arts  and  Sciences,  and  of  the  Amcricin  Association 
 for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  of  which  he  was 
 president  in  18.59.  He  was  the  possessor  of  remark- 
 able oratorical  and  rhetoriciil  powers  in  middle  life, 
 and  full  of  the  true  poetic  spirit.  The  present 
 advanced  position  of  Princeton  in  astronomical 
 science  and  research  is  due  in  great  measure  to  his 
 enthusiasm  and  energy.  For  several  years  the  aged 
 astronomer  had  devoted  his  leisure  hours  to  the 
 study  of  the  heavens,  from  a  small  observatory  in 
 the  rear  of  his  residence,  and  there  he  observed  the 
 recent  transit  of  Venus. 
 
 Professor  Alexander  died  at  his  residence  in  Prince- 
 ton, June  25th,  1883.  He  was  a  secluded  student, 
 unworldly  in  the  tone  of  his  character,  pure  minded, 
 gentle,  always  influential  for  good.  He  was  a  sin- 
 cere and  thoroughly  devout  Christian  man,  and  for 
 this  reason  was  a  power  among  the  students  with 
 whom  he  came  in  contact.  For  many  jears  he  was 
 an  elder  in  the  Presbj'teriau  Church. 
 
 Alexander,  "William,  D.D.,  was  born  near 
 Shirleysburg,  Huntingdon  county.  Pa.,  December 
 18th,  1831.  He  graduated  at  Jeft'erson  College,  Pa., 
 in  1858,  at  Princeton  Tlieological  Seminary  in  ISGl, 
 and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Hun- 
 tingdon, in  April,  18G0,  after  which  he  supplied  the 
 church  in  Holliday.sburg  for  five  months,  during  the 
 temporary  absence  of  the  p;istor,  Rev.  D.  X.  Junkin, 
 D.I).  He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  North- 
 umberland, aud  installed  over  the  church  of  Lycom- 
 ing, in  the  west  end  of  Williamsport,  Pa.,  June  10th, 
 1862.  In  18G3,  he  accepted  the  Presidency  of  CaiToll 
 College,  Waukesha,  WLs.,  and  diu-ing  his  incum- 
 bency supplied  the  church  at  that  place.  He  was 
 pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Beloit,  Wis., 
 18G5-9,  and  in  this  position  he  exercised  large  influ- 
 ence over  the  whole  Presbji^rian  Church  of  that  sec- 
 tion. He  was  piistor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  San  Jose,  Cal.,  18G9-T1.  In  June,  1871,  he  took 
 charge  of  "  The  City  College  "  in  San  Franci.sco.  In 
 October  of  that  year  he  took  a  leading  part  in  found- 
 ing the  S.an  Francisco  Theological  Seminarj-,  in  which 
 Me  w;is  chosen  Professor  of  New  Testament  Literature 
 aud  Exegesis.      In  187G  he  was  transferred  to  the 
 
 chair  of  Ecclesiastical  History  aud  Church  Govern- 
 ment, which  he  still  ret;iins. 
 
 Dr.  Alexander  has  published  several  sermons,  and 
 written  largely,  and  with  great  force,  for  the  secular 
 and  religious  press.  He  is  j  ustly  regarded  as  one  of 
 the  ablest  men  in  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  for 
 accurate  and  profound  scholarship  occupies  the  high- 
 est rank  upon  the  Pacific  coast.  As  a  preacher  he 
 is  plain  and  practical,  with  the  rare  faculty  of  hand- 
 ling profoiuid  themes  in  an  easy  and  simple  manner. 
 As  a  te^icher  he  is  sociable  and  plea-sant  with  the 
 students,  always  commanding  their  respect,  confi- 
 dence, and  good  will.  As  a  controversialist  he  is 
 strong  in  argument  and  ma.ster  of  logic.  As  a  writer 
 his  peculiar  characteristic  is  vigor,  with  a  fine  adapta- 
 tion of  style  to  the  subject  under  discussion. 
 
 Alexander,  Rev.  Samuel  Carothers,  w:us 
 born  in  Huntingdon  Coimty,  Pa.,  April  7th,  1833, 
 and  is  the  second  son  of  Randall  and  Sarah  (Caro- 
 thers) Alexander.  He  graduated  at  Jeflerson  College, 
 Pennsylvania,  in  1858,  and  entered  the  Theological 
 Seminary  at  Columbia,  S.  C,  the  same  year,  com- 
 pleting his  professional  studies  in  1861.  In  Decem- 
 ber, of  the  same  year,  he  was  ordained  and  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Steele  Creek  Church  in  North  CaroUna, 
 by  the  Presbj-tery  of  Concord.  He  subsequently 
 entered  upon  missionary  work  for  the  freedmen  at 
 Charlotte,  N.  C,  becoming  one  of  the  first  and  prin- 
 cipal actors  in  founding  Biddle  Memorial  University. 
 He  continued  his  work  there  untU  June,  1871,  when 
 he  returned  to  his  native  State,  and  for  the  la.st  ten 
 years  has  been  pastor  of  the  Upper  Path  Valley 
 Presbyterian  Chmch,  in  the  Presbj'tery  of  Carlisle. 
 Mr.  Alexander  possesses  a  dignity  of  bearing,  com- 
 bined with  a  frankness  of  manner,  that  win  for  hira 
 the  respect  and  fellowship  of  all  the  members  of  his 
 community.  He  is  unassuming,  never  seeking  the 
 praise  of  men,  and  yet,  by  his  sinceritj',  generosity 
 and  kindness,  he  receives,  without  bidding,  the  enco- 
 niunis  of  all  who  know  him.  In  the  pulpit  he  is 
 strong,  vigorous  and  fearless.  His  discourses  contain 
 wholesome  and  subst;intial  food,  and  awaken  thought 
 and  reflection.  His  style  is  animated  and  forcible, 
 and  his  manner  modest  and  dignified. 
 
 Alison,  Francis,  D.D.,  was  born  in  the  pari.sh 
 of  Lac,  County  of  Donegal,  Ireland,  in  the  j'car  1705. 
 He  came  as  a  probationer  to  this  country,  in  1734  or 
 '35.  On  the  recommendation  of  Franklin,  he  was 
 employed  by  John  Dickinson,  of  Delaware,  the 
 author  of  the  "Farmer's  Letters,"  as  the  tutor  of  his 
 son.  Leave  to  take  a  few  other  pupils  w;is  granted, 
 and  he  is  said  to  have  had  an  academy  at  Thunder 
 Hill,  Maryland.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of  New 
 London,  by  New  Castle  Presl)j-tery,  before  May,  1737. 
 In  1749  he  was  invited  to  take  charge  of  the  Phila^ 
 delphia  .\cademj-.  This  institution  was  incoq>oratcd 
 iu  17.50,  endowed  in  1753,  and  erected  into  a  college 
 in  1755,  at  which  time  Mr.  Alison  w.as  appointed  its 
 Vice   Provost  and   Professor  of  Moral   Philosophy. 
 
ALISON. 
 
 24 
 
 ALLEN. 
 
 He  was  also  assistant  minLster  of  the  First  Presby- 
 torian  Cbuic-li.  Both  these  positions  he  filled  with 
 acknowlfil^cd  tiili'lity  and  success.  In  1738  he 
 received  the  dci;;jee  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  the 
 University  of  Glasgow.  He  was  the  first  of  our  min- 
 isters wlio  received  that  honor,  and  the  Synod  of 
 Philadelphia  returned  their  thanks,  for  the  favor,  to 
 the  University. 
 
 On  the  union  of  the  Sj-nod-s,  May  24th,  1758,  Dr. 
 Alison  preached  from  Ei)hesians  iv,  4-7,  and  the 
 sermon  w;ls  |)ublished,  with  the  title,  "Peace  and 
 Union  Heeomniended."  He  went  with  Colonel  Biird, 
 a-s  chai)lain  to  the  expedition  to  Fort  Cumberland, 
 and  remained  from  August  to  November.  Together 
 with  Gill>ertTennent  and  the  Presbyterians  generally, 
 who  were  headed  by  Chief  Justice  Allen  (father-in- 
 law  of  Governor  John  I'enn),  he  opposed  the  throw- 
 ing off  the  Proprietary  Government,  and,  as  a  reward 
 for  his  services  in  that  matter,  Richard  Penn  gave 
 him  the  splendid  tract  of  one  thous;ind  acres  at  the 
 eontluence  of  the  Bald  Eagle  with  the  West  Branch 
 of  the  Susquehanna.  He  was  the  efficient  agent  in 
 the  est;iblishnient  of  the  Widows'  Fund  in  our 
 Church,  and  was  wisely  active  in  the  eonventiou  with 
 the  Connecticut  ministers  to  withst;»nd  the  gradual 
 but  determined  innovations  of  Churchmen  and  the 
 Crown  on  our  liberties  as  citizens  and  Christians. 
 He  died,  November  Si^th,  1779,  aged  seventy-four, 
 and  set  free  his  slaves  by  his  will. 
 
 Bishop  Wliite,  who  w;i.s  a  student  in  the  College  of 
 Philadelphia  while  Dr.  Alison  was  a  Professor  iu  it, 
 says  of  him  in  his  Memoirs:  "He  was  a  man  of 
 un(iuestionable  ability  iu  his  department,  of  real  and 
 rational  piety,  of  a  liberal  mind  ;  his  failing  was  a 
 pronencsa  to  anger,  but  it  was  soon  forgotten,  for  he 
 w;us  placable  and  aflable. ' '  President  Stiles  pronounced 
 him  "  the  greatest  chvssical  scholar  in  .\merica,  espe- 
 cially in  Greek,"  and  "  in  Ethics,  Hi.story  and  gen- 
 eral reading,  a  great  literary  character."  And  Dr. 
 Ewing,  in  his  funeral  sermon,  said  :  "  He  was  truly 
 a  scribe  well  instructed  unto  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven, 
 a  workman  that  needed  not  to  l)e  ashamed,  for  he 
 riglitly  <liviiied  the  AVord  of  Truth,  and  Wius  pecu- 
 liarly skillful  in  giving  to  every  one  his  portion  in 
 due  se.'ison. " 
 
 Alison,  Rev.  Hector,  was  ordained  by  New 
 Castle  Presbytery,  in  1711!,  probably  at  AVliitc 
 Clay.  In  1750  he  was  .sent  for  eight  Sabbaths  to 
 Western  Virginia,  and  seems  to  have  labored  iu  that 
 region  for  some  time.  He  Wiis  settled  at  Drawyers 
 from  175:5  to  17.VH.  In  17(>0  he  went  as  Chajilain  to 
 the  Pennsylvania  forces,  and  in  answer  to  a  very 
 pressing  application  made  to  the  Synod  in  May,  of 
 that  year,  by  the  English  Presbyterian  gentlemen  iu 
 .Vlbany,  he  w:ls  directed  to  act  an  a  supply  in  that 
 jilaco  till  July.  He  joined  New  Ca.stIo  Prcsbj-tery 
 after  the  union  in  17(il,  and  was  releas<>d  in  a  little 
 time  from  his  clrnrgc  at  .\pixKiuinimy.  A  call  was 
 received   by  him   from  Baltimore,  but  the  proposal 
 
 was  so  an.satisfactory  that  it  was  not  accepted.  In 
 December,  17G1,  hcwasdismls.sed  from  the  Prc-sbytery, 
 probably  with  a  view  to  join  South  Carolina  Presby- 
 tery, and  settled  at  Williamsburg,  South  Carolina. 
 
 Allen,  Diarca  Howe,  D.  D.,  w:ls  born  in 
 Leb:mon,  N.  H.,  July  Pth,  1808.  He  graduated  at 
 Dartmouth  College  in  18-2U,  and  studied  theologj*  at 
 Andover  Seminary  in  1829-1830  and  1'n!2-18:«.  He 
 w:v3  teacher  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  1830-18:52.  He  was 
 Professor  in  Marietta  College,  in  1833-1840;  Professor 
 of  Sacred  Khetoric  in  Lime  Semi narj',  1840-1851 ;  I*ro- 
 fe.ssor  of  Systematic  Theologj-,  1851 -18C7,  and  Emeritus 
 Professor  till  his  death,  which  occurred  at  Gr.m\'iUe, 
 O.,  November  9th,  1870.  Dr.  Allen  was  an  eminent 
 scholar,  and  filled  all  the  ]Misitions  he  oeciiiiied  with 
 great  advantage  to  the  Church  and  credit  to  himself. 
 
 Allen,  David  Oliver,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  Sloses 
 ;  and  ilehitable  Allen,  was  born  in  Biirre,  Mass., 
 September  14th,  1799;  gra<liuited  at  -Vmhcrst  College 
 in  1^2:?;  studied  theologj'  at  Andover  Si-minary,  and 
 wiLS  onUiined  .May  21st,  l'<27.  Un  the  (!th  of  June  he 
 embarked  for  Calcutta,  where  he  arriveil  S<-ptemlx?r 
 21st.  In  a  month  he  proceeded  to  Bombay,  where  he 
 labored  .several  years  in  preaching  and  establishing 
 schools.  He  was  the  first  American  >Iissionjiry  to 
 establish  a  stati(m  at  Ahmednuggur,  in  1831,  where 
 he  spent  several  j-ears.  After  this  he  wxs  engaged  in 
 nuiking  extensive  tours  in  Western  India,  preaching, 
 distributing  Bibles,  Tracts,  etc.  In  1843  he  took 
 charge  of  the  printing  establi.shment  at  Bombay. 
 This  constituted  for  .some  ten  j-ears  a  very  important 
 agency  iu  Missionary  operations  in  Western  India. 
 It  emi)loyed,  part  of  tliis  time,  one  hundred  jwrsons, 
 mostly  natives,  and  the  numlH-r  of  pagi'S  printed  iu- 
 crea.sed  from  one  million  and  a  half,  in  184:J,  to  near 
 twelve  millions  in  1852.  Tlie  works  printed  were 
 portions  of  Scripture  translated,  religious  tr.icts, 
 school  books,  etc.  Dr.  Allen  w;is  the  .'kutluir  of  sev- 
 eral very  useful  tnicts  in  the  Mahratta  language.  He 
 also  translated  portions  of  tlie  Old  Testanu'ut,  and 
 suiK-riuteuded  a  revLsed  and  I'orrected  edition  of  the 
 whole  Scripture  into  Mahnitta,  which  w;ls  a  great 
 work. 
 
 Dr.  Allen's  physicians,  in  view  of  his  imiviired 
 ;  health,  advised  him  to  return  to  .Vmericii,  which  he 
 dill,  in  1853.  Alter  a  j'ear's  rest,  he  prejiared  the 
 ITistori/ of  India.  Am-imI  diiil  Modern,  a  work  which 
 was  very  favor.ibly  received  by  the  press,  lM)th  in  this 
 country  and  in  Englanil.  From  \<>C>  to  H(iO  he 
 l)reachcd  in  dilli'rent  places;  one  year  at  WestjMirt, 
 .M;uss.,  and  nearly  two  years  at  Wendham.  His  style 
 of  preaching  w:ls  plain  and  ]ir.>etieal — more  instruct- 
 ive than  rhetorical.      He  died  July  17th,  \^l\:\. 
 
 Allen,  Rev.  Moses,  w-.is  Iwrn  in  Northampton, 
 SIiuss. ;  wiis  licensi'd  by  the  Pre-sbj-tery  of  New  Bruns- 
 vnck  February  1st,  1771,  and  on  March  10th,  1775, 
 he  w:is  ordained  at  Cliarlestou,  S.  C,  and  installed 
 pastor  of  an  Inde]«-ndent  Church  at  WapiK-taw.  In 
 ,  1777  he  resigned  his  charge  and  removed  to  Lib-.'rty 
 
ALLEX. 
 
 25 
 
 ALLISOK. 
 
 County,  Ga.,  where  he  took  charge  of  the  Midway 
 Presb^'terian  Church  ;  but  the  next  year  his  cougre- 
 gatiou  was  dispersed  and  his  church  burned.  He 
 entered  the  army  ;;s  chaplain;  was  taken  prisoner, 
 and  in  attempting  to  escape,  by  swimming  from  the 
 prisou-shii5  in  which  lie  was  conUned,  was  di'owncd, 
 February  8th,  1T7U.  The  friends  of  indeiiendencc 
 admired  Mr.  Alliii  fur  his  popular  talents,  his  cour- 
 age, and  his  many  virtues.  He  was  an  eminently 
 pious  man. 
 
 Allen,  Richard  H.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Greens- 
 burg,  Ky.,  Slay  14th,  1821.  He  was  educated  at 
 Centre  College,  Danville,  Ky. ;  graduated  at  the  Law 
 School,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  St.  Louis, 
 Mo.,  in  1844.  In  September,  1847,  he  was  licensed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Upper  Missouri  to  jjrcach  the 
 gospel;  was  called  to  succeed  Dr.  Hiram  P.  Goodrich 
 in  the  church  at  Jefl'cr.son  City,  Mo.,  the  capital  of 
 the  State,  and  was  ordained  the  following  November 
 as  pastorof  that  church.  In  thisposition  he  remained 
 only  two  years.  Having  an  earnest  desire  to  enter 
 the  great  and  destitute  field  around  him,  as  an  evan- 
 gelist, for  which  he  was  peculiarly  fitted,  he  devoted 
 himself  to  home  mi.ssionary  work  in  the  counties  of 
 Upper  Mis.souri.  He  stopjied  not  to  consult  with  flesh 
 and  blood,  nor  to  ask  aid  of  any  Sli.ssionary  Board, 
 but  purchased  a  horse,  filled  one  side  of  his  saddle- 
 bags with  Bibles  and  tracts,  and  started  out  as  an 
 evangelist,  preaching  wherever  God  in  His  providence 
 opened  the  way.  In  this  new  and  important  field  of 
 operation  his  labors  were  signally  blessed.  On  Castile 
 Creek,  in  Di'Kalb  County,  .some  twenty  miles  east  of 
 the  now  flourishing  city  of  St.  Joseph,  were  a  few 
 Presbj-terians  in  the  midst  of  a  godless  communit}-. 
 Dr.  Allen  went  and  preached  to  them,  in  the  log  hou.se 
 of  a  pious  widow  woman,  tor  two  weeks.  From  this 
 visit  the  Ca.stile  Church  gi'cw,  and  stands  now  a  power 
 for  good  in  that  communitj'. 
 
 Dr.  Allen  was  settled  in  Jefferson^-ille  and  Lafay- 
 ette, Ind.,  nine  years.  In  1861  he  went  to  New 
 Orleans,  and  commenced  a  new  enterprise,  the  suc- 
 cess of  which  was  cut  short  by  the  war.  He  was  then 
 called  to  the  Second  I'resbyteriaa  Church  of  Nash- 
 ville, Tenn.,  in  connection  \vith  the  Old  School 
 Assembly,  North.  In  1867  he  was  called  to  the  pas- 
 torate of  the  old  Pine  Street  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Philadelphia,  in  which  his  success,  for  some  thirteen 
 years,  was  marked  and  gratifj-lng.  He  resigned  this 
 charge  in  order  to  become  Secretjiry  of  the  Assembly's 
 Board  for  Freedmeu,  and  is  devoting  his  best 
 energies  to  this  cause  with  an  ardor  which  is  greatly 
 jjromotive  of  its  prosperity. 
 
 Allen,  Robert  Welch,  D.  D.,  son  of  James 
 and  Elizabeth  (Logan)  Allen,  was  born  in  Shelby 
 county,  Kentucky,  March  '2oth,  1817.  He  received 
 his  collegiate  instruction  in  Wabash  College,  from 
 which  he  was  graduated  in  1839.  In  November. 
 lS3S),  he  entered  Princeton  Seminar}',  with  the  in- 
 tention  of  going  through  the   full   course,  but  his 
 
 health  failing,  he  was  compelled  to  leave  at  the 
 end  of  the  second  year.  He  was  licensed  by  the 
 Presbj-tery  of  Crawfordsville,  Indiana,  August  15th, 
 1841,  and  ordained  by  the  same  Presbj-tery,  Septem- 
 ber 30th,  1843,  having  spent  the  intervening  time  as 
 stated  supply  of  several  churches.  He  wius  installed 
 pastor  of  the  churches  of  JcHcrson  and  Frankford, 
 Indiana,  June,  1844,  and  remained  in  that  charge 
 for  nine  years,  until  September,  18.")3,  when  the  pas- 
 toral relation  was  dissolved.  Receiving  a  call  from 
 the  Pisgah  Church,  near  Lexington,  Kentucky,  he 
 entered  that  field,  and  labored  there  with  great 
 acceptance  until  April,  1837,  when  he  accepted  a  call 
 to  the  Presbj-terian  Church  of  Jacksonville,  Illinois. 
 This  pa.storate  he  held  for  more  than  eleven  years, 
 until  September,  1868.  He  thenspcntayear(1868-'69) 
 in  missionary  labor  in  the  vicinity  of  Decatur,  Illinois; 
 was  stated  supply  of  the  Chui'ch  of  St.  Charles, 
 Missouri,  from  September,  1869,  to  December,  1870. 
 Returning  to  Jacksonrille,  he  supplied  the  churches 
 of  Union  and  MurrajTille  for  two  years,  until  the 
 Union  Church  and  part  of  the  Pisgah  Church  were 
 organized  into  a  new  church  called  "  Unity, "  over 
 which  he  was  inst;illed  November  2d,  1873.  This 
 relation  continued  until  his  death. 
 
 Ill  health  attended  Jlr.  Allen's  labors  through  his 
 ministerial  life,  yet  the  Lord  owned  his  service  in  such 
 a  numner  that  he  did  not  run  in  vain  nor  labor  in  vain. 
 Frequent  revivals  attended  his  efforts,  and  he  was 
 often  called  upon  to  aid  his  bretliren  in  protracted 
 meetings.  Having  a  fine  personal  presence,  a  digni- 
 fied manner,  and  a  clear,  commanding  voice,  he  .seldom 
 failed  to  produce  a  deep  impression.  His  mind  w;:s 
 strong,  vigorous  and  analytic.  As  an  expositor  of 
 divine  truth  he  was  especially  clear,  able  and  forcible, 
 .always  holding  forth  the  word  of  life,  and  presenting 
 Christ  crucified  as  the  only  hope  of  a  perishing 
 world.  He  died  of  nervous  prostration,  at  Jackson- 
 \-Ule,  Illinois,  July  29th,  1882,  in  his  sixty-sixth 
 year. 
 
 Allison,  James,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Pittsburg, 
 
 September  27th,  1823,  and  reared  near  Bakerstown, 
 
 in  the  northern  part  of  Allegheny  County,  I'a.     He 
 
 graduated  at  Jefferson  College  in  the  Fall  of  1845,  at 
 
 the  Western  Theological  Seminary  in  the  Spring  of 
 
 I  1848,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gosjiel  by  the 
 
 :  Presbj-tery  of  Allegheny,  October  6th,  1847.     Alter 
 
 serving  as   stated  supply,  for  some  months,  of  the 
 
 Church  of  Sewicklej-,  twelve  miles  below  Pittsburg, 
 
 he  was  ordained  and  installed  its  pa.stor,  October  16th, 
 
 1849,  and  continued  in  this  relation  until  February, 
 
 1864,  when  he  resigned,  to  become  one  of  the  editors 
 
 '  and  proprietors  of  the  Pnslii/lcriiin  Hannrr.     During 
 
 his  pa.storate   the  finest    church   edifice   outside   of 
 
 Pittsburgh,  in  Allegheny  County,  was  erected,  and  two 
 
 hundred  and  seventy-seven  were  added  on  confession 
 
 of  faith,  and  two  hundred  and  thirty-one  by  letter. 
 
 While  yet  a  student  in  College  he  began  to  wTite 
 
 for  the   newspaper  press.     In   1853  he  became  the 
 
ALLISON. 
 
 26 
 
 ALLISOX. 
 
 Pittsburg  correspondent  of  the  PrcAtjterian  Banner, 
 then  published  in  Philadelpliia,  and  beaime  associate 
 editor  after  its  removal  to  I'ittsburg,  in  1855,  and 
 w;js  one  of  its  proprietors,  hax-ing  the  hitc  Da\id 
 McKinney,  n.  n.,  and  Stephen  Little  lor  his  partners, 
 from  1S56  to  ISC'?.  In  January,  ISIM,  lie  ])urehased 
 the  Banner  for  hinisolf  and   Kobirt   Patterson,  Esq., 
 
 I 
 
 '  31st,  1819,  his  parents  being  connected  with  the  Prcs- 
 
 bj'terian  Cliureh  of  that  place,  of  which  the  Rev. 
 William  K.  DeWitt  was  then  pastor.  After  the 
 I  study  of  the  law  at  the  State  Capital,  he  was  in  due 
 I  time  admitted  to  the  Bar.  From  his  earliest  entrance 
 upon  the  active  duties  of  the  legal  profession  he 
 gave  ample  evidence  of  future  prorai.se  and  distinc- 
 tion. He  soon  removed  to  Philadelphia,  settling 
 do\vn  in  the  old  district  of  Spring  Garden.  Though 
 naturally  of  very  modest  deportment,  he  soon  rose  in 
 public  estimation.  Before  he  had  resided  tliree  years 
 within  their  municipality  the  Commissioners  ap- 
 pointed him  to  the  office  of  Solicitor  of  the  District. 
 He  continued  to  serve  in  this  capacity  with  credit  to 
 himself  and  .satisfaction  to  the  people,  until,  by  the 
 partiality  of  the  voters  of  the  city  and  county  of 
 Philadel])hia,  he  was  elected  an  Associate  Jud^;. 
 This  occurred  in  1851.  After  serving  the  full  term 
 in  this  position,  he  was  thrice  successively  elected  a 
 Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  He  has  thas 
 served  thirty-three  years  on  the  bench,  during  which 
 he  has  made  for  himself  a  reputation  for  purity  of 
 motives,  faithful  and  fearless  discharge  of  duty  and 
 thoroughness  of  legal  erudition,  that  ranks  hiiu 
 among  the  foremost  j  urists  of  the  Commonwealth. 
 
 JAUE8  ALLISON,  D.  D. 
 
 and  assumed  control  February  3d,  of  that  year.     He 
 participated  largely  in   the  Declaration    and  Testi- 
 mony controversy;  was  among  the  first  signers  ot  the 
 paper  prepared   at  the  meeting  of  the  Old  School 
 General  Assembly  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  in  1n(!4,  a,sking 
 ibr  reunion  between  the  Olil  and  Xew  School  Churches 
 on  the  basis  of  the  "Standards,"  and  proposed,  after 
 the  meeting  of  the  Old  School  General  Assembly  in 
 Albany,  and  of  the  New  School  (General  Assembly  in 
 Harrisburg,  when  negotiations  seemed  about  to  fail,  j 
 that  the  friends  of  reunion  should  unite  in  a  declaration 
 for  reunion  simply  on  the  Ixisis  of  the  "Standards." 
 This  led  to  the  is-iuing  of  the  "Pittsburg  Circular,"  , 
 which  was  mostly  WTitten  by  him,   and  which  was 
 followed  by  reunion  the  next  year.     Dr.  .VUison  has  i 
 been  a  member  of  the  Presbj-terian  Board  lor  Frecd- 
 men,  from  its  organization  in  lS(i5,  and  its  Treasurer,  ' 
 i^thout  charge,  from  1870.     He  is  a  gentleman  of  ' 
 
 much  energj'  of  character,  genial  in  spirit,  a  vigorous 
 ■\\Titer,  an  excellent  preacher,  and  an  induential 
 member  of  the  Church  .iudieatorics. 
 
 Allison,  Joseph,  LL.D.,  furnislies  in  his  career, 
 remarkably  successful  as  he  has  been,  an   instance  of   bv  the  legal   fraternitv. 
 what  may  1)c  acconiiilished   by  well   directed  eflVirts.    tious    and    incorruptibl 
 
 JOSEPH  ALLISON,  LL.9. 
 
 In  private  and  social  life  Judge  Allison  is  eonr- 
 
 teous,    alTable  and    entirely   free    from  afTectation. 
 
 Possessed  of  a  high  order  of  intellect,  shrewd   and 
 
 keen  witted,  his  society   is  much   sought,  esju'cially 
 
 \s  a  .judgi!  he   is  eonscien- 
 
 vet  his  tact   and   natural 
 
 Judge  Allison  was  born  at  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  August    kind-heartedness  are  so  admirablv  blended  in  the 
 
AkLISON. 
 
 27 
 
 ANDERSON. 
 
 discharge  of  his  olficial  duties,  that  the  most  incorri- 
 gible criminal,  whilst  smarting  under  the  rod  of 
 public  justice  administered  by  his  hand,  is  forced  to 
 revere  the  power  by  which  it  is  wielded. 
 
 Judge  Allison  has  long  been  au  exemplary,  honored 
 and  useful  elder  of  the  Walnut  Street  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Philadelphia,  and  gives  the  influence  of  his 
 name  and  presence  to  great  moral  movements  on 
 behalf  of  the  human  race.  Liberal  in  his  Christian 
 spirit,  he  is  3-et  specially  active  in  promoting  the 
 prosperity  of  the  Church  in  which  he  was  born  and 
 reared,  and  in  which  he  is  held  in  the  highest  esteem. 
 He  is  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Publication  and  a 
 Trustee  of  the  General  Assembly.  He  was  a  member 
 of  the  Assembly  in  Cleveland  in  1S.5G,  of  the 
 Assembly  in  SjTacuse  in  1861,  and  of  the  Assembly 
 in  Chicago  in  1877.  In  all  the  boards  and 
 judicatories  of  the  Church  in  which  he  appears  he 
 exerts  a  strong  influence.  As  one  of  the 
 fraternal  delegates  from  the  Nc<v  School  Assembly 
 to  the  Old  School  Assemblj',  which  met  in  Newark, 
 N.  J.,  in  1864,  he  urged  the  union  of  the  two 
 branches  of  the  severed  Church,  with  au  ardor  and 
 eloijuence  which  gave  one  of  the  earliest  and  most 
 eflcctive  impuLses  toward  the  consummation  not  long 
 afterward  so  happily  reached. 
 
 Allison,  Patrick,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Franklin, 
 (or  what  was  then  known  as  Lancaster)  county.  Pa., 
 in  the  year  1740.  He  graduated  at  the  University 
 of  Permsylvania,  in  1760.  Shortly  after  he  left  the 
 University  he  commenced  his  theological  studies, 
 but  in  1761  wa-s  appointed  Professor  in  the  Academy 
 at  Newark,  Delaware,  which  office  he  accepted.  He 
 was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Second  Presbytery  of 
 Philadelphia,  in  M.arch,  1763.  In  August  of  that 
 year,  he  was  invited  to  a  church  in  Baltimore,  and 
 in  176.5  was  ordained  its  pastor,  in  which  relation  he 
 contintied  for  thu-ty-five  years,  till  his  death,  which 
 took  place  August  21st,  1802. 
 
 Dr.  Allison  was  noted  for  his  ardent  patriotism, 
 his  blameless  character,  his  dignified  deportment, 
 and  his  fine  scholarship.  He  was  especially  eminent  in 
 the  judicatories  of  the  Chirrch,  and  in  all  public 
 bodies,  being  possessed  of  great  penetration,  the 
 utmost  self-control,  and  an  admirable  command  of 
 thought  and  language,  the  most  appropriate  and 
 elegant.  As  a  preacher,  though  his  manner  was  not 
 very  attractive,  his  discourses  were  marked  with 
 much  ability,  being  generally  didactic,  often  pro- 
 foundly argumentative.  He  published  little,  but 
 that  little,  which  was  of  a  polemical  nature,  was 
 weighty  and  trenchant.  It  was  one  of  his  dying  in- 
 junctions, that  all  his  manuscript  sermons  should  be 
 committed  to  the  flames  ;  otherwise,  doubtless,  there 
 might  have  been  a  selection  made  from  them  for  the 
 press,  which  would  have  done  honor  to  our  Ameri- 
 can pulpit. 
 
 '  Alrichs,  Kev.  'William  Picclees,  was  bom  in 
 Wilmington,  Del.,  in  August,  1790.     He  graduated 
 
 at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  in  1824.  He  was  stated 
 supply  at  New  Castle,  Del. ,  1828-29,  and  at  Pigeon 
 Creek.  He  was  ordained  an  evangeli.st  by  the  Pres- 
 hyUivy  of  Washington,  in  1831.  He  was  stated  sup- 
 ply at  East  Buffalo,  Pa.,  1830-1864,  and  Professor  of 
 Mathematics,  Mechanics  and  Astronomy  in  Washing- 
 ton College,  Pa.,  1830-1860.  He  died  at  Winterset, 
 la.,  December  31st,  1869.  Prof.  Alrichs  was  an 
 able  and  faithful  preacher,  and  stood  high  in  the 
 departments  of  science  which  he  taught. 
 
 Anderson,  Rev.  Isaac,  was  born  in  Kockbridge 
 County,  Va.,  March  2Gth,  1780.  Having  prepared 
 himself  for  the  ministry,  he  was  licensed  to  preach 
 the  gospel  by  Union  Presbytery,  in  May,  1802,  and 
 in  the  Autumn  following  was  installed  pa.stor  of 
 Washington  Church,  Knox  County,  Tenn.  Here  he 
 labored  for  about  nine  years,  during  w'hich  time  he 
 also  performed  much  missionary  service,  which  was 
 attended  with  signal  success.  In  the  Spring  of  1811 
 he  was  called  to  the  New  Providence  Church,  Mary- 
 \'ille,  took  charge  of  it  the  next  autumn,  and  there 
 performed  the  principal  part  of  the  labors  of  his  life. 
 The  Southwest  Theological  Seminary,  at  Maryville, 
 was  established  chiefly  tlirough  his  instrumentality, 
 and  for  many  years  enjoyed  the  benefit  of  his  labors 
 as  a  teacher.  He  died,  January  28th,  1857.  Mr. 
 Anderson  was  a  man  of  commanding  powers,  of 
 glowing  zeal,  and  untiriag  and  successful  industry. 
 
 Anderson,  Rev.  James,  was  born  in  Scotland, 
 November  17th,  1678,  and  w;is  ordained  by  Irvine 
 Presbytery,  November  17th,  1708,  with  a  view  to  his 
 settlement  in  Virginia.  He  arrived  in  the  Rappa- 
 hannock, April  22d,  1709,  but  the  state  of  things 
 not  wartanting  his  sta}',  he  came  northward,  and  was 
 received  by  the  Presbytery,  September  20th.  He  set- 
 tled at  New  Ca-stle,  Del.  In  1717  he  accepted  a  call 
 to  a  congregation  in  New  York,  which,  at  the  time, 
 was  worshiping  in  the  City  Hall.  September  24th, 
 1726,  he  received  a  call  to  Donegal,  on  the  Susque- 
 hanna, and  accepted  it.  He  was  installed  the  last 
 Wednesday  in  August,  1727.  In  September,  1729,  he 
 began  to  give  every  fifth  Sabbath  to  the  people  on 
 Swatara,  and  joined  the  congregation  of  Derry.  In 
 April,  1738,  the  PrcsbTi-tery  decided  to  ask  the  Sj-nod 
 to  send  a  deputation  to  wait  on  the  Virginia  Govern- 
 ment, and  solicit  its  favor  in  behalf  of  Presbj-terian- 
 ism  there.  The  Synod  wrote  to  the  Governor,  and 
 sent  Mr.  Anderson  to  bear  the  letter,  providing 
 supplies  for  his  pulpit,  and  allowing  for  his  expenses 
 "  in  a  manner  suit;ible  to  his  design. ' '  This  mission 
 he  performed  satisfactorily.    He  died  July  16th,  1740. 
 
 Anderson,  John,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Guilford 
 county.  North  Carolina,  on  the  10th  of  April,  1767. 
 He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Orange,  North  Carolina,  in  the  year  1791,  and  shortly 
 afterwards  was  ordained  as  an  evangelist.  After 
 laboring  two  years  in  the  southern  part  of  North 
 Carolina,  and  the  northern  part  of  South  Carolina; 
 from  1793  to  1798  or  '99,  he  itinerated,  amid  many 
 
AXDERSOX. 
 
 28 
 
 ANDERSON. 
 
 privations  and  dangers,  through  the  States  of  Ten- 
 nessee and  Kentuck}',  sometimes  crossing  the  Ohio, 
 and  preaching  to  the  settlements  in  what  is  now 
 Ohio  and  Indiaiiii.  In  ISOl  he  began  his  labors  in 
 Upper  Bufliilo  Church,  Wxshington  county,  Peruxsyl- 
 Tauia,  and  was  iiLstalkd  as  its  p;ustor  the  next  j'car, 
 a  relation  which  he  held  with  groat  acceptance  and 
 usefulness,  until  it  was  dissolved  by-  his  own  request, 
 on  account  of  declining  health,  Jauiuiry  loth,  1833. 
 
 Dr.  Anderson  conducted  the  theological  education 
 of  a  large  number  of  young  men,  some  of  whom  rose 
 to  eminence  in  the  Church.  He  was  one,  if  not 
 of  the  originators,  at  least  of  the  most  active  mem- 
 bers of  the  old  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Western 
 Mi-ssionary  Society,  and  under  its  direction  he  made 
 several  tours  to  the  Wyandotte  Indians,  on  the  San- 
 dusky river.  He  was  al.so  largely  iiLstrumental  in 
 founding  the  mission  on  the  Maumee,  and  visited  it 
 once,  in  company  with  the  Rev.  E.  Macurdy,  with  a 
 view  to  settle  .some  existing  difficulties.  After  the 
 transfer  of  that  sfcition  Uy  the  United  Foreign  Jlis- 
 sionary  Society  he  became  one  of  the  most  efficient 
 supporters  of  that  Society,  and  subsequently  of  the 
 American  Board  of  Commi.ssioncrs  for  Foreign  Jlissions 
 into  which  it  was  merged.  In  forming  the  present 
 General  Assembly's  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  at 
 Pittsburg,  in  1831,  he  took  a  most  lively  interest, 
 and  extended  to  it  his  cordial,  and  active  support  till 
 the  close  of  his  life,  which  occurred  Janujuy  5th, 
 183.5. 
 
 Anderson,  Samuel,  C,  Esq.,  was  a  ruling 
 elder  in  the  "College''  Church  at  llampdeu  Sidney, 
 Va.,  in  which  village  are  located  both  Hampden  Sid- 
 ney College  and  Union  Theological  Seminary,  the 
 two  institutions  existing  under  separate  corjiorations. 
 He  was  elected  an  elder  in  August,  1834,  and  con- 
 tinued in  this  office  till  his  death,  in  April,  ISG.j. 
 The  inscrii)tion  on  his  tomb  is  a  brief  epitome  of  his 
 honorable  life,  and  is  as  follows:  "Ix  Mkmory  of 
 Sam'l  C.  Anderson.  Born  in  Cumberland  County. 
 Va.,  22d  July,  1788.  Died  l.-)th  April,  180.5.  in 
 1812  a  soldier  of  his  country.  From  1813  an  elo- 
 quent advocate.  And  from  1.S28  a  devout  Christian. 
 He  was  four  years  thereafter  a  legislator  for  his  State; 
 thirty-eight  years  a  tru.stee  of  Hampden  Sidney  Col- 
 lege, and  for  thirty-three  years  an  elder  of  the  Col- 
 lege Church,  and  a  faithful  defender  of  Christ's  truth. 
 In  the  highest  as  in  the  lowest  courts  of  his  Church 
 he  filled  every  station  honorably." 
 
 Anderson,  Samuel  James  Pierce,  D.D.,  was 
 born  in  Frince  Edward  county,  Va.,  Dec.  5,  1814. 
 The  early  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  the  countrj-, 
 on  the  farm  of  his  father,  where,  at  a  village  school, 
 and  with  the  aid  of  a  tutor  at  home,  he  was  pre- 
 piired  for  college.  In  1«31  he  went  to  the  Uni- 
 versity of  Ohio,  at  Athens,  and  afterwards  to  Han- 
 over College,  Indiana,  where  he  graduated  in  18.3.5. 
 His  theological  course  w;us  pursued  at  Union  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  Va.,  where,  under  the  training  of 
 
 the  excellent  men  who  were  then  in  charge  of  that 
 institution,  he  was  fitted  for  the  ministry.  The  first 
 charge  of  Dr.  Anderson  wits  at  Danville,  Va. ,  where 
 he  remained  live  years,  the  pa-stor  of  a  large  and  con- 
 stantly increasing  congregation.  From  Danville  he 
 removed  to  Xorlblk,  Va.,  where  he  soon  took  rank 
 as  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  eSective  preachers  in 
 that  State — so  famous  for  its  preachers.  After  re- 
 maining live  years  at  Norfolk,  he  was  called  to  St. 
 Louis,  and  in  1851  was  engaged  as  the  pxstor  of  t"he 
 Central  Presbyterian  Church  in  that  city.  At  the 
 time  that  Dr.  Anderson  took  charge  of  the  church  it 
 was  far  from  being  in  a  prosperous  condition.  It 
 was  yet  in  its  infancy,  few  in  numbers,  embarrassed 
 with  debt,  and  greatly  afflicted  by  the  death  of  its 
 first  p:ustor,  liev.  Alexander  Van  Court,  of  precious 
 memory!  The  task  before  him  was  a  difficult  one; 
 but,  by  faithful  preaching  and  earnest  work,  and  the 
 blessing  of  God,  he  was  enabled  to  accomplish  itwith 
 success.  Under  his  ministry  the  church  grew  steadily, 
 was  incre;i.sed  by  considerable  accessions  from  time  to 
 time,  until  it  became,  at  length,  one  of  the  largest 
 and  most  iuHuential  churches  in  the  city.  It  is  not 
 too  much  to  .say  of  Dr.  Anderson  that  he  w;is,  in  his 
 day,  a  man  of  eminent  usefulness  and  power  in  the 
 ministry.  He  was  a  preacher  of  marked  ability — 
 earnest,  evangelical  and  eloquent.  He  was  a  man  of 
 fine  scholarship,  large  reading,  and  almost  faultless 
 taste;  his  mind  was  richly  stored,  not  only  with  Bib- 
 lical, but  also  with  historical  and  da-ssical  learning, 
 and  the  whole  was  laid  under  contribution  to  the 
 pulpit.  His  sermons  were  not  only  sound  and  able, 
 as  expositions  of  gosjx-l  truth,  but  they  were  iLSually 
 finished  productions  as  they  came  from  his  hand, 
 abounding  in  happy  illustration,  delivered  in  a  ple;is- 
 ing,  raptivating  style,  and  with  a  voice  the  richness 
 and  sweetness  of  whose  tones  lent  a  charm  to  every 
 word  that  he  uttt>red.  Dr.  Anderson  died  September 
 loth,  l-iTii.  His  death  w;us  one  of  peace  and  resigna- 
 tion. The  last  enemy  was  disarmed  of  its  terrors  to 
 him.  Nay,  rather,  he  w;us  waiting  for  death,  waiting 
 tor  it  more  than  tluy  that  wait  for  the  morning. 
 
 Anderson,  Samuel  McCulloch,  D.  D. ,  was 
 born  December  18th,  1823,  in  Butler  county.  Pa., 
 and  gra<luated  at  Washington  College  in  1846.  He 
 studied  theology  at  the  Western  Theological  Semi- 
 nary, and  was  licensed  to  ])reaeh  the  gospel  April  8th, 
 1851.  In  the  .s;inie  year  he  took  charge  of  the  church 
 at  rredericksburg,  O.,  where  he  continued  till  com- 
 pelled by  ill  health  to  resign,  in  April,  18.59.  The 
 Summer  of  that  year  he  spent  on  a  farm;  and  fwling 
 himself  able  to  resume  pastoml  duty  in  the  .Vutumn, 
 he  accepted  a  call  to  the  church  of  Davenport,  la. 
 In  this  charge  he  continued  till  the  winter  of  !«(!!), 
 when  he  took  charge  of  the  church  in  Hamilton,  O. 
 Dr.  Aixlerson  is  at  present  p:ustor  of  the  church  at 
 Kl  Dorailo,  Kan.  He  is  the  author  of  an  es.say  on 
 "Miracles"  which  appeared  in  the  Princeton  Eevieia 
 in  1863. 
 
AHDERSOX. 
 
 29 
 
 ANDREWS. 
 
 Anderson,  ■William  O.,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  Rev. 
 John  Anderson,  D.  n.,  was  born  August  Isth,  1804, 
 in  Washington  county,  Pa.  He  graduated  from 
 Washington  College,  in  the  Class  of  1824,  pursued  his 
 theological  studies  under  the  instruction  of  his  father, 
 and  wa.s  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Washington,  December  13th,  1827.  The  first  year 
 of  his  ministry  was  spent  in  the  bounds  of  what 
 became  the  Presbyteries  of  Washington,  SteubenWlle, 
 Wooster  and  Richhmd.  From  October,  1828,  until 
 July,  1829,  he  wa.s  missionary  of  the  General  Assem- 
 bly's Board  in  North  Carolina,  and  preached  at 
 Wilksborough,  Forks  of  Yadkin,  and  the  Mountain. 
 September  1st,  as  agent  of  that  Board,  he  entered  on 
 the  work  of  \isiting  the  churches  in  the  bounds  of 
 the  Synod  of  Pittsburg.  In  the  same  capacity  he 
 again  visited  the  South,  laboring  in  North  and  South 
 Carolina,  Alabama  and  JIis.sissippi.  Resigning  this 
 agency,  he  commenced  preaching  at  Pigeon  Creek,  Pa., 
 November  1st,  1831.  In  June,  183(i,  he  accepted  the 
 General  Agency  of  the  Western  Foreign  Missionary 
 Society  for  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
 
 In  the  Spring  of  1837  Dr.  Anderson  preached  for  a 
 time  to  the  Fourth  Church,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  and  in 
 February,  1839,  became  pastor  of  the  First  Chiirch,  New 
 Albany,  Iml.  After  spending  some  time  abroad,  for 
 his  health,  in  April,  1843,  he  accepted  the  Professorship 
 of  Rhetoric  and  Belles  Lettres  in  Hanover  College.  In 
 1844  he  preached  for  a  time  at  Fort  Wayne,  Ind., 
 afterwards  supplied  the  pulpit  of  the  Church  at 
 Washington,  Pa.,  and  in  November,  184.5,  accepted  a 
 call  to  the  Church  at  Dayton,  Ohio.  On  his  return 
 from  another  visit  abroad,  he  became  President  of 
 Miami  University,  from  1849  to  1854.  Subsequently 
 he  preached  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  and  in  18.35  accepted 
 a  call  from  the  First  Church  of  .San  Francisco,  Cal., 
 retiiiuing  tlie  pa.storate  until  18G3,  wlien  lie  returned 
 east,  and  preached  for  a  time  to  the  First  Church 
 of  Cincinnati,  then  to  the  Chuich  of  New  Albany, 
 and  then,  occasionally,  at  Abilene,  JIanhattan,  etc., 
 Kansas.  He  died  August  28th,  1870,  at  Junction 
 City,  Kansiis.  Dr.  Anderson  was  a  gentleman  of  very 
 pleasing  address,  able  and  popular  as  a  preacher, 
 successful  in  his  ministry,  and  liighly  esteemed  in 
 the  communities  in  which  lie  labored. 
 
 Andre'ws,  Rev.  Jedediah,  was  born  at  Hing- 
 liam,  Mass.,  July  7th,  1674.  He  graduated  at  Har- 
 vard in  1695.  In  1698  he  came  to  Philadelphia,  and 
 preiiched  in  a  building  wliich  had  been  used  as  a 
 storeroom  by  the"  Barbadoes  Company, "  on  the  north- 
 west corner  of  Chestnut  and  Second  streets,  in  this 
 city.  He  was  probably  ordained  in  the  Fall  of  1701, 
 for  his  "Record  of  Baptisms  and  Marriages"  begins 
 1701,  tenth  month,  Iburteenth  day.  In  1704  his  con- 
 gregation left  tlieir  first  place  of  worship,  and  erected 
 a  frame  building  on  the  south  side  of  Market  (then 
 Buttonwood)  .street,  between  Second  and  Third 
 streets,  the  first,  and  for  many  years  the  only  Pres- 
 byterian Church  in  the  citv.     The  church  is  said  to 
 
 have  been,  in  some  .sense,  Congregational,  but  it  was 
 represented  by  elders  in  Presbytery  from  the  first. 
 
 In  September,  1733,  Mr.  Andrews  preferred  a 
 request  to  the  Synod  that  he  should  be  allowed  an 
 assistant  in  the  ministry.  The  congregation  could 
 not  agree  in  the  choice  of  an  a.ssistant,  the  preference 
 of  some  being  for  Jonathan  DickiiLson,  and  of  others 
 for  Robert  Cross;  but,  while  the  matter  was  in  debate, 
 the  friends  of  the  latter  asked  of  the  Synod  that  they 
 might  be  erected  into  a  new  congregation,  and  au- 
 thorized to  call  a  minister  for  themselves.  Their 
 request  was  granted,  by  a  large  majority,  with  the 
 understanding  that  they  were  not  obliged  to  form  a 
 distinct  society,  but  miijhi  do  so,  if,  upon  mature 
 reflection,  they  thought  best.  The  commission  met 
 in  ,Iune,  1736.  The  endeavors  to  effect  a  re-union 
 of  the  congregation  having  been  unsuccessful,  they 
 persuaded  the  friends  of  Robert  Cross  to  m.ake  a 
 I'urther  eftbrt,  and  Mr.  .Vndrews  heartily  approved  of 
 the  design,  but  his  friends  would  not  consent  to  it. 
 The  new  congregation  had  various  supplies  until 
 1737,  when  Robert  Cross  acqepted  their  call.  The 
 two  congregations  were  then  united,  and  were  allowed 
 fifty  pounds  out  of  the  funds  of  the  Synod,  to  buy  a 
 burying  ground.  Mr.  Andrews  was  recording  clerk 
 of  the  Presbytery  and  of  the  Synod  as  long  as  he 
 lived.     He  died  in  1747. 
 
 Andrews,  Silas  Milton,  D.D.,  son  of  George 
 and  Catharine  (Barr)  Andrews,  was  born  March  11th, 
 1805,  in  Back  Creek  Congregation,  Kowan  County, 
 N.  C.  He  was  graduated  from  the  University  of  North 
 Carolina,  at  Chapel  Hill,  A.  D.  1826  ;  biught  a  class- 
 ical school  in  his  native  place  one  and  a  half  years  ; 
 was  for  another  one  and  a  half  years  Tutor  in  the 
 University  of  North  Carolin.a  ;  entered  Princeton  Semi- 
 nary in  the  Fall  of  1828;  and  was  regularly  graduated 
 in  the  Fall  of  1831.  He  was  licensed  by  New  Bruns- 
 \vick  Presbytery,  February  2d,  1831  ;  ordained  by 
 the  Pre-sbytery  of  Philadelphia,  at  Doylestown,  Pa., 
 November  16th,  1831,  and  on  the  same  day  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Church  of  Doylesto^vn  an'd  Deep  Run. 
 This  was  his  one,  uninterrupted,  and  only  charge 
 from  that  day  until  his  death,  a  period  of  forty-nine 
 years  and  four  months.  Here  he  labored  steadily, 
 industriously,  with  marked  ability,  -sound  judgment 
 and  rare  devotion  to  his  one  work,  concentrating  all 
 his  eftbrts  on  his  charge,  and  taking  very  little  part  in 
 outside  affairs,  gathering  in  from  time  to  time  large 
 numbers  of  converts,  and  training  and  edifying  his 
 people  in  the  way  of  truth,  holiness  and  duty.  For  the 
 first  seventeen  years  of  his  pastorate  he  also  conducted 
 a  private  classiciil  school,  in  addition  to  performing 
 his  ministerial  duties.     He  died  March  7th,  1881. 
 
 Dr.  Andrews  was  a  quiet,  una,ssuniing  man,  averse 
 to  all  pretension  and  ostentation.  He  po.ssessed 
 excellent  scholarship,  a  well-balanced  mind,  rare 
 good  judgment,  and  was  a  Scriptural  and  impressive 
 preacher.  From  October  15th,  1848,  until  the  Re- 
 union in  1870,  when  he  declined  a  re-election,  he 
 
ANDRUS. 
 
 30 
 
 ANTRIM  cnvRcn. 
 
 was  State<l  Clerk  of  the  Synod  nl"  I'hiladclphia,  the 
 duties  of  which  office  he  was  ailiniraUly  iinalificd  to 
 fulfill  by  his  accuracy,  his  nutliixlical  carcfulncs.s, 
 and  his  fine  ])inmanship.  He  was  held  in  lii^li 
 respect  and  warm  n  ;;ard  by  all  who  knew  him. 
 
 Andrus,  Rev.  Alpheus  Ne'wrell,  was  born  in 
 I'oufihkeepsie,  N.  V.,  July  17th,  1-<1:!,  and  }^a<luated 
 at  Williams  College  in  18fi4.  .  After-graduating  at  the 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York  city,  in  1867, 
 he  remained  almost  a  year  as  a  resident  graduate. 
 He  wa.s  ordained  February  23d,  1H(!8.  On  April  2.">th 
 of  that  year  Mr.  Andrus  sailed  for  Turkey,  as  a  mis- 
 sionary of  the  A.  K.  C.  F.  M.  He  was  a.ssigned  to  the 
 Kastern  Turkey  nii.ssion,  and  to  the  Mardin  Station 
 of  the  field,  which,  aftt-r  a  brief  stay  at  Kharjxiot 
 Station,  he  rea<-hed  Xovenil)er  20th.  His  home  is  still 
 there,  although  in  the  meantime  he  has  resided  for  a 
 time  in  other  places,  as  circum.sfcmces  have  required. 
 Mardin  is  the  central  station  of  a  large  field,  and 
 since  Mr.  Andrus  has  been  connected  with  the  station, 
 the  work  has  grown  to  doul)le  the  amount  that  was 
 being  done  in  it  in  1868.  The  larger  portion  of  his 
 time  has  been  devoted  to  the  prci)aration  of  young 
 men  lor  the  gospel  ministry.  Amidst  many  trials 
 and  difliculties,  he  is  very  zealous  and  faithful  in  liis 
 efforts  to  tnrn  the  thoughts  and  desires  of  the  op- 
 pres.sed  ones  among  whom  he  labors  toward  the 
 kingdom  of  our  Lord  and  of  his  Christ.  In  writing 
 to  a  friend  in  this  country,  in  IHS-J,  he  says:  "I  hope 
 to  live  at  least  twenty  years  longer  in  tlie.se  parts,  for 
 1  believe  they  will  be  full  of  change,  and  hope,  and 
 ])r()gi'<'ss. " 
 
 Annan,  Rev.  "William,  a  member  of  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Allegheny,  was  born  in  180.5.  He  was  a 
 graduate  of  Dic^kinson  College  and  of  Princeton  Semi- 
 nary; w;is  pastor  of  the  churches  of  Kishacoquillas 
 and  Little  Valley,  Penn.sylvania,  from  18:51  to  183"), 
 and  of  the  church  of  Sewicklcy,  Westmoreland 
 county,  Pennsylvania,  from  1836  to  1838,  and  was 
 editor  of  the  Pi-mhi/lerlan  Ailrocatr,  of  which  the 
 PrcHhylrrinn  Banner  is  the  continuance,  from  1838  to 
 18iV>.  He  Wivs  a  keen  controversialist,  always  ready 
 to  utter  his  convictions,  and  resolute  in  his  defence 
 of  them.  He  Wiis  the  author  of  some  hooks  in  which 
 topics  of  interest  at  the  time  were  diseus.sed,  and  he 
 treated  every  subject  he  took  in  hand  with  great 
 vigor  and  tborouglincss.  He  was  an  ardent  Presby- 
 terian and  Calvinist,  and  w:us  always  ready  to  give  a 
 reason  for  the  faith  that  was  in  him.  \  bold  defender 
 of  the  truth,  a  devout  Christian  as  well;  he  loved 
 the  Church  he  served,  hut  loved  Christ  supremely, 
 and  strove  to  live  for  the  higher  interests  of  men. 
 His  last  years  were  spent  in  retirement.  He  died  at 
 his  home  in  Allegheny,  Pennsylvania,  .Tune  26th, 
 1882,  going  down  to  the  grave  in  a  firm  and  bles.sed 
 hope  of  etirual  lile  Ibriiugh  ( 'Inist  .lesus  his  Lord. 
 
 Antrim  (N.  H. )  Presbyterian  Church.  For 
 many  years  there  was  no  religious  m<-eting  of  any 
 kind  in  Antrim.     The  first  sermon  in  the  town  was 
 
 preached  September,  1775,  in  Deacon  Aiken's  barn, 
 which  stood  about  half  way  between  the  old  Aiken 
 hou.se  and  the  barn,  now  Mr.  Cove's.  The  speaker. 
 Rev.  William  Davidson,  of  Londonderry,  was  a  gray 
 old  divine,  a  dull  preacher,  but  an  aflectionate  and 
 holy  man.  He  was  personally  acquainted  with  those 
 whom  he  was  addressing,  for  they  were  the  children 
 that  had  grown  up  about  him  in  his  long  ministry  at 
 home.  The  rough-clad  settlers,  the  hardy  wives  in 
 their  homespun,  ribbonle.ss  as  Eve  was  in  Eden,  and 
 barefooted  cliildnti.  made  up  the  gioup,  seated  on 
 rough  planks  and  bits  of  logs,  or  leaning  against  the 
 hay-mow,  listening,  liushed  and  reverent,  to  the 
 words  of  life.  Fitly  they  worshiped  Him  who  was 
 born  in  a  manner  "where  the  horned  oxen  fed." 
 
 lu  the  two  next  years,  1776  and  1777,  nothing  was 
 paid  for  preaching,  as  far  as  is  known,  but  two  er 
 three  times  each  Summer  they  met  to  listen  to  .some 
 neighboring  minister  that  came  among  them;  yet  in 
 these  and  preceding  years  they  were  not  negligent  of 
 religious  things.  They  taught  their  children  at  home. 
 The  Bible  and  the  Catechi.sm  were  the  chief  literature 
 in  every  house.  They  kept  the  Sabbath  with  great 
 reverence.  Nobody  could  even  walk  the  rough  paths 
 of  the  forest  without  being  liable  to  be  Ciilled  in  ques- 
 tion for  breaking  the  day  of  God.  Having  no  trash 
 to  read,  or  for  their  children  Jo  read,  they  studied 
 over  and  over  the  Holy  l'.ook,  and  came  to  hold  its 
 great  doctrines  rigidly  and  intelligently;  yet  they 
 longed  for  a  stated  preaching  of  the  Word,  and  at 
 their  ftV.'i/  March  meeting,  1778,  voted  thirty-two  dol- 
 lars tor  that  purpose,  and  in  July  of  the  same  year 
 voted  one  hundred  dollars  more.  This,  considering 
 their  feebleness  and  their  jwverty,  w.ts  a  very  gener- 
 ous outlay.  It  would  be  about  like  nine  thousand  a 
 year  for  Antrim  now. 
 
 From  this  time  till  1800,  twenty-two  years,  they  had 
 no  .settled  minister,  but  such  supplies  foi^a  p,irt  of  each 
 year  as  they  could  get  here  and  there  ;  yet  it  seems 
 that  when  they  had  no  minister  they  went  on  with 
 the  service  without  him,  inasmuch  as  the  town  voted, 
 1782,  that  Daniel  Nichols,  a  smart  young  man  of  the 
 place,  should  "read  the  P.sjdm  on  Sjibbath  days,  and 
 all  other  days  when  public  service  is  attended."  In 
 1780,  eight  ycai-s  before  there  was  any  church  organi- 
 zation, and  five  years  iK'fore  tlii-rc  w:us  any  church 
 building,  the  (nirn  voted  a  call  to  Kev.  .Tames  Milti- 
 more,  which  he  declined,  though  he  preached  here 
 part  of  each  summer  for  five  years.  Services  were 
 held  in  the  settlers'  hou.ses,  in  barns  and  in  the  open 
 air.  In  the  Spring  of  178."i  the  town  voted  that  j>nblic 
 worship  for  that  year  should  be  at  Daniel  Sliltimore's, 
 now  Mr.  WTiiteley's  ;  and  there  it  was  that,  when  the 
 little  dwelling  was  crowded  full,  the  flooring  gave  way 
 and  dropped  them,  furniture,  minister  and  all,  into 
 the  cellar  !  In  1781  a  committiM'  was  a]>|K)inted  to 
 make  the  nece,s.s;(ry  arriiiigements  for  building  a 
 meeting  house,  and  on  June  2'<th.  I7>Ci,  the 
 frame  was  raise<l,  and  the  hoiusc  w.is  completed  near 
 
ANTEui  cnvRcn. 
 
 31 
 
 ARCH  STREET  CHURCH. 
 
 the  close  of  1792,  it  taking  nearly  eight  years  to  strug- 
 gle tkrough  to  this  result. 
 
 The  church  in  Antrim  was  organizi'd  August  2(1, 
 1788.  The  old  records  call  it  the  "Church  of 
 Christ  in  Antrim."  Rev.  William  Morrison  came 
 here  by  Direction  of  the  Presbj^tery  of  Londonderry, 
 organized  the  church,  and  ordained  James  Aiken, 
 Isaac  Cochran  and  Jonathan  Xi'smith  as  "ruling 
 elders  and  deacons."  The  original  members  of  the 
 church  were  seventy-two.  Mr.  Morrison  came  here 
 every  year,  baptized  children,  received  members  and 
 preached.  lie  exercised  a  loving,  fatherly  care  over 
 the  church  and  was  greatly  endeared  to  it.  The 
 people  flocked  together  with  great  zeal  to  hear  the 
 Word  from  his  lijis.  He  held  ' '  protracted  meetings, ' ' 
 and  they  were  of  great  interest.  This  noble  man 
 died  March  yth,  1818.  His  last  words  were,  "Come, 
 come.  Lord  Jesus  !" 
 
 The  first  minister  of  this  church  was  Rev.  Walter 
 Little,  who  was  born  in  17C6,  graduated  at  Dart- 
 mouth College  in  1796,  settled  at  Antrim  in  1800, 
 left  in  1804,  and  died  in  Marj-land  in  1815.  The 
 next  mihister  was  Eev.  John  M.  ^\^liton,  d.d.  He 
 was  born  in  Winchendon,  JIass.,  August  1st,  1785, 
 graduated  at  Ytde  College  in  1805,  came  to  Antrim 
 in  1807,  was  pastor  forty-live  years,  and  died  in  Ben- 
 nington, September  27th,  1856.  Dr.  Whitou  su.s- 
 tained  a  high  Christian  eluiracter,  and  was  universally 
 beloved.  The  ne.\t  minister  was  Rev.  John  H.  Bates, 
 who  was  born  in  Colchester,  Vt.,  1814,  graduated  at 
 the  University  of  "Vermont,  1840,  came  to  Antrim, 
 1853,  resigned  the  pa.storate  July  1st,  1806,  and  died 
 in  Charleston,  S.  C,  Slay  10th,  1870.  Mr.  Bates  lyas 
 a  man  of  more  than  ordinary  scholarship  and  ability, 
 and  did  much  fur  the  church.  The  ne.xt  pastor  was 
 the  present  one,  Rev.  AV.  11.  Cochrane.  He  was  born 
 in  New  Boston,  1835,  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College 
 in  1859,  was  tutor  there,  1801,  came  to  Antrim  1867, 
 and  has  been  pastor  iu  acfual  ser\'ice  since  January 
 1st,  1868,  though  not  ordained  till  1869.  In  this, 
 his  first  and  only  charge,  the  divine  blessing  has 
 largely  attended  his  ministry. 
 
 The  present  house  of  worship  was  dedicated  to 
 Ctod  on  Wednesday,  Xovember  15th,  1826,  and  on 
 that  occasion  Mr.  AVhiton  preached  to  a  large  assem- 
 bly, on  the  text,  "This  is  none  other  than  the  house 
 of  God,  and  this  is  the  gate  of  Heaven"  (Gen.  xxviii, 
 17).  The  tu-st  Sabbath  of  the  following  December 
 the  congregation  met  for  the  last  se^^^ee  in  the  old 
 house  on  the  hill.  It  was  cold  and  desolate — nature's 
 mournfulest  hour — but  the  company  was  large,  and 
 Mr.  AMiiton  preached  an  able  sermon  from  John  iv, 
 20,  "Our  fathers  worshiped  in  this  mountain;" 
 closing  with  the  words  of  .Tesus  at  tlie  Supper, 
 "Arise,  Ictus  go  hence."  Then  they  all  marched 
 down  the  hill  to  the  new  edifice,  filling  it  full,  and 
 Mr.  AVhiton  preached  again,  from  Psalm  cxxxii,  8,  9, 
 ".•Arise,  O  Lord,  into  Thy  rest.  Thou,  and  the  ark  of 
 Thy  strength;  let  Thy  priests  be  clothed  with  right- 
 
 eousness, and  let  Thy  saints  shout  for  joy."  In  that 
 edifice,  through  many  clianges,  the  truth  has  con- 
 tinued to  be  ably  and  lovingly  spoken;  many  have 
 been  comforted  and  many  saved.  "Surely,"  says 
 the  pastor,  in  his  Memorial  Sermon  (1876),  "  We 
 have  reason  to  bless  God  for  His  care,  to  keep  His 
 word  in  our  hearts,  to  teach  our  children  the  sure- 
 ness  of  His  love,  and  to  talk  of  all  His  mercies  by  the 
 way.  He  has  been  true  to  His  promises  to  the 
 fathers  tlirongh  all  these  years  and  changes;  He  has 
 kept  this  people  in  peace,  aud  to-day  we  are  stronger 
 in  numbers  and  wealth  than  ever  before,  and  I  trust, 
 not  less  strong  in  that  personal  consecration  which 
 is  the  real  index  of  the  power  of  a  church." 
 
 Archibald ,  George  D. ,  D.  D. ,  was  born  in  Wash- 
 ington county,  Pa.,  February  15th,  1820.  He  grad- 
 uated at  Jefterson  College,  Pa.,  in  1847;  at  the  Asso- 
 ciate Reformed  Theological  Seminary,  Allegheny,  Pa., 
 in  1849,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Mon- 
 ongahela  (.Associate  Reformed),  JIarch  28th,  1849. 
 He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Monongahela, 
 June  25th,  18^0,  pastor  of  the  Manchester  Church, 
 Allegheny,  Pa. ;  was  jjastor  of  the  Associate  Reformed 
 Presbj-terian  Church,  Cincinnati,  O.,  1855-60;  pastor 
 of  the  First  Presbj'terian  Church,  Madison,  Ind., 
 1861-6,  and  pastor  of  AVestmin.ster  Church,  New  York 
 city,  1860-8.  He  was  President  of  Hanover  College, 
 1868-70;  Professor  of  Homiletics,  Polity  and  Pastoral 
 Theology,  in  Danville  Theological  Seminary,  1870-82. 
 He  was  President  of  Wilson  Female  Seminary,  Cham- 
 bersburg.  Pa. ,  one  year,  while  Danville  Seminary  wa.s 
 suspended,  1873-4.  He  was  Professor  of  Mental  and 
 Moral  Sciences,  in  Wpo'ster  University,  1882.  Dr. 
 Archibald  is  a  ripe  scholar,  and  preaches  with  ability 
 and  fidelity.  His  life  has  been  one  of  great  use- 
 fulness. 
 
 Arch.  Street  Presbjrterian  Church,  Phila- 
 delphia. The  first  regular  service  was  held  in  this 
 church  on  Saturday,  June  7th,  1823.  The  first  con- 
 gregation was  known  as  the  Fifth  Presbyterian 
 Church.  They  formerly  occupied  a  somewhat  dilapi- 
 dated chapel  on  Locust  Street,  which  stood  on  the 
 ground  now  occupied  by  Musical  Fund  Hall.  The 
 first  jiastor  of  the  flock  was  Rev.  George  Cox.  He 
 was  installed  on  the  21st  of  April,  1813.  The  next 
 pastor  was  James  K.  Birch,  who  was  installed  July 
 19th,  1813.  He  was  released  November  5th,  1816. 
 The  present  church  was  founded  by  a  committee  of 
 the  Philadelphia  Presbj'tery,  on  February  6th,  1850. 
 The  committee  held  its  first  meeting  in  the  Taber- 
 nacle Church,  on  Broad  Street.  Two  of  the  members 
 of  that  committee  were  Rev.  Drs.  Boardman  and  Lord. 
 On  the  first  day  of  December  Dr.  Tliomas  H.  Skinner 
 was  called.  Shortly  alter  hit  went  to  Locust  street 
 he  was  called  to  New  Orleans.  The  call,  however, 
 he  refused  to  accept. 
 
 Uix)n  the  occiision  of  taking  possession  of  the 
 present  building.  Dr.  Skinner  preached,  on  the 
 subject,    "  Prejudicfe  against   doctrinal   preaching." 
 
ARCIT  STREET  CHl'IiCn. 
 
 32 
 
 ARKANSAS  COLLEGE. 
 
 He  preached  every  evening  that  week,  and  on  the 
 seventh  night  took  as  his  subject  "Ori};inal  Sin.'" 
 It  was  for  this  discourse  that  he  was  tlircatcncd 
 with  a  church  trial  lor  heresy,  which,  liowever, 
 never  took  place.  The  sermon  created  widespread 
 attention.  Dr.  Skinner  almost  surpassed  Kichard 
 Baxter  in  the  abundance  of  his  preaching.  His 
 pastorate  was  characterized,  by  a  series  of  powerful 
 revivals,  e.specially  that  of  February,  1827.  On 
 March  5th,  1828,  Dr.  Skinner  was  called  to  Boston 
 and  Dr.  Lyman  Beechcr  w;us  rc(iuested  to  fill  his 
 place.  This  ofler  was  declined,  and  on  October  2(ith 
 of  that  s;ime  year  Dr.  Skinner  was  prevailed  upon 
 to  return.  He  was  finally  released  in  1832,  to  accept 
 the  chair  of  Sacred  IMietoric  at  Andover  Seminary. 
 He  died  on  February  1st,  1871. 
 
 Of  the  three  hundred  and  forty-eight  members  of 
 the  congregation  during  the  first  year  of  Dr.  Skinner's 
 pastorate  only  two  are  now  living.  Out  of  this  con- 
 gregation two  hundred  and  forty-eight  had  Christian 
 names  taken  from  the  Bible.  Of  the  early  st;ite  of 
 the  church  Joseph  H.  Dulles,  Esij.,  wrote,  in  1871, 
 saying,  "There  never  was  a  church  exi.sting  in  a 
 more  perfect  state  of  holiness.  We  s;it  face  to  face 
 at  communion  without  impinging  upon  the  soc^ial 
 relations  of  the  members  of  the  congregation.  Then 
 communion  Wivs  held  on  the  first  Sabbath  of  January, 
 April,  July  and  October.  The  congregation  was  di- 
 vided into  fivi^  sections  or  clas.scs,  each  cla.ss  under 
 the  spiritual  charge  of  two  elders." 
 
 In  1825  the  Sunday  School  luid  227  scholars  and 
 twcnty-si.v  teachers.  When  Dr.  Skinner  retired  the 
 congregation  numlHreii  000  persons.  A  great  contest 
 sprang  upover  the  choosing  of  Dr.  Skinner's  succes.sor. 
 As  a  result,  the  larger  p;irt  of  the  congreg-ation  seceded 
 and  formed  ^\^litefield  Chapel.  Those  that  remained, 
 ninety-two  in  number,  chose  as  their  pjistor  Kcv. 
 George  Dulfield,  of  Carlisle.  He  was  lnst;illed  April 
 oth,  1835,  remained  but  a  short  time,  and  took  diargc 
 of  the  First  Church,  Detroit,  Mich.,  where  he  died  in 
 1868,  at  the  age  of  sixty-ei^ht.  He  w;us  succeeded  bj- 
 Rev.  Thomas  T.  Wat<rburv,  who  was  inst;illcd  in 
 December,  1837,  and  w:ls  released  in  March,  1*13. 
 The  next  pastor  was  the  Rev.  M.  P.  Thompson,  who 
 was  in.stalled  in  1344,  and  released  on  February  15th, 
 1818.  He  left  over  350  members.  The  Fifth  Presby- 
 terian  Church  was  tlii'U  <lisbanded,  and  the  present 
 church  formed  as  an  Old  Scliool  church.  The  first 
 jKistor  alter  the  reorganization  w;us  Kcv.  Charles  Wads- 
 worth,  of  Troy,  X.  Y.  Ho  was  instidled  in  March, 
 1850.  The  Sunday  School  was  organized  February 
 24th,  1.8,')0.  Dr.  Wadsworth,  on  April  3il,  w;is  cjiUed 
 to  San  Francisco,  but  returned  to  this  city  in  1868, 
 and  liecame  the  pastor  of  the  Clinton  Street  Church. 
 He  died  April  1st,  1882.  The  Rev.  Nathaniel  W. 
 Conkling  w;is  installed  piustor  of  the  church  in  1863, 
 and  continued  in  this  relation  five  years.  The  Rev. 
 John  Linds;iy  Withmw  filled  the  jiaslorate  from  lSfi8 
 to  1873.     The  term  of  the  present  p;istor,  Rev.  John 
 
 S.  Sands,  began  on  September  19th,  1880.  The  con- 
 gregation now  number  over  300.  Tlie  average  annual 
 cost  of  maint;iining  the  church  has  been  over  f  15,000. 
 The  church  is  free  from  debt.  The  present  edifice 
 originally  cost  5^27,000,  and  the  ground  upon  which 
 it  stands  JM, 001). 
 
 Arkansas  College. — This  in.stitution,  located 
 at  Batcsville,  Ark.,  was  founded  and  organized,  under 
 its  charter,  in  September,  1872.  It  w;is  founded,  and 
 is  maintained,  as  a  Christian  School,  under  control 
 of  tru.stee-s,  nominated  by  the  Presbyteries  of  Arkan- 
 sas and  Ouchita.  Biuldings  and  grouniLs,  etc., 
 secured  by  voluntary  donations.  It  lays  no  claim  to 
 be  a  University,  but  simply  aspires  to  the  position  of 
 a  good  college,  where  can  l>e  obtaine<l  a«q;ind,  thor- 
 ough Christian  education.  So  far  as  it  has  distinctive 
 features  they  may  be  summarily  stated  as  including 
 the  following,  viz.: — 1.  It  has  as  yet  no  permanent 
 endo^vment.  Outside  of  very  moderate  tuition  fees, 
 all  the  financial  support  it  receives  comes  from  volun- 
 tary contributions  from  indi\'iduals,  in  the  form  of 
 annual  endowment  subscriptions.  2.  The  t<a<hers, 
 while  having  burdens  to  bear,  have  been,  and  must 
 be,  siK'h  as  earnestly  fulfill  the  duties  of  their  calling, 
 animat<'d  chiefly  bj'  the  prospect  of  eminent  useful- 
 ness in  their  work.  3.  No  student  desirous  of  enjoy- 
 ing its  advantages  has  ever  been  turned  away,  from 
 inability  to  pay  fees  ;  consequently  the  College  h;is 
 done,  and  still  is  doing,  a  large  amount  of  work 
 either  wholly  or  partially  gratuitous.  4.  Students 
 of  both  sexes  are  admitted  on  eqiuil  terms,  to  all 
 the  privileges  of  the  Iu.stitution.  It  lias  ever  been 
 found  a  mutual  restraint  and  stimulus  to  both  to 
 recite  in  the  same  classes — thus  following  the  order 
 of  natmre,  as  lioth  are  bom  and  reared  in  the  same 
 families.  5.  The  Bible  is  made  a  r»>gular  text-l)ook 
 of  instruction.  Classes  recite  in  it  as  reguhirly  as  in 
 arithmetic  or  hi.storv.  A  fair  knowledge  of  its  con- 
 tents is  an  indisiH>ns;il>le  part  of  the  literary  course 
 of  study.  None  can  secure  either  certificates  of  pro- 
 ficiency, or  diploma,  without  good  average  attain- 
 ment.s  in  this  dcivirtment  of  study.  6.  A  course  of 
 Church  History  fom\s  a  part  of  the  regular  curricu- 
 lum, neces.sary  to  secure  the  diploma  conferring  the 
 degree  of  A.  B.  7.  The  plan  of  strict  class  division 
 is  di.scardcd.  A  certiiin  course  has  to  1m?  complcti-<l, 
 with  commendable  thoroughness,  in  order  to  secure 
 a  diploma  or  certificate.  If  this  lx>  done  by  a  .student 
 in  one  year  the  degree  will  Ijc  awardinl  him;  if  it 
 require  ten  years  it  will  be  exacted.  8.  No  class 
 honors  are  bestowed,  save  the  diploma,  In-lieving 
 these  to  be  a  source  of  trouble,  often  engi'iiderwl, 
 by  appealing  to  motives  that  net-d  to  be  represwHl, 
 rather  than  stimulated.  9.  The  discipline  is  directed 
 to  the  great  end  of  training  the  students  to  self- 
 government,  rather  than  to  accustom  them  to  be 
 governed  by  the  enforcement  of  certain  rules.  The 
 .system  of  espion.ige  is,  fiir  the  most  jwrt,  discanled — 
 the  only  rule  attempted  to  Ik;  enfori-eil  as  the  stan- 
 
ARMISTEAD. 
 
 33 
 
 ARMSTROXG. 
 
 dard  of  conduct  is  the  golden  rule.  Nearly  one-half 
 of  the  male  gra<luatos,  thus  far,  hare  entered  the 
 miuistrj-,  or  are  in  preparation  for  that  profession. 
 The  Institution  h;is  had  the  same  President  during 
 the  twelve  years  it  has  been  in  operation  {Rev.  Is;iac 
 J.  Long,  D.  D.),  by  whom  it  was  originxiUy  founded, 
 who,  in  addition  to  the  Presidency,  has  filled  the 
 Profes-sorship  of  Ancient  Languages  and  Jloral  Science. 
 
 Armistead,  Jessa  H.,  D.  D.,  was  one  of  the 
 princes  of  the  Virginia  pulpit  of  his  day.  He 
 received  his  college  education  at  Hampden  Sidney, 
 and  his  theological  education  at  the  Union  Seminary. 
 He  was  licensed  to  preach  at  Old  Concord  Church,  in 
 1826,  at  23  j-ears  of  ag(^,  as  is  Ixlieved.  His  first 
 places  of  stated  preaching  were  Carters\Tlle  (near  his 
 father's  residence),  and  the  Brick  Church  in  Flu- 
 vianna.  In  the  fall  oriS28  he  was  called  to  be  the  pa.stor 
 of  the  then  recently  planted  church  at  Buckingham 
 Court  House.  About  that  time  occurred  one  of  the 
 visits  of  Rev.  Asahel  Nettleton  to  Virginia,  and  no 
 man  in  the  State,  probably,  more  clearly  caught  the 
 simple  and  godly  skill  of  that  wonderful  evangelist, 
 "  in  so  speaking  "  that  many  might  believe,  than  the 
 young  pastor  at  Buckingham  Court  House.  Mr. 
 Armiste;id  was  deeply  engaged  in  the  revival  of 
 1831-2,  and  his  ministry  was  signally  o\vned  by  the 
 Spirit  of  God.  Dnrlng  his  i^astorate  of  fourteen  years 
 at  Buckingham,  many  of  the  most  influential  people 
 of  the  county  were  brought  to  Christ,  and  the  church 
 to  which  ho  ministered,  instead  of  the  feeble  attitude 
 which  it  had  held,  assumed  a  commanding  position  in 
 the  countj-. 
 
 In  1842  Dr.  Armistead  succeeded  that  eloquent 
 man,  the  Rev.  John  Kirkpatrick,  in  the  pastorate  of 
 the  Cumberland  Church.  The  erection  of  the  two 
 church  edifices,  Brown's  and  Centre,  marks  his  con- 
 nection with  that  church.  In  many  other  respects 
 the  divine  blessing  attended  his  ministry  there.  He 
 departed  this  life,  at  his  residence,  Woodrille,  Cum- 
 berland County,  Va.,  in  the  71st  year  of  his  age, 
 according  to  his  repeatedly  e.xpressed  desire,  "dur- 
 ing the  holy  quiet  of  the  S.ibbath, "  on  the  30th  of 
 May,  13G9,  sealing  the  life  of  a  valiant  and  faithful 
 standard-bearer  of  Christ,  by  a  death  in  which  faith 
 and  hope  had  complete  triumph,  through  Jesus  Christ 
 our  Lord. 
 
 Armstrong,  Amzi,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Florida, 
 Orange  county,  X.  Y.,  on  the  1st  of  December,  1771. 
 He  commenced  the  study  of  tlie  languages  when  he 
 was  quite  young,  under  the  tuition  of  the  Rev.  Amzi 
 Lewis,  then  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Florida.  Sub- 
 sequently to  this  he  spent  two  years  as  a  member 
 of  Dr.  Dwight's  school  at  Greenfield,  Conn.  He 
 was  never  connected  as  a  student  with  any  col- 
 lege. After  studying  theology  under  the  direction 
 of  the  Rev.  Jedediah  Chapman,  he  was  licensed  to 
 preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  York,  October  23d, 
 1795.  He  was  installed  pastor  of  the  church  in 
 Mendham,  X.  J.,  Xovember  29th,  1796,  and  con- 
 3 
 
 tinned  laboriously  and  zealously  in  this  relation  for 
 twenty  years.  October  2d,  1816,  he  took  charge  of 
 an  academy  in  Bloomfield,  and  remained  its  Princi- 
 pal till  about  a  year  pre\ious  to  his  death,  which  oc- 
 curred at  Perth  Amboy,  March  4th,  1827.  As  a  man, 
 a  citizen,  and  a  pastor.  Dr.  Armstrong  was  very  highly 
 esteemed  in  his  congregation.  In  intellect  he  was 
 much  above  mediocrity,  and  as  a  preacher  he  was 
 superior  to  most  of  his  brethren.  In  the  j  udicatories 
 of  the  Church  he  exerted  great  influence  and  com- 
 manded high  respect. 
 
 Armstrong,  Chester  Solon,  D.D.,  was  bom  m 
 Parishville,  N.  Y.,  September  4th,  182G.  His  parents 
 were  Chester  and  Eunice  Armstrong,  of  Addison 
 county,  Vt.  He  emigrated  with  his  father's  family 
 to  Jackson  county,  Mich.,  in  1839.  He  graduated 
 at  Michigan  University  in  18.52,  teaching  all  the  way 
 betimes.  He  was  superintendent  of  public  schools 
 in  Jackson,  Mich.,  one  year  following.  As  a  teacher 
 he  achieved  a  rather  flattering  success.  In  1856  he 
 graduated  at  Union  Theological  Seminary,  and  was 
 licensed  by  the  Third  Presbytery  of  Xew  York,  April 
 of  tlie  same  year.  For  three  years  he  was  superin- 
 tendent of  Seamen's  Jlissions  for  the  Brooklyn  City 
 Bible  and  Tract  Society.  He  was  p.istor  of  the  First 
 Church,  Lansing,  Slich.,  1856-65,  in  which  his  labors 
 were  greatly  blessed.  He  subsequently  organized  the 
 Second  Church,  Lansing,  and  assisted  in  organizing 
 four  other  churches  at  outlying  preaching  points. 
 He  was  pastor  of  the  Second  Church,  1865-9,  and  was 
 very  successful  in  his  work.  For  six  years  he  was 
 Stated  Clerk  of  his  Presbj-tery.  In  1869  he  was 
 called  to  the  Prcshj-terian  Church,  Alton,  111., 
 the  church  prospering  greatly,  both  spiritually 
 and  temporall}^,  under  his  ministry'.  From  a  very 
 earl}'  time  Dr.  Armstrong  has  had  an  earnest  sym- 
 pathy with  evangelistic  labor  and  organizing  pio- 
 neer enterprises.  In  view  of  this  tendency  he  was 
 once  commissioned  (in  1868)  by  the  Home  Board, 
 Secretary'  of  Home  Missions  for  the  Synod  of  Jlichi- 
 gan,  and  has  been  more  recently  nominated  by  his 
 own  Sj-nod  (Hlinois  South)  to  the  like  position.  His 
 efforts  aiding  brethcn,  and  at  pioneer  points,  are  be- 
 lieved to  have  resulted  in  conversions  scarcely  less  in 
 number  than  those  that  have  occurred  under  his  pas- 
 toral labors. 
 
 Armstrong,  George  Dodd,  D.  D.,  son  of 
 Amzi  Armstrong,  D.  D.,  w;is  born  at  Mendham,  Mor- 
 ris county.  New  Jersey,  in  1813.  Was  graduated  at 
 Princeton  in  1S32.  Immediately  after  went  to  Rich- 
 mond, Va.,  where  his  brother,  AVilliam  J.  Armstrong, 
 D.  D.,  was  then  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church.  After  teaching  some  years,  he  entered  Union 
 Theological  Seminar}',  Virginia,  in  1836.  In  January, 
 1338,  became  Professor  of  Chemistry  and  Mechanics 
 in  "Washington  College  (now  Washington  and  Lee 
 University),  Lexington,  Va.  Was  licensed  to  preach 
 the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of  Lexington,  in  Septem- 
 ber of  the  same  year.     In  1851  resigned  his  Professor- 
 
ARMSTRONG. 
 
 M 
 
 ARMSTRONG. 
 
 ship  to  accept  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  First  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  Norfolk,  Va.,  in  which  charge  he 
 h;is  continued  to  the  present  time,  1883.  During  his 
 residence  in  Lexin^^on  his  ministry  was  eminently 
 acceptable  -nhcreTer  exercised,  especially  as  stated 
 supply  in  the  Church  of  Tim1)er  Ridge. 
 
 Dr.  Ai-mstrong  has  been  an  active,  though  not  a 
 voluminous,  writer,  from  the  time  he  entered  the  min- 
 istry. His  first  publication  in  a  book  form  was  ' '  The 
 Summer  of  the  Pestilence" — a  history,  with  the  au- 
 thor's personal  ob.ser\-ations,  of  the  terrible  epidemic 
 of  yellow  fever  which  visited  Norfolk  in  1855.  Un- 
 der tliis  scourge,  which  brought  a  fearful  desolation 
 upon  his  hou-sehold,  he  liimself  suffered  severely,  but 
 was  spared,  and  his  faithful   labors  endeared  him 
 
 GEOBOE  DODD  ABH8TR0NO,  D.  I>. 
 
 greatly  to  the  whole  community.  Since  then  he  has 
 published,  "The  Christian  Doctrine  of  Slavery,"  in 
 IS-kS;  "The  Theology  of  Christian  Exjx'ricnce,"  an 
 exposition  of  the  common  faith,  in  18G0,  and  "Tlie 
 Sacraments  of  the  New  Testament,"  in  ISSl.  All  of 
 these  are  j)roductions  of  unusual  cxeellencc'. 
 
 Dr.  Armstrong's  preaching  is  distinguished  ibr  sim- 
 plicity, both  as  to  matter  and  manner,  for  clear,  vig- 
 orous discussion,  and  for  its  evangelical  character. 
 His  work  as  a  pastor  has  been  greatly  blessed,  and 
 the  church  under  his  care  has  ha<l  a  steiuly,  healthful 
 growth.  A  long  life  of  threescore  years  and  ten, 
 marked  by  a  thoroughly  amiable,  friendly  temper,  by 
 earnest,  consistent  l)iety,  7.eah)usand  suei-essful  labor}, 
 entitles  hira  to  the  eonfidenee,  honor  and  affection 
 which  are  amply  bestowed  win  nvi  r  ho  is  known. 
 
 Armstrong,  Rev.  James  Francis,  wasof  Irish 
 extraction,  and  was  born  at  West  Nottingham,  Sid., 
 April  3d,  1750.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1773, 
 studied  theology  imder  Dr.  Withersijoon's  direction, 
 and  wa-s  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Castle,  in  January,  1777.  He  was  ordained  by 
 the  same  Presbytery,  in  Januarj-,  1778,  and  on  the 
 17th  of  ,Iuly  follo^ving  w:ls  appointed  by  Congress 
 "Chaplain  of  the  Second  Brig-ado  of  the  Maryland 
 Forces."  In  June,  17*2,  he  commenced  preaching  to 
 the  Church  in  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  and  he  supplied 
 that  pulpit  for  nearly  a  year,  when  he  was  compelled 
 to  discontinue  his  labors,  on  account  of  an  enfeebled 
 state  of  health.  In  April,  1787,  Mr.  Armstrong 
 accepted  a  call  to  Trenton.  The  charge  included, 
 besides  the  church  in  town,  one  a  few  miles  distant 
 in  the  country,  known  in  later  years  as  "Trenton 
 First  Church."  In  April,  1787,  the  former  church 
 found  a  sejiarate  supply.  He  then  served  the  towii 
 church  alone,  until  September,  1790,  from  which 
 (Late,  until  1806,  he  was  the  joint  pastor  of  the  Trenton 
 and  Lawrenceville  congregations.  Jlr.  Armstrong 
 died  January  10th,  1816.  He  was  a  man  of  much 
 ardor,  activity  and  decision.  He  had  a  princely, 
 generous  spirit,  which  always  answered  (juickly  to 
 the  claims  of  human  wretchedness.  The  interests 
 of  letters  and  of  religion  were,  more  than  anj-thing 
 else,  impre-ssive  and  absorbing  with  him.  He  was  a 
 highly  acceptable  preacher,  and  w.is  constant  and 
 untiring  in  his  attendance  on  the  judicatories  of  the 
 Church. 
 
 Armstrong,  Jolm,  D.  D.,  son  of  Andrew  and 
 JIaria  (Thoma.s)  Armstrong,  was  born  at  O.xford, 
 Chester  county.  Pa.,  JIarch  lltli,  1^*25;  graduated  at 
 Washington  College,  Virginia,  in  1850;  at  Princeton 
 Seminary  in  1853,  and  was  licensed  by  New  Ciustle 
 Presbytery,  April  14th,  1352.  He  labored  at  Platte 
 I  City,  Mo.,  as  a  missionary,  from  June,  1853,  to  May, 
 1854.  His  next  lield  was  at  Hazlcton,  Beaver  Meadow 
 and  Weatherly,  Pa.,  where  he  was  stated  supi)Iy 
 from  October,  18.)4,  to  Octoljcr,  1864.  Next  he 
 preached  as  stated  supply  at  JIuscatine,  Iowa,  from 
 October  IGth,  1864,  until  he  Wius  installed  as  pastor, 
 June  14th,  18G.5,  and  labored  with  great  fidelity, 
 acceptance  and  success  until  he  was  released,  July 
 23d,  1874.  October  17th,  1874,  he  was  ajipointed  by 
 the  Synod  of  Iowa  South,  as  Financial  Agent  to 
 e.stiibli.sh  a  College;  an  object  in  behalf  of  wliich  his 
 sympathies  liad  for  some  time  previously  been 
 warmly  enlisted.  To  this  he  thenceforth  gave,  not 
 only  his  gratuitous  labors,  but  repeated  donations 
 from  his  own  resources.  As  the  result  of  his  efforts. 
 Parsons  College  was  founded,  and  located  at  Fairfield, 
 Iowa.  June  16th,  1875,  he  was  elected  I'rofessor  of 
 History  and  Jloral  Philosophy  in  this  institution, 
 and  June  20th,  1^*77,  was  elected  its  President.  He 
 died  August  l.'ith,  1879.  Dr.  Armstrong  was  an 
 honest,  earnest,  intelligent,  frank  man,  a  decided 
 Christian  from  the  time  of  his  early  profession.     He 
 
ABMSTROXG. 
 
 35 
 
 ARNELL. 
 
 possessed  rare  self-reliance    and  perseverance,    was 
 
 always  a  diligent  student,  and  made  large  and  varied 
 attainments. 
 
 Armstrong,  Greneral  John.  Probably  no  one 
 among  the  early  settlers  of  Cumberland  Valley,  Pa. , 
 had  more  influence  in  directing  its  institutions  and 
 destinies  than  John  Armstrong.  He  came  from  the 
 north  of  Ireland,  and  settled  in  Carlisle,  in  1748.  He 
 was  a  surveyor  under  the  Proprietary  Government; 
 in  1775  he  was  a  Colonel,  and  subsequently  he  was  a 
 Justice  of  the  Peace.  The  Indians,  who  often  made 
 merciless  incursions,  by  which  the  peaceable  inhabit- 
 ants were  despoiled,  captured  and  massacred,  had 
 for  a  renderious  a  town  called  Kittaning,  about  two 
 hundred  miles  westward  from  Carlisle.  About  two 
 hundred  and  eighty  pro\'incials  were  mustered,  under 
 the  command  of  Colonel  Armstrong,  and  sent  (1755), 
 to  surprise  and  destroy  this  stronghold.  They  suc- 
 ceeded in  their  scheme,  burned  the  buildings  of  the 
 Indians,  and  put  to  death  the  chiefs  and  most  of  the 
 warriors.  It  was  a  terrible  vengeance,  but  indispen- 
 sable, even  in  the  interest  of  humanity.  For  this 
 brilliant  success  the  Corporation  of  Philadelphia  pre- 
 sented Colonel  Armstrong  mth  a  piece  of  plate  and  a 
 silver  medal,  with  a  medal  for  each  of  the  oflicers 
 under  him,  and  a  .sum  of  monej^  for  the  widows  and 
 children  of  such  as  had  been  killed.  In  1758  he 
 marched  UNith  the  advanced  division  of  three  thousand 
 Pennsylvanians,  under  Colonel  Bouquet,  belonging  to 
 the  expedition  under  Brigadier-General  Forbes  again.st 
 Fort  Du  Quesne.  During  this  campaign  he  formed 
 an  acquaintance  with  Colonel  Washington,  which 
 subsequently  ripened  into  intimacy  and  warm  per- 
 sonal trieniLship.  His  commission  as  a  Brigatlier 
 General  in  the  Continental  Army  bears  date  JIarch 
 1st,  1776.  In  1777  he  was  JIajor  General  in  com- 
 mand of  the  Penn.sylvania  troops  during  the  battle 
 of  Brandywine,  and  in  the  military  operations  of  that 
 year  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State.  He  was  also  a 
 member  of  Congress  in  1778—80,  and  17S7-88. 
 
 General  Armstrong  was  a  well  educated  man,  was 
 endowed  with  much  practical  wisdom,  and  was  much 
 consulted  and  trusted  by  the  Proprietary  of  the  Gov- 
 craraeut,  and  subsequently  by  the  authorities  of  the 
 State  and  nation.  He  was  an  elder  in  the  first  church 
 organized  in  Carlisle,  and  of  which  Kev.  George  Duf- 
 field,  D.  D. ,  was  first  pastor.  He  was  much  interested 
 in  opposing  the  infidelity  which  became  prevalent  in 
 this  country  soon  after  the  American  and  the  French 
 Revolutions.  The  epitaph  on  his  tombstone,  in  the 
 Old  Cemetery  of  Carlisle,  informs  us  that  he  was 
 "eminently  distinguished  for  patriotism,  valor  and 
 piety,  and  departed  this  life  JIarch  9th,  1795,  aged 
 seveut^i'-five  years." 
 
 Armstrong,  "William  Jessup,  D.  D.,  was  bom 
 October  29th,  179fi,  at  Jlendham,  N.  J.,  where  his 
 father,  the  Rev.  Amzi  Armstrong.  D.  D. ,  was  pastor 
 of  the  Presbj-terian  Church.  In  the  autumn  of  181G 
 he  completed  his  college  course  at  Princeton,  ha\-ing 
 
 sustained  throughout  a  highly  respectable  standing 
 as  a  scholar.  He  acted,  for  a  time,  as  assistant  teacher 
 in  a  school  of  which  his  father  then  had  charge,  in 
 Bloomfield  N.  J.,  and  studied  theology  under  his 
 direction,  occasionally  availing  himself  of  the  aid 
 of  Dr.  Richards,  then  minister  at  Newark.  After 
 being  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Jersey, 
 October  8th,  1818,  he  spent  a  year  in  the  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  at  Princeton.  He  then  went  as  a 
 missionary  to  Albemarle  countj',  in  the  central  part 
 of  Virginia,  where  his  labors  were  attended  with 
 much  success. 
 
 In  1821  Sir.  Armstrong  became  pastor  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Trenton,  and  continued 
 laboring  there,  with  great  fidelity  and  success,  nearly 
 three  years.  In  1824  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Richmond,  Virginia.  Here  he 
 labored  with  untiring  assiduity  for  ten  years,  during 
 which  time  his  influence  was  constantly  increasing 
 throughout  the  State.  He  was  Secretary  of  the 
 Home  Jlissionarj'  Society  of  his  Presbytery,  trustee  of 
 the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  manager  in  Tem- 
 perance, Sabbath  school.  Colonization,  and  other 
 societies,  besides  being  a  most  elficient  member  of 
 the  difierent  ecclesiastical  bodies  with  which  he 
 was  connected.  In  Slarch,  1834,  he  was  unanimously 
 elected  Secretary  of  the  "Central  Board  of  Foreign 
 ilissions,"  which  had  been  organized  by  the  East 
 Hanover  Presbytery.  He  accepted  the  appointment, 
 and  hi^  church,  though  devotedly  attached  to  him, 
 recognized  the  higher  claims  of  the  missionary  cause, 
 and  cheerfully  consented  to  give  him  up.  His  con- 
 nection with  his  congregation  was  dissolved  on  the 
 Gth  of  JIay.  He  was  immediately  appointed  General 
 Agent  of  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
 Foreign  Jlissions,  for  the  States  of  Virginia  and 
 North  Carolina,  and  fidfilled  the  duties  of  this  agency 
 with  great  success. 
 
 In  September,  1834,  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the 
 Board,  Dr.  Armstrong  was  appointed  one  of  its 
 secretaries  for  correspondence.  In  this  position  he 
 labored  earnesth'  and  successfully.  In  returning  to 
 New  York,  where  he  then  resided,  irom  Boston, 
 which  he  had  \-isited  officially,  he  was  drowned,  in 
 the  wreck  of  the  steamer  Atlantic,  November  27th, 
 1846,  but  his  remains  were  recovered  from  the  water. 
 "Dr.  Armstrong's  qualifications,  both  mental  and 
 moral,  for  eflicient  service  in  the  cause  of  Christ," 
 •says  Dr.  Da\-id  JIagie,  ' '  were  of  a  high  order.  StUl, 
 the  chief  beauty  of  his  character  was,  unquestionably, 
 the  beauty  of  holiness.  No  one  could  be  acquainted 
 with  him  at  all  without  recei\'ing  the  impression 
 that  he  was  a  man  who  had  really  tasted  of  the  good 
 Word  of  God  and  felt  the  powers  of  the  world  to 
 come." 
 
 Amell,  Rev.  James  Morrison,  was  bom  in 
 Goshen,  Orange  county,  N.  Y.,  September  25th,  1808. 
 As  a  student  of  Williams  College,  he  evinced  a  high 
 order  of  talent,  and  took  rank  among  the  best  scholars 
 
ARTITVR. 
 
 36 
 
 A  SSEMBL  Y  GESER.  I  /.. 
 
 in  his  class.  He  giaduate<l  in  September,  1827,  on 
 ■which  oocn-sion  he  delivered  a  Greek  oration.  Subse- 
 quently he  pursued  hi.s  tlioloj^cal  studies,  under  the 
 direction  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Ezra  Fisk,  tlie  minister  of 
 his  native  place,  and  in  April,  1830,  he  was  licensed 
 to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Prcsbj'tcry  of  Hudson. 
 He  labored  for  si.\  months  at  Tu.scumbia,  Ala. ;  then 
 went  to  Tennessee,  in  1831,  where  he  wxs  ordained  to 
 the  work  of  the  ministry,  and  installed  as  p;tstor  of 
 Zion  Church,  near  Columbia,  March  31st,  1832.  Here 
 he  continued,  a  devoted,  useful  and  most  acceptable 
 pistor,  till  the  close  of  his  life,  March  -Ith,  18.")0.  Mr. 
 Arnell  was  an  earnest  friend  to  the  cause  of  education, 
 and  was  untiring  in  his  efforts  to  promote  it  in  the 
 comparatively  new  country  in  which  his  lot  was  cast. 
 He  contributed  many  articles  to  the  literary  and  re- 
 ligious periodicals  of  the  day,  and,  among  others,  a 
 series,  under  the  title  of  "Pulpit  Sketches,"  to  the 
 Chrixtlan  Record,  which  are  rare  specimens  of  beauti- 
 ful composition.  As  a  preaelicr,  he  always  com- 
 manded attention.  As  he  was  distingui.shcd  for  the 
 imaginative,  this  feature  of  his  mind  was  generally 
 prominent  in  his  sermons.  They  startled  or  they  de- 
 lighted; yet  the  solemnity,  the  sincerity,  the  faithful- 
 ness of  the  preacher  showed  that  he  had  some  higher 
 end  to  gain  than  merely  to  present  a  beautiful  picture. 
 Tlie  native  genius  kindled  and  glowed,  while  he 
 ardently  sought  to  jwint  his  hearers  to  heaven. 
 
 Arthur,  Rev.  Thomas,  graduated  at  Yale,  in 
 17i:!,  and  w;is,  on  Ix'ing  liceased,  employe^  for  a 
 time  at  Stratfield,  Conn.  He  wxs  ordained  and  in- 
 stalled, by  New  York  Presbyterj',  pastor  at  New 
 Eruns>vick,  in  174G.  He  was  one  of  the  original 
 trustees  of  New  Jersey  College.  He  died,  Februarj- 
 2d,  17.>0-1,  aged  twenty-seven.  Mr.  Arthur  w;us  a 
 good  scholar,  a  graceful  orator,  a  finished  preacher, 
 an  excellent  Christian,  and  greatly  beloved  by  his 
 pcojilc. 
 
 Ashmead,  Isaac,  was  bom  in  Gcrmantown,  Pa. , 
 Decemlx'r  22d,  1790.  After  the  usual  course  of  edu- 
 cation customary  in  those  days  he  w;us  apprenticed 
 to  Mr.  Bradford,  of  Philadelphia,  to  learn  the  trade 
 of  i)rinter.  ANHiilst  learning  his  trade  he  enjoyed 
 many  lacilities  for  the  study  of  diLssic  literature,  and 
 being  endowed  with  a  good  memory,  ready  wit  and 
 quick  perception,  he  soon  became  a  well-read  man. 
 About  the  year  1*21  he  establishi'd  himself  in  tliat 
 business,  which  he  carried  on  till  his  death,  founding 
 what  is  now  the  oldest  printing  establishn\eut  in 
 Philadelphia.  As  a  business  man  he  was  intelligent 
 and  enterprising,  and  many  iraportiiUt  imi)roveracnts 
 in  presswork  are  due  to  his  energy.  He  set  up  the 
 first  powir  jircsses  ever  used  in  I'liiladclphia,  and  in- 
 triHluciil  the  composition  rollrr.  Ho  w:us  also  the 
 first  to  make  u.se  of  the  hydr.iulic  press  for  pressing 
 jirintcd  slicrts,  and  w:us  generally  deeply  int<-rested 
 in  all  met'lianieal  contrivances  tending  to  lessen  the 
 necessity  of  employing  manual  lalwir.  When  nl>out 
 twenty  years  of  age  Mr.  Ashmead  became  a  member 
 
 of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  subsequently 
 joining  the  Fifth  I'resbMerian  Cliureh,  where  he 
 was  respecte<l  :is  a  consistent  Christian.  He  w:is  al.so 
 for  many  years  an  elder  in  the  Coates  Street  Church, 
 and  afterwards  was  connected  mth  the  Greenhill 
 Presbyterian  Church,  of  which  he  was  a  memlx-r 
 until  the  day  of  his  death.  He  was  one  of  the  origi- 
 nators of  the  movement  which  ri«ulted  in  the  form- 
 ation of  the  American  Sunday-school  Union,  and 
 evinced  his  zeal  in  Inhalf  of  his  fellow  citizens  by 
 many  other  gootl  works.  Amongst  these  may  be 
 mentioned  the  Aitxiliary  Evangelical  Society,  and 
 the  Institute  for  the  Improvement  of  Apprentices, 
 which,  in  connection  with  others,  he  established. 
 Of  a  generous  disposition,  he  was  yet  scjmpulously 
 exact  in  his  dealings.  He  died  March  1st,  1870,  leav- 
 ing the  record  of  an  vipright,  useful  man. 
 
 Ashmead,  Rev.  William,  w:us  born  in  Phila- 
 delphia in  17iH.  He  graduated  at  the  University  of 
 Penn-sylvania  in  l-^H,  and  studied  theology  with 
 Dr.  James  P.  Wilson.  He  was  sittled  in  Lancaster, 
 Pa.,  in  1820.  After  eight  years  of  labor  his  health 
 gave  way,  and  he  sought  a  southern  climate,  but 
 after  only  a  month's  pa.storate  in  Charleston,  S.  C, 
 he  was  prostrated  by  bilious  fever,  and  died,  Decem- 
 ber 2d,  1S29,  in  the  thirty-second  year  of  his  age. 
 
 Mr.  A.shmcad  was  an  accomplished  scholar,  with  a 
 fine  ta-ste  for  jioctrj-,  and  skilled  in  lingui.stic  and 
 metaphysical  pursuits.  His  style  w.ts  remarkable  for 
 beauty,  concinnity  and  a  felicitous  choice  of  epithets. 
 He  left  a  ijuantity  of  MS.S.  behind  him,  and  at  the 
 time  of  his  death  w;is  engagi'd  on  a  translation  of 
 Saurin's  "Discourses."  His  only  published  writings 
 were  a  sermon,  an  essay  on  pauperism,  and  a  posthu- 
 mous volume  of  sermons. 
 
 Assembly  General,  Deliverances  of: — 
 
 TIII.ATKK    -VNI)    IiAXClXd. 
 
 I      "On  the  fashionable,  though,  as  We  iK-lieve,  dan- 
 
 I  gerous  aranscnients  of  theatrical  exhibitions  and 
 dancing,  \yo  deem  it  nccessjiry  to  make  a  few  observa- 
 tions. The  theatre  we  have  always  considered  as  a 
 school  of  immorality.  If  any  person  wishes  for 
 honest  conviction  on  this  subject,  let  him  attend  to 
 the  character  of  that  mass  of  matter  which  is  giniT- 
 ally  exhibited   on    the   stage.     We    believe   all  will 
 
 I  agree  that  comedies,  at  le;ist,  with  a  few  excejition-s, 
 are  of  such  a  dcstTiption  that  a  virtuous  and  nxnlest 
 person  cannot  attend  the  repri'sentation  of  them 
 without  the  most  p:iinful  ami  emlKirr.Lssing  siiisa- 
 tions.     If,  indeed,  custom  has  familiarized  the  st-ene, 
 
 '  and  these  jiainful  sen.s;ition8  are  no  longer  felt,  it  only 
 proves  that  the  piTson  in  i|uestinn  has  lost  some  of 
 the  1)est  siMisibilities  of  our  natun-,  that  the  .strongi'st 
 lifeguard  of  virtue  his  Im-i'U  taken  down,  and 
 that  the  moral  character  hiis  undergone  a  serious 
 depreciation. 
 
 I  "With  ri-spect  to  dancing,  we  tltink  it  neccs.sary  to 
 observe  that,  however  plaiusilile  it  may  apjuar  to 
 some,  it  is  perhaps  not  the  less  dangerous  on  account 
 
ASSEMBLY  GENERAL. 
 
 ASSEMBLY  GENERAL. 
 
 of  that  plausibility.  It  is  not  from  those  things 
 which  the  world  acknowledges  to  be  most  wrong 
 that  the  greatest  danger  is  to  be  apprehended  to 
 religion,  especially  as  it  relates  to  the  young.  When 
 the  practice  is  carried  to  its  highest  extremes,  all 
 admit  the  consequences  to  be  fatal,  and  why  not, 
 then,  apprehend  danger  even  from  its  incipient  stages? 
 It  is  ccrtainl}-,  in  all  its  st:igcs,  a  f;iscinating  and  an 
 infatuating  practice.  Let  it  oncts  be  introduced,  and 
 it  is  difficult  to  give  it  limits.  It  steals  away  our 
 precious  time,  dissipates  religious  impressions,  and 
 hardens  the  heart.  To  guard  you,  beloved  brethren, 
 against  its  wiles  and  its  fascinations,  we  earnestly 
 recommend  that  you  will  consult  that  sobriety  which 
 the  Siicred  pages  require.  We  also  trust  that  you 
 will  attend,  with  the  meekness  and  docilitj'  becoming 
 the  Christian  character,  to  the  admonitions  on  this 
 subject  of  those  whom  you  have  chosen  to  wateh  for 
 your  souls.  And  now,  beloved  brethren,  that  you 
 maj'  be  guarded  from  the  dangers  we  have  pointed 
 out,  and  from  all  other  dangers  which  beset  the  path 
 of  life,  and  obstruct  our  common  salvation,  and  that 
 the  great  Head  of  the  Church  may  have  you  in  His 
 holy  keeping,  is  our  sincere  and  aflectionate  praj'cr. 
 Amen."— Jr;««te,  181S,  p.  090. 
 
 "  But  we  are  called  to  notice  evils  of  another  kind. 
 In  some  of  the  Xorthern  and  Southern,  and  in  the 
 greater  part  of  the  Middle  and  Western  sections  of 
 our  Church  we  hear  complaints  of  the  prevalence 
 of  lukewarmness,  and  a  great  want  of  evangelical 
 zeal  among  the  professed  disciples  of  the  Lord  Jesus. 
 The  '  spirit  of  slumber  '  seems  to  have  deadened  all 
 their  energies,  and  they  are  resting  coutented'with 
 the  forms  of  religion,  without  feeling  its  viviljnng 
 power.  As  an  eflect  of  this,  they  are  found  conform- 
 ing to  the  world,  in  its  Hishionable  amusements, 
 frequenting  the  theatre  and  the  ball-room,  and 
 yielding  to  the  spirit  of  strife,  whose  deadly  influence 
 resists  the  impulses  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  and  is  calcu- 
 lated to  banish  Him  forever  from  their  hearts.  Over 
 such  we  mourn,  and  our  prayer  is  that  the  Spirit  of 
 the  Lord  would  breathe  upon  them,  and  cause  them 
 to  live  again.  'Awake!  O  north  wind,  and  come, 
 thou  south,  and  blow  upon  these  parts  of  thy 
 garden,  that  the  spices  thereof  may  flow  out.'  " — 
 Minutes,  \S-2~,  p.   l.^G. 
 
 "In  the  principal  cities  of  our  country  the  theatre, 
 itnder  the  pretence  of  a  laudable  aim  to  cultivate  a 
 taste  for  literature,  and  provide  a  recreation  calcu- 
 lated to  improve  the  public  manners,  is  doing  much, 
 not  only  to  blunt  the  delicate  sensibilities  of  the 
 female  mind,  and  generate  a  dislike  to  all  .solid  im- 
 provement and  wholesome  instruction,  1)ut  to  subvert 
 the  foundations  of  virtue  and  religion,  and  feed  and 
 cherish  every  descriiJtiou  of  immorality.  In  view 
 of  the  rapid  increase  of  these  fashionable  schools  of 
 iniquity,  and  the  increasing  ardor  with  which  the 
 affections  of  the  young  are  enlisted  in  them,  Cliris- 
 tian  parents  and  active  benefactors  of  society  should 
 
 be  constrained,  by  every  consideration  of  interest, 
 duty,  and  compa.ssion,  to  apply  their  strenuous  en- 
 deavors to  the  counteraction  of  the  baneful  influences 
 of  this  fascinating  source  of  vice  and  ruin.  As  an 
 interesting  sign  of  the  present  time,  and  for  the 
 encouragement  of  similar  measures,  the  Assembly 
 here  notice  with  great  pleasure  the  refu.sal,  in  the 
 Legislature  of  Slassachusetts,  to  incorporate  the 
 proprietors  of  a  theatre  in  one  of  the  principal  towns 
 of  the  State.  "—J/m«?r.%  182.S,  p.  256. 
 DUELLING. 
 
 "The  General  Assembly  having  taken  into  serious 
 consideration  the  unhappy  prevalcuce  of  the  practice 
 of  duelling  in  the  United  States,  and  being  anxiously 
 desirous  to  contribute  what  may  be  in  their  power, 
 consistently  with  their  character  and  situation,  to 
 discountenance  and  abolish  this  practice — 
 
 "  licsoliril,  unanimou.sly.  That  they  do,  in  the' most 
 unequivocal  manner,  declare  their  utter  abhorrence  of 
 the  practice  of  duelling,  and  of  all  measures  tending 
 thereto,  as  origin.ating  from  the  malevolent  disposi- 
 tions of  the  human  heart,  and  a  false  sense  of  honor ; 
 as  a  remnant  of  Gothic  barbarism  ;  as  implying  a  pre- 
 sumptuous and  highly  criminal  appeal  to  God  as  the 
 Sovereign  Judge;  as  utterly  inconsistent  with  every 
 just  principle  of  moral  conduct;  as  a  direct  violation 
 of  the  Si.xth  Commandment,  and  destructive  of  the 
 peace  and  happiness  of  families  ;  and  the  Assembly 
 do  hereby  recommend  it  to  the  ministers  in  their 
 connection  to  discountenance,  by  all  proper  means  in 
 their  power,  this  scandalous  practice. 
 
 ' '  Rc.fohvd,  also.  That  it  be,  and  it  is  hereby  recom- 
 mended to  all  the  ministers  under  the  c;ire  of  the 
 Assembly,  that  they  scrupulously  refuse  to  attend  the 
 funeral  of  any  person  who  shall  have  fallen  in  a  duel, 
 and  that  they  admit  no  per.son  who  shall  have  fought 
 a  duel,  given  or  accepted  a  challenge,  or  been  acces- 
 sory thereto,  unto  the  distini/ulshing  privileges  of  the 
 Church,  until  he  manifcit  a  just  sense  of  his  guilt,  and 
 give  scUisfaetortj  evidence  of  his  repentance." — Minutes, 
 1805,  p.  339. 
 
 SPIRIT  OF  SPECULATIOX  .\XD  EXTR.iVAG.\XCE. 
 
 "  The  General  Assembly,  viewing  with  deep  inter- 
 est the  present  state  of  our  country,  and  more  espe- 
 cially the  commercial  cmbarra-ssments  which  press 
 upon  every  part  of  the  United  States,  and  the  spirit 
 of  corrupt  and  mischievous  speculation,  which  is 
 probably  to  be  regarded  as  both  a  cause  and  eflcet  of 
 these  embarrassments,  feel  it  to  be  their  duty  to  take 
 this  notice  of  this  unhappy  state  of  things,  and  to 
 express  their  opinion  of  the  proper  remedy. 
 
 "The  Assembly,  then,  are  persuaded  that  the 
 evils  so  general  in  their  prevalence,  and  so  severe  in 
 their  pressure,  primarily  on  the  commercial  and  manu- 
 facturing portions  of  the  community,  but  in  a  con- 
 siderable degree  upon  all,  owe  their  origin,  in  a  great 
 measure,  to  that  spirit  of  cupidity,  of  adventurous 
 and  unjustifiable  speculation,  of  extravagance  and 
 luxury,  which  so  unhappily  prevail  in  our  country ; 
 
ASSEMBLY  OESERAL. 
 
 3H 
 
 A  SSE3IBL  Y  OEXERA  L. 
 
 and  also,  in  no  small  degree,  to  the  want  of  that  kind 
 of  education  which  is  ciilculatcd  to  j)rcp;ire  a  youth 
 for  solid  usefulness  in  the  Church,  and  in  civil  society. 
 The  Assembly,  therefore,  are  firmly  persuaded  that 
 the  cflectiiiil  remedy  for  these  evils,  under  Go<l,  is  to 
 be  found  only  in  a  recurrence  to  those  principles  and 
 duties  of  our  holy  religion  which  are  not  less  con- 
 ducive to  the  temporal  welfare  of  inen,  than  to  their 
 eternal  hai)piness  ;  and  they  have  no  hope  that  gen- 
 eral prosperity  can  bo  restored  to  our  country  until 
 there  is  a  return  to  those  luibits  of  industry,  t<-mi>er- 
 ance,  moderation,  economy,  and  general  virtue,  which 
 our  common  Christianity  inculciites.  Under  these 
 impressions  the  Assemhlj'  would  earnestly  exhort  the 
 churches  under  their  care  to  take  into  due  considera- 
 tion the  opinions  above  expressed,  to  cultivate  in 
 themselves,  and  to  endeavor  to  promote  in  others, 
 those  simple,  frugal,  and  regular  pursuits  which  can- 
 not fail  to  exert  a  benign  influence  on  the  best  inter- 
 ests of  society,  and  to  train  up  their  children  in  (hose 
 principles  and  habits  which  will  prepare  them  at 
 once  to  be  useful  members  of  the  Church  and  useful  j 
 citizens.  They  would  especially  entreat  those  indi- 
 viduals and  families  belonging  to  their  communion  ; 
 whom  God  has  been  pleased  to  favor  with  temporal 
 wealth,  to  consider  the  peculiar  importance  of  their  , 
 setting  au  edifying  example,  .so  that  their  whole 
 influence  may  be  employed  to  discourage  fashion- 
 able vices  and  amusements,  and  to  promote  the  sim- 
 plicity and  ])urity  of  Christian  ])ractice.  And  tlu' 
 Assembly  would  also  earnestly  exhort  all  the  minis- 
 ters in  their  communion  to  make  these  sentiments  a 
 subject  of  frequent  and  serious  address  to  the  people 
 of  their  respective  pastoral  charges,  and  to  endeavor, 
 by  all  the  means  in  their  power,  to  impress  on  the 
 minds  of  their  he.arers  the  all-imporfcint  truth,  that 
 the  religion  of  Jesus  Christ,  in  its  vital  power  and 
 practic;il  influence,  is  the  best  friend  of  civil  SfX'iety. 
 as  well  ases,sentiul  to  the  eternal  well-being  of  man." 
 — ilinutex,  1819,  p.  71."). 
 
 TOT.\L   AltSTIXnN'CE. 
 
 "Resolvfd,  That  they  (the  A.s.sembly)  cordially  ap- 
 prove and  rejofco  in  the  formation  of  temperance  so- 
 cieties, on  the  principle  of  entire  abstinence  from  the 
 use  of  ardent  spirit.s,  as  expressing  dis;ipprobalion  of 
 intemperance  in  the  strongest  and  most  ellicient  man- 
 ner, and  making  the  most  available  resistance  to  this 
 destructive  and  wide-spreading  evil. 
 
 "Tliat  they  earnestly  recommen<l,  as  far  as  )>raeti- 
 cable,  the  forming  of  temperance  societies  in  the  eon- 
 greg-.itions  under  their  care,  and  that  all  the  members 
 of  the  churches  adoj)!  tho  principle  of  entire  al>sti- 
 nence  from  tho  use  of  anient  spirits. 
 
 "Tliat,  ivs  friends  of  the  cause  of  temperance,  this 
 As.sembly  rejoice  to  lend  tho  force  of  their  examjile 
 to  tho  ciuse,  as  an  ecclesiastical  IxmIv,  by  an  en- 
 tire abstinence  themselves  from  tho  use  of  ardent 
 spirits."  (Unanimously  adopted). — JlinuUs,  182'J, 
 pp.  375,  370. 
 
 MANLTACTUBE  AXD  SALE  OF  ABDEXT  SPIRITS. 
 
 "  RfxolrftI,  That  while  this  Assembly  would  by  n6 
 means  encroach  ujnm  the  rights  of  private  judgment, 
 it  cannot  but  express  its  very  deep  regn-t,  that  any 
 memlKTS  of  the  Church  of  Christ  should  at  the  pres- 
 ent day,  and  under  existing  circumstances,  feel  them-  . 
 selves  at  liberty  to  manufacture,  vend,  or  use  ardent 
 spirits;  and  thus,  as  far  as  their  influence  extends, 
 counteract  the  eflbrts  now  making  for  the  i>romotion 
 of  temper.ince. " — Minulca,  1(^30,  p.  "21. 
 
 "  Rixoliiil,  That  the  traffic  in  ardent  spirits  to  be 
 itsed  as  a  drink,  by  any  ])e<)))le,  is,  in  our  judgment, 
 morally  wrong,  and  ought  to  be  viewed  as  such  by 
 the  churches  of  Jesus  Christ  universally." — yfiniilm, 
 ia34,  p.  31. 
 
 "It  is  with  the  utmost  surprise  and  pain  tliat  we 
 leani  from  the  reports  of  tw^o  or  three  Prcsbj-teriis, 
 that  some  of  their  memlx-rs,  and  even  ruling  elders, 
 still  manufacture  and  s»-ll  ardent  spirits.  The.se  things 
 ought  not  so  to  be.  They  are  a  stumbling  block  to 
 many,  and  have  a  manifest  tendency  to  bring  over- 
 whelming calamities,  both  temjioral  and  spiritual, 
 on  society  at  large.  Xo  church  can  shine  as  a  light 
 in  the  world,  while  she  ojK'uly  s;inctionsand  sastains 
 any  practices  which  are  so  evidentlj'  destructive  of 
 the  best  interests  of  society. " — Jfinutes,  1837,  p.  510. 
 
 FAMILY   KEI.IOION'    AN'D  THE  SABBATn   SCHOOL.- 
 
 "Some  of  the  Presln-teries  which  tell  us  of  the 
 flourishing  c(mdit!ou  of  their  Sabbath  Schcnds,  and 
 many  others,  which  sjieak  not  so  favorably  on  the 
 subject,  rei)ort  to  us  that  there  exists  among  their 
 church  memlH-rs  an  alarming  delintiueiiey  in  the 
 proper  instruction  of  the  young  at  the  domestic 
 lie;icth,  under  parentil  oversight.  There  is,  we  are 
 assured,  no  necessiiry  conflict  between  the  Sablxith 
 School  and  the  family,  as  institutions  in  which  this 
 cliuss  may  be  trained  in  the  knowledge  of  (nMl's 
 Word.  TlK'y  may  be  made  and  ouglit  to  be  made 
 mutual  helps,  one  to  (he  other.  Yet  it  is  not  to  be 
 disguised  that  the  ertoct  of  the  privileges  offered  by 
 the  Sabbath  School  may  1m',  in  some  c;ises,  to  relieve 
 the  minds  of  piirents  from  (he  seii.se  of  the  personal 
 responsibility  resting  uj>on  them.  Hence,  they  are 
 led  to  coitsign  the  religious  instruction  of  their  chil- 
 dren chielly,  if  not  wholly,  to  the  SabJxith-school 
 (eachcr.  If  such  a  result  were  inevitable,  or  even 
 gener.il,  then  .should  the  S;iblKith-!«-hool  institution  lie 
 condemned  as  a  curse  to  the  Chnnh.  G<h1  hxs  laid 
 up<m  jKircnts  the  eommand  to  bring  up  their  children 
 'in  the  nurture  and  admonition  of  the  Lord.'  The 
 obligation  is  recognized  iis  one  ])ersonal  to  (luniselves, 
 in  tho  covenant  into  which  they  enter  w  hen  pre.s»-nt- 
 ing  their  children  to  God  in  the  ordinance  of  Ixiptism. 
 In  (his  nia(tcr  there  can  be  no  tr.in.sfer  of  resixm.si- 
 bilitics,  no  sulistituto  in  the  di.seharge  of  duties. 
 The  Sabbatb-silUMil  (eaehi-r  eiitinot  answer  for  the 
 parent  in  (he  day  of  final  reckoning;  neither  should 
 the  parent's  work  be  committed  to  his  hands  in  Ibis 
 life.     Tho  iuslruclion  of  the  children  is  so  import- 
 
ASSEMBLV  GENERAL. 
 
 39 
 
 ASSEMBLY  GENERAL. 
 
 ant  an  clement  of  all  domestic  religion,  that  when 
 it  is  neglected  it  is  to  be  feared  that  family  worship 
 and  other  kindred  duties  are  also  but  slightly  re- 
 garded. As  on  various  occasions  heretofore,  we  would 
 now  exhort  you,  brethren,  to  all  diligence  and  fidelity 
 in  the  whole  duty  of  family  religion,  not  omitting 
 th(^  regular  instruction  of  your  children  in  the  Word 
 of  God  and  the  Catechisms  of  the  Church." — Minutes, 
 
 1854,  p.  183. 
 
 FASTIKG. 
 
 "WHien  our  Lord  was  yet  Avith  ns,  he  said  that 
 when  he  should  be  taken  away  his  disciples  should 
 fast.  Pious  men  in  every  age  have  united  fasting 
 with  prayer  in  times  of  distress,  even  if  speedy  deliv- 
 erance was  hoped  for.  So  did  Daniel  (Dan.  ix.  3). 
 So  did  Ezra,  and  all  the  Jews  at  the  river  Ahava, 
 on  their  retiu-n  from  Baln'lon,  and  just  before  the 
 great  revival  of  God's  work  among  them.  Like 
 prayer,  fosting  has  been  a  part  of  every  system  of 
 religion  known  among  men.  Some,  indeed,  even  in 
 Christian  countries,  have  carried  it  to  the  length  of 
 superstition,  and  have  thereby,  impaired  their  health. 
 Others,  who  pretend  to  fast,  only  exchange  one 
 kind  of  sumptuous  eating  for  another,  and  thus  mock 
 God.  We  commend  not,  but  rather  reprove  all  such 
 practices.  Yet  we  fear  that  some  among  us  seldom, 
 if  ever,  fast  at  all.  "We  trust  this  matter  ^vill  be 
 inquired  into,  and  if  there  has  been  a  departure  from 
 divine  teachings,  there  will  be  a  speedy  return  to 
 this  scriptural  duty.  The  nature  of  an  acceptable 
 fast,  and  the  blessings  attending  it,  are  clearly  stated 
 in  the  Scriptures,  and  especially  in  the  fifty-eighth 
 chapter  of  Isaiah." — Pastoral  Letter,  Minut-.s,  1849,  p. 
 424. 
 
 ALMSGrV'IXG. 
 
 "  'The  poor  j-ehave  always  with  you,  and  whenso- 
 ever ye  will,  ye  may  do  them  good. '  If  they  need 
 not  shelter  they  may  need  fuel,  or  food,  or  clothing, 
 or  medicine.  If  they  have  all  these,  they  or  their 
 chUdren  may  need  instruction,  warning,  or  encour- 
 agement. If  there  be  no  jioor  near  you,  think  of 
 those  who  are  perishing  elsewhere;  if  not  in  a  famine 
 of  bread,  yet  in  a  famine  of  the  Word  of  God,  whether 
 written  or  preached.  Help  them!  Be  both  liberal 
 and  systematic  in  your  charities.  Remember  the 
 words  of  the  Lord  Jesu.s,  how  He  said,  'It  is  more 
 blessed  to  give  than  to  receive.'  It  was  when  the 
 prayers  of  Cornelius  were  united  with  his  alms  that 
 they  came  up  for  a  memorial  before  God.  Separate 
 not  prayer  and  fasting  from  almsgiving.  God  has 
 joined  them  together.  One  benefit  of  fasting  is,  that 
 it  all'ords  or  increases  the  means  of  giving  to  those 
 who  are  more  needy  than  ourselves.  Beware  of 
 covetousncss.  Beware  of  the  spirit  of  hoarding. 
 Many,  in  our  day,  think  thej'  do  well  if  they  give 
 even  one-tenth  of  their  increase.  But  the  ancient 
 Jewish  Church  gave  far  more  than  that.  The  Gospel 
 s<<ttle3  nothing  as  to  the  proportion  to  be  given,  but 
 it  says,  '  As  ye  abound  in  everything,  in  faith,  and 
 
 utterance,  and  knowledge,  and  in  all  diligence,  and 
 in  j'our  love  to  us,  see  that  ye  aljound  in  this 
 grace  also.'  The  motives  to  it  are  of  the  highest 
 kind.  Every  believer  must  feel  their  force.  '  Ye 
 know  the  grace  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Clirist,  that  though 
 he  was  rich,  yet  for  your  sakes  he  became  poor,  that 
 ye,  through  his  poverty,  might  be  rich.'  Surely, 
 with  superior  priWleges,  Christians  should  have  a 
 higher  standard  of  liberality  thau  those  who  lived 
 under  a  darker  dispensation.  Yet  even  to  the 
 Jewish  Church  God  s;»id :  '  Bring  ye  all  the  tithes  into 
 the  storehouse,  that  there  may  be  meat  in  mine 
 house,  and  prove  me  now  herewith,  s;iith  the  Lord 
 of  Hosts,  if  I  will  not  open  the  windows  of  Heaven, 
 and  pour  you  out  a  bles.sing,  that  there  shall  not  be 
 room  enough  to  receive  it.'  "  Pastora!  Letter,  Minutes, 
 1849,  p.  424. 
 
 S.VBB.VTFI    DESECE-OTION. 
 
 "It  is,  indeed,  a  wide.spread,  deep-seated,  un- 
 blushing evil.  It  enters  boldly  into  almost  every 
 commercial  interest .  in  the  country,  and  embraces, 
 directly  or  indirectlj',  in  its  broad  sweep  of  mischief, 
 a  vast  multitude  of  indi\'idnalsand,  what  is  still  worse, 
 an  alarming  proportion  of  these  olTendcrs  belong  to 
 the  Church  of  the  li%ing  God.  Here  is  the  root  of 
 the  evil.  The  Church  h;is  become  a  deliberate  jiar- 
 takcr  in  this  sin.  In  this  way  h:is  her  warning  voice 
 been  well  nigh  silenced,  her  redeeming  power  over 
 the  community  paralyzed,  and  the  salutiiry  restraints 
 of  a  consistent  e.xaraple  elTcctually  vacated.  Reforma- 
 tion, then,  must  begin  at  the  House  of  God. 
 ****** 
 
 "Scsolreil,  That  the  observance  of  the  Sabbath  is 
 indispensable  to  the  preservation  of  civil  and  religious 
 liberty,  and  furnishes  the  only  security  for  eminent 
 and  abiding  prosperity,  cither  to  the  Church  or  the 
 world. 
 
 ' '  Kesolred,  That  the  growing  desecration  of  the  Sab- 
 bath in  our  country  must  be  speedily  arrested,  and 
 the  habits  of  the  community  essentially  reformed,  or 
 the  blessings  of  the  Sabbath,  ci\il,  social  and  religious, 
 will  soon  be  irrecoverably  lost. 
 
 "  Eesolved,  That  inasmuch  as  the  %vork  of  a  general 
 reformation  belongs,  under  God,  to  the  Christian 
 Church,  it  is  the  duty  of  the  Church  to  apply  the  cor- 
 rections of  a  firm  and  efficient  discipline  to  all  known 
 ■(•iolations  of  the  Sahbath  on  the  part  of  her  members. 
 
 Bcsolved,  That  inasmuch  as  miuisters  of  the  gospel 
 mtist  act  a  con.spicuous  part  in  every  successful  effort 
 to  do  away  the  sin  of  Sabbath-breaking,  it  is  their 
 duty  to  observe,  both  in  their  preaching  and  their 
 pnictice,  the  rule  of  entire  abstinence  from  all  profana- 
 tion of  the  Lord's  day,  studiously  avoiding  even  the 
 aippearance  of  evil. 
 
 Pe.'<olved,  That  in  the  judgment  of  this  General 
 Assembly,  the  ownei-s  of  stock  in  steamboats,  canals, 
 railroads,  etc,  which  are  in  the  habit  of  violating  the 
 Sabbath,  are  lending  their  property  and  their.influence 
 to  one  of  the  most  widespread,  alarming  and  deplor- 
 
ASSEMBLY  GENERAL. 
 
 40 
 
 ASSEMBLY  GENERAL. 
 
 able  systems  of  Sabbath  desecration  which  now 
 grieves  the  hearts  of  tlie  pious,  and  disgraces  the 
 Chureh  of  r.o<l."— J//ni(^.s  l^^^J'',  P-  2X1. 
 
 Assembly  General,  Formation  of.  Tlie 
 Pre-sbj-tcrlan  Clmrrh  in  tlio  rnitcd  States  is  to  he 
 considered  as  the  offspring  of  the  Chureh  of  Scotland. 
 Tlic  first  General  Assembly  of  the  Chureh  of  Scotland 
 consisted  of  six  ministers  and  thirty-four  other  per- 
 son.s,  spoutiincoasly  met,  and  constituting  at  once 
 the  highest  judicatory  of  the  Church,  and  the  only 
 one  above  the  paroi'hial  Presbytery.  Precisely  analo- 
 gous was  the  origin  of  our  General  A.s.sembly.  The 
 first  leaf  of  the  original  Minutes  bcLug  irrecoverably 
 lost,  the  most  accurate  information  we  have  of  the 
 time  and  circumstances  of  the  lirst  ecclesiastical  asso- 
 ciation is,  that  it  w;is  "  when  the  Rev.  Jcdediab 
 Andrews  was  ordained  pa.stor  to  the  Presbyterian 
 congregation  of  Philadelphia."  The  ministers  who 
 were  there  a.s.sembl(d  agreed  "to  a.ssociate  and  join 
 with  one  another  stat<'dly,  for  tlie  exercise  of  church 
 government  among  themselves,  being  first  agreed  as 
 to  principles  of  faith  and  government."*  In  ITOI, 
 the  congregation  which  Mr.  Andrews  served  removed 
 from  the  warehon.se  of  the  old  "  Uurbadoes  Trading 
 Company,"  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Chestnut  and 
 Second  streets,  in  which  they  had  previously  assem- 
 bled, to  their  first  house  of  worship,  a  frame  building 
 on  the  south  side  of  Market  street,  between  Second 
 and  Third  streets.  "The  space  occupied  by  the 
 annual  minutes  in  the  manu.seript  record  book," 
 says  Dr.  Samuel  J.  P>aird,  "  would  lead  to  the  conchi- 
 sion  that  the  missing  leaf  would  carry  us  back  to  tlie 
 same  year,  and  other  circumstances  concur  to  the 
 conclusion  that  the  removal  of  tlie  congregation,  the 
 ordination  of  Mr.  Andrews,  and  the  organiziition  of 
 the  I'rcsbytery,  occurred  at  the  same  date."  Dr. 
 William  M.  Englcs,  in  his  preliminary  sketch  of  the 
 "  Records  of  the  Pre.s))ytcrian  Church,"  in  referring 
 to  the  organiziition  of  the  Presbytery,  says:  "Judg- 
 ing from  tlie  first  date  which  apjiears  on  the  first 
 page  of  these  records,  it  must  liave  Ix'cn  about  the 
 beginning  of  the  year  17(1").  This  Presbytery  con- 
 .sistcd  of  seven  ministers,  viz  :  Francis  Makcmic, 
 John  Hampton,  George  NcNish,  Samuel  Davis — all, 
 from  the  In-.st  accounts,  emigrated  from  Irc'land,  and 
 exerci.sing  their  mini.stry  on  tlie  ejustern  shore  of 
 Maryland  ;  with  tlie  exception  of  Mr.  Davis,  who 
 was  laboring  in  Dehiware.  Jolin  Wil.son,  al.so,  from 
 Scotland,  settled  in  New  C;ustlc,  and  Jedcdiah 
 Andrews,  from  New  England,  settled  in  PhiUidel- 
 phia.  To  these  may  bo  added  John  Boyd,  who  was 
 the  first  person  ordained  by  the  new  Prosbj-tery,  in 
 170<>,  and  settled  in  Freehold,  New  Jersey."  It  is 
 proper  to  state  that  somo  respectable  authorities 
 place  in  this  li.st,  instead  of  the  name  of  Mr.   IJoyd, 
 
 •  Thompion's  *'  Govaromont  of  tlio  Cliurch  of  Christ,"  p.  f>3.  Tlio 
 Rpv.  John  Thcmp-ton,  ttip  nulhor,  p:im<'  fnim  In-lntnl.  n  licentiate,  In 
 ITIi  ur  171.'t,  Mriit  fi  li-MiT  tu  t)K»  l*ri»*b.vtory  in  ITl.'i,  nnd  ciune 
 uudorita  caru  in  ITIC— iViHu/«a  ITl.'i,  p.  4U,  and  1710,  p.  44. 
 
 that  of  Nathanacl  Taylor,  who  was  settled  on  the 
 Patuxent,  over  a  congregation  composed  to  a  consider- 
 able extent  of  IiidejK'iideiits,  although  the  IkmIv  con- 
 sisted, originally,  according  to  tradition,  of  a  colony 
 of  two  hundred  from  Fifcshire. 
 
 This  iHKly  ordinarily  a.ssumed  the  title  of  "  The 
 
 ^  Prcubi/lcry,''  never  that  of  "The  Presbytery  of  Phila- 
 
 1  delphia."  It  asserted  to  itself,  and  was  recognized  as 
 pos.sc.s.sing,  not  merely  the  functions  of  a  particular 
 subordinate  Pre.sbj'tery,  from  which  Mr.  Thompson, 
 in  the  place  above  cited,  carefully  distinguishes  it, 
 but  the  powers  of  a  supreme  judicature,  in  the  cxer- 
 ci.se  of  which  it  w;is  alike  unlimited  by  a  WTitten 
 Constitution   and   uncontrolled   by  a  superior  (See 
 
 j  Book  1,  i,  1).     Its  appropriate  title  is    The  General 
 
 •  Pradiijtenj. 
 
 The  General  Presbytery,  thus  constituted,  continued 
 in  form  and  name  until  171G,  when  it  resolved  itself 
 into  a  Synod,  and  divided  into  subordinate  meetings 
 or  I'resbyterifcs.  The  resolution  making  this  division 
 provided  for  four  Pre.sbj-terie.s — Philadelphia,  New 
 Castle,  Snow  Hill,  and  Long  Island,  but  Snow  Hill 
 w:is  never  organized.     The  Presbj-tery  of  Long  Island 
 
 I  embraced  the  province  of  New  York.  Philadelphia 
 Presbytery  covered  East  and  West  Jersey  and  so 
 much  of  Pcnn.sylvania  as  lay  north  of  the  Great 
 Valley.  All  the  other  churches  belonged  to  New- 
 CLstJe  Presbytery;  the  project  of  forming  the  ministers 
 on  the  peninsula  between  the  Delaware  and  the  Chesa- 
 peake into  the  Presln-tery  of  Snow  Hill  ha\ing,  as 
 h:isjust  been  stated,  failed.  The  General  Presbrtcrj', 
 under  its  new  organization  of  Synod,  met  Scptcml)er 
 17th,  1717.  Tlie  Rev.  Jede<liah  Andrews  was  its  first 
 Moderator,  and  the  Kev.  Robert  Witherspoou  its  first 
 clerk. 
 
 The  nuinlier  of  ministers  in  the  organization  had 
 increased  to  seventeen,  of  whom  thirteen,  with  six 
 ruling  elders,  were  present  at  the  con.stitution  of  the 
 body.  The  territory  occupied  by  them  extended 
 along  the  Atlantic  slope  from  Long  Island  to  Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 After  the  formation  of  the  Synod,  the  Chnreh  went 
 on  increasing,  receiving  ndditioii.s,  not  only  by  emi- 
 grant.s  from  Scotland  and  Ireland,  but  al.so  from  na- 
 tives of  England  and  Wales,  who  came  to  the  middle 
 colonies,  and  were  thrown  by  cinumstanecs  in  the 
 neighlxirhooil  of  Presbyterian  ehurches ;  and  also 
 from  natives,  or  their  desc-i'iidaiits,  of  Frauce,  Hol- 
 land, Switzerland,  who  prefernd  the  Presbyterian 
 form  of  worship  and  government.  To  tlu-se  may  lie 
 added  a  number  from  New  England,  who  were  in- 
 duced by  loi'al  considerations,  or  other  circumstances, 
 to  connect  tliem.selves  with  the  Presbytori:in  Ixxly. 
 .\s  the  result  of  this  accession  of  ministers  nnd  others, 
 coming  from  .so  many  diflen-iit  countries,  nnd  having 
 Im-cu  bred  up  in  so  many  various  habit.s,  the  harmony 
 of  the  Chureh  was  greatly  tlimini.slud.  It  s<Km  Ih-- 
 canie  apparent  that  entire  unity  of  .sentiment  did  not 
 prevail  among  them   resi>eeting  the  examination  of 
 
ASSEMBLY  GENERAL. 
 
 41 
 
 ASSEMBLY  GENERAL. 
 
 candidates  for  the  ministry  on  experimental  religion, 
 and  also  respecting  strict  adherence  to  Presbj-terial 
 order,  and  the  requisite  amount  of  learning  in  those 
 who  sought  the  ministerial  office.  Frequent  conflicts 
 on  these  subjects  occurred  in  difl'erent  Presbj-teries. 
 Parties  were  formed.  Those  who  were  most  zealous 
 for  strict  ortliodoxy,  for  adherence  to  Presbytcrial 
 order,  and  for  a  learned  ministry,  were  called  the 
 "old  side,"  while  those  who  laid  greater  stress  on 
 vital  piety  than  any  other  qualifications,  and  who 
 undervalued  ecclesiastical  order  and  learning,  were 
 called  the  '  'new  side, "  or  '  'new  light. ' '  And  although, 
 in  1729,  the  whole  body  adopted  the  Westminster 
 Confession  of  Faith  and  Catechism  as  the  standards 
 of  the  Church,  still  it  was  found  that  a  faithful  and 
 uniform  adherence  to  these  standards  could  not  be  in 
 all  cases  secured.  The  parties,  in  the  progress  of  col- 
 lision, became  more  excited  and  ardent;  prejudices 
 were  indulged,  misrepresentations  took  place,  and 
 everything  threatened  the  approach  of  serious  aliena- 
 tion, if  not  of  total  rupture.  A\liile  things  were  in 
 this  st;ite  of  unhappy  excitement,  Mr.  AMiitefield,  in 
 1739,  paid  his  second  visit  to  America.  The  extensive 
 and  glorious  re-sival  of  religion  which  took  place 
 under  his  ministry,  and  that  of  his  friends  and  coad- 
 jutors, is  well  known.  Among  the  ministers  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  as  well  as  .those  of  New  Eng- 
 land, this  revival  was  differently  viewed ;  the  "  old 
 side"  men,  looking  too  much  at  some  censurable 
 irregularities  which  mingled  themselves  inth  the 
 genuine  work  of  God,  were  too  ready  to  pronounce 
 the  whole  a  delusion;  while  the  "new  side"  men, 
 '\vith  zeal  and  ;irdor,  declared  in  favor  of  the  ministry 
 of  Whitefield  and  the  reWval.  This  brought  on  the 
 crisis.  Undue  warmth  of  feeling  and  speech,  and 
 improper  inferences,  were  admitted  on  both  sides. 
 One  act  of  violence  led  to  another,  until,  at  length, 
 in  1741,  the  SjTiod  was  rent  asunder,  and  the  Sjniod 
 of  New  York,  composed  of  "new  side ' '  men,  was  set 
 up  in  opposition  to  that  of  Philadeliihia,  which  re- 
 tained the  original  name,  and  comprehended  all  the 
 "old  side "  men  who  belonged  to  the  general  body. 
 These  SjTiods  remained  in  a  state  of  separation  for 
 seventeen  years.  At  length,  however,  a  plan  of  re- 
 union was  agreed  upon.  Several  years  were  spent  in 
 negotiation.  JIutual  concessions  were  made.  The 
 articles  of  union,  in  detail,  were  happilj-  adjusted,  and 
 the SjTiods  were  united,  under  the  titleof  the  "Sjiiod 
 of  New  York  and  Philadelphia,"  in  the  year  1758. 
 
 From  this  time,  the  Presbyterian  Church  went  on 
 in  as  much  prosperity  as  could  consist  vnih  the  dis- 
 turbed state  of  the  country,  until  after  the  Revolu- 
 tionary "War,  when  it  was  j  udged  proper  to  enter  into 
 some  new  arrangements.  Accordingly,  In  1785,  the 
 Sj-nod  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  beg-an  to  take 
 those  steps  for  re\Tsing  the  public  stmdards  of  the 
 Cljurch  which  led  to  their  adoption  and  e.stiiblish- 
 meut  on  the  present  plan.  A  large  and  respectable 
 committee,  of  which  Dr.  Witherspoou  was  chairman. 
 
 was  appointed  to  "take  into  consideration  the  Con- 
 stitution of  the  Church  of  Scotland  and  other  Protest- 
 ant Churches,"  and  to  form  a  complete  system  for 
 the  organization  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the 
 United  States.  The  result  was,  that  on  the  28th  of 
 May,  1788,  the  Synod  completed  the  revision  and 
 arrangement  of  the  public  standards  of  the  Church, 
 and  finallj'  adopted  them,  and  ordered  them  to  he 
 j  printed  and  distributed  for  the  government  of  the 
 I  several  judicatures.  Tliis  new  arrangement  consisted 
 I  in  diriding  the  Old  Synod  into  four  Synods — namelj-. 
 New  York  and  New  Jersey,  Philadelphia,  Virginia, 
 and  the  Carolinas — and  constituting  over  these,  as  a 
 bond  of  union,  a  General  A.ssembly  in  all  essential 
 particulars  after  the  model  of  the  General  Assembly 
 of  the  Church  of  Scotland.  The  Westminster  Con- 
 fession of  Faith  was  adopted,  with  three  small  altera- 
 I  tions.  The  Larger  and  Shorter  Catechisms  were 
 adopted,  with  one  slight  amendment.  And  a  Form 
 of  Government  and  discipline,  and  a  Directorj-  for 
 public  worship,  drawn  chiefly  from  the  standards  of 
 the  Church  of  Scotland,  with  such  alterations  as  the 
 form  of  our  civil  government  and  the  state  of  the 
 Church  in  this  country  were  thought  to  demand, 
 completed  the  system. 
 
 The  first  meeting  of  the  General  As.sembly  took 
 place  on  the  21st  day  of  May,  1789.  The  Assembly 
 met  in  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  in  the  city  of 
 Philadelphia,  and  was  opened  with  a  sermon  by  the 
 Rev.  Dr.  Juhn  Withcrspoon,  from  l.'it  Cor.,  iii,  7:  "So, 
 then,  neither,  is  he  that  planteth  anj-thing,  neither  he 
 that  watereth,  but  God  that  givcth  the  increase." 
 
 The  foUo-n-ing  delegates  appeared  and  took  their 
 seats: — 
 
 Presbyiery  of  Suffolk. — Minister,  Mr.  Joshua  Hart. 
 
 Presbytery  of  Dutches^  County. — Minister,  Sir.  Benja- 
 min Judd. 
 
 Presbytery  of  New  Yorl:. — Ministers,  Dr.  John 
 Rodgers,  Dr.  Alexander  MeWhorter,  Mr.  Azel  Roe, 
 and  Mr.  John  Close. 
 
 Presbytery  of  New  Brunsirick. — Jlinisters,  Dr.  John 
 Withcrspoon,  Dr.  Samuel  S.  Smith,  and  Mr.  James 
 F.  Armstrong.  Elders,  Mr.  Nehemiah  Dunham  and 
 Colonel  Baj'ard. 
 
 Presbytery  of  Philadelphia. — Ministers,  Mr.  James 
 Sproat,  Dr.  George  Duffield  and  Dr.  John  Ewing. 
 Elders,  Mr.  Isaac  Snowden,  Jlr.  Ferguson  Mcllvaine 
 and  Mr.  Elijah  Clark. 
 
 Presbyiery  of  Neic  Castle. — 5Iinisters,  Dr.  Robert 
 Smith,  Dr.  James  Latta  and  Sir.  Thomas  Read. 
 Elders,  Mr.  Moses  Ir\\-in,  Mr.  Amos  Slaymaker  and 
 Mr.  John  Crawford. 
 
 Presbyiery  of  Leiees. — Minister,  Dr.  SlatthewWilson. 
 
 Presbytery  of  Baltimore. — Minister,  Dr.  Patrick 
 Allison. 
 
 Presbytery  of  Carlisle. — Ministers,  Mr.  Robert 
 Cooper,  Jlr.  Thomas  McPhcrrin  and  Jlr.  James 
 Snodgrass.  Elders,  Jlr.  Samuel  Edie  and  Jlr.  James 
 Dixon. 
 
ASSEMBLY  GEXERAL. 
 
 A  TKIXSOS. 
 
 Prrnbyliri)  of  Ki'dstonr. — Elder,  Hon.  John  Balrd. 
 
 I'riiJiijUryof  Lijiiiijloii. — Minister,  Mr.  Masos  Hage. 
 
 Priabytery  of  Huulh  Varolimi. — Minister,  Mr.  Tt-m- 
 ploton. 
 
 It  will  be  seen  that  there  were  twenty-two  minis- 
 ters and  ten  elders.  Tlie  Rev.  Dr.  John  Kotlgers,  of 
 New  York,  wa-s  cliosen  MiKlerator.  Tlie  minutes  of 
 the  proceedin;rs  of  the  Assembly  will  l>e  found  in  a 
 volume  publislied  by  the  Board  of  Publication, 
 entitled  ''Jlinutes  of  the  General  Assembly,  ete.. 
 from  IT-^S  to  ]t<20." 
 
 In  a<ldition  to  variou.s  act.s  connected  with  the 
 internal  policy  of  the  Church,  the  first  (jeneral 
 Assembly  signalizid  itself  by.lwo  Important  measures. 
 These  were,  first,  the  commencement  of  the  missionary 
 work,  by  retiniring  collections  to  be  taken  up  to  a.ssist 
 in  sendin;i;  ministers  to  the  frontiers  and  distitute 
 (k'ttlements,  and,  .second,  measures  to  promote  the 
 printing  and  circulation  of  the  Bible. 
 
 The  following  t;ible  has  b.in  compiled,  by  Synods, 
 for  the  purjHise  of  exhibiting  the  st;itistics  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  at  the  organization  of  the  first 
 General  jV.ssiinblj-  : — 
 
 SYNOD  OF  NEW   YORK. 
 
 Namet  of 
 PretbgUria. 
 
 No.  of 
 lUiauUrt. 
 
 SufTulk  
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 lli 
 
 Now  York 
 
 Mow  Uniiuwick. 
 
 6i 
 
 OoHtjreijii-' Congretfii-       T'>(ttl 
 lUtHK  Slip-   lioiiK  Va-  '  CoHi/rrija-     0>l?M- 
 ptied.  cant,  tiOMS.  tioia. 
 
 •J 
 5 
 
 ai 
 
 IG 
 
 £28 
 
 ■a 
 
 £S2 
 
 SYNOD   OP   rHlLADF.LnilA. 
 
 PliUadL-lphia... 
 
 New  Uulle 
 
 Lewes 
 
 llnltimoro 
 
 CurlUk* 
 
 67 
 
 til 
 H 
 
 4 
 ii 
 IS 
 
 £7D 
 
 SYNOD  or  VIBOIKIA. 
 
 IlaDover 
 
 Lexington 
 
 KiMlittuue 
 
 TrHuvylvaDUi.. 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 •il 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 27 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 31 
 
 6 
 
 fi 
 
 10 
 
 16* 
 
 3U 
 
 4.1 
 
 .'.1 
 
 94 
 
 £19 
 
 l.'l 
 
 2 
 
 SYKOD  or  YIII  CABOUXAS. 
 
 Omngo 
 
 S<iutli  rarullna.... 
 AbtDglOD 
 
 10 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 115 
 4 
 
 35 
 ••15 
 
 la 
 
 61  j 
 43  1 
 23  1 
 
 £9 
 
 23  1             M 
 
 80 
 
 110 
 
 £9 
 
 SllnUleni 177 
 
 rnibnllonc'ra 11 
 
 (VttiKn-Kiitioiu  Kiipplled  with  nilniiitvrB 215 
 
 Vacant  ronKn*inition« „ 214 
 
 Total  conicn'ieiitioiu  420 
 
 Amount  ofcolU'Ctiolu  (ntiuuIMM) '. £170 
 
 *  Ijitiuiatt'il.    In  1705  there  were  82  congrcgutioiu. 
 
 The  number  of  communicants  is  not  given  in  the 
 tnbli's.  The  first  statistics  williin  our  knowledge, 
 which  take  notice  of  coiiimunicauts,  are  those  for  the 
 year  ld07.      At  that  time    the   numlHr  of  miimtcrs 
 
 was  about  three  hundred  and  fifty,  and  the  numtx^ 
 of  communicants  alxjut  twenty  thou.sand.  It  is 
 probable  tliat  the  numlxr  of  communicants  at  the 
 org-anization  of  the  General  Assembly,  in  17>9,  was 
 between  eight  tlxiusiind  anil  ten  th<>us;iiKl. 
 
 Atkinson,  John  Mayo  Pleasants,  D.  D.,  was 
 born  in  Mansfield,  Virginia,  January  10th,  IMT,  and 
 graduated  at  Hampden  Sidney  College,  Virginia,  in 
 \f<Xi,  and  at  Union  Theological  Seminary.  He  was 
 stated  supjily  of  Kent  Street  Church,  Winchester, 
 Virginia,  in  IKJX,  and  of  the  Church  at  Lelianon, 
 Virginia,  in  IHlO-ll.  lie  was  onlained  an  evangel- 
 Lst  by  the  Presbytery  of  ICast  Hanover,  June  5th, 
 1841;  was  missionary  in  Te.\as,  1841-42;  stated  sup- 
 ply at  Houston,  1843;  jKLstor  at  W;irrenton,  Virginia, 
 1843-00;  i)astor  of  Bridge  Street  Church,  George- 
 town, D.  C,  18.j0-j();  and  President  of  IlamjMU-n 
 Sidney  College,  18.57.  Dr.  Atkinson's  ministry  w;i3 
 successful  in  a  gratifying  degree,  and  in  all  the  rela- 
 tions he  sust;iined  to  the  Church  he  consecrated  his 
 gilts  with  great  earnestness  to  the  service  of  the 
 Master.  His  later  years  were  full  of  useful  laliors, 
 chiefly  at  the  head  of  the  College  which  he  served  so 
 fiiithfully  and  wisely.  He  was  firm  in  liis  convic- 
 tions, always  courteous  in  his  expressions  of  them,  a 
 true  gentleman,  a  lover  of  the  Church  of  Go<l,  and 
 an  earnest  preacher  of  the  gosjK'l  of  Jesus  Christ. 
 He  was  one  of  the  foremost  ministers  of  the  South- 
 ern Presbyterian  Church.     He  died  in  l'v"'3. 
 
 Atkinson,  Rev.  Joseph.  Mayo,  wxs  born  in 
 Mansfield,  Va.,  January  7th,  r-'iO.  He  went  first  to 
 Hampden  Sidney  College  in  that  State,  atid  aller- 
 wards  to  the  College  of  Xew  Jersey,  where  he  gradu- 
 ated in  1841.  After  studying  thcologj-  at  Princeton 
 Seminary,  he  Wiis  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Winchester,  in  IsliS,  and  w;i.s  or- 
 dained by  tlie  .s;ime  Presbytery,  April  2(lth,  1H^1.">. 
 His  first  i>astorate  was  at  .Shci)lierdstowu  and  Smith- 
 field,  Va. ,  which  he  resigned  in  1^4!),  anil  accepted 
 the  pa.storate  of  the  Church  in  Frctlerick,  JId.,  which 
 he  hchl  till  18.j5.  He  wtis  piistor  of  the  First  Church, 
 Kaleigh,  X.  C,  1855-7.">;  teacher  in  Ivaleigh,  1875-7, 
 and  iK-camc  pastor  of  the  Second  Church  in  tliat  city 
 in  1877.  Jlr.  .\tkinson  is  a  gooii  preacher,  and  a 
 writer  of  ability.  He  contributetl  to  the  I'rinitlon 
 /f<riVir  (1852),  ".Moral  -Ivsthetics,"  "  National  Lit- 
 erature the  Kxiwncnt  of  Naticmal  Chanicter;"  ^185;J), 
 "Henry  Martyn;"  (18",),  "The  Turki.sh  letters." 
 
 Atkinson,  William  Mayo,  D.D.,  the  son  of 
 Robert  and  JIary  ^Mayol  Atkinson,  wjls  l)orn  at 
 Powhatiin,  Va.,  April  22d,  1796.  He  gnuluati-d  at 
 the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1H14;  wjis  admitted  to 
 the  Itir,  anil  J)racticed  his  profession  in  Petersburg 
 until  1833.  He  w;is  licensed  to  preach  the  pwpel  by 
 the  Y.:\st  Hanover  Presbytery,  June  17th,  KV.\,  and 
 ordained  a-*  an  evangelist,  .\pril  2(jth,  18;M.  Shortly 
 afb'r  his  liceii-sure,  he  tr.ivehd  extensively  in  Vir- 
 ginia, as  agent  of  the  Virginia  Bible  SiM'iety,  and 
 utter  a  year  or  two  his  field   was  enlarged  so  as  to 
 
ATWATEK. 
 
 43 
 
 AUBURN  CHURCH. 
 
 include  several  other  of  the  Southern  States.  In  this 
 agency  he  tv;is  remarkably  successful.  On  resigning 
 it,  he  supplied  vacancies  for  a  few  years,  in  Chester- 
 field county,  and  in  the  vicinitj'  of  Petersburg.  He 
 was  installed  pa-stor  of  the  Presbrterian  Church  in 
 AVinchestor,  in  February  1839.  In  the  Spring  of 
 184G  he  resigned  this  cliarge,  and  accepted  an  Agency 
 for  the  Board  of  Education  of  tlie  Prcsbrterian 
 Church.  He  died  Fi-bruary  24tli,  1849,  in  all  the 
 serenity  of  Christian  faith  and  hope,  passing  to  his 
 reward.  Dr.  Atkinson  was  a  man  of  good  talents, 
 and  possessed  an  unusual  degree  of  common  sense. 
 His  piety  was  remarkably  humble,  cheerful  and 
 gentle.  Above  most  he  was  unselfish.  He  did  not 
 love  to  think  or  sjjeak  of  himself.  As  a  preacher, 
 he  was  clear,  judicious,  instructive,  and  practical — 
 always  animated,  never  overwhelming.  He  was  a 
 very  useful  member  of  Cliurch  Courts,  always  study- 
 ing the  things  which  make  for  peace,  as  well  as  those 
 which  promote  truth  and  order.  He  possessed  pecu- 
 liar qualifications  as  a  presitling  oiScer  in  delibera- 
 tive assemblies. 
 
 At^water,  Lyman  H.,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was  born 
 February  2:5d,  1813,  at  Cedar  Hill,  then  a  part  of  the 
 town  of  Hamden,  since  incorporated  into  the  city  of 
 New  Haven,  Conn.  He  was  descended  from  genuine 
 Puritan  stock — his  parents  on  both  sides  ha\'ing  for 
 their  ancestors  the  original  settlers  of  New  Haven, 
 who  emigrated  from  England.  At  an  early  age  Pro- 
 fessor Atwater  gave  signs  of  the  intellectual  ^igor 
 evinced  in  his  later  j'ears.  He  began  the  study  of 
 Latin  in  1825,  at  the  age  of  twelve,  entered  Yale  Col- 
 lege in  1827,  and  was  graduated  in  1831,  at  the  age  of 
 eighteen,  with  the  second  honor  in  a  cl.oss  of  eighty- 
 one  members.  He  spent  the  year  following  his  gradu- 
 ation, as  head  of  the  cla.«sical  department  of  Mount 
 Hope  Institute,  Baltimore.  He  then  returned  to  New 
 Haven  and  entered  the  Yale  Tlieological  Seminai-y, 
 of  which  Dr.  Nathanael  W.  Taylor,  his  pastor  in 
 infancy  and  boyhood,  was  the  distinguished  head. 
 At  the  end  of  his  first  yciir  in  the  seminary  he  became 
 tutor  of  mathematics  in  Yale  College,  in  wliich  office 
 he  continued  for  nearly  two  years,  pursuing  mean- 
 while his  studies  iu  theology.  He  was  licensed  to 
 preach,  by  the  Association  of  New  Haven  West,  in 
 Jlay,  1834,  and  in  the  Summer  of  1835  left  the  tutor- 
 ship to  accept  a  call  to  the  pastorate  of  the  First 
 Church  of  Fairfield,  Conn.,  one  of  the  oldest,  and  at 
 that  time  one  of  the  most  prominent  in  that  State, 
 over  which  he  was  installed  July  29th,  183.5,  at  the 
 age  of  twenty-two.  In  this  responsible  charge  he 
 continued  between  nineteen  and  twentj*  years. 
 
 In  18(>1  he  was  appointed  to  the  Lectureship 
 Extraordinarj-  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Prince- 
 ton, N.  J.,  on  the  Connection  between  Revealed 
 Kcligion  and  SIctaphysical  Science,  for  the  five  years 
 for  which  it  was  established. 
 
 'The  General  Assembly  (O.  S.),  in  1869,  made  him 
 a  member  of  the  joint  committee  which  perfected  the 
 
 basis  of  union  upon  which  the  Old  and  New  School 
 branches  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  were  re-united. 
 Dr.  Atwater  was  charged  by  the  Board  of  Trustees  with 
 the  duties  of  administration  ad  interim  between  the 
 retirement  of  Dr.  John  Slaclcau  IVom  the  Presidency 
 of  the  College,  in  June,  1.8C8,  and  the  inauguration  of 
 Dr.  SlcCosh,  toward  the  close  of  the  same  year.  On 
 his  a.ssumption  of  office,  by  mutual  consent,  the  depart- 
 ments of  Psychology  and  the  History  of  I'liilosophy 
 were  tninsferrcd  from  Dr.  Atwater  to  Dr.  McCosh, 
 while  the  department  of  Economies  and  Politics  was 
 given  to  Dr.  Atwater.  Thus,  since  18G9  he  Wiis  Pro- 
 fessor of  Logic,  Jletaphysics,  Ethics,  Economics  and 
 Political  Science.  Dr.  Atwater  died  at  his  home,  iu 
 Princeton,  Fcljruary  17, 1883.  Since  1876  he  had  been 
 Vice-president  of  the  board  of  trustees  of  Princeton 
 Theologicjil  Seminary.  For  many  years  he  was  an 
 associate  editor  and  valuable  contributor  to  tlxe 
 Princeton  Rcviao.  He  wrote  largely  fur  periodicals, 
 and  was  the  author  of  a  "  Slanual  of  Elementary 
 Logic,"  for  the  class-room. 
 
 Auburn,  New  York,  First  Presbyterian 
 Church.      This    church    has  existed    seventy-two 
 years.     It  was  the  outgrowth  of  the  pastorate  of  the 
 Rev.  David    Higgins  with  the  Church  of  Aurclius, 
 already  of  .some  years'  standing,  and  which  included 
 Auburn  within  its  bounds.     Here  also   its  founder 
 resided  lor  the  larger  part  of  his  ministry,  with  the 
 mother  church  located  more  centrally,  as  the  town 
 was  then  constituted.     He  was  a  man  of  cultured 
 gifts,  sound  and  distinctive  in  his  doctrinal  views, 
 with  New  England   ideas  and  methods,  which  had 
 j  much  to  do  in  determining,  at  its  critical  period,  the 
 character  of  both  the  church  and  the  town.     As  the 
 I  earliest  settled  minister  on  the  ground,  he  attracted 
 !  to  his  support  the  best  elements  of  the  thriving  sct- 
 I  tlement,    irrespective   of  religious  preferences,   and 
 I  drew  around  him  the  men  of  enterprise  and  fore- 
 sight who  believed  iu  the  church  and  the  school  as 
 essential  to  the  best  type  of  morals  and  manners. 
 Every  movement  for  the  spiritual  and  social  improve- 
 ment of  the  place,  was  conceived  and  carried  out  in 
 a  generous  way. 
 
 Since  that  time,  the  church  has  had  four  pastorates. 
 The  first,  that  of  the  Rev.  Hezekiah  N.  'Woodruff, 
 which  continued  but  three  years,  synchronizes  the 
 second  war  with  Great  Britain,  the  distracting  influ- 
 ences of  which  were  alike  unfavorable  to  commerce, 
 to  morals  and  religion.  The  membership  of  the 
 church  made  .slow  increase,  llr.  "Woodruff,  who 
 was  a  worthy  pastor,  and  an  excellent  preacher,  was 
 a  man  of  cultured  habit,  of  positive  convictions,  and 
 sincere  devotion  to  his  work.  In  consequence  of  a 
 local  excitement,  in  which  he  became  involved,  and 
 which  divided  the  village  and  threatened  the  peace 
 of  the  church,  he  resigned  his  charge.  During  his 
 brief  and  disturbed  ministry,  the  first  church  edifice, 
 a  model  of  architectural  beauty,  and  for  half  a  cen- 
 tury a  centre  of  spiritual  life  and  power,  was  begun 
 
AVBCHS  CHCRfH. 
 
 44 
 
 AIBL'RX  SEHISARY. 
 
 and  completed.     It  marked  the  first  important  epoch 
 in  the  hLstory  of  the  church. 
 
 The  new  pastor,  Kev.  Dirck  C.  Lansing,  like  both 
 his  predeccjisors,  was  a  graduate  from  the  foremost 
 college  of  the  land,  but  unlike  them  was  neither  of 
 Puritan  descent  nor  of  New  England  habit,  but  a 
 scion  of  one  of  the  early  and  most  distinguished 
 Dutch  familius  of  New  York.  Born  to  wealth  and 
 ancestral  renown,  ardent  in  temj)erament,  and  elo- 
 quent of  speech,  his  passion  Wiis  to  save  souls,  and 
 to  this  end  he  Ix-nt  the  whole  cuerg.v  of  his  fervid 
 ministry.  Kevival  followed  revival  in  rapid  succes- 
 sion through  more  tlian  the  lirst  half  of  his  jKistorate, 
 which  continued  twelve  years,  resulting  in  a  large 
 increase  in  the  membership  and  lifting  the  church 
 into  singular  prominence.  Its  more  jMTmaneut 
 results  exist  to-day,  in  the  Theological  .S<-minary, 
 established  during  its  third  year,  and  the  Second 
 Presbj'terian  C'liurih,  founded  just  alter  its  close, 
 leaving  the  congregation  diminisheil  in  numbers  but 
 more  united  in  sentiment  as  to  niethiMls  of  adminis- 
 tratiou. 
 
 The  third  p.xstorate,  that  of  the  licv.  Josiah  Hop- 
 kins, was  filled  by  a  man  who  had  not  passed  through 
 the  training  of  the  schools,  but  had  sustained  his 
 previous  ministry  with  great  acceptance  in  the  imme- 
 diate vicinity  of  a  New  Knglaiid  college.  He  was  a 
 close  reasoner,  a  plain,  stroug  preacher,  u  kind  pa-stor, 
 a  single-hearted,  solid  mau.  At  the  very  outset,  hLs 
 mini.stry  here  cauglit  the  spirit  of  the  great  revival 
 ■which  broke  simultaneously  over  the  whole  country, 
 without  regard  to  measures  or  special  agencies,  and 
 swept  the  churches  like  the  breath  from  the  four 
 winds  which  the  prophet  invoked  ujion  the  slain  in 
 the  valley  of  vision.  How  far  the  great  awakening 
 gave  its  charaeterlstics  to  this  p:istorate,  need  not  be 
 said,  but  it  was  followed  at  int<rvals  by  special  means 
 to  quicken  religious  interest,  and  in  each  in.st;inee  it 
 was  through  the  agency  of  evangelists,  an  order  of 
 men  devoted  to  that  jjartieular  work. 
 
 .\.  period  of  thirty-live  years,  or  the  first  half  of  the 
 life  of  the  church,  had  elapsed,  and  the  fourth  pastor- 
 ate, that  of  the  Rev.  Henry  .V.  Nelson,  opened  with 
 new  and  imiH)rtant  changes — changi-s  which  came 
 from  nc-eessity  rather  than  design.  There  wius  a  vari- 
 ation from  nu'tliods  whieli  ha<l  lost  their  freshness, 
 if  not  their  vitality,  and  it  became  the  order  to  seek 
 church  growtli  less  from  six-cial  and  lem])<irary  effort 
 tiKin  in  the  stea<ly  iLse  of  the  ap|Hiint<'d  and  accepted 
 iastrunientalities ;  with  more  of  systent  in  jKistorul 
 8Ui>ervision.  The  pa.stor,  unlike  the  men  who  liad  pre- 
 ceded him,  entered  ujxin  this  pastoral  charge  without 
 ministerial  experience,  anil  fresh  I'roni  his  ])reparal<>ry 
 stu<iics  ;  and  for  that  re;ison,  it  may  1k',  w;us  the  liet- 
 ter  fitted  to  meet  theeondilionsof  a  tninsition  siTvice. 
 Transition  periods  are  not  without  their  p<-rils,  and 
 religious  a.s.sociations  are  feniu'ious  of  their  hold  upon 
 the  p-tst.  But  without  jar  or  disturlunce  the  old 
 gave  place  to  the  new  ;  and  together  the  Church  and 
 
 its  youthful  pastor  wrought,  with  earnest  devotion 
 and  in  st<-a<ll';Lst  wal;  togi-ther  grew  in  grace  and  in 
 strength,  until,  after  ten  years  of  mutual  fidelity  and 
 loving  resp«>ct,  he  was  tnmsferrtfl.  at  the  call  of  the 
 country,  scarcely  less  than  of  the  Church,  to  a  more 
 responsible  pulpit,  and  to  meet  a  more  weighty  crisis, 
 only  to  win  larger  succes.scs. 
 
 The  Kev.  Cliarles  Hawley,  D.  n.,  snccee«led  Mr. 
 Nel.son  in  this  jKistorate  at  .\uburn,  and  tlu-re  con- 
 tinues to  this  day,  with  "eye  undimme<l  and  natural 
 force  unabated,"  presenting  the  example  Wautifully 
 set  forth  by  the  l"s;ilmist,  of  that  man  w  lio.s«>  "delight  ^ 
 is  in  the  law  of  the  Lord,  meditating  therein  day  and 
 night,  like  a  tree  with  unwithering  leaf,  planted  by 
 the  rivers  of  water,  bringing  forth  his  fVuit  in  due 
 sca-son."  For  twenty-si.x  years  he  has  faithfully 
 lalwred  among  his  |ie<iple,  in  fullest  exercise  of  all 
 the  abilities  and  grace  tx-stowed  upon  him,  minis- 
 tering to  them  with  great  tenderness  and  love,  in  all 
 ph:uses  of  their  church  and  home  life.  Soon  after  a 
 very  interesting  celebration  of  the  twenty -til^h  anni- 
 versary of  L)r.  Ha\vUy"s  jKLstorate,  November  'M\,  lfW2, 
 the  Church  Session  adopted  a  minute  for  the  Sessional 
 record,  recognizing  the  Providential  direction  of  their 
 pastor  to  their  pul|)it,  uniting  with  him  in  devout 
 thanksgiving  to  God,  for  the  preservation  of  his  life 
 and  health,  and  for  the  measure  of  strength  given 
 him  lor  the  arduous  duties  of  his  ministry,  also 
 speeilying  the  erection  of  their  Ix-autiful  s;inetuary, 
 the  enlarged  Ixnevolence  of  the  church,  the  main- 
 tenance of  it.s  numbers,  notwitlustanding  the  org-.ini- 
 I  zation  of  other  churches  of  the  same  denomination, 
 and  the  prevailing  harmony  of  its  membership,  as 
 '  honorable  features  of  the  long  ministry  of  their 
 pa.stor. 
 
 Auburn  Theological  Seminary.  In  Febru- 
 ary, l-il^^^,  at  the  Mueting  of  till-  .-^ynod  of  Geneva,  the 
 Kev.  William  Wisner,  long  pjistor  at  Ithaea,  N.  Y., 
 movi'd  that  the  Synod  establish  a  seminary.  The 
 ,  Synod  divided  in  favor  of  the  project,  provided 
 it  should  meet  the  approval  of  the  General  Assem- 
 bly. In  May,  1818,  the  Assembly  exprcsse<l  itself 
 I  as  "not  prep;ire«l  at  present  to  give  any  opinion  or 
 I  a<lvice  on  the  subject,  believing  the  s;iid  Synod 
 are  the  Ix'st  ju<lges  of  what  may  be  tlnir  duty  in 
 this  imjMirtant  business."  In  the  following  .\ugust, 
 .*>yn<Kl  held  a  special  meeting,  at  .\ubuni ;  the  atteiul- 
 ance  w;vs  full,  and  President  Davi.s,  Dr.  Mc.Vulcy, 
 and  Kev.  .John  Frost  wen- present,  from  the  neighlmr- 
 ing  Synod  of  .\ll);iny.  At  the  meeting  in  February, 
 the  prevailing  view  luid  been  in  favor  of  a  School 
 which  should  provide  for  a  short  ctmrse  into  the 
 ministry,  combining  theological  with  .icademical 
 tniiniiig.  This  plan  w;>s  abandonol  at  the  nu-eting 
 in  .Vugusf,  and  a  punOy  thi-ologicjil  s<-hool.  for  men 
 who    had  graduated    from    college,    was   determined 
 
 U|)011. 
 
 Thirty-five  thousjind  dollars  and  a  site  for  building 
 having   been   eoutribuu-d   in    Auburn    and   Cayujpi 
 
AUBUBN  SEMINARY. 
 
 45 
 
 A  UBVRX  SEMINARY. 
 
 county,  the  Seminary  was  located  in  Auburn.  Ground  Professor  till  his  death,  in  1877,  and  was  succeeded 
 
 was  broken  for  a  building  in  Xovember,   1S19.      A  by  Dr.  Ransom  Bcthune  ^\'clch  in  1876. 
 
 charter  was  granted  April  14th,  1820.      The  romer-  In   1837  the  duties  of  the  Prolcs.sor   of  Biblical 
 
 stone  was  laid  the  11th  of  Hay  following.     The  first  Criticism  were  divided,  by  the  erection  of  the  do- 
 
 cl;is3  of  students,  eleven  in  number,  was  admitted  in  partment  of  the  Hebrew  Language  and  Literature, 
 
 the  autumn  of  1821.     In  182.J  a  gift  of  fifteen  thou-  The  IJev.  James  Edward  Pierce  occupied  this  chair 
 
 sand  dollars  from  Arthur  Tappau,  Esq.,  of  New 
 York,  enabled  the  governing  boards  to  secure  the 
 acceptance  of  Dr.  James  Richards  for  the  chair  of 
 Theology,  thus  making  a  full  Faculty.  The  pre-\-ious 
 Professors  were  Dr.  Henry  Mills,  Dr.  Matthew  La 
 Kue  Pcrrine,  and  Dr.  Dirck  Cornelius  Lansing. 
 Dr.  Lansing  served  without  salary,  and  resigned 
 in  1826,  when  it  seemed  to  him  that  his  services 
 in  the  chair  were  no  longer  absolutely  indispensable 
 to  the  Seminary.  His  chair,  that  of  Homiletics, 
 proved  diflicult  to  fill,  and  was  vacant  much  of 
 the  time  for  the  next  thirty  years.  Dr.  Samuel 
 Hanson     Cox  —--=.  _        —_-£ 
 
 occupied  it 
 from  1835  to 
 1«57;  Dr.  Bax- 
 ti'r  Dickinson 
 from  1839  to 
 1847 ;  Dr.  Jo- 
 seph Fewsmith 
 from  1848  to 
 1851;  Dr.  Wil- 
 liam Grenough 
 Thayer  Shedd 
 from  1852  to 
 1854;  Dr.  Jona- 
 than Bailey 
 C  o  n  d  i  t  from 
 1854  to  1873, 
 being  Emeritus 
 Professor  till 
 his  death,  in 
 1876;  Dr.  Her- 
 riek  Johnson 
 from  1874  to 
 1380,    and    Dr. 
 
 f-zr-3^^\vi^m^f^ 
 
 from  its  establishment  until  his  death,  in  1870,  and 
 in  1371  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  AVillis  JudsonBeechcr. 
 The  original  Seminary  building  yet  stands.  As  the 
 number  of  students  increased,  a  large  ■n-ing  was  added 
 to  the  building,  to  the  west,  for  their  accommodation; 
 but  this  was  taken  down  when  Morgan  Hall  was 
 erected.  In  1870,  on  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the 
 laj"ing  of  the  corner-stone  of  the  original  building, 
 was  laid  the  corner-stone  of  a  new  library  building, 
 built  of  stone,  and  finished  inside  in  ash,  the  joint 
 gift  of  the  Hon.  William  E.  Dodge,  of  New  York, 
 and  the  Hon.  Edwin  B.  Morgan,  of  Aurora.  In  1875 
 ^_  ;-^=^_---— -      -^  the  new  dormi- 
 
 tory building, 
 Jlorgan  Hall, 
 was  completed, 
 at  a  cost  of 
 about  one  hun- 
 dred thousand 
 d  o  11  a  r  s ,  of 
 which  sevent}'- 
 five  thousand 
 dollars  was  the 
 gift  of  the  Hon. 
 Edwin  B.  5Ior- 
 gau,  for  whose 
 son,  Alonzo 
 Morgan,  the 
 building  is 
 named.  At  the 
 laying  of  its 
 corner-stone 
 there  was  pres- 
 ent the  Rev. 
 ■SVilliam  John- 
 son,   who    had 
 
 AIBIRV   THLOLO(.ICVL   SFMI\ART 
 
 Anson  Judd  Upson  from  1880  to  the  present  time.       |  offered  the  prayer  on  the  occasion  of  the  breaking 
 
 In  the  department  of  Biblical  Criticism,  Professor  i  of  the  ground  for  the  old  building,  fifty-five  years 
 
 Mills  remained  until  1854,  when  he  was  succeeded  I  previously.     The  new  building  is  of  stone,  is  finished 
 
 by  the  present  incumbent,  Dr.  Ezra  Abel  Hunting- 
 ton. Dr.  Mills  was  Emeritus  Professor  till  his  death, 
 in  1807. 
 
 Professor  Perrine  remained  in  the  chair  of  CTiurch 
 History  until  liis  decease,  in  1830.  His  successor  was 
 Dr.  Luther  Halsey,  from  1837  to  1844.  The  present 
 Professor,  Samuel  Miles  Hopkins,  took  the  chair  in 
 1847. 
 
 Professor  Perrine  g;ive  instru<'tion  in  theology 
 until  the  coming  of  Professor  Richards.  The  latter 
 died  in  1813.  Dr.  Laurens  Perseus  Hickok  was  were,  by  special  eftbrt,  added  to  the  endowment. 
 Professor  of  Theology  from  1844  to  18.">2.  and  Dr.  Other  generous  gifts  have  since  been  received.  Large 
 Clement  Long  from  18.52  to  1854.  Dr.  Edwin  Hall  as  the  endowment  is,  however,  it  is  mostly  devoted 
 filled  this  chair  from  1855  to  1S76,  being  Emeritus  I  to  specific  purposes  designated  by  the  donors,  so  that 
 
 in  ash,  is  216  feet  long  by  45  feet  wide,  h.as  five 
 .stories,  and  will  accommodate  76  students,  each  with 
 a  study  and  bed-room.  All  the  rooms  are  heated  by 
 steam,  and  supplied  with  gas  and  city  water. 
 
 The  early  financial  history  of  the  Seminary  was 
 largely  a  history  of  struggles.  In  1854-5  the  Semi- 
 nary was  ■\-irtually  closed,  in  part  for  pecuniary  rea- 
 .sons.  With  the  reorganization  of  the  Faculty  which 
 followed,  a  period  of  greater  prosperity  began.  .\t 
 the  time  of  the  building  of  ISIorgan   Hall,  ?300.()00 
 
A  UB  URN  SE.VJXA  R 1 '. 
 
 46 
 
 A  YRES. 
 
 the  managing  boards  are  in  great  need  of  funds  for 
 ordinarj'  general  purposes. 
 
 In  the  various  efforts  to  endow  the  Seminary, 
 Sylvester  Willard,  M.n.,  of  Auburn,  for  nearly  forty 
 years  secretary  of  the  board  of  trustees,  has  borne  an 
 especially  important  part,  both  by  gills  and  by  per- 
 sonal care  and  effort.  Beyond  tliis^  it  is  impossible 
 to  name,  in  this  article,  even  the  more  prominent  of 
 the  friends  who  have  made  the  Seminary  the  object 
 of  their  interest  and  munificence. 
 
 Auburn  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  seminaries. 
 Since  its  foundation,  the  incre;u>e  in  the  number  of 
 theological  schools  in  the  various  Protestant 
 churches  has  kept  pace  with  that  of  the  churches 
 them.selves.  With  two  or  three  exceptional  short 
 periods  of  prosperity  or  decline,  the  attendance  of 
 students  at  Auburn  has  maintained  a  pretty  even 
 average,  ever  since  tlie  first  few  years  of  its  e.vistence. 
 The  la.st  general  catalogue  was  published  in  1883. 
 The  aggreg-ate  number  of  the  students,  including 
 those  now  in  the  Seminary,  is  somewhat  more  than 
 one  thousand  two  hundred  and  fifty.  It  would  be 
 interesting,  in  the  ca.se  of  the.se  men  or  of  the  men 
 from  any  other  seminary,  to  follow  them  to  their 
 fields  of  labor,  to  trace  their  geographiciil  distribu- 
 tion, and  especially  to  sketch  among  them  the 
 remarkable  groups  of  men  who  have,  at  different 
 times,  been  a.s,sociatod  in  particular  enterprises.  \ 
 Auburn  has  had  such  groups  in  the  foreign  mission 
 field,  in  the  pioneer  home  mission  field,  in  the  work 
 of  founding  educational  and  other  institutions,  in  the 
 work  of  college  and  theological  instruction,  in  litera- 
 ture and  in  the  other  di'partments  of  the  work  of 
 the  ministry.  ISut  our  limits  forl)id  any  attempt  to 
 present  these  matters. 
 
 In  its  management  and  teachings  .\uburn  Serai- 
 nary  has  always  been  strictly  Presbyterian.  Origin- 
 ally its  course  of  study,  its  vnatriculation  pledge,  the 
 declarations  subscribed  to  by  its  Professors,  aiul  other 
 like  matters,  were  closely  modeled  after  those  of 
 Princeton  Seminary,  and  there  has  never  been  any 
 change  in  the  direction  of  a  departure  from  the  Stand- 
 ards of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  Tlie  ".\uburn 
 Declaration"'  is  famous  among  the  landmarks  of 
 American  Presbyterian  Orlliodoxy.  A  very  large 
 majority  of  all  the  Auburn  .students  have  entered  the 
 ministry  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.     But  a  large 
 
 nnmlKT  have  also  been  Congregational  ministers,  and 
 smaller  representations  are  to  be  found  in  the 
 Reformed,  tlie  Episcopalian,  the  Jlelhodist,  the  Bap- 
 tist and  other  churches. 
 
 Axtell,  Henry,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  Mendham, 
 New  Jersey,  June  9th,  1773.  J£e  took  his  collegiate 
 course  at  Princeton,  where  he  w;is  gradmjted,  an 
 excellent  scholar,  in  WM.  After  several  years  spent 
 in  teaching  at  Morristown  and  Mendham,  and  as  the 
 head  of  a  flourishing  school  in  Geneva,  New  York, 
 he  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Geneva,  November  l*t,  1810.  In  1812  he  was  in- 
 stalled colleague  jiastor  with  the  Rev.  Sir.  Chapman, 
 of  the  Church  at  Geneva,  and  continued  in  this 
 relation  till  the  close  of  his  life.  His  ministry  was, 
 on  the  whole,  decidedly  a  successful  one.  Besides 
 being  permitted  to  witness  every  year  a  greater  or 
 less  accession  to  his  church,  there  w<Te  two  extensive 
 revivals  in  connection  with  his  labors,  one  in  1819, 
 the  other  in  18i5,  each  of  which  resulted  in  an  ad- 
 dition of  about  one  hundred  to  the  numljer  of 
 communicants.  He  died,  in  the  utmost  peace,  Feb- 
 ruary 11th,  1849.  The  Rev.  Samuel  H.  Cox,  n.'n., 
 says  of  Dr.  A.\tell:  "  All  his  attainments  had*  an 
 evangelico-utilitarian  character.  .  .  .  Politics,  doings 
 in  Wall  street  and  romantic  stories,  were  no  part  of 
 his  prciching.  His  mini.stry  was  richly  scriptural; 
 it  spoke  its  own  ch.iracter  thus:  '  My  doctrine  in  nut 
 miiir,  hut  His  trho  stnt  iiir. '  His  audience  retired 
 thoughtful.  They  felt  the  Master,  rather  than  the 
 man.  As  a  consequence,  they  were  Bible  reading,  and 
 Bible  searching,  and  Bible  thinking  in  their  piety, 
 and  if  there  Ik-  any  better  kind  of  Christians  than 
 such,  let  him  who  can,  tell  us  where  to  find  them." 
 
 Ajrres,  Rev.  Gnos,  seems  to  ha\e  iMtn  a  pupil 
 of  Dr.  Bellamy.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  College 
 in  1748,  and  his  name  stands  first  on  the  Catalogue 
 of  the  Alumni  of  that  Institution.  He"  was  probably 
 a  native  of  Elizabethtown,  X.  J.;  if  not,  he  was 
 certiiinly  residing  there  before  he  entereil  college,  as 
 his  correspondence  with  Dr.  Bi-llamy  shows.  Sir. 
 AjTCS  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  York, 
 al>out  K.-iO,  and  st'ttled  as  jKLstor  of  the  chun'hes 
 at  Bethlehem  and  Blooming  t;rt)ve,  Orange  county, 
 N.  Y.  In  a  few  years  he  relinquished  the  charge  at 
 Bethlehem,  and  continued  the  piustor  of  Bhmming 
 Grove  until  his  death,  which  occurred  in  17G.j. 
 
BABB. 
 
 47 
 
 BACKUS. 
 
 B 
 
 Babb,  Clement  Edwin,  D.  D.,  Tvas  born  at 
 Pittston,  Pa.,  August  19th,  1>J1.  He  gi-aduated  at 
 Diekiuson  College  in  1640,  and  studied  theology  at 
 Union  and  Lane  Seminaries.  He  was  ordained  by 
 the  Presbj'tery  of  Indianapolis,  "in  September,  1848. 
 He  was  pastor  of  the  Second  Church,  Indianapolis, 
 1848-53;  editor  of  Christidii  Ilrrald,  IS.IS-TO,  and  of 
 tlie  united  paper  Htinid  and  Pn.tbi/tcr,  187()-3;  corres- 
 l)i)nding  editor  of  the  same  paper,  1873-8;  editor  of 
 the  Occident,  San  Francisco,  1876-81.  He  resides  at 
 present  at  Sun  Josr,  California.  Dr.  Babb  has  been 
 faithful  in  all  the  positions  he  has  occupied.  He  is  a 
 forcible  preacher,  a  giaceful  and  vigorous  writer,  and 
 has  exerted  a  large  influence  for  good  in  the  commu- 
 nities in  wliich  his  lot  has  been  cast. 
 
 Babbitt,  Rev.  Williani  Hampton,  son  of  'Wil- 
 liam and  Elizabeth  E.  (Sutton)  Babbitt,  was  born  in 
 ilendham,  New  Jersey,  June  5th,  18-35.  He  received 
 his  ac^idemic  training  in  a  cla.ssical  school  of  celebrity 
 in  his  native  place,  entered  the  College  of  New  Jersey, 
 Princeton,  and  w;js  graduated,  one  of  the  first  in  his 
 class,  in  1846.  He  spent  three  years  teaching  in  an 
 academy  at  Flushing,  Long  Island,  and  subsequently 
 entered  the  Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  graduat- 
 ing in  1853.  He  was  two  years  tutor  in  Princeton 
 College.  After  serving  as  a  licentiate  in  Ohio  and  in 
 Deckertown,  New  Jersey,  he  was  ordained  as  an 
 evangelist,  by  the  Prcsbj-tery  of  Rockaway,  in  1856. 
 He  w;is  pastor  of  the  Prcsbj-terian  Church  of  Hoboken, 
 New  Jersey,  18.57-07;  of  the  First  Presbj-teriau  Church 
 of  Glendale,  Ohio,  1867-81;  and  has  been  supply  and 
 pastor  of  the  Church  of  Tecumseh,  Mich. ,  from  188'2 
 to  the  present  time. 
 
 Mr.  Babbitt  is  a  fine  scholar,  a  chaste  and  polished 
 writer,  a  sound  theologian,  a  faithful  p;istor,  witli 
 gifts  for  the  pulpit  muoh  alxive  the  average.  Un- 
 ostentatious in  manner,  wholly  devoted  to  his  sacred 
 calling,  prudent  in  speech,  ^vise  in  coimscl,  with  the 
 advant;iges  of  the  best  home  and  literary  culture,  he 
 has  always  been  highly  esteemed  by  his  ministerial 
 l>rethren,  and  loved  as  the  liiithful  pa.stor  of  the 
 Hocks  over  whom  the  Holy  Ghost  has  made  him  over- 
 seer. 
 
 Backus,  John  Chester,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 ■\Vcthersfleld,  Conn.,  September  3d,  1810.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Yale  College  in  1830.  After  his  graduation 
 he  studied  law.  His  theological  studies  were  pursued 
 at  New  Haven,  Andover  and  Princeton  Seminaries. 
 He  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Bruns^vick,  in  December,  1835,  and  was  assistant 
 secretary  of  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Domestic  5Iis- 
 sions  1835-6.    In  1836  he  accepted  the  pastorate  of  the 
 
 First  Presbyterian  Cliurch,  Baltimore,  Md.,  retaining 
 the  charge  untU  his  resignation  in  1875,  since  which 
 time  he  has  been  Pastor  Emeritus. 
 
 Dr.  Backus  is  a  gentleman  of  gieat  personal  culture, 
 united  with  marked  dignity  of  character.  He  is  a 
 forcible  preacher,  and  always  presents  the  truth  with 
 an  earnest  spirit,  and  controlling  reference  to  its 
 practical  bearings.  His  long  ministry  in  Baltimore 
 has  been  eminently  blessed,  not  onlj'  in  the  pros- 
 perity of  his  own  congregation,  but  in  the  inilueuce 
 which  he  h;is  exerted  for  the  gro^rth  of  Presbj^terianism 
 in  that  city,  where  his  exemplary  and  useful  life  has 
 
 jonx  CHF.STEB  BACKUS,  D.D. 
 
 secured  for  him  universal  esteem.  As  a  member  of 
 several  of  the  boards  of  the  Chirrch  he  has  been  very 
 useful,  by  his  sound  judgment  and  wise  counsels. 
 He  has  been  a  Director  of  the  Theological  Seminary 
 at  Princeton  since  1841,  and  has  ever  shown  a  deep 
 interest  in  that  institution.  He  was  Moderator  of  the 
 General  Assembly  at  its  meeting  in  Philadelphia  in 
 1861,  and  presided  over  its  deliberations  ably  and 
 acceptably. 
 
 Backus,  J.  Trumbull,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  son  of  E. 
 F.  Backus,  was  born  in  the  city  of  Albany,  N.  Y., 
 January  27th,  1809.  He  was  prepared  for  college  at 
 the  Albany  Academy,  and  graduated  at  Columbia  Col- 
 
BACK  i  a. 
 
 48 
 
 BADGEIl. 
 
 lege,  New  York  city,  in  1827.  He  received  from  that 
 iuiititution  the  degree  ol' A.M.,  in  1*30.  He  pursued 
 his  theological  studies  at  I'rincetou  from  ls27  to 
 1S30,  at  Andover  from  1830  to  1831,  and  at  Xew 
 Haven  during  the  la.st  half  of  the  j-ear  1832.  He 
 was  licen.scd  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  I'resbyterj- 
 of  Xew  York,  in  1830.  He  wa-s  ordained  and  installed 
 pastor  of  the  I'irst  Tre-sbytcrian  Cliurch  of  Schenec- 
 tady, N.  Y.,  by  the  Presbytery  of  AUxiny,  in  Decem- 
 ber, 1832,  and  continued  in  thi.s  relation  until  1873, 
 when  declining  health  required  the  resignation  of 
 the  charge.  He  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
 S.T.D.,  from  Union  College  in  1817.  He  has  been  a 
 member  of  seven  General  Assemblies,  and  has  served 
 the  Church  on  many  important  committees.  He  was 
 one  of  the  Committee  that  prepared  the  Hymnal. 
 He  wa.s  unanimously  elected  Moderator  of  the  first 
 reunited  Assembly  of  1870.  In  the  discharge  of  his 
 duties  in  this  high  office  he  gained  the  commendation 
 of  all  his  brethren,  for  the  impartiality,  suavity  and 
 dignity  with  which  he  presided  over  the  deliberations 
 of  the  Assembly.  Dr.  Backus  still  resides  at  Sche- 
 nectady, enjoying  the  respect  and  confidence  of  the 
 community  in  which  he  lives,  as  well  as  the  regard 
 of  the  entire  Church  for  the  advancement  of  whose 
 interests  he  h;is  lal)ored  with  so  much  earnestness 
 and  success. 
 
 Backus,  Rev.  "Wilbur,  was  born  in  Richmond, 
 Mass.,  November  9th,  1788,  and  graduated  at  the 
 College  of  New  Jersey  in  1813,  and  at  I'rinceton 
 Theological  Seminary  in  181G.  Immediately  after 
 this,  having  been  licensed  to  preach  in  April  of  that 
 year,  he,  in  company  with  Mr.  (afterwards  the  Rev. 
 Dr.)  Gilbert,  .set  out  on  a  mission  through  Virginia, 
 Ohio,  and  Illinois  Territory,  which  they  closi-d  in 
 February,  1817.  On  his  return  he  preached  five 
 month.s,  and  with  great  success,  to  the  rresbytcrian 
 congregation  in  Dayton,  O.  After  leaving  Dayton, 
 be  labored,  for  a  while,  under  the  direction  of  the 
 Philadelphia  Missionary  Society,  and  afterwards 
 supplied,  for  a  considerable  time.  Dr.  McDowell's 
 pulpit,  at  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.  On  the  27th  of 
 August,  1818,  be  was  installed  piustor  of  the  church 
 in  Dayton,  and  died  on  the  2!lth  of  the  following 
 September.  Mr.  Backus  possessed  a  .sound  and  well- 
 balanced  minil,  w:us  an  caniest  Christian,  and  an 
 instructive  and  :i(<iptal)le  ])rea<her. 
 
 Badger,  Rev.  Joseph.  This  name  -will  long  be 
 remembered  in  Cistern  Ohio.  He  whom  it  desig- 
 nates was  the  great  mi.ssionary  of  the  Western 
 lieserve,  and  one  of  the  pioneers  to  regions  further 
 west.  He  was  ii  most  remarkable  man;  eminently  a 
 man  for  the  times  in  which  be  lived. 
 
 Joseph  lladger  w;is  born  in  Wilbrabam,  Miuw., 
 February  2-'lh,  17.">7.  .\t  the  ago  of  eighteen  he 
 entered  the  army,  and  continued  in  military  serviee 
 several  years.  After  his  conversion,  he  entered  Yale 
 College,  in  1781,  as  a  Freshman,  and  pursued  his 
 Btudiea  under  great  peeuniarj'  emharnufflment.     Here 
 
 he  constructed  a  planetarium  that  cost  him  three 
 months'  labor,  and  for  which  the  college  authorities 
 gave  him  an  order  on  the  steward  for  one  hundred 
 dollars.     He  graduated  in  the  Fall  of  1783. 
 
 The  next  year  Mr.  Badger  tiiught  school  and 
 studied  theology  under  the  venerable  Rev.  Mark 
 Leavenworth,  and  in  due  course  was  licensed  to 
 preach  the  gospel,  by  the  New  Haven  Association. 
 -Vfter  serving  several  churches  in  Connecticut,  untU 
 OctolK-r  21th,  1800,  he  accepted  the  commission  of 
 the  Connecticut  Missionary  Society  to  labor  as  a 
 missionarj-  in  the  Western  Reserve  of  Ohio,  or  New 
 Connecticut,  its  it  was  then  called.  He  started  for 
 his  new  field  of  labor,  November  loth,  alone  and  on 
 horseback.  As  the  roads,  towards  the  close  of  his 
 journey,  were  mere  bridle-paths,  for  nearly  two 
 hundred  miles  he  had  to  lead  his  horse.  He  was 
 obliged  to  swim  the  Mahoning  River  in  Ohio,  but  at 
 length  reiebed  Youngsto^vn,  and  fuund  a  hospitable 
 reception  with  the  pastor.  Rev.  ^Villiam  ^Vick.  Here 
 he  commenced  a  series  of  labors  leading  him  in  everj" 
 direction  where  the  cabin  of  a  settler  w:ls  to  be 
 ■sought.  By  request  of  the  Presbytery  of  Ohio  he 
 went,  in  company  with  Rev.  Thomas  Edgar  Hughes, 
 as  far  as  Slaumce-  and  Detroit,  to  consider  the  pro- 
 priety of  establishing  a  mission  among  the  Indians. 
 On  his  journej'  homeward  he  suffered  great  h.irdships. 
 
 Having  returned  to  Connecticut,  Mr.  Badger  made 
 a  report  of  his  mi.ssion;irv  operations  to  the  Board, 
 and  on  the  2;5d  of  Feburary,  1802,  started  -vvith  his 
 family  to  the  'Western  Rcserie,  a  journey  of  four  or 
 five  hundred  miles.  The  outfit  was  a  four-horse 
 wagon,  in  which  were  stowed  his  wife  and  six  chil- 
 dren, together  with  their  household  effects.  After 
 much  exposure  and  trial  by  the  way,  he  reached 
 .ViLstenburg,  Ohio,  at  the  expiration  of  two  nionth.s. 
 Here  he  built  a  rude  cabin  of  logs,  without  a  floor, 
 furniture,  or  evin  a  door,  or  cbinkiifg  Ix'twwn  the 
 logs.  Leaving  his  family  to  plant  the  g-arden  and 
 the  com-field,  he  s»>t  out  on  a  missionary  tour  that 
 continued  three  mouths,  when  he  returned  home. 
 These  missionary  tours  continued,  with  little  ces.s:»- 
 tion,  until  April,  1803.  At  that  time  he  became  a 
 member  of  the  Presbj-tery  of  Erie. 
 I  In  1800  Mr.  Badger  accepted  a  commi.ssion  from 
 the  Western  Missionary  Society,  located  at  Pitt.sburg, 
 i  Pa.,  .IS  a  mi.ssionary  to  the  Indians  in  the  region  of 
 .Sandusky,  f)hio,  for  about  lour  years.  Alter  n-sign- 
 ingthis  commission,  in  1810,  he  n-moved  to  .V.shta- 
 bula,  Ohio,  where,  and  in  the  neighlxiring  settle- 
 1  mcnts,  he  prcache<l,  deriving  his  support  in  part 
 from  the  people,  and  in  \xat  from  the  Mxssachu.sett.i 
 Mis.sion.iry  Sixiety.  During  the  war  of  1812  he  w:us, 
 after  solicitation  to  accept  the  positions,  appointed 
 brig;i<le  ehai>lain  and  iM>stni:uster  of  the  army,  by  Cx'n- 
 enil  Harrison,  and  ser\cd  in  this  capacity  until 
 Spring.  He  continued  to  pn-ach  in  various  ])laei-s, 
 without  any  regular  support,  until  182G.  .\t  that 
 time  ho  was  placed  on  the  pension  roll  of  the  War 
 
BAILEY. 
 
 49 
 
 BAIUD. 
 
 Department,  as  a  soldier  of  the  Eevolution.  He  was 
 iiLstiilUd  jKistor  of  a  small  congregation  in  Gusta^Tis, 
 Trumbull  County,  Ohio,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Grand 
 Kiver,  in  October,  1826,  and  labored  there  with 
 encouraging  success,  until  obliged,  by  declining  health, 
 to  seek  a  release  from  his  charge,  June  SUth,  18:55. 
 lie  died,  April  5th,  1S4G,  in  the  ninetieth  year  of  his 
 age.  To  the  last  he  retamed  his  mental  powers,  and 
 died  in  the  exercise  of  a  triumphant  faith  in  the 
 Lord  Jesus  Christ. 
 
 Bailey,  Francis  Gelson,  wiis  bom  in  County 
 Down,  Ireland,  in  the  year  1797;  came  to  America 
 when  about  eighteen  years  of  age,  and  settled  at 
 rittsbiu-g,  I*a.,  where  he  engaged  in  mercixntile 
 life,  and  througli  his  energy  and  enterprise  soon  won 
 his  way  to  the  foremost  rank  among  the  business 
 men  of  the  then  last  gi-owing  town.  In  the  commu- 
 nity in  wliieli  he  lived  his  character  as  a  Christian 
 shone  forth  with  peeuli;ir  lustre. 
 
 A  child  of  the  Covenant,  trained  by  a  godly  father, 
 whom  he  closely  resembled,  he  had  connected  him- 
 self with  the  Church  at  an  early  age.  In  1819  he 
 bicume  a  member  of  the  church  under  Dr.  McElroj'. 
 In  1824  he  united  with  the  First  Pro.sbj'teriau  Cliurch, 
 under  the  pastoral  c;ire  of  Dr.  Francis  llerron.  Hav- 
 ii;g  removed  to  E;ist  Liberty,  in  1827,  he  devoted 
 himself  ydih  energy  and  success  to  organizing  a 
 Presbyterian  Church,  wliich  has  since  grown  into 
 one  of  the  largest  and  most  prosperous  of  the  churches 
 of  the  city  of  Pittsburg. 
 
 In  1341  he  removed  again  to  the  heart  of  the  city, 
 and  was  at  once  called  to  the  eldership  in  the  Fir.st 
 Chiu-eh,  in  which  connection  he  continued  imtil  near 
 the  close  of  Ms  active  and  useful  life. 
 
 In  1842  he  was  made  a  Director  of  the  Western 
 Tlieologieal  Seminar)-,  and  was  President  of  the 
 Board  of  Trustees  from  their  organization  in  1844. 
 
 He  was  a  member  of  the  Urst  Board  of  Directors 
 of  the  Western  Foreign  Missionary  Society,  organized 
 by  the  Synod  of  Pittsburg  in  1831,  when,  in  the 
 First  Church  of  Pittsburg  was  laid  the  foundation 
 of  our  Board  of  Foreign  Missions. 
 
 Mr.  Bailej-,  on  his  retirement  from  active  business, 
 gave  himself  more  entirely  to  personal  work  in  the 
 interests  of  the  Church,  in  which  he  continued  until, 
 in  December,  18G8,  he  was  suddenly  transferred 
 from  great  activity  to  the  passive  side  of  Christian 
 life.  From  that  time  until  his  decease,  on  tlie  4th  of 
 August,  1870,  more  than  a  j'ear  and  a  half,  he  glo- 
 rified God  in  the  fires. 
 
 In  the  duties  of  his  eldership  Jlr.  Bailey  found  a 
 large  part  of  his  life  work.  His  natural  disi)osition 
 was  cheerful  and  affectioiiate,  his  manner  kind  and 
 •winning.  He  had  a  natural  politeness,  deei)ened 
 by  Christian  .s\-mpathy  and  the  love  of  souls. 
 lie  took  special  oversight  of  the  needy,  and  his 
 cordi.-ility  in  welcoming  strangers,  his  happy  sym- 
 pathy with  the  afSicted,  his  winning  manners  with 
 the  chfldren — all  these  are  fragrant  memories  in 
 4 
 
 hundreds  of  families,  many  of  whom  rise  up  to  call 
 him  blessed. 
 
 Bain,  Rev.  John  Wallace,  was  born  April  1st, 
 1833,  near  Hanover,  Indiana.  He  entered  Hanover 
 College,  September,  1851,  and  graduated  at  West- 
 minster College,  LawTcnce  county.  Pa.,  in  June, 
 18.58.  Having  previously  studied  theology  privately 
 one  year,  he  entered  the  Theological  Seminary 
 at    Xenia,    Ohio,    in    September,     1858,     in    which 
 
 ,  hei  continued  until  JIarch,  18G0,  ha^•ing,  however, 
 been  licensed  to  preach  in  April,  1859.  He  was 
 ordained  and  Installed  pastor  of  Canonsburg  congre- 
 gation (U.  P.  Church),  Washington  county,  Pa.,  in 
 October,  18G1.  Ho  preached  at  Chicago,  HI.,  and 
 Hamilton,  Ohio,  and  other  stations  in  the  U.  P. 
 Church,  continuing  in  connection  with  that  Church  as 
 a  minister  for  twenty  years.  In  April,  1882,  he  took 
 charge  of  the  Alexander  Presbj-terian  Chiu-ch,  Phila- 
 delphia, of  which  he  now  is  i)astor.  Mr.  Bain  is  of 
 a  genial  spirit,  a  fluent,  earnest  and  impressive 
 preacher,  and  a  faithful  pastor.  Whilst  carefully 
 guarding  his  own  flock,  he  is  ready  to  avail  himself 
 of  every  opportunity  for  doing  good,  and  is  ardently 
 devoted  to  the  Master's  service. 
 
 Baird,  Charles  "Washington,  D.  D.,  second 
 son  of  the  Kev.  IIoIk  it  Baird,  I>.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Princeton,  N.  J.,  August  28th,  1823.  He  was  gradu- 
 ated at  the  Uruversity  of  the  City  of  New  York,  in 
 1848,  and  at  the  Union  Theological  Seminary  in  the 
 
 I  same  city,  in  1853.     F^om  1852  to  1854  he  was  Chap- 
 
 !  lain  to  the  American  Embassy  in  Rome,  Italy.  Since 
 18G1  he  has  been  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Eye,  Westchester  county,  N.  Y. 
 
 In  1876  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity 
 was  conferred  upon  him  by  his  alma  mater.     Dr. 
 
 ,  Baird's  extensive  reading,  ripe  scholarship,  and  grace- 
 ful rhetoric,  m.ake  him  an  instructive  and  attractive 
 preacher.  A.side  from  his  pulpit  labors  he  has  ac- 
 complished much  valuable  literary  work,  as  the  fol- 
 lo\vlng  list  of  his  publications  will  show :  "  Eutaxia, 
 or  the  Presbj-terian  Liturgies,"  1855.  A  revised 
 edition,  under  the  title  "A  Chapter  on  Liturgies," 
 was  published  in  London,  in  185o,  by  the  Re  v.  Thom;is 
 Binney.  "  A  Book  of  Public  Prayer, ' '  compiled  from 
 the  Authorized  Formularies  of  the  Presbii-teriau 
 Church,  as  prepared  by  Cah-in,  Knox,  Bucer  and 
 others,  1857.  Dr.  Charles  W.  Shields,  in  "Liturgia 
 Expurgata"  (p.  22,  note),  refers  to  these  books  as 
 "the  two  learned  and  valuable  works  of  the  Rev. 
 Cliarles  AV.  Baird,  to  whom  belongs  the  credit  of  a 
 first  investigator  and  collector  of  the  Presbrtcrian 
 Liturgies."  "Chronicles  of  a  Border  Town;  the  His- 
 tory of  Rye,  X.  Y.,  16G0-1S70,"  1871.  "History  of 
 Bedford  Church,  Xew  York, "  1382.  Sevend  minor 
 publications  might  be  a<ldcd  to  this  list.  Dr.  Baird 
 has  also  published  translations  of  "  JIalan  on  Roman- 
 ism," and  of  Merle  d'Aubigne's  "Discourses  and 
 Essays."  He  has  now  in  preparation  "A  History 
 of  the  Huguenot  Emigration  to  Americ;i. " 
 
BAIBD. 
 
 50 
 
 BAIBD. 
 
 Baird,  Henry  Martyn,  D.  D.,  Ph.  D.,  son  of  niLssionarj'  work,  us  Gfneral  Agent  of  the  Xfw  Jtr- 
 Dr.  liolurt  Uainl,  was  Ixirn  in  l'liila<kli>hia,  January  sey  Missionary  Society,  and  iu  tliis  capaeity  did 
 7th,  1832.  After  graduating  from  tlie  University  of  effective  service.  In  1829  he  accejjttd  the  oflice  of 
 the  City  of  New  York,  in  June,  18o0,  he  spent  the  General  Agent  of  the  American  Sunday  School  Union, 
 years  ia)l-3  in  Greece  and  Italy,  in  the  former  '  which  he  filled  with  great  acceptance  for  sis  yc:irs. 
 country  studying  iu  the  University  of  Athens.  On  In  IcJ-'Jo  he  entered  uiwn  a  sphere  of  lalK»r  which  oceu- 
 his  return  to  tliis  country,  he  studied  theology  in  the  pied  all  the  energies  of  the  renuiiuing  years  of  hLs 
 Union  and  Princeton  Thcologic;iI  Seminaries,  gradu-  life  ;  the  promotion  of  the  interests  of  evangelical 
 ating  at  the  latter  in  l.-T)!;.  From  18.J5  to  18o9  he  religion  in  the  varioius  countries  of  Continental 
 was  Tutor  of  Greek  in  the  College  of  New  Jersey.  Eiiroi«- ;  a  course  of  philanthropic  lalxtr  which  it  luis 
 In  1*>!)  he  w;w  elected  Profc.-«or  of  the  Greek  Lau-  been  j ustly  s;iid  has  not  Ktu  excelled  in  its  aims  aud 
 guage  and  Literature,  iu  the  University  of  New  York,  ascfulne.ss  by  that  of  any  man  of  our  times.  He  died 
 He  was  ordaiued  to  the  go.spel  ministry  in  April,  i  March  loth,  1863. 
 
 1866.  In  1873  he  was  chosen  Cortespondiug  Sccretarj- 1  Dr.  Baird  was  the  author  of  a  number  of  valnable 
 of  the  American  and  Foreign  Christian  Union.  work.s,  some  of  which  have  obt;iined  ar  very  wide 
 Besides  a  number  of  articles  in  the  periodic;il  pre.s.s —  circulation,  Imth  in  this  country  aud  in  EuroiK-.  He 
 the  New  Englandrr,  MrdiodiM  Quarterly,  etc. — Dr.  w:is  highly  cultivated  and  dignified  in  manner.-  In 
 Baird  is  the  author  of  "Modern  Greece;  A  Narrative    the  sphere  iu  which   he   moved  he  always  showed 
 
 of  a  Residence  and  Travels  in  that  Country,"  etc., 
 and  of  "The  Life  of  Rev.  Robert  Baird,  D.  D." 
 
 RonCKT    nAUtl',    D.t). 
 
 Baird,   Robert,  D.D.,   w:i8  bora  October  0th, 
 
 him.self  posse.ssed  of  a  cle;ir  dLscernmeut  of  the  char- 
 acter aud  motives  of  men,  and  of  a  cilm  and  solid 
 judgment,  whose  decisions  rarely  had  to  be  reversed. 
 He  w:is  eminently  cliaracterized  by  gentleness  and 
 lovelini'ss  of  temiier,  by  industry  and  perseverance, 
 and  by  large-lie;irted  c:itholicism.  Though  a  decidetl 
 Presbyterian,  his  Presbytcriauism  w:is,  to  a  great 
 extent,  merged  in  the  common  Christianity.  He  was 
 greatly  In-loved,  and  extensively  iLsi-ful.  To  him,  to 
 live  was  Christ,  and  to  die  was  gain. 
 
 Baird,  Samuel  John,  D.D.,  is  the  sou  of  the 
 Rev.  Thoniiis  Dickson  Baird,  and  was  Ixjrn  at  Newark, 
 Ohio,  in  Septemlxr,  1817.  In  1839  he  took  charge 
 of  a  8ch(M)l  near  Ablxjville,  S.  C,  and  suUscquently 
 opened  a  Female  Seminary  at  Jeffersonville,  La.  He 
 studied  theologj'  in  the  seniiimry  at  New  Alliiiny, 
 Ind.,  and  fini.shed  his  literary  training,  which  ha<l 
 been  interrupted  by  feeble  he;dth  at  Jefferson  Col- 
 lege some  years  before,  at  Centre  College,  in  \-<\'i. 
 Alter  being  licenst'd  to  preach,  lib  devoted  three 
 years  to  the  missiomiry  work  in  the  Presbytery  of 
 Baltimore,  iu  Kentucky,  and  in  the  southwc-st.  For 
 three  years  he  was  jiastor  at  Slu.scatine,  Iowa,  then 
 pastor  at  Wo<iilbury,  N.  J.,  until  18Uo.  After  re- 
 Bigning  this  charge,  under  a  joint  eommission  from 
 the  American  Bible  StK-iety  and  the  Virginia 
 Bible  Society,  he  lalMired  as  their  agent  in 
 Virginia.  He  now  rt'-side.s,  W.  C.,  at  Covington, 
 Ky.  Dr.  Baird  is  a  gi-ntlenuiu  of  decided  ability. 
 He  is  the  author  of  "  The  Assembly's  Digest,"  and  n 
 
 179-t,  in  the  neighlMirhiMHl  of  Uniontown,  Fayette  |  numb<'r  of  well-written  volumes,  In-side  several  arti- 
 couut y.  Pa. ;  graduated  at  Ji-fferson  College,  with  high  <'les  contributed  t<i  the  Jhiiirilli;  .Soulhtrn,  and  Printt-- 
 hiuior,   in   18IH,  and    stuilied  theolog\-  at    Priueetrm    '<"'  JlnirirH. 
 
 Seminary.  During  the  third  year  of  his  tlieologieal  |  Baird,  Rev.  Thomas  Dickson,  the. mui  of  John 
 course  he  was  Tutor  iu  Na.s.siiu  Hall.  In  IX'i-i  he  took  and  KliuilN'tli  ^l)ieksonl  ISaird,  wjis  Ixirn  near  (iuil- 
 <'Iiarge  of  till' .Viatli'niy  which  hail  just  In-en  e.stab-  iVird,  County  of  Diwn,  In-land,  Deci-mber 'Jiith,  1773. 
 lislu'd  at  Priiiietou,  and  retained  bis  eonnei-lion  with  He  was  a  student  of  the  whinil  at  WiUiiigtoii,  S.  C, 
 it  between  live  and  six  years.  He  was  licen.sed  to  of  which  Dr.  M<)s<'s  Waddel  was  the  Prineii>al,  anil 
 preach  the  gospel  by  the  Prcsbvt4-ry  of  N.ew  Briuis-  for  a  time  Tutor  in  the  institution.  He  was  licen.sed 
 wick,  in  l-'-J-i,  and  ordained  by  the  Siuno  Ixxly  in  to  preach  the  giis|H'I  by  the  Presbytery  of  South 
 ItSi",  as  an  Evangelist.      For  a  time   he  eiig.iged   in    Carolina,  .Vpril  f^tli,  HP2,  and  win  in.st.ille«l  i>astorof 
 
BAKEB. 
 
 51 
 
 BAKEB. 
 
 the  Broadway  conf?rcgation,  at  the  village  of  Varennes, 
 in  what  was  then  the  rt-iulleton  district,  in  Jlay,  1813.  I 
 In  connection  with  the  duties  of  the  ministrj-  here, 
 which  he  performed  much  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
 pcoiilc,  he  conducted  a  large  and  popular  classical 
 .scliool.  In  1815  he  became  pastor  of  the  church  in 
 Xewark,  Oliio,  and  continued  to  lahor  there,  as  Ixith 
 minister  and  teacher,  for  five  years.  In  1820  he  took 
 charge  of  the  church  in  Lebanon,  Allegheny  county. 
 Pa.,  and  continued  to  be  a  lal>orious  and  succe.s.sful 
 p.istiir  until  disiibled,  by  laryngitis,  for  stated  prcach- 
 
 iug-  I 
 
 Sir.  Baird  had  an  important  agency  in  originating 
 and  su.staining  those  measures  wliich  resulted  in  the 
 est;iblishnient  of  the  Western  Foreign  Missionary 
 Society,  whose  missions,  being  transferred  to  the 
 General  Assembly,  constituted  the  basis  of  the  opera-  | 
 tions  of  its  present  Board.  In  1S31  he  took  the 
 editorial  charge  of  the  Piltshurg  Christian  Hrrahl 
 (now  the  rnshi/tn-iitn  Baniur),  and  conducti'd  the 
 paper  with  acknowledged  ability.  He  died  January 
 7th,  1839.  Mr.  Baird  was  a  man  of  respectable 
 talents  and  attainments,  and  of  consistent  ministerial 
 and  Christian  deportment.  He  was  remarkable  for 
 his  candor  and  honesty  of  character.  In  the  judica- 
 tories of  the  Church  he  was  always  listened  to  with 
 respect.  In  his  Christian  character  there  was  nothing 
 titful  or  sparkling.  But,  under  the  influence  of 
 Christian  princijile,  he  steadily  and  perseveriugly 
 sought  to  do  good  and  promote  the  glorj'  of  God. 
 
 Baker,  Daniel,  D.  D.,  -was  born  at  Midway, 
 Liberty  county,  Georgia,  August  17th,  1791.  He 
 graduated  at  Princeton  College  in  1815;  studied 
 theology  with  Rev.  'NVilliani  Hill,  of  AViuchester,  ' 
 Virginia,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by 
 AVinchester  Presbytery,  in  the  Autumn  of  1816. 
 The  second  Sabbath  after  his  licensure  he  preached 
 at  Alexandria,  holding  services  on  Friday  night, 
 Saturday  night  and  three  times  on  the  Sabbath, 
 when  awakening  influences  went  abroad  in  a  most 
 remarkable  maimer.  He  was  settled  over  the  church 
 at  Harrisonburg,  VLrgiuia,  where,  to  increase  his 
 small  salary,  he  also  taught  a  private  school.  He 
 subsequently  took  charge  of  the  Second  Presbi,-terian 
 Church  of  AVashiugtou  City,  where  his  inadecpiate 
 support  was  supplemented  by  an  income  from  a 
 clerkship  in  the  Land  Office.  liesigning  his  church 
 in  AV;ishington,  he  became  pastor  of  a  church  in 
 Savannah,  where  he  remained  until  1831,  when  he 
 began  his  career  aa  an  evangelist. 
 
 In  connection  with  Dr.  Baker's  labors  at  Beaufort, 
 S.  C,  there  was  an  extensive  and  powerful  revival  of  [ 
 religion.  While  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  Frankfort,  Ky.,  he  officiated  for  a  considerable 
 length  of  time  as  chaplain  in  the  Penitentiary,  where 
 his  labors  were  bles.sed  to  the  awakening  of  many, 
 and  even  to  the  hopeful  conversion  of  some  twelve  or 
 foul-teen.  He  labored  for  a  time,  with  great  earnest- 
 ness and  success,  at  Cialvestou,  Texas.     He  also  did  a 
 
 great  work  on  the  frontier.  In  arriving,  toward  night, 
 at  a  village  in  which  there  was  no  Presl)yteriau 
 Church,  and  in  which  he  had  no  ac(iuaintance,  he 
 would  obtain  the  use  of  whatever  public  building 
 Wiis  in  the  place,  and  hire  some  one  to  go  around 
 with  the  information  that  there  would  be  preaching 
 there  that  night.  He  subsecjuently  became  president 
 of  Austin  College,  and  resided  in  Hunts^ille,  where 
 this  institution  is  located.  The  close  of  his  useful 
 c;ireer  was  one  of  triumph.  He  lifted  his  eyes  to 
 heaven,  and  exclaimed,  in  the  serene  exercise  of  a 
 perfect  fiiith,  "Lord  Jesus,  into  Thy  hands  I  com- 
 mend my  spirit !"  As  these  words  passed  his  lips  he 
 closed  his  eyes  on  earth,  to  open  them  forever  on  the 
 face  of  ^at  Saviour  whom,  not  having  seen,  he  so 
 loved. 
 
 Dr.  Baker  had  what  are  called  "peculiarities;" 
 but  he  was  one  of  the  most  devoted  and  successful 
 evangelists  the  country,  if  not  the  world,  has  ever 
 seen.  His  motto  was  "This  one  thing  I  do."  The 
 number  of  those  hopefully  converted  under  his 
 preaching,  he  suppo.sed  to  be  about  2500.  His 
 ' '  Revival  Semions ' '  were .  reprinted  in  1875,  in 
 England,  at  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Moody,  as  the 
 best  of  the  kind  for  general  distribution  among  the 
 people.  Thus  "  being  dead,  he  J'et  speaketh,"  and 
 the  truths  he  preached  while  living  are  still  the 
 means,  in  God's  hamls,  of  the  conversion  of  souls. 
 
 Baker,  George  Davidson,  D.D.,  was  born  at 
 Watertown,  X.  Y.,  Novemlier  oUth,  1840,  from  which 
 place  his  parents  removed  to  New  York  city  in  1845. 
 He  graduatetl"  from  the  University  of  the  City  of  Xew 
 York  in  18G0,  and  from  Princeton  Theological  Semi- 
 nary in  1863.  From  1863  to  1864  he  supplied  the 
 Brainerd  Church  at  Easton,  Pa.,  and  the  Seventh 
 Presb}i;erian  Church  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  Hewiui  or- 
 dained and  installed  as  pastor  of  the  Second  Presby- 
 terian Church  at  Watertown,  X.  Y.,  in  June,  1864. 
 In  October,  1867,  he  was  called  to  the  Prcsbj'terian 
 Church  of  Oneida,  X.  Y.,  and  there  installed  in 
 Xovember  of  that  year.  In  June,  1871,  he  was 
 called  to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Detroit, 
 Jlich.  (formerly  Dr.  Duffield's),  and  installed  in 
 Octolx-r  of  the  same  year.  He  still  remains  its  es- 
 teemed and  efficient  pastor.  Dr.  Baker's  labors  in 
 this  congregation  have  been  marked  with  large  suc- 
 cess, in  the  increa.se  of  church  members,  and  of 
 working  org-.miaitions  among  them,  especially  so 
 among  the  ladies  and  young  jieople.  As  a  preacher, 
 he  commands  the  re.six'ct  of  the  entire  community 
 and  the  alfection  of  a  united  and  large  congregation. 
 
 Baker,  Hon.  James  M. ,  LL.  D. ,  son  of  Archibald 
 Baker  and  Catlurine  (McCallum)  Baker,  w;us  born, 
 .Tuly  2()th,  18-21,  in  Robeson  County,  North  C:irolina. 
 He  graduated  at  Davidson  College  in  1844,  immedi- 
 ately began  the  study  of  law,  and,  in  1816,  was 
 admitted  to  practice  in  the  courts  of  Floriihi,  to 
 which  State  he  had  removed.  In  1853  he  was 
 apix)iuted  St;\te's  Solicitor,  which  position  he  held 
 
BAKER. 
 
 52 
 
 BALCII. 
 
 for  three  years,  faithfully  jwrforming  its  duties.  In 
 185G  he  -was  elected  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court,  and 
 held  the  office  with  ahility  and  fidelity,  until  18(i'2, 
 when  he  resigned.  Subsequently,  he  resumed  the 
 practice  of  law  in  Lake  City.  Soou  after  returning 
 to  the  Bar,  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  Justices  of 
 the  Supreme  Court,  which  position  he  held  for  two 
 years,  again  resuming  practice  in  18R8,  which  he 
 continued  with  success  until  ISSI,  when  he  was 
 appointed  Judge;  of  the  Fourth  Judicial  Circuit.  This 
 office  he  now  fills. 
 
 Judge  Baker  was  made  an  elder  of  the  Presbj^:erian 
 Church,  Lake  City,  in  18.56,  and  is  now  elder  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  (Southern)  in  JacksonWlle, 
 Florida.  In  both  State  and  Chiirch  he  sustains  a 
 high  character,  and  is  greatly  respected  and  beloved 
 for  his  uprightness,  integrityand  Christian  excellence. 
 His  counsels  in  the  courts  of  the  Church  are  judicious, 
 his  devotion  to  her  interests  is  deep  and  earnest,  and 
 his  contributions  to  her  causes  are  frequent  and 
 generous.  As  a  man  he  is  honored  with  public 
 esteem,  as  a  jurist  he  is  able  and  successful,  and  as 
 a  judge  he  is  courteous,  but  firm,  kind,  but  just  and 
 impartial.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  Pan-Presbyte- 
 rian Council,  which  met  in  PUiladelidiia  in  1880,  and 
 he  has  frequently  been  a  member  of  the  inferior  and 
 superior  courts  of  the  Church,  in  whose  deliberations 
 he  always  tiikes  au  active  and  influential  part. 
 
 Baker,  ■William  Miinford,  D.  D.,  was  bora  in 
 Washington,  D.  C,  June  5th,  1825.  He  graduated  at 
 the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1846,  and  studied  the- 
 olog;s'  at  Princeton  Seminary.  He  was  stated  supply- 
 at  Batesvillc,  Arkansas,  in  1849,  and  at  Galveston, 
 Tcxiis,  in  1850.  He  was  subsequently  pastor  at  Aus- 
 tin, 1850-65;  at  Zanesville,  O.,  18GG-72;  at  Newbury- 
 port,  JIass.,  1872-74;  at  Boston,  1874-81;  and  at 
 Philadelphia  (South  Presbyterian  Church),  1881-2; 
 being  soon  obliged  to  relinquish  this  pastorate  on 
 account  of  impaired  health.  He  died  in  Boston, 
 August  21st,  1883.  'Wliile  continuing  his  ministry 
 Dr.  Baker  al.so  entered  upon  literary  work,  and  for 
 several  yc'ars  was  wholly  gi\en  to  this  kind  of  work. 
 One  of  the  productions  of  his  pen  was  "  IILs  JIajcsly 
 Myself"  He  was  a  constant  wniter  for  the  news 
 pajiers  and  the  literary  magazines,  and  his  wTitings 
 were  always  popular.  He  was  a  good  man,  a  true 
 servant  of  Christ,  stri\'ing  always  to  honor  His  name 
 and  extend  the  power  of  His  truth. 
 
 Balch,  Hezekiah,  D.D.,  was  horn  in  Maryland, 
 but  removed,  while  a  child,  with  his  father's  family, 
 to  North  Carolina.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  Col- 
 lege, in  1776,  and  for  some  time  alter  this  taught  a 
 school  in  Fauquier  County,  Va.  He  was  licensed  to 
 preach  by  the  Pre.sbj'tery  of  New  Castle,  in  1768,  and 
 ordained  in  1770;  performed  missionary  work  in  Vir- 
 ginia, and  for  one  year  preached  in  York.  Pa.  In 
 1784  he  removed  to  Tennessee,  and,  by  reason  of  age 
 and  experience,  took  the  lead  in  organizing  churches. 
 He  obtained,  in  17!»4,  a  charter   for  tirecnvillc.      His 
 
 exertions  in  behalf  of  education  gave  an  impulse  to 
 the  c;iuse  through  the  whole  southwestern  region. 
 He  died,  full  of  labor,  in  Aiiril,  1810. 
 
 Balch,  Rev.  Hezekiah  James,  a  native  of 
 Deer  Creek,  Harford  County,  5Id.,  graduated  at 
 Princeton  College  in  1766,  was  licensed  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Donegal  in  1768,  soon  after  which  he 
 removed  to  North  Carolina.  He  was  one  of  the 
 leaders  in  the  Mecklenburg  Convention,  and  one  of 
 the  committee  that  prei>ared  the  resolutions  adopted 
 by  that  Convention.  Mr.  Balch  was  the  pastor  of 
 two  churches,  Eocky  river  and  Pojilar  Tent.  He 
 died  in  1776. 
 
 Balch,  Stephen  Bloomer,  D.  D.,  was  a  de- 
 scendant of  John  Balch,  who  emigrated  to  New 
 England,  at  an  early  period,  from  Bridguwater,  in 
 Somerset,  England.  A  great  graniLson  of  his  removed 
 to  Deer  Creek,  in  Harlbrd  county,  Md.,  and  thue 
 the  subject  qf  this  sketch  was  born,  April  5th,  1747. 
 AMiile  he  was  yet  a  youth  his  father  removed  with 
 his  family  from  Maryland,  and  settled  in  Mecklen- 
 burg, N.  C.  He  was  admitted  to  the  degree  of 
 Bachelor  of  Arts,  in  1774,  in  the  College  of  New 
 Jersey,  and  very  soon  after  graduating  Ix'came 
 principal  of  the  Lower  Marlborough  Academy,  in 
 Calvert  County,  Md.,  which  position  he  held  about 
 four  years,  gaining,  in  an  uncommon  degree,  the 
 confidence  and  allection  of  his  pupils.  After  Ix-ing 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel,  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Donegal,  June  17th,  1779,  he  spent  some  months  in 
 traveling  as  a  sort  of  missionary  in  the  Carolinas. 
 Declining  a  call  to  a  congregation  in  North  Carolina, 
 he  went,  in  JIarch,  1780,  to  Georgetown,  D.  C, 
 which  was  then  a  hamlet,  with  a  view  to  establish 
 there  a  Presbyterian  Church.  A  very  plain  house 
 for  public  worship  w.is  erected,  and  there  were 
 seven  persons,  including  the  pastor,  who  joined  in  the 
 first  celebration  of  the  Lord's  Supper.  Shortly  after 
 this  he  was  instrument;il  in  establishing  a  Presby- 
 terian congregation  in  Fredericktown,  JId.  His 
 Church  in  Georgetown  rapidly  and  greatly  increased, 
 as  the  village  grew.  To  make  his  .s;ilary  adequate  to 
 the  support  of  his  family  he  united  teaching  with 
 the  pastoral  office.  In  1S21  the  old  church  edifice 
 was  taken  down,  and  a  more  commodious  and  more 
 elegant  house  erected  in  its  place.  In  1831  Dr. 
 Balch's  house  was  completely  destroyed  by  tire.  He 
 died  September  7th,  1833,  his  death  producing  a 
 great  sen.sation  in  the  whole  community.  His  min- 
 istry in  Georgetown  extended  through  a  period  of 
 fifty-three  years.  Dr.  Balch  had  an  exuberance  of 
 good  humor.  "The  nature  and  permanency  of  his 
 religious  jirinciples,"  .s;iys  Dr.  Elias  Harrison,  "were 
 most  elVectually  attested  by  the  purity  of  his  life,  the 
 stern  fidelity  with  which  he  rebuked  the  various 
 forms  of  evil,  and  his  readiness  to  make  personal 
 sacrifices  for  the  cause  of  Christ. " 
 
 Balch,  Thomas  Bloomer,  D.D.,  was  a  son  of 
 the   Kcv.    Stephen   Bloomer   and    Eliz:ilK'th    (Beall) 
 
BALDWJX. 
 
 53 
 
 SALDWiy. 
 
 Balch.  He  was  born  at  Georgetown,  D.  C,  Februarj- 
 28th,  1793.  He  graduated  at  the  CoUcge  of  New 
 Jersey  in  1813,  studied  theology  at  Princeton  Semi- 
 nary, and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbj'terj- 
 of  Baltimore,  October  31st,  1816.  From  the  Spring 
 of  1817  to  the  Fall  of  1819  he  preached  as  assistant 
 to  his  father,  who  was  then  in  charge  of  the  church 
 at  Georgetown,  D.  C,  then  spent  nearly  ten  years  in 
 happy  and  useful  labor  as  pa.stor  of  the  churches  of 
 Snow  Hill,  Rehoboth,  and  Fitt's  Creek,  JId.  ;  after 
 which  he  lived  four  years  in  Fairfax  county,  Va., 
 preaching  as  he  had  ojiportunity.  Subsequently  he 
 supplied,  for  two  years,  the  churches  of  "Wancnton 
 and  Greenwich  ;  was  agent  for  the  American  Coloni- 
 zation Society  ;  for  nine  months  supplied  the  church 
 al  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  then  Xokes^'ille  Church,  four 
 years,  and  Greenmch  Church,  two  years.  Dr.  Balch 
 had  a  strongly  literary  taste,  ■RTote  much  on  man}' 
 subjects,  and  published  several  volumes.  He  died 
 February  14tb,  1S78.  To  the  last  his  mind  was 
 clear,  and  he  uttered  many  expressions  of  hope  and 
 faith  up  to  his  parting  breath. 
 
 Baldwin,  Rev.  Btirr,  was  a  minister  for  sixty- 
 four  years.  He  was  educated  at  Tale  and  Andover. 
 He  organized  the  first  Sabbath  School  in  the  United 
 States,  at  Xcwark,  New  Jersey,  on  the  first  Sabbath 
 in  Jlay,  181.5,  and  this  led  to  the  organization  of 
 the  American  Colonization  Society,  later.  Most  of 
 Mr.  Bahhvin's  ministry  was  spent  in  northern  Penn- 
 sylvania. For  a  number  of  years  he  was  pastor  of 
 the  Church  of  Montrose,  and  Stated  Clerk  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  Susquehanna.  He  died  in  Jloutrose, 
 Pa.,  in  1882,  aged  92  years. 
 
 Bald-win,  Elihu  "WMttlesey,  D.D.,  was  born 
 December  2.5th,  1789,  in  Durham,  Greene  County, 
 N.  Y. ,  whither  his  parents  had  migrated  from  Con- 
 necticut, shortly  after  the  war  of  the  Revolution. 
 He  graduated,  ^vith  high  honor,  at  Yale  College,  in 
 September,  1812,  studied  theology  at  Andover 
 Seminary,  and  was  licensed  in  due  form  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Newburyport,  May  1st,  1817.  Having 
 accepted  the  place  of  a  city  missionaiy  in  Kew  York, 
 his  labors  were  very  soon  attended  vrith  a  manifest 
 blessing,  and  resulted  in  the  building  of  a  place  of 
 worship  and  the  formation  of  a  church,  which,  in  due 
 time,  was  received  under  the  care  of  the  Presbj-tery, 
 as  the  Seventh  Presbyterian  Church,  of  which  he  was 
 installed  pastor,  December  2.5th,  1820. 
 
 Few  men  have  ever  more  fully  exemplified  the  vir- 
 tues or  the  graces  of  an  apostolic  ministry.  "With 
 scarcely  one  of  the  gifts  of  genius,  vrith  an  exterior 
 pleasing  and  winning,  indeed,  but  far  from  command- 
 ing, he  had  yet  that  excellence  ascribed  by  a  political 
 foe  to  Sir  Walter  E;ileigh,  when  he  said  of  him,  ' '  He 
 can  toil  terribly. ' '  Pos.sessed  of  a  c;ilm  and  even  tem- 
 per, and  a  spirit  cheerful  and  hopeful  in  the  most  dis- 
 couraging scenes,  and,  while  struggling  against  obsta-  ! 
 cles  seemingly  insuperable,  "bating  no  jot  of  heart  or  ! 
 hope,"' '  and  never  entertaining  the  thought  of  deserting 
 
 his  i)0.st  for  the  difficulties  which  bound  him  to  it,  he 
 accomplished  a  work  which  would  ha^e  conferred 
 forae  upon  abilities  and  endowments  far  superior  to 
 his  o^vn.  But  his  good  sense,  unwavering  firmness 
 of  pur^jose,  steady  loyalty  to  duty,  practical  tact  and 
 ready  sympathy,  conspired  to  render  him  "the  right 
 man  in  the  right  place." 
 
 Dr.  Bakbvin's  piety  was  unostentatious,  but  deep 
 and  fervent,  and  no  showy  exterior  gave  a  counterfeit 
 promise  of  his  real  worth.  "Xone  knew  him  but  to 
 love"  him,  or  could  come  in  contact  with  him  with- 
 out feeling  that  he  was  a  man  in  whom  they  could 
 confide.  Dr.  Dwight,  whom  he  served  for  a  short 
 time  as  an  amanuensis,  declared  him  fully  entitled  to 
 the  epithet  of  "the  beloved  disciple, ' '  and  the  con- 
 fidence and  respect  of  his  co-presbytcrs — grounded  on 
 his  well-tried  qualities  of  sound  judgment,  tact,  per- 
 severance, and  energy,  as  well  as  his  learning  and 
 piety — are  sufficiently  attested  by  their  recommenda- 
 tion of  him,  in  183.5,  to  the  post  of  first  President  of 
 Wabash  College.  Duty  alone  extorted  his  consent  to 
 the  resignation  of  his  charge.  Like  the  tree  rooted 
 deeper  by  the  blasts,  liis  attachment  to  his  jieople  had 
 been  strengthened  by  their  common  experience  of 
 hardship  and  self-denial.     A  rare  success  had  also 
 
 j  cro^vned  his  labors.  Dr.  Baldwin  left  his  people  on 
 the  1st  of  Jlay,   1835,  and  after  devoting  several 
 
 [  months  to  an  agency  in  behalf  of  the  institution  over 
 which  he  was  to  preside,  directed  his  course  towards 
 his  new  field  of  labor.  His  reception,  on  reaching 
 the  place  of  his  destination,  was  everything  he  could 
 
 I  desire.  He  entered  on  his  approj^riate  duties  in  the 
 early  part  of  November,  but  was  not  regularly  inau- 
 gurated until  the  annual  Commencement,  in  July  of 
 the  next  year.  His  death  occurred  during  his  Presi- 
 dency of  Wabash  College,  in  18-10. 
 
 Baldvsrin,  Matthias  "W.,  was  born  in  Elizabeth- 
 town,  N.  J.,  December  10th,  1795.  From  early 
 childhood  he  exhibited  a  remarkable  fondness  for 
 mechanical  contrivances.  He  learned  the  business 
 of  manufacturing  j  ewelry,  in  Frankford,  Pa.,  and  in 
 1819  commenced  it  on  his  own  account  in  Philadel- 
 phia, but  in  consequence  of  financial  difficulties,  and 
 the  trade  becoming  depressed,  soon  abandoned  it.  His 
 attention  was  then  drawn  to  the  invention  of 
 machinery,  and  one  of  his  first  efforts  in  this  direction 
 was  a  machine  whereby  the  process  of  gold-plating 
 was  greatly  simplified.  He  next  turned  his  attention 
 to  the  manufacture  of  book-binders'  tools,  to  supersede 
 those  which  had  been,  up  to  that  time,  of  foreign 
 production,  and  the  enterprise  was  a  success.  He 
 next  invented  the  cylinder  for  printing  calicoes, 
 which  had  always  been  previously  done  by  hand- 
 presses,  and  he  revolutionized  the  entire  business. 
 When  the  first  locomotive  engine  in  America,  im- 
 ported by  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Railroad  Company, 
 in  1830,  arrived,  he  examined  it  carefully,  and 
 resolved  to  construct  one  after  his  own  ideas.  At 
 the  earnest  request  of  Franklin  Peale,  jwoprietor  of- 
 
BALKXriSE. 
 
 64 
 
 BANKS. 
 
 the  Philadelphia  Museum,  he  undertook  to  huild  a 
 miniature  cn;;ine  for  exhibition.  His  only  guide 
 in  tliis  work  consisted  of  a  few  imperfect  sketches 
 of  the  one  he  had  examined,  aided  by  descriptions  of 
 those  in  use  on  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Hail- 
 way.  He  successfully  accomplished  the  task,  and  on 
 the  25th  of  April,  1831,  the  miniature  locomotive 
 ■was  rutmin-;  over  a  track  in  the  Museum  rooms,  a 
 portion  of  this  track  bein^  laid  on  the  floors  of  the 
 transepts,  and  tlie  balance  passing  over  trestle  work 
 in  the  naves  of  the  Ituilding.  Two  small  cars,  hold- 
 ing four  jiei-sons,  were  attached  to  it,  and  the  novelty 
 attracted  immense  crowds. 
 
 HaWug  received  an  order  to  constrnct  a  road  loco- 
 motive for  the  Oennantown  Kailroad,  the  work  was 
 accompli-shed,  and  on  its  trial  trip,  November  2:id, 
 1 832,  the  engine  jjro ved  a  success.  It  weighed  five  tons, 
 and  was  sold  for  three  thousiind  five  liundred  dollars. 
 In  1S31  he  constructed  an  engine  for  the  South  Caro- 
 lina Kailroad.  and  also  one  for  the  Pennsylvania  State 
 Line,  running  from  Philadelphia  to  Columbia.  The 
 latter  weighed  .seventeen  tlioustind  pounds,  and  drew 
 at  one  time  nineteen  loaded  cars.  This  wa.s  such  an 
 unprecedented  performance  that  the  State  Legisla- 
 ture at  once  ordered  several  additiomil  ones,  and  two 
 more  were  completed  and  delivered  during  the  s;ime 
 year,  and  he  also  constructed  one  for  the  PhiUuklpliia 
 and  Trenton  Kailroad.  In  \<\')  he  Ijuilt  fourteen,  in 
 1836  forty.  His  success  was  now  assured,  and  his 
 woris  became  the  largest  in  the  Unit<'d  States,  per- 
 haps in  the  world.  Engines  were  sliipped  to  every 
 quarter  of  the  glolie,  even  to  England,  where  they  had 
 been  invented,  and  the  name  of  Baldwin  grew  as 
 familiar  as  a  household  word.  Mr.  lialdwin  was  one 
 of  the  founders  of  the  Franklin  Institute.  He  was 
 an  exemplary  Cliristian,  and  a  Aery  useful  elder  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church.  He  g:ive  very  liberally  and 
 cheerfully  of  his  large  means  for  the  cause  of  Christ. 
 His  name  is  held  in  honored  remembrance  in  the 
 community  in  which  he  lived.  His  death  occurred 
 September  7th,  IsGG. 
 
 Balentine,  Rev.  Hamilton,  was  bom  January, 
 1817,  at  Churchtovii,  Lancaster  county,  Pa.  After 
 graduating  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  in  184.1, 
 he  j)a.ssed  through  the  full  course  of  three  years  in 
 Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  distinguishi'd  fur 
 his  diligence,  regularity  and  ])iety.  Having  devoted 
 his  life  to  the  Foreign  .Missionary  work,  and  an 
 urgent  CiiU  having  come  for  help  to  the  Indian  Sli-s- 
 sions,  he  at  once  proci-cded  to  Kowetah,  a  station 
 among  the  Creek  Indians,  and  in  Jul}-,  1848,  devoted 
 himself  to  his  chosen  work  with  an  ardor  which 
 never  abated  while  he  lived.  IJefore  going  to  the 
 Indians  hi'  was  licensed  by  the  Presb^-tery  of  New 
 Brunswick,  February  'Jd,  l''<48,  and  onlained  iuh  an 
 evatigelist  by  the  same  Presb\-tery,  May  2!)th,  1848. 
 
 In  IS'iO  he  was  a])pointed  to  assist  in  giving  in- 
 struction at  S|K'ncer  .\cademy,  among  tlie  Clioct;iws, 
 and   labored   there   until    IB.'jS,    at   which  time  the 
 
 Board  o]K-ned  a  boarding-schixil  for  females,  at  Wa- 
 pauucka,  among  the  Cliicka.s;iws.  Tlie  in.stitution 
 w;is  oiiened  by  him  alM>nt  Oetolx'r  1st,  1852,  with 
 forty  pu])ils,  but  they  s<M)n  incre:Lsed  to  one  hundretl 
 in  nunilK-r.  He  remained  here,  laltoriug  efficiently, 
 until  the  Fall  of  1855,  when  he  visited  Philadelphia 
 for  medical  advice,  owing  to  severe  illness  in  his 
 family.  On  his  return,  after  a  few  months,  he  was 
 placed  in  charge  of  the  lx)arding-wlKK)l  for  femali-s 
 at  (iood  AiVater,  among  the  Choctaws,  and  continued 
 to  labor  thereuntil  Is.V.  Early  in  1"C>!I  he  returned 
 to  Wajjanucka,  ag-.iin  taking  charge  of  the  school 
 there,  and  laboring  at  the  s;ime  time  jis  an  evangelist 
 in  the  surrounding  n-gion.  He  remained  there  tintil 
 after  the  breaking  out  of  the  civil  war  in  18(!l^-\vhen 
 all  communication  with  the  Board  of  Foreign  Slis- 
 siouswas  cut  olf,  as  well  as  all  support  from  its 
 funds.  Nevertheless  he  continued  to  lalx)r  zealously 
 for  the  sjiiritual  g(«>d  of  the  Indians,  teaching  and 
 preaching  at  various  points  among  them  until  the 
 l)eginning  of  1876,  when,  through  excessive  lalwrs, 
 his  health  became  feeble  and  precarious.  His  death 
 occurred  February  21.st,  1876.  His  dying  hotirs 
 were  full  of  peace  and  strong  faith,  ilr.  Itdentine 
 was  an  humble,  earnest,  faithful  and  self-tlenying 
 missionary,  ever  active  in  the  great  work  to  which 
 he  had  thoroughly  con.secrated  his  life  and  all  his 
 jM)wers. 
 
 Ball,  Rev.  Eliphalet,  graduated  at  Yale  in  1748, 
 and  was  settled  at  Bedford,  January  2d,  1754.  He 
 was  dismissed,  December  21st,  17(^8,  and  when  his 
 succes-sor  resigned,  in  1772,  he  resumed  the  charge, 
 and  remained  till  I'^X.  Having  spent  four  years  at 
 Amity,  in  "Woodbridge,  Conn.,  he  removed,  with  a 
 part  of  the  Bedford  congreg.ition,  in  1788,  to  Sara- 
 togii  county.  The  settlement  was  named  Ball  Town, 
 but  has  long  since  become  widely  known  as  B:illstoD. 
 He  died  in  17!)7. 
 
 Banks,  Hon.  Rphraim,  was  Imni  in  Lost  Creek 
 Valley,  tlien  a  part  of  JILlUin  County,  now  Juniata, 
 Pa.,  January  17th,  1791.  He  came  to  Lewistown,  in 
 1817,  and  was  appointed  Prothonotary  by  Governor 
 Findley,  in  1818,  .si-rving  three  years,  and  comniencctl 
 the  practice  of  law,  at  Lewi.stown,  in  18-23.  He  was 
 elected  to  the  Legislature,  successively,  in  the  years 
 1,826,  18->7  and  1.8->8.  He  was  a  nK^mlx-r,  by  ehition. 
 of  the  convention  which  its-scmbled  at  Harrisburg. 
 May  2d,  ls.37,  to  reform  the  State  Constitution.  He 
 was  elected  Auditor  CJeneral  of  the  State,  in  18.">(1, 
 and  re-elected  in  1853,  serving  six  years,  and  finally 
 was  elected  As.sociate  Judge  of  Mifllin  County,  in 
 1866,  which  oflicc  he  licdd  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
 which  occurred  at  his  residence,  in  Lewistowni,  Janu- 
 ar>-,  6th,  ls71. 
 
 Jiulge  Banks  was  a  sincere  and  devoted  Cliristian. 
 He  was  an  elder  in  the  Prt'.sbytcrian  Church  at  I.<-w- 
 istown  for  many  years,  ha\ing  In-en  cU-cted  and 
 ordain<'d  its  such,  prolialily,  in  1823,  or  1821.  He 
 often  represented  the  church  in  the  meetings  of  I'res- 
 
f.       .-\    ryn  rz^         r\r\fj  /\   n     '^  t^ 
 
 PURITANS 
 
 .WESTMINSTER  CONFESSIoJf, 
 -  OF  FAITH  -      , 
 ASSEMBLY  OF  OIVINESI 
 WESTMINSTER  ABBEY 
 
 TWISSEHERLEGOUGE 
 BAXTERPYM  HAMPDEN 
 WANDSWORTHA  D-1572 
 BANGOR  COLUMBANUS  AD  590 
 
NI EMORY  Tablet  ( for  items  worthy  of  permanent  record.) 
 
THE  ULSTER  PLANTATIONAO  1605 
 BRICE  BLAIR  CUNNINGHAM  ! 
 UVlKGSTONtKIRK-SHOmSIRJOHKClDTWflTHY 
 BUCK 0ATH:I639  IRISH  MASSACREI641 
 
 FIRST  PRESRYTERYA0IM2. 
 
 ISIEGE 
 
 BATTLE- 
 
 ACTof  TOLERATION  AD  1723 
 RISEOFTHE  SECESSION  CHURCHAD  1733 
 REPEAL«SACRAMENTAL  TEST  AO  1780 
 —  HENRY  COOKE  I82L  — 
 
 FRANCISCUSMAKEMIUSSCOTOHYBfRNUSiniWl 
 
ivlEMORV  Tablet  ( for  items  worthy  of  permanent  record.) 
 
TLAIrai. 
 
 ZQIJLDEES'' 
 
 JOHN     Z^;:,-  <  KNOX 
 
 REGEirr 
 
 MURRAY 
 
 t   G 
 
 iE.81 
 
 »  n 
 
 1638 
 
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 A  n 
 
 1643 
 
 1 
 
 i  0 
 
 1880 
 
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 CAMCItON 
 -AM«YLC- 
 
 HENDERSON^ 
 
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 CILeSPIE 
 
 BAILIE 
 
 SIK  A.  JOHNSTOh 
 
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 WISHART 
 
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iVlK.viORY  Tablet  ( for  items  worthy  of  permanent  record.) 
 
;!^[lZ^ffaY= 
 
 CASSIMIR 
 
 THUfl,     %/ 
 
 ^  CATECHISM  <^. 
 
 «|      AD:  1563.,    THEPIflUS 
 \^J)EFENCl"AUGSBURO  4^,; 
 A'D-I566.    - 
 
 TR£DERICKIV 
 
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 MELANCTHON 
 
 URSINUS-OLEVIANUS 
 
 BOgUlNDATHENUS-TREMILLIO 
 PRESBYTERIEN  ESTABLISHED A-nWO 
 BAVARIA  -AD  -ISOaBArUN 
 UNITED-A  DI855-r,ATK.r.HI.SM 
 
 MICHALL  SCHLATTER  S^GALLSWIIZERWNII" 
 
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 FIRST  COEIUS.PHIIADEIPHIA  SEPT ?9 174/ 
 RELATIONS-HOLLAND  DISSOLVED  ADi79Z 
 
M  KM(  )K\'  Tablbt  { for  items  worthy  of  permanent  record.) 
 
VAUDOISWALDENSES 
 
 APOSTOLIC 
 
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 AD-I170 
 
 ^''S  REDID  OR  COAD 
 
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 ROCM£M»f<*MT  A  D  1497  muMPI  DT   '^A.JUtT 
 
 ROWIAUCE  MS   BIBLE    VAUOt-IS   BIBLE     -,535 
 
 JAKAVEL  JAHIER  IS55   PIEDWOWTESf  EASTER" 
 
 EtPUL5lON     EXrte.!68«-7 
 
 TMCGILOtlMOIJIS  RtCrURll. 
 
 CONSISTOR1AL:ORCANISATIOH  HAPOL£Or*0  I8CS 
 FELIX  NEFF-A0  1824-GENBECKWITH. 
 
 EDICT  OF  EMANCIPATION 
 
 CHARL-ES       ,ALBERT>--   AD  1848^ 
 
 THEISRAELOF  THEALPS. 
 
 HIV   !.LAUliatlil-L>  i/.ir.U  V.hCiL  LOI.Li 
 
X4  EMORY  Tablet  ( for  items  worthy  of  permanent  record.) 
 
iWOTZEI^Li^^KIi: 
 
 FAR  EL 
 OUYETAN 
 
 .(KOUUfMllIS 
 ULER 
 
 PICTETTUPRETINLAVATFR 
 
 BUXTORF  KNOX-WETTSTEIN 
 
 OSTERWALD  DAUBIGNE 
 
 MUSTIN    RUCHAT 
 
I 
 
 MKMORY  TABLKT  ( for  iteiiis  woithy  of  permanent  record.) 
 
BAXXARD. 
 
 55 
 
 IIARXES. 
 
 hytery,  and  as  often,  perhaps,  as  any  other  elder, 
 represented  the  Presbytery  in  the  meetings  of  the 
 Cieneral  Assembly.  As  a  member  of  Churehjudica- 
 torifs  his  opinions  were  always  looked  for  and 
 r(s])ccted,  and  he  was  always  a])pointed  on  the  most 
 impurtaut  eommittees.  In  the  chuix-h  at  home,  he 
 was  always  as  the  p:ustor's  right  hand.  According  to 
 his  Scotch-Irish  Prcsbj-tcrian  training,  he  was  firmly 
 .settled  in  the  well  known  doctrines  of  the  Confession 
 of  Faith  and  Catechisms  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 Xot  only  was  he  faithful  in  his  position  as  an  elder 
 of  the  Church,  but  he  refused  not  the  humblest  ser- 
 vice by  which  he  could  promote  the  cause  of  the 
 Master.  He  w.-is  a  diligent  and  i^iithful  teacher  in 
 the  Sabbath  School  till  the  infirmities  of  age  com- 
 jicllcd  him  to  desist.  Immediately  upon  his  death 
 the  members  of  the  County  Court  held  a  meeting,  and 
 passed  resolutions  e.vprcssive  of  their  high  apprecia- 
 tion of  his  character,  and  the  business  places  of  the 
 tovm  were  all  closed  while  his  funeral  ceremonies 
 were  being  pertbrmcd. 
 
 Bannard,  ■William,  D.  D.,  the  oldest  child  of 
 ■William  and  Judson  Bannard,  was  born  in  England. 
 September  22d,  IS'20.  Ho  came  with  his  parents  ti  > 
 this  country  in  1832,  and  was  graduated  at  Union 
 College,  X.  Y.,  in  1844,  and  at  the  Theological 
 Seminary  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  in  1847.  He  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  First  Presbj-tery  of  New 
 York,  April  21st,  1847,  and  by  the  same  Presbytery 
 ordained  and  installed  over  Madison  Avenue  Church, 
 Xew  York  City,  October  25th,  1848.  He  w:is  in- 
 stalled pa.stor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  Kingsboro, 
 X.  Y.,  April  8th,  1863,  and  had  charge  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Salem,  X.  J.,  from  April  27th, 
 1-^G!),  to  Ajiril  18th,  1883.  He  is  at  this  time  a  mem- 
 ber of  the  Central  Presbytery  of  Philadcljihia.  Dr. 
 Dannard  is  a  gentleman  of  scholarly  attainments, 
 lie  is  of  a  mode-st  and  retiring  disposition,  but  of 
 substantial  worth.  He  preaches  the  gospel  in  its 
 purity,  and  with  ability,  and  is  characterized  by 
 lidelityin  the  di-scharge  of  every  duty.  He  is  highly  ' 
 esteemed  by  his  brethren. 
 
 Barboui-,  Le^wls  Green,  D.  D.,  w;us  born  in 
 Danville,  Ky.,  September  li)th,  1~*29.  He  graduated 
 at  Centre  College,  in  1846,  at  Princeton  Theological  ! 
 Seminary  1848,  w:>s  teacher  in  Boyle  county  1849-50, 
 and  was  ordained  by  the  Prcsbj'tery  of  Muhlenberg 
 in  OctoI)er,  1854.  He  Wiis  stated  supply  at  Bowling 
 (Ireen,  Ky.,  in  1852;  pastor  1854-5;  stated  supply  at 
 Uusseli-ille,  1852-55,  and  teacher  at  Lexington,  Ky., 
 H.57-60.  He  w:ia  Principal  at  Le.vington,  5Io., 
 lSli()-65;  teacher  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  1865-66;  Prin- 
 cipal at  Danville,  1866-74;  stated  supply  at  Silver 
 Creek,  1872-7.  Since  1874  he  h;ts  been  Professor  in 
 Central  University,  Ky.  Dr.  Barbour  is  a  gentleman 
 of  genial  spirit  and  pleasing  address.  His  scholar- 
 .ship  is  of  a  high  order,  and  he  holds  an  eminent  rank 
 as  an  instructor.  As  a  preacher  he  is  able,  instructive  I 
 and   impres-sive.     He    is  a  vigorous  writer,  and   fre- 1 
 
 qnently  contributes  valuable  articles  to  the  religions 
 press.  He  is  held  in  high  esteem  in  the  community 
 in  which  he  lives,  and  by  his  brethren  in  the  ministry. 
 His  life  has  been  one  of  marked  usefulness  in  the 
 Master's  ser\ice. 
 
 1 1  u  I>  (.ItLf  N    BARBOL  n,  D  D 
 
 Bard,  Rev.  Isaac,  was  born  near  Bardstown, 
 Ky.,  January  13th,  1797.  He  was  admitted  as  a 
 student  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton, 
 upon  a  certificate  from  Tiansylvania  Prc-sbytery,  in 
 1817,  and  licensed  by  Xew  Brunswick  Presbrterj-, 
 April  27th,  1820.  In  order  to  comi)lete  his  classical 
 education,  he  entered  the  Senior  Cl:iss  of  Union  Col- 
 lege, and  graduated  in  1821.  In  1823  he  was  in.stalled 
 pastor  of  the  churches  of  Greenville  and  Jit.  Plea.s;>nt, 
 Ky.,  and  sustained  this  relation  ti'ii  years.  After  the 
 di.s.solution  of  the  pastoral  relation,  he  continued  to 
 reside,  throughout  the  whole  of  his  long  life,  near 
 Greenville,  and  during  most  of  those  years  supplied 
 them,  as  well  as  the  Jlount  Zion  and  Allensville 
 churches,  preaching  zealously  and  coustjintly,  but 
 never  again  a.ssuming  the  pastoral  office.  He  lived  to 
 be  the  ministerial  patriarch  of  all  that  region.  His 
 death  occurred  June  29th,  1878. 
 
 Barnes,  Rev.  Albert,  was  born  in  Rome,  X.  Y., 
 December  1st,  1798.  His  preparatory  studies  were 
 conducted  in  Fairfield  Academy,  where  he  g-.ive  early 
 promise  of  Iiis  abilities  by  composing,  in  connection 
 with  his  fellow-students,  a  tragedy  in  verse,  entitled 
 "■William Tell;  or,  Switzerland  Delivered."  In  early 
 life  he  w.is  a  skeptic  An  article  in  the  ' '  Edinburgh 
 Encyclopsedia, "  by  Dr.  Chalmers,  entitled  "Chri.s- 
 tianitv,"  first  comm;uided  his  assent  to  the  truth  and 
 
B.UiXict;. 
 
 56 
 
 £JJiX£^ 
 
 divine  origin  of  the  Cliri.sti:m  religion.  But  lie 
 resolved  to  j'ield  to  its  claims  no  further  than  thence- 
 forward to  keep  ali>of  from  its  active  opiwsers,  and  to 
 lead  a  strictly  moral  life.  (Jn  entering  Hamilton 
 College  lie  exjHrienced  tlie  deei>er  cliange  that  sot  ill 
 entirely  new  channels  the  currents  of  his  life.  He 
 became  a  Christian,  gave  up  his  fondly  cherished  plan 
 of  preparation  for  the  leg-al  profession,  and  consecrated 
 himself  to  the  work  of  the  ministry.  After  gradu- 
 ating at  tlie  institution  just  named,  he  pursued  a 
 four  yejirs'  course  of  theological  study  at  Princeton. 
 In  Fel>ruary,  I'^i),  he  was  insUdled  pastor  of  the 
 rresbyteriau  Church  in  Morristown,  N.  J.  Here  he 
 commenced  the  preparation  of  his  Commentaries. 
 .Vfter  nearly  live  years  in  this  i)astorate,  he  accepted 
 a  call  from  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  I'liila- 
 
 nr.v.  Ai.tteKT  hiknra. 
 
 delphia,  with  which  church  lie  retained  ollicial  con- 
 nection to  the  <Uiy  of  his  death. 
 
 l'lM)n  the  ministry  of  Mr.  IJarnes,  iMith  in  Morris- 
 town  and  I'hilaili'lphia,  the  divine  lilcsningaliundaiitly 
 rested.  His  ministrations  were  characterized  by 
 .Si'ripturalness,  clearness,  fullness  of  treatnu'ut,  fair- 
 ness ill  dealing  with  olijectioiis,  and  thoughtful 
 spiritual  power.  He  was  a  lirmaiid  fe;irless  advocjite 
 of  the  Teiui)eRince  reformation,  nor  did  he  ever  heai- 
 tat«',  in  the  clearest  unil  most  unmi-stakahle  manner, 
 to  express  his  o))|i<isition  to  the  system  of  slavery. 
 "  His  name,"  s;iys  the  Kev.  Dr.  KoImtI  I)avid.son, 
 "  appears  without  any  title,  because  he  was  consci- 
 entiously op|M>sed  to  academic  degrees.  .Vs  n  prt'acher, 
 it  is  NUlVieieiit  to  say  that  he  st<H>d  at  the  head  of  his 
 prulcssion,  in  an  arduous  |Hist,  and  iiinler  |H'culiarly 
 
 trying  circumstances,  yet  he  commanded  to  the  liist 
 the  respect  and  admiration  of  jx'rsons  of  intelligence 
 and  culture,  both  in  and  out  of  the  learned  ]irofes- 
 sioiLs. ' ' 
 
 Aa  a  writer  Mr.  liarnes  was  remarkably  clear  and 
 lucid.  It  was  impos-siblc  to inistiike  his  meaning,  lu 
 1832  he  publi-shed  his  "Xotes,  Explanatory  and  Prac- 
 tical, on  the  Gospels ;  designed  for  Sunday-school 
 Teachers  and  Bible  Classc-s."  8ulise<juently  one 
 l)ook  after  another  followed,  until  he  found  himsi-lf 
 at  the  end  of  the  New  Testament.  During  these 
 years  he  also  wrote  his  Annotatioas,  successively,  on 
 Isaiah,  Job  and  Daniel,  which  were  followed  by  hLs 
 "  Notes  on  the  Ps;ilms."  Meanwhile  other  works  in 
 the  line  of  his  ministerial  laljors  were  given  to  the 
 press.  His  pen  waa  never  idle.  Among  his  other 
 more  importiint  published  works  are  "TheWayof 
 Salvation,"  "The  Atonement,"  "  Ix-cturcs  on  the 
 Evidences,"  and  "Life  of  St.  Paul."  His  two  dis- 
 courses, "  Life  at  Threescore  "  and  "  Lite  at  Three- 
 score and  Ten,"  are  among  the  most  charming 
 autobiograjihies  the  world  has  ever  seen  ;  tln-y  show 
 beautifully  how  religion  can  gild  and  cheer  a  Christian 
 minister's  closing  years.  He  lived  to  see  edition 
 after  edition  of  his  Commentjiries  exhausted,  until 
 more  than  half-a-million  of  volumes  were  sold  in  his 
 own  country,  and  in-rhaps  even  a  greater  nuiuK-r  in 
 England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  while  tRiiislations 
 of  many  of  his  Notes  were  nia<le  into  the  langiKiges 
 of  France,  Wales,  India  and  Cliina. 
 
 The  years  of  controversy  in  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  which  culminated  in  itsdivi.sion  in  ltv57,  and 
 iu  which  some  of  Mr.  Barnes'  doctrinal  views  were 
 a.ssailed,  were  painful  years  to  him.  But  through 
 them  all  he  bore  himself  with  a  firmness  th;«t  never 
 piissed  by  its  cxci>ss  into  obstinacy,  with  a  gi'iitleuess 
 that  never  di'gener.it<'d  into  weakness,  and  with  a 
 patience  that  w;is  never  rulUed.  He  Vemaiiied  con- 
 spicuously <-onnected  with  what  w;ls  known  as  the 
 New  ScluMd  branch  of  the  Presb>-terian  Clinrch,  but 
 through  pri-ss  and  pulpit  contributecl  largely  to  that 
 state  of  things  which  nuule  tlie  reunion  of  the  Pn-s- 
 bytcrian  Cliurch  po.ssible,  and  which  so  happily 
 characterizes  the  union  as  iM-tually  awomplislwd. 
 
 In  l'*4!)  Mr.  I>:irnes  w:is  invited  to  a  profes.sorship 
 in  Ijine  Seminary,  which  he  s:iw  fit  to  decline.  In 
 I^.">1  the  Genenil  As.sembly  (New  S«1iik)1)  manifested 
 their  approbatiim  of  their  favorite  champion  by  mak- 
 ing him  MiHliT.itor.  Alnmt  this  time  his  eyes  liegan 
 to  fail,  and  this  inlirinity  iiiere;Ls«'d  to  such  a  di-greo 
 that  iu  l-<(iS  he  resigne*!  his  charge,  much  agiiinst  his 
 people's  wi.shes,  but  continuing,  at  their  re<iui>st, 
 as  Pastor  Emeritus.  To  the  last,  however,  he  con- 
 tinued to  preach  occasionally  in  the  chunhes,  and 
 regularly  in  the  Hiiil.se  of  Kefuge,  of  which  he  was  a 
 Manager. 
 
 "Mr.  Rirnes, "  sjiys  Dr.  Herrick  Johnson,  "was 
 distinguished  by  a  rare  iKilaiii'v  of  faculties.  He 
 bail  also  a  rare  command  of  his    facultii's.      He  w;is 
 
BAHyJSTT. 
 
 57 
 
 BARR. 
 
 '  roiiscieuce  iucaruate.'a  man  for  the  stake,  if  need  be,  ' 
 Imt  nut  for  a  CDmproniisf  of  wliat  he  believed  to  be 
 t  he  truth.  Yet  his  heart  was  full  of  eliarities  withal. 
 His  affeetiouatene.ss  anil  ehildi.shne.ss  won  for  him  a 
 jiceuliarly  tender  regard.  As  a  friend  he  knew  no 
 guile,  there  being  deei)-rooted  in  his  heart  every 
 tender  and  sympathetic  virtue.  As  a  man  he  was 
 singularly  regardful  of  the  rights  of  man,  and  was 
 always  the  champion  of  all  that  were  oppressed,  and 
 that  were  of  low  degree. ' ' 
 
 Jlr.  Barnes  died  on  December  -24111,  ls7(»,  while  in 
 the  performauee  of  a  saered  and  tender  duty.  On 
 tliat  day  he  walked  a  mile  to  administer  consolation 
 to  a  bereaved  family,  but  had  scarcely  seated  himself 
 when  he  experienced  a  difficulty  in  breathing,  and 
 suddenly  falling  back  in  his  chair,  expired,  without 
 a  struggle. 
 
 Bamett,  Rev.  John  M.,  son  of  John  and  Mary  [ 
 Morrison  ]!arnctt,  was  born  Jlay  20th,  1826,  in  Derrj' ' 
 township,  "Westmoreland  County,  Pa.  Ha\-ing  pur- 
 sued his  preparatory  studies  at  the  Blairsville  Acad- 
 emy, he  entered  Jeft'erson  College,  at  Canoasburg, 
 Pa.,  and  was  graduated  \rith  the  ela.ss  of  1849. 
 r.efore  and  after  graduation,  to  the  extent  of  four  and 
 a  half  years,  he  was  associated  with  the  Rev.  Alex- 
 ander Donaldson,  D.  D.,  as  assistant  teacher  in  the 
 excellent  and  eminently  useful  Academy  of  Elder's 
 Kidge,  Indiana  County,  Pa.  He  was  graduated  ti-om 
 the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  at  Allegheny,  in 
 the  Spring  of  185.5,  and  a  few  weeks  later  was  licensed 
 an<l  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Blairsville,  when, 
 under  commission  of  the  Board  of  Home  Jli.ssions, 
 he  proceeded  to  the  head  of  Lake  .Superior,  and  there 
 labored  six  years  in  this  capacity,  being  one  of  the 
 original  members  of  the  Presbj-tery  of  Lake  Superior, 
 and  of  the  Synod  of  Minnesota,  O.  S. 
 
 Resigning  his  charge  he  then  becjirae  pastor  of  the 
 Church  of  Mount  Pleas:int,  O.  S. ,  in  the  Prcsb^-tery 
 of  Redstone,  until  18G9,  when  he  took  charge  of  the 
 Church  of  Connells\-ille,  in  the  sami;  Presbj'tery,  in 
 w  hich  hapjiy  and  useful  relation  he  remained  for  the 
 period  of  thirteen  years.  In  evidence  of  his  success, 
 it  is  enough  to  state  that,  finding  the  Connellsville 
 Church  with  a  membership  of  one  hundred  and  forty, 
 he  left  it  with  two  hundred  and  seventy-five,  the 
 Church  of  Dunbar  having  meanwhile  been  set  ofi' 
 from  it,  which,  having  an  efficient  ))astor,  now  reports 
 a  membership  of  one  hundred  and  forty-seven.  In 
 .lune,  1882,  Mr.  Barnett  gave  up  tlie  pastoral  office 
 to  become  Financial  Secretary  of  Washington  ami 
 Jeft'erson  College,  in  which  service  he  is  now  (1883) 
 very  actively  and  u.sefully  employed. 
 
 He  is  a  clear,  evangelic;il  and  eft'ective  preacher 
 and  vigorous  pastor,  and  a  skillful  ecclesiastic.  He 
 has  shown  special  fitne-ss  for  the  office  of  Stated 
 Clerk,  liaving  .served  both  his  Preslntery  and  the 
 Synod  of  Pittsburg  in  that  capacity  for  many  years. 
 Of 'till'  latter  body  he  was  .Moderator,  in  1880,  at 
 ■Johustown,  I'a. 
 
 Barr,  Rev.  Hugh,  the  son  of  Patrick  and  Nancy 
 Barr,  was  born  in  North  Carolina,  May  12th,  1790. 
 His  parents  removed  to  Middle  Tennessee,  with  their 
 family,  in  1798.  He  wa.s  educated  in  the  acadeniy 
 of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Blackburn.  On  leaving  tlu'  academy 
 he  began  life  as  a  teacher,  and  established  a  school 
 for  English  and  classical  studies,  at  Hoiiewell,  Ten- 
 nessee. In  the  Indian  war  of  the  South  he  served  as 
 a  soldier  under  General  Jackson,  leaving  his  young 
 wife  and  his  home  to  hazard  his  life  for  the  defence 
 of  his  country.  He  served  through  the  whole  of  that 
 struggle,  taking  part  in  its  bloodiest  battles,  particu- 
 larly that  known  as  the  "  Horse-Shoe  "  battle.  Re- 
 turning home  after  the  war,  he  resumed  his  oc(ai]>a- 
 tion  as  a  teacher.  After  a  vigorous  study  of  theology, 
 and  completing  his  course  about  the  year  1-'19,  he 
 was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytiry 
 of  Shiloh.  He  was  ordained  and  .sent  as  a  missionary 
 to  Northern  Alabama,  and  was  settled  at  Courtland, 
 in  that  State,  in  the  year  1821.  He  remained  as 
 pastor  of  this  church  ibr  fourteen  years,  .serving  in 
 the  meantime,  as  he  had  ()])portunity,  th(^  destitute 
 neighborhoods  in  the  region  about  him.  In  this,  his 
 first  settlement,  he  was  eminently  successful  in 
 winning  souls,  and  was  greatly  beloved,  both  iis  a 
 preacher  and  as  a  man.  He  went  to  Illinois  in  1835, 
 and  for  six  months  supplied  the  cIuLreh  at  Pisgah,  in 
 Morgan  county,  and  then  settled  at  Carrolton,  Green 
 county,  ni.,  in  November  of  the  same  year,  where  he 
 remained  until  he  closed  his  ministerial  labors,  in 
 18.52.  Here  he  labored  hard,  and  long,  and  well,  to 
 lay  the  foundations  of  society,  to  establish  theChin-ch 
 of  Christ,  and  to  build  up  schools  and  institutions  of 
 learning  for  the  community.  Mr.  Barr  died  .Vugust 
 1st,  1862.  As  a  theologian,  he  w:us  sound,  systematic, 
 and  scriptural.  As  a.  preacher  he  w;»s  thoroughly 
 doctrinal,  argumentative,  and  expository.  As  a  pas- 
 tor he  was  greatly  beloved.  He  wa-s  full  of  fidelity 
 and  zeal  for  his  Cliurch. 
 
 Barr,  Thomas  Hughes,  D.  D.,  fifth  .son  of  Rev. 
 Thomas  and  Sus;innah  (Welch)  Barr,  was  born  in 
 Greersburg,  Beaver  county,  Pa.,  November  19th, 
 1^07.  He  graduated  at  Western  Reserve  College, 
 Ohio,  in  1835, with  honor,  studied  theology  at  Prince- 
 ton, N.  J.,  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New 
 Brun.swick,  and  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Wooster,  June  23d,  1841.  He  was  p,astor  of  Wayne 
 and  Jiickson  churches,  Ohio.  1841-7,  and  of  Jack.son 
 Church  until  his  death,  which  oi-curred  November 
 29th,  1878.  His  third  daughter,  Mary,  went,  in  the 
 Summer  of  1878,  a  few  months  previous  to  the  death 
 of  her  father,  to  Peking,  China,  where  she  labored 
 under  the  auspices  of  the  New  York  Woman's  For- 
 eign ilissionary  Board.  On  account  of  ill-health  she 
 was  transfen-ed,  in  the  Summer  of  1883,  to  California, 
 where  she  still  labors,  under  the  same  Board.  Dr. 
 Barr  was  posse.s.sed  of  an  active,  energetic  and  well- 
 trained  intellect.  Humility  and  simplicity  were 
 traits  of  character  for  which  he  was  remarkable.      He 
 
BARB. 
 
 58 
 
 BABTLETT. 
 
 ■was  an  in(lefatigiil>le  student.  His  disceniment  of 
 trill h  was  only  iHiualed  by  the  clearness  with  which 
 his  views  were  expressed.  His  was  truly  a  gospel 
 ministry.  He  bad  no  liking  for  line-spnn  theories  that 
 had  no  foundation  in  the  Word  of  God.  In  pastoral 
 duties  he  was  faithful  and  diligent;  he  was  a 
 faithful  Presbyter,  well  versed  in  the  government 
 and  discipline  of  the  Church,  and  Ciniiliar  with  the 
 forms  of  ecclesia.'Stical  biLsiness.  He  was  greatly 
 beloved  by  the  people  among  whom  lie  lal)ored. 
 For  several  years  he  w;is  Stated  Clerk  of  Pre.sl)ytery, 
 several  times  its  Moderator,  and  at  several  difl'ereut 
 times  he  was  a  commissioner  to  the  General  Assem- 
 bly. Dr.  Barr's  death  vv;is  peaceful  and  happy,  and 
 his  record  is  that  of  an  able,  good  and  useful  man. 
 
 Barr,  "William  H.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Kowan 
 (now  Iredell)  county,  North  Carolina,  about  the 
 year  1779.  He  grailuated  at  Hampden  Sidney  Col- 
 lege in  l-'Ol,  and  his  theological  studies  were  con- 
 ducted by  the  Kev.  Dr.  Hall.  He  was  licen.sed  to 
 preach  in  180(>,  and  almost  immediately  after  was 
 appointed  by  the  Synod  of  the  Carolinas,  to  itinerate 
 as  a  mi.ssionary  in  the  lower  parts  of  South  Carolina. 
 His  jireaching,  wherever  he  went,  was  received  ■with 
 marked  approbation,  and  he  was  solicited  in  several 
 places  to  accept  a  piustoral  charge;  but  his  health  at 
 that  time  was  not  sulliciently  firm  to  justify  it. 
 In  the  Autumn  of  1809  he  received  a  unanimous 
 call  from  Upiier  Long  Cane  Church,  Abbeville  Dis- 
 trict, South  Carolina;  accepted  thecal!,  and  continued 
 to  be  the  pastor  of  the  congregation  till  his  death, 
 ■which  occurred  January  9th,  1843.  Dr.  Barr  ■was  an 
 elociuent  preacher.  His  style  of  preaching  was 
 uniijue.  His  power  of  condensation  was  eminently 
 great.  He  pos.se.ssed  a  rare  Uileut  for  eviscerating  his 
 tc.\t.  His  definitions  were  remarkably  precise  and 
 intelligible,  and  his  illu.strations  of  obscure  ])a.s- 
 sages  of  Scrijiture  by  facts  from  ancient  history 
 were  peculiarly  pertinent  and  .s;itlsfactory. 
 
 Bairo'wrs,  John  Henry,  D.  D.,  was  Ixirn  in 
 Medina,  Michigan,  July  11th,  1847.  He  graduated 
 at  the  college.  Olivet,  Michigan,  in  1H()7;  then 
 studied  theology  two  years  at  Yale  Seminary  and 
 Villon  Theological  Seminary,  N.  Y.  For  three 
 moiitlis  he  preached  to  the  Congregational  Church  at 
 North  ToiH'ka,  Kans;us,  which  was  strengthened  and 
 quickened  under  his  ministrations,  and  enabled  to 
 erect  a  comfortiible  hon.se  of  worship.  From  January, 
 1H71,  to  April,  1872,  he  was  Suiwrinttndent  of  Public 
 Instruction  in  Os;ige  county,  Kan.sjis.  Subse- 
 quently he  received  a  call  to  the  First  Congregational 
 Cliiirch  of  Springlield,  111.,  where  he  preached  for 
 fift<-en  months  with  great  acceptance.  In  June,  187:5, 
 he  went  abroad  for  a  .year,  and  during  his  absence 
 preached  for  .several  months  in  the  American  Chain'! 
 in  Paris,  lu  February,  187.">,  he  took  charge  of  the 
 Eliot  Cimgregational  Church,  of  Lawrence,  Mass., 
 and  the  church,  during  the  nearly  six  years  of  his 
 piustorate,  ciyoyed  a  high  degree  of  jirosiwrity.     Re- 
 
 signing the  charge  at  IjiwTence,  Augitst  1st,  18*1,  he 
 accepted  a  call  to  tlie  ilaverick  Cliureli,  of  East 
 Boston,  wliere  he  lalxired  for  thirteen  months. 
 
 DecemlK-r  8th,  1882,  Dr.  Barrows  was  installed 
 pastor  of  the  First  I'resbyterian  Cliurch,  Chicago, 
 111.,  which  relation  he  still  sustains.  He  al.so 
 preaches  on  Sabbath  evenings  in  Central  Music  Hall, 
 to  large  audiences.  He  has  already  secured  a  jxjsi- 
 tion  in  Chicago  that  is  gradually  widening,  and 
 gives  promise  of  great  iLsefulness.  His  intellectual 
 endowments  are  of  a  sujierior  order.  He  is  in  fre- 
 quent demand  on  the  lecture  platform  and  at  college 
 commencements.  As  a  pulpit  or.itor  lie  takes 
 high  rank.  His  seniions  are  elaborate,  and  his 
 memory  is  so  good  that  he  can  easily  deUver  them 
 
 JOHN   DENRT  BARROWS,  D.D. 
 
 without  notes,  with  all  the  freedom  and  naturalness 
 of  e.\tem])«raiieous  disi-ourse.  He  has  a  vivid  reali- 
 Zittion  of  the  sujH'riiaturil,  and  an  implicit  faith  in 
 the  power  ami  iiromises  of  (iod,  and  looks  for  iiiiuu- 
 diate  and  large  results  from  tlie  preaclied  \Vor<l. 
 
 Bartlett,  'Williain  Al^vin,  D.  D.,  was  Ixmi  in 
 Bingliamton,  New  York,  DecemlH-r  4th,  18;H.  He 
 graduatiM  from  I  lamilton  CoUegi'.  in  the  class  of  18.">-2, 
 with  tlie  first  honors.  After  his  gniduation  he  taught 
 (ireek  and  Latin  in  a  collegiate  institute  at  Mos.sey 
 Creek,  Va.,  where  he  first  united  with  t!ie  Cliurcli. 
 He  studied  in  I'liion  Tlieologiea!  Siiiiiiarv,  New- 
 York,  of  which  he  is  an  alumnus;  also  a  year  or  two 
 in  Halle  and  lU-rlin,  Germany,  wliere  he  Wiw  a  pupil 
 of  Tlioluck.  He  was  ordained  in  the  Congregational 
 Chnn-h,  inOwj-go,  N.  Y.,  in  the  .Vutumn  of  l'<>7.  In 
 the  Summer  of  18."i8  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Elm 
 
BARTLE'lT. 
 
 59 
 
 BAXTEK. 
 
 Place  Congregational  Church,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  Be- 
 ginning in  a  tabernacle,  after  ten  years  of  .snccessful 
 ]alx)r  he  left  a  .strong  church  and  a  strong  member- 
 ship. In  the  Winter  of  \>*GS  he  acci'ptcfl  a  call  to 
 Pl\-mouth  Church,  Cliicago.  During  the  fire  there 
 his  church  Ix-came,  for  a  few  week.s,  lioth  a  boarding- 
 house  and  a  hospital.  The  congregation  moved  up 
 to\Tn  and  built  a  .stone  church,  between  Twenty-fifth 
 and  Twenty-sLxth  streets,  which  will  contain  2000 
 people. 
 
 In  the  Fall  of  ]-^T(>  Dr.  Bartlett  accepted  a  call  to 
 the  Second  Pre.sbvt<'riau  Church  of  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
 .\fter  a  revival  during  this  period,  he  received  into 
 the  Cliurch  one  .Sabbath  nujrning  147  souls,  compris- 
 ing heads  of  families  and  leading  citizens.  He  was 
 called  to  the  Xew  York  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Washington,  D.  C,  his  present  charge,  and  com- 
 menced work  June  1st,  1882.  Dr.  Bartlett's  churches 
 have  always  been  prospered  of  the  Lord,  and  gener- 
 ally in  a  hopeful  and  spiritual  condition.  In  his 
 early  ministry  he  lectured  throughout  many  States, 
 on  the  lyceum  platform.  He  ha.s  preached  on  many 
 special  occasions,  and  formerly  «Tote  much  for  the 
 press.  He  is  an  eloquent,  faithful  and  attractive 
 preacher,  and  his  present  important  p-astorate  is  pros- 
 perous in  an  overflowing  attendance  and  a  fair  spiritual 
 growth. 
 
 Bartlett,  "William  Frederic  Vincent,  D.  D., 
 wa.s  born  at  Portland,  Maine,  .Vugust  iJOth,  1831,  the 
 third  of  the  eight  children  of  William  and  JIary 
 (Crie)  Bartlett.  He  wa.s  graduated  at  Yale  College, 
 in  the  Cla.ss  of  18.5.3,  and  studied  at  Union  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  Xew  York,  1856-59.  Delicate 
 health  debarred  him  from  undertaking  any  perma- 
 nent charge  for  some  years,  during  which,  with 
 interi'als  of  travel,  he  served  several  Congregational 
 and  Presbyterian  churches  in  Boston,  Brookline, 
 Ma.ss.,  Concord,  X.  H.,  New  Orleans,  La.,  and  else- 
 where. From  1870  to  1873  he  was  Professor  of  Latin 
 at  Oakland  College,  Sli-ssissippi.  Since  1874  he  has 
 been  settled  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  as  pastor  of  the  First 
 Presln-terian  Church. 
 
 Dr.  Bartlett  is  characterized  by  the  blending  of  a 
 fervent  evangelical  spirit  with  intellectual  acumen 
 and  oratorical  power.  Equally  at  home  among  books 
 and  men,  and  combining  dignified  and  conciliatorj- 
 manners  and  a  winning  presence  with  tact  and  energ^' 
 in  the  conduct  of  aflairs,  he  has  been  rejicatedly  a 
 peacemaker,  as  well  ,is  a  leader,  and  followed  by  the 
 strongest  personal  attachments.  Since  his  settlement 
 at  Lexington,  the  church  has  increased  from  two 
 hundred  and  forty  to  four  hundred  and  sixty  mem- 
 bers. He  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1875,  from 
 Central  University,  in  Richmond,  Ky. 
 
 Bartlett,  P.  Mason,  D.D.,  was  bom  at  Johns- 
 town, Ohio,  February  6th,  1820,  and  graduated  at 
 Williams  College  in  August,  1850,  and  at  Union 
 Theological  .Seminary,  New  York,  in  May,  1853.  He 
 has  been  p;istor,  in  succession,  of  churches  in  Circle- 
 
 ville,  Ohio,  Lansingburgh,  X.  Y.,  and  Windsor 
 Locks,  Conn.,  and  always  labored  with  zeal  and  suc- 
 cess. Since  18fi!(  he  has  been  President  of  Marvsville 
 College,  Tenn.,  in  which  position  he  has  rendered 
 mo.st  efficient,  patient,  and  self-denying  .service  to  the 
 cause  of  Christian  education  ;  partially,  on  account 
 of  the  very  limited  means  of  the  Institution,  support- 
 ing himself  from  some  small  resources  accjuired  in 
 former  years.  President  Bartlett  took  so  high  a 
 rank  during  his  collegiate  course,  that,  at  Commence- 
 ment, the  Faculty  made  for  him  an  honor  before 
 unknown  in  Williams,  viz.  :  the  Jlftnphi/sicril  Orritliin. 
 and  the  subject  of  his  oration  was  Pnstmnl  Idmlili/. 
 He  is  a  gentleman  of  fine  intellectual  culture,  de- 
 voted to  the  great  cause  with  which  he  is  entrusted, 
 and  the  In.stitution  over  which  he  presides  with 
 ability  is  blessed  with  growing  pro.sperity,  and  exert- 
 ing a  wide  and  salutary  influence. 
 
 Baxter,  George  Addison,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Rockingham  county.  Ya.,  July  22d,  1771;  graduated 
 at  the  Academy  at  Lexington  17!)6:  studied  theology 
 under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  William  (haham. 
 Principal  of  Liberty  Hall,  and  was  licensed  to  preach 
 by  the  Lexington  Presbytery,  .Vpril  1st.  1797.  After 
 he  was  licensed  he  traveled  for  .six  months  through 
 Virginia  and  Maryland,  preaching  as  a  missionary, 
 and  at  the  .same  time  making  collections  for  the  New 
 London  Academy.  On  his  return  from  this  tour  he 
 again  took  charge  of  that  Academy,  of  which  he 
 seems  to  have  had  charge  during  a  part  of  the  year 
 1793. 
 
 On  the  19th  of  October,  1798.  he  accepted  the  Pro- 
 fes.sorship  of  Mathematics,  Natural  Philosophy  and 
 Astronomy,  in  Liberty  Hall,  and  on  the  death  of 
 Mr.  Graham,  the  ne.xt  year,  he  was  chosen  his  suc- 
 cessor as  Principal.  In  this  new  relation  he  was 
 also  constituted  pastor  of  the  congregations  of  New 
 Monmouth  and  Lexington.  He  continued  his  con- 
 nection with  the  Academy,  which  was  soon  after 
 chartered  .is  Wa.shin,gton  College,  until  the  .Vutunin 
 of  1829,  laboring  for  its  welfare  with  great  fidelity 
 and  self-siicrifice,  but  though  he  retired  from  the 
 Institution,  he  still  retained  the  pastoral  charge  of 
 the  congregation. 
 
 Dr.  Baxter  w;vs  inaugurated  Professor  of  Theology 
 in  Union  Theological  Seminary,  April  11th,  1832. 
 Besides  performing  the  duties  of  his  Profes-sorship, 
 he  preached  regularly  to  vacant  congreg-ations  in  the 
 neighborhood,  and  for  four  years  'oefore  his  decease 
 sujiplied  a  church  twenty-five  miles  from  his  residence, 
 the  first  two  years  two  Sabbaths,  afterwards  one 
 Sabbath  in  each  nuinth.  He  contiiuied  to  labor 
 without  interruption  almost  to  the  day  of  his  death, 
 which  occurred  April  24th,  1841. 
 
 Dr.  Baxter  was  a  great  man.  He  had  an  under- 
 standing vast  in  its  powers  of  comprehension,  emi- 
 nently profound,  logical  and  lucid;  a  judgment 
 which  seldom  erred,  a  memory  which  never  forgot, 
 and  an  amount  of  fervent  emotion  which  scut  forth 
 
liAyAUI). 
 
 UKACH. 
 
 his  trriat  tlioii^lits  in  Inirniiif;  iiiiil  melting  iiiass<'.s. 
 His  leaUiiit;  lucntil  (juality,  ixTliaps,  was  cleariu-ss. 
 His  ]>ower  of  condrnsatioii  w.is  remarkable.  In  bus 
 tbooloftical  excrcisi's.  tli(>U};h  he  may  not  have  l>cen 
 as  methoilii-al  a-s  some  ntliers,  he  could  extemporize 
 f^eat  thcUKhts  in  loj;iciil  iiriler  and  in  pro]K-r  lan- 
 Kii:ij;e.  and  so  tauj;ht  :us  to  set  the  minds  of  his  pupils 
 at  work.  He  was  an  rxhinporc  preacher,  never,  prol)- 
 ably,  having  had  a  manuscript  sermon  in  the  j)nlpit 
 in  his  life.  His  sermons  were  always  full  of  s<^did 
 evangelical  instruction.  He  wa.s  deeply  solemn,  ira- 
 pres.sive  and  aflectiouate,  and,  while  he  never 
 preached  any  other  than  a  good  s*-rmon,  he  vfa.s  often 
 truly  and  highly  eloquent.  F<-w  pastors  entered  more 
 heartily  into  re\-ivals  of  religion.  Such  was  his 
 modesty,  that  he  disliked  to  occupy  a  C(ms|)icuous 
 jMtsition,  and  yet  no  man  was  more  ready  to  do  honor 
 to  others,  and  no  one  rejoiced  more  in  the  prosperity 
 and  usel'nlne.ss  of  bis  brethren. 
 
 Bayard,  John,  a  friend  to  bis  country,  and  an 
 eminent  Christian,  was  born  August,  lltb,  17*3,  at 
 liobemia  .Manor,  in  Cecil  County,  .Md.  After  receiv- 
 ing an  academical  education  under  Dr.  Finley,  he 
 was  ]iut  into  the  counting-hou.se  of  Mr.  John  Uhca, 
 a  merchant  of  riiiladclphia.  Here  the  .seeds  of  grace 
 began  first  to  take  root,  and  to  give  iiromise  of  tbo.se 
 fruits  of  righteousness  which  alterwards  abounded. 
 He  early  l>ecarae  a  eommunieant  of  the  Presliyterian 
 Church,  under  the  charge  of  Kcv.  Gilbert  Tenncnt.  i 
 Some  years  after  his  marriage  he  was  chowcn  a  ruling 
 elder,  and  be  tilled  the  ofKce  with  zeal  and  efficiency. 
 Sir.  WTiitetield,  while  on  his  visits  to.\merica,  I)ec;ime 
 intimately  aequainted  with  Mr.  Bayard,  aiul  was 
 much  attached  to  him.  They  made  wveral  tours 
 together.  When  bis  brother's  widow  died,  Mr. 
 Bayard  adopted  the  children  aiul  educated  them  as 
 bis  own.  One  of  them  was  an  eminent  statesman. 
 At  the  commencement  of  the  Revolutionary  War 
 Mr.  Bayard  took  a  decided  part  in  favor  of  his  | 
 country.  .-Vt  the  head  of  the  Second  15att;ilion  of  the 
 rbiladelpbia  Militia  he  marched  to  the  assistance  of 
 AVasbington,  and  was  jiresent  at  the  Battle  of  Trenton. 
 Hi-  was  a  membir  of  the  Council  of  Siifety,  and  for 
 many  years  S|)caker  of  the  Legi.slaturc.  In  IT"*."!,  he 
 was  a])|Hiinted  a  memlMT  of  the  old  Congress,  then 
 sitting  in  Xi'W  York.  In  17H8  lie  removed  to  New 
 Brunswick,  where  be  was  Mayor  of  the  city,  Judge 
 of  the  Court  of  Common  IMejus,  and  a  ruling  elder  of 
 the  Church.  Here  he  died,  January  7th,  1m()7.  His 
 death  was  one  of  triumph. 
 
 Baylis,  Ellas,  was  a  noted  and  iM'loved  elder  in 
 the  rrisliylerian  Cliurch  of  Jamaica,  1..  I.,  in  the 
 time  of  tlie  lit-volutionary  War.  He  sIimhI  high  in 
 the  community  for  uprightness  and  ability.  There 
 ur<^  still  many  of  bis  descendants  in  the  eoiigreg:itioii. 
 Though  blind  at  this  time,  lie  was  chairman  of  the 
 patriotic  committee.  The  day  after  Geiu'nil  Wood- 
 hull's  capture  ( .Vugust  'J>*tli,  177(il,  he  was  arre«to<l 
 by  a  iieighlM>r  who  wished  to  do  something  to  ingra- 
 
 tiate himsilf  with  the  Briti.sb,  brought  Ixfore  the 
 British  otlieer,  shut  up  in  the  rri-sbyterian  church 
 tliat  night,  and  the  next  day  carriisl  to  the  prison  at 
 New  Utrecht.  Mr.  Baylis  wanted  his  fellow  jirisoners, 
 in  the  same  pew  with  him  in  the  churrh,  to 
 get  the  Bible  out  of  the  pulpit  and  reaif  to  him. 
 They  feared  to  do  it.  but  le<l  the  blind  man  to  the 
 pulpit  steps.  As  he  returned  with  the  Bible,  a  British 
 guard  met  him,  beat  him  violently,  and  tfiok  away 
 the  Book.  They  were  three  weeks  at  New  Itrecbt. 
 and  then  marched  down  to  the  jirisim-sbip,  at  New 
 York.  Mr.  Baylis  had  a  sweet  voice,  and  eonid  sing 
 whole  psalms  and  hymns  from  memory.  It  is  not 
 surprising,  then,  to  find  him  lieguiling  his  dreary 
 imprisonment  in  singing,  among  others,  Ww  1  l'2<l 
 Psiilm  :— 
 
 "  Lord,  I  am  l>n<uglil  oxcocdlng  low, 
 
 Now  let  thine  ear  attellil. 
 And  niake  my  ftx>A,  who  vex  me,  koow 
 
 I've  an  .\lmighty  Friend. 
 
 "  From  my  end  pristm  set  me  free, 
 Then  1  shall  praiw?  Thy  iianie. 
 And  holy  men  bhall  join  witti  mo 
 Thy  kindue«8  to  proctoiin." 
 
 The  aged  man  was  visited  in  jirison  by  his  wife 
 and  daughter.  After  a  continement  of  alMiiit  two 
 months,  at  the  intercession  of  his  friends,  he  Wiis 
 released,  barely  in  time  to  breathe  bis  last  without  a 
 prison's  walls.  He  died  in  crossing  the  ferry  with 
 his  daughter. 
 
 Beach,  Rev.  Charles,  son  of  Isaie  Newton  and 
 Mary  Eliziibetb  (Meeker)  Beach,  was  l)orn  in  Newark, 
 N.  J.,  April  9tli,  1819.  He  was  gnidtmted  from 
 Woodward  College,  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  in  1^*10. 
 .\fter  his  graduation,  he  spt'iit  one  anil  a  half  years 
 in  teaching  as  a  private  tutor  in  Berkley  county,  Va. ; 
 then  entered  Princeton  iseminary  in  the  Kail  of  1><-I'.J, 
 where  he  was  regularly  graduated  in  IS-I."!.  He  w:ts 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Elizabeth,  .\pril  Kith, 
 1845,  and  s<K)n  after  leaving  the  Seminary  went  to 
 Mississippi,  where  he  was  ordained  May  17th,  l.-MG, 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Louisiana,  and  iiistalbtl  jKUstor 
 over  WiHxlville  Church,  >Iis,s.  Here  he  bilxired 
 faithfully  and  successfully  for  eleven  years,  until 
 released  Novemln'r  20th,  1H.'>7,  after  which  he  s«rved, 
 as  stated  supply,  the  church  of  South  Plaiii.s,  .MIk-- 
 marle  county,  Va.,  from  Pei-enil"'r,  I'%"i7  to  lleeemlHT. 
 lH(j7.  His  next  charge  was  the  Church  of  Snow  Hill, 
 Md.,  over  which  he  was  installed  May  Kith,  l"^!!!. 
 and  from  which  he  was  releasetl  Novemlier  "Jtith, 
 l.'-TTO.  He  was  then  installed  )iiUstor  of  the  Church  at 
 Darncsfown,  Md.,  OetolH-r  ;t()lh,  IH71,  and  was 
 released  from  it  Si'ptemlHT  17tb,  1^77.  His  bust 
 charge  was  Harmony  Church,  Md.,  over  which  be 
 was  installed  OcIoImt  •Jllth.  1^7-'.  anil  of  which  be 
 contiiiiied  to  Ih'  )Kisti>r  until  his  death,  which 
 iK'curred  March  !»th,  l-^-^l.  He  was  eoiisciou.s  to  the 
 last,  and  his  end  was  l)eae«'l"ul  and  liap]>y.  He  said, 
 "  I  am  so  weak,  I  can  only  trust."  Mr.  Bejich  was  a 
 man  of  genial  and  amiable  spirit,  yet  energt-tic  and 
 
BEADLE. 
 
 61 
 
 JiEATTY. 
 
 laborious,  of  devoted  piety,  an  excellent  preacher,  a 
 faithful  pastor,  held  in  the  highest  esteem  and 
 respect  by  all  who  knew  him.  He  brought  forth 
 iiuioli  fruit  in  old  age  ;  no  part  of  his  ministry  being 
 so  inllucniial  or  successful  as  its  last  ten  years. 
 
 Beadle,  Elias  Root,  D.D.,  LL.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Coopcrstown,  N.  Y.,  October  13th,  1812.  He  became 
 converted  when  seventeen  years  of  age,  and  turning 
 his  attention  to  the  ministry,  he  studied  under  Dr. 
 ]■'..  N.  Kirk,  of  Albany,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  at 
 I'tica,  N.  Y.,  in  1835.  The  next  year  he  was  or- 
 dained at  Buifalo,  and  assumed  the  pastorate  of  the 
 I'irst  Prcsbj'terian  Church  at  Albion,  X.  Y.  In  June 
 1830,  he  went  as  a  missionary  under  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M. 
 to  the  Druses  in  Mt.  Lebanon.  The  Druse  war 
 effectually  ending  all   work  among  that  people,  Dr. 
 
 ^,/;  /' 
 
 ^i 
 
 V^/ 
 
 FLI  \1   I        T  IIFADI  F    D  I        I  I    D 
 
 Beadle  returned  to  this  country,  and  went  to  Xcw 
 <  )ileans,  where  he  a.ssisted  in  editing  the  New  Orleans 
 I'ntlrxidiit.  Aside  from  this,  a.s  the  result  of  his  wise 
 and  indomitable  energy,  there  were  organized  the 
 Third,  the  Fourth,  and  the  Pri.-tanic  Street  churches, 
 over  the  ]a.st  of  which  he  was  pastor  from  1843  to 
 18."j2,  when  he  was  called  to  the  Pearl  Street  Congre- 
 gatii>nal  Church  of  Hartford  Conn.,  there  remaining 
 \intil  18(!3.  In  18G4,  he  was  called  to  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Rochester,  X.  Y.,  where  he 
 labored  for  a  year  though  not  accepting  the  call. 
 November  12th,  18(!,",,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Pliiladelphia,  Pa., 
 where  he  remained  until  January  Gth,  1879,  when 
 he  was  suddenly  seized  with  an  attack  of  angina 
 j>ectoris,    on   his   way  home    from    nutniing   service. 
 
 and  entered  into  rest  before  the  dawn  of  another  day. 
 His  last  words  were  :  "  O  Lord,  is  this  the  way  ?  " 
 
 Dr.  Beadle,  without  the  advantages  of  either  college 
 or  seminary  discipline,  yet  stooil  in  the  Ibremost  rank 
 among  scholars.  His  thirst  for  knowledge  was  insa- 
 tiable, and  he  was  a  scientist  of  recognized  ability. 
 He  was  a  man  of  wonderful  personal  magnetism,  both 
 in  and  out  of  the  jiuliiit,  and  his  diep  sympathy  with 
 the  troubled  and  sorrowing,  and  his  ability  to  comfort 
 them  in  his  ministrations,  gave  a  rare  power  to  his 
 work.  Eemarkable  at  almost  every  point,  he  was  in 
 nothing  more  so  than  in  the  fervency,  beauty  and 
 pathos  of  his  pra.yers.  Here  he  was  inimitable.  The 
 tenderness  of  his  manner,  the  majesty  of  his  thoughts, 
 the  glorious  richness  of  their  expression,  his  d<(p 
 sympathy  with  human  needs,  and  the  unwavering 
 a-ssurance  of  a  Father's  love,  made  men  forget  every- 
 thing but  God,  as  they  knelt  in  His  presence. 
 His  sermons  were  rich  in  thought  and  beautiful  in 
 expression,  clear,  simple,  full  of  the  power  of  the 
 Holy  Ghost,  and  captivating  by  their  earnest,  forcible, 
 fresh  presentation  of  truth,  and  by  their  great  spir- 
 ituality and  helpfulness. 
 
 Beatty,  Rev.  Charles,  was  born  in  County 
 Antrim,  Ireland,  between  1712  and  171.5.  His  father 
 died  w  bile  he  was  a  child.  He  came  to  Philadeli)liia 
 in  the  Ciire  of  his  uncle,  Charles  Clinton,  in  1729. 
 He  had  received  a  cla.ssical  education  in  Ireland,  to 
 some  extent.  Reaching  manhood  he  engaged  in 
 trade,  traveling,  as  was  common  in  those  days,  on 
 foot  or  with  his  pack-horse.  Stopping  at  the  Log 
 College,  he  amused  himself  by  surprising  Mr.  Ten- 
 nent  and  his  pupils  with  a  proffer,  in  Latin,  of  his 
 mirchandise.  Mr.  Tennent  replied  in  Latin,  and  the 
 conversation  went  on  in  the  s;ime  language,  with 
 such  e^-idence  of  scholarship,  religious  knowledge 
 and  fervent  piety,  that  Mr.  Tennent  lurged  him  to 
 sell  what  he  had,  and  prepare  for  the  ministry. 
 This  he  consented  to  do. 
 
 Mr.  Beatty  was  licensed  by  Xew  Brunswick  Presby- 
 tery, October  13th,  1742,  was  called  to  the  Forks  of 
 Xeshaminy  May  2()th,  1743,  and  was  ordainc<l  De- 
 cember 14th.  The  Synod  sent  him  to  Virginia  and 
 North  Carolina  in  17.j4,  and  he  accompanied  Franklin, 
 when  he,  with  live  hundred  men,  came  up  to  defend 
 the  frontier,  after  the  burning  of  the  Moravian  mis- 
 sionaries at  Gnadenhuctten,  near  Lehighton.  The 
 corporation  for  the  ^Vidows'  Fund  sent  him  to  Great 
 Britain  in  17(iO,  to  collect  money  for  its  treasury. 
 In  17G(!,  the  Synod  appointed  him  and  the  Rev.  Sir. 
 Duffield,  of  Carlisle,  missionaries  to  the  frontiers  of 
 the  pro\ince  tor  two  months,  and  in  fullilling  this 
 .appointment,  the  former  pa.s.sed  along  the  Juniata, 
 and  the  latter  went  through  Path  Valley,  Fannet  and 
 the  Cove.  The  Delaware  town  on  the  Muskingum, 
 one  hundred  and  thirty  miles  beyond  Fort  Pitt,  was 
 visited  by  them,  and  they  found  a  cheering  priwpect 
 of  a  door  opening  for  the  spread  of  the  gospel  among 
 tlie  Indians.     To  relieve  the  College  of  New  Jersey, 
 
BEA  TTV. 
 
 62 
 
 liEATTV. 
 
 Mr.    BeiUty  sailed   for  the  West   Indies,  but  died, 
 AugiLst  13lh,  177'2,  soon  after  reaching  Bridgetown, 
 
 ill  Iliirbadois. 
 
 Baatty,  Charles  Clinton  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was 
 a  ilisc'indant  of  a  Cimily  well-known  in  Uevolutionary 
 annals.  Ho  was  born  in  Princeton,  N.  .!.,  Jannarj- 
 Itli,  1^(H1;  gradmited  in  Printeton  Collene  in  1818, 
 and  in  the  year  1819  entered  PrineOton  Theological 
 .Soiuiuary,  where  he  remained  three  years.  Ho  w;us 
 ordained  by  the  Preshj-tery  of  New  Brunswick  on 
 Oct<ilKT  2d,  182vJ,  and  pitised  two  years  as  a  missionary 
 in  Kentucky,  Indiana  and  Illinois.  This  was  a  most 
 sclfnlcnyin;;  anil  inrilous  work  in  those  days,  and  it 
 r<i|uired  a  heroic  spirit  to  encounter  the  difficulties 
 and  face  the  perils  of  the  wilderness.  The  young 
 missionary  w;is  ciiual  to  his  work  and  its  require- 
 
 I 
 
 CIIAKIU  CLIN'TOS    BmAITT,   D.D.,  LL.S. 
 
 menfs.  In  1823  he  bt-canic  jKustor  of  the  First  Pres- 
 byt«-rian  Church  in  St<-ulK'nville,  Ohio,  and  served 
 that  ehurcli  until  18:57,  after  which  he  beejime  jMistor, 
 until  ]KI7,  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 the  K:une  place.  In  l-i-J!),  while  busy  in  the  duties 
 of  his  pastorate,  be  founded  the  Female  Seminary 
 which  has  furnished  so  many  women  for  spheres 
 of  eminent  us«luhicss  in  the  home  and  the  Church, 
 and  continued  to  be  its  ellicient  lu'ad  until  l-'T!),  a 
 IK-rliMl  of  fifty  years.  He  wjus  also  a  Urtnrer  in  the 
 Western  Theologicjd  Seminary,  and  w;ls  for  u  long 
 series  of  years  the  President  of  its  Board  of  Directors, 
 always  showinn  a  pnifonnd  interest  in  its  prosperity, 
 i>f  which  "  IVatty  Hall"  is  a  xtaniling  proof.  In 
 Hlii  he  w:ls  SliMlcnitor  of  the  Uenenil  A.ssenibly 
 which  nut  in  Columbus,  the  i-ipital  of  the  State  in 
 which  he  iiasseil  his  long  and  u.seful  life.      He  died  at 
 
 his  residence  in  Sttrubcnvillo,  Octo1x>r  30th,  1882. 
 Only  two  weeks  before  his  death  he  presided  at  the 
 first  meeting  of  the  new  Synixl  of  Ohio,  and  w:is  an 
 active  mcml)cr  of  the  body. 
 
 Dr.  Beatty  w:»3  for  more  than  si.xty  years  a  mini.s- 
 ter  of  ChrLst,  preaching  the  gospel  with  earnestness 
 and  directnes,s,  and  fullilliug  all  his  duties  as  a  man, 
 a  citizen,  and  a  s«'rvant  of  the  Church  of  Ootl,  with 
 unvarying  faithfulness  and  success.  His  lite  was  a 
 busy  and  useful  one.  Though  always  calm  and  self- 
 possessed,  he  ■BTonght  with  a  steady,  unrelaxing 
 diligence,  which  produced  great  results.  In  him  the 
 thought  of  stewarilship  w  as  the  upjwrmost  and  ruling 
 thought.  He  w:ls  a  trustee  for  his  Master,  and  every 
 gilt  w;us  u.sed  as  a  trust  for  which  he  was  accountable 
 to  God.  He  gave  munificently  to  the  cause  of  Christ 
 and  for  the  welfare  of  men.  The  chief  objects  of  his 
 Ijenefactions  were  the  Western  Theologic;il  Seminary 
 and  Washington  and  JelTerson  College.  But  to  these 
 he  added  gifts  to  churches,  and  to  great  numlR-rs  of 
 the  suffering  and  needy,  many  of  which  were  known 
 only  to  the  generous  giver.  The  sura  of  his  iK-nefac- 
 tious  wivs  about  $.'>(>0,000. 
 
 Dr.  Beatty  w:ls  not  only  a  generous,  but  al.so  and 
 always  a  just  man.  His  integrity  was  unimiKach- 
 able,  and  men  trusteil  liim  without  any  lingering 
 doubt.  His  love  for  his  country  came  with  his  blood, 
 and  his  love  for  his  Cliurch  w:is  the  love  of  one  lx)rn 
 within  its  j)ale  and  serving  at  its  altars.  Go»l  sparcnl 
 him  to  see  many  things  in  which  he  rejoieetl,  and 
 permitted  him  to  do  much  for  the  i)rccioiLs  kingdom 
 of  Christ,  and  in  an  honored  olil  age,  with  his  work 
 well  done,  he  fell  asleep  in  Christ  and  went  to  1m3 
 "  torevcr  with  the  Lord."' 
 
 Beatty,  John,  M.  D.,  wxs  an  Elder  in  the  Prt's- 
 bytcrian  Church  at  Trenton,  N.  J.  He  was  a  son  of 
 the  Kev.  Charles  Beatty.  After  studying  mwUcine, 
 he  entered  the  anny  as  a  private  soldier,  reaching  by 
 degrees,  the  rank  of  Lieutenant-Colonel.  In  177(i  ho 
 fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  nt  the  capture  of 
 Fort  Washington,  and  sulVered  a  hnig  and  rigorous 
 imprisonment.  In  1T7!)  be  sueet-eded  Klias  Itoudinot 
 as  Commis.sioner-t;eneral  of  Prisoners.  Al'ter  the 
 war  he  si-ttleil  at  Priiufton,  where  he  pr.ictieed  nu-di- 
 cine.  He  was  at  one  time  a  memlK-r  of  tlie  legisla- 
 ture of  Xcw  Jersey,  and  the  Six-iiker  of  the  Ass«>m- 
 bly.  From  17i>.")  to  18ft">  he  was  Secretary  of  State, 
 of  New  Jersey.  In  1783  aiul  17>4  he  w.as  a  memlxT 
 of  the  Continental  Congress.  Fnmi  May,  l-^l-N  until 
 his  death,  hi'  was  President  of  the  Trenton  B.inking 
 ComjKUiy.  Dr.  Beatty  was  President  of  tlieCom|Kiny 
 which  built  the  noble  bridge  that  unites  Trenton 
 to  his  native  county  in  Pennsylvania,  and  on  May 
 24th,  1804,  ho  laid  the  foundation  stone  of  its  lirsl 
 pier.      He  died  April  :tOlh.  1-^Jti,  full  of  honors. 
 
 Beatty,  Hon.  Onnond,  LL.  D.,  son  of  Hon. 
 Adam  and  Sjinih  I'-atly,  was  lM>rn  in  Mason  i-ountv, 
 Ky.,  August  l:!th,  1-1'>.  In  IKW  he  entenil  the 
 Freshman  class  of  CVutre  CoUegi-,  and  was  gr:iduate«l 
 
BEA  TTV. 
 
 63 
 
 BEATTY. 
 
 in  1835,  having  been  advanced  to  the  Sophomore 
 
 class  during  the  Freshman  j'ear,  on  account  of  his 
 proficiency.  Before  liis  graduation  he  was  oflered 
 tlie  Professorsliip  of  Natural  Science  in  his  Alma 
 ilaler,  which  he  accepted.  Before  entering  ui)on  its 
 duties,  however,  he  spent  a  year  at  Yale  College. 
 In  1847  he  was  transferred  to  the  Professorship  of 
 Mathematics,  which  he  held  till  1852,  when  he  was 
 restored  to  his  original  chair.  This  position  he  held 
 for  eighteen  years,  when,  in  1>*70,  he  wa.s  elected 
 President  of  the  College  and  Professor  of  Metaphysics. 
 These  various  offices,  bestowed  upon  him  unsought, 
 he  filled  with  eminent  succes.s. 
 
 In  18:i5  Dr.  Beatty  united  with  the  Pre,sbyterian 
 Church,  in  Danville,  and  in  1844  he  was  elected  an 
 elder  in  the  First  Presbj-terian  Church  in  that  place. 
 
 HON.  ORMOND  BEATTY,  LL.  D. 
 
 In  18,)2  he  became  an  elder  in  the  Second  Presby- 
 terian Cluirih,  which  was  organized  in  that  year. 
 He  was  a  Commissioner  to  the  General  Asscmbly 
 which  met  at  Na.shville  in  18.")."),  in  St.  Louis  in 
 18(iG,  and  in  Cincinnati  in  l-'liT.  In  1866  he  was 
 appointed  bj-  the  General  Assembly,  in  St.  LouLs,  a 
 member  of  a  committee  to  confer  with  a  similar  com- 
 mittee from  the  New  J4eh(X)l  General  Assembly,  in 
 regard  to  the  desirableness  and  practicability  of 
 reimion,  and  to  suggest  suibible  measures  for  its 
 accomplishment.  He  was  appointed  a  delegate  to 
 the  First  General  Council  of  the  Presbyterian  Alli- 
 ance, in  F.dinburgh,  in  1877  ;  aiul  was  also  a  delc- 
 g-.ite  to  the  second  meeting  of  that  body,  in  Phila- 
 delphia, in  18-*0.     In   l.-^-<2  he  w;is  elected  the  lirst 
 
 President  of  the  College  Educational  Association  of 
 
 Kentucky.  In  l8-<:i  he  was  appointed  by  the  Tru.s- 
 tees  of  the  Theological  Seminary,  at  Danville,  to 
 present  before  the  General  As.sembly,  in  Saratoga, 
 all  the  facts  touching  the  history  and  pro.spects  of 
 the  Seminarj',  and  to  show  leg-al  aiul  other  reasons 
 for  not  disturbing  the  relations  and  control  of  that 
 institution,  in  which  mission  he  was  successful.  He 
 wa.s  appointed  by  this  same  As.sembly  a  member  of 
 a  committee  to  confer  "with  a  similar  committee 
 from  the  General  As-sembly  of  the  Pre-sbyterian 
 Church  South,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the 
 co-operation  of  the  two  branches  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  all  mea.sures  which  could  be  more  etfeet- 
 ively  accomplished  by  friendly  co-operation  than  by 
 separate  and  independent  action. 
 
 Dr.  Beatty  is  a  man  of  great  natural  ability  and  a 
 profound  scholar,  possessing  a  mind  singularly  logi- 
 cal and  practical.  A  man  of  remarkably  equable 
 temper  and  a  speaker  of  rare  force  and  clearness,  he 
 has  few  eiiuals  as  a  jiublic  debater.  As  an  instructor 
 he  has  a  happy  faculty  of  imparting  knowledge,  and 
 is  greatly  vcneratid  and  beloved  by  his  pupils.  Of 
 quiet  tastes  and  habits  and  of  modest  and  retiring 
 disposition,  the  many  positions  of  honor  and  trust  he 
 has  enjoj-ed  have  been  thrtLst  upon  him  un.sought. 
 Eminently  wi.se  in  coun.sel,  his  influence  is  deeply 
 felt  in  ecclesiastical  and  educational  atfairs  in  his 
 (iwn  .'<tate  and  elsewhere. 
 
 Beatty,  "William Trimble,  D.  D.  The  ancestry 
 of  "William  T.  Beatty  w;vs  Scotch-Irish.  He  was  born 
 in  Fairfield  county,  Ohio,  June  1st,  18.34.  At  the 
 ageof  seventeen,  while  pursuing  hisacaderaichl  studies 
 at  Kingston,  Ohio,  he  united  with  the  Presbj-terian 
 Church,  at  the  close  of  a  series  of  precious  re\-ival 
 meetings.  He  graduated  at  Sliami  Vniversity  in 
 18.57.  His  earliest  predilections  had  l>een  for  the 
 legal  profession,  but  convinced  that  he  was  called  of 
 God  to  preach  the  gospel  of  Clirist,  he  entered  njwn 
 a  course  of  training  for  the  ministry.  One  year  he 
 spent  at  the  seminary  in  Danville,  Kentucky,  but 
 finished  his  preparatory  course  at  the  "V\'estcm  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  at  Allegheny  City.  He  w;us  licensed 
 to  preach  by  the  Presbj-tery  of  ZiUiesvUle,  Ohio,  in 
 April,  18.")!),  and  ordained  a  minister,  Jlay  16th,  1861, 
 by  the  Presbytery  at  Greencastle,  Pa.,  in  the  church 
 to  which  he  was  called  to  officiate,  and  over  whose 
 people  he  was  installed  as  pastor.  In  this  field  he 
 ■served  about  two  years.  He  then  accepted  a  call  to 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Cluirch  of  New  Brunswick, 
 New  Jersey,  where  he  continued  to  labor  until  the 
 Summer  of  1867,  when  he  w:i.s  called  to  the  pa.storate 
 of  the  church  jiust  org-anized  at  Shady  Side,  Pitt-sburg, 
 Pa.,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  pastoral  life, 
 from  1867  to  1880,  when  impaired  health  compelled 
 his  resignation.  Under  the  ad\iee  of  physicians  he 
 sought  the  climate  of  Jlinnesota,  hoping  for  restora- 
 tion, and  while  strength  remained  continued  to 
 preaili,  tii'st.  during  the  absence  of  the  pastor,  to  the 
 
ISK.IVKJ!. 
 
 U4 
 
 ISE.iyKli. 
 
 House  of  Hope,  fit.  Paul,  and  then  to  I'!>Tnouth  Con- 
 grcfKitional  (Inircli  of  Minneapolis. 
 
 rh.vsi(".ill.v,  Dr.  llt'atty  was  a  man  whose  prcs<-nc<> 
 anil  iH-arinjj;  arrested  attention  anywhere.  Jlis  in- 
 telle<-t  w;is  stronj;,  clear,  niotliodieal  and  healthful. 
 He  was  a  hrilliant  and  graceful  pul|)it  orator:  his  piety 
 intelligent,  lo\-ing  and  earnest;  a  man  whose  life  was 
 
 In  April,  1R46,  the  family  removed  to  Bellex-ille, 
 Mirtlin  eoanty.  Most  of  the  year  1^49  James  s|H'nt 
 with  his  grandfather,  in  Millerstown,  where  he 
 attended  'ahool.  His  gr:indfatlier  dying  at  the  close 
 of  the  year,  he  rejoined  the  family  at  Belleville,  a 
 change  which  was  altogether  to  his  advantage.  Mr. 
 McDonald  iHCanie  his  falhir,  friend  and  tutor,  and  to 
 his  loving,  painstaking  lalior  with  the  Iwy  the  man 
 owes  the  gronndwork  iipon  which  was  afterwanls 
 erected  a  solid  and  liberal  education.  In  the  latter 
 part  of  1S.V2  he  w:is  entered  at  the  Pine  Grove 
 Aca<lemy,  and  his  progress  was  so  rapid  that  iM-fon- 
 he  w:ls  seventeen  years  of  age  he  wa-s  able  to  enter 
 the  Junior  Class  of  .TelTerson  CVdhge,  at  Canonsliurg. 
 and  hold  his  own  with  his  cla.ssmates.  He  gnKluattnl 
 with  honor  in  H.Vi,  Iw  fore  he  had  re.irhed  his  nine- 
 teenth year.  His  cla.ss  numbered  fifty-six  men,  not 
 a  few  of  whom  liave  achieved  distinction  in  the 
 professions. 
 
 Leaving  college,  yonng  Beaver  settled  at  Belle- 
 fonte,  and  entered  the  law  office  of  Hon.  H.  N. 
 Mc.VUister,  a  distinguished  lawj-er  of  that  place,  who 
 died  while  a  member  of  the  Convention  which  fnimed 
 the  new  Con.stituticm  of  Penn-sylvania.  He  applied 
 himself  with  such  assiduity  to  his  studies,  that  when 
 
 \nUJAH  TBIMBLB  BEATTT,  D.  D. 
 
 per]ietual  sunshine,  and  who  carried  genuine  culture 
 in  his  very  presence.  He  w;i8  a  faithful  and  wise 
 Presbyter,  acting  for  a  long  term  as  Stated  Clerk  of 
 the  Presbytery  of  Pittsburg,  and  as  Secretary  to  the 
 Board  of  Directors  of  the  We.stiTU  Theological  Semi- 
 narj-;  w;is  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Trust<H's,  an<l  an 
 honored  Professor  in  the  Pennsylvania  Keniale  Col- 
 lege, which  owed  its  birth  mainly  to  bis  jiirsonal 
 ellbrtw.  He  died  at  Jlinneapolis,  Minnesota,  .\pril 
 Kttli,  ]H8'i,  in  the  •l-<th  year  of  his  age.  Cut  oil"  in 
 tlu!  meridian  of  life,  his  death  was  a  sad  loss  to  the 
 church  and  the  community. 
 
 Beaver,  Q«neral  James  Addams,  was  Uini 
 at    Millerstown,    Perry   c<uinty,    Pa.,  in    \K\~.      His 
 father,   Jacob  Beaver,    marrii-d   Ann   Kliz;i  Addams.  ' 
 whos<'    father,    Abraham    Acblams,    had    come    from 
 
 Berks  to  Perry  county,  al>out  tlie  year  H11,  and  jMir- 
 ch:us<<l  a  trai't  of  land,  uiM)n  ]>:irt  of  wbi<li  .Millers- 1 
 town  grew  up.  Jacob  Heaver  dieil  in  Millerstown, 
 August,  Hid,  braving  a  young  family  to  be  brought 
 up  by  the  nudher,  a  giMMl  woman,  of  noble  ehanicter 
 and  intellectual  vigor,  who  made  hi'rself  the  omi- 
 ]ianioii  of  her  rhiblren,  and  taught  tliem  by  the 
 example  of  an  undevialing  Christian  walk.  In  ls|."> 
 the  widow  <if  .Taeob  Beaver  married  K'ev.  ,S.  II. 
 McDonald,  a  Presbvteriaii  minister  of   Millerstown. 
 
 OKNrtAL   JAMU   ADPAMfl    BKAVER. 
 
 he  had  barely  naelied  bis  majority  he  w;u«  ailinitt<-<I 
 to  the  Biir  of  Centre  county.  He  w;us  so  thoroughly 
 gnmndeil  in  the  principles  of  the  law,  so  ]Kiinstaking 
 in  his  work,  so  n-aily  in  sikkh-Ii  and  forcible  in  argti- 
 inent,  that  he  at  once  ni.ade  an  impnwsion,  and  was 
 aeiiiunted  a  yi>ung  lawyi-r  of  more  than  <irdin»ry 
 |)roinise.  Mis  piT<eptor,  ri<'ognizing  his  merit,  and 
 having  need  of  surli  assistano'  as  he  could  nnder  in 
 
BEEDER. 
 
 65 
 
 BEDFORD. 
 
 a  large  and  impi)rtant  practice,  took  liiin  into  partnor- 
 sliip.  He  is  still  a  prominent  member  of  the  Bar  of 
 Centre  county.  In  1882  General  Beaver  was  a  candi- 
 date for  the  Governorship  of  Pennsylvania.  He  is 
 an  active  and  devoted  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
 C'lmreh,  fills  the  office  of  elder,  and  is  enthusiastic  in 
 the  Sabbath-school  work  of  the  State.  He  is  a 
 gentleman  of  irreproachable  character,  of  great  popu- 
 larity, an  able  lawyer,  ready  for  any  good  cause, 
 and  one  of  the  finest  platform  speakers  in  Pinnsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 Beeber,  Rev.  Thomas  Rissel,  the  second 
 child  of  T.  D.  and  M.  .1.  (Artlcy)  Beeber,  was  born 
 at  Muney,  Pa.,  June  18th,  1S48.  He  graduated  at 
 Penasylvania  College  in  1809,  at  Andover  Theologi- 
 cal Seminary  in  June,  1872,  and  January  30th,  1873, 
 was  ordained  as  associate  pastor  with  Rev.  Charles 
 Beecher,  over  the  First  Congregational  Church  of 
 Georgetown,  JIass.  October  27th,  1875,  he  was  in- 
 stalled pastor  of  the  Mahoning  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Dan\ille,  Pa.  Here  his  ministry  was  marked  by  an 
 extensive  revival,  and  the  church  was  strengthened 
 by  a  large  accession.  He  became  pa.stor  of  the  Second 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Scrantou,  Pa.,  June  1st,  1880, 
 which,  under  his  ministry,  has  enjoyed  remarkable 
 growth  and  prosperity.  Sir.  Beeber  is  a  \igorous, 
 evangelical,  earnest  and  impressive  preacher.  He  is 
 deeply  interested  in  the  eau.se  of  Temperance,  the 
 missionary  enterprises  of  the  day,  and  the  reform 
 movements  of  the  age.  He  has  published  .several 
 di.scourses,  including  "An  Historical  Sketch  of  Old 
 South  Church,  Georgetown,  Ma.ss.  ;''and  "  History  of 
 the  Second  Pre.sbj-tcrian  Church,  Scranton,  Pa." 
 
 Beecher,  Lyman,  D.D.,  was  born'  at  New 
 Haven,  Conn.,  October  12th,  1775.  Graduating  in 
 1797,  he  then  studied  theologj'  with  Dr.  Dwight  for 
 one  year,  was  licensed  to  preach  by  (he  Xew  Haven 
 West  Association  in  1798,  was  ordained  in  1799,  and 
 in  the  same  year  was  installed  piustor  at  Kast  Hamp- 
 ton, Long  Island,  where  he  was  favored  with  three 
 seasons  of  special  divine  inlluence,  in  which  almost 
 three  hundred  souls  were  added  to  the  church.  In 
 1810  he  removed  to  Litchfield,  Conn.  Here  his 
 preaching  labors,  during  his  pastorate,  extended 
 through  all  the  neigh Iwring  region,  and  here  he  wrote 
 his  famous  "Si.x  Sermons  on  Intemperance."  In 
 182(!  he  took  charge  of  the  Hanovir  Church,  Bo.stou. 
 In  this  important  field  the  sincerity  and  spirituality 
 of  his  )ireaehing  were  generally  acknowledged,  and  it 
 was  attended  by  decisive  results,  in  a  re\-ival  of  the 
 spirit  and  increase  in  the  number  of  evangeliuil 
 Cliristians. 
 
 On  the  22d  of  October,  1830,  Dr.  Beecher  was  unani- 
 mously elected  President  and  l^ofes,sor  of  Theologj-  in 
 Lane  Theological  Seminary.  So  devoted  were  the 
 people  of  Boston  to  him  that  nearly  two  years  elapsed 
 before  his  arrangements  were  made,  an<l  he  a.ssumcd 
 nis  new  duties.  DecemlxT  26th,  1832,  he  moved  to 
 Cincinnati,  w;us  inducted  into  his  office,  and  entered 
 
 upon  its  duties.  In  the  Spring  following  lie  was 
 installed  the  jjastor  of  the  Second  Prcsbj-terian  Church 
 of  Cincinnati. 
 
 After  giving  twenty  years  of  his  life  to  Lane  Semi- 
 nary, Dr.  Beecher  ended  his  public  laliors  in  lrt.">2, 
 when  he  returned  to  Boston,  and  afterwards  removed 
 to  Brooklj-n,  where  he  lived  within  a  stone's  throw 
 of  his  son's  (Rev.  Henry  Ward  Beecher)  house  and 
 church,  and  where  he  was  for  some  time  an  honored 
 landmark  of  a  former  generation,  and  an  object  of 
 universal  esteem  and  affection.  His  death  scene  tvas 
 one  of  triumph.  When  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Stowe, 
 repeated  to  him  the  words,  "  I  shall  be  satisfied 
 when  I  awake  in  thy  likeness,"  he  answered,  "  How 
 wonderful,  that  a  creature  c;in  approach  the  Creator 
 so  as  to  awake  in  his  likeness  !  Oh,  glorious,  glorious 
 God."  The  last  indication  of  life  on  the  day  of  his 
 death  was  a  mute  response  to  his  ivife,  repeating— 
 "  Jesus,  lovorof  my  soul. 
 
 Let  mc  totliy  bosom  fly." 
 
 The  last  hours  of  his  earthly  sleep  his  face  was  illu- 
 minated ^^■ith  a  solemn  and  divine  radiance,  and 
 softly  and  tenderly,  without  even  a  sigh,  he  passed 
 to  the  everlasting  rest. 
 
 Beecher,  Willis  Judson,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Hamden,  Ohio,  April  29th,  18:3,8.  He  was  one  of  the 
 seven  sons  and  daughters  of  Rev.  John  Wyllys  and 
 Ach.sa  Judson  Beecher.  Both  father  and  mother 
 came  from  the  ■s'icinity  of  New  Haven,  Qi.  Three 
 of  the  sons  are  ministers  in  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 The  subject  of  this  sketch  graduated  from  Hamil- 
 ton College  in  18.)8,  receiving  the  highest  eUtssieal 
 prize  and  the  valedictory  honor  in  his  class.  He 
 received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  the  s;ime  institu- 
 tion, in  1875.  After  leading  college  he  t;iught  three 
 years  in  the  ■\^'hitestown  Seminary,  before  entering 
 the  Theological  Seminary  at  .\ubvirn,  where  he  was 
 graduated  in  1864. 
 
 Jlr.  Beecher  was  ordained  and  instiiUed  in  the 
 Presln-t<rian  Church  at  Ovid,  June,  186-1.  He  was 
 Professor  of  Moral  Science  and  Belles  Lettres  in 
 Knox  College,  111.,  from  1865  to  1869.  From  1869  to 
 1871  he  was  i)astor  of  the  First  Cliurch  of  Christ, 
 Gralesburg,  111.  He  resigned  his  charge  in  1871,  to 
 accept  the  Professorship  of  Hebrew  in  Auburn  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  which  position  he  still  holds.  Dr. 
 Beecher  is  a  diligent  student,  an  excellent  scholar 
 and  an  able  WTiter.  Since  1865  he  has  written  many 
 valuable  .sketches  and  articles  for  the  newspapers 
 and  reviews.  In  1874  the  I're.sbj-terian  Board  ]>ub- 
 li.shed  a  little  volume  by  him,  entitled  "Farmer 
 Tompkins  and  his  Bibles."  In  1883  he  completed  a 
 new  General  Catalogue  of  Auburn  Semimiry.  Out 
 of  the  preparation  of  this  work  grew  the  Index  of 
 Presbyterian  ministers,  published  by  the  Presbjte- 
 rian  Board  in  the  same  year. 
 
 Bedford,  Gov.  Gunning,  was  for  many  years 
 an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He  was  a 
 lawver  of  eminence   in   Delaware,  his  native  State. 
 
BELKyAP. 
 
 BELL. 
 
 In  17S5  and  ITf^fi  he  was  a  member  of  the  Conti- 
 nental Congress,  ami  in  1787  was  a  memlxT  oC  the 
 Convention  whieh  formed  the  Constitution  of  the 
 United  States.  Mr.  Bedford  was  a  personal  friend  of 
 'V\':ushington,  Franklin  and  other  master  spirits  of 
 the  lievolution.  In  1796  he  was  elected  Governor 
 of  Delaware,  and  soon  after  w;vs  the.  first  appointee  of 
 Washington  to  the  United  State-s  District  Court  of 
 Delaware,  whieh  jxisitiim  he  held  with  distin- 
 guished honor  until  his  death,  in  March,  1812. 
 
 Belknap,  Aaron  Betts,  Esq.,  an  eminent 
 lawyer  of  New  York  city,  was  born  at  Xewhurgh. 
 X.  Y.,  December  10th,  1816.  He  was  ordained  May 
 21st,  1846,  ruling  elder  in  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  New  York  citj%  which  important  office  he 
 filled  to  the  end  of  his  life.  He  was  also  made  Tre;i.s- 
 urer  of  the  New  York  Presbytery,  TrciUsurcT  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Hospital,  and  a  manager  and  trustee  of 
 various  important  charities,  dis<harging  every  trust 
 with  fidelity  and  ability.  In  1873  he  was  elected  a 
 Director  of  Princeton  Seminary,  and  filled  that  ])osi- 
 tion  until  his  death,  June  4th,  1880,  discharging 
 all  its  duties  with  punctuality,  promptness  and  I 
 fidelity.  He  was  often  a  memljer  of  ecclesiastical 
 judicatories.  He  is  justly  siK>ken  of,  in  a  resolution 
 adopted  by  the  PresbytJ'ry  of  New  Yorkj  as  an  excel- 
 lent man  and  a  faithful  officer,  whose  fidelity  to  every 
 tru.st,  devotion  to  the  interests  of  the  Church,  leg-.il 
 counsel  so  wise  and  just,  and  great  usefulness  in  our 
 judic;itories  and  Church  work,  endeared  him  to  all, 
 and  made  his  death  a  lo.ss  deeply  felt. 
 
 Bell,  Rev.  L.  Q-.,  w;is  the  pioneer  mi.ssionary  of 
 the  west.  "  Father  Bell,"  as  he  was  called  for  many 
 years,  WiW  born  in  Augusta  County,  Va.,  in  1788. 
 He  served  his  country  as  a  soldier  in  the  war  of  1-<12, 
 anil  had  an  honorable  discharge  at  the  close  of  the 
 war.  He  entered  the  ministry  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  1X27,  and  after  a  short  jKTiod  .sj)cnt  ;us  a  , 
 p:ustor  in  Tennessee,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  mis- 
 sionarj-  work  in  the  new  regions  of  the  northwest. 
 Here,  chiefly  in  Iowa,  he  labored  diligently  and 
 successfully,  e.xjjloring  the  country  in  various  direc- 
 tions, preaching  in  the  destitute  neighborhoixls,  g-.itli- 
 ering  the  si'atten  <1  miinbcrsand  organizing  tbeni  into 
 churches,  and  supi)lying  theni  with  tlii'  Word  of  Life 
 until  he  coulil  ])nKUre  sonu' one  to  .settle  i)ermanently 
 among  them.  This  done,  he  would  move  on  into  other 
 regions  and  b<'gin  again  his  work  of  organization. 
 Thus  he  ajH-nt  some  forty-eight  years,  chiefly  on  mis- 
 sionary grimnd. 
 
 No  man  hxs  done,  i«>rhaps,  .so  much  for  the  exten- 
 sion of  <mr  Church  in  the  West,  a-s  Father  I'.ell. 
 Nearly  all  tlu'  churches  in  the  Syno<l  of  Southern 
 Iowa  were  gathered  and  organizi'd  by  him.  He  or- 
 ganizecl,  in  all,  thirty-tliree  churches,  and  watched 
 over  them  with  paternal  .s<>licitnde  as  long  as  he  lived. 
 He  was  a  man  of  eminent  evangelical  spirit,  and 
 always  d<-lighted  with  the  triumphs  of  the  Cross  of 
 Christ.     He  was  characteriz<.-d  by  courteous  iK'aring, 
 
 gentleness,  and  kindness  towards  all.  As  a  preai'her 
 he  was  simple,  earnest,  and  solemn.  None  could 
 doubt  his  sincerity,  and  the  deptli  of  his  convictions, 
 or  fail  to  sec  that  his  soul  yearned  over  lost  sinners. 
 In  1861  the  feeble  health  of  his  wife,  and  his  own 
 advanced  age  (being  over  seventy  years),  rendered  it 
 imperative  to  withdraw  from  the  kind  of  lal>or  to 
 whieh  he  had  then  given  so  many  years  of  his  life. 
 He  therefore  move<l  from  Fremont  county,  Iowa,  to 
 Monmouth,  111.  There,  vi-ith  the  church  whose  ex- 
 istenc<>  was  owing  to  his  labors,  and  with  affectionate 
 kindred,  he  designed  to  spend  his  declining  years; 
 but  still  he  labored  in  vacant  churches  in  the  vicinity. 
 In  1867  his  beloved  partner  died,  and  although  urged 
 by  his  friends  to  spend  the  remaind<-r  of  his  lonely 
 days  in  rest,  he  afterwards  twice  visited  his  beloved 
 churches  in  Iowa,  riding  hundreds  of  miles  on  liorst'- 
 back,  rather  than  be  idle.  He  died  May  2()th,  18r,8, 
 calmly  and  sweetly  falling  asleep  in  .lesiLs,  in  the 
 eightieth  year  of  his  age.  Such  a  life  and  such  a 
 character,  if  WTitten  out,  would  be  a  valuable  legacy 
 to  the  Church. 
 
 Bell,  Rev.  Samuel  Henry,  son  of  Samuel  H.  and 
 JIarg-.iri't  Parish  bell,  was  lM)rn  on  the  ]>lantation  on 
 Long  Creek,  N.  C,  November  l.">th,  184!t.  He  was 
 graduated  from  Davidson  College  in  1870;  receive<l  a 
 diploma  in  Ethics  and  Metaphysics  from  the  South 
 Carolina  University  in  1871.  and  completed  the  course 
 at  the  Columbia  Theological  Seminjiry  in  187:$.  He 
 was  licen.scd  to  preach  by  the  Wilmington  Presbytery, 
 in  the  Autumn  of  1872.  Ordained  by  S;ivannah 
 Presbytery,  he  was  installed  p;ustor  of  the  church  at 
 Brunswick,  Georgia,  Deceml)er  18th,  1883.  He 
 accepted  a  call  to  Wrightsville,  Pa.,  in  the  Fall  of 
 187.5,  and  l>ecame  pastor  at  Port  Carbon,  Pa.,  April 
 26th,  1878.  He  was  settled  over  his  j>rescnt  charge, 
 Milton,  Pa.,  February  22d,  18,-J2. 
 
 Mr.  Bell  is  a  man  of  rich  mental  and  spiritual 
 endowments.  He  belongs  to  that  class  of  Ixild. 
 aggressive  thinkers  who  mould  opinion.  He  is  thor- 
 oughly original  ;  his  ideas  and  his  metho<Ls  arc  his 
 own.  He  brings  to  his  aid  in  the  pulpit  a  well- 
 trained  imagination,  an  .ilMiunding  fancy,  and  a  in-ts- 
 terly  skill  in  the  art  of  Engli.sh  expres.sion.  His 
 thought  is  clear  and  Ibrcible.  His  s<rmons  are  manly. 
 .V  robust  faith  in  the  divine  mysteries,  riix-ned  in  the 
 sunshine  and  the  shower  of  a  varied  experience,  and 
 mellowed  with  the  charity  that  conus  of  knowhslgi-. 
 stands  out  in  all  his  disi'oursi's.  The  gospel's  inner- 
 most spirit  kindles  every  period  and  gives  to  his 
 utteranet'S  a  de<-p  human  interest,  which  never  fails 
 to  stimulate.  His  spirituality  is  pr.ictical  and  real. 
 He  has  a  large,  genial  soul.  .\n  iniiM>rtant  element 
 of  his  strength  is  his  ability  to  mingle  with  nun  and 
 win  them  by  the  worth  of  his  ])ersmiality.  He  is  a 
 tJ^K^  of  the  many-sided  man,  who  finds  his  iM'st 
 field  of  lal)or  in  ministering  to  the  throbbing, 
 eager,  cjuestioning  intelligence  of  the  nineteenth 
 centurv. 
 
BELL. 
 
 67 
 
 BENJAMIN. 
 
 Bell,  Rev.  "William  Gilmore,  son  of  Hoses  and 
 Mary  (Gilmore)  Bell,  w:us  born  at  West  Alexander,  Pa., 
 December  11th,  1812  ;  was  gi-aduated  from  Washington 
 College,  Pa.,  1836,  and  studied  theology  at  Princeton 
 Seminary.  He  was  licensed  bj'  Kedstone  Presbytery, 
 October  5th,  1837,  and  was  ordained,  May  •2.">th,  1840, 
 by  the  Pre.sbyte:-y  of  Jlissouri,  and  on  the  .'«inie  day 
 installed  pa.stor  of  the  church  at  Koonville,  Mo., 
 where  he  labored  over  fourteen  3'ears,  until  relea.sed, 
 October  11th,  1854.  During  this  period  he  also  had 
 charge  of  a  seminary  for  young  ladies,  which  he 
 organized  in  1843,  and  presided  over  until  Septem- 
 ber, 1858.  After  this  he  organized  the  Union  Church, 
 fifteen  miles  from  Boonville,  and  sujjplied  it,  1848-60. 
 In  1860  he  removed  to  Texas,  but  returned  to  Mis- 
 souri in  J186'2,  supplying  Warrensbiirg  Church,  Mo., 
 1865-66.  In  1869  he  again  removed  to  Texas,  and 
 was  one  year,  1872-73,  engaged  in  the  work  of  the 
 American  Bible  Society  ;  suiiplied  the  church  at 
 Georgetown,  Texas,  1873-74  ;  labored  as  Presbj-tcrial 
 missionary,  1874-77,  and  supplied  various  churches 
 for  short  periods.  In  1880  he  was  commissioned  by  the 
 Board  of  Home  Missions  to  labor  at  Fort  Concho  and 
 vicinity,  and  had  started  for  that  point,  when  he  was 
 overtaken  by  death.  He  died,  September  23d,  1880. 
 Mr.  Bell  was  an  energetic  and  laborious  missionary, 
 a  solemn  and  impressive  preacher,  beloved  and  ven- 
 erated by  his  brethren,  and  held  in  great  respect  and 
 esteem  by  all  who  knew  him. 
 
 Belville,  Jacob,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  Hartsville, 
 Pa.,  December  12th,  1820.  He  graduated  with 
 honor  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  in  1839,  and  soon 
 after  pursued  a  course  of  theological  study  at  Prince- 
 ton Theological  Seminary.  He  was  settled  for  a  time 
 at  Phoeni.xville,  Pa.,  as  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  and  also  in  Maryland.  Having  accepted,  in 
 1849,  a  call  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Hartsville,  Bucks  county.  Pa.,  which  was 
 composed  of  the  part  of  the  Neshaminy  Church 
 that  withdrew  from  the  original  church  in  1838,  he 
 was  installed  in  that  charge,  and  remained  its  pastor 
 ten  years.  In  1850,  with  an  associate,  he  established 
 "  Roseland  Female  Seminary,"  at  Harts\ille,  and 
 after  a  year  or  two  became  sole  proprietor  of  the 
 Institution,  which  continued  under  his  direction 
 until  1863.  During  the  last  two  or  three  years  of  his 
 residence  at  Hartsville  he  cea.sed  his  labors  as  pastor 
 of  the  chi*ch,  on  account  of  the  failure  of  his  voice. 
 Having  for  the  most  part  recovered  his  health,  in 
 1864  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  pastoral  care  of  the 
 Presbj-terian  Church  in  Holmesburg,  one  of  the  sub- 
 urbs of  Philadelphia,  where  he  remained  three  or 
 four  years,  when  he  was  called  to  the  church  in 
 Mauch  Chunk,  Pa.,  and  in  1873  he  became,  by 
 invifcition,  the  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Potts\'ille,  Pa.,  where  he  still  resides.  Dr. 
 Belville  is  an  able  preacher,  a  faithful  pastor,  a 
 valuable  Presbyter,  and  his  ministry  has  been  accom- 
 panied by  the  Divine  blessing. 
 
 Belville,  Rev.  Robert  B.,  was  of  Huguenot 
 ancestry,  who  came  to  this  country  from  France  soon 
 after  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  which 
 occurred  in  1685.  He  was  born  at  or  near  New  Castle, 
 Del.,  in  1790;  obtained  his  literary  eduGition  partly 
 under  the  tuition  of  James  Ross,  the  author  of  the 
 Latin  grammar  then  commonly  in  use,  and  partly  at 
 the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  studied  theology 
 under  the  instruction  of  Dr.  Samuel  Stanhope  Smith, 
 at  Princeton.  He  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Neshaminy,  Bucks 
 County,  Pa.,  October  20th,  1813,  and  continued  in 
 this  relation  for  twenty-five  years,  beloved  and 
 eminently  useful  among  the  people  of  his  charge, 
 when  impaired  health  required  his  resignation. 
 During  a  p<irtion  of  the  time  of  his  pa.storate  he  was 
 also  engaged  in  teaching.  In  184.5  he  went  as  a 
 commissioner  to  the  General  A.ssembly  at  Cincinnati, 
 and  at  the  close  of  its  sessions  'NTsited  some  relatives 
 in  Dayton,  O.,  where  he  died,  June  28th  of  that 
 year,  aged  fifty-five  years. 
 
 Mr.  BeUille  was  an  eloquent  preacher,  a  firm 
 I  defender  of  the  doctrines  of  the  Cahinistic  system, 
 yet  earnest  in  enforcing  practical  duty  upon  his 
 hearers.  He  was  endowed  with  a  lively  imagination 
 and  a  warm  emotional  nature,  and  possessed  a  com- 
 mand of  rich  and  appropriate  language.  In  the  pulpit 
 and  the  .social  prayer  and  conference  meeting  his 
 ministrations  were  well  adapted  to  move  the  heart, 
 improve  the  mind  and  arouse  the  conscience.  He 
 was  able  in  prayer;  on  funeral  occasions  his  ser- 
 vices were  peculiarly  acceptable,  and  in  sickness  and 
 afl&iction,  in  joy  and  sorrow,  he  was  a  welcome  visitor 
 in  the  homes  of  his  people. 
 
 Benjamin,  Simeon,  was  born  at  Upper  Aqua- 
 bogue,  L.  I.,  Jlay  29th,  1792.  After  pursuing  the 
 mercantile  business  in  his  native  town,  he  engaged  in 
 the  same  occupation  in  New  York  city,  and  the  same 
 traits  which  brought  him  thrift  in  rural  traffic 
 endowed  him  with  wealth  in  metropolitan  merchan- 
 dise. Tlie  state  of  his  lungs  induced  him  to  choose 
 Elmira  for  his  home.  There  he  employed  his  capital 
 in  real  estate  and  banking,  and  probabU'  did  more 
 than  any  other  one  citizen  towards  changing  the 
 place  from  the  village  it  was  to  the  busy  and  pros- 
 perous city  it  now  is. 
 
 Mr.  Benjamin,  in  1836,  became  an  elder  of  the 
 Church  at  Elmira,  and  held  the  office  while  he  lived. 
 His  business  was  enough  to  engross  him,  but  he  kept 
 it  subordinate  to  his  religion.  His  Bible  lay  near  at 
 hand,  in  his  office.  He  was  faithful  in  closet  devotion 
 and  family  worship,  and  in  attendance  upon  all 
 meetings  for  social  and  i)ublic  worship.  He  delighted 
 to  visit,  as  an  elder,  from  house  to  hou.se,  and  deemed 
 it  a  privilege  and  a  pleasure  to  attend  ecclesiastical 
 bodies.  To  the  improvements  of  the  parish  with 
 which  he  was  connected  he  contributed  liberally. 
 The  Kingdom  of  Ciod  at  large  was  actively  and  gener- 
 ously promoted  by  him.     He  was  a  corporate  nu^m- 
 
]ij-:y.sox. 
 
 as 
 
 BEKOEX. 
 
 bor  of  the  American  Board,  antl  a  Trustee  of  Hamilton  | 
 CollfjiL'  and  Auburn  Thrologiial  Seminary.  Heg-ave 
 Hamilton  C'<>llc;;e  SIO.OOO  towards  the  endowment  of 
 the  chair  of  tlie  Latin  hmgujisjo  and  literature,  and 
 left  it  a  legacy  of  $1<),(MMI.  He  also  devisc-d  ?10,0()() 
 to  Anbum  Theological  Seminary,  $:!0,{K)0  to  the 
 Pn-shytcrian   Board  of   Publication,  $2, (MX)   to   the 
 
 Elmira  Orplian  Asylum,  and  to  be  di\-idcd 
 
 between  the  American  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
 Foreign  Missions  and  the  American  Tract  Societj'. 
 To  I^lniira  College  ho  gave  $.>.■),()()(),  and  in  his  will  he 
 provided  for  the  paj-ment  of  $■*(),()(«)  more.  Mr.  Ben- 
 jamin died  in  ))eace.  Not  the  slightest  fear  disturbed 
 him.  No  doubt  troubled  him.  He  tiUked  of  his 
 dece:»se  as  he  tiilked  of  everything  else,  and  in  ItrtiH, 
 like  an  undininicd  star,  he  rose  out  of  sight. 
 
 Benson,  G-ustavus  S.,  was  bom  in  liiltimore, 
 Md.,  in  18()(i.     ^\^len  he   was  six  years  of  age  his 
 
 arirrwi'fl  s.  dknhun. 
 
 parents  removal  to  Philadel])hia,  where  he  received 
 his  early  education.  Hi'  sul>sic|Uintly  entered  th<' 
 University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  gniduatcd  in  Irt-J,",, 
 with  the  highi'st  honors.  Kntcriug  the  law  ollice  of 
 the  lato  .lohu  M.  Scott,  at  one  time  Mayor  of  the 
 city,  and  afterwards  a  .1  usticc  of  the  Supreme  Court 
 of  tlio  St;ite,  he  devoted  himself  !i.<isiduously  to  the 
 study  of  law,  and  was  a<lmitted  to  the  Bar  in  1*27. 
 He  never  practiced  however,  but  soon  iifter  his 
 adnii:ision  to  the  legal  profession  he  engaged  in  the 
 banking  business,  in  which  he  rose  to  proniinence  in 
 the  financial  world.  He  died  at  his  home,  l.")I."> 
 Spruie  street,  March  2"2d,  1HH3,  in  the  seventy- 
 seventh  year  of  his  age. 
 
 Sir.  Beason  w.as  a  man  of  remarkable  activity  for 
 his  age,  continuing  in  the  discharge  of  imixirtant  j)u1>- 
 lic  and  private  tru.sts  to  the  last.  For  fifteen  years 
 he  was  a  valued  niembcr  of  the  Board  of  City  Trust.s. 
 He  also  occupied  like  positions  in  the  Franklin  Fire 
 Insurance  Company,  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Pulj- 
 lication,  and  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Home 
 Missions,  all  of  which  he  served  with  fidelity.  He 
 was  an  elder  of  the  West  Spruce  Street  Presbyterian 
 Cliurch,  and  very  active  and  useful  in  di.seharging 
 the  duties  of  that  office.  He  g:ive  constant  and 
 etlective  service  to  the  Church,  and  w:us  known  iLS  a 
 generoiLS  contributor  to  all  it.s  missionary  and  Innevo- 
 lent  schemes.  Ho  was  a  commissioner  .several  times 
 from  his  l*resbytcry  to  the  tieuenil  As.sembly,  and  in 
 this  Ciipacity  rendered  important  scr^'ice  in  that 
 body.  Mr.  Benson  was  an  atl'able  and  dignified 
 gentleman,  a  faithful  friend,  an  exemplary  Christian, 
 and  highly  esteemed  by  the  community  in  which 
 his  life  was  spent,  for  his  sterling  cluiraiter. 
 
 Bergen,  Rev.  George  Providence,  w;ls  Iwm 
 in  .Mercer  cnunty,  Ky.,  .January  1st,  l-'v!l).  Hegra«lu- 
 ated  at  Centre  College,  Kentucky;  studied  tbcnliigj' 
 at  Princeton;  was  suited  supply  of  First  Church, 
 Co\-ington,  Ky.,  1848;  ordained  by  Presbytery  of  Cin- 
 cinimti.  May  1st,  18.j0;  stated  supply  at  Springthile, 
 Ohio,  1849, — p;ustor  1850-.57;  missionary  at  Omaha, 
 Xeb.,  1857-.J9;  P.  E.,  Bellefont;iine,  Ohio,  18,-,!M!:t; 
 Principal  of  a  ladies'  boarding-school  at  Mount 
 Plea.sant,  la.,  1863-G4;  President  of  Birmingham 
 College  18(i4-7(),  and  piistor  at  Birminghani,  la., 
 18(!4-7(>.  Jlr.  Bergen  is  to  be  numbered  among  that 
 noble  band  of  Pre-sbyterian  minist<'rs  who  have  been 
 the  pioneers  of  education  in  their  respective  regioii.s. 
 He  has  left  two  in.stitutions  in  Iowa,  founded  by 
 himself.  Few  men  have  lived  of  a  sweeter,  gentler 
 and  more  even  temiKT.  His  opinions  were  of  the 
 firmest  texture.  He  had  an  opinion  on  aliiuxst  all 
 subjects,  and  was  usually  in  advance  of  his  time. 
 He  w:i.s,  in  a  markcil  degree,  a  spiritually  minded 
 man,  and,  though  in  robust  health,  most  of  his  life, 
 seemed  ever  to  live  as  under  the  immediate  i.ssue  of 
 the  life  to  come.  He  was  passionately  fond  of  nature, 
 and  wonderfully  observant  of  her  mysteries.  He  was 
 a  sound  and  instructive  preacher,  and  used  no  notes. 
 Ho  died  April  11th,  lS7(i,  and  was  buried  at  Birming- 
 ham, mourned  by  the  whole  conimunity  in  which  he 
 had  livid  and  labored.  t 
 
 Bergen,  John  G. ,  D.D.,  was  born  November 
 '27th,  17!«l,  at  Hightstown,  X.  J.  In  l8tK>  he  ent»red 
 the  Junior  Cla.ss,  at  Princeton  College,  and  in  I^IO 
 was  appointed  Tutor  in  the  XiLstitution,  resigning  the 
 pasition  in  1812.  He  w;is  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Pre-sbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  in  1811.  On  February 
 17th,  18i:j,  he  was  installed  over  the  Church  at  Madi- 
 .s<m,  X.  .T.,  and  during  his  )KUst<ir.ite  there  were  three 
 revivals  of  great  magnitude  and  interest.  Kelea.scd 
 from  this  ehargi-,  he  started  with  his  family  for  Illi- 
 nois, September  'HA,  1828.     Locating  in  Springfield, 
 
BERGEN. 
 
 BEBTEAM. 
 
 he  preached  to  a  Presbyterian  Church  which  had 
 been  organized  there,  January  30th,  1838,  by  the 
 Kev.  Sir.  Ellis,  of  nineteen  members,  who  were  all 
 the  Presbyterians  known  to  live  within  a  circle  of 
 twenty  miles  around  tlic  town.  In  1829  he  formed 
 there  the  fii-.st  Temperance  As.sociation  in  Central  Illi- 
 nois, and  probably  the  first  in  the  State.  The  corner- 
 stone for  a  church  edifice  Wiislaid  August  1.5th,  1829, 
 and  it  was  dedicated  to  the  worship  of  God  on  the 
 third  Sabbath  of  Kovember,  1830.  The  year  1834  was 
 marked  by  a  revival,  the  first  in  Springfield.  Shortly 
 after,  a  movement  for  a  second  church  originated, 
 and  Mr.  Bergen  was  installed  its  pa.stor,  November 
 2.5th,  1835.  A  new  house  was  commenced  in  1840, 
 and  dedicated  November  9th,  1843.  In  1847  there 
 was  a  precious  re^■ival  of  religion. 
 
 '^mm^ 
 
 JOHN    BEHGEV,  D.  D. 
 
 Tlie  pastoral  relation  of  Mr.  Bergen  was  dissolved 
 September  27th,  1848,  and  from  that  time  his  active 
 life  ceased.  He  devoted  him.self  to  -(vriting  for  the 
 press,  and  to  mis.sionaFy  effort  among  feeble  churches 
 here  and  there.  During  the  twenty  years  of  his  life 
 in  Illinois,  about  five  hundred  members  had  been 
 received  into  the  Church  in  Springfield,  and  six 
 churches  organized  in  the  county.  He  was  for  many 
 years  a  director  of  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the 
 Northwest,  at  Chicago.  He  took  an  active  part  in 
 the  reunion  movement  of  the  Church,  and  was  made 
 Moderator  of  the  reunited  Synod  of  Hlinois,  in  July, 
 1870.  He  died,  January  17th,  1872.  Dr.  Bergen's 
 spirit  was  love,  such  love  as  made  him  willing,  always 
 and  everywhere,  to  sacrifice  himself,  in  the  most 
 wonderful  charity  for  those  who  diflered  in  opinion 
 
 from  himself,  and  in  a  joyousness,  through  life,  like 
 that  of  a  child. 
 
 Berry,  James  Bomeyn,  D.  D.,  was  bom  near 
 Hackensack,  N.  J.,  March  8th,  1827.  He  graduated 
 at  Rutgers  College,  in  1847,  and  at  the  Theological 
 Seminary  in  New  Brunswick,  in  1850.  He  was 
 ordained  to  the  ministry  and  installed  pastor  of  the 
 Reformed  Church  of  Piermout,  N.  Y.,  in  August, 
 1850.  His  subsequent  settlements  in  the  Reformed 
 Church  were,  at  Syracuse,  N.  Y.,  1851-7;  Kinderhook, 
 N.  Y.,  1857-63;  Jersey  City,  N.  J.,  1863-8;  and 
 Fishkill-on-Hudsou,  N.  \.,  1869-70.  Dr.  Berry 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Mont- 
 clair,  N.  J.,  in  1870,  where  he  is  still  settled.  He  is 
 a  man  of  unusually  fine  presence,  and  dignified  but 
 genial  manners.  As  a  pxstor  he  is  eminently  wise, 
 fcithful,  successful  and  beloved.  His  manner  in  the 
 pulpit  is  impressive  and  forcible,  and  his  sermons 
 axe  characterized  by  great  soundness  in  the  faith, 
 clearness  and  spirituality.  He  has  contributed  occa- 
 sionally for  the  press,  and  several  of  his  sermons  and 
 addresses  have  been  printed. 
 
 Berry,  Rev.  Robert,  was  born  July  6th,  1812, 
 at  Be^^^-plain,  King  (k-orge  county,  Va.  He  received 
 his  cla.ssical  education  at  tlie  celebrated  school  of 
 Thomas  H.  Hanson,  in  Fredericksburg,  Va.  After  a 
 successful  practice  of  law  in  Biiltimore  for  some  time, 
 he  entered  Princeton  Seminary,  in  1835.  He  was 
 licensed  by  Winchester  Presbytery,  May  30th,  1838; 
 labored  as  a  missionarj-  in  Warren  and  Rappahannock 
 counties,  Va.,  nearly  two  years;  was  piistor  of  the 
 Bridge  Street  Church,  Georgetown,  D.  C. ,  from  Octo- 
 ber 3d,  1841,  until  August  28th,  1849;  w;is  stated 
 supply  of  the  Church  at  Martin.sburg.  Va.,  from  April, 
 1850,  until  September,  1858;  supplied  the  Church  at 
 Canton,  Miss.,  for  eighteen  months,  and,  having 
 declined  its  call,  returned  to  Virginia  in  April,  1860, 
 and  resumed  his  labors  in  the  field  where  his  ministry 
 began.  He  died  November  2d,  1877.  Mr.  Berry  was 
 an  able  and  accomplished  presbyter,  a  sound  and 
 learned  theologian,  an  earnest  and  instructi\^ 
 preacher,  a  faithful  and  sympathizing  pastor,  a  mse 
 and  judicious  counselor  and  a  true  and  constant 
 Iriend.  His  courteous  manners  and  genial  spirit 
 made  him  welcome  in  every  company,  and  his  varied 
 excellencies  of  head  and  heart  and  life  attracted  to 
 him,  in  a  remarkable  degree,  the  confidence  and  love 
 of  all  who  knew  him. 
 
 Bertram,  Rev.  William,  on  the  presentation 
 to  the  Synod,  in  1732,  of  most  ample  testimonials 
 from  the  Presbytery  of  Bangor,  in  Ireland,  was 
 received  by  the  Presbytery  of  Donegal.  At  the  same 
 time  he  accepted  an  invitation  to  settle  at  Paxton 
 \  and  Derry,  and  was  installed,  November  15th,  1732, 
 at  the  meeting  house  on  Swatara.  The  congrega- 
 tions executed  to  him  the  right  and  title  to  the 
 Indian  town  they  had  purchased.  On  the  settlement 
 of  Mr.  Bertram  the  congreg;xtion  on  Swatara  took  the 
 name  of  Derr}-,  and  the  upper  congregation,  on  Fish- 
 
BERTRON. 
 
 70 
 
 BETH  AX  y  CHLRCH. 
 
 ing  Crec'k,  was  styled  Paxton.  Desiring  leave  to 
 conline  hirasi'irto  one  congregation,  Derry  eng:iged  to 
 pay  him  sixty  jioumiI-s,  in  lu-inp,  corn,  linen  j-arn  and 
 cloth,  and  he  w;ui  released  from  the  care  of  Paxton, 
 September  13th,  173G.  He  died,  May  3d,  1746,  aged 
 seventy-two,  and  "  his  tomb  may  lie  seen  by  leaving 
 the  main  road,  near  Hummellstowq,  and  traversing 
 the  cool,  cleiir  Spring  Creek,  to  Dixon's  Ford,  where 
 stands  the  venerable  Derry  meeting  house,  on  the 
 Ixinks  of  the  SwaUira."  Mr.  Bertram's  son  was  Sur- 
 veyor tu -niral  of  Pennsylvania. 
 
 Bertron,  Rev.  Samuel  Reading,  w:i.s  born  in 
 Phila<lelphia,  Pa.,  December  17th,  1-JOU;  gradiuited 
 at  New  Jersey  College  in  1838;  was  ordained  an 
 evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  April 
 2'2d,  1831;  wxs  sUited  supply  of  the  Second  Church 
 of  Kensington,  Philadelphia,  1831-3,  and  agent  of  the 
 
 this  first  meeting  was  held,"  writes  one  of  the  founders, 
 "will  doubtless  never  Ije  forgotten  by  tho.se  who  were 
 present.  No  seats  hxiWng  Ix-en  provided,  the  children 
 were  stuudingin  a  row  around  the  room,  when  Mr. 
 Kincaid,  the  owner  of  the  house,  entered,  and  said  he 
 was  sorry  he  had  no  benches  to  give  us,  but  there 
 [  were  some  pieces  of  scantling  in  the  cellar,  to  which 
 !  we  were  welcome.  His  kind  offer  was  gla<Ily 
 accepted,  and  the  rough  boards  arranged  on  bricks  in 
 the  centre  of  the  room,  in  such  a  way  xs  to  form  a 
 square,  and  thus  the  children  sat  and  s:ing  their  first 
 Sabbath-s<.hix>l  hymn. " 
 
 It  was  not  long  IxMbre  the  rooms,  halls  and  stair- 
 ways were  crowded  with  scholars,  and  the  question 
 what  to  do  with  the  children  became  a  Serious  one. 
 The  erection  of  a  tent  w;is  resolved  ujion,  and  on  the 
 18th  of  July,  IHoS,  a  tent,  erected  on  the  north  side 
 
 BETHANT   rRM8TTERIA!(   CSDRCB    AXD  MBBATH    MIIOOI. 
 
 American  Sunday  School  Union  in  >[ississippi,  in 
 1831.  Near  the  clo.se  of  thi.s  year  he  became  a  resi- 
 dent of  Port  Cibson,  Miss.,  and  continued  .so  until 
 his  death,  Uctobir  7tli,  187-<,  jireaching  in  neighlmr- 
 ing  chnrchrs  us  he  had  op]>ortunity.  Towards  the 
 close  of  his  life  he  t<K>k  a  lively  interest  in  establish- 
 ing CliamlHTlain  Hunt  College,  in  Port  Gibson,  and 
 W!us  elected  its  prl^sillent.  Mr.  Bertron  had  an  active 
 and  vigorous  mind.  His  tastes  were  cultivated  and 
 refined.  He  was  a  man  of  large  intelligi'nee,  ardent 
 nature,  deep  emotions  and  broad  sympathies.  As  a 
 lireachcrlH  |>"ssiss.il  intich  more  thanorcliiiaryability. 
 Bethany  Preabyteiian  Church  and  Sab- 
 bath School,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  On  the  second 
 .Sabbath  of  February  (February  1 1th ),  Irt.'i.'^,  a  Sablmth 
 school  Wiis  o|H'ned  in  two  second-story  rooms  of  the 
 liousi'  'ilXt  South  Strci't,  with  twenty-,seven  wbolars 
 and  two  teachers.     "The  circumstanci-s  under  which 
 
 of  South  street,  west  of  Twenty-first  street,  was 
 oi>entd  for  religious  serxnces,  and  a  sermon  preachetl 
 in  the  morning,  by  Rev.  Dr.  fballen.  In  the  atter- 
 nixm  over  three  hundred  children,  with  many  of  their 
 parents,  a-s-senibled  in  the  new  8<>bool-room.  The 
 evening  service  w:is  a  very  prei-ious  one,  a  bles-sed 
 earnest  of  better  things  to  come.  The  canvas  church 
 wivH  crowded  with  a  motley  audience.  Old  peo))le 
 tottering  on  the  verge  of  the  grave,  mothers  with 
 children  in  their  arms,  young  men  and  maidens,  all 
 eagerly  listened  to  the  gos|Ml  xs  there  preached. 
 
 So  great  wxh  the  success  of  the  work  during  the 
 
 I  Summer  months  that  a  portion  of  the  lot  on  which 
 
 '  the   tent   was   pitched   wxs  purelixsi-d    from    Mr.   K. 
 
 Dunning,  who  had  kindly  given  the  use  of  the  ground 
 
 I  for  the  tent;  and  on  the  l^th  of  Octoln-r  the  corner- 
 
 sf<me  for  a  chapel  was  laid,  with  appn>priate  Rer\iees. 
 
 After  the  history  of  the  enterjirist'  bad  ln-en  read  by 
 
BETHAXV  cnvRcn. 
 
 71 
 
 BETHEL  CHURCH. 
 
 Mr.  John  Wanamaker,  the  Superintendent,  addresses 
 were  di'liverod  by  Rev.  Drs.  Lcyburn,  Brainerd, 
 Chambers  and  McLeod. 
 
 During  tlie  winter,  and  ■nliile  the  chapel  was  being 
 built,  the  school  met,  first,  in  the  depot  of  the  Pas- 
 senger Railway,  and  afterwards  in  the  public  school- 
 house  on  Twenty-third  street.  The  chapel  cost 
 about  §.3700,  and  measured  forty  by  sixty  feet. 
 
 On  the  27th  of  January,  18o9,  the  Bethany  Chapel 
 was  dedicatt'd,  with  appropriate  ser\-ices;  and  on  the 
 following  Sabbath  the  Sabbath  School  met  in  the 
 new  house,  with  two  hundred  and  seventy-four 
 scholars  and  seventeen  teachers,  although  less  thau  a 
 year  had  elapsed  since  its  commencement  with 
 twenty-seven  scholars  and  two  teachers.  Tlie  school 
 assembled  every  Sabbath  morning  and  afternoon,  and 
 in  the  evening  there  was  preaching.  On  the  4th  of 
 January,  1862,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Blanvelt  commenced 
 his  labors  a.s  a  missionary  in  connection  with  the 
 cnterijrise.  After  laboring  faithfully  for  a  year,  he 
 resigned,  that  he  might  go  as  a  missionary  to  a  foreign 
 Held.  He  was  a  good  man,  and  loved  by  all  the 
 pe(>i>le. 
 
 After  an  interval  of  a  few  years,  the  Rev.  S.  T. 
 Lo^vrie  was  called  to  labor  in  the  chapel.  His  first 
 sermon  was  preached  JIarch  25th,  1865  ;  and  on  the 
 19th  of  August  following  lie  commenced  active  labors 
 among  the  people.  On  the  25th  of  September,  the 
 same  j'ear,  a  Presbyterian  Church  was  organized, 
 under  the  care  of  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia, 
 Old  School.  The  installation  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Lo%\Tie 
 took  phiee  November  11th,  the  sermon  being  preached 
 by  Rev.  II.  A.  Boardman,  D.  D. 
 
 Under  the  ministry  of  Jlr.  Lowrie  the  enterprise 
 rapidly  prospered,  so  that  the  chapel  became  too 
 strait,  and  various  measures  were  adopted  to  accom- 
 modate the  throngs  who  sought  to  worship  there. 
 At  hist  it  was  decided  to  erect  a  more  commodious 
 building,  and  the  large  lot  embracing  the  end  of  the 
 block,  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Twenty-second  and 
 Shippen  (now  Baiubridge)  streets,  running  back  to 
 Pemberton  street,  and  fronting  on  Shippen  street  one 
 hundred  and  twelve  feet,  and  on  Twenty-second  street 
 one  hundred  and  thirty-eight  and  one-half  feet,  was 
 selected  as  the  best  location,  where  the  corner-stone 
 of  a  new  and  larger  building  was  laid,  with  appropriate 
 serrices;  and  on  Tluirsday,  February  13th,  1870,  the 
 new  chapel  was  dedicated. 
 
 In  1869  the  Rev.  S.  T.  Lowrie  resigned,  that  he 
 might  accept  a  call  to  the  p;i.storate  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  at  Abingdon,  Pa. ;  and  in  January, 
 1870,  Rev.  J.  R.  MUler,  of  Newcastle,  Pa.,  became 
 the  pastor.  Mr.  Sliller  proved  himself  a  very  effi- 
 cient pa.stor,  and  when  he  was  constrained  to  resign, 
 at  the  close  of  1878,  to  accept  a  call  to  a  church  at 
 Rock  Island,  Illinois,  he  carried  with  him  the  love 
 and  respect  of  the  people.  In  the  month  of  June, 
 '  1879,  a  call  was  made  out  to  the  Rev.  James  B. 
 Dunn,  i>.  D.,  of  Boston,  who  had  beeu  compelled  to 
 
 leave  that  city,  owing  to  ill  health.  On  the  first 
 Sabbath  of  October,  1879,  Dr.  Dunn  commenced  his 
 ministrations  at  Bethany.  After  Dr.  Dunn's  resig- 
 nation, the  present  pastor.  Dr.  A.  T.  Pierson,  was 
 elected,  and  was  installed  November  25th,  1883. 
 The  Bethany  Church  building  has  a  front  of  one 
 hundred  feet,  with  a  depth  of  one  hundred  and 
 thirty-eight  and  one-half  feet.  The  seating  capa- 
 city is  eighteen  hundred.  The  Sabbatli-scliool  build- 
 ing covers  tlie  entire  end  of  the  block  at  Twenty- 
 second  street  ;  embraces  forty-eight  rooms,  with  a 
 seating  eajiacity  of  three  thous;iiul  and  twenty  adults 
 and  children.  The  cost  of  the  ground  and  buiUlings 
 wjis  over  $200,000.  The  school,  at  present,  h;is  forty- 
 six  officers,  ninety-seven  teachers,  t^vo  thousand  and 
 eight.v-six  scholars. 
 
 Bethel  Church,  Fayette  County,  Ken- 
 tucky. There  is  no  section  of  tlie  Presbrterian 
 Church  on  the  American  continent  whose  history  has 
 been  more  interesting  or  more  eventful  than  tlut 
 planted  in  Kentucky  by  the  early  pioneers.  Their 
 elevated  and  indomitable  spirit,  their  love  of  liberty, 
 both  civil  and  religious,  is  traced  back  through  Penn- 
 sylvania and  the  Valley  of  Virginia,  across  the  broad 
 ocean,  to  the  north  of  Ireland  and  to  the  heath-clad 
 hills  of  Scotland,  where  the  heroic  few  stood  up 
 against  fearful  odds,  and  mainfciined,  with  unflinch- 
 ing couiage  "  Clii-Ufs  Crown  and  Coii-nant." 
 
 Three  generations  ago  the  silence  of  what  was  then 
 a  tangled  wilderness  was  broken  only  by  the  howl  of 
 the  wild  beast  or  the  war-whoop  of  the  red  savage. 
 The  dark  forests,  the  impenetrable  canebrakes  and 
 thickets,  were  stoutly  disputing  with  men  armed 
 with  the  axe,  the  rifle  and  firebrand,  their  right  to  the 
 virgin  soil. 
 
 Gradually,  but  sullenly  and  reluctantly,  the  Indian 
 Ix'gan  his  retreat  before  advancing  civilization,  fight- 
 ing his  way  towards  the  more  remote  hiuiting 
 grouiuls.  The  intercourse  of  these  early  settlers 
 with  the  remote  Eastern  States  was  conducted  in  a 
 slow,  primitive  style.  Then  the  merchants  rode  on 
 hoi-seback  to  Philadelphia,  carrying  their  money  in 
 saddle-bags,  toiling  weary  days  and  nights  through 
 the  forests  and  along  the  rugged  sides  of  the  Alle- 
 ghenies,  content  to  make  their  journey  in  thirty  days, 
 and  wait  patiently  thirty  or  forty  more  for  their 
 wares  and  merchandi.se,  transixirted  on  pa<-k-mules, 
 winding  their  way  through  by-paths  and  blazed 
 roads. 
 
 But  now,  where  once  the  red  man  built  his  council 
 fires  and  danced  to  his  war-song,  the  wilderness  has 
 been  reclaimed  and  made  to  blossom  as  the  rose. 
 ■VNTiere  once  stood  the  majestic  forest,  now  stands  the 
 stately  edifice  where  God  is  worshiped,  the  Bible 
 read  and  truth  proclaimed. 
 
 As  near  as  can  be  now  a-scertained,  Bethel  Church 
 was  organized  in  the  year  1789.  Owing  to  the  fact 
 that  the  early  Records  of  the  church,  from  1789  to 
 1818,  were  lost,  many  interesting  incidents  connected 
 
BETHEL  rnuRcn. 
 
 72 
 
 BIDWELL. 
 
 ■with  its  early  history  cannot  now  Ijc  ruprodueed. 
 Even  the  names  of  the  original  office-bearers  and 
 mcmljcrs  cannot  now  !«.■  stated  with  accuracy. 
 
 The  followiii';  ministers  of  the  gosjK-l  have  been 
 pastors  or  stated  siipjilics  in  tliis  cliurcli  : — 
 
 The  Kiv.  Samuel  Sliannon,  who  was  a  (iradnate  of 
 Princeton  Collej;c,  and  admitted  a  memlM-r  of  Tnin- 
 Bylvania  Presbytery,  April  2!nli,  ITt'il;  t<H)k  charge  of 
 the  Betliel  and  Sinking  Spring  churches,  and  con- 
 tinued p;ist«r  for  four  years,  when  he  resigned  and 
 took  charge  of  the  Woodford  Church,  where  he  con- 
 tinued preaching  until  the  year  1800.  In  the  year 
 181'2  lie  volunteered  and  joined  the  American  army, 
 as  cliaplain.  He  was  a  man  of  great  physical 
 strength.  His  fist  was  like  a  sledge  hammer,  and  he 
 ■was  s;iid  to  have  lopped  off  a  stout  branch  of  a  tree  at 
 a  single  stroke  of  his  sword  when  charging  through 
 the  womls.  The  latter  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in 
 missionary  labors,  chiefly  in  the  destitute  parts  of  the 
 State  of  Indiana,  where  he  died,  in  the  year  1822. 
 
 The  first  statement  made  on  the  present  records  of 
 Bethel  Church  is,  that  the  liev.  Kobert  M.  Cunning- 
 ham declined  preaching  at  liethel  about  the  month 
 of  December,  1818.  As  Mr.  Cunningham  (who  was 
 from  (leorgia)  commenced  his  labors  as  pastor  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Churcli,  Lexington,  Ky.,  in  April  or 
 May,  1808,  and  continued  in  this  relation  fourteen 
 years,  the  statement  j  ust  referred  to  shows  that  while 
 pastor  at  Lexington,  he  also  supplied  liethel.  On  the 
 13th  of  June,  1793,  the  Kev.  Kobert  Marshall  (else- 
 where noticed  in  this  volume)  was  ordaiiiecl  jiastorof 
 Bethel  and  Blue  Spring  churches — known  at  an 
 earlier  date  as  McConnell's  IJun  Church.  His  offi- 
 cial connection  with  Bethel  Church  embraced  a 
 period  of  nearly  thirty  years.  In  the  old  Session 
 Book  of  the  chun'li  there  is  this  record,  June  16th, 
 1832:  "Departed  this  life,  in  the  full  as.surance  of 
 a  joyful  resurrection  to  eternal  life,  through  our 
 Divine .Savi(mr,  Jesus  Chri.st,  the  Kev.  Ro1«'rt  Marshall, 
 aged  seventy-two  yejirs,  and  the  forty-second  of  his 
 ministry,  and  for  many  years  the  venerable  pastor  of 
 this,  Betliel  Church." 
 
 Kev.  .Simeon  II.  Crane  was  ein]iIoved  as  .stated 
 supply  for  Bethel  for  the  year  1830,  for  two-thirds  of 
 his  time.  In  the  year  1832  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Logan 
 ■was  employed  iis  stilted  supply  for  one  yejir.  He 
 continued  to  prcjich  until  December  lltli,  1K56.  The 
 church  was  then  vacant  for  nearly  two  years.  Dur- 
 ing that  interval,  oce;Lsioiially  the  gos|R'l  was 
 preached  and  the  ordinances  of  the  Cliurih  adminis- 
 tered by  Kev.  .1.  Coons,  Kev.  ,f.  C.  Stile.s,  Kev.  X. 
 H.  Hall.  Uu  thf  2(ith  of  March,  Is;}-<,  the  Kev.  J. 
 H.  Logan  was  agjiin  invited  to  resume  his  lalM>rs  as 
 Ht;it<'d  supiily.  He  continued  jireiiching  regularly 
 until  June  20th,  ls.")0,  making,  in  all,  n  mini.stry  to 
 this  cburch  of  sixteen  years.  Ho  died  January  1st, 
 ]8.")(),  in  tlie  fifty-seventh  year  of  his  age,  in  full 
 faith  of  that  Saviour  he  so  often  preached  to  others. 
 
 During  the  year  1850  the  Session  made  un.succe.ssful 
 
 efiforts  to  procure  the  ministerial  services  of  the  Rev. 
 R.  L.  Breck,  Rev.  F.  G.  Strahan,  and  Rev.  J.  C. 
 Barnes.  In  the  year  W>1  they  succeeded  in  pr<K-ur- 
 ing  Rev.  James  H.  Dinsmore  as  stated  supply  for 
 six  months.  At  the  expiration  of  Mr.  Dinsmore's 
 time  the  Session  informally  invited  the  Rev.  tJeorge 
 Van  Eminan,  a  gniduate  of  Danville  Srminary,  to 
 supply  the  pulpit,  which  he  did  until  the  next  meet- 
 ing of  I*re.sb\-tery,  when  leave  w;i8  given  to  continue 
 his  labors.  He  continued  to  preach  until  some  time 
 in  May,  1852.  On  the  first  of  May,  1850,  the  Kev.  S. 
 Yerkes,  n.  n.,  commenced  his  labors  as  st;ited  su]>ply, 
 and  continued  to  render  this  serWce  until  elected  by 
 the  General  .Vss<>mbly  of  l-'.")7  to  till  the  fourth  pro- 
 fessorship in  Danville  Theological  .Seminary. 
 
 On  May  1st,  18.58,  Rev.  Matthew  MeFeatters  com- 
 menced his  labors  as  stilted  supply,  and  August  21st 
 was  regularly  called  as  pastor,  but  in  the  Spring  of 
 1859  declined  the  call  and  ceased  to  act  as  st;ited 
 supply.  On  the  18th  of  June,  1859,  a  unanimous 
 call  was  given  to  the  Rev.  H.  H.  Allen,  which  he 
 accepted,  uniting  preaching  with  teaching  a  school, 
 until  .\pril,  13th,  1^<(J1,  when,  on  account  of  failing 
 health,  he  resigned  the  charge.  On  SeptemlKT  7th, 
 1861,  Rev.  M.  Vanlear  accepted  a  call  to  Bethel,  and 
 continued  pastor  until  April,  1873.  The  present 
 pastor  is  the  Rev.  AV.  George,  who  was  elected  in 
 May,  1873,  and  ■n-ho.se  ministry  has  been  largely 
 blessed  among  his  people. 
 
 Bevan,  Matthe'w  L.,  Esq.,  w:is  l>orn  at  Old 
 Chester,  Delaware  cciuiity,  Pa.,  August  23d,  1777. 
 He  was  for  many  years  a  commission  and  shijjping 
 merchant — the  leatliiig  member  of  the  firm  of  Bevan 
 it  Humphreys.  His  e.arly  religious  training  was 
 among  the  Quakers,  but  he  was  baptized  anil  received 
 into  the  Church  under  the  ministry  of  Dr.  J.  J.  Jane- 
 way,  then  jMistor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Philadel])hia.  Mr.  Bevan  wiis  one  of  the  founders 
 of  the  Central  Presbyterian  Church  of  that  city,  and 
 was  made  a  Ruling  KIdir  with  Messrs.  Alexander 
 Henry  and  Matthew  Ncwkirk.  Through  the  influ- 
 ence of  Dr.  .lohn  Breckenridge,  then  Com'SiKinding 
 Secretary  of  tile  Board  of  Kducation,  Mr.  Bi'van  w;is 
 led  to  take  a  deep  interest  in  the  c;iu.sc  of  eihu-.ition. 
 On  the  death  of  Mr.  .\lexander  Henry,  Mr.  Bevan, 
 who  was  long  and  intimately  connected  with  him  in 
 educational  lalM)rs,  was  chosen  his  succes.sor  in  the 
 Presidency  of  the  Board,  Septeml)er  2<1,  18-t7,  which 
 position  he  filled  with  great  .icceptance  until  his 
 de;ith,  DecenilKT  llfh,  1S19.  His  hospitality  was 
 large,  and  his  generosity  i-onstant  towards  those 
 struggling  to  fit  themselves  for  the  work  of  the  min- 
 istry. 
 
 Bid'well,  Hon.  Marshall  S. ,  was  Ixirn  in  Stock- 
 bridge,  Ma.ss.,  rebruary  Kith,  1799,  and  moved  with 
 his  father's  family  to  Kingston,  Upjier  Canada,  in 
 1812.  He  studied  law,  and  when  allied  to  the  Bar, 
 his  tiilents  and  integrity  pave  pnmiise  of  the  ilistinc- 
 lion  he  afterwards  attained.     He  was  then  returned 
 
BIGGS. 
 
 73 
 
 BINGHA3I. 
 
 by  the  Reform  party  to  the  Legislative  Assembly, 
 and  chosen  Speaker  of  the  House,  which  rr'sponsible 
 and  influential  position  he  held  for  many  years.  But 
 such  was  the  disiilTection  of  the  dominant  party 
 toward  the  Keformers,  that  Sir.  Bidwell  removed  to 
 New  York  in  1838,  where  he  formed  those  business 
 connections  which  he  so  long  and  honorably  main- 
 tained. Being  early  converted  by  the  power  of  the 
 gospel,  its  priucijjles  governed  all  the  purposes  of  his 
 life.  His  Christian  philanthropy  was  manifested  by 
 his  giatuitous  services  in  works  of  benevolence,  and 
 his  endeavors  to  do  good  unto  all  men  as  he  had 
 opportunity.  As  one  of  the  original  corporators  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Hospital  in  the  City  of  New  York, 
 he  evinced  a  deep  interest  in  its  prosperitj',  and,  by 
 his  counsel  and  suggestions,  contributed  to  its  suc- 
 cess. Grasping  with  strong  faith  eternal  realities 
 while  in  vigorous  health,  he  shrank  not  at  the  pros- 
 pect of  sudden  death;  hence,  his  prayer  was  to  be 
 t;iken  away  when  and  where  it  pleiused  his  Heavenly 
 Father.  That  prayer  was  heard  and  accepted.  With- 
 out any  premonition,  by  an  imperceptible  and  almost 
 instantaneous  transition,  he  died,  at  his  office  in  New 
 York,  amid  the  crowded  marts  of  business,  October 
 24tb,  1S72. 
 
 Biggs,  Thomas  Jacob,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  John 
 and  Sarah  Biggs,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
 November  29th,  1787;  graduated  at  Na.ss;iu  Hall  in 
 1815;  in  the  same  year  entered  Princeton  Theological 
 Seminary.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Philadelphia  in  1817,  and  ordained  by  them  in 
 1818,  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Frankford  Church, 
 Pa.  His  pastorate  here  was  a  very  happy  and  useful 
 one;  many  were  added  to  the  church,  and  a  number 
 of  young  men  were  brought  into  the  ministry.  He 
 accepted  the  Professorship  of  Ecclesiastical  Historj- 
 and  Church  Polity  in  Lane  Theological  Seminary  in 
 1832,  and  resigning  it  in  1839,  accepted  the  Presi- 
 dency of  Cincinnati  College.  This  position  he  con- 
 tinued to  fill  until  October  15th,  1845.  He  was 
 President  of  Woodward  College  in  Cincinnati  from 
 1845  to  1851.  During  his  presidency  he  ministered 
 in  the  Seventh  Presbj-terian  Church,  Cincinnati,  and 
 the  First  Church  of  "Walnut  Hills.  From  October, 
 1852  to  December,  1856,  he  was  pastor  of  the  Fifth 
 Church,  Cincinnati.  He  died  February  9th,  1864. 
 Dr.  Biggs  was  a  useful  man.  A  beautiful  trait  in 
 his  character  was  the  largeness  of  his  Christian 
 regards.  His  piety  was  of  a  cheerful  tyjje.  He 
 never  seemed  to  see  God  in  the  pillar  of  cloud,  but 
 always  in  the  pillar  of  light.  Christ  was  so  near  to 
 him  that  he  felt  no  doubts,  but  rejoiced  in  his  fellow- 
 ship with  llini. 
 
 Billings,  Rev.  Silas,  was  born  at  Somers,  Tol- 
 land county,  Conu.,  August  21st,  1804;  graduated 
 from  Yale  College  in  1829;  .spent  one  year  in  teaching 
 at  Buckingham  Academy,  Worcester  county,  Md. ; 
 studied  theology  at  Princeton;  was  licensed  by  Mid- 
 dlesex Congregational  Association,  Conn. ,  in  October, 
 
 1832,  and  was  ordained  by  East  Hanover  Presbytery, 
 OctolK'r  19th,  1833,  as  an  evangelist.  He  labored  as 
 a  missionary  in  Prince  George  county,  Va.,  from  Sep- 
 temlx-r,  1833,  until  October,  1836,  after  which  he 
 served  the  churches  of  Wooilstock  and  Strasburg,  Va. , 
 as  stated  supply,  from  October,  1836,  to  the  Summer 
 of  1846,  through  the  whole  time  teaching  a  classical 
 school  five  days  in  the  week.  He  then  went  to  Jlor- 
 giintowTi,  We.st  Virginia,  and  for  seven  years,  1846-53, 
 had  charge  of  a  cl;issic«d  school,  at  the  same  time 
 prejiching  as  a  supply  at  dillereut  jioints.  By  his 
 energy  and  wisdom  he  here  built  up  a  large  and 
 flourishing  Aciidemy,  which  has  since  grown  to  be  the 
 University  of  West  Virginia.  He  then  bec;ime  stated 
 supply  for  two  years,  1854-56,  to  the  Church  at  Bloom- 
 field,  N.  J.,  and  afterwards  to  that  at  Orange,  N.  J., 
 for  two  years  more,  1856-58.  Returning  to  Virginia, 
 he  became  pastor  of  the  Elk  Branch  Church  at  Duf- 
 field's  Depot,  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Iviiilroad, 
 where  he  was  installed  pastor  August  17th,  1858,  and 
 through  failure  of  health  was  released  April  23d,  1869, 
 and  removed  to  Winchester,  where  he  resided  until 
 his  death.  Soon  after  be  began  preaching  at  Elk 
 Branch  Church,  he  opened  there  a  Semuiary  for  girls, 
 which  he  continued  to  teach  imtil  1869.  Very  soon 
 after  removing  to  Winchester,  he  again  opened  a 
 Seminary  for  females,  called  ''Fairfax  Hall,"  which, 
 with  the  help  of  two  of  his  daughters,  beaime  a  most 
 flourishing  and  useful  institution,  and  so  continues  to 
 this  time.  Yet,  so  long  as  was  possible,  he  sought  to 
 preach,  and  gladly  rode  long  distances  to  supply  poor 
 or  vacant  churches  on  the  Sabbath.  He  died  Janu- 
 ary 8th,  1881,  at  Winchester,  Va.  He  was  a  man  of 
 indomitable  energy,  a  laborious  pastor,  a  successful 
 teacher,  a  man  of  truly  devoted  and  devotional  spirit. 
 His  extraordinary  musical  gifts  added  much  to  the 
 interest  felt  in  his  religious  services. 
 
 Bingham,  Rev.  Samuel  James,  was  the  third 
 son  of  Samuel  Bingham  and  Mary  JIuklrow — both 
 of  Scotch-Irish  descent^ — and  was  born  in  Slarion 
 county,  S.  C,  December  6th,  1829.  His  father's 
 hou.se  was  the  minister's  home,  and  a  nursery  of 
 piety,  and  thus  he  was  reared  under  godly  influences, 
 wliieh  fitted  him  for  his  subsequent  life  of  consecra- 
 tion and  usefulness.  He  graduated  at  Oglethorpe 
 University  in  1852,  and  spent  two  years  (1854-55)  in 
 the  Theological  Seminary  at  Columl)ia,  S.  C.  He  was 
 licensed  in  October,  1856,  and  was  ordained  April  5th, 
 1858,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Tuscaloosa,  and  devoted 
 himself  with  great  ardor  to  the  work  of  preaching 
 the  gospel  of  Christ,  even  to  the  very  last  Sabbath  of 
 his  life.  He  spent  the  first  eleven  ye:xrs  of  his  min- 
 istry in  the  county  of  his  boyhood,  ser\-ing  the 
 churches  of  Eliz;ibeth,  Oxlbrd  and  Hadden.  Here 
 his  labors  were  abundant,  faithful  and  very  successful. 
 He  then  spent  five  years  of  useful  and  successful 
 labor  in  Jasper  and  Newton  counties,  Miss.,  a  scat- 
 !  tered  field,  in  which  he  had  to  endure  much  self- 
 !  sacrifice,  which,  however,  he  always  bore  cheerfully 
 
BISHOP. 
 
 74 
 
 liisuor. 
 
 for  the  Master's  sake.     Thence,  he  went  to  Enter- 
 prise, Miss.,  and  during  the  five  years  of  his  miuistrj- 
 there,  gathered  more  than  one  sheaf  into  the  Lord's  ' 
 garner. 
 
 His  Uust  field  embraced  the  place  of  his  residence. 
 Moss  I'oint,  on  the  Gulf  Co:ist,  and  the  churches  of 
 Ilaudshoro  and  Vernal.  All  these  churches  were 
 built  up  and  .strengthened  through  his  eOorts.  A 
 handsome  church  edifice  w:is  erected  at  iloss  I'oint, 
 largely  through  his  exertion.s.  But  many  other 
 churches  enjoyed  his  occasional  labors,  and  always 
 with  profit.  He  was  deeply  imbued  with  the  mis-  ^ 
 sionary  spirit,  and  was  fond  of  visiting  destitute 
 regions  and  preaching  to  the  poor.  In  thi.s  branch  of 
 laljor  he  was  greatly  blessed  in  Alabama  and  Missis- 
 sippi. 
 
 He  Wiis  very  genial  and  sociable  in  his  disposition. 
 Wlierever  he  went  he  made  friends  of  all  classes. 
 His  style  of  preaching  was  plain,  evangelical,  earnest : 
 and  practical.  His  whole  soul  was  engaged  in  the 
 work.  He  preached  to  win  souls  to  Christ.  He 
 made  sacrifices  in  order  to  preach.  During  his  whole 
 ministry  he  received  rather  a  small  .salarj'.  His 
 ministry  w:is  emphatically  a  labor  of  love.  Of  a 
 sympathetic  nature,  he  w;us  always  a  friend  indeed  to 
 the  poor,  the  suffering  and  the  alliicted.  He  died 
 June  2.'^th,  1881. 
 
 Bishop,  Rev.  George  Brown,  was  the  son  of  the 
 Eev.  Iv.  H.  Bi.shop,  D.  I).,  and  Aim  Ireland,  and  was 
 born  in  Fayette  county,  Ky.,  two  miles  south  of  Lex- 
 ington, Jlarch  :5(tth,  1810.  He  graduated  at  Miami 
 University  in  1828,  studied  theology  at  I'rinceton,  was 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Oxford,  in  Noveml)er, 
 1833,  and  was  pastor  at  Oxford,  Ohio,  1833—4.  In 
 SeptemlKT,  1831,  lie  w:ui  elected  to  the  Profe.s.sorship 
 of  Biljlical  Criticism  and  Oriental  Literature  in  the 
 Indiana  Tlieological  Seminsiry  at  Hanover,  Ind., 
 (now  the  Northwestern  Theological  Seminary  at  Chi- 
 cago), and  in  this  position  was  permitted  to  labor 
 about  three  years.  He  died  Decemljer  14th,  1837. 
 Mr.  IJishoj)  was  eminent  in  his  Cliristian  character. 
 Tlie  Bible  w:us  his  delight  and  con.stant  companion. 
 As  a  piistor,  his  dignificil  liearing  commanded  the 
 resjiect  and  affection  of  his  people.  He  never  selected 
 a  text,  prepared  a  sennon,  or  entered  the  pulpit, 
 without  first  ejirnestly  invoking  the  divine  blessing. 
 His  prayers,  exhortations,  and  sermons,  were  largely 
 com]K)si>d  of  Scripture  language,  and  were  pointed 
 anil  <liscriniinating.  As  a  1'rofe.s.sor,  he  was  iu>t  only 
 singularly  earnest  and  faithful,  but  beloved  by  his 
 cla'usi'.s.  Every  recitation  was  opened  by  j)rayer  for 
 divine  guidance  and  illumination,  and  the  first  day 
 of  everj'  month  was  «<t  ai)art  for  8|K'cial  religious 
 exerci.se.s.  His  contributions  to  religious  pur]K>.ses 
 often  excee<led  twice  the  amount  which,  at  the  Ix.-- 
 ginning  of  the  year,  he  had  set  apart  for  benevolent 
 objects.  Few  men  have  given  so  great  promise  of 
 nwfulne.HH  to  the  Church,  or  have,  in  so  short  a  time, 
 accomplished  so  nuuh  for  the  honor  of  our  Master. 
 
 Bishop,  Rev.  Pierpont  E.,  was  bom  in  Am- 
 herst county,  Va.,  in  1803,  graduated  at  Hampden 
 Sidney  College,  Va.,  in  1829,  and  at  Union  Theologi- 
 cal Seminary  in  1833.  After  being  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  West  Hanover,  he  was  ordained  p:Lstor 
 of  Elx-nezer  and  Unity  churches,  South  Carolina,  in 
 1834,  and  remained  in  Eln-nezer  until  184(i.  In  1845 
 he  resigned  his  charge  in  Unity,  and  preached  in 
 Vorkville.  During -six  of  these  years  he  was  at  the 
 head  of  an  Academy.  Soon  after  leaving  El>enezer, 
 he  jireachedat  Bethesda,  as  stated  supply  until  18.>1, 
 when  he  w:is  installed  pastor  in  18oo.  Having  organ- 
 ized Zion  Church,  he  preached  for  them  one-fourth 
 of  his  time.  In  18.)6,  he  left  Bethesda,  and  became 
 piustor  of  Bennettsville  and  Great  Pee  Dee  churches, 
 and  i>reached  to  the  destitutions  of  the  neighborhiMKl. 
 He  died  March  .ith,  lp59.  Mr.  Bishop  was  of  an 
 eminently  j>ractic;il  turn  of  mind,  a  ready  off-lumd 
 siK-aker,  a  faithful  and  laborious  pastor,  and  Ijeloved 
 byalL 
 
 Bishop,  Williani,  D.  D. ,  is  the  oldest  child  of 
 Ebenezer  Bi.shop  (brother  of  Dr.  Bi.shop,  formerly  Pres- 
 ident of  Miami  University)  and  Margaret  (Hastic) 
 Bishop.  He  was  Iwjruin  ^^1litburn,  Linlithgowshire, 
 Scotland, December  9th,  182.5.  At  nine  years  of  age  he 
 removfd  with  his  ])arents  to  America.  He  gradiuited 
 at  Illinois  College  in  1847;  .studied  theology-  at 
 I'rinceton  Seminary;  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Second  Prcsbj-tery  of  Xew  York  in  1850,  and  ordained 
 in  1854.  From  1850  to  1852  he  was  a  membi'r  of  the 
 Faculty  in  his  Alma  Mater,  and  the  next  seven  years 
 Professor  of  Greek  in  Hanover  College.  In  1859  and 
 1860  he  was  pastor  of  the  Presln-terian  Church  at 
 LawTcnce,  Kans;is,  anil  the  first  President  of  the 
 University  est;iblishcd  there  in  1859.  In  18«(l  he 
 removed  to  Salina,  and  org-.uiized  the  l're.sbj"terian 
 Church  there,  remaining  its  pastor  for  fouryears.  In 
 1864  he  was  pastor  of  the  church  at  Highlands,  and 
 so  continued  until  1869.  During  p;irt  of  this  time 
 he  wjw  also  I'resideut  of  Highland  University. 
 .^^ubseiiuently  he  n'turned  to  Sidimi  to  recruit  his 
 health,  and  lV)r  four  yiars  w;ls  .8ujH-rintendent  of  the 
 public  sc1kk)1s.  From  1875  to  1877  he  was  jiiustor 
 of  the  church  at  IndeiK'udenee,  Kan.s;»s,  whence  he 
 returned  to  Salina,  and  was  again  Superintendent  of 
 schools  until  1882. 
 
 Dr.  BLshop  is  a  man  of  fine  social  qualities,  of 
 exceptional  scholarly  attainments,  and  varied  literary 
 culture.  A  genial  and  somewhat  humorous  disixjsi- 
 tion  li-nds  additional  interest  to  his  c<mvers;ition,  as 
 well  iLs  to  his  jiublic  di.seourse.s.  While  devoting  the 
 greater  jxirtion  of  his  life  to  e<Iucational  inten-sts, 
 and  always  with  Rue<-e.ss,  he  is  at  the  s;>nie  time  a 
 preacher  of  marked  ability  and  jMiwer.  In  clear 
 amilysis,  logicjd  arrangement,  vigor  of  style  and 
 elegance  of  diction,  his  pulpit  preparations  will  stand 
 the  si-verest  criticism.  A  numlxT  of  his  addresses 
 have  iK-en  published,  viz.:  "Original  Thinking," 
 "  Scholarly  Culture  and  Character,"  "  Philosophy  of 
 
BLACK. 
 
 75 
 
 BLACKBURN. 
 
 Education,"  "Moral  Culture  in  Schools,"  the  Cen- 
 tennial Sermon  before  the  Synod  of  Kansas,  in  1876, 
 etc. 
 
 Black,  Rev.  John,  a  South  Carolinian  by  birth, 
 and  a  graduate  of  Princeton  College,  was  licensed  by 
 Donegal  Presbj-terv,  October  14th,  1773,  and  was 
 ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  tlie  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Upper  Marsh  Creek,  York  County,  Pa., 
 August  1.5th,  177.5.  On  the  10th  of  April,  1794,  he 
 was  released  from  his  charge,  but  continued  to  preach 
 in  various  places  without  any  regular  settlement.  Mr. 
 Black  possessed  a  high  order  of  talent,  and  was 
 especially  fond  of  pliilosophical  disquisitions.  He 
 died  August  6th,  1S0"2,  in  the  exercise  of  a  triumphant 
 faith. 
 
 Blackburn,  Gideon,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Au- 
 gusta couuty,  Va.,  August  27th,  1772.     In  his  boy- 
 
 OIDEOy    BLACKBURN,    D.  D. 
 
 hood  his  parents  removed  to  Teuues.see.  He  pursued 
 his  literary  course  under  the  direction  of  Samuel 
 Doak,  D.  D.,  and  his  theological  studies  under  the 
 instruction  of  Dr.  Robert  Henderson,  and  was  licensed 
 to  preach  by  the  Presbj-tery  of  Abingdon,  in  1792. 
 
 Mr.  Blackburn  e.stablished  the  New  Providence 
 Church,  Maryville,  and  also  took  charge  of  another 
 church  ciilled  Eusebia,  about  ten  miles  distant.  Be- 
 sides his  stated  labors  in  these  congregations,  he 
 preached  much  in  the  region  round  about,  and  was 
 instrumental  in  organizing  several  new  churches. 
 During  the  early  part  of  his  raini.stry  here,  his  situa- 
 tion, from  the  exposure  of  the  region  to  Indian  depre- 
 'dations,  was  one  of  imminent  peril.  In  1803  he 
 undertook  a  mission  among  the  Cherokees,  and  his 
 
 self-sacrificing  labors  among  them  were  followed  with 
 excellent  results.  In  1811  he  removed  again  to  West 
 Tennessee,  settled  at  Franklin,  took  charge  of  Har- 
 peth  Academy,  and  preached  in  rotation  at  five  dif- 
 ferent places  within  a  range  of  fifty  miles,  organiz- 
 ing, within  a  few  months  after  he  commenced  his 
 labors,  churches  at  the  several  places  at  which  he 
 preached. 
 
 On  November  12th,  1823,  Dr.  Blackburn  was 
 installed  jastor  of  the  Presbyterian  church  in  Louis- 
 ville, Ky. ,  where  his  lalxjrs  were  greatlj'  blessed.  He 
 was  President  of  Centre  College,  Dan\'ille,  Ky. ,  from 
 1827  until  1830.  He  then  removed  to  Versailles,  Ky., 
 where  he  was  occupied,  partly  in  ministering  to  the 
 Church  in  that  place,  and  partly  as  an  agent  of  the 
 Kentucky  State  Temperance  Societj'.  In  October, 
 1833,  he  removed  to  Illinois.  In  1835  he  wiis  an 
 agent  to  raise  funds  for  Illinois  College  in  the  eastern 
 States,  and  whilst  thus  engaged,  conceived  a  plan  of 
 establishing  a  theological  seminary  in  Hlinois,  which 
 resulted,  after  his  death,  in  the  establishment  of  such 
 an  institution  at  Carlms%alle,  111.  He  died  August 
 23d,  1833. 
 
 Dr.  Elackbfim  was  much  above  the  ordinary  stature, 
 being  aI>out  six  feet  one  or  two  inches  high.  In  his 
 manner  he  was  easy,  gentle,  mild,  courteous,  affable, 
 
 I  but  al waj's  dignified.     ' '  He  w;is, ' '  says  one  who  knew 
 
 I  him  well,  ' '  not  only  an  eloquent,  but  laboriou.s  and 
 successful  preacher.  Like  'NMiitefield,  he  loved  "to 
 range, ' '  and  l)esides  many  extensive  tours  of  preach- 
 ing through  various  portions  of  the  United  States,  his 
 vacations  in  the  academy  and  college  were  uniformly 
 spent  in  traveling  from  place  to  place,  often  preach- 
 ing night  and  day,  and  uniformly  followed  by  weep- 
 ing, wondering,  admiring  autUences  wherever  he 
 went;  and  even  during  the  sessions  of  the  academy 
 and  college,  often  have  I  known  him,  mounted  on 
 horseback  on  Friday  afternoon,  to  dash  oflf  ten,  twenty 
 and  even  thirty  miles,  preach  four  or  five  times, 
 administer  the  communion  on  Sabbath,  and  return 
 on  Jlonday  morning  in  time  to  be  in  his  chair  in  the 
 lecture-room  at  nine  o'clock.     Very  many  were  con- 
 
 I  verted  under  his  ministry,  and  many  churches  planted 
 and  watered  by  his  indefatigable  labors." 
 
 [  Blackbtirn,  "William  Maxwell,  D.  D.,  was 
 born  December  30th,  1828,  at  Carlisle,  Ind.  He 
 graduated  at  Hanover  College  in  1850.  He  was  a 
 student  of  Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  1851^ 
 licensed  by  the  Pre.sbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  in 
 April,  1853,  and  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Pres- 
 bj-tery  of  Lake,  September  28th,  1854.  He  acted  as 
 supply  of  the  New  School  Church  at  Three  Rivers, 
 ilichigan,  for  nearly  two  years,  and  then  became 
 stated  supply  of  Park  Presbyterian  Church,  Erie, 
 Pa.,  which  had  recently  been  organized.  The  next 
 year,  1857,  he  was  installed  pastor,  and  continued 
 in  this  relation  until  1863,  the  church  growing  rap- 
 idly under  his  ministry.  In  1859  he  wrote  his  first 
 book — "The  Holy   Child,"'  which  was  regarded  at 
 
BLACKWOOD. 
 
 76 
 
 BLACKWOOD. 
 
 the  time  a  modt-l  Sunday-school  lx)ok.  Just  before 
 this  he  had  traiLslat<il  Joliu  Gerhard's  Siicred  Jlodi- 
 tatious.  "  The  Holy  Child  "  was  the  commeueiment 
 of  a  series  of  hooks  that  llowcd  from  Jlr.  Black- 
 burn's pen.  During  the  next  ten  years  he  wrote 
 twenty-six  volumes,  chiefly  for  Suudiiy  Schools,  but 
 of  a  high  order,  and  which  met  with  a  large  sale. 
 Many  of  these  were  historicid  biographies,  in  which 
 the  religious  and  pcditical  events  of  the  stirring  days 
 of  the  Keforniation  period  were  interwoven  with  the 
 individual  life  biographical ly  jwrtrayed.  In  order 
 to  equij)  himself  the  more  com])Ietely  for  this  kind 
 of  eoniiKwition,  in  18(J2  he  spent  several  months  in 
 Europe,  visiting  the  places  most  distinguished  in  the 
 Reformation,  and  collecting  books  not  obfciluable  in 
 this  country  which  illustrated  that  period.  During 
 this  time  he  wrote  articles  for  Magazines,  Reviews 
 and  Cyclopedias,  mostly  of  an  historiad  character. 
 
 In  lS(i4  Mr.  I'.lackbum  took  charge  of  the  Fourth 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Trenton,  X.  J.  and  during  the 
 four  years  of  his  p;istorate  the  church  increjised  in 
 number,  and  through  his  exertions  a  burdensome 
 debt  w:us  removed.  In  l-^liS  he  w:is  elected  I'rolessor 
 of  Church  History  in  the  Theological  Seminary  of 
 the  Northwest,  at  Chicago,  which  position  he  occu- 
 pied with  great  acceptance  until  1881,  when  he 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  Central  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Cincinnati,  his  present  field  of  labor.  For  two  years 
 of  his  Professorship,  18(J9-71,  Dr.  Bliukburn  was 
 stated  supply  of  the  Fullcrtjin  Avenue  Presbyterian 
 Cluirch,  Chicago.  In  187!)  he  publi.shed  the  "His- 
 tory of  the  Christian  Church  from  its  Origin  to  the 
 Present  Time,"  a  work  which  has  been  commended 
 in  the  highest  terms  by  the  religious  press  of  all 
 denominations.  Eiich  year  of  his  piLstorate  in  Cln- 
 cinnali  he  has  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  on 
 historic;d  or  religious  subjects.  For  ton  years  he  ha.s 
 lectured  at  Sunday-scho<d  Institutes  and  As.si'mblies. 
 He  is  yet  in  fhe  prime  of  life,  enjoying  excellent 
 health,  to  whi<h  his  genial  manners  and  humorous 
 disposition  contribute. 
 
 Blackwood,  "William,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  w;us  bom 
 in  the  parish  of  Dromara,  in  the  county  of  Down, 
 Ireland,  and  educated  in  Lisburn  and  Duldin.  He 
 graduated  in  the  Royal  College,  Belfa-st,  where  he 
 also  pa.'wed  through  a  full  course  of  theology.  In  his 
 undergraduate  course  h(!  was  distinguished  in  the 
 departments  of  Logic,  Rhetoric  and  Belles  Lettres,  and 
 also  in  Metaphysics  and  Kthics,  as  well  in  .Mathema- 
 tics, in  etich  of  which  he  was  honored  witli  preniiums 
 for  excellence.  Alter  being licen.sed  to  preach  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Dromore,  he  was  cjiUed  to  the  piistor- 
 ate  of  the  church  of  Holyw<H>d,  near  BelfiLst,  where 
 he  svu'cee<led  in  erecting  a  very  t;Lsteful  and  commo- 
 dious church  edifice.  His  next  field  of  lalior  was 
 Newc;istle  on  Tjnie,  the  comnuTcial  capitiil  of  the 
 north  of  ICngland,  where  he  undert<x)k  the  organiai- 
 tion  of  a  new  church,  and  also  succeeded  in  having 
 built  one  of  the  most  perfect  church  edifices  in  the 
 
 bounds  of  the  Cluirch.  lu  recognition  of  his  ser\-icea 
 he  Wius  placed  in  the  Moderator's  chair  in  the  highest 
 Court  of  the  Engli-sh  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 Dr.  Blackwood,  in  18.'>l),  became  jKustor  of  the 
 Xinth  Presbyterian  Church,  Philadel]ihia,  in  which 
 relation  he  still  contiiuies,  beloved  by  his  people  and 
 blessed  in  his  minUtry.  Alter  the  sudden  decease  of 
 the  Rev.  Richiird  Webster,  during  his  prejaration  of 
 the  ' '  History  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  America, ' ' 
 Dr.  Black w(M>d  was  iniluce<l  to  take  clutfge  of  the 
 paj)ers,  which  had  been  left  in  a  state  <if  confusion, 
 and  arrange  and  edit  them.  He  has  written  much 
 for  magazines  and  other  journals.  His  most  exten- 
 sive literary  work  is  a  very  large  and  elaborate 
 encyclopaedia,  which  is  historical,  theological,  col- 
 legiate, antiquarian,  architectural  and  biblical  in  its 
 character,  and  indicates  both  research  and  erudition. 
 
 VIIUAV   BLACKWonD,  D.D.,  LI.D. 
 
 Dr.  Blackwoo<l  h:is  a  fine  clerical  appearance,  is 
 
 dignifu^d  in  l\is  manner,  and  is  of  a  very  iH>urteous, 
 genial  and  gentlemanly  spirit.  Though  he  never 
 fails  to  indulge  his  strong  literary  t;i.stes,  he  is  a  h.ird 
 worker  in  his  jirofession,  doing  ample  justice  to  his 
 large  congreg.ition,  lM)th  in  ]iulpit  ministration  and 
 IKistoral  visitiition.  His  siTuions  are  solid,  Scriptuml, 
 .sound,  lx>aring  the  impress  of  his  vigorous  intellect 
 and  afl'ectionate  heart.  As  a  Presbyter  he  is  faithl'ul 
 in  the  discluirge  of  duty,  and  is  always  listeneil  to 
 by  his  brethren  with  the  attention  to  which  he  is 
 entitled  by  his  ext<>nsive  learning,  mature  experience 
 and  excellent  chanict<'r.  In  the  ciimmunity  in  which 
 he  has  spent  the  third  of  a  century  an  a  custodian  of 
 the  high  interests  of  the  gospel,  he  has  wieldetl  a 
 
BLAIX. 
 
 BLAIR. 
 
 jjotent  influence  for  good,  and  achieved  a  reputation  ( 
 such  as  <»)ily  real  worth  can  gain.  i 
 
 Blain,  Rev.  Daniel,  was  born  iu  Cumberland 
 county,  Va.,  November  20tli,  1838..  He  is  the  eldest 
 son  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Blain  and  Susan  J.  (Harri.son) 
 Blain.  He  graduated,  in  18.j8,  at  Washington  College, 
 Va.  (now  Wa-shington  and  Lee  University).  He  pur- 
 sued his  theological  studies  at  Union  Seminary,  Va., 
 and  was  licensed  by  Lexington  Presbytery,  Septem- 
 ber 2'2d,  ISUfi.  November  SDth,  18G7,  he  was  ordained 
 to  the  ministry  and  installe<l  pa.stor  of  Collyerstown  | 
 Church,  whence  he  was  called  to  his  present  pa,stor- 
 ate  atC'hristiansburg,Va.,  and  there  installed,  October 
 1st,  1871.  Jlr.  Blain  is  a  man  of  fine  physique  and 
 talents,  a  close  student,  impressive  as  a  pulpit  orator, 
 and  wields  a  ready  and  graceful  pen.  He  is  the  au- 
 thor of  a  history  of  the  Cliristiansburg  Church,  con- 
 taining many  interesting  facts  as  to  early  Presby- 
 terianisni  in  Southwest  Virginia,  and  editor  of  the 
 Chunk  Xeio.i,  a  Presb^'terian  monthly. 
 
 Blain,  Rev.  Daniel,  was  born  in  South  Caro- 
 lina, Abbeville  District,  in  1773,  of  the  Scotch-Irish 
 race.  He  passed  his  early  life  on  the  frontiers,  in  the 
 American  Revolution.  Like  Andrew  Jackson  and 
 a  multitude  of  Scotch-Irish  boys  iu  North  and 
 South  Carolina,  who,  in  mature  years,  rose  to 
 eminence  and  worth,  he  was  familiar  \vith  the 
 privations  and  distresses,  and  battles  and  massacres 
 of  the  famous  campaigns  of  the  Southern  war. 
 When  about  twenty  years  of  age  he  repaired 
 to  Liberty  Hall,  near  Lexington,  Va.,  and  there 
 completed  his  academic  and  theological  course  of 
 study,  in  preparation  for  the  ministry.  He  was 
 liceased  by  Lexington  I'resbytery  al)out  the  year 
 1796.  He  engaged  with  Mr.  Ba.xter  in  teaching  the 
 New  London  Academy  at  Bedford,  and  removed  vrith 
 him  to  Lexington,  being  appointed  Professor  in  the 
 Academy.  He  was  a  member  of  the  committee  ap- 
 pointed by  the  Synod,  in  1803,  to  establish  a  religious 
 periodical  if  the  way  was  clear,  and  under  whose 
 direction  the  first  number  of  The  Virginia  Seliffiou.t 
 lldijazine  was  i.ssued,  October,  1804.  To  that  period- 
 ical he  contributed  a  number  of  valuable  articles. 
 Mr.  Blain  was  called  from  earth  in  the  meridian  of 
 life,  from  increivsing  usefulness  and  a  young  fomily, 
 March  19th,  1814.  President  Baxter  loved  him  as 
 his  amiable  professor  and  co-laborer,  and  his  brethren 
 called  him  "the  amiable  ilr.  Blain."  "Had  the 
 church  no  such  lovely  chanicters  as  Daniel  Blain," 
 s:iys  Dr.  Foote,  "her  beauty  would  be  marred,  and 
 her  bands  loosed." 
 
 Blair,  Andre-w,  son  of  William  and  Sarah 
 (Holmes)  Blair,  children  of  William  Blair,  Sen'r, 
 and  Andrew  Holmes,  Sen'r,  was  born  at  Carlisle,  Pa., 
 April  10th,  1789,  and  there  died,  most  peacefully 
 and  hopefully,  July  21st,  1861,  in  his  73d  year.  He 
 had  been  ordained  a  ruling  elder  in  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  his  native  place,  December  25th, 
 1825,   and  when  the  Second   Church  was  organized, 
 
 January  12th-,  1833,  he  was  one  of  the  first  three 
 elders  therein  elected  and  installed.  This  office  he 
 most  faithfully  and  acceptiibly  filled  until  his  death, 
 and  throughout  this  time  had  taken  a  very  active  and 
 leading  part  in  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  the  church. 
 He  wasalso  fully  identified  with  the  cause  of  public  edu- 
 cation iu  Carlisle,  and  had  been  President  of  the  Board 
 of  School  Directors  for  twenty-five  years  previous  to 
 his  death.  Though  a  very  diligent  and  systematic 
 business  man — for  his  family  and  the  Church  and  the 
 public — yet  he  was  a  reading  and  reflecting  man,  and 
 few  laymen  were  more  familiar  with  the  Bible  and 
 better  acquainted  with  the  distinctive  doctrines  and 
 principles  of  our  Church  than  Sir.  Blair.  In  under- 
 standing, appreciating  and  discharging  the  several 
 duties  of  his  responsible  position,   he  was  a  model 
 
 ANDREW  BLAI&. 
 
 elder.     In    the    Presbj'tery,    Synod     and     General 
 Assembly,  he  was  a  u.selul  and  honored  member. 
 
 The  Rev.  Dr.  A.  T.  Mcttill,  who  had  been  the 
 excellent  pastor  of  the  Second  Church,  thus  -(vrites  of 
 him  :  "Andrew  Blair  wiis  always  a  prince  among  the 
 elders  of  the  Church;  he  could  'rule  well'  and  he 
 was  singularly  '  apt  to  teach. '  His  p;vstor  could 
 always  depend  on  him  to  ■s-isit  the  sick,  to  conduct 
 the  meetings  for  prayer,  Bible-class  teaching,  and 
 superintendency  of  the  Sabbath  school.  He  was  an 
 intellectual  man  of  no  ordinary  power,  and  yet  that 
 sturdy  mind  w;is  balanced  admirably  with  fine  emo- 
 tions of  tenderness,  love  and  generosity.  The  people 
 always  loved  him  and  revered  him  as  an  oracle.  All 
 honor  to  the  memory  of  Andrew  Blair!  To  'do 
 justly,  love  mercy,  and  walk  humbly  with  his  God,' 
 
BLAIR. 
 
 BLAIR. 
 
 snmmcd  and  a<lomc<l  his  religion  to  the  end  of  his 
 days." 
 
 Blair,  Rev.  .John,  a  l)rothcr  of  the  Kev.  Samuel 
 Blair,  va.s  Ikjiii  in  Ireland,  ami  was  educated  at  the 
 Log  College,  and  lieeused  by  the  New  Side  Presby- 
 tery of  New  C'xstle  at  its  e;vrlie.st  sessions.  He  was 
 ordained,  DeeemlKT  2Tth,  171'2,  pxstor  of  Jliddle 
 Spring,  Rocky  Spring,  and  Big  8i)ring,  in  C'unil)er- 
 land  county,  I'a.,  and  gave  two-thirds  of  his  time  to 
 Big  Spring,  di\iding  the  remainder  Iwtween  the 
 others.  During  his  ministry  here  he  made  two 
 visits  to  Virginia — the  last  in  1740. — preaching  with 
 great  power  in  various  places,  organizing  new  congre- 
 gatioas,  and  leaving  an  enduring  impression  of  his 
 jiiety  and  eloquence.  The  incursions  of  the  Indians 
 led  him  to  resign  his  pii-storal  chitrgc,  DccemlM?r  2-8th, 
 1718.  He  seems  to  have  remained  without  a  .settle- 
 ment till  1757,  when  he  accepted  a  call  from  the 
 church  at  Fagg's  Manor,  which  had  Ijeen  rendered  [ 
 vacant  by  the  death  of  his  brother.  Here  he  con- 
 tinued nearly  ten  years,  and  succeeded  his  brother 
 not  only  ;us  p;ust<)r  of  the  church,  but  ils  head  of  the 
 .school  which  his  brother  had  established.  In  this 
 latter  capacity  he  iussisted  in  the  jiriparatiDn  of  many 
 young  nun  for  the  ministry.  In  17(!7  he  was  chosen 
 Professor  of  Divinity  and  Moral  Philosophy  in  the 
 College  of  New  .Jersey,  and  was  elected  President 
 before  he  was  thirty  years  of  age.  But  soon  after  his 
 election,  int<'lligenee  w;is  received  from  Scotland,  that 
 Dr.  Withi-rspoon,  who  ha<l  jireviously  declined  the 
 position,  would,  in  all  probability,  if  the  call  were 
 rejM'ated,  accept  it.  As  soon  as  this  was  known  to 
 Jlr.  Blair,  with  a  modesty  and  magnanimity  worthy 
 of  record,  he  immediately  wrote  to  the  President  of 
 the  Board,  declining  the  office,  and  accepted  a  cjiU 
 to  Wallkill,  in  the  Highlands  of  New  York,  May 
 loth,  1709.     He  died  December  8th,  1771.  | 
 
 During  the  excitement  growing  out  of  the  question 
 concerning  the  examination  of  candidates  on  their  ex- 
 perience of  .s;ivinggra<'e,  one  of  the  Old  Side  publislK'd 
 "Thoughts  on  the  ICxamination  and  Trials  of  Caiuli- 
 dates. "  On  this  pampldet  Mr.  Blair  published 
 "  .Vnimadversion.s, "  dated  "Fagg"s  Manoi,  .Vugust 
 27th,  1700."  He  also  publi.shed  a  reply  to  Harker's 
 "Appeal  to  the  Chri-stian  World,"  entitled  "  The 
 Synod  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia  Vindicated." 
 He  left  behind  him  a  treatise  on  regeneration,  orllii)- 
 dox,  and  ably  written;  it  w;us  ]>ublislied  shortly  be- 
 fore his  death,  with  the  title,  "  .V  Treatise  on  the 
 Nature,  l".se,  and  Subjects  of  thi'  .Sacraments,  on  lie- 
 generation,  and  on  the  Nature  anil  Vse  of  the  .Means 
 of  (;ra<'e."  The  preface  is  dated  "(Joodwill,  ali;i.H 
 Wallkill,  December  21st,  1770. "  It  w;i.s  reprinted 
 by  Dr.  James  P.  Wilson,  in  his  collection  of  S;icra- 
 mental  Treati.s<'s. 
 
 .\  writer  in  the  Assembly's  Mag:i7.ine  .siiys  of  Mr. 
 Blair:  "  He  was  a. judicious  anil  persuasive  preacher, 
 and  through  his  exertions  siiuiers  were  converte<l 
 and  the  rhildreii  nf  (iiid  idilied.      i'ullv  ciin>'ineed  of 
 
 the  truth  of  the  doctrines  of  grace,  he  addressed  im- 
 mortal souls  with  tluit  warmth  and  jiower  which  lelt 
 a  witness  in  every  bosom.  Though  he  sonu-timi-s 
 wrote  his  .sermons  in  full,  yet  his  comnion  mode  of 
 preaching  was  by  short  notes,  comjirising  the  general 
 outlines.  His  lal>ors  were  too  abundant  to  admit 
 of  more,  and   no  more    w;is  necess:iry  to  a  mind   so 
 
 richly  stored  with  the  great  truths  of  religion 
 
 His  dis|x>$ition  w;is  uncommonly  patient,  placid, 
 benevolent,  disinterested  and  cheerful.  He  wiis  too 
 mild  to  indulge  bitterness  or  severity,  and  he  thought 
 th.at  the  truth  required  little  else  but  to  l>e  fairly 
 stated  anil  ])roiK'rly  understoiMl.  Those  who  could 
 not  relish  the  s;ivor  of  his  piety,  loved  him  as  an 
 amiable  and  revered  him  as  a  great  man;  Though 
 no  bigot,  he  firmly  believed  that  the  Presbyterian 
 form  of  government  is  most  Scriptural,  and  the  most 
 favorable  to  religion  and  happiness." 
 
 Dr.  Alexander  expressed  the  opinion  that  Mr.  Blair, 
 "  as  a  theologian,  was  not  inferior  to  any  man  in  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  his  day." 
 
 Blair,  Rev.  John  Durbui-row,  was  lM>rn  at 
 Fagg's  Jlanor,  Pa..  October  1.1th.  17.")9.  He  w;ls  a 
 son  of  the  Kev.  .Tohn  Blair,  who  w:is  ordained, 
 December  27th,  1742.  pastor  of  Middle  Spring,  Roi'ky 
 .Spring,  and  Big  .Spring,  in  Cumlx'riand  county.  Pa., 
 and  who  afterwards  succecdeil  liis  brother  as  both 
 pastor  of  the  Church  .and  teacher  of  the  School  at 
 Fagg's  Manor.  He  graduated  at  the  College  of  New 
 Jersey  in  the  year  177.'j.  Al'ter  his  gnuluation  he 
 was  appointed,  on  the  recommendation  of  Dr.  Wither- 
 siMH)n,  Principal  of  Washington  Henry  Acijdemy,  in 
 Virginia,  where  he  remained  for  a  numlKT  of  years. 
 Oetotjcr  2?th,  1781,  he  was  licen.sed  to  preach  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Hanover.  Soon  after  this  he  received 
 a  call  from  the  church  in  Pole  Green,  in  Hanover,  of 
 which  .the  Rev.  Samuel  Davis  had  Ix-en  pastor  while 
 in  Virginia,  and  having  accepted  the  Kill,  w:i8 
 ordained  to  the  pjistoral  olVice.  About  17i)2  he  wjls 
 inilueed  to  remove  to  Kichmond,  and  open  a  cla.ssical 
 schiM)l.  ,\t  the  sjime  time  he  Ix'gan  to  g:ither  a 
 church,  holding  his  services  in  the  Capitol.  In  due 
 course  of  time  a  building  was  erecti-d  for  his  congre- 
 gation, on  Shockoe  Hill,  where  he  oftieiafiKl  during 
 the  remaiiuler  of  his  life.  He  died,  .January  Ktlh, 
 182:{.  Mr.  Blair  Wiis  highly  esteemed  in  the  commu- 
 nity. He  wxs  a  man  of  iH-uevolencc.  of  |Milished 
 manners,  and  lilted  to  adorn  any  eom|>iuiy.  As  a 
 preacher  he  was  solid  and  orthodox.  His  style  was 
 graceful  and  iH)lishiil.  and  his  delivery  w:is  in  jht- 
 feet  keeping  with  bis  .style.  One  of  his  iM'culiarities 
 was  that  he  w,%s  never  willing  to  marry  any  one 
 who  had  not  Imi-u  lisiptizeil,  and  sometimes,  when  he 
 discovered  at  the  moment  when  the  ceremony  was 
 almut  to  Ik-  performed  that  the  bride  had  not  receive<I 
 liaptism,  he  would  abru|)tly  iKiu.st'  and  jiriM'i-ed  to 
 administer  it. 
 
 Blair,  Rev.  Samuel,  wius  Imihi  in  Irelaiul.  .lime 
 1 1th.  1712.      He  came  to  .Vmerica  while  quite  young, 
 
.    BLAIR. 
 
 79 
 
 BLAKE. 
 
 antl  was  educated  at  the  Log  College  at  Neshaminy, 
 under  the  Rev.  William  Tennent.  Having  completed 
 his  classical  and  theological  study,  he  was  licensed  to 
 preach,  Kovember  9th,  1733,  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Philadelphia,  and  in  the  following  September  accepted 
 a  call  to  Middlctown  and  Shrewsbury,  N.  J.  Here 
 he  continued  about  five  years,  but  there  are  no  records 
 remaining  to  indicate  the  amount  of  success  that 
 attended  his  laV)ors.  In  1739  he  received  a  call  to 
 the  Church  in  Xew  Londonjlerry,  otherwise  called 
 Fagg's  JIanor,  in  Pennsylvania.  This  call  he 
 accepted,  and  removed  to  his  new  residence  in 
 November,  1739,  but  his  installation  did  not  take 
 place  until  April,  1740.  Shortly  after  his  settlement 
 at  Fagg's  JIanor  he  established  a  cla.ssical  school, 
 wliich  produced  such  men  as  Davies,  Rodgers,  Cam- 
 ming, .Tames  Finley,  Robert  Smith  and  Hugh  Henry, 
 "as  .scholars,  preachers,  pa.stors,  patriots,  in  their 
 piety  and  success,"  .s;iys  Web.ster,  "a  noble  company, 
 a  goodly  fellowship,  showing  the  Church  what  man- 
 ner of  men  the  apostles  and  martyrs  were." 
 
 In  connection  with  Jlr.  Blair's  ministry  at  Fagg's 
 Manor,  there  occurred,  in  17-10,  a  very  remarkable 
 revival  of  religion.  The  number  of  the  awakened 
 increa.sed  very  f;ust;  scarcely  a  sermon  or  a  lecture 
 through  the  whole  Summer  failed  to  produce  impres. 
 sions,  and  many  jjersons  afforded  very  hopeful,  satis- 
 fying e\idence  that  the  Lord  had  Ijrought  them  to  a 
 true  acceptance  of  Christ. 
 
 Mr.  Blair  made  a  tour  of  preaching  through  New 
 England  in  the  Summer  of  1744.  He  was  a  promi- 
 nent actor  in  tliose  scenes  which,  in  his  day,  agitated 
 and  finally  divided  the  Presb.rterian  Church.  He 
 agreed  with  Gilbert  Tennent  in  his  opinions,  and  co- 
 oj)erated  with  him  in  his  mea.sures,  and,  of  course, 
 rendered  himself  obnoxious  to  the  "Old  Side  "  party 
 in  the  Church.  In  his  doctrinal  views  he  was  a 
 thorough  Calvinist,  as  appears  from  his  "Treatise  on 
 Predestination  and  Reprobation." 
 
 Jlr.  Blair's  last  illness  was  contracted  from  his 
 going,  upon  an  urgent  call,  and  in  an  enfeebled  state 
 of  body,  to  meet  the  Trxistees  of  New  Jersey  College. 
 .\s  he  approached  his  end,  he  expressed  the  strongest 
 desire  to  depart  and  be  with  Christ,  ami  hut  a  minute 
 or  two  before  his  departure,  he  exclaimed,  "The 
 Bridegroom  is  come,  and  we  shall  now  have  all 
 things."  The  monument  over  his  remains  in  the 
 burv'ing  ground  of  Fivgg's  Manor  bears  the  following 
 inscription ; — 
 
 "  Hero  lioth  the  body  of 
 
 The  Kev.  Samuf.i,  Hi.aik, 
 
 '\^^l^.  departed  this  life 
 
 The  Fifth  Pay  of  .luly,  1751, 
 
 Aged  Thirty-nine  Years  and  Twent.v-one  Days.'* 
 
 "  In  yonder  sacred  house  I  spent  my  breath ; 
 Now  silent,  mouldering,  here  I  lie  in  death; 
 These  lips  shall  wake,  and  yet  declare 
 A  dread  .\men  to  truths  they  published  there." 
 
 '     Mr.  Blair  was  grave  and   solemn,   yet  cheerful, 
 pleasant,  even  facetious,  witty.     He  had  great  power 
 
 ;us  a  preacher.  Mr.  Dai-ies  regarde<l  him  as  excelled 
 by  none  he  had  heard  in  England  and  Scotland. 
 "^Vhen,"  says  he,  "in  1753,  I  passed  the  meeting- 
 house where  I  had  so  often  heard  the  great  Mr.  Blair, 
 I  could  not  help  crying  out,  'Oh,  how  dreadful  is 
 this  place  !  this  is  none  other  than  the  house  of  (iod, 
 and  this  is  the  gate  of  heaven.'"  " He  was, "  s;»ys 
 Dr.  Finlej-,  in  his  funeral  sermon,  "a  public  blessing 
 to  the  Church,  an  honor  to  his  people,  an  ornament 
 to  his  profession,  who  'magnified  his  office.'  He 
 spoke  as  he  believed,  he  practiced  as  he  preached,  he 
 lived  holy,  and  died  joyfully." 
 
 Blair,  Samuel  D.  D.,  a  son  of  the  Eev.  Samuel 
 Blair,  of  Fagg's  Manor,  Chester  county.  Pa.,  was 
 born  at  that  place  in  the  year  1741.  He  graduated 
 at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  with  honor,  in  17G0,  at 
 the  age  of  nineteen.  He  afterwards  serve<l  as  tutor 
 there  for  about  three  years — from  17G1  to  1764.  He 
 Wius  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  New  Castle,  in  1764.  He  was  popular  as  a 
 preacher  from  hLs  first  appearance  in  the  pulpit.  His 
 discourses  were  written  out  in  full,  with  great  care, 
 and  his  elocution  was  at  once  chaste  and  impressive. 
 Indeed,  he  seems  to  have  beeu  a  young  nuin  of  fine 
 talents  and  more  than  ordinary  acquirements  for 
 his  age. 
 
 In  November,  1766,  Jlr.  Blair  was  installed  pastor 
 of  the  old  South  Church  in  Boston,  as  a  colleague  of 
 the  Rev.  Dr.  Sewall.  On  his  way  thither,  after  his 
 acceptance  of  the  call,  he  was  shipwrecked  in  the 
 night,  losing  his  wardrobe  and  manuscripts,  and 
 escaping  narrowly  with  his  life.  His  exposure, 
 on  this  occasion,  injured  his  health  and  the  loss 
 of  his  sermons,  which  he  had  written  with  great 
 care,  depressed  his  spirits.  He  re-signed  his  charge 
 October  10th,  1769.  He  received  the  degree  of 
 Doctor  of  Dixinity  from  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
 vania, in  1790.  After  resigning  his  charge  .it 
 Boston,  he  took  up  his  residence  at  Germantown, 
 now  a  part  of  Philadelphia,  where  he  passed  the 
 remainder  of  his  life,  in  retirement  and  devotion  to 
 his  books,  except  that  he  served  two  years  as  chaplain 
 in  Congress,  and  preached  at  other  times,  occa-sionally, 
 iis  opportunity  offered.  He  died  in  September,  1818. 
 Dr.  Blair  was  a  man  of  polislied  manners,  and  of 
 amiable  and  generoiLs  disi>osition.  He  was  also  a 
 superior  scholar,  a  well-read  theologian  and  an  elo<iuent 
 pulpit  orator.  He  published  two  sermons,  one  of 
 which  was  occasioned  by  the  death  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
 John  Blair  Smith,  Philadelphia,  1799. 
 
 Blake,  James,  Elder  in  the  Third  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Indianapolis,  w;vs  born  in  Berlin,  Adams 
 county.  Pa.,  March  3d,  1791.  He  came  to  Indianapolis 
 in  July,  18-21,  ami  was  closely  a.ssociated  with  Mr. 
 James  M.  Ray,  his  life-long  friend,  and  with  other  pio- 
 neers. They  were  men  of  integrity,  morality  and  re- 
 ligious principles.  Their  spirit  gave  character  to  this 
 infant  community.  Much  of  the  commercial  prosjier- 
 ity  and  spiritual  growth  of  this  city  are  due  to  the 
 
JiLAKE. 
 
 ao 
 
 BUSS. 
 
 teachinji.pxaniple  and  influfnce  of  these  early  settlers. 
 Mr.  lilake  \v;is  idi-ntilird  lor  forty  years  with  its  busi- 
 iie.ss,  its  sJK'ial  aiul  r<-li]iious  life;  was  President  of 
 the  Board  of  Tra<le  and  State  ISoard  of  A-rrieulture  ; 
 opened  the  first  lar;;e  wlioles;ilc  dry  giMMLs  store ; 
 heljK'd  to  build  the  first  rolling  mill,  and  to  st;irt  the 
 State  benevolent  institutions.  The  Benevolent  So- 
 eiety  was  his  child.  He  was  its  President  and  chief 
 mana(;er  for  thirty-fi\-e  years.  He  was  a  great  friend 
 of  the  needy,  and  sou>;ht  out  the  poor  families.  He 
 aided  in  forming  the  lirst  Sabbath  School,  and  taught 
 many  ivlio  are  now  among  the  best  citizens.  With 
 Mr.  Kay  he  joined  the  p'irst  Presbj-terian  Church  on 
 the  same  day,  in  1828,  and  they  were  elected  ciders 
 on  the  same  day,  in  18:50.  lu  18.51  he  withdrew, 
 with  twenty-one  others,  and  formed  the  Third  Presby- 
 
 J  \M»U<4   ni.AKK. 
 
 terian  Chunh,  in  which  ho  was  then  made  an  elder, 
 .M-rving  till  his  death,  Nov.tnlKr  21st,  ISTO.  He 
 took  the  dceiMst  interest  in  its  life  and  increase, 
 which  w;i.s  largely  due  to  his  fidelity,  energy  and 
 z<'al.  In  work  for  the  Church  and  Sabbath  Sc1um)1 
 he  never  grew  weary.  He  was  Rup4rinf<'ndcnt  of  the 
 latter  for  twelve  years,  and  a  t<'acher  till  near  the 
 close  of  his  life.  He  wxs  n  trustee  of  Hanover  Col- 
 lege, and  gave  to  it  lilK-rally,  ns  he  did  to  liis  church, 
 when  his  means  pi-rmittcd.  In  our  Church  courts  he 
 was  often  a  rcprcsintativc.  and  was  familiar  with  their 
 proceedings.  AVitlumt  K|M<'ial  re:i.H()ns,  his  wat  in  the 
 s:ini-tmiry,  prayer  nu  cting,  and  Sabbath  SchiMd  Wius 
 never  vacant.  VHicn  o<iasion  ofl"ered,  he  wxs  always 
 ready  with  words  of  counsel,  or  of  pniyer.  Honorcil 
 nii<l  bilovcd  ill  lite,  be  was  in  death  greatly  lamented. 
 
 Bliss,  John  Collins,  D.  D. ,  the  eldest  child  of 
 Rolxirt  L.  and  Siis;iii  (Collins)  Bliss,  was  born  in 
 Florence,  Ala)>ama.  May  2()th,  IK'JT.  Intending  to 
 devote  him.self  to  mercantile  pursuits,  through  the 
 inlluenee  of  Kev.  Dr.  Chanilx-rs,  and  in  connection 
 with  the  "  Jayne's  Hall  Prayer  Meeting,"  in  Phila- 
 delphia, which  he.  wa^j  instrumental  in  starting, 
 November  23d,  18.57,  he  felt  Ciilled  to  the  ministry, 
 and  in  the  winter  of  18.S8-9  entere<l  the  AVcstcm 
 Theological  Seminary.  Graduating  in  April,  18(!2,  he 
 w;is  licensed  by  the  Central  Presbytery  of  Pbiladel- 
 jiliia  the  following  Octolier.  In  XovcmlK-r  he  w;i.s 
 lulled  to  and  began  his  laljors  in  the  Second  Church 
 of  Carli.sle,  Pa.,  being  orilained  and  installed  by  the 
 Presbyter}'  of  Carlisle,  May  13tli,  1803.  In  Novem- 
 ber, 1867  he  accepted  a  cidl  to  the  Crescent  Avcuuc 
 Presbyterian  Church,  of  Plainfield,  N.  J.,  known  then 
 as  the  Second,  which  under  his  ministry  enjoyed 
 almast  unexampled  and  unce;Lsing  prosperity  and 
 growth.  The  new  church  edifice,  comi>Uteil  in 
 Si'pt<'iulM>r,  1872,  is  one  of  the  finest  in  the  State. 
 Dr.  Bli-ss  has  in  manners  the  bearing  of  relinenient, 
 kindness,  gentleness,  a  peculiar  and  studied  frec<lom 
 from  censoriousness  and  evil  speaking,  gre;it  citution 
 and  wisdom  in  executive  management  and  as  a 
 pastor  is  faithful  and  afTectionatc  ;  in  the  interests  of 
 temperance  and  kindred  cau.si-s,  railical  but  judiciou.s. 
 His  spirit  and  lite  are  marked  by  con.scientiousnesa 
 and  unworldly  consecration.  His  preaching  is 
 ■spiritual  rather  than  philoso])hical,  practical  rather 
 than  theological,  scriptural  rather  than  speculative, 
 exhibiting  a  cluustemd  and  refined  Uiste,  alMmnding 
 in  fervid  eloquence  of  heart  and  voice — an  elo(|uent 
 and  ]>iithetic  voice,  expressive  of  deepest  spiritual 
 earnestness.  He  resigned  the  pastorate  of  the  Cliurch 
 at  Plaiiiticld,  in  June,  18.83. 
 
 Bliss,  Thomas  E.,D.  D.,  wxslMirn  in  I'.rimlried, 
 llani)>di'n  county,  .Mass..  XovciiilMr  2."ith.  l'*2l.  He 
 graduated,  with  one  of  the  class  honors,  at  I'nion 
 College,  K.  Y.,  in  l-^H,  and  completed  his  thi-ologi- 
 cal  studies  at  Andover  Seminary,  in  18ol.  For  four 
 years  he  w:ls  jKistor  of  the  Congregational  Church  at 
 North  Middlelmro,  Mas.s..and  for  six  years  pa.stor  of  the 
 Congregational  Church  at  Blackslone,  Mivs-s.  Hcsix-nt 
 the  year  1<(>2  at  Hancock,  Mich.,  and  the  next  year 
 he  w;us  cimncctcd  with  the  Home  Missionary  .SM-iety, 
 in  Mi.s.souri.  He  had  a  jiastoral  charge  in  Meinphis, 
 Tenn.,  from  18<)4  to  1h70,  in  which  year  he  wiiit  to 
 Denver,  Col.  Dr.  Bliss's  temiMniment  is  ardent, 
 zealous,  enthusia.stic.  His  dis|M>sitioii  is  genial  ami 
 kind.  His  convictions  are  deej).  and  his  courjige  is 
 always  equal  to  their  advocacy  and  maintenance. 
 He  is  a  faithful,  fearless  preacher,  and  his  cheer- 
 fulness, strong  symi>athetic  nature,  and  omstant 
 readiness  to  mini.ster  in  his  Miuster's  name,  make 
 him  a  succe.ssl"ul  and  iM'loved  jiastor.  He  lemls  his 
 hand  to  every  g<MHl  work  and,  as  a  citizen,  is  active 
 ill  supi>ort  of  all  movements  to  improve  jnibMo 
 morals. 
 
BLYDEX. 
 
 81 
 
 BLYTHE. 
 
 Blyden,  Edward  "Wilmot,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was 
 Ixirn  August  3d,  IR'i'J,  :it  St.  Thomas,  ^\.  I.  In  1842 
 his  father  removed  his  family  to  Porto  Cabcllo, 
 Venezuela,  where  he  remained  two  years,  r<;turning 
 to  St.  Thomas  in  1S44.  While  there,  the  son  learned 
 to  speak  the  Spanish  language.  On  his  return  to  St. 
 Thomas  he  was  apprenticed  to  the  tailoring  trade  for 
 five  years,  being  allowed  to  attend  school  in  the 
 forenoon.  His  conversion  took  place  under  the  min- 
 istrj'  of  the  Rev.  John  P.  Knox,  then  pa.stor  of  the 
 Reformed  Dutch  Church  of  St.  Tlioma-s,  afterward  of 
 the  Presl>ytcrian  Church  in  Xewtown,  Long  Island. 
 Encouraged  hy  his  pastor  to  prepare  for  the  gospel 
 ministry,  when  Mrs.  Knox  returned  to  tho  United 
 States,  in  1850,  he  accompanied  her,  with  theviewof 
 entering  one  of  the  institutions  of  learning  to  fit  him- 
 self for  this  piirpo.se.  But  his  application  to  them, 
 through  the  sentiment  then  prevailing  in  regard  to  I 
 the  colored  race,  was  not  successful.  Discouraged  hy 
 the  failure,  he  proposed  to  abandon  his  i)lan  for  future 
 life,  and  return  to  St.  Thomas.  A  kind  letter,  how- 
 ever, from  Mrs.  Knox  inspired  him  with  renewed 
 hope,  and  prompted  him  to  continued  effort,  which 
 produced  the  crisis  in  his  career  on  which  his  subse- 
 quent eminence  and  usefulness  hinged. 
 
 The  New  York  Colonization  Society  having  ofiered 
 him  a  passage  to  Liberia,  he  accepted  it,  and  entered  as  ' 
 a  student  the  Alexandria  High  School,  which  had 
 been  but  recently  established  at  Jionrovia.  He  .sailed 
 thither  December  21st,  18.30,  arriving  January  2Gth, 
 1851.  After  a  slight  acclimation  he  was  received 
 into  the  school  by  the  Foreign  Missionary  Board  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  as  a  student  for  the  minis- 
 try. He  was  carefully  instructed  for  three  years  by 
 Rev.  Da\id  A.  Wilson,  when,  on  account  of  the 
 failing  health  of  Sir.  Wilson,  he  assisted  him  in 
 t<'aehing,  mcanwliile  continuing  his  studies,  and  at 
 the  same  time  editing  the  Liberia  Herald.  In  185S, 
 when  Jlr.  Wilson  retired,  Jlr.  Blyden  was  placed  in 
 full  charge  of  the  school,  and  in  the  .same  year,  after 
 the  usual  examinations,  he  was  licensed  and  ordained 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  West  Africa.  He  continued 
 Principal  of  the  Alexandria  High  School  until  1861, 
 when  he  was  elected  Professor  of  the  Greek  and 
 Latin  languages  of  Liberia  College,  which  position  he 
 successfully  filled  until  he  resigned  to  make  an  ex- 
 tended trip  into  the  interior  of  Africa.  In  18G4  he 
 was  made  Scerctarj'  of  State  and  afterwards  Sccrc- 
 t;try  of  the  Interior.  In  1877  he  was  appointed 
 Minister  Plenipotentiary  to  England.  In  1881  he 
 wa.s  chosen  President  of  Liberia  College;  mean- 
 while traveling  extensively,  making  frequent  visits 
 to  England,  America,  and  into  the  inferior  of  Africa. 
 Dr.  Blyden  is  a  laborious  and  eminently  successful 
 scholar,  a  clear,  forcible  and  erudite  writer,  and  a 
 linguist  of  rare  ability.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
 Athena;um  Club  of  London,  one  of  the  foremost 
 (frganizations  of  Europe.  He  is  a  frequent  contrib- 
 utor to  Fruzcr'a  Magazine,  and  the  Methodist  Quar- 
 6 
 
 tcrly  Review.  Some  of  his  most  important  articles 
 have  been,  "  The  Negro  in  Ancient  History;"  "  Mo- 
 hammedanism in  West  Afric;i;"  "The  Republic  of 
 Liberia;"  "  Liberia  at  the  American  Centennial," 
 and  "  Echoes  from  Africa."  He  has  also  written 
 several  books,  among  which  are,  "  Liberia's  Offer- 
 ing," 1862,  and  "From  West  Africa  to  Palestine," 
 1873.  His  visit  to  the  United  States  in  1883,  in  the 
 interest  of  Liberia  College,  resulted  in  securing  the 
 consent  of  a  number  of  students  who  were  preparing 
 in  Southern  Colleges  for  missionary  work  in  Africa, 
 to  complete  their  preparation  in  Liberia  College,  also 
 the  services  of  two  able  professors,  and  a  valuable 
 teacher.  No  Negro  is  more  widely  known,  or  more 
 eagerly  sought  and  respected  by  .scholars,  and  award- 
 ed a  higher  literary  position  in  the  race,  than  Presi- 
 dent Blyden. 
 
 Bljrthe,  James,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Mecklenburg 
 county,  N.  C,  October  28tli,  1765;  graduated  at 
 Hampden  Sidnej' College,  in  1789;  studied  theology 
 under  the  direction  of  Rev.  Dr.  Hall,  of  North  Caro- 
 lina, and  was  licensed  by  the  Orange  Prcsbj'tery. 
 July  25th,  1793,  he  became  pastor  of  Pisgah  and 
 Clear  Creek  churches,  Ky. ;  resigned  the  charge  in  a 
 short  time;  for  a  series  of  years  was  annually 
 appointed  a  stated  supply  by  the  Presbytery,  and  in 
 this  way  ministered  to  the  Pisgah  church  upwards 
 of  forty  years. 
 
 When  the  Kentucky  Academy,  in  1798,  was 
 merged  in  the  University  of  Transylvania,  he  was 
 appointed  Professor  of  Mathematics,  Natural  Philoso- 
 phy, Astronomy  and  Geography,  and  subsequently 
 he  was  the  acting  President  of  the  Institution  for 
 twelve  or  fifteen  years.  In  1818  he  was  transferred 
 to  the  chair  of  Chemistry  in  the  Medical  Department, 
 and  retained  the  position  until  1831.  In  connection 
 with  his  Professorship  he  was  a.ssoeiatcd,  for  some 
 years,  with  Rev.  James  Welsh,  as  colleague  pastor  of 
 the  church  in  Lexington.  About  the  time  that  he 
 resigned  the  Presidency  of  the  College  he  estab- 
 lished a  Seminary  for  young  ladies,  in  which  his 
 instructions  were  exceedingly  thorough,  and  his 
 influence  in  this  department  was  widely  and  deeply 
 felt. 
 
 In  1816  Dr.  Blythe  was  Moderator  of  the  General 
 Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  In  1831  he 
 was  chosen  Moderator  of  the  convention  of  delegates 
 from  the  Presbj-teries  which  met  at  Cincinnati,  at 
 the  suggestion  of  the  General  Assembly,  on  the  sub- 
 ject of  Domestic  Missions.  In  1832  he  was  elected 
 President  of  South  Hanover  College,  Ind.,  and  for 
 several  years  fulfilled  the  duties  of  the  otfice  with 
 great  acceptance,  at  the  same  time,  giving  more  or 
 less  gratuitous  instruction  in  the  Theological  Semi- 
 nary in  the  same  place.  In  1836  he  rcsignea  the 
 Presidency  of  the  College,  and  from  October,  1837, 
 preached  to  the  New  Lexington  Church,  ten  miles 
 from  Hanover,  until  declining  health  obliged  him  to 
 to  desist  from    labor.     During  his  last  illness  he 
 
BLYTHE. 
 
 82 
 
 BOAR  D.MAX. 
 
 viewed  the  approach    of   death-  with    the  utmost 
 
 serenity  of  miud,  and  bore  the  fullest  testimony  to 
 the  all-sustaininj5  jjowcrof  Christian  faith,  lie  died, 
 May  20th,  1842. 
 
 Dr.  Blj-the  was  a  man  of  superior  talents,  and  of 
 very  considerable  erudition.  He  was  a  fluent  an<l 
 ready  .speaker,  and  in  the  pulpit  especially  had  a 
 good  degree  of  fervor  and  animation.  lie  probably 
 showed  his  strength  as  a  lecturer,  a  disciplinarian, 
 and  a  debater  in  ecclesiastical  bodies,  even  more  than 
 in  tlie  pulpit.  He  commanded  gnat  respect  wher- 
 ever lie  was  known,  and  filled  an  important  place  in 
 society  with  marked  dignity  and  usefulness. 
 
 Bljrtlie,  Rev.  Joseph  WUliam,  was  born  at 
 Lexington,  Ky.,  February  21st,  1808,  and  was  the  son 
 of  the  Rev.  James  Klythe,  D.D.,  noticed  above.  He 
 graduated  atTran.sylvania  University  in  1825;  studied 
 medicine  at  Harvard  University;  graduated  at  Prince- 
 ton Seminary,  and  was  licen.sed  t«  ]ireacli  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  linmswiek,  February  2(1,  1831.  His 
 first  p;ustorate  was  that  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  which  commenced  January 
 30th,  1834,  was  prosperous  and  happy,  but  terminated 
 July  2Gth,  183G,  that  he  might  accept  an  agency  of 
 the  Western  Foreign  Missionary  Society.  His  last 
 charge  was  at  Charlcsto«-n,  Clarke  county,  Indiana. 
 Here  he  died,  April  asth,  187.").  Mr.  Dlythe  was  a 
 good  preacher,  unflinchingly  faithful  to  hLs  convic- 
 tions of  duty,  warm-hearted,  generous,  hospitable, 
 intelligent,  a  wise  counsellor,  and  a  devoted  man  of 
 God. 
 
 Boal,  Hon.  G-eorge,  was  born  in  the  County 
 Antrim,  Ireland,  July  Kith,  1796.  When  but  two 
 years  old  liis  father  emigrated  to  the  United  States 
 and  settled  in  Penu's  Valley,  Centre  county,  Pa., 
 where  he  connected  himself  with  the  Church  knowni 
 as  Slab  Cabin,  now  cjilled  Spring  Creek',  and  was 
 afterwards  made  an  elder,  in  which  office  he  served 
 the  congregation  with  great  acceptance  till  the  time 
 of  his  death,  which  occurred  in  March,  1837.  The 
 son's  education  was  only  such  as  could  be  obtained 
 in  the  common  schools  of  the  county,  of  which,  how- 
 ever, he  made  the  best  po.ssible  improvement,  and 
 was  therefore  well  qualified  for  all  the  ordinary  busi- 
 ness of  a  citizen,  and  for  the  offices  of  honor  and 
 trust  to  which  he  was  afterwards  appointed  or 
 chosen.  Ho  was  a  farmer  all  his  life,  and  lived  at 
 the  family  homestea<l,  which  he  inherited.  He  was 
 elected  an  elder  in  the  Church,  in  May,  183.>,  and 
 continued  to  adorn  the  place  as  an  honored  and 
 trusted  leader  in  the  Session  and  the  Church  till  the 
 time  of  his  death.  He  was  often  called  upon  to 
 attend  Presbyteries,  Synmls,  and  General  Assemblies, 
 in  all  of  which  he  was  reeogni/.-.'d  as  a  judicious 
 counsellor.  He  was  (M|u:illy  respected  and  trusted  in 
 civil  life.  He  was  electx'd  an  As.sociate  Judge  of 
 Centre  county,  and  in  HIO  a  member  of  the  SUite  | 
 Legislature  for  onej  term.  The  cinl  olBees  which  he 
 held  sought  him,  not  he  the  offices.  I 
 
 The  prominent  points  of  Judge  Boal's  character 
 were,  soundness  of  judgment  and  eminent  dLscretion, 
 kindness  to  the  piM)r,  and  liberality  in  giving  to  all 
 benevolent  objects.  Willing  to  make  sacrifices  for 
 the  public  good,  social  in  his  habits,  and  jieculiarly 
 kind  in  all  the  relations  of  life,  he  was  universally 
 beloved  and  respected  in  his  immediate  neighbor- 
 hood. His  decided  piety  was  manifested  by  a  con- 
 scientious and  exact  fulfillment  of  duty  in  every 
 sphere  he  occupied.  He  loved  the  Church  and  was 
 foremost  in  all  things  that  pertained  to  its  advance* 
 ment. 
 
 Boardman,  George  Smith,  D.  D.,  was  born 
 at  Albany,  .\.  V.,  Decemlicr  2-^tli,  1790;  graduated 
 at  Union  College  in  181G;  entered  Princeton  .Seminary 
 the  same  year,  and  graduated  in  1819.  After  receiv- 
 ing license  to  preach  the  gospel,  he  spent  a1x)ut  two 
 years  in  traveling,  on  horseback,  and  jneaehing,  from 
 place  to  place  in  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  which  was  then 
 the  "  Far  West."  July  2Gth,  1821,  he  was  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Church  at  Watertown,  X.  Y.,  and  had  a 
 precious  and  fruitful  pastorate  there  of  sixteen  years' 
 duration.  In  1837  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Central 
 Church  of  Rochester,  X.  Y.,  where  he  remained  six 
 years,  except  that  he  labored  for  six  montlis,  in  1842, 
 at  Columbus,  Ohio,  in  connection  with  a  very  marked 
 and  productive  revival,  and  supplied  for  a  while  the 
 Third  (or  Pine  Street)  Church  in  Philadelphia.  In 
 1843  he  took  charge  of  the  Second  Church  at  Rome, 
 N.  Y.,  which  he  left  in  1847,  to  enter  upon  a  short 
 pastorate  at  Cherry  Valley,  X.  Y.  At  the  latter 
 place  he  remained  until  18,>0,  when  he  accepted  a 
 call  to  the  Church  at  Cazenovia,  X.  Y.  This  pastorate 
 extended  to  ISGo,  a  period  of  nearly  fifteen  years,  in 
 the  course  of  which  large  numbers  were  added  to  the 
 Church,  the  standard  of  piety  was  elevated,  and  the 
 sjjirit  and  practice  of  Christian  benevolence  increased. 
 At  the  end  of  this  time  impainul  health  re(|uired  his 
 release.  But  he  could  not  be  unemidoyed.  After 
 his  health  was  restored  he  eagerly  engaged  in  i)reach- 
 ing,  either  as  an  occasional  or  stilted  supply.  For 
 longer  or  shorter  periods  he  filled  the  pulpits  of  the 
 First  Church  of  Rome,  X.  Y.,  Ogdensburg,  X.  Y., 
 and  Little  Falls,  X.  Y.  His  death  occurred  February 
 7tli,  1877,  in  thceighty-first  ye;ir  of  his  age. 
 
 Dr.  I!oardiu;in  was  a  man  of  very  positive  convic- 
 tions and  of  marked  personal  characteristics,  yet 
 he  was  faithful,  sincere,  gentle,  courteous,  always 
 abounding  in  the  work  of  the  Lord,  and  always 
 commending  the  gospel  by  his  holy  walk  and  beauti- 
 ful example. 
 
 Boardman,  Henry  Augustus,  D.D.,  was  born 
 at  Troy,  X.  Y.,  Janu:iry  !llh,  HiH.  He  graduated 
 at  Yale  College  in  .September,  \*2'.i,  being  the  vale- 
 dictorian of  his  class.  He  sprnt  one  year  in  legal 
 studies,  and  then,  haviie.;  devoted  himself  to  the 
 work  of  the  ministry,  entered  Princeton  Seminary  in 
 September,  1830,  and  studied  there  three  years.  He 
 wa.s  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Xew  York,  April 
 
BOARDMAX. 
 
 83 
 
 BOARD  OF  RELIEF. 
 
 l~th,  1833,  and  was  ordained  by  the  Third  Presby- 
 tery of  Philadelphia,  November  8th,  1S33,  and  iji- 
 stalled  as  pastor  of  the  Tenth  Presbj-terian  Church, 
 rhiladeli)hia.  This  was  not  only  his  first  but  his  only 
 clmrge,  in  which  he  continued  to  labor  until  released 
 May  5th,  1876,  after  which  he  continued,  by  a  vote 
 of  the  church  and  of  the  Presbytery,  to  hold  the  rela- 
 tion of  Pastor  Emeritus  until  his  death.  This  oc- 
 curred June  loth,  1880,  iu  the  seventy-third  year  of 
 his  age. 
 
 It  was  while  yet  in  the  Seminary  that  Dr.  Board- 
 man  was  called  to  the  pulpit  of  the  church  just 
 named.  There  he  performed  his  great  life-work  of 
 forty-six  years  with  distinguished  ability,  learning  , 
 and  fidelity,  and  from  this  eminent  position  of  use- 
 fulness he  could  not  be  drawn  away.     In  1853  he 
 
 IIEVRY  AUOlSrib    BOiEDMAX,  D.D. 
 
 was  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  to  be  Professor 
 of  Pastoral  Theology-  iu  Princeton  Seminary,  but  he 
 declined  to  accept  the  appointment.  In  1854  he  was 
 Moderator  of  the  (O.  S.)  General  Assembly.  In  1835 
 he  was  elected  a  Director  of  Princeton  Seminarj-,  in 
 which  office  he  continued  until  his  death,  being  ever 
 found  unwavering,  intense,  and  filial  in  his  devotion 
 to  the  interests  of  the  Institution. 
 
 From  the  day  of  his  settlement  in  the  ministry 
 Dr.  Boardman  became  a  leader  in  the  Presbyterian 
 Church.  .He  speedily  gained  a  wide  and  powerful 
 influence,  which  he  wielded  always  for  the  extension 
 of  the  Church  and  the  maintenance  of  her  principles. 
 He  was  a  man  of  mark  in  all  her  assemblies,  often 
 appearing  in  her  highest  court:  discussing  important 
 subjects  with  masterly  ability,   and  assi.sting  with 
 
 wise  counsels  the  establishment  of  many  of  the  in- 
 stitutions which  have  given  her  strength  and  minis- 
 tered to  her  rapid  increase.     During  all  the  years  of 
 his  pastorate  he  was  busy  with  his  pen,  and  a  num- 
 ber of  volumes  treating  of  themes  of  public  interest, 
 and  marked  by  fine  scholarship  and  rare  excellence 
 of  style,  emanated  from   hira.     Some  of  them   have 
 been  published  abroad,  and  some,  we  believe,  trans- 
 lated into  other  tongues. 
 j      Dr.  Boardmau  held  his  position  by  the  sedulous 
 and  conscientious  cultivation  of  his  pulpit  powers. 
 Evangelical  and  elevated  in  his  thoughts,  and  pure, 
 I  simple,  and  direct  in  his  style,  he  charmed  while  in- 
 structing his  people,  and  bound  them  to  hiuLsclf  by 
 the  ties    of  a  reverential  love.     He  was  uncompro- 
 misingly  orthodox  in  his  doctrinal  beliefs,  and  Pres- 
 bj-terian    in    his   ecclesiastical   polity.     Always  and 
 everywhere  he  maintaiutd  his  Calvinistic  and  Pres- 
 byterian opinions,  and  living  in  times  of  high  contro- 
 versy in  our  own  and  with  other  denominations,  he 
 was  pronounced  in  the  defence  and  advocacy  of  those 
 \'iews.     But  he  was  so  high-toned  and  courteous  in 
 his  couti-ovcrsial  character  that  he  commanded  the 
 respect  and  admiration  of  opponents.     He  grew,  to 
 the  end  of  his  life,  in  influence,  especially  over  his 
 younger  brethren  in  the  ministry,  ivith  whom  he  was 
 always  ready  to  sympathize  in  their  work  and  their 
 struggles. 
 
 Board  of  ReUef,  Presbjrterian.  From  an 
 early  period  in  the  history  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  the  United  States  elTorts  have  been  made  to  put  in 
 operation  .some  effective  plan  for  the  sustenance  and 
 comfort  of  disabled  ministers  and  their  families, 
 ilost  of  them  failed  to  secure  their  object,  because 
 they  relied  mainly  on  the  clergy  for  the  paj-ment  of 
 the  necessary  premiums.  This  was  a  result  to  be 
 expected,  for  the  clergj-,  however  rich  they  may  be  iu 
 faith,  are  generally  poor  in  purse;  but  the  main 
 reason  is  to  be  found  in  the  departure  from  the  po.si- 
 tive  Divine  requirement  that  the  laity,  always  and 
 everywhere,  are  to  be  charged  with  the  temporal 
 support  of  the  clergj-  (with  their  families),  whether 
 in  active  service  or  withdrawn  by  age,  disease  or 
 death. 
 
 One  organization  has  continued  in  existence  for 
 many  years,  but  its  influence  for  good  has  been  very 
 ;  limited;  and,  besides,  it  is  not  a  Church  institution, 
 under  Church  control.  After  much  discussion  in 
 religious  papers  and  in  the  General  A.ssemblies,  the 
 Ruling  Elders  of  the  Church  took  the  matter  in  hand, 
 among  whom  maybe  mentioned  Judge  H.  II.  Leai-itt 
 of  Cincinnati,  and  Robert  Carter,  of  Xew  York.  Two 
 Overtures  on  the  subject  were  laid  before  the  Cfeueral 
 Assembly  of  1849,  on  which  a  report,  drawn  up  by 
 the  Rev.  Alexander  T.  McGill,  d.d.,  ll.d.,  was  pre- 
 sented and  adopted,  after  thorough  and  earnest  dis- 
 cussion. 
 
 A  few  attempts  have  been  made  since  to  subvert  or 
 materially  modify  the  original  plan,  but  the  Assem- 
 
BOARD  OF  ItELIEF. 
 
 84 
 
 BOCOCK. 
 
 hly,  in  its  wisdom,  has  never  given  encooragemcDt  to 
 these  movements. 
 
 For  some  time  the  fund  was  administered  by  a 
 CoinmiltfC  of  the  Trustoes  of  the  General  Assembly. 
 In  18G4  a  similar  silic me  w:us  adopted  by'the  other 
 Assembly  and  miinaged  by  a  (Jommittce  of  the 
 Trustees  of  the  I'res!)yterian  House.  At  the  rc-uuion 
 these  committees  were  merf^'d  into  one,  and  in  1870 
 the  Committee  w;ls  erected  by  the  Assembly  into  a 
 Board,  and  on  the  21st  of  Octolwr,  1876  w;is  char- 
 tered by  the  authorities  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania, 
 with  the  cor])orate  title:  "The  Presbj-terian  Board 
 of  lielief  for  l)is;ibled  Ministers,  and  the  Widows  and 
 Orphans  of  Deee:i.sid  Minist<TS." 
 
 In  the  words  of  its  charter,  "The  purpose  for 
 wliieh  this  C'ori>oration  is  formed,  is  to  receive,  hold 
 and  disburse  such  re;d  and  personal  estate  as  may  he 
 (iiven  to  it  for  the  relief  and  support  of  disabled 
 ministers,  and  the  widows  and  orphans  of  deceased 
 ministers  of  said  Church." 
 
 The  plan,  simple,  compact  and  wise,  embraces  the 
 following  features. 
 
 I.  Jl»  hoKix  in  llw  WonI  of  God.  It  conforms  strictly 
 to  God's  revealed  plan,  the  fundamental  principle  of 
 which  is  that  the  responsibility  for  the  temporal  sup- 
 port of  tliase  who  minister  in  sacred  things  rests 
 exclusively  on  the  membership  of  the  Church,  the 
 whole  Church. 
 
 II.  Reward  for  work  done.  Recompense  for  faith- 
 ful ministerial  service,  is  an  essential  feature  of  this 
 plan.  This  Ls  not  almsgiving,  it  is  in  no  sense 
 elcemosynarj'.  It  pays  a  debt  justly  due,  and  so 
 gives  effect  to  the  word  of  Christ,  "The  laborer  is 
 worthy  of  his  hire." 
 
 III.  The  needed  funds  are  obtaineil  in  two  ways: 
 1st.  Directly  from  the  churches  (and  mainly  from 
 them),  by  annu:d  contributions.  2<1.  By  a  Perma-  ] 
 nent  Fund,  established  through  legacies  and  large 
 donations,  the  income  only  l)eing  ajiplied  to  the  uses 
 and  ])urposes of  the  Board.  I 
 
 IV.  There  is  owr //<7imi/  Tren^tunj. 
 
 V.  The  only  ;;™/«r  ujiplienntK  foraid  arc  designated 
 by  the  rule,  "  Only  memlK^rs  of  Pre.sbyt«'ries  in  con- 
 nection with  the  General  A.s.scmbly,  and  the  families 
 of  those  who  were  at  their  death  in  such  connec- 
 tion, are  entitled  to  aid." 
 
 VI.  The  aul/iorili/  by  which  appropriations  must  be 
 made  is  the  Presbytery,  or  its  Standing  Committee. 
 To  that  authority  mu.st  every  ai)plication  foraid  be 
 lirst  made.  Neverthile.ss,  special  gills  take  the 
 diri'ction  indicated  by  the  donor. 
 
 VII.  Adaptation  to  the  jinrlieiilar  eimimHlanren  of 
 each  ease  as  it  arises,  is  an  important  feature  of  this 
 plan. 
 
 VIII.  The  final  decision  in  c;ieh  ca.so  i.s  entrusted  to 
 the  Board,  consisting  of  fourtj'en  members,  twelve 
 elected,  and  two,  the  Seentary  and  Treasurer,  mem- 
 bers rj- oj7/Vi«.  Therule  i-;,  "  Whili-theresponsibility 
 of  recommending  applicants   rests  with  the  Presby- 
 
 teries, and  shall  largely  govern  the  action  of  the 
 Board,  yet  the  Board  reserves  to  itself  the  right  to 
 appropriate  according  to  the  mei-its  of  the  case,  and 
 the  state  of  the  Tre;Lsury." 
 
 IX.  The  Sliinding  Committee  on  Relief,  appointed 
 by  each  Presbytery,  Ls  an  agency  es.sential  in  making 
 this  scheme  efficient.  This  committee's  office  is  two- 
 fold: 1st.  To  inquire  into  the  necessities  of  disiibled 
 ministers  and  their  families,  witli  the  view  of  bring- 
 ing such  causes  before  the  B.xird  by  recoramend;»tion. 
 •2d.  To  give  attention  to  the  raising  of  the  funds  ne- 
 ces.sary  to  snstain  the  cause.  This  is  to  be  done  by 
 a\v:ikening  an  interest  in  all  the  churches  of  the 
 Presbytery,  so  that  at  least  one  yearly  collection 
 shall  betaken  np  in  each  church,  and  ])roper  measures 
 be  adopted  to  increase  the  Permanent  Fund  by  Iw- 
 quests  and  donations. 
 
 X.  A  statement  of  the  doings  of  the  Board  for  the 
 year  is  sent  up  to  each  General  .V.ssembly,  and  placed 
 in  the  hands  of  a  standing  committee,  which  reports 
 thereon. 
 
 The  first  appropriation  was  made  in  Xovcmber, 
 18.VJ;  the  first  rejOTrtwiLS  presented  to  the  Gimeral  .Vs- 
 seinbly  of  18.">G,  and  in  18G1  the  first  Secretarj-  was 
 :ip))ointe(l,  to  devote  to  the  cause  his  whole  time,  at 
 which  time  it  was  reported  that  $.">,:J0S.87  had  been 
 received  from  the  churches  during  the  year,  and 
 fifty-two  families  had  been  a-ssisted. 
 
 From  the  beginning  of  the  work  there  have  been 
 gathered  one  million,  si.x  hundred  thou-sand  dol- 
 lars, of  which  one  million,  thri-e  hundrc^d  thous- 
 ■ind  dollars  have  been  di.stributed  among  disabled 
 ministers,  and  the  widows  and  orphans  of  dece.i.sed 
 ministirs  of  the  Presbj-terian  Church,  and  three  hun- 
 dred thous;ind  dollars  luvebeeii  invested  ;ls  a  Perin.->- 
 nent  Fund. 
 
 In  March,  l^KJ,  Dr.  .\le.'caiulir  M.  Uruen  conveyed 
 to  this  Board,  in  fee  simple,  a  jirojuTty  at  Perth  .\m- 
 boy,  N.  J.,  covering  eleven  and  a  half  aen-s,  worth 
 from  $35,000  to  |!:50,000.  The  main  building  is  a 
 substantial  .structure  of  stone  and  brick,  one  hundred 
 and  twenty  feet  front  by  forty  deep,  with  three 
 stories  and  a  baseinenl,  containing  eighty  r<M>ins.  on 
 high  ground,  eoinmanding  a  view  of  Raritan  Piiiy 
 and  the  Atlantic  Oceiin  in  the  distance.  This  is 
 intended  as  a  comfortable  and  p«'rmanent  home  for 
 those  whom  fnxl  h:is,  in  His  jirovidence,  committed 
 to  tin-  care  of  this  Board. 
 
 Bocock,  John  H.,  D.  D.,  was  lx)rn.  it  is  Im-- 
 lieved,  in  the  county  of  .\pi)onialto\.  Va.  His  col- 
 lege .studies  were  at  .Vmhi'rst,  M:ls.s.  His  tlu-ologieal 
 tniining  wi«s  at  Union  Si-minary.  In  the  counties  of 
 Buckingham,  Loui.s;»,  .\))pomattox  ami  Halifax,  and 
 in  Parkersburg,  Harris«>nburg,  GiH>rget<iwn  (D.  C. ) 
 and  Finavstle,  at  which  plaees  ho  \vi«  a  laborer  in 
 the  vineyard  of  the  Lord  (though  we  do  not  give 
 them  I'xaetly  in  their  suc<'ession^,  there  are  many  to 
 whom  his  earni'sl,  )tointed  and  able  niinistry  was 
 niiule  a  iiuickening  power,  and  others  to  whom    lie 
 
"BODILY  EXERCISE." 
 
 85 
 
 "BODILY  EXERCISE." 
 
 was  "as  one  that  comforteth  the  mourners."  He 
 was  a  zealous  man,  and  larncstly  desired  to  "turn 
 many  to  riy;liteousness."  He  was  deeply  read  in  the 
 great  masters  of  history  and  theology.  In  mental 
 acuteness  he  was  equaled  by  few,  and  in  the  pulpit, 
 in  debate,  in  the  social  circle,  or  with  the  pen,  his 
 point  and  power  of  expression  were  often  surprising 
 and  admirable.  Dr.  Bocock  closed  his  mortal  life 
 July  17th,  1872,  in  his  fifty-ninth  year.  In  his  final 
 illness,  con.scious  that  his  work  on  the  earth  on 
 behalf  of  the  gospel  was  finished,  his  sole  desire 
 every  day,  almost  every  hour,  uttered  in  tones  that 
 indicated  the  clearest  vision  and  most  Joyful  antici- 
 pations, was  t<i  depart  and  he  with  Christ. 
 
 "  Bodily  Exercise."  The  great  awakening  of 
 1801  and  1802,  in  Western  Pennsylvania,  was  marked 
 by  extraordinary  intensity  and  success.  It  was  a 
 memorable  time  of  the  display  of  divine  power  and 
 grace  throughout  that  entire  region.  All  classes,  all 
 ages,  all  conditions  in  life  were  aftected.  The  hoary- 
 headed  sinner  was  bowed  and  subdued;  eyes  that  sel- 
 dom wept  i)Oured  out  their  tears  like  rain;  hearts  that 
 were  like  the  adamant  were  melted  beneath  the 
 Spirit's  power,  and  lips  that  curled  with  scorn  at  the 
 name  of  Jesus,  uttered  cries  for  mercy,  or  lisped  the 
 praises  of  redeeming  love. 
 
 Accompanying  this  work  of  divine  grace  was  the 
 remarkable  etfect,  designated  at  the  time  and  since 
 known  as  "  the  bodily  exercise,"  or  "jerks."  A 
 writer  in  the  Western  Sliaxinnary  Jlaz/azinr,  after 
 referring  to  a  solemn  communion  .season  in  the  con- 
 gregation of  Cross-Road.s,  at  whi<'h  nine  ministers 
 were  present,  three  of  whom  preached  on  Monday, 
 one  in  the  house  and  two  out  in  the  encampments, 
 adds:  "  This  was  a  very  solemn  day,  particularly  in 
 the  house.  After  public  worshiji,  when  the  people 
 were  preparing  to  remove,  the  scene  was  very  affecting; 
 the  house  was  thronged  full,  and  when  some  of  those 
 without  were  about  to  go  away,  they  found  that  parts 
 of  their  families  were  in  the  house,  and  some  of 
 them  lying  in  distress,  unable  to  remove."  Another 
 account  describes  the  work  in  a  differentcongrcgation; 
 "The  administration  of  the  Word  and  ordinances  w;is 
 accompanied  with  an  extraordinary  effusion  of  divine 
 influence  on  the  hearts  of  the  hearers.  Some  hun- 
 dreds were,  during  the  sea.son,  convinced  of  their  sin 
 and  miser}',  and  many  of  them  sank  down  and  cried 
 bitterly  and  incessantly  for  several  hours.  Some  fell 
 suddenly,  some  lost  their  strength  gradually,  some 
 lay  quiet  and  silent,  .some  were  violently  agitated, 
 and  many  sat  silently  weeping,  who  were  not  exer- 
 cised with  bodily  affections." 
 
 From  the  account  given,  these  affections,  it  is  evi- 
 dent, were  diflerent  in  different  individuals. 
 
 "It  is  no  unusual  thing,"  said  Dr.  JIcMillan,  "to 
 see  persons  so  entirely  deprived  of  bodily  strength 
 that  they  will  fall  from  their  seats,  or  off  their  feet, 
 ijnd  l)e  as  unable  to  help  themselves  as  a  new-born 
 child."     "There  was,"  says  Dr.  Anderson,  "in  some 
 
 I  cases  gradually,  and  in  others  instantly,  a  total  loss 
 !  of  bodily  strength,  so  that  they  fell  to  the  groiind, 
 like  Saul  of  Tarsus,  and  with  oppression  of  the 
 heart  and  lungs,  with  suspension  of  breath,  with  sobs 
 and  loud  cries."  The  Rev.  Robert  Johnston,  in  a 
 letter  to  the  Rev.  David  Elliott,  n.  D.,  respecting  the 
 I  power  of  the  re«val  in  the  congregation  of  Scrub- 
 grass,  in  Venango  county.  Pa.,  of  which  he  was  at 
 that  time  pastor,  says:  "The  effects  of  this  work  on 
 the  body  were  truly  wonderful,  and  so  various  that 
 no  physical  cause  could  be  a.ssigned  for  their  produc- 
 tion. I  have  seen  men  and  women  sitting  in  solemn 
 attitude,  j)ondering  the  solemn  truths  that  were  pre- 
 sented, and  in  a  moment  fall  from  their  seats,  or  off 
 their  feet,  if  they  happened  to  be  standing,  ,as  helji- 
 less  as  though  they  had  been  .shot,  and  lie  for  ten  or 
 fifteen  or  twenty  minutes,  and  sometimes  as  long  as 
 half  an  hour,  as  motionless  as  a  person  in  a  sound 
 sleep.  At  other  times,  the  whole  frame  would  be 
 thrown  into  a  .state  of  agitation  so  violent  as  seem- 
 ingly to  endanger  the  safety  of  the  subject,  and  yet, 
 in  a  moment,  this  agit;ition  would  cease,  and  the 
 persons  arise  in  the  possession  of  all  their  bodily 
 powers,  and  take  their  seats,  composed  and  solemn, 
 without  the  least  sensation  of  pain  or  uneasiness. 
 .  .  .  Another  fact  that  I  ascertained  beyond  doubt 
 was,  that  those  who  lay  for  a  considerable  length  -of 
 time,  apparently  insensible,  and  sometimes  without 
 one  discernible  symptom  of  life,  except  the  natural 
 warmth  and  color  of  the  skin,  could  hear,  understand 
 and  reflect  on  what  they  heard  as  well  as,  or  better 
 than,  when  in  possession  of  all  their  natural  powers. 
 Xor  was  there  that  kind  of  uniformity  in  the  occur- 
 rence of  the  different  effects  on  the  body  as  to  allow 
 them  to  be  ascribed  to  corresponding  exercises  of  the 
 mind.  Some  have  been  agitated  in  body,  under 
 pleasing  exercises  of  mind,  and  others  have  lain 
 motionless  under  the  anguish  of  a  wounded  .spirit. 
 Some  were  under  deep  and  pungent  conviction  for 
 weeks  before  they  felt  any  efl'eet  ou  the  body,  whilst 
 some  pivssed  through  the  whole  course  of  awakening 
 and  conviction,  and  became  hopefully  pious,  who 
 never  felt  any  symptoms  of  bodily  agitation." 
 
 "  The  physical  effects  of  the  excitement  on  the 
 body  were  by  no  means  a  desirable  appendage,  in 
 view  of  the  sensible  part  of  the  community,  but  they 
 were  evidently  irresistible,  and  persons  were  as  liable 
 to  be  affected  in  the  very  act  of  resisting  as  in  any 
 other  circumstances;  and  many  who  came  to  mock 
 and  oppose  remained  to  pray,  and  returned,  inquir- 
 ing what  they  must  do  to  be  savtd." 
 
 In  a  conversation  of  Mr.  Johnston  on  this  sub- 
 ject, with  the  Rev.  Johnston  Eaton,  pastor  of  the 
 church  of  Fairview,  in  the  Presbytery  of  Erie,  and 
 which  is  given  in  "Lakeside,"  a  very  interesting 
 work  by  his  son,  the  Rev.  S.  J.  JI.  Eaton,  D.  D.,  the 
 following  additional  particulars  of  this  wondrous 
 affection  of  the  bodily  powers  appear.  "  It  w:ls  not 
 confined  to  the  place  of  religious  worship,  but  came 
 
BOGGS. 
 
 86 
 
 BOXD. 
 
 npon  men  in  the  wood,  in  the  fields,  in  the  work- 
 shop, at  home,  and  in  bed.  It  extended  to  persons 
 of  different  ages  and  temperaments.  Even  children 
 were  subject  to  the  affection.  The  grave,  the  gay, 
 the  silent  and  t;ilkative,  the  sober  in  judgment  and 
 the  volatile,  all  came  within  the  sphere  of  its  iudu- 
 enee.  There  w;is  no  distinction.  Sometimes  it  came 
 upon  those  who  were  professing  C'hri^^tians  and  who 
 had  given  undoubted  evidences  of  piety.  On  the 
 other  hand,  many  who  were  its  subjects  received  no 
 spiritual  benefit,  but  went  on  careless  as  ever.  And 
 some,  who  were  thus  exercised  and  failed  to  obtain 
 hope,  yet  in  after  years  l)ecanie  pious,  did  not  trace 
 their  conviction  to  tliis  cause. " 
 
 "I  cannot,"  s:iid    Mr.  Johnston,  in  the  eon  versa- [ 
 tion  just  referred  to,  "  account  for  the  matter  at  all. 
 I  do  not  think  it  can  be  traced  to  physical  eau.ses. 
 Physicians  who  were  present,  and  anxious  to  under- 
 stand the  phenomena,  and  examined  the  subjects,  were  : 
 completely  at  a  loss  to  account  for  the  matter,  or 
 explain  it  to  their  satisfaction."     And  to  the  question 
 of  Mr.  Eaton,  "  W:ls  this  bodily  exerci.se  encouraged 
 by  thi^  niinistiTS  who  were  in  charge  of  these  meet^ 
 ings?"     Mr.  Jobnston  replied,  "It  was  not.      It  w;is 
 something  we  could   nut  iinderst;ind   and  we  sinii)Iy 
 took  matters  ius  we  found   theni.      At    tlie   beginning 
 of  the  revival    I    cautioned  my  people  against  out- 
 cries or  outbursts  of  feeling.     This  seemed  to  have  a 
 good  effect,  for,  although  the  work  was  very  power- 1 
 ful,  yet  this  bodily  exercise  was  no  interruption  to  j 
 the  services.     I  have  preached  to  a  crowded  assembly  j 
 when  more  than  om^half  of  the   jM^ople  were  lying 
 helpless    Ijcfore    mo    during   the   greater   ])ortion  of 
 divine  service,  without  the  least  noise  or  disturbance 
 of  any  kind  to  divert  or   interrupt  the  attention  of 
 any  individual  from  the  word  S])olien."  \ 
 
 The  Kev.  Thomas  Hunt,  who  was  ))rc.sent  at  I'pper 
 Bullalo,  where  the  Rev.  Elisha  McCurdy,  from  a 
 wagon,  preached  his  famous  war  sermcm,  "at  the 
 close  of  which  the  scene  apiM-ared  like  the  close  of  a 
 battle,  in  which  every  tenth  man  liad  fallen,  fatally 
 wounded,"  s;iys: — 
 
 "I  have  often  talked  with  McC'unly  about  that 
 meeting.  It  will  never  be  forgotten  by  that  genera- 
 tion. The  st;ite  of  the  times  may  have  had  some- 
 thing to  do  with  the  matter.  The  gos|M>l  was  a  new 
 thing  to  many  of  the  multitude  then;  yet,  withal,  it 
 was  tlu^  mighty  power  of  God.  This  is  the  only 
 explanation  we  can  give  of  the  matter.  And  this  is 
 explanation  enough.  God  carries  forward  His  own 
 work  in  His  own  way;  and  it  may  Ih'  that  this  bap- 
 tism from  on  high  is  a  prcpanitioii  for  some  great 
 mission  this  part  of  the  land  has  to  fullill." 
 
 Bog^S,  John,  M.  D.,  was  born  August  7th,  17s7. 
 Alter  leaving  college,  he  studied  medicine,  practiced 
 his  profession  for  a  time  in  Huntingdon  county,  Pa., 
 and  then  settled  in  Greencastle,  Pa.,  as  partner  of 
 his  old  preceptor.  Dr.  McClellan.  While  the  war  of 
 1812  was  in  progress.  Dr.  Doggs  joined  Company  3, 
 
 Franklin  County  Volunteers,  and  went  with  it  to 
 Baltimore,  September  8th,  1814,  where  his  company, 
 with  several  others,  was  Ibnned  into  a  regiment,  and 
 he  was  appointed  Assistant  Surgeon.  After  tliLs  he 
 resumed  his  practice  in  Greencastle,  and  with  sin- 
 gular success.  He  had  a  strong  hold  on  the  confi- 
 dence and  affection  of  the  families  under  his  medical 
 care.  Dr.  Hoggs  was  an  earnest  and  active  elder  of 
 the  Presb.vterian  Church  at  tireeneastle  from  l^'i'> 
 until  his  death,  July  12th,  1847.  "An  eminent 
 physician,  a  faithful  elder,  an  affectionate  husliand, 
 father  and  friend,  a  us«'ful  citizen,  an  humble  Chris- 
 tian: his  life  was  piety,  his  death  Wiis  pcijce." 
 
 Bolton,  Rev.  James  G-ray,  w;us  lM)rn  at  Kilrea, 
 in  the  County  of  Dcrry.  Inlanil,  March  17th,  l-4!t. 
 After  preiKiring  for  Belf:ist  College,  he  came  to 
 America  in  18C(!,  and  soon  entered  a  military  school 
 in  Cranbury,  N.  J.  In  18C8  he  entered  Lafayette 
 College,  and  in  his  Sophomore  year  was  elected 
 orator  of  the  Franklin  Literary  Society  for  their 
 annual  exhibition.  In  1871  he  was  elected  Principal 
 of  Ple;us;int  Grove  Academy,  near  York,  Pa.,  and 
 met  the  demands  of  the  position  very  acceptably. 
 He  entered  Union  Theological  Seminary  in  1872,  and 
 gnuluated  in  H7.">.  .\lH)Ut  this  time  Lafayette  Col- 
 lege conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  A.M. 
 Hefore  leaving  the  Seminary  he  aecept<'d  a  call  Irom 
 the  Session  of  Calvary  Presbyterian  Church,  Philadel- 
 phia, to  tiike  cliarge  of  Hojw  Chapel.  Here  he  was 
 ordained  by  the  Presbj-tery  of  Philadelphia,  in  1875, 
 and  he  has  since  labon-d  in  this  field  with  very 
 gratifying  success,  the  flock  enjoying  external  and 
 internal  prosperity  iinder  his  faithful  ministry. 
 
 Bond,  Rev.  Le'wis,  Jr. ,  was  Iwm  in  Plainfield. 
 New  Jersey,  October  l-ith,  l-*:!!!;  graduated  at  the 
 College  of  New  Jersey  in  18(il,  and  at  the  I'nion 
 Theological  Seminary,  New  York,  in  1807,  alter 
 which  he  was  a  Kesident  Licentiate,  1867-8.  He 
 was  ordained  in  18()8.  Soon  after  he  went  to  Turkey 
 and  joined  the  European  Turkey  Mission  of  the 
 .\merican  Board.  He  w;is  st;itioncd  at  Eski  Z;>ghra 
 nine  ye:irs,  until  its  destruction  by  the  Turkish 
 army  under  Suleiman  Pasha.  His  assix'iate,  Mr. 
 Marsh,  and  himself,  were  the  only  Europeans  in  the 
 city,  and  proliably  the  only  Christian  men  who  wire 
 not  m:uss;icred  by  tin-  Circa-ssiansand  Ifcishi-Bjizouks. 
 He  was  obliged  to  psiy  nearly  forty  dollars  to  a  blootl- 
 thirsty  Circassian,  to  dissuade  him  from  hacking  off 
 his  "infidel"  head.  Several  jK'rsons  who  had  lied 
 to  his  hoase  were  butchered,  and  he  cmild  do  nothing 
 to  prevent  it.  At  length  he  anil  Mr.  Marsh  alxind- 
 cmed  their  houses  tothe  llames  and  ficd  the  city  with 
 their  families.  They  were  three  days  on  the  plain, 
 subsisting  chiclly  on  raw  wheat,  when  they  reached 
 the  railriKul  and  civilized  |H-o])le.  Mr.  Bond's  resi- 
 dence at  present  is  Monastir,  Macedonia,  Turkey, 
 where  he  is  happy  in  preaching  the  gospel  to  the 
 perishing,  and  training  up  a  native  ministry.  The 
 Lord  has  blessed  him  in  his  goiHl  work. 
 
BOOTH. 
 
 87 
 
 BOSTWICK. 
 
 Booth,  Henry  Matthias,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 New  York  city,  October  3d,  1843.  He  graduated  at 
 Williams  College  in  1864,  and  at  the  Union  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  New  York,  in  1867,  and  in  the 
 same  year  accepted  the  call  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Englewood,  N.  J.,  and  wxs  ordained  and 
 installed  by  the  Fourth  Presbytery  of  New  York, 
 upon  the  lUth  of  September.  Here  he  has  continued 
 ever  since,  laboring  with  great  earnestness,  and  with 
 marked  acccptableness  and  success. 
 
 Dr.  Booth  is  an  accomplished  and  genial  gentle- 
 man, an  able  and  instructive  jireacher,  and  a  devoted 
 and  faithful  pastor.  In  connection  with  his  pastoral 
 duties  he  has  found  time  to  serve  upon  several 
 important  Committees  and  Boards  of  the  Church,  to 
 membership  in  which  the  confidence  of  his  brethren 
 in  his  judiciousness  and  efEcicncy  has  summoned 
 him.  He  has  labored  with  commeiid,able  zeal  for 
 the  cause  of  Systematic  Beneficence,  and  also  for  the 
 cause  of  Temperance,  in  connection  with  the  Perma- 
 nent Committee  of  the  General  Assembly,  of  which 
 he  is  the  chairman.  As  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
 Church  Erection  and  of  the  Board  of  Home  Missions 
 he  has  also  rendered  most  valuable  ser\'ice.  He 
 counts  the  ministry  his  joy,  and  his  heart  and  hand 
 respond  promptly  and  cheerfully  to  the  claims  of 
 every  work  that  aims  at  the  elevation  of  humanity 
 and  the  salvation  of  men. 
 
 ROBERT  ECSSELL  BOOTH,  P.P. 
 
 Booth,  Robert  Russell,  D.  D.,  eldest  son  of 
 William  A.  and  Alida  (Russell)  Booth,  was  born  in 
 New  York  city.  He  graduated  at  Williams  College 
 in  184!),  and  at  Auburn  Theological  Seminary  in 
 1852.  After  spending  some  months  in  Europe  and  the 
 
 East,  in  November,  1853,  he  was  ordained  colleague 
 with  Rev.  Dr.  Beraan,  of  the  First  Presbj-terian 
 Church,  Troy,  N.  Y.,  and  in  that  position  he  re- 
 mained for  three  and  a  half  years.  Early  in  1857  he 
 was  in.stalled  over  the  First  Presbyterian  Cliurch  of 
 Stamford,  Conn.  In  March,  18G1,  he  was  settled 
 over  the  Mercer  strict  Presbyterian  Church  in  New 
 York.  In  the  Fall  of  1870,  after  the  reunion  of  the  Old 
 and  New  School  churches,  the  Mercer  street  Church 
 united  with  that  in  University  Place,  removing  to 
 the  edifice  of  the  latter,  and  he  became  pastor  of  the 
 new  organization,  which  position  he  has  recently 
 resigned. 
 
 Dr.  Booth  is  an  able,  attractive  and  successful 
 preacher.  He  has  been  an  active  worker  through 
 life,  filling  responsible  positions  with  success.  He 
 has  been  a  trustee  of  Williams  College  since  1866, 
 was  chairman  of  the  New  School  A.sscmbly's  Com- 
 mittee on  Foreign  Missions,  member  of  the  American 
 Board's  Prudential  Committee,  and  of  the  E.\ecutive 
 Committee  of  the  Evangelical  Alliance,  and  Director 
 of  Union  and  Princeton  Theological  Seminaries.  As 
 Chairman  of  the  Church  E.vtension  Committee  of  the 
 New  York  Presbytery  he  has  been  very  efficient,  the 
 debts  resting  upon  the  churches  having  been  almost 
 entirely  removed  by  the  Committee.  Dr.  Booth's 
 recent  church  sustains  several  large  and  flourishing 
 missions  in  the  needy  parts  of  the  city.  A  number 
 of  his  sermons  have  been  published,  and  he  has  made 
 frequent  contributions  to  the  religious  journals.  His 
 business  ability  and  forcible  speaking  always  give 
 him  a  prominent  place  in  the  Chiu-ch  courts. 
 
 Bostwick,  Rev.  David,  was  born  in  New  5Iil- 
 ford.  Conn.,  in  1T21.  He  was  of  Scotch  extraction. 
 He  entered  Yale  College,  but  before  graduating,  left, 
 and  completed  his  studies  with  Jlr.  Burr,  at  New- 
 ark. For  some  time  he  was  his  assistant  in  the 
 Academy.  He  was  ordained  by  New  York  Presby- 
 tery, pastor  at  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  October  9th, 
 1745.  Here  he  remained  more  than  ten  years,  in 
 great  repute,  among  not  only  his  own  people,  but 
 his  brethren  in  the  ministry  and  the  surrounding 
 churches. 
 
 On  April  14th,  17.56,  Jlr.  Bostwick  accepted  a  call 
 to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in  New  York,  and 
 was  installed  shortly  after.  In  the  Winter  of  this 
 year  the  prevalence  of  smallpox  put  him  to  study 
 what  was  present  duty  and  the  mind  of  Providence 
 in  regard  to  himself  and  his  fomily.  "I  had  rather 
 die  in  the  way  of  duty, "  said  he,  "  than  purchase 
 life  by  running  out  of  it.  I  have,  therefore,  con- 
 cluded to  stay;  but  I  have  thought  it  prudent  to  send 
 my  famil}- to  Newark."  He  died  November  lith, 
 1763,  aged  forty-three  years. 
 
 Mr.  Bostwick  published  a  sermon,  preached  in 
 1758,  at  Philadelphia,  before  the  Reverend  Synod  of 
 New  York,  entitled,  "Self  Disclaimed  and  Christ 
 Exalted,"  which  was  reprinted  in  London,  1776; 
 also,    '"An  Account  of  the  Life,  Character  and  Death 
 
BOTSFOKD. 
 
 88 
 
 now  si:. 
 
 of  President  Davics,"  prefixed  to  Davies'  Sormon  on  |  ford  is  an  earnest  laborer  and  a  pleasant  and   im- 
 
 the  diath  of  tiiorgc  II,  ITIJl.  After  his  dcalli,  tluTo  pressive  K|>eaker.  His  sermons  indicate  aliility. 
 was  pnblished,  from  his  manuscripts,  "A  Kair  and  carefultlionglit,  lo^^ical  rcasoninKandsoiindjudgnicnt. 
 Kational  Vindicjition  of  tlie  Right  of  Infants  to  tlic  lie  indulges  in  no  vain,  florid  rlietoric,  avoids  the 
 Ordinance  of  Baptism,  being  the  substance  of  several  tricks  of  sensationalism,  and  preaches  as  though  he 
 discoursi'S  from  Acts  ii,  39."  This  Tract  was  re-  had  a  mission  to  his  hearers  which  they  cannot 
 printed  in  London,  and  a  second  American  edition  of  afford  to  ignore. 
 
 it  was  printed  in  17:!7.  The  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  '  Bo'wer,  Ed'wrin,  D.  D.,  a  nn-mlKT  of  the 
 was  conferred  on  Mr.  Bostwick,  by  the  College  of  Presbytery  of  Chester,  ami  1'rofes.sor  of  Theolog)' in 
 New  Jersey,  in  17.)(i,  and  he  w;us  one  of  the  overseers  '  Lincoln  I'niversity,  de|Kirted  this  life  April  7th,  1883. 
 
 of  the  simie  institution  from  17(il  till  his  death. 
 The  Kev.  Joseph  Treat,  who  w:us  called  to  be  Mr. 
 
 Dr.    Bower  wits  Ijorn  in    Lane;uster  county,   Pa.,  in 
 18"2G;   graduated  at   Princeton  College  in  IST)!,  and 
 
 Bost^vick's  colleague  in  October,  17(52,  sjiys:     "Asa  then  entered  the  Theological  Seminary  in  that  place, 
 
 preacher  he  was  uncommonly  popular.    His  gifts,  and  where  he  remained  three  years.     He  became  jjastor 
 qualifications  for  the  pulpit  were  of  a  high  order.  !  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Wappinger's  Falls,  N. 
 
 His  ajjpearanee  and  dei>ortment  were  peculiarly  ven-  Y.,  from  which  he  went,  in  1801,  to  b<>come  pxstor 
 
 erable.     He  pos.si\s.si'd  a  clear  understanding,  a  warm  of  the   .Second    Pre.sl)_\-terian  Church  in  Springlield, 
 
 heart,  .1  quick  apprehension,  a  lively  imagination,  a  Ohio.     Al't<-r  serving  this  Cluirch  for  si.x  years  he  was 
 
 solid  judgment.     He  had  a  strong  voice,  and  spoke  elected  Profe.s.sor  of  Theolog\-  in  Lincoln  University, 
 
 in  a  di.stinct,  deliberate  and  im])re,ssive  manniT,  and  and  to  this  institution  he  gavefifteen  years  of  diligent 
 
 with  a  commanding  elociuenee.  He  dealt  faitlifully 
 with  his  hearers,  declaring  to  them  the  whole  counsel 
 of  Go<l,  showing  them  their  danger  and  their  remedy, 
 
 and  succes-slnl  labor.  I'or  this  post  he  was  well 
 qualified  by  his  education,  by  careful  study,  and  by 
 exi>erience  in  teaching,  as  well  as  by  his  thorough 
 
 speaking  with  the  solemnity  Vcoining  the  impoi-tanec   sympathy  with  the  young  men  of  the  race  he  was 
 of  the  subject,  in  language  pure  and  eUg-.uit,  plain    called  to  teach.     He  w;ls  patient,  kind,  and  in  many 
 
 and  affectionate,  never  below  the  dignity  of  tlie  pul- 
 pit, nor  above  the  capacity  of  any  of  liis  hearers." 
 
 ways  hel])l'ul  to  his  ])n)>ils,  and  they  were  strongly 
 attached  to  him,  as  a  friend  and  eoun.sellor.     He  was 
 
 "His  piety  and  prudence,"  .s;iys  Dr.  Miller,  "were  ^  highly  csteemcil  by  the  ministerial  circles  in  which 
 
 as  con.spicuous  as  his  brilliant  gifts.      His  eloiiuence 
 w;is  such  as  few  .ittain;  the  ardor  of  his  piety,  and 
 
 he  moved.      He  was  a  man  of  true  modesty,  deferring 
 to  the  opinions  of  others,  but  always  holding  firmly 
 
 tlie  purity  of  his  life,  gave  him  a  strong  hold  on  pub-  i  to  the  convictions  which  he  luid  fiirmi'd,  and  express- 
 
 lie  esteem." 
 
 ing  them  Guididly  ami  in  earnest  woriLs.     He  liv«l 
 
 Botsford,  Rev.  Alfred  P.,  was  born  in  Onon- ,  in  communion  with  Christ.  In  the  pulpit  he  was 
 daga  county,  X.  Y.,  .\pril  ilst,  1827.  He  graduated  always  heard  Avith  pleasure  and  profit,  and  always 
 at  Union  College  in  1847,  and  was  chosen  to  deliver  dealt  with  the  great  themes  of  the  go.s|x-l  of  Christ, 
 the  lUilian  oration.  He  was  made  a  nicmlKT  of  the  which  ln'  heartily  lov<'d  and  eonslaiitly  preache<l. 
 Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society.  After  graduation  he  was,  BO'WTnan,  Francis,  D.  D.,  was  Ixirn  in 
 for  a  time,  Profe.s.sor  of  .Vncieiit  and  .Moilirn  Lan- ,  We.stford,  near  Burlington,  Vt.,  IVbruary  27th.  1795; 
 guages  in  the  High  Seliiwl  at  Uniontown,  Pa.,  and  gr.iduated  at  the  University  of  Vermont;  entered 
 then  Principal  of  the  Vernon  Academy,  near  Utica,  Princeton  .Seminary  in  1821;  w:us  licensed  to  preach 
 N.  Y.  Ho  entered  Princeton  Theological  .Seminary  by  the  Presbytery  of  Otsego,  July  17th,  1824;  w;is 
 in  Septeml>er,  1849;  at  the  clo.se  of  the  second  year  i  ordaine<l  to  the  full  work  of  the  gospel  ministry  by 
 was  li<-ciis<-d  by  the  Pre.sbj't<-ry  of  New  Brunswick  to  the  Pn\sbytery  of  Hanover,  and  In-i-ame  p.TStor  of  the 
 preach  the  gospel,  after  which  he  continued  his  Church  at  Charlott<'sville,  Va.,  where,  as  well  as  in 
 studies  in  the  .Seminary  until  his  graduation  in  May,  the  Church  of  South  Plains,  in  which  he  also 
 18.")2,  also  KU])plying,  at  the  s;ime  time,  the  Wither-  pre.iehed,  his  lalxirs  were  gri^atly  lile.ss<il.  He  Kubs<-- 
 sjioon  .Streit  Chunh,  and  ttaching  a  imrochial  s<hi»)l    quently  <-ntered  the  si'rvice  of  the   .\nuric;iu   Bible 
 
 connected  with  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Princeton. 
 He  was  pastor  at  Red  Mills,  N.  Y.,  then  at  llnghson- 
 ville,  on  the  Ilud.son,  where,  from  April  2(ilh,  18.54, 
 he  labored  nearly  four  years,  with  gratifying 
 succes.s.  He  wjus  installed  pastor  of  Port  Byron,  X. 
 Y.,  in  July,  18.">7,  and  after  laboring  there  plea.santly 
 and  prosperously  for  four  ye.irs,  he  took  charge,  in 
 18(!1,  of  the  Finy-sixth  Street  Presbyterian  Church, 
 New   York  city,    where  he  labored  six   years,  with 
 
 Society,  then  resumed  the  work  of  the  ministry, 
 preaching  at  Greenslwro,  Ga.,  and  at  I'.ryan  Xeck, 
 Brj-an  county,  Ga.,  near  Sjivannah.  He  died  April 
 2(ith,  1S7.'>,  in  his  eighty-first  year.  His  end  was 
 ])eace.  Dr.  Bowman  was  a  noble  s|)ecimen  of  n 
 refined,  Cliristian  gentleman,  and  of  a  devoted  and 
 intelligent  preacher  of  the  gospel. 
 
 BcwTie,  Hon.  James,  of  Poughkeeiwie,  X.  Y., 
 was  born  in   Fishkill,  X.  Y.,  DecemlK-r  2.">th,   1798. 
 
 success.     Ho  was  installed  over  the  church  at  Port    NNHien  ho  was  sixteen,  years   old    he    left    his   home 
 
 JervLs,  in  June,  IS*",  of  which  he  now  lias  charge, 
 with  the  divine  blessing  on  his  ministry.     Mr.  Bols- 
 
 for  Poughkeepsie,  where  he  s]M-nt  his  life,  as  clirk 
 and  merchant,  commanding  res|K-et,  and  a  iKwitive 
 
BOUDINOT. 
 
 BOYD. 
 
 force  for  good  in  all  his  relationships.  His  fellow- 
 citizens  honored  him  with  many  imiwrtant  trusts, 
 electing  him  to  the  JIayoralty  in  1861,  which  office 
 he  filled  with  scrupulous  fidelity.  In  religious 
 and  moral  movements  Mr.  Bowne  was  one  of  the 
 most  useful  of  men.  The  Presbj-terian  Church  of 
 Poughkeepsie  is  largely  indebted  to  him  for  its 
 growth  and  prosperity,  as  he  was  an  active  mover  in 
 its  organization  in  1826,  became  a  member  in  1828 
 and  an  elder  in  1830,  which  office  he  held  until  his 
 death,  July  31st,  1883.  For  fifty-five  years  he  was  a 
 diligent  and  successful  teacher  in  the  Sabbath  school, 
 and  for  many  years  a  prominent  trustee  of  the  Church. 
 
 Mr.  Bowne  was  long  an  earnest  friend  of  the  Tem- 
 perance c^iuse.  His  historj-  in  this  respect  is  some- 
 what peculiar.  In  1829,  when  merchants  sold  and 
 the  multitude  drank  intoxicating  liquors,  he  was 
 in  New  York  for  the  purchase  of  goods,  liquors 
 among  the  rest.  Being  induced  to  attend  the  anni- 
 versary of  the  National  Temperance  Society,  he  was 
 deeply  interested  in  the  addresses.  As  the  result 
 he  resolved  to  make  a  smaller  purchase  of  liquors 
 than  he  intended,  and  subsequently  determined  to 
 put  his  liquors  in  the  cellar,  and  by  this  suppress, 
 in  a  measure,  their  free  use  by  customers  and  others. 
 Finally,  one  Sabbath  evening,  on  his  return  from 
 church  service,  he  descended  into  the  cellar,  turned 
 open  the  faucets  of  the  several  liquor  casks,  and 
 allowed  the  contents  to  flow  out  and  waste  upon  the 
 cellar  floor.  This  action  was  followed  by  the  forma- 
 tion of  the  first  Temper^mee  Society  of  Poughkeepsie. 
 
 Boudinot,  Elias,  LXj.D.,  was  a  prominent  and 
 useful  member  ol'  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He  was 
 born  in  Philadelphia,  May  2d,  1710.  After  a  classi- 
 cal education,  he  studied  law  under  Kichard  Stockton, 
 and  soon  after  entering  on  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
 sion in  New  Jersey  rose  to  distinction.  He  early 
 espoused  the  cause  of  his  countrj'.  In  1777,  Congress 
 appointed' him  Commissary  General  of  Pensioners, 
 and  in  the  same  year  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to 
 Congress,  of  which  body  he  was  elected  the  president, 
 in  November,  1782.  In  that  capacity  he  put  his  sig- 
 nature to  the  treaty  of  peace.  He  returned  to  the 
 profession  of  the  law,  but  was  again  elected  to  Con- 
 gress, under  the  new  Constitution,  in  1789,  and  was 
 continued  a  member  of  the  House  six  years.  In  1796 
 Washington  appointed  him  the  Director  of  the  Mint 
 of  the  United  States,  as  the  successor  of  Rittenhouse: 
 in  this  office  he  continued  till  1 80.5,  when  he  resigned 
 it,  and,  retiring  from  Philadelphia,  pa.ssed  the  re- 
 mainder of  his  life  at  Burlington,  New  .Tersey.  He 
 died,  October  2  !th,  1821,  aged  eightj'-one. 
 
 After  the  establishment,  in  1816,  of  the  .Vraerican 
 Bible  Society,  which  he  assisted  in  creating.  Dr. 
 Boudinot  was  elected  its  first  president,  and  he  made 
 it  a  donation  of  ten  thousand  dollars.  He  afterwards 
 contributed  lilx'rally  towards  the  erection  of  its  de- 
 pwsitory.  In  1812  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
 -Vmeriean   Board  of  Commissioners  of   Foreign  Mis- 
 
 sions, to  which  he  presented,  the  next  year,  a  donation 
 of  one  hundred  i>ounds,  sterling.  He  was  deeply 
 interested  in  every  attempt  to  meliorate  the  condi- 
 tion of  the  American  Indians.  His  house  was  the 
 seat  of  hospitality,  and  his  days  were  spent  in  the 
 studies  of  biblical  literature,  in  the  exercise  of  the 
 loveliest  charities  of  life,  and  the  j)erformance  of 
 the  highest  Christian  duties.  He  Wiis  a  trustee  of 
 Princeton  College,  in  which  he  founded,  in  1805,  the 
 cabinet  of  natural  history.  He  was  cheered  and  sup- 
 ported by  his  religion  as  he  went  down  to  the  grave. 
 His  last  prayer  was,  "  Lord  Jesus  receive  my  spirit." 
 By  his  last  will,  Dr.  Boudinot  bequeathed  Ids  large 
 estate  principally  to  charitable  uses. 
 
 Boyd,  Rev.  Abraham,  was  born  in  Ireland, 
 in  December,  1770.  He  jnirsued  his  studies  at  the 
 Canonsburg  Academy,  and  was  licensed  to  preach 
 the  gospel  June  25th,  1800,  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Ohio.  On  June  17th,  1802,  he  was  installed  pastor 
 of  the  congregations  of  Bull  Creek  and  Middlesex,  in 
 Armstrong  county.  Pa.  This  relation  continued  at 
 Middlesex  until  1817,  and  at  Bull  Creek  until  June 
 25th,  1833.  After  leaving  Middlesex  he  gave  half 
 his  time  to  Deer  Creek,  from  1817  to  1821.  An  anec- 
 dote of  Mr.  Boyd  is  related  in  connection  with  his 
 early  ministrj'.  He  was  pa.ssing  through  the  wootls 
 on  the  Sabbath,  on  his  way  to  preach.  In  the  depth 
 of  the  forest  he  encountered  an  Indian,  tricked  out 
 in  his  feathers  and  war  paint.  He  saw  that  he  was 
 observed,  and  to  flee  would  be  in  vain,  so  he  knelt 
 down  at  the  roots  of  a  large  tree,  and  in  full  view  of 
 the  savage,  and  began  to  pray.  ^^Tien  he  arose  Iron, 
 his  knees  the  Indian  had  departed,  and  he  was  .safe 
 Mr.  Boyd  was  a  spiritually-minded  man,  an  earnest 
 preacher,  and  a  strict  di.scipliuarian.  He  was  also  a 
 man  of  great  power  in  prayer,  and  seemed  to  grow  in 
 grace  as  he  grew  iil  years. 
 
 Boyd,  Rev.  Adam,  was  born  at  Ballymoney, 
 Ireland,  in  1692,  and  came  to  New  England  as  a 
 probationer  in  1722  or  1723.  He  was  received  under 
 the  care  of  New  Castle  Presbytery  in  July,  172-4.  He 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  eliurchcs  of  Octorara  and 
 Pcquea,  and  w;is  ordained,  October  13th,  at  Octorara. 
 In  October,  1727,  the  families  on  th(^  west  side  of 
 the  stream  Octorara  having  asked  for  one-third  of  his 
 labors,  he  was  directed  to  spend  every  si.xth  Sabbath 
 at  Middle  Octorara.  The  Forks  of  Braudywine  com- 
 posed part  of  his  field  until  1734.  In  the  progress 
 of  the  great  rerival,  a  large  portion  of  his  congre- 
 gation having  left  him  and  joined  the  Brunswick 
 brc^tliren,  he  asked  leave,  August  11th,  1741,  to  accept 
 the  invitation  given  him  by  the  fraction  of  Branuy- 
 wine  which  adhered  to  the  Old  Side.  His  relation  to 
 the  Forks  was  dissolved  in  1758.  He  died  November 
 23d,  1768.  Mr.  Boyd  was  a  man  of  great  exactness, 
 recording  in  what  articles  his  salary  was  paid;  thus, 
 John  Long  jKiid  by  publications  (as  a  magistrate)  of 
 marriages  and  astrays,  and  by  a  riddle.  His  congre- 
 gation agreed  to  pay  him  twenty-five  pounds  yearly 
 
BOYD. 
 
 90 
 
 B£ACK£TT. 
 
 during  his  life,  and  several  of  them  rememhered  him, 
 in  tluir  dying  testaments,  by  small  bt^nue-sts.  | 
 
 Boyd,  Andrew  Hunter  Holmes,  D.  D.,  the 
 set-oiul  si)n  of  General  Elisha  Boyil,  of  Berkeley 
 county,  Va.,  was  born  at  Hoydsville,  near  Martins- 
 burg,  in  l-^l  1.  He  reeeivcd  his  aeademic  edueation 
 at  Martinslmrganil  Middleburg;  wlien  fourteen  years 
 old,  entered  the  junior  class  of  Jefferson  College,  and 
 graduiitfd  with  distinction  in  1830.  Shortly  after 
 entering  college  he  joined  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
 and  resolved  to  preach  the  gospel.  After  graduation 
 iu  .Jefferson  he  sjxnt  two  years  at  New  Haven,  to 
 perfect  himself  in  particular  studies,  completed  a 
 regular  coursi;  of  theological  edue;ition  thereiifter,  at 
 Princeton,  and  subsequently  attended  lectures  deliv- 
 ered by  Dr.  Clialniers  and  Sir  William  Hamilton,  in 
 Edinburgh.  He  w;is  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  at 
 Wooilstoc'k,  by  the  Presbytery  of  AVinchester,  in 
 1837;  entered  upon  his  first  charge  over  tlie  churches 
 of  Leesburg  and  Middleburg  in  1"'3S;  accepted  a  call 
 to  Harrisonburg  in  l^l-IO,  and  to  Winchester  in  1SJ2. 
 His  valuabU^  ministry  of  twenty-three  years  in  this 
 last  church  was  terminated,  after  a  mournful  and 
 protracted  illnes.s,  Deeemlxr  Kith,  lf<G.j. 
 
 Dr.  Boyd  WiW  a  man  of  fine  intellect.  He  was 
 endowed  with  quick  and  clear  ix-rccption,  a  sound, 
 discriminating  and  comprehensive  jadgment,  and 
 especially  with  strong  and  active  reasoning  fa<'ulties. 
 He  was  a  man  of  indefatigiible  nuntal  industry 
 throughout  his  life,  constantly  accumulating  valuable 
 knowUslge,  miscellaneous  and  professional.  His 
 life-iMiwer  lay  largely  in  those  distinguished  moral 
 principles,  which  were  every  way  equal  to  his  mental 
 endowments.  He  was  a  man  of  .strong  feelings, 
 vehement  promptings,  inflexible  principles.  His 
 character  was  remarkably  well  balanced,  1x)th  in  its 
 moral  feelings  and  in  its  active  principles.  He  ww 
 (■luracterized  by  pre-iniinent  simplicity,  inde;K'nd- 
 ence  and  intrejiidity.  This  hist  virtue  he  exhibit«d 
 unostentatiously  tlirougho\it  life.  In  ])rinciple  every- 
 body felt  that  he  w:us  benevolent,  just,  true,  firm 
 and  modest;  in  practice  everybody  knew  him  to  be 
 earnest  and  studious,  and  steady  and  reliable.  He 
 left  his  mark  amongst  men,  and  wrought  a  great 
 work  for  the  Church  of  God. 
 
 Bracken,  Thos.  A.,  D.  D.,  son  of  Henry  and 
 Martha  Bracken,  was  born  in  AVashington  county, 
 Pa.,  .Vugu.st  llth,  l-WO.  His  grandfather,  Thomas 
 Bracken,  w;is  one  of  the  first  trustees  of  Canons- 
 burg  Academy,  alt-rwards  Jefferscm  Collegi'.  Dr. 
 Bracken  is  sprung  from  a  family  of  preachers,  two  of 
 his  paternal  uncles,  four  of  his  brothers-in-law,  and 
 several  cousins  havinfr  entered  the  Presbyterian 
 ministry.  Dr.  Bracken  was  gniduatcd  at  Jefferson 
 College,  Pa.,  in  1843;  studied  theology  in  New 
 Albany  Siiuinary,  Ind. ;  was  orilained  by  U]>ix'r 
 lIi.s.souri  Presbytery  and  installed  p:ustor  of  Prairie 
 Church,  in  Lafayette  county,  Mo.,  in  IHli);  inst;Uled 
 pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Independence, 
 
 Mo.,  in  18.5.5,  and  took  pa.storal  charge  of  the  Second 
 Presbj-terian  Church,  Lelxinon,  Ky.,  in  1867,  where 
 he  still  remain.*. 
 
 Sprung  from  the  Sc-otch-Irish  stock,  Dr.  Bracken 
 maintains  their  sturdy  adhesion  to  the  Confession  of 
 Faith  and  the  Form  of  Government,  and  their  rcpug- 
 mauce  to  latitudinarianism  in  doctrine,  or  laxity  in 
 morals.  His  mind  is  of  a  decidedlj' logical  turn;  he 
 ia  fond  of  the  epistle  to  the  Romans,  and  of  system- 
 atic viewsof  theology.  As  a  preacher  he  is  Scriptural, 
 .sound,  very  much  in  earnest,  rightly  dividing  the 
 Word  of  Truth.  As  a  pastor  he  has  the  happy  fiieulty , 
 of  attaehiug  his  people  warmly  to  himself.  Dr. 
 Bracken  is  a  strong  advoeatec  of  education,  and  has 
 been  an  active  and  liberal  supporter  of  Central 
 University,  at  Riehiuond,  Ky. 
 
 Brackett,   Gilbert   Robbins,  D.  D.,  son  of 
 
 aiLBt.KT    ituBRIN:^    1M1ACKI.it,    1>.    I> 
 
 Charles  and  Lucy  (Gay)  Brackett,  was  born  in  the 
 city  of  Newton,  Mass.,  July  9th,  1^^3.^.  Entered 
 .\mherst  College  in  18.">3;  w:is  compelle<l  to  leave 
 liefore  graduating,  on  account  of  ill  health.  Remov- 
 ing South  in  ls.")!»,  h«  entered  the  Theological  Semi- 
 nary at  Columbia,  S.  C,  and  gr.iduated  in  May, 
 180-2.  W:»s  licens<d  to  preach  by  lU-thel  Presby- 
 tery, S.  C.  Ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  Third 
 Creek  Cliurch,  Rowan  county,  N.  C,  May  1 1th,  IStil, 
 Became  p;»stor  of  Scion  Church,  Winnsboro,  8.  C. 
 Juno  5th,  1808.  Accepted  n  call  to  the  Second 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Charleston,  S.  C,  M.iy,  1871, 
 and,  as  the  succes-sor  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Thomas  Smjih, 
 who  had  servwl  the  churcli  with  great  acceptance, 
 devotion  and  distinction  for  fort v  years,  was  installed 
 
BRADFORD. 
 
 91 
 
 BRAISERD. 
 
 pastor  in  June,  1872.  In  1877  Davidson  College, 
 N.  C,  conferred  upon  Mr.  Brackett  the  honorary 
 degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity. 
 
 In  the  several  pastoral  relations  wliieh  he  has  held, 
 as  in  the  large  and  important  charge  which  he  now 
 ailininisters,  Dr.  Brackett  has  been  uniformly  happy 
 and  successful.  \  close  and  eager  student  of  all 
 knowledge  that  may  be  made  tributary  to  his  sacred 
 calling,  he  is  an  unwearied  and  faithful  laborer  in  all 
 its  practical  duties.  Forcible,  logiail,  elociuent  and" 
 earnest  in  the  pulpit,  he  is  a  pastor,  wi.sc,  gentle, 
 sjTnpathetic  and  self-sacrificing.  .Vdmirably  quali- 
 fied to  win  distinction  in  letters,  and  often  Ciilled 
 upon  for  public  addresses,  his  aml)ition  is  bounded 
 by  the  desire  to  win  souls.  Whilst  in  pulpit  prepara- 
 tion he  will  have  none  but  "  lieaten  oil  for  the  lamps 
 of  the  sanctuary,"  it  is  only  that  their  light  may 
 shine  upon  his  JIaster.  Devoted,  by  intelligent  con- 
 viction, to  the  polity  and  doctrines  of  his  own  Church, 
 and  ready  always  to  uphold  and  defend  them,  he 
 counts  all  as  brethren  who  seek  earnestly  to  follow 
 the  same  Lord,  though  by  ways  unessentially  dif- 
 ferent. Illustrating  in  himself  the  unselfish  spirit 
 of  the  gospel,  he  is  the  centre  of  a  dear  regard  and 
 affection  from  all,  and  especially  from  his  brethren 
 in  the  ministry,  by  whom  he  is  equally  honored  and 
 loved.  Dr.  Brackett  is  a  frequent  contributor  to 
 theological  re\-iews,  and  many  of  his  occasional 
 .sermons  are  in  print.  His  memorial  discourse  upon 
 the  decease  of  his  revered  predecessor.  Dr.  Smyth, 
 has  been  widely  circulated  and  read. 
 
 Bradford,  Hon.  Benjamin  Rush,  second  son 
 of  the  Hon.  Thomas  Bradford,  l,L,i>.,  and  Elizabeth 
 his  wife,  was  burn  in  PhihuliljAia,  September  l.jth, 
 1813.  His  academical  studies  were  conducted  in 
 Pittsfield,  Mass.  Owing  to  his  delicate  health  he 
 did  not  pa-ss  through  a  regular  collegiate  course.  He 
 resided  three  years  in  Dover,  Del.,  where  he  resusci- 
 tated the  old  Presbyterian  Church.  He  became  a 
 member  of  the  Fifth  Presbyterian  Church,  Philadel- 
 phia, in  1831,  and  was  one  of  the  number  of  those 
 young  men  who  formed  the  nucleus  of  the  Union 
 Benevolent  Society.  In  1837  he  removed  to  Mercer 
 county.  Pa.,  and  in  1839  he  .settled  on  a  llirm  near 
 New  Brighton,  Pa.  In  1848  he  was  elected  an  elder 
 of  the  Beaver  Falls  Presbyterian  Church,  now  called 
 the  First  Presbj-terian  Church  of  New  Brighton. 
 
 In  1849  Mr,  Bradford  was  elected  a  Director  of  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary,  and  has  remained  a 
 member  of  the  Board  ever  since.  He  was  one  of  the 
 corporate  members  of  the  Board  of  Coljjortage  when 
 it  was  instituted  in  Pittsburg,  and  w;us  elected  a 
 member  of  the  same  by  the  Synod  of  Eric.  The  de- 
 gree of  A.  M.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Jefferson 
 College.  He  was  a  member  of  the  General  .\.s.sem- 
 blies  of  1849,  1855  and  18G0.  In  1854  he  was  nomi- 
 nated as  a  candidate  for  Governor,  on  the  American 
 ticket,  and  at  another  election  received  the  nomina- 
 tion   for    Lieutenant-Governor,  on    the   Prohibition 
 
 ticket.  Jlr.  Bradford  has  taken  a  great  interest  in 
 the  Sabbath-school  cause,  and  was  a  scholar,  teacher, 
 and  superintendent,  for  fifty  years,  and  only  under 
 the  failure  of  health  has  ceased  from  active  labor  in 
 the  Church  and  Sabl)ath  School.  He  has  been  an 
 active  Temperance  worker.  His  life  has  been  one  of 
 Christian  consistency  and  u.sefulness.  During  his 
 early  manhood,  when  his  business  duties  required, 
 he  traveled  some  18,000  miles  on  horseback,  through 
 Pennsylvania,  as  well  as  in  Virginia,  looking  after 
 large  landed  estates  entrusted  to  his  care,  and  while 
 thus  engaged,  for  the  period  of  twenty-five  years,  had 
 numerous  laud  ejectment  ca-scs  and  other  suits  in  law. 
 not  one  of  which  he  lost,  and  for  his  mode  of  prepar- 
 ing which  he  received  the  encomiums  of  Chief  Justice 
 Agnew,  Judge  Cliurcli.  anil  others, 
 
 Brainerd,  Rev.  David,  was  born  at  Haddam, 
 Conn.,  April  20th,  1718.  At  the  age  of  twenty  he 
 entered  on  a  course  of  learning  in  the  house  of  Mr. 
 Fiske,  the  minister  of  that  place.  He  finished  his 
 preparation  for  college  with  his  brother, the  ministerof 
 Ea.stbury.  In  September,1739,he  entered  YaleCollege. 
 In  the  Spring  of  the  same  year  in  which  he  left  college 
 he  commenced  the  study  of  theology-,  under  the 
 direction  of  the  Rev,  Jedediah  Mills,  of  Ripton, 
 Conn,,  and  on  the  20th  of  July  following  (1742),  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Association  of  Ministers, 
 holding  its  session  at  Danbury.  From  the  com- 
 mencement of  his  theological  course  he  had  felt  a 
 deep  intere.st  in  the  deplorable  condition  of  the 
 heathen,  especially  the  aborigines  of  our  own  coun- 
 try ;  his  heart  burned  to  follow  in  the  footsteps  of 
 the  apostle  Elliot,  in  bringing  the  gospel  in  contact 
 with  their  darkened  understandings,  and  accordingly, 
 in  the  Autumn  after  he  was  licensed,  he  went  to 
 New  York,  by  invitation  from  the  correspondents  of 
 the  Societj'  for  Promoting  Christian  Knowledge,  and, 
 after  being  duly  e.Kamined,  received  a  regular 
 appointment  from  them  as  a  missionary  among  the 
 Indians, 
 
 Ha\'ing  now  undert;iken  the  mi.ssionar^-  work,  and 
 thinking  he  should  have  no  need  anumg  the  Indians 
 for  the  estate  left  him  by  his  father,  Mr,  Brainerd 
 assumed  the  expense  of  educating  "a  dear  friend," 
 Nehemiah  Greenman,  of  Stratford,  for  the  ministry. 
 He  was  soon  put  to  learning,  and  was  supported  by 
 Mr.  Brainerd  till  his  death,  Mr.  Greenman  having 
 gone  through  his  third  year.  He  was,  for  many 
 years,  the  pastor  of  Pittsgrove,  in  West  Jersey, 
 
 The  first  scene  of  Mr,  Brainerd's  missionary  labors 
 was  at  an  Indian  village  called  Kaunaumeck,  about 
 half-way  between  Stockbridge  and  .VIbany,  Here  lie 
 lived  in  the  woods  nearly  a  year,  lodging,  during  a 
 part  of  the  time,  in  a  wigwam  with  the  Indians,  and 
 subsisting  altogether  upon  Indian  fare.  Ha\ing  been 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  York,  at  Newark, 
 N.  J.,  in  June,  1744,  he  immediately  stationed  him- 
 self near  the  Forksof  the  Delaware,  in  Pennsylvania, 
 where  he  labored,  with  comparatively  little  apparent 
 
BRAIXERD  ISHTITVTE. 
 
 92 
 
 BRAIXEBD. 
 
 effect,  for  about  a  year.  At  the  end  of  this  period  he  are  public  and  Sabbath  Schools,  instrncted  by  Brain- 
 ^isited  the  Indians  at  a  vilhige  called  Crosweeksung,  erd  Bchulars.  The  Institute  is  thoroughly  organized, 
 in  the  neighborhood  ol"  Freehold — the  residence  of    with  a  graded  course  of  study  in  eight  department*, 
 
 the  celebrated  William  Tennent.  Here  was  the 
 scene  of  his  greatest  success.  A  wonderful  divine 
 influence  accompanied  his  lalxms,  and  in  less  than  a 
 year  he  baptized  seventy-.seven  persons,  thirty-tight 
 of  whom  were  adults,  whose  sub.sequent  life  furnished 
 sati.sfactory  eviilence  of  a  true  conversion. 
 
 Primary,  Grammar,  High  Sthool,  Scientific,  Normal, 
 Mechanical,  Agricultural  and  Girl's  Industrial. 
 
 In  connection  with  Bible  training,  the  design  of 
 the  In.stitutc  is  to  imiKirt  a  thorough  English  c<luca- 
 tion;  to  elevate  the  mind  by  a  study  of  tlie  works  of 
 the  Cre;itor  tlirough  the  natural  sciences;  to  prepare 
 
 In  the  Summer  of  1746  Mr.  Brainerd  vi.sitcd  the  teachers  for  the  public  schools;  liy  mechanical  draw- 
 Indians  on  the  Sus(juehanna,  and  on  his  return,  in  ing  and  a  practical  ac(|uaintance  with  wood  working 
 September,  found  him.self  worn  out  by  the  hardships    tools,  to  acquaint  the  students  with  the  simpler  forms 
 
 of  his  journey.  His  health  w;is  so  nimh  im)>aired 
 that  he  was  able  to  preach  but  little  more.  Being 
 a(lvi.sed,  in  the  Sprinj^  of  1717,  to  travel  in  New- 
 England,  he  went  :ls  far  as  Boston,  and  returned  in 
 July  to  Northampton,  where,  in  the  family  of  Jona- 
 than Edward-s,  he  jxissed  the  remainder  of  his  days. 
 
 Mr.  Brainerd  was  a  man  of  vigorous  powers  of 
 mind.  'Wbile  he  was  favored  with  a  quick  discern- 
 ment and  ready  invention,  with  a  strong  memory 
 and  natural  eloquence,  he  also  jiosscssi'd,  in  an  uncom- 
 mon degree,  the  penetration,  the  closeness  and  force 
 
 of  rural  areliitecture,  thiit  the  home  may  take  tlic 
 place  of  the  eabin;  to  in.struet  the  girls  in  all  the 
 details  of  hoiLstliold  management  and  domestic 
 economy:  to  enal>le  theyouug  men  to  aid  thems<-lves 
 in  obtaining  an  education;  to  develop  the  strength 
 and  hardiliiHHl  that  come  from  self  help;  to  maintain 
 and  promote  habits  of  industry;  to  countonict  the 
 danger  of  sickness  and  disease,  so  peculiarly,  among 
 this  people,  the  result  of  sedentary  occupation;  to 
 provide  more  wholesome  living  from  orchard,  farm 
 and  garden:  anil  to  impart  a  pnictical  acquaintance 
 
 of  thought,  and   the   soundness  of  judgment,  which    with    improved    .systems    of  agriculture,  a    pressing 
 distinguish  the  nuiii  of  talents  from  him  who  subsists    need  for  a  more  comfortable  livelihood  in  this  South- 
 
 upon  the  learning  of  others. 
 
 His  knowledge   of  theologj'  was  uncommonly  ex-  i 
 
 ern  country. 
 
 The  Institute  has  about  two  acres  of  ground  near 
 
 tensive   and   accurate.      Tresident   Edwards,    whose  the  railroad  depots:  ten  acres  a  little  distiincc  away, 
 
 opinion  of  Mr.  Brainerd  was  founded  upon  an  intimate  and  a  farm  of  a  hundred  acres,  with   forty  acres  of 
 
 acquaintance   with   him,    says   that  he  never  knew  woodland,  about  a  mile  outside  the  ciirporatc  limits 
 
 his  eqmil  of  his  age  and  standing,  for  clear,  accunite  of  the  town:  with  two  Institute  buildings,  a  chapel, 
 
 notions  of  the  n;iture   and  essence  of  true  religion,  two    cottages,  and  a   large   two-story  mansion  .")0x'<0 
 
 and  its  distinction  Irom  the  various  fal.se  ap])carances.  feet,  with  e.xtendi'd  piaz7.;is,  airy  and  well    furnished 
 
 As  a  Christian,  his  e.\])ericnce  of  the  .s;iuctifying  rotmis,  for  the  remale  .'Seminary, 
 influences  of  the  Holy  .^sjiirit  were  not  only  great  at  The  Cabinet  and  MiLs<'um  contain  a  scientific  and 
 liis  conversion,  but  it  was  so,  in  a  continued  course,  mi.scellaneous  library,  with  a  large  nnnilxT  of  the 
 from  that  time  forward,  iis  api>ears  by  a  private  jour-  Ix-st  treatises  on  agriculture,  valuable  ornithologic:il 
 nal  he  kept  of  his  daily  inward  exercises,  from  the  and  botiinical  collections;  various  apparatus  for  gen- 
 time  of  his  conversion  until  he  was  di.sjibled  by  the  end  school  instruction,  and  a  colleetion  of  one  thous- 
 failing  of  his  strength,  a  few  days  iH'forr  his  di^afli.  and  five  hundred  minerals  and  tbs.sils,  one  of  the 
 He  had  extniordinary  gifts  for  the  jiuljiit,  his  miuiner  choicest  in   the  country. 
 
 of  prcadiiiig  being  clear  and  instructive,  natural, 
 forcible,  moving,  and  very  scanhing  and  convincing. 
 In  his  l:i,Kt  illness,  anil  during  tlie  approaches  of 
 death,  .Mr.  Brainerd  w:is  remarkably  resigned  and 
 composed.  Shortly  before  his  dccciisc,  in  answer  to 
 an  inquiry  concerning  hisexjicrience,  he  said:  "  I  am 
 
 There  were  three  hundred  and  sixty  on  the  roll  of 
 the  Institute  the  last  year. 
 
 Brainerd,  Rev.  John,  was  a  native  of  n;ist  llad- 
 dam.  Conn.,  and  was  the  brother  of  Daxid  Bniinerd. 
 Hcgr.uluated  at  Yale  in  17l<i,  and,  his  brother's  health 
 failing,  he  was  a]>pointed  by  the  correspondents  of  the 
 
 almost  in  eternity.     I  long  to  Im-  there.     My  work    Scottish  Society  to  take  his   place   as   a   missionary 
 
 is  done.  I  have  done  with  all  my  friends.  All  the 
 world  is  now  nothing  to  me.  Oh,  to  1m"  in  heaven,  to 
 praise  and  glorify  God  with  His  holy  angels  !  "  He 
 entered  into  rest  OctolK-r  !)lli,  1717,  aged  twenty-nine 
 years. 
 
 Brainerd  Institute.  This  Institution,  of  which 
 the  ICev.  S.  Loomis,  .\.  M.,  is  superintendent,  islix'ated 
 at  Chester,  S.  C,  in  the  midst  of  a  dense,  and  in  the 
 main,   thrifty  colored  population.      Around  the  In- 
 
 among  the  Indians.  He  came  to  Eliz;ilK'tlitown, 
 N.  J.,  .\pril  llitli.  1717,  and,  having  Ix-en  examineil 
 by  New  York  rnsbytery  on  the  i;ith,  he  went  the 
 next  day  to  the  liuiians  at  Cranbury,  He  was 
 ordained  by  that  rresbytcrv  early  in  171'^. 
 
 Mr.  Bniinerd  tniveled  to  the  Forks  of  Dela- 
 ware and  to  Wyoming  sevenil  times,  to  induce  the 
 Indians  to  leave  their  unsettled  life  and  dwell  near 
 him.     Numlx^rs   came,   from    time   to  time,   but  he 
 
 Btitute  are  elu.steriil  the  nine  churches  that  have  con-    suececde<l  in  doing  little  moVe  than  civilizing  them, 
 stituted  ISrainerd  Mi.ssion.  and  on   every   baud  there    In  \~T>\  he  had  some  special  success,  and  in  October, 
 
BRAIKERn. 
 
 93 
 
 BRAIKERD. 
 
 1752,  he  had  forty  families  near  him,  and  thirty-seven 
 communicants.  There  were  fifty  children  in  the 
 school.  In  the  same  year,  with  only  one  attendant, 
 he  spent  a  fortnight  on  the  Susquehanna.  Their 
 horses  were  stolen,  the  guide  was  too  lame  to  go  on 
 foot,  and  they  remained  three  days  where  there  was 
 no  house.  That  year,  also,  the  General  Court  of 
 Connecticut,  on  the  petition  of  the  Correspondents, 
 granted  a  hrief  for  a  general  coUeetion  to  aid  him  in 
 his  school. 
 
 In  1755  Mr.  Brainerd  retired  from  the  Society's 
 service  as  a  missionary,  and  in  1757  took  charge  of  the 
 congregation  in  Newark.  Here  he  remained  but  a 
 little  while,  for,  in  1759,  he  resumed  his  mission 
 among  the  poor  Indians.  "As  to  the  success  that 
 has  attended  my  labors, ' '  he  wrote,  "I  can  say  but 
 little.  It  is  a  time  wherein  the  inlluences  of  the 
 Divine  Spirit  are  mournl'ully  withheld.  I  think,  how- 
 ever, I  have  ground  to  hope  that  some  good  has  been 
 done  among  both  Indians  and  white  people,  and  the 
 prospects  of  further  u.sefulness  are  very  con.siderable, 
 if  proper  means  could  be  used." 
 
 Mr.  Brainerd  resided  for  some  time  at  Mount 
 Holly.  He  had  a  meeting-house  there,  which  was 
 burned  by  the  British  in  the  Revolutionary  AVar. 
 Seven  other  places  were  regularly  and  froquently 
 visited  by  him.  Tlie  Sj'nod,  in  17C7,  granted  him 
 twenty  pounds,  besides  his  salary,  for  "his  extra- 
 ordimiry  services  in  forming  societies  and  laboring 
 among  the  white  people  in  that  large  and  unculti- 
 vated country. ' '  The  grant  was  renewed  the  next 
 year,  for  his  extensive  services  and  labor  in  those 
 uncultivated  parts.  From  17G0  to  1770  he  received 
 from  the  congregations  between  Kgg  Harbor  and 
 Manahawkin  firtj--nine  pounds,  nineteen  shillings, 
 though  he  had  preached  to  tliem  live  hundred  times. 
 He  continued  to  supply  tlie,se  numerous  vacancies, 
 and  the  annual  allowance  of  twenty  pounds  wa.s 
 promised  by  the  Synod  for  that  service.  In  177;!  it 
 was  increased  to  twenty-five  pounds.  Tlie  next  year 
 _  he  g:»ve  an  account  of  his  labors  and  pro.spects  of 
 success,  and  the  interest  of  the  Indian  Fund  was  re- 
 served for  him.  In  1777  he  removed  to  Deerfield, 
 and  preached  there  till  his  death,  March  18th,  1781. 
 His  remains  repose  beneath  the  floor  of  the  Deerfield 
 Church.  The  IJev.  Dr.  Field,  who  was  for  many 
 years  minister  of  the  congregation  in  which  Mr. 
 Brainerd's  parents  resided,  says:  "The  tradition  in 
 Haddara  is  that  he  was  as  pious  a  man  as  his  brother 
 David,  but  not  cffual  to  him  in  ability." 
 
 Brainerd,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  sprung  from  an  old 
 English  family  that  had  emigrated  to  Haddam,  Con- 
 necticut, in  1G4!).  Tile  celebrated  mLssionars'  brothers 
 David  and  John  Brainerd,  and  the  poet  John  Q.  C. 
 Brainerd,  were  of  the  same  stock.  The  snljject  of 
 this  sketch  w:is  born  June  17th,  1804,  in  Leyden, 
 Lewis  county,  X.  Y.  He  early  .showed  a  fondness 
 for  reading,  but  had  not  the  opportunity  of  studying 
 at  any  college.     At  the  age  of  seventeen  he  taught 
 
 school,  and  afterwards  studied  law  in  Rome,  X.  Y. 
 He  was  converted  under  Jlr.  Finney's  preaching  in 
 1825,  and  soon  after,  under  the  pressure  of  a  sore 
 affliction,  he  gave  up  the  law  for  the  gospel  ministrj'. 
 To  obtain  the  means  of  study  he  taught  school  for  a 
 year  in  the  northern  part  of  Philadelphia.  After  a 
 three  years'  course  in  Andovcr  Seminar}-,  he  was 
 ordained  by  the  Tliird  Presbytery  of  New  York,  and 
 immediately  turned  his  face  westward  with  a  com- 
 mission from  the  Home  Missionary  Society.  His 
 first  charge  was  in  the  suburbs  of  Cincinnati,  the 
 Fourth  Church,  in  Xovember,  1831.  In  18:33  he  was 
 associated  with  Dr.  Lyman  Beecher  in  the  Second 
 Church,  and  assumed  the  etlitorship  of  the  "  Cincin- 
 nati Journal."  In  March,  1837,  he  was  installed 
 over  the  Third,  or  Old  Pine  Street  Church,  Philadel- 
 
 THOaAS  BBAINERD,  D.D. 
 
 phia,  where  he  remained  for  the  rest  of  his  life, 
 nearly  thirty  years.  In  the  year  18G  t  he  was  made 
 Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly,  New  School. 
 
 Dr.  Brainerd's  hist  public  service  was  at  Easton, 
 July  22d,  1866.  He  was  in\ited  by  the  Brainerd 
 Evangelical  Society  of  Lafayette  College  to  deliver 
 an  address  in  the  Brainerd  Church,  on  the  very  spot, 
 the  Forks  of  the  Delaware,  trodden  by  the  feet  of 
 those  holy  men,  Da^Hd  and  John  Brainerd,  a  century 
 before.  Thence  he  went  to  visit  his  married  daugh- 
 ter at  Scrantou,  and  for  a  fortnight  gave  rest  to  his 
 Ijody  and  mind.  His  death  occurred  there  very  sud- 
 denly, from  apoplexy,  August  21st,  1866.  On  the  day 
 of  his  funeral,  in  Philadelphia,  the  stores  in  the 
 neighborhood  were  closed,  the  bell  of  St.  Peter's 
 (Episcopal)  Church  was  tolled,  the  clergy  of  various 
 denominations  took  part  in  the  services,  and  the  poor 
 
BRA  YTOX. 
 
 94 
 
 BRECKIS'RIDGE. 
 
 colored  people  in  the  alleys  hung  their  hits  of  crape 
 to  their  doors,  in  memory  of  their  Rteadf;i<t  friend. 
 
 Dr.  Brainerd  could  not  be  c;ill<-<l  a  learned  or  pro- 
 found .scholar,  but  lie  w;ia  a  man  of  inton.se  zeal  and 
 actiWty.  Ncrvou.s  and  impulsive  in  the  highest  de- 
 gree, he  was  ready  with  voice  or  pen  for  every  emer- 
 gency. He  wa.s  the  promoter  of  several  new  Church 
 enterprises  in  the  city  of  riiiladelphia,  while  no  one 
 could  say  "  his  own  vineyard  he  had  not  kept,''  for 
 from  his  quarter-century  sermon  it  ajipearsthat  he 
 had  admitted  a  thousand  commnnicanta  into  the  Old 
 Pine  street  Church. 
 
 He  contributed  abundantly  to  the  daily  and  weekly 
 press,  as  well  as  to  the  '^  Prcshi/lrrian  Qunrtcrlij  Rt- 
 victo."  He  also  published  a  "  Life  of  John  Brainerd," 
 and  a  score  of  discourses  in  pamphlet  form. 
 
 Brayton,  Isaac,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  western 
 \ew  York,  .June  2Gth,  1812.  He  graduated  at  Union 
 College  in  18j.'{;  was  at  Princeton  Tlieological  Semi- 
 nary two  years,  and  finished  his  theological  course  at 
 Auburn  Seminary,  in  183C.  He  was  ordained  and 
 installed  pa.stor  over  the  First  Presln-terian  Church 
 in  Watertown,  X.  Y.,  August  31st,  1837.  Here  he 
 remained,  with  great  acceptance  and  large  usefulness, 
 till  1864,  when  the  ill-health  of  his  wife  compelled 
 him  to  resign  the  piistorate.  He  now  resides  in 
 Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.  As  a  preacher  Dr.  Brayton  is 
 scholarly,  evangelical  and  earnest ;  liis'  manner  is 
 pUa-sant  and  impressive,  courtly  and  gentle.  As  a 
 man  and  citizen,  he  is  coiLservativc,  upright  and 
 reliable  in  all  his  relationships.  As  i\  friend  he  is 
 true  and  affectionate,  a  most  valuable  adviser,  and 
 ready  and  strong  in  the  support  of  all  that  is  right. 
 
 Brearley,  Rev.  'Williain,  w.Tsborn  in  Lawrence- 
 ville,  Xew  Jersey,  Xoveniber  3l)th,  1801,  and  died  in 
 Sumter  county,  South  Carolina,  January  8th,  ]88'2. 
 In  June,  18i!l),  he  graduated  at  Princeton  College, 
 and  in  the  Spring  of  18-2.')  he  graduated  at  Princeton 
 Theological  Seminary,  and  at  once  entered  upon  his 
 grciit  life  work,  in  the  pines  of  New  Jersey.  Here 
 he  labored  zealously  and  succe-ssfully,  as  a  missionarj", 
 for  two  months.  In  the  Autumn  of  1825,  with  the 
 hope  of  finding  under  the  sunny  skies  of  the  South 
 a  climate  more  favorable  to  his  frail  constitution,  he 
 removed  to  AVinnsboro,  South  Carolina. 
 
 In  April,  182(i,  ho  was  ordained  by  Harmony 
 Presbytery,  and  ministered  to  the  churches  of  S;ilem, 
 Aimwell,  and  Scion,  in  Fairfield  county.  He 
 remained  in  Wiunsliom  until  February,  1812,  when 
 he  was  called  to  Darlington,  and  in  the  month  of 
 ILiy,  in  the  s;ime  year,  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
 Darlington  Prcsbj-terian  Church.  He  continued  to 
 serve  this  church,  with  grc-it  zeal,  fidelity  nndaflection, 
 until  January  1st,  1879,  when,  at  liis  urgent  request, 
 after  u  jKustoratc  covering  the  sjiacc  of  thirty-.seven 
 years,  he  w:us  released  from  further  wrvice,  and 
 retireil  to  the  privacy  of  his  own  domestic  hearth, 
 there  tosp<iid  the  evening  of  bis  days  in  meditation 
 on  the  goodness  of  God  and  the  love  of  ,Iesus,  and  in 
 
 prayer  for  the  people  to  whom  he  had  ministered  for 
 more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century.  During  the  thirty- 
 .seven  years  of  his  ministry  in  Darlington  tivo  hun- 
 dred and  thirty-one  8<mls  were  added  to  the  Church. 
 Mr.  Brearley  died,  Novcmlier  Sth,  1*82,  and  his 
 remains  were  buried  in  the  Preshj-tcrian  Church- 
 yard at  Darlington.  No  better  eulogy  could  bo  pro- 
 nounced upon  him  than  the  utterance  of  the  Rev. 
 Dr.  Cai>ers,  of  the  Methodist  Church,  who  declared 
 that  "his  life  was  a  l)enediction  to  the  community." 
 Breckinridge,  John,  D.D. ,  w;is  the  second  of  four 
 remarkable  sons  of  the  late  linn.  John  Breckinridge, 
 one  of  the  first  representatives  of  tlie  State  of  Ken- 
 tucky in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  and  at  the 
 time  of  his  death,  Attorney  General  Qf  the  United 
 States,  under  Thomas  Jefferson.  His  mother  was 
 Mary  H.  (Caliell)  Breckinridge.  He  was  born  at  the 
 family  home,  CalK'U's  Dale,  near  Lexington,  Ken- 
 tucky, on  the  -Ith  of  July,  1797.  He  w;is  graduated 
 at  the  College  of  Xew  .lersev,  at  Princeton,  in  1818, 
 and  at  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Prinecton  in 
 1822,  and  during  pjirt  of  his  seminary  course  was 
 Tutor  in  the  college.  He  was  licensetl  in  the  year 
 1822,  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick.  He 
 was  elected  and  served  for  a  .short  time  as  Chap- 
 lain of  the  United  States  House  of  ReprcscnUitives, 
 but  resigned  this  office  to  accept  a  call  to  the 
 McChord  Presbyterian  Church  at  Lexington,  Ken- 
 tucky, of  which  he  was  pastor  for  somewhat  less 
 than  three  years.  In  the  year  1826  he  Ix'came  colle- 
 giate pastor,  with  tlie  Rev.  Dr.  Glendy,  of  the  Second 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Baltimore,  where  he  remained 
 about  five  years.  In  1831  he  was  elected  Secretary 
 and  Ciencral  Agent  of  the  Board  of  Publication  of 
 the  Prcsliyteriaii  Church,  and  removed  to  Philadel- 
 phia. Willie  thus  eng-.iged  heconducted  a  controversy, 
 both  oral  and  written,  which  excited  much  attention, 
 ill  this  country  and  abroad,  involving  all  the  is.suc3 
 between  I'rotestautisni  and  Papacy,  with  the  Rev. 
 John  Hughes,  afterwards  Archbishop.  In  May,  1835, 
 he  was  chosen,  by  the  General  As.sembly  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Profe.s.sor  of  Pastoral  Tlieology 
 and  Missionary  Instruction  in  the  Theological  Semi- 
 nary at  Princeton,  Xew  Jersey.  In  1833  he  resigned 
 this  Profc,s.sorsliip,  to  Ix-come  the  General  Agent  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Board  of  I'orcign  .Missions.  'Wniilc  in 
 the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his  agency,  he  w.is  calltHl 
 to  become  p;istor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Xew  Orleans,  and  though  he  dcrliucd  the  call,  he 
 ministered  to  that  congregjition  for  the  greater  part 
 of  two  yean.  During  his  stay  at  Xew  Orleans  he 
 was  elected  President  of  Oglethorpe  University,  in 
 Georgia,  and  if  his  life  had  been  spared,  would 
 prolKibly  liave  accepted  that  position.  But,  worn 
 out  by  ec;i.sele,ss  activities  and  const;iiit  lalmrs  in 
 his  siicred  calling,  he  dii'd,  at  the  jilace  of  his 
 birth,  where,  in  bis  failing  health,  he  hail  wishe<l  to 
 go,  on  the  4lh  of  .Vugust,  1^*11,  but  little  more  thou 
 forty-four  ye.ira  of  age. 
 
BRECKIXRWGE. 
 
 95 
 
 BRECKINRIDGE. 
 
 Dr.  Breckinridge  Tvas  of  a  noble  presence,  and  -was 
 gifted  with  a  voice  of  great  sweetness  and  compass; 
 his  mind  was  of  nnusual  force,  strengthened  and 
 enriched  by  cjirefiil  culture  and  generous  learning; 
 his  heart  was  as  tender,  and  his  affections  as  strong, 
 as  a  woniati's;  his  religion  was  a  constant,  animating 
 principle,  present  in  all  his  intercourse  with  men;  he 
 was  always  dignified,  courteous,  just  and  courageous; 
 and  he  possessed  a  rare  fascination  of  manner,  which, 
 both  in  private  and  in  public,  made  lusting  impres- 
 sions on  all  who  saw  him. 
 
 As  a  p:vstor,  the  memory  of  liis  abundant  labors, 
 his  untiring  zeal,  his  absolute  forgetfulness  of  self  in 
 his  efforts  for  the  good  of  souls,  and  his  surpassing 
 eloquence,  is  as  ^ivid  as  if  his  brilliant  and  laborious 
 life  had  just  ended.    AMien  he  entered  upon  his  work 
 
 JOHN    BRErKINRIPOK,    D.D. 
 
 aa  Secretary  and  General  Agent  of  the  Board  of 
 Education,  there  were  but  si.xty  candidates  for  the 
 ministry  under  its  care.  But  the  noble  enthusiasm 
 he  brought  to  its  service  so  rou.sed  the  Church  to  its 
 forgotten  duty,  that  very  speedily  the  number  of  its 
 beneficiaries  exceeded  one  thous;ind.  He  brought  the 
 same  unconquerable  energy  and  fiery  zeal 'to  his  work 
 as  Professor  and  as  Agent  for  the  Board  of  Foreign 
 Jlissions,  and  the  results  In  both  were  no  less 
 remarkable. 
 
 He  was  a  great  preacher;  an  orator;  seeming  .some- 
 times almost  inspired  by  the  grandeur  of  his  theme; 
 heard  eagerly  everywhere,  and  in  his  varied  services 
 to  the  Church,  heard  by  imusual  numbers  in  all  parts 
 of  the  land.  But.  perhaps,  his  greatest  serWce  resulted 
 from  his  unparallelled  skill  in  organizing,  and  his  inde- 
 
 fatigable zeal  and  energy  in  directing  the  operations 
 of  the  great  benevolent  agencies  of  the  Church,  and 
 his  fervid  eloquence  in  presenting  their  claims  to 
 Chri.stian  affection  and  support.  Here,  if  he  had  an 
 equal,  he  had  no  superior;  and  the  Church  has  had 
 no  servant,  since  his  death,  more  faithful,  and  few  as 
 fruitful,  in  all   labors  for  her  advancement. 
 
 Dr.  Breckinridge's  active  and  busy  life  left  him 
 little  leisure  for  labor  as  a  writer  or  author.  During 
 his  first  pastorate,  in  Lexington,  Kentucky,  he  was 
 Editor  of  the  Wcstrrii  Litminari/,  a  religious  periodical. 
 He  published  a  number  of  occasional  sermons,  and 
 contributed  at  times  to  various  religious  publications. 
 ^Miile  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Education  he  pub- 
 lished an  Annual,  devoted  to  the  interests  of  that 
 Board.  These,  with  his  debates  in  the  Catholic  con- 
 troversy, comprise  all  of  his  published  writings  now 
 recalled. 
 
 Breckanridge,  Robert  Jefferson,  D.  D., 
 LL.  D.,  third  son  of  the  Hon.  Jolm  and  Mary  Hopkins 
 (nee  Cabell)  Breckinridge,  was  born  at  Cabell's  Dale, 
 Ky.,  March  8th,  1800;  was  graduated  from  Union  Col- 
 lege, X.  Y.,  in  1819,  and  entered  the  Bar  at  Lexing- 
 ton, Ky.,  in  1824.  In  1825  he  was  elected  to  the 
 Lower  Hou.se  of  the  Kentucky  Legislature,  and  was 
 three  times  subsequently  re-elected.  During  the 
 winter  of  1828-20  God  converted  his  soul,  at  Frank- 
 fort, as  he  humbly  trusted ;  and  he  immidiatclj'  deter- 
 mined to  quit  the  practice  of  the  law,  which  neither 
 the  state  of  his  he.ilth  nor  his  feelings  permitted  him 
 to  pursue,  and  also  to  take  final  leave  of  public  life. 
 He  made  public  profession  of  faith  in  the  Spring  of 
 1829,  connecting  himself  with  the  McChord  Presby- 
 terian Church,  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  but  soon  afterwards 
 removed  his  membership  to  the  Jit.  Horeb  Church, 
 Fayette  county,  where  he  was  elected  ruling  elder, 
 late  in  1829.  In  the  Summer  of  1800  he  felt  bound 
 to  appear  once  more  before  the  people  of  his  native 
 country,  to  defend  and  commend  the  laws  of  God  and 
 Christian  morality  in  the  matters  of  the  abolition  of 
 negroslavery  and  the  transportation  of  the  mails  on  the 
 Sabbath  day.  He  honestly,  in  the  fear  of  God,  pleaded 
 with  his  countrj-men  in  beliidf  of  these  great  interests 
 of  God  and  men,  and  when  tlic  cau.se  which  was  dear  to 
 him  met  with  defeat,  publicly  and  privatelj'  retired 
 once  more  from  jiublic  life.  He  did  not,  as  yet,  how- 
 ever, feel  called  to  preach  the  gospel  ;  that  work  w.is 
 first  done  in  him  through  the  instrximentality  of  a 
 great  woods-meeting,  held  on  his  own  farm,  in  the 
 Autumn  of  1831.  He  had  been  urged,  indeed,  to  th,e 
 step,  by  his  friends;  but  he  had  some  false  notions 
 and  many  false  feelings,  and  (he  writes)  it  was  not 
 "until  this  woods-meeting  that  I  fully  determined 
 to  preach  the 'Word. "  He  immediately  put  himself 
 under  the  care  of  West  Lexington  Presb^-tery,  and 
 six  months  later,  April  5th,  18U2,  w;is  licensed  by 
 that  body,  at  its  meeting  at  ^yalnut  Hill.  After  the 
 meeting  of  the  Assembly  of  1832  (in  which  he  sat  as 
 Ruling  Elder)   he  retired  to  Princeton  to  complete 
 
BRECKIXniDGE. 
 
 96 
 
 BRECKIXRWGE. 
 
 his  preparation  for  preaching ;  hut  had  hecn  there 
 only  some  five  months  when  he  received  and  accepted 
 a  call  to  the  Second  Church  of  Baltimore,  by  which 
 act  he  became  the  successor  of  his  brother  John,  and 
 accepted  a  call  declined  by  his  brotlier  William.  lie 
 was  received  by  the  Pre-sbytcry  of  Baltimore,  Novem- 
 ber 22d,  1832,  ordained  and  installed,  Xoveraljcr 
 26th,  133'3,  and  aft<T  a  remarkably  successful  pastor- 
 ate of  over  twelve  years,  w;i.s  dismissed,  Ai)ril  17th, 
 1845,  to  the  Presbytery  of  Ohio,  in  order  to 'become 
 President  of  Jefferson  College,  Pennsylvania.  On 
 September  IGth,  1817,  he  wxepted  the  piistorate  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Lexington,  Ky., 
 which  he  retained  until  September  7th,  18.",:},  during 
 which  period  he  also  discharged  most  ably  the  duties 
 of   Superintendent   of    Public   Instruction   for    the 
 
 ROBERT  JF.FPRRttnN    BRRCKINRIDOE,  D.  D.  Lt.  D. 
 
 State  of  Kentucky.  He  was  elected  Professor  of 
 Exegetic,  Didactic  and  Polemic  Tlieoliigy  in  the  new 
 seminary  at  Danville,  and  beg-.m  his  duties  there  at 
 its  opening,  in  S<pt«-mlK'r,  18.")3  ;  his  formal  inaugu- 
 ration t<Kik  place  on  OcIoIrt  l.'itli,  18.">3.  His  resigna- 
 tion of  this  position  wxs  offered  on  Septcmlx'r  17th. 
 ISfiO,  to  take  effect  the  following  December  ;  and  he 
 died,  after  a  long  illne.'**,  December  2Tth,  l'^71. 
 
 Dr.  Breckinridge  has  almost  equal  claims  to  be 
 remembered  as  a  devoted  and  successful  p.istor,  an 
 eloquent  and  impressive  preacher,  a  profound  tlico- 
 logian,  a  wise  a<lministral<ir,  a  brilliant  journalist. 
 and  an  une(|ualfcl  ecclesiastical  debater.  Ho  Wius 
 practically  the  leader  of  tlieOld  ScIkmiI  party  through 
 nil  the  troubles  which  accom|Kinied  nn<l  f(>llow<-d  the 
 division,  in  1837.    Hewxs  the  author  of  the  ".\cl  and 
 
 Testimony,"  and  of  its  defence  as  put  forth  by  the 
 Philadelphia  Convention  of  l-';57.  He  participated 
 in  all  the  great  discussions  which  agitated  the  Church 
 for  forty  years,  from  1831.  He  first  appeared  in  the 
 Assembly,  as  an  Elder,  in  1831,  but  after  thiit  was  a 
 very  frequent  member,  and  w:is  made  Slodcrator  in 
 18J1.  A  collection  of  his  di-bates  would  fill  volumes, 
 and  would  comjirise  thorough  dLscu.ssions  of  nearly  the 
 whole  range  of  great  ecclesiiistical  ({uestions.  The 
 exigencies  of  his  position  at  Baltimore,  where  he  was 
 publicly  assaulted  by  Romanist  controversialists, 
 and  denied  the  columns  of  the  public  press  for  reply, 
 forced  the  establishment,  in  Janmirj-,  183.'),  of  "  The 
 Baltimore  Literary  and  Beligious  Magazine,"  which, 
 under  the  care  of  >Ir.  Cross  and  himself,  did  a  good 
 work  under  that  name,  and  subseiiueutly  under  the 
 name  of  "The  Sj>lrit  of  the  XIX  Ccnriiry,"  until 
 1842.  His  sluire  w;is  also  very  large  in  the  manage- 
 ment of  "The  Danville  Quarterly  Berieie"  (18(51- 
 6o).  His  theology  may  be  judged  of  by  his  jirinted 
 works.  But  the  imnien.se  power  of  his  preaching, 
 and  his  untiring  devotion  as  a  pastor,  arc  in  the  hands 
 of  nn.stable  tradition.  The  labor  with  which  he 
 burdened  himself  was  excessive  ;  but  the  succcsa  of 
 his  ministry  was  correspondingly  great.  The  .spring  of 
 his  whole  life  was  an  unfeigned  piety,  which  wrought 
 in  him  a  burning  love  for  souLs,  and  great  depth  of 
 personal  humility,  which  was  all  the  more  marked  in 
 its  contra.st  with  his  great  acquirements  and  the  oc<';i- 
 sional  pain-bred  irritability  of  his  temper.  The  brief 
 manu.script  notes  for  hLs  sermons  seldom  fail  to  be 
 crossed  with  a  prayer,  evidently  from  the  heart: 
 "Lord,  add  thy  blessing,  for  Jesus'  sake!"  "Oh, 
 '  Loril,  own  and  bless  thy  truth."  "Oh,  Sla.ster,  give 
 me  utterance."'  "Oh,  Lord!  help  me  to  preach." 
 "Amen!  Help,  Lord  JesiLs!  "  "Oh  that  I  maybe 
 owned  and  ble.s.sed  by  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,"  and  the 
 like.  His  private  diary  is  full  of  marks  of  the  same 
 perfect  humility  and  deix-ndence  on  God.  Ko  wonder 
 that  the  gosiiel  from  his  lips  seemed  burning  fire.  In 
 I)rivatc  life  he  w;is  as  delightful  a  conversjitiiuialist  as 
 ho  Wits  a  bilovcd  husband  and  parent,  and  a  trusted 
 advi.ser  and  friind.  He  exhibited  here,  as  in  public 
 affairs,  that  marvelous  readiness  and  unexix-ctiil 
 prejKiration  which  wius  the  most  striking  character- 
 istic of  his  genius. 
 
 Prominent  among  Dr.  Breckinridge's  publications 
 were,  "Papism  in  the  XIX  Ccnturj-,"  "  Memoranda 
 of  Foreign  Travels,"  "The  Knowledge  of  Go»i,  Ob- 
 jectively Co'n.sidered  "  (first  jKirt  of  his  System  of 
 Thcologj'),  "The  Knowledge  of  God,  Subjectively 
 Considered"  (second  jwrt  of  his  System  of  Theologj-). 
 Besides  these  were  numerous  pamphlets  on  ccclcsio- 
 logical  subjects,  numenius  printed  sermons,  a  lecture 
 on  "The  Internal  Evidences  of  Christianity,"  deliv- 
 ered at  the  University  of  Virginia,  a  series  of  Ken- 
 tucky School  Keports,  from  1848-.'>3,  and  political 
 articles  luid  adtlre.sses,  mostly  printed  in  the  Danville 
 Reririr. 
 
BRECKINRIDGE. 
 
 97 
 
 BRECKINRIDGE. 
 
 Breckinridge,  Samuel  M.,  LL.  D.,  is  the  son 
 of  the  late  Rev.  John  Breckinridge,  v>.  D.,  and  of  the 
 late  Margaret  (Miller)  Breckinridge,  daughter  of  the 
 late  Rev.  Samuel  Miller,  D.  D.,  of  Princeton,  New 
 Jersey,  and  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  November 
 3d,  1828.  He  wa.s  educated  in  part  at  Union  CoUegc. 
 Xew  York,  and  at  Centre  College,  Kentucky,  but 
 chiefly  at  the  College  of  Xew  Jersey,  ut  rrincetou. 
 
 8AMUEL  M.    QRECKlNRlIHje,  LL.  D. 
 
 He  graduated  at  the  Law  School  of  Transylvania 
 University,  at  Lexington,  Kentucky,  and  settled  at 
 St.  Louis,  Missouri,  in  1850,  and  has  there  since 
 resided. 
 
 In  1854-.5  Mr.  Breckinridge  represented  the  city 
 and  county  of  St.  Louis  in  part,  in  the  Legislature. 
 In  1S.j9  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court 
 of  the  State  of  Missouri,  and  while  on  the  Bench, 
 was  chosen  a  member  of  the  State  Convention,  which 
 continued  in  existence  until  1863.  He  became  Elder 
 of  the  Second  Piesbj-teriau  Church  of  St.  Louis  in 
 1871.  In  1874  he  was  a  member  of  the  General 
 Assembly  which  met  at  St.  Louis;  in  1873  he  was  a 
 member  of  the  committee  on  Fraternal  Relations, 
 appointed  to  meet  a  similar  committee  of  the  South- 
 ern Preslnterian  Church. 
 
 In  1878  Judge  Breckinridge  was  made  a  member 
 of  the  General  Assembly's  Committee  on  the  Revi- 
 sion of  the  Book  of  Discipline,  which  was  continued 
 from  time  to  time,  making  its  final  report  to  the 
 Assembly  of  1882,  at  Springfield,  Hlinois.  He  was  a 
 memberof  the  Assemblies  of  1881,  at  Euffiilo,  of  1882, 
 at  Springfield,  and  of  1833,  at  Saratoga.  He  is  a 
 model   Christian  gentleman,    wise   in  counsel,   and 
 
 exercises  a,  marked  influence  in  ecclesiasticiil  a,s,sera- 
 blies. 
 
 Breckinridge,  WiUiaraLe-wis,  D.  D.,LiL.  D., 
 eighth  child  and  fcjurth  son  of  Hon.  John  and  ilary 
 Hopkins  (n^e  Cal>ellJ  Breckinridge,  was  born  at  Ca- 
 bell's Dale,  near  Le.\ington,  Kentucky,  on  the  22d 
 of  July,  1803.  He  became  a  follower  of  Chri.st  at 
 about  the  age  of  fifteen,  and  entered  the  ministry 
 about  1831.  His  first  piustorate  was  fulfilled  at  Mays- 
 ville,  Ky.  'Wlien  his  brother  John  was  made  Secre- 
 tary of  the  Board  of  Education,  he  was  sought  for  to 
 succeed  him  in  the  pastorate  of  the  Second  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Baltimore,  but  preferred  a  Professor- 
 ship of  Languages  in  Centre  College,  Ky.    Thence  he 
 
 ;  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  where  he  began  his  work 
 
 I  on  the  first  Sabbath  of  Jauu;iry,  1836,  and  profit;ibly 
 preached  for  a  period  of  three-and-twenty  years. 
 Sub.sequently  he  was  President  of  two  colleges;  first 
 of  Oakland  College,  Jliss. ,  and  then  of  Centre  College, 
 Ky.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  residing  on  his 
 farm  in  Cass  county,  Missouri,  and  laboring  in  the 
 surrounding  country,  as  mini-ster  at  large.  He  died 
 pe;icefully,  December  26th,  1876. 
 
 WILLIAM   LEWIS  BRECKINRIDGE,  J>.  D.,  LL.  D. 
 
 The  following  estimate  of  his  character  is  from  the 
 pen  of  his  life-long  friend.  Rev.  Dr.  Edward  P. 
 Humphrey:  "The  grace  of  God,  which  took  pos- 
 session of  his  mind  and  heart  when  about  fifteen 
 years  old,  gave  sweetness  and  dignity  to  his  elevated 
 nature,  true  love  to  Christ  and  to  the  souls  of  men, 
 together  with  a  spirit  of  self-sacrifice  and  of  unques- 
 tioning obedience  to   God.     As  a  preacher  he  was 
 
BREED. 
 
 98 
 
 BREED. 
 
 instructive,  lucid  and  thoroughly  evangelical.  He  wc  consider  bis  pastoral  work,  his  pulpit  ministra- 
 hail  aclearcoiKcptioii,  iininU-llit;iiit  aiuU-x|HTimental  tions,  his  wrvice  in  the  Boarils  of  the  Church,  or 
 knowledge  of  the  gosiiel,  and  expounded  the  saving  the  extent  and  variety  of  the  fruits  of  liis  jK-n.  He 
 truthsahvayswithgreat  simplicity,  and  often  with  an  has  written  and  published  sixteen  bound  volumes, 
 earnestness,  a  patlios,  a  persuxsive  power,  that  brought  oni--lialf  of  which  aresix-cially  adapted  to  tlie  young, 
 his  hearers  '  into  captivity  to  the  ol)edience  of  Christ."  iK'sides  various  tracts  and  numerous  news|>aper  arti- 
 And  then,  a  certain  propulsive  ]>ower  was  iinp;irted  eles.  In  tlie  ]>ulpit  Dr.  Breed  has  l>een  no  less 
 to  his  discourses,  l)y  his  manliness,  his  moral  and  lalM)rious.  He  was  for  eight  years  pastor  of  the 
 plivsical  couragi',  his  profound  conviction  of  the  Seconil  I'resliyterian  Chureli,  of  .SteulMnville,  Ohio, 
 truth  and  glory  of  the  gospel,  and  by  the  un-siKitted  the  cliurch  whicli  the  young  ladies  of  the  Seminary 
 purity  of  his  life.  His  character  came  with  him  into  at  tliat  place  attendeil,  by  whom  he  was  greatly 
 the  pulpit ;  it  rohed  his  person  with  honor  when  he  loved  as  a  pastor,  and  to  whom  his  ministry  was 
 walked  through  the  streets.  'What  men  thought  of  specially  blessed.  Of  the  three  hundred  and  eighty 
 him  strengthened  all  our  ministers,  of  every  Church,  additions  to  his  church  during  this  pastorat<-.  many 
 in  the  conlidence  of  the  community.  were  from    the    Seminary,   and    are    now  occupying 
 
 "Few  men  have  been  so  diligent   and  u.seful   in    prominent  places  in  social  li^- and  in  the  benevolent 
 pastoral    visitation.      His    fine    social    qualities,    his  | 
 ready,  even  spontaneous,  sympathy,  his  sense  of  pro-  ! 
 pricty  and   delicacy,  made  him  welcome  always  to 
 the  families  of  his  congrcg-ation.     The  sick  and  the  ' 
 dying  and  the  bereaved  turned  to  him  as  at  once  a 
 learner  and  a  teacher  in  the  school  of  Christ,  the  , 
 Consoler.     His   labors    as   a  pastor   were   the   most 
 prominent,   and,   its   he   thought,  the   most   fruitful 
 branch  of  his  ministry.     Through    these    labors  he 
 reached  a  ])lacc  in  the  love  of  the  jM-ojjle  which  has 
 not  been  often  attained  in  our  generation. 
 
 "  In  the  rresbyterian  Church  at  large  he  was  a  , 
 wise  and  trusted  counsellor.  He  loved  the  Church  ; 
 he  consecrated  him.sclf,  body  anil  spirit,  down  to  the 
 end  of  his  days,  to  its  welfare.  His  brethren  through- 
 out the  land  committed  to  him  the  most  SiuTcd 
 trusts,  and  they  bestowed  ujion  him  the  highest  •■ 
 honors  of  the  ]irof(ssi<iii." 
 
 Breed,  David  Riddle,  D.  D.,  was  born  .Tune 
 loth,  ISH.  His  father  was  a  merchant,  of  old  I'uri- 
 tan  stock.  His  mother,  Klioda  Ogden  ICdwards,  was 
 a  great-grand-daughter  of  Tresident  Kdwards.  He 
 wius  received  into  the  Church  (Third  Trcsbyterian, 
 Pitt-sburg),  by  Dr.  Henry  Kendall,  in  ISGl;  prepared 
 for  college  at  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
 from  IK")!)  to  lH(i-J,  inclusive;  pursued  a  business  life 
 
 from  .lanuary,  \KVt.\,  to  May,  \>*M,  and  graduated  at  i  "hi.hm  i.  m.ih, 
 
 Hamilton  College,  N.  Y..  in  1H(!7.  Ho  graduated  at  work  of  the  Church.  In  IsVj  he  w:us  called  to  a 
 .Vuburn  Theological  Seminary  in  lf<70,  and  was  called,  new  enterprise  just  starting  in  'West  .Sprui'e  Strci-t, 
 Diic-mbiT  "i-'th,  l-<(i!),  to  the  House  of  Hoi)C  Prcsby-  Philadelphia,  under  the  auspices  of  Dr.  l!o;irdman's 
 terian  Church,  St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  of  which  he  still  church.  The  organi/.:ition  then  consi.sted  of  thirty- 
 hxs  charge.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  four  mcmlx'rs.  To  this  numlK-r  more  tluin  one 
 St.  Paul,  October,  1870.  In  1880  he  was  a  delegate  tliou.sand  have  been  added  under  his  ministry,  and 
 to  the  Sunday-shool  Centenary,  in  London.  Ho  re-  the  splendid  chnrcli  at  Seventeenth  and  Spruce  h:is 
 ceiveil  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  his  .lima    iK'cn  built. 
 
 Miilir,  in  .Tunc,  IH-i:!.  Dr.  Itreed  is  an  earnest  and  Dr.  I5re<'d  was  Ixirn  in  the  State  of  New  York; 
 able  preacher,  and  faithful  to  piustoral  n-sponsibilily.  united  with  Dr.  Knb's  Church,  in  Xew  York  city. 
 He  is  beloved  by  his  |m(i|>1i-.  and  ready  to  aid  in  every  when  he  was  sixteen  years  of  age;  gr.uluated  at  the 
 g<H>d  work.  University  of   New  York  under  Clianeellor  rnliiig- 
 
 Breed, 'William  Pratt,  D.D.,  is  one  of  the  most  huysi'U,  and  s|Mnt  one  year  at  Union  Theological 
 efl'ective  jmaclurs  iinil  industrious  and  successful  S<'minary,  and  two  at  Princeton,  where  he  graduated, 
 pastors  in  the  city  of  Philadcl]ihia.  It  can  well  be  He  h;i8  been  twice  honon'il  with  the  Minlcratorship 
 Kiid  of  him  that  be  is  '•  almnclanl  in  labors."'  whether    of    the    Synod    of    Philadelphia,    anil    in    l-w:i    wjis 
 
nuicE. 
 
 99 
 
 BRICK  CHURCH. 
 
 Moderator  of  the  Syncxl  of  Pennsylvania.  From  his 
 iintiriiij;  etfort.s  sprang  tlie  Witherspoon  Monunuiit. 
 in  Fainiiount  I'ark.  That  nionunu-nt  was  practicaUy 
 his  work.  "A  Historical  Diseourse  on  rresbyterians 
 and  the  lievohuion."  presenting;  tiie  suhject  of  the 
 nionuinent,  was  delivered  l)y  liini  in  more  tlian 
 seventy  pulpits,  from  IJoslyn.  1,.  1..  on  the  Ea.st,  to 
 Steubenville,  Ohio,  on  the  West.  He  presented  the 
 cause  also  in  ten  Synods  and  Presbyteries.  His 
 aetivity  in  behalf  of  the  monument  is  only  a  fair 
 specimen  of  the  constantly  recurring  "outside  work" 
 of  the  Church  iji  which  he  is  sure  to  be  one  of  the 
 prominent  promoters  and  etfieient  eo-workers.  He 
 wields  a  strong  inliuence  in  the  Chiuch   judicatories. 
 
 To  Dr.  Breed  was  assigned  the  honor  of  delivering 
 the  address  of  welcome  to  the  Second  General  Council 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Alliance,  which  convened  at  Phila- 
 delphia, September,  1880,  and  he  discharged  the 
 ])lea.sant  duty  with  great  credit.  *  He  also  read  before 
 that  body  an  admirable  j)aper  on  "Tlie  IMti'usiou  of  a 
 Presbyterian  Literature."  Dr.  Breed  is  always  in  a 
 good  humor,  excepting  when  sound  Calvinism  is 
 attacked.  He  is  genial,  .social,  of  benevolent  spirit, 
 and  greatly  beloved  by  his  congregation  and  his 
 brethren,  ;is  well  as  highly  esteemed  in  the  community 
 in  which  he  has  so  long  lived  and  labored. 
 
 Brice,  Rev.  John,  was  a  native  of  Harford 
 county,  ild.  He  removed  with  the  family  to  West- 
 ern Pennsylvania;  received  his  education  chiefly 
 under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Smitli;  studied 
 theology  j)artly  under  Mr.  Smith  and  partly  under 
 Mr.  l)od;  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Red- 
 stone, April  1.3tli,  17-i>',  and  by  the  .s;ime  Presln-tery 
 was  ordained  and  installed  pxstor  of  the  congrega- 
 tions of  Three  Ridges  and  Forks  of  Wheeling,  April 
 2'2d,  1790.  In  these  congregations  he  labored  until 
 about  the  year  1807,  when,  on  account  of  ill  health, 
 the  pastoral  relation  was  dissolved.  Mr.  Brice  still 
 continued,  however,  to  preach  tlie  gospel  in  Green 
 county.  Pa.,  and  in  the  adjacent  parts  of  Virginia,  as 
 often  as  health  would  permit,  until  .\pril  l>'th,  ISIO, 
 when  he  was  dismissed  to  connect  himself  with  the 
 Presbytery  of  Lanciuster.  He  died  Augast  '2(M\, 
 1811.  He  was  a  man  of  nervous  temperament,  sub- 
 ject, occasionally,  to  great  despondency  of  mind,  but 
 of  deep  piety.  His  labors  were  attended  with  a 
 divini^  blessing,  and  many  rich  fruits  appeared  after 
 his  decea.se,  both  in  his  former  charge  and  in  the 
 country  adjacent. 
 
 Brick  Church,  New  York  City.  Tlie  lirst  ac- 
 count we  liavc  of  Prcsbyterianism  in  this  city,  is  the 
 combination  of  several  Preslivtcriau  families  from 
 England,  Scotland,  Ireland,  France  and  New  Eng- 
 land, in  the  year  1706,  who  were  in  the  habit  of 
 a-s-sembling  together  on  the  Lord's  Day,  in  a  private 
 house,  and  conducting  their  religious  services  without 
 the  aid  of  any  Christian  minister.  The  following 
 yesir  they  worshiped  occiisionally  in  the  Dutch 
 Church   in   Garden    ,stree4,    and    in   tlic    year    171(i 
 
 formed  themselves  into  a  regular  Presb.vterian 
 Church,  under  tlie  stated  ministry  of  Rev.  James 
 .Vnderson,  a  native  of  ScotUinil. 
 
 For  three  years  this  infant  cliiiich  assembled  for 
 public  worship  in  the  City  Hall,  then  on  the  corner 
 of  Nassau  ami  Wall  streets,  and  in  1719  tliey  erected 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  in  Wall  street,  out  of 
 which  was  formed  the  Church  of  the  Seceders,  in 
 Cedar  street,  under  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  Kev. 
 Dr.  Ma.son,  the  elder,  and  also  the  Brick  Church  in 
 Beekraan  street.  The  corner-stone  of  this  ediliee  was 
 laid  in  tlie  autumn  of  the  year  177(i  :  and  on  the  first 
 of  January,  1778,  it  was  ojiened  for  public  worship, 
 by  a  duscoui-se  from  the  Rev.  Dr.  Rodgers.  its  lii-st 
 pastor.  The  congregations  worshijiing  in  Wall 
 street  and  in  Beekman  street  remained  for  a  .series  of 
 years  one  cliurch,  under  the  same  as.sociated  pastorate, 
 the  same  Board  of  Trustees,  and  the  same  bench  of 
 Ruling  Elders.  This  identity  of  interest  was  pre- 
 served during  the  whole  of  the  Revolutionary  War, 
 and  down  to  the  year  1809.  During  the  war  these 
 two  Presbyterian  churches  were  the  objects  of  the 
 special  vengeance  and  indignity  of  the  enemy.  The 
 church  on  Wall  street  w;is  converted  into  barracks,  ■ 
 and  the  Brick  Church  into  a  ho.spit;il;  defaced, 
 stripped  of  their  interior,  and  left  in  ruins,  and  the 
 parsonage  house  burned  to  the  ground.  On  the 
 return  of  peace,  aiid  while  these  edifices  were  being 
 repaired,  the  congregations  statedly  worshiped  in 
 St.  George's  and  St.  Paul's,  through  the  unsolicited 
 and  generous  courtes,v  of  the  vestry  of  Trinity 
 Church. 
 
 After  having  been  repaired,  at  great  expense,  the 
 
 '  Brick   Church   was   reopened   in   June,   1784,   by   a 
 
 '  discourse  from  Dr.   Rodgers,  from  the  words  of  the 
 
 j  Psalmist,  "I  was  glad  when  they  said  unto  me,  let 
 
 '  us  go  into  the  house  of  the  Lord."     The  ministers 
 
 successively  associated  with  Dr.   Rodgers,   after  the 
 
 conclusion  of  the  war,  were,  the  Rev.  .Tames  Wil.son, 
 
 from"   .Scotland:    the  Rev.    John  McKnight:  and  the 
 
 Rev.   Samuel   Miller.     These  congregations,  in  their 
 
 I  united  capacity,  and  for  many  years,  established  and 
 
 sustained  a  large  parochial  school,  in  Xa.s.sau,  between 
 
 Liberty  and   Cedar  streets,   and   relinquished   their 
 
 funds,  for  this  object,  to  the  public  school  directors, 
 
 on  the  expressed  condition  that  no  child  whom  they 
 
 should  re<'ommend  should  be  excluded,  and  that  the 
 
 Bible  should  be  daily  read  in  the  schools. 
 
 Serious  inconveniences  were  found  to  attend  the 
 .irrangemeut  of  this  collegiate  charge,  and  by  an 
 amicable  stipulation,  in  the  year  180.\  the  congrega- 
 tions, till  then  united,  were  formed  into  seiKirate  and 
 distinct  churches,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Rodgei-s  retaining  his 
 relation  to  both,  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Miller,  the  stated 
 p:istor  of  the'  church  in  Wall  street.  Dr.  McKnight 
 voluntarily  resigning  his  coimectioii  with  both 
 churches. 
 
 The  eldership  of  the  Brick  Church  at  this  time 
 consisted  of  men  well  known,  both  in  ci\il  and  ecclc- 
 
«r.W  BIUCK  CIIVRCIl.   N.^V'   VoUK  CITT. 
 
BSICK  CHURCH. 
 
 101 
 
 BlUXSMADE. 
 
 sia.''tieal  litV,  and  vciicraljle  for  aye  and  character. 
 They  were  Abraham  Vangelder,  John  Thompson, 
 AVilliam  Oyilvie,  Benjamin  Egbert,  Thomas  Frascr, 
 John  Bingham,  John  Jlills,  and  Samuel  Osgood; 
 to  which  wore  added,  shortly  after  the  separation  of 
 the  churches,  William  "SVhitlock,  Richard  Cunning- 
 ham, Rensselaer  Havens,  and  John  Adams.  "While 
 all  these  gentlemen  were  men  of  worth  and  influence, 
 the  ruling  spirit  among  them,  and  the  man  eminent 
 for  discernment,  practical  wisdom,  ardent  piety,  and 
 vigorous  action,  was  John  Mills. 
 
 On  the  t<th  'of  August,  1810,  the  Rev.  Gardiner 
 Spring  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  York, 
 and  installed  the  pastor  of  the  Brick  Church,  in 
 which  he  labored  for  half  a  century,  \f\ih  marked 
 acceptablcness  and  great  success,  making  a  powerful 
 impression  for  good  upon  the  community  by  his  con- 
 sistent character,  eminent  pulpit  aliility,  and  jiastoral 
 fidelity.  In  a  discourse  delivered  by  llr.  Spring, 
 Jlay  2.5th,  1856,  as  the  closing  sermon  in  the  old 
 Brick  Church  in  lieckmau  street,  he  made  the  fol- 
 lowing eloquent  and  touching  reference  to  his  minis- 
 try in  the  venerable  buUding: — 
 
 "The  speaker  stands  here  for  the  last  time,  and 
 you,  beloved  friends,  meet  f<ir  the  last  time  in  the 
 consecrated  place  where  we  have  so  often  a.ssembled 
 for  the  worship  of  God.  I  am  not  ignorant  of  the 
 defects  of  my  ministry.  Yet  lune  I  this  thankful 
 con\iction,  tliat,  so  far  as  I  have  known  it,  1  have 
 not  shunne<l  to  declare  the  whole  eoun.sel  of  God.  If 
 I  have  not,  testify  against  me  this  daj'.  We  call 
 upon  you  to  witness,  we  call  upon  the  s:iinted  spirits 
 of  the  departed  to  witness,  we  make  an  appeal  to  the 
 walls  of  this  hallowed  edifice,  if  the  truth  of  God, 
 detached  from  the  systems  of  human  iihilosophy,  from 
 the  misnamed  improvements  and  ultraisms  of  the 
 age,  and  I'rom  the  popular  daubing  with  nntempered 
 mortar,  has  not  been  proclaimed  from  tliis  pulpit. 
 This  house  has  also  been  greatly  endeared  to  us  as 
 'the  house  of  prayer' — as  'the  hou.se  of  prayer  for  all 
 people.'  Many  are  the  seasons  which  the  li\ing  and 
 the  dead  have  here  enjoyed,  in  sweet  communion  with 
 God  and  one  another.  This  house  has  lieen  our  thank- 
 I'ul  resort  in  prosperity;  in  adversity  it  has  been  our 
 refuge.  Here  the  aged  and  the  young  have  come,  for 
 the  first  and  last  time,  to  coranuiuorate  the  love  of 
 Christ  at  His  table.  Here  our  children  have  been 
 baptized,  and  their  children  after  them,  and  lu+e  we 
 have  wept  and  jirayc'd  together  as  God  has  called  them 
 from  these  earthly  scenes.  Here  other  generations 
 have  listened,  as  you  now  listen,  and  around  this  sx)ot 
 and  beneath  it  are  the  sepulchres  of  the  departed.  I 
 seem  to  st;ind,  to-day,  amid  generations  that  are  past, 
 so  vividly  does  my  imagination  people  these  seats 
 with  faces  and  forms  whose  place  now  knows  them 
 no  more.  Plea.sant,  yet  mournful,  are  these  remiuis- 
 cenci's;  memory  has  no  a.ssociations  more  delightful 
 than  tliose  whii'h  run  by  the  waters  of  the  .sanctuary. 
 Tliis  house  has  also  been  the  stranger's  home.     Of 
 
 this  and  of  that  man  it  shall  one  day  be  said,  that 
 'he  was  born  here.'  Many  a  wanderer  from  other 
 lands,  and  more  from  distant  regions  of  our  own 
 broad  territory,  have  here  sought  and  made  their 
 peace  with  God,  while  many  a  backslider  has  been 
 restored,  amid  scenes  which  have  given  joy  to  the 
 angels  of  God,  and  told  of  the  years  of  the  right- 
 hand  of  the  Jlo.st  High." 
 
 The  Dedication  Sermon  of  the  New  Brick  Church, 
 on  JIurray  Hill,  was  preached  by  Dr.  Spring,  October 
 31st,  l-^.">'^,  on  the  text,  "Ye  shall  reverence  my 
 sjinctuary," — Lev.  xix,  30.  In  this  discourse  the 
 venerable  preacher  said:  "This  is  God's  house,  and 
 we  come  to  dedicate  it  to  Him.  And  there  is,  in  my 
 humble  judgment,  no  superstition,  but  great  pro- 
 priety and  truth,  in  these  acts  of  dedication.  Tliere 
 is,  and  there  ought  to  be,  as  wide  a  di.stinction 
 between  the  house  of  God  and  all  other  places  of 
 pul)lic  resort,  as  between  all  that  is  secular  and  all 
 that  is  sacred.  The  one  is  a  .select  and  consecrated 
 territory:  (he  other  belongs  to  the  business  of  the 
 world.  Secul;ir  themes  and  secular  objects  have 
 their  place,  but  that  place  is  not  the  sanctuary. 
 From  our  hearts  we  dedicate  this  edifice  to  the  God 
 of  heaven.  It  is  nothing  to  us  if  He  do  not  occujiy 
 it.  Stand  up,  all  ye  people,  and  before  God,  angels 
 and  men,  consecrate  it  to  His  worshi])  and  honor  to 
 whom  it  belongs,  each  one  of  us  humljly  looking  to 
 Him,  that  He  would  fill  it  with  His  great  glory.  Be 
 it  ever  sacred  to  Him  by  whose  name  it  is  called; 
 sacred  to  His  mercy-seat  and  His  praise;  sacred  to 
 His  pure  gospel,  to  His  oivn  ordinances,  to  the  fellow- 
 ship of  the  saints,  the  conversion  of  men,  and  the 
 comfort  and  edification  of  those  who  fear  God  and 
 love  His  Son.  Sacred  place!  'Arise,  O  Lord  God, 
 thou  and  the  ark  of  thy  strength!  Let  thy  priests 
 be  clothed  with  righteousness,  and  let  thy  saints 
 shout  for  joy  I'  From  tliis  good  hour  let  this  house 
 be  devoted  only  to  sacred  and  religions  u.ses.  Here 
 let  all  th;it  is  s;icred  be  put  iu  motion,  and  all  that  is 
 secular  be  put  at  rest." 
 
 j  For  a  short  time  the  Rev.  "NV.  J.  Hoge  was  co- 
 pastor  with  Dr.  Spring,  of  the  Brick  Church,  toward 
 the  clo.se  of  his  pastorate.  After  Dr.  Spring  became 
 Pastor  Emeritus  he  was  succeeded  in  the  pulpit  by 
 the  Rev.  W.  G.  T.  Shedd,  n.  n.,  ll.  d.,  the  Rev.  J. 
 O.  Murray,  D.  D.,  and  the  Rev.  Llewelyn  D.  Be  van, 
 D.  D.  The  present  pastor  of  the  church  -is  the  Rev. 
 H.  J.  Van  Dyke,  Jr.,  who  has  recently  been  called 
 to  this  imjiortant  charge. 
 
 Brinsmade,  Horatio  Nelson,  D.D.,  was  born 
 at  New  Hartford,  Conn.,  Dec.  2.Sth,  179S;  graduated 
 at  Yale  College  in  September,  1832,  and  inuuediately 
 after  entered  Princeton  Seminary,  where  he  remained 
 ne:irly  one  year,  after  which  he  went  to  Hartford, 
 Conn.,  and  studied  theology  about  two  years,  under 
 the  Rev.  Joel  Hawes,  D.P.,  tea<-hing  also  in  the  Deaf 
 and  Dumb  Asylum  in  that  city,  from  Jlay  18'23, 
 until  December,  1831. 
 
BRODHEAD. 
 
 103 
 
 BRODUEAD. 
 
 ][i-  Wius  licensed  liy  the  North  Conjcre^ritional 
 Association  of  Hartford,  in  Jnne,  \>*H;  ordained  hv 
 the  Siinu!  body  ius  an  evanp'list,  Jnne  1st.  1*2>^;  sni>- 
 plicd  the  North  t'onj^reg-.itional  Church  in  Hartford 
 a  part  of  the  years  18-27  and  1S-2H;  in  Decemlwr,  1«31, 
 began  to  preach  at  Collins\-iIle,  Conn.,  and  served  a 
 Congrcg;»tional  Church  vliich  w:is  org;ini/.ed  there  in 
 August,  1W«,  until  XovemlH^r,  1«M!  At  the  latter 
 date  he  iK'gan  to  preach  at  I'ittsfield,  M;iss.;  where 
 he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  First  Congrcfiational 
 Church,  F<l>ruary  lltli,  IK!.").  Here  he  lahorcd  with 
 great  popularity  anil  success  for  six  and  a  lialf  years, 
 and  wxs  releasiMl  ScptcmlHT  !»th,  Isll,  having  a  call 
 to  tlie  Third  rresbyterian  Church  of  Newark,  N.  J. 
 Over  this  new  charge  he  w;is  installed  September 
 23d,  1841,  and  here  he  labored  with  large  acceptance 
 and  usefulness  for  twelve  years.  On  October  9tli. 
 IS.'iS.  he  was  relejuscd  hy  the  Presbytery  of  l'a.ss;iic. 
 
 Dr.  I'.rinsmade's  next  ]>;Lstoratc  wa.s  over  the  First 
 Congreg-.itional  Church  at  Heloit,  Wis.,  where  he 
 was  installed,  Febru.ary  loth,  \>^'A,  and  closed 
 seven  highly  successful  years  of  labor,  January  1st. 
 18(il.  During  nearly  the  whole  of  this  time  he  gave 
 gratuitous  instruction  in  Beloit  College.  From 
 Beloit  he  returned  to  Newark,  N.  J.,  where  he  com- 
 menced lalM)rs  with  a  mission  of  the  Third  Presbyte- 
 rian Church,  as  a  result  of  which  thl-  WieklilVc 
 Presbyterian  Church  wius  organized  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Pa.'isaic,  May  1  1th,  l.-<(;.">.  He  continued  to 
 serve  this  young  church  .as  stated  supply  until  April 
 ir>th,  l-iliT,  at  which  <latc  he  was  duly  iustalled  a.s 
 its  p.xstor,  from  which  pastoral  relation  he  was 
 released  by  Newark  Pre-sbytery,  April  17th,  1872. 
 He  continued,  however,  to  reside  in  Newark,  preach- 
 ing often,  \i.s<-ful  in  many  ways  in  the  church  and 
 the  community,  honore<l  and  belo\ed  by  all  around 
 him,  until  his  death,  which  oecurrc'd  January  Isth, 
 1879.  In  his  last  hours  all  with  him  was  light,  and 
 peace  and. joy  in  believing. 
 
 Dr.  Brinsmade  was  one  of  the  Iwst  of  men,  and 
 one  of  the  most  faithful  and  useful  of  iKLstoi-s.  His 
 preaching  wsia  always  with  e;irne.stne.ss  and  love.  He 
 spent  and  was  sjK'nt  in  the  service  of  Christ.  Having 
 traveled  extensively  in  Euroiui  and  the  Fast,  he  had 
 bro.ad  and  intelligent  views.  He  was  faithful,  aflec- 
 tionate,  devout.  The  law  of  love  was  the  rule  of  his 
 life.  He  made  the  imprcs.s  of  his  jiii-ly  and  lidelily 
 on  all  will)  came  within  the  riarli  of  bis  inlluence. 
 
 Brodhead,  Augustus,  D.  D.,  .sou  of  lion.  John 
 II.  and  F.lizii  (Koss)  lirodhead,  was  born  in  .Milford. 
 Penn.sylvauia,  May  i:)th,  18;il.  He  gniduate<l  at 
 I'nion  College,  New  York,  in  18.V>,  and  j>!Ls.sed  at 
 once  into  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton,  taking 
 there  a  full  course,  lie  w:ls  lieen.sed  to  preach  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Hudson;  and,  having  Im'iui  a)i|Miinteil 
 by  tlie  Hoard  of  I'oreign  .Missions  as  a  missionary  to 
 India,  he  was  ordained  as  an  evangelist  by  the  same 
 Presbytery,  May  llh,  Is."!-!. 
 
 This  date  coincides  with  '.he  darkest  Jicriod  in  the 
 
 history  of  our  missions  to  India.  The  Sc-poy  mutiny 
 had  broken  up  all  Christian  work  in  the  Northwest 
 Provinces.  Four  of  our  missionaries,  with  their 
 families,  had  been  m;us.sacred.  The  Christian  converts 
 were  scattered,  and  confu.sion  and  anarchy  still  xire- 
 vailed  throughout  the  eonntrj-.  But  all  the  atrcK-itics 
 of  the  mutiny  and  all  the  uncertainties  of  the  future 
 could  not  d:iunt  the  courage  or  shake  the  resolution 
 of  those  young  Christians  who  consecrated  them.selvcs 
 to  tlie  service  of  the  India  Mission  and  ]>rc-,ss<-d  for- 
 ward to  take  the  place  of  their  martyred  brethren. 
 i)\\  the  l.'ith  of  July,  IK")-*,  Mr.  Brcjclhead  was  mar- 
 ried to  Mi.ss  Fniily  Cumming,  of  Princeton,  N.  J. 
 They  s;iiled  for  India  on  the  7th  of  Noveml)er,  by  the 
 Cape  of  Good  Hoiie,  and,  after  a  protracted  voyiige, 
 landed  in  Calcuttii,  April  4th,  1859.  Their  first  settle- 
 ment in  India  was  at  Mainpuri,  an  interesting  city  of 
 twenty-five  thou.s;ind  inliabitants,  lying  in  a  brcrad 
 and  fertile  plain,  midway  between  the  Ganges  and 
 ■Tumna  l{ivc>rs,  a  deiisely-iieopled  regicm,  cK'cujiied  by 
 a  race  of  sturdy  and  prosperoiLs  farmers,  with  the 
 iLsual  admixture  of  Brahmias,  mercliants  and  arti- 
 .sjins,  presenting  some  of  the  best  features  of  Ilindcm 
 social  life.  Here,  and  at  Futtehgarh,  near  by,  twelve 
 or  thirteen  years  were  sjient  in  preaching,  teaching, 
 ministering  to  the  native  churches  and  org-anizing 
 their  evangelistic  elTorts. 
 
 In  1872he  was  transferred  by  the  Mission  toAUalm- 
 bad,  the  .seat  of  Government  of  the  Northwest  Prov- 
 ince, cme  of  the  most  imiMirt;int  cities  in  North  India, 
 where  si'veral  years  more  of  missionary  life  were  ]ht- 
 mitted  him,  which  were  sjx-nt  in  a  wide  range  of 
 Christian  work.  He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the 
 Theological  Training  School  of  the  Synod  of  India; 
 WTote  and  published  valuable  treatises  in  Siicred  and 
 Church  History,  as  well  .is  othc-r  Inioks  of  a  more 
 practical  and  devotional  chanictc^r ;  he  edited  the 
 magazine  imblished  by  the  Mis.sion  for  the  u.se  of  the 
 native  Christians,  and  assisted  ill  the  iirejuiniticm  of 
 [  hymn  books  for  the  Church  and  Sunday  .'vIickiI,  for 
 which  he  wrote  a  considerable  nuiiibir  of  hyiiiiis  and 
 translations;  he  was  actively  engaged  in  the  manage- 
 meut  of  the  North  India  Bible  and  Tract  ScK'ieties 
 and  the  Christian  Vc-rnaeular  Education  Society.  His 
 knowlc-dge  of  aflairs,  his  calm  and  inqxirtial  judg- 
 ment, his  warm  and  kindly  heart,  his  cxteii.sive  mis- 
 sionary c'XiM-rieiu-e,  c-ombined  to  give  him  great 
 ,  iulluciiee,  not  only  in  his  own,  but  also  in  the  Slis- 
 sions  of  otlic-r  c-luirehes. 
 
 At  length  a  succession  of  severe  attacks  of  illness 
 made  it  evident  to  his  medical  advi.s«>rsand  the  mem- 
 l)ers  of  the  Missicm  that  his  constitnticm  would  not 
 much  Umger  lie  able  to  be.'ir  the  strain  of  the  Indian 
 climate.  Vc-ry  n-liulantly he  yielded  to  the  ne<-essity, 
 and  in  I>'78  re-signed  the  service  of  the  Mission  and 
 returned  to  Americ-a,  where  nl1er  several  teiii|Kir;iry 
 c-ngageiiieiit.s  he  aeeepted  a  call  from  the  First  Church 
 '  of  BridgelcMi,  N.  J.,  over  which  he  was  installed  jias- 
 lor.  Mav  4tli,  H-1. 
 
BBO\l\y. 
 
 103 
 
 BRu  irx. 
 
 Bro'wii,  Rev.  Andrevr,  from  Pendleton  Dis- 
 trict, South  Carolina,  .s(ttli<l  at  Tuscaloosa,  Alabama, 
 in  January,  A.  D.  ls-20.  This  venerable  si-rvant  of 
 Christ  was  the  first  of  our  order  to  break  the  bread  of 
 life  to  wanderers  scattered  up  and  down  in  that 
 then  recent  wilderness,  and  he,  unaided  and  alone, 
 except  by  Hira  who  hath  said,  "  Lo,  I  am  with  you 
 always,  even  to  the  end  of  the  world,"  was  enabled, 
 by  untiring  zeal  and  perseverance  in  his  Master's 
 work  here,  to  rear  the  blood-stained  banner,  and 
 gather  around  it  the  soldiers  of  the  Cross.  In  1820 
 he  organized  the  Bethel  Church  in  Tuscaloo.sa.  In 
 1821  he,  a,s.sisted  by  the  lamente<l  lirother.  Rev. 
 Francis  H.  Porter,  organized  the  Xew  Hope  Church, 
 in  (ireene  county,  and  in  18-22  he  organized  the 
 Lebanon  Church,  in  Tuscaloosa  county. 
 
 In  January,  1822,  he  removed  to  Mesopotamia, 
 still  preaching  at  most  of  the  churches  lie  had 
 already  organized,  and  here,  in  the  Fall  of  1823,  he 
 had  called  on  the  Rev.  James  Hillhouse,  and  the 
 Kev.  Joseph  P.  C'uuningham,  to  a.ssist  in  organizing 
 the  church  in  Mesopotamia.  The  day  for  that  pur- 
 po.se  being  set,  lie  went  to  JIarion,  Perry  county,  to 
 attend  a  meeting  of  the  Presbytery,  where  he  died, 
 after  five  days'  sickness.  This  event  was  a  severe 
 bereavement  to  bis  brethren  of  the  Presbytery,  who, 
 being  mostly  young  men,  looked  up  to  him  as  their 
 guide  in  ecclesiastical  matters.  He  was  a  man  of  clear, 
 discriminating  views  on  all  theological  subjects; 
 rigid  in  his  adherence  to  what  he  believed  to  be 
 truth,  and  fearless  in  proclaiming  it. 
 
 Bro"wn,  Alexander  Blaine,  D.  D.,  was  the  son 
 of  JIatthew  Brown,  I).  D.,  I.I..  i).  and  Mary  Blaine.  He 
 griiduated  at  Jetferson  College  in  182.'>;  sptnt  some 
 time  in  teaching  a  classical  school  in  the  State  of 
 Delaware;  studied  theology  at  the  Western  Seminary, 
 and  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Ohio,  in 
 October,  1831.  After  his  licensure  he  spent  a  short 
 time  as  a  missionary  in  Virginia,  his  field  of  labor 
 being  the  counties  lying  below  the  Blue  Ridge. 
 Here  bis  services  were  greatly  acceptable,  and  he  was 
 earnestly  urged  to  settle  among  them.  On  Jiine  27th, 
 1833,  he  took  charge  of  the  duirches  of  Biruiinghara 
 and  Concord,  in  the  vicinity  of  Pittsburg,  and  devoted 
 himself  assiduously  to  his  work,  especially  among 
 the  children  and  youth  of  his  flocks.  He  subse- 
 quently became  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Xiles 
 Michigan,  where  he  was  beloved  and  honored.  In 
 1839  he  left  Xiles,  and  was  settled  for  a  short  time 
 in  Portsmouth,  Ohio,  where  he  labored  with  gicat 
 acceptance.  In  1841  be  accepttd  the  jiost  of  Professor 
 of  Belles  Lettres  and  adjunct  Professor  of  Languages 
 in  Jeflerson  College,  and  also  the  charge  of  Centre 
 Church,  a  few  miles  distant  from  Canonsburg.  In 
 184.T  he  was  made  Profes.sor  of  Rhetoric,  Logic  and 
 General  History,  and,  at  the  same  time,  transferred 
 to  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  congregation  at  Cliartiers. 
 I»i  October,  1817,  he  was  chosen  President  of  the 
 College,  as  successor  of  Dr.  K.  .1.  Breckinridge,  by  a 
 
 unanimous  vote  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  in  which 
 position  lie  fully  met  the  expectations  of  the  trustees, 
 the  students  and  the  country.  In  If^'td  impaired 
 health  led  to  his  resignation  of  the  presiden<  v,  re- 
 taining, at  the  e;irnest  solicitation  of  the  Board,  the 
 office  of  "  Extraordinary  Professor  of  English  ]>itera- 
 ture." 
 
 Dr.  Brown  died  on  his  farm,  near  his  old  flock,  at 
 I  Centre,  September  8th,  1863.     He  was  a  singularly 
 guileless  and  unselfish  man.     The  salient  points  of 
 his    character  were    excellent   judgment,    exiiuisite 
 j  taste  and  extraordinary  moilesty  and  delicacy.     He 
 I  wasanadmirable  teacher  of  mental  and  moral  philoso- 
 phy.    As  a  preacher  he  was  instrnctivi',  j)athetic  and 
 impressive.    He  was  greatly  beloved  by  all  who  knew 
 him.     Religion  and  learning,  alike,  will  lofig  cherish 
 his  memory,  and  blend  their  tears  over  his  grave. 
 j     Bro'WTi,  Rev.  Allen  Henry,  was  born  in  Xew 
 ,  York  city,  September  23d,  1820;  graduated  at  Colnra- 
 '  bia  College  in  1839,  and  studied  theology  at  Union 
 Seminary,   New  York,  and  at  Princeton  Seminary. 
 He  was  Agent  of  the  American  Tract  Society,  1814-lG; 
 ordained  an    evangelist  by  the    Presbytery  of  ^Vest 
 Jer.sey,  January  5th,   1848;   stated  supply  at  May's 
 Landing,   N.   J.,  1847-60;   Presbytcrial  Mi.ssionary, 
 Absecom,   1860-70;  stated  supply  at  May's  Landing 
 and  Tuckahoe,  1870-72 ;   resided  in  New  Y'ork  city 
 in  1873,  and  since  1874  has  been  Synodical   Slission- 
 ary  of  New  Jersey,  residing  at  Camden.     Mr.  Brown 
 is   an   exeniplarj'   Christian,    mild   and   winning  in 
 manner,   and  devoted  to  the  work  of  doing   good. 
 He  has  aecomnlished  much  for  Presbvterianism  in 
 New  Jersey,  by  organizing  new  chunhes,  strengthen- 
 ing feeble  ones,  and  publishing  a  history  of  the  cause 
 in  that  State.     His  eflbrts  in    behalf   of   Sabbath 
 observance  are  worthy  of  all  commendation. 
 
 Bro'WTi,  Rev.  Charles,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
 phia, Pa.,  in  November,  180.5,  educated  in  the  same 
 city,  and  was  licensed  and  ordained  by  the  Second 
 Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  in  1833.  For  the  first 
 six  years  he  ministered,  successively,  to  the  churches 
 of  Greensborougli,  Mispillion,  Drawyers  and  Port 
 Penn.  He  w;is  Secretary  of  the  Philadelphia  Tract 
 Society,  in  1841,  and  pastor  of  the  Logan  Square 
 Presbji:erian  Church,  Philadelphia,  from  1842  until 
 1855,  when  he  became  City  Agent  of  the  Pennsyl- 
 vania Colonization  Society,  and  held  the  office  for 
 three  years.  He  wius  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the 
 Philadelphia  Education  Society,  from  1858  until 
 1864,  and  Secretary  of  the  Relief  Fund  for  Disabled 
 Ministers  (N.  S.),  from  1864  until  1870,  when,  on 
 the  reunion  of  the  two  branches  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  he  w  as  elected  Treasurer  of  the  united  Fund. 
 He  still  holds  the  office  of  Recording  Secretary  and 
 Treasurer  of  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Relief.  For 
 nearly  seven  years  Mr.  Brown  preached  regularly  to  the 
 First  Church  of  Darby,  in  addition  to  his  labors  as  Cor- 
 responding .Secretary,  and  for  thirty-live  years  the 
 Philadelphia  Presbyterian  Ministerial  Association  was 
 
DUO  ir.v. 
 
 104 
 
 SKons. 
 
 favorrd  with  liis  wcokly  scm'ecs  as  its  Kecording 
 S«rrctary.  He  is  now  in  tlie  tifty-lirst  year  of  his 
 ministry.  Mr.  ]5rown's  life  has  In'cn  one  of  steady 
 Christian  consi.steney,  and  of  diligent  activity  and 
 marked  ii.s<  l"ulne.>«  in  the  Ma-iter's  serviee.  In  all  the 
 congrejjpitions  of  whieh  he  luis  been  pastor  he  held 
 the  affections  of  his  people,  prosecuted  his  work 
 without  any  discord  among  them;  and  his  lalmrs 
 were  attended  with  the  divine  blessing.  The  origin 
 of  at  le;ust  four  churches  Ciin  be  traced  to  his  early 
 and  earnest  lalK)rs.  He  has  filled  all  the  oflices  to 
 which  the  Church  hits  called  him  with  Rrcat  fi<lelity 
 and  s;\tisfaction,  and  deservedly  enjoys  the  coiiljdeuce 
 anil  alliction  nf  his  brethn  ii. 
 
 BroTVH,  Duncan,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Bladen, 
 now  RoTjeson  county,  North  Carolina,  October  M, 
 1771 ;  received  a  classical  education  in  the  neighbor- 
 hood; studied  theology  under  David  Caldwell,  n.  D., 
 in  Guilford  county,  X.  C. ;  was  licensed  March  5th. 
 ISOl,  by  Orange  Presbytery,  and  immediately  entered 
 upon  his  labors  as  an  itinerant  missionary  in  Xorth 
 and  South  Carolina.  In  li(t-2  ho  was  ordained  and 
 installed  pastor  of  the  cluircbes  of  Hopewell  and 
 Aimwell,  in  South  Carolina,  and  continued  in  this 
 relation  tmtil  1810,  when  he  removed  to  Maury ' 
 county,  Tennessee.  He  resided  in  that  county, 
 though  not  always  in  the  same  place,  until  his  death, 
 which  occnrred  June  17th,  18(i].  During  his  long 
 ministerial  career,  Dr.  Brown  lal)ored:Lsa  missionary 
 and  stated  supply  in  Middle  Tenne.s.see  and  Xortliern 
 Alabama,  where  many  churche.s  enjoyed  his  labors 
 anil  Iniiiii  gcuiil  \v;is  aoiiiiijilislicd. 
 
 Bro'wm,  Frederick  T.,  D.  D.,  wxs  born  in  West 
 Carlisle,  Coshocton  county,  Ohio.  He  was  the  fourth 
 son  of  William  and  Eleanor  Brown.  He  was  prepared 
 for  Cijlcge  in  the  Primary  Department  of  Jefferson 
 College,  Penn.sylvania.  in  which  Institution  he  pa.s,sed 
 the  Freshman  year.  He  then  entered  the  Sojiliomore 
 flass  of  Princeton  College,  and  graduated  from  X:lss;iu 
 Hall  in  l^^  l.j.  He  studied  theol.>g^•  in  the  Theological 
 Seminary  at  Princeton,  ami  in  tlie  Tbeologieal  School 
 at  (ieneva,  Switzerland,  under  D'.Vubignt',  (;aus.sjin 
 and  others.  His  first  ministerial  ch.'irge  was  ua  a 
 sup])ly  to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Dayton,Ohio,  [ 
 during  a  six  months'  absence  of  its  pastor.  In  the 
 Spring  of  IfJ.'iO  he  was  called  to  the  pa.storate  of  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church,  Madison,  Ind.  In  \KV.\ 
 he  was  sent  by  the  Board  of  Domestic  Missions  to 
 Cleveland.  Ohio,  where  he  org-.mizcd  thi'  Weslminst<'r 
 Presbyterian  Church,  and  miiiisteri-d  to  it  until  ISfil. 
 In  lH(i2  he  Wius  called  to  Bridge  Streit  PresbyteriiUi 
 Chnrch,  Oeorgetown,  D,  C.  In  1>*(>."),  at  the  command 
 of  his  Presbyterj',  he  was  sent  on  a  special  mission 
 for  the  Church  to  Chicago.  In  18(i7  he  wius  called  to 
 the  Centnil  Presbyterian  Cliurch,  St.  Paul,  Minn.  In 
 l-C'i  he  was  called  to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
 .\nn  .\rI>or,  Mich.  XmX  in  l"*-^!  he  Wiis  called  to  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Chiiri'li.Mana.'<c|uan.  X.  J..ofwhii'h 
 lie    is    now  the   acci])lable  and   useful   juistur.       I>r. 
 
 Brown  is  an  able,  sound  and  earnest  preacher.  He  is 
 a  vigorous  and  graceful  writer,  and  uses  his  pen 
 frequently  for  religious  periodicals.  He  is  ever  fear- 
 less and  faithful  in  what  he  reg:irds  to  l>e  his  duty. 
 He  w:us  one  of  the  first  O.  S.  Commissioners  ap- 
 pointed to  negotiate  the  uniim  of  the  t).  .">.  and  X.  S. 
 churches. 
 
 Brown,  Rev.  Henry,  .son  of  the  Uev.  Samuel 
 and  Mary  (Jloore)  Brown,  w;is  1)orn  in  Kockbridge 
 County,  Va.,  Xovemlier  2)sth,  I's*)-!,  graduated  at 
 Washington  College,  Va.,  in  18"27,  was  a  student  at 
 I'rinceton  Seminary  and  Union  Seminary,  Va..  and 
 Wiis  licen.st-d  by  Lexingtim  Presbytery,  .Vpril  l>th, 
 1829.  He  first  lalxired  as  a  missionary  in  Kanawha 
 coiuity,  Va.,  then  (in  18.'J1 )  in  liandoljih  county,  Va., 
 preaching  at  Beverly,  Huttonsvillc,  and  Mingo  Flats, 
 with  great  success,  then  (in  1832),  at  Woo«lstock,  Va., 
 where  for  two  years  ho  enjoyed  similar  success. 
 From  18.33  to  1836  he  labored  in  AugiLsta  county, 
 where  he  gathered  and  org-.inized  Shemariah  Church. 
 For  two  years,  1>':!(^'^,  he  was  state-d  snpjily  at 
 lirierv-  Church,  A'a.;  from  1838-10,  prt-ached  in 
 churches  in  the  neighborhood  of  Wilmington,  X.  C, 
 with  much  success,  supjilied  P.lack  liiverand  Rockfish 
 churches,  Va.,  1840-1,  and  the  church  at  Harrison- 
 burg, 18^ll-,-)3.  In  July  lOtli,  18.->3,  he  was  installed 
 pastor  of  Goshen  Cliurch,  Va.,  and  continued  in  this 
 relation  until  August  F'.th,  l-'.'>7.  At  the  scinu-  time 
 he  was  also  jiastor  of  Pisg-.ih  Church,  from  S<-i)t<  nil>er 
 21th,  18.">3  to  Xovember2:{<l,  l8.j(i.  Subs<'(|uently  he 
 was  Jiastor  of  the  Church  at  Lake  City.  Fla.,  from 
 .\|>ril  2.'>th,  IM.lS  until  February  ].">th,  1.8."i9:  a  mis- 
 sionary in  Cherokee  Presbytery  from  18."i9  to  1S62; 
 stated  supply  of  Liifayette  and  Harmony  chnrches, 
 Alabama,  in  18(>()-7,  and  an  evangelist  in  Knox 
 Presbytery  five  years,  1867-72.  From  1872-7,  he 
 preaclu'd  at  Pilatka,  Enterpri.se,  Cedar  Keys,  and 
 other  j)laces  in  Florida,  as  he  was  able.  Mr.  Brown 
 died  January  14th,  l-'-'l.  He  was  a  man  of  earnest 
 piet,v,  of  deep  humilit.v,  of  sound  mind,  of  gn-at 
 energy,  of  tender  emotion,  and  of  strong  affections. 
 He  was  intensely  devoted  to  the  work  of  the  minis- 
 try and  to  the  cause  of  Christ. 
 
 Brown,  Rev.  Horatio  Woodward,  was  bom 
 at  Buffalo,  X.  V.,  on  the  27lh  day  <if  July,  \<K.\.  He 
 gnidualed  at  Yale  Collegi',  Conn.,  in  ISVI,  and  was 
 Tutor  in  the  College  from  IsVi  to  ls.">!>.  He  ]iursui'4l 
 theological  stiulies  in  both  I'nion  Theological  Si-mi- 
 nary,  Xew  York,  and  at  New  Haven.  In  the  Winter 
 of  ls,")!l-(iO,  he  was  ordained  to  the  gos|M'l  mini.strv, 
 and  siM-iit  a  few  months  lalH>ring  in  Wiseon.sin.  His 
 health,  however,  be<'omiiig  im|iiiired,  lie  sought  its 
 re-t>slablishment  by  travel  and  n  soj<u>rn  of  two  years 
 in  Euro)ie.  Kcturning  home  he  .simhi  ri'sunu'd  mini.s- 
 terial  work,  and  up  to  the  Spring  of  1«70  was  the 
 wry  acceptable  and  usi-fnl  jKuxtiir  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Churchesof  Lyons  and  llr<H-k|H>rt,  X.  Y.  In  the  year 
 H71  he  was  called  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 WilliamsiK)rt,  Pa.,  his  present  charge. 
 
BBOWX. 
 
 105 
 
 £Jio  irx. 
 
 The  Rabhath  services  of  Jlr.  Brown  are  eminently 
 instructive,  and  he  has  tlie  pi5wer,  in  no  ordinarj- 
 degree,  of  interesting  his  hearers  in  the  sulyects  he 
 preaches  npon.  He  is,  moreover,  a  most  faithful 
 pastor.  Burdened  \vith  the  calamity  of  deafness,  it 
 is  surprising  to  his  Iriends  and  people  how  he  can 
 accomplish  the  amount  of  ser\nce  he  so  regularly 
 renders.  He  has  ever  been  a  hard  student,  and  his 
 preparations  for  the  pulpit  are  carefully  and  labori- 
 ously made.  His  love  of  books  in  th''  line  of 
 his  profession  almost  amounts  to  a  pa.ssion.  In  the 
 delivery  of  his  sermons  he  is  animat<'d.  His  Tvell 
 furnished  mind,  his  excellence  as  a  preacher,  his 
 kindness  of  heart,  his  e\idont  anxiety  to  do  good,  his 
 sense  of  the  great  responsibility  resting  upon  him  as  a 
 shepherd  over  those  whom  the  Miister  has  committed 
 to  his  care  and  oversight,  and  his  cea-seless  devotion 
 to  his  work,  not  only  make  him  a  useful  servant  of 
 Christ,  but  endear  him  greatly  to  the  hearts  of  his 
 people. 
 
 BroTVii,  Rev.  Hugh  Arbuthnot,  was  born  in 
 1819,  in  St.  Clairs\-ille,  Ohio;  was  educated  at  JclTer- 
 son  College,  Pa.,  from  which  he  was  graduated,  with 
 the  first  honors  of  his  cla.ss,  in  18 10;  studied  theologj- 
 at  the  Theological  Seminary,  Princeton,  where  he 
 graduated  in  1843;  went  as  a  missionary  to  China, 
 under  the  Presbyterian  Board,  where  he  remained  till 
 1849,  when  an  affection  of  the  eyes,  endangering  his 
 sight,  compelled  him  to  return.  He  organized  and 
 ministered  to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Rock- 
 ford,  111.;  removed  from  there  to  Mossingford,  Char- 
 lotte county,  Va.,  in  18.57,  where  he  still  is  the  faith- 
 ful and  efficient  pastor  of  Hcrmon  Church. 
 
 Bro-wn,  Isaac  V.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Plucka- 
 min,  Somerset  county,  N.  J  ,  November  4th,  1784. 
 He  graduated  at  Na.ssau  Hall;  studied  theology  under 
 Dr.  John  WoodhuU,  of  Freehold,  X.  J. ;  was  licen.sed 
 by  New  Brunswick  Pre,sb\-tery,  and  ordained  by  it  in 
 1807,  as  p:istor  of  the  church  at  LawTcnceville,  X.  J. 
 In  1810  he  established  the  LawTcnceville  Classical 
 and  Commercial  Boarding  School,  and  remained  at 
 the  head  of  it  until  1833,  when  he  removed  to  Mount 
 Holly,  X.  J.,  and  was  instrumental  in  organizing  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  now  in  e.xistence  there.  In 
 addition  he  preached  at  Plattsburg,  N.  J.,  and 
 org-anized  a  church  there.  The  remaining  years  of 
 his  life  wore  pas.sed  in  X'ew  Bruuswi<k,  Trenton,  and 
 other  places  in  the  vicinity,  preaching  as  occasion 
 required.  Dr.  Brown  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
 Amirican  Colonization  Society,  and  one  of  the 
 original  members  of  the  .American  Bible  Society.  He 
 died  Ai)ril  19th,  1861.  He  w:us  a  man  of  rare  talents 
 and  learning,  enterprising  and  public  spirited,  a 
 warm  friend,  a  liberal  and  zealoius  supporter  and 
 defender  of  whatever  he  felt  was  "  the  right."- 
 
 Brown,  James  CaldweU,  D.D.,  was  born  at 
 
 St.  Clairsville,  Ohio,   iu  October,  181.1;  graduated  at 
 
 .Tril'crson  College   with  honor,  and  stiuliid  theolog_v 
 
 .  two  years  in  the  Seminary  at  .Vllegheny,  Pa.,  also  one 
 
 year  at  the  Seminary  in  Columbia,  South  Carolina. 
 He  wa.s  licen.sed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Harmony,  S.  C, 
 18.3.'*.  In  the  fall  of  1S39  he  settled  in  Valparaiso, 
 Indiana,  then  a  village,  and  there  labored  with  ardent 
 zeal  and  remarkable  success.  Not  less  than  a  thou- 
 sand souls  there  and  in  the  country  round  acknowl- 
 edged him  as  their  spiritual  father.  Nejirly  every 
 Pre.sbyterian  church  within  a  circuit  of  thirty  miles 
 was  organized  by  him.  lie  was  known  to  ride  sixty 
 miles  to  preach  to  a  poor  Pre.sbyterian  widow  and 
 her  family,  in  a  destitute  neighborhood.  In  1860,  at 
 the  urgent  request  of  the  Directors  of  the  Theologi- 
 cal Seminary  at  Chicago,  he  became  General  Agent 
 of  that  institution,  but  the  national  troubles  blasted 
 all  prospects  of  raising  money,  and  after  a  few 
 months  of  fruitless  efforts  in  the  work,  he  accepted 
 an  invitation  to  St.  Louis,  to  supply  the  pulpit  of 
 Dr.  SIcPheeters'  church,  during  his  absence  for  his 
 health.  Here  he  labored  eight  months,  God  blessing 
 him  with  a  glorious  revival  and  the  devoted  love  of 
 that  people.  On  Dr.  McPhceters'  return  he  accepted 
 an  invitation  to  supi>ly  temporarily  the  puljiit  of 
 the  Presl)yt<^rian  Church  of  South  Bend,  Indiana. 
 There,  also,  a  bles.sed  revival  attended  his  labors.  He 
 i  died,  July  14th,  1862,  in  the  triumphs  of  the  faith 
 !  of  Jesus.  Dr.  Brown  was  a  devout  Cliristian  and 
 eminently  devoted  to  the  work  of  the  ministry.  He 
 ,  was  ' '  instant  in  sea.sou  and  out  of  sea.son, ' '  not  only 
 in  preaching  the  gospel  publicly  and  from  house  to 
 house,  but  in  demising  and  executing  schemes  for 
 advancing  the  interests  of  our  poor  humanity  in 
 every  way.  He  exhibited  an  endless  acti\'ity  in 
 doing  good,  and  .sought  to  make  his  whole  life  one 
 I  living  sermon. 
 
 Brown,  James  Moore,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  the 
 Valley  of  Virginia,  September  13th,  1799;  was  edu- 
 cated at  ■^Washington  College,  Va. ;  studied  theology 
 under  George  A.  Baxter,  D.  r>.,  and  was  licensed  by 
 Lexington  Presbytery,  April  '23d,  l-i-Jl.  In  August 
 following  he  visited  the  churches  of  Gerrardstown, 
 Tuscarora  and  Falling  Waters,  in  Berkely  county, 
 Va.,  and  September  30th,  1826,  was  installed  their 
 pa.stor.  Here  he  labored  like  an  apostle,  earnestly, 
 laithfully  and  successfully.  In  183.),  at  the  urgent 
 solicitation  of  the  Synods  of  Virginia  and  North 
 Carolina,  he  undertook  an  agency  for  the  cause  of 
 Missions,  and  removed  to  Prince  Edward  county,  Va., 
 as  a  more  central  location  for  his  work.  In  this  work 
 he  continued  two  years,  and  labored  with  untiring 
 industry  and  great  efficiency. 
 
 In  April,  1837,  he  received  a  call  to  the  Cliurch  of 
 Kanawha,  then  embracing  the  present  churches  of 
 Charle.stown  and  Kanawha  Salines,  Va.,  where,  for 
 twenty-five  years,  he  lalwred  with  success,  beloved 
 more  and  more  by  all  who  knew  him.  With  his 
 usual  energy-  and  activity  as  a  minist<'r  of  Christ,  he 
 extended  his  labors  through  all  the  surrounding  re- 
 gions, for  a  hundred  miles  or  more.  He  died  .Tune 
 7th,  1862.  and  his  final  .scene  w:us  one  of  triumph. 
 
nnuwx. 
 
 lOG 
 
 Dnuu'x. 
 
 Dr.  Brown  was  held  in  rory  high  regard  as  a  man, 
 a  citizen,  ami  a  iVicntl.  He  was  eminently  a  wise 
 man,  and  a  wise  omusollor  in  the  Cliureli.  For 
 thirty  years,  at  leiist,  he  stooil  forth  eminent  :us  a 
 wisi-  man  in  the  Synod.  He  was  eminently  u  man 
 of  JK'aee  whenever  it  w:ls  lH)Ssil)le  to  live  iKMcealjly 
 with  all  men  wilhont  eompromise  of  the  Truth  as  it 
 is  in  Jesus.  His  judgment  wxs  Almost  unerring, 
 and  this  not  only  because  of  his  finely  baluncud  intel- 
 lectual powers,  hut  aliove  all,  jK'cau.se  he  seemed  ever 
 to  he  a  man  without  the  piussions  of  other  men.  As 
 a  preacher  lie  w:i.s  soliil  and  earnest.  He  pre- 
 sented the  great  iK>iiits  of  the  gosjiel  without  mere- 
 tricious ornament,  hut  with  linusuij  clearness,  (Hiiut, 
 and  vigor.  "Of  all  the  iireaehers  we  have  ever 
 known,"  siid  the  Kev.  Stuart  Kohinson,  n.  D.,  "Dr. 
 Brown  might  apply  to  himself  the  language  of  Paul : 
 '  I  determined  to  known  nothing  among  you  save 
 Jesus  Christ  and  Him  crucified.'  " 
 
 Brown,  Rev.  John,  was  Inirn  in  Inland;  gradu- 
 ated at  Nas.s;iu  Hall  in  17-19;  w;us  liceiisi-d  hy  Xew 
 Castle  Pre-shytery,  and  Wius  sent  to  the  Valley  of 
 Virginia.  In  August,  1T.">:!,  he  was  called  to  Timber 
 Eidge  and  Providence.  He  w:ls  ordained  at  I'agg's 
 Manor,  October  llth,  IToS.  Mr.  Davies  s])eaks  of 
 him,  in  1751,  a-s  a  youth  of  })iety,  prudence,  and 
 zeal.  It  was  under  a  sermon  jireached  byMr.  lirown, 
 from  I'.salm  vii,  12,  that  the  Kev.  Dr.  JlcWhorter, 
 in  early  youth,  Wius  imprc.s.sed  and  led  to  the  Saviour. 
 He  resigned  the  charge  of  Timber  liidge  in  177ti,  and 
 removed,  in  17!I7,  to  Kentucky.  He  died  in  1803, 
 agid  scvinty-five. 
 
 Brown,  John  A.,  Merchant  and  Banker,  wa.s 
 born  at  Ballymena,  County  Antrim,  Ireland,  May 
 21st,  1788.  His  father,  Alexander  Brown,  a  gentle- 
 man of  good  family  and  large  fortune,  left  Ireland  in 
 con.se<|nence  of  the  political  agitation,  came  to  this 
 country,  and  established  himself  at  Baltimore,  about 
 the  opening  of  the  present  eentury.  The  son,  after 
 comjileting  his  eduaition,  and  sjMiiding  .some  time  in 
 his  father's  eounting-house,  in  1^18  settled  in  Phila- 
 delphia, and  eng.iged  in  business  as  an  importing, 
 jobbing  anil  general  commi.ssion/nierchaiit,  grailually 
 Iwcoming  al.so  a  banker.  He  soon  atUiined  a  leading 
 position  in  the  business  community,  and  w;>a  elected 
 a  Director  of  the  old  United  States  Bank,  under  the 
 presidency  of  Nichohui  Biddle.  In  18:!8  he  retired 
 from  active  business  ])ursuil.s,  but  still  continued,  as 
 long  as  his  health  would  ]H-nnit,  to  take  an  influ- 
 ential part  ill  the  iiianagemciit  of  many  public  insti- 
 tutions. He  had  served  as  a  Director  of  the  Phila- 
 delphia Saving  Fund  Society  from  1''27,  in  which 
 position  he  still  coiitiniic<l,  his  name  for  many  years 
 heading  the  Ji.st;  and  mainly  through  his  inlhience 
 the  liand.simie  and  Hu1>stnntial  building  at  Seventh 
 and  Walnut  strect.s,  in  which  its  business  is  now 
 eondiicli'd,  WiW  erected. 
 
 Mr.  Brown  w:w  always  active  in  religious  and 
 bemvolciit  enterpri.ses.     Ho  acted  for  many  years  as 
 
 President  of  the  American  Sunday-school  Union  and 
 of  the  Philadelphia  Sabbath  .\ssociation;  served  as  a 
 manager  of  the  Blind  Asylum;  Wiis  chiefly  instru- 
 mental, in  connection  with  Henry  Baldwin,  in  found- 
 ing the  Calvary  I'resbyterian  Church  (of  which  he 
 wiLS  a  memlier),  one  of  the  largest  and  most  U-sefuI  in 
 the  city,  contributing,  also,  the  ground  and  a  large 
 share  of  the  money  for  the  ch:ipel,  and,  finally, 
 crownied  a  long  career  of  u.sefulnes3  and  iK-ncvolence 
 by  donating  thn-e  hundred  thousand  dollars  to  the 
 Presbyterian  lIo.spit;iI,  which  was  founded  in  West 
 Philadelphia,  in  1871.  Mr.  Brown  died  in  Phila- 
 delphia, December  ."Jlst.  1872,  leaving  an  only  son, 
 Alexander  Brown,  of  that  city.  His  generous  <hari- 
 ties  while  living  were  supplemented  by  large  lK><jiiests 
 
 JOHN  A.   HROWX. 
 
 to  nnmeiiius  public  institutions  by  the  provisions  of 
 his  will.  He  wjw  very  highly  esteemed  in  the  city 
 of  his  residence,  for  his  integrity,  public  spirit  and 
 Christian  consistency,  and  has  left,  the  rei-ord  of  an 
 untarnished  name  and  an  eminently  useful  life. 
 
 Brown,  Rov.  Joseph,  was  a  -son  of  the  Rev 
 Siimuel  Brown  and  Mary  (MiMire)  Brown,  the  latter 
 of  whom,  in  early  life,  was  the  captive  anumg  the 
 Indians  whose  hist4>ry  is  given  in  the  volume 
 entitled,  "The  Captives  of  .Vbb's  Valley,"  and  was 
 liorn  in  Koekbridge  eouiity,  Va.,  SeptemlxT  21th, 
 18(J9.  He  gntduated  at  Washington  Colleg«",  Va.,  in 
 18:10;  8])ent  two  years  in  teaching,  and  gTaduat4Kl  at 
 Princeton  Seminary,  in  18;j,'>.  He  w;us  lii-en.s«-d  by 
 I^'xiiigton  Presbytery,  tK-tolior  17th,  IKtl;  .iee»-pted, 
 S<'pteinlM-r  71h,  H:r7.  calls  from  the  two  cliiirehi's  of 
 Spring  Creek  ami  Oak  finive,  and  was  sinm  al^er 
 installed  as  their  ]iastor.      Here  he  lalmrecl  faithfully 
 
BROWX. 
 
 107 
 
 BROWN. 
 
 and  successfully  until  the  pastoral  relation  w;ls  dis- 
 solved, (Jctober  «tli,  1847.  This  was  his  first  and 
 only  i)ast<)rate.  From  this  time  to  the  end  of  liis 
 life  his  ministerial  lal)ors  were  of  a  missionary  char- 
 acter, usually  in  frontier  settlements  and  anion-;  the 
 ccdored  population.  He  spent  six  years  in  preaching 
 to  the  colored  people  in  the  SUite  of  Mis.si.ssippi. 
 For  a  large  portion  of  his  time  he  connected  teach- 
 ing with  his  preaching  labors.  During  a  residence 
 in  Florida,  at  Clear  Water  Harbor,  he  gradually 
 gathered,  and  watched  over  and  supplied  the 
 Andrews  Memorial  Church.  He  died,  February  14th, 
 1880.  Mr.  Brown,  from  his  childhood,  w;us  godly, 
 devout,  spiritually-minded,  self-sacrificing,  ever  anx- 
 ious to  benefit  those  around  him.  He  was  clear 
 in  his  convictions,  sound  in  the  faith,  a  thorough- 
 going Presbj'terian,  candid,  open-hearted,  amiable, 
 affectionate,  generous,  industrious,  energetic,  beloved 
 by  all  who  knew  him. 
 
 BrO'WTl,  Col.  Joseph  C,  was  a  man  of  rare 
 virtues  and  impressive  cliaracter.  He  was  born  in 
 Virginia,  in  1784.  Having  removed  to  Jlissouri  in 
 1818,  Ijefore  its  incorporation  as  a  State,  he  (juickly 
 rose  to  prominence  in  its  atTairs,  as  an  oflicer  of  the 
 General  Government.  In  18-J2  lie  made  a  public  con- 
 fession of  Christ  and  united  with  the  Fir.st  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  St.  Louis.  He  was  elected  ruling  elder  in 
 that  church  in  the  year  1830,  in  which  capacity  he 
 served  until  184'2,  when  he  became  a  member  of 
 Maline  Creek  Church,  near  the  city  of  St.  Louis.  No 
 fitter  tribute  to  his  iiienKiry  can  lie  written  than  to 
 say  that  his  entire  life,  from  the  day  of  his  espou-sal 
 to  Christ,  was  characterized  by  unswerving  devotion 
 to  duty,  guided  by  an  intelligent  piety  and  tlie  most 
 scrupulous  fidelity  to  every  trust.  Though  his  lot 
 was  cast  amid  the  lawlessness  which  belonged  to 
 adventurous  frontier  life,  he  was  constant  in  defence 
 of  the  right,  and  wielded  a  most  wholesome  influence 
 for  the  maintenance  of  law  and  order.  His  face 
 was  resolutely  set  against  the  violation  of  law  in 
 every  form,  and  the  community  in  which  he.  lived 
 >vas  indebted  to  no  man  more  tliaii  to  him  lor  the 
 jireservation  of  peace.  The  Christian  character  of 
 Col.  Brown  took  the  mold  of  his  natural  disposition. 
 He  was  resolute,  courageous,  conscientious  and  dis- 
 creet. There  has  been  preserved,  in  evidence  of  his 
 decided  piety,  a  private  covenant,  drawn  by  his  own 
 hand,  as  an  expression  of  his  sense  of  obligation  and 
 his  jiurpose  wholly  to  consecrate  himself  and  all  his 
 pos.sc.ssioiis  to  the  glory  of  the  Ivedeemer. 
 
 Bro'wm,  Matthe-w,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was  descended 
 from  respectable  and  pious  ancestors.  His  paternal 
 grandfather,  a  native  of  Ireland,  but  of  Scottish  ex- 
 traction, came  to  this  country  about  the  year  1720, 
 settled  in  Pennsylvania,  and  at  his  death  left  five  sons, 
 all  distinguished  as  devout  and  e.xemiilary  Christians. 
 His  son  Matthew,  the  father  of  the  subject  of  this 
 m/tice,  was  Ixirn  in  17;i-2.  resided  some  years  in  the 
 vicinitv   of  CarlisU-,  Pa.:    thence   removed   to   Wliile 
 
 Deer  Valley,  Xorthumberland  county,  of  which  he 
 was  one  of  the  early  settlers.  He  was  a  ruling  eliler 
 in  the  Reformed  l're,sbyt<Tian  Cliurch,  and  is  reported 
 to  have  lieen  a  man  of  decided  talents,  and  to  have 
 been  somewhat  famous  for  his  wit.  He  took  an  ac- 
 tive part  in  the  early  stages  of  the  Revolutionary 
 struggle,  and,  while  thus  engaged,  died  of  a  fever,  in 
 1778,  at  the  age  of  forty-six. 
 
 Matthew,  his  youngest  son,  was  born  in  tlic  year 
 1776,  two  years  before  his  father's  death.  He  was 
 adopted  in  his  infancy  by  his  uncle,  William  Brown, 
 who  for  many  years  was  well  known,  and  exerted 
 an  extensive  inlluence  on  both  tlie  political  and 
 religious  world.  Tliis  uncle  resided  in  Dauphin 
 county,  near  Harrislnirg,  and  it  was  at  a  school  in 
 that  neighborhood  tliat  young  Matthew  was  fitted  to 
 enter  college.  In  due  time  he  became  a  member  of 
 Dickinson  College,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  where  he  was  gradu- 
 ated in  May,  1704,  during  the  Presidency  of  Dr. 
 Nisbet,  for  whom  he  always  entertained  the  highest 
 regard.  After  his  graduati<in  he  taught,  lor  some 
 time,  a  cla.ssical  school,  in  Northumberland  county, 
 where  he  beaime  intimately  aci|uaint<d  with  Dr. 
 James  Priestly,  and  other  distinguished  men  of  that 
 region.  He  commenced  his  theologic;il  studies 
 about  the  year  1796,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by 
 Carlisle  Presbytery,  October  3d,  1799. 
 
 Two  years  after  he  was  licen.sed  he  accepted  a  call 
 from  the  united  congregations  of  MitHiii  and  Lost 
 Creek,  within  the  bounds  of  Huntingdon  Prcsliytery, 
 and,  October  6th,  1^01,  he  transferred  his  relation  to 
 that  Presbyter}',  and  in  due  time  was  ordained  and 
 installed  as  pastor  of  these  churches.  Here  he 
 labored  a  few  years,  but  receiving  an  invit;ition  from 
 the  Church  in  Washington,  Pa.,  to  become  their 
 pastor,  and  by  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Washington 
 Academy  to  become  its  Principal,  he  accepted  these 
 invitations,  and  removed  there  in  the  Spring  of  180.5. 
 During  the  Spring  of  l-!06  the  Academy  of  which  he 
 was  Principal  became  mergi-d  in  Washington  College, 
 a  charter  for  that  purpose  having  lieeii  jirocured,  and 
 very  much  through  his  inlluence,  from  the  Legi.sla- 
 ture  of  Pennsylvania.  Of  the  new  college,  Mr.  Brown 
 was  elected  the  first  President,  December  13th,  1806, 
 still  retaining  his  pastoral  connection  with  the  congre- 
 gation. For  the  discharge  of  his  double  duties  as 
 pastor  and  president,  his  time  was  most  diligently 
 employed,  and  his  (acuities  tasked  to  the  utmost.  In 
 1816.  however,  he  resigned  tlie  Presidency  of  the  Col- 
 lege, preferring  to  give  his  whole  time  to  the  pastoral 
 charge  of  his  church. 
 
 He  was  oft'ered  the  Presidency  of  Centre  College, 
 Danville,  Ky.,  but  declined  it.  He,  however,  in  1822, 
 accepted  the  Presidency  of  .letferson  College,  Canons- 
 burg,  Pa.,  and  continued  to  hold  the  office  twenty- 
 three  yea,rs,  and  during  his  whole  administration  the 
 college  was  eminently  ]iiosperous.  For  several  years 
 after  his  removal  to  Caiionsliurg,  he  preached  a  jiart 
 of  ea<li  Sabbath,  in  conjunction  with  tlie  Rev.  Dr.  .1. 
 
BBOWS. 
 
 108 
 
 BROWS. 
 
 Mc>rill;>n.  at  f'hartiers.  After  some  time  a  separate 
 orpiiiiuitioii  \v;L-i  ifli'i'ted  in  the  town  of  CiinoiLsbiirK, 
 in  conncetion  witli  the  eolK'^e,  and  Dr.  Hrown  lieeanie 
 their  ri';;iihir  jiastnr.  anil  eontinued  to  s«Tve  them  in 
 that  cajKieity  until  lie  re.si<;ne<l  the  Presidency  ol"  the 
 college,  when  the  pastoral  relation  ceased. 
 
 In  \'icw  of  the  incipient  decay  of  his  physical  en- 
 ergies, from  overtasking  his  coastitution  with  too 
 nuuh  latxjr,  Dr.  Brown,  in  the  year  1h4.^,  tendered 
 his  resignation,  as  President  of  the  colh-ge,  to  the 
 Board  of  Trustees,  uuil,  in  accepting  it,  they  ]KLs.seil 
 resolutioiLs  testifying  their  high  appreciation  of  his 
 character  and  services,  and  at  the  sjinie  time  conferred 
 upon  him  the  degree  of  Dmtor  of  Laws,  the  College 
 of  New  Jersey  having,  in  l'<'i;5,  conferred  the  degree 
 of  Doctor  of  Divinity  ujion  him.  After  his  release- 
 mcnt  from  tlie  college,  ^e  gladly  availed  liim.self  of 
 every  ojjportunity  for  preaching  the  gospel.  This 
 wiis  the  work  in  which  he  csiR-cially  delighted.  He 
 died  at  the  residence  of  his  son-in-law,  IJev.  Dr. 
 Kidille,  at  Pitt.sl>urg,  Pa.,  .July  'i'Mh.  \'<V.i.  and  was 
 buried  at  Washington,  Pa.,  amid  every  ilcmoustration 
 of  consideration  ami  risp<<t. 
 
 Dr.  ]5rawn  ])ublislicd  a  Memoir  of  the  Kev.  Obadiah 
 Jennings,  D.D. ;  also  numerous  sermons  and  addre.s.ses. 
 ]lis  mind  w;»s  of  a  high  order,  and  was  specially 
 adapted  to  abstract,  metaphysical  in<iuiries.  He  ]xxs- 
 sessed  great  moral  courage,  and  w:ls  distinguished 
 for  his  benevolence;  delighting  in  doing  gixxl,  and 
 in  making  everyl)ody  happy,  to  the  extent  of  his 
 aViility.  He  wxs  one  of  the  most  clfective  preachers 
 in  the  part  of  the  country  in  which  he  resided. 
 He  was  a  man  of  truly  liljcnil  views  and  feelings, 
 and  made  a  deep  and  during  mark  upon  his  genera- 
 tion. 
 
 Brown,  Qen.  Robert  S.,  now  an  ehhT  in  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  is  of 
 i^kwtch-lri.sh  des<'i'nt,  and  was  lH)rn  in  the  old  "Set* 
 tlement,"  located  in  the  central  jiart  of  N'orthampton 
 county.  Pa.  He  is  tlic  only  son  of  William  lirown, 
 E.s(|.,  who  was  a  graduate  of  Dickinson  t'ollege,  and 
 a  mi'inbcr  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  I'cnn- 
 s,vlvania,  in  IKIT.  He  is  the  gnmd.son  of  Gen.  Rob- 
 ert Hrown,  who  commanded  a  compiiny  frrtm  the 
 ".Settlement "  during  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  who 
 iM-came  so  jKipular  that,  at  its  close,  be  was  made 
 Major-(ieneral.  commaiKlin:  tlic  militia  of  the  east- 
 ern district  ol'  Pennsylvania,  and,  for  twenty  years, 
 lu'ld  a  si*at  in  Congress. 
 
 Ceneral  lirown  (the  subject  of  this  sketch)  was 
 carefully  nurlnnil  by  Christian  ixirents.  who  set  a 
 high  value  u|M>n  riligions  training  at  home,  and 
 who  |MTs<mally  instructed  him  fnnn  tin-  Uible  and 
 the  Shorter  Catechism.  Having  jiursued  his  studii-s 
 at  the  old  academy  in  thi'  "Settlement,"  and  at  IC:Lston 
 and  Na»irelb.  he  conipleleil  his  e<lucati<m  in  the 
 higher  branches  at  Uitit/..  Pa. 
 
 I'.y  profession  he  is  a  lawyer,  but  .some  years  ago 
 retired    from    i>ractice,  ami    is    now  resiiiing  on    his 
 
 handsome  farm  properties,  a)M>ut  two  miles  from 
 Helhlehem,  on  the  main  road  to  Easton,  and  in  the 
 fertile  limestone  belt  that  stretches  from  the  Dela- 
 ware, southward,  to  the  ShenandfKdi. 
 
 In  early  manhiKul  he  entered  the  ranks  of  the 
 State  militia,  and  rose  from  one  position  to  another 
 until  he  was  made  M^jor  tieneral  of  the  Seventh 
 Division. 
 
 From  ^i*&i  to  1871  he  represented  the  counties  of 
 N'orthampton  and  Lehigh  in  the  State  .Senate,  where 
 his  lionorable  <'ours«>,  his  strict  honesty  and  integrity, 
 won  for  him  the  esteem  an<l  confidence  of  meml>ers 
 of  both  jKirties. 
 
 He  was  elected  an  elder  in  the  Presliyterian 
 Church  of  .South  Bethlehem,  Pa.,  in  1-7:!,  and 
 retained  this  positi(m  until  the  organization  of  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Bethlehem,  November 
 14th,  l^"."!,  of  which  movement  he  was  one  of  tlu' 
 leaders.  He  was  thi'U  elected  an  elder  of  the  new 
 organiziition,  which  jxjsition  he  now  holds.  He  luus 
 fre<iucntly  re]>re.scnted  his  church  in  Presbytery  and 
 in  l^ynod,  and  was  a  memlH-r  of  the  General  Assem- 
 bly wliiili  met  in  St.  Louis  in  1871. 
 
 BrO'Wn.Rev.  Samuel,  was,  on  the  father's  side, 
 of  English  e.Ktniction,  on  the  mother's  side,  of  Scotch. 
 He  was  lH)rn  in  Bedford  county,  Va.,  NovemlK-r  Hth, 
 17(i(i.  At  a  very  ejirly  jK-ricKl  he  di.scoveri-d  a  tlecid- 
 edly  intellectual  taste.  Alwut  the  year  l^-ti  he 
 taught  a  common  English  school.  In  1788  he  In^'amo 
 connected  with  the  Grammar  .school  of  the  Rev. 
 .lames  Mit<hell.  in  his  native  county.  In  17!Ht  he 
 resided  at  Liberty,  with  his  brother-in-law,  where  he 
 prosecnt<(i  his  studies,  more  or  le.s.s,  for  two  years. 
 Alter  this  he  was  a  ptipil  at  the  New  London  Arad- 
 emy,  and  finally  complcteil  his  studies  at  Washing- 
 ton College,  lA'.\ington,  known  at  that  time  by  the 
 name  of  Libert.v  Hall.     -He  was  licensed  to  j>n-ach 
 
 I  by  the  West  Hanover  Presbytery,  April  .5th,  l_7!t:i, 
 and  after  luing  employed,  uniler  the  direction  of  a 
 Comnii.ssiiin  of  Synml,  as  a  missionary  in  IC;i.slem 
 Virginia,  until  April,  17!l(),  he  rweived  a  call  to  the 
 Church  at  New  Providence.     This  call  was  put  into 
 
 I  his   hands  on  the  5th  of  June,  shortly  after  which 
 
 I  his  installation  took  plitce.  Here  he  remaim-d,  a 
 faithful   and  z<'alons  minister,  during  the  residue  of 
 
 '  his  life.  He  died  in  t).t<.l»r,  Isls,  Though  Mr. 
 Brown  never  etyoyeil  tlie  highest  advantages  of  I'arly 
 and  thorough  mental  tniiuing,  yi  t  he  rose  to  an 
 emineni'e  as  a  preaiher.  little  if  at  all  inferior  to  the 
 Iwst  educated  ministers  of  Virginia.  In  his  family 
 he  was  an  I'xample  of  intelligent  and  consistent 
 piety.  All  his  brethroa  ackuowledgi-d  his  pre- 
 eminent native. talents,  and  loved  him  for  his  ex- 
 alted character  as  a  Christian  and  a  minister.  When 
 it  was  proposed  in  .Sjniod  that  Dr.  Sjiet-i-e  .should  he 
 ap|Miinleil  to  priiK'b  his  funcr:il  K<'rmon.  he  ros<>,  and 
 in  his  brief  and  di-cisive  manner  .slid,  "  1  am  not 
 worthy  to  prejjch  the  funend  sermon  i>(  such  a  man 
 as  Siunuel   Brown." 
 
BROll'.Y. 
 
 109 
 
 Ill-nu:\. 
 
 Bro'WTi,  Samuel  T.,  was  born  March  aist,  1827, 
 of  Scotcb-Irish  parentage.  By  the  death  ofhis  lather  he 
 was,  early  in  lU'e,  thrown  upon  his  own  resources,  and 
 this  circumstance  develoix'd  in  him  sterling  and  sell- 
 ri-liant characteristics  which  streiif^luned  as  he  grew 
 to  manhood.  Ha^^ng  removed  to  Huntingdon,  Pa., 
 about  1849,  be  was  admitted  to  the  l>ar  at  that  place, 
 in  .Vpril,  ls.V>.  In  18.')4  be  was  as.si)ciate(l  with  the 
 lion.  John  .'^cott  in  the  practice  of" his  profession.  In 
 ls.")7  be  was  elected  an  elder  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Huntingdon,  and  has  ever  since  held  that 
 position,  discharging  its  duties  with  fidelity,  and 
 representing  his  Church  frequently  in  Presbyterj-, 
 Synod,  and  General  Assembly.  In  1869  he  served  as 
 a  member  of  the  Pennsylvania  Legislature.  Mr. 
 Browni  is  distinguished,  as  a  lawyer,  for  his  wide  and 
 accurate  knowledge  t)f  the  law,  a  good  advocate,  and 
 a  safe  counsellor.  He  is  a  man  of  stern,  unwavering 
 principles,  but,  at  the  Siime  time,  generous,  consider- 
 ate, and  at  all  times  commanding  the  entire  respect, 
 confidence,  and  good-will  ofhis  fellow-men.  He  is  a 
 successful  lawyer,  a  good,  substantial  citizen,  and 
 above  all,  an  earne.'^t  and  sincere  Christian. 
 
 Bro-wm,  Rev.  "William,  D.  D.,  is  a  .son  of  Eev. 
 Samuel  Brown,  of  New  Providence  Church,  Kockbridge 
 county,  Va.,  and  Jlary  Jloore,  whose  eventful  history 
 is  widely  known  through  the  little  volume  of  the 
 I'resliyterian  Board  of  Publication,  "The  Captives 
 of  Abb's  Valley."  He  is  the  youngest  of  four  sons 
 who  became  ministers  in  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
 of  whom  three  have  "entered  interest." 
 
 He  was  born  September  11th,  lisil;  was  nccived 
 into  full  communion  in  the  church  of  which  his  father 
 was  p;istor,  when  ten  years  of  age;  was  giaduated  at 
 Washington  College  (now  Washington  and  Lee  Uni- 
 versity), Lexington,  Va.,  in  1830;  entered  Princeton 
 Theological  Seminary  in  18:J2,  and  after  .si>ending 
 three  years  there,  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel, 
 in  September,  1835,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Le.\ington, 
 Va.  He  then  spent  several  months  at  Union  Semi- 
 nary, Prince  Edward  county,  Va.,  when,  having  re- 
 ceived a  call  to  the  pastorate  of  Augusta  Church,  one 
 of  the  oldest  churches  in  the  Valhy  of  Virginia,  be 
 was  ordained  and  installed  pa.stor  of  the  same  in  Oc- 
 t(ib<'r,  l>':Wi.  In  this,  bis  first  and  only  pastoral  cluirge, 
 lie  remained  for  twenty-ibur  years,  preaching  the  gos- 
 pil  with  gieat  acceptance,  the  Lord  blessing  his  labors 
 to  the  edification  of  the  Church. 
 
 At  the  call  ofhis  brethren  of  the  Synod  of  Virginia, 
 and  ivith  the  advice  of  his  Presbytery,  in  November, 
 l^*(iO,  he  removed  to  Richmond,  Va.,  and  took  charge 
 of  The  Central  Presbi/teritiii.  For  a  i)eriod  of  nineteen 
 years,  covering  a  sea.son  of  great  agitation  and  trouble, 
 both  in  Church  and  State,  Dr.  Brown  edited  that 
 pai)er  with  great  ability,  and  in  such  a  way  as  to 
 retain  to  the  last  the  full  confidence  of  his  brethren. 
 In  1 S79,  on  account  of  a  serious  failure  of  vision,  he 
 rejimiuisbed  his  editorial  labors,  and  for  some  time 
 resided  in  Fredericksburg.  Va..  doing  missionary  work  ! 
 
 as  he  had  opportunity,  but  without  any  regular 
 ministerial  eng-agement.  He  is  at  present  in  Florida. 
 In  his  conduct  of  his  paper,  in  the  meetings  of  his 
 Synod,  from  which  he  was  never  absent  during  a 
 ministry  of  nearly  half  a  centurj-,  and  of  the  General 
 Assembly,  of  which  he  was  several  times  a  member. 
 Dr.  Brown  was  always  listened  to  with  marked  atten- 
 tion, and  pursued  such  a  course  as  to  secure  and 
 retjiin  the  confidence  of  bis  brethren.  This  confi- 
 dence the  SjTiod  manife.st<'d  by  continuing  him  a 
 Director  of  Union  Theological  Seminary  for  thirty 
 years,  and  the  General  Assembly  by  continuing  him 
 their  Permanent  Clerk  since  186.5.  A  man  of  remark- 
 able singleness  of  purpose,  a  clear  bead  and  sound 
 judgment,  Dr.  Brown's  influence  in  shaping  the 
 course  of  the  Southern  Presbyterian  Church  has  been 
 widely  felt,  and  will  continue  to  be  felt  for  many 
 
 WILLIAM    BROW.V,  D.  H. 
 
 years  to  come.  In  1883  Dr.  Browni  was  one  of  the 
 delegates  from  the  Southern  Assembly  to  the  General 
 Assembly  which  met  at  Saratoga,  N.  Y. 
 
 Brown,  Rev.  "William,  Biays,  was  born  in 
 the  city  of  Philadelphia,  of  Presbyterian  and  Scotch- 
 Irish  ancestry,  November  17th,  1818.  He  gra<luated 
 at  Jetferson  College,  Pa.,  in  1847,  and  studied  the- 
 ologj-  at  Union  Seminary,  Va.  He  first  settled  as 
 pastor  at  Hillsboro,  N.  C,  in  18r)().  In  18.51-.5  he 
 was  I'rincipal  of  Augusta  Female  Seminary.  He  Wixs 
 Professor  of  Latin  and  Belles  Lettres  in  Transylvania 
 University,  Lexington,  Ky.,  for  one  year.  He  tiiugbt 
 school  in  Kentucky,  and  while  thus  engaged  supplied 
 v;irious  churches  until  the  close  of  H63.  He  was 
 pastor  of  the  Second  Church  of  Wabash,  Ind.,  until 
 
BBonw. 
 
 110 
 
 BRVso.y. 
 
 1869,  and  snpplicd  the  Church  at  Btl  Air,  Md..  for 
 two  y«irs.  In  St'pti-mbtT,  1871,  he  was  ap|M>iiitc(l  by 
 Westminster  Pri-slntery  to  supply  the  churches  of 
 Donegal  and  Mount  Joy.  Sir.  Brown  Ls  an  able 
 preacher,  a  pood  jja-stor,  and  faithful  to  his  high  call- 
 ing as  a  niini.ster  of  the  gospel. 
 
 Brovm,  Williain  Young,  D.D.,  i.s  a  native  of 
 Ohio,  the  lifth  son  of  the  late  William  and  Mary  M. 
 Brown,  of  .\ilior.  Columbiana  e^mnty.  He  was  lK»m 
 July  2-2d,  1--27;  graduated  at  Jefferson  College  in 
 l^."",  at  Princeton  Tlieological  .'seminary  in  l-"."):).  and 
 was  ordained  by  the  I*resbj-tery  of  New  I.islion,  June 
 l.ith,  li?o3.  He  was  pastor  at  Xew  Lislwn,  O., 
 ia>}-fi:  stated  supply  of  Seventh  Street  Church, 
 Washington,  D.C..  1863-4;  pastor «Iect,  Buffalo,  Pa., 
 186.V-G:  pastor  at  Perrysville,  l«66-7(t:  pastor  elect 
 of  the  First  Church.  Denver.  Col.,  1-7(1.  and  p;istor, 
 187"2-3.  He  has  In-en  eminently  .successful  as  a  min- 
 ister of  the  gosiH'l  and  an  educator  of  youth.  He  is  an 
 able  ecclesiastical  lawyer,  a  goo<l  preacher  and  pastor, 
 and  is  very  active  in  promoting  the  cause  of  Temper- 
 ance. During  the  last  nine  years  he  has  been  the 
 efficient  pa-stor  of  the  First  Presbj-terian  Church  of 
 the  borough  of  I>arby,  Pa. 
 
 Bro'WTison,  James  I.,  D.  D.,  was  Iwm  at 
 Mercersburg.  Pa..  March  14th,  1"*17.      He  graduated 
 
 JAMn  I.  BROVXSOV,  D.  P. 
 
 at  Washington  College,  Pennsylvania,  in  1'<JG,  and 
 after  a  year  spent  in  the  Bucks  County  .Vcadeniy,  at 
 Newtown.  I'a.,  as  a  teailier  of  the  .\ncient  I^inguages 
 and  Mathematics,  he  entere<l  the  Wewtem  Thi-ological 
 Seminarj'.  .\lter  his  lic-ensur»-  to  prea<'h,  in  1"4U,  by 
 the   I'ri-sbjtcry  of  Carlisle,   he   was   iiLstalled  as   tlii' 
 
 pastor  of  the  united  congregations  of  Grecnsbnrg  and 
 Moiut  Pleas:mt.  Pa.,  in  the  IVesbytery  of  Red-stone. 
 In  this  field  he  lalM)rcd,  with  gr«»t  aeeeptableness 
 and  success,  for  eight  years.  On  the  first  >Ionday  of 
 December.  1848,  a  csill  was  made  out  by  the  I'resbyte- 
 rian  Churth  of  Washington,  I'a.,  for  Dr.  Brownson's 
 services  as  its  pastor,  and  in  that  imp<jrtimt  cluirgi-  he 
 has  e^•er  since  continued,  much  Ixluved  by  his  p<s)ple, 
 and  greatly  pmsjK-red  in  his  ministry.  From  those 
 adde<l  to  the  church  during  his  pastorate,  forty-fotu: 
 have  entered  the  ministrj". 
 
 Dr.  Brownson  acted  as  President  of  Washington 
 College,  pro  tern.,  for  the  greater  part  of  two  years, 
 and,  after  the  consolidation  of  the  two  colleges  of 
 Washington  and  Jefferson,  he  again  served  in  the 
 same  cap.acity  one  year,  in  both  i-;tses  satLstiictorily 
 discharging  the  duties  of  the  position.  In  1-C>9  he 
 was  Moderator  of  the  ."svnoil  of  Whitling,  and  in  l-Tl 
 of  the  reconstructed  Synod  of  Pittsburg.  In  1-71  he 
 represented  Penn.sylvania  in  the  Board  of  Visitors  for 
 the  examination  of  the  cadets  at  the  United  States 
 Naval  School  at  Annapolis,  Md.  In  .September,  1880, 
 he  was  a  member  of  the  Second  General  Council  of  the 
 Presbvterian  Alliance,  at  Philadelphia.  Dr.  Brown-son 
 is  of  a  genial  disposition,  and  happily  unites  suavity 
 and  dignity  of  manner.  His  scholarly  attainments 
 are  of  a  high  order.  As  the  published  productions 
 of  his  pen  show,  he  is  a  clear,  logical  and  cogent 
 writer.  He  is  an  instructive,  forcible  and  inij)n-ssive 
 preacher,  a  faithlul  jxistor,  and  in  the  Church  courts 
 wields  a  .strong  intlncnce. 
 
 "  Bruen,  Rev.  Edward  Bald'win,  was  bom  at 
 Newark.  N.  J.,  July  17th.  1--2:!;  gr.idimttHl  at  the 
 University  of  PeniLsylvania  in  l-^l'i,  and  stndie<l 
 theologj-  in  Union  ."seminar^-.  New  York  city,  and  at 
 Princeton  ."seminary.  He  wasordainetl  by  the  Fourth 
 Presbj-tery  of  Philadelphia.  June  i'lth,  184'*.  He 
 was  stated  supply  of  the  First  Chun-h.  Southwark, 
 Philadelphia,  Pa.,  lf<46.  and  jiastor  1-<4h-.V<;  evange- 
 list in  Philadelphia,  Ki'.MM;  stated  supply  of  Mantua 
 Church,  Philadelphia,  l^i4-8:  evangelist  in  Philadel- 
 phia, ls<!!>-73:  stat«l  supply  of  I»g;in  S<nuire  Chun-h, 
 1-71,  and  stated  supply  of  South  .Str<-et  Cliurch, 
 Philadcl))hia.  1-71.  of  which  he  has  Iki-u  pastor  since 
 187(5.  Within  a  year  the  congri'g-ation.  now  callwl 
 the  Church  of  the  .\toncment.  has  erw'tcHl  a  handsimic 
 edifice,  at  the  corner  of  Wharton  and  Tieman  stn-ets. 
 Mr.  Bruen  is  an  in.structive  preacher,  a  diligent  pas- 
 tor, and  n-ady  for  every  good  work. 
 
 Bryson,  Rev.  John,  was  one  of  the  live  members 
 that  i-i)nstitiit<d  the  Presbytery  of  Northuml)erland 
 at  its  org:miz;ition.  in  Octolx-r.  1811.  He  was  l)orn 
 in  CumlM-rlantl  cimnty.  Pa.,  in  January,  17.X.  He 
 was  a  menilHT  of  llu'  first  class  formed  in  Dickin.son 
 CoUcgi-,  and  gr.iduatisl  at  that  Institution  ."v-ptcnilKT 
 26th,  1787.  He  »e<-nis  to  Imve  stmlied  thcs>logy 
 under  Dr.  Ni.sbet,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 I'n-abytery  of  Carlisle  in  178!).  Aft«T  laboring  for  a 
 few  months  in   Martinsburg.  Va..  and  in  the  n-gion 
 
BRVSON. 
 
 Ill 
 
 BCCHAXAX. 
 
 Toand  about  there,  he  was  ordained  and  installed 
 pastor  of  the  churches  of  Warrior  Run  and  Chil- 
 lisquaque,  June,  1791,  occasionally  preaching  at 
 Danville,  and  subsequently  at  Milton.  Under  his 
 .  long  and  faithful  ministry  of  the  AVord,  his  charge 
 w;us  favored  repeatedly  with  times  of  refreshing  from 
 the  presence  of  the  Lord,  and  grew  and  ])rospered. 
 He  was  eminently  a  man  of  prayer,  scrv  ing  the  Lord 
 with  all  humility  of  mind.  He  was  a  mighty 
 textuary.  His  sermons  were  replete  with  apposite 
 <|Uotations  from  the  Sacred  Scriptures,  and  he  was 
 habitually  ready  to  quote  largely  and  accurately 
 from  the  Divine  Word.  He  was  an  admirable  pastor, 
 adorned  his  domestic  relations,  and  gave  with  ex- 
 emplary liberality  to  the  needy.  Mr.  Brj'son,  on 
 August  3d,  18.J.5,  without  a  struggle  or  a  groan, 
 p;issed  to  his  heavenly  reward. 
 
 Bryson,  J.  H.,  D.  D.,  is  the  eldest  son  of  Ber. 
 Henry  Bryson,  l>. n..  and  was  born  at  Fayette^illc, 
 Tenn.,  April  3d,  1S31.  He  took  his  literary  and 
 theological  course  at  Erskine  College,  South  Carolina. 
 Afterwards  he  spent  a  year  at  the  Theological  Semi- 
 narj'  at  Xewburg,  N.  Y.  He  was  ordained  to  the 
 gospel  ministry  in  1855.  He  changed  his  ecclesiasti- 
 cal connection  from  the  Associate  Reformed  Presby- 
 terian Church,  to  the  Presbyterian  Church.  South,  in 
 1866.  From  1868  to  1872  he  was  pastor  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  Shelbyville,  Tenn.  He  then  spent 
 a  year  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  reviewing  his 
 studies  in  moral  philosophy  and  natural  science.  In 
 September,  1873,  he  accepted  the  pastorate  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Columbia,  S.  C.  In  1876  he 
 resigned.  In  1881  he  accepted  the  pastorate  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church.  Huntsville,  Alabama. 
 
 Dr.  Bryson  has  filled  .some  of  the  most  important 
 pulpits  in  the  Southern  Presbyterian  Church,  and,  by 
 his  indomitable  cnergj'  and  ceaseless  labors,  has  built 
 up  and  strengthened  every  church  with  which  he  has 
 been  connected.  He  has  few  equals  as  a  pulpit 
 orator.  Though  wonderfully  gilted  as  an  extempo- 
 raneous speaker,  he  elalwrates  his  sermons  with  the 
 utmost  care.  He  is  a  ripe  scholar,  and  a  profound 
 theologian.  In  ecclesiastical  law  he  is  well  versed. 
 In  Church  courts  his  opinions  always  command  the 
 highest  respect.  As  a  pastor,  he  is  attentive  and 
 .sympathetic.  Dr.  Bryson  was  a  member  of  the 
 General  Council  of  the  Presbyterian  .Vlliance  in 
 Edinburgh.  After  the  adjournment  of  that  body  he 
 traveled  through  Europe  and  the  countries  of  the 
 East.  Since  his  return  he  has  delivered  a  series  of 
 lectures  on  Palestine,  which  intelligent  audiences 
 have  everywhere  heard  with  rapt  attention.  Now, 
 in  the  full  vigor  of  manhood,  he  ministers  as  pastor 
 to  the  Church  in  Huntsville,  beloved  by  his  own 
 people,  and  ailmlred  by  all  the  inhabitants  of  that 
 highly  oulturid  city. 
 
 Buchanan,  Hon.  James,  who  was  of  Presbyte- 
 rjan  parentage,  was  Iwm  April  23d,  1791,  about  four 
 miles  west  of  Mercersburg,  Pa.     He  graduated  with 
 
 distinction  at  Dickinson  College,  Carlisle,  in  1809; 
 studied  law  in  Lanca-ster;  was  admitted  in  1812  to 
 the  Bar  in  that  city,  and  soon  establushed  a  high 
 reputation  as  a  jurist,  and  acquired  a  large  practice. 
 In  1814  and  1815  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
 State  Legislature,  where  he  took  high  position,  and 
 wielded,  though  so  young  a  man,  not  a  little  influ- 
 ence. In  1814  he  went,  as  a  private  in  a  company  of 
 volunteers,  to  Baltimore,  to  aid  in  defending  it 
 against  an  anticipated  attack  from  the  British.  In 
 1820  he  was  elected  by  his  Congressional  district  to 
 the  National  Hou.m-  of  Representatives,  and  re-elected 
 in  1822,  1824,  1826  and  1828,  when  he  declined  fur- 
 ther re-election.  He  was  from  almost  his  first 
 entrance  into  the  House,  one  of  its  most  prominent 
 and  leading  members. 
 
 HON.    JAMES  BCCUANAN. 
 
 In  the  same  year  (1831)  in  which  Mr.  Buchanan 
 ceased  to  be  a  member  of  the  House  he  was  sent  by 
 President  Jackson,  as  Jlinister  Plenijxjtentiary,  to 
 the  Court  of  St.  Petersburg,  where  he  negotiated  the 
 first  commercial  treatj'  which  our  tiovemment  ever 
 had  with  that  of  Russia.  After  his  return  from  Rus- 
 sia (1833)  he  was  a  member  of  the  United  States 
 Senate  for  ten  years,  where  he  took  a  similarly  .high 
 rank  to  that  which  he  had  occupied  in  the  House. 
 In  1845  he  accepted  the  position  of  Secretary  of  State, 
 in  President  Polk"s  Cabinet,  holding  the  position 
 until  the  expiration  of  Mr.  Polk"s  I'residential  term, 
 1849.  In  1853  he  accepted  from  President  Pierce 
 the  Mission  to  the  Court  of  St.  James,  the  duties  of 
 which  he  discharged  in  such  a  manner  as  to  reflect 
 honor  on  his  countrv.     Returning  from   England,  in 
 
BiCUAXA.y. 
 
 n-2 
 
 liCKLL. 
 
 1956,  he -was  elected,  in  that  year,  to  what  is,  perhaps, 
 
 n;illy  the  hi;:li<st  jMilitical  jxjsitioii  iin  earth,  the 
 Prcsidi-iuy  of  the  United  States. 
 
 At  the  expiration  of  hi.s  Presidential  term,  in  March, 
 1861,  Jlr.  Buchanan  returned  to  his  home  at  Wheat- 
 land, nejir  I^inciistor,  where  he  spent  the  remainder 
 of  his  days,  enjoyinfj  the  society  of  his  neighlmrs  and 
 friends,  and  employing  himself  with  his  lHM)ks  and 
 pen.  One  of  the  txioks  most  fre<iuently  inrused  by 
 him  was  the  Hible,  hi  the  teachings  of  which  he  was 
 alirm  heliever,  and  on  the  promises  of  which  he  cheer- 
 fully relied.  He  hail  always  been  a  believer  in  the 
 Holy  Scriptures,  and  in  the  truth  of  the  Christian 
 religion,  and  Ix'sides  being  always  strictly  moral  in 
 his  conduct,  had  been,  in  many  rcsj)ects,  a  devout  and 
 religiou.s,  as  well  as  a  kind  and  eharitiible  man.  But 
 he  never  made  a  ]irofc-s.sion  of  l>eing  a  discij)le  of 
 Christ  until  within  the  last  few  yearsof  his  life,  when 
 hejiecame  a  communicant  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 He  died,  calmly  and  peacefully,  on  Monday,  June  1st, 
 IrtjH,  and  on  the  Thursday  following  his  remains 
 were  followed  to  the  grave  by  large  numlK-rs  of  his 
 fellow-citizens,  whose  deference,  respect  and  attach- 
 ment he  had  won. 
 
 On  oiicning  Mr.  Buchanan's  will,  it  was  found 
 that  he  had  renumbered  the  poor  of  Lanc;ust<'r,  as 
 well  as  the  church  of  which  hi'  wjus  a  member,  and 
 had  arranged  that  a  handsome  addition  should  be 
 made  to  the  fund  which  he  had  appropriated  for 
 their  benelit  years  before.  It  may  be  added  that  in 
 person  Mr.  Buchanan  was  large,  in  manners  courteous 
 and  ]H>1i8hed,  and  that  his  stores  of  knowledge  and 
 powera  of  conversation  were  such  that  no  one  could 
 be  long  in  his  company  without  being  deeply 
 interested  and  without  receiving  valuable  informa- 
 tion. 
 
 Buchanan,  Rev.  James,  was  a  native  of  Ches- 
 ter county.  Pa.  He  graduated  at  Dickinson  College, 
 in  1H(II{;  studied  tlieologj-  with  Kev.  Nathan  Grier, 
 of  Brandywine  Manor,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Xew  Castle,  when  he  Wits  about  twenty- 
 three  years  of  age.  His  lirst  settlement  was  in  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  where  he 
 labored  .some  years  with  faithfulness  and  success.  In 
 ]Hl()  he  became  pxstor  of  the  Church  in  Greenc;i.stle, 
 Pa.,  and  l.'ibored  with  great  fulelity  and  acei'ptanee 
 in  this  Held  for  about  twenty  years,  when,  on  account 
 of  declining  health,  he  resigned  the  charge,  to  the 
 very  great  regrc-t  of  his  congregation,  who  were  de- 
 votedly attaeheil  to  him.  He  removed  to  Logansport, 
 Ind.,  where,  in  charge  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 that  place,  he  labored  with  encouraging  success, 
 until  the  Head  of  the  Church  dismissed  him  to  the 
 ]ii>.ssession  of  his  reward.  His  ilealli  took  ]>laee,  SeJ)- 
 tember  Kith,  Hilt. 
 
 The  piety  of  Mr.  Buchanan  was  of  a  retiring  anil 
 liiiosteiitatioUM  character.  It  w:um,  however,  eminently 
 ]ir,ictieal,  prompting  him  to  the  diligent  discharge  of 
 itll  incumbent  diilies.      Hewasa  man  of  a  warm  heart 
 
 and  of  a  kind  and  generous  disposition.  As  a  preacher, 
 be  held  a  very  resjK-ctable  rank.  His  wrnions,  in 
 their  structure,  were  neat,  sy.stematic  and  short;  in 
 their  matter,  solid,  evangelical  and  i)r.ictical,  and  in 
 their  manner,  grave,  solemn  and  earnest.  Scarcely 
 ever  did  he  fail  to  interest  and  please  those  who 
 were  capable  of  judging  correi-tly  and  had  a  taste 
 lor  goixl  preaching.  In  the  judicatories  of  the  Church 
 he  rarely  spoke,  on  account  of  his  nervous  debility. 
 He  wa.s,  however,  a  judicious  counstdlor,  and  did  his 
 part  in  this  way,  in  the  di.s|iosal  of  the  business  of 
 the  Church. 
 
 Buell,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  was  bom  at  Coventry, 
 Conn.,  September  1st,  171(>;  entered  Yale  College  in 
 1737,  and  graduated  in  1741.  He  purposed  to  spend 
 the  u.sual  time  in  studying  divinity,  but,  by  the 
 advice  of  ICihvards  and  others,  the  waloiLS  friends 
 of  the  IJevival,  he  was  liceiiM'd,  in  the  Fall  of  1711, 
 and  went  forth  its  "a  strolling  preacher."  His  min- 
 istrations were  not  lifeless;  he  notes  at  one  time,  in 
 his  diary,  that  then,  for  the  lirst  time,  when  he 
 prc;iched  no  tears  were  shed. 
 
 After  having  si)ent  a  year  in  visiting  diflerent 
 parts  of  New  England,  he  was  ordained  in  1743,  by 
 an  ecclesiivstical  council,  as  an  evangelist.  Carrying 
 with  him  testimonials  from  respectable  ministers,  he 
 was  admitted  into  many  pul|)its  from  which  other 
 itinerant.s  were  excluded.  He  w;us  led  to  Kast 
 Hampton,  on  Long  Island,  by  a  direction  of  Provi- 
 dence in  some  respects  extraordinary,  and  wjis  in- 
 stalled pastor  of  the  church  in  that  place,  Scptem- 
 l>er  19th,  1746.  For  a  number  of  the  fir>st  years  of 
 his  ministry  he  seemed  to  labor  without  effect. 
 His  people  paid  but  little  attention  to  the  concerns 
 of  religion.  But  in  17(>l,  he  witness<'d  an  a.stoni.sh- 
 ing  change.  Almost  every  individual  in  the  town 
 was  deeply  impressed,  and  the  interests  of  eternity 
 received  that  attention  which  their  tninst'eiuleiit  im- 
 portance demands.  He  had  the  hajipiness  at  one 
 time  of  admitting  into  his  church  ninety-nine  per- 
 sons who,  he.  believed,  had  become  the  subjects  of 
 
 1  saving  grace.  In  the  years  17A5  and  17U1,  al.so, 
 he  was  favored  with  great  sucee.ss.  After  a  life  of 
 eminent  usefulness,  he  died,  July  lltth.  17!>f*,  ag»sl 
 eighty-one. 
 
 Dr.  Buell  w;ls  a  most  exemplary  Christian.  He 
 Wius  att;ichcd  to  literature  and  science,  and  was  the 
 father  and  patnm  of  Clint«>n  Awideniy,  in  Eiu*t 
 Hampton.  His  hou.se  was  the  mansion  of  hospitality. 
 Possessing  a  large  fund  of  instructive  and  entertiiin- 
 ing  anecdote,  his  comiKiny  was  plejtsing  to  persons  of 
 every  age.  In  no  rcsiH'ct  w;is  he  more  distinguishi-d 
 than  for  a  spirit  of  devotion.  In  his  last  hours  his 
 mind  was  in   ]Mrl'ect  jieace.      He    hail    no  desire    to 
 
 '  remain  any  longer  aKsiiit  from  his  .Sjiviour.  The 
 world  into  wliieh  he  was  just  entering  absorbed  all 
 his  thought.s.  While  his  friends  were  endeavoring  to 
 prolong  the  dying  (lame  he  would  put  them  aside 
 with  one  hand,  while  the  other  w:is  niised  towards 
 
BVIST. 
 
 113 
 
 BULKLEV. 
 
 heaven,  where  his  eyes  and  soul  were  fixed.     In  this 
 happy  state  of  mind  he  expired. 
 
 Dr.  Buell  published  a  narrative  of  the  revival  of 
 religion  among  his  people,  in  1764,  and  fourteen 
 ocea-sioual  discourses,  which  evince  the  vigor  of  his 
 mind  and  the  ardor  of  his  piit  y. 
 
 Buist,  Rev.  Ed'ward  Henry,  was  horn  in  the 
 city  of  Charleston,  .Soutli  Cuiiilina,  Octohcr  l~th, 
 1838.  He  wiis  hopefully  converted  during  the  great 
 revival  of  1858,  and  after  graduating  with  distinction 
 at  the  South  Carolina  College,  be^iring  off  the  first 
 honor  of  his  class,  he  entered  the  Theologiwil  Semi- 
 nary at  Columhia,  S.  C,  and  completed  the  pre- 
 scribed course  of  study  in  the  year  1861.  He  was 
 licensed  and  ordained  by  the  Prcsbj'tery  of  South 
 Carolina,  and  served  the  C'hurcli  at  Newlierry  until 
 his  removal  to  Society  Hill,  Darlington  county,  where 
 he  taught  school  and  preached  to  the  Centre  Point 
 and  Great  Peedee  churches.  In  the  year  1869  he  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Cheraw  Church,  where  he 
 continued  to  labor,  with  many  tokens  of  the  Master's 
 favor,  tmtil  death  closed  his  brilliant  and  useful 
 career.  During  his  pastorate  of  thirteen  years  at 
 Cheraw,  one  hundred  and  four  :iames  were  added  to 
 the  roll  of  the  church. 
 
 Jlr.  Buist  was  richly  endowctl  with  intellectual 
 faculties  of  a  very  high  order.  He  was  possessed  of  a 
 brilliant  intellect,  a  wonderfully  refentive  memory, 
 and  a  warm,  generous  nature.  By  close  application 
 to  study  he  had  acquired  a  vast  fimd  of  useful  and 
 varied  information,  which  was  laid  at  the  Master's 
 feet,  and  consecrated  to  the  great  work  of  advancing 
 the  Redeemer's  kingdom  among  his  fellow-men. 
 Socially,  ho  was  very  attractive.  In  maimer,  free  and 
 engaging,  he  was  the  life  of  every  circle  in  which  he 
 moved;  large-hearted  and  public-spirited,  he  was 
 deeply  interested  in  all  that  concerned  the  physical, 
 moral,  and  spiritual  welfare  of  his  race.  As  a  theolo- 
 gian, he  was  indoctrinated  by  the  liWng  principles 
 enunciated  bj'  the  great  Thornwell,  at  whose  feet  he 
 sat,  like  Paul  at  the  feet  of  Gamaliel,  an  enthusiastic 
 juipil  of  an  enthusiastic  teacher.  He  was  a  thorough 
 scliolar,  profound  thinker,  an  cloiiuent  and  logical 
 orator,  a  powerful  preacher,  and  faithful  pastor.  He 
 died  at  Cheraw,  S.  C,  September  11th,  188-2.  His 
 body  was  entombed  by  loving  hands,  in  the  presence 
 of  an  immense  concourse  of  people,  who  testified  to 
 the  universal  esteem  in  which  he  was  held. 
 
 Buist,  Greorge,  D.  D.,  a  son  of  Arthur  and 
 Catharine  Buist,  was  born  in  Fifeshire,  Scotland,  in 
 ITTO.  He  entered  the  College  of  Edinburgh  in  1787,  ' 
 and  gainid  a  high  reputation,  both  o-s  a  scholar  and  a 
 man  of  original  genius.  In  1792  he  was  atlmitted  an 
 honorary  memlier  of  the  Edinburgh  Philological 
 Society,  and  about  the  same  time  published  an 
 abridgement  of  Hume's  History  of  England,  which 
 pa-ssed  to  a  second  edition.  He  contributed  also 
 some  important  articles  to  the  Encyclopa'dia  Brit- 
 annica.  He  was  called,  in  179:i,  to  the  piLstorate  of 
 8 
 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Charleston,  S.  C.  In 
 1794,  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was  conferred 
 uxwn  him  by  the  University  of  Edinburgh.  In  1805 
 he  was  appointed  Principal  of  the  Charleston  College, 
 accepted  the  apjMiintmcnt,  and  contiiuu'd  to  hold  the 
 j  office  as  long  as  he  lived,  though  he  still  retained  his 
 pastoral  charge.  He  died  .Vugust  lilst,  1808.  "With 
 his  very  decided  literary  tastes  and  great  diligence  in 
 study,  Dr.  Buist  was  a  proficient  in  various  depart- 
 ments of  learning.  He  was  eminently  qualified  to  be 
 at  the  head  of  a  literary  institution.  His  style  of 
 preaching  was  very  impressive.  The  graces  of  his 
 delivery  won  the  attention  and  conciliated  the  favor 
 of  his  hearers.  He  was  much  respected  and  beloved 
 by  his  congregation,  and  had  great  influence  with 
 them.  For  a  number  of  years  before  his  de;ith  there 
 were  always  more  applicants  for  pews  in  his  church 
 than  could  be  accommodated. 
 
 EDWIN    A.    BILKI.FT,   D.   D. 
 
 Bulkley,  Edwin  A.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Charleston,  S.  C.,  .January  25th,  1826,  of  old 
 Puritan  stock,  being  a  lineal  descendant  of  Peter 
 Bulkley,  the  founder  and  first  minister  of  Concord, 
 Ma.ss.  Early  remo\-ing  from  the  jihice  of  his  birth, 
 his  residence  during  youth  and  preparatory  education 
 was  in  New  York  city.  He  was  grailuated  from 
 Yale  College  in  1844,  and  from  Union  Tlieological 
 Semin:xry,  Xew  Y'ork  city,  in  1847.  After  a  short 
 term  of  ser\-ice  at  Geneva,  N.  Y.  (1847-1850),  he 
 became  pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  in 
 Groton,  JIass.,  and  continued  in  charge  of  it  till 
 1864.  Then  removing  to  Platt.sburg,  X.  Y.,  he  held 
 the  pastorate  of  the   First  Presbyterian  Cburch  till 
 
BVLLES. 
 
 114 
 
 BVRXET. 
 
 Ift?!^,  when  he  resignetl  it  and  accopteil  a  rail  to  the   gathering  up  the  Presbyterian  element  wherever  it 
 Church  of  Kutlierrord   Park,   X.  J.,  with  which  he   could  l)e  found,  and  wxs  successful  in  organizing  sev- 
 
 has  since  remained. 
 
 eral   other  churches  iK'fore  he  die<l.     lie  not  only 
 
 He  has  won  reputation  outside  of  the  ordinary  folded  tlu-se  sheep  in  the  wilderness,  but,  like  a  true 
 round  of  jKistoral  s<Tvice.  which  hxs  been  almost  bishop,  watched  over  them  and  adniinistereil  to  thcni 
 nnbrokcn.  by  numerous  sermons,  which,  from  their  the  Word  and  ordinances.  He  iK-t'ame  known  and  ri- 
 approvcd  style  and  concurrence  with  great  jjublic  spc'cted  throu-;!!  a  wide  extent  of  country,  through 
 events,  liave  iR'cn  sought  for  public;ition.  his  freiiuent  missionary  journeys,  and  theapix'Uation, 
 
 He  is  al.so  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  religions  i  "Father  Bullen,"  which  came  to  l)e generally  applietl 
 pre.«s;  and  in  recognition  of  his  administrative  abilitj',  '  to  him,  was  expressive,  not  so  much  of  resiKtt  for  his 
 has  often  held  imjxirtant  othccs  in  the  gift  of  Presby-  '  j'ears,  as  of  the  filial  reverence  with  which  he  was 
 terics.  Synods,  and  the  General  As.sembly.  He  is  at  univers;dly  R;r.irdid.  He  died,  March  2<;th,  l.--i."i. 
 pres»'nt  the  St;ited  Clerk  of  .lerscy  City  Presbytery.  Burchard,  "WTliting  Cyrus,  .son  of  Cyrus  liurc-h- 
 I)r.  I'.ulklcy  is  a  vigorous  wTiter,  an  able  preacher,  ard,  w:ls  born  in  Cambridge,  Crawford  county.  Pa., 
 faithlul  in  the  discharge  of  p;i.storal  duty,  an  useful  January  21st,  '['*'.Vt.  Graduated  at  Allcgln-ny  Col- 
 Probytcr.  and  liiglily  esteemed  by  his  brethren.  lege,  Meadville,  Pa.,  in  IS.'W,  and  at  Union  Theologi- 
 
 Bullen,  Rev.  Joseph,  was  the  pioneer  of  the  I  eal  Semimiry,  New  York  city,  in  \''if2,  in  which 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  the  Southwest.     It  is  from    year  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Pn-sbytery  of 
 
 the  traditions  preserved  among  his  descendants  that 
 the  facts  of  his  hi.story  are  to  be  gathered.  He  was 
 a  native  of  Worcester  county,  M:i.ss. ;  Ixirn,  it  is  suj)- 
 
 Xew  York,  Fourth,  and  orihiined  by  the  I*resbytery 
 of  Meadville.  He  supplied  the  Presbyterian  churches 
 of  Cherry  Tree  anil  Sunville,  in  Vemiugo  tx)unty,  Pa., 
 
 po.sed,  al>out  17.'>3;  was  educated  at  Yale  College,  and  five  years,  and  then,  ls(i7— ■<,  made  a  tour  through 
 at  an  early  age  devoted  himself  to  the  ministry.  His  Europe  and  the  E;Lst.  From  l^fi-t  to  ls7-2  he  w:is 
 first  charge   w;ts   in   Windham   county,  Vermont,   in    jKistor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  KiLshville,  HI. 
 
 which  he  remained  about  twenty  years.  In  1798  he 
 was  sent  out,  by  the  Presbj-terian  Missionary  Society 
 of  New  York,  to  the  country  occupied  by  the  Chicka- 
 saw Indians,  Ijing  in  the  northern  section  of  the 
 Slississippi  Territory,  to  prepare  the  way,  if  practi- 
 cable, for  establishing  a  mission  among  that  i«'ople. 
 His  rei«)rt  having  been  favorable,  he  was  commis- 
 sioned to  ojK-n  and  superintend  the  mission.  For 
 this  puriM)se  he  removecl,  in  .March.  Ij^OO,  with  his 
 family,  to  the  field  of  his  future  lalM>r.s.     The  dilfi- 
 
 After  supplying,  temporarily,  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  at  Petroleum  Centre,  Pa.,  he  becjime  jKistor 
 of  the  Valley  Presbyterian  Church  of  Allegheny,  Pa. 
 (his  present  cRarge),  over  which  he  was  installed, 
 Xoveml»r  11th,  1874. 
 
 Mr.  Burchard  is  a  man  of  accurate  scholarship, 
 genial  manners,  fervent  jiiety.  As  a  jireacher  he  is 
 earnest,  instructive,  evangelical,  and  is  jire-ominently 
 distinguished  as  a  pxstor.  His  lalH)rs  have  In-en 
 richly  blcs.sed.     His  jiresi'ut  charge,  which  he  found 
 
 culties  and  perils  of  such  a  journey  C4in    hardly  be  struggling  and   feeble,   has,   under    his  care,  Ix'i-omo 
 
 understood  at  the  present  day.     From  Pittsburg  he  strong  and   iufluenti.il.     He   has   for  a   numlK-r  of 
 
 descended  the  Ohio  and  Mi.ssi.ssippi  rivers,  in  a  flat-  '  years  been  Stated  Clerk  of  the  Presbytery  of  Alle- 
 
 iMKit,  to  the  Chickas;iw  Blulfs  (the  site  of  the  presint  gheny,  and,  as  a  Presbyter,  is  held  in  high  estimation 
 
 city  of  Memphis),  where  a  stockade  fort,  with  a  gar-  by  his  ministerial  brethnn. 
 
 ri.son  of  sixty  or  seventy  s<jldiers,  luid  been  stationed  j  Btirnet,  Hon.  Isaac  Q-.,  was  Inirn  in  Newark, 
 by  the  U.  S.  Government.  From  this  point  the  party  X.  .I.,,Iuly  17tli.  17"  I;  graduated  at  the  College  of  Xew 
 were  conveyed  on  pack-horses  to  Pontotoc,  an  old  In-  Jersey,  and,  after  studying  law,  reuuived  to  Cincin- 
 dian  town,  distiint  about  one  hundreil  miles  to  the  :  nati.  Ohio,  in  June,  l.'*!).'!.  For  some  years  he  pr.ic- 
 southwe.st.  ticed  his  profession  at  Fhij-ton,  and  in  I'^l.'t  settled  in 
 Mr.  Bullen's  efibrts  to  elevate  and  Cliristianizc  the  Cincinnati.  In  1819  he  was  appointed  M.tyor  and 
 Indians  were  pursued  faithfully  for  three  years,  and  Judge  of  the  City  courts,  to  which  oflice  he  was  suc- 
 were  atti-nded  with  gotnl  results.  In  180:J  he  left  the  cessively  re-elected  until  1331,  when  he  declined  a 
 Mission  and  moved  into  JelTerson  county,  in  the  re-elirtion.  Previous  to  this,  in  1^17,  he  liecame  one 
 southern  j)art  of  the  Territory,  establishing  hini.self  of  the  proprietors  of  the  Cincinnnti  Gnzrllr,  and  its 
 in  a  neigblMirhiMMl  about  twenty  miles  northi'iust  of  editor.  He  lu'ld  this  jxisition  for  a  short  time,  but 
 Xatchez,  into  which  a  considerable  tide  of  emigration  continui'd  for  many  years  to  write  largely  for  the 
 from  Xortli  Carolina  and  the  .seaboard  had  bien  flow-  .secular  and  religious  ])n-.s,s.  In  \'*'Xi,  he  "was  ail- 
 ing. SupiHirting  him.self  here  by  bis  farm,  and  by  pointed  Clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court  for  the  ctmnly 
 occasionally  teaching  a  st-hiM>l,  ho  In-came  the  evan-  where  ho  resided,  and  lield  this  apjxiintment  until 
 gelist  of  the  region.  In  18()4  he  org-aniwd  the  first  the  abolition  of  the  court  a  fewyejirs  In'fore  his  death. 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  the  Mississippi  Tirritory.  It  In  18.14  Judge  Burnet  w:us  elected  a  ruling  elder  in 
 was  called  the  "ItellHl"  (linrch,  and  in  the  bnuiches  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  in  Cincinnati,  and 
 into  which  it  was  sub.s»-i|Ucntly  divided,  it  still  main-  held  the  olVu-e  for  nearly  twenty  years.  Two  years 
 tains    its   existence.      Mr.   BuUen   was   a.s.siduous   in  Ix'fore  his  death  he  removed  to   Wahuit   Hills,  and 
 
BURR. 
 
 115 
 
 BVRRELL. 
 
 joined  the  Lane  Seminarj'  Church,  and  av;us  immedi- 
 ately elected  an  elder.  He  died  March  11  tli,  l^^.'iG. 
 Judge  I'.uriiet  was  eminently  exemijlary  as  a  Chris- 
 tian, and  I'aitlil'ul  as  an  officer  of  the  Church.  He  wa.s 
 a  man  of  great  decision  and  earnestness.  'When 
 Mayor  of  the  city,  he  singly  faced  a  mob  in  the  flush 
 of  their  riotou.s  and  revengeful  triumph,  and  with  a 
 few  words  quelled  their  lawless  spirit.  He  carried  thus 
 decision  into  religion.  From  the  moment  he  entered 
 the  Church,  to  the  time  of  his  death,  no  one  who  came 
 in  contact  with  him  ever  doubted  where  he  stood. 
 He  died  as  he  hud  lived.  For  years,  sickness  had 
 invaded  his  constitution,  and  he  stood  with  his  loins 
 girt  about  him  and  his  lamp  burning,  awaiting  the 
 coming  of  the  Lord.  He  had  no  fear  of  death,  for 
 Christ  had  already  given  him  the  victory. 
 
 Btirr,  Aaron,  D.  D.,  was  a  descendant  of  tlie 
 Rev.  Jonathan  Burr,  wlio  migrated  to  New  England 
 in  KKJO,  and  w;i.s  for  some  time  pa.stor  of  the  Church 
 in  Dorchester,  JIass.  He  was  born  January  4th, 
 171.").  He  graduated  at  Yale  in  17:i.">;  was  licensed 
 in  Septtniber,  173(5,  and  preached  his  first  sermon 
 at  Greenfield,  Ma.ss.  'While  laboring  at  Hanover, 
 N.  J.,  he  was  Invited  to  the  church  at  Newark, 
 as  its  stated  supply  for  a  year,  after  which  he  was 
 ordained  and  installed  its  pastor,  January  2oth, 
 17:?7.  There  was  a  remarkable  revival  in  his 
 congregation  in  the  Autumn  of  1739;  in  JIarch  the 
 whole  town  was  brought  under  an  uncommon  con- 
 cern about  their  eternal  interests.  In  February, 
 1741,  there  was  another  effusicm  of  the  Holy  Spirit, 
 principally  upon  the  young.  In  Juue,  1714,  the 
 First  Chutch  in  New  Haven  called  Mr.  Burr  to 
 become  associated  with  their  pastor,  the  Rev.  Mr. 
 Noyes,  but  the  call  was  not  accepted. 
 
 On  the  death  of  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Dickinson,  first 
 President  of  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  at  Elizabeth- 
 town,  in  the  Autumn  of  1747,  the  Institution  was 
 removed  to  Newark,  and  Mr.  Burr  was  placed  at  its 
 head.  In  17.54  Whitelield,  who  was  then  paying  a 
 visit  to  Governor  Belcher,  at  Elizabethtown,  attended 
 the  Commencement  at  Newark,  on  which  occasion 
 I'resident  Burr  had  the  pleasure  of  conferring  upon 
 him  the  degree  of  Master  of  Art.s.  His  devotion  to 
 the  college  was  most  constant  and  exemplary,  and 
 the  agency  which  he  undertook  in  its  Iwhalf,  by 
 reiiuest  of  the  Trustees,  was  remarkably  successful. 
 He  discharged  the  duties  of  both  President  of  the 
 college  and  pastor  of  the  church  until  the  Autumn 
 of  17."),"),  when  his  pastoral  relation  was  di.ssolved, 
 and  he  gave  his  whole  time  to  the  service  of  the 
 cDllcge.  The  village  of  Princeton  having  been  fixed 
 ui)on  as  the  most  convenient  situation  for  the  col- 
 lege, the  new  edifice  was  erected  there,  under  the 
 superintendence  of  Mr.  Burr.  In  the  Autumn  of 
 17,5(!,  the  building  being  so  far  completed  as  to  be 
 ready  for  the  recei)tion  of  the  students,  they  removed 
 thither,  about  seventy  in  number,  and  commenced 
 the  occupancy  of  it. 
 
 In  the  Summer  of  17.57  Mr.  Burr,  being  in  a  low- 
 state  of  health,  made  a  rapid  and  exhausting  visit,  in 
 a  very  hot,  sultry  sea.son,  to  his  father-in-law,  at 
 Ptockbridge.  He  soon  returned  to  Princeton,  and 
 went  immediately  to  Elizabithtown,  and,  on  the 
 19th  of  August,  made  an  attempt  to  procure  the 
 legal  exemption  of  the  students  from  military  duty. 
 Thence  he  went  to  Newark,  and  on  the  21.st,  being 
 much  indisposed,  he  preached  an  extemporaneous 
 sermon  at  a  funeral  in  his  successor's  (Rev.  John 
 Brainerd's)  family.  Returning  to  Princeton,  he 
 immediately  went  to  Philadeljihia.  on  business  of  the 
 college,  and  on  his  return  home,  learned  that  Gover- 
 nor BelcluT  had  died  on  the  31st.  He  prepared  the 
 sermon  for  his  funeral,  under  a  high  fever,  and  at 
 night  was  delirious.  He  rode  to  Elizabethtown,  and 
 on  the  4th  preached,  being  in  a  state  of  extreme 
 languor  and  exhau.stion.  Returning  home  next  day, 
 he  sank  under  a  nervous  fever,  aiul  died  September 
 24th,  1757.  The  Rev.  Caleb  Smith  preached  his 
 funeral  sermon.  William  Livingston,  aftcrwartls 
 Governor  of  New  Jersey,  pronounced  his  eulogium. 
 It  was  printed  in  New  York,  ami  speedily  reprinted 
 in  Boston. 
 
 Jlr.  Burr  published  a  Latin  grammar,  a  pamphlet 
 entitled,  "  The  Supreme  Deity  of  our  Lord  Jesus 
 Christ  Maintained,  in  a  Letter  to  the  Dedication  of 
 Jlr.  Emlyn's  Inquirj'  into  the  Scriptural  Account 
 of  Jesus  Christ,"  reprinted  in  Boston,  1791;  a  Fa.st 
 sermon,  on  account  of  the  encroachments  of  the 
 French,  1755;  a  sermon,  preached  before  the  Synod 
 of  New  York,  1756;  and  a  .sermon  on  the  death  of 
 Governor  Belcher,  1757. 
 
 The  intellectual  attiinments  of  Mr.  Burr  were  of 
 a  high  order.  His  piety  was  marked  and  fervent, 
 prompting  him  to  indefatigable  eflbrts  to  cultivate 
 the  hearts  of  his  pupils  as  well  as  their  heads;  to 
 make  them  good  Christians  as  well  as  good  scholars. 
 In  the  pulpit  he  shone  v\-ith  superior  lustre.  He 
 was  fluent,  copious,  sublime,  pei'suasive.  ^\"hat  he 
 preached  in  the  pulpit  he  lived  out  of  it.  His  life 
 and  his  example  were  a  comment  on  his  sermons. 
 He  was  distinguished  for  public  spirit  and  love  of 
 his  countrv'.  As  a  teacher  he  had  a  rao.st  engaging 
 method  of  instruction.  In  matters  of  government  in 
 the  college  he  discovered  great  wisdom  and  .s:igacity. 
 In  ecclcsia.stical  judicatories  and  councils  his  a.ssist- 
 ance  was  often  desired,  and  his  judgment  deservedly 
 esteemed.  And  his  assiduity  in  propagating  the 
 gospel  among  the  Indians  constitutes  one  of  the 
 brightest  features  of  his  admirable  ch;rracter. 
 
 Btorrell,  David  James,  D.  D.,  son  of  David  and 
 Elizabeth  Felgar  Burrell,  was  l)orn  at  Mount  Pleas- 
 ant, Pa.,  August  1st,  1844.  He  gradiuited  at  Yale 
 College,  in  the  class  of  1S67.  In  New  Haven  he 
 showed  distinctly  the  traits  that  have  distinguished 
 him  since  :  social  attractiveness  an<l  natural  oratorical 
 ability.  He  led  a  brilliant  career  at  college,  ending 
 with  winning  the-  DeForest  gold  medal,  the  highest 
 
nVRIiOWKti. 
 
 116 
 
 BiBTT. 
 
 litt-niry  lioimr  of  tlie  Vniversity.  He  studied  thc- 
 olojiy  for  one  year  at  tlie  Northwestern  Seminary,  at 
 Cliieaj^o,  and  t<M)k  tlie  reniainiier  of  tlio  three  years' 
 course  at  l"nii>n  Tlieolojiical  .Seminary,  New  York, 
 ■where  he  cnnliiateel,  in  1<70.  He  was  lieensi-d  hy 
 the  I'resbytery  of  New  York,  and,  for  two  years,  liad 
 charge  of  a  mission  ehapel  in  New  York  city.  Thence 
 ho  went  to  Chicago,  to  a  chapel,  which  grew  rapidly, 
 and  became,  during  hia  ministry,  the  Westminster  | 
 Cliurch.  In  If^TO  he  was  called  to  the  Second  Pres- 
 byterian Church  of  Diibuciuc,  Iowa,  where  he  now 
 is,  continuing  what  h;us  been  a  singularly  successful 
 pastorate.  l>r.  llurrcU  w;ls  an  a<-tive  participant  in 
 the  Iowa  Temperance  cjimpaign  of  1>'"'2  and  IK"*:!,  and 
 is  now  one  of  the  editors  of  a  paper  whose  object  is 
 to  push  the  Temperance  issue.  He  is  a  frequent  and 
 ^^gorous  contributor  to  the  religious  press,  chiefly 
 the  Interior,  whose  Sunday-school  department  he  has 
 conducted  for  .some  time. 
 
 BvorrO'wes,  G-eorge,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  Trenton, 
 N.  J.,  April  :?d,  ISll.  He  graduat.d  at  the  College 
 of  New  Jersey  in  \>*:Vi.  In  the  Kail  of  that  year  he 
 commenced  the  study  of  theology  in  the  Princeton 
 Seminary,  but  for  some  months  he  also  acted  sus  a 
 Tutor  in  the  college,  and  completed  bis  theological 
 course  in  the  Fall  of  1.S35.  In  July  183G  he  became 
 pastor  of  the  West  Nottingham  Cliurch-  and  what  is 
 now  Port  DeiKisit  Church,  at  the  siime  time  taking 
 charge  of  the  West  Nottingham  Academy.  His 
 pa.'rtorate  here  was  greatly  blessed  by  additions  to  the 
 Church,  but  in  l-<ll)  he  w:ls  induced  to  accept  the 
 Chair  of  Latin  and  (Ireek  in  Lafayette  College,  which 
 he  held  until  March,  ls.V>.  He  w;us  jiastor  of  the 
 Church  at  Newtown,  Pa.,  18.")7-.'.!). 
 
 In  June,  IS-'iO,  Dr.  Burrowes  went  to  California 
 ■with  a  commi.s.sion  from  the  Board  of  Educiition  to 
 lay  the  fimndation  of  a  Presbyterian  college  on  the 
 Piuilii^  Coast.  In  this  he  hiis  Ix-en  eminently  suc- 
 cessful, and,  as  the  Fuumirr  of  the  Vnirrrsili/  of  Stiii 
 FrniiciKro,  will  long  be  remembered  there.  From  an 
 bumble  beginning  in  lW.")i»,  with  four  boys,  one  of 
 them  not  si.x  years  of  age,  in  the  dark  b;vsement 
 of  Calvary  Presbyterian  Church,  by  Dr.  Burrowes' 
 vigorous  clTorts,  succeeded  (when  forced  to  desist 
 from  lalKir  for  a  period  of  three  years)  by  those,  of 
 the  Kev.  P.  V.  Veeder,  there  lixs  iM'en  raised  an  insti- 
 tution which  is  an  honor  to  tbi'  rresbyterian  I'liurch, 
 and  the  most  i)ros|H'rous  of  the  kind  on  the  Paeilie 
 coa.st,  and  which  i>nmiis«'s  to  lie  a  blessing  even  to 
 other  land.s.  Dr.  Burrowes  wxs  ele<'ted  Profi-ssor  of 
 Hebrew  and  (irei'k,  in  Siin  I'"ninci.-wo  St'minary,  in 
 1873.  His  )>rinci]Hd  liteniry  work  is  his  "Com- 
 mentjiry  on  the  Song  of  Solomon,"  which  was  puln 
 lishi-d  in  IHTNt.  He  was  also  some  months  e<litor  of 
 the  I'liriHr  EriMiKilnr.  and  luis  l)een  a  contributor  to 
 the  I'riiicrlon  Itrririr.  He  is  justly  lu'ld  in  high 
 est*'em  I'lir  his  seliolarship  and  excelli-nce  of  chanict^T. 
 
 Burtis,  Arthur,  D.  D.,  tlie  son  of  .\rtliur  and 
 EliKibeth  (Palmer)    Burtis,  was  liorn    in    New  York 
 
 city,  October  3oth,  1807.  He  graduated  at  Union 
 College  in  1827;  studied  theolog_v  at  Princeton  and 
 Auburn,  and  w;is  licensetl  by  Cayuga  Presbytery  in 
 1hX$.  After  serving  the  Keformed  Dutch  Church  at 
 Fort  Plain,  N.  Y.,  for  a  year,  he  accepted  a  csill  to 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Little  Falls,  N.  Y., 
 where  his  usefulness  was  interrupted  by  a  bronchial 
 affection,  his  pastorate  only  lasting  for  a  year.  When 
 his  health  ■^vas  restored  he  acted  for  Borne  time  as 
 agent  for  the  American  Tract  Society,  at  his  own  cost. 
 He  ne.xt  suppliwl  a  church  at  Binghamton,  N.  Y., 
 for  a  year,  and  then  took  cluirge  of  the  Church  at 
 O.xford,  N.  Y.,  where  he  spent  a  liapjiy,  useful  and 
 honored  jiastorate  of  seven  j'ears.  .Sulisetjueutly  he 
 supplied  the  Church  at  Yernon,  N.  Y.,  for  one  year, 
 then  rcmovi'd  to  Buflalo,  N.  Y.,  where  he  supplied 
 the  First  Church  for  nine  montlLs,  then  became  pius- 
 tor  of  the  South  Presbj-terian  Church  for  three  years, 
 and  of  the  Taliernacle  Church  for  four  years,  both 
 in  the  same  city.  For  two  years  he  w:»s  agent  of  the 
 American  and  Foreign  Christian  Union.  In  l^'fifi  he 
 wxs  invited  to  Miami  University,  to  take  charge  'of 
 the  cUus-ses  in  Greek,  with  a  view  to  the  Greek  Pro- 
 fessorship, t<i  which  position  he  was  scmiii  electi-d, 
 being  invited  at  the  same  time  to  supply  a  church  in 
 0.\ford. 
 
 Dr.   Burtis,  jast  when  he  had  fairly  entered   on 
 
 his  duties,  died,  March  27th,  18C7.     He  was  a  cnlti- 
 
 \at<d  gentleman  and   a  g<xid   scholar.     He   av.-u)  so 
 
 '  genial,  .s(Kial,  kind  and  jiolite  tli.it  all  e.st»H-med  and 
 
 !  loved  liim.     In  his  religious  character  he  was  eon- 
 
 jsistent,  decided  and  earnest;  ;is  a  preacher,  si'cking 
 the  solid  and  true,  rather  than  the  show*  and  fanci- 
 ful, and  making  it  ever  manifest  that  he  was  striving 
 rather  to  honor  his  Ma.ster  than  himsedf. 
 
 Burtt,  Re'v.  John,  the  sou  of  Kobert  and  Jane 
 (Drennan)  Burtt,  wxs  liorn  in  Knockmarloek  Hou.sj-, 
 Ayrshire,  .Scotland,  May  2,ld,  17t<!).  ^\^len  sixteen 
 years  of  age,  he  was  seized  by  a  "  pres.s-gang, "  and 
 compelled  to  siTve  in  the  ICnglish  navy.  Here  he 
 remained  live  years,  and  cxiH-rienced  a  most  painful 
 's<'rvice;  at  the  end  of  this  time,  through  the  aid 
 I  of  a  friend  connected  with  the  navy,  he  was  rele:i«ed. 
 ,  On  his  return  home  he  renewed  his  literary  pursuits, 
 1  and  taught  school  in  Kilmarnock  until  181G,  ■when 
 he  went  to  Ghasgow,  .Scotland,  to  attend  medical 
 lectures.  In  1H17  hecmigratiti  to  the  United  States, 
 making  his  home  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.  .Vf^cr  the 
 .study  of  divinity  in  the  Theological  .Seminary  at- 
 Prineet<in,  N.  J.,  he  wxs  licensed  by  Philadelphia 
 rresliylerv,  in  1H21,  and  in  the  .\utumn  of  tlie  .siiiiie 
 year  was  ordained  by  the  s;ime  Presbytery,  and 
 liecaiue  ]Kist<ir  of  the  Pn-.sbvterian  Church  at  S;ileni. 
 N.  J.  Here  he  labored  until  the  Autumn  of  lf*2H. 
 He  then  spi-nt  a  few  months  in  IXi-rfield,  N.  .1.,  and 
 in  I'^'.I  iH'came  the  wlitor  of  Thr  I'mttii/lrrian.  He 
 wxs  the  fiml  editor  of  that  |>:i|M-r.  He  continued  x* 
 its  editor  until  NovemlM-r -Mst.  l-^VJ.  After  this  he 
 removed  to  Cincinnati,  and  in  1><J3  he  l>ecame  alitor 
 
jnUWKLL. 
 
 117 
 
 BUTLER. 
 
 of  The  Standard,  a  religious  paper  under  the  care  of 
 the  Presln-terian  Chureh.  In  184'2  he  returned  to 
 New  Jersey,  locating  at  Blackwoodtowu,  where  he 
 labored  until  1859,  when  he  removed  to  Salem,  X. 
 J.,  the  seene  of  his  early  labors  in  the  ministry,  where 
 he  died,  March  -'-Ith,  1  ■<(;(!. 
 
 Mr.  Burtt  was  "clothed  with  humility,"  Avith  a 
 mind  of  uncommon  strength,  cultivated  to  a  remark- 
 able degree,  fully  competent  to  take  a  prominent 
 position  in  the  Church,  and  with  many  invitations 
 that  calle<l  him  from  obscurity,  he  (irmly  rcsi.sted  all 
 ellorts  to  render  him  prominent,  and  by  a  sincere 
 choice  ])refcrred  in  retirement  to  advance  the  interests 
 of  the  kingdom  of  his  Iiedeemcr.  He  often  prepared 
 books  for  the  press,  and  published  :nuch  that  would  , 
 have  distinguished  him  as  a  scholar  and  writer, 
 while  he  carefnlly  concealed  his  name.  Asa  preiicher 
 he  Wiis  sincere,  earnest,  aftectionat«,  instructive. 
 
 Burw^ell,  Robert,  D.  D.,  son  of  Armistead  and 
 Mary  Cole  (Tnrnbull)  Burwell,  was  born  in  Dinwid- 
 dle county,  Va. ,  June  l"2th,  1802.  On  his  father's 
 side  he  wa.s  of  English,  and  on  his  motlier's,  of 
 Scotch  parentage.  He  was  graduated  from  Hampden 
 .Sidney  College,  in  1823,  and  the  same  year,  with 
 Thomas  P.  Hunt  and  Jesse  S.  Armistead,  entered  the 
 first  cla.ss,  of  three,  in  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
 in  Virginia,  under  the  instruction  of  Rev.  John  H. 
 Rice,  D.  D.  He  w^as  taken  under  care  of  Hanover 
 Presljj'terj',  September  30th,  1825,  licensed  by  the 
 same,  October  23d,  1826,  and  ordained,  November 
 27th,  1830.  He  was  dismissed  to  East  Hanover 
 Presbytery,  October  22d,  1831,  and  installed  pastor 
 of  Chesterfield  Church,  .Tune  1st,  1832.  He  was  dis- 
 missed to  Orange  Presbytery,  N.  C,  July  2nth,  183G, 
 and  soon  after  iu.stalled  pastor  of  Hillsboro  Church, 
 where  he  labored  for  twenty -three  years.  Here,  in 
 conjunction  with  his  cultivated  and  energetic  wife, 
 he  opened  and  conducted  a  Female  School,  of  high 
 grade,  for  more  than  twenty  years.  In  18.57  he  was 
 .selected  to  oi)cn  the  Female  In.stitute,  in  Charlotte,  I 
 N.  C,  which  he  conducted  successfully  for  fifteen 
 years.  In  1872  he  was  elected  as  Principal  of  the 
 new  Female  College,  Peace  Institute,  in  Raleigh, 
 N.  C,  where,  a.s.sociatcd  with  his  son,  John  B.  Bur- ; 
 well,  Esq.,  he  still  remains  (May,  1883).  For  forty-  J 
 six  years  he  has  been  chiefly  engaged  in  teaching  the 
 girls  of  the  Southern  Atlantic  States,  and  has  had 
 about  twelve  hundred  pupils  under  his  instruction  I 
 during  that  period.  In  1882  the  University  of  North 
 Carolina  conferred  upon  him  tlie  degree  of  Doctor  of 
 Divinity. 
 
 Dr.  Burwell  has  been  a  diligent  student  all  his  < 
 life,  still  reads  his  regular  portion  of  Hebrew  and  j 
 Greek,  purcha,ses  and  reads  the  latest  theological  and 
 literary  works,  and  takes  an  interest  in  the  aflairs  of 
 the  Church.  He  is  quiet,  gentle,  scholarly  in  his 
 tastes,  and  liLs  sermons  are  polLshed  in  style  and  full 
 of /Sound  instruction.  Though  engaged  in  teachrng 
 he   has  always   had   his   regular    appointments   for 
 
 preaching  on  the  Sabbath,  and  still  has,  which  he 
 fulfills  with  the  strictest  punctuality.  Dr.  Burwell, 
 in  his  own  modest,  quiet,  unobtru-sive  way,  has  done 
 a  noble  work  for  his  generation. 
 
 Bushnell,  Daniel,  is  the  c'ighth  child  of  Alexan- 
 der Bushnell  and  Sarah  (Wells)  Bu.shnell.  He  was 
 born  in  New  York  city,  December  29th,  1808.  His 
 father  moved  with  his  family  to  I'ittsburg,  in  1813, 
 and  -worked  as  a  ship  carpenter,  in  the  employ  of 
 Robert  Fulton,  and  assisted  in  building  the  Vcsuviua, 
 the  first  steamboat  built  for  business  on  Western 
 rivers.  The  son  grew  up  in  Pittsburg,  being  only 
 five  years  old  when  his  father  moved  West.  When 
 of  age  he  went  into  business  with  his  fathir.  For 
 three  years  (1833-6),  father  and  sons  engagcjl  in 
 mercantile  pursuits  at  New  Albany,  Indiana.  In 
 1840  Jlr.  Bushnell  went  into  the  coal  business,  whicli 
 he  successfully  pursued  for  twenty  years.  He  was 
 the  first  man  to  introduce  the  "barge  system"  in 
 transporting  coal  do\vn  the  rivers,  having  taken  the 
 first  tow  downi  as  early  as  1845.  From  1860  to  the 
 jiresent  time  lie  has  been  interested  in  the  oil  busi- 
 ness, -with  success. 
 
 Mr.  Bushnell  was  baptized  in  the  First  Piesln-te- 
 rian  Church  of  Pittsburg,  and  raised  under  the 
 pastoral  care  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Francis  Herrou.  The 
 Rev.  Wells  Bushnell  wiis  his  brother,  and  another 
 brother  has,  for  over  fifty  years,  been  a  ruling  elder 
 in  New  Albany,  Ind.  He  was  one  of  the  original 
 thirty-six  that  formed  the  Third  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Pitt.sburg.  He  was  elected  elder  iu  1850,  and  has 
 served  faithfully  ever  since.  He  is  now  the  oldest  iu 
 office,  and  for  intelligence,  integrity  and  sterling 
 worth,  is  an  honor  both  to  the  eldership  and  to  the 
 whole  Cliurch.  He  is  now  seventy-five  years  old,  and, 
 although  living  several  miles  from  his  church,  seldom, 
 either  on  Sabbath  or  week-day,  forsakes  the  a.s.sem- 
 bly  of  God's  people. 
 
 Butler,  Zebulon,  D.  D.,  was  born  iu  Wilkes- 
 barre,  Pa.,  Se])teml)cr  27th,  1803;  was  a  student  at 
 Nassau  Hall;  graduated  at  Princeton  Seminar}-  in 
 1826,  and,  being  licensed  by  Susquehanna  I'resbytery, 
 he  set  out  for  the  Southwest,  under  a  commission 
 for  si.x  mouths,  from  the  Board  of  Mi.ssions.  On  his 
 arrival  at  the  field  of  labor,  the  central  point  of  which 
 was  Vick-sburg,  Sliss.,  he  addressed  himself  earnestly 
 to  his  work,  and  engaged  to  remain  with  the  people 
 a  year,  they  assuming  his  whole  support.  At  the 
 I'.xpiration  of  the  time  he  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 Church  at  Port  Gibson,  and  it  w;is  among  this  people 
 his  earnest,  faithful  and  laborious  life  was  spent. 
 Here,  for  nearly  thirty-four  years,  he  toiled  on,  amid 
 many  trials,  but  with  much  success.  Dr.  Butler's 
 influence  extended  gradually  over  a  large  extent  of 
 country,  so  that  he  became  virtually  a  diocesan 
 bishop,  establishing  churches  and  confirming  the 
 disciples  in  many  localities.  By  his  instrumentality 
 many  young  men  were  assisted  into  the  ministry. 
 In  founding  and  sustaining  Oakland  College,  Missis- 
 
BVTTOLPH. 
 
 118 
 
 CALnWELL  IXSTJTVTE. 
 
 sippi,  hf  bore  a  prominont  part.    He  died  in  triumph, 
 ]><(<mtHr  2M,  li^io,  jn"«'atly  Iwlovcd  and  lamented. 
 
 Buttolph,  D.  L.,  D.  D.,  was  bom  in  Xonvich, 
 X.Y.,  December,  1822.  He  was  the  son  of  Jmlge 
 David  and  .Maria  (Lyniiin)  Buttolph.  .\ftorjrniduat- 
 ing  at  Williams  Col!e;;e,  in  the  year  Xfi't,  he  went  to 
 Charleston,  S.  C,  and  en(;a);ed  in  teaching.  , 
 
 In  1849  lie  entend  the  Theol(it;ieal  Seminary  in  | 
 Columbia,  S.  C,  and  alter  completing  the  regular 
 course  of  study,  he  wius  lieen.sed,  in  lKr)2,  by  the 
 Charleston  I'resbytery,  to  preach  the  |»osp«'l.  After 
 leaving  the  Seminary  he  wius  invited  to  preach  in  the 
 Second  Prcsbj-terian  Church  of  Charli-ston,  S.  C. ,  as 
 the  a.'isistant  of  the  Kev.  Thomas  Smyth,  D.  D.  He 
 remained  there  two  years,  when  lie  accepted  a  cjill 
 from  the  Midway  Congregational  Church  in  Liberty 
 county,  (ieorgia. 
 
 This  Church  is  distinguished  for  having  sent  more 
 
 than  sixty  of  her  sons  into  the  gospel  ministry,  many 
 of  whom  are  now  lalN>ring  in  diflerent  s»-ctions  of  our 
 (■ountry.  In  XMYi  Dr.  Buttolph  accepte<l  a  call  to 
 l)ecome  pastor  of  the  Pre.sbyterian  Church  in  Marietta, 
 Georgia.  He  l)eg!in  hi.s  latxins  in  thi.s  church  in 
 DecenilK'r  of  the  .same  year,  and  is  still  its  pastor, 
 covering  a  space  of  nearly  sixteen  years. 
 
 Dr.  Buttolph  is  a  thorough  Bible  student,  and 
 preaches  th<'  gosjM'l  in  all  its  ]iurity.  His  style  is 
 clear,  liigicd  ami  jKiinted.  He  speaks  with  earnest- 
 ness and  power,  and  in  his  appeals  there  is  a  warmth 
 and  fervidness  that  compel  attention.  As  a  pastor 
 he  is  dearly  bclove<l,  not  onlj-  by  his  own  congrega- 
 tion, but  by  every  one  who  becomes  acquainted  with 
 him,  for  his  kind,  courteoiLS  and  .syiii]Kithetic  nature, 
 which  enahlis  him  always  to  have  a  word  of  guiMl 
 cheer  anil  encouragenieiit  for  every  one,  and  his  laliors 
 have  been  blessed  to  the  good  of  many  souls. 
 
 c 
 
 Caldwell,  David,  D.  D.,  the  eldest  smi  of 
 Andrew  and  Martha  Caldwell,  was  born  in  Lancaster 
 county,  I'a.,  .March  '2'Jil,  IT'J.').  Alter  receiving  the 
 rudiments  of  an  Knglish  education,  he  served  an  ap- 
 prenticeship to  a  hous<--cariK'nter,  and  he  subse- 
 quently worked  at  the  business  four  years.  He  w;is 
 graduated  at  Princeton  in  17G1,  the  year  in  which 
 President  Davies  died,  and  he  h:is  been  heard  to  say 
 that  he  iussisted  in  carrying  him  to  his  grave.  After 
 leaving  college,  Mr.  Ciildwell  was  engaged  as  a 
 teacher,  for  a  year,  at  Cape  May.  He  then  returned 
 to  Princeton,  and  acte<l  as  a.ssistaiit  teacher  in  the 
 college,  in  the  I)c])artnient  of  Languages.  He  was 
 lieen.sed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Bruns- 
 wick, June  8th,  176IJ.  After  spending  some  time  as 
 a  missionary  in  North  Carolina,  he  was  ordained  at 
 Trenton,  N.  .1.,  .Tuly  (ith,  17(!.'>.  On  M:irch  :5d,  17(;8, 
 he  was  installed  pji.stor  of  the  two  churches  in  Buflalo 
 and  .\laniance  .settlenient.s,  in  North  Carolina.  To 
 supplement  his  meagre  .salary,  he  purclia.seil  a  small 
 farm,  and  aliout  the  .sime  time  eomineiiccd  a  clas.s- 
 ical  seliiMil  in  his  own  house,  which  he  continued, 
 with  little  interruiition,  till  the  inlirmities  of  age 
 disi|ualilied  him  for  teaching.  He  was  identilied 
 with  some  of  the  most  terrible  events  of  the  war  of 
 the  Kevolutioii.  His  hous«'  was  plumlered,  his  li- 
 bniry  and  furniture  destroyed,  and  the  most  vigorous 
 and  insidious  etVorts  were  made  to  overtake  anil 
 arrest  him  when  he  bad  lied  for  his  life.  He  was  a 
 memlier  of  the  convention  that  formed  the  Constitu- 
 tion of  the  State  of  North  ( 'arolina,  in  177li.  and  took 
 an  active  interest  in  the  )>iilitical  eoncenis  of  the 
 country,  his  ojiiiiioii  always  carrying  with  it  great 
 weight.     He  continued  to  preach  in  his  two  churches 
 
 till  the  year  1)^20.  He  died,  August  2oth,  1824. 
 "Dr.  Caldwell,"  s;iys  trtivernor  Morehead,  of  North 
 Carolina,  "  was  a  man  of  admirable  tciniHr.  kind  to  a 
 fault  to  every  human  Ixiiig,  and  I  might  s;iy  to  every 
 living  creature,  entitled  to  his  kindness.  He  seemed 
 to  live  to  do  goo<l.  It  would  be  difficult  to  duly  ap- 
 preciate his  asefulncss  through  his  long  life.  His 
 learning,  his  piety  and  his  patriotism  were  infused 
 into  the  generations  of  his  day." 
 
 Cald'weU,  Rev.  Elias  Boudinot,  a  son  of  .lames 
 Caldwell,  of  the  cliLss  of  1759,  whilst  living  in  Wash- 
 ington, D.  C,  as  Clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
 United  .States,  olitained  a  license  from  the  Presbrtery, 
 and  was  accustomed  to  jireach  to  the  ignorant  and 
 degraded  in  that  city.  He  is  especially  known  for 
 the  prominent  jxirt  he  took  in  the  cavi.se  of  African 
 colonization.  In  honor  of  him  the  Jlanagers  of  the 
 .Society  gine  the  name  of  Caldwill  to  a  town  in  their 
 .VlVican  colony.      He  died  in  May,  182.5. 
 
 Caldwell  Institute,  N.  C.  This  was  a  High 
 .•^chiMil,  I'ounili  (1  liy  Orange  I'nsb^-tery  and  under  its 
 cure.  It  was  ineor|)oratiil  with  a  Board  of  Trustees, 
 and  was  named  in  honor  of  Kev.  David  Caldwell,  n.ii., 
 an  eminent  teacher  and  minister  of  Guilford  ivunty, 
 i  N.  C,  and  of  Hev,  .loseph  Caldwell,  l>.  !>.,  an  early 
 and  justly  distinguished  President  of  the  .State  Uni- 
 versity, IhiIIi  PresbyteriaiLS,  but  of  dilTereiit  families. 
 The  Institute  had  its  origin  in  a  gcner.d  movement 
 in  the  State  in  In^lialf  of  denominational  .scliool.s.  the 
 immediate  outcome  of  which  were  this  ."v-minary  and 
 David.son  College.  Presliyt«'rian:  the  Gn-enslioro  Fe- 
 male College,  under  the  care  of  the  N.  C.  Confer- 
 eiuf  of  the  MethiMlist  Kpisco|ml  Church.  South;  Wake 
 Fore.st  Collegi'.  Baptist;  and  St.  .Mary's  Female  :>chool. 
 
CALDWELL. 
 
 119 
 
 CALDWELL. 
 
 Episcopalian.  It  was  located  in  Greensboro,  and  was 
 opened  in  its  own  building,  in  the  year  1H36,  the 
 pupils  having  their  quarters  at  boarding-houses  in 
 the  town. 
 
 The  first  Faculty,  which  continued  to  serve  for 
 nine  years,  consisted  of  Kev.  Alcxaniler  Wilson,  D.  D., 
 Kev.  John  A.  Gretter,  D.  I).,  and  Sil.TS  C.  Liudslcy; 
 the  curriculum  embraced  most  of  the  ordinarj' 
 college  studies,  and  from  the  sUirt  the;  Institution 
 assumed  the  highest  position  for  discipline  and  thor- 
 oughness of  instruction.  It  generally  numbered  from 
 seventy -five  to  one  hundred  students,  a  large  propor- 
 tion of  whom  became  men  of  power  and  usefulness, 
 and  some  of  theiU  attained  to  the  highlit  positions 
 in  the  ministry  and  in  other  callings.  In  1845  Pres- 
 bytery resolved  to  move  it  to  Hillsboro,  and  one  of 
 the  Faculty,  Dr.  Wilson,  went  with  it  to  its  new 
 location;  but  this  step  Ciiuscd  dilfcrenccs  of  opinion 
 among  the  friends  of  the  Institution;  its  endowment 
 was  small,  new  expenses  had  to  be  incurred,  and  it 
 did  not  long  survive  this  change.  It  may  be  added 
 that  the  apparent  necessity  for  denominational  schools 
 of  this  kind  was  passing  away,  in  the  rapid  growth 
 of  institutions  promoted  by  the  advancement  of  the 
 common  school  system,  and  it  ultimately  became 
 the  policy  of  the  Presbyterians  to  concentrate  their 
 energies  on  Davidson  College,  though  still  support- 
 ing the  State  Universit}',  to  the  usefulness  of  which 
 they  have  ever  been  devoted.  Comparatively  brief  as 
 was  its  career,  the  Caldwell  Institute  did  much  to 
 advance  and  elevate  the  cau.se  of  sound  education  in 
 the  South,  and  its  influence  has  been  widely  felt  and 
 lasting. 
 
 Caldwell,  Rev.  James,  w;is  born  in  a  settle- 
 mint  called  Cub  Crci'k,  in  what  is  now  Charlotte 
 county,  Va.,  iu  1734.  He  graduated  at  Princeton 
 College  in  1759;  in  about  a  year  alterward  was 
 licensed  as  a  probationer  for  the  ministry,  and  in 
 17()1  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Bruns- 
 wick, and  probably  at  the  same  time  installed  pastor 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Elizabethtown,  X.  J. 
 
 Soon  after  Mr.  Caldwell's  settlement  in  Elizabeth- 
 town  c<immenced  the  ditFerences  between  Great 
 Britain  and  her  Colonies  which  resulted  in  the  War 
 of  the  Kcvolution,  and  subsequently  in  our  Inde- 
 jM'ndence,  and  he  entered  with  all  his  heart  into  the 
 controversy.  On  the  commencement  of  hostilities, 
 and  the  formation  of  the  Jersey  Brigade,  he  was  at 
 once  selected  as  its  chaplain.  In  June,  1770,  he 
 joined  the  Jersey  regiment,  then  on  the  northern 
 lines,  ami  under  the  command  of  his  friend  and 
 l)arishiinier.  Colonel  Da^-ton.  He  did  not  remain 
 with  the  army  until  the  close  of  the  campaign,  but 
 rcturntil  to.Xew  .Tersey,  where  he  was  incc.s.s;intly 
 occupied  by  his  public  and  parochial  duties.  His 
 l)oiiularity  with  the  army  and  the  people  was 
 unbounded,  and  his  practical  wisdom  and  biusiness 
 talents  were  held  in  the  highest  estimation.  But  his 
 popularity  with  the  friends  of  the   Re\olution  was 
 
 equaled,  if  not  surpassed,  by  his  unpopiUarity  with 
 its  enemies.  High  rewards,  it  is  said,  were  offered 
 for  his  capture,  and  to  avoid  the  dangers  to  which 
 he  was  constantly  exposed  from  the  Tories  and  the 
 enemy,  then  in  possession  of  Staten  Island  and  Xew 
 York,  he  removed  his  residence  to  Connecticut 
 Farms,  a  small  place  distant  a  few  miles  fr<jm  Eliza- 
 bethtown, where  he  continued  until  his  death.  Such 
 were  his  own  apprehensions  and  those  of  his  friends, 
 that  he  usually  went  armed,  and,  after  the  burning 
 of  his  church,  when  preaching  in  what  is  yet  spoken 
 of  as  the  Old  Red  Store,  he  was  often  seen  to  disen- 
 cumber himself  of  a  pair  of  pistols  and  lay  them  by 
 his  side.  The  church  in  which  he  preached  was 
 cheerfully  yielded  as  a  hospital  for  sick,  disabled  and 
 wounded  soldiers,  and  its  worshipers  on  the  Sabbath 
 were  often  compelled  to  stand  through  the  service, 
 because  of  the  greasincss  of  the  seats,  and  the 
 fragments  of  bread  and  meat  by  which  they  were 
 covered.  In  vengeance  on  the  p;ustor  and  people  this 
 church  was  fired,  on  the  2oth  of  Jannarj-,  1780,  by  a 
 refugee  named  Cornelius  Hetfield.  On  the  25th  of 
 June  following,  Jlrs.  Caldwell  was  shot  by  a  refugee, 
 through  the  window  of  a  room  to  which  she  had 
 retired  with  her  children,  for  safety  and  devotion, 
 two  balls  pa.ssing  through  her  body.  Her  corpse 
 having  been  drawn  forth  and  laid  in  the  ojjen  street, 
 the  building  wiis  fired,  and  soon  all  the  surrounding 
 buildings  were  in  ashes.  When  the  army  was 
 reduced  to  a  very  low  state,  as  to  both  pay  and  pro- 
 visions, Mr.  Caldwell  was  appointed  Assistant  Com- 
 missary General,  and  in  this  position  his  services 
 were  of  immense  value.  He  was  shot  by  James 
 Morgan,  belonging  to  the  Jersey  militia,  an  Irish- 
 man by  birth,  and  a  man  of  the  most  debased  and 
 profligate  character,  and  his  funeral  took  place  No- 
 vember 28th,  1781. 
 
 Mr.  Caldwell  was  a  man  of  unwearied  activity,  and 
 of  wonderful  powers  of  both  bodily  and  mental 
 endurance.  Feelings  of  the  most  glowing  piety  and 
 the  most  fervent  patriotism  occupied  his  bosom  at 
 the  same  time,  without  at  all  interfering  with  each 
 other.  He  was  one  day  preaching  to  the  battalion; 
 the  next,  providing  the  ways  and  means  for  their 
 support;  the  next,  marching  with  them  to  battle;' if 
 defeated,  a.ssisting  to  conduct  their  retreat;  if  vic- 
 torious, oflfering  their  united  thanksgivings  to  God; 
 and  the  next,  carrying  the  consolations  of  the  gospel 
 to  some  afliicted  or  dying  parishioner.  Down  to  a 
 very  recent  period  the  aged  ones  spoke  of  him  with 
 tearful  emotion.  Never  was  a  p;i.stor  more  alfection- 
 ately  remembered  by  a  people.  And,  as  a  token  of 
 grateful  respect  and  veneration  for  his  memory,  one 
 of  the  townships  iu  the  county  of  Es.sex  has  been 
 called  by  his  name.  Through  the  joint  agency  of  a 
 committee  of  the  Cincinnati  of  New  Jersey  and  a 
 committee  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Elizabethtown,  a  beautiful  monument  to  the  liiemory 
 of  Mr.  Caldwell  was  erected  over  his  remains,  iu  the 
 
CALDWELL. 
 
 lao 
 
 CALLING,  EFFECTUAL. 
 
 graveyard  of  that  church,  to  transmit  the  memory  of 
 his  jKitriotism,  piety  and  cxalteil  worth  to  grner.i- 
 tious  to  come.  Tluit  monument  was  dedicated,  by 
 appropriate  ceremonic-s,  on  the  2-lth  of  November, 
 ISJo,  the  sixty-fourth  anniversiiry  of  Mr.  Caldwell's 
 death.  An  ajipropriate  and  impressive  addre.s-s  was 
 delivered  on  tlie  occasion  by  the  Hev.  S;imuel  Miller, 
 D.  D.,  which  was  RuI>sc<iU(iitly  published. 
 
 Caldwell,  Joseph,  D.D.,  was  iH)rn  at  I-iiming- 
 ton,  N.  J.,  April  'Jlst,  177:!.  lie  entered  Ifinceton 
 College,  in  1787,  and  during  his  whole  collegiate 
 course  maintained  tlie  highest  rank  as  a  scholar. 
 He  graduated  in  1791,  on  which  occasion  he  deliv- 
 ered the  Salutatory  Oration  in  I-atin.  After  his 
 graduation  he  engaged  in  teaching  for  a  time;  studied 
 theology  under  the  direction  of  the  Kev.  David  Aus- 
 tin, at  Elizabethtown  ;  in  April,  1795,  iH-came  tutor 
 in  Princeton  College,  and  continued  to  hold  the  office 
 somewhat  more  than  a  year  ;  in  the  summer  of  179G 
 received  and  accepted  the  ai>|>ointment  of  1'rofe.s.sor 
 of  Mathematics  in  the  University  of  Xortli  Carolina  ; 
 on  the  2"2d  of  September  following  Wiis  licensed  to 
 preach  the  gospel  by  the  Prcsbj-tery  of  New  I{run.s- 
 wick,  and  immediately  entered  on  the  duties  of  his 
 Professorship,  being  then  only  twenty-three  years  of 
 age.  The  college  was  at  that  time  in  a  fe<'ble  state, 
 and  to  him  is  justly  ascribed  the  merit  of  sjiving  it 
 from  ruin  in  its  \arious  vici.ssitudes. 
 
 In  1''04  Mr.  Caldwell  w;ls  tr.insferri'd  from  liis  Pro- 
 fes.sorship  to  the  Presidency  of  the  Vniversify.  This 
 latter  office  he  continued  to  hold  till  1812,  when 
 he  resigned  it,  and  returned  to  the  Mathematical 
 chair,  being  succeeded  by  the  Hev.  Dr.  Chapman. 
 In  l'^17  Dr.  Chapman  retirc-d  from  the  Presidency, 
 and  Dr.  Caldwell  was  chosen  President  ag-.iin.  In 
 1*J4  he  went  to  Kurope  for  the  luirehase  of  a]>iiaratus 
 and  books  for  the  University,  and  returned  the  fol- 
 lowing year.  He  died,  January  24th,  \KV>,  and  a 
 monument  to  his  memory  w;ls  erected  in  the  grove 
 surrounding  the  University  buildings  by  the  trus- 
 tejw.  Dr.  Caldwell  was  a  man  of  remarkably  sound 
 judgment.  He  was  .self-denying,  gi-niTous,  fi'arle.ss, 
 and  jK-rseverlng.  Few,  if  any,  of  the  graduates  of 
 the  University  ever  failed  to  renienilx-r  him  with 
 adihinition  and  alTecticm.  "North  Carolina,"  says 
 I).  Olmstead,  1,1,.  I).,  " rt^veres  bis  memory.  Her 
 most  distingui.shetl  sons  were  his  puiiils,  and  cherish 
 lor  him  a  truly  filial  affection,  and  the  advance 
 which  that  ISfate  has  made  in  intelligence  and  virtne 
 through  the  instrumentality  of  his  lalH>rs  is  the 
 highest  monument  of  bis  |M>\ver  and  wisdom." 
 
 Calhoun,  Rev.  Philo,  was  lM)rn  in  Creen  county, 
 Niw  York,  alxiiit  the  year  I"<lMi,  and  died  at  Vienna, 
 Iji.,  .luly  -Jinh.  IS72.  He  gra<luate<l  with  distin- 
 guished honor,  in  lx2(i,  .-it  Union  College,  in  his  native 
 State.  .'iiMMi  al>er  his  gniduation,  he  took  charge  of 
 a  private  s4'h(Mil  in  the  vicinity  of  Parmville,  in  I'rinci' 
 Edward  county,  Va.  Here  he  distinguished  himself 
 bv  his  abilitv  and  faitlil'ulness   as   an    instructor   of 
 
 youtli.  He  studied  theology  at  Union  Theological 
 Seminarj',  Virginia ;  w:(s  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Wi-st  Hanover,  in  LSJU,  an<l  in  le33 
 was  ordained  to  the  full  work  of  the  ministry'. 
 
 Having  labored  in  the  mini-stry  a  short  time,  at 
 ■\Va.shington,  N.  C,  with  great  acceptance  and  prolit 
 to  the  church  at  that  jilace  he  was  invited  to  take 
 charge  of  the  churches  of  Liicy  llogi-  and  Blue  Stone, 
 in  Mecklenburg  county,  Va.  Accepting  this  invita- 
 tion, he  lalHired  with  zeal  and  lidelity  with  those 
 churclu-s  till  he  was  called  to  the  I'rofessorship  of 
 Mathematics  in  Washington  College,  Va.  (now  Wash- 
 ington and  Lee  University),  about  the  year  liS3<». 
 Here  he  remained,  occupying  this  important  position 
 ;  with  distinguishetl  ability  and  success,  till  alxtut  the 
 '  j'ciir  IfcOl,  when  he  retired  from  that  place  to  occupy 
 other  pliices  of  inlluenee  and  iLsefulness  in  the  educji- 
 tional  interi'Sts  of  our  omntry,  as  well  as  in  the  min- 
 istry. Alx)Ut  18<K)  he  iK-iiime  the  head  of  an  im)iortant 
 Female  Seminary  at  Houma,  La.,  which  ]M)sition  he 
 tilled  to  the  great  satistactiou  of  that  community  for 
 some  years.  He  was  next  a  Protessor  in  Oakland 
 College,  MLss.,  where  he  discharged  the  dnties  of  that 
 office  with  distinguished  ability  and  usefulness.  In 
 the  Fall  of  1^70  he  \-isited  Te.\as.  His  reputation  its 
 an  educator  of  youth  luiving  gone  iH'fore  him  to  that 
 new  and  rapidly  improving  St;ite,  he  received  many 
 solicitations  to  engage  in  teaching.  He  went  to 
 Vienna,  in  the  State  of  Louisiana,  res<dve<l  to  devote 
 him.self  thenceforth  entirely  to  his  Civorite  work  of 
 preaching  the  gospel.  Accordingly  he  engaged  to 
 preach  to  the  Church  at  Viennti,  and  at  other  ]>oints 
 in  reach  of  that  place.  Here  he  laborwl  in  the  Mas- 
 ter's service,  with  great  acwptijui-e  and  protit  to  the 
 ehurcjies,  preaching  with  unwearied  lidelity  and  z«-al, 
 till  his  heavenly  Father  informed  him  that  his  work 
 was  done. 
 I  Calkins,  Rev.  Matthew  Henry,  son  of  Calvin 
 Pardee  and  Het.sey  (Smith)  CalkiiLs,  w:is  Ixirn  in 
 Ballston,  Saratoga  county,  N.  V.,  March  15th,  1842. 
 He  graduated  at  Princeton  College,  with  honor,  in 
 18(J5;  at  Princeton  Theologiwil  .Seminary  in  l^W, 
 and  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Alluiny  in 
 .June,  \>*(u.  He  w;is  in.stalled  over  the  Solebury 
 Church,  Itucks  county.  Pa..  Augu.st  20tli.  If^lW.  In 
 .Tune,  ls7:!,  he  aec<'pte«l  a  cjiU  from  the  S<-«tmd 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Newe;Lstle,  Pa.,  and  was 
 .s«M)n  alter  installed.  Here  he  still  ctmtinues.  His 
 work  hiw  iKfU  prosperi'd,  and  the  chun-h  has  In-en 
 increased  and  strengtheniKl  under  his  faithful  min- 
 istrations. Mr.  Calkins  ])os.ses.ses  rare  merits  and 
 most  excellent  qualities  of  mind  and  hi-art.  He 
 preaches  good  sermons,  and  is  a  kind,  ilevotetl  jxistor. 
 Patii'Ut  inilustrv,  stiady  iMTsever.ini'c  an<Ug>Mid  talents 
 have,  with  GimI's  blessing,  wrought  good  sueei-ss  in 
 the  JMLst,  and  ensure  it  for  the  future. 
 
 Calliner,  Efifectual.  .Man  does  not  come  to  (i<Kl 
 till  he  is  called  by  the  o|M<rations  of  the  Holy  Spirit 
 in  his  soul.     The  truth  of  this  doctrine  ap|M'ars  fnim 
 
CALLIXG,  KFFEVTLAL. 
 
 121 
 
 CALLIXG,  EFFECTVAL. 
 
 the  accounts  given  in  Scripture,  of  the  corrupt  state 
 of  mankind  hy  nature.  They  are  said  to  be  not  only 
 diwascd  and  weak,  but  to  be  "dead  in  tres]>ass<s and 
 sins"  (Eph.  ii,  1);  to  be  not  only  blind,  bnt  '"dark- 
 ness" itself  (Kph.  V,  3,  etc.);  to  be  '"natural"  or 
 animal  men,  who  "  do  not  receive,  and  cannot  know 
 the  things  of  the  Spirit"  (1  Cor.  ii,  14);  to  be  "the 
 servants  of  sin  "  (Rom.  vi,  17);  to  be  the  "enemies 
 of  God ' '  (Col.  1,21);  who  are  not  and  caimot  be  sub- 
 ject to  his  law  (Rom.  \\\\,  "27).  Now,  if  these  things 
 are  true,  how  is  it  possible,  according  to  the  doctrine 
 of  Pclagius,  adopted  by  Socinians  and  some  of  the 
 followers  of  Arniinius,  that  men  have  fiee  "will  to 
 good  as  well  as  to  evil ;  that  they  possess  a  degree  of 
 moral  power,  which,  by  culture,  may  Lncrea-se  in 
 strength,  so  a.s  to  change  the  current  of  their  atfections 
 and  actions;  that  with  some  assistance  they  can  work 
 out  their  Siilvation  ? 
 
 That  the  grace  of  God,  in  the  application  of  re- 
 demption, is  mighty,  may  be  inferred  trom  the  effect. 
 It  is  a  change  of  the  whole  man,  of  his  views,  and 
 principles,  and  inclinations,  and. pursuits.  Now, 
 this  is  a  change  which  no  means  merely  human  have 
 ever  been  able  to  acconipli.sh.  Not  to  mention  the 
 total  failure  of  philosophy  to  reform  mankind,  or 
 even  in  a  single  instance  to  inspire  true  virtue,  we 
 may  remark,  that  the  superior  instructions,  and  pre- 
 cepts, and  motives  of  Christianity,  although  employed 
 with  great  diligence  and  earnestness,  prove  so  often 
 inefl'ectual,  a-s  to  coni-ince  every  person  of  reflection 
 that,  when  they  do  take  effect,  their  success  should 
 be  attributed  to  a  higher  cause  than  their  intrinsic 
 excellence,  or  the  eloquence  of  the  teachers.  The 
 hand  of  God  is  clearly  seen  in  the  sudden,  command- 
 ing and  lasting  impressions  which  are  often  made 
 upon  the  mind.  When  the  thoughtless  are  compelled 
 to  think,  and  to  think  with  an  intenseness  and  seri- 
 ousness which  they  never  formerly  felt;  when  the 
 careless  are  in  a  moment  affected  with  a  sense  of 
 their  mo.st  important  interests;  when  the  lips  which 
 were  acciLstomed  to  hlaspheme  learn  to  pray ;  when  the 
 prond  assume  the  lowly  attitude  and  language  of  the 
 penitent;  when  those  who  were  devoted  to  the  world 
 give  evidence  that  now  the  object  of  their  desires  and 
 pursuits  is  a  heavenly  inheritance;  and  when  this 
 revolution,  so  wonderful,  h.is  been  effected  by  the 
 simple  Word  of  God,  and  by  the  Word  which  the  sub- 
 jects of  this  change  had  often  heard  before  unmoved, 
 we  must  be  con^-inced  that  some  mighty  influence 
 has  been  exerted,  and  that  that  influence  is  divine. 
 Here,  if  anywhere,  we  perceive  the  finger  of  God. 
 Hence  His  power  is  represented  as  dis])layed  in  the 
 success  of  the  gospel.  "  The  Lord  shall  send  the  rod 
 of  thy  strength  out  of  Zion;  rule  thou  in  the  midst 
 of  thine  enemies.  Thy  people  shall  Iw  willing  in  the 
 day  of  thy  jwwer"  (Ps.  c.k,  2,  3). 
 
 Tlie  power  of  God  e.xerted  in  the  regeneration 
 anc}  conversion  of  sinners,  is  inducible.  AVe  make 
 use  of  this  term  rather  than  the  word   irresistible. 
 
 because,  when  the  latter  is  taken  in  its  natural 
 import,  it  does  not  express  what  is  the  fact.  Resist- 
 ance is  made  to  the  grace  of  God,  not  only  by  the 
 fiually  impenit<'nt,  but  also  by  thosi;  who  ultimately 
 yield  to  it.  In  particular,  when  they  iM-gin  to  feel 
 convictions  of  sin,  they  often  endeavor  to  sup])ress 
 them,  or  resort  to  improper  exjiedieuts  for  relief; 
 "going  about,"  for  example,  "to  establish  their  own 
 righteousness,  and  not  submitting  to  the  righteou.s- 
 ness  of  Grod'' — -Romans  x,  3.  In  these  in.stances, 
 they  are  chargeable  with  opposition  to  grace.  Those, 
 therefore,  who  .speak  of  irresistible  grace,  mean  that 
 it  cannot  be  finally  resisted  ;  that  it  will  overcome 
 all  the  efforts  of  corrupt  nature  to  counteract  its 
 design  ;  and  that  it  will  ultimately  render  sinners 
 obedient  to  tjie  faith.  But  this  idea  is  more  j)roperly 
 expres.sed  by  the  term,  in^'incible.  ilan  must  sub- 
 mit, in  the  end,  to  the  power  of  God;  and  this  will  be 
 the  more  e\ident,  if  we  consider  that  His  power  is 
 not  only  sufficient  to  compel  the  most  refractorj-  to 
 yield,  although  with  the  greatest  reluctance,  but  that 
 it  can  take  away  the  spirit  of  opposition,  and  so 
 influence  the  hearts  of  men  that  this  submission 
 .shall  be  voluntary. 
 
 Were  we  to  say  that  the  grace  of  God  is  not  invin- 
 cible, we  should  be  under  the  necessity  of  adopting 
 the  opinion,  which  we  have  already  proved  to  be 
 unscriptural,  that  there  is  a  pow^er  in  man  to  comply 
 or  not  to  comply  with  the  call  of  the  Gospel.  We 
 .should  take  the  work  of  conversion  out  of  the  hand 
 of  God,  and  commit  it  to  man  himself  After  God 
 had  done  all  that  He  could  do  for  our  salvation,  it 
 would  depend  upon  ourselves  whether  the  intended 
 effect  should  follow.  Hence  the  resnlt  of  the  dispen- 
 sation of  the  Gospel  would  he  altogether  uncertain. 
 It  would  not  be  known  beforehand  whether  all  would 
 believe,  or  all  would  disobey.  If  the  grace  of  God 
 was  effectually  resisted  in  one  case,  it  might  be  effec- 
 tually resisted  in  every  case  ;  and,  consequently, 
 although  Christ  shed  His  blood  that  He  might  bring 
 siimers  to  God,  and  the  whole  economy  of  grace  has 
 been  instituted  with  a  view  to  carry  the  design  of  His 
 death  into elTect,  it  might  happin  that  not  an  indivi- 
 dual of  the  human  race  would  be  .sivved.  The  very 
 possibility  of  such  an  issue,  by  which  the  scheme  of 
 redemption  would  be  fru.strated,  furni.shes  a  strong 
 presumption  in  favor  of  the  doctrine  that  the  grace 
 esercLsed  in  the  conversion  of  sinners  is  not  of  such 
 an  equivoGil  character  that  it  may  or  may  not 
 accomplish  its  design,  but  that  its  operation  is 
 mighty  and  efficacious,  bearing  down  all  opposition, 
 and  ' '  bringing  into  captivity  every  thought  to  the 
 obedience  of  Christ." 
 
 Tlie  great  objection  against  the  invincibility  of 
 DiWne  grace  is,  that  it  is  subversive  of  the  lil)erty  of 
 the  will.  It  seems  inconceivable,  to  some,  that  a 
 man  should  be  free,  and  at  the  s:ime  time  should 
 be  infallibly  determined  to  a  particular  purpose. 
 But  the  objection  proceeds  ujion  a  misapiirehension  • 
 
CAWIX. 
 
 122 
 
 CA3fPBELL. 
 
 of  the  mode  of  operation.  The  idea  occurs  of  external 
 force,  Ijy  which  a  man  is  compelled  to  do  something 
 to  which  he  is  averse.  It  is  not  considered  tliat  tlie 
 power  of  {trace  is  not  compulsive;  tluit  it  puts  no 
 force  uiKHi  our  minds:  that,  instciul  of  disturhiu)»  our 
 mental  constitution,  it  kims  aloun  with  it ;  and  that,  in 
 a  manner  at  once  natural  and  su|X'rnatunil,  it  .-wcurc-s 
 the  concurrence  of  the  will.  True  lil>erty  consist.s  in 
 doing  what  we  do  with  kuowled;;c  and  from  i-hoice; 
 and  such  lilierty  is  not  only  consistent  with  conver- 
 sion, hut  essential  to  it;  for  if  a  man  turn  to  Got!  at 
 all,  he  must  turn  with  his  heart;  Go<l  does  not  lead 
 us  to  siilvation  without  consciousness,  like  stones 
 transported  from  one  ])l:icc  to  another;  nor  without 
 our  consent,  like  .slaves  who  arc  driven  to  their  tjusk 
 hy  the  terror  of  punishment.  He  conducts  us  in  a 
 maimer  suitahle  to  our  rational  and  moral  nature. 
 He  so  illuminates  our  minds  that  we  most  cordially 
 concur  with  His  design.  His  power,  althoufjh  able 
 to  suhdue  opiMjsition,  is  of  the  mildest  and  most  gentle 
 kind,  ^\^lile  He  commands.  He  persuades;  while  He 
 draws,  the-  sinner  comes  without  reluctance;  and 
 never  in  his  life  is  there  a  fn-er  a<t  of  volition  than 
 whenhelKlievcsin  Christ,  and  accepts  of  His.siilvatiou. 
 
 Calvin,  Hon.  Samuel,  was  born  July  30th, 
 l"!!,  in  Wa.shin)::ton,  Montour  county.  Pa.  His 
 education  w:is  received  chiefly  at  tin-  Milton  -Vcademy. 
 For  a  time  he  tiiught  school.  Sub.se(|uently  he  w:vs 
 intrusted  with  the  charge  of  Huntingdon  Aaulemy, 
 applying  all  his  leisure  time  to  the  study  of  law.  In 
 ls:56  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar,  rising  rapidly  in 
 his  profe,s.sion  and  in  public  estimation.  In  1H4.'^  he 
 Wiis  elected  to  t'ongre.ss,  serving  one  term,  and  de- 
 clining a  re-nomination.  He  h:us  weupied  many 
 offices  of  local  res|>onsibility,  and  w;is  select<>d  totfill 
 a  vacancy  in  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  IflTi-:!, 
 of  which  body  he  was  a  prominent  and  influential 
 member.  Mr.  Calvin  is  a  lawyer  of  very  decided 
 ability.  He  was  brought  up  in  the  Presbyterian 
 faith,  til  which  he  still  adheres.  His  present  resi- 
 dence is  Hollidaysburg,  Pa.,  where  he  is  held  in 
 high  esteem. 
 
 Cameron,  Rev.  Archibald,  was  iMirn  in  .Scot- 
 land, alnmt  tin-  year  1771  iir  177J,  but  his  parents 
 emigrated  to  AnuTieji  when  he  wius  in  his  infancy. 
 He  spent  a  year  or  more  at  the  "Tran.sylvania  Semi- 
 nary," now  "Transylvania  University,"  and  sul>sc- 
 quently  completed  his  literary  course  at  lijinLstown, 
 under  Dr.  .T;unes  PriestUy.  He  studied  tln-olog_v 
 under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  David  Rice,  at  Dan- 
 ville, and  was  licen.sed  to  preach  the  gos]M-l  by  the 
 Transylvania  Presbytery,  February  1  Itli,  17!».">.  On 
 the  2(1  of  .June,  17!l(!.  he  was  ordained  ami  installiKl 
 over  the  churches  of  .Vkron  and  Fox  Run,  in  Shelby, 
 and  Big  Spring,  in  Ncl.son.  For  several  years  his 
 lalxirs  were  spread  over  a  very  extensive  field,  now 
 o<'c>ipied  by  the  churches  of  Shelbyville,  Mullwrry, 
 Si.\  Mile.  Shiloh,  Olivet  and  Big  Spring,  and  embrac- 
 •  ing  a  ciri-iiit  of  front   thirty  to  fnrty  miles.     These 
 
 churches,   with  the  exception  oC   Big  Spring,   were 
 
 organized  and  built  up  through  his  instrumentality; 
 he  also  organized  the  churches  of  Cane  Run  and 
 Pennsylvania  Hun,  in  Jefferson  county.  For  many 
 years  he  wa-s  the  only  Presbyterian  minister  in  this 
 wi<le  extent  of  country,  to  supply  which  he  lalwred 
 with  indi-l'atigable  indiLStry  an<l  perseverance,  travel- 
 ing through  a  wilderne.s.s,  in  the  most  inclement 
 sea.son.s,  and  often  l»eiug  obliged  to  swim  the  swollen 
 streams,  to  fullill  his  appointments.  He  found  it 
 necessary  to  contract  his  labors,  from  time  to  time, 
 within  a  narrower  field,  and  from  1828  until  near  the 
 close  of  life,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  churches  of 
 Shelbyville  and  MullK'rry.  Here  he  had  a  long  and 
 interesting  term  of  service,  it  iK'ing  altogether  more 
 than  forty  years.      He  died  Decemlx-r  4th,  l83(>. 
 
 Mr.  Cameron  w;is  an  able,  earnest  and  elfective 
 pr<'aclier.  He  was  a  rii>e  scholar  in  all  that  fitted 
 him  to  interpret  the  Scriptures.  His  mind  w;us  cast 
 in  the  finest  mould,  and  its  distinctive  characteristic-s 
 were  strength,  originality  and  discrimination.  He 
 wivs  regarded  :ls  decidedly  a  leader  in  the  Synod,  and 
 next  to  that  illustrious  pioneer,  the  Rev.  D-.ivid  Rice, 
 he  was  the  lUtlur  of  Presbyterianism  in  Kentucky. 
 
 Cameron,  Henry  Clay,  D.  D.,  was  Ixirn  in 
 Sheplienlstown,  Va.,  SeptcmlKr  l.st,  1827.  Hegrailu- 
 atcd  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1847;  was 
 tciicher  for  a  time;  Princip:il  of  "  Edgehill,"  Prince- 
 ton, N.  J.,  1851;  Tutor  in  New  Jersey  College, 
 1852-5;  Adjunct  and  Associate  Professor  of  Greek  in 
 the  same  In.stitution,  18,V>-<>1;  was  ordained  an  evan- 
 geli.st  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  February 
 1st,  lso;j;  w:is  lastructor  in  French  in  New  Jersey 
 College,  18.J!)-7(I;  Libnirian  of  the  College,  1805-72; 
 and  wius  elected  Prole,s.sor  of  Greek  there  in  1801. 
 Professor  Cameron  is  a  gentleman  of  culturtHl 
 manner,  agreeable  address,  and  scholarly  ability. 
 He  is  of  good  Presbyterian  stock,  having  both 
 Covenanting  aiul  Huguenot  blood  in  his  veins.  The 
 Rev.  Archibald  Cameron,  notitvd  in  the  preceding 
 sketch,  almost  the  founder  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Kentucky,  was  a  cousin  of  Profi-s-sor 
 Cameron's  grandfather.  They  arrived  in  this  country 
 together,  In-fore  the  Revolution,  Archibald  Cameron 
 iK'ing,  however,  almost  an  infant.  Professor  Cam- 
 eron's great-gnmdfather  and  one  of  his  brothers  were 
 in  the  battle  of  Culloden,  on  the  side  of  "Prince 
 Charlie."  The  father  of  An-hilKild  Oimeron,  and 
 the  grandfather  of  Gi-ner.il  Simon  Cameron,  of  Penn- 
 sylvania, were  the  two  brothers  who  did  not  join  in 
 the  RelH-Uion  of  1745. 
 
 Campbell,  Allan  Ditchfleld,  D.  D.,  was  imrn 
 atChorlcy,  in  I,an(-;i.shire,  Kngland.  .March  l.")th.  17!tl. 
 and  at  an  early  age  h-t^  CJreat  Itriudn  with  his  father 
 aiul  mother,  who  settletl  in  B:iltimorc.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  the  University  of  Penn.sylvania,  in  Phila- 
 delphia. In  1815  he  was  licens<sl  by  the  PresbytiTy 
 of  Philadelphia,  of  the  As.s»KMate  Relbrmed  Chun-h. 
 and  wxs  by  that  IhhIv  appointed   to  preach    in  the 
 
CAMPBELL. 
 
 123 
 
 CAMPBELL. 
 
 vacant  churches  in  Western  Pennsylvania,  adjoining 
 Pittsburg.  Soon  afterward,  he  joined  the  Presbvtery 
 of  Redstone,  of  the  Preshj-terian  Church.  Removing 
 to  Tennes.see  in  ISid,  he  became  i)a.'<tor  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Xiishvillc,  \Vliere  for  seven 
 years  he  prosecuted  his  JIaster's  work,  amid  many 
 difficulties  and  much  suffering  from  frequent  attacks 
 of  illness.  He  returned  to  Pennsylvania  in  the 
 Spring  of  1827,  and  in  the  Fall  of  1828  the  family 
 removed  to  their  plea.s;int  home  overlooking  the  Ohio 
 River  near  Pittsburg,  where  he  breathed  his  last, 
 September  2(lth,  1861,  uttering,  in  a  voice  of  great 
 firmness,  as  he  departed,  "  I  know  whom  I  have  be- 
 lieved." 
 
 Dr.  Campbell  was  deeply  interested  in  the  found- 
 ing of  the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  at  Alle- 
 gheny. He  went  to  England  and  Scotland  to  collect 
 a  library  for  the  lastitution,  and  secured  upwards  of 
 two  thousand  volumes.  After  several  years  of  great 
 exertion,  as  General  Agent  of  the  Seminary,  and  iis 
 Instructor  in  it  of  Church  Government  and  Discipline, 
 the  cynnection  terminated,  in  l'^40,  but,  to  the  end 
 of  his  life,  he  wa.s  the  unflinching  friend  of  the  Insti- 
 tution. Dr.  Campbell  was  an  earnest  man  in  his 
 profession.  Of  his  preaching  it  might  be  said,  "  the 
 common  people  heard  him  gladly."  He  was  a  true 
 patriot,  and  was  exceedingly  liberal  and  hospitable. 
 Many  a  theological  student  and  poor  minister  were 
 the  recipients  of  his  bounty.  Many  cherish  his 
 memory  with  affection. 
 
 Campbell,  Alfred  Elderkin,  D.  D.,  born  in 
 January,  1S(I2,  w;is  the  oldest  son  of  James  S.  Camp- 
 bell, Es<j.,  of  Cherry  Valley,  X.  Y.  He  graduated 
 from  Union  College  in  1820,  and  studied  theology  at 
 Princeton.  His  first  settlement  was  at  Worcester, 
 Otsego  county,  N.  Y.,  and  his  subsequent  settle- 
 ments were  in  Newark  and  Palmyra,  in  Ithaca,  and 
 in  Cooperstown,  in  the  last  of  which  places  he 
 remained  for  twelve  years,  in  favor  with  God  and 
 man.  He  was  p:ustor  of  the  Spring  Street  Church, 
 New  York,  1848-.'>~,  and  Secretary  of  the  Americ;in 
 and  Foreign  Christian  Union,  1858-67.  He  died 
 December  2Sth,  1874.  Dr.  Campbell  was  a  man 
 of  action,  impelled  to  it  by  forces  within  himself,  and 
 led  to  the  hvst  movements  and  measures  by  intention 
 and  instinct.  His  pulpit  prep;irations  were  generally 
 jiopular,  but  more  from  the  free  outflow  of  his  heart 
 than  from  the  laborious  e.xerci.se  of  his  mind.  A 
 gintlcnianin  himself  and  brought  up;is  a  gentleman, 
 he  graced  and  gratified  the  social  circle,  and  hisgeuuine 
 kindne.ss,  sympathy  and  love  of  souls  endeared  him  to 
 a  parish  and  made  him  a  blessing  to  it.  He  recog- 
 nized the  claims  uix)n  him  of  hLs  Denomination  and 
 of  the  Church  at  large,  and  of  the  public  in  general, 
 and  actively  p;irticipated  in  ecclesi;>sticiil  proceedings 
 and  in  movements  for  moral  reform  and  the  common 
 welfare.  His  benevolence  was  expansive,  and  suit- 
 ing his  actions  to  his  prayers,  he  sought  the  doing  of 
 God's  will  on  earth  as  in  he;iven. 
 
 Campbell,  JohnN.,  D.D.,  was  bom  in  Phila- 
 delphia, Pa.,  March  4th,  1798;  was  a  student  in  the 
 University  of  Pennsj'lvania,  and  subsequently  be- 
 came, for  a  time,  teacher  of  the  languages  in  Hamp- 
 den Sidney  College,  Va.  He  w;is  licenst-d  to 
 preach  by  the  fte-sbj-tery  of  Hanover,  May  loth, 
 1817,  and  preached  for  some  time  in  Petersburg,  Va., 
 also  in  Xewbern,  X.  C,  where  he  was  instrumental 
 in  est;ibli.shing  the  First  Presb.vterian  Church.  In 
 1820  he  was  chosen  Chaplain  to  Congress,  and  dis- 
 charged the  duties  of  the  position  with  unusual  accept- 
 ance. He  afterwards  spent  two  or  three  years  in 
 Virginia.  He  became,  in  1823,  the  a.ssistant  of  Dr. 
 Balch,  of  Georgetown,  D.  C,  and  continued  so  from 
 one  to  two  years.  In  December,  1828,  he  took  charge 
 of  the  Xew  York  Avenue  Church,  in  Washington, 
 D.  C,  where  his  great  popularity  very  soon  crowded 
 their  pjace  of  worship.  In  January,  1825,  he  was 
 elected  one  of  the  Managers  of  the  American  C'oloni- 
 ziition  Society,  and  very  ably  and  efficiently  dis- 
 charged the  duties  of  the  office  for  about  si.x  years. 
 He  died  March  27th,  1864. 
 
 Dr.  Campbell's  character,  in  respect  to  its  predomi- 
 nant qualities,  both  intellectual  and  moral,  was 
 strongly  marked.  His  mind  was  uncommonly  versa- 
 tile; with  a  firmness  that  never  yielded,  he  united  a 
 frankness  that  loathed  dissimulation.  He  had  always 
 an  open  heart  and  hand,  according  to  his  ability,  for 
 administering  to  the  wants  of  the  jxior  and  sufl'ering. 
 His  remarkable  executive  power,  in  connection  with 
 his  great  familiarity  with  ecelesi3stic;xl  rule,  gave 
 him  a  decided  influence  in  the  councils  of  the  Church, 
 so  far  as  he  mingled  with  them. 
 
 Campbell,  Joseph,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Omagh, 
 County  of  T\Toue,  Ireland,  in  the  year  1776.  He 
 came  with  his  parents  to  America  in  1797.  For  two 
 or  three  years  he  had  charge  of  a  school  at  Cran- 
 bury,  X.  J.  In  1801  he  opened  an  English  and 
 Classical  School  at  Princeton.  He  was  licensed  to 
 preach  by  the  Presbrtery  of  Xew  Brunswick,  October 
 [  5th.  1808.  In  1809  he  became  pastor  of  the  Presby- 
 j  terian  Church  in  Hackettstown,  X.  J.,  where  he 
 continued  laboring  with  great  acceptance  and  success 
 for  nearly  thirty  years.  In  1833  he  accepted  a  call 
 to  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  churches  in  Mllford 
 and  Kingwood,  X.  J.  He  died  September  6th,  1840. 
 His  remains  were  removed  for  burial  to  Hackettstown, 
 and  the  people  of  both  his  charges  met  at  his  funeral 
 and  mingled  in  a  common  lamentation. 
 
 Dr.  Campbell  was  a  most  faithful  pastor,  and  greatly 
 beloved  by  all  the  churches  of  the  large  Presbytery 
 of  Xewton,  and  respected  and  honored  by  the  whole 
 Synod  of  Xew  Jersey.  He  was  a  popular  and  most 
 successful  minister  of  the  gospel.  He  was  always 
 found  among  the  friends  of  order  and  law.  He  pro- 
 moted all  philanthropic  movements.  He  sustained 
 the  Boards  of  the  Church,  and  was  the  untiring  friend 
 of  sch(H)ls  an<l  colleges.  He  sought  out  and  educated 
 promising  young  men  for  the  ministry.     He  was  a 
 
CAilPHELL. 
 
 124 
 
 CAMPBELL. 
 
 great  iH,-a<-c-niak»T.  Those  who  kiiiw  liiiii  well  in 
 private  could  ti'stily  that  he  was  a  devout  man.  In 
 the  j  udi<'atories  of  the  Cliurth,  few  were  more  ]irom])t, 
 judicious,  or  ellieient  than  he.  It  may  1h'  ju.stly  .siid 
 of  him,  tli:it  he  was   "a  nuLster  in  Israel." 
 
 Campbell,  Rev.  Robert  K.,  now  of  South 
 Sulem,  O.,  wius  lx)rn  in  Washington  county,  Pa., 
 May  (jtli,  IKC  He  was  brouf^ht  lip  in  connection 
 with  the  Associate  Keformed  Church.  He  gra<luat*-d 
 at  .TetTerson  College,  in  18.V2,  and  received  hi.s  the- 
 ological training  at  Allegheny  City,  Pa.,  and  at 
 Oxford,  O.  He  wiis  liceii.s<;d  by  the  First  \.  R. 
 Presbytery  of  Ohio,  in  April,  185."),  and  ordained  by 
 the  same  Prcsbj-tery,  in  August,  1(*56.  He  was  jkis- 
 tor  of  the  Sycjimore  Church,  near  Cincinnati,  for 
 nine  years,  then  of  the  U.  P.  Church,  in  Greenfield, 
 O.,  for  five  years.  In  186!)  he  transferred  his  ecclesi- 
 a.stical  connection  to  the  Presbyterian  Churrh,  and 
 in  the  following  year  was  .settleil  as  pastor  over  the 
 large  and  influential  Cliunli  of  .South  Salem,  in  the 
 Presbytery  of  Cliillicothe,  a  chun-li  that  he  still 
 serves  most  Ms<'fully  and  acceptiibly.  Mr.  Camp- 
 bell is  a  giMxl  preacher,  clear  and  )H>inte4l,  and  in  his 
 pre]iaration  for  the  pulpit  is  very  careful  and  pains- 
 taking. .\s  a  p;iHt<)r  he  is  diligent  and  faithful.  As 
 a  Presbyter  he  ha-s  much  influence,  on  account  of  his 
 candor  and  gooil  judgment,  and  high  .scns<Mif  probity 
 aud  conscicutiinisncss. 
 
 riAviri.  Mis'OH  CAMrnMLi.,  p.p. 
 
 Campbell,  Samuel  Minor,  D.  D.,  was  Ixirn  in 
 CamplM-ll,  .'stiiilMii  county,  N.  V.,  ,Iune  1st,  IS-J.'!. 
 HLs  iineestorH  were  Scol<'li,  ami  were  the  first  si-ttlers 
 of  the  town  of  CamplM-ll.  He  grailuated  at  rnink- 
 lin    .\cadem.v,    I'lattsbnrg.    N.    Y.,    and    at    .\uburn 
 
 Tlieological  S<-minary,  in  1849,  and  was  ordained 
 and  installed  at  Paris  Hill,  N.  Y.,  by  the  Oneiila 
 Asso«iati<in,  DeeemlM-r  20th,  l^jt).  He  ])reached  iu 
 Danville,  N.  Y.,  l-d7-"<;  was  jia-stor  of  the  Westmin- 
 ster Presbyterian  Church,  Utii-a,  18,>>i-<>f):  of  the 
 Central  Presbyterian  Church,  Koehester,  If'GC-t'l. 
 In  1881  he  t<x)k  charge  of  the  First  I'resbyterian 
 Church,  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  which  is  his  present 
 field  of  lalxir.  In  lf<78  he  was  sent  by  the  tk-neral 
 As.sembl,v,  as  a  delegate,  to  the  Pan-Presbjterian 
 Council  at  Kdinburgh.  Bi-sides  iK-ing  a  fre<|ueiit 
 contributor  to  the  religious  and  si-cular  i)res.s,  ami 
 publishing  occasional  sermoiLs,  he  Ii:ls  pnbli.slied 
 .several  de-servedl.v  popular  volumes  :  "  Across  the 
 Desert,  a  Life  of  Moses"  (.1'^-).  """'l  "  Tl''-"  ^torj-  of 
 Creation"  (18T7). 
 
 Dr.  Campbell  has  filled  several  of  the  most  ini- 
 iwrtant  pulpits  in  the  Presbyterian  Church,  with 
 rare  ability  and  succe.s.s.  His  iKj]>ularity  has  never 
 been  ephemeral  or  sen.sational,  but  will-l'ounded  aud 
 abiding.  He  is  a  clear,  suggestive  and  indejx'ndent 
 thinker,  asiug  apt  illu.stration.s,  ami  luis  a  simple, 
 cn.sp  and  incisive  .style.  He  has  a  terse,  ]Hiinted,  jirae- 
 ticid  and  common-sen.se  way  of  putting  things,  which 
 commends  itself  to  the  judgment  of  his  hearers, 
 gaiiLS  their  as.sent,  and  carries  them  with  him.  Per- 
 .sonall.v  he  has  a  magnetism  of  manner  whicli  wins 
 and  puts  at  ease,  and  iussures  of  friendship.  .Vs  a 
 pa-stor,  he  is  constant  in  kindly  ministnitions,  and 
 posse.s.ses  the  conlidi'iu'c  and  afl'ection  of  his  jk-ojiIi'. 
 Dr.  CamplK'll  is  much  sought  for  on  sjMcial  oce^Lsions, 
 and  is  very  liapp.v  in  revivals.  He  is  also  estt-enuil 
 a  wi.s*' leader  and  counsellor  in  ecclesixstiinil  bodies, 
 where  his  influence  is  very  elVective. 
 
 Campbell,  Rev.  'Williani  Q-raham,  son  of 
 .Vlexandcr  and  .lane  ^Slnitll)  CamplMll,  wxs  Iiorn  in 
 Hockbridge  county,  Va..  July  "JTth,  17!»!).  He  was 
 graduated  I'rom  \V;i.s|iington  College,  Vu.,  \.  D.  l>-2,">; 
 aflerwarilss|Kiit  one  .s».ssiim  :us  a  Tutor  in  that  coUegi'; 
 entered  Princetim  Seminary  in  the  Kail  of  ISi")  aud 
 spent  there  one  year,  in  study.  He  was  lii-eased  by 
 Lexington  Pre.sbyt»'ry,  OctolKT  i'W,  18iG,  ami  was 
 t>riLiincd  an  evangelist  by  the  same  Presbyterj-,  April 
 •JGtli,  18-J8.  Alter  lieeiLsure  he  supplieil  the  Chun-Ii 
 at  Chri.stiansburg,  Va.  (which  he  Ix'gan),  and  at  the 
 siuni'  time  taught  a  sehiMil  in  that  place.  He  next 
 labored,  from  \<.W  to  HIl,  as  a  mi.ssionary  iu  lireeii- 
 brier  aud  PiH-.diont;us  iHrnuties,  Va.,  supplying  the 
 churches  of  Spring  Crifk,  .\nthony's  Creek,  Little 
 Levels  (now  Oak  Grove),  and,  <me  year,  al.so  Mt. 
 Carmel.  From  18-11  to  Hi:i  he  wiis  stat<il  .■'upidy 
 at  Warm  Springs,  Viw  He  then  becsime  ]Kistor  of 
 Shenuirinh  Church,  over  which  he  was  iustalU-d  by 
 l>exingt<m  Prt-sbytery,  .Vugtist  2-llh,  18^11,  and  from 
 whi<-h  he  wius  rele!Lse<l  May  .Id,  18."i<».  I'rom  K>0 
 until  18."i7  he  resided  at  Stauntim,  Va.,  )>reaching 
 and  teaching;  then  from  K)7  to  18.">!)  he  n-sided  at 
 .S:disbury,  N.  C,  having  charge  of  an  aciidem.v  for 
 girls  and  preaching  in  a<lj:ieent  ehun-hi's  as  he  had 
 
CAMPBELL. 
 
 125 
 
 CAEillCHAKL. 
 
 opportimity.  From  1859  until  1865  lie  w;is  stated 
 sujiiily  to  Lebanon  C'huivli,  Va.  From  1806  until 
 his  death  he  resided  at  Harri.s(m1)nrg,Va.,  and  alter 
 many  years  of  lecblc  health  died  at  that  place, 
 Aufciist  2d,  1881,  of  old  age,  in  his  eiglity-tliird  year, 
 at  the  last  making  a  clear  confession  of  his  faith  in 
 Christ  as  his  Redeemer,  and  dying  a.  most  peaceful 
 tleath.  He  was  an  able  preacher  of  the  Word,  and 
 liis  labors  everywhere  were  greatly  blessed,  being  in 
 many  of  his  fields  much  enhanced  by  his  tact  and 
 ability  as  a  teacher. 
 
 Campbell,  "William  H.,  an  elder  of  the  First 
 Presliyteriaii  Church,  Washington,  D.  C,  was  born  in 
 XewljuryiKirt,  Mass.,  JIarch  26th,  1800,  and  died  in 
 Georgetown,  B.  C,  May  21st,  1881.  Jlr.  Cami)bell 
 w;us,  for  two  years,  a  clerk  in  a  store  in  Portland, 
 Maine,  where,  under  the  ministry  of  the  Kev.  Dr. 
 Payson,  he  received  some  of  his  earliest  and  deepest 
 religious  impressions.  In  1817  he  engaged  in  busi- 
 ness in  Kielimond,  Ya.,  and  in  1S20  joined  the  First 
 Pre.sljyterian  Church  of  that  city,  of  the  Sabbath 
 School  of  wliieh  he  wits  for  .some  time  superintendent. 
 In  1828  he  established  himself  in  business  in  Washing- 
 ton, and  connected  himself  with  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church,  and  accepted  the  office  of  Superintendent 
 of  the  Sabbath  School,  in  which  relation  he  stood  for 
 some  twenty -two  years.  In  1840,  he  was  elected  a 
 ruling  elder  of  the  Church,  and  continued  so  until 
 his  death,  faithfullj'  and  acceptably  discharging  the 
 duties  of  his  position. 
 
 Mr.  Campbell  was  a  truly  exemplary  Christian. 
 He  acted  ever  as  a  steward  of  the  goods  which  God  i 
 bestowed.  He  gave  liberally  in  response  to  the 
 various  claims  of  Christian  charity.  He  was  as  faith- 
 ful a  man  in  all  his  relations  as  is  likely  to  be  found 
 in  the  midst  of  human  imperfection.  In  the  domes- 
 tic sphere  he  was  a  model  of  affection,  and  by  pre- 
 cept and  example  taught  his  loved  ones  the  way  to 
 heaven.  He  was  kind,  courteous,  upright,  a  man  of 
 singular  probity,  of  great  good  sense  and  practical 
 wisdom.  He  was  clear-sighted  and  pinictilious  in  all 
 business  affairs.  He  kept  his  promises  and  con-  j 
 strained  men  to  keep  theirs  ;  but  he  was  the  soul  of ! 
 honor  and  of  honesty  in  all  things.  Though  he  had 
 great  devotion  for  his  own  home  church,  yet  he  had 
 a  wide,  deep  sympathy  for  the  cause  of  Christ  every- 
 where, and  in  every  form,  and  no  one  felt  more 
 delight  than  he  in  the  ordinances  of  the  s;inctuary 
 and  the  prosperity  of  the  Redeemer's  kingdom. 
 
 Canfleld,  'William  B.,  was  born  in  the  State  of 
 Connecticut,  in  the  year  1809,  and  in  earlv  life 
 removed  to  Baltimore,  5Id.  Here,  together  ^vith  his 
 brother,  he  established  one  of  the  largest  jewelry 
 stores  in  the  State.  Several  years  previous  to  his 
 death,  which  occurred  January  10th,  1833,  he  was 
 compelled,  by  failing  health,  to  withdraw  from  all 
 active  business  pursuits.  In  1850  he  w;is  elected  a 
 meftiber  of  the  Board  of  ilanagers  of  the  Maryland 
 Bible  Society;  and  in  1S.59  was  chosen  vice-president 
 
 of  the  Board,  which  jMisition  he  filled  to  the  time  of 
 his  death.  For  more  than  forty  years  he  was  a  mem- 
 Ijer  of  the  Fii-st  Presbyterian  Church  of  Baltimore. 
 For  thirty-five  years  he  was  a  ruling  elder  in  that 
 church,  and    during   the  same   jK-riod  was  supcrin- 
 
 ,  tendent  of  the  Sabbath  School. 
 
 In  all  religious  duties  Mr.  Canfield  manifested 
 singular  devotion  and  zeal.  One  intimately  asso- 
 ciated with  him  in  Church  work  writes,  "  He  was  not 
 only  ready  at  all  times,  but  also  watchful  for  ojipor- 
 tunities  to  do  his  part  in  every  kind  of  service  ;  judi- 
 cious in  counsel,  tender  in  sympathy,  and  benevolent 
 in  deeds."  Rev.  Dr.  Backus,  for  many  years  his 
 pa.stor,  speaks  of  him  as  having  been  a  model  elder — 
 prudent,  active,  wise,  tilled  with  the  Spirit,  his 
 Master's  work  consuming  a  large  portion  of  his  time, 
 his  energy,  and  his  solicitude. 
 
 Camion,  Rev.  John  F.,  was  born  in  Cabarnis 
 county,  N.  C,  January  3d,  1851;  graduated  at 
 Davidson  College,  N.  C,  in  1869;  spent  the  following 
 3'ear  in  study  at  the  University  of  Virginia;  after- 
 wards took  the  full  course  of  study  at  Union  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  Prince  Edward  county,  Va.  He 
 was  licensed  by  Mecklenburg  Presbytery,  May  20th, 
 1873,  and  transferred  to  Chesajieake  Presbytery,  to 
 take  the  pastoral  charge  of  Leesburg  Church,  in 
 Loudon  county,  Va.  He  was  ordained  and  installed 
 pastor  of  Leesburg  Church  in  October,  1873,  and  con- 
 tinued in  this  charge  for  nearly  eight  years,  develop- 
 ing most  admirable  qualities,  as  pastor,  preacher  and 
 presbyter. 
 
 I  In  April,  1881,  he  was  transferred  to  the  pastoral 
 charge  of  the  Church  of  Shelbyvillc,  Teun.,  in  which 
 he  continues  to  the  present  time  (1883).  The  quali- 
 ties developed  in  his  Leesburg  charge  have  been  more 
 fully  brought  out  in  his  present  larger  one.  His 
 early  ministry  was  remarkably  characterized  by. sound 
 judgment  and  wisdom  in  the  various  exigencies  of 
 the  work.  His  fine  personal  appearance  and  great 
 dignity  of  manner  preiK)ssess  in  his  favor,  and  the 
 expectations   thus   rai.sed   are  well  answered  in  the 
 
 j  calm  and  cle;ir,  but  full  and  forcible  presentation  of 
 richest  gospel  truths  in  his  preaching.  His  very 
 careful  habits  of  study  and  preparation  give  promise 
 of  still  larger  development  of  power  in  his  ministry. 
 Mr.  Cannon  was  a  Commissioner  from  Clicsapeake ' 
 Presbytery  to  the  C^neral  Assembly  in  New  Orleans, 
 in  1877. 
 
 Carmichael,  Rev.  John,  was  born  in  the  town  of 
 TarlxTt,  in  Argj'leshire,  .'>eotlaud,  October  17th,  1728. 
 His  parents  migrated  to  this  country  in  the  year 
 1737.  He  graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey 
 in  Augu.st,  1759;  studied  theology  at  Princeton,  under 
 the  direction  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Davies,  who  had 
 then  become  Presidentof  the  College,  and  was  licensed 
 to  preach  by  the  Presbj-tery  of  Xew  Brunswick, 
 Jlay  8th,  1760.  On  April  21st,  1761,  he  was  or<lained 
 to  the  work  of  the  ministry,  and  installed  pastor  of 
 the   Church   of  the   Forks  of  Brandywine,  Chester 
 
C.lJi.\AUAX. 
 
 12C 
 
 CABOTHKBS. 
 
 county.  Pa.  This  connection  continued  '  until  the 
 close  of  hia  lile.  Hi«  ctrath.  w luVli oicurred  Novem- 
 Ikt  ITitli,  ITH.'),  was  a  wi'iie  of  uiuomnioii  trimnph, 
 and  the  hist  expression  tliat  fell  fnim  bis  lii)S  was — 
 "  Uli  tlLit  I  liad  a  tlioiisimd  tougui-s,  that  I  might 
 cnii>lo_v  them  all  in  inviting;  sinners  to  Christ." 
 
 ilr.  C'arniieliael  w:ls  an  eminently  devout  and 
 earnest  Christian,  as  well  as  an  uncommonly  Ial)o- 
 rious  and  faithful  niiniirter.  The  Rev.  Dr.  .J.  X.  0. 
 Grier,  whose  father  as  well  as  himself  were  succes- 
 sors of  Jlr.  Carmiehael  at  Brandywine  Manor,  says 
 of  him:  "lie  was  an  eloijuent  man,  in  his  day, 
 and  mighty  in  the  .Scriptures."  He  w;»s  a  man  of 
 anient  fwlings,  and  what  he  did,  he  did  witli  his 
 niijiht.  He  w;ls  the  jKistor  of  this  con^efpition 
 durin<;  the  whole  of  the  (jreat  Ameriean  devolution, 
 and,  like  most  of  the  I'reshjterian  cler;n,-nien  of  tlmt 
 day,  lie  espoused  the  cause  of  his  country,  like  one 
 who  would  rather  perish  hattlinjj;  for  freedom,  than 
 live  a  slave.  He  was  Ion;;  sjiarcd  to  the  all'eetions 
 and  prayers  of  his  ])e'ople,  going  in  and  out  Ijefore 
 tliem  as  a  hurning  and  a  shining  light,  breaking  to 
 them  the  breail  of  life,  and  being  an  example  to  the 
 flcH-k  over  whirli  the  Holy  ti host  had  made  him  an 
 overseer,  ever  calling  uixin  them  to  Ik-  followers  of 
 him,  even  as  he  also  w:i3  of  Christ.  The  congre- 
 gation incrciised  under  his  ministry,  which  lasted 
 about  twenty-four  years.  He  died  greatly  respected 
 ami  deeply  lamented  by  his  i)eo])le,  and  having  in 
 all  the  eburehcs  of  his  Presbytery  the  reputation  of 
 a  man  thoroughly  furnished  for  his  work,  one  who 
 needed  not  to  be  ashamed,  Ix'cause  he  rightly  divideil 
 the  word  <if  truth." 
 
 Oamahan,  James,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  Miyor 
 Carnalian,  of  the  lievolutionary  army,  was  bom 
 in  Carlisle,  Pa.,  in  177."i.  He  graduated  with  the 
 highest  honors,  at  Princeton  (IHtH)),  speaking  the 
 JOnglish  .-salutatory  at  Commencement.  For  one 
 yejir  after  his  gniduation  he  .studied  theology  under 
 Dr.  McMillan,  at  Canonsbnrg.  Pa.,  alter  which  he 
 returned  to  Princeton.  iH'coming  Tutor  in  the  college, 
 and  pursning  his  theological  studies  under  Pre-siilent 
 Smith.  In  .Vpril,  I'^IM,  he  w:is  liceu-sed  by  the 
 Pri-sbytcry  of  New  Brunswick,  and  supplied  the 
 vacant  churches  in  the  )>ouiuls  of  that  Presbrtery  for 
 some  time.  t>n  the  .">th  of  .January,  If^tl.'i,  he  was 
 ordained  pastor  of  Whitcsborough  and  I'tiui  ehurelu-s, 
 in  New  York,  where  he  remaimil  until  1^11,  when, 
 on  aci-onnt  of  the  st4ite  of  his  heallli,  tie  ri'signed  this 
 charge,  and  aft<'r  ti-aeliing  for  a  short  time  in  Prini-e- 
 ton,  X.  .1..  removed  to  tiisirgetown,  IJ.  ('..  and  ojM'Ucd 
 a  Cliissieal  .\eademy,  which  soon  In-eame  i|uite  pros- 
 jH'rous. 
 
 In  iH-i'l  Dr.  Carnahan  was  elected  l^rcsident  of  ' 
 Princeton  College,  Dr.  tJreen  having  resigned  the 
 year  iK'fore.  He  remained  in  this  eminent  post  for 
 thirty  years,  pn-siding  with  dignity  and  honor.  Hut 
 in  l-.Vl,  failing  heallli  and  llie  iiiere;>siiig  iiilirmities 
 of  age  cum|M-lled   him    to    resign.       He    remained   a  , 
 
 member  of  the  Board  of  TrtLstees  till  hU  death.  He 
 died  at  his  ."!rm-»B-kk>i"s,  in  Xewark,  March  3d,  1KV9. 
 Till-  college  had  never  reaelu-d  a-sjirviit  prosperity  its 
 during  the  time  which  Dr.  Carmihan  presided  over 
 it. 
 
 I  Dr.  Carnahan  published  a  number  of  Baccalaureate 
 .\ddres.si-3  and  wriiion.s,  and  some  articles  in  the 
 ciirlier  niimlKTS  of  the  Princeton  Rerinr;  he  also 
 edited  the  Life  of  the  Key.  John  Johnson,  of 
 Xewburgh,  Xew  York,  in  I'^Hi.  Though  a  forcible 
 writer,  with  great  perspicuity  of  style,  he  wi»s  very 
 reluctant  to  apin-ar  as  an  author,  so  much  so,  that  he 
 expressly  .stated  ill  his  will  tluit  none  of  his  lectures 
 or  other  maiiuscriiits  should  Im.-  publi.slu-d.  Jlis 
 funeral  took  place  in  Princeton,  and  his  ditst  mingles 
 with  the  dust  of  the  mighty  dead  of  Xius.s;iu  Hall. 
 
 Carothers,  Rev.  James  Neely,  w;ls  the  eldest 
 son  of  Hon.  John  Carothers  aud  Mary  (Hope) 
 Carothers,  and  was  liorn  in  Union  county,  S.  C,  on 
 the  l.'itli  of  XovemlK-r,  l^t).^.  He  gr.uliuite«l  at  \V:ls1i- 
 ington  College,  Teiin.,  in  l-t-Jli,  ami  whui  altcrwiirds 
 engiiged  in  teaching  a  cla.ssif;il  scIuhiI  in  Me.s«))Mitamia 
 (now  Eiitaw),  Ala.  He  studied  theologj-  under  the 
 direction  of  Kev.  John  H.  Gray,  li.  I>.,  aud  w:i8 
 licen.si'd  to  jireach  the  gosjM'l  by  the  I'resbj'tery  of 
 South  Alalxima,  in  18:Sll.  His  lirst  p:Lstoral  charge 
 was  Centreville,  in  Bibb  county,  Ala.,  where  he 
 remained  a  few  years,  and  rcturiuHl  to  his  former 
 home,  ill  Greene  county,  and  preachiHl  at  Eutiiw  and 
 Clinton  until  1^<47,  when  lie  removetl  to  Houston, 
 Chiek;i.s;iw  county.  Miss.,  where  for  several  years  he 
 had  charge  of  the  Female  C<illege  in  that  Jihiee.  He 
 wius  installed  jKLstor  of  Friendship  Church,  ill  l"sV2, 
 which  relation  Iuls  been  uninterruptedly  iiiaiiitained 
 until  the  present  time  (1S83),  he  having  now  lal>ored 
 most  acceptably  aud  elUeiently  in  the  same  field  fur 
 the  unusual  jK-riod  of  more  than  thirty  years. 
 
 Mr.  Carothers  is  a  man  of  genial  nature  and 
 attr.ictivc  manners,  and  is  a  forcible  and  |H)pular 
 lireaelier,  and  readily  wins  the  hearts  of  tliosi',  Ixitli 
 young  and  old,  with  whom  he  comes  in  contact. 
 He  wiLs,  for  a  iiumlK-r  of  years,  and  is  now,  the 
 only  resident  Presbyterian  miuister  in  Chickasaw 
 county,  although  there  are  five  churchi-s  in  the 
 county.  Promptness  and  punctuality  in  meeting  all 
 ministerial  ap|K)iiitiiieiits.  lus  well  as  in  all  the  busi- 
 ness eiig:igeineiit.s  and  transactions  of  life,  have  always 
 eliaraeteri/.til  him.  .Vs  apn-acher  he  hits  always  ln-»'n 
 iMild  and  vigorous  iu  the  statement  of  Bible  truth 
 and  gos|H'I  doctrine,  and  clear  and  snccesslnl  in 
 maintaining  and  enforcing  them.  The  pe<iple  of 
 his  iKLstor.il  eliarge  have  ever  Ik-cu  greatly  attached 
 to  him.  and  they  are  no  less  interesttsl  in  his 
 pn-aching  and  in  himself  now,  than  they  were  thirty 
 ye;irs  iigo.  He  was  for  many  years  the  .-^tat*"*!  Clerk 
 of  his  Pri'sbytery,  and  although  he  ret-ently  resigni'd 
 that  othii',  he  continues  to  Ih-  ]uinetual  in  his  atteiid- 
 anec  U|m>ii  the  higher  judicatories  of  the  Chnnh. 
 GimI   h:is   blessed   him    with    uniform    suii-ess  iu  his 
 
VAUUTUEliS. 
 
 127 
 
 CARSOX. 
 
 miuistcTiul  and  pastoral  work  ;  and  there  is  no 
 apiKirint  dimiuutiim  in  bis  earnest  ze;jl-  and  active 
 ell'orts  in  the  service  ot"  bis  divine  Jlaster,  now  that 
 he  h;us  almost  reached  the  allotted  ultimatum  of 
 niau's  liCe,  iVmr-icore  years. 
 
 Carothers,  Rev.  "W.  W.,  the  son  of  John  and 
 Mary  (Hope)  Carothers,  was  born  in  Union  county, 
 S.  C,  January  17th,  1819.  After  completing  an 
 academic  education  be  taught  school  for  tbrce'or  four 
 j'cars,  then  studied  theology,  under  the  direction  of 
 Kev.  lioliert  Y.  Iius.sell.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
 ou  the  'ilst  of  Octol)er,  1843,  and  ordained  to  the 
 full  work  of  the  ministry  about  a  year  thereafter. 
 He  graduated  at  Wiusbiugton  College,  in  East  Ten- 
 ne.s.see,  in  1847.  He  then  returned  to  South  Caro- 
 lina, and  for  more  than  twenty  years  was  actively 
 and  laboriously  engaged  in  preaching  the  gospel,  and 
 most  of  the  time  teaching  a  chussical  school.  In  1863 
 he  was  Mcnlerator  of  the  Convention  of  the  Inde- 
 pendent Presbyterian  Church  at  which  the  union 
 between  Siiid  Church  and  the  Old  School  Presbi|-terian 
 Church  was  consummated,  and  he  became  a  memljer 
 of  Hetliel  Presbytery.  He  had  been  pastor  of  Beth- 
 shilo  Church,  in  York  county,  since  1853  (ten  years), 
 and  in  1805  Allison  Creek  Church  was  added  to  his 
 pastorate.  He  was  greatly  ble.s.sed  in  his  ministry 
 there,  and  those  churches  enjoj'ed  repeated  seasons 
 of  revival.  He  lalwred  in  that  field  seventeen  years. 
 In  February,  1871,  he  was  c;illed  to  Fair\iew  Church, 
 in  the  Pre-sbrtery  of  South  Alabama,  and  removed  to 
 Perry  county,  Ala.  He  continued  there  six  years, 
 and  then  was  called  to  Valley  Creek  and  Mount 
 Pleas;int  churches,  near  Selma,  Ala.,  where  he  is 
 greatly  beloved,  and  is  now  laboring  faithfully  and 
 most  acceptably. 
 
 Oarrick,  Rev.  Samuel,  was  a  native  of  Y'ork, 
 county  (now  Adams),  Pa.,  and  was  born  on  July 
 17th,  1760.  He  prosecuted  his  studies  in  the  Valley 
 of  Virginia,  under  the  Rev.  William  tlraham;  was 
 liceiLsed  to  preach  by  Hanover  Presbytery,  October 
 25th,  1782,  and  was  or(hiine<l  and  installed  pastor  of 
 Rocky  Spring  and  Wahab  Meeting-house,  in  Novem- 
 ber, 1783.  On  the  division  of  the  I'rcsbytery,  in  1786, 
 Mr.  Carrick  became  a  member  of  the  Lexington 
 Presbj'tery.  For  several  years  he  seems  to  have 
 divided  his  labors  between  Virginia  and  Tennessee, 
 but  he  did  not  settle  permanently  in  Tennessee  till 
 about  the  year  1791,  when  he  was  regularly  dismissed 
 to  .join  the  Abingdon  Presbytery.  In  {"ebruary. 
 1794,  Mr.  Carrick,  by  their  invitation,  preached 
 before  the  Territorial  Legislature  in  Knoxville.  The 
 same  year  he  w;us  chi5sen,  bv  the  Legislature,  Presi- 
 dent of  lilouut  College,  which  office  he  held  till  his 
 death.  During  this  whole  period  he  had  the  p;istoral 
 charge  of  the  Knoxville  Church,  and  until  1803,  of 
 the  Lebanon  Church  also.  Sir.  Carrick  took  great 
 interest  in  the  general  cause  of  education.  In  1800 
 he/wiLS  chairman  of  a  committee  appointed  by  the 
 .General  .Vssembly  to  prepare  a  pastoral  letter  to  the 
 
 churches.  In  the  pulpit  Mr.  Carrick's  raatmer  was 
 grave,  dignified  and  solemn.  His  views  of  Divine 
 truth  were  clear  and  definite,  and  they  lost  nothing 
 by  his  mode  of  exhibiting  tliem.  As  a  preacher  he 
 commanded  great  respect  iu  the  community  in  which 
 he  laljored.  The  circumst;iuces  of  liLs  death  were  im- 
 pressive and  st;irtliug.  It  Wiis  the  se:uson  for  the 
 sacramental  meeting  in  his  church.  He  had  spent 
 much  of  the  preceding  night  iu  preparatorj-  thought 
 and  study.  Very  early  in  the  morning  he  was 
 seized  with  aiwplexy,  and  in  a  few  moments  his 
 spirit  hud  taken  its  upward  flight. 
 
 Carroll,  Daniel  L.,  D.  D.,  wxs  boru  iu  Fayette 
 county,  Pa.,  May  10th,  1797.  .\fter  surmounting 
 great  difficulties  iu  the  way  of  getting  an  education, 
 he  gradujited  at  Jefferson  College  in  1823,  being 
 twenty-six  years  old.  He  then  took  the  three  years' 
 course  in  Princeton  Seminary,  and  six  months  addi- 
 tional. He  was  settled  over  a  Congregational  Church 
 in  Litchfield,  Conn. ,  October,  1827.  March  4th,  1829, 
 •he  w;is  inst;dled  over  the  Fir.st  Presbyterian  Church, 
 in  Brooklyn,  L.  I.,  but  in  1835  resigned,  on  account  of 
 throat-ail,  and  accepted  the  Presidency  of  llampden- 
 Siduey  College,  Virginia.  In  1838,  on  account  of 
 theological  difficulties,  he  resigned,  and  accepted  a 
 call  to  the  First  Church  of  the  Northern  Liberties, 
 Philadelphia,  where  he  remained  until  1844,  when 
 ill-health  comi)elled  him  to  relinquish  the  charge. 
 After  a  brief  tour  of  service  for  the  Colonization 
 Society,  hedied,  in  Philadelphia,  November  23d,  1851, 
 in  the  fifty-fifth  year  of  his  age.  As  a  preacher  Dr. 
 Carroll  was  very  popular,  and  preached  to  crowiled 
 hou.ses.  He  had  a  refined  taste,  lively  imagination 
 and  nervous  organization.  He  excelled  on  the  j)lat- 
 form.  He  published  two  volumes  of  sermons,  besides 
 occiisioual  discourses. 
 
 Carson,  ■William,  for  nearly  fort.v  j-ears  a  ruling 
 elder  in  Bellevue  Church,  AVashington  county,  JIo., 
 was  boru  1794,  and  died  1870.  Jlr.  Carson  was  a 
 man  of  superior  natural  intelligence,  .sound  re.ison, 
 and  rare  wisdom.  His  mind  laiil  hold  of  subjects 
 with  a  comprehensive  grasp,  and  g;ive  them  a  thor- 
 ough and  independent  investigation.  Yet  his  faith 
 was  adorned  with  submission  and  meekne,s.s.  He 
 came  to  Missouri  in  1829,  and  pursued  the  life  of  a 
 farmer.  In  1830  he  became  an  elder  in  the  Bellevue 
 Church,  which  w;is  then  known  as  the  Concord 
 Church.  In  the  government  and  doctrines  of  the 
 Churdi  he  was  well  versed,  firm  in  iuaint;iining  its 
 order,  and  zealous  for  it.s  peace  and  purity.  His  de- 
 votion to  truth  was  that  of  a  martjT,  He  could  s<'e 
 his  house  reduced  to  a.shes,  and  sufter  the  spoiling  of 
 his  goods  for  conscience'  sake,  but  he  could  not  re- 
 nounce his  principles  tjr  deviate  from  what  he  con- 
 ceived to  be  right.  He  could  and  did  pray  for  them 
 who  despitefully  u.scd  and  persecuted  him.  To  his 
 rectitude  of  principle  and  ardent  piet.v  he  added  the 
 testimony  of  a  life  which  commended  itself  to  every 
 man's  conscience  in  the  sight  of  God.     When  Presby- 
 
CABTER. 
 
 138 
 
 CASEY. 
 
 terianism  h:i(l  ii  sparse  scttk-meiit  on  Missouri  soil, 
 hf  became  an  officer  in  tlie  siinctnary,  and  from  no 
 duty  or  ]>osition  to  wliieli  the  Lord  called  him  did 
 lie  shrink.  Ol'  him,  his  pa-stor  could  say,  '"lie  is 
 protit;iblc  to  me  in  the  ministry."  The  leg-acy  of  his 
 godly  life  is  transmitted  in  a  pious  seed;  children's 
 children  are  inheritors  of  his  peace. 
 
 Carter,  Robert,  the  founder  and  present  head 
 of  the  lirm  of  iJciliert  Carter  &  Brothers,  Xew  York, 
 is  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Chureli,  Sing  Sing, 
 N.  Y.,  of  which  the  Kev.  'Wilson  I'hrauer,  u.  v.,  is 
 pastor.  He  was  born  in  the  little  town  of  Earlstou, 
 about  six  miles  from  Abbottsford,  Scotland,  November 
 2d,  1807.  AVhile  a  mere  boy  he  exhibited  a  remark- 
 able fondness  for  study  and  a  great  desire  to  obtain 
 an  eduejttion.  When  only  fifteen  years  old  he  opened 
 a  night  .school  for  young  lads,  in  one  of  the  rooms  of 
 his  father's  cottage.  One-half  of  Jiis  scholars  were 
 oilier  and  larger  than  he  w:ij*,  but  his  school  proved 
 to  be  a  great  success.  Meanwhile  he  w:us  carefully 
 studying  Latin  and  Greek,  iussisted,  occjusionally,  by 
 a  cousin,  some  years  older  than  him.self,  who  had 
 been  at  college.  AVhen  he  was  twenty  years  old  he 
 heard  that  Mr.  Sloane,  of  Peebles,  wanted  an  assistant 
 in  his  grammar  school.  He  determined  to  apjjly  for 
 the  situation.  The  distance  w;is  twenty-five  miles. 
 Rising  early  he  started,  on  foot,  reading,  iis  he  went. 
 Siillust's  "Jugurtha,"  secured  the  situation,  and 
 returned  to  his  home  the  same  day.  The  next  week 
 he  entered  upon  his  duties  in  the  .school,  which  he 
 discharged  very  elTectively  and  acceptably.  He  re- 
 mained in  this  situation  for  about  two  years.  Then, 
 having  .Siivcd  a  little  sum  of  money,  he  resigned,  and 
 entered  the  University  of  Edinburgh. 
 
 Mr.  Carter,  not  long  after,  sailed  for  tliis  country, 
 and  landed  in  Xew  York,  May  IGth,  1*31.  For  a 
 time  he  was  a  teacher  in  the  Xew  York  High  School. 
 Subseijuently  he  began  a  .school  of  his  own,  which 
 was  successful,  some  who  afterwards  became  promi- 
 nent in  Church  and  Stiite  being  among  his  pupils. 
 In  April,  1834,  he  began  the  selling  of  books  and 
 stationery,  and  since  that  time  has  been  engaged 
 with  such  success  in  the  book  publishing  and  selling 
 business  ius  h;us  given  him  a  national  reputiition, 
 having  iussociated  with  liimself,  in  \MS,  as  partners, 
 his  two  brothiTs,  Walter  and  Peter  Carter. 
 
 Mr.  Carter  is  a  most  earnest,  exemplary  and  useful 
 Christian.  He  hius  frequently  served  the  Church  as  a 
 memlK-r  of  some  of  its  Hoards;  is  a  faithful  and  in- 
 fluential member  of  Presbytery  and  Synod,  and  in 
 the  General  A.s.sembly,  to  which  he  h:«s  often  been 
 sent,  has  always  Imm-ii  reg.irded  ;us  a  man  of  sound 
 judgment,  inflexible  principle  and  active  zeal.  He 
 w;Lsa  prominent  UK'mber  of  the  Heunion  Committee. 
 He  hits  accomplished  a  vast  amount  of  good  by  his 
 con.sistent  example,  lilMTality.  and  favor  to  all  gmnl 
 enterprises,  and  such  is  the  standing  of  his  firm  as 
 publishers,  that  their  imprint  is  accepted  its  a  sulfi- 
 cient  guarantee  of  a  l)ook'8  excellence. 
 
 Caruthers,  Eli  "Washington,  D.  D.,  was  bom 
 in  Kowan  county.  .N'.  C.  ()i  tobei  Jlitli.  ITiCi,  of  Scotch- 
 Irish  parentiige,  and  received  his  preparatory  educa- 
 tion in  the  si'hool  of  Kev.  Jos.  1).  Kiljiatrick.  He 
 first  entered  Hampdeu-Sidney  College,  Virginia,  but 
 went  thence  to  the  College  of  Xew  Jersey,  and  w:ls 
 graduated  from  that  Institution  with  distinction,  in 
 1817.  From  the  College  he  entered  Princeton  Theo- 
 logiciil'Seininary,  and  alter  finishing  his  course  Wiis 
 licensed,  by  the  Presbyt<ry  of  Xew  IJruiiswick,  in 
 1820.  Keturning  to  Xorth  Carolina  he  took  charge 
 of  Alamance,  Bethel  and  ButValo  churches,  in  Guil- 
 ford county,  and  w;ls  oniained  by  Orange  Presbytery 
 at  Buffiih),  Xovember  10th,  1821.  He  gave  up  Bethel 
 Church  in  1822,  and  Butfalo  in  1840,  continuing  at 
 Alamance,  until  July,  18G1,  when  he  felt  constrained, 
 by  the  infirmities  of  age,  to  resign  this  church  also. 
 He  died  Xovember  14th,  1865. 
 
 As  a  preaduT,  Dr.  Caruthers,  in  his  prime,  j)osses.sed 
 considerable  power,  his  sermons  being  char.icterized 
 by  fullness  of  gospel  doctrine  and  studied  accuracy  of 
 statement.  His  success  iis  a  p;istor  is  shown  by  the 
 fact  that  he  never  had  but  one  charge,  and  voluut;irily 
 resigned  it,  part  by  part,  as  the  labors  became  too 
 burdensome  for  his  strength. 
 
 Dr.  Caruthers  never  married,  and  liis  habits  of  life 
 were  those  of  the  recluse,  varied  by  some  harmless 
 eccentricities,  superinduced  by  his  lonely  mode  of 
 life.  He  was  a  close  student,  and  a  pain.staking  anti- 
 (juariaii,  and  had  a  keen  relish  for  the  musty  odor  of 
 an  old  document,  and  a  real  delight  in  a  venerable 
 tradition.  As  the  successor  of  Dr.  Caldwell,  the  first 
 pastor  of  the  Guilford  churches,  he  began  early  to 
 collect  documents  and  traditions  concerning  the  early 
 settlers,  and  the  times  of  the  Kegulation  and  the 
 Revolution.  In  1842  he  published,  in  Green.slmro, 
 X.  C,  his  "Life  of  Rev.  David  Caldwell,  I).  D." 
 This  book  consists  of  but  one  chapter,  three  hundred 
 octavo  pages  long,  without  table  dT  contents,  and 
 with  an  index  of  half  a  page.  It  is  really  a  mine  of 
 valuable  historical  information,  but  so  undeveloiied 
 as  to  require  the  toil  of  the  miner,  the  skill  of  the 
 ius.s:iyer  and  the  art  of  the  coiner,  to  transform  his 
 nuggets  into  popular  currency. 
 
 At  a  later  date  Dr.  Caruthers  published  two  more 
 volumes,  containing  Revolutionary  incidents  and 
 sketches  of  character,  entitled  '-The  Old  Xorth  State 
 in  177(j."  These  are  well  written,  racy,  entertaining 
 contributions  to  N'orth  Carolina  history. 
 
 Casey,  Hon.  Joseph,  w;is  Iwrn  in  Ringgold's 
 Manor,  W;isliington  county,  Md.,  December  17th, 
 1814.  For  several  years  he  pursued  a  trade,  and 
 taught  school,  eagerly  availing  himself  of  every  op- 
 portunity for  acciuiring  knowledge.  After  studying 
 law  for  two  years,  in  the  office  of  the  Hon.  Charles  B. 
 Penros<',  at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  he  was  admitted  to  the  Ifcir 
 at  that  place,  in  Xovember,  1h:W,  He  then  si-ltled 
 at  Bloomlield,  Perry  county.  In  the  Spring  of  1^4.") 
 he  removed  to  New  Berlin,  Union  county,  where  he 
 
CATECHISES. 
 
 129 
 
 CATECHISMS. 
 
 at  once  assamcd  a  leading  pasition  at  the  Bar  of  that 
 region.  In  1848  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  in  the 
 old  Thirteenth  District  of  Pennsylvania.  He  declined 
 rcnoniination  in  18.">0.  In  C'i)nKres.s,  a.s  elsewhere,  he 
 w;is  liberal  and  conservative  in  hi.s  views  and  vi>tes. 
 In  1855  he  removed  to  Ilarrislmrf;,  an<l  accepted  from 
 Governor  Pollock  the  appointment  of  C'omini.ssioner, 
 under  an  .\ct  of  Assembly,  to  settle  the  contest  l>e- 
 tween  the  St;ite  and  certain  New  York  and  Ohio 
 railroad  cori>oration.s,  known  as  "  The  Erie  Ilailroail 
 War."  AVHiile  thus  engaged  he  was  appointed  Re- 
 porter of  the  Decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and 
 reported  twelve  volumes,  known  an  ('niu-y'ii  RijmrtK. 
 which  gave  general  satisfaction,  both  to  B«-nch  and 
 Bar.  During  all  this  time  he  also  attended  to  an  in- 
 creasing and  important  practice.  In  May,  1H(;1,  he 
 was  api)oiiitcd  to  the  Bench  of  the  United  Stati's 
 Court  of  Claims,  and  in  l"<(>;t,  upon  the  reorganizji- 
 tion  of  that  Court  and  the  extension  of  it.s  authority, 
 he  was  appointed  its  lirst  Chief  Ju.stice.  This  posi- 
 tion he  held  until  December  1st,  1870,  when,  in  con- 
 8e([ucnce  of  ill  health  and  the  demands  of  private 
 business,  he  resigned,  and  resumed  the  practice  of 
 law  iu  'S\';i.shingt<)n,  D.  C,  his  practice  being  exten- 
 sive and  lucrative.  The  records  of  the  court  over 
 which  he  so  long  presidi'd  arc  substantial  evidence  of 
 his  high  character  :us  a  Judge.  Judge  C;is<'y  Wius  an 
 elder  of  the  New  York  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  Wa.shingt<m. 
 
 Catechisms — The  Larger  anil  Shorter.  The  Gen- 
 eral Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Chtnrch  in  the 
 United  States  has  said,  "  We  l)elieve  that  no  uninspired 
 men  have  ever  been  able  to  e.vhibit,  in  as  short  a 
 compass,  safer  and  sounder  views  of  tl:c  dixtrines  of 
 salvation  than  are  contained  in  our  Largerand  .Shorter  ' 
 Catechisms."'  To  all  who  love  thesis  precious  stand- 
 ards of  our  Church,  and  have  not  access  to  fuller 
 sources  of  information  resjH'cting  them,  the  follow- 
 ing brief  sketch  of  their  origin  and  history  will  be 
 o[  interest. 
 
 On  June  12th,  1(543,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I,  an  ' 
 ordinance  of  Parliament  w:is  issued,  calling  ana.<<st>m- 
 bly  of  divines  to  nu'ct  at  Westminstcron  tin-  first  day 
 of  the  next  month.  This  ordinance  originated  in  a 
 grateful  recognition  of  the  blessings  of  .\lmiglity 
 God  U]ion  the  nation,  and  in  a  conviction  that  as  yet 
 many  things  remained  in  the  liturgy,  discipline  and 
 government  of  the  English  Church,  which  ni-cessirily 
 required  a  further  and  more  thorough  reformation 
 than  had  yet  been  attaincKl.  The  nanu>s  contained 
 in  the  ordinance  amounted  to  one  hundred  and  tifly- 
 one,  namely.  Ten  Lords  and  Twenty  Commons  as 
 lay  assessors,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty-one 
 Divines.  Of  this  list,  about  twenty-five  never  np- 
 peared  at  the  A.s.sembly,  one  or  two  having  dietl 
 alxiut  the  time  it  met,  and  others  f<-aring  tin-  <lis- 
 plea.sure  of  the  King,  or  having  a  pri-firenee  for  the 
 prelatic  system.  In  order  to  sujijily  the  deficiency 
 thus  caused,  and  also  occasional  diminution  caused 
 9 
 
 by  death  daring  the  protracted  xittingii  ofth^  Amnn- 
 bly.  the  Parliament  Runimimed  aUiut  twenty-one 
 additional  meml>er8,  who  were  termc-d  the  Super- 
 added Divines. 
 
 On  Satunhiy,  the  first  day  of  Jnly,  the  memhem 
 of  the  two  IIou.s(rs  of  Parliament  naiiiitl  in  the  ordi- 
 nance, and  many  of  the  Divini-s  therein  mentioned, 
 with  a  vast  congregation,  met  .in  the  Abliey  Church, 
 Westmiaster.  Dr.  Twis.-*-,  who  luui  bct-n  mimed  in 
 the  ordinance  as  President,  preached  an  elaborate 
 sermon,  from  the  text,  "I  will  not  leave  you  c<irafort- 
 less,  I  will  come  to  you  "  (John,  xiv,  18).  After  the 
 siTmon  all  the  meiiiN-rs  pn-jn-nt  ;iiljourm-<I  to  Henry 
 ViI'sCha|R'l,  and  the  roll  of  niemliers  iN-ing  <-alle<i, 
 it  appeareil  that  then?  were  sixty-nine  eleritiil  meni- 
 Imts  pn-si-nt  on  tliat  the  lirst  <lay  of  the  Westmiaster 
 .\«.sembly. 
 
 Our  limits  will  only  allow  u?<  to  nntii-t*  the  Scottish 
 ministerial  meml>ers  of  this  ImmIv,  no  famous  for  itii 
 intellectiud  font?  and  adher<•nct^  to  truth.  Hender- 
 son, Gillespie,  Rutherford  and  Baillie,  iK-cupictl  u  high 
 and  commanding  rank  in  the  Scottish  Churi'h.  The 
 great  abilities  of  tlii-se  eminent  men  attract*-)!  the 
 attention  of  the  English  of  all  ranks  in  a  very  ri'inark- 
 able  manner,  and  recoinmeiide<l  the  Presbyterian 
 system  of  churih  govemmint  much  more  cfTii'tually 
 than  arguments  alone  coulil  have  dime.  Nor  was 
 this  strange.  Henderson  was  a  man  of  uncommon 
 prudence  and  sagacity,  prol'ound  judgment,  dei'ided 
 el(M|Uence  and  the  most  attractive  amenity  of  niannent. 
 He  was  one  of  thos«'  gifte<l  men  whom  the  Ruler  of 
 all  events  sends  forth,  in  time  of  great  emergeney, 
 to  mould  the  minds  of  his  fellow-men  and  aid  in 
 working  out  the  will  of  the  Most  High.  He  w:i«  one 
 of  the  most  distinguished  of  an  age  fertile  in  great 
 nn'n,  and.  with  all  due  veneration  for  the  names  of 
 Knox  and  Melville,  we  do  them  no  di.s»'re<Iit  when 
 we  place  that  of  Henderson  by  their  side — the  "lirst 
 three"  of  tlieChurch  of  .Scotlamrs  worthies.  Riillie, 
 though  gre:itly  inferiorto  Henderson  in  inent^d  |K>weni 
 and  sonu-wliat  fickle  in  dis|K>sitinn,  arising  fnim  a 
 facile  tcmiK-r  and  iMiastitutional  timidity,  was  one  of 
 the  most  learned  men  of  his  time.  Rutherford,  in 
 a<ldition  to  his  .>M'holarly  attainments,  was  pos.s<-s«'<l 
 of  iweuliar  heavenly-mindiilni'ss.  For  his  tidflily  to 
 priniiple  the  deaiUy  gripe  of  the  Parliament,  in  hU 
 snlisciiui'nt  history,  was  attenipti'd  to  !«•  laid  on  him. 
 Not  content  with  burning  his  work  eiititlitl  "  Li'X 
 Rex."  they  summoned  him  to  appear  liefon-  thriu  nt 
 E<linburgh,  to  answer  to  a  charge  of  high  tn-jison. 
 He  was  at  that  time  lying  on  his  dt'ath-U-d.  "Tell 
 them,"  replied  he,  "that  I  have  received  asnmmoiui 
 already  to  appear  bt-fore  a  superior  Judge  and  jiidien- 
 tory.  and  I  U-hoove  to  answer  my  lirst  siimmon.s,  and 
 ere  yonr  day  arrive,  I  will  Ix- when-  lew  kings  and  great 
 folks  come."  Gilli'spic.  though  still  a  very  young 
 man.  had  already  )irovi-d  hims<'lf  to  \x-  endownl  with 
 ])owers  and  i>os.se.s.Msl  of  .-uiiuinments  of  the  very 
 highest  order.     His  learning  was  both  extensive  uxl 
 
CATECHJSJIS. 
 
 130 
 
 CATECHISMS. 
 
 singularly  minute;  his  intellect  clear,  acute  anil 
 powerful,  qualifying  him  for  oniinpnce  in  debate,  and 
 liLs  high  and  fervid  eliKiuence  was  pi-rvaded  l>y  that 
 electric  energy  which  is  an  essential  attribute  of  true 
 genius. 
 
 The  chief  duties  of  the  Assembly  of  which  these 
 men  were  ornaments  were  discharged  when  they  had 
 prepared  and  laid  before  the  Parliament  directories 
 of  ordination  and  worship.  Its  attention  was  occu- 
 pied almost  entirely  by  the  diseiLssions  respecting 
 these,  till  towards  the  end  of  1014.  The  Assembly 
 then  lM!g:in  to  prepare  for  composing  a  Confession  of 
 Faith  and  a  Catechism,  and  a  conynittee  was  ap- 
 pointed to  draw  uj)  an  outline,  in  regular  and  sys- 
 tematic order,  for  its  consideration.  This  committee 
 consisted  of  Drs.  Gouge  and  Hoyle,  and  Jlessrs. 
 Herle,  Gataker,  Tuckuey,  Keynolds,  Vines  and  the 
 Scottish  ministers. 
 
 The  committee  at  first  wrought  at  the  work  of 
 preparing  the  Confession  and  Catechisms  simultane- 
 ou.sly.  ' '  After  some  progre.ss  had  been  made  with 
 both,  the  Assembly  resolved  to  finish  the  Confession 
 first,  and  then  to  construct  the  Catechism  on  its 
 model."  They  presented  in  a  body  the  finished  Con- 
 fession to  Parliament,  December  3d,  164(i,  when  it 
 was  recommitted,  that  the  "  Assembly  should  attach 
 their  marginal  notes,  to  prove  every  part  of  it  by 
 Scripture."  They  finally  reported  it  as  finished, 
 with  full  Scripture  proofs  of  each  separate  proposi- 
 tion attiiched,  April  2yth,  1GI7. 
 
 On  the  S-Jd  of  October,  1617,  "the  Larger  Cate- 
 chism was  ordered  to  be  sent  up  to  both  Houses  of 
 Parliament,  by  the  prolocutor,  attended  with  the 
 whole  A.s.sembly."  November  2(ith,  1647,  "the 
 prolocutor  informed  the  Assembly  that  he  had 
 delivered  the  Short  Catt'chism  and  message  to  the 
 Hou.se  of  Commons  (iitli  Noveml)cr)  .  .  .  the 
 Short  Catechism  be  printed,  as  the  Larger,  and  Scrip- 
 tures affixed  to  the  margins  of  both  the  Catechisms.'' 
 April  14th,  1648,  "  the  prolocutor  informed  the 
 As.sembly  he  had  delivered  the  Catechisms  (to  the 
 House  of  Commons),  and  was  called  in  and  told  that 
 they  had  ordered  six  hundred  copies,  with  the  proofs, 
 to  be  print<'d  for  the  u.sc  of  the  ^Vs.>iemlily  and  two 
 Hou.scs."  (See  Minutes  nf  the  W'c.ilminMcr  AKsxcmlitij. 
 Edinburgh,  1874.)  After  they  had  been  carefully 
 peru.sed  by  the  Parliament  an  order  was  issiu-d,  on 
 the  l.")th  of  September,  1648,  commanding  them  to 
 be  printed  for  public  use. 
 
 After  the  onnpletion  of  the  Catechism  the  business 
 of  the  A.s.s<'mbly  was  virtually  at  an  end.  But  the 
 Parliament  neither  fully  approved  nor  reje<-ted  the 
 A.s.seml)ly's  prcMluctions,  nor  y<t  issued  an  orilinance 
 for  a  formal  dis.siiluti<in  of  that  venerable  Ixwly.  Nego- 
 tiations were  still  going  on  with  the  king,  and  in  one 
 of  the  pajK'rs  which  jKusscd  bilween  Mis  .Maje.sty 
 and  the  Parliament  he  signified  his  willingne.ss  to 
 sjinetion  the  continuation  of  Presbyterian  Church 
 government  for  three  years,  and  al.so  that  the  Assem- 
 
 bly should  continue  to  sit  and  deliberate,  His 
 Majesty  being  allowed  to  nominate  twenty  Episco- 
 palian divines  to  be  ad<led  to  it,  for  the  jjurfjose  of 
 having  the  whole  subject  of  religion  ag-ain  formally 
 debated.  To  this  i)ropos;il  the  Parliament  refused  to 
 con.sent,  but  it  probably  tended  to  prevent  them  from 
 formally  dissolving  the  As.sembly,  so  long  as  there 
 remained  any  shadow  of  hope  that  a  pacific  arrange- 
 ment might  be  effected  with  His  Majesty. 
 
 In  the  meantime  many  mcml)ers  of  the  Assembly, 
 especially  tho-st;  from  the  country,  returned  to  their 
 own  homes  and  ordinary  duties,  and  those  who 
 remained  in  London  were  chielly  engaged  in  the 
 examination  of  such  ministers  as  presented  them- 
 selves for  ordination  or  introduction  into  vacant 
 charges.  They  continued  to  maintain  their  formal 
 existence  till  the  22d  of  February,  1649,  about  three 
 weeks  after  the  king's  decapitation,  having  sat  five 
 years,  six  months  and  twenty-two  days,  in  which 
 time  they  had  held  one  thou.s:iiid,  one  hundred  and 
 sixty-three  sessions.  They  were  then  changed  into 
 a  committee  for  conducting  the  trial  and  examination 
 of  ministers,  and  continued  to  hold  meetings  for  this 
 purpose  every  Thursday  morning,  till  the  2oth  of 
 Slarch,  16.52,  wjicn  Oliver  Cromwell  having  forcibly 
 dissolved  the  Long  Parliament,  by  whose  authority 
 the  A.s-sembly  had  been  at  first  called  together, 
 that  committee  also  broke  up  and  .separated  with- 
 out any  formal  dissolution  and  as  a  matter  of 
 necessity. 
 
 AVliat  the  Westminster  Assembly  did  in  the  forma- 
 tion of  a  rule  of  faith  and  a  form  of  church  govern- 
 ment, and,  as  it  hoped,  for  both  nations,  was 
 ultimately  rejected  by  the  English  and  adopted  by 
 the  Scotch.  The  Confession  of  Faith  and  I^irgcr  and 
 Shorter  Catechisms  were  adopted  by  the  original 
 Synod  in  North  .\meriea,  \.D.  1729,  ;us  the  "Confes- 
 sion of  Faith  of  this  Church,"  with  the  exception  of 
 what  the  Conlession  contained  in  re.sj)cct  to  the 
 power  of  civil  magistrates  concerning  religious  things, 
 in  relation  to  which  point  the  Synod  declared  that  it 
 did  not  receive  the  passages  referring  to  it  in  the 
 Confession  "  in  any  such  sen.se  as  to  suppose  the  civil 
 magistrate  hath  a  controlling  power  over  isynoiis 
 with  res|R'ct  to  'the  exercise  of  their  ministerial  au- 
 thority, or  power  to  pro,secute  any  for  their  religion, 
 or  ill  any  sense  contrary  to  the  l^rotcstant  succession 
 to  the  throne  of  Great  Britain." 
 
 The  SyiKKl  ag-.iin,  when  revising  and  amending  its 
 Stijndards  in  1787,  in  preparation  for  the  organiza- 
 tion of  the  General  Assembly  in  1789,  "took  into 
 considenition  the  last  jKiragraph  of  the  twentieth 
 cliapter  of  the  Westminster  Confe.s.sion  of  Faith,  the 
 third  paragiaph  of  thi'  twiiity-third  chapter,  and  the 
 lirst  iKiragrapli  of  the  thirty-lirst  chaptir,  and,  having 
 made  some  alt<Tatioiis,  agreed  that  the  s;iid  para- 
 graphs as  now  altered  l>e  printed  for  consideration." 
 .\s  thus  altered  and  amended,  this  Confe.s.sion  and 
 these  Catechisms  were  adopted  as  the  doctrinal  part 
 
CATER. 
 
 131 
 
 CATTELL. 
 
 of  the  Constitution  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 America  in  17S8,  ami  so  stand  to  this  day. 
 
 Cater,  Richard  B.,  D.  D.,  of  the  Presbytery  of 
 South  Carolina,  became  a  member  of  the  Presbytery 
 of  South  Alabama  September  28th,  1837,  from  -nhich 
 time  to  the  day  of  his  death  he  was  a  most  active 
 and  laborious  minister,  a  man  of  indomitable  energy 
 and  untiring  perseverance,  knowing  no  abatement, 
 even  under  the  failings  of  "the  outward  man." 
 Few  men  have  been  more  honored  of  God  in  the 
 erection  of  new  houses  of  worship,  and  the  upbuUd- 
 ing  of  feeble  churches.  He  had  a  warm  heart  and  a 
 strong  hand  for  every  good  cause.  He  finished  his 
 earthly  warfare  in  the  triumphs  of  a  living  faith, 
 November  24th,  1850.  Dr.  Cater  had  often  been 
 heard  to  express  the  wish  that  he  might  die  icHh  the 
 harness  on !  And  the  desire  of  his  heart  was  granted 
 to  him;  for  tlie  spot  of  earth  on  which  he  stood  on 
 Saturday,  as  a  minister  of  consolation  to  the  mourners 
 around  his  friend,  Eev.  Junius  B.  King's,  grave, 
 received,  on  Jlondaj-,  his  own  body,  in  trust  tUl  the 
 resurrection  morn.  "  Lovely  and  pleasant  in  their 
 lives,  they  were  not  divided  in  their  death." 
 
 Cathcart,  Dr.  Robert,  was  bom  November, 
 17.5!),  near  Coleraine,  Ireland.  He  was  educated  in 
 the  College  of  Glasgow,  and  after  being  licensed, 
 preached  .several  years  without  a  fixed  charge,  till 
 1790,  when  he  emigrated  to  the  United  States.  De- 
 clining other  overtures,  he  was  settled  October,  1793, 
 over  the  united  churches  of  York  and  Hopewell,  Pa., 
 fifteen  miles  apart,  which  he  served  on  alternate 
 Sundays.  'NMieu  the  infirmities  of  age  told  on  him. 
 he  relinquished  the  Hopewell  Church,  commonly 
 known  as  York  Barrens.  In  18,39  he  was  forced  to 
 resign  the  York  Church  also,  after  a  pa.storal  con- 
 nection of  forty-six  years.  He  died  October  19th, 
 1849,  at  the  advanced  age  of  ninety  years. 
 
 Dr.  Cathcart  was  an  instructive  doctrinal  preacher, 
 fond  of  expository  preaching  as  well  as  lecturing 
 on  the  Catechism.  He  was  regarded  as  a  well-read 
 theologian,  and  kept  abreast  with  the  knowledge  of 
 the  times.  He  was  especially  remarkable  for  his 
 clock-work  punctuality,  whether  as  trustee  of  Dickin- 
 son College,  as  member  of  the  Synod  of  Philadelphia, 
 or  iu  attendance  on  the  General  As.sembly.  He  never 
 missed  a  meeting  of  the  Synod' but  once,  and  that 
 was  occasioned  by  sickness.  For  twenty  years  he 
 served  as  one  of  the  clerks  of  the  Assembly. 
 
 Although  Dr.  Cathcart  was  consulted  by  other 
 authors,  he  never  gave  anything  to  the  press  but  one 
 sermon,  which  was  a  tribute  to  the  memory  of  hLs 
 friend  Dr.  Davidson,  of  Carlisle. 
 Cattail,  "William  Cassiday,  D.  D.,  LL.  D., 
 '  was  born  at  Salem,  N.  J.,  August  30th,  182'7.  He 
 graduated  at  New  Jersey  College  in  1848,  and  studied 
 theology  at  Princeton  Seminary.  He  was  Associate 
 Principal  of  "  Edgehill  Academy,"  at  Princeton,  N. 
 J.,  1853-55,  and  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Newton  iu  1856.     From  1655  to  1360,  he  was  Profes- 
 
 sor of  the  Greek  and  Latin  languages  in  Lafayette 
 College.  From  1860  to  1863,  he  was  pastor  of  the 
 Pine  Street  Presbyterian  Church,  Harrisburg,  Pa., 
 where  his  labors  were  crowned  with  success,  and 
 he  was  greatly  beloved  by  his  congregation.  In  1863 
 he  was  elected  President  of  Lafayette  College,  which 
 position  he  occupied  until  June,  1883,  when  impaired 
 health  tlirough  over-work,  obliged  him  to  tender  his 
 resig:iation. 
 
 Dr.  Cattell  rendered  distinguished  service  to 
 Lafayette  College.  During  his  administration  of 
 twenty  years,  and  mainly  by  his  own  exertions,  the 
 assets  of  the  College  were  increased  from  $40,000  to 
 nearly  $900,000,  new  and  commodions  buildings  were 
 erected,  the  equipments  were  made  of  the  highest 
 order  and  the  system  of  instruction  much  enlarged 
 
 WILLIAH  CASSIDAT  CATTELL,  D.  D.,  LL.  D. 
 
 and  made  thoroughly  efficient,  so  that  Lafayette  now 
 stands  among  the  leading  colleges  of  the  country. 
 During  this  period,  besides  contributing  $10,000 
 to  the  construction  of  McKeen  Hall,  he  gave  his  per- 
 sonal labor  for  a  merely  nominal  salary,  and  devoted 
 himself  so  unselfishly  and  untiringly  to  the  interests 
 of  the  Institution  that  his  physicians  were  com- 
 pelled to  advise  absolute  rest  and  freedom  from 
 official  responsibility.  In  accepting  Dr.  Cattcll's 
 resignation,  to  take  efi'ect  October  23J,  1833,  the 
 Boiu-d  of  Trustees  yielded  to  a  most  painful  necessity 
 and  against  its  strongest  wishes  that  an  administra- 
 tion so  fruitful  only  of  good  to  the  college  should  be 
 continued  as  long  as  its  distinguished,  honored  and 
 beloved  President  lives.  ' 
 
 Dr.  Cattell  is  a  superior  scholar,  an  accomplished 
 and  affable  gentleman,  of  great  energy  of  character, 
 
CAvm. 
 
 132 
 
 CENTRAL  CHURCH. 
 
 and  an  excellent  preacher.  He  has  the  confidence 
 and  regard  of  his  brethren.  He  received  his  degree 
 of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  Hanover  College,  Indiana, 
 and  Xew  Jersej-  College,  in  18fi4. 
 
 Cavin,  Rev.  Samuel,  a  licentiate  from  Ireland, 
 wa-s  sent  l)y  Donegal  Presbytery,  November  16th, 
 1737,  to  Conecocheague.  This  congregation  then 
 embraced  Falling  Spring  (Chanibersburg)  and  Green- 
 castle,  Mercersburg  and  Welsh  Run.  It  separated 
 into  East  and  West,  and  Mr.  Ca\-in  was  installed 
 pastor  of  the  East  Side,  November  16th,  1739.  In 
 the  Winter  of  the  next  j-car  he  visited  the  settle- 
 ments on  the  South  Branch  of  Potomac.  The  Presby- 
 tery of  Philadelphia,  in  May,  1741,  at  his  reque-st, 
 dismis.sed  him  from  his  charge  at  Falling  Spring. 
 He  spent  some  time  in  the  Summer  at  Anteidam 
 (Hagerstown),  Marsh  Creek,  Opcquhon,  and  on  the 
 South  Branch.  In  May,  1743,  he  was  called  to 
 Goodwill,  or  Wallkill,  New  York.  The  remainder 
 of  his  life  was  spent  in  itinerating  in  Virginia  and 
 the  other  vacancies.  He  was  an  occasional  supply 
 of  Falling  Spring  and  ConecoclK'ague,  and  was  invited, 
 November  6th,  1744,  to  the  "South  Side  of  Ea.st 
 Conecocheague. "  Mr.  Cavin  died  November  9th, 
 1750,  aged  forty-nine,  and  lies  buried  in  the  grave- 
 yard at  Silvers  Spring. 
 
 Central  Presbsrterian  Church,  Baltimore, 
 Md.  When  "Baltimore  Town,"  the  future  metropo- 
 lis of  Maryland,  was  founded,  in  1730,  a  number  of 
 Presbyterian  families,  driven  thither  by  a  storm  of 
 religious  persecution,  sought  refuge  in  and  around 
 it.  And  in  1760,  when  its  population  numbered  some 
 three  hundred,  the  First  Cliurch  was  planted.  In 
 1802  the  Second  Church  was  organized;  in  1822,  the 
 Third  Cliurch;  in  1833,  the  Fourth  Church;  in  1835, 
 the  Fifth  Church;  in  1842,  the  Aisquith  Street  Qiurch; 
 in  1846,  the  Broadway  Church;  in  1847,  the  Franklin 
 Street  Cliurch;  in  18,52,  Westminster  Church;  in  1853, 
 the  Twelfth  Church,  Madison  Street  (colored),  and 
 the  Central;  in  18.56,  the  South  Church;  in  1870, 
 the  Dolphin  Street  Church;  in  1871,  Brown  Memorial 
 Cliurch,  and,  in  1875,  the  Lafayette  Square  Church. 
 Very  slowly  Presbyterianism  advanced,  until  about 
 the  year  1842,  when  there  wius  a  sudden  outburst  of 
 the  spirit  of  church  extension,  some  eight  new 
 churches  being  planted  in  (juick  succession,  within 
 the  next  twelve  years. 
 
 The  Central  Church  was  organized  on  the  13th  of 
 A])ril,  18.5:i,  and  grew  out  of  a  divi.sion  in  the  As.soci- 
 ate  Kclbrmed  Churdi  on  Fayette  street,  to  which  the 
 Kev.  Dr.  J.  M.  Duncan  .so  long  ministered.  After  the 
 death  of  Dr.  Duncan,  the  church  Killed  the  Rev. 
 Stuart  Robinson,  of  Frankfort,  Ky.,  as  a  stated  sup- 
 ply. Mr.  Robinson  accepted  the  call,  but  finding  his 
 position  as  a  Presbyterian  minister  in  an  Independent 
 Church  in  numy  ways  embarnussing,  ri-signi-d  his 
 charge,  and  eighty-three  persons,  some  seventy  of 
 whom  were  from  Fayette  strec-t,  organized  them- 
 selves into  a  Presbyterian  Church  under  him  as  their  . 
 
 pa-stor.  Dr.  Baer  and  John  SIcElderry  were  elected 
 eldere.  A  commodious  hall  on  Hanover  street  was 
 procured,  for  the  temporary  nse  of  the  congregation, 
 and  steps  were  immediately  taken  for  the  erection  of 
 a  church.  The  lot  on  thte  corner  of  Saratoga  and 
 Liberty  streets  was  secured,  at  a  cost  of  some  §24,000, 
 and  the  church  was  completed  in  a))out  two  years, 
 at  a  total  cost  of  some  .863, 000  for  lot.  building  and 
 furniture.  A  debt  was  left  upon  it  of  S30,000,  S18.- 
 000  of  which  was  made  permanent.  Mr.  Robin.son 
 was  eminently  popular,  and  attracted  large  and  in- 
 terested congregations,  and  the  new  enterprise  seemed 
 to  he  wonderfully  successful;  but  the  finances  were 
 not  in  a  satisfactory  state,  and  irritating  questions 
 having  arisen  ius  to  the  proper  policy  to  be  pursuetl, 
 he  was  released,  at  his  own  request,  in  1856,  to 
 accept  a  Profes-sorship  iu  Danville  Theological  Semi- 
 nary. In  January,  1858,  Dr.  Thomas  E.  Peck,  for 
 several  years  p:ustor  of  Broadway  Church,  accepted 
 the  call  of  this  congregation.  With  talents  and  cul- 
 ture of  the  highest  order,  with  large  experience  and 
 extensive  ac(|uaint;ince  in  the  city,  he  struggled  for 
 two  years  with  the  old  difficulties,  and  then  left  to 
 accept  a  Professorship  in  Union  Theologic;il  Semi- 
 nary, Va.  Y6t  the  same  reiison,  the  Rev.  Sihxs  G. 
 Dunlap,  who  was  installed  .is  pa.stor,  in  May,  1860, 
 resigned  the  year  following. 
 
 The  Rev.  Joseph  T.  Smith,  D.  D.,  then  a  Profe.s.sor 
 in  Danville  Theological  Seminarj-,  was  next  called  to 
 the  pastorate  of  this  church,  and  entered  upon  his 
 duties  on  the  first  Sabbath  in  January,  1862.  Here 
 he  still  remains.  Under  his  ministry  the  congrega- 
 tion at  once  entered  upon  a  career  of  great  prosperity. 
 All  its  services  were  largely  and  incre^isingly  attended, 
 and  large  accessions  were  made  at  the  successive 
 communions.  In  1873  the  General  As-sembly  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Cliurch  in  the  United  States  met  in  the 
 church,  and  in  .luly  following  it  w;is  destroyed  by 
 the  grciit  fire  which  swept  over  that  section  of  the 
 city.  After  the  tire  a  public  hall  was  at  once  secured 
 for  the  uses  of  the  congregation,  and  ste]>s  taken 
 toward  rebuilding.  .V  lot  on  Entaw  Place  was  .sehitiMl 
 for  the  edifice,  and  on  the  20th  of  December,  l>i74, 
 the  beautiful  and  commodious  chapel  was  opened  for 
 public  worship,  and  a  series  of  services  were  held  in 
 connection  with  the"  opening,  of  great  profit  and  re- 
 fre-.hment.  Thechnrcli  building,  one  of  the  finest  in 
 Haltiniore,  was  dedicated  in  March,  1879.  Recently 
 the  amount  of  thirty-live  tlious;ind  dollars,  nece,s.s;iry 
 to  free  the  church  from  debt,  w:us  suliscrilMil.  The 
 roll  of  membership  is  large,  and  the  future  of  the 
 congregation  is  bright  with  promi.se. 
 
 The  present  oflicers  of  the  church  arc :  Elders- 
 Dr.  James  Mclntire,  AV.  H.  Cole,  and  T.  K.  Miller; 
 Deacons— A.  McElmoyle,  R.  R.  Slilliken,  \\.  G. 
 Tyson,  Louis  Deiteh,  Wm.  Dugdale,  and  H.  I^mg 
 cope;  Trustees— T.  Kensett,  T.  K.  Miller,  \V.  II. 
 Cole,  J.  W.  Maxwell,  Wm.  Dugdale,  H.  G.  Tyson.  A. 
 McElmoyle,  Wm.  Galloway,  and  A.  M.  Van  Arsilale. 
 
CENTRE  PRESBYTERY,  ILL. 
 
 133 
 
 CENTRE  PRESBYTERY,  ILL. 
 
 Centre  Presbytery  of  Illinois.  The  Rev.  S. 
 C.  Baldritlse,  i"  liis  "Li'e  o'"  Stephen  Bliss,"  gives 
 the  following  interesting  account  of  an  "old-time" 
 meeting  of  this  Presbj^erj' :— 
 
 "The  Presbytery  was  constituted  by  the  Synod  of 
 Indiana,  in  1829.  It  embraced  the  State.  The  second 
 'Fall  meeting'  -was  held  on  Decker's  Prairie.  The 
 names  of  the  members  of  Presbytery  present  were  Revs. 
 B.  F.  Spilman,  Shawneetown;  John  M.  Ellis,  Julian 
 M.  Sturtevant,  Thcron  Baldwin,  all  of  Jackson\-ille ; 
 Solomon  Hardy,  Greenville;  John  Mathews,  Kaskas- 
 kia;  Thomas  A.  Spilman,  Hillsboro;  John  Brick,  near 
 Jackson\ille;  Thomas  Lippincott,  EdwardsWlle;  John 
 Herrick,  Carrollton;  Stephen  Bliss,  Centreville;  John 
 McDonald,  Benoni  Y.  Messenger,  Cyrus  L.  Watson, 
 Rev.  Artemas  Bullard  (settled  afterwards  at  St.  Louis, 
 as  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  that 
 city),  corresponding  member.  Our  hard--vvrought 
 missionary,  B.  F.  Spilman,  was  chosen  Moderator, 
 and  John  McDonald,  A.  M.,  long  pastor  of  Pleasiint 
 Prairie,  was  the  temporary  Clerk. 
 
 "The  meeting  was  held  at  Mr.  Bliss's  residence. 
 During  the  Summer  he  had  built  a  new  house.     The 
 family  occupied  the  L,  and  the  main  part  of  the  build- 
 ing was  left  ^\-ithout  partitions,  and  formed  an  open 
 haH,  eighteen  by  thirtj'-six  feet,  that  was  filled  with 
 temporary  seats  for  this  occasion.     Here  the  Presby- 
 tery held  its  sessions.     Here  the  brethren  preached 
 the  Word,  and  the  people  pressed  to  hear.     Curiosity 
 was  excited  by  the  appearance  of  so  many  strangers. 
 And  then  everj-thing  was  favorable.     It  was  lovely, 
 ripe  October,   the    heat   of  Summer  assuaged,   the 
 weather  superb.     To  the  farmers  it  was  a  time  of 
 leisure— the  long  rural  holiday  that  comes  after  -wheat 
 sowing.    And  so,  of  course,  the  meetings  were  crowded, 
 day  aiid  night.     The  venerable  Mr.  Lippincott  says: 
 'Our  services  were  not  without  the  di\ine  presence. 
 At  times  the  silence  and  solemnity  were  awful. '    We 
 may  safely  infer,  from  this  remark,  that  the  exercises 
 were   often  very   interesting,  for  the   congregations 
 were  motley  throngs.    Wabash  Church  numbered  but 
 twenty-nine,  counting  every  member  within  a  radius 
 of  ten  miles  of  the  pastor's  house.     Professing  Chris- 
 tians of  every  name  must  have  made  up  but  a  small 
 part  of  the  crowds  that  filled  the  house  and  all  the 
 grounds  around.     The  bold  and  reckless  character  of 
 the  mass  of  them   may  be  inferred  from  what  has 
 been  said  of  the  general  state  of  society.     So  that 
 when  we  hear  that  the  '  silence  and  solemnity  of  the 
 meetings  were  sometimes  awful,'   we   conclude,  at 
 once,  that  God  gave  His  blessed  truth  an  able  advo- 
 cacy and  a  noble  hearing. 
 
 "But  the  gem  had  a  wild  and  rustic  setting.  Around 
 them,  as  they  looked  out  of  the  open  windows,  was 
 nothing  in  \-iew  but  the  wide  prairie,  covered  with  its 
 enormous  Autumn  growth  of  gra.ss  and  weeds,  gay 
 now  with  brilliant,  coarse  flowers;  the  natural  pasture 
 for  herds  of  cattle  and  deer,  the  lurking-place  for 
 hares,  foxes,  -wolves,  wildcats,  panthers,  catamounts 
 
 and  bears.    Thislast- named  animal  was  not  numerous, 
 but  was  sometimes  met  vrith  on  the  small  water- 
 courses and  in  unfrequented  places,  and  the  knowledge 
 of  their  existence  gave  a  spice  of  danger  to  an  evening    ■ 
 stroll  along  any  of  the  lonely  paths  that  led  through 
 the  high  griuss  to  the  neighboring  cabins.     Their  rest 
 at  night  was  disturbed  by  the   cries  of  birds  and 
 prowling  beasts  of  prey,  and  in  the  morning  they 
 were  roused  up  betimes  by  the  piping  quaUs,  or  the 
 wild  call  of  the  turkeys  and  prairie  fowls,  and  the 
 howling  wolves  in  the  rank  wilderness  around  them. 
 But  they  had  before  them,   too,  an  emblem  of  the 
 I  changes  and  progress  of  the  country  that  were  to  be 
 I  expected  in  the  teeming  future.      Under  the  '  aged 
 oaks '  yet  stood  the  lowly,  primitive  cal)in,  with  the 
 !  'lean  to,'  that  Mr.  Bliss  and  the  sainted  May  had 
 built  for  themselves  in  1818.     This,  whitewashed  as 
 of  old,  and  fitted  up  by  one  of  the  neatest  and  most 
 practical  housekeepers  in  the  world,  was  the  cosy 
 cubiculum  where  Mr.  Bliss  lodged  all  of  his  guests. 
 But  just  a  few  feet  to  the  west,  where  the  rustling 
 leaves  of  the  oaks  threw  their  shadows  on  the  porch, 
 was  the  '  new  house,'  a  commoilious  and  substantial 
 frame.     The  lesson  taught  by  this  scene  was  one  that 
 the  Presbytery  urgently  felt.      Their  present  work 
 was  one  of  preparation.      If  all   now   was  strong, 
 rough,  untamed,  yet  a  little  while  to  come  and  the 
 State  would  be  filled  with  population,  enterprise  and 
 wealth.     They  were  sitting  at  the  springs  of  future 
 greatness,  and  needed   wisdom,  grace  and  zeal   for 
 their  work. 
 
 "  The  historical  interest  of  this  meeting  of  Presby- 
 tery centres  around  the  far-sighted  measures  then 
 taken  to  promote  the  Sabbath-school  cause  in  their 
 field.  Sabbnth-school  3Iissions  in  the  State  of  Illinois, 
 their  efficiency  for  good,  their  necessity ;  this  was  the 
 theme  around  which  all  the  life  of  the  meeting  clus- 
 tered. Much  had  been  attempted  under  the  auspices 
 of  the  'American  Sunday-.school  Union,'  but  a 
 thorough  and  systematic  endeavor  to  fill  the  rising 
 State  with  Sabbath  Schools  and  Sabbath-school  libra- 
 ries and  influences,  originated  in  this  meeting  of  the 
 Centre  Presbytery  of  Illinois.  There  was  present,  to 
 promote  this,  a  young  and  gifted  minister,  in  his  fer- 
 vent prime,  the  Rev.  Artemas  Bullard.  The  inter- 
 esting proxidence  by  which  this  noble  spirit  was 
 brought  among  them  is  thus  narrated  by  the  Rev. 
 Thomas  Lippincott,  himself  an  actor  in  the  scene. 
 It  is  valuable  as  an  illusttation  of  that  glorious 
 Pro\-idence  that  rules  in  all  things,  however  trivial 
 they  may  seem,  and  makes  them  to  '  work  together 
 for  good  to  them  that  love  God.' 
 
 '"Our  course,'  says  he,  '  from Tandalia  through 
 the 'Grand  Prairie,' led  us  to  cross  the  Vincennes 
 and  St.  Louis  road,  at  Maysvillc,  then  littl&  if  any- 
 thing more  than  a  tavern.  We,  i.  e.,  nearly  all  the 
 Presbytery  from  the  west  side  of  the  State,  arrived 
 at  the  inn  .just  at  nightfoll,  and  proceeded  to  secure 
 lodgings.     MTulst  attending  to' our  horses   it   was 
 
CENTRE  PRESBYTERY,  ILL. 
 
 134 
 
 CnA3IBERLAIN. 
 
 rumored  that  a  minister  from  Massachusetts,  ou  his 
 way  to  the  west  part  of  tlie  State,  had  arrived  j  ust 
 before  us,  and  was  then  in  the  house.  I  believe 
 something  was  said  with  regard  to  his  mission.  '  Let 
 us  take  him  with  us,'  w;is  the  spontaneous  and  uni- 
 versal thought.  An  interview  and  exjjlanation  re- 
 sulted in  his  accompanjdng  us  the  next  day,  and 
 then  in  a  cordial  tinderstanding  that  his  'Sunday- 
 school  Mission  '  was  recognized  as  sent  of  God.  We 
 were  delighted  with  him,  and  I  believe  the  pleasure 
 was  mutual.' 
 
 "The  purpose  of  Mr.  Bullard's  mission  is  stated 
 with  so  much  simplicity  by  Mr.  Bliss,  in  his  '  Report 
 to  the  Home  Missionary  Board,'  prepared  after  the 
 rising  of  Pre.sbytery,  that  we  can  do  no  better  than 
 quote  from  it.  We  readily  see  that  the  presence  of 
 this  gifted  man  had  '  filled  their  mouths  with  laugh- 
 ter, and  their  tongues  with  singing. ' 
 
 "  '  Our  sorrow  and  grief,'  says  Mr.  Bliss,  referring 
 to  their  previous  discouragement  respecting  the  train- 
 ing of  the  youth  of  the  country,  '  were  suddenly 
 turned  into  joy,  hope  and  high  expectation,  by  propo- 
 sitions made  by  Mr.  Bullard,  '  Corresponding  Sec- 
 retary of  the  Massachusetts  Sabbath-School  Union, ' 
 at  our  recent  meeting  of  Presbytfry.  That  '  State 
 Union '  proposes  to  tiilce  Illinois  under  its  fostering 
 care,  as  it  respects  Sabbath-school  operations;  appro- 
 priate funds  to  establish  a  general  '  depository '  of 
 Sabbath-.school  books  for  the  supply  of  the  State, 
 consfcmtly  employ  a  traveling  agent  or  agents  to 
 carry  the  Sabbath-school  system  into  effect,  as  far 
 as  practicable.  What  is  particularly  needed  in 
 this  country,  they  propose  to  enter  largely  into  the 
 'emigration  scheme.'  Mr.  Bullard  is  now  engaged 
 traversing  the  State,  to  ascerfciin  the  existing  wants 
 as  to  Sabbath-school  teachers.  The  object  is,  when 
 those  wants  are  definitely  ascertained,  to  search  out 
 and  encourage  pious  lay  members  of  the  churches  in 
 the  older  States  (male  and  female)  to  emigrate  to 
 this  country  and  settle  down,  in  their  respective 
 occupations,  with  special  reference  to  Sabbath-school 
 and  otlier  benevolent  operations.' 
 
 "  Mr.  Bullard  laid  all  this  far-seeing  scheme  open 
 before  the  Presbytery.  He  urged  them,  ministers 
 and  laymen,  to  arouse  and  bestir  themselves.  '  How 
 did  the  presence,  the  addresses,  the  conversation  of 
 that  brother  cheer  us,'  says  Mr.  Lippincott;  'we 
 thanked  God  and  took  courage.'  The  definite  plan, 
 the  tangible  help,  the  hopeful  spirit  of  the  enthusi- 
 astic missionary,  were  like  an  inspiration  in  their 
 counsels.  The  brethren  enlisted  anew  in  the  Sab- 
 bath-sehool  work.  Agents  were  sent  forth,  who  trav- 
 ersed the  State,  preaching  and  lecturing  ou  the  godly 
 training  of  the  young,  andorganizingSabbath  Schools. 
 A  mighty  impetus  was  given  to  this  cause,  so  vital  to 
 the  well-being  of  Church  and  State.  'The  East,' 
 says  one,  'has  more  than  fulfilled  all  her  promises 
 to  the  Christian  workers  in  Illinois. ' 
 
 "  But  is  it  not  a  curious  fact  that  tliis  arousing  call 
 
 to  diligence,  in  this  most  potent  of  all  missions,  should 
 have  sounded  out  over  the  State  from  so  quiet  a  work 
 and  amidst  such  humble  surroundings  ?  How  broad 
 and  bright  a  stream  has  risen  from  this  lowly  foun- 
 tain !  The  impetuous  current  has  had  many  a  check, 
 and  sometimes  has  almost  ceased  to  flow;  but  in  this 
 generation  we  are  permitted  to  behold  it  rising  with 
 a  grander  tide  than  ever  before.  To  the  devout  men 
 — ministers  and  laymen — who  now  see  the  great 
 State  filled  with  Evangelical  churches,  with  their 
 Schools,  their  Bible,  Tract,  Temperance  and  Mission- 
 ary agencies,  every  means  for  maintaining  and 
 promoting  our  Protestant  religion,  this  humble 
 name — Wabash  Church — should  wear  a  hallowed 
 charm.  There  the  words  of  cheer  were  spoken,  the 
 help  proffered,  the  councils  formed,  and  the  decisive 
 steps  taken,  that,  in  the  long  years,  have  led  to  it 
 all.  This  is  the  cool,  sequestered  source  from  which 
 arose,  amidst  the  prayers  and  praises  of  devout  men, 
 in  October,  1830,  this  'stream  that  is  making  glad 
 theCity  of  God.'"* 
 
 Chamberlain,  Jeremiah,  D.  D.,  is  said  to  have 
 been  solemnly  dedicated  to  the  Church  by  his  parents, 
 in  his  infancy,  in  accordance  with  a  vow  made  by  his 
 mother.  He  was  born  in  Adams  county.  Pa.,  Jan- 
 uary, 5th,  1794;  graduated  at  Dickinson  College,  in 
 1814;  studied  theology  three  years  at  Princeton,  and 
 was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle, 
 in  1817.  The  same  year  he  accepted  a  commission 
 from  the  General  Assembly's  Board  of  Domestic 
 Missions  to  travel,  as  a  missionary,  in  the  West  and 
 South.  As  he  was  on  his  way  down  the  Ohio  river 
 he  received  a  call  from  the  Church  at  Bedlbrd,  Pa., 
 and  after  accomplishing  his  mission  at  Natchez, 
 New  Orleans,  and  Mobile,  he  returned,  in  the  Sum- 
 mer of  1818,  and  accepted  it.  Besides  preaching 
 regularly  in  the  Church  at  Bedford  he  preached  occa- 
 sionally at  Schellsburg,  and  conducted  a  flourishing 
 school  the  whole  time  he  remained  there. 
 
 In  the  Winter  of  1823-23  he  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 Presidency  of  Centre  College,  at  Danville,  Ky.,  and, 
 by  a  vigorous  co-operation  of  several  philanthropic 
 individuals  with  himself,  the  Institution,  then  in  an 
 incipient  state,  was  placed  upou  a  firm  basis,  and  the 
 buildings  filled  with  students.  He  preached  regu- 
 larly duriug  the  whole  time  of  his  residence  in  Dan- 
 ville, and  in  connection  with  his  labors  a  powerful 
 revival  of  religion  took  place  in  the  college,  which 
 extended  many  miles  in  the  country.  lu  the  Winter 
 of  1824-25,  he  resigned  the  Presidency  of  Centre  Col- 
 lege, and  removed  to  Jackson,  La.,  having  accepted 
 the  same  ofiSce  in  a  State  Institution  in  that  place. 
 This  ofiice  he  resigned  in  1828,  and  ojiened  an 
 academy,  for  the  instruction  of  youth,  in  a  church 
 
 *  Mr.  Bullard  eettlod  ifterw.iril,  at  St.  Louis,  as  pastor  of  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church  of  that  city.  He  was  eminent  a.s  a 
 preacher  and  scholar,  and  was  hcnured  with  the  degree  of  Doctor 
 of  Divinity.  While  yet  in  the  prime  of  his  strength,  honors  and 
 usefulness,  he  was  cut  down. 
 
CHAMBERS. 
 
 135 
 
 CHAMBERS. 
 
 edifice  which  he  had-erectcd  in  the  same  place  at  his 
 own  expense.  He  preached  regularly  while  he  was 
 connected  with  the  college,  and  organized  a  Presby- 
 terian Church,  where  none  had  existed  before.     In 
 
 1830  he  was  elected  President  of  Oakland  College, 
 in  Clairborne  county,  Jliss.,  which  was  establi.shed 
 through  his  influence,  and  was  imder  the  care  and 
 control  of  the  Presbytery  of  Mississippi.  Here  he 
 accomplished  the  most  important  work  of  his  life, 
 and  prosperity  attended  his  earnest,  self-sacrificing, 
 and  persistent  efforts,  till  Oakland  College  became  a 
 noble  monument  of  his  untiring  zeal  and  Christian 
 philanthropy.  His  eminently  useful  life  was  termi- 
 nated by  assassination,  September  5th,  1850. 
 
 The  manners  of  Dr.  Chamberlain  were  courteous 
 and  easy.  He  was  a  man  of  more  than  ordinary 
 intellectual  power,  and  not  only  of  incorruptible 
 integrity,  but  of  distinguished  benevolence  and  pub- 
 lic spirit.  As  a  preacher  he  was  clear  and  logical  in 
 the  treatment  of  his  subject,  and  set  Christ  forward 
 always  as  the  great  Sun  of  the  Cliristian  System.  In 
 ecclesiastical  bodies  he  was  distinguished  for  his  suc- 
 cess as  a  queUer  of  disturbances  and  a  restorer  of 
 peace,  and  as  President  of  a  college  he  was  most 
 favorably  known  and  most  eminently  useful. 
 
 Chambers,  John,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Stew- 
 artstown,  Ireland,  December  19tli,  1797,  and  was 
 brought  by  his  parents  to  this  country  while  an 
 infant.  He  was  for  a  time  employed  in  mercantile 
 life  in  Baltimore.  He  prepared  for  the  ministry 
 under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  John  M.  Duncan,  of 
 that  city.  In  May,  1825,  he  was  instiiUed  pastor  of 
 the  Ninth  Associate  Ecformed  Cliurch  in  Philadel- 
 phia. The  congregation  was  then  worshiping  in  a 
 house  built  on  Thirteenth,  above  Market  street.     In 
 
 1831  they  removed  to  their  present  noble  edifice,  at 
 the  corner  of  Broad  and  Sansom  streets.  When  Mr. 
 Duncan,  about  this  time,  renounced  the  jurisdiction 
 of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
 into  which  the  Associate  Eeformed,  with  Dr.  Mason 
 and  others,  had  been  merged,  Dr.  Chambers  followed 
 his  example,  from  sympathy  with  his  teacher.  His 
 church  was  known  as  the  First  Independent  Church, 
 till  October,  1873,  when  he  and  his  congregation  were 
 admitted  to  a  connection  with  the  Presbj'terian  body. 
 By  order  of  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  the  style 
 of  the  church  was  changed,  in  honor  of  the  pastor,  to 
 ' '  The  Chambers  Presbyterian  Church. ' ' 
 
 In  a  historical  sermon  preached  by  Dr.  Chambers 
 in  May,  1875,  at  the  celebration  of  the  fiftieth  anni- 
 versary of  his  pastorate,  it  was  stated  that  he  had 
 received  three  thousand  five  hundred  and  eighty-six 
 members  into  the  Church,  of  whom  one  thousand  two 
 hundred  then  constituted  the  actual  melnbership; 
 that  between  thirty  and  forty  young  men  had  entered 
 the  gospel  ministry ;  that  he  had  married  two  thou.sand 
 three  hundred  and  twenty-nine  couples,  and  had  at- 
 tended between  four  and  fi^e  thousand  funerals.  He 
 had  preached,  on  an  average,  three  sermons  a  week. 
 
 which,  for  fifty  years,  would  amount  to  a  grand  total 
 (allowing  necessary  deductions)  of  more  than  seven 
 thou.sand  sermons. 
 
 Dr.  Chambers  had  an  extraordinary  hold  on  the 
 young  people,  and  his  week-night  prayer  meetings, 
 with  an  attendance  of  three  hundred,  were  a  standing 
 wonder.  His  conspicuous  attribute  was  power.  For 
 the  sake  of  that  commanding  influence  which  he 
 exerted  over  the  masses,  he  deliberately  sacrificed 
 book  learning  and  minute  criticism.  Bold  and  frank 
 in  the  expression  of  his  opinions,  even  those  who 
 differed  with  him  could  not  but  respect  and  admire 
 his  courage.  He  fearlessly  attacked  the  crying  abuses, 
 vices  and  errors  of  the  daj',  and  was  sometimes 
 threatened  with  personal  violence,  on  account  of  his 
 plainness  of  speech.    He  scourged  the  men  of  Succoth 
 
 JOHN  CHAMBERlj,  D.  D. 
 
 with  thorns.  Like  John  Knox,  he  called  a  spade  a 
 spade.  His  majestic  person,  his  leonine  mien,  his 
 clarion  voice,  his  unciuestionable  sincerity,  added 
 weight  to  the  falminations  of  the  pulpit.  All  who 
 saw  him,  all  who  heard  him,  bore  witness,  voluntarily 
 or  involuntarily,  that  "this  was  a  man. ' '  Like  the 
 prophets  of  the  olden  time,  he  only  lived  for  the 
 salvation  of  souls,  and  his  sole  concern  was  to  preach 
 the  preaching  that  the  Lord  bade  him. 
 
 The  useful  life  of  Dr.  Chambers  was  brought  to  a 
 close  September  23d,  1875.  His  death  was  sincerely 
 and  deeply  lamented  by  all  classes  of  society  and  all 
 denominations  of  Christians. 
 
 Chambers,  Rev.  Joseph  H.,  was  a  native  of 
 Westmoreland  county.  Pa.  He  graduated  at  Jeffer- 
 son College,  Pennsylvania,  in  1835,  and  studied 
 theology  at  the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  Alle- 
 
CHANDLER. 
 
 136 
 
 CHEESEMAX. 
 
 gheny,  Pa.  After  being  licensed,  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Redstone,  in  1838,  he  supplied  the  Church  of 
 Sewickley  for  a  few  months.  Then  he  became  pastor 
 of  tlie  Church  of  Cross  Creek,  in  the  Presbytery  of 
 Steubenville,  where  he  spent  twelve  years  in  the 
 faithful  and  successful  discharge  of  pastoral  duties. 
 His  labors  were  greatly  blessed;  he  won  universal 
 esteem  and  confidence,  and  his  memory  is  embalmed 
 in  the  grateful  hearts  of  many.  For  a  considerable 
 time  he  exercised  his  ministry  in  the  Secoud  Church 
 of  Steubenville,  where  he  had  the  most  favorable 
 esteem  of  a  highly  cultivated  audience.  In  the 
 Spring  of  1850  he  was  called  to  the  Church  in  Wooster, 
 Ohio,  and,  while  only  pastor  elect,  in  obedience  to 
 the  Master's  call,  "Come  up  higher,"  passed  away 
 from  earth. 
 
 Chandler,  David,  died  in  AVilmington,  Del., 
 January  2.jth,  1883.  He  was  long  known  as  one  of 
 Wilmington's  conservative,  substantial  and  dcscr\-ing 
 citizens.  He  was  an  active  and  eificient  business 
 man,  and  prospered  by  Providence  in  his  temporal 
 interests.  Mr.  Chandler's  relations  to  the  Church  of 
 Christ  were  no  less  marked  than  the  other  features 
 of  his  life.  He  was  an  honored  and  iiscful  member 
 of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  AVilmington. 
 Born  and  bred  in  its  fold,  he  grew  up  wholly  identi- 
 fied with  it.  From  young  manhood  he  took  an 
 active  part  in  all  that  concerned  it.  At  times  in  his 
 life  the  burden  of  its  affairs  rested  largely  upon  his 
 shoulders  alone.  He  was  a  ruling  elder  many  years. 
 "Well-nigh  all  his  life  he  was  identified  actively  with 
 its  Sunday  School,  in  faithful,  laborious,  teaching.  In 
 its  pecuniary  aflfairs  he  was  a  pillar  to  it.  He  was  a 
 thorough  Presbj-terian,  and  took  a  personal  pride  in 
 the  history  and  progress  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 His  end  was  peace. 
 
 Chapman,  Robert  Hett,  Jr.,D.D.,  was  born 
 December  2Gth,  180G;  graduated  at  Union  College, 
 N.Y.,  in  1828;  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
 Bar,  April,  1829,  in  Talladega,  Ala.,  having  for  more 
 than  ten  years  an  extensive  practice.  In  1836  he  was 
 ordained  a  ruling  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  that  place.  October  18th,  1839,  he  was  licensed 
 by  the  Presbj^:ery  of  South  Alabama  to  preach  the 
 gospel.  He  was  installed  the  first  pastor  of  the  Church 
 at  Talladega,  and  continued  in  this  relation  about 
 six  years,  with  a  good  degree  of  success.  He  then 
 had  charge,  for  more  than  five  years,  of  the  Church  in 
 Greensboro'  Alabama,  where  his  labors  were  also 
 blessed.  After  preaching  about  a  year  to  the  churches 
 of  Asheville  and  Heiidersonville,  N.  C. ,  he  became 
 the  first  installed  p;ustor  of  the  former  church,  and 
 dnring  the  eight  years  of  his  ministry  there  the  little 
 flock  more  than  quadrupled.  For  one  year  he  was 
 an  evangelist  of  Mecklenburg  Presbytery;  and  for 
 six  years  the  stated  supply  of  the  three  mountain 
 churches  of  HcndiT.'^onville,  Mills'  River,  and  David- 
 son's River.  He  was  subseiiuently  Principal  of  the 
 "Charlotte    (N.   C.)    Institute  for   Young   Ladies," 
 
 being  at  the  same  time  pastor  of  Caldwell  Church, 
 near  Charlotte.  This  was  his  last  charge.  Since 
 September,  1S83,  Dr.  Chapman  has  been  entirely 
 heljilcss,  from  a  severe  sjjinal  affection,  and  awaits 
 the  time  of  his  departure  with  peaceful  resignation 
 to  his  Heavenly  Father's  will.  Tliough  he  has  never 
 been  ambitious  of  distinction,  his  life  has  been  one 
 of  active  and  extensive  usefulness.  He  is  a  good  man 
 witliout  guile,  believing  humbly  in  the  religion 
 which  he  has  striven  to  teach,  and  guided  by  the  pre- 
 cepts which  he  has  striven  to  learn. 
 
 Chase,  Rev.  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  who  was  prob- 
 ably the  first  licentiate  of  the  Presbytery  of  Missis- 
 sippi, was  for  many  years  a  beloved  and  valued 
 member  of  it.  He  was  bom  at  Litchfield,  N.  H., 
 November  20th,  1789,  and  graduated  at  Middlebury 
 College,  Vt.,  in  August,  1814.  After  having  labored 
 for  a  series  of  years  as  a  missionary  in  Louisiana, 
 he  assumed,  in  1828,  the  charge  of  the  "  Carmel 
 Church,"  la  Adams  county,  ten  miles  south  of 
 Natchez,  Miss.  In  connection  with  this  church,  he 
 supplied,  at  different  times,  three  or  four  contiguous 
 congregations,  including  that  at  Pine  Ridge.  At  this 
 period  it  was  his  custom  to  ride  forty  miles  and  to 
 preach  three  times  on  the  Sabbath.  This  un.sparing 
 devotedness  and  eneigy  of  spirit  was  characteristic 
 of  Dr.  Chase  throughout  his  life.  In  1830  he  enlisted 
 in  the  work  of  supplying  the  destitute  regions  of  the 
 Southwest  with  the  Holy  Scriptures.  In  this  work 
 the  whole  territory  of  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  and 
 such  parts  of  Ai'kansiis  and  Texas  as  were  accessible 
 were  visited  by  him,  and  furnished  with  the  Word 
 of  God.  The  difiiculties  and  perils  of  this  enterprise 
 were  enough  to  make  it  heroic. 
 
 In  1840  Dr.  Chase  was  attacked  by  an  aggravated, 
 and,  as  it  proved,  incurable  bronchial  affection;  but 
 though  obliged  to  relinquish  the  use  of  his  voice  in 
 public  preaching,  his  labors  in  support  of  morals  and 
 religion  continued  to  be  abundant.  He  was  the 
 active  and  liberal  friend  of  Oakland  College,  from  its 
 inception,  and  was  for  a  while,  after  the  death  of  Dr. 
 Chamberlain,  its  acting  President.  His  labors  as  a 
 consoler  of  the  afflicted  were  peculiarly  appreciated, 
 and  these,  with  those  of  the  peacemaker,  an<l  the 
 helper  of  the  friendless  and  the  destitute,  ran  parallel 
 with  his  life.  As  a  preacher,  his  discourses  were 
 made  effective,  not  by  any  high  order  of  intellect, 
 but  by  the  depth  of  his  convictions  and  the  intensity 
 of  his  love  for  the  souls  of  his  fellow  men.  His 
 death  occurred  October  11th,  18T0,  and  his  memory 
 is  clierished  by  those  who  knew  him  with  gratitude 
 and  veneration. 
 
 Cheeseman,  Lewis,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  Calvin 
 Cheeseman,  was  born  in  Princetown,  New  York,  Octo- 
 ber 27th,  1803;  studied  with  some  of  the  Tutors  of 
 Union  College  for  about  two  years;  studied  divinity 
 under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  ^^'hiting,  and 
 was  licensed  liy  the  Presln-tery  of  Bath.  He  com- 
 menced his  labors  at  Angelica,   N.  Y.,  and  in  this 
 
CHEBBY  VALLEY  CHURCH. 
 
 137 
 
 CHERRY  VALLEY  CHURCH. 
 
 missionary  field,  among  the  wild  woods  of  the  AUe- 
 ghenies,  his  mental  and  physical  lahors  were  of  the 
 most  arduous  character.  In  1826  he  was  called  to 
 Albion,  N.  Y.,  where  his  labors  were  bountifully 
 blessed.  In  1830  he  settled  at  BjTon,  N.  Y. ;  a  revival 
 ensued,  and  the  little  church  grew  rapidly.  Subse- 
 quently he  accepted  a  call  to  an  enterprise  in  Scotts-  j 
 viUe,  ISI.  Y.,  and  in  this  new  field  similar  results, 
 followed.  In  184-2  he  accepted  a  call  to  Groveland,  | 
 N.  Y.,  and  there  labored  with  success  among  an  aft'ee- 
 tionate  people.  In  1845  he  left  his  pleasant  rural 
 charge,  and  removed  to  Rochester,  where  he  began 
 •  his  labors  in  a  small  frame  building  in  Court  street, 
 and  prosecuted  them  faithfully  and  with  success.  In 
 1848,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Fourth  Presbj'terian 
 Church,  Philadelphia,  where  he  labored  with  his 
 usual  zeal  for  nearly  twelve  years,  taking  at  once,  and 
 maintaining  among  his  brethren  in  the  ministry  and 
 all  others  who  knew  him,  a  high  position  as  a  scholar, 
 a  theologian  and  an  earnest,  eloquent  and  successful 
 defender  of  "the  laith  once  delivered  to  the  saints." 
 Dr.  Cheesemau  died  December  21st,  1861,  after  a 
 lingering  illness,  teaching  his  fomily  and  friends 
 patience  under  suffering,  by  example,  and  both  by 
 precept  and  example  pointing  their  faith  to  a  glorified 
 Sa\'iour. 
 
 Cherry  Valley  Presbyterian  Chtirch,  in 
 Central  New  York,  is  among  the  oldest  of  the  churches 
 of  the  Denomination  in  the  country.  It  came  into 
 existence  in  1T41.  In  1738,  George  Clark,  Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor of  the  province  of  New  York, 
 granted  a  patent  of  8000  acres  of  laud,  covering  the 
 site  of  the  town,  to  four  proprietors,  one  of  whom, 
 John  Lindesay,  a  Scotch  gentleman,  bought  out  his 
 associates  and  went  to  .settle  upon  it.  While  in  New 
 York,  preparing  for  the  removal  of  his  family,  he 
 formed  a  friendship  with  Rev.  Samuel  Dunlap,  a 
 young  Presbyterian  minister  of  Irish  birth,  but 
 educated  at  Edinburgh,  who  had  traveled  over  the 
 South,  and  was  arranging  for  a  tour  through  the 
 North.  He  persuaded  him  to  join  in  colonizing  the 
 land,  and  while  he  went  with  his  fomily  to  make 
 their  home:  upon  it,  iSIr.  Dunlap  went  to  Londonderry, 
 N.  H.,  to  persuade  some  of  the  Scotch-Irish,  who  in 
 1718  had  immigrated  there,  to  accompany  him  to  it. 
 Meanwhile,  Mr.  Linde-say  and  his  family  narrowly 
 escaped  starvation.  No  white  inhabitiints  lived 
 nearer  to  them  than  the  Schoharie  Creek,  where  some 
 Germans  made  an  abode  in  1713.  Ignorant  of  the 
 winters  of  that  region,  Mr.  Lindesay  brought  on 
 scanty  supplies,  and  at  the  point  of  their  exhaustion 
 he  found  himself  and  his  family  in  impassable  snow. 
 Just  then  a  friendly  Indian  came  along,  and  by 
 repeated  ^^sits,  on  snow-shoes,  to  the  Jlohawk,  he 
 kept  them  in  stores  until  the  opening  Spriu 
 
 raised 
 
 climate  and  the  roughnes-ses  of  pioneer  life.     A  house 
 of  worship  was  a  necessity  with  such  people,  and  one 
 of  logs,  used  also  as  a  school  room,  was  immediately 
 put  up,  the  first,  it  may  be  remarked,  of  a  series  of 
 five,  the  second  being  used  like^vise  as  a  fort,  and  the 
 third  an  erection  of  the  returned  fugitives  from  the 
 world-wide  kno\vn  "ma.ssacre,"  and  like  themselves, 
 stripped  of  furniture  and  totally  bare,  and  the  fourth 
 a  frame  building,  sufficiently  pretty  for  a  model,  and 
 actually  performing  the  graceful  and  valuable  part 
 of  spreading  a  tasteful  ecclesiastical  architecture.    The 
 fifth,  now  standing,  and  solid  enough  for  all  coming 
 generations,  has  three  varieties  of  stone  in  the  com- 
 position of  its  walls,  an  interior  finish  of  solid  wal- 
 nut, and,  while  plain  and  substantial,  is  of  both 
 cheerful  and  dignified  air.     Its  distinction,  however, 
 is  the  fact  that  it  is  a  gift  to  the  congregation  by  a 
 female  communicant,  in  recognition  of  "  the  connec- 
 tion of  her  family  with  the  towu  from  its  early  settle- 
 ment, and  with  the  church  for  four  generations,  aiJd 
 as  a  memorial  to  her  beloved  parents  and  dear  sister." 
 Composed  of  eight  fomilies,  in  17.52,  by  1765  the 
 colony  consisted  of  forty.     The  French  and  Indian 
 wars  kept  them  perpetually  exposed  to  inroads  and 
 slaughter,  and  at  the  same   time   trained  them   to 
 arms.     Then  followed   the   Revolutionary  struggle. 
 No  prophetic  pen  was  needed  to  foreknow  the  side 
 the  Scotch-Irish  of  Cherry  Valley  would  take.     The 
 Presbyterian  tenacity  of  principles  and  devotion  to 
 liberty,  combined  with  ancestral  memories,  commit- 
 ted and  held  them  to  the  c;iuse  of  the  people.     They 
 were  the  sons  of  those  Scotchmen  who,,at  the  earnest 
 entreaty  of  the  Stuarts,  and  with  the  most  solemn 
 promises  of  religious  and  civil  prerogatives  and  privi- 
 leges, went  over  to  the  north  of  Ireland  to  Ijring  into 
 bearing  that  then  fertile  waste,  and  who,  when  the 
 tillage  was  done  and  rich  harvests  waved,  were  so 
 restrained  and  robbed  that  many  of  them  fled  to  this 
 country,  preferring  the  wilds  of  America,  with  free- 
 dom of  conscience  and  civil  liberty,  to  the  culture 
 of  the   beautiful   Green   Isle.     The   tyranny  of   the 
 British  king,  so  graijhically  described  in  our  Declara- 
 tion of  Independence,  awakened  in    Cherry  Valley 
 the  spirit  of  besieged  Londonderry  and  of  the  battle 
 of  the   Boyiie,  and  the  signal  from  Lexington  and 
 Concord  called  every  inhabitiint  to  arms.     Its  church 
 was  the  place  of  meeting  of  a  county  committee  of 
 the  patriots.  May,  1775,  which  declared  "our  fixed 
 attachment  and  entire  approbation  of  the  proceedings 
 of  the  grand  Continental  Congress,  held  at  Philadel- 
 phia, last  Fall;  and  that  we  will  strictly  adhere  to 
 and    repose    our    confidence    in   the    wisdom    and 
 integrity  of  the  present  Continental  Congress;   and 
 that  we  will  support  the  same  to  the  extent  of  our 
 power,  and  that  we  will,  religiously  and  in\-iolably, 
 
 their  blockade.  In  due  time  Mr.  Dunlap  and  his  |  observe  the  regulations  of  that  august  body. "  They 
 party  arrived,  and  distributing  themselves  about  on  obeyed  the  call  of  General  Herkimer  to  fly  to  the 
 thefarmsthey  selected,  they becamethefothersofthej  relief  of  Fort  Stan^vix,  but  bj;ing  at  the  eastern 
 place,  Mr.  Lindesay  retreating  from  the  rigors  of  the  1  extremity  of  the  country,  their  company  could  not 
 
CHERRY  VALLEY  CHURCH. 
 
 138 
 
 CHERRY  VALLEY  CHURCH. 
 
 reach  Oriskany  in  time  for  the  battle.  Two  of  their 
 number,  however,  a  Major  and  Lieutenant-Colonel, 
 participated  in  it,  the  latter  of  whom  led  off  the  field 
 the  regiment  of  Colonel  Cox,  who  was  killed.  The 
 leading  men  of  the  place  were  engaged  in  various 
 parts  of  the  land.  ' '  Xo  le.«s  than  thirty-three  have 
 turned  out  for  immediate  service  and  the  good  of 
 their  country,"  the  whole  population  being  le.ss  than 
 three  liundred,  wa.s  the  statement  in  a  petition  to  the 
 Provincial  Congress,  asking  needful  protection.  One 
 of  the  Indian  paths,  from  Windsor,  Broome  county, 
 to  the  Mohawk,  passed  through  Cherry  Valley,  and 
 so  kept  the  inhabitants  in  apprehension  of  incursions 
 from  them.  Early  in  the  Summer  of  1776  signs 
 appeared  of  their  coming,  and  a  company  of  rangers 
 was  ordered  to  the  place.  Those  of  the  people  who 
 had  held  military  commissions,  or  had  passed  the 
 age  for  mUitar3'  service,  formed  themselves  into  a 
 military  corps,  and  as  .scalping  parties  were  prowling 
 about,  the  farmers  went  to  the  fields  in  squads,  some 
 sfcinding  guard  while  others  engaged  in  work.  The 
 house  of  Colonel  Samuel  Camplii-ll,  the  largest  in  the 
 place,  and  situated  on  elevated  ground,  was  turned 
 into  a  fortification,  and  the  peojile  gathered  in  it, 
 bringing  with  them  the  most  valuable  of  their  goods, 
 and  there  they  remained  during  the  most  of  the  Sum- 
 mer, and  then  returned  to  their  homes. 
 
 A  regular  fort  was  sub.sequently  built  by  the  order 
 of  General  La  Fayette,  and  manned  by  a  Continental 
 regiment,  made  up  of  Eastern  .soldiers,  but  little 
 trained  in  Indian  warfare.  After  the  Indian  massacre 
 at  Wyoming,  jn  July,  1778,  warning  was  given  of  a 
 contemplated  tleseent  on  Cherry  Valley,  but  the  inex- 
 perienced yet  brave  commander  failed  to  give  suit- 
 able heed  to  it,  and  refused  the  request  of  the  people 
 to  be  permitted  to  take  .shelter  in  the  fort,  or  to 
 deposit  their  valuables  there,  and  he  himself  quar- 
 tered out.side,  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Robert  Wells.  On 
 the  morning  of  November  11th  the  savages  swooped 
 down  from  a  hill  top,  in  the  evergreens  of  which  they 
 had  lain  concealed,  and  struck  their  talons  into  the 
 ill-fated  community.  They  consisted  largely  of  the 
 Senecas,  then  the  most  ferocious  of  the  Iroquois,  and 
 were  attended  by  still  more  brutal  tories.  One  partj- 
 rushed  into  the  house  of  Mr.  Wells  and  murdered 
 every  inmate — -Mr.  Wells,  his  mother,  wife,  four 
 children,  brother,  sister  and  three  servants — and  but 
 one  of  the  family  escaped — John  Wells,  a  youth  at 
 the  time,  who  had  been  left  the  previous  Summer 
 with  an  aunt  at  Schenectady,  to  attend  a  Grammar 
 school  there,  and  who  subsequently  became  one  of 
 the  most  eminent  lawj'ers  of  the  land.  A  tory  boa,sted 
 that  he  had  killed  Mr.  Wells  while  at  praj'er.  Pursu- 
 ing his  sister  Jane  to  a  wood-pile,  where  she  Ued  for 
 safety,  and  in  spite  of  her  supplications,  in  his  lan- 
 guage, which  she  understood,  and  in  si)ite  of  the 
 entreaties  of  an  interceding  tory,  a  s;ivage,  with  a 
 single  blow  of  his  tomahawk,  smote  her  to  death. 
 The  commander  started  for  the  fort,  and  refusing  to 
 
 surrender,  and  snapping  a  wet  pistol  at  his  pursuer,  a 
 tomahawk  aimed  at  his  head  fatally  struck  it,  and 
 the  scalping-knife  followed.  Similar  scenes  were 
 enacted  at  other  hou.ses,  and  indi^^dual  barbarities 
 perpetrated,  the  thought  of  which  horrifies  and 
 sickens  the  soul.  Tliirty-two,  principally  women 
 and  children,  were  slain,  with  all  the  horrors  that 
 demons  could  enact,  and  the  terribleness  of  the  .scene 
 was  intensified  by  the  fierce  flames  that  burnt  up 
 every  house  and  outhouse.  A  few  escaped  to  the 
 Mohawk,  but  between  thirty  and  forty  of  the  others 
 who  sur%'ived  were  carried  away  prisoners.  Divided 
 into  small  companies,  they  were  placed  in  charge  of 
 dift'erent  parties,  and  -so  commenced  their  journey 
 for  what  parts  they  knew  not  and  could  not  surmise. 
 The  first  day  Mrs.  Cannon,  an  aged  and  infirm 
 matron,  gave  out,  and  was  killed  at  the  side  of  her 
 daughter,  who  was  driven  along  with  the  bloody 
 hatchet  bathed  in  her  mother's  blood,  and  to  whom 
 three  children  clung,  and  in  whose  arms  a  fourth, 
 eighteen  months  old,  lay.  On  the  second  day  the 
 rest  of  the  women  and  children  were  sent  back,  but 
 Mrs.  Campbell  and  Mrs.  Moore  and  their  children 
 were  taken,  between  two  and  three  hundred  miles,  to 
 near  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Geneva,  and  here 
 their  children  were  torn  from  them  and  given  to 
 different  Indians,  and  scattered  through  Canada. 
 When  recovered,  years  after,  they  had  forgotten 
 their  mothers  and  their  mothers'  tongue,  and 
 learned  the  language,  habits  and  tastes  of  their 
 .savage  keepers. 
 
 The  venerable  pastor  of  the  church,  with  one  of 
 his  daughters,  was  permitted  to  live,  through  the 
 interposition  of  a  Mohawk,  but  his  wife  was  mur- 
 dered, and  her  mangled  arm,  torn  from  her  body, 
 was  tossed  into  an  apple  tree,  which  stood  long  after 
 as  the  monument  of  the  fiendish  deed.  His  house 
 was  razed  to  the  ground,  and  his  liljrar}-  scattered, 
 and  himself  carried  away  as  a  prisoner.  Released  in 
 a  few  days,  he  made  his  way  to  Xew  York,  and  about 
 a  year  after  sank  under  his  sufferings,  and  laid  down 
 in  the  grave. 
 
 One  of  his  parishioners,  having  gone  into  the  fields, 
 saw  a  party  of  Indians  and  tories  approaching  his 
 house,  but  did  not  dare  to  go  back.  Secreting  him- 
 self in  the  woods  until  they  left,  he  returned  to  his 
 house,  which  had  been  plundered  and  set  on  fire, 
 and  there  he  beheld  the  corpses  of  his  wife  and  four 
 children.  One  of  his  children,  a  little  girl  of  ten  or 
 twelve  years  of  age,  showed  signs  of  life,  and  while 
 lifting  her  up  he  saw  another  party  approach,  and 
 had  barely  time  to  hide  himself  beside  a  log  fence, 
 when  they  entered  in,  and  he  s;iw  an  infamous  tory 
 lift  his  hatchet  and  butcher  the  child. 
 
 A  reinforcement  came  the  day  after  the  massacre, 
 but,  instead  of  defending  the  living,  it  only  remained 
 to  them  to  bury  the  dead.  The  inhabitants  were  ex- 
 terminated, and  their  homes  were  burned  up.  The 
 little  church  in  the  fort  sur\'ived  the  otherwise  uni- 
 
CHESTER. 
 
 139 
 
 CHESTNUT. 
 
 versal  ruin  for  two  or  three  years,  and  then  a  party 
 of  marauders  gave  it,  too,  to  the  flames. 
 
 For  seven  years  the  place  remained  a  desolation, 
 and  without  a  human  denizen.     In  1784-5  the  old 
 inhahitants  began  to  return,  and  soon  after  a  meeting 
 was  called  to  reorganize  the  society.     But  no  Mr. 
 Dunlap  came  back.    It  took  till  1790  to  erect  another 
 house  of  worship,  and  that  stood  in  the  barest  plight, 
 and  only  now  and  then,  as  some  passing  preacher 
 stopped,  did  it  echo  a  minister's  voice.     Mr.  Solomon 
 Spaulding,  who  amused  himself  by  the  writing  of  a 
 fiction  which,  with  no  thought  of  the  kind  on  his 
 part,  was  adopted  as  the  Mormon  Bible,  occasionally 
 filled  the  pulpit,  bub  no  regular  services  were  held 
 until   Rev.    Eliphalet  Nott,  afterwards    the   distin- 
 guished President  of  Union  College,  established  them, 
 in  1795.     In  1798  he  was  called  to  Albany,  and  the 
 church  was  again  left  to  casual  supplies  until  1802, 
 when  they  were  statedly  enjoyed  for  a  year,  and  also 
 again  in  1806,  and  still  again  in  1810,  when  the  Rev. 
 Eli  F.  Cooley  entered  on  the  charge  and  remained  in 
 it  for  ten  years;  and,  up  to  1883,  twenty-two  pastors 
 and  stated  supplies   have  served  the  church.     The 
 Rev.  H.  U.  Swinnerton,  PH.  D.,  who  is  the  present 
 pastor,  has  prepared  an  "Historical  Account"  of  the 
 church,  which  is  full  of  interest.     It  must  be  added, 
 that  frequent  showers  of  the  Spirit  have  foUen  upon 
 Cherry  Valley,  some  of  them  of  great  copiousness, 
 and  that  made  it  a  "well  watered  garden." 
 
 Chester,  John,  D.D.,  was  born  at  Wethersfield, 
 Conn.,  in  August,  1785.  He  graduated  at  Yale  Col- 
 lege in  1804.  He  studied  theology  under  the  direction 
 of^the  Rev.  Dr.  Joseph  Lyman,  Hatfield,  Mass.,  at 
 which  place  he  was  at  the  same  time  engaged  in 
 teaching.  In  1807  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Association  of  Hartford  county,  Conn.,  and  after 
 preaching  for  a  short  time  successively  at  Marblehead 
 and  Springfield,  Mass.,  he  was  ordained  and  installed, 
 November  21.st,  1810,  as  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Hudson,  N.  Y.  Here  he  was  eminently 
 successful.  He  remained  at  Hudson,  laboring  with 
 nreat  acceptance,  till  his  removal  to  Albany  in  1815. 
 From  this  period  till  1828  he  devoted  himself  with 
 untiring  assiduity  to  the  best  interests  of  his  flock, 
 and  indeed  to  all  the  temporal  and  spiritual  interests 
 of  humanity  within  his  reach.  He  died  January 
 12th,  1829. 
 
 Dr.  Chester  was  Moderator  of  the  General  Assem- 
 bly in  1823.  He  published  several  sermons.  He 
 was  eminently  characterized  by  sincerity  as  a  Chris- 
 tian, and  goodness  as  a  man.  He  was  large-hearted 
 and  public-spirited.  He  had  few  superiors  in  his 
 day  and  generation,  in  the  happy  combination  of 
 the  several  qualities  which,  in  our  country,  are  best 
 adapted  to  make  a  competent  and  useful  minister  of 
 the  gospel. 
 
 Chester,  "WiUiam,  D.  D.,  seventh  Correspond- 
 ing Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Education,  was  born 
 in  Wethersfield,  Connecticut,  November  20th,  1795; 
 
 graduated  at   Union   College,  New   York,  in   1815, 
 and  studied  at  Princeton  Theological   Seminary  in 
 1816-17.     He  was  licensed,  it  is  supposed,  by  the 
 Presbyt<;ry  of  Albany,  in  1818.     December,  1819,  he 
 was  called  to  the  pastorate  of  the  church  in  Galway, 
 New   York.      A   most  remarkable   work    of   grace 
 ensued  upon  his  settlement,  and  in  April,  1820,  one 
 hundred  and  /oitc  were  added  to  the  church;  in  the 
 month  of  June  of   that   year  forty-six  more  were 
 received  into  the  communion  of  the  church.     He 
 left  Galway  in  1822.     On  September  7th,  1824,  he 
 was  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbj-terian  Church  in 
 Hud.son,    New   York.     His  preacliing  and  pastoral 
 labors  among  the  churches  of  that  entire  region  were 
 greatly  owned  of  God.     This,  his  last  pastorate,  was 
 most  happily  and  successfully  continued  until  the 
 Summer  of  1832,  when,  on  the  lt)th  of  July,  at  the 
 earnest  solicitation  of  the  Board  of  Education,  it  was 
 reluctantly   dissolved,    that  he    might    occupy   the 
 States  of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina  as  their  repre- 
 sentative.    Dr.  Chester  thus  entered  the  service  of 
 the  Board  of  Education,   and  for  three  and  thirty 
 years,  in  the  various  positions  of  Agent,    General 
 Agent,  Associate  Secretary  and  General  Agent,  and 
 finally  as  Corresponding  Secretary,  he  labored  most 
 successfully  throughout  the  entire   Church  in  this 
 arduous  work,  until,  in  the  maturity  of  his  days,  and 
 with  the  completion  of  most  of  his  sagacious  plans 
 for  the  advancement  of  education,   he  ceased  from 
 his  labors,  with  the  harness  of  office  upon  him.     The 
 records  of  the  Board  evince  that  Dr.  Chester  co-oper- 
 ated most  efi'ectively,  both  in  counsels  and  in  personal 
 efforts,  with  Dr.  John  Breckinridge,  Dr.  McFarland, 
 Dr.  Hope,  Dr.  Van  Rensselaer,   Dr.  Wood,  and,  in- 
 deed, every  other  officer  of  the  Board,  from  the  days 
 of   Breckinridge   until  his  service  ended.      Among 
 the  last  educational  schemes  that  enlisted  his  warm 
 sympathies,  in  view  of  the  alarming  decrease  of  can- 
 didates for  the  ministry,  was  the  satisfactory  estab- 
 lishment of  the  Cortlandt-Van  Rensselear  Memorial 
 Institute,  the  Ashmun  Institute,  and  the  College  for 
 the  Northwest.     He  raised  more  money  and  means 
 for  education  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  than  any  of 
 his  coadjutors.    He  died  Jlay  23d,  1865,  in  the  seven- 
 tieth year  of  his  age.     He  had  the  degree  of  Doctor 
 of  Divinity  from  Washington  College,  Pa. 
 
 Chestnut,  Rev.  Benjamin,  came  to  this  coun- 
 try from  England;  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  York  in  1749;  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  New  Brunswick,  October  30th,  1751,  and  settled  at 
 Woodbiu-y  and  Timber  Creek,  N.  J.  In  May,  1753, 
 he  resigned  his  charge,  but  for  a  time  continued  to 
 supply  the  congregations.  In  1756  he  settled  as  the 
 pastor  of  Charleston  and  Providence  chirrches.  Pa. 
 In  17G5  he  visited  the  South  on  a  missionary  tour. 
 At  one  time  he  taught  a  school  about  twenty  miles 
 from  Philadelphia.  Mr.  C.  was  a  laborious  and 
 faithful  minister;  besides  his  regiUar  duties,  he  was 
 untiring  in  fulfilling  the  appointments  of  Presbytery, 
 
cniniA  w. 
 
 140 
 
 CHRISTIAN. 
 
 in  missionary  work,  extending  as  far  as  Egg  Harbor, 
 X.  J.  and  the  adjacent  country  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 
 He  (lied  in  177.). 
 
 Chidla'w,  Benjamin  "W.,  D.  D.,  a  descendant  of 
 a  family  of  llu;^ueni)t.s  who  fled  from  France  in  1G8.J, 
 and  settled  in  North  Wales,  G.  B.,  was  born  in  Bala, 
 July  14th,  1811.  Emigr.ited  with  his  parents  to  the 
 United  States  in  1821.  Hisearly  home  wa.sin  Radnor, 
 Delaware  county,  O.,  a  large  settlement  from  Wales. 
 Here,  in  a  log  cabin  school  house,  with  a  Webster's 
 spelling  book,  for  wliich  he  j>aid  four  p<Minds  of 
 bntter,  he  commenced  his  education.  He  was  con- 
 verted in  liis  childhood,  and  united  with  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  IJ;iduor  in  182!).  In  1833  he  gradu- 
 ated in  Miami  University,  Oxford,  O.  He  studied 
 theology  under  Drs.  K.  H.  Bishop,  William  JIcGufl'ey 
 and  J.  W.  Scott,  at  O.xford,  and  w:i.s  ordained  in  M:iy, 
 1H3G.  In  the  same  j-ear  he  wtis  installed  pastor  of  a 
 church  in  Butler  county,  O.  Soon  afterwards  he 
 entered  the  missionary  service  of  the  American 
 Sunday-schixd  Union  in  Ohio  and  Indiana,  laboring 
 earnestly  and  succcs-sfully  in  organizing  schools  and 
 elevating  the  .system  of  Bible  teaching,  and  laboring 
 for  the  conversion  of  the  young,  and  their  culture  in 
 the  service  of  Chri.st. 
 
 In  1840  he  visited  Wales,  and  liis  preaching  in  the 
 Welsh  langnnge  was  wonderfully  blessed.  In  the 
 ehureli  at  Llann«<'lillyn,  North  Wales,  over  two 
 hundred  souls  we're;  led  to  Christ  and  gathered  into 
 it.s  fold.  In  1880  he  repn'.sented  the  American  Sun- 
 daj'-school  Union  in  the  Robert  Raikes  Centennial, 
 in  London,  G.  B.,  and  also  preached  in  many  places 
 in  his  native  i)rincipality.  In  liis  missionary  labors  he 
 cstiibli.shed  many  Sunday  Schools  and  eliurch<'s  in  the 
 Welsh  .settlements  of  Ohio,  and  the  more  distant  West. 
 
 Dr.  Chidlaw  is  .still  at  work  on  the  Sunday-school 
 field,  active  and  vigorous  for  a  man  of  seventy-two 
 years  of  age.  In  1882  he  ))reached  eighty-four  ser- 
 mons, delivered  one  hundred  and  thirty-one  Sunday- 
 school  addresses,  and  traveled  11,500  miles.  For 
 twelve  years,  appointed  by  the  Governor  of  Ohio, 
 and  continued  by  the  Senate,  he  was  Commi.ssioner 
 of  the  Ohio  Reform  Farm  ScIkm)!  for  Boys,  at  Lan- 
 caster, an  iniiMirtant  position,  for  which  he  was  well 
 qualified,  and  in  which  liis  latnirs  of  love  in  behalf 
 of  vicious,  wayward  and  criniinal  lioys  were  always 
 aei'i-ptabli'  and  usi-ful,  in  leading  many  of  them  from 
 the  evil  of  their  way,  and  to  a  good,  u.seful  life. 
 
 In  visiting  County  roorhou.ses  the  condition  of 
 pauper  children  deeply  iinpre8.se>d  his  heart  and  led 
 him  to  labor  in  their  behalf.  Sunday  Schools  were 
 established  for  their  beiielit,  and  in  many  counties 
 "Children's  Homes"  were  built,  securing  tlw  com- 
 j>lete  sepanition  of  the  cliildrcn  from  the  adult  jiopu- 
 lation  of  those  institutions,  and  providing  fcir  them 
 the  social,  intellectual  and  religiouseducation  needed 
 to  jirepare  them  for  an  early  transfer  to  a  g(KMl  and 
 safe  home  outside. 
 
 On  the  platform  and  in  the  i)uli)it   Dr.   Chidlaw's 
 
 WeLsh  fire,  clear  and  ringing  voice,  and  earnest  man- 
 I  ner,  have  seldom  failed  to  arouse  and  hold  the  atten- 
 ]  tion  of  his  hearers.  In  the  .s;inctuary  or  in  the  grove, 
 addressing  adults  or  children,  the  go.spel,  man  a 
 sinner  and  Christ  a  &iviour  was  his  theme,  and  liLs 
 Object  the  conversion  of  souls  to  Christ  and  a  true 
 Christian  life.  He  has  written  .several  historical  frag- 
 ments and  sermons,  which  have  lieen  published  and 
 widely  circulated,  and  his  contributions  to  the  weekly 
 religious  pajxTS  have  been  well  received  and  u.seful. 
 I  Childs,  Silas  D.,  was  born  at  Conway,  Mxss.,  in 
 171»3.  Completing  a  New  England  common-school 
 eduaition,  he  entered  upon  a  clerk.ship  in  his  native' 
 j  town,  but  left  for  Utica,  N.  Y.,  in  1816.  Here,  after 
 ;  being  for  a  time  clerk  and  l)ookkeeper,  he  engaged 
 extensively  in  business.  Alive  to  the  public  welfare, 
 he  attended  to  the  public  intenvsts  in  such  stations  as 
 Bank  and  Factory,  and  R;iilway  Directorslii]is,  and 
 as  a  Trustee  of  the  Female  .\c4ideniy,  and  the  Orjihan 
 .Vsylum,  and  the  Cemetery  Association.  Upright, 
 faithful,  honorable,  kind  and  sympathizing,  he  was 
 always  the  modest  and  quiet,  and  dignified  gentle- 
 man, never  suffering  taint,  or  the  siLspieion  of  it.  His 
 sudden  death  was  greatly  lamented  .by  the  whole 
 community,  .\mong  his  liberal  legacies  w;is  that  of 
 $30,0(H)  Ibr  the  Chair  in  Hamilton  College  wliiih  bears 
 his  name.  Mrs.  Childs  breathed  her  husband's  Ihucvo- 
 lent  sjiirit,  and  by  the  addition  ol  ?(iO,000  to  his  gift, 
 griatly  enlarged  his  project,  and  added  to  the  facili- 
 ties of  Hamilton  College  for  imparting  both  a  scholarly 
 and  practical  education;  and,  not  forgetting  other  ob- 
 jects, she  erected,  at  her  own  cxpcn.se,  as  convenient 
 and  beautiful  a  Chapel  for  the  Uticii  Cemetery,  as  ac- 
 commodates and  a(li>riis  any  similar  place  in  the  land. 
 Childs,  Thomas  S.,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Spring- 
 field, Mas.s.,  .January  lOth,  182.");  graduat<-d  at  the 
 University  of  New  York  in  1847,  and  at  the  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  at  I'rinceton,  in  18,")0.  He  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbyterj'of  New 
 York,  April  17th,  18;)0;  and  ordained  and  installed 
 pastor  of  the  First  I*resb.vterian  Church,  Hartford, 
 Conn.,  June  30th,  18.W.  On  February  7th,  18(;(i,  he 
 w;is  installi-d  piustor  of  tlie  First  Congreg;itionaI 
 Cliurih,  Norwalk,  Conn.  He  was  elected  Professor 
 in  Hartford  Seminary  in  1S71 ;  w:ls  stated  supply  at 
 Windsor,  l'<74-^0,  anil  was<hosen  Professor  in  Woo.s- 
 ter  University,  Ohio,  in  18>I0,  which  ])osilion  he  h:is 
 since  resigned.  Dr.  Cliilds  is  a  forcible  preacher 
 and  an  interesting  writer.  He  has  publi.shed  sev- 
 eral tracts  and  sermons.  In  lft.'>7  he  contributed  to 
 the  I'rimrlon  lirririr,  "Tlieology  of  .John  Robinson," 
 anil   ill    H(i3,  "The  Life  of  Kdward    Irving." 
 
 Christian,  Rev.  Levi  Hunt,  w:i8  born  at 
 .\lliany,  New  York,  .Vugiist  1st,  1^<17,  and  graduated 
 at  New  Jers»-y  College,  ill  l-llO.  lie  wxs  Principal  of 
 the  -Xcadeniy  at  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  miasionary  at 
 lycwinsville  and  Fairfax,  184.V8;  ordained  an  evan- 
 gelist by  the  Presbytery  of  Winchester,  OcIoImt  :I<1, 
 1846 ;   p.xstor    of   Court   Street   Church,    Rochester, 
 
CHRISTIAN  OBSERVER. 
 
 141 
 
 CHURCH  OF  THE  COVEXAXT. 
 
 N.  Y.,  1849-50;  associate  pastor  of  F.  Street  Church, 
 ■Washington,  D.  C,  1850-51;  pastor  of  the  First 
 Church,  Camden,  N.  J.,  1351-53;  pastor  elect  at 
 Hamilton,  Ohio,  1855;  and  pastor  of  the  Xorth 
 Church,  PhilacU-lphia,  Pa.,  1855-G4.  He  died  at 
 rhiladclphia,  October  23d,  1864.  Jlr.  Christian  was 
 an  earnest  and  exemplary  Christian.  As  a  preacher 
 he  was  able  and  faithful.  He  wrote  with  force,  and 
 several  of  his  sermons,  excellent  in  substance  and 
 stylo,  were  given  to  the  public. 
 
 Christian  Observer.  The  conception  of  the 
 religious  newspaper  press,  as  it  exists  in  this  coun- 
 try, probably  originated  with  the  Kev.  John  Holt 
 Rice,  D.  D.,  the  founder  of  Union  Theological  Semi- 
 nary, in  Virginia.  Impressed  with  the  possibilities 
 of  its  usefulness  and  its  power,  he  had  earnest  con- 
 ference with  the  late  Dr.  Archibald  Alexander,  of 
 Princeton,  who  secured  the  establishment  of  the 
 Rcligioiui  Rcnumhra/iccr,  in  Philadelphia.  Its  first 
 number  was  issued  September  4th,  1813,  by  Eev. 
 John  W.  Scott.  This  was  probably  the  first  religious 
 newspaper  ever  published  in  this  country. 
 
 The  following  Spring  the  Rev.  John  Andrews 
 started,  in  Cliillicothe,  Ohio,  a  pai>er  modeled  after 
 this  one,  which  was  afterwarils  merged  into  the  Prcs- 
 bi/termn  Banner,  of  Pittsburg,  Pa.  One  of  Dr.  Eice's 
 elders,  David  I.  Burr,  carried  the  idea  to  Boston,  and 
 organized  there  a  joint-stock  company,  which  com- 
 menced the  public;itiou  of  the  Boston  Recorder,  about 
 1817,  with  Sidney  E.  Morse  (who  subsequently 
 founded  the  Xew  York  Obserrer)  as  its  editor. 
 
 Dr.  J.  H.  Rice  himself  started  a  Presbyterian 
 newspaper  in  Richmond,  Ya.,  in  1822.  It  was  known 
 as  the  Family  Viaitor.  He  conducted  it  for  about  five 
 years;  but,  finding  the  labor  too  heavy  iu  connection 
 with  his  p;istoral  labor,  the  Rev.  Amas:i  Converse, 
 then  laboring  as  au  evangelist  in  Nottoway  county, 
 Ya.,  took  charge  of  it,  iu  Febru:iry,  1827,  and  changed 
 its  name  to  the  Southern  Religious  Telegraph. 
 
 "When  the  di.scussions  were  pending  that  resulted 
 in  the  disruption  of  the  Presbj-terian  Church,  in  1837, 
 the  paper  labored  earnestly  to  prevent  the  division, 
 but  when  it  was  accomplished,  took  its  stand  with 
 the  New  School — not  advocating  the  peculiiu-  doctrinal 
 views  of  le.iders  in  the  New  S<-hool  party,  but 
 earnestly  contending  for  "the  principles  of  church 
 government  which  it  believed  were  violated  in  the 
 disruption.  In  18:>!)  the  Philadelphia  Obserrer  (the 
 successor  of  the  Religious  Remembrancer)  was  united 
 with  the  Southern  Religious  Telegraph,  and  the  united 
 paper,  now  known  as  the  Christian  Obserivr,  with 
 Dr.  Converse  as  its  editor,  was  published  iu  Phila- 
 delphia. In  consequence  of  difficulties  growing  out 
 of  the  war,  the  Obserrer  was,  iu  1861,  transferred  to 
 Richmond,  Ya.,  where  it  grew  steadily  in  favor  with 
 the  Southern  Presbyterian  Church.  It  contributed 
 its  influence  to  effect  the  reunion  of  the  Presb\-terian 
 Church  in  the  .South,  in  1864.  In  18(!U  it  w;is  united  with 
 the  Free  Christian  Commonwealth,  of  Louisville,  and 
 
 since  that  time  has  been  published  in  Louisville,  Ky., 
 occupying  the  position,  not  of  a  Synodieal  paper,  but 
 a  paper  for  the  whole  Southern  Presbj-terian  Church, 
 in  which  ministers  and  others,  in  all  parts  of  the 
 Church,  freely  interchange  views  on  questions  of 
 general  interest. 
 
 The  Christian  Observer  was  edited  by  Rev.  A.  Con- 
 verse, D.  D.,  until  his  death,  at  the  age  of  seventy- 
 seven  years.  His  eldest  son,  Rev.  F.  Bartlett  Converse, 
 became  associated  ■nith  him,  as  editor,  in  June,  1858. 
 Rev.  Amasa  Converse  died  in  December,  1872.  At  his 
 de;»th,  his  sou.  Rev.  James  B.  Couvei-se,  joined  in  the 
 editorial  work.  The  pajier,  which  h;is  attained  to  a 
 circulation  surpassed  by  very  few  papers  in  the 
 Southern  States,  is  now  edited  and  published  by  two 
 sons  of  its  old  editor.  Rev.  F.  B.  and  Rev.  Thomas 
 E.  Converse. 
 
 Christianity,  G-ro'wth  of.  Dr.  Dorchester 
 makes  the  foUowiug  estimate  : — 
 
 PROTESTANT  FOEEIQJf   MISSIOXS. 
 
 XCMDEB  OF  CHEISTIAX    COSVEETS    IS    THE  WORLD. 
 
 A.  D.  ISiO.  A.  D.  l.<.">0.  A.  D.  1880. 
 
 X.  .\morica. GO.IKIO  'J7,7G9  12o,;)3l 
 
 Asin 3,069  iV>SO  24.'),GS6 
 
 Africa 2,0(13  21,r>,iO  1(U,704 
 
 Oceauica 2,167  4S,'J99  128,696 
 
 POPULATION  UNDER  CHEISTIAX  GOVEEXMEXTS. 
 A 
 
 \.  r.  1500 100,(K»,000 
 
 "      1700 165,000,000 
 
 .  D.  1S30... 
 
 1870... 
 
 :v«s,ooo.noo 
 
 685,000,000 
 
 A.  D. 
 
 XOMIXAL  CHEISTI.^XS  IX   THE  WORLD. 
 
 400 lo.mxi.oiio  I  X.  D.  ism 200,000,000 
 
 800 3tl.(KK>,0>10 
 
 1000 8O,CIOl«,O0O 
 
 1500 101i,U»0,000  I 
 
 ISSO..  41(l,(KIO,0OII 
 
 "   2000 1,200,000,000 
 
 at  same  tute  uf  pn)gr«ss. 
 
 AREA   OF   THE   EARTH. 
 (52,002,470  square  miles.) 
 A.  D.  1500.  Sii«are  llOes. 
 
 Possessed  by  Pagans  and  Mohammedans 4S,284,fiS7 
 
 *•  "  Christians - 3,777,7SJ 
 
 A.  D.  ISSO. 
 
 Possessed  by  Pagans  and  Mohammedans 19,642,850 
 
 "  Rumiin  Catholics 9,304,305 
 
 "  Greek  Church 8,778,128 
 
 "  "  rrot.stanis  14,;i:i7,187— 
 
 "  "  Christiana 32,419,020 
 
 Church  of  the  Covenant,  Nevsr  York  City. 
 The  first  religious  service  which  issued  iu  the  organi- 
 Kitiou  of  the  Church  of  the  Covenant  was  held  in  the 
 chapel  of  the  Home  for  the  Friendless,  in  Twenty- 
 Ninth  street,  near  }Iadison  avenue,  on  the  l;»st  Sunday 
 in  November,  in  1860.  In  the  Autumn  of  1861  the 
 place  of  meeting  was  changed  to  Dodworth's  new 
 studio  building,  on  the  corner  of  Filth  avenue  and 
 Twenty-sixth  street.  Here,  on  the  evening  of  March 
 21st,  1862,  at  a  meeting  of  the  congregation,  of  which 
 Dr.  Skinner  was  the  Sloderator,  and  Benjamin  F. 
 Butler  Secretiry,  eighty-three  persons  presented  cer- 
 tificates of  dismission  from  various  churches.  Her- 
 man Gritfin,  Gurdou  Buck,  M.  D.,  and  Frederick  G. 
 Burnham,  were  then  elected  and  set  ap;irt  to  the 
 office  of  ruling  elder. 
 
 At  a  meeting  held  on  the  Sabbath,  March  30th, 
 1862,  Rev.  Thomas  H.  Skiuncr,  D.  D.,  presiding,  the 
 Rev.  George  L.  Prentiss,  n.  B.,  was  elected  pastor  of 
 the  new  church,  and  was  duly  installed  by  the  Fonrth 
 
CHUBCB  MORTGAGES. 
 
 142 
 
 CHURCH  MORTGAGES. 
 
 Presbytery  of  New  York,  on  the  11th  of  May,  1862. 
 The  name,  "Church  of  the  Covenant,"  was  adopted 
 at  a  meeting  held  on  Friday,  April  4th,  1862.  The 
 corner-stone  of  the  present  edifice  was  laid  on  the  5th 
 of  November,  18G3,  and  the  chapel  was  first  occupied 
 for  worship  on  the  22d  of  Hay,  1864.  On  the  30th 
 of  April,  186.5,  the  church  was  dedicated,  and  two 
 years  later  the  parsonage  was  finished.  On  the  12th 
 of  February,  1873,  Dr.  Prentiss  resigned  the  jiastorate, 
 to  accept  the  Chair  of  Pastoral  Theologj',  Church 
 Polity,  and  Jlissionary  Work,  in  Union  Theological 
 Seminary.  On  Wednesday  evening,  April  2d,  1873, 
 the  Eev.  Mar\-in  K.  Vincent,  D.  D.,  pastor  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Troy,  N.  Y.,  was  elected  to 
 the  pastorate,  and  was  iustalled  on  Thursday  evening, 
 May  8th,  1873.     In  this  relation  he  still  continues. 
 
 The  most  no-  ^^ -.--^-— _. 
 
 ticeable   public  ~ 
 
 incident  in  the 
 
 history    of   the 
 
 church  was  the 
 
 meeting      here 
 
 of      the      New 
 
 School   General 
 
 A.ssembly,      in 
 
 May,  1869,  the 
 
 other  Assembly 
 
 meeting  at  the 
 
 same    time,    in 
 
 the      Brick 
 
 Church. 
 
 Church 
 Mortgages. 
 The  foUowhit; 
 extract  from  an 
 anniversary  ser- 
 mon of  the  Eev. 
 S.  F.  Clark,  on 
 this  subject,  is 
 well  worthy  of 
 permanent  re- 
 cord :— 
 
 "But  somehow 
 same  mortgage. 
 
 ■'^vV.'C'^^^VCsiV 
 
 the  last  of  that 
 It  is  talked  aliout. 
 
 we  never  hear 
 It  is  thought  of 
 It  frets  and  chafes  continually  the  minds  of,  perhaps, 
 nine  men  who  are  called  trustees  ;  by  which  we  mean 
 those  who  attend  to  the  disagreeable  and  expensive 
 part  of  the  establishment,  and  who  are  expected 
 never  to  speak  of  their  troubles.  The  mortgage  be- 
 comes, by  and  by,  the  most  influential  thing  about 
 the  church.  It  is  but  a  piece  of  pajjcr.  Not  three 
 men  in  the  congregation  ever  saw  it.  It  is  stored 
 away  in  some  dark  vault,  and  has  a  dozen  curious 
 bolts  turned  on  it.  It  could  escape  from  the  dungeons 
 of  the  Inquisition  as  easily  as  from  its  present  place. 
 And  yet  that  same  piece  of  pajx-r  becomes  the  terror 
 of  the  community.  It  drinks  up,  like  a  sponge,  the 
 thoughts,  affections  and  energies  of  the  people.  It 
 stands  at  the  church  door,  like  the  angel  in  Balaam's 
 
 path,  and  makes  the  approaching  worshipers  pass 
 on  to  some  church  where  there  is  no  mortgage.  It 
 builds  itself  a  throne  in  the  sanctuary,  and  thence 
 looks  down  with  stern  eyes,  which  remind  us  of  the 
 New  England  tithing-man,  who  once  kept  order  in 
 the  meeting-house.  It  puts  its  hands  over  the  plates 
 when  missionary  collections  are  taken  up,  and  says, 
 '  Not  too  much  ;  that  quarter's  interest  falls  due 
 next  month,  and  you  must  have  a  subscription  to 
 raise  it. '  It  rc%'iews  the  card  of  benevolent  collec- 
 tions, and  strikes  off  what  causes  it  will,  that  there 
 may  not  be  too  many.  It  forbids  enlarging  the 
 Sunday-school  room,  although  that  swarms  with 
 children ;  and  it  is  opposed  to  mission  schools, 
 because  these  things  are  accomplished  by  that  same 
 money  which  the  mortgage  must  have.     This  same 
 
 ,  -  ^.-^  --,-„,_,s«- piece   of   paper 
 
 *^^  has  a  wondrous 
 
 power  of  trans- 
 mutation. It 
 transforms  it- 
 self into  a 
 heavy  and  im- 
 palpable mist, 
 and  floats  off 
 into  the  jjastor's 
 study.  It  af- 
 fects his  spirits. 
 It  clogs  his 
 brain.  It  hia- 
 ders  all  his 
 plans  of  useful- 
 ness  for  the 
 church.  It 
 holds  him, 
 with  inexorable 
 force,  on  the 
 very  borders  of 
 a  hundred  use- 
 ful projects — 
 forbidding  him 
 
 them  until  the  debt  is  paid.  It  depreciates  him  in 
 his  own  eyes,  until  it  t;ikes  half  his  mental  energies 
 to  keep  his  brain  in  working  order.  It  at  length 
 depreciates  him  every  where.  And  as  to  th(?  chang- 
 ing of  pastoral  relations,  it  makes  sport  of  them  ; 
 and,  like  the  centurion,  says  '  to  this  nuui,  go,  and 
 he  goeth ;  and  to  another,  come,  and  he  cometh.' 
 The  sacred  affections  which  belong  to  those  relations 
 are  no  more,  in  his  path,  than  so  much  flax  before  the 
 flame. 
 
 "At  length  the  pastor's  vacation  comes.  He  goes 
 away  to  gather  ideas  and  health  among  the 
 mountains.  He  climbs  the  beetling  crags,  from 
 which  he  scares  the  eagle,  and  theu  looks  off  ujion 
 God's  world,  and  feels  his  soul  gromng  larger  with 
 every  breath.  He  forgets  how  long  he  has  been  a 
 slave.     He  is  a  free  man  now.     But  very  soon  he 
 
CHURCH,  SECOND,  CLEVELAND. 
 
 143 
 
 CLARK. 
 
 thinks  of  his  people.  It  is  for  them  he  studies  in 
 Nature's  school.  He  looks  around  for  thcra.  He 
 breathes  In  that  mountain  air,  that  he  may  breathe 
 it  out  again  upon  them.  He  stores  his  mind,  his 
 imagination,  his  taste,  with  ideas  and  illustrations, 
 which  he  dedicates  to  them.  But  see  his  counte- 
 nance changing  !  His  eye  is  less  glowing.  His  heart 
 less  swelling.  He  muses.  The  great  panorama 
 ceases  to  charm  him.  The  mind  has  gone  in  upon 
 itself.  It  has  found  some  gloomy  associations. 
 What  are  they?  Ah,  the  mortgage  is  there  !  It  has 
 climbed  the  mount;iin  with  him.  It  has  put  its 
 veil  over  his  eyes,  dimming  the  glories  of  nature. 
 The  thought  of  his  dear  people  was  one  link  in  the 
 chain  of  as.sociation  ;  the  next,  and  the  next  suc- 
 ceeded, and  then  c;ime  the  great  fact  that  he  would 
 go  home  only  to  be  a  slave  again,  and  crouch 
 beneath  the  sceptre  of  that  same  old  mortgage." 
 
 Church,  Second  Presbsrterian,  Cleveland, 
 O.  This  Church  was  organized  June  12th,  18-14,  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Cleveland,  Rev.  S.  C.  Aiken,  D.D., 
 officiating.  Of  the  fifty-eight  original  members,  all 
 but  five  were  from  the  First  Presbyterian  Church. 
 Their  first  house  of  worship  was  purcha.sed  from  the 
 Congregational  Church.  It  was  a  frame  building,  on 
 the  Northwest  corner  of  the  park,  on  the  lot  West 
 of  the  County  Court  House.  It  was  occupied  by 
 this  church  from  September,  18-14,  to  July,  1851, 
 when  it  was  sold  to  the  Erie  Street  Baptist  Church, 
 and  by  them  removed  to  the  corner  of  Erie  and  Ohio 
 Streets,  where  it  now  stands.  The  Second  Church 
 then  occupied  a  new  and  substantial  edifice  which 
 they  had  erected  on  Superior  Street  east  of  the  park. 
 To  this  a  chapel  was  added  in  1870.  These  buildings 
 were  destroyed  by  fire  on  the  morning  of  the  ninth 
 of  October,  1876,  and  for  two  years  the  congregation 
 worshiped  in  public  halls,  first  in  the  Opera  House, 
 afterwards  in  Case  Hall.  Meanwhile  an  eligible  site 
 had  been  secured  up  town,  and  a  new,  elegant  stone 
 edifice  with  chapel  adjoining,  was  erected,  wliich  the 
 church  occupied  for  the  first  time  on  the  twentieth  of 
 October,  1878. 
 
 Eev.  Shermans.  Caufield,  D.  D.,  was  installed  the 
 first  pastor  September  3d,  1844,  and  dismissed  Ai)ril 
 23d,  1854.  Rev.  James  Eells,  D.  D.,  was  installed 
 January  2J!th,  1855,  and  dismissed  April  3d,  1860. 
 Rev.  Theron  H.  Hawks,  D.  D.,  was  installed  April 
 24th,  1861,  and  dismissed  April  7th,  1868.  Rev. 
 James  Eells,  d.d.,  was  again  installed  December  16th, 
 1869,  and  dismissed  June  21st,  1873.  Rev.  Charles 
 S.  Pomeroy,  D.  D.,  the  present  pastor,  was  installed 
 June  22d,  1873. 
 
 The  church  numbers  now  (1883)  more  tlian  seven 
 hundred  and  fifty  members,  with  a  large  and  influen- 
 ential  congregation,  and  is  eminent  for  its  unity, 
 zeal  and  benevolence  in  all  Christian  and  charitable 
 work.  The  Woodland  avenue  Presbyterian  Church 
 and  the  Willson  avenue  Presbyterian  Church  are  its 
 prosperous  offshoots. 
 
 Clark,  Frederick  G-.,  D.  D.,  was  bom  at  Water- 
 bury,  Conn.,  December  13th,  1819.  He  graduated 
 at  the  New  York  University  in  1842,  and  at  the 
 Union  Theological  Seminary  of  New  York  in  1845. 
 Ha\-ing  preached  a  year  and  a  half  at  Greenwich, 
 Conn.,  he  became  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 at  Astoria,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.  After  six  years'  labor 
 in  this  place,  he  was  called  to  West  Twenty-third 
 Street  Presbyterian  Church,  N.  Y.,  where,  under  his 
 ministry,  an  imposing  house  of  worship  was  erected 
 and  a  vigorous  congregation  gathered.  From  1867  to 
 1871  he  was  pa,stor  of  the  church  in  Greenwich,  in 
 which  he  commenced  his  ministry.  In  1872  lie  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Tompkins  Avenue  Presbyte- 
 rian Church,  BrookljTi,  N,  Y.,  where  a  substantial 
 congregation  soon  gathered  under  his  ministry.     He 
 
 FREDERICK   O.  CLARK,  D.  D. 
 
 is  now  the  esteemed  and  useful  pastor  of  the  Second 
 Street  Presbyterian  Church,  Troy,  N.  Y. 
 
 Dr.  Clark  is  a  man  of  a  noble,  pious,  consistent 
 life,  and  one  whose  conversation  and  deportment  are 
 not  less  fascinating  than  useful.  He  is  a  very 
 accept;ible  preacher,  having  nothing  sensational  in 
 his  style,  but,  on  the  contrary,  leaning  to  the  most 
 rigid  models  of  pulpit  propriety.  His  sermons,  which 
 are  able  expositions  of  go.spel  truth,  are  %\Tittcn  with 
 clearness  and  pointedness,  and  with  much  scholarly 
 finish.  His  gifted  and  devout  mind  and  clear 
 common  sense  give  him  great  power  as  a  preacher. 
 Dr.  Clark  is  the  author  of  a  memoir,  entitled  "  The 
 Life  Work  of  JIary  M.  Maynard, ' '  and  many  published 
 sermons.  He  is  also  a  frequent  and  popular  con- 
 tributor to  religious  journals. 
 
CLARK. 
 
 144 
 
 CLARK. 
 
 Clark,  James,  D.  D.,  -was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
 Pa.,  March  9th,  1812.  He  graduated  at  the  Univer- 
 sity of  Pennsylvania  in  1830,  and  was  ordained  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Isew  Brunswick,  November  8th, 
 1837.  He  has  been  pastor  of  the  Tennent  Church, 
 Freehold,  X.  J.,  183T-9;  pastor  of  Upper  and  Lower 
 Mt.  Bethel,  1839;  pa.stor  at  Belvidere,  X.  J.,  1840-50; 
 President  of  Washington  College,  Pa.,  18oO-'2,  and 
 pastor  at  Lewisburg,  Pa.,  185-2-7.  Since  resigning 
 the  last  charge.  Dr.  Clark  has  resided  in  Philadel- 
 phia, where  he  has  been  usefully  engaged  in  Avritiug 
 occasionally  for  the  religious  press,  assisting  his  min- 
 isterial brethren,  and  supplying  vacant  pulpits,  as 
 opportunity  has  offered.  He  is  a  gentleman  of  pol- 
 ished manners,  of  great  personal  dignity,  an  instructs 
 ive  preacher,  a  vigorous  writer,  and  eminently  con- 
 scientious in  the  discharge  of  what  he  regards  a.s  duty. 
 
 Clark,  Rev.  John  Flavel,  was  born  in  Allen- 
 town,  X.  J.,  17S4.  His  father  was  Joseph  Clark,  D.  D., 
 one  of  the  most  prominent  pastors  of  the  Synod  of 
 Xew  Jersey.  He  graduated  from  Princeton  College, 
 1807,  among  the  first  of  his  cla.ss.  He  then  engaged 
 in  teaching,  in  the  State  of  Georgia.  Commenced  the 
 study  of  theology  in  Andover,  1810.  In  1812  he  was 
 chosen  Tutor  in  Princeton,  which  position  he  held 
 three  years,  pursuing  his  theological  studies  under 
 Dr.  Green.  June  14th,  1315,  he  was  ordained  and 
 installed  pastor  of  Presbyterian  Church,  Flemington, 
 X.  J.  HLs  ministry  there  was  very  successful.  In 
 1820  this  charge  was  connected  with  the  First  Ann- 
 ville,  and  the  two  churches  were  under  his  care  until 
 1836.  He  then  resigned,  and  became  pastor  of  the 
 First  Presbj-terian  Church,  Paterson,  X.  J.,  1836-42. 
 Thence  he  went  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Oyster 
 Bay,  Long  Island,  where  he  remained  only  a  year. 
 He  then  settled  over  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 FishkiU  Village,  X.  Y.,  where  he  died,  at  the  age  of 
 sixty-nine,  in  18.53.  He  was  a  kind,  unselfish  man; 
 an  exceedingly  agreeable  companion,  full  of  talk  and 
 wit;  an  amiable  and  faithful  minister.  His  person 
 w;is  large  and  portly,  with  a  beaming  countenance. 
 
 Clark,  Rev.  Joseph,  was  born  at  Carlisle,  Pa., 
 October  11th,  1825.  He  graduated  at  Marshall  Col- 
 lege, then  located  at  Mercersburg,  with  the  highest 
 honors,  in  1848;  received  his  theological  training  at 
 the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  and  was  liecn.scd  to 
 preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbj-tery  of  Carlisle,  .lune 
 11th,  1851.  On  the  third  of  June,  1852,  he  was  or- 
 dained and  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  at  Chambcrsburg,  Pa.  Here  he  labored  with 
 great  acceptance  till  October  1859,  when,  in  conse- 
 quence of  a  disea.se  of  the  throat,  which  made  public 
 speaking  perilous,  he  resigned  the  charge,  and  en- 
 gaged in  secular  business,  with  the  hope  of  restoring 
 his  health.  Mr.  Clark's  aim,  as  a  pjistor,  was  to  in- 
 struct from  the  pulpit,  and  by  di.'<seminating  among 
 the  people  the  publications  of  the  Cliurch;  his  time 
 was  therefore  spent  in  pulpit  preparation  rather  than 
 in  social   visitations    among  them.      He   was  very 
 
 methodical  in  the  distribution  of  his  time,  and  set 
 apart  a  large  proportion  to  reading  and  writing.  He 
 was  a  forcible  writer  and  a  bold  investigator  of  truth, 
 and  pushed'  his  researches  into  every  pro^■ince  of 
 physical  and  moral  science,  as  ^Ttll.as  into  theology. 
 In  1862  he  contributed  to  the  Princeton  Review  an 
 article  on  "The  HLstory  and  Theory  of  Revolutions," 
 and  in  1863,  another  article  on  "The  Skepticism  of 
 Science,"'  both  of  which  attracted  con.siderable  atten- 
 tion at  the  time  of  publication,  ilr.  Clark  died  June 
 7th,  1865. 
 
 Clark,  Joseph,  D.D.,  was  born  near  Elizabeth- 
 town,  X.  J.,  October  21st,  1751.  He  was  trained  to 
 the  carpenter's  trade,  but  after  he  passed  his  twen- 
 tieth year  he  resolved  to  become  a  minister  of  the 
 gospel.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  College,  in  1781, 
 and  studied  theology  under  the  direction  of  the  Rev. 
 Dr.  Woodhull,  of  Jlonmouth.  He  was  licen.sed  to 
 preach,  April  23d,  1783,  by  the  Presbj'tery  of  Xew 
 Brunswick,  supplied  the  church  at  AUentown,  X.  J., 
 for  six  months,  was  ordained  by  the  same  Presbytery, 
 Sine  titulo,  to  the  work  of  the  ministry,  June  15th, 
 1784,  and  was  iiLstalled  pastor  of  the  church  at  Allen- 
 town,  in  June,  1788.  In  1796  he  took  charge  of  the 
 congregation  in  Xew  Brunswick,  where  he  continued 
 till  the  close  of  life.  By  appointment  of  the  General 
 Assembly,  in  1798  and  1799,  Sir.  Clark  was  agent  to 
 collect  funds  for  destitute  congregations  in  different 
 parts  of  the  country,  and  was  very  successful  in  the 
 work.  After  the  burning  of  the  College  of  Xew  Jer- 
 sey, in  March,  1802,  he  also  made  liberal  collections 
 to  repair  the  extensive  loss.  In  1802  he  was  elected 
 a  member  of  the  Corporation  of  the  College  of  Xew 
 Jersey,  and  continued  so  until  his  death.  He  was 
 also,  for  many  successive  years,  a  member  of  the 
 Committee  of  Missions,  which  acted  by  the  appoint- 
 ment and  under  the  direction  of  the  General  Assem- 
 bly. He  died,  October  19th,  1813.  Dr.  Clark  pos- 
 sessed a  mind  originally  of  superior  order,  and 
 enlarged  and  accomplished  by  much  reading  and 
 study.  In  the  pulpit  he  was  always  solemn,  digni- 
 fied and  in.structive.  In  debate  he  had  a  remarkable 
 talent  both  to  .scrutinize  and  to  defeat  the  arguments 
 and  aims  of  his  adversary.  In  the  details  of  business 
 few  men  probably  have  surpas.scd  him.  In  all  his 
 walk  through  life,  with  the  politeness  and  affability 
 of  the  man  of  literature  and  the  gentleman  he  min- 
 gled that  purity  of  conversation  and  that  savor  of 
 devotion  which  ought  ever  to  characterize  a  minister 
 of  Jesus  Christ. 
 
 Clark,  Robert,  the  son  of  WiUiam  and  Margaret 
 Clark,  was  bom  near  Carlisle,  Pa.,  July  2d,  1774, 
 and  there  he  died  .January  7th,  1856.  He  had  been 
 ordained  a  ruling  elder  in  the  First  Church,  in  October 
 of  1814,  and  when  the  Second  Church  was  organized, 
 in  January  of  1833,  he  was  elected  one  of  the  first 
 three  elilers.  Among  many  of  the  ministry  and 
 eldership  of  our  Church,  ,is  well  as  a  large  circle  of 
 personal  irlcnds,  he  was  well  known,  and  his  life  and 
 
CLARKE. 
 
 145 
 
 CLARKE. 
 
 character  had  secured  for  him  no  ordinary  measure  of 
 esteem  and  admiration.  For  more  than  forty  years 
 he  had  been  a  ruling  elder,  and  he  discharged  its 
 functions  with  a  vigor,  efficiency  and  wisdom,  which 
 endeared  him  to  all  the  pastors  with  whom  he  labored. 
 His  love  for  the  Church  was  ardent  and  deep,  and 
 her  interests  always  lay  near  his  heart.  His  character 
 was  of  the  order  sublime.  He  was  a  large-hearted, 
 noble-mLnded,  Christian  man,  combining  firmness 
 and  strength  mth  tenderness  and  generosity,  and 
 serious  earnestness  with  great  cheerfulness.  His 
 integrity  was  recognized  by  all  who  knew  him  as  of 
 the  most  sterling  and  unbending  character.  He 
 was  an  admirable  type  of  the  men  of  a  former  age. 
 His  last  Ulness  was  brief,  and  his  summons  sudden; 
 but  he  was  waiting  for  his  Lord;  shared  largely  in 
 His  grace,  and  to  him  it  was  permitted  to  be  a 
 beautiful  esemplitication  of  the  language  of  the 
 Temanite:  "Thou  shalt  come  to  thy  grave  in  a  full 
 age,  like  a  shock  of  corn  cometh  in  his  season."  | 
 
 Jlr.  Clark  was  the  honored  lather  of  honored 
 children,  and  a  father  of  whose  memory  his  children 
 and  his  grandchildren  may  be  justly  proud  and 
 emulous.  Three  of  his  sons  became  ruling  elders  in 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  in  as  many  different  places, 
 and  one  was  the  scholarly  preacher  and  beloved  pastor  1 
 of  the  FalUng  Spring  Presbvterian  Church,  in  Cham- 
 bersburg,  Pa.  ' "  The  memory  of  the  j  ust  is  blessed. ' ' 
 Clarke,  Rev.  Albert  Bro'WTi,  the  son  of  John 
 and  JIury  Clarke,  was  born  in  Schellsburg,  Pa.,  July 
 14th,  1^117.  He  was  educated  at  Dickinson  College, 
 and  studied  theology  in  the  "Western  Theological 
 Seminary.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Carlisle,  in  1S41,  and  supplied  the  Clnirch  of  Bedford 
 six  months.  He  then  became  pa.stor  of  the  Church 
 of  Ligonier,  Pa.,  and  established,  successfully,  a 
 Female  Seminary.  For  nearly  a  year  he  acted  as 
 Financial  Agent  for  the  endowment  of  Washington 
 College,  Pa.  Al'terwards  he  took  charge  of  the 
 Church  at  Altoona,  Pa.  Here  he  spent  his  best  days; 
 for  the  building  up  and  efficiency  of  this  church  he 
 devoted  his  ripe  experience  and  final  eftbrt;  around 
 it  were  gathered  his  last  prayers  and  hoi)es,  and  in 
 its  order,  harmony,  strength,  and  love,  he  realized 
 the  tokens  of  his  5Ia.ster's  presence,  and  the  just 
 reward  of  a  faithful  servant.  He  died  July  oth, 
 1863.  Mr.  Clarke  had  a  clear  and  well-balanced 
 mind,  a  correct  judgment,  much  practical  wisdom, 
 unbending  integrity,  and  steadfastness  of  purpose. 
 He  was  eminently  characterized  by  self-control,  dig- 
 nity, c^jurtesy  and  kindness.  As  a  pastor  he  was 
 ever  iiuthful.  As  a  pulpit  speaker  he  was  cle;ir, 
 methodical.  Scriptural,  earnest  and  practical.  He 
 delighted  to  "declare  the  whole  counsel  of  God." 
 and  to  see  his  charge  grow  in  numbers,  spirituality 
 and  efficiency.  By  the  churches  and  brethren  who 
 knew  him  well,  he  was  honored  and  beloved. 
 
 Clarke,  David  D.,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  Samuel  and 
 Mary  (Dtmcan)  Clarke,  was  born  near  Shippensburg, 
 10 
 
 Pa.,  in  October,  1810.  Graduated  at  Jefferson  Col- 
 lege, in  1831,  and  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary; 
 was  licensed  by  Carlisle  Presbytery,  in  1837,  and  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Schellsburg,  Pa., 
 where  he  was  quite  successful.  He  became  pastor  of 
 Lower  Marsh  Creek  Church,  Adams  county.  Pa.,  in 
 1843,  where  he  remained  thirteen  years.  In  1856  he 
 was  installed  pastor  of  the  churches  of  Waynesbnrg  and 
 Xewton  Hamilton,  Huntingdon  county.  Pa.,  where 
 his  labors  were  much  blessed.  This  rehition  con- 
 tinued tmtil  his  death  December  30th,  1865.  Dr. 
 Clarke  was  an  eminently  devoted  and  conscientious 
 minister  of  the  gospel.  His  character  w;is  strongly 
 marked  by  himiility  and  dignity.  He  left  a  stainless 
 reputation,  and  a  memory  of  unwonted  fragrance,  in 
 every  congregation  he  served.  The  faithfulness  and 
 earnestness  of  his  preaching,  the  point  and  tenderness 
 of  his  pastoral  counsels,  made  a  deep  impression, 
 while  his  gentleness,  firmness,  prudence  and  wisdom 
 in  presbyterial  and  ordinary  social  relations  endeared 
 him  to  all  who  knew  him. 
 
 Clarke,  Henry  Steele,  D.  D.,  was  bom  in 
 Somers,  Coun.,  in  isls.  His  literary  education  was 
 begun  in  Hamilton  College,  X.  Y. ,  and  was  continued 
 at  Yale  College,  Conn.,  where  he  graduated  in  Sep- 
 tember, 1841.  His  first  charge  was  at  WUloughby, 
 Ohio.  He  was  installed  pastor  at  Manchester,  X.  H., 
 September  20th,  1849,  and  his  ministry  in  that  con- 
 gregation continued  untU  1852,  when  he  accepted  the 
 cordial  and  unanimous  call  of  the  Central  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Philadelphia,  where  he  labored  with 
 great  zeal  and  success  untU  his  death,  January  17th, 
 1864.  Dr.  Clarke's  abUities  as  a  preacher  were 
 always  acknowledged  to  be  of  a  high  order.  He  had 
 a  graceful  presence,  a  persuasive  manner  and  exact 
 and  careful  taste,  good  judgment,  a  quick  fancy,  an 
 acute  and  discriminating  intellect.  As  a  pastor  he 
 was  no  less  efficient  and  successful  than  as  a  preacher. 
 He  was  an  accomplished  gentleman,  an  earnest  Chris- 
 tian, a  faithful  friend,  and  greatly  beloved  by  his 
 brethren  and  the  people  of  his  charge. 
 
 Clarke,  Hon.  Hovey  Kilbum,  son  of  Hovey 
 and  Sarah  (Kilburn)  Clarke,  was  born  in  Sterling, 
 Mass.,  July  11th,  1812.  His.school  days  were  spent 
 mostly  in  the  academies  at  Utica  and  Clinton,  X.  Y., 
 and  in  Phillips  Academy,  at  Andover,  JIass.,  from 
 1821  to  1828.  From  1816  to  1831  his  home  was  in 
 Utica;  then  five  years  in  Canandaigua,  X.  Y.,  where 
 he  studied  law.  He  removed  to  Michigan  in  1836, 
 and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1839.  He  was 
 Prosecuting  Attorney  for  Allegan  county,  Mich.,  in 
 1842-43,  and  for  Calhoun  count\-  in  1851-52.  He 
 was  a  member  of  the  House  of  Kepresentatives,  for 
 Calhoun  county,  in  1850.  In  1852  he  removed  to 
 Detroit,  and  a  few  years  afterward  was  appointed,  by 
 the  Governor  of  Jlichigan,  one  of  the  Commissioners 
 to  compile  the  general  statutes  of  the  State.  He  was 
 also  one  of  the  Board  of  Control  of  Kailroad  Land 
 Grants,  from  1861  to  1865.    In  1867  he  was  appointed 
 
CLARKE. 
 
 146 
 
 COBB. 
 
 United  States  Registrar  in  Bankruptcy  for  the  Eastern 
 District  of  Jlichigan.  He  -was  first  elected  an  elder 
 in  1837,  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Allegan, 
 Mich.  Since  that  time  he  has  held  the  oifice  in  the 
 Reformed  (Dutch)  Church  in  Allegan,  in  the  Presby- 
 terian Cliurch  in  Marshall,  in  the  Second  (now 
 Fort  Street)  Church,  iu  the  Westminster  Church,  in 
 Detroit.  He  has  been  a  Commissioner  to  the  Geu- 
 eral  Assembly  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1857;  iu  Roch- 
 ester, N.  Y.,  in  1860;  in  Philadelphia  in  1861;  in 
 Columbus  in  1862;  in  Peoria,  111.,  in  1863;  in  St. 
 Louis  in  1866;  in  Cincinnati  in  1867;  and  in  Spring- 
 field, 111.,  in  1882.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
 Board  of  Domestic  Jlissions  in  1860,  1864,  and  1868; 
 and  of  the  Board  of  Publication  in  1867,  to  fill  a 
 vacancy,  and  in  1868.  In  1866  he  was  appointed  a 
 member  of  the  Joint  Committee  on  the  Reunion  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
 Board  of  Directors  of  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the 
 Northwest  from  1865  to  1869. 
 
 Mr.  Clarke  deserves  to  be  remembered,  both  for  his 
 character  and  his  usefulness.  He  is  a  man  of  very 
 clear  convictions  and  positive  opinions.  By  his 
 unquestioned  ability,  unblemished  integrity  and 
 affectionate  nature,  he  inspires  the  unqualified 
 respect  and  affection  of  his  friends,  and  he  is  as 
 faithful  to  them  as  they  are  attached  to  him.  Few 
 men  in  the  city  where  he  has  long  resided  have 
 gained  so  completely  the  confidence  of  their  fellow 
 citizens. 
 
 As  a  lawyer  he  is  exact  and  thorough,  and  exhaust- 
 ive in  all  his  work.  He  has  been  employed  in  some 
 very  important  cases.  His  mental  habits  are  so 
 judicial,  that,  in  the  judgment  of  his  professional 
 brethien,  he  should  have  been  elevated  long  since,  to 
 the  Bench  of  one  of  the  highest  courts. 
 
 He  has  taken  much  interest  in  the  ecclesiastical 
 aftairs  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  both  in  the  lower 
 and  the  higher  judicatures.  Very  few  laymen  have 
 been  elected  so  often  to  the  General  Assembly.  He  has 
 been  a  commissioner  to  the  Assembly  eight  times, 
 and  has  been  most  efficient  and  useful  as  a  member 
 of  important  committees.  In  the  Assembly  of  1882, 
 he  was  chairman  of  the  Judicial  Committee,  a 
 position  not  often  assigned  to  a  layman.  He  has  been 
 greatly  interested  in  "systematic  beneficence,"  and 
 has  collated  and  published  some  exceedingly  valuable 
 statistics,  and  has  written  some  very  able,  practical, 
 and  convincing  articles  on  the  subject.  These  eccle- 
 siastical services  of  Mr.  Clarke  illustrate  how  much 
 more  useful  and  influential  our  ruling  elders  might 
 be,  if  their  office  and  influence  were  more  frequently 
 recognized. 
 
 Mr.  Clarke  has  been  very  greatly  int<'rested  iu 
 Westminster  Church,  Detroit,  since  its  foundation, 
 in  1857.  In  1882,  the  qimrter  centennial  of  the 
 church  was  celel>rated.  Mr.  Clarke  delivered  an 
 historical  address,  and  on  the  occasion,  received 
 tokens  of  esteem  and  afiectionate  regard   from  the 
 
 congregation,  which  were  as  gratefully  and  sincerely 
 given,  as  they  were  unusual  and  unexpected. 
 
 Clemens,  Rev.  "William,  was  born  in  Wheel- 
 ing, Virginia,  September  13th,  1825.  Graduated  at 
 Wa.shington  College,  Pa. ,  -n-ith  the  honors  of  the  Insti- 
 tution, in  1849,  studied  theology  at  Princeton,  and 
 was  licensed  and  ordained  as  an  evangelist  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Washingtou,  June  14th,  1853.  Our 
 Board  of  Foreign  Missions  then  appointed  him  to  the 
 mission,  then  recently  commenced,  at  Corisco,  on 
 the  western  coast  of  Africa,  which  he  reached,  Decem- 
 cember  23d.  Here  he  shrank  from  no  ser^^ce  or  self- 
 denial,  or  exposure  of  health  or  life,  that  duty  seemed 
 to  demand.  In  1857  an  attack  of  malignant  African 
 fever  so  shattered  his  constitution  that  a  visit  to 
 America  was  deemed  necessary  to  his  restoration, 
 and  during  his  sojourn  in  this  country  he  published, 
 for  the  use  of  the  mission,  the  gospel  of  Matthew  and 
 the  Shorter  Catechism  in  the  Benga  language,  besides 
 often  pleading  the  cause  of  the  poor  heathen  in  pub- 
 lic. In  January,  1859,  with  greatly  improved  health, 
 he  again  sailed  from  New  York  for  his  chosen  and 
 much  loved  field  of  labor,  and  arrived  at  Corisco, 
 April  25th.  He  died,  June  24th,  1862,  whilst  prose- 
 cuting, on  ij,  voyage,  his  missionary  work,  and  his 
 corpse  was  committed  to  the  sea.  Mr.  Clemens  was 
 a  practical  man,  able  to  turn  every  executive  power 
 to  good  advantage.  He  was  distinguished  liy  great 
 humility.  He  was  fearless  ;  the  course  of  dut.y  was 
 always  in  his  view  a  safe  course.  He  was  wholl_y 
 devoted  to  his  work  as  a  missionary,  having  no  other 
 object  in  view,  and  he  was  successful  in  promoting 
 the  great  cause.  His  faith  was  strong.  This  was 
 his  ^^ctory  over  the  world.  By  faith  he  walked  Avith 
 God,  by  faith  he  served  his  generation  according  to 
 the  will  of  God,  and  then  received  a  conqueror's 
 crown. 
 
 Cobb,  Rev.  Archibald  Parritt,  was  born  at 
 Par.sippany,  Morris  county,  N.  J.,  Xovember9th,  1821. 
 He  graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  iu  1850, 
 und  at  Princeton  Seminary  in  1853.  For  one  and  a 
 half  years,  1853-55,  he  was  a  Tutor  in  Princeton  Col- 
 lege. He  was  licensed  by  Newark  Presbytery,  April 
 20th,  1853,  and  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the 
 same  Presbytery,  April  19th,  1854.  While  a  Tutor  at 
 Princeton,  he  served,  as  stated  supply,  the  Witlier- 
 spoon  street  (colored)  Church  in  that  i)lace.  J'ncom- 
 ing  pastor  of  the  South  Chunh,  riiiladclphia,  Decem- 
 ber 23d,  1855,  he  labored  faithfully  at  that  post  until 
 released,  October  10th,  1861.  He  was  installed  pastor 
 of  the  Tennent  Church,  near  Freehold,  Slonmonth 
 county,  N.  J.,  August  8th,  1863,  and  laborc<l  tlicrc^ 
 with  remarkable  assiduity  and  success  for  .seventeen 
 and  a  half  years,  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
 February  2(!th,  1881,  and  which  was  marked  by  ])cr- 
 fect  snl)mi.ssiou  to  the  divine  will,  and  the  enjoyment 
 of  great  faith,  peace  and  hope  in  Christ. 
 
 Mr.  Cobb  was  a  most  godly  and  useful  man.  All 
 acknowledged  his  extraordinary  Clients,  enjoyed  his 
 
COBB. 
 
 147 
 
 COFFIN. 
 
 preaching,  and  admired  him  as  an  earnest  and  de- 
 voted minister.  He  was  an  indefatigable  worker, 
 toiling  unceasingly,  even  when  weali  in  body,  and  ex- 
 hibiting an  apostolic  consecration  to  the  duties  of  his 
 ministry.  His  jx'Ople  loved  their  jiastor  devotedly. 
 Cobb,  Thomas  R.  R.,  was  born  at  Cherry  Hill, 
 Jefferson  county,  Georgia,  April  10th,  18-23.  He 
 graduated  at  the  State  University  of  Georgia,  in  the 
 class  of  1841,  foremost  among  his  classmates  in  the 
 roll  of  merit.  He  studied  law,  and  no  sooner  was  he 
 admitted  to  the  Bar,  than  he  attracted  the  attention 
 of  tlie  members  of  the  profession  by  the  breadth  and 
 accuracy  of  his  legal  kuowledge,  the  resoluteness  of 
 his  purpose,  the  tlioroughness  of  his  preparation  in 
 every  case  he  undertook,  and,  above  all,  his  fidelity 
 to  the  ethics  of  his  high  vocation.  To  be  a  great 
 lawyer,  a  Christian  lawyer,  was  the  height  of  his 
 aspiration  ;  and  to  attain  this  end, — supreme  to  his 
 ambition  among  earthly  things — ^his  acute  instincts 
 taught  hira  to  be  a  man  who  feared  God  and  wrought 
 riglitcousness  in  all  his  public  and  private  relations. 
 The  liasis  of  his  reputation  was  the  appreciative 
 opinion  of  his  professional  brethren.  On  no  other 
 foundation  would  he  l)uild.  Ou  this  he  did  build. 
 And  the  superstructure,  which  rose  so  rapidly  within 
 less  than  twenty  years,  is  the  monument  that  per- 
 petuates his  worth  in  Georgia. 
 
 As  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  he  was  a 
 man  of  strong  convictions,  liberal  .symijathies,  and 
 large  views  as  to  Cliristian  energy  and  enterprise. 
 No  interest  of  theChiuch  escaped  his  attention;  none 
 stopped  short  of  the  central  warmth  in  his  generous 
 heart,  and  in  all  he  was  the  accredited  leader,  to 
 whom,  every  one  looked  without  a  taint  of  envy  or 
 rivalry.  Often,  after  a  day  of  hard  work  in  the 
 Court-room,  he  would  be  found  at  a  village  prayer 
 meeting,  or  in  some  other  ministry  of  self-sacrificing 
 piety,  intent  on  doing  good,  intent  only  on  that,  and 
 ne\er  consulting  his  own  tastes  and  gratifications 
 in  tlie  work  tliat  he  did  for  Christ's  sake.  And  into 
 all  and  each,  what  a  heart  of  truthful  and  ardent 
 sjTiipathy  went  with  the  blessed  assurance  that  it 
 would  have  ' '  free  course  ' '  and  be  ' '  glorified  ! ' ' 
 And  "glorified  "  it  was  in  many  a  glad  result. 
 
 Outside  of  the  immediate  sphere  of  the  Church  he 
 was  untiringly  active  in  l)ehalf  of  education  and 
 other  philanthropic  objects.  Whether  at  work  ou  a 
 Digest  of  tlie  Statutes  of  the  State,  or  ■WTiting  essays 
 in  behalf  of  a  State  Sj'stem  of  Education,  or  projios- 
 iug  a  scheme  to  enlarge  the  University,  or  contribut- 
 ing largely  of  his  means  to  build  the  "Lucy  Cobb 
 InstUute,"  or  laboring  in  revivals,  he  was  the  same 
 earnest  and  energetic  worker;  cheerful,  genial,  buoj'- 
 ant,  under  tasks  to  which  few  men  are  adequate. 
 The  force  of  his  temperament  seemed  well  nigh  inex- 
 haustible. Such  a  mass  of  spontaneousness, — semper 
 paratus — we  have  never  kno^^•n.  More  tlian  most  men 
 who  have  had  the  helps  of  a  fine  temperament  and  a 
 happy  nature,  he  had  the  capacity  for  versatile  and 
 
 manifold  industry  with  a  great-hearteduess  that  made 
 his  work  its  own  joy  and  reward.  Only  let  this  be 
 added;  Thomas  R.  R.  Cobb  was  a  man  of  profound 
 domestic  nature,  and  in  a  Christian  home  of  rare 
 beauty  and  blessedness,  he  found  the  cheer  and  re- 
 freshment he  needed  for  his  active  and  useful  life. 
 He  died  December  l:;th,  1862. 
 
 CofiBn,  Prof.  James  Henry,  LL.D.,  was  born 
 in  Williamsburg,  Mass.,  Sejitember  6th,  1806,  and,  at 
 the  age  of  sixty-six,  died,  at  Easton,  Pa.,  February 
 6th,  1873.  Being  early  left  an  orphan  be  gained  an 
 education  by  his  own  exertions,  and  graduated  at 
 Amherst  College,  in  1828.  He  then  established  the 
 Fellenberg  Academy,  at  Greenfield,  Mass.,  one  of  the 
 first  manual  labor  schools  organized  in  this  country, 
 and  conducted  it  with  success  until  1837,  when  he 
 
 PROF.   JAMES   HENEY   COFFIN,   LL.D. 
 
 was  appointed  Principal  of  the  Ogdensburg  Academy, 
 in  New  York,  the  late  eminent  Greek  scholar.  Pro- 
 fessor Tayler  Lewis,  LL.  D.,  being  the  A.ssistant  Prin- 
 cipal. Here  he  became  interested  in  science,  and 
 commenced  the  publication  of  The  Meleorological  Jour- 
 nal. From  1839  to  1843  he  was  a  member  of  the 
 Faculty  of  Williams  College,  where,  besides  some 
 publications  in  geodesy,  he  wrote  a  treatise  on  "Solar 
 and  Lunar  Eclipses  "  and  "The  Moon,"  and  erected 
 the  Greylock  Ob.servatory  on  Saddle  Mountain.  For 
 this  observatory  he  devised  the  first  combined,  self- 
 registering  instrument  to  determine  the  direction, 
 force,  velocity  and  moistuie  of  the  winds  ever  con- 
 structed. The  last  work  of  his  life  was  to  make  an 
 improved  instrument,  for  the  smne  purpose,  for  the 
 National    Astronomical     Observatory,    at    Cordova, 
 
COFFIN. 
 
 148 
 
 COLE. 
 
 Buenos  Ayres.  In  1846  Professor  Coffin  accepted  the 
 Professorship  of  Mathematics  and  Astronomy  in 
 Lafayette  College,  in  which  position  he  remained  until 
 the  end  of  his  life,  wiuuiuj;  much  celebrity;  but  per- 
 hajjs  more  widely  known  lor  his  contributions  to  the 
 publications  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  In  his  in- 
 vestigations on  the  subject  of  winds  and  atmospheric 
 changes  he  was  a  pioneer.  His  "Winds  of  the  Globe," 
 in  seven  hundred  and  eighty-one  pages  quarto, 
 and  twenty-six;  plates,  is  the  largest  collection  of 
 numerical  tables  ever  issued  from  the  American 
 press.  He  wi'ote  nine  other  works  on  mathematics 
 and  science. 
 
 The  merits  and  learning  of  Dr. '  Coffin  were  not 
 unrecognized.  He  was  a  member  .of  the  National 
 Academy  of  Science,  and  a  Vice-President  of  the 
 American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Sci- 
 ence, at  the  sessions  of  which  he  frequently  read 
 papers  announcing  discoveries.  He  was  a  ruling 
 elder  in  the  Brainerd  Church  (Easton).  He  united 
 with  the  Church  at  an  eixily  age,  and  lived  a  sincere 
 and  devout  Christiau.  He  was  fitted  for  his  work  as 
 an  educator  and  an  investigator  by  the  best  gifts  of 
 heart  and  head.  A  man  of  clear,  strong  and  candid 
 mind,  of  scrupulous  integrity  of  character,  of  con- 
 scientious regard  for  accuracy,  and,  above  all,  a  lover 
 of  truth  for  its  own  sake.  His  monument  in  the 
 cemetery  at  Easton  bears,  as  a  symbol  of  his  dis- 
 covery of  the  law  of  the  winds,  a  representation  of 
 the  Western  Continent,  divided  into  zones,  in  each 
 of  which  groups  of  arrows  show  the  course  of  the 
 atmosphere.  His  life  was  wiitten  by  his  son-in-law, 
 Eev.  John  C.  Clyde,  370  pages,  1881. 
 
 Coffin,  Rev.  Selden  Jennings,  Ph.  D.,  was 
 born  at  Ogdeusburg,  X.  Y.,  August  3d,  1838,  and 
 graduated  at  Lalayette  College  in  1858.  He  studied 
 theology  at  Princeton.  He  was  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Lehigh,  January  6th,  1874;  was  Tutor 
 in  Lafayette  College  in  1864-66;  Adjunct  Professor 
 of  Mathematics,  1866-72,  and  has  been  I'rofessor  in 
 the  same  institution  since  1872.  He  has  a  fine  repu- 
 fcitiou  as  a  scholar,  especially  in  the  deijartmeut  of 
 Mathematics. 
 
 Cogs-well,  Jonathan,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Eowley,  Mass.,  September  2d,  1782;  graduated,  in 
 1306,  at  Harvard  College;  pursued  his  theological 
 studies  while  Tutor  at  Bowdoin  College,  Maine,  and, 
 October  24th,  1810,  was  ordained  to  the  full  work  of 
 the  gospel  ministry.  He  was  settled  for  eighteen 
 years  in  Siico,  where  he  preached  with  great  fidelity 
 and  marked  success,  until  impaired  health  required 
 a  resignation  of  the  pastorate.  In  April,  1829,  he 
 became  pastor  of  the  Church  in  New  Britjiin,  Conn., 
 and  continued  so  five  years.  In  1834  he  was  elected  ' 
 Professor  of  Ecclesiastical  History  in  the  Theological 
 Institute  of  Connecticut,  at  East  Windsor.  He  died 
 August  1st,  1864.  Dr.  Cogswell's  whole  lUe  was 
 signally  marked  by  Christiau  beneficence.  As  a 
 preacher,   he  was  peculiarly  zealous  for  sound  doc- 
 
 trine. Religion  was  to  him  a  life,  and  faith  an 
 abiding  principle.  When  memory  lost  the  record  of 
 other  liimiliar  things,  Jesus  and  His  love  remained 
 deeply  gi:n  en  upon  her  tiiblet. 
 
 Coit,  Rev.  J.  C,  was  born  in  New  Loudon,  Conn., 
 March  17th,  1799.  When  about  twenty-four  years 
 of  age  he  removed  from  his  native  State  to  Cheraw, 
 South  Carolina,  where  he  commenced  the  practice 
 of  law,  aud  rapidly  rose  to  eminence  in  his  profession. 
 In  1834  he  commenced  the  study  of  theology,  ami  in 
 1837  he  w;is  licensed,  by  Harmony  Presbytery,  to 
 preach  the  gospel.  Soon  after  he  was  elected  aud 
 ordained  pastor  of  the  Cheraw  Church.  He  was  the 
 first  pastor  of  this  church,  all  who  preceded  hiin 
 having  been  supplies.  His  pastorate  continued  for 
 twenty  years  consecutively.  In  1857  his  health 
 suddenly  failed,  aud  he  never  recovered  sufficiently 
 to  preach.  He  died  in  Cheraw,  in  the  Spring  of  1863, 
 in  the  sisty-fourth  year  of  his  age. 
 
 Mr.  Coit's  chief  excellence,  as  a  preacher,  was  in 
 the  exposition  of  Scrijiture.  His  explanations  of 
 Bible  truths  and  doctrines  were  clear  and  lucid.  He 
 was,  indeed,  mighty  in  the  Scriptures.  His  manner 
 in  the  pulpit  w;is  generally  sedate,  seldom  indulgiug 
 in  pathos  or  flights  of  fancy.  His  sermons,  for  the 
 most  part,  were  characterized  by  close  logical  reason- 
 ing. In  the  social  relations  of  life  he  was  one  of 
 the  most  attractive  of  men,  a  polished,  courteous 
 gentleman.  By  his  agreeable  manner  and  entertain- 
 ing and  instructive  conversation  he  exerted  a  wide  aud 
 wholesome  influence,  even  outside  of  his  own  church 
 and  congregation. 
 
 Mr.  Coit's  zeal  for  the  great  schemes  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  was  worthy  of  all  praise.  For  niauy 
 years  he  gave  his  whole  salary  to  Foreign  and  Do- 
 mestic Jlissious.  His  example  h;id  also  a  very 
 beneficent  eflect  on  his  flock;  the  Cheraw  Church 
 became  noted,  under  his  pastorate,  for  its  liberal 
 contributions  to  the  beneficent  schemes  of  the  Church. 
 He  was  not,  however,  so  much  absorbed  with  these 
 great  schemes,  as  to  forget  the  poor  around  him. 
 He  was  always  ready  to  minister  to  their  temporal 
 ;is  well  iis  their  spiritual  necessities.  His  hand  w:is 
 always  ready  to  help  the  needy. 
 
 Cole,  "William  Henry,  was  born  in  Oxford, 
 Chenango  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1820.  From  1838  to  1843 
 he  was  employed  with  a  corps  of  civil  engineers  ou 
 the  Erie  Caual  enlargement,  at  and  near  Schenectady. 
 About  four  aud  a  half  j'cars  were  afterwards  devoted 
 to  farming,  near  Sterling,  111.  He  became  a  member 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Sterling,  at  its  organi- 
 zation, December  1st,  1844.  Kemoving  to  Baltimore, 
 Md.,  in  1847,  he  united  with  the  Third  Presbyterian 
 Church,  of  which  the  Rev.  Dr.  Musgrave  wius  then 
 pastor.  For  the  past  fifteen  years  he  has  been  agent 
 of  the  JIarylaud  Bible  Society,  having  in  that  time 
 directed  the  distribution  of  nearly  3011,0(10  copies  of 
 the  Scriptures.  He  became  a  Ruling  Elder  during 
 the  Eev.  Griffith  Oweu"s  pastorate,  in  1S56.     Un  the 
 
COLEMAN. 
 
 149 
 
 COL  FELT. 
 
 dissolution  of  the  Third  Church,  in  1870,  his  mem- 
 bership ■nas  transferred  to  the  Central  Presbyterian 
 Chiu'ch,  in  which  he  had  worshiped  from  1861.  Soon 
 after  he  was  elected  and  installed  a  member  of  the 
 Session,  and  so  continues. 
 
 Mr.  Cole,  from  the  time  he  made  a  profession  of 
 faith,  has  been  identified  with  the  Sabbath  schools 
 of  the  churches  with  which  he  has  been  successively 
 connected.  He  was  Treasurer  of  the  Board  of  Trus- 
 tees of  the  Third  Church  for  a  number  of  years,  aud 
 has  held  the  same  position  in  the  Central  Church 
 since  February,  1876.  As  Treasurer  of  the  last 
 named  church  and  member  of  the  Building  Com- 
 mittee, his  serWces  in  the  erection  of  the  new  edifice 
 on  Eutaw  place  were  invaluable.  As  an  elder,  and 
 in  all  the  duties  which  pertain  to  his  office,  he  has 
 shown  marked  devotion.  He  keeps  a  private  list  of 
 all  the  members  of  the  church  and  families  of  the 
 congregation,  and  is  almost  as  familiar  with  them  as 
 the  pastor.  His  intelligence  and  experience  make 
 him  a  wise  counsellor.  He  is  ready  for  every  good 
 work,  abundant  in  labors,  and  faithful  to  his  Ma.ster. 
 
 Coleman,  Lyman,  S.  T.  D.,  w;us  born  in  Jlid- 
 dlefielil,  Mass.,  June  11th,  1796.  He  graduated  at 
 Yale  College  in  1817,  and  for  three  succeeding  years 
 was  Principal  of  the  Latin  Grammar  School  at  Hiirt- 
 ford.  Conn. ,  and  subsequently  a  Tutor  at  Yale  for  four 
 years,  where  he  studied  theology.  In  1828  he  became 
 pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  in  Belchertown, 
 Mass.,  and' held  the  charge  for  seven  years;  after- 
 wards Principal  of  the  Burr  Seminary,  Vermont,  for 
 five  years;  tlien  I'rincijial  of  the  English  Department 
 of  Phillips  Academy  for  five  years.  The  years  1843-3 
 he  spent  in  Germany,  in  study  and  in  travel,  and  on 
 his  return  was  made  Professor  of  German  in  the  Col- 
 lege of  New  Jersey.  He  continued  here,  and  at 
 Amher.st,  Mass.  and  Philadelphia,  the  next  fourteen 
 years,  in  connection  with  difl'erent  literary  institu- 
 tions. He  again  visited  Europe  iu  1856,  aud  extended 
 his  travels  to  the  Holy  Land,  the  Desert,  and  Egj'pt, 
 and  after  his  return  he  became  Professor  of  Ancient 
 Languages  in  Lafayette  College,  in  discharging  the 
 duties  of  which  position  his  earthly  labors  ceased. 
 Dr.  Coleman's  principal  published  works  are:  1. 
 "The  Antiquities  of  the  Christian  Church."  2.  "The 
 Apostolical  and  Primitive  Church."  3.  "An  Histor- 
 ical Geography  of  the  Bible."  4.  "Ancient  Chris- 
 tianity." 5.  "Historical  Text-Book  and  Atlas  of 
 Biblical  Geography." 
 
 Colfelt,  Rev.  La-wrence  Maclay,  was  bom  at 
 Eeedsville,  Mifflin  county.  Pa.,  December  23d,  1849. 
 He  joined  the  Church  at  thirteen  years  of  age,  under 
 the  pastorate  of  the  Rev.  Robert  F.  Sample,  then  of 
 Bedford,  Pa.  He  entered  the  Junior  Class  iu  Jetfer- 
 .son  College,  C'anonsburg,  Pa. ,  at  the  age  of  seventeen, 
 and  graduated,  in  good  standing,  in  1869.  He  was 
 matriculated  the  same  Fall  as  a  student  at  Princeton 
 Theological  Seminary,  where  he  graduated  in  1872. 
 Three  months  before  graduation,  he  was  called  to  the 
 
 pastorate  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Allentown, 
 New  Jersey,  and  was  ordained  and  settled  as  pastor. 
 May  9th,  1873.  Here  he  labored  two  years  with  great 
 success  and  continuous  revival.  He  "was  called  to 
 succeed  Herrick  Johnson,  D.  D.,  by  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Philadelphia,  and  in  the  Spring  (March 
 28th)  of  1874  was  installed  pastor.  In  this  import;mt 
 field,  a.ssociated  with  which  are  .so  many  historic  and 
 renowned  memories.  Sir.  Colfelt  has  since  labored 
 with  great  fidelity  and  marked  success.  In  the 
 Spring  of  1881  the  congregation,  with  entire  unan- 
 imity, gave  him  leave  of  absence  for  a  year  and  a  half, 
 on  account  of  the  condition  of  his  health,  the  pulpit 
 being,  in  the  meantime,  supplied  mainly  by  the  Rev. 
 F.  L.  Patton,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  of  the  Princeton  Theo- 
 logical Seminary.     The  principal  part  of  this  time  was 
 
 BEV.  LAWRENCE  MACLAY  COLFELT. 
 
 spent  iu  foreign  travel,  and  on  his  return  he  resumed 
 his  regular  labors,  with  renewed  health  and  strength. 
 Jlr.  Colfelt  is  an  eloquent  and  impressive  preacher, 
 and  quietl}',  but  earnestly  aud  successfully,  devoted 
 to  his  work.  He  preaches  without  notes,  but  with 
 thorough  preparation,  and  presents  truth  w  ith  such 
 fluency,  vividness,  freshness  aud  force,  as  have  won 
 for  him  special  popularity,  and  always  secure  him 
 large  aud  ajjpreciative  audiences.  He  is  fir-m  and 
 fearless  in  his  convictions,  and  .shuns  not  to  declai'e 
 the  whole  counsel  of  God.  Though  a  regular  attend- 
 ant of  Pre.sbjtery,  he  seldom  takes  an  active  part  in 
 its  proceedings,  which  is  probal)ly  attributable  to  the 
 fact  that,  by  reason  of  health  that  is  not  very  vigor- 
 ous, he  finds  the  demands  of  his  pastoral  relation  upon 
 his  strength  sufficient,  without  any  additional  service. 
 
COLLEGES. 
 
 150 
 
 COLLINS. 
 
 Colleges.  There  were  nine  colleges  in  the  Ameri- 
 can Colonies  in  1775.  Harvard,  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
 founded  in  1G3S;  The  College  of  William  and  Mary, 
 Williamsburg,  Va.,  1693;  Yale,  New  Haven,  Conn., 
 1701;  The  College  of  New  Jersey,  Princeton,  1746; 
 Columbia,  New  York,  1754;  University  of  Pennsyl- 
 vania, Philadelphia,  1775;  Brown  University  (origi- 
 nally Rhode  Island  College),  1764;  Dartmouth,  New 
 Hampshire,  1769;  Eutgers,  New  Jersey,  1770.  Five 
 of  these  were  Congregational  and  Presbyterian  insti- 
 tutions, one  was  Baptist,  one  Episcopalian,  and  two 
 were  undenominational. 
 
 Collier,  Daniel  Lewis,  was  born  in  Litchfield, 
 Conn.,  January  19,  1796.  He  was  the  son  of  Thomas 
 CoUier,  of  Boston,  a  man  of  fine  literary  culture  and 
 prominent  as  an  editor.  He  was  first  an  apprentice 
 to  the  i^rintiug  business,  afterwards  a  clerk.  Starting 
 in  his  twentieth  year  for  the  West,  to  seek  his  fortune 
 in  what  was  then  a  ■\rilderness,  he  stopped  at  Steu- 
 benville,  O.,  where  he  studied  law,  and  was  admitted 
 to  the  Bar  in  August,  1818.  He  soon  rose  to  eminence 
 in  his  profession,  and  seeirred  a  large  and  lucrative 
 practice.  Removing  to  Philadelphia  in  1857,  he  re- 
 tired from  professional  life,  and  devoted  his  time 
 to  works  of  benevolence  and  religion.  He  was  a 
 member  of  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  House  of 
 Refuge,  the  Blind  Asylum,  and  the  Colonization 
 Society,  Vice  President  of  the  Presbyterian  Board  of 
 Publication,  and  a  member  of  its  Executive  Com- 
 mittee. In  the  latter  years  of  his  life  he  was  a 
 Ruling  Elder  in  the  West  Spruce  Street  Church,  and 
 frequently  appeared  in  the  Presbj-tery,  Synod  and 
 General  Assembly.  Mr.  Collier  died  JIarch  30th, 
 1869,  and  left  a  large  circle  of  friends,  bath  in  the 
 Eastern  States  and  the  Valley  of  the  Ohio,  to  cherish 
 his  memory  as  that  of  a  just  and  able  advoc;ite  and 
 a  kind  friend. 
 
 ColUer,  Rev.  Francis  James,  was  born  at 
 Steubeuville,  Ohio,  July  21st,  1838.  He  graduated 
 at  Jeflferson  College,  in  1858;  studied  theology  at 
 Princeton,  and  w;is  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Ohio,  AprU  27th,  1864.  He  was  stated  supply  at 
 Centre,  Pa.,  in  1863,  and  pastor,  1864-71.  Since 
 1872,  he  has  been  piistor  of  the  Church  at  Downing- 
 town.  Pa.  Mr.  Collier  is  somewhat  retiring  in  his 
 disposition,  calm  in  his  temperament,  and  dignified 
 in  his  bearing.  He  is  an  instructive  and  earnest 
 preacher,  a  devoted  pastor,  blessed  in  his  ministry, 
 and  beloved  l)y  his  people.  In  Presbytery  and 
 Synod  he  is  faithful  in  the  discharge  of  duty. 
 
 Collins,  Hon.  Oristus,  was  born  in  Marlboro, 
 Conn.,  Septemlier  22d,  1792.  He  accompanied  his 
 parents,  early  in  lil'e,  to  Wayne  county,  Pa.,  where 
 his  early  education  was  obtained.  Promise  of  his 
 future  attainment  was  shown  l)y  the  rai^id  progress 
 di.splayed  in  his  studies.  In  1817  he  entered,  as  a 
 student  of  law,  the  office  of  Garrick  Jlallory,  Es(i., 
 of  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.  AMiile  pursuing  his  legal  studies 
 at  this  place  he  confessed  Christ,  and   united  with 
 
 the  Congregational,  then  the  only  church  in  Wilkes- 
 baiTe.  He  was  the  first  to  suggest,  and  among  the 
 most  influential  in  eft'ecting,  a  change  in  the  church's 
 ecclesiastical  organization.  In  that  change  Presby- 
 terianism  had  its  introduction  into  northern  Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 In  this  Church  Mr.  Collins  early  became  an  elder, 
 and  has  continued  such,  through  all  its  pastorates, 
 down  to  the  present  time.  His  unswerving  loyalty 
 to  the  Standards  of  the  Church,  and  to  his  own  con- 
 ■N-ictions  of  truth  and  duty;  his  outspoken  sentiments 
 on  questions  aftecting  the  good  or  e\i\  of  the  commu- 
 nity; his  unbending  integrity  and  unquestioned 
 piety,  coupled  with  great  intellectual  attainments, 
 were  always  a  tower  of  strength  to  the  body,  and 
 gave  great  weight  to  his  counsels  in  the  courts.  He 
 was  an  earnest  advocate  of  Temperance,  and  a  plea 
 made  by  him  was  the  first  jiublished  Temperance 
 document  in  that  portion  of  the  State. 
 
 In  1837  he  was  called  to  the  Bench,  and  became 
 Judge  of  the  Courts  at  Lancaster,  Pa.  'NMiile  residuig 
 here  he  was  elected  an  elder  in  the  First  Presbj^erian 
 Church,  and  exerted  an  important  influence  in  every 
 good  cause  of  both  Chmch  and  State.  Along  with 
 Hon.  Thomas  H.  Bnrrowes  and  Hon.  Thaddeus 
 Stevens  he  wps  pri\'y  counsellor  to  the  administration 
 of  Governor  Joseph  Kitner.  Though  frequently  im- 
 portuned to  allow  his  name  to  go  before  the  people 
 as  a  candidate  for  political  preferment,  he  always 
 modestly  declined.  Upon  the  transition  of  the 
 Judgeship  in  Pennsylvania  from  the  life  tenure 
 to  periodic  election  he  returned  to  Wilkesbarre, 
 Pa.,  where  he  resumed  the  practice  of  the  law,  and 
 took  rank  as  a  leading  attorney  of  northern  Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 In  1874,  owing  to  diminished  acuteness  of  hearing, 
 being  then  eightj'-two  years  of  age,  he  retired  from 
 the  courts.  The  last  ten  years  have  been  passed  in 
 the  family  of  his  son,  Rev.  C.  J.  Collins,  at  Rye, 
 N.  Y,  And  now,  at  the  advanced  age  of  ninety-two, 
 he  awaits  the  summons  to  higher  courts  and  more 
 extended  spheres  of  usefulness.  With  latest  days 
 have  come  deejiening  convictions  in  all  those  themes 
 of  Church  and  State  in  which  he  has  stood  firm  and 
 uncompromising  for  three-quarters  of  a  century. 
 
 Collins,  Rev.  Charles,  the  second  son  of  Charles 
 Collins,  who  was  for  many  years  an  elder  in  the 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Philadelphia,  was 
 born  February  1st,  1823.  He  pursued  a  regular 
 cla.ssic;il  course  at  the  Philadelphia  Collegiate  Insti- 
 tute. On  account  of  delicate  health,  he  was  obliged 
 to  visit  the  West  Indies  and  reside  there.  Returning 
 to  I'hiladelphia,  he  engaged  in  mercantile  alfairs. 
 After  studying  theology  under  Rev.  J.  F.  Berg,  v>.  u., 
 he  was  licensed,  May  29th,  1858,  by  the  Classis  of 
 Philadelphia  (Reformed  Dutch),  to  preach  the  gospel. 
 He  then  established  the  "Whitefield  Mission,"  and 
 labored  there  for  .several  years.  He  subsequently 
 supplied  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Norris- 
 
COLLISSOy. 
 
 151 
 
 COJIEGl'S. 
 
 town,  tlie  Manayiiiik  Church,  aud  iu  ISG-l  he  spent 
 some  time  as  an  evangelist  in  Western  Pennsylvania. 
 In  1866  he  hegau  to  sujiply  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 at  Jeffersonville,  Pa. ,  aud  was  soon  after  ciilled  to  be 
 its  iiastor,  in  which  relation  he  still  continues,  popu- 
 lar with  his  congregation,  aud  greatly  blessed  in  his 
 labors.  Jlr.  Collins  has  published  several  excellent 
 works  on  the  subject  of  music.  He  is  also  the  author 
 of  many  evangelical  hymns  of  much  merit.  As  a 
 preacher  he  is  jiopular.  He  is  always  solemn  and 
 inipressive  in  manner,  usually  extemporizing  from  a 
 text  employed  to  enforce  a  particular  doctrine,  or 
 used  as  a  motto  to  illustrate  some  point  in  morals. 
 
 Collisson,  Rev.  Henry  MattheTW,  is  the 
 oldest  sou  of  the  late  Eev.  JI.  A.  Collisson,  M.A., 
 pastor  of  Christ  Church,  Highbui-}',  Loudon,  Eng- 
 land, an  eminent  member  of  the  Evangelical  and 
 Calvinistic  party  of  the  English  Church.  He  united 
 with  the  Church  on  profession  of  faith,  at  the  age  of 
 seventeen,  in  London.  He  was  educated  in  London, 
 England,  and  Paris,  France,  and  studied  theology  at 
 Kings'  College,  Loudon,  under  Professor  Plumtree, 
 D.D.  In  1869  he  came  to  reside  iu  this  country,  and 
 united  Arith  the  Presbyterian  Church,  which  he  found 
 in  accord  with  his  theological  convictions.  He  com- 
 pleted his  theological  studies  in  the  "  Seminary  of 
 the  Northwest,"  at  Chiciigo,  where  he  graduated  in 
 1873. 
 
 llr.  Collisson  was  licen.sed  to  preach  in  1872,  by 
 the  Presbj-tery  of  Chicago.  His  first  charge  was 
 ■\Villow  Creek  Church,  iu  the  Presbjiiery  of  Freeport, 
 111.  Iu  1879  he  was  installed  in  the  pa.storate  of 
 Fullerton  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church,  close  to  the 
 Sfmiuary,  in  Chicago  ;  a  chiu'ch  which  since  its 
 foundation  by  Dr.  Willis  Lord,  in  1864,  has  always 
 been  closely  affiliated  with  the  Seminary.  Of  this 
 church  he  still  has  charge.  He  is  a  preacher  of 
 ability,  faithful  as  a  pastor,  blessed  in  his  ministry, 
 aud  held  in  high  esteem  bj'  his  brethren. 
 
 Colwell,  Stephen,  Esq.,  was  born  in  Charles- 
 town,  now  Wellsbui'gh,  AVcstern  YLrgiuia,  ilarch 
 2.5th,  1800;  graduated  at  Jett'ersou  College  in  1818, 
 was  admitted  to  the  B;ir  in  his  native  State  iu  1820, 
 aud  pursued  his  profession  closely  in  a  circuit  em- 
 bracing two  counties  in  Virginia,  two  in  Ohio,  and 
 two  in  Pennsylvania,  for  fifteen  years,  residing  dur- 
 ing that  time  seven  years  in  Ohio,  and  lastly,  for 
 eight  years,  in  the  city  of  Pittsburg.  In  1836  he 
 removed  to  Philadelphia. 
 
 In  Philadelphia  Jlr.  Colwell  engaged  in  the  manu- 
 facture of  iron,  and  sjient  nearly  all  his  leisure  hours 
 for  thirty  years  in  the  study  of  Political  Economy, 
 and  in  studies  connected  with  it,  and  in  process  of 
 that  time  collected  the  largest  library,  perhaps,  in  the 
 couutr}-,  upon  these  topics.  He  wTote  much  on  this 
 subject,  beginning  with  a  pamphlet  on  the  "  Re- 
 moval of  Deposits  of  the  United  States  from  the  Bank 
 of  the  United  States,  by  order  of  the  President, ' '  iu 
 1834.   In  1851  he  gave  to  the  public  "New  Themes  for 
 
 the  Protestant  Clergy;"  in  1852,  "  Politics  for  Ameri- 
 can Christians;"  in  1854,  "  The  Position  of  Chris- 
 tianity in  the  United  States,"  and  in  the  same  year 
 his  great  work  on  "The  Ways  and  Means  of  Com- 
 mercial Payment."  Many  of  his  publications  were 
 chiefly  directed  to  passing  events,  and  did  good  ser- 
 \-ice  in  their  day;  the  above  will  be  permanently 
 useful.  He  made  a  gift  of  his  library  to  the  Univer- 
 sity of  Pennsylvania,  in  view  of  a  chair  of  Social 
 Science  being  created  in  that  Institution.  Jlr.  Col- 
 well was  an  active  member  of  the  Presb_\-terian 
 Church,  and  President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of 
 the  General  As.sembly. 
 
 Comegys,  Benjamin  B.,  a  member  of  the  Board 
 of  Directors  of  City  Trusts,  Philadelphia,  was  boru 
 in  Dover,  Delaware,  May  9th,  1819,  where  the  first 
 
 BENJAMIN  B.  COMEGYS. 
 
 ten  years  of  his  life  were  spent.  The  next  seven  or 
 eight  years  were  passed  on  his  father's  farm,  going 
 every  day  two  miles  to  the  public  school,  except 
 when  doing  such  work  on  the  farm  as  a  lad  of  his  age 
 could  do.  When  between  seventeen  aud  eighteen 
 years  of  age  he  went  to  Philadelphia,  and  found  em- 
 plojTuent  in  the  house  of  O'Brien,  Dunbar  iS:  Co., 
 where  he  worked  three  years.  Shortly  after  this  he 
 was  employed  by  the  house  of  Eockhill  &  Co. ,  at 
 that  time  one  of  the  oldest  and  best  of  the  Market 
 street  dry  goods  houses.  Here  his  real  business  edu- 
 cation was  acquired.  For  about  six  years  he  was  the 
 confidential  bookkeeper  of  this  house,  holding  their 
 power  of  attorney  to  sign  checks  in  the  banks  where 
 their  accounts  were  kept.  He  also  traveled  exten- 
 sively in  the  West  for  the  house,  collecting  money 
 
COMINGO. 
 
 152 
 
 CONRAD. 
 
 anil  securing  debts.  Promises  of  an  interest  in  a  Dr.  Comingo,  as  a  man,  was  di.stLngui.shed  hy  a  rare 
 firm  recently  established  induced  liim  to  leave  Kock-  assemblage  of  fine  qualities.  He  wa.s  amiable  in  his 
 hill  &  Co.,  but  not  being  pleased  with  his  new  position,  disiw.sition,  accomplished  in  his  attainments,  pleas- 
 he  sought  and  obtained  a  .situation  in  the  Philadelphia  ing  in  his  address,  open,  frank,  ingenuous,  kind. 
 Bank.  On  the  11th  of  May,  1848,  he  entered  the  cordial,  cheerful,  often  facetiims,  giving  life  and  en- 
 bank  as  a.ssist;ait  to  the  general  bookkeeper  and  gen-  joynient  to  every  circle  he  entered.  As  a  preacher, 
 eralderk,  at  that  time  the  lowest  position  in  the  bank,  lie  always  spoke  :is  under  deep  conviction  of  cvan- 
 e.xeept  the  janitor.  A  week  later  his  principal  died,  gelic;d  truth,  and  from  the  heart,  tenderly,  .solemnly, 
 and  the  changes  which  occurred  in  consequence  put  and  with  manifest  desire  to  do  good.  His  scK'ial 
 Mr.  Comcgj's  into  the  Cashier's  room  as  the  Cashier's  '.  qualities  were  of  a  high  order,  considered  either  with 
 clerk,  a  position  he  held  for  more  than  three  years,  respect  to  qualification  or  asefulness,  and  they  ap- 
 and  gave  him  advantages  through  which  he  prepared  pearedinevery  class  of  society,  though  it  was  Cliristian 
 himself  for  the  position  of  Cashier,  which  became  as.sociation  that  brought  them  into  ha])i)iest  e.vereise. 
 vacjint  August  'i-sth,  18.31,  when  Mr.  Comegys  was  "He  was,"  says  one  who  knew  him  long  and  well, 
 elected  Ca,shier  of  the  bank.  This  place  he  held  until  "everywhere  and  in  all  things  a  living  Christian, 
 I8(i7,  when  he  was  made  Vice-President,  holding  the  and  an  earnest  minister  of  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ, 
 office  of  Cashier  at  the  same  time,  until  1871,  when  He  taught  us,  by  the  loveliness  and  usefulness  of  his 
 Dr.  Chatham  was  elected  C;ushier  of  the  bank,  and  life,  how  to  live,  and  by  the  peace,  the  joy,  the 
 Mr.  ComegTi-s  continued  as  Vice-President.  In  Janu-  triumph  of  his  death,  how  to  die." 
 ary,  1879,  Jlr.  Comegj-s  was  elected  President  of  the  Conrad,  Rev.  Louis  L.,  was  born  in  the  Rhine 
 bank,  a  position  which  he  now  holds.  ProWnce,  Prussia,  June  24th,  1817.  His  parents 
 Mr.  Comegys  has  been  interested  in  Church  work,  emigrated  to  the  United  States  in  1829,  settling  near 
 having  been  a  Sunday-school  superintendent  and  Columbia,  Pa.  He  entered  Lafayette  College,  Easton, 
 an  elder,  for  a  number  of  years,  in  the  Clinton  Pa.  Provi<lential  circumstances  led  him  to  Char- 
 Street  Presbyterian  Church.  For  the  last  ten  years  lottes^ille,  Va.,  where  he  enjoyed  the  advantages  of 
 he  has  been  an  active  Manager  of  the  House  of  the  University  of  yirginia.  Afterwards  he  went  to 
 Refuge,  having  been  appointed  to  represent  the .  Hampden  Sidney  College,  where  he  graduated.  H« 
 City  by  Mayor  Stokley.  To  tliis  work  he  has  j  entered  the  Western  Theologiail  Seminary,  Alle- 
 giveu  much  time  and  thought,  and  is  still  a  member  gheny.  Pa.,  in  the  Fall  of  1813,  where  he  completed 
 of  that  Board.  He  has  been  a  Manager  of  the  his  theological  course.  He  was  licensed  and  ordained 
 American  Stmday-school  Union  for  more  than  by  .\lkgheny  Presln-tery,  and  soon  afterward  settled 
 twenty-five  years;  a  Director  of  the  Philadelphia  as  pastor  of  the  churches  of  Brady's  Bend,  Scrubgrass 
 Trust  Safe  Deposit  and  Insirrance  Company  since  its  and  LawTcnceville,  Pa.  After  lalwring  in  that  charge 
 fimudation;  a  Trustee  of  the  Jellerson  .Alcdical  Col-  for  .several  years,  he  accepted  an  agency  for  the  I'res- 
 lege,  and  a  Manager  of  the  Western  Saving  Fund  for  In-terian  Board  of  Publiciition.  He  then  received  an 
 several  years.  In  January,  1882,  he  was  elected  by  invitation  to  the  Church  of  Mount  Vernon,  Ohio,  but 
 the  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  a  Director  did  not  remain  long.  His  next  call  was  to  the 
 of  the  City  Trasts,  and  was  Chairman  of  the  Infirmary  I  churches  of  Murraysville  and  Cross  Ro.ads,  Pa.,  in 
 Committee,  and  a  member  of  the  Committees  on  Blairsville  Presbyters-,  of  which  he  w;is  pa.stor  for  two 
 Girard  E.state  within  the  city,  Household  of  Girard  years.  Then  he  was  called  to  Manchester,  now  a 
 College,  Instruction  and  Library  of  CHrard  College,  pjirt  of  Allegheny,  Pa.,  where  he  lalwred  for  fifteen 
 and  Proix-rty  and  Administration  of  Wills  Hospital.  year.s,  and  where  he  died,  Xovember  11th.  18G7.  Mr. 
 Mr.  Comegys  is  the  author  of  .several  valuable  works  Conrad  w:ls  a  man  of  talents,  a  forcible  thinker  and  a 
 liublished  l)y  the  Americiin  Sunday-school  Union,  sound  theologian.  He  po.s.se.ssed  great  oi)enne.ss  of 
 He  is  a  gentleman  of  supi^rior  business  ability,  genial  character,  entire  freedom  from  all  disguise.  He  was 
 manners,  sterling  worth,  eminent  Christian  activity,  a  faithful  and  earnest  preacher,  not  "shunning  to 
 and  very  highly  esteemed  in  the  community  in  which  declare  unto  men  all  the  counsel  of  God. "     He  was  a 
 
 be  has  so  long  lived. 
 
 faithful  and  devoted  pastor,  a  warm  and  sympathizing 
 
 Comingo,  Henry  Or.,  D.  D.,  was,  by  birth  and  friend,  and  was  highly  e.st«'cnuil  and  very  much  be- 
 
 eduration,    a    Kc  ntuckiiii,    born    near    llarrodslmrg,  loved  by  all  his  co-presbyters. 
 
 February  2il,  1809.     He  grailuated  at  Centre  College,  j      His  lalK)rs  in  his  dilTerent  charges  were  owned  of 
 
 Danville,  Ky.,  in  18:J2,  and  w:ls  the  valedictorian  of  God.     In  the  Church  courts  his  opinion  was  always 
 
 his  diuss;   pursued  a  regular  course  of  Theological  received  with  deference,  and  allowed   that  weight 
 
 training  at  Princeton,  and  in  February,  1836,  was  which  belongs  to  the  judgment  of  a  man  of  clear 
 
 li<en.Hi-d  by  the  Presbj'tery  of  New  Brunswick;  May  intellect  and  candiil,  go<lly  spirit.     Admonished,  by 
 
 24th,    1837,  he    was    installed    jKi-stor   of   the   Finst  frequent  attacks  of  hemorrhage  from  the  lungs,  that 
 
 Pnsbrterian  Church  of  Steubenville,  Ohio,  which  rela-  he  might  be  suddenly  callid  away,  he  made  death 
 
 tion  be  sustained  twenty-five  years,  until  his  death:  the  subject  of  his  daily  meditation,  and  had  carefully 
 
 universally  beloved  and  greatly  blessed  in  his  labors,  .scanned  his  jireiKiration  to  nu-et  it.    His  end  was  peace. 
 
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COXDIT. 
 
 154 
 
 COKKUyG. 
 
 Condit,  Rev.  Ira,  was  a  native  of  New  Jersey. 
 He  wxs  liorn  mar  Morristow-n,  March  (itli,  1772.  His 
 early  life  w:u3  thai  of  a  fanner.  In  179^  he  removed 
 to  Western  Pennsylvania,  settling  first  in  Mercer 
 county,  and  then  in  Washinjrton  county.  In  18lW  Be 
 graduated  at  the  Academy  at  Canonslinrg,  and  alter 
 compk-ting  the  study  of  theoh)gj-  under  Dr.  Mi-Millgn 
 and  his  pastor.  Rev.  (n-orge  M.  Scott,  he  was  licensed 
 to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of  Ohio, 
 (K-tolKT  17th,  1811.  The  lii-st  year  of  his  lalxir  was 
 sjient  as  a  missionary,  itinerating  amongst  the  vac;int 
 churches  and  destitute  settlements  of  W'a-shiugton 
 county.  On  Novemlxr  8th,  1814,  he  was  installe<l 
 pastor  of  the  congregations  of  Fairfield  and  Big  Sugar 
 Creek,  Jlercer  county.  In  .\pril,  18-27,  he  accepted  a 
 cijll  to  the  congregation  of  Georgetown^,  or  Upper 
 Siindy,  as  it  was  then  c:illed.  He  Avas  afterwards 
 installed,  for  a  portion  of  his  time,  over  the  congre- 
 gation of  Amity.  This  charge  was  relin(|nislu'<I 
 April  2-2d,  1829.  In  June  of  the  same  year  he  was 
 installed  over  the  congregation  of  Cool  Spring,  for 
 one-third  of  his  time.  In  this  united  charge,  Fair- 
 field, Georgetown  and  Cool  Spring,  he  lalnired  until 
 his  de;ith,  which  occurred  October  24th,  183().  Mr. 
 Condit  has  left  behind  him  a  name  that  is  like  pre- 
 cious ointment,  and  his  memory  is  dearly  cherished 
 by  all  who  knew  him.  As  a  preacher  he  was  not 
 eloquent.  Nor  was  he  gifted  in  the  art  of  sermonizing. 
 He  was,  however,  very  solemn  and  impressive  in  his 
 manner,  which  g-ave  great  weight  to  his  words.  On 
 his  monument,  in  the  cemetery  of  Fairfield  Church, 
 are  the  following  homely,  yet  terse,  lines  : — 
 
 *'  In  yonder  sacivd  lioiue  I  spent  my  breath, 
 
 Xuw  eluinlxTing  here  I  Ho  in  Ji-ath. 
 This  tili-ei>ing  dust  shall  rise  anj  yet  declare 
 
 A  dread  amen  to  doctrines  published  there  I" 
 
 Condit,  Rev.  Jonathan  Bailey,  D.  D.,  w.ts 
 hfirn  at  Hanover,  X.  J.,  DcceralK-r  IGth,  1808.  He 
 gr.iduateil  at  Princeton  College  in  1827,  and  the  next 
 year  entered  the  Theological  Si-miiuiry  in  the  same 
 place.  He  was  licen.sed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Xewark, 
 in  18:J0.  In  addition  to  tlie  pastoral  relations  he 
 sustained  to  a  Congreg:itional  Church  at  Long 
 Meadow,  M:lss.,  and  to  the  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church,  of  Newark,  N.  J.,  he  w:vs,  from  OctoK-r, 
 18.^1,  to  June,  18.X},  Professor  of  S;icre<l  Khetoric  and 
 Pastoral  Tlieologj',  at  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  from 
 June,  1855,  until  Januarj",  1874,  Professor  in  Auburn 
 Tluologicjil  Semiiuiry,  where  he  taught  the  s;ime 
 branches  of  knowledge.  In  May,  1871,  he  formally 
 resigned  his  Profcs.sorship  in  the  latter  Institution, 
 but,  under  the  title  of  Emeritus  l*rofessor,  continue<l 
 to  perform  its  dutic'S  until  1874.  In  1"^(!1  he  was 
 elected  MfMlerator  of  the  Genend  Assc'uibly  (New 
 School).  His  death  oi-curred  at  Auburn,  X.  Y., 
 Januiiry  1st,  187fi,  in  the  si.xty-eighth  year  of  his 
 age;  and  in  his  final  hours  his  faith  and  pjitience 
 were  exhibited,  to  the  glory  of  iliviae  grace.  Dr. 
 Condit  wiLS  a  man  of  the  loveliest  type  of  Christian 
 
 character,  reminding  one  of  the  disciple  John,  by  his 
 gentleness,  sweetness,  and  serenity  of  spirit.  He 
 was  eminently  courteous  and  judicious.  As  a 
 preacher,  he  was  tender,  sympathetic  and  solemn. 
 .\s  a  Profes.sor,  he  w;ts  able,  instructive,  conservative 
 and  s;ife  in  his  teachings.  His  death  was  widely  and 
 deej>ly  lamented. 
 
 I  Condit,  Robert  "W.,  D.  D.,  wxs  Intni  at  Still- 
 water, X.  Y.,  Scpttiiibcr  ITth,  17!l."),  and  gr.iduated 
 from  the  College  of  Xew  Jersey.  Licensed  in  18H, 
 he  spent  a  year  in  horseb:ick  travel  through  Virginia 
 and  other  parts  of  the  Sonth,  preaching  as  oppor- 
 tunity offered.  Returning  Xorth,  he  was  settled  at 
 Montgomerj-,  Orange  county,  X.  Y.,  from  Decemlx-r 
 13th,  1820,  to  April,  l-::!0.  He  then  spint  a  yvar 
 principally  in  recui>erating  his  strength,  alter  which, 
 in  April,  1K$1,  he  undertook  the  aire  of  the  First 
 Presln-terian  Church,  Oswego,  X.  Y.,  and  kept  it  for 
 nearly  forty  years,  and  until  his  death,  February 
 11th,  1871.    His  excellence  was  his  power.    Courteous 
 
 1  and  kind,  devotetl  to  the  Saviour  and  His  cause,  sin- 
 cerely anxious  for  the  welfare  of  his  people,  a  goo<l 
 conn-sellor  and  manager,  he  stood  before  the  public 
 in  the  front  ranks  of  the  ministry,  and  w;is  highly 
 esteemed  by  his  congregation.  Eschewing  display 
 and  sens;itionalism  in  the  pulpit — never  dazzling  by 
 genius,  or  striking  or  straining  by  intellect,  or  im- 
 posing by  learning, — he  w:ts  so  devout  and  sedate, 
 and  dealt  so  uniformly  in  the  marrow  of  the  gospel, 
 that  his  preaching  was  weighty  and  profitable,  and 
 disarmed  criticism  and  opposition.  He  conscien- 
 tiously discharged  his  duties  in  i-eclesi.astical  IxKlies, 
 long  .s;it  in  the  Btxird  of  Trustws  of  Hamilton  Col- 
 lege and  Auburn  Theological  Seminary,  and  w;ts  a 
 corporate  member  of  the  Ameriutn  Hoard  of  Com- 
 missioners for  Foreign  Mis-sions.  His  con-servative 
 temperament  disinclined  him  to  novelties  and  vio- 
 lence, but  positive  in  his  couAnctions  and  actions, 
 though  never  controvcrsi:U  and  aggressive,  he  helped 
 to  fonn  a  bulwark  ag:iinst  new  doctrines  in  theologj" 
 and  new  mea.sures  in  religion,  and  against  dcstructivi-. 
 ness  in  reform. 
 
 Conkling,  Nathanael  "W.,  D.  D.,  was  bom  in 
 Coshocton  County,  Ohio,  DecemlK-r  21st,  18*5.  He 
 graduated  at  the  College  of  Xew  Jersey,  and  at  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary.  In  1861  lie  w:is 
 onlained  and  installeil  as  piistor  of  the  Sc-ots  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Phihulelphia.  This  relation  con- 
 tinued a  year  and  a  half.  He  then  iH-ctime  p:ustor  of 
 the  Arch  Street  I*re,sbv-terian  Church,  in  the  s;iine 
 city,  when"  he  ofliciated  for  live  yejirs.  In  iHith  these 
 chargi-s  his  ministry  had  a  large  snci-ess.  In  February, 
 18(>8,  he  w:is  installeil  jKistor  of  Rutgers  Presbyterian 
 Cliurch,  Xew  York  city.  This  p;Lst<ir,ite,  in  which 
 the  divine  blessing  attended  his  labors,  he  recently 
 resigned,  and  h;is  not  sini-e  aci-eptetl  any  other 
 postor.d  charge. 
 
 Dr.  Conkling,  in  manner,  is  courteous  and  agree- 
 able.    He  liiis  great   reg-aril  lor  derii-jil  dignity  and 
 
CONX. 
 
 153 
 
 CONVERSE. 
 
 propriety.  He  is  a  diligent  student.  His  mental 
 perceptions  are  very  clear  and  comprehensive,  and 
 his  investigations  are  always  of  the  most  thorough 
 chamtter.  He  is  a  popular  and  protitalile  preacher, 
 dealing  much,  and  with  ability,  with  the  exposition 
 of  the  doctrines  of  Scripture,  and  making  a 
 practiciil  application  of  the  duties  resulting  from 
 them,  to  the  understanding  and  the  heart.  He 
 makes  the  services  of  the  House  of  God  serious  and 
 solemnly  impressive.  He  is  evidently  intent  npon, 
 winning  men  to  the  way  of  salvation,  and  makes  all 
 personal  aims  and  ends  subordinate  to  this  grand 
 result. 
 
 Conn,  Samuel,  D.D.,  was  born  at  Steubenville, 
 Ohio,  March  4th,  1838.  In  his  sixteenth  year  he 
 entered  AVashington  College,  Pa.,  where  he  graduated 
 with  considerable  eclat.  After  his  graduation  he 
 spent  three  years  in  teiiching  at  Lawrenceville,  X.  J., 
 then  for  one  year  had  charge  of  the  Latin  Department 
 in  Wa-shington  College.  He  pursued  his  theological 
 studies  at  Princeton  Seminary,  where  he  graduated 
 in  1865.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Sangji- 
 mon,  July  '.Jlst,  1867.  He  was  stated  supply  of  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church,  Decatur,  111.,  in  1866, 
 and  pastor  of  it  1867-8;  stated  supply  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  in  Carrol  ton,  Ohio,  1868-70,  and  took 
 charge  of  xhe  First  Presbyterian  Church,  New  Albany, 
 Indiana,  in  July,  1870.  In  1878  he  accepted  a  call 
 to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church.  St.  Paul,  Minn., 
 of  which  he  is  still  (18^3)  the  pastor.  Dr.  Conn  is  an 
 earnest  and  eloquent  preacher.  He  is  clear  in  the 
 presentation  of  his  theme,  and  always  consecutive  in 
 his  thoughts,  adorning  his  discourses  with  attractive 
 imagery,  but  shunning  atl'ectation,  and  never  straining 
 for  effect.  His  themes  are  various,  hut  never  sensa- 
 tional. He  is  an  extensive  reader  and  thorough 
 scholar.  In  doctrine  he  is  sound  and  conservative. 
 He  is  no  trimmer,  but  is  inclined  to  call  a  "  si)ade  a 
 spade."  Xo  coward  in  the  expression  of  his  religious 
 convictions,  he  is  jealous  ever  for  the  authority 
 and  inspiration  of  Scripture,  and  the  sovereigntj-  of 
 God. 
 
 Converse,  Amasa,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  the 
 township  of  Lyme,  Kew  Hampshire,  August  21st, 
 1795".  After  teaching  for  a  time,  to  secure  means  to 
 obtain  a  thorough  education,  he  entered  Dartmouth 
 College,  in  September,  1818,  and  closed  his  collegiate 
 course,  with  honor,  in  1822.  On  quitting  college  he 
 resumed  his  work  as  a  teacher,  at  Chelsea,  and  in  the 
 Sanderson  Academy,  at  Ashfield.  His  theological 
 studies  were  pursued,  in  feeble  health,  mainly  at 
 Princeton  Seminary,  and  he  was  licensed  to  preach 
 hy  the  Franklin  A.s.sociation  of  Congregationalists. 
 He  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Prcsb\-tery  of 
 Hanover,  Jlay  5th,  1826;  was  missionary  in  Virginia, 
 18'36-7;  editor  of  the  J'isitor  and  Tchgrnph,  Richmond, 
 Va.,  1827-1839,  and  editor  of  the  Cliristiuii  Obscrnr, 
 at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  183i)-l 861;  at  Kichmond,  Ya., 
 1861-69,  and  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  1869-72.     He  died 
 
 at  Louisville,  December  9th,  1872.     His  last  words 
 were  :  "I  .shall  not  want. ' ' 
 
 The  character  of  Dr.  Conver.se  is  one  upon  which 
 the  mind  dwells  with  sati.sfaction.  His  indu.stry, 
 evinced  early  in  life  and  continued  down  to  the 
 evening  of  his  days,  his  perseverance,  even  in  the 
 face  of  diflicultics,  his  devotion  to  principle,  his 
 mingled  moderation  and  firmness,  and  his  love  of 
 knowledge,  are  qualities  worthy  of  imitation  by  the 
 young  men  of  our  country,  who,  like  him,  are  begin- 
 ning life  poor.  His  Christian  example  was  not  less 
 admu-able.  While  the  gentlcne.ss  of  his  manner,  his 
 great  courtesy,  his  respect  for  the  feelings  of  others, 
 gave  the  idea  of  a  j-ielding  temper,  he  had  in  his 
 nature  a  firmness  of  purpose  equal  to  any  moral  pres- 
 sure that  ever  was  brought  to  bear  upon  it.      He  was 
 
 p^O^ 
 
 AUASA  C0XV£BSE,D.1>. 
 
 eminently  a  man  of  iaith  and  prayer,  and  devotion 
 to  duty.  In  every  event  he  saw  the  hand  of  God. 
 Even  when  most  pressed  with  business,  he  still  found 
 time  to  visit  his  closet,  and  regularly  as  the  morn- 
 ing came  round,  .spent  a  season  there  in  secret  com- 
 munion with  God,  before  going  to  the  work  of  the 
 day.  He  was  one  of  the  Church's  prominent  men, 
 and  in  his  good  name  and  godly  example  his  child- 
 ren have  a  legacy  which  is  above  riches. 
 
 Converse,  Rev.  John  Kendrick,  was  born  at 
 Lyme,  X.  H.,  June  15th,  leOl.  He  graduated  at 
 Dartmouth  College  in  1827;  was  editor  at  Richmond, 
 Va.,  1828-9;  pastor  of  Congregational  Church,  Bur- 
 lington, Vt.,  1832— J4;  President  of  Burlington  Female 
 Seminary.  184.5-70;  stated  supply  at  Colchester,  18.50 
 -55;  at  Winooski,  1855-61,  aud  in  1868-80,  was  Dis- 
 
COOK. 
 
 l.-rf! 
 
 COOK. 
 
 trict  Secretary  of  the  Anicrican  Colonization  Society. 
 
 He  ili«l  OctotxT  M,  l^-^l.  lie  Wits  a  ({rtitlt-nmn  of 
 fine  literary  <-iiltiire,  iiiid  lilltd  tlie  iiie:i»ure  of  his 
 (lays  with  uh«'|'iiIiii-s.s. 
 
 Converse,  Rev.  Francis  Bartlett,  wxs  Inirn 
 in  Kichinoixl,  Viiipniu.  June  i'td,  1KM>.  Ho  graUu-  ' 
 at!'*!  lit  the  I'niversity  of  I'l-niutylvania  in  1H,">6.  He 
 Wiw  Ktaliil  supply  of  Christ  Church,  New  Kent 
 c-ounty,  V».,  I'Mil-'i.  He  wits  onlaiuetl  by  the  I'n-s- 
 bytery  iif  Kast  Hanover.  OitotH-r,  \'*t>'i.  He  is  at 
 pres<'Mt  editor  iif  the  Chrintian  Obnerrcr,  etc.,  and 
 n-sidi-s  at  Ixniisv  ille.  Ky.  >Ir.  Converse,  bt-in^  a  son 
 of  the  Kev.  .Vniasa  Converse,  !».!>.,  whose  sketeh  pre- 
 fe«les  his  own.  inherits  hi.s  father's  ta.stc  and  talent 
 for  e<litorial  life.  He  i.s  a  vigorous  writer,  and  by 
 his  sound  judgment,  |;rreat  enert^'.  and  indomitable 
 pcrsevenmee,  ha.s  made  the  Ohmrnr  a  );rjud  success. 
 
 *t».  r««\<  m  iiAKTl.rTT  tvjiv 
 
 Oook,  Ool.  Ed'ward,  whose  name  npiM-ani  the 
 first  on  th<'  list  of  elders  of  K<  bolMith  Churi'h,  I'ri'sby- 
 t<'ry  of  Kedst<iiie,  »ils  one  of  the  distiuKuishol  men 
 of  bin  day.  Hi-  wiw  l»im  near  Chamliersbur);,  I'a., 
 January  1st,  I7II.  In  ITivH  si-tlled  in  the  Forkfl  of 
 YoukIi.  on  the  fann  ntiw  owneil  by  hin  deweiKlantx. 
 Alt  eairly  as  ITT'J  the  lo){  cabin  wiu»  i<u|M-rs<'<lcd  by  a 
 Ktone  maiuiion,  which  still  stands  and  in  (sH'UpiisI  by  a 
 invndmin.  Ho  won  a  man  larKi-ly  en|{UKnI  in  publir 
 afliiirs.  Ho  presiditl  at  a  m<s-tinK  held  by  the 
 Indiaiui  and  whit<ii  at  rittsbnri;,  June  '.IHh.  1T7I; 
 was  the  first  sul>-lieulen»nt  of  Wi'stnionland  (H>untv. 
 bihI  on  Janiuiry  .'>th,  IT'^'J,  was  roniniiwiom-d  lieu- 
 tenant in  plm-*'  of  Col.  .Alexander  I^ishry.  i-siptunsi 
 by  the   Indians.      He  was  a  nienilMr  of  the   l'n>\in- 
 
 cial    Conference    whleD    met    at   Caqjenter's    Hall, 
 
 June  l-ith.  ITTti.  ami  signeil  the  first  IX-<'laration 
 of  Indepa'udenee  a.s  i.ssmsl  by  that  Conferemv  and 
 pres4'nt«'<l  to  Conjiress,  .luni'  i">th.  I77<i.  He  was 
 al.so  a  menilK-r  of  the  lirst  Coustitutioiuil  Convention 
 of  IVunxylvania.  He  aided  in  fixing  the  Imundarj- 
 of  Fayette  county,  and  was  one  of  the  cl>ninii.ssioners 
 appointed  to  punhase  land  and  ere<-t  a  eourt-hoiLse 
 and  pri-s«m  for  said  I'ounty.  He  was  president  of  the 
 Court  of  Common  I'lejis  and  (Quarter  S«-ssions  in 
 IT"!*.  His  military  title  w:is  derived  from  having 
 served  :ls  i-ol<Miel  under  (ieneral  Wxsliinglon.  In  thi- 
 tnmbloiLs  times  of  the  insiirrwtion,  he  i-aine  to  the 
 front  ii>n.spicuou.sly  as  a  leader.  .\t  all  the  great 
 meetings  of  the  people  he  wa«  present  and  most 
 fre<|uently  presiile<l.  In  wal  for  the  cau.se  of  religion 
 Colonel  C(Kik  w:is  st'sint'ly  less  i-oaspicnous  than  in 
 civil  life.  He  repres«nt<-d  S«-ssion  in  rn-sliytery  four 
 times,  Irom  IT"**;  to  H<M,  and  was  appoinleil  itmimis- 
 sioner  to  the  First  (ieneral  .Vs-sj-mbly,  17-<!t.  and 
 twice  Hub«<s|uently.  He  diisl  Xovemlx'r  (illi,  I'S)"*, 
 and  his  remains  were  intemsl  in  Keholioth  grave- 
 yanl. 
 
 Oook,  Hon.  Isaac,  was  liorn  in  Chester  county. 
 Pa.,  Novemlsr  11th,  Hlit.  In  his  twenty-third 
 y««r  he  left  his  Native  place  for  W;ishington,  Pa., 
 where  he  iMgiin  the  study  of  law  with  the  Him.  T. 
 McKenmin.  In  1*1 1  he  went  to  I'almyni,  .Mo.,  where 
 he  n-sumed  the  study  of  law,  ami  was  admitteil  to 
 the  Itir.  In  l-'lt!  he  came  to  I)ubui|Ue.  but  as  there 
 w:ls  little  leg;d  business  in  that  city  at  that  time, 
 he  eng:igr'd  in  teaching  .schisil  ami  mining.  In  the 
 Spring  of  18-11',  he  was  |M'rsuailed  to  ri-niove  to  Ce<lar 
 Rapids,  lonik,  and  engageil  in  the  pnictice  of  law. 
 
 In  .\ugn.st,  1K.")1,  he  Wiis  el»-cte<l  to  the  oflices  of 
 County  Tn'asunT  and  Ket-onler,  and  removed  to 
 Marion.  He  held  thi-se  otliii-s  till  .Vugust,  I-nVi.  He 
 was  apiHiinleil  by  the  (oivernor  to  till  the  uni'xpintl 
 tenn  of  the  Hon.  Wm.  ismytb.  as  Ki.stjict  Judge,  and 
 enterisl  U|><in  his  judicial  dutiiTi  in  Janiniry,  l.'^'>7. 
 .\t  the  closs'  of  this  term,  he  was  ele<-t«-<l  to  the  same 
 ofliiv,  but  nwigiied  in  IVH-emln'r.  K>'^,  ami  removed 
 bock  to  Ccsljir  Itapids,  where  he  resumisl  the  practice 
 of  his  profeMsiim.  In  ISffiJ  he  retire<l  from  the  prae- 
 tic«'  of  law  to  his  fann,  near  Marion,  where  he  n- 
 maintsl  until  May,  ls«M!,  when  he  was  cmploytsi  as 
 thedenenil  .^ilieitor  of  theCislar  lla|iiilsand  Missouri 
 Uivir,  the  ."sioux  City  and  I'acilie,  the  Iowa  Falls  and 
 .Sioux  City  Itiiilroad  comjinnies,  and  the  .several  land 
 comiKinies  nMinet-tisl  with  them,  which  oflice  he 
 rewigmsl  in  February,  l<ri.  on  m-count  of  failing 
 health.  It  is  the  testimony  of  those  associatiM  with 
 liini  at  the  liar  that,  during  the  hist  right  years 
 of  his  practice  he  delivensi  many  very  able  argument.s 
 liefore  the  .Snpn-me  Court  of  the  .State,  and  also  one 
 lirfore  the  .'iupn-me  Court  of  the  I'nilcd  Sl.il<-s,  and 
 that  the  impn'^sion  made  u|Min  )H>th  the  Itench  and 
 liar  is  that  be  was  Uilh  a  gn-at  and  g<KMl  num.  Hu 
 was  of  (Quaker  |>an  iitagi.  but  united  with  the  Con- 
 
COOLEY. 
 
 157 
 
 COOPER. 
 
 grcgatioual  Church  in  Dubuque,  and  in  1857  he  was 
 elected,  ordained  and  installed  elder  in  the  First 
 Presbytoriau  Church  in  Cedar  Rapids,  and  after  his 
 return  to  JIariou,  in  186'2,  he  was  elected  and  installed 
 in  that  office  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  that  city. 
 
 Jlr.  Cook  possessed  a  literarj'  t;Lste,  and  was  well 
 posted  in  the  standard  literature.  He  was  well  read  in 
 law  and  an  excellent  counsellor.  He  detested  shams, 
 and  was  unostentatious  to  a  fault.  He  shrank  from 
 official  responsibility.  He  had  very  positive  con- 
 victions. But  perhaps  his  most  distinguishing  traits 
 of  character  were  honesty,  truthfulness  and  liberality 
 to  the  poor.  Honesty,  that  rare  jewel  in  our  day,  was 
 possessed  by  iiui  in  a  very  high  degree.  His  public 
 and  official  obligations  were  as  siicredly  discharged  as 
 his  indi\'idual.  His  truthfulness  was  so  well  known 
 that  his  testimony  to  any  matter  of  fact,  among 
 lion<st  men,  was  the  end  of  all  controversy,  and  so 
 great  was  his  liberality  to  the  poor  that  he  denied 
 himself  and  family  many  of  the  ccniveniences  of  lil'e 
 for  their  stike. 
 
 He  died  at  his  late  residence,  near  Marion,  August 
 8th,  1878. 
 
 Cooley,  Professor  Le  Roy,  an  Elder  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  I'oughkeepsie,  X.  Y.,  was 
 born  in  Point  I'eninsula,  N.  Y.,  October  7th,  IS^Jo; 
 graduated  at  Union  College  in  1858,  and  received  the 
 honorary  degree  of  Ph.  D.  from  the  same  college. 
 He  was  Professor  of  Mathematics  in  Fairfield  Semi- 
 nary, N.  Y.,  1858-59;  Professor  of  Natural  Science 
 in  Cooperstown,  X.  Y.,  li*5!)-G0;  and  Professor  in 
 the  Xew  York  State  Xormal  School,  Alliany,  X.  Y., 
 l"^(>l-74.  In  IsTl  he  Avas  elected  to  the  Professorship 
 of  Physics  and  Chemistry  in  Yas.s;ir  College,  which 
 position  he  still  holils.  He  is  the  author  of  a  series 
 of  text-books  on  Physics  and  Chemistry,  and  numer- 
 ous papers  on  scientific  subjects,  of  a  high  order. 
 Professor  Cooley  is  a  profound  and  accurate  scholar, 
 and  ranks  with  the  highest  in  his  profession.  His 
 past  and  present  give  promise  of  a  brilliant  future. 
 He  was  an  elder  in  the  First  Presln-terian  Church  in 
 Albany,  1808-74.  AVith  all  his  attainments,  he  is 
 singularly  modest,  but  lirm  and  decided  as  a  Chris- 
 tian scientist.  Simple  in  his  faith,  and  unwavering 
 in  his  attachment  to  Iliblical  truth,  he  is  thoroughl}' 
 loyal  to  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ — a  model  Christian 
 student. 
 
 Cooper,  Jonathan  K. ,  was  born  near  Shippens- 
 burg,  I'a.  He  passed  his  earlier  studies,  to  great 
 advantage,  under  the  tuition  of  his  father,  who  was 
 Principal  of  Hopewell  Academy,  and  a  prince 
 among  educators.  He  graduated  in  1835,  at  Jeffirson 
 College,  I'a.,  where  he  stood  high  in  his  class,  shar- 
 ing the  sicond  lu)nt)r,  high  in  the  Philo  Society,  high 
 as  a  writer  particularly,  and  high  in  the  esteem  of 
 his  companions.  After  graduating  he  spent  the  first 
 Ayinter  with  his  iiither,  probably  assisting  him  as  a 
 teacher,  after  which  he  taught  over  a  year  in  a  pri- 
 vate familv   near  AVinchester,    Ya.     Then   taking   a 
 
 regular  course  of  study  in  Judge  Reed's  Law  School, 
 at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  he  was  admited  to  the  Bar  in  ls,'39. 
 Soon  afterwards  he  removed  to  Peoria,  HI.,  where  he 
 entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  profession,  which  he 
 still  continues  with  success.  As  a  sound,  houist, 
 faithful,  able  counsellor,  he  is  not  excelled  in  the 
 State.  Mr.  Cooper  is  an  active  and  efficient  elder  of 
 the  First  Presliyterian  Church  of  that  place. 
 
 Cooper,  Rev.  Robert,  was  born  in  the  north  of 
 Ireland,  in  1732,  and  at  the  age  of  nine  aeeonipanied 
 his  widowed  mother  to  Americii.  With  no  little 
 struggling  he  prepared  for  college,  and  graduated  at 
 the  College  of  Xew  Jersey,  under  Dr.  Finley,  in  17G3. 
 He  studied  theology  privately,  and  was  ordained 
 pastor  of  Middle  Spring  Congregation,  near  Shippcns- 
 burg.  Pa.,  Xovember  ilst,  170.5.  Here  he  remained 
 thirty-one  years.  In  conse(Hunce  of  declining  liealth 
 he  resigned,  April  12th,  1797,  and  died  April  5th, 
 1805,  in  his  seventy-third  year. 
 
 Although  he  entered  the  ministry  late  (at  the  age 
 of  thirtT|--three),  he  proved  himself  a  wise  ma.ster- 
 builder,  skillful  in  "the  orthotoniy  of  truth."'  Prior 
 to  the  era  of  theological  seminaries  he  had  a  little 
 private  Divinity  school  of  his  own,  to  wliich  many 
 ycmngstudents  repaired  with  profit,  as  Dr.  McK night. 
 Dr.  Joshua  AVilliams,  Dr.  Francis  Herron,  etc.  As  a 
 preacher  Dr.  Cooper  was  solid  and  instructive,  with- 
 out any  pretensions  to  the  graces  of  delivery.  He 
 wrote  his  sermons,  but  did  not  use  the  manxiscript  in 
 the  pulpit.  He  was  unhappily  subject  to  hypochon- 
 dria, which  finally  put  an  end  to  his  public  mini.s- 
 trations.  It  is  gratifying  to  know  that  this  calamity 
 was  not  permitted  to  darken  his  last  houi's. 
 
 His  printed  writings  were  a  tract  on  ''The  Signs  of 
 the  Times,"  and  a  sermon  preached  before  the  troops. 
 
 Cooper,  "WiUiam  H.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Pitts- 
 town,  Rensselaer  county,  New  York,  June  27th,  1808. 
 He  graduated  at  Rutgers  College,  with  honor,  in  the 
 class  of  1830,  and  was  a  student  for  two  years  in  the 
 Theological  Seminary  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church, 
 in  Xew  Brunswick,  N.  J.  He  was  installed  pastor  of 
 the  Church  at  Wampsville,  X.  Y.,  Xovember  23d, 
 1833,  where  he  labored  with  diligence,  faitlil'uluess 
 and  si)iritual  prosperity  during  a  period  of  twenty- 
 four  years,  and  under  his  pastoral  care  the  church  in- 
 creased more  than  tenfold.  On  the  23d  of  September. 
 1856,  he  became  pastor  of  the  congregations  of  South 
 Haven  and  Bellport,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.  There  his 
 labors,  continued  for  twenty-three  years,  were  also 
 much  hles.sed.  Dr.  Cooper  died  in  February,  1880, 
 and  a  sermon  preached  at  his  funeral,  by  the  Rev. 
 Epher  "Whitakcr,  was  published.  He  was  a  preacher 
 of  more  than  ordinary  excellence.  His  sermons  were 
 marked  by  clearness,  strength,  spirituality,  tender- 
 ness and  eloquence.  He  faithfully  fulfilled  all  the 
 various,  manifold,  confidential  and  responsible  duties 
 of  the  pastoral  oflice.  X'o  man  more  largely  possessed 
 the  confidence  and  he;irty  afleition  of  his  ministerial 
 brethren,  with  whom  he  was  mosf  closely  associated. 
 
COPES. 
 
 158 
 
 CORTELYOU. 
 
 He  was  at  the  head  ol'  the  Presbytery  when  he  ceased 
 from  his  labors — the  longest  in  ministerial  service,  and 
 unsurpassed  for  congeniality  of  spirit  and  Christian 
 faithfulness. 
 
 Copes,  Rev.  Joseph,  was  born  October  3d,  1765, 
 in  llroad  Creek  HuniUed,  Sus.sex  county,  Del.  When 
 about  twenty-six  years  of  age,  he  became  an  active 
 and  exemplary  member  of  the  Presbj^riau  Church, 
 and  in  1795  was  chosen  and  ordained  a  ruling  elder 
 in  the  Broad  Creek  Church,  at  Laurel.  About  1804 
 he  decided  to  enter  the  miuistrj',  and  studied  theology 
 under  the  Eev.  James  P.  Wilson,  d.  d.  When  Dr. 
 Wilson,  who  was  pastor  of  the  churches  of  Lewes, 
 Cool  Spring  and  Indian  River,  was  called  to  the  First 
 Presl)yteriau  Chmch  of  Philadeljjhia,  Mr.  Copes  be- 
 came his  immediate  successor,  and  continued  at  his 
 post  until  removed  by  death  to  the  reward  of  the 
 faithful,  April  Gth,  X&i'l,  a  i)eriod  of  fourteen  years. 
 He  was  eminent  for  his  pietj",  learning,  ability  and 
 zeal.  He  was  an  impressive  preacher,  and  a  faithful, 
 skillful,  and  atfectionate  pastor.  To  the  young  he 
 esiiecially  devoted  himself.  His  catechetical  instruc- 
 tions, conducted  every  Sabbath  morning  by  himself, 
 in  the  church  edilice  where  he  was  to  preach  that 
 day,  combined  with  .Scri])tural  recitations  to  him, 
 afforded  the  opportunity  of  manifesting  to  them  the 
 depth  of  his  affection  for  them  personally,  and  his 
 yearning  desire  for  their  salvation.  He  wielded  a 
 strong  and  permanent  influence  for  good  in  the  sphere 
 of  his  labors. 
 
 Copes,  Joseph  S.,  M. D.,  .son  of  Rev.  Joseph 
 Copes  and  Jenny  Wilkins  White,  was  born  near 
 Lewes,  Del.,  December  9th,  1811.  He  was  graduated 
 from  the  Jefferson  Medical  College  of  Philadelphia, 
 in  Slarch,  1833,  and  while  in  college  held  the  position 
 of  a.ssistant  to  the  Professor  of  Chemistry.  After  a 
 brief  residence  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  he  settled  at 
 Tchula,  Holmes  county.  Miss.  He  was  one  of  the 
 founders  and  main  supporters  of  the  first  Missis- 
 sippi State  Agricultural  Soci<'ty.  In  1S39  he  removed 
 to  Jacks(ui,  the  State  capital,  where  he  obtained  a  ' 
 large  practice.  Wliile  in  Jackson *lie  actively  aided 
 in  establishing  Sharon  College,  was  a  director  of 
 Oakland  College,  Inspector  of  the  State  Penitentiary, 
 and  his  zealous  efforts,  with  the  assistjince  of  a  few^ 
 scjittered  Presbyterians,  resulted  in  securing  a 
 church  membershipof  over  one  hundred,  and  a  hand- 
 some brick  edifice,  in  the  heart  of  the  city. 
 
 In  1849  Dr.  Cojx'S  removed  to  New  Orleans,  where 
 lie  devoted   himself  to  his  profession,  not  only  as  a 
 general  practitioner,  but  in  its  a-ssociatious,  liospitiils  j 
 and    siinitary  enterprises,    was    a  very  active   and  ; 
 laborious  worker.     For  many  years  he  has  given  his 
 att<'ntion  to  cotton  factorage  and  underwTiting.     He 
 was,  from  his  twenty-seventh  year,  an  elder  in  the 
 Presbj-tcrian  Church,  and  has  long  been  a  jirominent  { 
 member  of  various  city,   State  ami   national   enter- 
 prises and  associations  for  educational,  commercial, 
 professional   and   missionary  work.     He   was   Vice- 
 
 Presideut  of  the  Mississippi  State  Medical  Society, 
 President  of  the  School  Board,  and  Administrator  of 
 the  University  of  Louisiana,  and  has  for  many  years 
 been  Superintendent  of  Mission  Sunday  Schools. 
 Dr.  Copes'  active  and  successful  life  has  been  largely 
 devoted  to  the  interests  of  religion  and  hunumity. 
 He  excels  as  a  writer  and  speaker,  always  ready  and 
 choice  in  his  language,  ea.sy  in  manner,  and  logical 
 in  the  treatment  of  his  subject.  His  speeches  have 
 ever  been  sought  in  the  Interest  of  causes  he  was 
 willing  to  advocate.  He  has  also  been  a  valuable 
 contributor  to  medical  journals. 
 
 JOSEPH   S.  fuPils,  SI.  II, 
 
 CorUss,  Rev.  Albert  H.,  from  the  Church  in 
 Union  Vii!.;ge,  X.  V.,  was  a  student  at  Auburn  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  184(i-8.  He  was  ordained  and 
 installed  at  Western,  N.  Y.,  October  3d,  1849.  He 
 was  pastor  at  Western  till  1852;  Marshall,  1852-4; 
 Holland  Patent,  1854-70;  Lima,  1870-.>;  Waterville, 
 1875-82.  He  died  at  Cambridge,  November  lOth, 
 1883.  He  was  called  to  that  place  by  the  illness  of 
 his  son,  Shelden  Corli.ss,  who  died  of  pneumonia,  and 
 during  his  visit  w;is  taken  with  the  .s;une  nuilady 
 and  soon  p:issed  away.  Jlr.  Corli.ss  was  a  diligent 
 and  faithful  minister  of  Christ.  A  short  time  pre- 
 vious to  his  decease  he  resided  in  Utiea.  He  was  a 
 member  of  the  Presbj-tery  of  Utiea.  One  of  his 
 brothers  is  G^ebrge  Corliss,  of  Providence,  the  nuiuu- 
 facturer  of  the  "  Corliss  Kngiiu-." 
 
 Cortelyou,  Rev.  Thomas  Poster,  son  of 
 .\lbert  auil'Chloe  (^Foster)  Cortelyou,  was  born  near 
 Reading,  t)hio,  .Vugust  2sth.  1832.  He  graduated 
 at   Miami  University,  with  the   first   honors  of  his 
 
COULTER. 
 
 159 
 
 CO  WAX. 
 
 class,  in  1854,  and  at  Danville  Theological  Seminary, 
 in  1857.  He  was  licensed  bj-  the  Presbj'tery  of  Cin- 
 cinnati (O.  S.),  in  April,  1856,  and  ordained  and 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Chvu-eh  at  Williamsbmg,  in 
 1857.  This  relation  was  dissolved  in  1861.  In 
 December  of  the  same  year  he  became  pastor  of  the 
 churches  of  Montgomery  and  Somerset,  in  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Cincinnati,  and  after  serving  the  latter  for 
 ten  years,  resigned  the  charge  of  it,  and  gave  his  euth'c 
 time  to  the  Church  at  Jlontgomery.  During  his  pa.s- 
 torate  at  AVilliamsburg  the  Church  of  Jlouterey  was 
 organized,  in  the  former  bounds  of  Williamsburg  con- 
 gregation ;  and  during  the  pastorate  at  Montgomery  the 
 Churcli  of  Madeira  was  organized  in  the  same  way. 
 
 Jlr.  Cortelyou's  brethren,  on  various  occasions 
 during  the  last  twenty-two  years,  have,  by  their 
 repeated  elections,  declared  him  pre-eminently  fitted 
 to  till  the  ofhce  of  clerk  in  ecclesiastical  bodies.  His 
 cleai',  distinct,  ringing  voice,  his  obliging,  courteous 
 manner,  his  knowledge  of  ecclesiastical  law,  and 
 his  orderlj'  methods,  all  unite  to  make  him  remark- 
 ably efficient  and  successful  in  this  work.  His  hands 
 are  full  of  labor  and  God  is  OT\iiing  and  blessing  it. 
 In  addition  to  all  his  extra  work  in  Synod  and 
 Presbytery,  he  writes  frequently  for  the  religious 
 press,  and  has  had  some  occasional  discourses  printed. 
 For  ten  consecutive  years  he  has  been  an  officer  of 
 the  Presbyterial  Sabbath-school  Association.  He 
 has  aLso  been  very  active  in  Home  Missionary  work 
 in  the  bounds  of  the  Presbytery. 
 
 Coulter,  David,  D.  D.,  was  born  November  8th, 
 1808,  on  a  farm  about  ten  miles  East  of  Georgetown, 
 Sussex  county,  Delaware.  He  graduated  at  Lafayette 
 College  in  1838,  and  at  Princeton  Seminary  in  1841, 
 and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  Newton  Presbytery, 
 April  SSth,  1841.  For  about  two  years,  1841-43,  he 
 preached  as  stated  supply,  most  usefully,  and  with 
 large  and  blessed  results,  to  Auxvasse  Church,  Mo. 
 He  was  insbxlled  by  Missouri  Presbytery,  July,  1843, 
 pastor  of  the  churches  of  Rochefort  and  Fayette, 
 where  he  labored  zealously  and  usefully  until  August 
 18th,  1848.  He  labored  as  stated  supply  for  the 
 churches  at  Round  Prairie  and  Millersburg,  in  the 
 same  Presbytery  (Missoui-i),  from  1848  to  1853;  be- 
 came pastor  of  Round  Praiiie  Church,  December  10th, 
 1853,  and  continued  so  until  April  3d,  1856,  after 
 wMch  he  was  installed,  Api^il  2'2d,  1856,  pastor  of 
 Hopewell  Church  in  Lafayette  Presbj'tery,  in  which 
 church  he  toiled  for  eleven  years,  faithfully  aiid  earn- 
 estl}',  until  he  was  released,  Ajiril  20th,  1867.  At 
 the  same  time  he  served  the  Prairie  Church,  as  stated 
 supply,  from  1856  to  1867.  After  preaching  at  Co- 
 lumliia.  Mo.,  a  little  over  a  year,  he  served  as  stated 
 supply  the  churches  of  Liberty  and  Bethel,  JIo.,  from 
 1868  to  1874.  Amid  the  infirmities  of  advanced  age 
 he  loved  and  tried  to  preach,  even  to  the  la.st.  He 
 died,  August  20th,  1878.  His  last  words  were,  "I 
 know  whom  I  have  believed. "  "lam  wra  piled  in 
 the  righteousness  of  Christ." 
 
 As  a  preacher.  Dr.  Coulter  was  sound  in  doctrine, 
 a  full  believer  in  the  Panliue  doctrines  of  grace.  He 
 was  also  eminently  practical,  earnest  and  tender.  He 
 was  a  faithful  workman,  and  his  labors  were  crowned 
 with  more  than  ordinary  success. 
 
 Coulter,  Rev.  John,  the  son  of  John  and  Abi- 
 gail (Parshall)  Coulter,  was  born  near  Sunbury,  Pa., 
 June  26th,  1784.  He  graduated  at  Jeffi-rson  College 
 in  1819;  .studied  theology  with  Dr.  John  ilcMillan, 
 and  was  licen.sed  by  Ohio  Presbytery.  He  died  De- 
 cemlier  6th,  1867,  in  the  eighty-fourth  year  of  Iris  age. 
 He  was  the  first  man  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Allegheny.  This  Presbj-tery,  in  the  record  of  his 
 death,  said,  ' '  He  was  ordained,  A.  D. ,  1823,  and  in- 
 stalled over  the  churches  of  Butler,  Concord  and 
 Muddy  Creek.  In  the  year  1833  he  was,  at  his  own 
 request,  released  from  the  Church  of  Butler  and  de- 
 voted his  labors  to  the  other  two  churches.  In  the 
 Church  of  Concord  his  pastoral  labors  extended 
 tlirough  a  period  of  forty-one  years.  Father  CoiUter's 
 earnest  labors,  his  noble  Christian  character,  his  un- 
 swer\'ing  integrity,  his  great  kindness  of  heart,  his 
 eminent  puiity  of  life,  and  consequently  his  very  ex- 
 tensive usefulness,  made  his  death  a  public  calamity. 
 The  promotion  of  religion  in  the  very  centre  of  this 
 Presbytery,  in  the  bounds  of  what  are  now  the  con- 
 gregations of  Butler,  Concord,  Muddy  Creek,  Xorth 
 Butler,  Summit,  Sunbury,  Pleasant  Valley,  New 
 Salem,  and  parts  of  other  churches  in  our  bounds,  is 
 owing,  under  God,  greatly  to  his  faithful  and  arduous 
 labors.  The  symmetry  of  his  character  was  such 
 that  one  hardly  knows  whether  to  admire  most  his 
 punctuality,  his  soiuid  judgment,  his  generosity  and 
 his  kindness,  his  fervent  piety,  or  his  conscientious 
 discharge  of  duty,  all  of  which  went  to  make  uji  a 
 character  of  rare  excellence. ' ' 
 
 Co-wan,  Rev.  John  F.,  the  .son  of  Adam  and 
 Elizabeth  Cowan,  was  bom  in  Chester  county.  Pa., 
 Jlay  8th,  1801;  graduated  in  Jeft'ersou  College  in 
 1824;  studied  Theology  in  Princeton  Seminary,  where 
 he  giaduated  in  1828,  and  was  licensed  by  Lan- 
 caster Presbj'tefy,  Pa.,  in  December,  1829.  Com- 
 mencing his  labors  in  Missouri,  he  was  ordained  by 
 Missouri  Presbytery  in  1830,  over  the  churches  of 
 Apple  Creek  and  Brazeau,  Mo.  In  1333,  the  Church 
 of  Cape  Girardeau  was  added  to  his  charge.  Here 
 he  labored  laithfully  until  1839,  when  he  became 
 pastor  of  the  chivrches  at  Potosi  and  Belleview,  in 
 Washington  county,  5Io. ;  here  he  labored  faithfully 
 and  successfully  until  18.52 ;  for  a  year  he  was  without 
 any  pastoral  charge,  but  acted  as  agent.  In  1853  he 
 became  stated  supply  for  the  Church  at  Washington, 
 JIo.,  and  became  a  member  of  St.  Louis  Presby- 
 tery; this  arrangmeut  lasted  until  1856,  when  he 
 took  charge  of  the  Church  at  Carondelet.  His  death 
 occurred  September  29th,  1862.  Mr.  Cowan  was  re- 
 spected by  all  who  knew  him — loved  by  those  who 
 knew  him  best.  He  was  an  eminently  pure-minded 
 man;   single-hearted  Christian,  and  laborious  minis- 
 
CO  WAX. 
 
 180 
 
 COX. 
 
 t<T  <if  the  pwiK-1.  lliH  liii-  cvint-cHl  his  fimi  faith  in 
 the-  iiutpireil  ili-ilur.ition,  "  he  timt  wiiineth  wiuU  in 
 wise."  An  e;irl_v  pimieer  in  tlie  .Stiite  of  Missouri, 
 he  wiut  hnnoreil  liy  (iinl  with  many  Minis  art  seals  of 
 his  niinistrj-,  and  w:i!«  in.strumentul  in  ibunding  and 
 8treii(rtheiiiu|i  a  ntinilHT  of  ehiirehes. 
 
 Cowan,   Edward  P.,  D.  D.,  psmtor  of  Third 
 Preshyterian     Cliiirili,      rittwlmri;,      I'a.,     tlie     fifth 
 
 liail  eonmienoi-d  ntudying  law,  he  «inie  to  the  con- 
 clusion tluit  Ood  had  c:ille<l  liiin  to  the  work  of  the 
 minislrj'.  and  WiW  lici-ns<'<l  to  pn-jieh  by  the  I*resl)y- 
 terj-  of  New  York,  Ootolx'r,  It^lO,  and  ordained  by 
 the  same  body,  July  1st,  1817.  In  1818  he  was 
 enrolled  anionjj;  the  honorary  fn^nates  of  the  Col- 
 lege of  New  Jers«-y.  In  l-'JO  hi-  iM-canie  ]KUitor  of  the 
 I.'iight  Street  Presbyterian  C'hureh  in  the  eity  of 
 New  York,  a  iharp- whieh  he  held  for  thirt«-en  yejirs. 
 In  1><M  he  renioviHl  to  .\ubiirii,  N.  Y..  and  during 
 the  ne.\t  two  years  was  Proft-ssor  of  ."^aenil  Klietoric 
 in  the  .S'niinary.  In  IKr;  he  ai-eept<-<l  a  eall  to  the 
 First  C'hureh,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  of  whieh  he  con- 
 tinued to  be  pastor  till  1H.>1,  when  he  was  obliged, 
 by  loss  of  voice,  to  desist  from  public  sjieaking. 
 Subsetjuently  he  was  I'resident  of  tin-  Ingham  Uni- 
 versity for  .sfvenil  years.  For  a  short  time  l»efore 
 his  death  he  lived  in  retirement  in  New  York  city. 
 
 In  Ir^i'-i  the  degree  of  I).  I),  was  conferriil  ii|«m 
 him  by  AVilliams  CVdlegi-,  and  in  a  <-onimunie;itioii  to 
 the  .V<ir  I'ork  (JliKirrer  he  ridiculed  the  honor,  face- 
 tiously denominating  its  sniuIhiIs  "  semi-lumir  far- 
 dels." This  ejiithet  obtained  a  world-wide  celebritj'; 
 but  the  IVs-tor,  »'Xt-<-pt  by  an  occasional  horntico 
 rrfereng  at  the  mention  of  the  name.  iMire  the  honor 
 
 r-DWAiiD  r.  oiWAN,  p.  D. 
 child  and  fourth  son  of  IJev.  ,Iohn  F.  Cowan,  was 
 Ixiru  at  I'otosi,  .Miss<mri,  in  1><I(I.  He  graduated  at 
 Westminster  College  in  I'^dll,  and  from  the  Prineet<m 
 Theologii-jd  .S^-minary  in  iHtM.  He  preached  in  one 
 of  his  father's  former  cliarg»-s,  at  Washington,  Mo., 
 from  Wil  to  ]«(",  and  sulweqiiently,  a  year  at  St. 
 .Tos<'p)i,  Mo.,  and  a  year  and  a  half  in  St.  I>mis.  He 
 was  called  to  the  Market  S<|uan'  Presbyterian  Church. 
 (Jermantown,  I'hihulelphia,  where  be  remained  twelve 
 ycani  and  a  half,  greatly  Htrengtbening  and  extending 
 the  usafiilni'ss  of  his  cliiirili,  to  whoM-  interi-sts  hi' 
 devoliil  him-u'lf  entirely.  In  the  Fall  of  H-^i  hi' 
 received  a  unaniniout  call  to  the  Third  Church. 
 Pittsburg,  Pa.,  and  enten-d  n|Mm  his  work  in  his  new 
 and  greatly  extended  Held  of  lalMir,  encouniged  by  the 
 liiiirty  supiwrt  of  this  stmng,  inlUu'Utial  and  histor- 
 ical church.  I>uringthe  one  year  of  his  jiastorate  his 
 lalsirs  have  lM'«'n  greatly  IiIi'smmI,  and  the  church 
 stn-ngtbeni'd  by  the  adilition  of  w\i'nly-livc  new 
 memlM'rs.  l)r.  Cowan  is  an  enrnesl.  dir<s't  nnil  im- 
 prttwivc  pn-ai'lier,  a  faithful  ]iastor,  and  always 
 stands  r«"ndy  for  every  giHsl  work. 
 
 C!ox,  Samuel  Hanson,  D.  D.,  LL.D.,  was  Isirn 
 at  l-eesville,  .N.  .1.,  .\ugust  '.'."itli,  ITIKI.  and  was  of 
 QnakcT  pxtmrtion,   on  his  father's  side.     .\ner   he 
 
 •Aarit  nkitmsn  odx,  d.d  .luii. 
 thrust  ujmn  him,  me«'kly,  and  the  additional  onr 
 of  1,1„  I).,  from  Marietta  Collep',  in  l"vV>,  and  Colum- 
 bia Collegi',  in  WKt.  I>r.  Cox  jiri-sided  as  Mislenitor 
 of  the  New  .S-hisd  (ieueral  Asst-mbly,  in  l'<-lfi.  Ho 
 was  a  suco'ssful  jirearlier  and  an  able  writer.  In 
 iwldition  to  several  interesting  \olunies  he  published 
 numerous  ]itiniphlets  and  sermoas.     He  was  one  of 
 
COYLE. 
 
 Ifil 
 
 CRAIG. 
 
 the  originators  of  the  Ncio  York  Observer,  and  a  valu- 
 able contributor. 
 
 Coyle,  Rev.  Robert  F.,  was  bom  in  the  county 
 of  NortliumlH-rlanil,  Province  of  Ontario  (Uomiuiou 
 of  Canada),  July  28th,  1850.  lie  graduated  from 
 Waba.sh  College,  lud.,  in  the  clas.s  of  1877,  and  filled 
 the  position  of  Tutor  in  the  s;irae  Institution  for  one 
 year.  He  studied  theologj'  at  Auburn  Seminary; 
 was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Craw- 
 fordsville,  April  l'2th,  1879;  was  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Fort  Dodge,  Iowa,  October  1st,  1879, 
 and  was  installed  pastor  over  the  Church  of  Fort 
 Dodge,  in  October,  1881.  Here  his  labors  have  been 
 signally  blessed.  Jlr.  Coyle's  sermons  lK>ar  the  mark 
 of  scholarly  prepiiration,  yet  he  preaches  without 
 manuscript.  His  presentation  of  truth  is  doubly 
 IKiwerful,  because  along  with  eloquent,  aggressive, 
 logical  argument,  there  is  ever  manifest  the  deep 
 pathos  and  tender  love  and  interest  of  the  speaker. 
 He  preaches  from  the  heart  as  well  as  from  the  intel- 
 lect.    He  has  the  strong  attachment  of  his  people. 
 
 Craig,  Rev.  John,  was  liom  in  Ireland,  .Septem- 
 ber 2Ist,  1710,  but  educated  in  .\merica.  He  was 
 licensed  by  Doucg-al  Presbytery,  .Vugust  30th,  1738, 
 and  was  sent  to  Deer  Creek  (now  Churchville,  Md.), 
 and  to  West  Couococheague.  He  spent  the  Summer 
 in  those  places,  and  Conewago  andOpiqubon.  West 
 Couococheague  called  him,  in  the  Fall  of  1739,  but 
 he  declined  a  settlement  in  that  charge.  Mr.  Craig 
 was  sent,  at  the  close  of  1739,  to  Oiiequhon,  Irish 
 Tract,  and  other  places  in  Western  Virgina.  He  was 
 "the  coramencer  of  the  Pre-sbj-terian  service  in 
 Augusta."  He  g-athcrcd  two  congregations  in  the 
 south  part  of  the  Manor,  now  Augusta  county,  and  in 
 April,  1740,  received  a  c;ill  from  the  congreg.ition  of 
 Augusta  and  Tinkling  Spring,  where  he  was  ordained 
 and  installed,  September  3d,  1710.  He  resigntd  the 
 charge  of  Tinkling  Spring,  in  November,  17.'J4,  but 
 remained  pastor  of  Augusta  tUl  his  death,  April  21st, 
 1774.  Mr.  Craig  was  a  man  mighty  in  the  Scrip- 
 tures, "in  perils  oft,  in  labors  abundant, '"  for  the 
 gospel.  Those  who  knew  him  held  his  niemorj'  in 
 the  highest  veiuration. 
 
 Craig,  John  Neivton,  D.  D.,  scm  of  George 
 Evans  and  ilatilda  Guthrie  Craig,  w;is  born  in  Kiuk- 
 ingham  county,  Va.,  May  14th,  1^*31.  Though  boru 
 in  Rockingham  comity,  his  family,  on  both  sides, 
 have  been  for  more  than  a  century  identified  with 
 Augusta  county,  Va.  In  his  boyhood  he  had  for 
 seviTal  years  a  business  training.  Having  graduated 
 at  Washington  College  (now  Wa.shington  and  Lee 
 University)  in  A'a.,  he  w:is  for  one  year  Principal  of 
 a  male  academy  at  Baxter  Hnxik,  Va.  His  studies 
 were  then  pursued  for  two  years  in  the  University  of 
 Va.,  for  two  years  in  Union  Theological  Seminarj-, 
 Va.,  and  for  one  year  in  the  Theological  Seminary  in 
 Columbia,  S.  C.  Leaving  the  Seminary  in  1869,  he 
 became  jKvstor  of  the  churches  of  Lancaster  C.  H. , 
 Wa.xliaw  and  Douglass,  an  intelligent  and  influen- 
 U 
 
 tial  charge  in  Lancaster  county,  S.  C,  and  continued 
 there,  with  the  exception  of  a  brief  interval  of  ab- 
 sence on  duty,  until  called  to  the  pastorate  of  the 
 Church  at  Holly  Springs,  Mississippi,  in  1870.  From 
 that  pastorate  he  was  unanimously  elected  by  the 
 Southern  Genenil  Assembly,  in  session  at  Lexington, 
 Ky.,  in  l'<83,  to  be  its  Secretjiry  of  Home  Jlissions. 
 
 As  a  preacher,  liis  controlling  thought  has  been  to 
 teach  the  trulh,  and  this  he  does  with  directness  and 
 power.  As  a  pastor,  his  genial  manner  and  sympa- 
 thetic nature  endeared  him,  not  only  to  the  congre- 
 gation, but  to  the  community,  daily  \videning  and 
 ]  strengthening  an  influence  extending  to  all  cUusses  of 
 the  pt'Oi)le.  He  enters  njMn  his  new  field  of  labor 
 in  the  jirime  of  life,  in  robust  health,  and  in  com- 
 mand of  that  zeal  and  indiustry  which  should  surely 
 work  to  the  extension  of  "  the  kingdom." 
 
 Craig,  Willis  Green,  D.  D.,  .son  of  William 
 Craig,  >I.  v.,  who  had  served  as  a  Surgeon  in  the  U.  S. 
 
 WII.I.I8   GRKF.N    CR.VIO,  D.  D. 
 
 Army  in  the  war  of  1812,  was  born  on  his  father's 
 plantation,  near  Danville,  Kentucky,  September  24th, 
 1834.  ^^■hile  yet  a  mere  lad,  he  entered  Centre 
 College,  at  Danville,  Kentucky,  and  was  graduated 
 in  June,  1851,  three  months  before  he  was  seventeen. 
 For  the  next  seven  years  he  w:us  a.s.«K'iated  with  his 
 brother  in  the  management  of  .a  large  plantation.  In 
 the  Fall  of  1858  he  entered  Danville  Tlieological  Semi- 
 nary, where  he  enjoyed  the  instructions  of  Drs. 
 Breckinridge  and  Humphrey.  He  was  licensed  in 
 the  Spring  of  18G1,  and  commenced  his  ministerial 
 labors  in  Keokuk,  Iowa,  April  1st,  1662,  with  the 
 First  Westminster  Presbj-terian  Ghurch,  as  pa.stor  of 
 which  he  w:us  ordained  and   installed  the  following 
 
CKAIOHEAh 
 
 I'.-.' 
 
 CBAlaUEAD. 
 
 NovpiiiImt.  lilt  ixiMtonitv  at  Kmkuk  i-xU-ndnl  uv<-r 
 u  U'rni  of  twt-nty  yt-an*,  uiid  wu«  cmiiu'iitly  i>ro>i|iiToii«. 
 lliit  t'hiin-li  KT<-w  uiiil  IIi>uriHlii-<l.  mill  ciuuyi-tl  uuuiy 
 liniiiiiu  wuMiiift  of  n-vi\ul. 
 
 AA<T  till-  niiiiiiin  nf  the  Olil  St'bnnI  ami  New 
 ScIkmiI  l>i'iiiiiiiiii.itiiiiL'>iii  l-TO,  till'  N'cwS'liiMil  L'buri'h 
 <if  Ki-<ikuk  iiiiiutl  Unlily  with  |)r.  (.'raitj'"  Church, 
 wilhiiiit  thr  I'luiiK'' of  iKLttor  imliiuirily  ili'<'ini-<l  nc- 
 <i-)«'<iry  innurli  tiiiioii".  aiiii  itM  iiirinlnTH  mm>ii  iMfiiiUf 
 OM  wuniily  utuuht-il  u>  him  um  the  utlitTM.  A  cuni- 
 lumliiiiLi  |KiR«iii;iKi'  wuii  huilc  ill  ihf  i-arly  |K>rt  of  Iiim 
 niiniNtry,  anil  xuim  ulV-r  the  iiiiiuii  »f  the  two 
 ">nKTi-){i»ticm.i  II  m-w  rhiinh  »;i.<  rn-cU-d,  a  laiv  and 
 hullllM■lll<'^t•lUl■^trll<'tll^<',  ill  thi'lnithicHtylcof  un-hi- 
 l<-<tiirf.  Dr.  Cntic  rx<-rt<-<l  a  Hii|i>  iiilliiriio-  in  thr 
 niiuo-  iif  rt'lif^iiin  and  olucalimi  in  li>\v:i.  ami  t<i<ik  an 
 m-livc  iKirt  in  layiiii:  flu-  fi>uiidatii>nri  uf  MM-ii-ty  in 
 tliat  yiiiini;  and  KniwinK  Slah'.  \U-  w;ls  fs|>it-ially 
 octivi-  in  the  fuumlin);  >A'  rarmias  (.'ollf)j;i-,  at  Fair-  ' 
 Held,  luwa,  of  vvlitiM-  ItiunI  of  TriLHtttTi  he  Is  Htill 
 {\'<X\\  IVmident.  He  alxo  jpive  inui-h  lalior  to  the' 
 iliteniitii  of  the  Tli<'<>li>);ii'sil  Seiniiiary  of  the  North-  i 
 w«t,  of  whieh  he  wan  a  ilinvtor.  and  lent  im|i<irtant  ! 
 aiil  ill  |>ili>tiiii{  tlial  Institntion  through  the  fiiiamial 
 dillirultii-M  <-oie«'(|iii'iit  ii|M>n  theC'hicaKo  tin- ami  thi- 
 |uiiiii'  of  i-t:!. 
 
 In  I-*-"!  I>r.  CraiK  wan  elet-tiil  to  the  Cluiir  of  ltil>- 
 liiitl    and    l>'<li'siaitii';il    llittury    in    the    Seminary. 
 ilin  »>ni;ri'K:ilioii  at  Ki'okiik  Ntreiiuon-ly  renistetl  hi.-< 
 n-moval  from   thuii,   and  lii.s   l*n-»liyterv,    iinnilliiiK  I 
 to  |urt   with  om-  whoMe  inllnenee  wax  mi    jioteiit   tor 
 ICixmI  throughout   the  Stiiti',  di'tOineil  to  n-liiuu-  him.  : 
 The  following;  year,  however,  U|>im  thi-  n'iiewi-<l  ami  , 
 nrip-iit    applii-ition  of  the  friendt  of  the   Sa-miiiary.  ' 
 hi»  <'<iii)^tpition    and     l're»hyt<Ty    i-<iiLieiit>-<t   to    hit  , 
 Ir.iii-hr  to  the   I'rofi-^tor't  Cliair.      lie  eiitentl  upon 
 thi-  dcitiit  cii'  liit  l'rof<-f>iirohi|i  in  .S-ptemlxT.  l-^-'J. 
 
 Oralffhead,  R«v.  AlexHiider,  whm  pnilulily  the 
 Mill  of  the  |{4>v.  Thom;u>  ( 'raiKhi-u<l.  lie  wax  lieeiititl 
 by  the  Pnrnhylery  of  DoucKal.  Oitoher  ■<th,  I7:H,  [ 
 Olid  wiM  arni  to  Middle  Oetorani  ami  "nvrr  the 
 ri»er."  Iieinu  the  llr«t  to  whom  that  duty  w;u« 
 iwniKiiiil  lie  w;it  inttall)-*!  inittorof  Middle  (H-tonir.i 
 Chiinh.  Noviinlur  l^th,  ITlt'i.  .\  n-idoiit  prmiinti  r 
 of  the  "rt\i\al."  be  ae<iiin|iiiniitl  Whilei'iiM  whili' 
 in  I'h'  'V,  and  they  niiule  the  womU  rinK. 
 
 IW  th'  1   -Mee^  .if  pni:---        He   entertaimtl 
 
 1"  '    ■'    '  1  Koveniment, 
 
 " '' ■  ''     '"  •!,    and     whieh 
 
 unoltifl  linii  in  \>x\  'initiilenilile  trouble. 
 
 .Mr.  <  r.ntlM  .ii|  i-. -viid  to  Imvr  rrmovnl  to  Windy 
 t'ove,  un  ('ow|Kwiurv  Uiver.  in  A iijciMta  county,  Vo., 
 in  I710.  \  l.in?'  litillonw.KKl  tree,  elour  to  the  river 
 Iktiik,  ninrkii  lie  "it*  »li.  n'  tiioiil  bin  humble  rabin. 
 .Vliout  lijilf  a  mil'  .iInim  •IiiiiiI  hit  lo|{  ehiirrh.  lie 
 and   hit    |ii*«iph'    ^t<tii     to  tlif     IIoiiim>   of  li(M|     fttllv 
 
 i>ii  lir^HiiitN'k't  tlrirut  lilt  eoiiKTi-ication  tleil  trum  the    latn 
 
 frontier,  oiid  a  portion  wttlcd  in  North  Carolina. 
 Sir.  CraiglK^  met  with  Hanover  I'resljytcry,  .Sep- 
 tvinlier  °,M,  IT.'iT,  and  in  January,  waM  sent  to  |{ocky 
 Kiver,  in  North  <'arolina,  and  to  other  vauineiui. 
 He  wan  ealleil,  in  .\pril.  to  Itoek.v  Kiver,  and  .Mr. 
 KicliariLioii,  on  hi.->  way  to  lalior  aiiKmjj;  the  Chero- 
 ketw.  wax  direeted  to  iiLstall  him.  He  dieil  in 
 Mareh.  IT)i<i.  leaviii);  iN-hind  him  the  atl'eetiouate 
 reiiieiiibniuee  of  hit  I'aithful.  aluimlaiit  and  u.-t:l'ul 
 lalxin*. 
 
 Oraigbead,  James  Oeddes,  D.  D.,  was  iMirn 
 in  the  vicinity  of  Carlltle,  I'a.,  in  .March,  1*J3; 
 Htudieil  at  l>ickiiL>ton  Cullej^e,  I'a.,  and  (H'aduated  at 
 l)<lawareColle;;eiu  1M4.  He  ij^nuliiatid  at  the  I'nioii 
 Thitilo({ie:il  .'■viiiiiiary,  Ni'W  York  city,  in  1^7,  and 
 w:it  lici'ie«'d  by  the  Fourth  Trobytery  of  New  York, 
 ill  .Vpril,  |tl7.  In  the  Fall  of  that  year  he  Uiaiin'  a 
 Home  Mitnioiuiry  in  \Vixiin.sin.  and  wasKlated  supply 
 of  the  Church  in  the  city  of  WaliTtown,  Wi.s.,  l-l!(. 
 IliH  health  failing;,  he  returned  van\,  and  wa.t  |iu.-<tor 
 of  the  I'nwbyterian  Church  at  Nortbunilierland,  I'a., 
 l^iO— I,  Sul>w«tjuently,  he  wan  editor  of  the  Sne 
 York  Emngiliiil,  K^>-1»;  traveled  lor  hi-ulth  in  for- 
 eicn  eountrii-s  l<7<Mi;  wu«  .S«-relary  of  the  l'n*by- 
 terian  lllstorii'iil  .><<K-ietv,  l<r(>-^,  and  now  is  l'rofe!«<or 
 ot  .""ytteiiuitic  Theolo)y,  New  Ti-^tament  lirei-k,  aud 
 \hr.in  of  the  Theolo|;i(-il  I><'|iiirtiuent  of  llowani 
 rniversiiy.  \Vathiiii;ton,  I).  C.  Dr.  Crai)!be;id  wiw 
 faithful  at  a  iKiwtor,  and  very  >uive!«ful  an  editor.  He 
 lilln  hit  pn^wnt  ini|iortant  iMwitiun  very  iuv«'ptably. 
 He  iHaKi-iitletiuin  of  ability.  ofRreat  force  of  cimnu'tcr, 
 and  r»-!idy  to  help  any  pKxl  caiLse.  He  is  the  author 
 of  wvrr.il  cxci'llriit  iiiid  (Hipular  voluim-M. 
 
 Craighead,  Rev.  John,  wa.t  Ixini  near  Carli.sU-, 
 I'a..  in  171-J.  He  Knuluat<'<l  at  the  CoIIcki-  of  New 
 Jerw-y.  ill  I7IC1;  ttiidied  thi-oloKy  with  Dr.  KoUrt 
 .Smith,  at  I'l-tjui-a;  n-eeivid  ordination  fmm  Doue;:al 
 I'n-^hytiTy.  aliout  17<r7:and  wiit  in.ttalleil  a.t  |ia,«tor 
 of  Kitky  Spring  Chun'h,  nejir  (^'hunilieniburi;,  r.-i., 
 .\pril  i;ith.  I7ij-',  eiiutiuuiiig  to  bv  no  until  l'^*.  He 
 di«l.  April  ■»M\.  171W. 
 
 The  old  chun-h  at  Rocky  .Spring  It  .ttill  extant. 
 Tliounh  Miinewluit  alteriMl.  it  retaiat  .tulittantially  the 
 prittine  fiiiliinrt.  The  aitlet  an-  jiavitl  with  brick; 
 the  p.-wt  an-  ttr.ii;-lil-)i:ii'ki-<l  ami  of  iiii|iailit<-<l  iKik : 
 the  mirniw  pulpit,  tvilh  itoniiindiiiu-lioard.  it  |iaiiite<l 
 liKht  blue;  the  ebli-rt"  bi-iich.  a  thick  tlab  of  w.ttl: 
 the  eoinmuuiou  w-rvict-.  of  |N-wter,  fmm  l,<iiidoii.  ami 
 bln.-k  with  IHP-.  Two  ten-plate  Mtoviv,  of  the  most 
 priiniti\r  form,  warnti-<l  the  liou.te,  the  utovc  pi|«e!< 
 fwra-ndinK.  thmuxh  holm  in  the  ceiline.  into  the  (pir- 
 rrl,  wheniT  the  tinoke  i-wap<-«l.  without  any  chim- 
 ney*, the  l«-it  way  it  i-oiild.  The  tide  door  i.t  still 
 shown,  where  Mr.  I'r.iiirhi-ail  tl.iiMl  and  luinin>oie«l  the 
 
 '•1.  and   to  stim-il   up 
 
 •  •rxani7jil  them.telvi-s 
 
 Old  went  thniUKh  the  Kevoliitionary 
 
 r   luntor  for  tlwir  ia|it.iiii  juiU  chop- 
 
CRAIGHEAD. 
 
 1U3 
 
 CKAXBUSr  (X  J.)  CHUECU. 
 
 Mr.  Craighead  was  a  humorist.  One  (lay,  going 
 into  battle  in  Xew  Jersey  with  his  friend  and  ela.s.'i- 
 mato,  the  Rev.  Robert  Cooper,  a  cannon  ball  struek  a 
 tree  near  him,  a  splinter  of  which  nearly  knoclced 
 him  down.  "God  bless  me!"  exclaimed  Mr.  Cooper, 
 "you  were  nearly  knocked  to  staves."  "Oh,  yes," 
 was  hia  reply,  "and,  though  you  are  a  cooper,  you 
 could  not  have  .set  nie  up." 
 
 Craighead,  Rev.  Thomas,  was  born  in  Scot- 
 land, and  studied  medicine  there,  but  soon  became 
 a  preacher,  and  was  settled  for  ten  or  twelve  years 
 in  Ireland.  His  name  occurs  lirst,  in  this  country,  in 
 1715,  among  the  ministers  of  New  Kngland.  Mather, 
 in  entreating  the  people  at  Freetown,  about  forty 
 miles  south  of  Boston,  to  encourage  Mr.  Craighead  in 
 his  work,  describes  hira  as  "a  man  of  singular  piety, 
 meekness,  humility  and  industry  in  the  work  of  God." 
 He  is  said,  by  President  Stiles,  in  1T2;S.  to  have  "gone 
 to  the  Jerseys."  In  17'J4  (January  "i^th)  he  lx;c;ime 
 a  member  of  New  C;ustle  Pre.sb.vtery,  which  tlien  in- 
 cluded portions  of  Delaware,  Pennsylvania  and  New 
 Jersey.  He  was  called  both  to  Elk  and  to  Wliit<' 
 Clay,  but  he  accepted  the  invitation  to  the  latter 
 place,  under  the  condition  that  he  should  give  a  por- 
 tion of  his  time  to  Brandj'winc. 
 
 In  1733  Mr.  Craighead  removed  to  Lancjister 
 county,  Pa.,  and  in  September  of  that  year  he  re- 
 ceived and  accepted  a  call  to  Pequea,  where  he  wius 
 installed  October  31st.  Donegal  Presbytery,  of  which 
 he  now  became  a  member,  always  speak  of  him  as 
 "  Father  Craighead,"  and  appear  to  have  had  a  ik'cu- 
 liar  veneration  and  love  for  liim.  He  was  very  active 
 in  planting  and  building  up  churches  in  that  region. 
 On  the  17th  of  Xovembt-r,  1737,  he  accepted  a  call 
 from  the  people  of  HoiK-well,  whose  place  of  meeting 
 was  at  "the  Big  Spring,"  now  Ne%vTille  His  p;is- 
 torate  there  was  of  only  a  short  duration.  He  was 
 now  au  aged  man,  though  his  earnestness  and  power 
 remained  unaV)ate<l.  Under  his  im|)assioned  dis- 
 courses his  hearers  were  often  melted  to  tears.  Near 
 the  close  of  April,  173!),  whilst  pronouncing  the 
 benediction  in  the  pulpit,  he  waived  his  hand,  e.K- 
 claimcd  "Farewell  !  farewell !"  and  sank  down  and 
 expired.  His  remains  are  said  to  lie,  without  a 
 monument,  under  the  corner-stone  of  the  present 
 house  of  worship  at  Newville. 
 
 Craighead,  Rev.  Thomas  B.,  w:us  a  .son  of  the 
 Rev.  Alexander  Craighead,  of  Sugar  CYeek,  North 
 Carolina.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  College  in  177.'>, 
 and  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Oninge  in 
 1780.  For  a  few  months  he  preached  at  Sugar  Creek, 
 his  native  place,  and  then  n-moved  to  Tennes.see. 
 Here  he  was  brought  to  trial  before  the  Presbj-tery 
 for  holding  certain  Pelagian  views,  and  the  contro- 
 versy which  arose  la-sted  for  many  years.  Mr.  C. 
 w.TS  one  of  the  founders  of  Davidson  A<';idemy,  which 
 at^erwanlslRcame  Nashxnlle  University.  It  originated 
 in  his  little  congregation,  six  miles  ea.st  of  N;ushville, 
 and  he  became  tlie  first   President,  holding  the  ix)si- 
 
 tion  for  two  years  and  three  months.  Mr.  Craighead 
 excelled  its  an  extemporaneous  orator,  but  not  as  a 
 writer.  His  eloquence  was  of  that  fervid  kind  which 
 captivat<-s  and  carries  away  the  hearer,  even  in  .spite 
 of  himself.      He  died  in  182,5. 
 
 Cranbury  (N.  J.)  First  Presbyterian 
 Church.  This  is  one  of  those  churches  in  our  coun- 
 try whose  beginning  runs  back  into  the  dim  and 
 shadowy  past.  ' '  Whatever  el.se  our  fathers  did  or  did 
 not  do,"  .s;iys  Dr.  Joseph  G.  Synime.s,  in  his  "HLstori- 
 c;il  Sketch  of  Jloumouth  Presbytery  and  its  churches, " 
 "  they  failed  to  keep  accurate  records,"  Joseph  Jlor- 
 gan,  the  pastor  for  twenty  years  of  Freehold  (Ten- 
 nent),  \%Tites  to  Cotton  Mather,  in  1733,  that 
 ' '  formerly  there  liad  been  no  Presbj'terian  congrega- 
 tions within  twenty  miles  of  Freehold  on  the  north. 
 Our  ministrations  were  as  little  desired  :is  enjoyed; 
 but  now  congregations  are  formed,  Allentowu  and 
 Cranbuiy,  where  formerly  the  people  thought  lis  as 
 bad,  almost,  as  the  Papists." 
 
 The  first  settlers  of  Cranbury  came  principally 
 from  EngUind,  joined  very  early  by  others  from  Scot- 
 land and  Holland,  and  also  by  some  of  that  precious 
 cargo  of  Presbyterian  slaves  from  Scotland.  Settle- 
 ments began  as  early  as  1680.  In  1736  a  mUl  was 
 built  on  Cranbury  brook,  which  was  the  nucleus  of 
 the  village.  Hut  some  time  previous  to  this,  when 
 Ciinuot  b<'  a.'«ertaine<l,  a  hoiLsi;  of  worship  had  been 
 erected  higher  up  tlie  stream,  four  miles  ea.st  of  the 
 site  of  the  village.  In  this,  ])rol)ably,  the  Episcopa- 
 lians took  the  lead.  But,  however  this  may  be,  fra- 
 tcniili/  or  neees^ili/  induced  them  to  unite,  in  the  build- 
 ing and  the  tx-cupancy,  witli  the  l"resbyteri:uis.  This 
 house  has  long  since  disajiijeared,  its  only  memento 
 a  neglected  cemetery.  In  1740,  by  ad^-ice  of  Presby- 
 tery, an  amicable  separation  w:is  arranged,  and  the 
 Presln-teriaus  built  a  new  house  near  where  the 
 building  of  tlie  First  Church  now  stands.  There 
 .seems  to  have  been  a  fully  organized  church  :is  early 
 as  1734,  for  in  that  year  a  call  was  extended  to  the 
 Rev.  S;imuel  Blair.  The  next  appearance  of  the 
 ]X"ople  of  Cranbury  was  as  suppliants  for  supplies,  at 
 the  first  meeting  of  the  Presbytery  of  New  Bruns- 
 wick, in  1738,  when  Gilbert  Tennent  was  sent  to 
 them.  And  they  constantly  appear  in  the  same 
 character  until  1744,  when  the  Rev.  Charles  JIcKnight 
 Wiis  settled  over  the  united  congreg-ations  of  Cran- 
 bury and  Allentown,  .Mr.  McKnight  residing  at 
 Cranbury,  probably  in  the  liouse  still  standing  there. 
 IJut  he  could  not  reside  here  in  peace.  There  was  a 
 contest  for  his  residence  between  the  two  places, 
 which  was  only  ended,  in  1756,  by  Mr.  McKnight 
 taking  sole  charge  of  Allentown. 
 
 Cranbury  depended  upon  supplies  until  1762,  when 
 Rev.  Thomas  Smith  became  the  pastor.  Since  that 
 time,  for  one  hundred  and  tweut.v-one  years,  the 
 pastoral  office  has  been  va<ant  but  two  and  one-half 
 years,  all  the  vacancies  ))ut  together.  Another 
 remarkable   f;u't — who    will    s;iy   it    is   not   directly 
 
CRA  VElf. 
 
 164 
 
 CREED,  THE  APOSTLES" 
 
 nlatol  to  till-  other? — U,  that  the  growth  ol"  this 
 churcli  \iu»  Ihi-ii  coiiKtunt  and  st«a«l.v,  new  aceesHiunK 
 being  nuuh'  fmni  yi-ar  to  j'ear.  In  addition  to  this 
 steady  gniwth,  there  liave  lieen  wveral  jM'rioils  of 
 large  ingathering,  notably  in  the  years  1HU8,  IKVi, 
 lH70and  Ik?:.. 
 
 1m  17.V-<  llie  jiroiMTty  where  Mr.  McKnight  hud 
 reniileil  K.m  piin  liii.s<(l  lor  a  jKirsonage,  together  with 
 oni>  hiiiiilreil  anil  lilly  aereti  of  land.  The  ]iursoiiuge 
 and  Itiir  the  land  is  htill  ow  ned  hy.  the  congregation. 
 A  new  hou.-u-  of  wontliip  wits  Iniilt  in  17m!),  which, 
 ninch  enlarged,  Is  the  one  now  ix-cupied.  Kevn.  Gil- 
 bert T.  Snowden,  Heorgo  S.  WtMHlIiuM  and  Synimes 
 C  Henry,  n.-l).,  were  the  suc-cfsKivc  puKtont — Mr. 
 Snowden  fnini  NuvenilHT  "iltli,  ITUit,  to  February 
 SOth,  I7!»7;  Mr.  WchkIIiuII  Ironi  June  «th.  I7!H,  t4> 
 May  -Ith,  iH-it);  and  I>r.  Henry  fmni  .\ngu.st  Hth. 
 IwiO,  to  March  '.►Jil,  ls.-,7.  The  history  h:w  been 
 niarketl  liy  lung  or  ]N-aceful  ]Ki.ston)tes.  I'onntiug 
 till'  jirewnl,  then'  ha%e  Ix-en  but  si.x  pxstorM  in  one 
 hundretl  and  thirty-six  yj-un*,  and  three  of  them  art- 
 buried  among  thi-ir  people.  The  presient  pjustor,  the 
 l{ev.  Jowph  li.  Symnu-H.  D.  i>.,  wan  installed  in  May, 
 1857. 
 
 Tlic  old  fninburj-  Church  has  been  a  |>nditir 
 mother  of  ehurchi-s,  no  li-ss  tlftui  eight  having  lM-<-n 
 fonned,  in  whole  or  in  luirt,  out  of  her  nienilKp^hip. 
 Her  mil  Miiw  I  luliniccs  .kmi  Manic^. 
 
 Craven,  Elijah  Rlchardflon,  D.  D.,  w:i«  iMirn 
 at  WiLHhington,  1).  C,  March  2Mth,  li^I-l,  and  gr.ulu- 
 ot<'<l  at  New  Jers<-y  t'olleg>'  in  li*4'i.     AlVr  hisgnulu-  ' 
 ntion  he  Htudie<l  law.      He  wan  Ntuted  Hupply  of  Ijwt  | 
 Hampton,  L.  1.,  New  York,    ls.|!»;    orilaine<l  by  the! 
 Hcfonni-d  Dutch  C'liumis,    New  Hrun-*»ick,  February 
 27tli,    IKitt;   iKLHtor   of  the   Second   Ivcfnrmed   Dutch 
 C'huri'h,  Somerville,  N.  .1.,  IkVI-.V!;  sintv  which  linu' 
 he  has  lM'<'n  tin-  t-ste<  iuimI  and  suceeswful  |uiHt<ir  of  the 
 Thirtl   l*r«fibytcriau  Chunh,  Newark,   N.  .1.      He  n-- 
 wiveil  the  degn-<-  of  ItiN'tor  of  Divinity   from   N'ew  | 
 Jerm-y  Ctdlege,  in  Ki'J,  anil  wiw  electc«l  a  dire«-tor  of 
 IMnccton  Seminary  in  l***!.'!.     I>r.  Craven  in  anal-! 
 trartive   and    impremivc   pn-acher.      HiH    raniiliurity 
 with  the  law  of  the  Chiirrh  niakii*  liinia  uiufiil  niem- 
 Ix-r  of  I'nTibytery  and  SvuimI.      He  haHili^rbargiil  all 
 the  M-rvic*-  In  winch  the  Chun-h  hiw  calliil  liiiu  with 
 ability  anil   liildity. 
 
 Crawford.  Rev.  Edward,  rrreive.!  hi*  lirt-mic 
 to  |iniii'li  from  the    I'n-sbytjTV  of  Hanover,  in   1777. 
 
 •  In  the  I17th  of  < >i'tol«-r,  in  the  Nitnie  ymr,  he  wan 
 ■ettlnl  OH  iMiHtorof  the  Sinking  Spring  and  Spmuling 
 Spring  cnngregntiiuM,  Virginia.  Smie  time  oftrr 
 17n«1  he  n-nii>ve<l    to  Tenni-we,  nnd   liMik  charge  of 
 
 •  ilade  Spring  and  Kocky  Spring  ihtinhi-*,  when-  he 
 reniainetl  until  l-^CI.  Mr.  Cniwfnnl  wiw  one  of  the 
 original  Trii'<l<'«-«  of  Wiwhingtoii  I'lillegr,  Tenn.  He 
 gniiliiatiil  at  l'rinc<<ti>n  Colli-nf  in  177.V 
 
 Crawford,  Rev.  John  Ajrnow,  D.  D.,  in  the 
 olili-«t  chilli  of  |{cv  .<.  W  <  r.i»riiril,  ii.n.,  and  Mr«. 
 Jane    .Kgifcw    Cniwi'onl.      Hin   father,  born  in  .Siiith 
 
 C'oroliiui,  in  17!Mi,  won  a  dititingui.shed  minister  of  the 
 Keformi-d  I'n-sbj-teriail  Cliurch,  and  smfeiwively 
 pastor  of  chun-hcA  of  that  denomination  in  Conocu- 
 '  cheiigue,  ncsir  ChamlM-rsburg,  I'a.,  and  the  Sifond 
 and  Fourth  Kcfurnu-d  I'reMbyterian  churches  in 
 I'hiladclphia.  He  wxs  eminent  a.s  an  educsitur, 
 and  fur  many  yiiirs  l'rinci|i:d  of  the  Acailemi- 
 Kil  Di'iKirtiiicut  of  the  I'niversity  of  I'eniLsylvania, 
 ax  Well  as  I'mfi-jv^ir  in  the  Theologii-d  S<-niinjirv  of 
 tlie  Reformed  I'nwbyteriiui  C'hun-h.  He  died  at 
 Alhindule,  nesir  CliamlierKburg,  li<7(t.  HLs  Hon,  J. 
 Agnew  Crawford,  wa»  Ijom  in  Philadelphia,  1822, 
 and  wu«  educated  under  his  father's  care  until  he 
 ent«'n-<l  the  University  of  I'eniLsylvania,  where  he 
 gntduatcd,  Ir^X.  AI1<T  studying  in  the  TheoliH^cal 
 Seminary  of  the  Itcfornied  I'n-sbytcrian  I'hunli,  he 
 Wiis  li(vn.se<l  t4>  pn-ach  by  the  riiiladclphia  I'resbytery, 
 .Vugu.st  l.'ith,  l-Tl,  and  w:i()  iinlained  at  Milton,  I'a., 
 18-17,  Itecuming  |iiLst<>r  of  flie  Kefurmed  1'n-j.byterian 
 Church  in  that  place,  and  al\erwartU,  of  the  ICcl'urmcd 
 I'niibyterian  churclicji  in  Xenia,  O.,  and  linioklyn, 
 N.  Y.  In  180"7  he  iK-ci'pted  a  cjill  to  the  Falling 
 Spring  Church,  Cluimliersburg,  I'a.,  of  which  he  is 
 now  (I88;i)  the  jKLstor. 
 
 Dr.  Crawford  is  generally  considered  a  preacher  of 
 n-markable  exc-elleniv.  His  style  of  com)iiisition  is 
 tcrx',  luniinuuH,  energetic,  and  sivirkling  with  fresh 
 and  brilliant  thought.  The  views  of  truth  and  duty 
 which  he  pn-sj-nt.s  arc  thon>ughly  evangi-liad.  Al- 
 though fnijuently  iuIUhI  upon  to  pn^ich  on  public 
 oc<::iHiorui,  he  luiM  given  but  little  to  the  press.  Among 
 the  proiluctioiis  of  his  pen  may  lie  mentioned,  "  A 
 Thanksgiving ."vTnion,"  "The  Nation  and  the  Chun-h 
 Congr.itulati-il,"  •' The  Knyal  Hurial." 
 
 Creed,  The  Atxsstlea'.  This  was  nut  written 
 by  the  .\|»i-.ilrs,  but  wxs  gniilually  lonni-il,  by  t-oni- 
 mon  con.s<<Mt,  nut  of  the  Ciint'essionsadiipti-il  st-verally 
 by  (Ktrticular  churches,  and  iL-u-d  in  the  n-ccption  nf 
 memlM'iH.  It  n-iu'ht-tl  its  present  form  ami  univer- 
 sal usi-  aiiuing  all  thechun-hcK,  about  the  cloxc  of  the 
 srcnnd  o-ntury.  Tliin  Cre<-d  was  ap|M-nded  to  tlu- 
 Shortcr  Catcchi.sni,  together  with  the  Ixnl's  IV.iyer 
 and  Ten  CiinimandmentM,  in  the  first  (-<lition  pul>- 
 liNhetl  by  order  of  I'urliament,  "  not  as  though  it 
 wen»  i-i>mi>os<sl  by   the   .\|>ostli-s,  or   ought  to    U-  i-s- 
 
 tremi-41  canonimi  .^vriplun- but  )m-<?>U.-«-  it  is 
 
 a  brii-f  sum  of  Christian  faith,  agn-i-able  to  the  Word 
 of  God,  and  anciently  n-o-ivetl  in  the  chiirrhi-M  of 
 Chriiil."  It  was  n-taim-d  by  the  franiers  of  our 
 Constitution  as  part  of  the  Catechism  (.\MM>nibly's 
 I^igi-xt.  p.  11 1.      It  is  OH  follows: — 
 
 "  I  ln-lieve  in  (rod  the  Father  Almighty,  Maker  of 
 hiiiven  and  eiirth,  and  in  Ji-hiih  Christ  His  only  .Son 
 our  lyiinl,  who  was  conif-ivcd  by  the  Holy  (ihost, 
 Imrn  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  sufTensl  under  I'ontius 
 I'ilatc,  wiis  cnicitlisl,  ib-iwl,  and  buriisl.  He  di-mvndeil 
 into  hell  (Hiuli-si;  tiio  third  d.iy  He  nise  og-tin  fn>m 
 the  drtul,  He  nM-i-ndisl  into  hiiiven.  and  sittclh  at  the 
 right  liand  of  (iimI  the  Father  .\Imighty,  (Turn  tliencn 
 
CEEIGH. 
 
 165 
 
 CROSBY. 
 
 He  shall  come  to  judge  the  quick  luul  the  dead.  I 
 helicve  in  the  Holy  Ghost,  the  Holy  Catholic  Church, 
 the  coinmuuion  of  saints,  the  forgiveness  of  sins,  the 
 resurrection  of  the  body,  and  the  life  everlasting. 
 Amex." 
 
 Creigh,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  was  lM)rn  at  Landis- 
 burj;,  I'lriy  county,  Pa.,  Sciitenibcr  9th,  1808.  He 
 graduated  at  Dickinson  College,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  in 
 1828,  and  studied  theology  under  the  care  of  his 
 pastor,  Rev.  George  Dufficld,  D.n.,  and  at  Princeton 
 Seminary.  After  being  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Carlisle,  April  12th,  1831,  he  continued  his  studies, 
 and  for  a  time  supplied  the  pulpit  of  his  ))a,stor  in  his 
 absence.  Having  accepted  a  call  to  th<'  pa.storate  of 
 the  Upper  West  Conococheague  Church,  at  Mercers- 
 burg,   Pa.,  he   was   ordained   and   installed   in   that 
 
 THOMAS   CUEIOn,    D.  D. 
 
 place,  by  Carlisle  Presbj-tery,  November  17th,  18:?1. 
 This  was  his  lirst,  his  last  and  his  only  charge.  He 
 continued  to  be  pastor  of  this  church  until  he  was 
 rolejised  by  death,  after  more  than  forty-eight  years  of 
 constant,  a.ssiduous,  faithful  labor.  His  death  occurred 
 April  21st,  1880,  in  the  seventy-second  year  of  his  age. 
 Dr.  Creigh  was  a  singularly  pure  man,  excmjilary 
 in  life,  devotional  in  spirit,  earnest  and  faitliful  in 
 pulpit  and  pa.storal  duty,  content  with  his  place  and 
 his  wo'.k,  .seeking  no  higher  honor  or  reward  than  to 
 bring  .souls  to  Christ  and  to  build  up  the  church  in  a 
 true  faith.  And  this  honor  he  received.  His  labors 
 we're  largely  blessed.  In  ecclesia-stical  judicatories 
 he  was  wise  in  counsel,  and  had  acquired  large  influ- 
 ence. Take  him  all  in  all,  he  wa.s  as  nearly  a  model 
 pastor  and  preacher  as  can  anywhere  be  found. 
 
 Critchlo-w,  Benjamin  C,  D.D.,  was  the  son 
 of  David  and  Margaret  Coe  Critchlow,  and  was  born 
 December  14th,  1807,  in  Butler  county,  Pa.  His 
 classical  education  was  commenced  in  Jefferson 
 College,  Canonsburg,  Pa.,  and  finished  in  the  Wi'stern 
 University,  Pitt.sburg,  by  which  institution  he  was 
 graduated,  in  18154.  His  theological  preparation  was 
 had  in  the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  Allegheny. 
 He  wa.s' licensed  in  1837,  by  the  Presbj-tery  of  Ohio, 
 in  Pittsburg,  and  ordained  in  1838,  by  the  Presbj'tery 
 of  Beaver,  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Church  of 
 Slippery  Kock.  From  1841  his  time  was  divided 
 between  the  churches  of  Slippery  Rock  and  New 
 Brighton,  and  for  seven  years  from  1843  his  time  was 
 divided  between  the  churches  of  New  Brighton  and 
 Beaver.  In  the  former  of  these  churches  the  greater 
 portion  of  his  ministerial  life  was  spent.  For  thirty- 
 three  years  it  w;is  the  field  of  his  zealous  and  efficient 
 labors.  In  1875  he  removed  to  Greenrille,  Mercer 
 county.  Pa.,  and  continued  to  serve  the  church  in 
 that  place  for  five  years,  when  the  infirmities  of  age 
 constrained  him  to  resign.  He  continued,  however, 
 to  preach  occasionally  in  vacant  and  feeble  churches 
 until  his  death,  which  occurred  at  the  residence  of 
 one  of  his  daughters,  ^Irs.  N.  J.  Chandler,  Rochester, 
 Pa.,  Friday,  April  21st,  1882,  in  the  seventy-fourth 
 year  of  his  age. 
 
 Dr.  Critchlow  was  scrupulously  neat  in  dress,  a 
 little  above  the  average  height,  of  impressive  pres- 
 ence, with  a  sjnnpathetic  heart,  the  tenderness  of  his 
 prayers  always  engaging  the  feelings  of  the  worshiper. 
 Though  his  .sermons  were  methodic  and  instructive, 
 he  used  no  notes  in  the  i)uli)it.  Indeed,  he  would 
 labor  in  revivals  of  religion  in  churclu'S  adjiRcnt  to 
 his  own,  for  ten  days  or  two  weeks,  pre:iching  twice 
 each  day,  without  having  taken  a  single  manuscript 
 from  home.  At  such  times  his  sermons  were  emi- 
 nently earnest,  spiritual  and  searching.  He  was  an 
 excellent  singer,  possessing  a  voice  of  great  sweetness 
 and  compass.  Having  had  experience  as  a  le;uler  of 
 a  prominent  choir  in  his  early  days,  his  knowledge 
 of  music  gave  him  jin  advantage  which  his  minis- 
 terial brethri'U  often  envied.  Some  will  remember 
 how,  in  revival  .services,  after  having  preached  on  the 
 blind  man's  prayer,  he  intensified  the  impression 
 by  singing,  while  still  standing  before  the  jwople, 
 the  old  hymn,  commencing — 
 
 "  Mercy,  O  thou  son  of  David  ; 
 
 Thus  tho  Mind  Biirtiiiii'Uis  cried." 
 
 Crosby,  Ho-ward,  D.D.,Iili.D.,  was  born,  Feb- 
 ruary 27th,  182G,  in  the  city  of  New  York.  He 
 graduated  at  the  New  York  University,  in  1844,  and 
 studied  theolog\-  privately.  In  1859  he  was  elected 
 to  the  Pr(lfe,s.sorship  of  Greek  in  the  NewVork  Uni- 
 versity, and  in  1861  to  the  Profes.sorship  of  the  same 
 language  in  Rutgers  College,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 
 He  was  ordained  bv  the  Presbvterv  of  New  Bruns- 
 wick,  in  18G1,  and  added  the  pastorate  of  X\\e  First 
 Presbv-terian  Church   to  his  duties   at   the   College. 
 
CBosiiy. 
 
 liki 
 
 CKOTIIERS. 
 
 Ho  MPao  callfd  tu  the  Fourth  Avi-niic  I'rwbytorian 
 Church  (Ibniu-rly  tlie  I!li-f<-k«T  Stni-t  Church  i,  New 
 York,  in  March,  Mil,  where  he  8till  nmtiniics,  fiiith- 
 lul,  uncl'ul  iinil  iM'Uivtil.  , 
 
 Dr.  Crosthy  is  »  gc-ntlem:ui  ol"  kinti  Kpirit,  and  dig-. 
 nitied,  yet  cordial  munner.  He  is  frank  and  fearless 
 iu  the  utterance  of  his  wntinients  and  in  tlie  dis- 
 clmrjse  of  duty.  He  is  extensively  known  for  his 
 varied  and  jinifouud  U'arnitiu.  .\s  a  I'rofi'ssor  of 
 (Jreck,  he  wiLS  a  most  succi-ssful'  ti^iicher,  and  his 
 attuinmcnts  in  this  jurticuhir  hninch  of  study  are  of 
 the  first  order.  .\s  a  jircachcr,  lie  iss4>lenin,  iiLstruct- 
 ive,  impressive.  He  aims  not  at  display,  hut  vigor- 
 ously grapples  with  the  reason  of  his  hearers.  His 
 power  is  in  systematic  argument,  in  the  irrefutable 
 maxims  of  logic,  and  in  Christian  zeal.      He  is  deeply 
 
 HOWAmD  ca<>«IT.  O.  D  .  LL.  ■• 
 
 in  ninie«t,  and  it  iit  evident  to  his  audience  (hat  his 
 nmstant  and  controlling  aim  is  to  bring  men  to,  and 
 linilil  tlii'iM  lip  in,  the  saving  kiio»lc<lgeof  the  truth. 
 His  ministry  has  Ui-ii  signally  bleswsl. 
 
 I)r.  Cnwliy  has  had  the  lulvantagi'  v(  travel  in 
 foreign  LiikIs.  He  piililishi  <l,  in  KMI,  a  IsMik  of 
 Oriintal  travel,  eiitltleil  "Ijiiuls  of  the  .Mimlein  ;  " 
 in  KM,  an  edition  of  oni'  of  the  plays  of  .Sipliis-les  ; 
 and  in  X'^U,  his  "  Commentary  <if  the  New  Testa- 
 ment." He  has  iM'^-n  a  eonslant  ciiiitributor,  for 
 forty  yinirM,  to  the  b-iuling  n-view*  and  ]il'riiMliciils 
 and  the  n-ligious  pnio,  and  has  isMiii-«l  niimeniiis 
 valuable  iKimphlets  on  thisilogical,  claxnicskl  and 
 wlimttiiiiial  siiliji'jis.  Ill  I>70  he  wiis  elei'leil  Chan- 
 «vllor  of  the  Cniversity  of  New  York.  In  1^7:i  hi' 
 was  chotu'ii   Mislerator  <if  the   lienenil    .XsM-mbly,  ut 
 
 Baltimore,  and  presided  over  the  deliberations  of  the 
 Issly  with  great  dignity,  cllicieney  and  act'eptable- 
 ness.  He  is  very  faitliliil  in  his  attendance  upon  the 
 jiulitytorics  of  the  Church,  Utkes  a  prominent  Juirt  in 
 their  tninsiK'tion.s,  and  by  his  courteous  manner, 
 sound  judgment  and  admirable  power  of  discussion, 
 wicULs  a  iMiteiit  iiilliienct-. 
 
 Cross,  Rev.  Andrew  Boyd,  is  the  dest.'eudaiit 
 of  a  faithful  l're.sb\terian  ancestry.  He  w;ls  Ijorn  in 
 Ualtimore,  .Md.,  NovemlK-r  12th,  IrtlU;  gr.ulu:ite<l  at 
 the  College  of  New  Jerju'V  in  IKtl;  studied  llieologv- 
 at  I'rinceton,  and  was  ordained  by  the  I'ri'sbytery  of 
 Ibiltiiuore,  .Vugust  :51st,  1>':IT.  His  splieri-s  of  lalsjr 
 luive  Ik-cii  :ls  follons  :  >Ii.ssionary  in  .Maryland  and 
 Dehiwarc,  183-1;  As.sociate  Editor  of  the  Baltimore 
 LiUrnry  and  Itrligious  Miigazinr,  IKlTy— II;  ]KLstor  at 
 Bethel,  Md.,  IKH— 1.>;  lC»litor  of  Maryland  Tcmprr- 
 aiicc  Iltrald,  l(^|.>-49;  stated  supjtly  at  .\shland, 
 I'hu.'ui.x,  I'arkton,  New  Market,  etc.,  If^-Mj:!.  Mr. 
 Cross  is  still  a  missionary,  and  resides  in  Itiltimore. 
 He  is  the  friend  of  all  sound  reforms,  and  siK-eially 
 active  in  promoling  the  cuilsc  of  Sablxitli  obsirvance. 
 He  is  a  faithful  Tn-sbyter.  As  a  preacher,  he  is 
 earnest  and  impressive,  and  fearless  and  forcible  in 
 prtslaiming  the'  whole  cuuilscI  of  t«Kl. 
 
 Cross,  Rev.  Robert,  wiis  lx>rn  near  lijillykelley, 
 Ireland,  in  UiXi).  He  received  Ixith  his  acadeini»d 
 and  theologicjd  e<luir:ition  in  his  native  country,  and 
 cami'  to  .\inerica  when  he  was  not  far  from  twenty- 
 eight  years  of  agi\  March  ITlh.  171!).  he  was  ordained 
 and  installed  ]KLstor  of  the  Church  at  New  Ca.stle,  by 
 the  l'n-sbyt<'ry  of  New  C;tstle.  On  the  ISth  of  S«'p- 
 temlH-r,  17"j;i,  he  receivitl  a  will  to  settle  over  the 
 Presbyterian  congregation  at  Jamaica,  I..  1.,  and- Ih'- 
 tween  that  ilate  and  Ik'tolHT  lutli  I'ollowiiig,  he  took 
 charge  of  the  Chiiri'li  in  Jaiiiaiut.  Here  hii«  ministry 
 WILS  highly  succi-ssful,  and  attended  by  aeonsiderable 
 revival  of  nligioii.  The  Kev.  .lames  M.  Macdonald, 
 Nn)>sii|ui'nlly  a  luLstor  of  thesiiine  church  says,  "  it  is 
 evident  that  he  was  very  highly  <'st<'<'m<il,"  and  "  wie* 
 one  of  the  most  pnmiineiit  and  inllueiitial  luinisters 
 of  the  d;iy  in  which  he  I i veil."  Mr.  Cross  aw-epttil 
 a  call  to  the  First  Church  in  I'hilailelpliia,  joiiic<l  the 
 rhilikilelphia  Presbytery,  .May  '2!»th.  17:r7,  and  wxs 
 installed  im  the  llith  of  NovemlM-r  following.  The 
 installation  sermon  was  pn-aclusi  by  the  Kev.  Mr.  .\n- 
 drews,  with  whom  he  wass<'ttl<ti  as  a  iidle^igue.  Mr. 
 Cross resigiii'tl  his  jiastoral  charg<'.Iune  'i'M,  17,V<,  and 
 diinl  in  .\ugiisl,  17(U;.  The  following  tt'stimony  to 
 his  elwraeler  ap|H'ars  on  his  gnivt-stone:  "Heev- 
 ivIIihI  in  prudi'iic*'  and  gravity,  and  a  gi'ni'nil  dejHirl- 
 ineiit,  wii«este<-iii«sl  for  his  learnol  w<|iiainlance  w  itii 
 the  Holy  Scriptiims  and  long  iu-c<iunt<-<l  one  of  (he 
 most  ri'sjw-ctable  ministers  in  the  Frovincr."' 
 
 Crothors,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  wan  Uirn  m-ar  Cham- 
 liersbiirg,  Franklin  county,  I'a.,  (K'IoImt  "JAl,  17<t. 
 In  n**?  his  father  n-movisl  (<>  1^'xiiigton,  Ky.  He  was 
 (sliinit>-<l  at  (he  aiiiilemy  in  that  |>la<'<',  and  iiiii(i'<l  with 
 till'   AswM'iate   Keformisl  Church  there.       He  studiol 
 
CEOWE* 
 
 167 
 
 CRYER. 
 
 theology  in  the  New  York  Theological  Seminary,  then 
 under  the  superintendence  of  Dr.  .Mason.  Licensed 
 by  Kentucky  Prcsl)yt<Ty,  Xovcmlx-r  9th,  180!).  The 
 next  year  he  spent  in  missionary  labors  in  Ohio, 
 Kentucky  and  Illinois.  From  1810  he  was  settled 
 in  the  churches  of  Chillicothe  and  Greenfield,  betvrcen 
 two  and  three  years.  In  ISKilie  l(;t"t  Chillicothe,  and 
 gave  Greenfield  all  liis  laljors,  tor  five  j'ears.  In  1818 
 he  removed  to  Kentucky,  but,  in  1820,  returned  to 
 (ircenfield,  where,  fronv  most  of  his  old  parishioners, 
 who,  like  himself,  wished  to  change  their  ecclesias- 
 tical relations,  he  organized  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
 of  which  he  remained  pastor  until  his  death  (July 
 20th,  1856),  a  period  of  more  than  thii-ty-si.K  years. 
 As  a  man  of  intellect  Dr.  Crothers  stood  with  a  very 
 high  order.  As  a  writer  he  was  neat,  concise  and 
 vigorous.  As  a  preacher  he  was  eminent.  There 
 was  a  wonderful  richness  in  his  discourses.  It  was 
 impossible  to  hear  him  without  feeling  the  conviction 
 that  his  soul  basked  in  the  light  of  and  drew  its  life 
 from  the  Cross,  and  that  he  esteemed  it  his  highest 
 honor  to  luifold  its  glories  to  his  fellow-men. 
 
 Crowe,  John  Pinley,  D.  D.,  the  second  son  of 
 Benj.  Crowe,  a  soldier  and  officer  in  the  Revolutionary 
 War  from  Virginia,  was  lx)rn  June  IGth,  1787,  in 
 Green  county,  Teun.,  then  a  frontier  .settlement  of 
 North  Carolina.  In  1802  his  father  removed  to 
 Bellevue,  JIo.  Ho  attended  Transylvania  University, 
 Ky.,  1>'11-12;  was  a  .student  at  Princeton  Seminary 
 1814-15;  licensed  181(i,  and  ordained  to  the  ministry 
 in  1817  by  the  Presbytery  of  Louisville.  He  labored 
 as  pastor,  editor  and  teacher  in  Kentucky  till  1823, 
 when  he  removed  to  Hanover,  Ind.,  and  became  the 
 l)astor  of  that  church.  Was  psistor  there  from  1823 
 to  1834,  and  stated  supply  from  18;?8  to  1847. 
 
 In  ls27  he  foundiil  Hanover  .Vciidemy,  under  the 
 auspices  of  Madison  Presbytery,  which  in  lKi3  be- 
 came Hanover  College.  He  continued  in  connection 
 with  tliis  Institution  as  teacher.  Professor  and  Vice- 
 president  till  his  death,  January  17th,  18(!(l.  He  was 
 the  editor  and  manager  of  the  "  Abolition  IiiMligenccr 
 and  Minnionartj  Magazine,"  published  at  Shelbyville, 
 Ky.,  one  of  the  earliest  magazines  of  the  kind  pub- 
 lished in  this  country,  in  1822-23;  and  left  a  MS. 
 History  of  Hanover  College. 
 
 Dr.  Crowe  Wius  a  faithful,  -humble  and  successful 
 preacher  and  pastor,  was  devoted  to  his  work,  and 
 his  labors  were  freiiuently  bles.sed  with  revivals.  He 
 was  a  worthy  companion  of  Johnson,  Dickey,  Martin, 
 and  others  in  the  pioneer  mission  work  in  Southern 
 Indiana.  His  great  work  was  the  founding  and 
 fostering  of  Hanover  College,  to  which  institution  he 
 g;i\c  all  his  energies  and  wisdom  for  a  third  of  a 
 century.  During  his  la-st  sickness  he  frequently 
 repeated  the  words  of  2  Tim.  i,  2,  "I  know  whom  I 
 have  believed,"  etc.,  and  by  the  faith  of  the  gosjx-l 
 g:«ined  a  triumph  over  death.  Two  of  his  sons  became 
 ministers,  and  four  of  his  daughters  became  ministers' 
 wives,  one  of  whom  was  a  missionary  to  China. 
 
 Cro-well,  James  M.,  D.D.,  is  a  son  of  Elisha 
 Crowell.  who  was  for  about  thirty  years  a  druggist 
 and  apothecary  in  Phila<lel])hia.  He  was  born  in  that 
 city,  June  9th,  1827.  He  graduated  at  the  College  of 
 New  Jersey  in  1848,  about  fourth  in  a  class  of  eighty 
 students.  A\niilc  in  college  he  was  elected  by  his 
 cla-ssmates  editor  of  the  Nas.sau  Litemry  Mai/azine, 
 and  by  the  American  Whig  Society  w:us  chosen  one 
 of  four  Junior  Orators  to  represent  the  Society,  in 
 competition  with  four  from  the  ('liosoi>hic  Society,  at 
 the  Centennial  Commencement  of  the  college.  After 
 his  graduation  he  taught  for  a  year  in  the  Academy 
 at  West  Chester,  Pa. ,  and  then  entered  the  Theological 
 Seminary  at  Princeton,  where  his  course  of  study  was 
 ended  in  Hay,  18.')!.  On  June  3d,  18.")1,  he  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Upper 
 Octorara,  Chester  Co.,  Pa.,  where  he  remained  for 
 nearly  six  years,  gi-eatly  beloved  by  his  congregation 
 and  ])rospered  in  his  labors.  From  May  Kith,  ]~i.")7, 
 until  Jlay  olh,  1S(;9,  he  was  pa.stor  of  the  Seventh 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Philadelphia,  and  labored  with 
 great  fidelity,  both  as  ])reacher  and  pastor,  among  an 
 attached  people  For  about  a  year  and  a  half  from 
 the  date  last  mentioned  he  was  pastor  of  St.  Peter's 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  where  his 
 labors  were  ble.s.sed,  and  tliin  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 Woodland  I'resbyterian  Church,  West  I'hiladeljihia, 
 where  he  remained  for  about  twelve  years,  faithful  in 
 labor,  and  beloved  by  his  fioek. 
 
 Dr.  Crowell  is  a  cultivated  gentleman,  an  exemplary 
 Christian,  a  good  preacher,  and  highly  esteemed  by 
 all  who  know  him.  In  1864  he  W!is  elected  a  mem- 
 ber of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  College  of  New 
 Jersey,  and  has  ret;iined  that  position  ever  since.  He 
 has  also  been  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Board  of 
 Home  JIis.sions,  of  the  Board  of  Education,  and,  for 
 more  than  twenty  years,  of  the  Board  of  Publication, 
 of  which  he  has  for  several  years  been  a  Vice-Presi- 
 dent. Dr.  Crowell  is  at  present  Secretary  of  Missions 
 in  the  American  Sunday-school  Union. 
 
 Crowell,  John,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  Philadel- 
 phia, Pa.,  June  22d,  1814.  He  gradiuited  at  New 
 Jersey  College  in  1834,  and,  after  teaching  elsewhere 
 for  a  time,  was  Tutor  in  that  Institution,  183(>-7.  Ho 
 Wiis  ordained  by  the  Third  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia, 
 June  .")th,  1840,  after  which  he  was  p;ustorand  teacher 
 at  West  Chester.  Pa.,  18  IO-,")0.  Subseiinently  he  wxs 
 pastor  of  the  Second  Church,  Orange,  N.  J.,  18.50-63, 
 and  pastor  of  Drawyer's  Church,  Odes.sa,  Delaware, 
 1867-78.  He  now  resides  at  Orange,  N.  J.  Dr. 
 Crowell  is  an  earnest  and  exemplary  Christian,  and  a 
 forcible  and  faithful  preacher.  He  hius  been  blessed 
 in  his  ministry,  and  is  esteemed  by  his  brethren,  and 
 by  all  the  churches  of  which  he  has  had  charge. 
 
 Cryer,  Rev.  Samuel  S.,  was  born  November 
 9th,  1S.-)|),  at  Ko<k  Island,  111.  He  graduated  from 
 Oberlin  College  in  1873,  with  the  honor  of  the  Greek 
 oration  of  his  cliuss.  Here  h&  remained  its  Greek 
 instructor  for  one  year,  after  which  he- pursued  his 
 
CVLBERTSON. 
 
 168 
 
 cnrmNGS. 
 
 thc<>l<>Kiuil  Ktiitlii'X  lit  I'riiui'tnn  Scniinnrv.  auil  the 
 wniiiiarr  <>f  tin-  Xnrtliwrst  ut  C1ii(nt;o.  After  (fru<l"- 
 ntiiiK  ut  tlu'  liilttT  Iimtitiition,  he  nccppt<-cl  n  eall  to 
 theChurrh  at  Warn-ii,  III.  lie  wtm  liei-as«'<l  liy  Portu- 
 moiitli  I'ri-sliytery  in  lheS|>riii({nl"  l-CT.  anil  iinliiiniHl 
 anil  installeil  by  the  I'resliytiTV  ol'  rrii-|M>rt.  in  (k-to- 
 IdT.  the  Niinie  year.  With  thin  ehiireh  he  remaine<l 
 the  raithl'iil  |iii.st<ir  anil  niini.Mer  till  Januury,  18H1. 
 On  NovenilKr  i'tli.  l'^"!.  lie  »iu<  installeil  over  the 
 Central  Chiireli  of  UiH-k  Islanil.  111.,  of  wliieli  lie  Ntill 
 ha."i  iliariji'.  Mr.  t/rver'.M  ininiKtry,  thus  far,  in  the 
 wvenil  eliiireliiw  he  Iiiih  wrved.  ha«  been  character- 
 i»'il  hy  (treat  earne.fliiess,  ilevotioii.  and  sueeess.  He 
 i.s  a  really  wmionizer,  and  a  lliient.  ]ilensjint  spejiker. 
 iKH-ply  eonvineed  hinisi'lf  of  the  truth  he  i>reaehe;<, 
 he  i~arrii-M  iiinvietion  to  others.  He  is  a  diligent 
 Ktuilent.  anil  a  I'oM-M'lenticiiis.  f:iitliful  |i:i.stor. 
 
 Culbertson,  Rev.  Matthew  Simpson,  w:is 
 Uirn  in  ('haiiilHTshiir)!,  I'a..  .January  l^th,  Hl!».  He 
 wa.seduiiited  at  the  L'nit<Hl  ."States  MilitJiry  Aeademy, 
 nt  West  I'oint.  New  York;  alter  si-rvinj;  a  full  course 
 of  yejirs,  and  whilst  enfjiiRed  as  a  Lieutenant  of 
 Artillery,  he  made  a  jirofi-Hsion  of  relijnon,  and 
 Hoon  afti'r  laid  down  the  sword  and  tixik  up  the 
 tVoMs.  Ileenteriil  the  Si'iiiiiiarv  at  I'rinii'ton,  X.  ■!., 
 where  he  ^nidiiated  in  l-'l  I,  iH-iiin  re^-.irdiil  hy  his 
 veninilile  iiistriiilor,  Hr.  HiMlye,  ilm  aiiinn};  the  fore- 
 most iiiiml"rs  of  the  Institution.  He  was  lieen.siil 
 liy  the  I'ri-sliylery  of  Carlisle  in  I"*!!,  and  simhi  after 
 ordaincil  hy  the  .name  I'reahyt«-ry  lui  a  miKsionary  to 
 China.  His  iiirei'r  a.s  a  missionary  was  niarki-il  by 
 extraordinary  devotion  and  ability.  In  the  midst  of 
 his  lalmrs  he  wim  taken  with  eholera,  and  after  a  Hhort 
 lUni'SH,  iliiil,  in  August,  l''(i-2. 
 
 Mr.  CullH'rt.soii  was  held  in  the  highest  esteem  by 
 nil  the  I'niti-slaiit  missionarii'^,  of  all  eeele.Hiastieal 
 eoiinii'tions  in  the  eommiinity  in  wliieli  he  lalM>reil 
 and  diiil.  He  was  a  man  of  a  meek  and  ijuiet  spirit, 
 and  ri'inarkable  for  his  sinKlenewi  of  aim  and  .stniiKlit- 
 forward  eiierK,v  and  industry  in  his  Master's  si-rviec. 
 lie  Met  lM-foni  himself  the  hiKlii'St  enils,  and  strove, 
 iMith  by  preju'hine  and  example,  to  Khirify  (!imI  in 
 theKiilvation  of  his  fillow-men.  He  lalsireil,  in  eon- 
 iD't'lion  with  the  late  l>r.  itriilp'man,  forwveral  years, 
 with  assiduity  and  |H'rsi'Veniiii-i',  in  prejuirini;  a 
 ri-vi-Mil  traiiHlatiiin  of  the  sarred  Si'ri|>liiri's  in  the 
 Chini-w  lanifiiaKe,  a  lalsir  of  love  whieh  he  repirdiil 
 as  the  KTiat  work  of  his  life,  and  it  was  n  sonn-v  of 
 es|Hi'ial  iiHisolatioii  to  him.  just  iH'fore  his de|iarturr, 
 tluit  (ioil  had  eiuibliil  him  to  complete  it.  He  also 
 wmte  n  work,  entilbil  "  Ihirkni'sM  in  the  Flower)" 
 Ijiiid."  In  the  trails  of  his  ehanw-ter,  and  hiii 
 Christian  life,  the  devotiil  missionary  was  an  ex- 
 anipli'.  rhalleiiKiiiK  at  oiio'  adminition  and  imitation. 
 
 OumminK.  Rev.  Alexander,  n:is  Uirn  nt 
 I'riihiild,  N.  .1.,  in  17i<!  Hi'  was  edui-atisl  under 
 his  maternal  iimle,  Uev.  .Samiii'l  Itlair,  and  stniliiil 
 tliisilocv'  with  his  iNistor,  the  K<  v.  William  Tennent. 
 I.iii-Dwil  by  the  Sew  Side  I'n-sbytery  of  Sew  Cimtle, 
 
 in  17|tJ  or  1747,  he  was  sent  by  the  Synod,  in  i-ompli- 
 ance  with  ]ireiiHini;  ri-qui-sts,  and  .sjK-nt  some  time,  in 
 AugiLsta  cimnty,  Virginia.  He  was  the  lirst  Presby- 
 terian minister  tluit  ])reacheil  within  the  liounds  of 
 Tenncsssee.  He  was  a  stated  supply  in  I'enn.sylvanin 
 for  some  time.  In  Oi-tolK-r.  17."><l.  he  w;is  ordained 
 by  Sew  York  Presbytery,  and  installeil  eollegiate 
 pastor  with  Mr.  PemlH'rton,  in  Sew  York.  Ileri', 
 his  clear.  disiTiminatiii);  mind,  his  habit.s  of  cli)i«e 
 study,  his  iiLstruetive  and  excellent  i>riailiinK.  his 
 liappy  faculty  of  disentaiiKlini;  and  inhibiting  difli- 
 cult  and  abtruse  subjects,  pe<-iiliarly  attracted  and 
 delighted  his  more  cultivati-d  hearers.  At  his  own 
 request  he  was  dismi.Ksed  from  this  cluirgi',  tJctolx-r 
 •2.-.th.  17.-..5. 
 
 In  fifble  health  and  with  little  prospc-ct  of  u.seful- 
 nes.s,  .Mr.  Cummiiig  riinained  without  chargi-  till 
 February  i'lth.  17til,  when  In-  wils  installiil  |Ktstorof 
 the  Old  South  Church,  in  IJoston.  He  died  .Vugust 
 •iCJiI,  170.'{.  Dr.  .'iewall,  with  whom  he  was  joined  as 
 coUengtie  in  Boston,  says  of  him  :  "He  w:is  full  of 
 prayer,  with  a  lively,  .active  siml,  in  a  feeble  lioily." 
 
 Cummin^s,  Rev.  Charles,  w:i.s  an  Iri.shman  by 
 birth,  and  came  to  .Vmerii'a  in  early  manhiNMl.  He 
 was  licensed  to  pryach  by  tin'  Pri-sbytery  of  Hanover, 
 .Vpril  Hth,  17(;7.  He  was  thoroughly  iilu«ilisl.  well 
 acquainted  with  I^itin.  (Ireek  and  Hebrew,  and  ]ii>s- 
 se.s.seil,  for  his  day,  a  very  large  and  valuable  libnirv. 
 He  was  installeil  jvtstor  of  the  Church  at  Sorth 
 Mountain,  in  Augusta  county,  Va.,  .May  14th,  17(57, 
 and  sustained  this  n-lation  live  years.  In  177*2  he 
 accepted  a  inU  from  the  Sinking  .'spring  and  ICbbing 
 Spring  congreg.it ions.  From  the  year  he  iiimmenced 
 pri'aching  at  Sinking  Spring,  up  to  almiit  the  year 
 I77li,  such  was  the  danger  from  the  Indians  that  the 
 men  never  went  to  church  willioul  IsMiig  armed  and 
 taking  thiir  families  with  them.  Mr.  Cumminipi' 
 uniform  habit  iK'fore  entering  the  ehun-li  w:is  to  take 
 a  short  walk  alone,  whilst  the  eongn-gatiim  wen; 
 Heating  theinwlves.  He  would  then  ri'tum,  hold  a 
 few  words  of  eonversiition  at  the  door,  with  Home  one 
 of  the  elders  of  the  church,  then  would  gravely  walk 
 through  the  crowd,  mount  the  stc|>s  of  the  pulpit, 
 ile|M>sit  his  rille  in  a  corner  near  him,  l:iy  otT  his  shot 
 |M>ucli,  and  iiimnienci-  the  solemn  serviii'sof  the  day. 
 Mr.  Ciimmings  died  in  March.  Hl'J,  in  nliout  the 
 eightieth  year  of  his  ap-.  "  He  was,"  mys  the  Hon. 
 David  CamplM'll.  "asini'«'re  and  exemplary  Chris- 
 tian, and  a  .lolin  Knox  in  hisenerg.v  and  ie:il  in  Rup- 
 port  of  his  own  particular  Church.  He  never  lost 
 night  of  his  object,  and  always  niarchi-il  dirwtly  up 
 to  it,  with  a  full  front  and  determineil  will.  He  per- 
 formed a  gn-at  deal  of  missionary  lalwir  through  nn 
 extensive  district  of  the  country  beyond  his  imme- 
 diate field,  which  was  of  il.s.'lf  large;  oiici-.  at  liiist, 
 going  into  Kentucky.  He  was  a  Pri'-sbylerian  of  the 
 old  stani)i.  rigid  in  his  faith,  strict  in  the  olxi-rvniH'e' 
 of  the  SiibUith,  and  faithful  in  tiailiiiu:  his  child- 
 n-n  and  MTviints  the  Catechism  ' 
 
CUifMIXS. 
 
 169 
 
 CUNNINGHAM. 
 
 Cummins,  Charles,  D.D.,  the  son  of  ChtirU-s 
 ami  Eliz:ibitli  (Boyd)  (.'\imniins,  was  born  in  Stras- 
 1)urg,  Lancaster  county,  I'a.,  July  l.">Ui,  17~(>;  gradu- 
 ated at  Dickinson  College,  in  18(10;  was  licensed  by 
 New  Ca-stlo  Preslivtery,  in  1801,  and  soon  after  was 
 ordained  and  inst^vlled,  by  the  same  Presbytery,  over 
 Chestnut  Level  and  Little  Britain  cluirches.  Here 
 belabored  from  1>I04  to  1808.  In  1808  he  became 
 pastor  of  the  Churcb  in  Florida,  X.  Y.,  and,  with  the 
 exce])tiou  of  a  year  which  lie  spent  in  Virginia,  as 
 agent  for  the  American.  Colonization  Society,  he  con- 
 tinued his  labors  in  Florida  until  181!),  when  he 
 resigni'd  his  p;ustoral  charge.  In  18.")"2  he  removed  to 
 JIu.scatine,  Iowa.  Dr.  Cummins  was  a  man  of  excel- 
 lent character.  He  possessed  good  mentjil  powers, 
 was  :i  succes.sful  and  laborious  pastor,  and  a  practical, 
 instructive,  and  forcible  preacher.  H<!  was,  in  the 
 highest  sense  of  the  terra,  a  Christian  gentleman,  and 
 to  the  close  of  his  life  ho  never  forgot  the  injunction, 
 "Be  courteous."  His  whole  life  w;ls  a  ])roof  that 
 God  is  faithful  to  His  promises,  and  to  th<-  bust  he 
 Wiis  a  living  witness  of  the  power  of  Christianity  to 
 make  one  eheerful  aiul  hapjiy. 
 
 Cummins,  Francis,  D.  D.,  was  the  sou  of 
 Charles  and  Rebecca  (McNickle)  Cummins,  and  was 
 born  near  Shippensburg,  Pa.,  in  the  Spring  of  1752. 
 When  he  was  in  his  nineteenth  year,  his  fa!her  re- 
 nuncd  to  Mecklenburg,  X.  C,  where  the  neighbor- 
 ing colli'ge,  then  called  "Queen's  Mu.seum,"  aftbrded 
 him  op])ortunity  for  his  higher  education.  Here 
 he  was  graduated,  about  the  year  lT7t!.  After  Icjiving 
 coUcgi!  h(^  Wius,  for  .several  years,  engaged  chiefly  in 
 the  business  of  teaching.  He  was  an  active  and 
 zealous  patriot  in  the  war  tliat  giive  us  our  independ- 
 ence. He  w;us  at  different  times  in  the  army,  and 
 was  engaged  in  several  battles.  He  was  pre-sent  at 
 all  the  Mecklenburg  Whig  meetings  of  177.5,  and 
 mingled  in  the  exciting  scene  of  the  reading  of  the 
 celebrated  Declaration  at  Mecklenburg  Court  House. 
 
 While  Mr.  Cummins  w;is  engaged  in  teaching  he 
 prosecuteil  Ms  th<<)logical  studies,  under  the  direction 
 of  the  Kev.  (afterwards  Dr.)  James  Hall.  He  w;i8 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Orange, 
 DccembiT  15th,  1780.  During  the  year  1781  he 
 preached  at  Hopewell  and  various  other  places,  and  in 
 the  S])ringofl78'.2  accepted  a  call  from  Bethel  Church, 
 in  the  adjacent  district  of  York,  S.  C,  where  he  was 
 ordained,  toward  the  close  of  that  year.  In  the  Spring 
 of  1788,  while  residing  at  Bethel,  both  as  the 
 pastor  of  a  church  and  tea<'her  of  the  yimth,  he  was 
 elected  by  the  people  of  York,  as  a  nu'mber  of  the 
 ,  South  Carolina  C(mventi(m  called  to  decide  uiJon  the 
 Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  though  uU  his 
 colleagues  were  for  rejecting  it,  he  voted  in  its  favor. 
 Dr.  Cummins  died  February  2-2d,  1832,  expressing 
 the  utmost  gratitude  that  he  had  been  permitted  to 
 preach  the  gospel,  and  the  most  joyful  conlidence 
 that  he  was  about  to  I'uter  into  rest.  He  w:is  an  able 
 and  well-read    theologian,   and   held   the  Calvinistic 
 
 system  with  gi-eat  tenacity.  His  kindness  and 
 sociability  toward  bis  junior  brethren  were  a  source 
 both  of  enjoynu'ut  and  ])rofit  to  them.  His  great 
 wisdom  and  experience  made  him  very  valuable  in 
 counsel.  He  published  very  little,  and  his  influence 
 will  be  transmitted  to  posterity  chiefly  through  the 
 living  men  whose  characters  he  moulded. 
 
 Cummins,  Rev.  John  L.,  the  son  of  Rev. 
 Charles  and  Sarah  Lisle  Cummins,  was  born  in 
 Florida,  N.  Y.,  in  1820.  He  att<>nded  Lafayette 
 Colleg(!  a  short  time,  and  sub.se<iuently  graduated 
 at  the  Law  School,  New  Haven,  Conn.  Hv  studied 
 theology  under  the  care  of  his  father,  and  passed 
 one  year  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary.  He 
 wiis  licensed  by  Hud.son  I'resbytery,  in  18,)0,  and 
 entered  upon  his  duties  as  a  minister  in  the  West- 
 minster Church,  Keokuk,  Iowa.  Mr.  Cummins  was 
 a  man  of  remarkable  talent  and  devoted  piety.  The 
 church  of  which  he;  took  charge  being  tV-ebli!  and 
 smroundccf  by  pec\iliar  diflicultics,  he  labor<'d  with 
 it  for  a  year  without  pecunian,- compens:iti(m.  He 
 donated  to  the  church  the  ground  upon  wbich  a  neat 
 house  of  worship  was  erected,  was  a  liberal  contribu- 
 tor to  the  erection  of  the  building,  saw  it  dedicated 
 and  tilled  for  a  few  Sabbaths,  and  then  his  brief  but 
 active  and  efficient  work  was  done,  and  he  w;is 
 called  to  his  rest,  February  20th,  18.'i2. 
 
 Cunningham,  Rev.  Alexander  Ne'wton, 
 D.  D.,  was  born  near  .Toncsboro,  Ka.st  Tennessee, 
 March  Kith,  1807.  He  gniduated  at  Washington 
 College,  Teun.,  in  1826,  taught  about  one  year  after- 
 wards, then  entered  Princeton  Seminary,  remaining 
 there  three  years.  He  was  licen.sed  by  Xew  Bruns- 
 wick Presbytery,  April  28th,  1830,  and  ordained  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  South  Alabama,  January  5th, 
 18.33.  He  was  stilted  supply  at  Montgonu-rv,  Ala., 
 from  1833  to  1830;  pastor  of  Augusta,  Ga.,  from 
 November  18th,  18,38  until  May  14th,  1842,  and  then 
 becjime  stated  supply  at  I'>anklin,  Tenn.,  from  1844 
 to  1858,  founding  also  the  Franklin  Fenudeln.stitute, 
 which  Ix'came  widely  known  and  eminently  useful. 
 From  1857  until  18G2  he  preached  in  the  Church  at 
 Shelbyville,  Tenn.,  and  at  various  neighboring  places 
 j  as  he  had  opportunity,  and  from  18G5  until  1872  he 
 i  resided  in  Franklin,  Tenn.,  a  part  of  the  time  work- 
 '  ing  ;us  a  Professor  in  the  Femah;  Institute  he  had 
 founded,  and  a  part  of  the  timeserving  the  Church 
 of  Ilar))eth,  and  afterwards  that  of  New  Hope,  as 
 st;ited  supply.  In  1872  he  removed  to  Fayetteville, 
 Tenn.,  where  he  preached  as  stated  sup])ly  until 
 about  1874,  after  which  he  removed  to  Aberdeen, 
 Miss.,  where  he  supplied  the  pulpit  until  his  death, 
 which  occurred  September  5th,  1878. 
 
 Dr.  Cunninghan  w;is  a  tall  man,  of  fine  presence, 
 an  excellent  preacher,  an  industrious  student  and 
 laborer,  of  gentle  and  attractive  manners,  warmly 
 beloved  by  all  who  knew  him,  and  successful  in 
 winning  many  souls  to  Christ.  ^\s  an  evidence  of 
 the  regard  in  which  he  was  held  by  those  on  whose 
 
CVSNINGHAM. 
 
 170 
 
 CVBTIS. 
 
 ht-hulf  111-  lahored,  it  may  he  iiienli«nf«l  that  in  tht- 
 Ihrif  vi'iirx  ■iiic<-<'«-<liii(;  tin-  dow  of  the  civil  war  he- 
 iiiiittti  ill  iiiarriiim'  vrry  miirly  a  liiimlrcU  of  flu- 
 vmiiii:  l:nlii-»i  who  luui  Ixt-ii  his  pupilH  at  some  former 
 ImtiimI. 
 
 CuDninisrbam,  Robert  M.,  D.D.,  wllh'<l  within' 
 thi'  iHiiiml-i  III  ihr  l'ri->liytiT.v  iil  AUilKiiiia  in  tlic  year 
 l^iJI.  lie  was,  liowrviT.  an  i-arly  :is  the  Spring  of 
 I'i-i:!.  pri'wnt  at  the  nKfting  of  I'rfsbyti'ry,  anil 
 |ir<-ach<-<l  the  o|ieninK  M-mion.  At. the  orj^anization 
 of  the  SviiimI  of  Mi.'wixsippi  and  Sonth  Alahaniu, 
 wliiili  (KTurreil,  l>y  tile  ap|Hiintiiieiit  of  the  (Jeneral 
 AsM-nilily,  at  Mayliew,  t'lim-taw  Nation,  Novenilier 
 11th.  If2!»,  Dr.  ('iiniiin<:halii  also  jireaehed  the  o|kmi- 
 ing  wnnoii,  ami  wils  i'Iiom'II  Moderator.  Very 
 few  men  ever  exhiliiled  more  of  elear  and  sound 
 intellect,  of  tender  and  ini'ltini;  |iatlios.  and  of  ImiIiI 
 and  manly  eliM|iii'n(-<-,  than  did  tlii.s  jiatriareh  of  the 
 Chnreh.  in  proelainiini;  the  newH  of  salvation  to  a 
 dying  world.  In  the  yejir  IKU),  woni  down  with 
 ynirs  anil  toil,  he  slept  with  his  father*,  and  w:ik 
 liiirieil.  iM'lovI-d  and  lamented  hy  all  who  knew  him. 
 
 Curtis,  Eleroy,  D.  D.,  wiw  the  eldi^st  of  eight 
 children  of  .lose|ili  and  .Mary  i.Iones)  Ciirlis.  and  w:ia 
 Nirii  ill  I'aiilett,  Vt.,  April  17th,  IHIU.  His  father 
 wilt  of  S«'oteh- Irish  cU's<'ent,  his  mother  of  the  l»e.it 
 I'liritan  stis'k.  llis  early  advantages  were  those 
 afforded  hy  the  comnion  si'hools  of  the  time.  }Iis 
 father  removed  to  Warren,  N.  Y.,  then  to  Ncwfield, 
 and.  in  1827,  to  Seipio,  S«-neta  county,  Ohio.  Until 
 eighti-en  yi-i»rs  of  age  Mr.  Curtis  laUired  with  his 
 fatliiroii  the  farm;  then  lut-ame  a  student  in  Huron 
 liiNtitule.  Milan,  one  of  the  In'st  classicjil  si-hiMils  in 
 Ohio.  He  was  i-oiivcrted  there  in  IH.'I".  He  taught 
 two  years  ill  Milan,  as  assistant  in  the  .\eadeniy,  and 
 ]irinci)Kil  of  the  village  scliisil.  He  entered  Western 
 Ki-sa'rvi- College  in  Wll,  and  was  gniduated  in  1'<-I.">; 
 was  rriiici]ial  of  the  |>re|Nknilorv  ile]iartment  of  the 
 college  threi-  yeiirs,  at  the  siime  time  pursuing  th<s»- 
 logieal  study  in  the  seminary;  was  lieens<il  to  preach 
 l>y  I'orlage  I'n-shytery,  .Inly  2^th,  I'' 17;  ordained 
 and  installed  (iitstor  of  the  I'ri-sliyterian  Chiirelr  at 
 Middleliiiry,  .SptemtsT  ."ith,  1*1";  l)e<iinie  jiastor  of 
 the  Se<i>iii|  l*r<-sliyterian  Clinn-h  at  Kort  Wayne,  Ind., 
 in  Septcmlsr.  1  ".Vl ;  ol  the  Kirst  ( 'oiign-gational  ( 'him'h, 
 .•sliirliiiriie,  N.  Y.,  in  l«<UI;  of  the  I'irst  I'n-sliyterian 
 •  'hiirch,  Newhiirg,  <  l.  I  now  S<nitli  I'n-shyterian  Church 
 of  Cleveland  I,  in  May,  l"«r7.  Kre<|uent  revivals  were 
 enjore<l  in  i-ai'h  of  tlii-M<  |Kistorates,  and  Home  of  them 
 of  greiit  powir,  an  at  Fort  Wayne  in  K>7,  and  in 
 Cleveland  in  l-TJ  anil  1X74.  He  has  lus'n  Statiil 
 Clerk  of  (leveland  I'n-sliytery  siiiii-  l'<7ll.  and  a  Triis- 
 ti-e  of  Western  |{e»i-rveColleg<>  njni'*'  ls7."i.  Mr.  Curtis 
 was  made  Ifcslor  of  Divinity  h.v  Marietta  Collegi-. 
 
 Curtis.  Harvey,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  Klisha  and 
 I{i'«igTi  (Clary)  Curtis,  »;is  Iwirn  in  .Vilanis,  \.  Y., 
 May  :tlHh.  I-^NI;  ediie:ited  at  Middh-liiiry  College. 
 Vermont:  griMliiateil  lit  rrinc<'toii  Thisilogintl  .S-nii- 
 nuT)-  in  \<U;  won  licvnMsl  hy  Troy  I'rwthylery,  lunl 
 
 ordainetl  hy  the  Hrandon  Congregational  Assts-iation, 
 Vermont,  in  the  Autumn  of  IKJo,  us  jmstor  of  the 
 Congregational  Church  in  Hrundon.  He  sulisi-- 
 quently  removed  to  the  West,  and  January  1st,  If^'J. 
 lie  visited  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  as  .\gent  for  the  Aiiieri- 
 Kin  ISoard  of  Coiiiini.ssioners  of  Foreign  Sli.ssions. 
 He  continued  in  this  work  until  the  .*»priiig  of  Hllt, 
 when  he  accepted  a  call  to  MailL-^ii,  Ind.  He  w:us  a 
 highly  siietr-ssful  and  jxipular  jKustor  there  for  als>ut 
 eight  yearx,  when  he  was  ciiUcd  to  the  First  I*resliy- 
 terian  Church  in  Cliicagu.  Here  he  laljoreil  .with 
 unusual  acceptance  and  u.sefulnc^,  until  he  was 
 c;illeil  to  the  rn-sidcncy  of  Kno.x  College,  Oaleshurg, 
 III.,  in  H.V1.  That  jiosition  he  lille<I  with  marked 
 ability  until  his  death.  .^'ptemlHr  1-th,  Irfi'i. 
 
 Dr.  Curtis  w:is  one  of  the  Church's  ablest  preachers, 
 J  wi.-s'st  couiisi'Uors,  ami  most  i-;irnest  workers.  He 
 w;ls  a  man  of  unusuallj-  .symnietri<-.il  mental  devel- 
 opment, u  good  scholar  in  every  ile)Kirtment,  a  vigor- 
 ous thinker,  a  ready  del»ater,  an  able  sermonizer.  He 
 was  modest  and  genial  in  his  spirit.  His  mini.sterial 
 brethren,  anil  the  jK-ople  to  whom  he  iireachiil,  not 
 only  admired,  but  loved  him.  His  ijiiiet  humor, 
 ready  sym|>atliy,  tact,  gissl  .si'iisi',  and  warm  interest 
 in  everything  |H'rtainiiig  to  Christ's  cause  and  jKiiple 
 niaile  liiin  one  of  the  )ilea.suntest  of  companions,  and 
 most  estimable  of  fricml.s. 
 
 Curtis,  "William  Stanton,  D.  D. ,  was  born  at 
 Burlington,  Vt.,  Augu-st  M,  1>^!(1.  His  early  years 
 were  spent  in  the  then  "  fur  West,"  since  his  father 
 ri'inoveil  t«i  Missouri  in  I'M!),  and  sulxsequently  to 
 Wisconsin  Territory.  He  w;is  gr.idiiati'd  at  Illinois 
 College  in  HIl".  His  theological  studiis  wen-  then 
 taken  at  New  Haven,  where  he  remaiiuil  thrtv  years. 
 After  supplying  for  one  year  the  I'irst  Congreg-ational 
 Church  of  KiK-kford,  111.,  he  l)eejime,  in  H4"i,  jKustor 
 of  the  First  Presbyterian  Chunh  at  Ann  Arlwir,  Mich., 
 which  heservwl  thirteen  years,  with  such  faithfulness 
 and  success  that  not  one  of  their  nunilier  was  found 
 willing  to  consent  to  his  removal,  when  he  w;ui 
 eli-<-teil,  in  \<t.'t  College  I'astor  and  Trol'i-Hsor  of  Monil 
 I'hiloHophy  at  Hamilton  CoUegi',  X.  Y.  A  Jiiirt  of 
 this  time  he  was  acting  l'rofes.s4ir  of  .Moral  and  Intcl- 
 liitiial  I'liilosophy  in  the  I'niversity  of  .Micliig:in. 
 His  marked  success  in  teaching  and  also  in  pn-ach- 
 ing  to  students  led  him  to  accept  the  i-ill  to  Hamilton 
 College.  Thire  he  siiececileil  e<iually,  but  llis  In-art 
 was  in  the  West,  and  in  l.SKl  he  resigned  to  lH'»'<uiie 
 Pr»wideiit  of  Knox  College,  Gak-sburg,  III.  There 
 he  remuineil  live  years,  vainly  striving  to  n-concile  the 
 iiinllicting  eli-ments  which  govermil  tliat  institntimi. 
 In  !"<!!»  he  was  installi-d  jiiistor  of  Wi~.t  mi  lister  Fn^- 
 byterian  Church  at  Kiskfonl,  III.  Alter  six  yejirs  of 
 sui-eessfnl  lalsir  he  n-signetl,  to  visit  lonigii  lands. 
 Siiict-  his  n-tiirn  from  abriKid,  n-sidiiig  among  his 
 own  Is'loviil  jM-ople  at  Kiskfonl,  he  li;is  supplied 
 vnciuit  churcheM  in  the  vicinity.  .\«  a  preacher,  Dr. 
 Curtis  is  metaphysical  and  profound,  yet  lucid  and 
 jMipular  in  style.      Of  his  tiiiching,  his  former  pupil. 
 
CVSHING. 
 
 171 
 
 CUYLER. 
 
 Dr.    lierrick   Johason,    s;iys:    "Order  ri'ifiiK-d  con- 
 spicuously.    The  stuilfiit  that  could  :iot  understand 
 him  w:is  an  idiot.     He  shot  straight.      He  stated 
 ohjections  with  scrupulous  fairness.     Occasionally  he 
 hurst  all  barriers  in  a  flood  of  eloquent  talk."     His  ' 
 integrity,  simplicity  and  good  judgment,  with  class-  j 
 ical  atfciinmcuts  and  edu(uitional  exj)erience,  render  ; 
 liim  a  wise  and  valued  counsellor  in  the  mauagement 
 of  the   Institutions   of  the    Presbyterian  Church  in 
 Xorthern  111.,   and  for  many  years  he  has   been   a- 
 Director  of  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the  North- 
 west. 
 
 Cushing,  Rev.  Jonathan  Peter,  was  born  at 
 Rochester,  X.  H.,  March  12th,  1793;  graduated  at  I 
 Dartmouth,  in  1817;  went  to  Virginia,  and  became 
 connected  with  Hampden  Sidney  College,  first  as  a 
 Tutor,  then  as  Professor,  and,  after  the  death  of  Dr. 
 Hoge,  in  18-iO,  as  President,  in  which  office  he  con- 
 tinued till  the  close  of  his  life,  April  2.5th,  18:?5.  He 
 adorned  every  relation  which  he  sustained. 
 
 Cutler,  Can-oil,  D.  D.,  was  born  January  31st, 
 1S2U,  in  WinJliam,  N.  H.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
 College,  in  1854,  fciking  the  third  honor  in  a  class  of 
 one  hundred.  After  spending  a  year  in  the  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  New  York,  he  served  as  Tutor 
 in  Yale  College  for  two  years,  at  the  s:ime  time  pur-  ! 
 suing  his  theological  studies,  and  was  licen.sed  to  J 
 preach  in  1858,  by  the  New  Haven  West  Association. 
 In  the  same  year  he  s;iiled  for  Europe,  and  studied 
 in  Germany,  at  the  Universities  of  Berlin  and  Halle. 
 Returning  in  18.59,  he  entered  upon  his  theological 
 studies  in  New  Haven,  afterwards  continuing  them 
 in  New  York  and  Princeton  seminaries.  He  was 
 appointed  Professor  of  Mental  Science  and  Rhetoric 
 in  Western  Reserve  College,  Hudson,  O.,  and  entered 
 upon  his  work  there  in  April,  1860.  On  the  death 
 of  President  Hitchcock,  he  was  elected  to  the  office 
 of  President,  in  1871,  and  retains  this  position  at  the 
 present  time.  By  virtue  of  his  office,  he  has  also 
 been  pastor  of  the  College  Church  since  1873,  when 
 
 Cuyler,  Theodore  Ledyard,  D.  D.,  was  bora 
 at  Aurora,  Cayuga  county.  X.  Y.,  January  10th,  1822. 
 He  graduated  at  Princeton  College  in  1841,  and  from 
 the  Theological  Seminary  in  184().  He  was  ordained 
 to  the  mini.stry  in  May,  1848,  while  a<-ting  as  the 
 stated  supply  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Burling- 
 ton, N.  J.  Soon  after,  being  called  to  the  pastoral 
 charge  of  the  Third  Presbvterian  Churc  h  of  Trenton 
 (jiLst  organized),  he  wa-s  installed  and  labored  there 
 until  May,  1853.  From  1853  to  IsCO  he  was  the 
 pastor  of  the  Market  Street  Keformcd  Dutch  Church, 
 in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  while  there  took  a 
 prominent  part  in  the  great  revival  work  of  1858.  In 
 April,  1860,  lie  was  in\-ited  to  become  the  first  pastor 
 of  the  Lafayette  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church,  of 
 Brooklyn,  which  rapidly  grew  to  be  one  of  the  largest 
 
 he  was  ordained  by  Cleveland  Presbytery.     The  col- 
 
 lege was  removed  to  Cleveland,  under  the  modified 
 title  of  "  Adelbert  College  of  Western  Reserve  i 
 University,"  and  opened  for  instruction  in  the  Fall  I 
 of  1882.  Dr.  Cutler  holds  his  position  as  President, 
 and  continues  his  work  as  an  eduuitor,  with  greatly 
 incre;use<l  facilities  and  large  prospects  of  usefulness. 
 As  a  student  and  educator  of  young  men,  Dr. 
 Cutler  enjoys  a  national  reputjition  for  ability, 
 culture  and  thorough  scholarship.  He  is  clear  and  | 
 forcible  as  a  thinker  and  writer,  and  is  always  heard 
 with  great  interest  when  he  preaches.  In  his  .social 
 intercourse  and  daily  walk  he  shares  the  confidence 
 of  all  his  a.s.sociates  and  a»'<iuaintances,  and  is  much 
 beloved  by  those  who  have  been  under  his  instruc- 
 tion. In  his  ecclesijistical  relations  and  intluence 
 President  Cutler  h;LS  proved  himself  most  worthy  of 
 confidence,  and  done  much  to  honor  Christ  and 
 advance  His  Church.  I 
 
 THEODOBE   LEDYARD    CCTLER,  ».  D. 
 
 in  our  communion,  and  has  sent  out  two  flourishing 
 colonies.  Their  edifice,  with  the  Sabbath-school  and 
 other  rooms,  is  a  model  of  spaciousness  and  con- 
 venience. 
 
 Dr.  Cuyler,  during  his  ministry,  has  received  into 
 church-fellow.ship  34.50  members,  of  whom  about 
 1500  were  on  confession  of  faith. 
 
 Although  devoted  untiringly  to  pastoral  visitation, 
 he  has  found  time  to  contribute  weekly,  to  the  various 
 leading  religious  journals,  a  greater  number  of  articles 
 than  any  settled  pastor  in  our  body.  These  articles, 
 nunjbering  over  two  thousand,  have  been  widely  re- 
 published in  Great  Britain  and  on  the  Continent, 
 and  translated  into  various  languages.  He  has  also 
 published  a  large  number  of  tracts,  especially  in 
 advocacy  of  the  Temperance  Reform,  in  which  he  has 
 always  been  deeply  interested.     In  the  pulpit,  on  the 
 
CVYLER. 
 
 172 
 
 DALE. 
 
 platfonu,  :iiiil  in  the  prciw,  \w  hjis  Imth  p«TjM'tiiully 
 active;  and  tliuugh  ul°  huiuII  and  fruil  figure,  has 
 enjoye<l  remarkable  health. 
 
 His  iM-st  known  volumes  are  the  "  Empty  Crib, " 
 '"Heart  Life,"  "The  Cedar  Christian,"  "Pointed 
 rajxTM  for  the  Christian  Life,"  "(Jod'.s  Lijtht  on 
 Dark  Clomls,"  and  a  lKK)k  of  travel,  "  From  ihe  Nile 
 to  Norway." 
 
 Durin);  hi.s  vacation  visits  abrojid  he  luis  addressed 
 larjje  eontirejrations  in  I»ndon  and  elsewhere,  and 
 has  iK-en  the  delepite  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  to 
 tlicGeuerul  A.ss<'mblics  of  Scotland  and  Ireland.  The 
 whole  aims  of  his  life  have  h<-en  inti'nsely  practical, 
 and  the  style  of  his  prea<hin(;  and  the  spiritual  char- 
 acter of  his  tlinilojg,' may  Ik- fairly  jnilj;ed  from  his 
 contributions  to  llie  reli^'ious  pre.s.s,  which,  for  more 
 than  a  quarter  of  a  century,  have  found  admission  into 
 nearl\  all  Christian  housi'holds. 
 
 Cuyler.CoraeliusC.D.D.,  wiLsborn  at  Albany. 
 N.  Y.,of  an  honored  Dutch  ancestry,  February,  l.'jlh, 
 17SJ.  He  gniduated  at  Union  College,  in  1806,  and 
 studied  theologj-  under  Drs.  Livingstone  and  Hass<>tt. 
 He  was  •ordained  pastor  of  the  Keformed  Dutch 
 Church  in  Poughkce|>sie,  .January  2<1,  ].'*U9.  Numer- 
 ous   revivals    occurred    under     his    ministry.     He 
 
 diflined  several  flattering  invitations,  but  in  obe- 
 dience to  tlie  apiurent  aill  of  Providence,  he  accepted 
 
 j  a  call  to  the  Second  Presbj-terijin  Church,  Philadel- 
 phiii,  and  was  installeil,  Janiuiry  llth,  1KV4.  Hi-re 
 he  continuctl,  highly  esteemed  and  lK-love<l,  till   his 
 
 "death,  which  occurred,  August,  ;n.st.  1850,  when  he 
 was  in  the  sixty-eighth  year  of  his  age. 
 
 j  Dr.  Cuyler  wnts  of  noble  ap|H'untnce,  being  six  feet, 
 two  inches  in  height.  He  had  a  manly,  vigoroiLs  and 
 well  cultivated  intellect.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
 kindliness  of  spirit,  and  delighted  to  do  what  he 
 could  to  render  cverylsMly  around  him  happy.  He 
 w;is  zeaUms  for  what  he  Ix-licvcd  to  he  the  truth, 
 while  yet  he  had  Christian  sym]iatliies  large  enough 
 to  embnu'c  all  the  real  followers  of  Christ.  He  wiis 
 dignilicd  yet  aft'able,  an  elegimt  scholar,  a  pi'rfcct 
 gentleman,  an  exemplary  Christian.  .\s  a  pn-acher, 
 he  was  unaflected,  earnest  and  persvuisive.  His  dis- 
 cours<-s  were  written  with  care,  and  clmractcrizeil 
 rather  by  purity  and  correctness  of  diction  than  by 
 
 I  imagination  and  ornament.     His  deliverv'  was  soIkt 
 
 '  and  free  from  extravagances.  His  death-lx-d  was 
 truly    edifying.       His    published    writings   consisted 
 
 ^  of   a    numbir    of   occa.sional    sermons    and   several 
 
 '  tracts. 
 
 D 
 
 Dabney,  Robert  L.,D.D.,  LL.D.,  was  Isim  in 
 Louisji  county,  Virginia,  Marih  ritli,  Is-Jo.  He  w;ls 
 a  stiulent  for  a  time  at  Ilani|Hlen  Sidney  Collide,  and 
 graduated  at  the  liiiversily  of  Virginia,  alter  which 
 he  was  euKiiged  in  teaching  two  years.  He  gradu- 
 aled  at  I'nion  Tlu-ological  Seminary,  Va.,  was 
 lir<ns<il  by  West  Hanover  Presbytery,  May oth,  1810, 
 and  ordained  by  Lexington  Presbytery,  in  July, 
 1817.  He  was  Pastor  of  Tinkling  Spring  Church, 
 Augusta  county,  Va.,  l8.|7->'>;!,  Profes,sor  of  Church 
 History  and  liovernment  in  Union  Si-minary,  Va,. 
 lK'):H«(i!»,  anil  of  Theologj-,  1M«!»-18-<1.  ||u  WiLS 
 eo-iKistor,  »ilh  Ibe  Kev.  Dr.  Smith,  of  the  College 
 t'hnrch,  IKV-*-]-.-;!.  ]„  ]K.-i:{|ie  Is-i-anu-  Professor  of 
 Moral  Philosophy  in  the  I'niversily  of  Texas. 
 
 I)r.  Dabney  is  an  accom|ilislied  scholar,  an  instruct- 
 iM-  and  fonible  pn-acher,  and  a  writer  of  marketl 
 ability.  He  is  linn  in  his  convictions  of  truth  and 
 duty,  and  always  ready  to  maintain  them.  He  was 
 MiNli-nitor  oftlie  tienend  .Assembly  in  1*^0.  Among 
 his  publiiiitions  are:  "I)efeuc«!  of  Virginia  and  the 
 .><..utli,  '•  Life  of  li.  II.  T.  .1.  Ja<kson,"  "  Life  of  Kev. 
 Dr.  Y.  .S.  Sjim|Mon,"  ".Sacred  Khetoric,"  "S«-ntiluil- 
 istic  PhiloHophy."  and  "Theohigy." 
 
 Dale  Rov.  Jamos  "W.,  D.  D  .  was  a  natiM-  of 
 Wilmington.  D-l.,  but  wits  reansl  in  the  city  of  Phila- 
 drlphiik,  wlnre  he  graduatt-d   ut  the    Univcntity  of 
 
 Pennsylvania,  in  IRIl.  He  entered  u]Km  the  study 
 of  law,  but  alKUidoncd  it  in  favor  of  the  ministry  of 
 the  gos|H-I.  He  entered  Princeton  S»-minary,  in  1^3;t, 
 and  studied  theologj- there  and  in  the  Seminary  at 
 Aiidovcr,  Mass.  It  vv;(,s  his  ardent  desire  to  sjx-nd 
 his  life  as  a  missionary,  in  heathen  lanils.  but  in  this, 
 to  his  deep  and  lasting  regret,  he  Wiis  hindere<l.  In 
 order  to  lit  U'.m.self  mon-  fully  for  missionary  work,  he 
 ent«-red  uis>n  a  mediead  course  in  tho  University  of 
 Penn.sylvania,  and  received  the  degree  of  M.  D.,  at 
 the  close  of  the  cours<-. 
 
 .\fter  entering  tin-  ministry  Dr.  D;Oe  wiu*.  lor  s<mic 
 time,  agent  for  the  Penn.sylvania  HibleS«K-iety,  in  the 
 eastern  counties  of  the  State  ;  then  he  Is-came  jKistor 
 of  the  cliunlies  of  Middletown  and  Kidley,  I'a., 
 afterwards  changing  Kidley  for  the  new  church  at 
 Media,  but  continuing  in  Middletown,  in  all,  for  the 
 8pa<-4<  of  twenly-flve  years.  In  this  time  he  i>n-achc-«l 
 in  various  parts  of  Delaware  count.v,  giving  himself, 
 with  unn-served  (-onsecnitioir,  t«>  the  work  of  pn-ju-h- 
 ing  the  gos|)el  wlien-ver  tho  opjiortunity  o(ler»'d. 
 .S<>veral  strong  and  growing  churches  starte<l  into 
 life  as  Ihe  fruit  of  w-alous  eflorts  nuiile  <nitside  of  his 
 own  field  of  la1s>r.  In  |s71  he  In-came  )vistor  of  the 
 Wayne  Pri-sbyterian  Chunh,  in  miawart-  itiunty.  and 
 n-signed  the  chargi-  in  l'>7l.  In  the  lalt«'r  juirt  of 
 his  life  he  s<-r>-i-4l  the  new  church  organized  at  Cilen 
 
DANA: 
 
 173 
 
 J)  AX  A. 
 
 Ridille,  in  Delaware  county,  ami  pieaclied  here  until 
 within  a  lew  weeks  of  his  death,  which  occurred, 
 April  19th,  IHSl,  in   the  sixty-ninth  year  of  his  age. 
 
 Dr.  Dale  wrote  three  volumes,  entitled  "Classic 
 Baptism, "  "Judaic  Baptism,"  and  "Johannic  Bap- 
 tism," which  exhibited  great  erudition,  dialectic 
 keennes.s,  and  the  mastery  of  the  whole  literature  of 
 the  Baptistic  controver.sy.  They  won  for  him  a  wida 
 reputation,  made  him  the  first  authority  on  his  side 
 of  the  ([uestion  in  the  land,  and  have  heen  the  armory 
 of  disputants  ever  since  their  appearance. 
 
 The  basis  of  Dr.  Dale's  character  wius  honesty — 
 honesty  of  thought  and  purpose,  and  an  indexible 
 adlierence  to  liis  convictions  when  fully  formed.  He 
 was  never  carried  about  with  every  kind  of  doctrine, 
 but,  having  formed  his  opinions  with  candor,  and 
 after  patient  consideration,  he  stood  by  them,  without 
 shrinking  from  any  momentary  unpo])ularity  they 
 might  bring.  He  was  for  years  a  leader  in  the  Tem- 
 perance movement  in  Delaware  county,  and  was 
 instruuuntal  in  securing  a  law  by  which  the  sale  of 
 intoxicating  li(|Uors  was  prohibited  within  the  limits 
 of  Media.  But  the  business  of  his  life,  to  which  he 
 gave  himself  without  reserve,  was  preaching  the 
 blessed  gospel  of  God.  He  loved  this  work,  and 
 went  far  and  wide  to  declare  unto  sinlul  men  the 
 mercy  of  God  in  Jesus  Christ.  Many  were  led  to 
 the  Saviour  by  his  ministry  who  remember  him  ten- 
 derly now,  and  will  be  stiu's  in  his  crown  in  the  day 
 that  Cometh. 
 
 Dana,  Stephen,  "W.,  D.  D.,  is  a  son  of  the  Rev. 
 J.  Jay  Dana,  who  has  been  a  Congregational  minister 
 for  nearly  lifty  years,  and  is  now  preaching  at  Alford, 
 Mass.  He  w:is  born  in  Canaan,  N.  Y.,  November 
 17th,  1840,  from  which  place  his  father  removed  to 
 South  Adams,  Mass.,  in  1848.  He  gra<luated  at 
 Williams  College  in  the  Summer  of  18G1,  uiuler  the 
 Presidency  of  the  illustrious  teacher,  Dr.  Slark 
 Hopliins.  For  two  years  after  graduation  he  was 
 Principal  of  an  Academy  in  Hinsdale,  M;iss.  He 
 spent  three  years,  IStilMi,  :ls  a  student  in  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  New  York  city.  His  first 
 ministerial  work  was  supplying  the  pulpit  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Madison,  N.  J.,  for  four 
 months,  during  the  sickness  and  absence  of  the  pastor. 
 In  November,  18(ifi,  he  rectaved  a  unanimous  call  to 
 the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Belvidere,  N.  J., 
 where  he  labored  with  muih  zeal  and  success,  for  a 
 little  less  than  two  years,  when  he  was  called  to  the 
 Walnut  Street  Presl)yterian  Church,  \\'cst  Philadel- 
 phia, where  he  has  been  ever  since,  having  Ijcgnn  his 
 work  here  in  July,  1808. 
 
 Dr.  Dana  luus  been  greatly  blessed  in  his  present 
 field  of  labor.  His  congreg-ation,  which  is  one  of 
 marked  activity  and  influence,  has,  under  his  earnest 
 and  acceptable  jireaching,  faithful  pastoral  visitation 
 and  excellent  administrative  ability,  had  a  steady, 
 large  and  solid  growth,  and  abounds  in  good  works. 
 He   is   a  diligent  student,  a  gentleman  of  winning 
 
 address,  great  conscientiousness  in  thi'  discharge  of 
 duty,  sujierior  judgment,  a  faithful  Presl)yter,  and 
 justly  held  in  high  esteem  by  his  bretliren  and  the 
 communitv  in  which  his  lot  has  been  cast. 
 
 BTKPIIEN    W.    DANA,    D.D. 
 
 Dana,  William  Coombes,  D.  D.,  was  horn  at 
 Xewburypint,  Mass.,  IVbruary  13th,  I^IU.  He 
 graduated  at  Dartmouth  College,  N.  H.,  in  1828. 
 After  leaving  college  he  spent  several  years  in  teach- 
 ing at  Thetford,  Vt.,  Chesterfield,  N.  11.,  and  AVest- 
 borough,  Ma.ss.  His  theological  studies  wen-  pursued 
 at  Andover  Seminary,  Columbia  Seminary,  and 
 Princeton  Seminary.  He  was  liiensed  by  Harmony 
 Presbytery  (S.  C),  April  10th,  IS:!."),  and  was  or- 
 dained by  Charleston  Union  Presbytery,  February 
 14th,  IS'M.  In  December,  183,"),  he  began  to  preach 
 for  the  Central  Presbyterian  Church  of  Charleston,  S. 
 C. ,  soon  after  accepted  a  call  to  become  its  pastor, 
 and  was  installed  on  the  day  of  his  ordination,  al- 
 ready stat<'d.  Here  lie  (bund  his  life-work.  He  con- 
 tinued to  be  p;istor  of  this  one  church  until  he  died, 
 a  ]ieriod  of  abi>nt  forty-live  years,  of  nearly  unl)roken 
 ministerial  labor.  His  death  occurred  November 
 :50th,  1880,  in  the  seventy-first  year  of  his  age. 
 
 Dr.  Dana  was  a  man  of  singularly  pure  and  beau- 
 tiful life,  and  was  faithful,  earnest  and  eflective  in 
 his  ministerial  work.  He  was  po.sscssed  of  great 
 gentleness  and  sweetness  of  spirit,. of  a  warm  and 
 sympathetic  nature,  and  of  chivalric  nobleness  of 
 spirit.  He  had  exquisite  literary  t;iste  and  culture, 
 was  an  accurate  and  elegant  classical  scholar,  and  a 
 polished  writer.  He  was  emii^ent  as  a  incacher,  and 
 tenderly  loved  as  a  pastor. 
 
DASFOHTU. 
 
 174 
 
 DA  VIDSOS. 
 
 Danfbrth,  Joshua  Noble,  D.D.,  wus  Imrn  in 
 IMtt.^liild,  ,\I:l-vs.,  ill  IT'.IJ;  (;ra<lu;it<il  at  AVilliam.s 
 College,  with  tUe  lull  honors  of  the  Iwwt  of  his  eUiSK; 
 gnuluuteil  at  Princeton  'riieolo^ieal  Siininary  in 
 HvJl,  and  w;fi  licensjil  liy  New  Hruaswiek  l*res- 
 hytery.  He  w:w  in.st;ille<l  psLstor  of  the  Prcsbj-terian 
 Church  in  New  Castle,  Del.,  where  he  remained  until 
 he  aecepteil  a  rail  to  Washington,  D.  C.  In  this 
 licld  his  lulKirs  were  signiiUy  blej«e<l.  After  three 
 years  hi-  Is-i-jime  an  agent  of  the  .^niericiin  Coloniza- 
 tion S<H'iety.  He  w;is  next  jKistor  of  a  Congreg-atioual 
 Church  in  Li-e,  Ma-is,  which,  during  his  ministry, 
 was  visiteil  with  a  revival  of  religion  of  wondrous 
 |K)wer.  Sul>sc<iuently  he  a.ssumcd  the  piustoratc  of 
 thetv'cond  Tresbj-terian  Church  in  Alexamlria,  Va., 
 where  his  lalxir^  were  abundant  and  successful. 
 After  litteen  years  he  resigned  the  charge,  and  again 
 aeeept4il  auiigency  for  the  Colonization  Society.  He 
 died  XovemlH-r  1  llli,  l-<»il.  Dr.  Danforth  Wiis  a 
 rea<ly  and  graceful  writer.  Sever.il  volumes  of  his 
 havi-  Im'cu  published,  iM'sidesbeinga  large  contributor 
 to  the  religious  ami  .secular  pre.ss. 
 
 nKKIIT    t'^iu  ['■ 
 
 ,    1>    l>.  ,    1  L  V. 
 
 Darlintr,  Henry,  D.  D.,  LL.D.,  was  iMirn  in 
 lieading.  I'li.,  Dt-ccnilxr  'i7lb.  1"<".*1.  He  gnidiiated 
 from  .Vnihemt  follcgi-  in  if*!'.',  and  studied  Ilwology 
 nt  I'nion  Seminary,  New  York,  lM-12-l.'l,  ami  ot 
 .\nburn,  l-'^ri-l.'i.  He  n-tTivisl  the  degn-e  of  D.  D. 
 fnini  t'nion  College  in  1H4HI,  and  that  of  1.1.. D.  fnmi 
 Hamilton  Cullege  in  l^^l.  He  was  ordainetl  and 
 inslalletl  at  llud.<Hin,  X.  Y.,  by  the  rri-sbytery  of 
 Ciiliimbia,  l)i-i-emli<T  IMllh,  1hIT.  Hi'  was  wtllid  at 
 V.niiin,  N.  v.,  HIO-17;  nt  llml.ion,  1HI7-.VI;  ivistnr 
 of  Clintim  Stn-et  (linreh,  I'liiladelphia,  I^Ci.'MI!;  an 
 
 invalid,  18C1-C3;  and  jiastor  of  the  Fourth  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Allxmy,  N.  Y.,  1h<>3-^1.  In  l-^l  he 
 was  elected  Tresident  of  Hamilton  College,  which 
 ]K>sition  he  continues  to  hold. 
 
 Dr.  Darling  is  an  aciiimiilisheil  gentleman,  and  an 
 .earnest  and  exemplary  Christian.  His  preaching  is 
 marked  by  dignity,  fidelity  and  force.  He  has 
 always  been  lovitl  by  the  people  of  his  charge.  He 
 is  an  active  and  u-seful  niemlx-r  of  the  Church 
 judicatories,  and  luis  8erve<l  on  si>nie  of  the  most  ini- 
 jMjrtunt  committees  of  the  General  Assembly.  He 
 has  published  '•The  Clo«.'r  Walk,"  "  Cliristian 
 L'nity,"'  "  Doing  Nothing — but  Keeeiving."  "Cim- 
 formity  to  the  World,"  with  many  )Kini)ihlct.s,  s»t- 
 mon-s,  uddre.s.si's  and  articli-s.  He  w:is  .Moderator  of 
 the  General  A.s.sembly  in  1881,  and  is  held  in  high 
 esteem  by  his  brethren  in  the  ministry. 
 
 Davenpoii;,  Rev.  James,  w;is  Ismi  in  Stamfonl, 
 Conn.,  in  171G,  and  graduated  at  Yale  at  the  age  ol 
 twenty-two.  He  siinis  to  have  preaclutl  in  New 
 Jersi'V  in  the  close  of  17:i7,  but  preferred  to  settle  at 
 Southiild,  Long  Island,  and  w:us  ordained  bv  a  Coun- 
 cil, Oetolxr  "Jtitli,  \~'.V<.  Under  his  prciiehing  and  that 
 of  the  Kev.  Jonathan  IkirlxT,  a  revival  occurriHl  in 
 East  Hampton.  Mr.  Davenjiort  preache<l  for  a  season 
 at  Ba.sk  ingridge.  In  the  absence  of  Sir.  Cros.s,  the  pits- 
 tor,  amid  an  awakening  of  extniordinary  extent  and 
 power.  The  divine  blessing  also  sigiuillv  atti'ndcd 
 his  lal)ors  during  a  visit  to  Connecticut.  He  iHiame 
 a  niemlHT  of  New  lirunswick  I'resbyterj-,  S«'pt<nilHr 
 22d,  17  U>,  luiving  jirolKibl.v  for  some  time  been  pr«icli- 
 ing  ill  their  Ismnds.  In  17I-'  he  joined  New  York 
 I'ri'sbytery,  with  a  view  to  settle  at  Connecticut  Fami.s, 
 near  Elizaliethtown.  Having  rwrovered  his  health, 
 which  was  for  a  season  im|>ainil,  he  s]>ent  two  months, 
 in  the  Summer  of  17.VI,  in  Virginia,  where  his  laliors 
 were  highly  acceptable  and  successful.  The  WinM-r 
 of  \':*\-\  he  s|>i-iit  at  CajM-  May.  On  OctoluT  27th, 
 17.~>l.  he  was  installed  |ia.stor  of  Maiili-iibead  and 
 llii|M'well,  liitiX  that  year  he  was  MiNlcrator  of  the 
 .<yniKl  of  New  York.  He  died  in  17.'i7,  and  was  bur- 
 ied in  the  gr.iveyard,  aljimt  a  mile  from  IViinington, 
 towanls  the  IK-laware.  Mr.  Whilcfield  ivtid  of  >Ir. 
 DaveniMirl,  he  knew  no  man  kii'p  so  close  u  walk  with 
 GimI.  Mr.  D.>viess|Hikeof  him  as  "  that  pious  Knoeh," 
 and  Mr.  Hostwiih  cbaRicterized  him  as  one  "whose 
 /.n\\  for  (iisl  and  the  conversion  of  men  was  scitrce  to 
 In'  iKiniUi  led." 
 
 Davidson,  Rev.  Edwurd  Chafln,  wiis  l>om 
 in  Maiirv  nmnly,  Tenn.,  February  17th,  IKK.  He 
 gnuliiatisl  ill  l-C)!,  at  the  Stale  Tniversity  of  Mi.>«<is- 
 sip]>i,  with  the  reputation  of  iM-ing  a  lino  wholar. 
 After  ti-:u'hing  u  few  years,  his  theological  ronnt«'  wjiu 
 pur^ue<l  for  n  while  nt  Dimville  Seminary,  but  xvas 
 ••oncludiil  nt  Columbia,  S.  ('.,  in  the  .Spring  of  ISfMI. 
 He  was  IIitiisihI  to  pnmh  by  the  I'ri'sbvlery  ot 
 Chickasaw.  On  leaving  the  S'niinarv  he  iMgan  to 
 lalMir  ill  Water  Valley  and  Siind  Springs  ehiinhi-s, 
 and  in  the  Spring  of  l^il  he  was  iii-stalleil  ns  ]iastor 
 
TU  VJ D.SOX. 
 
 175 
 
 DA  VJDSOX. 
 
 of  the  Sand  Springs  Church  for  one-half  his  time. 
 Whilst  he  was  preiiching  at  Sand  Springs  he  con- 
 tinued to  give  the  Water  Valley  Church  one-half  his 
 preaching  labors.  In  July,  1867,  he  was  instiiUed 
 pastor  of  Water  Valley  Church  for  all  his  time,  and 
 the  church  greatly  prospered  under  his  ministry. 
 During  all  these  years  he  was  the  head  centre  of  a 
 large  and  nourishing  scliool.  His  relation  as  pastor 
 at  Water  Valley  terminated  in  July,  1-^77.  He  then 
 preached  and  taught  for  a  year  at  Lexington,  Miss., 
 and  subsequently  settled  in  O.xford,  preaching  and 
 teaching.  In  1880  he  wivs  elected  Moderator  of  the 
 Synod  of  Memphis.  In  188"2  he  supplied  the  churches 
 of  College  Hill  and  H()i>ewell.  In  1880  he  was  elected 
 to  an  Adjunct  I'rofessorship  in  the  State  University, 
 which  position,  as  well  as  that  of  SUited  Clerk  of  his 
 Presbj-tery,  he  luld  at  the  time  of  his  death,  which 
 occurred  April  2.'>lh,  1883.  Mr.  Davidsim  was  an  ad- 
 mirable teacher,  and  his  noble  Christian  character 
 greatly  impressed  his  pupils.  As  a  prejicher,  he  was 
 an  earnest,  eloquent  speaker,  and  many  of  his  best 
 sermons  were  delivered  extempore,  or  with  brief  head 
 notes,  while  many  of  his  written  sermons  were  pro- 
 ductions of  profound  research  and  learning  on  .Scrip- 
 tural and  (liH  trinal  subjects. 
 
 Davidson,  Robert,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Carlisle, 
 Pa.,  February  i'M,  1808,  and  Wius  the  only  child  of 
 the  Kev.  Robert  Davidson,  I),  u.,  the  second  Presi- 
 dent of  Dickinson  College.  He  was  a  graduate  of 
 this  College,  and  of  Princeton  Seminary.  In  1832  he 
 became  pastor  of  the  McChord  (or  Second)  Church  of 
 Lexington,  Ky.,  and  in  this  relation  became  distin- 
 guished for  his  pulpit  elo(iuence  and  his  earnest  pas- 
 toral work.  In  1810  he  was  called  to  the  Presidencj' 
 of  Transylvania  University,  in  which  position  he 
 continued  two  years.  He  entered  on  the  ])astorate 
 of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in  New  Brunswick, 
 N.  J.,  Stay  -Itli,  181:!,  and  there  labored  assiduously 
 and  successfully  until  October  4tli,  1859.  Subse- 
 quently he  was  pastor  of  the  Spring  Street  Church, 
 Xew  York,  from  1864  to  1868.  His  last  pastoral 
 charge  w:i8  the  First  Church  of  Huntington,  Long 
 Island.  Kesigning  this  charge  on  acionnt  of  impaired 
 health,  he  alterwards  resided  in  Philadelphia  tuitil 
 his  death,  which  occurred  .Vi)ril  (ith,  1876. 
 
 Dr.  Davidson  served  the  (.nneral  As.sembly  as  its 
 Permanent  Clerk,  from  184."i  to  1850.  For'a  (juarter  of 
 a  century  he  w;us  a  memlxT  of  the  Board  of  Foreign 
 Missions;  for  ten  years  preceding  his  decease  a 
 Director  of  Princeton  Seminary;  and  in  1869  was 
 one  of  our  As.sembly"s  delegates  to  the  General 
 Assembly  of  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland.  He  was  a 
 frequent  contributor  to  the  periodical  literature  of  the 
 day,  throughout  his  ministerial  life,  and  up  to  the 
 timeof  his  death.  He  published  a  large  num1>cr  of 
 pamphlets,  sermons,  etc.,  and  contributetl  several 
 able  articles  to  the  Princeton  Beiiete.  He  w;js  also 
 the  author  of  a  number  of  volumes,  the  largest 
 and  best  knowni  of  which  is  probably  his  '"History 
 
 I  of  the  Presbyterian  Cliurch  in  Kentucky."  He  was 
 a  man  of  fine  culture,  a  scholar,  and  a  WTiter  of 
 great  purity  and  elegance.  In  private  intercourse 
 he  was  kind  and  courteous,  but  also  dignified.  As 
 a  minister  of  Christ  he  won,  and  maintained  to 
 the  eiHl,  a  high  position.  During  the  last  years  of 
 his  life  he  was  a  useful  member  of  the  Prcsbj'tcrj-  of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Davidson,  Robert,  D.D.,  was  ))orn  in  Cecil 
 county,  ild.,  in  1750.  He  was  educated  in  Newark 
 Academy,  Del.,  where  he  acted  for  a  time  as  Tutor. 
 At  the  age  of  twenty-four  he  was  appointed  Profes.s<jr 
 of  History  and  Belles  Lettres  in  the  University  of 
 Pennsylvania,  aud  at  the  same  time  (1774),  was 
 ordained  by  the  Second  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia, 
 and  acted  as  assistant  to  Dr.  -Ewing.  in  the  First 
 Church.  In  1775  the  young  Professor  composed  a 
 dialogue,  in  ver.se,  which  was  nrcited  at  Commence- 
 ment, before  the  Continental  Congress.  In  July,  of 
 the  same  year,  a  month  after  the  battle  of  Bvuiker 
 Hill,  he  preached  a  spicy,  patriotic   sermon,  before 
 
 I  several  military  compani<'s,  from  the  significant  text, 
 "And  many  fell  down,  for  the  war  was  of  God." 
 (1  Chron.  v,  22).     This  sermon  was  printed. 
 
 In  1785,  being  now  thirty-live  years  of  age,  Dr. 
 Davidson  removed  to  Carlisle,  as  pa.stor  of  the  church 
 there,  and  continued  in  that  eonmrtion  the  remainder 
 of  his  lite — that  is,  lor  twenty-seven  years.  His 
 benignity  of  disposition  and  exemplary  character 
 helped  to  heal  previou.sly  existing  alienations,  and 
 consolidated  all  parties,  both  Old  and  Xew  Lights,  in 
 uninterrupted  harmony.     At  the  same  time,  mainly 
 
 1  through  tile  inllueuee  of  Dr.  Rush,  he  received  the 
 appointment  of  Profi-ssor  of  History  and  Belles  Let- 
 tres, and  Vice-president  in  Dickin.son  College.  He 
 was  chosen  Moderator  of  the  General  As.sembly  in 
 1796.  Upon  Dr.  Nisbet's  decea.se,  in  1804,  Dr. 
 Davidson  discharged  the  duties  of  the  office  of  Presi- 
 dent, for  five  years,  when  he  resigned,  to  devote 
 himself  exclusively  to  his  parochial  duties.  He  died, 
 December  13th.  1812,  in  the  si.xty-second  year  of  his 
 
 I  His  reputation  as  a  scholar  was  equal  to  his  integ- 
 rity as  a  man.  He  was  acquainted  more  or  le.ss  fam- 
 !  iliarly  with  eight  languages,  was  a  profici<-nt  in  music 
 j  and  drawing,  and  was  especially  fond  of  astronomy. 
 He  invented  a  cosmosphere,  or  compound  glo)x%  by 
 which  astronomical  problems  are  easily  solved.  As  a 
 preacher,  he  was  clear,  didactic-smd  free  from  afiecta- 
 tion,  but  not  fluent,  nor  apt  to  rise  to  the  highest 
 flights  of  eloquence.  As  a  wise  eoun.selor  in  the 
 courts  of  tlie   Church,   he  ranked  fairlv,  if  we  may 
 
 I  .    !  . 
 
 judge  from  the  important  committees  on  which  his 
 ;  name  is  found  in  the  minutes  of  the  Old  Synod.  l>nc 
 j  of  these  was  a  committee  of  which  Drs.  .Vlison  and 
 
 Ewing  and  Messrs.  Blair  ami  Jones  were  also  mem- 
 
 Ijers,  in  1785,  to  prepare  a  new  and  more  suitable 
 
 version  of  the  Psalms. 
 
 Dr.  Davidson's  published  wrftings  were  a  variety 
 
/'.I  IV/.X 
 
 ITfi 
 
 DAIJES. 
 
 of  iH'i-iLsiiimil  .stTiiiiiiis.  (ir!itiiiii.s  and  |hh'|iis.  Of  the 
 liitUT  wiTi-  a  (jcoj^nipliy  in  vtTsc,  wliicli  tlir  slinli'iits 
 (■(>iiiniittc<I  tn  nicmiirv,  iiiiil  a  metrical  version  of  the 
 I'saliii.'*.  pulilislicil  ill  l-^rj. 
 
 Da  vies,  David  O'viren,  D.D.,  wiw  Ixirii  in  the 
 oily  of  Italliniore.  Maryland,  Octoln-r  lOtli,  IKM,  tlie 
 youngext  child  of  Thomas  and  KliailK-th  (Owen) 
 I>4»vi<-.s.  He  was  ediic;ited  in  I'rincetiin  Odlejii- and 
 Theolojjicsil  Si'ininary,  and  sI<mmI  consiiienoiisly  lii};h 
 in  the  ehusses  of  IR'ifi  to  iMTiil.  He  wa.s  lie<iisi-d  in 
 ls"i9and  ordained  in  l-^fHI.  He  Im-jpiu.  his  ministry 
 in  the  "Old  Dniiean  C'linreh,"  which  had  enjoyed 
 the  prcaehiiiK  of  the  lamenteil  Dr.  Stuart  ISoliinsoii. 
 He  next  was  called  to  jirejifli  in  the  Central  Cliiireh, 
 St.  Louis,  Mo.,  durin<;the  alisenw  of  the  late  Kev.  S. 
 P.  AnderHon,  n.  I>.  on  an  extensive  European  tour. 
 He  iM-eame  |KLstor  of  the  Fifth  Street  Presbyterian 
 f'hureh  of  Cineiiinati,  Ohio  in  HfiO,  and  so  continued 
 nntil  ]f*m.  In  the  year  Ht>:i  he  w:ls  eallid  to  the 
 pastorate  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Paris,  Ken- 
 tucky. From  Paris,  in  li<<;8,  he  wius  called  to  the 
 piistorate  of  the  Cnmrcli  at  Clarksville,  Tennessee, 
 tlhere  he  continned  his  lalmrs,  with  great  success,  j 
 until  H71.  In  that  year  he  was  called  to  the  church 
 in  Henderson,  Kentucky,  of  which  he  is  now  the 
 piistor.  and  (ireatly  iH-lovcd  by  his  jjcople,  and  highly 
 esto'ined  by  the  whole  community. 
 
 As  a  i>reaclier  Dr.  Davies  pri-sents  the  truths  of 
 Scripture  with  ureat  clearness  and  force.  He  blends 
 vigorous  lo(;ie  with  strong  emotion.  His  .sermons 
 alHiund  with  marked  oriffinality  and  freshness,  and 
 with  his  clear  enunciation  he  never  fails  to  impress 
 his  audience.  As  a  Presbyter,  he  is  faithful  and 
 influential,  wi  hiKh  toned  and  conrteous  as  to  com- 
 mand not  only  the  res|M-ct,  but  the  adminition  of 
 thow  who  dilVer  with  him.  .Vs  a  writer  he  is  clear, 
 ters<>,  logical,  as  many  of  liis  articles  in  the  reviews 
 and  iMTiodiciils  of  our  ('liiirch  show.  He  is  a  cul- 
 tiireil  gentleman,  a  ri|K'  saholar,  all  earnest  Christian, 
 and  liis  lalMirs  have  Im-cii  ^''eatly  bli-s.s<-d. 
 
 Davies,  Rev.  Samuel,  D.  D.,  was  Iwrn  near 
 Summit  IJridne,  in  the  Welsh  Tract,  in  New  Ciislle 
 c-ounty.  I)«daware,  November  3«1,  ITJl.  He  was  on 
 only  son.  His  mother,  an  eminent  Christian,  had 
 eariH-stly  l»<-.s<)uuht  him  of  heaven,  and  iH'lieving  him 
 to  Im-  (;iven  in  answer  to  prayer,  she  named  him 
 Samuel.  ,\fter  iK'inn  taiicht  by  his  mother  to  reail, 
 at  the  line  of  ten  he  was  sint  to  a  scIkmiI  at  some  di.s- 
 taniv  from  honii-.  and  continued  in  it  two  yiiirs. 
 HnviiiK  ex|MTieiie.-d  a  change  of  lii-arl,  and  made  n 
 profession  of  relinioil  at  the  ugi-  of  lifl<-eii,  with  the 
 view  of  enleriuK  the  ministry,  he  enpiKcd  in  litcrarr 
 nnd  throloKi»il  pursuits  under  the  liev.  Samuel 
 Illnir.  He  was  licensj^l  by  New  Castle  Pn'sbytery, 
 .Tilly  :tlMh,  171(1,  at  the  age  of  twinty-tlire«\  nnd 
 ordained  an  cvanRi-list,  February  llllli,  1717. 
 
 Mr.  Ihivii-s'  ferviiii  /.m1.  iiiiilissembled  piity,  jMipu- 
 lar  tah'iits  and  eiiKat:iML;  methods  <if  address  s<Hin 
 cxcitt'd  Ki-nenil   luliniraliim.      lie   went    to   Hanover, 
 
 Va.,  in  .\jiril,  1717,  and  .soon  obfaine<l  of  the  tk-neral 
 Court  a  liceiLse  to  ofliciate  in  four  mc-etiiiK-liou.si's. 
 After  preachin;;  assiduously  for  .some  time,  and  not 
 without  effect,  he  returni-<l  from  Virginia,  though 
 earnestly  invited  to  continue  his  lalsirs.  .V  mil  for 
 hira  to  settle  at  Hanover  was  ininutlintely  sent  to  the 
 Presbytery,  but  he  was  aljout  this  time  seized  by 
 symptoms  which  iiidieikted  i-onsiimption,  and  wliii-h 
 brought  him  to  the  l)or<lers  of  the  gr:ive.  In  this 
 enfeebleil  stat<-,  he  determined  tosix-nd  the  remainder 
 of  his  life  in  nnremittiiig  endeavors  to  advanc«'  the 
 interests  of  religion.  Being  among  a  iM<i])le  who  were 
 destitute  of  a  mini.ster,  his  indi.s)s)sition  did  not  re- 
 press his  exertions.  He  still  preache<l  in  the  diiy, 
 while  by  night  his  liectic  was  so  severe  as  sometimes 
 to  render  him  deliriotLS.  In  the  Spriiig  of  17-lfl  a 
 mes.senger  from  Hanover  visited  him,  and  he  thought 
 it  his  duty  to  awcpt  the  invitation  of  the  ]K-ople  in 
 that  l)lace.  He  IiojkiI  that  he  might  live  to  organize 
 the  congregation.  His  health,  however,  gradually 
 improvi'd.  In  tictober,  17l"<,  three  more  nie«'ting- 
 hou.ses  were  licensi-tl,  and  among  his  seven  ctingre- 
 j  g-ations,  which  were  in  different  counties,  Hanover, 
 Henrico,  Oiroline,  I.«uis:i,  and  Goo<'hland,  s<mie  of 
 them  forty  miles  distant  from  each  other,  he  divided 
 his  lalwrs.  His  home  was  in  Hanover,  alxnit  twelve 
 mili-a  from  Kichmoml.  His  jireaching  encountere<l 
 all  the  olistacles  which  could  artse  from  blindness, 
 prejudice  and  bigotry,  I'roin  protaiieness  and  immoral- 
 ity. He,  and  those-  who  attended  ujion  his  Jireaching, 
 were  denoniinated  iii'w  lights  by  the  more  z«-alous 
 '  Episco]>alians  ;  but  by  his  patience  and  perseverance, 
 his  magnanimity  and  piety,  in  ccmjunction  with  his 
 evangeliejil  and  powerful  ministry,  he  triumpliMl  over 
 opjiosition.  Contemjit  and  aversion  were  gradually 
 turned  into  revereni-e.  Many  wi-re  attr.Mte<i  by  curi- 
 I  osity  to  hear  a  man  of  such  di.stinguished  talcnt.s,  and 
 he  pnH'laimed  to  them  the  mast  solemn  and  iinprcs- 
 '  sive  truths  with  an  energ_v  which  they  could  not  resist. 
 I  It  pleased  toid  t<>  aeeomiKiny  these  exertions  with  the 
 '  effiejwy  of  His  Spirit.  In  about  three  yejirx,  Mr. 
 '  Davies  iH-held  three  hundred  omimunicants  in  his 
 congri'g.ition,  whom  he  coiLsidcnil  jis  r«-al  Christians. 
 He  had  also,  in  this  ]H'ri<Ml.  bajitizt'd  alKiut  forty 
 adult  negriN-s,  who  nia<le  such  a  ]>n>fe.ssion  of  faith  as 
 he  jinlged  ^reilible. 
 
 1  In  K.Vt  the  .Synixl  of  New  York,  by  request  of  tin' 
 Tnisti-es  of  New  .lerscy  Collegi-,  chos<'  Mr.  D-avies  to 
 aecom|>any  (iillMTl  Tcnneiit  to  Ciri'-.it  Itritain,  to  solicit 
 donations  for  the-  collegi'.  This  wrvitv  he  chwrfiilly 
 underttNik,  and  he  exe<'ute<l  it  with  singular  spirit 
 and  siicress.  Hearrivetl  in  lyondon,  Dec<-ml)cr'S.'>th. 
 The  lilsTal  contributions  obtained  trttm  the  jMtrons 
 of  religion  ami  learning  jdaii-il  the  odlege  in  a  re- 
 spe<'table  omditioii.  ArtiT  his  n-tiirn  to  America  he 
 enten-d  aiH'W,  in  I7.VJ  or  early  in  17.V>,  <m  his  Wloved 
 work  of  preaching  the  p>s|m1,  in  Hamner.  Hen-  he 
 coiitiiiui'd  till  \~'t'.>,  when  he  wils  clioM-n  lYesident  of 
 the  e«>llejn',  oh  sucevssor  of  Dr.  l-^lwanl.s.      He  luwi- 
 
DAVIS. 
 
 n 
 
 DA  VIS. 
 
 tated  in  hi.s  acceptance  ol"  the  a]i]i<>intracnt,  for  his 
 people  were  endeared  to  Iiiin,  and  lie  loved  to  be  oc- 
 cupied in  the  various  duties  of  the  ministerial  office. 
 ]{ut  re)K-ated  ajiplieations  and  the  unanimous  opinion 
 of  the  Synod  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  at  lenjrth 
 determined  him.  He  was  dismi.s.scd  from  Hanover, 
 May  l:5th,  and  entered  uiM>n  his  new  office,  .July  6th, 
 175S.  Here  the  \i);or  and  vers;itility  of  his  peniiis 
 were  strikingly  disjilayed.  The  ample  opi)ortunities 
 and  demands  which  he  found  for  the  cxerei.sc  of  his 
 talent.s,  gave  a  new  sjjring  to  his  diligence,  and  while 
 his  active  labors  were  multiplied  and  arduoii.s,  his 
 studies  were  intense.  At  the  elo.se  of  .lanuan,-,  1701, 
 lie  w:i.s  bled,  for  a  bad  cold,  and  the  next  day  tran- 
 scribed for  tlie  press  his  .sermon  on  the  death  of 
 George  II.  The  day  following  he  preached  twice,  in 
 the  chapel.  His  arm  became  inflamed,  and  a  violent 
 fever  succeeded,  to  which  he  fell  a  victim  in  ten  days. 
 He  died,  February  4th,  17(il,  aged  :!(>.  His  venerable 
 mother,  Martha  Davies,  survived  him.  When  he  was 
 laid  in  the  coffin,  she  gazed  at  him  a  few  minutes  and 
 said,  "There  is  the  son  of  my  prayers  and  my  ho]>es 
 — my  only  .son — my  only  earthly  sn)>port.  But  there 
 is  the  will  of  Gt<«l,  and  I  ara  .s;itislicd." 
 
 Dr.  Davies  was  endowed  with  the  richest  intellect- 
 ual gifts,  with  a  vigorous  understanding,  a  glowing 
 iuuigination,  a  fertile  invention,  united  with  a  cor- 
 rect judgment  and  a  retentive  nuniory.  He  was 
 bold  and  enterpri.siug.  and  destined  to  excel  in  Avhat- 
 iver  he  undertook.  Y<t  he  was  divested  of  the  ))ride 
 of  talents  and  of  science,  and.  being  UKmlded  into  the 
 temi>er  of  the  gosjiel  he  consecrated  all  his  powers  to 
 the  promotion  of  religion.  .\s  President  of  the  Col- 
 lege, he  po.s.st's.sed  an  admirable  mode  of  government 
 and  instruction.  He  watched  over  his  pupils  ^vith 
 the  tender  solicitude  of  a  father,  and  secured  equally 
 their  reverence  and  love.  He  seized  every  opportu- 
 nity to  inculcate  on  them  the  worth  of  their  souls, 
 and  the  jiressing  necessity  of  securing  immediately 
 the  blessings  of  .s;ilvation. 
 
 Dr.  Davies  was  a  model  of  the  most  sterling  ora- 
 torj'.  As  his  personal  a])])earance  was  august  and 
 venerable,  Vet  benevolent  anil  mihl,  he  could  address 
 his  auditory  either  with  the  most  commanding  au- 
 thority, or  with  the  mo.st  melting  tenderness.  WHien 
 he  spoke,  he  seemed  to  have  the  glories  and  terrors  of 
 the  unseen  world  in  his  eye.  He  seldom  preached 
 without  producing  some  visible  emotions  in  gre^it 
 numbers  present,  and  without  making  an  impre.s.si()n 
 on  one  or  more  which  was  never  effaced.  His  printed 
 sermons,  which  exhibit  his  .sentiment.s,  abound  with 
 striking  thoughts,  with  the  beauties  and  elegances  of 
 expression,  and  with  the  richest  innvgery. 
 
 Davis,  Hon.  James  Lynn,  son  of  Ignatius  and 
 Catharine  (Lackland)  Davis,  was  born  in  Slont- 
 gonury  county,  Maryland,  Angu.st  15th,  1809.  In 
 early  life  he  removed  to  Frederick  county.  Md.  He 
 was  educated  in  the  Frederick  educational  institu- 
 tions, .liter  which   he  eng-agcd    in   agricultural    pur- 
 
 suits at  Jlount  Hope,  and  afterwar<l  at  Clifton,  near 
 Frederick  City,  Md.,  where  he  lived  the  rest  of  his 
 life.  In  !>'.")■<  he  was  electid  to  the  Maryland  Legis- 
 lature, in  which  position  he  served  for  some  years. 
 He  united  with  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Freder- 
 ick City,  in  October,  li^'M,  and  was  elected  and 
 ordained  a  ruling  elder  of  the  same  church,  in  June, 
 1833,  during  the  pastorate  of  his  wife's  brother.  Rev. 
 James  Garland  Hamncr,  ri.  D.  He  held  this  office 
 for  nearly  forty  years,  and  took  an  active  interest  in 
 a  large  number  of  the  meetings  of  his  Presbytery  and 
 Synod,  and  served  as  a  Commissioner  to  the  General 
 Assembly.  For  many  years  he  «as  superintendent 
 of  the  Methodist  Fpiscopal  and  Methodist  Protestant 
 Sabbath-schools  of  Buckcystown,  a  village  near  his 
 residence.     His  death  occurred,  July  19th,  1872. 
 
 Mr.  Davis's  life  was  one  of  honor  and  u.scfulness 
 in  the  community  in  which  he  lived,  and  in  Iwth  the 
 Church  and  the  State.  With  the  Frederick  City 
 Presbyterian  Church,  in  which  he  Was  the  leading 
 memlK-r  and  most  eminent  elder  for  twoscore  years, 
 his  name  is  identified,  and  his  fame,  as  a  good  man 
 and  devoted  to  good,  is  known  throughout  the  whole 
 community.  He  regularly  visited  every  member  of 
 the  congregation  at  least  once  a  year,  and  by  his 
 faithful  and  devoted  labors,  accomplished  much  last- 
 ing good  work  for  his  church.  One  of  his  sons.  Samuel 
 Hamner  Davis,  became  a  Presbyterian  minister. 
 
 Davis,  Samuel  S.,  D.  D.,  was  born  July  12th, 
 1793,  at  Ballston  Centre,  N.  Y.  He  graduated  at 
 Middlebury  College  in  1812,  but  afterwards  received 
 his  lirst  degree,  ail  eunilcm,  from  I'liion  College. 
 After  his  graduation  he  took  charge  of  an  Academy 
 at  Castleton,  Vt.  After  spending  a  }) art  of  the  year 
 1815  in  Princeton  Seminary,  ho  was  Tutor  in  Union 
 College  nearly  two  years;  then  returned  to  the 
 Seminary,  and  after  two  years'  further  study,  gradu- 
 ated ill  1819.  Licensi'd  to  preach  bythe  Presbytery 
 of  Albany,  October  12th,  1819;  he  soon  at'terwards 
 was  commissioned  to  collect  funds  to  complete  the 
 endowment  of  a  Seminary  Professorship,  which  the 
 Synod  of  .South  Carolina  and  Georgia  had  resolved 
 to  found  in  connection  with  the  Synod  of  North 
 Carolina,  and  for  this  object  he  rai.sed  a  large  amount; 
 but  before  the  whole  sum  was  completed,  the  Sj-nod 
 ha<l  embarked  in  the  newcffijrt,  to  found  the  Seminary 
 now  located  at  Columbia,  S.  C.  He  was  ordained  to 
 the  work  of  the  ministry  by  the  Presbrtery  of  Albany, 
 .A.ugust  12th,  1821;  dismis.sed  to  the  Prcsln-tery  of 
 Harnumy,  September  13th,  H21,  and  instiilled,  De- 
 cember Kith,  1821,  pxstor  of  the  Church  at  Darien. 
 Ga.  This  relation  w;is  dissolved  .Vpril  oth,  182.3,  but 
 during  its  continuance  he  liad  received  a  considerable 
 accession  to  the  church,  to  which  he  had  given  a 
 decided  impulse. 
 
 From  Darien  Mr.  Davis  went  to  Camden,  S.  C, 
 where  he  supplied  the  Church  (then  called  Bethesda) 
 from  March.  1823.  for  nearly  a  year,  after  which  he 
 sni)i>lied  the  Church  at  .Vugusta,  Ga.,  in  connection 
 
DA  VJS. 
 
 17fl 
 
 DAT. 
 
 with  tli<-  Res.  Dr.  TiilniiiKi-.  F.))nmry  Itb,  1827,  he 
 w  iiH  clocU-d  poHtur  of  tlit-  Church  at  Camden,  S.  C, 
 anil  without  acvcpting  the  call,  HerveJ  the  church  as 
 a  supply  until  January  10th,  1833.  In  that  year  he  ' 
 was  apiK)i_nt«'<l  Ajjent  of  the  General  A.-iscmbly's 
 ISoanl  of  E<hu-:>tion,  and  in  this  capacity  raised  con- 
 sidiralile  siim.H  of  money,  both  for  the  Hoard  of  Edu- 
 cation and  for  tlicThcolojiical  S»;rainaryat  Columbia, 
 S.  C.  For  alxiut  ei(;hteen  nioutlus,  in  If^-ll  and  1^'2, 
 Mr.  Davi.'«  was  1'roffs.sor  of  the  I-itin  Language  in 
 < >glethi)ri)e  I'niversiity,  at  Milledgeville,  Ga.  In  lS-1'2 
 lie  Bupplie<l  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  his  native 
 phu-e,  Rill.ston  Centre,  about  a  ye:ir.  On  May  4th, 
 ISi't,  he  wa.iri'i'alli'd  by  hi.s  former  charge  at  Camden; 
 was  in.stalled  as  it.s  pastor  April  'M.  I'M",  and  con- 
 tinui'd  in  this  relati(m  until  April.  1H.">1,  with  a 
 strong  and  mutual  attachment  )M-tween  him  and  his 
 pisiple.  .Viler  hi.s  rele;LS4-,  he  resided  in  Augu.sta, 
 Oa..  whiTf  hetiN>k  the  care  anilsuiM-rvisionof  Si)ring- 
 flcld  Church,  a  large  eolon-d  congregation  in  or  near 
 that  city,  numlM-ring  at  one  time  fifteen  hundred 
 memlMTs,  to  which  lie  gave  a  large  amount  of  jireach- 
 iiig  and  valuable  coun.sel.      lie  <lied  June  21st,  1877. 
 
 Dr.  I>avis  wxs  a  true  man,  of  much  generosity 
 anil  noblencw  of  nature,  and  gilted  with  gixwi  judg- 
 ment. In  manners  he  w;ls  a  thorough  gentleman. 
 He  made  many  and  warm  friends.  He  Wius  fond  of 
 IxMiks.  a  fair  scholar,  a  highly  rrs|M'ctable  preacher, 
 an  assiduous  pastor,  and  a  truly  pious  man. 
 
 Davis,  Rev.  Samuel  Taylor,  A.  M.,  M.  D., 
 was   Uirn   in  Washington,  I'a.,  on   March  4th,  1.S4.V  j 
 He  is  the  son  of  John  and   Martha  IHivis.     He  en- 
 tcnsl  the  Fri'shman  Class  of  Washington  College  in  I 
 \''iy:i,  gnuliiating  in  Washington  and  Jilferson  College 
 in   l-Mw.       Kntered    the    Nortliwi'stern    Seminary    in 
 I-Mn.  ri'inaining  until  Spring  of  HI!!!;  taught  schisd 
 in  first  .Mniinary    vacation,  and    in   the  .Summer   of 
 l-^i!)   priiwlicd  in   the  churches  of   I'erry  and   New  [ 
 S.'i1i-in,  rrisbytery  of  Schuyler  (O.  .S.  I;  graduated  at  ' 
 Ihish  Medicjil  College,  Chii-ago,  in  the  cla.ss  of  1S70; ' 
 lieeased  hy  Schuyler  rresbyfery,  on  May  4th,  18C9; ' 
 was  piLstur  of  I/ower  liiiffalo,  Washington  l'resb_vtery, 
 A|>rll,  1M70,  to  April,  1«72;  ordained  Xoviniln-r  l.Mh, 
 l"*?";  wa«  staled   supply  of  the   Hiawatha   Church, 
 I'n-sbytery  of  Highlands,    Kansas,  from  .Inly,    l^Ti, 
 to  O'IoImt,  I'TI;  riH'iilired  Nortbwi-stern  S<'minary 
 in   1"<7;1,  graduating  tliiTefrom    .April   2d,    l-<74;    1k'- 
 came  ]i:ist<ir  at    Hiawatha,    Kas.,  in   June,  l-Cl,  and 
 continued  to  Septenilxr,  l-C'i;  w:is  stated  supply  at 
 Ale<lo,   111.,    from   SeptemlsT,  I-C'i,  to    Xovemlicr,  j 
 1H77;  w.TS  stotj-d  supply  at  .Milan,  111.,  fmm  Novem- 
 b<T,   1«77,   to  July,    I'd!;  iM-cjime  statisl    supply  at 
 Mai-omb,   Ills.,  July,    \<H>;  was   installe<l    jiiLsior  of 
 M  ii-onib  May  4lh,    IH-iii,    and  cnnliniii'd  such  until 
 July  31st,  l'*^!,  when,  in  unli  r  lliat  he  might  Iwiielit 
 llie  health  of  his  wife,  lie  r<'>i('iir<|.  anil  is  now  the 
 juMor  elect  of  (iohlen.  Col.  i 
 
 For  many  yearn  Dr.  Davis's  health  was  not  g<KMl, 
 and  several  of  his  cliuliKes  were  maile  in*  the  hope  of 
 
 Improving  it.  At  length,  he  iH-canie  quite  vigoroas. 
 when  his  beloved  wife  showed  alarming  symptoms  of 
 an  early  decline,  and  a  cliangc  of  climate  becime  im- 
 perative. He  parted  with  the  pc-ople  of  Macomb 
 with  deep  regret.  The  feeling  w:i8  mutual.  The 
 separation  was  acceded  to  by  all  {larties,  only  becau.sc 
 duty  to  his  family  demande<l  it. 
 
 Dr.  Davis  is  a  very  warm-hearted,  eaniest,  faithful 
 go.s]Kl  jireacher.  His  soul  iswrapisd  uji  in  the  work 
 of  winning  souls  for  Christ  and  building  them  up  in 
 the  faith.  As  a  juistor  he  is  very  faithful  and  tender; 
 none  more  attentive  or  sympathetic.  He  is  in  the 
 prime  of  life,  and,  God  willing,  has  many  yejirs  of 
 hard  work  for  Chri.st  In-fore  him. 
 
 Davis,  Thomas  Kirby,  D.  D.,  wxs  Inirn  in 
 Chanibcrsburg,  I'a..  Tiliruarv  lllh,  l-'2t;.  llisanci-s- 
 try,  on  Isith  sides,  were  Chri.stian  jK-ople,  fi-aring  God 
 and  .serving  Him,  doing  what  they  could  to  make  the 
 worlil  Is-tter,  and  leaving  an  unsullied  ri-cord.  He 
 graduated  at  Vale  College  in  IS-l.'i,  w:is  stated  supply 
 in  Fayetteville,  Pa.,  18-|!>-.")0,  ordained  by  Presbytery 
 of  Ciu-lisle,  Octoljcr  20th,  1S.>0;  pa.stor  at  Bedford  and 
 Schellsburg,  Pa.,  1850-.Vi;  stated  supply  of  First 
 Church,  .San  Fininci.sco,  Cal.,  18.V);  iiiLssioiuiry  at  Los 
 ■-■Vngeles,  IRVMi;  stated  supply  at  .Stockton,  lS.Vt-7; 
 jKLstor  at  Middletown,  Pa.,  l.s.">!M?J;  stated  supply  at 
 Minersville,  ls<;2-3;  at  Mansfield,  U.,  ls(;3,  and  piis- 
 tor  lHC.")-7;  Professor  in  Vennilion  Institute,  Hayi-s- 
 ville,  O.,  1^*67-70;  stated  supjily  at  Hayesville  and 
 McKay,  1^(!7,  jxustor  1868-71;  financial  secretary  of 
 Wooster  I'liivcrsity,  O.,  1871;  stilted  supply  at  Mt. 
 Gilead,  1875-<);  stated  supply  at  I^iudonville  and 
 Perrj'sville,  ]87.')-79,  ami  )Ki.st4ir  of  Westniin.ster 
 Church,  Wooster,  O.,  Isi7!l. 
 
 Dr.  Davis  still  ri'si<les  in  W<K>ster.  .Since  lis7(i  he 
 has  l>eeii  a  Trust«-e  of  the  I'niversity  there,  and  .Sit-re- 
 tary  of  the  Uojird,  also  St'iretary  of  the  Kxirutivc 
 Committee.  Since  IH77  lie  h:is  Iss'ii  Librarian  of  the 
 University,  the  duties  of  which  ollice  he  linds  con- 
 genial to  his  tiLste,  and  for  their  act'e])table  pi-rfonn- 
 ance  hiLS  admirable  qualifications.  He  is  a  gentleman 
 of  su|H'rior  scholarly  attainments,  of  genial  spirit, 
 and  of  gn-at  energy,  and  had  evident  marks  of  the 
 Divine  bh-s-sing  on  his  lalsirs  in  all  the  tiuign-gations 
 wliii'h  he  liiis  servitl.  To  the  chief  work  of  his  life — 
 the  promotion  of  the  higher  islueation  uiitU'r  Chris- 
 tian inllucno — he  has  brought  a  tact,  zeal  anil 
 js'rs«'verance  whiih  have  greatly  aidiil  the  giHsl 
 c:ius<-,  and  strengthened  the  institution  with  which 
 his  name  is  a-ssttciateil. 
 
 Day,  Henry,  Esq.,  was  iMim  in  .Smth  Hailley, 
 Mass.,  IK'ceinlNT  2.')th,  l*-'0.  His  lather.  Pliny  Day, 
 wiis  one  of  the  Pilgrims  who  wttle<l  in  Hartfonl. 
 Conn.  He  gradualid  at  Vale  College  in  ls|,~i,  hail 
 charge  of  the  Chissical  .Vnideiny  in  Fairfield,  Conn., 
 from  l"!."!  until  I"  17,  and  in  the  Fall  of  l''4'<  wiis 
 admitted  to  the  liar  of  the  city  of  New  York.  He 
 was  eli>ct<-d  deacon  of  the  Pri-sbytenuii  Church,  cor- 
 ner of  l!»th   .StO't't  and    Fifth   a\cnue,    April    11th, 
 
DEAS\ 
 
 179 
 
 DEERFIELD  CUUECU,  X.  J. 
 
 1853,  and  elder,  February  lOtli,  1862,  and  has  con- 
 tinued his  official  connection  with  the  Church  till 
 this  time. 
 
 Jlr.  Day  was  a  member  of  the  General  Assembly 
 which  met  at  St.  Louis  in  186G,  and  of  the  Assembly 
 which  met  at  Albany  in  1868,  and  there  strongly 
 advocated  the  union  of  the  Old  and  Xew  School 
 Churches,  and  w;us  appoint<!d  by  the  Assembly  as 
 one  of  the  committee  to  proceed  t<)  the  Xew  School 
 Assembly,  then  sittin<;  at  Harri.sburg,  and  to  lay 
 before  that  As.sembly  the  views  of  tlie  Old  School 
 Assembly  on  the  subject  of  union.  As  a  member  of 
 the  Old  School  .\ssembly,  in  Xew  York,  in.  1869,  he 
 w;vs  appointed  ou  the  joint  committee  of  the  two 
 Assemblies  on  the  plan  of  union.  This  committee 
 appointed  him  its  secretarj',  and  after  its  discussion 
 upon  the  plan  of  union,  he  w:ls  directed  to  draft  the 
 articles  for  the  basis  of  union.  This  plan  was  drawn 
 up  by  the  secretary  and  submitted  to  the  joint  com- 
 mittee, who  accepted  the  same  after  slight  modifica- 
 tions. This  plan  w;ls  adopted  liy  the  two  Assemblies, 
 and  afterw;ird,  in  October,  1869,  was  ratified  at  Pitts- 
 burg, by  the  joint  meeting  of  the  two  Assemljlies,  amid 
 the  rejoicing  and  thanksgiving  of  the  ^vhole  Church. 
 
 Sir.  Day  was  for  ten  years  Superintendent  of  the 
 Sunday-school  of  the  church  with  which  he  is  con- 
 nected, and  has  been  earnest  in  aiding  to  establish 
 mLssion  churches  in  destitute  parts  of  the  city  of 
 New  York.  He  is  the  author  of  "The  Lawyer 
 Abroad,"  "From  the  Pyrennees  to  tlie  Pillars  of  Her- 
 cules," and  of  a  small  volume  publi.shed  by  the 
 American  Sunday-school  Union,  entitled  "  Maria 
 Cheeseman,  the  Candy  Girl."  He  has  for  many 
 years  been  a  Director  in  the  Theological  Seminary 
 at  Princeton,  and  a  Trustee  in  the  I'uiou  Theological 
 Seminary,  in  the  city  of  Xew  York. 
 
 Dean,  Rev.  'Williani  Hawley,  was  born  at  Pat- 
 ters(m,  X.  Y.,  July  9th,  is:;:;,  and  graduated  from 
 Lalayette  CVdlege,  Pa.,  in  1«58.  After  teaching  a  few 
 years,  he  grailuated  at  Princeton  Seminary  in  1863,  and 
 was  licensed  by  the  I'resbytery  of  Bedford  (now  ^Vest- 
 chester),  April  16th,  1862.  From  ALay  to  August  of 
 1863  he  preached  as  stated  supply  at  Green  HUl, 
 Del.  October  18th,  1863,  he  began  to  preach  as 
 stated  supply  at  Amagansett,  ou  Long  Island,  where 
 he  was  ordained  by  the  Presbi.'tery  of  Long  Island, 
 May  3d,  1861,  pnd  installed  p:ustor.  This  relation 
 was  dissolved  October  28th,  1866,  after  wliich  he 
 preached  successively  in  the  following  places  :  1.  To 
 Bridgewater  Congregational  Church  (Conn.)  from 
 November  4th,  1866,  to  August  28th,  1867,  when  he 
 was  installed  as  pastor.  From  this  church  he  was 
 dismissed  June  25th,  1871.  2.  To  Orange  Congrega- 
 tional Church  (Coim.)  from  July  2d,  1871,  to  March 
 28th,  1875.  3.  To  Brooklyn  (Cal.)  Presbyterian 
 Church,  from  May  2d,  1875,  to  November,  21^t,  1875, 
 when  he  was  installed  pastor.  Here  his  inlluence  was 
 soon  and  powerfully  felt.  The  Church  Wiis  greatly 
 strengthened,  its  membership  was  increased  fourfold, 
 
 and  the  affections  of  the  whole  people  were  centered 
 in  their  pa.stor  with  a  strength  and  unanimity  seldom 
 equaled.  In  1879  and  1880  the  gold  mines  of  Arizona 
 were  gathering  there  a  large,  intelligent  and  important 
 population.  The  Board  of  Domestic  Missions  was 
 anxious  to  send  an  eminently  well-qualified  man  to 
 labor  in  that  field,  and  Mr.  Dean  was  selected  as  the 
 man.  He  was  released  from  his  charge  at  Brooklyn, 
 April  6th,  1880;  went  at  once  to  Tucson,  Arizona, 
 where  he  arrived  in  .\pril,  having  left  his  family 
 behind  him,  and  entered  ujwn  his  work  with  char- 
 acteristic diligence  and  vigor.  Unused  to  the  climate, 
 he  doubtless  toiled  beyond  his  strength.  July  13th, 
 1880,  he  pa.ssed  awaj'  to  his  heavenly  home,  his 
 departure  being  profoundly  lamented  by  the  entire 
 population  of  the  town.  He  was  industrious,  con- 
 scientious, generous  and  confiding.  As  a  preacher, 
 he  was  aljle,  solid  and  instructive.  .\nd  he  was  a 
 man  of  remarkable  faith  and  prayerfuluess. 
 
 Deerfleld  Church,  Ne'W  Jersey.  A  number 
 of  Presbrteriau  families,  which  came,  as  there  is 
 reason  to  believe,  from  X'cw  England  and  Long  Is- 
 land, settled  in  Deerfield  about  the  year  1732.  The  . 
 names  that  appear  among  the  earliest  records  of  the 
 church,  are  Leake,  Foster,  Davis,  More,  Garrison. 
 About  the  year  1737  was  erected  the  original  Deer- 
 field  Church,  an  humble  log  house,  standing  south  of 
 the  present  building.  The  place  where  it  stood  h;is 
 long  since  been  filled  with  graves.  The  log  church 
 stood  until  1771,  when  the  present  building  was 
 erected.  In  that  humble  temple  precious  seasons 
 were  enjoyed.  Some  of  the  most  eloquent  men  of  the 
 day,  such  as  Samuel  Blair,  Gilbert  Tennent,  supplied 
 the  pulpit  at  difterent  times.  Other  ministers  also  as- 
 sisted the  little  flock,  and  the  work  of  God  prospered 
 in  their  hands.  Such  was  the  infancy  of  the  church. 
 ^Yith  such  a  baptism  was  it  bajjlized. 
 
 The  first  pastor  of  the  church  was  the  Rev.  Andrew 
 Hunter,  who,  having  supplied  the  congregations  of 
 Greenwich  and  Deerfield  for  a  period  of  time,  was 
 ordained  and  installed  their  pastor,  September  4th, 
 1746.  Mr.  Hunter  gave  up  Deerfield  in  1760,  and 
 from  this  time  these  churches  became  two  distinct 
 organizations.  For  four  years,  from  that  date,  Deer- 
 field w:ls  without  a  pastor,  and  of  that  interval  nothing 
 is  known.  Tlicn,  in  1764,  came  the  Rev.  Simon  Wil- 
 liams, whether  as  pastor,  or  not,  is  not  know^l,  as  the 
 minutes  of  the  Session  during  his  time  are  not  to  be 
 found.  There  is  a  tradition  that  God  gr.iciously  ^■is- 
 ited  the  church  mider  his  ministry.  Once  Sir.  Williams 
 is  s;iid  to  have  ridden  up  to  a  certain  house  in  his 
 parish,  on  horseback,  and,  appro.aching  the  lady  of 
 the  house,  remarked,  "Madam,  I  have  selected  your 
 funeral  te.\t;"  and,  in  reply  to  her  inquiry,  "What 
 is  it?"  he  answered,  "You  will  find  it  in  Acts,  ix,. 31: 
 '  Then  had  the  churches  rest. '  "  It  seems  that  he  had 
 heard  about  tlii^  mischievous  talk  of  this  woman,  and 
 determined  thus  to  rebuke  her.  Jlis  st;iy  in  Deerfield 
 was  brief — only  about  two  years. 
 
DEERFIF.Ln  CnVRCH,  X.  J. 
 
 ISO 
 
 TiEERFIELD  CHVRCH,  X.  J. 
 
 (Till-  ]vi-v.  KiiiM-h  Ori'fU  w:us  installrd  jKL^tor  of 
 D<tr!ii-l(l  C'buri-li,  June  !nh,  17(i7.  He  w:»s  a  man  of 
 Euprrior  lenrniiiK  and  intelloi-t.  During  his  time 
 till-  jirt-st-nt  fhuri-li  building,  or  nitlicr  the  building 
 of  wliifh  it  is  the  enlargement,  wits  ereeti-d,  in  1771. 
 In  llie  old  briek  parsonage,  on  the  ciustern  side  of  the 
 mail,  nearer  the  stream  than  the  prewnt  building, 
 hi-  sustained  a  suceessful  and  somewhat  erlebr.ited 
 classieal  school.  He  wjis  p:Lstor  of  the  eliureh  over 
 nine  years;  died  Deeember  'Jd,  177(i,  and  \v:ls  buried 
 iM'neatli  the  ehureh.  The  liev.  John  IJrainerd  (of 
 whom,  and  most  others  notieed  here,  there  arc 
 sketehes  in  this  volumt-)  took  ehargc  of  the  thurch 
 in  1777.  He  w:i.s  the  brother  of  that  devoted  man  of 
 (JimI.  David  llrainenl,  and  liissueres.sor  as  mi-s-sionary 
 to  the  Indians.  He  was  an  able  preaeher,  a  man  of 
 warm  aQe<.'tions,  and  of  eminent  personal  holiness. 
 
 I  Dr.  Koln  rt  Smith,   Mr.  Law,  >Ir.  Faitoute.  and   Mr. 
 •  Foster,  at  dilTerrnt  times,  supplied  the  pulpit,  and 
 I  Sir.  Cowles  for  the  Winter  of  1792-33. 
 j      In   1810   the    church-  wxs    ineorporateil,  and    the 
 I  names  of    the   first    tinLstct-s  appointe<l    are   Jotniah 
 I  Secley,  Samuel    Tlmmjison,   Jeremiah    l'ar\in,  .Jona- 
 th;in  Smith,  and  David  O.  tlarri-son.      Tlie  Rev.  .lohn 
 Davenport,  an  amiable  and  e.xeellent    man,  who  bad 
 lal)ore<l  for  many  years  in  dilTerents  part.s  of  1-ong 
 Island  and   Iledford,  N.  Y.,  wa.s   instaUed   pjistor  at 
 Deerfield,    .Vugust     12th,    1705,    and     his     ministry 
 during  his  pastorate,  wliieh  term inateil  October  Idth, 
 lf?0.j,  on   account   of  fc-eble   health,   was  <iuite    suc- 
 cessful. 
 
 The  Rev.  R.  llamill  Davis,  in  a  discourse  delivered 
 in  connection  w  ith  the  Centennial  exercises  of  Deer- 
 field  C'hureli,  in  1-'71,  just  a  century  from  the  laying 
 
 ^.^ftl^PwSf^' 
 
 tiCKUriKLU   I'UKHBVTBRIAN    Clll'kril,    v 
 
 After  a  hrief  |i.i.-l<piali' of  tour  years  his  dust  was  laid  of  the  corm  r-iom- of  the  pns«'nt  ehiurh  <'difiee,  thu.-* 
 
 beneath  the  church  in  the  faithful  service  of  which  refers  to  "the   fathers,  its  they  livid  and  worshii"il 
 
 he  had  passi'il  away.  at  the  iM-ginning  of  the  pri-si-nt  century  ": — 
 
 Rev.  Joseph  Montgomery,  and  others,  ufliciated  n.s  "Thechnnh  w;ls    then   a  wjuare    building,  with 
 
 Bupplies  until  June  2.'>tli,  n-i:!,  when  the  liev.  .Simeon  high  g.illeries   on    three   sidi-s,    n    narrow  octagimal 
 
 Ilyile  w;w  ordained  and  insUdled.      Only  .seven  weeks  pulpit  elevated  on  a  JKist,  with  a  sounding  iMKinl  stis- 
 
 after  bis  installation  he  w;is  cut  down  by  the  relent-  pendetl  by  a  tihI  overhead.    There  WiLS  a  large  double 
 
 less  hand   of  death,   in   the   bliHun  of  life,    and   his  front  diHir  on  the  eastc-rn  side  of  the  hou.si-,  fronting 
 
 remains  were   buried   in    the   churchyanl,   where  n  the  roiid,  with  n  window  on  ••jich  nido  of  the  dixir. 
 
 slab  marks   their   ri-sting  jdinv.      .\g:iin   the  church  There  was   another   door  nt    the   nouth    end   of  the 
 
 de]M'ndi'd  on  supplies,  until  June  20tb,  17^(!,  when  a  church,  corn'S|Minding  to  the  jires«'nt  front  diKir,  and 
 
 Mr.  William   I'irkli-s  was  installeil,   an   KnglLshman  aisles  of  bi irk  hading  from  each  diMir.     In  the  ei-nlre 
 
 by  birth,  an  iliMiiient  Jireachir,  but,  according  to  the  of  the  cluirrb  stmsl  a  large  c:tnnon  stove.      In  one  of 
 
 n-eord,  a  liad  man.      Now  follows  a   long  imtiihI  of  the    ai.sles  lay  a  marble   slab,  over  the  n-maiiis  of 
 
 lime,  from    17^7  to    I71l.'i,  in  wliirh   the  church  was  the   Rev.  Enoch  (ire«-n.      I'nder  the  siime  aisle,  linn 
 
 once  nion'  bl'l  witliont  a  pi^tor.     ijf  this  |MTiiMl  but  unmarkiil   by  a  slab,  were  also  the  n-mains  of  the 
 
 little  can   Im-  gnthcn-d.      Not  a   minute  of  sessional  Rev.  John  Itniinerd.     Fnmi  all  dinvtions,  when  Sii!i- 
 
 muetings  is  on   reoirU.     This  much  is  known,  that  Imth  morning  arrivetl,   the  people  would  gather  at 
 
DEERFIELD  CHURCH,  K.  J. 
 
 181 
 
 DESXY. 
 
 tho  IIou.se  of  God.  They  c-;iiiic  in  homospuu  clothes. 
 Tiny  .spi'iit  their  WiuUrs  in  spinning  flax  for  Hum- 
 mer, and  in  Siunraer  they  would  prepare  the  wool 
 for  Winter.  Every  farmer  had  hLs  flock  of  sheep  and 
 raised  his  flax.  They  would  come  to  church,  whole 
 families,  in  their  open  wagons,  or  individuals  on  foot 
 or  horseback.  Long  distances  would  they  come,  in 
 storm  and  in  svinshiiu',  ;us  well  in  December  as  in 
 June.  It  mattereil  not  to  them.  God's  lIou,se  mast 
 not  be  neglected.  If  evening  meetings  were  to  be 
 li:ld,  a  walk  of  two  or  three  miles  was  nothing. 
 Thev  came  to  church,  each  with  his  candli',  and  thus 
 would  they  light  the  house.  They  brought  with 
 them  to  the  sanctuary  their  foot-stoves  in  those  old 
 times.  In  a  neighborly  way  they  would  occasionally 
 accommodate  one  another,  by  passing  them  over  the 
 pews.  Sometimes,  after  traveling  many  miles,  they 
 would  rei)lenish  their  littli^  stoves  from  the  old  can- 
 non stove  in  the  centre  of  the  church.  Morning  .ser- 
 vices would  comnuiue  at  ten  o'clock.  Two  choris- 
 ters, standing  near  the  pulpit,  would  lead  the  music. 
 At  noon  they  would  take  a  recess  of  fifteen  minutes, 
 and  if  it  were  Summer-time,  gather  round  the 
 spring,  at  the  foot  of  the  yard,  p:irtake  of  its  rcfresh- 
 ing  waters,  and  erijoy  their  lunch  ;  then  repair  to  the 
 clinrch  again,  listen  to  another  .sermon,  and  return 
 home  to  keep  the  Fourth  Commanilmrnf ;  and  thi'V 
 observed  it  strictly  and  conscientiously.  They  were 
 ''Keepers  at  home"  on  the  blessed  day.  Parents 
 gathered  their  children  around  them  in  the  after- 
 noon, and  examined  them  about  the  sermon.  Tliey 
 read  the  Word  of  God  together,  and  recitctl  the  C'ate- 
 chi.sni.  Once  a  mcmth  the  children  were  required  to 
 come  forward  in  the  church,  and  taking  their  stand 
 iK'fore  the  pulpit,  to  s;iy  their  Catechism  to  the  p;is- 
 tor,  in  the  presence  of  the  congregation." 
 
 Returning  now  to  the  church's  history,  we  find 
 its  records  from  180.)  tol80-<  brief  and  uns;>tisfactory. 
 October  20tli,  l-ifl^,  the  Uev.  Xathanael  Keeves,  who 
 came  from  Long  Island,  was  installed  at  Deerfield. 
 and  during  his  pxstorate,  which  terminated  .\pril 
 17th,  1817,  the  church  grew  steadily  in  strength. 
 The  Rev.  Francis  S.  Ballentine  was  pastor  from  June 
 22d,  1819,  until  June  8th,  18-24,  and  during  his 
 ministry  (1822)  a  season  of  refreshing  came,  as  the 
 result  of  which  a  large  accession  was  made  to  the 
 church.  Sir.  llallentine  was  .succeeded,  April  27tli, 
 182ri,  by  the  Rev.  Alex  McFarland,  who,  after  four 
 years'  service,  was  called  to  a  Professorship  in  Dick- 
 inson College,  Carlisle,  Pa.  Alter  him  the  Rev.  John 
 Burt  supplied  the  pulpit  acceptably  for  some  months, 
 but  was  never  pastor.  He  went  from  Deerfield,  it  is 
 stated,  to  edit  "  The  Presbyterian,''  and  Was  after- 
 wards settled  at  Blackwoodtown.  The  Rev.  G.  D. 
 McCueun  was  pastor  of  the  church  for  five  years, 
 from  Xoveml)er  !)th,  1831,  and  it  grew  under  his  care. 
 Next  came  the  Kev.  Benjamin  Tyler,  of  Greenwich, 
 who  was  in.stalled  OctobiT  18th,  18:t7,  and  al'ter  a 
 successful   pastorate,   resigned  the  chiirge   February 
 
 19th,  1842,  on  accimnt  of  failing  health.  The  Rev. 
 Jacob  W.  E.  Kerr  became  pastor  August  16th,  1842, 
 and  continued  so  until  May  1st,  18.w.  lie  wus  an 
 able  i)reacher,  a  faithful  pastor,  and  Go<l  blessed  his 
 labors.  The  Rev.  Thomas  W.  Cattell  w:us  in-stalled 
 pastor  October  9th,  18.>5.  During  his  connection 
 with  the  congregation  the  church  w:ls  enlarged  to 
 its  present  size,  and  in  18.">S  a  precious  revival  of 
 religion  greatly  strengthened  the  church.  He  re- 
 signed February  9th,  I8(i0.  On  June  4th,  18(il, 
 the  Kev.  R.  Haniill  Davis  was  inst;illed  i>astor,  and 
 after  lalwring  earnestly  and  successfully  until  July, 
 1875,  asked  for  a  dissolution  of  the  pastoral  relation, 
 that  he  might  take  charge  of  the  Young  Eadiis' 
 Seminary,  Lawrenceville,  N.  J.,  of  which  he  is  still 
 Principal.  Mr.  Davis  was  succeeded  at  Deerfield  by 
 the  Rev.  >Ir.  Dinsmore,  Rev.  E.  P.  Heberton,  and 
 the  Rev.  J.  D.  Hunter,  the  present  pastor. 
 
 Deffenbaug-h,  Rev.  George  L.,  the  youngest 
 child  of  Jacob  and  Sarah  illcrtzog)  Defl'enbaugh, 
 of  Fayette  county,  Pa.,  was  born  October  2Gth,  IS.'JO. 
 Having  completed  the  course  at  "Waynesburg  College, 
 Pa.,  he  spent  two  years  (187:J-7.'>)  studying  in  Europe. 
 April  15th,  1874  he  matriculated  as  a  student  of 
 philosophy  in  the  University  at  Lcip.sic,  Germany, 
 and  in  October  of  the  same  year  he  began  the  study 
 of  theology.  After  returning  to  this  countrj'  he 
 spent  a  year  at  home,  and  then  entered  the  Western 
 Theological  .Seminary  at  Allegheny,  whence  he  gradu- 
 ated in  Ai)ril,  1878.  The  course  of  lectures  he 
 attended  at  Leipsic  was  accepted  :is  an  eciuivalent  for 
 1  the  first  year  in  the  Seminary,  and  he  was  admitted 
 to  the  miildle  year.  In  the  Fall  of  1877,  he  was 
 j  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Redstone,  and  on  Oetolier  1st  of  the  following  year, 
 I«-ing  under  appointment  by  the  Board  of  Foreign 
 Missions,  he  was  ordained  ius  an  evangelist  by  the 
 s;ime  I'resbyter^-.  A  few  days  after  his  ordination  he 
 left  for  Idaho  Territory,  where  he  has  since  been  la- 
 boring among  the  Xez  Perces  and  neighboring  Indian 
 tribes. 
 
 Denny,  Rev.  David,  was  the  third  son  of  a 
 Revolutionary  soldier  who  fell  in  battle,  when  his 
 eldest  son,  contending  at  his  side,  was  captured  by 
 the  enemy.  He  graduated  at  Dickinson  Cidlege, 
 during  the  Presidency  of  Dr.  Charles  Xi-slnt.  and  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presl)_\-tery  of  Carlisle,  about 
 the  year  1792.  He  was  first  installed  over  tsvo  con- 
 greg-ations  in  Path  Valley,  where  he  continued  until 
 the  year  1800,  in  the  enjoyment  of  the  esteem  and 
 affections  of  a  much  beloved  people.  In  the  year 
 just  mentioned  he  was  transferred  to  the  pastoral 
 cluirgo  of  the  Falling  Spring  Church,  in  Chambers- 
 burg,  Pa,  which  he  retained  until  the  termination  of 
 his  public  ministrations — a  period  of  thirty-eight 
 years.     His  death  occurred  Decemljer  16th,  1845. 
 
 Mr.  Denny  posse.s.sed  a  mind  of  a  strong  and  dis- 
 cerning order,  always   goverix-d  by  ciudor  and  sin- 
 ,  eerity,  and  warmed  by  the  love  of  truth.     His  views 
 
DEXXr. 
 
 182 
 
 DEXNY. 
 
 were  i-xprt-ssc-d  in  tlii'  l;m);iia(j;<'  »(  hiiiiplic-ity  and 
 earnt-st  nt-ss,  niithcr  udornril  nor  <)l)s<'iin<l  liy  tlie  g:ir- 
 nLsh  of  imagery  or  the  lluHbes  of  rlictoric.  Modi-sty 
 nnd  humility  were  interwoven  with  the  very  texture 
 of  lii.H  lieiirt,  anil  its  liveliest  sympiithics  we're  always 
 in  expansion  for  the  siek,  the  suffering,  and  the  deso- 
 late. Neither  inilenieney  of  weather  nor  transient 
 illm-ss  were  suffind  to  detain  him  from  the  exercises 
 of  the  pulpit,  and  he  enjoyed  in  no  ordinary  degree 
 tlic  esteem  and  aflections  of  tlie  jM'ople  among  whom 
 he  labored.  He  was  aetuat<'d,  in  six'ial  intercourse, 
 by  a  manly,  tolerant  and  lilM-nil  spirit.  In  addition 
 to  his  active  interest  in  other  Christian  enterprises, 
 he  t<Kik  a  prominent  part  in  the  org-auization  of  "The 
 Fr.mklin  Omiity  lillile  .•society." 
 
 Denny,  Hon.  Harmar,  was  torn  at  Pittsburg, 
 I'a.,  May  l:!th,  1794.  He  w;w  the  eldest  son  of 
 Major  ElHiiezer  Denny,  of  tlie  Uevolutionary  War,  a 
 trusted  friend  of  the  Government,  and  the  first  Mayor 
 of  ritL-iburg.  His  mothir  had  Ikhmi  Nancy  AVilkins, 
 daughter  of  Captain  John  Wilkins,  of  Kevolutiomirj- 
 memory,  and  sister  of  yuartenn:ister-Geueral  John 
 Wilkins  and  the  Hon.  William  Wilkins,  United 
 States  .Semitor,  MinistiT  to  Kussia,  Secretary  of  War, 
 etc.  The  son  w;is  named  for  a  Ih>soiu  friend  and  a 
 chivalrous  brotlier  ollicer,  to  whose  staff  the  father 
 had  Islonged,  and  tlie  name  ever  .sjit  gracefully  upon 
 him.  His  yoiitli,  with  its  iin-jianitory  studies,  was 
 spent  in  I'ittsburg.  .Vfterwards  he  entered  Dickin- 
 son College  and  gnuluatcd  in  HKl.  He  then  read 
 ]]iw,  and  in  Novemlx-r  of  l^Ki  was  admitted  to  the 
 Bar  of  his  native  city,  after  which  he  was  tiikcn  into 
 partiicrship  by  Henry  Baldwin.  Iv«i.,  who  had  Iwen 
 his  law  pre<-e]ilor,  and  ultimately  a  Judge  of  the 
 United  States  Supreme  Court.  SiKin  Mr.  iK'Uiiy  be- 
 came a  ]>ulilic  man,  widely  and  favonibly  known. 
 Ho  faithfully  repres<-iited  his  county  in  the  State 
 Li-gislaturc,  ami  w:ui  the  friend  of  internal  improve- 
 ments. He  was  a  worthy  nieiiilH-r  of  Congress  from 
 IMtiiilHr  7th,  ls-j!t,  to  .March  .hi.  1KS7,  inclusive, 
 and  the  staunch  ailvocsite  of  a  jinitective  tariff.  He 
 was  also  u  menils-r  of  the  Ket'orm  Convention  of  IKFT 
 and  Kl",  that  formed  the  new  Constitution  of  IViin- 
 sylvania,  and  he  gave  to  that  iiujMjrtiint  work  his 
 cloHt-  attention  and  Ix-st  judgment.  .Vfterwards,  in 
 the  councils  of  his  native  city,  and  in  other  olllccs  of 
 trust  and  honor,  he  liild  a  prominent  and  inlluential 
 pla<-e,  and  encounigid  whatever  wiut  for  the-  welfare 
 of  the  cominuiiity.  lie  gn-atly  favored  the  construe- 
 tion  and  suct-em  of  the  rennsylvania  KailrtNid  ;  nnd, 
 sul>?M-<|uenlly,  was  the  eniiient  I'resiilent  of  the  I'itts- 
 burg and  SteiilM'nvillc  Riilroad.  He  also  eiicouniged 
 and  iH'iiillled  the  farmer,  by  the  intrtMluction  of  im- 
 proved impleiiieiits  of  agriculture,  and  by  the  iiii- 
 IHirtatlon  and  niising  of  valuable  stis'k.  He  was 
 fully  iilentltled  with  the  cause  of  e<lucatinn  ;  was  a 
 Iriisti'C  of  the  Western  University  of  rinnsylvaiiia,  at 
 I'lttsliurg,  as  well  as  one  of  its  Board  of  InsjM-ctort, 
 and  liki'wiv  a  din-elor  of  thi'  Wiwtern   Theologinil 
 
 Seminary,  in  Allegheny.  .\nd,  as  a  rei-ognition  of  his 
 cliaracfer,  services  and  merit,  in  l'*4'*,  he  wxs  eleitwl 
 a  member  of  the  Americiin  riiilosophicnl  S<K'iety,  at 
 Philadelphia,  founded  by  such  men  as  Benjamin 
 Franklin. 
 
 •  When  a  young  man,  Mr.  Denny  connecte<l  himself 
 with  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in  I'ittsburg, 
 under  the  ministry  of  the  Uev.  Dr.  Fnimis  Herron, 
 and  never  w;ls  his  Christian  professiim  t;irnislied  or 
 discredited  by  any  act  of  his  sulwiiuent  life.  His 
 tiilents  and  piety,  i-ombined  with  an  ample  fortune, 
 made  his  cliunh  relation  one  of  great  U-sefulni-ss.  In 
 April  Pith,  of  l*2iJ,  he  was  ordained  a  ruling  elder  in 
 the  same  church,  and  this  hononible  and  responsible 
 position  he  verj'  acceptably  filled  during  the  remain- 
 der of   his  life,  aciiuiring  and   ret;tining  the  esteem 
 
 '/•ffi¥x  ■.■*:.■¥.-.... 
 
 ■■■■'•■'■<%;■■••■:■■:■:•• 
 
 lltl.S.    IIAItMAR    Kl  \N> 
 
 and  c«mfidencc  of  all  who  knew  him.  He  was 
 thoroughly  in  sympathy  with  whatever  related  t4>  the 
 material  and  spiritual  iirosisTity  of  the  church; 
 kindly  and  generously  su.staiiii-<l  and  cncour.iptl  his 
 piistor;  was  the  lilK-ral  friend  of  the  Is'iievob'iit  o|i<'r.i- 
 tions  of  the  church  and  of  tin-  day ;  and  was  privili-ged 
 to  share  in  some  extensive  and  memonihle  revivals. 
 \a  a  memlx'r  of  the  Church  Session  and  higher 
 c-ourts  his  utteninces  comm.inded  grcjit  n-spcct  nnd 
 apprei-iation.  Though  uniissuming,  yet  he  was  n 
 dei'ided  follower  of  Christ.  Hencv,  when  a  niemlwr 
 of  Congress,  he  was  also  a  valued  memlH-r  of  the 
 Congn-Hsional  I'rayi'r  Met'ting — a  meeting  omimi'nosl 
 nnd  siistaini-d  by  such  nOiable  n'pn's»'ntativi-s  as 
 were  acknowledp'<l  Christians,  and  who  n-.-dized  in 
 their  high  ptisition  the  duty  .iinl  i.ri\  ilii;e  and  iniixirt- 
 nncc  of  prayer. 
 
DENTON. 
 
 183 
 
 DENTON. 
 
 On  the  2.">th  of  November,  1817,  Mr.  Denny  mar- 
 ried Miss  Elizabeth  F.  O'Hara,  the  accomplished 
 daujihter  of  G<!neral  James  and  JIary  (Carson) 
 O'Hara,  of  Pitt-sburi;;  and  the  children  of  this  very 
 congenial  relation  bwame  sueccssively  members  of 
 the  church,  as  liave  also  several  of  the  graudcliildren, 
 and  some  of  them  occupy  responsible  and  leading 
 positions  in  the  chiirch  and  community.  Mr. 
 Denny's  home  wjis  filially  and  socially  attractive, 
 and  he  beautifully  honored  the  family  covenant. 
 Morning  and  evening,    day   by  day,   he  faithfully 
 
 I 
 
 with  John  Winthrop  and  Sir  Richard  Saltonstall.'' 
 Mr.  Denton  first  cjinie  to  Watortown,  Ma.ss. ;  then  in 
 K!:!.")  he  commenced  the  settlement  of  Wetherstield; 
 and  in  KMl  his  name  appears  among  the  earlysettlers 
 of  Stamford;  an<l  then  in  1G44  ho  is  recorded  as  one 
 of  the  original  proprietors  of  Hempstead,  L.  I.  A 
 part  of  his  lliick  acconii)auie<I  him  from  England,  and 
 also  settled  with  him  a.s  their  piustor;  the  descendants 
 of  some  of  them  remain  there  to  the  present  day. 
 Thus  a  Presbyterian  Church  was  established  in 
 Hempstca<l,  L.   I.,    in   1644.     But   if,    as   indicated 
 
 maintained  the  worship  of  ttod  among  the  members  of   above,  a  colony  of  Pre.sbj'terians  c;ime  with  him  from 
 
 his  honsehold — fully  and  cordially  supported  by  a 
 faithful  and  loving  wife — and  his  transparent  life 
 of  Christian  consisteniy  commended  the  great  im- 
 port.ince  of  personal  piety.  His  character  was  well 
 established  and  symmetrical.  No  one  evercjuestioned 
 his  rigid  integrity,  his  profound  sen.se  of  honor  and 
 honesty,  the  moral  purity  of  his  life,  or  the  perfect 
 sincerity  of  his  religious  professions.  He  was  a 
 person,  too,  of  very  preijosse.-^sing  features;  whose 
 appearance,  however,  had  become  prematurely  vener- 
 able. He  was  erect  and  gentlemanly  in  his  bearing; 
 and  though  somewhat  reserved  and  dignified,  yet  a 
 man  of  genuine  modesty  and  amiability,  entirely 
 free  from  all  pretension,  and  eminently  kind  and 
 alTable.  In  the  several  spheres  of  life — domestic, 
 social,  civil  and  ecclesiastical — he  was  truly  and 
 impressively  a  good  man,  and  hia  entire  life  was 
 without  repfoach. 
 
 His  career  was  not  a  long  one,  but  an  active  and 
 useful  one;  and  his  is  the  longest  that  best  answers 
 life's  great  purposes.  Altera  lingering  and  painful 
 illness,  which  he  WiLS  graciously  enabled  to  bear  with 
 serene  resignation,  cheered  by  the  precious  liojjes  of 
 the  Gospel,  and  soothed  by  the  afTectionate  attentions 
 of  tho.se  near  and  dear  to  him — he  was  removed,  by 
 the  ministry  of  death,  to  a  higher  and  better  life, 
 January  29th,  1852,  in  the  fifty-eighth  year  of  his 
 age. 
 
 Denton.  Rev.  Richard.  In  the  history  of  early 
 I'resbvterianism  in  tliis  country  the  name  of  Richard 
 Denton  should  have  a  jx-rmauent  and  prominent 
 place.  The  Kev.  Peter  D.  Oakey,  of  Springtield,  E.  I., 
 N.  Y.,  by  whom  this  article  was  written,  says: 
 He  was  born  in  Yorkshire,  England,  in  1586.  He 
 graduated  at  Cambridge  University  in  1623,  and  then 
 for  seven  years  w:us  the  Presbyterian  minister  of 
 Coley  Chapel,  parish  of  Halifax,  in  the  northern  part 
 of  England.  By  the  intolerant  spirit  of  the  times 
 which  led  to  the  Act  of  Uniformity,  he  felt  ccmiix-lled 
 to  relinquish  his  charge,  and  to  emigrate  to  Anurica. 
 This  w:us  probably  al)out  l(i:!0,  and  in  company 
 witli  John  Winthrop  and  Sir  Richard  Saltonstall. 
 The  Rev.  Mr.  Alvord,  speaking  of  the  first  settlers  of 
 Hempstead,  says,  "They  were  among  the  earliest  in- 
 habitants of  New  England,  coming,  as  we  have  seen, 
 through   'Wethersfield,    iVom   Watertown,   in  M:i.ss;i- 
 
 the  old  country,  and  followed  him  till  their  linal 
 settlement  on  Long  Island,  he,  as  a  Presbyterian 
 minister  with  a  Presl)yterian  colony,  the  inference 
 can  .scarcely  admit  of  a  doubt  that  he  ])reached  to  a 
 Pre.sbj'terian  congregation  from  their  first  arrival,  in 
 1G30,  till  their  permanent  settlement  on  the  Island. 
 Mr.  Denton  served  the  church  till  1659,  when  he  re- 
 turned to  England,  and  spent  the  latter  part  of  his 
 life  in  E.sse.\.  where  he  died,  in  1662,  aged  seventy-six 
 years. 
 
 Mr.  Denton  had  a  mind  of  more  than  ordinary  gifts 
 and  attainments.  He  was  from  the  very  tii-st  noted 
 as  a  man  of  ''leading  inlluence."  Rev,  Mr.  Hey- 
 wochI,  his  successor  in  office  at  Halifa.x,  speaks  of 
 him  as  a  "good  minister  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  affluent 
 in  his  worldly  circumstances."  In  a  report  of  the 
 church  of  New  Netherlands  in  1657,  by  Revs.  John 
 Jlegapolensis  and  Drisnis,  to  the  Cl;issis  of  Amster- 
 dam, occurs  the  following  jiassjige:  "  At  Hempstead, 
 about  seven  Dutch  miles  from  here,  there  are  some 
 Independents;  also  many  of  our  persuasion  and  Pres- 
 byterians. They  have  also  a  Presbrterian  i)reacher, 
 named  Richard  Denton,  an  honest,  pious  and  learne<l 
 man," 
 
 Gov.  Stuyresant,  in  a  letter  to  the  people  of 
 Hempstead,  under  date  July  29th,  1657,  says : 
 "About  the  continuance  of  Jlr.  Denton  among  you 
 we  shall  use  all  the  endeavors  we  can."  Cotton 
 Mather  speaks  of  him  as  "  our  pious  and  learned  Mr. 
 Richard  Denton,  a  Yorkshire  man  who,  liaving  watered 
 Halilax,  in  England,  with  his  fruitful  ministry,  was, 
 by  a  tempest,  hurled  into  New  England,  where  his 
 doctrine  dropped  as  the  rain.  Though  he  were  a 
 little  man,  yet  had  a  great  soul.  His  well-accom- 
 plished mind  was  an  Illiad  in  a  nutshell.  He  wrote 
 a  system,  entitled  '  SolilOquia  Sacra,'  so  accurately 
 describing  the  fourfold  state  of  man  that  judicious 
 persons  who  have  seen  it  very  much  lament  the 
 Church's  Ix-ing  deprived  of  it. ' ' 
 
 THE   CHVKCH   OF   J.VM.VKW,    I..  I. 
 
 ".Tamaica  was  settled  by  Presbyterians."  Before 
 Mr.  Denton  left  Hempstead  the  church  was  troubled 
 with  sharp  contentions  between  the  Independents 
 and  Presbyterians.  In  16.57  Governor  Stuyvesant 
 visited  Hem]>stcad,  and  used  his  influence  to  persuade 
 Mr.  Denton  to  continue  his  mini.strv  there,  his  own 
 
 chusetts,  and  from  that  noted  company  who  arrived    Church  alfinities  inclining  him  to  favor  the  Presby- 
 
DEXTOX. 
 
 184 
 
 DERBY  CHIKCH. 
 
 t4ri;iii  luriii  of  pivpmnii'iit.  But,  tlic  troubles  in- 
 crr;L-iiii>;.  Mr.  Ik-nton  li-lt.  anil  the  Inilependents 
 g-.iimil  the  eontrol,  ami  had  a  stated  supply  lor  a 
 uuiuIht  of  yejirs.  Then,  through  these  continued 
 dfssi'nsions,  the  larpe  increase  of  Quakerishi,  and  the 
 establishment  of  Kpiscopjiey  under  the  Knf^lish  role, 
 the  Presbyterian  C'hunii  gradually  declined,  and 
 jKissed  out  of  si^ht  jls  an  orfpinized  Ixuly.  The  Rev. 
 .Mr.  .Ii-uney  writes,  .S'ptemlK'r,  IT'iil:  ".V  few  Presby- 
 terians at  Henipsti'ad  have  an  unordaincd  iireaeher 
 to  olUeiate  for  them,  whom  they  could  not  sujiliort 
 were  it  not  for  the  a.ssistanee  which  they  rifeive 
 from  their  brethren  in  the  neighboriiig  iiarish  of 
 Jamaica." 
 
 This,  iLs  far  as  the  ^vriter  can  ascertain,  is  the  latest 
 mention  made  <if  the  existence  of  any  Presb.yterian 
 churcli  at  Hempstead  till  after  the  lapse  of  many 
 years,  when  the  pres<-nt  nourishing  ihurch  wxs 
 org:iiii/ed. 
 
 But  the  Presbyterian  tree  i)lant<-tl  by  the  hand  of 
 Kiehard  Denton,  through  the  Divine  blessing,  hxs 
 ni'ver  eea.sed  to  l«'ar  fruit.  Two  .sons  of  .Mr.  Denton, 
 Nathanael  and  Daniel,  with  a  numlier  of  their  Pres- 
 byterian brethren,  formed  a  colony,  and  on  the  21st 
 of  March,  1(!.')(!,  purchased  from  the  Indians  a  large 
 tract  of  land,  now  included  in  the  village  and  town 
 of  .lamaicii.  As  might  In-exiK-cted,  they  immediately 
 established  religious  worship.  In  a  memorial  of  tin- 
 inhabitants  of  Jamaica,  signed  by  Xathanael  Denton 
 and  others,  addri'.s.sed  to  (Jovernor  Hunter,  we  lind 
 the  following  statement :  "  This  town  of  Jamaica,  in 
 the  year  KmC,  was  pureha.s<-d  from  the  Indian  natives 
 by  divers  persons,  Protestants,  di.ssent<'rs,  in  the 
 manner  of  worship,  from  the  forms  usi-d  in  the  Church 
 of  Kngl.'tnd,  who  have  called  a  minister  of  our  own 
 prol'cssion  to  otliciate  among  them,  who  continued  so 
 to  do  during  the  time  of  the  Dutch  tiovernment." 
 Thisclearly  indicates  that  tiny  had  iireaching  service 
 from  their  lirst  si-tllement  in  the  town,  and  con.se- 
 quently  the  origin  of  the  clinrch  at  .lamaica  dates 
 iKick  to  !(>.")(!.  They  thi-n,  with  conimendubic  zeal, 
 noon  t(sik  measures  for  the  eri-otion  of  n  pjirsonage, 
 as  the  following  extract  shows.  Dec-emlsT  2()th, 
 KMii,  a  committee  was  a)i|)ointed  to  "  make  ye  rates 
 for y I- minister's  hou^c,  ami  trans|sirtingye  minister." 
 The  exact  date  of  the  Ki-v.  Zjichariah  Walker's  call 
 is  not  given,  but  on  .March  'id,  lfjti:i,  the  pars<mitgc 
 wasassigni'd  to  him  uml  his  heirs.  From  tliis<late 
 to  the  present  day  there  is  a  clear  record  of  every 
 minister  who  has  Her\ed  the  church,  togi-ther  with 
 the  lime  of  their  wrvin'.  Ceorge  McNLsh,  the  eighth 
 jiiustor.wasone  of  the  original  memlNTS  of  the  Mother 
 Presbyterj-  of  Philadilphia.  That  this  chun-h  has 
 always  Ini-n  a.Pif^byterian  rhiireh  there  ws-ms  no 
 nnini  for  doubt.  It  is  so  denominated  in  all  the 
 records  when-  it  is  named.  It  has  had  a  In-neh  of 
 ruling  elders  from  time  immemorial.  NovenilM-r 
 2.">th,  17IHI,  it  wiis  vol<-<l  to  continue  Mr.  John  Iloli- 
 iM-rtt  here  among  us  in  tin-  »ork  of  the  ministry,  ]>ri>- 
 
 vided  he  Ih- onhiined  '"according  to  ye  Kule  »"t  way 
 of  the  Presbyterian  way,  &  it  is  the  tuianouiuss  niiuil 
 of  the  towne  thiit  he  be  ordiiined  Ai-cordingly." 
 
 This  church   has   ever  been  a   fruitful  vine.     In 
 170-2  there  were  more  than  a  hundred  families,  noted 
 
 -  for  their  intelligent  piety  ami  Christian  de|K)rtment. 
 They  had  a  stone  church  worth  XIKXtand  a  |>arsouage 
 valued  at  £1.jO(),  the  glelic  consisting  of  an  orcliard 
 and  two  liundri-d  acres  of  laud.  Bt-sides  b(-ing  tlie 
 mothcr  of  other  churches  in  the  vicinity,  it  c-ontrib- 
 uti-d  families  to  build  up  the  First  Pn-sbytcriaii 
 Church  in  Xew  York  City,  and  sul>s<-<iuently  Uutgirs 
 Street  Church;  al.so  the  founding  of  Eliz:ilK-th  City, 
 
 j  and  largely  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Ho|)ewell. 
 X.  J.  Since  l'<l(i,  twenty-s<-ven  luive  gone  from  tlic 
 l)os<mi  of  this  church  into  the  minLstrj-  of  the  giisisl. 
 The  aliove  stiitement  of  facts,  which  I  havi-  verilieil 
 by  ]K-rsoual  examination  of  the  authentic  sources 
 here  mentioned,  seems  to  indicate  that,  laying  aside 
 uU  merely  presumptive  or  inferential  supisjsitions, 
 and  conlining  ourselves  to  documentary  evidem<-, 
 Kiehard  Denton  was  one  of  the  very  lirst  Presby- 
 terian ministers  in  the  country,  and  the  Church  of 
 Jamaica,  Queen's  county.  X.  Y.,  la  the  oldtxl  cxinUnt 
 Prcsliyliriiin  Cliurcli  in  the  United  Stalix.  S*mrei-s  of 
 information  :  Tliomi>son's  Hi.s.  of  L.  I. ;  Woodhridgi-'s 
 His.  Di.scourse;  (Jnderdouk's  His.  of  Quien's  County; 
 McDonald'sCh.  His.;  X.  Y.  State  IXk-.  His.;  Jloon's 
 I'lirly  His.  of  Henip.-<tead  ;  Jamaica  Town  IJe<i>r<Ls, 
 (iiec  .Ifiil.i  iiiit ,  Fianriit.) 
 Derry  Chtirch.     This  venerable  structure  stands 
 
 '  on  the  line  of  the  Lebiinon  Valley  liailroiul,  at 
 Derry  Station,  within  the  present  limits  of  Dauphin 
 county,  i'a.  It  is  a  weather-lx-aten  log  ediliit-,  ert-i-teil 
 as  early  as  17'J!t,  the  i-ongregation  having  Is-en  orpm- 
 iwil  previous  to  17-J.">.  It  is  Icsatislon  what  was  then 
 termed,  in  the  old  IVnn  ]>iitcnt»,  the  "B;im-ns  of 
 Deiry."'  The  building  is  i-onstructed  of  o;ik  logs, 
 al>out  two  feet  tliiik,  which  are  coven-d  over  with 
 hemlock  Ucirds  on  the  outside.  The  inside  is  in  tol- 
 erable preservation,  the  lUiiterial  used  iu  the  con- 
 struction of  the  jiews  and  Uoors  being  yellow  pine, 
 cherry  and  oak.  The  iron  work  is  of  the  most  primi- 
 tive and  antii|ue  de.s«Tiption,  and  the  heavy  hand- 
 wrought  nails  by  which  the  hingi-s  are  secured  to  the 
 jx-ws  and  entr.mce  dcsirs,  ar»>  extremely  tenacious  and 
 diflicult  to  lcKl.•^■n.  The  window-glass  was  originally 
 im]>orteil  from  Kngland,  but  I'ew  ])iini-s,  however,  re- 
 
 I  main.  In  the  interior,  ]M'gs  are  ]>lace<l  in  the  wall, 
 antl  were  u.s«-d  by  the  stunly  pionet-rs  to  hung  their 
 ritles  ii|)on,  as  attiu-ks  by  the  Indians,  in  the  Provin- 
 cial days,  were  of  frtsjueiit  oc-curn-iiw,  and  there  is 
 still  t<i  lie  Hi'cn  many  a  hostile  bullet  imiMsldisI  in  the 
 solid  oak  walls.  The  pulpit  is  ijuite  low  and  narrow , 
 cn-sc-ent-shaped,  and  is  ent<-n-d  by  narrow  steps  fn>ni 
 the  Fast  side.  .Xlsive  it,  on  the  S4>uth  side,  is  a  l.irg.- 
 wimlow,  which  contains  thirty-eight  |i:iliesof  gla-n  if 
 different  sizi-s.  The  sash  is  made  of  ]M-wler,  and  vva4 
 brought    from    Knglnnd.      The  communion   Bervicc, 
 
DE  VEUVE. 
 
 183 
 
 DE  wirr. 
 
 •n-hioU  is  still  preserved,  consists  of  I'uui  iiiujs*  "i"! 
 pLittcrs,  of  p.wtcr,  iiianulactured  in  i.onflon,  and 
 presented  to  the  ehunli  by  some  Dissentinj;  En;jlish 
 friends  one  lumdred  an.l  lift y  years  a(;o.  At  thi'  main 
 entrance  lies  a  large  stone,  as  a  stoo]),  which  is  greatly 
 worn  by  the  tread  of  the  thou.>a:ids  who  have  passed 
 over  it.  About  thirty  paces  northwest  stands  the 
 Session  House  aud.jiastor's  study  during  the  days  of 
 public  worship.  The  burial  ground  is  a  few  yards 
 north  of  the  study,  and  is  enclosed  with  a  stone  wall, 
 capped  and  neatly  built.  There  is  only  one  entrance, 
 which  is  at  the  centre  of  the  west  side.  The  Rev. 
 Robert  ICvans,  Church  missionary,  minist<-red  to  the 
 congregation  during  its  early  years,  having  founded 
 the  church.  He  died  in  Virginia,  in  1727.  Rev. 
 William  Bertram  was  the  first  regular  miui.ster.  His 
 remains  lie  in  the  graveyard,  near  the  southwest  cor- 
 ner. He  died,  Slay  2(1,  174().  His  successor,  Rev. 
 John  Roan,  is  buried  near  by,  dying  in  October.  177."). 
 Many  ministers  of  note    have  preached   at   Derry, 
 
 i^^^ 
 
 OLD  DEERT   CHl'RrH. 
 
 among  whom  were  the  Rev.  David  Brainerd,  Rev. 
 Charles  Beatty,  and  that  gala.xy  of  early  missionaries, 
 Anderson,  Evans,  McMillan,  Duffield,  Gray,  the  Ten- 
 nents,  Carmichacl,  etc.  At  present  no  ser\'ices  are 
 held  in  Dcrry  Church. 
 
 De  Veuve,  Rev.  Prentiss,  the  second  sou  of 
 Daniel  De  Veuve,  of  the  t'.uiton  of  Neuchatcl,  Swit- 
 zerland, and  .Julia  M.  I'rentiss,  was  born  on  St;>ten 
 Island,  .Tuly  2>ith,  IK!)!.  He  w:us  eduaitcd  at  the 
 High  .School,  LawTcnceville,  X.  J.,  and  graduated 
 at  the  College  of  Xew  Jei-sey  in  1853;  from  the 
 Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in  1857.  He  was 
 ordained  and  settled  at  Kwing,  X.  J.,  in  October, 
 18.57,  and  remained  pastor  until  May,  1864,  when  he 
 took  charge  of  the  S.'cond  Prisbyterian  Church, 
 Oermantowu,  Phila.,  I'a.  Resigning  that  charge  in 
 the  Fall  of  18.56,  he  succeeded  Dr.  I'lumcr  in  the 
 Second  Church  of  Tottsville,  in  the  Spring  of  18,57, 
 and    in    185^,    after   s:>rviug   the    United    First   and 
 
 S«'eond  churches  of  I'ottsville  for  si.K  months,  he  re- 
 moved to  Xewark,  X.  ■!.,  and  was  settled  over  the 
 Park  I'resbyti'rian  Chnrch,  succeeding  Dr.  Joel 
 Parker.  His  health  failing  in  lH7i),  he  resigned  that 
 church  and  was  absent  in  Euroi)e  and  the  East  for 
 fourteen  months.  Returning  home  in  1880,  he  was 
 called,  in  the  Spring  of  1881,  to  minister  to  the  First 
 Presl)j-terian  Church  of  Daj-ton,  Ohio,  and  accepted 
 their  call  in  October  of  that  year.  In  this  charge  lie 
 still  continues.  Mr.  De  Veuve  is  a  faithful  and  at- 
 tractive i)re.acher.  As  a  pastor  he  is  devoted  to  his 
 work.  He  is  of  a  quiet,  retiring  disposition,  has 
 enjoyed  the  Divine  blessing  upon  his  labors,  and  is 
 highly  esteemed  by  those  who  know  him. 
 
 De'Witt,  John,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  Harrisburg, 
 Pa.,  October  10th,  1842,  and  after  gr:uluatiug  at  Xew 
 Jersey  College  in  1861,  entered  upon  the  study  of  law. 
 He  pursueil  his  theological  stmliesat  I'nion  Seminary, 
 Xew  York,  and  was  ordained  by  the  Third  Presbyt<'ry 
 of  Xew  York,  June  Otli,  1865.  He  w;is  pastor  at 
 Irvington,  X.  Y.,"  186.5-6!);  of  the  Central  Congrega- 
 tional Church,  Boston,  JIa.ss.,  lS(;!)-7(!;  pa.stor-elect  of 
 the  Third  Presbyterian  Church,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  1876; 
 and  pastor  of  the  Tenth  I'resbyterian  Church,  Phila- 
 delpliia,  from  1876  to  1882,  when  he  aecepteil  his 
 present  position — Profc.s.sor  of  Ecclesiastical  History, 
 in  Lane  Seminary,  Cincinnati.  Dr.  DeWitt  is  a  cul- 
 tivated and  genial  gentleman  ;  his  gifts,  as  a  sermon- 
 izcr,  are  of  a  high  order;  he  is  a  giaieful  and  forcible 
 writer.  His  i)aper  before  the  Si'cond  (Jeueral  Presby- 
 terian Council,  in  Philadelphia,  in  1880,  on  "  The 
 Worship  of  the  Reformed  Churches,"  was  prepareil 
 with  great  skill,  and  received  with  marked  favor. 
 His  qualifications  for  the  important  chair  he  now  fills 
 are  undoubted. 
 
 De  "Witt,  "William  R. ,  D.  D. ,  was  born  at  Rhine- 
 beck,  X.  Y.,  February  25th,  1792.  His  ancestors 
 were  among  the  tirst  immigrants  from  Holland  to 
 Xew  Xetherlands,  in  1623.  His  early  years  were 
 spent  in  commercial  ]>ursuits,  but,  becoming  a  sub- 
 ject of  Divine  grace  when  eighteen  years  of  age,  he 
 studied  for  the  ministry  with  Dr.  Alexander  Proudfit, 
 of  Salem,  X.  Y.  His  studies  were,  however,  inter- 
 rupted by  his  patriotism,  which  le<l  him  to  volunteer 
 in  the  War  of  1812  ag-ainst  Great  Britain.  He  wit- 
 nes.sed  Commodore  McDouough's  victory  on  Lake 
 Champlain,  September  11th,  1814.  .Vftcr  the  clos<> 
 of  the  war  he  graduated  at  Union  College,  and  com- 
 pleted his  theological  studies  under  Dr.  John  M. 
 Ma-son,  of  Xew  York.  In  I^IS  he  was  called  to  the 
 Prcsbj-terian  Church  of  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  and  in- 
 stalled the  following  year  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Carlisle.  Though  invited  to  settle  elsewhere,  he  pre- 
 ferred not  to  change.  His  ministry  was  highly  suc- 
 cessful, and  the  church,  under  his  care,  grew  in 
 numl>ers,  efficiency  and  influence.  For  half  a  cen- 
 tury he  was  a  power  in  the  surrounding  region. 
 "His  name  was  a  tower  of  .strength."  In  1854  he 
 felt  the  neees-sity  of  taking  a  colleague,  .Rev.  T.  H. 
 
DIBBLE. 
 
 166 
 
 DICKEY'. 
 
 Kiibiiisim,  I).  I).,  now  his  sucwssor,  ami  in  l^Go  was 
 ol)ligi»l  to  give  up  all  artive  duties.  Two  y«irs 
 afterward,  Dtt'embtT  SM,  18<)7,  he  qnietly  breathed 
 his  last,  in  the  soventy-sixth  year  of  his  age. 
 
 Dr.  DcWitt  w:w  a  niodt'l  prc;uluT  and  jKistor.  He 
 did  not  iK'lieve  in  wal  without  kiiowlMlgo,  and  while 
 he  pithcrrd  large  numlicrs  into  the  Church  he  was 
 «ireful  to  iiiil(H'trinat<'  them  thoroughly,  not  only 
 fmm  the  pulpit,  but  liy  patient  drilling  in  the  Shorter 
 Catechism.  He  wa.t  ofa  ilignilied  pre.s<'nee;  his  voice 
 was  niellitluoas,  and  his  manner  w:ls  hiand,  persua- 
 sive and  deferential.  He  knew  how  to  conceal  the 
 iron  hand  beneath  the  velvet  glove.  His  position  was 
 peculiarly  trying.  Placed  in  the  capit^il  of  a  great 
 State,  he  wa.s  called  to  preach,  not  Ix-fore  an  intelli- 
 gent congregation  only,  but  also  iH'fore  multitudes 
 of  stnmgers  from  all  jiarts  of  the  country — before 
 legislators,  high  olTu-ers  of  government  and  nienilKTS 
 of  the  learned  professions.  But  his  ]iul|iit  prepani- 
 tions  were  always  so  cjirefnlly  made  that  he  com- 
 manded the  respect  and  esteem  of  all  classes.  In 
 coase<|Ucnce  of  his  peculiar  traita  of  character  he  was 
 able  to  exert  a  quiet  but  potent  influence  over  the 
 leiuling  minds  with  which  he  Wiis  brought  in  c»)n- 
 tact.  The  Kev.  Dr.  John  DeWitt,  of  Lane  St'minary, 
 is  his  .son. 
 
 Dibble,  Rev.  Sheldon,  was  born  in  Skaneatcles, 
 New  York,  January  ijfith,  1809.  He  graduated  at 
 Hamilton  College,  in  IS'JT,  and  was  ordained  at 
 Utica,  N.  Y.,  by  Oneida  Presbytery,  October  6th, 
 183().  He  was  a  missionary  at  Hilo,  Sandwich 
 IslamLs,  18."U-:{(i,  and  Profi-s.sor  in  the  Theological 
 Seminary,  I.,:ihainaluna,  Sandwich  Ishuuls,  18;JG— !.">, 
 at  which  place  he  dieil,  June  2-J<l,  1-I4.y  Mr.  Dibble 
 published  "  Lectures  on  Mi.ssions,"  alMiut  Irtt";  "  His- 
 tory of  .\meri(an  Missions  in  the  Sandwich  I.slands," 
 \KV.)\  "Thoughts  from  .M)r():id,"  1^11. 
 
 Dickey,  Charles  Andre'ws,  D.  D.,  s<m  of  John 
 K.  Dickey  and  Margaret  (De  Hiuw)  Dickey,  was 
 born  in  Wheeling,  Virginia,  December  i'lth, 
 1h:W.  He  gtiuluatcit  at  Washington  College,  Pa.,  in 
 IKVM,  and  Ktudie<l  divinity  at  the  I'nited  Presbyterian 
 Theologii-.il  Semiiiarv,  .Vllegheiiy,  Pa.  He  was  JKis- 
 tor  of  the  Fourth  United  Presbyterian  Church,  .Vlh- 
 glieiiy.  Pa.,  from  iMiil  t<i  HfiT^  where  he  was  greatly 
 iN'toviil  by  his  eongri'g.ition,  and  his  lalNirs  wert^ 
 largely  blexsed.  In  the  latter  year  he  rit-eived  a 
 unanimous  call  to  the  First  Pn-shyti-rian  Church, 
 St.  I.,<miM,  Mo.,  which  lie  accept<-d.  This  |>astorate, 
 which  continued  eight  yean<,  was  a  very  luippy  one, 
 and  fruitful  of  giMMl  ri-sults,  in  the  enlargement  and 
 stri'iigt helling  of  the  congregation.  In  1~7."i  he  ,W!Ls 
 unanimously  ealleil  to  the  Olivary  Presbyterian 
 Chiireh,  Philadelphia,  where,  under  his  iiiinistry, 
 the  church  has  nustaiiusl  its  previous  ehaniet<T  and 
 reputation.  The  degri^c  of  1).  1)..  was  conferred  U|)ou 
 him  by  Princeton  College,  in  l-CJ. 
 
 Dr.  Dickey  is  a  gentleman  of  attnu'tivr  WK-ial  quali- 
 tii'M.     As  a  preacher  he  follows  the  "old  {lutlui,"  and 
 
 is  solemn,  in.structive.  impressive,  always  making  it 
 a  point  to  unfold  and  enlorce  gos|iel  truth,  instead  of 
 indulging  in  seiLsational  disjday  or  vain  Bi>eculation8. 
 As  a  pastor  he  is  eminently  faithful.  As  a  Presbyter 
 he  is  active  and  earnest.  He  is  large-ly  identiHed  with 
 the  gi-nenil  work  of  his  Denomination.  He  is  a  Direc- 
 tor of  the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  of  New  York, 
 and  a  memlK-r  of  the  Presbyterian  lioard  of  Publica- 
 tion.    He  h:Ls  s<-ver;d  timi-s  Ijeen  a  Commissioner  to 
 
 CIIABLEB  AIIDRKWS    DICKKT,  D.  O. 
 
 the  General  A.s.s<-mbly.  From  itsorganiaition  he  has 
 iK'en  a  Trustee  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  and  i.s, 
 at  pres»-nt.  President  of  its  Ittard. 
 
 Dickey,  Dr.  Ebenezer,  wiis  Ixirn  near  Oxford, 
 Cliester  county.  Pa..  .Manh  l-'tli,  177'2.  He  gr.idmUetl 
 in  the  University  of  Peiin.sylvania  in  \~'.H.  He  wiis 
 s<'ttli-d  over  Oxford  and  CK-torara  churehi'S  by  the 
 .Vssociate  Ueformed  Presbytery,  but  in  May,  ls*22, 
 cnmo  into  connection  with  the  Ck-nenil  Assembly, 
 along  with  Dr.  Miusim,  Dr.  Junkin  and  others.  He 
 remained  ]iiLs|or  of  CK-loran»  till  l^'(K),  and  of  t>xfonl, 
 thimgh  tempted  by  other  and  more  lucrative  rall.s, 
 until  his  death,  May,  Sl.st,  l^tl, 
 
 *'A  mau  hi*  wmi,  tu  all  llic  couolrj  df<ar, 
 .\nil  |HuwltiK  rlrli  ,>n  forty  [Hiunda  •  yfitr  ; 
 Iti*m<>tft  fniiii  iDwtM,  lift  nn  liii  t^nWy  nrr, 
 Nt.r  rviTcliAncFfl.  n-tr  wiabpcl  tucluinffv,  bis  |>Ucv." 
 
 As  a  pniM-her  Dr.  Dickey  was  clear  anil  well  in- 
 formed, preaching  with  wili-miiily  and  unction,  with- 
 out any  str;tiniiig  aOar  oratorical  elTei't.  His  manners 
 were  genial  and  nnassiiniiiig.  He  w.is  esteenu-<l  as  n 
 wi.se  and  Kil'e  n>iins<'llor,  and  his  opinions  had  gre:it 
 weight  in  IlieChun-h  murts.  In  short,  he  llUrd  his 
 niche  well,  as  a  useful  and  n-specte<l  rural  divine.     He 
 
DICKEY. 
 
 187 
 
 DICKINSON. 
 
 piiWishodlittle,  onlyatraot,  an  ess;iy  and  "Travels," 
 in  file  Chrixtinii  Ailimnfr. 
 
 Dickey,  John  Miller,  D.  D.,  was  a  son  of  the 
 liiv.  Klicnizir  Dickey,  I),  n. ,  and  Jane  Miller, 
 daughter  of  John  Miller,  Es<i.,  of  Philadelphia.  He 
 Wiis  horn  at  Oxford,  I'a.,  December  l.jtli,  ly06.  He 
 graduated  at  Dickinson  College,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  in 
 IS'i-l,  and  whilst  a  student  there  united  with  the 
 First  Church  of  that  phu'C,  in  his  seventeenth  year. 
 In  the  s;inie  year  in  which  he  graduated  he  entered 
 Princeton  Seminary,  and  after  taking  a  full  course 
 of  study,  graduated  there  in  1827.  He  was  licensed 
 by  the  Prisbrtery  of  New  Castle,  May  ITth,  1827. 
 Under  a  commission  from  the  Board  of  Domestic 
 Missions,  he  spent  the  year  1828  in  missionary  work 
 in  the  northeiistern  counties  of  Pennsylvania.  The 
 year  1829  was  spent  by  him  in  labors  in  Florida  and 
 
 JOHN   MILLER   DICKEV,  D.D. 
 
 the  southern  part  of  Cieorgia.  On  May  lUth,  1830,  he 
 iviis  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Xew  Castle,  and 
 installed  pastor  of  the  church  at  Xew  Castle,  Del. 
 This  p:istoral  relation  w:»s  dissolved  by  the  Presbj-terj- 
 April  8th,  13:52,  he  having  accepted  a  call  to  the  pas- 
 torate of  the  two  churches  of  Oxlbrd,  Pa.,  and  Vpper 
 West  Nottingham,  where  he  was  installed  June  l.^th. 
 18:i2,  and  where  he  labonil  a.ssiduou.sly  and  success- 
 fully until  April  ytli,  1850,  when  he  w:us  rele;ised  from 
 the  charge.  For  lifteeu  years,  while  i);ist«r,  he  was 
 also  Principal  of  O.vford  Female  Seminary. 
 
 Dr.  Dickey  wa.s  largely  instrumental  in  originating 
 the  Ashmiin  Institute,  which  afterwards  developed 
 into  Lincoln  University,  at  Oxford,  and  from  the 
 year  1854  to  his  death  he  was  President  of  the  Board 
 of   Trustt'es  of  that  Institution,      lie  alwavs  felt  a 
 
 profound  interest  in  the  .\frican  race,  and  was  a 
 ze;ilous  and  ethcient  friend  to  a  multitude  of  colored 
 young  men  struggling  for  an  education.  He  wa.s  a 
 true  benefactor  whom  many  of  thes<?  c;in  never  forget. 
 In  no  small  degree,  Lincoln  L'niversity,  so  long  as  it 
 exists,  will  stand  as  a  monument  to  his  indefatigable 
 zeal  in  their  behalf.  From  1858  until  the  time  of  his 
 I  decea.se,  Dr.  Dickey  wiw  a  memlxr  of  the  Board  of 
 Directors  of  Princeton  Seminary,  and  for  several 
 years  w:is  Secretary  of  that  Board.  He  died  in  Phila- 
 delphia, very  suddenly,  March  21st,  1878,  in  the 
 seventy-second  year  of  his  age.  He  w;is  an  amiable, 
 warm-hearted  and  genial  gentleman,  an  excellent 
 preacher,  and  was  greatly  loved  and  respected  by  all 
 who  knew  him. 
 
 Dickey,  Rev.  "William,  was  the  son  of  Robert 
 and  Margaret  (HilUiousel  DickeN',  of  York  county. 
 South  Carolina.  Uo  was  born  Deeem1x;r  fitli,  1774. 
 His  parents  removed  to  Kentucky,  where  hi'  grew  to 
 manhood.  AVith  nmch  self-denial  and  ditUeulty  he 
 obtained  an  education  at  Xa.sh\ille.  Tenn.,  and,  Oc- 
 tober .")th,  1802,  w;us  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Transylvania.  He  was  soon  after  ordained, 
 and  labored  fourteen  years  with  the  churches  of 
 Salem  and  Bethany,  in  Kentucky.  He  thence  re- 
 moved to  Washington,  Lafayette  county,  Ohio,  and 
 soon  after  to  Bloomingburg,  in  the  same  Stiite,  where 
 he  lalwred  in  the  raiui-stry  exactly  forty  years.  He 
 organized  the  church  there,  November  22d,  1817,  and 
 preached  his  last  .sermon  to  it  Xoveraber  22d,  1857. 
 Before  removing  to  Ohio,  and  for  some  time  after,  he 
 performed  much  missionary  work,  traveling  through 
 what  was  then  the  thinly-settled  wilderne,s.s,  to  gather 
 churches  and  preach  the  gospel  wherever  he  found 
 opiKjrtunity.  Mr.  Dickey  served  God  in  the  min- 
 istry of  reconciliation  for  fifty-five  years.  It  may  be 
 truly  said,  as  descriptive  of  his  ministry,  "that  he 
 knew  nothing  among  men  s;ive  Jesus  Christ  and  him 
 crucified." 
 
 Dickinson,  Baxter,  D.  D.,  w;us  Imrn  in  .Am- 
 herst, Mass.,  April  14th,  1795.  He  gratluated  from 
 Yale  College  in  1817,  and  from  Audover  Theological 
 Seminary  in  1821.  He  Wiis  pitstor  of  the  Congrega- 
 tional Church  at  Longmeadow,  M;iss.,  1823-9;  of  the 
 Third  Presbrterian  Church,  Xewark,  X.  J.,  1829-35; 
 Profcs.sor  of  Sacred  Rhetoric  and  Pa-storal  Tlieology 
 in  Lane  Seminary,  18;}.>-39;  Profes.sor  of  Saere<l 
 Rhetoric  and  Piistoral  Theolog\-  in  .Vuburn  Semin- 
 ary, 1839-47,  and  acting  Professor  at  Audover 
 Seminary,  in  the  same  chair,  in  1848.  Subse- 
 ((uently  he  w;vs  Agent  and  Secretary  of  the  Ameri- 
 can and  Foreign  Christian  Union,  at  Boston,  Slass., 
 18.5l)-9.  He  resided  at  Lake  Fore-st,  HI.,  1859-68, 
 afterward  in  Brooklyn,  X.  Y.,  where  hedied  Decem- 
 ber 7th,  187.5.  Dr.  Dickinson  was  an  eminent  scholar, 
 an  admirable  instructor,  and  successful  in  his  piistor- 
 al charges.  He  wrote  the  "Auburn  Declaration," 
 and  w;u5  Moderator  of  the  General,  Assembly  at  Phila- 
 delphia, in  1839. 
 
DICKI.VSON. 
 
 l«i-i 
 
 mck'sox. 
 
 Dickinson,  Jonathan,  D.D.,  the  lirst  IVf-siili-nt 
 of  N.-w  .Icrw-y  Oilli-);<-.  w:ls  iMirii  in   Hatliolil,  Mass., 
 April  •i2i\.  l(i-w.     Mi-  Rnxlualcd  at  Yalf,  in  17tK>,  ami 
 in  170-'  \v:w  iastalliil  i>ai*l<ir  of  the  First  IVi-sbnerian 
 {'liiirrli  in  KliKitx-tlitown,  N.  J.     Of  this  fhiirt-h  hr 
 was  lor  ni-arlv  furty  _v«irs  the  joy  ami  glor}-.     The" 
 fharl<-r  of  tin'  Collif?e  of    Ni-w   Jersey,    which    liad 
 ni-vir  yet   In-i-n  carriiil  into  o|MT.ition,  wius  cnlarjird 
 by  (oivcrnor  l!<-UhiT.    O-IoIkt  'i2(\,    1711!.   ami   Mr. 
 Dickinson  w;ls  apiHiintccl  I'rcsitlcnt,    The  Institution 
 coninii-nceii  at    E1i/->lM'thtown,  hut  it  did  not   Ion}; 
 enjoy  tin*  a«lvanta(;fs  of  liis  8u|>rrint«-ndt'n<i-,  for  it  - 
 plf:is«il  (;<hI  to  i-:»ll  him  away  from  life,  Octol)er  7th, 
 1717,  a^i-d  lirty-ninc.     His  Ixst  words  were  :  "  Many  j 
 days  liavf  juLssi'd  iMtwrcn  (;o4l  and  my  S4iul,  in  which 
 I   have  solemnly  dedicated   myself  to    Him,  and,    I 
 trust,  what  I  have  committed  unto  >Iim  lie  is  able  to  , 
 ke<-p  until  that  day." 
 
 Dr.  Dickin.s(m  wjus  a  most  solemn,  weinhty  and 
 movinK  preacher;  a  uniform  advoc:ite  of  the  dis-  ' 
 tini;uishin)(  doctrines  of  grace;  industriou.s,  inde- 
 fatitr.ible  and  successful  in  his  mini.sterial  laliors. 
 His  )HT>«>n  W!is  manly  and  of  full  size;  his  iLsju'ct 
 jinive  and  solemn,  so  that  the  wicked  seemed  to 
 tremble  in  his  pres4'Uce.  As  a  friend  of  liter.iture,  he 
 w:ls  also  eminently  useful.  His  writings  ]><is.se.sK  a 
 viTy  high  dej^-e  of  merit.  They  arc  desiftned  to  un- 
 fold the  wonderful  methiHl  of  redemption,  anil  to 
 e.tcite  men  to  that  cliiiTful  coiun-cnil ion  of  all  their 
 talents  to  their  Maker,  to  that  careful  avoidaui-e  of  | 
 sin  anil  practice  of  giMllines.s,  which  will  exalt  them 
 to  (tlory.  The  most  im|>ortant  are  his '' Discours<-s 
 on  the  lieas<mablene.ss  of  Christianity."  anil  on  the 
 "rise  I'oint.s, "  in  answer  to  Whitliy.  .\n  m-tavo 
 volume  of  his  works  was  pulilishrd  at  I'dinburgh,  in 
 I7!t:i.  Dr.  Krskine  siiid  the  Itritish  lsli-<  had  pn>- 
 dnied  no  siieh  writers  on  divinity  in  the  eighteenth 
 CI  iiliiry  as  Diikinson  and  I'dwards.  1 
 
 Dickinaon,  Rev.  Richard  Salter  Storrs, 
 eldest  son  of  I'rofcHsor  Rixter  Dickin.son,  wils  Imrn  in 
 l/ingmeadow,  Mass.,  April  :til,  1'<-JI.  He  gniiluated 
 fnim  Amherst  College  in  l^M,  and  studied  thisdo(^\- 
 nt  .Vuliiirn  iiail  rnionlN.  Y.)  .Siuinaries.  He  wa.s 
 ordainisl  jtristor  of  Houston  .Street  rrcsbyterian 
 (■hiireh.  New  York  eily.  by  the  Third  I'n-sbytery  of 
 New  York.  M:irili  •i>'lh.  Hill,  and  continued  in  this 
 ndation  until  \<i.{.  He  w;is  iLssiniate  ]Ki.stor  with  the 
 Hev.  .MlMTt  lliirni-t,  of  the  First  I'ri-sbyterian  Church, 
 riiiladelphia.  Ki.'t-."i.  In  I-<.Vi  he  starteil  on  n  tour 
 of  Kuni)>i\  pn-|>anitorf  to  taking  eharge  of  the  Ameri- 
 •■:in  ('lia|>el  in  I'aris,  which  had  n-ei-ntly  Imi'u  i-slal>- 
 lished  by  Dr.  Kirk,  ailing  for  the  .\nierican  and 
 Foreign  <'brislian  Fnion.  He  died  at  Kdinburgh, 
 .Silt land,  .\ugust  'Jxtli,  \<<li. 
 
 Dickinson,  Rov.  Richard  "W.,  D.D.,  wnj« 
 iiorn  in  New  York,  Nom  iiiImt  "JIsI,  I»i»|.  He 
 gr.idiiatisl  at  Yale  College  in  l-'il,  iinil  alianiloning 
 the  piirjiosi'  of  ntiiilying  law,  eiitenHl  i'rinceton  Tliis>- 
 logiuil  .s<-minary.     He  wiui  onlainnl  an  evniigelisl  by 
 
 the  Si-cond  I'resbyterj-  of  New  York,  in  1"''J7,  and  was 
 settled  over  the  Church  in  I^m-tster,  I'a.,  Novemlxfr, 
 18*29.  Here  his  ministri'  was  highly  sueeessful.  HU 
 preaching  was  pung^-nt  ami  pinerfiil,  and  a  revival 
 eiLsucd,  but  his  voice  failing  he  was  i'oin]M-lleil  to 
 resi^,  in  KU.  IIes|¥'nt  some  time  in  for«-lgn  travel, 
 ami  on  his  n-turn  a  variety  of  oilers  were  made 
 him  of  pulpits  and  proles.sorslii]is.  OctolH-r  •2"Jil, 
 1S.'!!I,  he  w.is  in.st.illeil  over  Caiuil  Street  Church, 
 New  York,  but  after  a  few  yi-ars  his  health  again 
 broke  down,  and  he  ri-signi-tl  in  I'M.!.  Altera  rest  of  a 
 dozen  years,  his  health  wils  so  much  improve«i  that  he 
 felt  jiLstilied  in  again  putting  on  the  harnc^M,  and 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  .Mount  Wxshington  Yalley 
 Cliurch,  near  Fordhain,  New  York.  Here  he 
 remained  till  lii.-^  death,  which  occurreil  Augu.st  Hilh, 
 1874,  in  the  si.xty-ninlh  year  of  his  age. 
 
 Dr.  Dickinsim  w;is  one  of  the  r.ire  exiimples  of  the 
 gos|)el  winning  its  tro|iliies  among  "  them  of  Ciesiir's 
 huasehold."  Nature  had  done  much  for  him,  cul- 
 ture mure.  The  accessories  of  family  and  fortune 
 would  have  favored  him,  and  had  lie  chosen  to  enter 
 the  proli'ssion  of  the  law,  he  might  reasonably  have 
 anticipated  its  highest  honors  and  rewards.  Itiit  he 
 preferred  the  hi^nible  and  li-ss  j^litlering  iKith  of  the 
 gos|M-l  ministry,  and  devoied  himself  faithfully  and 
 consi'ientiously  to  its  si'If-ilenying  duties,  to  whieh 
 he  s;ieriliccii  not  only  his  prosixfts,  but  his  health  as 
 well.      "  His  record  is  on  high." 
 
 Dr.  Dickinson  was  n  gentlenianly,  courteous  and 
 dignified  clerg^'iimn,  and  a  sincere  and  honest  man. 
 He  w-iclded  a  polished  and  gr.ici-fiil  pen,  and  his 
 sennons,  which  he  read  cli>sely,  were  niiMlel  c.>ni|Mi- 
 .sitioiLS.  llispubli.shed  works  were,  iH-sidi-s  numeroiis 
 nmtributions  to  miarlerly  reviews  and  other  piTiisli- 
 cals,  "  Keligiiiu  Teaching  by  E.Kample,"  "  Life  and 
 Times  of  Howard,"  "  I£es|Min.se-s  from  the  SjKnd 
 Oracle-s,"  "  Kesurnvtion  of  Christ,"  etc. 
 
 Dickson,  Rev.  Andrew  Flinn,  A.  M.,  was 
 Imrnat  Charli-ston.  S.  C,  NovemlMT  !Mh,  l^<i');  griiilu- 
 ateil  at  Yale  College  in  l"<^l.'i,  and  sludiiii  thiidogv  at 
 I-me  and  Yale  ."seminaries.  He  was  ordaiiusl  in 
 H.V2  by  Charleston  Union  rnwhytery.  He  was  |>a.stor 
 at  .lohn's  Island,  ."<.  C,  lH,">(l-.Vi;  District  S«s-ntarv 
 of  the  American  .Sunday-s«'hool  I'liion,  KW-7;  |>a.s- 
 tor  at  Oniiigebiirg,  S.  C,  K>7-<>'';  Fourth  Church, 
 .New  Orleaits,  I.-«iH-71;  Wilmington,  N.  C,  lH7I-:t: 
 Chester,  8.  C,  l*r:i-<l,  and  in  clmrge  of  the.>^)uthern 
 General  .\.s,seinbly's  Coloreil  Tliisdogind  Institute, 
 TiLskalooHii,  Alaliamu,  fnun  I-Cfi  till  bis  death,  1><7!I. 
 He  was  a  faithful  and  useful  m:iii  in  all  the  sphen-s 
 heiM'ciipied,  and  diiil  in  Ibc  blessi'il  ho|M'  of  ncnmn 
 of  nlory  I  hat  fadetli  not  away. 
 
 Dickson,  Cjrrus,  D.  D.,  was  Uirn,  Detx-mlHT 
 ■2(Mh,  HKi,  on  the  Ijike  Krie  shon-,  Krie  county,  I'a. 
 He  gniiluated  at  .lerterson  ColliTp.  in  l'<t7,  nnd  was 
 taken  under  the  can-  of  the  rresbylery  of  Krie.  as  a 
 i-andidate  for  the  Christian  ininistrr,  in  Oi-toU-r.  l~;ls, 
 and    licenstil  to   ]ireach   the  giiH|M-l   in  the  following 
 
DIVKSOX. 
 
 180 
 
 DICKSOX. 
 
 year.  He  wxs  ordained  and  installed,  Juno  ■24th, 
 l*l!».  pastor  of  the  church  at  Franklin,  Pa.,  where  he 
 had  luauifc.st  tokens  of  tlie  Lord's  favor  upon  his 
 luiuistrv.  In  l-ilS  he  aeeeptL-d  a  call  to  tlie  .Sccon<l 
 Church  of  W.iceliu;;,  Va.  Here  he  labored  for  eijitht 
 years,  coinnienciug  with  a  mciul)crship  of  14,  which 
 under  liLs  faithful  and  popular  ministrations,  together 
 with  gracious  revivals,  grew,  until  the  church  be- 
 came one  of  the  most  influential  churches  in  the 
 ^Jyuod.  His  next  charge  w;i,s  Westminster  Chiu'ch, 
 r.;»ltimore,  >Id.,  where  he  w:is  installed  November 
 27th,  !-<.")(),  and  his  labors  were  here  signally  blessed, 
 the  merabt-rship  of  the  church  being  doubled,  and  a 
 new  character  of  Christian  consecr.ition  ini|)rcssed 
 u;)on  it.  The  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity 
 was  conferred  upon  him  by  Washiugtou  College,  in 
 September,  1858. 
 
 iiBiS   DICi\?'»N,  n.D. 
 
 In  1870,  when  the  Old  and  New  School  blanches  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Cluu-ch  were  so  happily  united.  Dr. 
 Diclcson  was  unanimously  elected  Permanent  Clerk 
 of  the  General  Assembly,  and  soon  after  to  the  office 
 of  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Home  Missions.  This 
 office  he  found  t.>  be  very  onerous,  not  merely  because 
 he  needed  to  familiarize  himself  with  the  detailsof  the 
 new  position,  but  especially  becausca  largely  increivsed 
 amount  of  toil  and  care  was  superinduced  by  the 
 necessary  readju-stment  under  one  Board  of  the  busi- 
 ness which  had  liitherto  been  conducted  by  those  of 
 the  separate  Churches. 
 
 So  filled,  however,  w.ashe,  with  the  grandeur  of  the 
 field  to  which  he  ha  I  beeiycalled  that,  in  addition  to 
 office  duties,  he  felt  constrained  to  visit  even  the 
 remotest  districts  of  the  c.iuntry,  to  g;iugc  its  extent, 
 
 to  know  from  jwrsonal  examination  its  real  wants,  and 
 to  syiuiKithize  with  and  cheer  on  its  pioneer  preacher :, 
 to  electrify  the  Oener.d  .Assemblies  with  his  owa 
 truiupet-loncd  elo<iu<ncc,  and  thus  wake  up  a  slum- 
 bering Church  t(i  tlic  iutll'ably  solemn  responsibilities 
 which  the  great  Head  had  committed  to  her  care. 
 
 So  much  ha<l  the  sul)ject  taken  possession  of  himself, 
 and  so  successful  were  his  efforts  to  in,spire  others 
 with  his  ardent  enthusiasm,  that  he  was  chosen  to 
 represent  the  Home  Mission  Board  at  the  Pan-Pres- 
 bj'terian  Council  in  Edinburgh,  in  .luly,  1877.  It  is 
 .siiid  that  during  his  speech  on  this  ocGision  "the 
 entire  audience  w:ls  held,  as  though  spell-bound, 
 beneath  th<:  wonderful  eloiiueuce  of  the  speaker,  and 
 a  sigh  of  relief  at  its  close  showed  how  deep  had 
 been  the  impression  made.  Congratulations  were 
 showered  uiwu  him,  not  only  by  his  own  countrj-meu, 
 but  by  the  warm-hearted  Britons  and  strangers  from 
 afar." 
 
 But  the  strain  of  overwork  began  to  show  its  effect 
 in  declining  health,  and  in  1880  Dr.  Dickson  was 
 compelled  to  accitpt  a  year's  vaciitiou,  in  hopj  that 
 rest  might  restore  lost  vigor.  The  rest  came  too  late, 
 and  he  died,  Septemljer  lUh,  1881,  in  Baltimore, '•  as 
 absolutely  a  sacrifice  to  his  cause,"  said  a  secular 
 paper,  ' '  as  any  Christian  martyr  who  ever  perished 
 at  the  stake." 
 
 The  Rev.  Dr.  Eaton  has  written,  with  rare  good 
 t;iste,  skill  and  tenderness,  a  Memoir  of  Dr.  Dickson, 
 the  wide  circulation  of  which  would  be  a  great  bless- 
 ing to  the  Chnrch  he  so  much  loved,  and  for  which 
 he  so  zealously  ami  successfully  toiled. 
 
 Dickson,  Hugh  Sheridan,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 County  Down,  Ireland.  He  graduated  at  Union  Col- 
 lege, N.  Y.,  in  1839,  and  studied  thcologj-  at  Prince- 
 ton Seminary.  He  was  st;ited  supply  at  Natchez, 
 Miss.,  1841-4-2;  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Louis- 
 ■*-ille.  May 5th,  1843;  piustorat  IJardstown,  Ky.,  1842-4, 
 and  pa.stor  at  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  1844-47.  Subse- 
 quently he  was  pastor  of  the  Westminster  Church, 
 Utica,  X.  Y.,  184.8-58;  stated  supply  at  Washington 
 Heights,  New  Y'ork  city,  185.8-59,  and  p;jstor  at 
 Lewisburg,  Pa.,  18(iO-(i(i.  Dr.  Dickson,  after  resign- 
 ing his  last  pastoral  charge,  removed  to  West  Ches- 
 ter, Pa.,  where  he  lived  for  several  years;  then 
 changtcd  his  residence  to  Philadelphia,  where  he 
 still  resides.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Presbj-tery  of 
 Philadelphia,  and  tikes  an  earnest,  active  and  useful 
 part  in  its.  dclilx-ratious  and  oix^rations,  as  well 
 ;is  in  the  promotion  of  the  general  interests  of 
 the  Chiu-eh  with  which  he  h;is  been  so  long  identi- 
 fied. He  pre;iches  fre<iuently  for  his  brethren,  as  he 
 lias  opportunity.  Dr.  Dickson  is  a  gentleman  of 
 I  genial  spirit  and  sound  judgment.  He  is  an  able 
 '  theologian,  an  instructive  and  forcible  preacher,  a 
 strong  debater,  and  his  ministry,  in  the  .several  fields 
 of  lalior  which  he  has  occupied,  has  been  sealed  with 
 numy  evideiu-es  of  his  fidelity  ami  acceptablencss  in 
 the  work  to  which  his  life  has  been  devoted. 
 
DI3I0XD. 
 
 190 
 
 DIXS3IOBE. 
 
 Dimond  David,  D.  D.,  was  Ixirn  at  Groton, 
 X.  II.,  Ai)ril  J^ith,  181!t.  He  gnuluatod  at  Dart- 
 mouth College,  1842,  and  at  Aiidover  Seminary, 
 April  8th,  1845.  Licen.sed  by  Aiidover  Association, 
 April  8th,  1845;  orilaiiied  by  St.  Louis  Presbytery, 
 April  21st,  1846;  supply  pastor  at  Troy,  Mo.,  until 
 November  1st,  1850,  when  he  went  to  Collins\ille, 
 111. .where  he  lalK>red  four  years;  united  with  Alton 
 Pre.sbvtery  first,  April  ITth,  Is.VJ;  I'rol'e.ssor  of  Latin 
 and  Greek  in  AVebster  C'ollcfje,  Mo.,  ten  miles  we.st 
 of  St.  Loui.-i,  and  supply  pastor  of  Koek  Hill  Church, 
 18.5.V59.  His  next  field  was  Brighton,  111.,  where 
 he  remained  until  1865;  then  to  Shelbyville,  and  next 
 to  Anna,  Union  county,  111.  From  thence  he 
 returned  to  Brighton,  and  was  installed  pastor  there. 
 This  position  he  still  retains.  Dr.  Dimond  is  a  gen- 
 tleman of  si-holarly  attainments,  great  ability  and 
 rare  worth.  With  talents  and  aecjuirements  sufficient 
 for  the  highest  stations,  he  has  occupied,  for  the  most 
 part,  only  the  humblest.  For  several  years  past  he 
 has  been  nearly  blind.  But  he  still  pursues  his  min- 
 isterial labors,  drawing  upon  the  resources  of  a  thor- 
 oughly di.sciplined  and  well-stored  mind. 
 
 Dinsmore,  James,  was  one  of  the  first  members 
 of  tlie  Session  of  Bethel  Cliureh,  in  the  I're.sbytery  of 
 Redstone,  Pa.  He  wiis  present  at  the  fifth,  and  five 
 subsequent  nu'etings  of  Presbytery,  and  al.so  many 
 times  at  the  Presbytery  of  Oliio,  from  1 7(i:i  onward. 
 His  place  of  residence  was  witliin  what  is  now 
 B<'thany  Church.  Afterward  lie  removed  to  Buffiilo 
 Church,  where,  at  an  advanced  age,  he  died  and  was 
 buried.  In  his  earlier  life  he  had  two  sisters  Ciirried 
 away  by  the  Indians.  He  is  s])oken  of  as  a  burning 
 and  .shining  light — a  man  w<uulerfully  full  of  the 
 spirit  of  prayer.  The  following  iiiei<lent  gives  a 
 glimpse  into  his  home  life  and  attests  his  piety.  A 
 young  Irishman,  who  had  been  attending  the  college 
 at  C'anonsburg,  came  to  his  house  seeking  a  school. 
 By  Mr.  Dinsmore's  help  he  succeeded  in  his  wishes, 
 and  became  an  inmate  of  the  family.  Up  to  this 
 time  the  young  man  had  been  somewhat  skeptical. 
 Under  the  new  influence  thrown  around  him  he  soon 
 became  serious,  and,  as  was  so  often  the  ca.se  in  tho.se 
 days,  his  distress  of  conviction  was  intense  and  pro- 
 longed. Karly  one  morning  he  left  the  liouse,  sup- 
 posing that  no  one  else  was  astir,  and  wandered  to  a 
 piece  of  woods  close  at  hand,  and,  jus  he  enU'red  it, 
 was  startled  to  hear  the  voice  of  prayer.  It  was 
 found  to  proceed  from  a  young  daughter  of  Mr.  Dins- 
 more,  who  w;ls  seeking  jieace  with  Goil.  The  eflect 
 w.%s  such  that  the  doubter  himself  was  led  to  a  life  of 
 prayerand  ultiiuateeonsccration.  Tlie  young  man.  in 
 hisfuture  life,  b.-caiiie  Itev.  .Iiiliii  Khea,  l).r>.,  of  Ohio. 
 
 Dinsmore,  John  "Walker,  D.  D.,  wjus  born  in 
 Canton  Towii.ship.  Washington  county.  Pa.,  March 
 l:tth,  lH:t!l.  Hegra.luated  at  Washington  College  in 
 1K">9;  at  the  Theolugiciil  S<'minary  at  Allegheny  in 
 18{i2,  and  waalicensi'd  )iy  the  Prt-.sbj-tery  of  W.ashing-  ' 
 ton,  .Vpril,  1861.     After  a  year's  lalM)r  in  the  Church  i 
 
 of  Cambria,  Wis.,  he  took  charge  of  the  newly  org-an- 
 ized  Church  of  Prairie  du  S'ac,  WLs. ,  and  Wius  ordained 
 in  June,  1863.  During  the  seven  years  of  his  first 
 pastorate,  a  great  work  was  accomplished  for  the  gen- 
 eral region,  including  the  founding  of  an  excellent 
 academy,  which  was  equipped  and  owned  by  the 
 parish.  In  the  Spring  of  1870,  he  w:us  called  to  the 
 Second  Church,  Bloomingtou,  111.,  of  which,  al'ter  a 
 pastorate  of  more  than  thirteen  years,  he  is  still  the 
 honored,  inlliuntial  and  successful  pa.stor. 
 
 Dr.  Dinsmore  has  br<night  to  the  taxing  labors  of 
 the  mini.stry  gnat  native  boldni-ss  and  energj-.  He 
 is  eminently  fitted  to  deal  successfully  with  affairs, 
 and  to  conduct  even  the  most  diflicult  enterprises  to 
 a  Siitisfactory  result.  His  influence  among  men  of 
 eminent  character  and   position  is  marked,  arising 
 
 wiSi^j; 
 
 JOHN  \V.\LKER    DINSMORE,  D.D. 
 
 from  the  force  of  his  character  and  the  justness  of 
 his  general  views.  He  is  readily  acknowledged  ius  a 
 leader  among  men,  fitted  for  the  formative  state  of 
 society  ill  which  he  found  the  West.  As  a  preacher,  he 
 is  independent  in  thought  and  methiwl,  energ«'tic  and 
 forcible  in  delivery,  and  convincing  in  argument. 
 His  attachment  to  the  distinguished  doctrines  which 
 cluster  around  the  blood -ollering  of  Christ  is  displayed 
 in  all  his  preaching.  He  is  at  jireseiit  a  Director  in 
 the  Theological  Seminary  of  thi'  Xorthwe.st,  and  al.so 
 a  member  of  the  new  Boant  of  .\id  for  Colleges,  etc. 
 His  lield  of  u.sel'ulness  is  widi'.  involving  gre;it  respon- 
 .sibility,  and  he  is  giving  the  maturity  of  early  mid- 
 dle life  to  the  service  of  the  Church  which  lie  loves, 
 and  which  he  can  say  truly  is  "  the  Church  of  his 
 fathers."  Dr.  Dinsmore  was  Moderator  of  the  Synod 
 of  Illinois  in  1.883. 
 
DIXW'WDIE. 
 
 191 
 
 BOD. 
 
 Din-widdie,  Rev.  'William,  was  born  March 
 Ttli.  1^:{I),  iu  C'ampltell  county,  Va.    Studied  at  Hamp- 
 den Sidney  College,  184.>-7,  and  afterwards  taught  i 
 school  in  Botetourt  and  Buckingham  counties.     He 
 was  then  a.ssociated  with  Rev.  J.   Henry  Smith,  in 
 conducting  the  Samuel  Da\-is  Institute,  at  Halilax 
 Court  House,  Va.     From  this  position  he  entered  the  \ 
 University  of  Virginia  in  1851,  and  in  1854  took  the 
 degree  of  Master  of  Arts.     For  two  years  he   was 
 assistiint  Professor  of  Mathematics  in  the  University,  | 
 and  for  one  year  assistant  Professor  of  Greek.     In  , 
 1856  he  established  Brookland  School,  in  Albemarle  1 
 county,  which  he  conducted  for  twelve  years,  with  | 
 signal   ability  and   success.     During  this  period  he 
 was  made  ruling  elder  iu  Lebanon  Church,  and  began 
 to  study  with  a  view  to  the  ministry.     He  studied 
 systematic  theology  with  the  Rev.  "W.  H.  McGufi'ey, 
 D.  D.,  with  whom  he  had  been  brought  into  most 
 intimate  relations  during  his  residence  at  the  Uni- 
 versity of  Virginia.     In  1864  he  was  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  West  Hanover,  and  in  1866  was  ordained 
 and  installed  pastor  of  Lebanon  Church.     He  was  for 
 some  years  stated  clerk  of  West  Hanover  Presb.rterv, 
 and  was  also  made  clerk  of  the  Synod  of  Virginia. 
 In  1870  he  became  pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Lex- 
 ington, Ky.,  and  in  1874  took  charge  of  the  Second 
 Church,  Alexandria,  Va. ,  which  position  he  still  holds. 
 Mr.  Dinwiddle  combines  an  unusual  number  of  the 
 elements    which    make    an    attractive    and    useful 
 preacher.     In  addition  to  his  well-trained  mind  and 
 thorough  scholarship,    he   has  a   warm,    responsive 
 heart,  a  commanding  presence,  a  fluent  and  pleasing 
 ntterance,  naturalness  and  simplicity  of  manner,  and, 
 best  of  all,  consecration  to  his  Master.     It  may  be 
 truly  said  that  he  seeks  not  his  own,  but  the  things 
 which  are  Jesus  Christ's.    He  is  strictly  an  expository 
 preacher,  and  has  the  rare  gift  of  holding  the  interest 
 of  a  congregation  throughout  extended  expositions  of 
 Scripture.     His  preaching  is  characterized  by  great 
 simplicity.     He  speaks  in  a  conversational  tone,  but 
 with  an  unction   which   rivets   attention,   and   fre- 
 quently raises  him  into  .strains  of  real  and  overpow- 
 ering eloquence.     He  possesses  the  gifts  of  an  evan- 
 gelist to  an!  eminent  degree,  and  his  frequent  labors 
 in  this  direction  have  been  greatly  blessed.     He  is 
 an  earnest  believer  in  the  pre-millennial  coming  of 
 Christ,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Prophetic  Confer- 
 ence in  New  York,  in  l^'s. 
 
 Dirck,  Cornelius  Lansing,  D.  D.,  was  born 
 in  Lansingburg,  X.  Y.,  March  3d,  1785.  He  was 
 ordained  pastor  at  Onondaga,  N.  Y.,  December,  1807  ; 
 this  relation  continued  eight  years  ;  Stillwater,  1814- 
 16;  Park  Street  Church,  Boston,  Miiss.,  1816;  Aubirrn 
 First  Church,  1817-29;  Utica  Second  Church,  1829- 
 33;  Houston  Street  Presbyterian,  New  York,  1833-5. 
 He  resided  at  Auburn,  1835-8;  in  Illinois,  1838-9; 
 he  was  pastor  at  Utica,  S\Tacuse  and  Auburn,  1839- 
 46;  of  Chrystie  Street  Cliurch,  New  York.  1846-8;  of 
 Clinton   Avcinie  Church,  Brooklvn.  184"^-.55;  he  was 
 
 Trustee  of  Auburn  Seminary,  1820-30  and  1835-.57; 
 Vice-President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  1820-4,  and 
 P*rofessor  of  Sacred  Rhetoric  and  Pastoral  Theology, 
 1821-6.  He  served  without  salary,  and,  as  financial 
 agent,  raised  large  sums  for  the  seminar}-.  He  died 
 JIarch  19th,  18,57.  Dr.  Dirck  published  "Sermons 
 on  Important  Subjects,"  1825. 
 
 Doak,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  was  born  within  the 
 bounds  of  the  New  Providence  congregation,  Virginia, 
 in  August,  1749;  was  admitted  to  the  degree  of  Bache- 
 lor of  Arts,  in  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  in  1775; 
 taught  for  a  short  time  in  the  school  of  the  Rev. 
 Robert  Smith,  of  Pequea,  Pa.,  then  became  Tutor  in 
 Hampden  Sidney  College,  where  he  remained  about 
 two  years,  pursuing  the  study  of  theology  under  the 
 Rev.  John  Blair  Smith,  which  he  subsequently  con- 
 tinued for  some  time  under  the  Rev.  William  Graham. 
 He  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Hanover,  October  31st,  1777,  and  ha\ing 
 preached  for  some  time  in  "Washington  county,  Va. ,  he 
 removed  to  the  Holston  settlement,  in  what  was  then 
 a  part  of  North  Carolina,  but  is  now  a  part  of  East 
 Tennessee.  After  residing  in  this  settlement  a  year 
 or  two,  he  removed,  in  the  hope  of  finding  a  more 
 promising  field  of  usefulness,  to  the  settlement  on 
 Little  Limestone,  in  Washington  county,  and  tfcere 
 purchased  a  farm,  on  which  he  built  a  log  house  for 
 purposes  of  education,  and  a  small  church  edifice,  and 
 founded  a  congregation  known  as  the  "  Salem  Con- 
 gregation." The  literary  institution  which  he  here 
 estaljlished  was  the  first  that  was  ever  established  in 
 the  great  Valley  of  the  Mississippi,  and  he  presided 
 over  it  from  the  time  of  its  incorporation,  in  1785, 
 till  the  year  1818,  when  he  removed  to  Bethel,  and 
 opened  a  private  school,  which  he  called  Tusculum 
 Academy.  Dr.  Doak  organized  a  number  of  churches 
 in  the  county  in  which  he  lived.  His  ministry  was 
 attended  with  no  small  success.  His  style  of  preach- 
 ing was  original,  bold,  pungent,  and  sometimes  pa- 
 thetic. He  was  eminently  successful  in  training  up 
 young  men  for  the  ministry.  J.  G.  M.  Ramsey.  3i.  n., 
 one  of  Dr.  Doak's  pupils,  says:  "it  may  safely  be 
 affirmed  that  he  was  one  of  the  most  useful  men  of 
 the  period  in  which  he  lived." 
 
 Dod,  Albert  Bald-win,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Jlendham,  N.  J.,  March  24th,  1805,  and  graduated 
 at  Princeton  College  in  1822,  immediately  after  which 
 he  became  a  teacher  in  a  private  family  in  Freder- 
 icksburg, Va. ,  where  he  remained  between  three  and 
 four  years.  On  his  return  from  Virginia  he  remained 
 at  home  a  few  months,  and  in  the  autumn  of  1826 
 he  became  a  member  of  the  Theological  Seminary  at 
 Princeton.  The  next  year  he  accepted  a  Tutorship 
 in  Princeton  College,  still  continuing  his  theological 
 studies,  as  he  had  opportunity.  He  was  licensed  to 
 preach,  iu  the  Spring  of  1828,  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Y'ork,  but  retained  his  office  as  Tutor  till  1829. 
 In  1830  he  was  appointed  to  the  Jlathematic.il  Pro- 
 I  fessorship  in  the  College,  a  place  that  was  eminently 
 
IXJl). 
 
 192 
 
 DODGE. 
 
 I 
 congenial  with  his  tastes  and  hahits.     This  appoint-    there  with  great  zeal  and  self-denial,  and  orjranizid. 
 
 ment  he  aceejited,  an<l  dis(har<:<(l  the  duties  of  the 
 ofrice  with  sii;iial  ability  and  fidelity.  Here  he  con- 
 tinued till  his  death,  which  took  place  November  20th. 
 
 August  l.'ith,  1781,  a  church,  consisting  of  twenty-five 
 members.  Under  his  ministrations,  in  the  midst  of 
 the  perils   incident  to  frecjuent  hostile  demou.stra- 
 
 1H45.     During  his  la.st   illness   he    niaintiiined    the    tions,  and  while  the  jwople,  during  i)art  of  the  time, 
 
 utmost  serenity  of  spirit. 
 
 Profetwor  Dod,  during  his  connection  with  the  Col- 
 
 were  shut  up  in  the   fort,  there  wius  a  revival  of 
 ]  religion,  as  the  fruits  of  which  upwards  of  forty  were 
 
 Jege.  preached  a  great  deal,  and  fre<iueiitly  supplied  admitted  to  the  Church.  The  lirst  house  of  worship 
 destitute  pulpits  in  both  Xcw  York  and  Philadcl-  was  erected  in  the  Summer  of  ITi^."!. 
 phia.  He  published  nothing  except  a  k'w  articles  Mr.  Dod  opened  a  cla.s.sical  and  mathematical 
 in  the  Biblical  Itrpcrlori/,  which  w<"re  marked  with  school  near  his  own  dwelling  in  Mr^'i.  which  w;us  in 
 ability.  One  of  those  articles,  on  Tran.scondentalisra,  operation  about  three  years  and  a  half.  Thnmgli 
 wa.s  printed  in  a  separate  pami)hlct,  and  attracted  bis  inlluence,  ami  that  of  Me.ssrs.  Smith  and  JIcMil- 
 great  attention.  He  had  great  success  and  power  as  Ian,  an  aciulemy  was  instituted  at  W';Lshington,  I'a.. 
 a  teacher.      There  was  nothing  in  mathematics  he   of  which,  by  urgent  request,  he  became  Principal, 
 
 April  1st,  1789,  for  a  single  year,  at  the  same  time 
 preaching  at  Washington  and  Tenmilc.  He  died. 
 May  2()th,  179:!,  in  the  full  experience  of  the  .joys  of 
 Siilvation.  Mr.  Dod  was  an  earnest,  able  and  faith- 
 ful  preacher.     He   took   great   delight   in   religious 
 
 could  not  make  plain.     Under  his  tuition  his  students 
 
 became  enthusia.stic  in  their  admiration  of  himself  and 
 
 in  their  love  for  the  science.    He  was  fond  of  discussion, 
 
 and  was  remarkably  able  in  debate.     As  a  iireacher. 
 
 his  chief  aim  w:is  to  lodge  in  the  understanding  some 
 
 fundamental  principle  of  truth  or  duty,  which  should    convers;ition,  and  urged  this  pra<tiee  upon  his  jieople. 
 
 become   part  of   the   governing   convictions   of  the    Throughout  his  whole  ministry,  his  labors  seem  to 
 
 have  been  attended  with  much  more  than  an  ordi- 
 nary" blessing. 
 
 Dodge,  Hon.  ■WHliam  E.,  prominent  elder  of 
 
 mind.     In  the  judgment  of  Dr.,  Charles  Hodge,  he 
 was  "  one  of  the  most  gifted  men  of  the  Church." 
 
 Dod,  Rev.  Tha,ddeus,  was  born  near  Newark, 
 N.  .1.,  JIarch  7th,  1740.  He  graduated  at  the  j  the  Presbyterian  Church,  wa.s  born  in  Hartford, 
 College  of  New  .Jersey  in  177;?;  studied  theologj-  Conn.,  September  4th,  l-'O.'),  his  father  being  a  cotton 
 under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  McWhorter,  of  manufacturer,  near  Norwich,  in  that  State.  Alter 
 Newark,  and  the  Kev.  Timothy  Jolnu's,  of  Morris-  attending  the  common  school,  he  worked  awhile  in 
 town;  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  New  York  his  father's  mill,  and  then,  the  family  having  removed 
 Presbj-tery  in  1775.  In  March,  1777,  he  made  a  tour  to  New  York,  the  lad  of  thirteen  entered  a  wholesjile 
 of  the  West.     After  preaching  in  parts  of  Virginia  [  dry  goods  store,  where  he  remained  until  he  attained 
 
 his  majority.  He  then  engaged  in  the  .sjime  business 
 on  his  own  account,  and  continued  in  this  line  until 
 183:?,  when  he  became  a  member  of  the  tirm  of 
 Phelps,  Dodge  it  Co.  The  firm  were  engaged  in  the 
 importation  of  tin  plate,  pig  tin  and  copper,  and  .soon 
 became  the  largi.st  establishment  in  the  country  pur- 
 suing this  line  of  business.  The  firm  continued  in 
 existence  until  1879,  new  members  of  the  families 
 concerned  joining  it  as  the  older  ones  dropped  out, 
 and  its  success  is  still  prosecuted,  under  a  new  name, 
 by  descendants  of  the  original  partners.  Mr.  Dodge 
 himself  retained  an  active  interest  in  the  house  until 
 .January  1st,  Iss],  and  up  to  the  time  of  his  death 
 frecineutly  visited  his  old  ollice.  Mr.  Dodge  was  lM)th 
 shrewd  and  industrious,  and  his  business  career  wiis 
 one  of  almost  unbroken  prosjjcrity.  As  time  pro- 
 gressed he  became  interested  in  many  other  enter- 
 prises, and  w;is  director  in  a  number  of  railroad  and 
 insurance  corporations.  He  was  one  of  the  largest 
 owncre  of  lumber  lands,  lumber  and  mill  interest.s,  in 
 the  United  .Stat«'.s,  po.s.sessing  large  tracts  in  Wiscon- 
 sin,   Miehig;ui,    Cieorgia,    West   Virginia,    Te.v.is  and 
 
 and  Maryland  he  cro.ssed  the  mountains,  and  visited 
 the  settlements  of  George's  Creek,  Muddy  Creek 
 and  Dunlap's  Creek,  and  i)roceeded  thence  to  Ten- 
 mile,  at  which  latt<-r  jilace  there  were  a  numluT  of 
 families  who  had  removed  from  Morris  county. 
 After  jjreaching  for  some  time  in  that  comparatively 
 desolate  region  he  returned  to  New  .Jersey.  Being 
 earnestly  solicited  by  the  people  at  Ten-mile  to  be- 
 come their  minister,  he  determined  to  yield  to  their 
 wishes,  and  accordingly  he  was  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  New  York,  sine  tiliilo,  in  October,  1777, 
 with  a  view  to  finding  his  home  in  that  then  distant 
 part. 
 
 Arriving,  November  10th,  with  his  family,  at  Pat- 
 terson's Creek,  in  Hampshire  county,  Va.,  and  hear- 
 ing of  a  then  recent  and  formidable  attack  by  the 
 Indians  on  the  fort  at  'Wnieeling,  and  of  the  conse- 
 quent confusion  and  terror  prevailing  throughout 
 the  West,  he  remained  a  few  days  Avith  his  family, 
 then  left  them,  croased  the  mountains  alone,  pro- 
 ceeded to  Ten-mile,  where  he  preached  in  the  forts, 
 and  baptized  the  children,  and  after  a  week  returned. 
 
 For   nearly    two   years   he   preached    at    Patterson's  Canada,   which   in   some   instances  exceeded   ;!0.0(K) 
 
 Creek,  and  in  the  adja<-ent  countiis  in  Virginia  and  acres  in  area.      He  was  also  extensively  interested  in 
 
 Marj'land,  and  his  labors  were  attended  with  a  mani-  the  development  of  coal  and  inin  interests  thronglmut 
 
 fest  blessing.     In   Septemlwr,    1779,   he   pnu'eeded,  the  country.     His  fort\ine  grew  steadily,  until  it  w;is 
 
 with  his  family,  to  Ten-mile,  entered  ujmn  his  labors  estimated  to  have  reached  five  millions. 
 
DODGE. 
 
 193 
 
 DONALDSON. 
 
 Mr.  Dodge's  busiucss  sagacity  was  recoguiztd  hy 
 his  fellows,  nnd  he  was  elected  President  of  the 
 Chamber  of  Commerce  for  four  terms  in  succession, 
 being  the  only  man  ever  so  honored.  President 
 Lincoln  appointed  him  a  member  of  the  famous 
 Indian  Commission,  which  included  A.  T.  Stewart, 
 Mr.  Brunot,  and  other  well-known  merchants.  He 
 was  elected  from  Xew  York  city  to  the  Thirty-ninth 
 Congress,  in  which  he  served  as  a  member  of  the 
 Committee  on  Foreign  Affairs.  He,  retained  his 
 active  interest  in  public  affairs  to  the  last,  and  his 
 iiibil  illness  dated  from  a  cold  contracted  at  the  Pro- 
 tective Tariff  meeting  in  the  Cooper  Union,  where  he 
 made  a  speech. 
 
 It  was,  however,  as  a  Christian  and  philanthropist 
 that  Mr.  Dodge  was  most  distinguished.     He  early 
 
 l[*tX.    WILLIAM    i.. 
 
 became  interested  in  the  Temperance  movement,  and 
 his  consistency  wa.s  proved  by  his  resignation  from  the 
 Union  League  Club,  because  it  served  wine  at  its 
 banquets.  He  was  President  of  the  American  Na- 
 tional Temperance  Society,  the  Temperance  Christian 
 Home  for  Men,  and  the  Ladies'  Temperance  Home. 
 He  was  also  a  Tru.stee  of  the  Union  Theological 
 Seminarj-,  a  Director  of  the  Presln-terian  Hosi)ital, 
 Trustee  of  Lincoln  LTniversity,  and  Vice-President. of 
 the  American  Board  of  Foreign  Mi-ssions.  He  was 
 a  devoted  friend  of  the  Sabbath,  and  resigned  his 
 directorship  of  the  Central  Kailroad  of  New  Jersey 
 because  the  company  began  to  run  trains  on  that  day. 
 Benevolent  enterprises  of  every  sort  received  his  cor- 
 dial support.  The  education  of  the  freedmen  greatly 
 interested  him,  and  he  a.ssisted  many  societies,  work- 
 ing in  their  behalf.  Special  charities,  whether  local 
 13 
 
 or  remote  in  their  sphere  of  operation,  axjpealed  with 
 conlidence  to  his  generous  purse,  and  his  contribu- 
 tions in  some  years  averaged  §1000  a  day,  while  for 
 several  years  before  his  decease  they  never  fell  below 
 §200,000  annually.  His  life  was  one  of  cheerful  in- 
 dustry. Nothing  in  the  way  of  duty  was  irksome — 
 rather,  it  was  a  pleasure  to  be  enjoyed,  and  the  smile, 
 so  genial  and  loving,  with  which  his  fiiends  were 
 always  greeted,  was  merely  the  sunshine  reflected 
 from  his  glowing  heart.  Immersed  in  business  that 
 assumed  wide  range  and  vast  proportions,  he  kept 
 his  soul  serene  in  the  light  of  heaven,  so  that  the 
 cares  of  the  world,  the  love  of  money,  and  sordid 
 greed  had  no  dominion  over  his  buoyant  siihit.  More 
 than  the  Presidency  of  the  Chivmber  of  Commerce,  he 
 loved  the  Sunday-school  room,  the  House  of  God,  the 
 prayer  meeting,  and  the  chamber  of  the  suffering, 
 whose  wants  he  might  relieve.  His  delight  was  in 
 making  glad  the  hearts  of  the  poor. 
 
 Jlr.  Dodge's  whole  career  was  exceptionally  one  of 
 success,  honor  and  usefulness.  He  died  at  his  resi- 
 dence, in  New  York,  February  9th,  1883,  leaving,  by 
 his  will,  §360,000  for  religious  and  charitable  jmr- 
 poses.  His  demise  was  gi-eatly  lamented,  not  only  Ijy 
 his  own  Denomination,  but  by  the  friends  of  educa- 
 tion, virtue,  morality  and  religion,  of  everj'  name, 
 and  he  left  a  record  that  is  lustrous  ■with  all  that  is 
 noble  and  excellent  in  human  character  in  its  highest 
 development. 
 
 Donaldson,  Alexander,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Ligonier  Valley,  "Westmoreland  county.  Pa.,  August 
 30th,  1808.  He  graduated  at  Jefferson  College  in  1835, 
 and  was  engaged  as  Tutor  in  the  college,  for  a  year. 
 During  1837  he  pursued  his  theological  studies,  under 
 the  direction  of  his  pa.stor,  Rev.  Samuel  Swan, 
 spending  only  the  last  year  of  his  course  in  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary.  He  was  licensed  to 
 preach  the  gospel  hy  the  Pre-sbj-tery  of  Saltsburg, 
 April  4th,  1838.  After  laboring  as  a  supply  for  a 
 year  he  was,  June  30th,  1839,  ordained  and  installed 
 as  pastor  over  the  churches  of  Eldersridge  and  Cur- 
 riesrun,  whose  houses  of  worship  were  ten  miles  apart. 
 In  Jlay,  1853,  he  was  released  from  Curriesrun, 
 to  be  installed  over  a  church,  newly  organized,  in 
 West  Lebanon,  only  four  miles  distant  li-om  Elders- 
 ridge. Besides  a  faithful  pa.storate  of  nearly  forty- 
 five  years,  the  Church  and  the  world  are  largely  his 
 debtors  for  the  help  he  has  given  to  the  cause  of 
 Christian  education,  through  the  establishment  of 
 Eldersridge  Academy.  This  Institution  wa.s  formally 
 organized  in  1847,  and  under  his  able  and  judicious 
 management  has  been  a  great  success.  During  the 
 more  than  thirty-six  years  of  its  existence,  over  two 
 thousand  persons  have  shared  its  pri\-ileges,  and, 
 besides  its  assistance  to  the  other  learned  professions, 
 over  one  hundred  and  fifty  of  its  students  have 
 entered  the  gospel  ministry.  In  order  to  make  more 
 certain  the  perpetuation  of  the  Institution  when  he 
 should  be  taken  from  it,  in  1876' he  selected  a  Board 
 
DONALDSON. 
 
 194 
 
 DONALDSON. 
 
 of  Trustees,  to  whom,  for  a  merely  nominal  acknowl- 
 edgment, lie  gave  the  buildings  and  all  the  per- 
 ([uisites.  Since  that  time,  by  their  appointment,  he 
 has  continued  to  preside,  and,  as  before,  to  teach  the 
 Classical  Dei)artment. 
 
 Dr.  Donaldson  is  an  honest,  straightforward  man. 
 Ill-  is  a  forcible  ■nTiter.  His  style  is  simple,  chaste 
 and  strong.  Thinking  and  feeling  his  way  far  into 
 gospel  themes,  he  is  alwaj's  an  instructive  preacher. 
 Without  any  of  the  arts  of  the  orator,  yet,  with  an 
 earnest  nature  and  a  soul  of  quick  sensibility,  he  is 
 alive  to  the  stimulus  of  any  great  occasion,  and  Is  at 
 times  a  deejily  impressive  speaker.     He  is  highly 
 
 ALEXANDER  DONALDSON,  D.  D. 
 
 esteemed  by  all  who  know  him,  and  though,  by  age, 
 his  physical  force  is  .somewhat  abated,  his  spirit 
 neither  faints  nor  grows  "weary  in  well  doing." 
 
 Donaldson,  Rev.  Alexander  Hasseltine, 
 sixth  child  of  Dr.  Alexander  DonaUlson,  was  born 
 March  l-2th,  184D.  He  graduated  at  Jefferson  College 
 in  1SG9.  Seeming  too  delicate  to  continue  at  study, 
 he  engaged  for  over  seven  years  in  other  pursuits. 
 His  hi'alth  improving,  he  resumed  study  at  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary  in  1870,  and  was 
 licen.sed  to  preach  by  the  Presbyt<-ry  of  Kittanning 
 in  April,  1-178.  He  completed  his  theological  course 
 in  another  year,  and  wa.s  ordained  .Inly  1st,  1879. 
 Having  decided  to  go  as  a  missionary  to  the  Navajo 
 Indians,  on  August  20th,  lie  .set  out  for  his  chosen 
 field  at  Fort  Deliancc,  Arizona,  with  his  wife;  (Miss 
 Dora  E.  Donaldson,  of  Minnesota)  and  three  little 
 daughters.  Ta.ssing  ))y  way  of  Minnesota,  he 
 reached  hi.s  destination  t)ctober  l.'ith,  after  a  very 
 
 toilsome  travel,  in  a  mule  wagon,  of  over  .■?()()  miles. 
 There,  though  without  any  kind  of  vegetable  to  eat, 
 or  any  milk  or  butter,  he  wrote  back,  ''we  are 
 happy."  In  the  Spring,  when  he  was  90  miles  from 
 his  family,  at  Fort  Defiance,  he  heard  that  the 
 I  Indians  at  the  fort  intended  to  cut  down  all  the 
 I  whites  on  the  distribution  day,  April  14th,  and  that 
 already  .six  of  the  most  prominent  persons  had  lied 
 for  their  lives.  On  the  next  two  daj's  he  rode  all  tlie 
 way  home,  arriving  on  the  evening  of  the  13th,  and 
 proposed  al.so  to  send  his  family  away  for  Siifcty. 
 They  would  not  go,  preferring,  as  they  said,  to  "  die, 
 if  necessary,  all  together."  Next  morning,  as  most 
 of  the  men  needed  in  the  distribution  were  gone,  he 
 assisted  and  did  the  work  of  two  or  three  men.  It 
 turned  out  to  bean  "  unusually  quiet  day,"  as  he 
 wrote  on  a  postal,  the  follo%ving  day.  But  he 
 was  altogether  overdone,  soon  after  he  was  taken 
 with  a  congestive  chill,  and  died,  April  30th,  1880. 
 
 Fragile  in  form,  frail  in  constitution,  Mr.  Donald- 
 son was  still  a  man  of  highly  courageous  spirit.  His 
 strength  of  purpo.se  bru-shed  aside  all  ordinary  hind- 
 rances, and  his  energy  of  will  easily  surmounted 
 difficulties  that  would  have  blocked  up  the  way  of  a 
 man  of  less  determination.  His  heart  was  warm 
 with  missionary  zeal.  He  was^eminently  qualilied  to 
 be  a  pioneer  in  the  difficult  field  he  had  chosen.  One 
 who  had  the  priWlege  of  knowing  him  well,  say.s, 
 ' '  I  never  knew  a  life  more  consecrated  to  the  Ma.ster's 
 service."  Such  a  life,  however  sad  its  termination 
 may  appear,  is  a  legacy  of  precious  and  honorable 
 remembrance  to  his  bereaved  friends  and  to  the 
 Church  at  large. 
 
 Donaldson,  Rev.  James  Henry,  oldest  son 
 of  Alexander  H.  and  Mary  (Bracken)  Donaldson,  was 
 born  at  Elder.sridge,  Indiana  county,  Pa.,  Jlay  18th, 
 1840.  He  graduated  at  Jeffer.sou  College,  iu  1858; 
 taught  two  years  in  Eldersridge  Academy,  and  gradu- 
 ated at  the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  in  l-<li3, 
 having  been  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Saltsburg, 
 in  the  Spring  of  18()2,  and  supplying  neighboring 
 churches  for  a  year  and  a  half  He  then  settled  at 
 Schellsburg,  Pa.,  where  he  was  ordained,  that  Fall, 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle.  There  he  continued 
 j  ust  four  years,  and  in  the  first  week  of  December, 
 1867,  he  came  home,  suffering  with  consumption,  of 
 which  he  died,  at  Eldersridge,  October  1st,  1808. 
 
 Tall,  slender,  and  graceful  in  every  movement, 
 with  a  sweet  voice,  trained  in  elocution  and  culti- 
 vated in  song,  he  was  a  plea.sant  speaker,  and  gave 
 promise  of  becoming  a  pulpit  orator  of  more  than 
 usual  power.  His  sermons  were  prepared  with  con- 
 scientious care.  He  had  good  conversational  powers, 
 high  social  qualities,  warm  affections,  and  a  heart 
 tender  and  sj-mpathizing.  He  was  cheerful,  modest, 
 and  unassuming,  with  <iualities  of  mind  and  heart 
 such  as  gave  promise  of  great  good,  and  ha\e  left 
 his  name  tenderly  cherished  by  a  wiiU'  circle  of 
 friends. 
 
DONALDSON. 
 
 195 
 
 DONEGAL  CSUIiCa. 
 
 Donaldson,  Hon.  'William,  was  boru  iu  Dan- 
 ville, Pa.,  July  '28th,  17!J!).  His  father  was  John 
 Donaklsou,  ami  his  grandfather  William  Donaldson, 
 a  soldier  of  the  Revolutionary  'Wiir  thioughout  its 
 entire  continuance.  When  a  youth  he  learned  the 
 business  of  a  merchant,  in  Philadelphia,  and  soon 
 afterwards  started  business  in  his  native  town,  where 
 his  extensive  operations  made  him  widely  and  favor- 
 ably known  to  all  the  leading  merchants  and  dealers 
 in  the  Valley  of  the  Susijuehanna.  In  1837  he  became 
 the  principal  owner  of  a  very  large  body  of  coal  lands 
 in  the  western  part  of  Schuylkill  county,  Pa.,  the 
 development  of  which  was  soon  commenced.  The 
 Swatara  Railroad  was  commenced  with  him  as 
 President.  The  Donaldson  Improvement  and  Rail- 
 road Company  was  organized  with  the  .same  Presi- 
 dent. The  town  of  Donaldson  was  laid  out  on  the 
 property.  He  remained  in  the  control  of  the  Swatara 
 Railroad  Company  and  of  the  Donaldson  Improve- 
 ment and  Railroad  Company  until  1863,  when  he  re- 
 tired from  their  management.  "WTiile  at  Dan^•ille,  he 
 was  appointed  an  Associate  Judge  for  Columbia 
 county,  entirely  without  solicitation  on  his  part  or 
 that  of  mere  personal  friends.  Judge  Donaldson  is  a 
 gentleman  of  very  active  mind  and  temperament, 
 genial  in  disposition  and  pleasing  in  address.  He  is 
 ardent  and  firm  iu  his  friendships,  and  unyielding 
 and  uncompromising  in  the  defence  of  what  he  be- 
 lieves to  be  right.  He  is  an  active  participant  in  the 
 atfairs  and  management  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Pottsville,  and  it  receives  his  special  in- 
 terest and  support. 
 
 Donegal  Church..  Of  the  several  Scotch-Irish 
 settlements  in  America,  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
 seventeenth  and  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth 
 centuries,  the  one  in  Donegal  township,  Lancaster 
 county,  Pa.,  was  the  most  notable.  It  became  the 
 nur.sery  of  Presbyterianisra  in  Middle,  Western  and 
 Southwestern  Pennsylvania,  Virginia  and  Xorth  Caro- 
 lina. 
 
 Donegal  Church  was  organized  in  1719,  or  very 
 early  in  1720.  Andrew  Galbraith,  Esc^.,  .sou  of  James 
 Galbraith,  who  came  to  America  with  William  Perm, 
 from  Queenstown,  upon  his  second  visit,  and  whose 
 remains  are  buried  at  Derry  graveyard,  settled  upon 
 the  land  adjoining  Donegal  Church  on  the  south,  in 
 1718,  for  which  he  received  a  patent  from  the  Penns 
 iu  1736,  for  two  hundred  and  twelve  acres.  He  was 
 the  iirst  ruling  elder  of  this  church,  and  to  him  be- 
 longs tlie  credit  of  organizing  the  congregation,  and 
 the  selection  of  one  of  the  most  admirable  and  attrac- 
 tive sites  for  a  church  edifice  within  the  broad  limits 
 of  the  State. 
 
 The  first  meeting  house  was  erected  with  logs,  and 
 stood  a  few  yards  south  of  the  present  structure. 
 After  it  had  been  used  for  a  dozen  years,  the  present 
 edifice  was  erected.  Loose  stones  were  collected  from 
 the  surface  of  the  ground  in  the  surrounding  woods, 
 with  which    the  walls   were   built.     There   was   no 
 
 eftbrt  made  by  the  masons  to  dress  the  stone;  they 
 were  simply  laid  iu  mortar,  to  a  line.  The  edges 
 were  craggy  and  rough.  And  there  were  no  stone  iu 
 the  building  that  one  man  could  not  conveniently 
 handle.  The  walls  were  plastered  on  the  inside,  but 
 the  outside  was  left  in  its  rough  state  until  the  re- 
 modeliug  of  the  house  in  1850. 
 
 The  front  of  the  building  was  the  .south  side,  focing 
 the  graveyard,  with  a  double  doorway,  the  only 
 entrance  into  the  hou.se.  The  door  frame  and  windows 
 had  a  circular  head.  The  puljiit  stood  against  the 
 northern  side  and  immediately  ojiposite  the  doorway. 
 A  broad  aisle  led  from  the  door  to  another  one  run- 
 ning lengthwise  of  the  building  in  front  of  the  pulpit. 
 Upon  each  side  of  the  pulpit,  and  facing  It,  were 
 nine  pews.  Upon  each  side  of  the  aisle  running 
 from  the  entrance  door  were  seven  pews. 
 
 DONEG.i*L  CHURCH. 
 
 There  was  also  a  small  aisle  near  each  end  of  the 
 room,  which  ran  at  right  angles  to  the  main  aisle, 
 from  which  entrance  was  had  to  corresponding 
 seven  pews  already  mentioned.  These  pews  faced 
 the  pulpit.  There  were  four  pews  facing  this  small 
 aisle,  and  between  it  and  the  end  walls.  For  some 
 years  after  the  church  was  built,  the  floors  of  the 
 aisles  were  composed  of  earth;  no  stoves  were 
 admitted;  an  innovation  of  that  kind  was  considered 
 incompatible  with  the  worship  of  a  true  Christian; 
 gradually,  however,  two  large  stoves,  cast  at  Corn- 
 wall, were  introduced,  and  the  aisles  paved  with 
 brick.  The  seats  and  backs  of  the  pews  were  made 
 of  yellow  pine  and  oak.  The  backs  came  to  the  neck 
 of  an  ordinary  person,  and  were  perpendicular.  At 
 the  corners  of  the  pews  were  corner  boar(}s  rounded 
 
DONEGAL  CHURCH. 
 
 196 
 
 DONEGAL  CHURCH. 
 
 out  to  fit  tlio  biii'ks,  and  wliicli  really  niaili'  it   more 
 uucoiul'oital)lc  to  sit. 
 
 Two  or  three  rows  of  pews  iii  IVout  ol'  the  pulpit 
 had  inclined  shelves,  upon  which  the  hynm-l  )i)oks  were 
 placed.  Of  course,  there  was  no  paint  iii>()n  any  of 
 the  wood-work.  Thus  the  building  stood  until  1772, 
 when  it  was  remodeled. 
 
 The  Rev.  David  Evans  supplied  the  Donegal 
 C'hureh  in  1720,  and  the  Rev.  George  Gillespie  and 
 tJie  Rev.  Robert  Cross  were  among  the  supplies  in 
 1721,  probably  for  the  year  1723  also.  In  the  Fall  of 
 1723  the  Rev.  Messrs.  Alexander,  Hutchcsou,  and 
 Daniel  JIcGill  were  sent  by  New  Castle  Presbyter}'. 
 In  1725  the  Rev.  Adam  Boyd  of  Oetorara  gave  Don- 
 egal the  one-sixth  of  his  time.  On  the  24th  daj'  of 
 September,  172G,  the  Rev.  James  Anderson  w;i.s  called 
 to  the  pastorate  of  the  church,  and  on  the  last  Wed- 
 nesday in  August,  1727,  he  was  instiilled.  He  died 
 July  16th,  1740.  Rev.  Hamilton  Bell  had  charge  of 
 the  church  from  1742  until  the  fall  of  1743.  The  pul- 
 pit was  supplied  by  Presbytery  until  November  23d, 
 1748,  when  the  Rev.  Josei)h  Tate  was  installed  as 
 pa.stor,  in  which  relation  he  continued  until  his  death, 
 October  11th,  1774,  a  jjeriod  of  twenty-six  years. 
 
 The  history  of  the  church  during  the  colonial 
 period  was  an  eventful  one,  and  particularly  during 
 the  French  and  Indian  War  of  17.).5-8,  and  the  sub- 
 sequent Indian  wars.  Many  members  of  the  congre- 
 gation were  driven  from  their  homes  on  the  Conoy 
 ami  Conawago  creeks,  by  the  Indians.  But  there 
 were  also  many  members  who  sliduldered  their  guns 
 and  marched  to  tlie  frontier  settlements,  to  aid  in 
 terminating  the  Indian  incursions,  depredations  and 
 mas.sacres. 
 
 Early  in  the  Spring  of  1771!  the  Rev.  Collin  Mc- 
 Farquahr  took  charge  of  the  church  at  Donegal.  He 
 came  to  this  country  from  Scotland,  to  seek  a  home 
 and  settlement,  and  left  his  family  behind  him, 
 expecting  to  .send  lor  them  as  soon  as  he  was  settled, 
 but  on  account  of  the  interrnption  of  travel  occa- 
 sioned by  the  prevailing  war,  he  did  not  see  them 
 for  ten  years  thereafter.  Mr.  McFarquahr  continued 
 to  be  the  diligent  and  faithful  pastor  of  Donegal 
 until  1805,  when,  his  wife  having  died,  he  was  bowed 
 down  with  sorrow,  and  concluded  to  resign  the 
 charge  and  live  with  his  daughters,  Mrs.  Wilson,  in 
 Lancaster,  and  Mrs.  Cook,  in  Hagerstown,  wlicre  he 
 died,  August  27th,  1822,  aged  ninety-three  years. 
 
 As  a  part  of  the  history  of  the  times,  we  give  the 
 following  verses,  by  Jlrs.  Sally  IIa,stings,  who  resided 
 at  Maytown,  and  removed  to  Washington  county,  in 
 1808.  They  are  contained  in  a  book  of  poems,  ))ub- 
 lisbed  by  her,  in  1808,  at  Lancaster,  William  Dickson 
 being  the  iirintcr. 
 
 ON  THE  REV.  C.  McF- 
 
 -U.     J.\XL'.\RY  1,  180G. 
 
 Strnngpr,  bohoUI  yon  vonerablo  man,   ■ 
 Who«i>  rev'rcnil  form  niiycsticuUj-  niovw, 
 
 With  niitivi!  griicu,  iilc.n;;  (lio  vilvct  plain, 
 Before  tlio  little  (luck  ho  di'arly  loves. 
 
 He,  from  the  famous  isle  of  Scotland  fair, 
 
 Euibarkiil,  early,  f(»r  our  peaceful  shore, 
 Antl  left  the  tender  partner  of  Iiiscare, 
 
 With  tlireo  sweet  babes,  his  absence  to  deplore. 
 Columbia's  fertile  regions  to  e.vptore 
 
 Was  his  design  ;  then  homeward  to  repair, 
 And  brin,^  those  darling  trejlsures  wiih  him  o'er, 
 
 And  come  and  preach  a  free  salvation  here. 
 'Twas  now  the  arduous  conflict  first  began 
 
 Between  Columbia  and  Britannia's  isle  ; 
 All'righted  peace  forsotik  tlie  bleeding  lanil, 
 
 And  armid  hosts  contended  for  tlie  soil. 
 
 No  moro  the  cheerful  song  of  lab'ring  swains 
 Thro'  sylvan  groves  re-echo'd,  from  afar  ; 
 
 But  groans  of  dying  anguish  till'd  the  plains, 
 .Vnd  all  the  mingled  sounds  of  wasting  war. 
 
 Now  blood  and  slaughter  marked  tlieir  crimson  way, 
 And  martial  fleets  invested  ev'ry  shore ; 
 
 Confusion  rag'd,  ami  thnnd'ring  o'er  the  sea, 
 Bellonady'd  the  waves  with  crimson  gore. 
 
 Fair  peace,  at  length,  her  olive-branch  display'd, 
 .\ud  o'er  Columbia's  coast  bade  freedom  n  ign  ; 
 
 The  war-worn  llero  shcatb'd  bis  reeking  blade, 
 .\nd  tramiuil  happiness  return'd  again. 
 
 For  ten  long  years  no  wife  or  child  saw  he. 
 
 Far  separated  by  the  foaming  flood  ; 
 .\t  length  his  pray'r  was  heard  ;  they  o'er  the  sea 
 
 Were  safely  wafted,  by  a  faithful  God. 
 
 Full  thirty  years,  from  yonder  sacred  dome. 
 Did  ho  proclaim  Salvation's  joyful  sound  ; 
 
 To  train  immortals  for  a  life  to  come, 
 A  teacher  from  his  God,  ho  yet  is  found. 
 
 Threescore  and  ten  revolving  summers  shed 
 Their  silverdews,  to  deck  his  locks  with  gray  ; 
 
 Their  hoary  influence  upon  his  head, 
 Iliis  ripened  age  to  full  maturity. 
 
 Smoothly  ho  glides  down  life's  tempestuous  sea, 
 Enjoying  health,  and  happiness,  and  ease. 
 
 And  tinds  his  strength  proportioned  to  his  day. 
 And  ends,  belov'd,  his  spotless  life  in  peace. 
 
 Where  are  thecrowds  which  once  did  throng  those  pews? 
 
 Go  ask  yon  marble  tombs;  they  will  reveal 
 That  they,  in  mournful  state,  do  now  enclose 
 
 The  faded  forms  which  once  those  walls  did  fill. 
 
 Yet  still  their  pastor  lives ;  while,  one  by  one, 
 Survivors  own  the  awful  Monarch's  sway  ; 
 
 Ho  still  p.'oclaims  salvation's  joyful  sound. 
 Directs  their  thght  to  heav'n.and  leads  the  way. 
 
 Father  of  light  and  life.  Thou  God  above, 
 O,  may  Thy  Spirit  aid  his  feeble  breath  ; 
 
 0  may  Thy  arms  of  everlasting  love 
 Support,  defend  him,  in  the  hour  of  death. 
 
 .\nd,  when  ronsignfid  to  the  peaceful  tomb, 
 
 Jlay  guardiaTi  angels  watch  his  crumb'ling  dust. 
 Till  the  last  trumpet  calls  the  faithful  home ; 
 .  Then  wake  to  joys  immortal,  with  the  just. 
 
 After  the  resignation  of  Mr.  McFaniuahr,  Donegal 
 Church  was  supplied  occasionally,  in  1806,  by  the 
 Rev.  Nathanttel  R.  Snowilen,  then  settled  in  Lanciis- 
 ter,  and  served  ))y  Rev.  Rolwrt  Cathcart,  of  York,  as 
 a  stated  supply.  The  Rev.  William  Kerr  sueeecded 
 Mr.  McFanjuahr  as  j)astor.  Mr.  K.  til.so  preached  in 
 Marietta,  where  he  died  in  1821.  He  was  succeeded 
 in  the  pastorate  of  Doneg-.il  by  the  Rev.  Orson  Doug- 
 Ias.s,    the    Rev.    Thomas    Jlar.shall    Boggs,    the   Rev. 
 
DOERAXCE. 
 
 197 
 
 DRAKE. 
 
 James  L.  Rodgers,  the  Rev.  Johii  J.  Lane,  the  Rev. 
 John  Edgar,  and  the  Rev.  William  Biays  Brow-n,  who 
 t;)ok  charge  of  the  church  in  1871.  Brief  sketches  of 
 most  of  these  ministers  will  be  found  in  their  appro- 
 priate alijhabetiKil  position  in  this  volume.  > 
 
 Dorrance,  John,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  Benjamin 
 and  Annie  (Buckingham)  Dorrance,  wa-s  born  in 
 Kingston,  Luzerne  county.  Pa.,  February  18th,  1800. 
 He  graduated  at  Nassau  Hall  in  1823;  graduated  at 
 Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in  1826;  was  licensed 
 1jy  Susquehanna  Presbytery,  and  spent  some  time  in 
 laboring  in  the  destitute  regions  of  Luzerne  county, 
 ths-n  a  comparative  wilderness.  In  the  Summer  of 
 182G  h."  entered  upon  his  missionary  labors  in  the 
 South,  under  a  commission  from  the  Board  of  Mis- 
 sions. His  field  of  labor  wa-s  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  and 
 vicinity.  He  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Church  at 
 Baton  Rouge  in  1327,  and  his  four  years'  labor  there 
 was  eininently  successful. 
 
 R'jturning  to  Pennsylvania,  he  settled  at  Wysox, 
 where  he  perlbrnied  much  self-denying  labor,  both 
 as  pastor  and  missionary,  and  greatly  endeared  him- 
 self to  the  peoide.  In  1833  he  removed  to  Wilkes- 
 barre,  where,  as  pastor  of  the  large  and  intelligent 
 congregation  of  that  place  for  twenty-eight  years,  he 
 m  lintaiued  an  unblemished  reputation  and  a  grow- 
 ing influence  until  his  death,  April  18th,  1861. 
 
 Dr.  Dorrance  possessed  rare  intellectual  endow- 
 ments. His  mind  was  not  brilliant,  but  admirably 
 balanced,  and  capable  of  a  prodigious  gra-sji.  Few 
 nren  were  better  iuformed  on  all  the  living  issues  of 
 his  time.  He  was  pre-eminently  a  wise  man.  Pru- 
 dence was  with  him  a  cardinal  virtue.  His  counsel 
 was  much  sought,  and  his  adrice  always  judicious. 
 In  the  several  fields  of  his  labor  he  exerted  a  blessed 
 and  enduring  influence.     His  end  was  peace. 
 
 Drake,  Charles  Daniel,  LL.D.,  was  the  second 
 child  of  Daniel  Drake,  M.D.,  and  Harriet  Sissou,  of 
 Cincinnati,  O.,  where  he  was  born,  April  11th,  1811. 
 His  education  was  received  in  the  ordinary  schools 
 of  Ohio  and  Kentucky,  except  a  period  of  fom-teen 
 months,  in  1823-4,  spent  at  "St.  Joseph's  College," 
 (Roman  Catholic),  Bardstown,  Ky.,  and  a  period  of 
 eight  months  in  1826-7,  at  Captain  Partridge's  mili- 
 tary Academy,  Middlctown,  Conn.  April  1st,  1827, 
 he  was  appointed  a  midshipman  in  the  United  States 
 Na\'j',  in  wlii(.'h  he  remained  until  January,  1830. 
 In  May,  1833,  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  Cincin- 
 nati; in  1834  removed  thence  to  St.  Louis,  Mo.; 
 where,  in  January,  1840,  he  united  with  the  Second 
 Presbyterian  Church.  In  June,  1847,  he  returned  to 
 Cincinnati.  •  In  July,  1849,  he  was  appointed  Treas- 
 urer of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church,  which  position  he  held  till  October, 
 1850,  when  he  returned  to  St.  Louis  and  resumed 
 law  practice.  In  18.56  he  was  elected  a  ruling  elder 
 of  the  Second  Church.  In  1859  he  was  elected  a 
 member  of  the  Missouri  House  of  Representatives. 
 In  1863  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Missouri 
 
 State  Convention.  While  in  attendance  on  that  body 
 the  honorary  degree  of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  on  hira  by 
 Hanover  College,  Indiana.  In  1864  he  was  elected  a 
 member  of  a  new  Convention  to  revise  the  Constitu- 
 tion of  Missouri,  of  which  body  he  was  the  Vice-presi- 
 dent. In  Januarv,  1867,  he  was  elected  United  States 
 Senator  from  Missoui-i,  for  six  years  from  the  ensu- 
 ing 4tli  of  March. 
 
 In  1869  he  was  a  member  of  tlie  (O.  S.)  General 
 Assembly,  from  the  Presbytery  of  St.  Louis  ;  was  on 
 the  Committee  of  Conference  on  Reunion;  and  was 
 appointed  chairman  of  a  committee  to  consider  and 
 investigate  all  matters  of  controversy  in  regard  to 
 the  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Northwest ;  and  at 
 the  adjourned  session  of  the  Assembly,  in  November 
 following,  he  presented  the  report  of  that  committee, 
 
 CHARLES   DANIEL  DRAKE,  LL.D. 
 
 settling  all  controversies,  which  was  adopted  by  the 
 Assembly.  In  December,  1870,  he  resigned  the 
 position  of  Senator  from  Mis.souri,  to  accept  that  of 
 Chief  Justice  of  the  Court  of  Claims,  at  Washington, 
 which  he  still  holds  (in  1883).  In  1875  he  received 
 the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  the  University  of  Wooster; 
 and  in  the  same  year,  and  afterwards,  in  1879,  Wiis  a 
 member  of  the  General  Assembly,  from  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Washington  City.  In  1880,  before  the  Second 
 General  Council  of  the  Presbyterian  Alliance,  he  read 
 a  ijaper  on  "  Christianitj',  the  Friend  of  the  Work- 
 ing Classes,"  which  has  been  publishedas  a  tract  by 
 the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Puliliaitiou.  In  1854  he 
 published  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Suits  by 
 Attachment  in  the  United  States, ' '  which  has  gone 
 to  a  filth  edition.  , 
 
DRIPPS. 
 
 198 
 
 DIFFIELD. 
 
 Dripps,  Rev.  J.  Frederick,  was  born  in  Phila- 
 dcl]ihia,  Pa.,  in  l^<lt.  He  "graduated  I'rom  the  Uni- 
 versity of  tlie  City  of  New  York  in  1863,  and  from 
 Prinecton  Theological  Seminary  in  l.''6.S.  After  being 
 licens<(I  to  preaeh,  he  supplied  tlie  First  Church  of 
 Indianapolis,  lud.,  for  si.x  montli-s,  and  the  American 
 Pre.sbj'terian  Cliurch  at  Monti-eal  for  eight  months. 
 From  1870  to  1880  he  wa-s  pastor  of  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Gerraantown,  Phila.,  Avhere  he  labored 
 very  acceptably  and  successfully  until  impaired 
 health  reiiuired  his  resignation  of  the  charge.  He 
 became  pastor  of  Clinton  Street  Immanuel  Pres- 
 byterian Church  in  the  same  city,  upon  the  death  of 
 Dr.  Wadsworth,  in  18.82,  where  he  still  remains, 
 prospered  in  his  work  and  beloved  by  his  congre- 
 gation. Mr.  Dripps  is  an  earnest  and  impressive 
 preacher  and  a  devoted  pastor.  Several  excellent 
 tracts  from  his  pen  have  been  published  by  our  Board 
 of  Pulilicatinn.  He  is  ready  for  every  good  work,  and 
 at  present  is  Vice  President  of  our  Board  of  Education. 
 
 Du  Bois,  Robert  Patterson,  D.D.,  was  a  son 
 of  tli<^  Key.  U.  Du  Bois,  founder  and  first  pastor  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Doylestown,  Pa.  He  was 
 born,  August  19th,  180.5,  at  Doylestown,  and  received 
 his  academicjil  eduKition  under  his  father,  and  his 
 collegiate  in  the  University  of  Penn.sylvania,  where 
 he  griwluatcd,  in  July,  I8'24.  He  first  studied  medi- 
 cine, afterwards  took  charge  of  the  Chester  County 
 Academy,  and  then  of  the  Doylestown  Academy,  for 
 several  years.  His  ministerial  education  was  re- 
 ceived partly  at  Princeton  Seminary  and  partly  under 
 his  brother-in-law,  Rev.  Silas  M.  Andrews,  D.  D.,  pas- 
 tor of  the  Doylestown  Church.  He  was  licensed  by 
 the  Second  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  in  October, 
 1 8:5.5,  and  after  a  year  spent  in  .study,  traveling  and 
 l)reaching,  was  called  to  New  London,  Chester  county. 
 Pa.  This  was  his  first  and  only  pastorate.  He  con- 
 tinued to  discharge  its  duties  for  a  period  of  forty 
 years,  or  until  November  1876,  when,  feeling  the 
 pressure  of  advancing  years,  he  resigned. 
 
 Dr.  Du  Bois  wsls  an  excellent  man.  He  impressed 
 every  one  who  met  him  with  the  thought  that  here 
 was  one  of  the  nu-n  who  are  witliout  guile.  His 
 goodness  won  all  hearts.  His  jjiety  shone  in  liis 
 f;ice  and  illuminated  his  wliole  character.  He  won 
 men's  confidence,  becau.se  he  s<'emed  to  be  so  pure, 
 so  single-hearted,  so  unselfishly  given  to  the  service 
 of  his  fellow-men.  He  was  a  ])ointed,  instructive  and 
 impressive  preacher,  and  a  faithful  and  devoted  pastor. 
 He  wius  a  life-long  advocate  and  worker  in  the  cjjuse 
 of  Temperance.  In  the  Presbytery  of  Chester,  of 
 which  lie  wa-s  a  member,  he  was  especially  beloved. 
 Whatever  he  undertook  to  do  was  so  well  and  so 
 tlioroughly  done,  and  he  wa-s  so  conscientious  in 
 his  duties  as  a  Presbyter,  that  he  gained  a  large 
 inllueiice,  and  downi  to  liis  latest  days  was  a  diligent 
 an<l  trusted  memlKT,  to  whom  imiwrtant  offices  were 
 readily  given.  Few  men  have  left  a  better  record. 
 He  <lied,  February  ilsl,  lHs:{. 
 
 Du  Bose,  Hampden  C,  son  of  the  Rev.  .Julius  J. 
 and  Margaret  Y..  Du  Bose,  was  born  in  Darlington,  S.C, 
 in  184.5.  On  the  31.st  of  March,  1858,  he  was  received 
 into  full  communion  in  the  Darlington  Presbvterian 
 Church.  After  graduating  at  .South  Carolina  College, 
 in  1868,  he  entered  the  Theological  Seminary  at 
 Columbia,  in  the  same  year,  and  was  licensed  by  the 
 Presbrtery  of  Harmony,  in  1870.  He  filled  the  pulpit 
 of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Charleston, 
 during  the  vacation  of  his  second  year  in  the  Semi- 
 nary, and,  after  completing  the  prescribed  course  of 
 study,  was  ordained  as  an  evangelist  by  the  Presliy- 
 tery  of  Harmony,  at  Darlington,  April  6th,  1871. 
 The  ordination  sermon  was  preached  to  a  crowded 
 house,  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Plumer,  and  the  charge  was 
 delivered  to  the  young  evangelist  by  the  venerable 
 Dr.  .7.  Leighton  Wilson.  Shortly  after  his  ordination 
 he  was  sent  to  China  by  the  General  A.ssembly  of  the 
 Soutliern  Presbyterian  Church,  to  preach  the  un- 
 se.irchable  riches  of  Christ  to  the  heathen.  Mr. 
 Du  Bose  was  married  to  Jliss  Pauline  McAlpine,  of 
 Talladega,  Ala.,  who  has  rendered  valuable  service, 
 by  the  side  of  her  husband  to  the  cause  of  Christ  in  . 
 China.  In  addition  to  his  arduous  labors  of  preaching 
 three  times  daily  in  his  street  chapels,  ilr.  Du  Bo.se 
 has  translated  i\e  "  Rock  of  Our  Salvation  "  into  the 
 Chinese  language.  He  is  a  man  of  untiring  energy 
 and  zeal,  and  is  blessed  with  a  sunny  teinperament, 
 a  warm,  joyous  heart,  and  a  cheerful,  hopeful  dis- 
 position. He  is  held  in  universal  esteem,  and  is 
 generally  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  efficient  laborers 
 ever  sent  forth  by  the  Church  into  the  vineyard  of  her 
 Master.  During  a  recent  visit  with  his  family  to  his 
 native  land,  he  awakened  an  unusual  interest  in  the 
 cause  of  foreign  missions.  He  is  now  at  work  in 
 Soochow,  China. 
 
 Duffield,  G-eorge,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Lan- 
 caster County,  Pa.,  October  7th,  1732,  and  had  Hu- 
 guenot blood  in  his  veins,  the  name  haAing  been 
 originally  Du  Fichle.  He  was  educated  at  Newark 
 Academy,  Del.,  and  graduated  at  Na.ssjui  Hall,  N.  .1., 
 in  1752.  His  theological  studies  were  pursued  under 
 Dr.  Robert  Smith,  of  Pe(|uea.  After  officiating  for 
 two  years  as  Tutor  at  Princeton,  he  was  ordained.  .'>i]i- 
 teniber,  17.59,  over  the  united  churches  of  Carlisle, 
 Big  Spring  (now  NewviUe),  and  Monaghan  (now 
 Dillsburg).  Carlisle  was,  at  this  time,  a  frontier 
 town,  and  protected  by  a  garrison,  and  the  church  «t 
 Monaghan  w:»s  regularly  fortified  and  watched  by 
 .sentries,  for  fear  of  Indians.  But  Indian  warfare  w;us 
 not  the  only  warfare  to  wliicli  the  young  minister  was 
 exposed.  He  had  warmly  espoused  the  sentiments  of 
 the  New  Lights,  and  met  with  obstacles  from  thct)ld 
 Side  party,  under  the  Rev.  Mr.  Steele.  He  encoun- 
 tered similar  opimsition  when  he  removed,  in  1771,  to 
 Old  Pine  Street  Church,  Philadelphia,  over  which  the 
 First  Church  claimed  to  have  .some  Jurisdiction.  To 
 such  a  degree  did  the  disturbance  rise,  that  the  aid  of 
 the  civil  magistrate  had  to  lie  invoked,  and  the  Kiot 
 
DVFFIELD. 
 
 199 
 
 DUFFIELD. 
 
 Aft  read.      In  the  end,  however,  he  -svas  allowed  to 
 exercise  his  functions  unmolested. 
 
 It  is  not  to  he  supposed  that  a  man  of  such  a  polem- 
 ical turn  would  he  quiescent  during  the  Revolutionary 
 war,  and  accordingly,  besides  serving  as  chaplain  ol 
 Congress,  he  fearlessly  .shared  the  perils  of  the  array, 
 and  made  himself  so  obnoxious  to  the  enemy  that  a 
 price  wa-s  put  upon  his  head.  His  death  occurred, 
 after  a  brief  ilbiess,  February  2d,  1790,  at  the  age  of 
 fifty-seven. 
 
 Dr.  Duffleld's  excessive  buoyancy  in  youth  wa.s 
 never  completely  extinguished,  and  his  ardent  tem- 
 perament made  him,  in  riper  years,  an  animated  and 
 popular  preacher.  He  was  the  grandfather  of  the  late 
 Dr.  George  Duffield,  of  Carlisle  and  Detroit.  The 
 estimation  in  which  he  was  held  by  his  contempo- 
 raries may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  of  his  having  been 
 chosen  the  first  Stated  Clerk  of  the  General  Assembly, 
 which  post  he  held  at  the  time  of  his  death.  His 
 only  published  works  were,  "An  Account  of  a  Mis- 
 sionary Tour  through  Western  Pennsylvania,  in  1776, 
 by  order  of  Synod,  and  a  "  Thanksgi%-ing  Sermon  on 
 Peace,"  December  11th,  1783. 
 
 Duffleld,  George,  D.  D.,  was  born  July  4th, 
 1794,  at  Strasburg,  Lanca-ster  county.  Pa., 'where  his 
 father's  grandfather  had  purchased  and  settled  a 
 farm,  as  far  back  as  1730.  He  was  of  Huguenot  and 
 Scotch-Irish  descent,  and  so  of  pious  ancestry— his 
 mother  a  truly  godly  woman,  his  lather  a  merchant 
 and  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  his 
 grandfather,  of  the  same  name,  a  graduate  in  the 
 first  class  which  received  diplomas  from  Princeton 
 College;  a  minisfer  of  the  Presbyterian  Church;  an 
 a.ssociate  Chaplain  with  Bishop  AVilliam  White,  of 
 the  Continental  Congicss  of  Phila<;lelphia. 
 
 At  the  precocious  age  of  sixteen  the  subject  of 
 this  sketch  graduated  in  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
 vania, and  then  studied  theology  under  Dr.  John 
 M.  Mason,  in  New  York.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
 before  he  had  attained  his  twenty-fir.st  year,  and 
 before  the  expiration  of  that  year  (1815)  he  received  , 
 and  accepted  a  call  from  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 ■  Carlisle,  Pa.  In  this  charge  he  remained  eighteen 
 years  and  .six  months,  gathering  into  his  church 
 during  that  time  seven  hundred  persons  by  profession, 
 and  two  hundred  by  certificate.  In  March,  1835, 
 Dr.  Duffield  resigned  his  pastorate  at  Carlisle,  and 
 after  brief  settlements  in  New  York  and  Philadel- 
 phia, he  was  installed  over  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  October  1st,  1838.  In 
 1862,  he  was  chosen  Moderator  of  the  General  Assem- 
 bly (New  School),  in  Detroit.  He  remained  iu  that 
 city,  where  his  labors  were  greatly  blessed,  till  his 
 sudden  death  in  1S67,  at  the  age  of  seventy-tlu-ee. 
 He  died  in  the  harness.  He  was  delivering  an  ad- 
 dress of  welcome  to  the  Young  Men's  Christian  As- 
 sociation, when  he  was  attacked  by  paralysis,  and  in 
 a  day  or  two  breathed  his  last.  A  memorial  window 
 in  the  church  iu  which  his  labors  were  closed  bears 
 
 '  Deo,  Republicse,  et  amicis 
 
 his  name,  with  his  motto: 
 semper  fidelis." 
 
 Among  Dr.  Duffleld's  prominent  traits  was  his  pro- 
 digious love  of  learning.  There  was  impressed  upon 
 his  very  countenance  an  eager  readiness  either  to  re- 
 ceive or  impart  knowledge.  As  a  preacher  he  was  a 
 man  of  power,  a  Boanerges  rather  than  a  Barnabas. 
 He  gave  free  and  fearless  utterance  to  his  convictions 
 of  truth  and  duty.  His  manner  in  the  pulpit  was 
 solemn  and  impressive.  His  very  recreations  were 
 of  a  grave  kind,  and  in  sickness  he  amused  himself 
 vs-ith  works  on  mathematics.  He  was  deeply  in  earn- 
 est in  the  great  work  to  which  his  life  was  devoted, 
 and  at  his  presence  vice  was  abashed  and  profanity 
 reduced  to  silence.  He  was  of  a  scientific  turn,  and 
 his  writings  were  voluminous.  Besides  pamphlets 
 and  reviews  on  a  variety  of  subjects,  he  published,  in 
 octavo  form,  a  volume  on  "  Regeneration,'' and  a 
 book  entitled  "Travels  in  Europe  and  the  Holy 
 Land." 
 ■     Duflaeld,  George,.  D.D.,  son  of  the  Kiiv.   Dr. 
 
 GEORGE   DUFFIELD,    D.  D. 
 
 Duffield,  of  the  preceding  notice,  Wius  born  in  Car- 
 lisle, Pa.,  September  12th,  1816.  He  graduated  at 
 Yale  College  in  1837,  and  studied  theology  at 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York.  He  was 
 ordained  December  27th,  1840.  He  was  pastor  at 
 Brookl^^l,  N.Y.,  1840-7;  at  Bloomfield,  N.  J.,  1847- 
 52;  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1852-61;  at  Adrian,  Jlich., 
 1861-5;  at  Galesburg,  111.,  1865-9;  at  Saginaw  City, 
 Mich.,  1869-73;  evangelist,  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  1874. 
 He  now  resides,  without  charge,  at  Lansing,  Mich- 
 Dr.  Duffield  has  been  greatly  blessed  in  his  minis- 
 
DVFriELD. 
 
 200 
 
 DULLES, 
 
 terial  labors.  He  is  an  accomplished  and  genial 
 gentleman,  an  earnest  Christian,  a  faithful,  forcible 
 and  impressive  jireaeher,  and  always  has  discharged 
 liis  pastoral  dnties  with  great  fidelity.  He  is  gil'ted 
 as  a  poet,  and  has  jjublished  several  hymns,  which 
 have  proved  to  1)0  very  popular  and  useful  additions 
 to  the  hymuolojiy  of  tlie  C'hnrih. 
 
 DuflB.eld,  John  Thomas,  D.  D.,  sou  of  AVilliam 
 and  Anna  51.  (Fletcher)  Duflield,  was  born  at  llcCon- 
 nellsburg,  Fulton  (then  Bedford)  county,  Pa.,  on  the 
 19tli  of  February,  18'.i3.  The  family  is  descended 
 from  George  Duffield,  who  came  from  the  north  of 
 Ireland, about  17;i.'>;  settled  in  Lancaster  county,  Pa.; 
 was  one  of  the  original  members,  and  an  elder  of  the 
 Presl)yterian  Church  at  Pequea,  and  father  of  the  Eev. 
 George  Duffield,  chajjlain  of  the  Continentiil  Con- 
 gress. John  T.  Duffield  was  graduated,  with  honor, 
 at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  iu  1841,  a  member  of  a 
 class  of  which  an  unusually  large  proportion  have 
 attained  distinction  iu  Church  and  State.  After  his 
 graduation  he  engaged  for  a  time  in  teaching,  and 
 had  charge  of  the  Mathematical  Department  in  Union 
 Aca'demy,  a  select  preparatory  school  in  Philadelphia. 
 He  entered  the  Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in 
 1844,  and  shortly  after  was  elected  Tutor  in  Greek 
 in  the  College  of  New  Jersey.  He  accepted  the 
 position,  at  the  same  time  continuing  his  theological 
 studies,  and  in  1846  was  elected  adjunct  Professor  of 
 Mathematics.  In  18r)4  he  was  elected  Professor  of 
 Mathematics,  and  in  18(52  Professor  of  Mathematics 
 and  Mechanics.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1849; 
 iu  tlie  following  year  was  elected  stated  supply  of  the 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Princeton,  and  was 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  Feb- 
 ruary 5th,  1851.  For  two  j-ears  he  had  charge  of  the 
 clnirch,  iu  connection  with  his  duties  in  college.  In 
 18.52  he  pul)lishi'd,  for  the  benefit  of  the  Second 
 Church,  "The  Princeton  Puljut,"  a  volume  contain- 
 ing a  sermon  by  each  of  the  Presbyterian  ministers 
 then  residing  in  Princeton.  At  the  meeting  of  the 
 Synod  of  New  Jersey,  in  Princeton,  in  1865,  he  was 
 chosen  Moderator,  and  at  the  oi)euing  of  the  Synod, 
 in  180G,  he  preached  a  .sermon  on  the  "Second 
 Adv<'nt,"  which  was  publislic'd,  by  request.  He 
 contril>uted  an  articdi^  to  tlie  Priiurtoii  Bemew,  in  18GG, 
 on  "The  I'hilosophy  of  Matlumatics;"  an  article  to 
 the  Evangelical  Qiiaiiaiy,  in  ls(;~,  on  "The  Discovery 
 of  the  Law  of  Gravitation,"  and  an  article  to  the 
 Prinutton  Ecvicw,  in  1S~8,  on  "  Evolution  as  it  Ke- 
 spects  Man  and  the  Bible."  In  1876  he  delivered  a 
 discourse  on  "  The  History  of  the  Second  Presbyte- 
 rian Church  of  Princeton,"  which  was  published,  by 
 rc(|mst.  In  1873  he  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from 
 tlie  (.'ollege  of  New  Jersey. 
 
 Dukes,  Rev.  Joseph,  whose  parents  were  half- 
 l)re<cl  Clioctaw  Indians,  was  born  iu  1811,  iu  the 
 Choctaw  Nation,  now  the  State  of  Mississippi.  When 
 ten  years  old  he  was  placed  in  one  of  the  large  mis- 
 siou  schools  at  Mayhew,  which  had  .)  ust  been  estab- 
 
 lished for  the  education  of  Choctaw  boys  and  girls. 
 After  the  treaty  was  made  by  which  the  Choctaw 
 country  was  sold  to  the  United  States,  he  remained 
 several  years  in  Mi.ssissipi)i  with  Eev.  Cjtus  Bying- 
 ton,  assisting  him  very  largely  in  preparing  a  gram- 
 mar and  lexicon  of  the  Choctaw  language.  On  his 
 removal  to  the  new  country,  west  of  Arkan.s;is,  he 
 continued  his  labors  as  interpreter,  as  often  as  tliey 
 were  needed,  without  charge.  He  was  soon  chosen 
 and  ordained  an  elder  of  one  of  the  churches.  Subse- 
 quently he  was  employed  by  Rev.  A.  Wright  as 
 assistant  translator.  In  this  capacity  he  made  the 
 first  draft  of  most  of  the  Eijistles  and  Revelation,  and 
 of  the  Old  Testament  as  far  as  the  P.salras,  and  helped 
 in  the  revision  and  correction  of  all  that  has  been 
 published.  * 
 
 Mr.  Dukes  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery,  to 
 preach,  in  1853.  He  was  never  ordained,  because  he 
 shrank  from  the  great  responsibilities  of  the  sacred 
 office.  He  was  an  excellent  preacher  in  the  Choctaw 
 language,  and  most  highly  esteemed  by  the  mission- 
 aries. He  performed  much  public  serxdce  as  captain 
 or  head  man,  as  translator  of  the  Choctaw  laws,  as 
 j  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  for  several  years,  repeat- 
 !  edly  as  a  member  of  the  General  Council,  and  for  five 
 years  before  his  death  as  a  trustee  of  pulilic  schools. 
 He  was  uniformly  faithful  in  every  public  trust,  and 
 posses.sed,  more  than  almost  any  other  man,  the  full 
 confidence  of  the  large  mass  of  the  people. 
 
 JOHN    W^LslI    DULLES,  D.  n. 
 
 Dulles,  John  Welsh,  D.  D.,  was  lumi  in  Phila- 
 delphia, Xoveniber  4tli,  1823.  lie  graduated  at  Yale 
 College  iu  1844,  and  at  Union  Theological  Seminary 
 
DUNBAR. 
 
 2(11 
 
 DUNHAM. 
 
 ill  1848.  He  sailed  for  Southern  India,  as  a  Missionary 
 of  the  American  Board,  in  1848,  but  was  compelled, 
 hy  the  loss  of  his  voice  and  the  illness  of  his  family, 
 to  leave  that  liekl,  and  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  : 
 1852.  For  three  years  he  served  the  American  Sun- 
 day-school Union,  having  charge  of  the  Missionary 
 work  of  the  Society.  In  18.57  he  became  editor  of 
 the  Publication  Committee  of  the  Presbyterian  Gen- 
 eral Assembly  (N.  S.),  and  in  this  position  gave  great 
 s  itisfaction.  At  the  reunion  of  the  two  branches  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  in  1870,  he  wa.s  elected  Edi- 
 tjrial  Secretary  of  the  united  Board  of  Publication, 
 and  has  edited  its  tracts,  books  and  periodicals,  from 
 that  date. 
 
 Dr.  Dulles  is  a  gentleman  of  polished  and  pleasant 
 address,  and  of  admirable  Christian  character.  Modest 
 and  retiring  in  di-sjiosition,  he  is  yet  firm  in  his  con- 
 victions, and  an  indefatigable  and  efficient  laborer  in 
 tlie  vineyard  of  the  Lord.  The  Sabbath  School  in  the 
 Walnut  Street  Presbyterian  Church,  of  which  he  ha.s 
 been  the  faithful  superintendent  for  many  years,  is 
 one  of  the  largest  in  the  cit}',  and  a  model  of  order, 
 discipline  and  careful  spiritual  training.  He  dis- 
 charges his  duties  as  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Edu- 
 cation with  great  zeal,  ability,  judiciousness  and 
 acceptableness,  and  is  justly  held  in  high  regard  by 
 his  Iirethreu,  for  his  attractive  spirit  and  sterling 
 worth.  Dr.  Dulles  is  tlie  author  of  two  interesting 
 and  valuable  volumes,  entitled,  ''Life  in  India,"  and 
 -  "Thr  Hide  Thrciugh  Palestine." 
 
 Dunbar,  "William,  M.  D. ,  a  distinguished  citizen 
 of  Adams  county.  Miss.,  was  for  many  years  an 
 active  and  useful  ruling  elder  in  the  Carniel  Church, 
 at  one  time  a  large  and  wealthy  organization  situated 
 in  a  neighborhood  of  planters,  about  ten  miles  to  the 
 southeast  of  Natchez.  He  was  the  descendant  of  an 
 ancient  and  noble  Scotch  fomily.  His  grandfather 
 was  Sir  Archil)ald  Dunbar,  of  Elgin.  His  father.  Sir 
 William  Dunbar,  was  educated  tirst  at  Glasgow,  and 
 subse(iuently,  at  London.  His  ardor  in  the  pursuit 
 of  mathematical  and  astronomical  studies  gained  for 
 him,  in  the  latter  city,  the  friendship  of  Sir  William 
 Herscliell.  In  1771  he  was  induced,  for  the  benefit 
 of  his  health,  to  make  a  voyage  to  the  North  American 
 colonies,  and  landed  at  Philadelphia  in  charge  of  a 
 mercantile  adventure.  His  business  led  him  to  Pitts- 
 burg, where  he  remained  till  1773.  In  this  year  he 
 formed  a  partnership  with  Mr.  John  Ross,  a  promi- 
 nent Scotch  merchant  of  Philadelphia,  for  the  pur- 
 pose of  opening  a  jjlantation  in  the  British  Province 
 of  West  Florida.  HaWng  purchased  a  force  of  negro 
 laborers  at  Jamaica,  he  settled  at  a  place  in  the 
 vicinity  of  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  and,  after  experiencing 
 many  fluctuations  of  fortune,  finally,  in  1792,  re- 
 moved to  the  neighborhood  of  Natchez  and  opened  a 
 plantation,  which  he  called  "The  Forest."  Upon  the 
 arrival  of  Governor  Sargeni,  the  first  Governor  of  the 
 Territory  of  Mississippi,  he  took  the  oath  of  allegiance 
 to  the   United  States.     He  held  several   important 
 
 official  trusts  under  the  Government;  was  the  cor- 
 respondent of  President  Jefferson,  Herschell,  Ritten- 
 house,  and  other  leading  characters  of  the  day,  and 
 contributed  valuable  papers  to  the  American  Philo- 
 sojihical  Society.  He  is  regarded  a.s  one  of  the  most 
 distinguished  .scholars  in  the  annals  of  the  Southwest. 
 He  died  in  1810.  lea\-ing  a  large  estate  to  his  tle- 
 scendauts. 
 
 "William,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  born  at 
 "The  Forest,"  June  19th,  1793;  was  graduated  at 
 Princeton  College  in  1813;  studied  medicine  at  the 
 University  of  Penusylvania,  and  received  his  degree 
 of  M.D.  in  1818.  Succeeding  to  the  plantation  and 
 homestead  of  "The  Forest,"  he  devoted  himself 
 throughout  life  to  the  management  of  his  est.ate. 
 His  government  of  his  .slaves  was  literally  patriarchal. 
 The  domestic  servants  were  daily  gathered  with  his 
 own  household  for  fiimily  worship  ;  a  chaplain  who 
 resided  in  his  family  preached  to  the  plantation 
 negroes  every  Sabbath,  and  instructed  their  childreu 
 in  the  Catechism  and  Scriptures.  Many  of  these 
 people  were  admitted  as  members  to  the  Carmel 
 Church.  Dr.  Dunbar  was  a  decided  Presbyterian,  a 
 zealous  Christian,  and  a  liberal  promoter  of  religion 
 in  the  region  of  country  in  which  he  lived.  The 
 elegant  hospitality  which  he  delighted  to  dispense, 
 together  with  the  religious  and  intellectual  atmos- 
 phere of  his  home,  made  it  a  resort  where  his  friends 
 loved  to  congregate,  to  which  strangers  sought  ad- 
 mittance, and  in  which  ministers  in  particular  were 
 sure  to  meet  a  welcome  and  enjoy  a  generous  enter- 
 tainment. His  prosperity,  while  it  lasted,  was  used 
 freely  for  the  benefit  of  others  ;  and  when,  in  his 
 •later  years,  reverses  darkened  his  lot,  as  they  did  in 
 various  forms,  they  were  borne  with  the  manly  forti- 
 tude of  a  true  Christian.  He  died,  in  the  comfort  of  a 
 "good  hope  through  gi'ace,"  on  the  8th  of  December, 
 1847.  Few  men  in  their  path  through  life  h;ive  more 
 beautifully  illustrated  the  figure  of  "the  light 
 shining  more  and  more  unto  the  perfect  day. 
 
 Dunham,  Rev.  Samuel,  youngest  son  of  Chaun- 
 cey  and  Sylvia  (Laugdon)  Dunham,  was  born  in  South- 
 ington.  Conn.,  February  8th,  1835.  He  graduated  at 
 Yale  College  in  1860;  studied  theology  two  years  in 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York,  and  a  third 
 year  in  the  Seminary  at  Andover,  graduating  at  the 
 latter  place  in  1863.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Essex  South  Association,  at  Salem,  Mass.,  February 
 3d,  1863.  From  April  following  he  preached  for  the 
 Congregational  Church  of  West  Brookfield,  Mass.,  as 
 stated  supply  and  as  pastor  elect  until  ordained  and 
 installed  pastor  of  the  same  church,  October  4th, 
 1864.  He  spent  si.x  months  of  1869-70  in  European 
 travel,  and  October  27th,  1870  was,  by  advice  of 
 Council,  released  from  his  pastorate  to. enter  upon  an 
 engagement  to  supply  the  pulpit  of  the  First  Congre- 
 gational Church,  Norwalk,  Conn.  Accepting  a  call 
 from  the  West  Presbyterian  Church  of  Binghamton, 
 N.Y.,  he  commenced  his  labors  jn  that  city  January 
 
DUNLAF. 
 
 202 
 
 DVNN. 
 
 1st,  1873;  wiis  installed  pastor  the  following;  April, 
 ami  still  continms  in  that  office  (Xovinilx-r  1883). 
 He  is  a  giKxl  preacher,  and  a  faithl'ul  ))astor.  His 
 principal  publications  are  "An  historical  discourse 
 delivered  at  West  Brookfield,  Mass.,  on  the  occasion 
 of  the  150th  Anuiverssiry  of  the  First  Church  in 
 Brookfield,  October  16th,  1867,"  including  several 
 historical  papers  and  an  appendix;  an  address  at  the 
 l.")Oth  Anuivcnsarv  of  the  First  Conf^egational  Society 
 of  Southington,  Conn.,  1874;  and  "The  Nation's 
 Tears, ■' a  sermon  in  memory  of  President  Garfield, 
 preached  in  the  "West  Presbj-terian  Chui'ch,  Bingham- 
 ton,  Scptenihc-r  -J.jth,  1881. 
 
 Dunlap,  Rev.  Cjrrus  H.,  is  the  second  son  of 
 James  and  Claris.s;»  (.Stoughton)  Dunlap.  He  was 
 horn  in  Butler  county.  Pa.,  October  loth,  1834.  His 
 collegiate  education  was  received  at  Westminster 
 College,  Penn.syh  ania.  He  entered  the  Western 
 Theological  Seminary  in  1861,  and  giaduated  in  the 
 Class  of  1864.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Beaver  (now  Shenango),  Ai)ril  l'2th, 
 1863.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Alle- 
 gheny, April  12th,  1864.  His  first  pastoral  charge 
 ■was  the  North  Church,  Allegheny  City;  the  next, 
 C'arondelet  Church,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  Afterwards  he 
 served  the  Church  of  Sedalia,  and  the  Calvary  Church, 
 Springtield,  Mo.  The  former  of  these  two  he  served 
 four  years;  the  latter,  eight  years.  Both  these 
 churches  were  largely  increased  during  his  pastorate; 
 and  both  built  new  houses  of  worship.  In  1879  he 
 received  a  call  to  the  First  Church,  New  Castle  Pa. 
 He  accepted,  and  returned  to  the  scene  of  his  early 
 life  and  labors  as  a  student  and  teacher. 
 
 Mr.  Dunlap  is  a  preacher  of  good  ])arts,  and  of 
 ])ower.  His  sermons  are  cle;ir,  Scriptural  and  spir- 
 itual. He  speaks  with  great  earnestness  and  sin- 
 cerity, and  touches  the  hearts  of  liis  hearers.  He  is 
 a  man  of  devoted  pietj'.  He  is  attive  in  Sabbath 
 School,  missionary  and  temperance  work.  He  is  a 
 good  pa.stor,  an  indefatigable  worker,  and  a  faithful 
 under-shejjherd.  Western  Pennsj-lvania  and  Western 
 Mis.souri  have  both  been  blessed  by  his  abundant 
 and  devoted  labors  as  a  servant  of  .Jesus  Christ. 
 
 Dunlap,  James,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Chester 
 county.  Pa.,  and,  after  graduating  at  Princeton 
 College,  in  1773,  aete<l  as  Tutor  for  two  years.  He 
 was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Donegal,  some  time 
 between  1776  and  1781,  and  ordained  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  New  Ca-stle,  August  21st,  1781.  Shortly  after 
 his  ordination  he  removed  to  Western  Penn.sylvania, 
 and  settled  first  at  Little  Redstone  and  Dunlai) 
 Creek;  afterwards  he  became  pastor  of  Laun-1  Hill 
 Church,  where  he  remained  until  1803,  when  he  was 
 elected  President  of  .JelVcrson  College.  This  post  he 
 held  until  IMll.  He  is  represented  to  have  been  a 
 very  pious  man  and  a  remarkable  scholar.  He  was 
 especially  distinguished  for  liis  accurate  attjiinments 
 in  cla.ssical  literature.  He  seemed  to  have  had  the 
 cliLssics  completely  in  his  memorj',  for  he  could  hear 
 
 long  recitations  in  Virgil,  Homer,  etc.,  without  a  book 
 in  his  hand,  and  then  thoroughly  drill  the  reciting 
 class,a.skingall  the  words  and  sentences  while  walking 
 to  and  fro  with  his  hands  behind  his  back — his  usual 
 position  on  such  occa.sions.  Dr.  l)unlap  died  in  1818. 
 Dunlap,  Rev.  Robert  "Wliite,  was  born  in 
 Lancaster  District,  S.  C,  SeptemlH-r  11th,  1815.  He 
 graduated  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  in 
 1835,  and  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Georgia,  April  6th,  1838.  He  was  stated 
 supply  at  St.  Augustine,  Fla.,  1838-40;  p.astor  of  the 
 church  at  Columbia,  Pa.,  1841-4;  p-t-stor  of  ALsijuith 
 Street  Church,  Baltimore,  Md.,  1844-50,  and  pastor 
 of  the  church  at  Hagerstown,  Md. ,  1853-6.  He  died 
 at  Hagerstown,  February  17th,  1856,  his  decease 
 being  deeply  lamented  bj"^  his  attached  and  afflicted 
 congregation.  Mr.  Dunlap  was  a  gentleman  of  much 
 suavity  of  spirit  and  cultivation  of  manner,  an  earnest 
 Christian,  an  able  preacher,  a  devoted  pastor,  and 
 enjoyed  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  the  communi- 
 ties in  wliifU  he  lal«.)red. 
 
 Dunlap,  "William  Games,  D.  D. ,  was  lioni  in 
 Maury  comity,  Tenn.,  August  14th,  1817.  His  early 
 education  was  obtained  in  his  native  county.  His 
 theological  studies  were  pursued  at  Lane  Theological 
 Seminary.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  West  Tennessee,  June  1st,  1844,  and  ordained 
 as  an  evangelist  by  the  .same  body  in  April,  1846.  He 
 began  his  labors  with  the  Church  at  Fayetteville, 
 Tenn.,  and  was  its  .stated  supply  till  the  latter  part 
 of  1852,  when  he  removed  to  Lewisbiu-g.  Ln  the  Fall 
 of  1853  he  removed  to  Texas,  and  served  the  churches 
 of  Centreville  and  Crockett,  as  .stated  supply,  for  more 
 than  two  years.  In  January,  1856,  he  took  charge  of 
 the  Church  at  Marshall,  where  he  remained  until 
 1867,  when  he  engaged  to  preach  one  year  for  the 
 Thalia  .Street  Church,  New  Orleans.  At  the  expini- 
 tion  of  this  period  he  accepted  a  call  Ij)  the  pastorate 
 of  the  First  Church,  Shrevcport,  La.,  and  was  installed 
 in  January,  1869.  Here  he  still  continues,  and  his 
 labors  have  l)een  greatly  blessed.  Under  his  minis- 
 try a  feeble  congregation  has  become  large  and  flour- 
 ishing, and  a  commodious  and  elegant  church  Vmild- 
 ing  has  been  erected.  Dr.  Dunlap  is  a  gentleman  of 
 great  benignity  and  kindness  of  heart.  To  the  needy 
 I  he  never  turns  a  deaf  ear.  As  a  preacher,  he  is  plain, 
 earnest  and  Ibrcible,  and  there  are  times  ami  occasions 
 when  his  sermons  are  characterized  by  sublime  flights 
 j  that  thrill  his  audience.  As  a  piistor,  he  excels.  To 
 !  the  discharge  of  his  duties  in  this  capacity,  as  the 
 tender  niinistrant  at  the  bedside  of  the  sick,  the  gen- 
 ,  tie  consoler  of  the  sorrowing,  the  sympathetic  com- 
 I  Ibrter  of  the  afflicted,  and  at  all  times  the  faithful 
 and  afl'ectionate  friend,  may  be  very  largel\-  jittributed 
 his  commanding  influence  in  tlie  inTinnuMity  in  wliidi 
 he  lives. 
 
 Dunn,  Gen.  'Williani  McKee,  son  of  Hon. 
 Williamson  Dunn,  was  born  in  Jelferson  County.  In- 
 diana Territory,  December  12th,  1814.     Graduated  at 
 
DCXX. 
 
 203 
 
 DU  r.lL. 
 
 Indiana  College,  at  Bloomington,  in  1832,  and  took  a 
 post-graduate  course  at  Yale  College,  Conn. ,  -where  he 
 received  the  honorary  degree  of  A.  M.  Was  connected 
 with  Hanover  College,  as  Principal  of  the  Preparatory 
 Department  and  Professor  of  Mathematics,  for  three 
 years.  Studied  law  and  practiced  his  profession  for 
 about  twenty  years,  at  JIadison,  Ind.  Was  a  mem- 
 ber of  the  State  Legislature,  and  also  of  the  Conven- 
 tion which  reWsed  the  State  Constitution  in  1850. 
 Represented  the  Third  District  of  Indiana  in  Congress, 
 with  marked  ability  and  distinction,  during  the  two 
 terms  that  covered  the  stormy  period,  from  March, 
 1859,  to  March,  13f)3.  He  united  with  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  in  his  twenty-tirst  year,  and.  through- 
 out his  residence  in  Indiana,  occupied  a  prominent 
 and  useful  part  in  the  advancement  of  the  religious 
 and  educational  interests  of  that  State. 
 
 Gen.  Dunn  has  rendered  eminent  service  to  the 
 cause  of  patriotism  and  the  public  good,  in  various 
 official  and  private  capacities.  Though  absolutely 
 uncompromising  and  unfaltering  in  the  maintenance 
 of  his  high  standard  of  principle  and  right,  his  gen- 
 tleness of  heart,  his  uniform  courte-sy,  and  his  charm 
 of  mental  acquirement,  have  everj^where  won  for  him 
 warm  personal  regard,  as  well  as  universal  respect, 
 even  among  his  sternest  political  enemies.  His  hand 
 has  ever  been  open  to  the  needy,  and  his  ear  to  the  cry  of 
 the  distressed.  General  Dunn  now  resides  in  Wash- 
 ington City. 
 
 Dtinn,  Hon.  Williamson,  was  of  Scotch-Irish 
 descent,  and  born  near  Danville,  Kj'.,  December 
 25th,  1781.  He  removed  to  Indiana  Territory  in 
 1809,  and  settled  in  Jefferson  county.  He  was  ap- 
 pointed to  a  'Judgeship,  in  1811,  by  Gen.  William 
 Henry  Harrison,  then  Governor  of  the  Territory. 
 During  the  war  of  1812  he  was  captain  of  a  company 
 of  rangers,  an  organization  provided  by  Congress  for 
 the  protection  of  the  frontier  settlement.  He  united 
 with  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Charlestown,  Indiana 
 Territory,  twenty-five  miles  distant,  but  the  church 
 nearest  to  his  abode.  He  was  one  of  the  original  mem- 
 bers and  first  ruling  elders  of  the  church  organized, 
 in  1820,  at  Hanover,  a  village  laid  out  on  his  farm. 
 He  was  a  member  of  the  House  of  Representatives  in 
 the  first  three  Legi.slatures  of  the  State  of  Indiana, 
 and  was  Speaker  during  his  la.st  two  terms  of  service. 
 In  1823,  on  an  appointment  l.iy  President  Monroe,  as 
 Register  of  the  Land  OfKce,  for  a  recent  extensive 
 purchase  of  lands  from  the  Indians,  he  removed  to 
 the  wilderness,  and,  in  connection  with  Major  "Whit- 
 lock,  the  Receiver,  laid  out  the  town  of  Crawfords- 
 ville.  He  was  one  of  the  first  members  and  first  elders 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Crawfordsville. 
 
 Returning  to  Hanover,  he  resumed  his  former  rela- 
 tions with  that  church  in  1829.  He  was  one  of  the 
 founders  of  Hanover  College,  and  served  as  one  of  its 
 Trustees  for  many  years.  He  gave  to  AVaba^h  College 
 a  tract  of  land,  which  formed  the  nucleus  for 
 its  subsecjuent  endowment,  and  was  one  of  its  first 
 
 Board  of  Trustees.  After  his  return  to  Jefferson 
 county  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  and  also 
 served  another  term  on  the  Bench.  He  was  a  fre- 
 quent delegate  to  the  Prcsbrteries  and  Synods  of  the 
 State,  and  was  a  member  of  the  General  Assembly 
 in  1834. 
 
 Judge  Dunn  was  widely  known  in  the  early  his- 
 tory of  Indiana.  He  was  a  man  of  commanding 
 presence,  dignified  but  cordial  manner,  and  was 
 univer.sally  respected  for  his  good  judgment,  integ- 
 rity and  manly  Christian  character.  Throughout 
 his  long  life  he  gave  freely  of  his  means,  and  devoted 
 his  best  energies  to  the  advancement  of  religion  and 
 education,  and  every  good  work. 
 
 Button,  Warren  Backus,  D.D.,  was  the  son 
 of  Hubbard  and  Abigail  Dutton,  of  Lebanon,  Conn. 
 He  graduated  at  Yale  College,  with  high  rank  as  a 
 scholar,  in  1829.  He  was  then  a  Tutor  .in  Edgehill 
 School,  Princeton,  N.  J.  He  completed  his  theo- 
 logical studies  at  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Va. 
 As  a  licentiate,  he  assisted  the  Rev.  Dr.  Stanton, 
 1838-41,  in  his  pastoral  charge  at  Farmville,  Ya. 
 
 "\Miile  thus  engaged  he  was  called  to  the  pa,storal 
 charge  of  the  Church  at  Charlestown,  Va.,  and  com- 
 menced preaching  there  on  the  first  Sabbath  of 
 December,  1841.  On  the  20th  of  November,  1842, 
 he  was  ordained  by  Winchester  Presbytery,  and 
 installed  over  that  church.  This  relation  continued 
 till  April  30th,  1866,  when,  at  his  request,  on  the 
 ground  of  ill-health,  it  was  severed  by  Presbytery. 
 For  two  years  he  then  devoted  himself  to  recruiting 
 his  health.  This  task  partially  accomplished,  he 
 gave  himself,  as  stated  supply,  in  1868,  to  the  work 
 of  repairing  the  desolated  house,  both  material  and 
 spiritual,  at  Harper's  Ferry.  There  he  lived  and 
 labored,  and  was  blessed,  till  the  famous  flood  in  the 
 Shenandoah  river,  in  1870,  inflicted  disa.ster  upon  his 
 church,  ruin  upon  his  house,  and  irreparable  injury 
 upon  his  person.  Foreseeing  that  his  active  labors 
 were  probably  ended,  he  made  his  residence  in 
 Charlesto^vu,  the  field  of  his  great  life's  work. 
 There,  under  the  shadows  of  the  monument  he  had 
 erected,  he  patiently  and  hopefully  waited  all  the 
 days  of  his  appointed  time  till  his  great  change  came. 
 Saturday,  September  5th,  1874,  at  the  age  of  seventy 
 years,  his  soul  was  called  from  the  earthly  house  of 
 this  tabernacle  to  mansions  in  the  skies. 
 
 Dr.  Dutton  was  remarkable  for  virtues  in  every 
 relation  of  life.  His  intellect  was  one  of  extraordinary 
 power.  His  Christian  character  was  modest  even  to 
 excessive  retirement  and  reserve.  As  a  pastor  he 
 was  eminently  successful.  His  preaching  was  con- 
 ceded to  be  of  a  very  high  order. 
 
 Du  Val,  Rev.  Frederick  Beal,  pa.stor  of  the 
 First  Presbvterian  Church,  Wilmington,  Del.,  is  the 
 fifth  son  of  Edward  Willett  Du  Yal.  and  Mary  (Miller) 
 Du  Yal,  and  was  born  Slay  31st,  1847,  in  Prince 
 George's  County,  Md.  After  spending  some  time  as 
 a  clerk  in  a  mercantile  establishment  in  Washington, 
 
D  WIGHT. 
 
 204 
 
 D  WIGHT. 
 
 D.  C. .  he  spent  three  years  at  the  Hightstown  Classical 
 Institute,  X..J.,  then  under  the  care  of  the  Rev.  J.  E. 
 Alexander.  lie  entered  Princeton  College  in  the 
 Fall  of  1808.  Here  he  received  gold  medals,  both  for 
 oratory  and  debate  (being  one  of  the  j  unior  .orators  of 
 his  class),  and  the  first  prize  for  Bible  scholarship, 
 and  graduated  in  the  Summer  of  1872,  in  the  honor- 
 roll.  Graduating  at  Princeton  Theological  Scminarj' 
 in  1875,  he  was  ordained  and  installed  over  the  First 
 Prcsbj-terian  Church,  Wilmington,  June  17th,  of 
 that  year.  Here  he  has  passed  nearly  eight  years  in 
 arduous  but  successful  work;  by  patient  labor  and 
 earnest  prayer  a  strong  church  has  been  built  up,  one 
 hundred  and  eighty  souls  having,  during  his  ministry, 
 been  added  to  the  number  of  God's  people.  Sir. 
 Du  Yal  is  an  earnest  preacher,  and  seeks  to  weave 
 Bible  truth  into  the  warp  and  woof  of  practical  life. 
 He  uses  no  manuscript;  his  style  is  pleasing  and  his 
 manner  natirral,  wliile  his  messages  are  adapted  to 
 carry  oonviction  to  the  hearer,  because  of  the  intensity 
 of  the  conviction  of  the  speaker.  He  is  of  a  strongly 
 sympathetic  nature,  and  this,  combined  with  a  love 
 of  what  is  pure  and  good,  and  a  hatred  of  cruelty, 
 deception  and  fraud,  has  borne  fruit  in  his  efforts  to 
 inculcate  gieater  regard  for  the  moral  in  education, 
 and  to  foster  the  work  of  tlie  Society  for  the  Preven- 
 tion of  Cruelty  to  Children  and  Animals,  and  the 
 arrest  of  fraud  and  vice  by  instruction  of  the  masses 
 in  their  relative  duties. 
 
 REV.    nKKJAMl.N    WOODBBIDOE  DWIOHT,   PH.  P.,  LL.D. 
 
 D-wlght,  Rev.  Benjamin 'Woodbridge,  Ph. 
 D. ,  LiL.D.,  Sim  of  Dr.  Benjamin  Woolsey  Dwight, 
 was  born  at  New  Haven,  Conn.,  April   5th,    181(); 
 
 graduated  at  Hamilton  College  in  1835;  at  Yule 
 Theological  Seminary  in  1838;  and  was  ordained  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Chicago  in  1845.  Prevented  by 
 ill  health  from  pastond  labor  in  any  regular  form,  he 
 has  abounded  in  useful  endeavors  iu  the  way  of  occa- 
 sional preaching,  and  in  the  inspiring  aims  and 
 pleasures  of  teaching  and  of  authorship.  He  re- 
 .sided  chiefly  in  Brooklyn  and  New  York,  from  l-^Ki 
 to  18G9,  but  since  that  time  has  resided  in  Clinton, 
 New  York. 
 
 As  an  educator.  Dr.  Dwight  has  trained  for  tlie 
 I  active  duties  of  life  more  than  2000  pupils,  sending 
 Lirge  numbers  of  them  to  various  leading  colleges, 
 and  educating  a  considerable  number  of  young  ladies 
 in  the  higher  courses  of  University  study.  He  was 
 for  a  period  (1872)  the  Editor-in-Chief  of  The  Interior, 
 of  Chicago,  resigning,  for  pecuniary  reasons,  a  post 
 of  usefulness  which  he  filled  to  great  advantage  to 
 the  cause  of  learning  and  religion.  He  is  the  author 
 of  several  works  of  a  superior  character,  among  which 
 are,  "The  Higher  Christian  Education,"  "Modern 
 Philology,"  "The  History  of  the  Strong  Fam- 
 ily," "The  History  of  the  Dwight  FamUy,"  and 
 "Woman's  Eight  to  Public  Forms  of  Usefulness 
 in  the  C'hu.rch."  He  has  also  WTitten  nuxny  valuable 
 articles  for  reviews  and  magazines.  He  has  a  line 
 reputation  for  the  variety,  scope  and  thoroughness  of 
 his  linguistic  attainments.  Throughout  his  life  it 
 has  been  his  joy  to  help  others,  as  largely  as  possible, 
 to  something  better  and  nobler  than  they  had  yet 
 reached.  He  has  ever  been  a  man  of  strongly  real- 
 ized convictions  of  Di\'ine  truth  and  of  personal  duty, 
 and  has  lived  as  one  whose  ruling  desire  is  to  do  all 
 the  good  that  he  can  in  the  world,  while  lie  is  in  it. 
 
 Dwight,  Benjamin  Woolsey,  M.  D.,  sou  of 
 President  Timothy  Dwiglit,  1).  Ii.,  of  Yale  College, 
 and  great  grandson  of  Jonathan  Edwards,  was  born 
 at  Northampton,  JIa.ss.,  February  10th,  1780,  and 
 graduated  at  Yale  in  1799.  He  studied  medicine, 
 but  was  compelled  by  ill  health,  to  abandon  early 
 his  much-loved  profession.  He  established  himself, 
 in  the  end,  as  a  wholesale  and  retail  merchant  at 
 Catskill,  N.  Y.  (1817-31).  Here,  he  was  a  most 
 efficient  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Churcli.  He  gave 
 Bible-class  instructions  to  large  classes  of  young  men, 
 took  a  prominent  part  in  conference  meetings,  and 
 frequently  addressed  the  colored  people  on  the  sub- 
 ject of  religion.  He.  was  always  busy  with  his  pen, 
 as  opportunity  oH'cred,  for  some  good  purpose.  He 
 published,  in  Tin-  ^lanoirs  of  the  Coniiicliciit  Aiiulimy 
 of  Arts  and  Seit-nees,  inl811,  the  first  article  ever  pub- 
 lished in  this  country  on  "Chronic  Debility  of  the 
 Stomacli."  which  was  much  commended  for  its 
 originality  and  excellence  here,  and  republished  in 
 England. 
 
 In  1831  Dr.  Dwight  removed  to  Clinton,  Oneida 
 county.  New  York,  and  was  elected  Ti'easiuer  of  Ham- 
 ilton College,  iu  tlie  duties  of  which  oQice,  and  the 
 pleas;int  life  of  a  gentleman  liirmer,  he  spent  the  rest 
 
D  WIGHT. 
 
 205 
 
 D  WIGHT. 
 
 of  his  (lays,  liis  death  occiu'ring  in  May,  1850.  Dr. 
 Dwight's  moral  character  was  of  the  noblest  order, 
 heiug  adorned  -with  spotless  integrity,  fearless  inde- 
 pendence in  his  convictions  of  duty,  conscientious 
 straighforwaxdness  in  action,  and  a  keen  sense  of 
 justice  in  reference  to  others'  rights.  To  these  traits 
 were  united  the  softer  virtues  of  thorough  purity  in 
 thought  and  speech,  gentleness,  and  a  quiet  spirit 
 before  God  and  man.  ' '  He  was, ' '  says  Dr.  'Williani 
 B.  Sprague,  "a  man  of  literary  taste,  of  a  philo- 
 sophical turn  of  mind,  and  of  most  exemplary  Chris- 
 tian character." 
 
 Dwight,  Henry  E.,  M.  D.,  D.  D.,  is  the  eldest 
 son  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  William  T.  Dwight,  formerly  a 
 resident  of  Philadelphia,  and  one  of  the  most  dis- 
 tinguished clergymen  of  his  day.  After  his  gradua- 
 tion at  Yale  College,  he  was  Professor  of  Latin  and 
 Greek  in  the  Brooklyn  High  School.  He  graduated 
 at  Andover  Theological  Seminary  after  a  three  years' 
 course  of  study.  His  ministry  was  eminently  suc- 
 cessful in  establishing  and  strengthening  three 
 churches,  and  while  pastor,  in  building  one  of  the 
 finest  church  edifices  in  the  neighborhood  of  Boston. 
 His  health  being  impaired  by  overwork,  he  tried  the 
 mountain  air  of  Switzerland.  Ha\-ing  recovered 
 strength  he  entered  the  University  of  Halle,  and 
 later  became  a  member  of  the  Universities  of  Berlin 
 and  France,  from  which  he  has  received  the  highest 
 testimonials  of  scholarship  and  worth. 
 
 On  returning  to  America,  under  the  advice  of  his 
 physicians  that  he  should  undertake  a  more  active 
 profession,  Dr.  Dwight  selected  that  of  medicine,  and 
 gi-aduated  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  Dur- 
 ing tweutj'  years  he  has  been  a  constant  resident  of 
 Phihulclphia,  and  his  life  has  been  filled  with  useful- 
 ness and  success.  As  a-^cholar  he  has  been  crowned 
 with  the  honors  and  testimonials  of  foiu-  Universities, 
 on  both  Continents;  those  of  Yale  and  Pennsylvania 
 in  the  United  States,  and  of  Berlin  and  Paris  in 
 Europe.  He  has  been  very  successful  as  a  lecturer, 
 instructor  and  writer,  and  has  a  good  reputation  as  a 
 physician.  For  ten  years  he  was  one  of  the  physicians 
 connected  ^x\\\\  the  largest  hospital  in  Philadelphia. 
 Though  laid  aside  from  the  active  duties  of  the 
 pastorate  by  ill-health.  Dr.  Dwight  has  rendered,  and 
 still  renders,  useful  service  to  the  cause  of  religion,  bj- 
 aiding  to  establish  and  upbuird  Evangelical  churches 
 in  Philadelphia,  and  by  supplying  the  pulpits  of  sick 
 and  disabled  clergymen. 
 
 Dwigbt,  Theodore  ■William,  LL.D.,  son  of 
 Dr.  Benjamin  Woolsey  Dwight,  of  Catskill,  N.  Y'., 
 was  born  in  that  place,  July  18th,  1822;  graduated  at 
 Hamilton  College  in  1840,  and  studied  law  at  the 
 Yale  Law  School  (1841-2).  He  was  Law  Professor 
 at  Hamilton  College  (1846-58),  in  the  undergi-aduate 
 course  of  study.  Since  1853  he  has  been  Professor 
 of  Mimicii^al  Law  in  Columbia  College,  Xew  York 
 city,  and  AVarden  of  the  Law  School,  which  was  or- 
 ganized by  him. 
 
 Prof  Dwight  was  the  legal  editor  in  the  corps  of 
 associate  editors,  who  prepared  "Johnson's  Cyclo- 
 paedia "  for  the  press  (1874 1,  and  has  been,  for  several 
 years,  an  a.ssoeiate  editor  of  "  The  American  Liiw  Eeg- 
 istcr"  of  Philadelphia.  He  edited  also  "  Maine's 
 Ancient  Law"  (1864).  He  was  made  non-resident 
 Professor  of  Constitutional  Law,  in  Cornell  Univer- 
 sity (1869-71),  and  at  Amher-st  College  (1870-2), 
 delivering  a  course  of  twelve  lectures  at  each  College, 
 at  the  end  of  his  year's  course,  in  Columbia  College. 
 
 Prof.  Dwight  was  a  member  of  the  New  York  State 
 Constitutional  Convention  of  1867,  and  one  of  its 
 Judiciary  Committee ;  Vice-President  of  the  New  York 
 Board  of  State  Commissioners  of  Public  Charities,  in 
 1873;  President  of  the  New  York  Stiite  Prison  Asso- 
 ciation, in  1874,  and  has  been  at  different  times  an 
 
 THEODORE  WILLIAM  DWIGHT,  LL.D. 
 
 active  member  of  the  well-known  ' '  Committee  of 
 Seventy  ' '  of  the  city  of  New  Y'ork.  On  December 
 30th,  1873,  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  DI.n:  a 
 member  of  the  "Commission  of  Apjieals, "  a  special 
 court  organized  to  aid  the  "Court  of  Ajjpeals  "  in 
 clearing  its  docket  of  a  long  overburdened  condition, 
 and  sharing  to  the  full  with  it  in  its  duties  and 
 honors,  as  the  Supreme  Court  of  Law  and  Equity  in 
 the  State  (1874-5).  An  English  counsellor-at-law 
 says  of  him,  in  3Iac3IiUan's  Magazine  (1872),  "He 
 has  a  repufcition  throughout  the  whole  Union  as  the 
 greatest  living  American  teacher  of  law.  He  is  one  of 
 the  ablest  Professors  that  anj'  school  of  law  e\er  pos- 
 sessed." Prof.  Dwight  is  a  member  of  the  Jladison 
 Square  Presbyterian  Church,  New  York  city,  and  was 
 made  an  elder  in  it  in  1873. 
 
EAKIX. 
 
 206 
 
 EATON. 
 
 E 
 
 Eakin,  Rev.  Samuel,  a  graduate  of  Princeton, 
 in  ITIjIS,  was  ordained  hy  the  .Second  Presbj'tery  of 
 Philadelpliia,  in  1770.  From  1773i  to  1777,  he  was 
 settled  at  Penn's  Neck  Presbyterian  Church,  in  "West 
 Jersey;  but  rendering  himself  obnoxious  to  the  Tories 
 by  his  zeal  in  the  cause  of  American  liberty,  he  was 
 obliged  to  witlidraw.  He  was  the  idol  of  the  soldiers. 
 Wlierever  there  was  a  military  training,  or  an  order 
 issued  for  soldieis  to  march,  he  was,  if  in  his 
 power,  always  tliere  to  address  them,  and,  by  his 
 eloquence,  would  excite  their  emotions  of  patriotism 
 to  the  highest  pitch.  It  is  related  of  him  that  he  was 
 so  warm  a  "SMiig,  that  he  never  entered  the  pulpit 
 without  imploring  the  Lord  "  to  teach  our  people  to 
 fight,  and  give  them  courage  and  perseverance  to  over- 
 come their  enemies. "  Mr.  Eakin  was  an  extraordi- 
 nary man,  and  next  to  Mr.  'Whitefield,  esteemed  the 
 most  eloquent  preacher  who  had  ever  been  in  the 
 country.     He  died  in  1784. 
 
 Eastburn,  Rev.  Joseph,  wjjs  a  preacher  to 
 seamen  in  Philadelphia.  He  died  January  30th,  1828, 
 aged  seventy-nine.  Many  thousands  attended  his 
 funeral.  At  the  grave,  Dr.  Green  delivered  an  ad- 
 dress. When  Mr.  Eastburn  began  to  preach  to  sea- 
 men, about  1820,  "we  procured,"  he  said,  "a  sail 
 loft,  and  on  the  Ralibath  hung  out  a  flag.  As  the 
 sailors  came  by,  they  hailed  us,  '  Ship  ahoy. '  We 
 answered  them.  They  asked  us,  'Where  we  were 
 bound?'  We  told  them  '  to  the  port  of  New  Jerusalem 
 — and  they  would  do  well  to  go  in  the  fleet. '  '  Well, ' 
 .said  they,  '  we  will  come  in  and  hear  your  terms.'  " 
 This  was  the  beginning  of  tlie  Mariners'  Church. 
 Mr.  Eastburn  was  eminently  pious,  devoted  to  the 
 -salvation  of  seamen,  and  extensively  useful. 
 
 Eaton,  Horace,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Sutton, 
 N.  H.,  October  7th,  1810,  and  was  fitted  for  college  at 
 I'hilips  Academy,  Andover,  Mass.  He  graduated  at 
 Dartmouth  College  in  1839,  and  at  the  Union  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  in  1842.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Sixth 
 Presbyterian  Church,  New  York  city,  six  years;  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  church,  Palmyra,  thirty  years, 
 and  acted  as  a  su])ply  at  Marion  four  years.  Dr.  Eaton 
 died  October  21st,  ISh:!.  J[e  had  buried  over  one 
 thousand  one  humlred  persons,  and  had  married  nearly 
 as  many  couples. 
 
 Eaton,  Gen.  John,  LL.D.,  U.  S.  Commissioner 
 of  Education,  son  of  John  and  Janet  Cole  (Andrews) 
 Eaton,  was  born  in  Sutton,  X.  H.,  December  .5th, 
 1829.  He  graduated  from  Dartmouth  College  with 
 the  cla.ss  of  1854.  On  graduating  he  was  Principal 
 of  the  Clinton  Street  School  in  Cleveland,  O.,  from 
 Septenjber,    1854    to    Fibruary    ls,-,(i.      His    success 
 
 attracted  attention,  and  in  less  than  two  years  he  was 
 solicited  to  superintend  the  schools  of  the  city  of 
 Toledo,  O.  He  accepted  the  invitation  and  served  as 
 superintendent  until  1859,  when  he  resigned,  to  study 
 forthemini.stry,  at  Andover,  Mass.  He  was  ordained 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Maumee,  September  5th,  1861. 
 
 After  serving  as  chaplain  in  the  U.  S.  A.  for  four 
 years,  General  Eaton,  in  1865,  was  made  Assistant 
 Commissioner  of  the  Freedmen's  Bureau.  AMien  he 
 had  placed  the  Bureau  in  good  running  order,  he 
 resigned,  in  order  to  establish  the  Puxt,  a  daily, 
 weekly    and    tri-weekly    newspaper,    in    Memphis, 
 
 &EV.  JOHN  EATON,  PH.D.  LL  D. 
 
 Tenn.  In  1867  he  was  elected  Superintendent  of 
 Schools  in  Tennessee,  and  sjient  two  years  in  organiz- 
 ing the  free  schools  of  that  State.  While  in  Ohio  he 
 aided  in  organizing  the  Northwestern  Ohio  Teachers' 
 A.ssociation.  As  chairman  of  a  committee  of  the 
 State  Teachers'  Association,  he  prepared  the  memo- 
 rial to  the  Legislature  which  resulted  in  tlie  establish- 
 ment of  the  Institution  lor  the  Kel'ormation  of  Juve- 
 nile OtVenders,  at  Lancaster.  ().  From  his  experience 
 as  a  teacher  in  New  England,  while  in  college,  as 
 superintendent  in  Ohio,  and  his  observations  and 
 labors  in  Tennessee  and  the  Mississijipi  Valley,  he 
 
EATOX. 
 
 207 
 
 ECKABD. 
 
 had  rare  opi)ortunitie.s  to  know  all  conditions  of 
 education,  especially  its  needs  in  the  South. 
 
 General  Eatou  was  appointed  Commissioner  of  the 
 United  States  Bureau  of  Education  in  1870,  -which 
 position  he  still  holds.  In  his  first  National  Report 
 he  urged  national  aid  to  education,  the  great  measure 
 now  attracting  so  much  attention.  The  Bureau  of 
 Education,  when  he  became  its  head,  did  not  own  a 
 hundred  volumes,  and  now  it  has  16,000,  and  35,500 
 pamphlets;  its  correspondents  number  about  20,000, 
 including  the  most  eminent  educiitors  of  the  world, 
 it  has  a  valuable  pedagogiciil  museum;  France  has 
 established  an  olfice  on  its  model.  In  1873  General 
 Eaton  visited  Europe,  posting  himself  and  establish- 
 ing connections  that  continue  to  furnish  the  most 
 valuable  literature  for  our  educators.  He  has  twice 
 ^^sited  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  has  as  minute  knowl- 
 edge of  the  cause  of  education  in  some  of  the  most 
 remote  corners  of  the  laud,  as  he  has  of  it  among  his 
 native  hills.  His  addresses  are  numerous.  He  was 
 one  of  the  Government  Commissioners  at  the  Centen- 
 nial, and  is  a  member  of  various  learned  associations, 
 both  in  America  and  Europe.  Dartmouth  College 
 conferred  the  degree  of  LL.D.  upon  him  in  1876. 
 At  an  Alumni  meeting  at  that  College,  a  few  years 
 ago,  the  venerable  Professor  Sanborn  presented  Gen- 
 eral Eaton  as  a  son  of  Dartmouth,  who  had  done 
 more  for  education  than  any  living  man. 
 
 Eaton,  Rev.  Johnston,  was  born  in  Rockj- 
 Spring  Congregation,  Franklin  county  Pa.,  February 
 7th,  1776.  He  graduated  at  Jetferson  College  in  1802, 
 studied  theology  under  Dr.  John  llcJIillau,  and  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presb.^-tery  of 
 Ohio,  August  22d,  1805.  After  visiting  southern 
 Ohio,  he  took  up  his  abode,  in  1806,  in  Erie  county, 
 Pa.  The  country  at  this  time  was  literally  a  wil- 
 derness. There  were  not  more  than  two  or  three 
 churches  in  the  countj',  and  at  the  period  of  his 
 coming,  not  a  minister  of  any  denomination. 
 
 Mr.  Eaton  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Erie, 
 June  30th,  1808,  and  installed  at  the  same  time  pa-s- 
 tor  of  the  congregations  of  Fairview  and  Springfield. 
 Relea.sed  from  the  charge  of  Siiringfield,  November 
 8th,  1814,  he  then  divided  his  time  between  Fair\-iew, 
 Erie  and  Northeast.  lu  1818  Northeast  was  dropped, 
 and  his  time  di\"ided  between  Erie  and  Fair\'iew, 
 until  1823.  In  1813,  during  the  war  with  Great 
 Britain,  he  was  employed  as  a  government  chaplain, 
 and  ministered  to  the  troops  stationed  at  Erie.  He 
 also  preached  for  a  portion  of  his  time  at  Harbor 
 Creek,  Waterford,  Washington  and  JIcKeau,  in  Erie 
 county,  Pa.  He  continued  to  labor  in  the  congrega- 
 tion of  Fairview  until  the  close  of  his  earthly  toils. 
 He  died  June  17th,  1847,  and  his  end  was  peace. 
 
 The  Record  of  Pre.sbytery,  on  occasion  of  Jlr. 
 Eaton's  death,  is,  iu  part,  in  these  words:  "He  was 
 uniformly  meek,  gentle  and  forbearing,  generous  and 
 hospitable.  As  a  preacher,  he  was  clear,  logical,  in- 
 structive and  evangelical,  and  eminently  sound  in  the 
 
 faith.  In  his  death,  the  Boards  of  our  Church  and 
 the  cause  of  benevolent  effort  for  the  salvation  of  a 
 jjerishing  world,  have  lost  a  devoted  friend." 
 
 Eaton,  Samuel  John  Mills,  D.  D.,  son  of  the 
 Rev.  Johnston  and  Eliza  (Canon)  Eaton,  was  born  in 
 Fairview,  Erie  county,  Pa.,  April  15th,  1820.  He 
 graduated  at  Jetferson  College,  in  the  class  of  1845; 
 studied  theology 'in  the  "Western  Theological  Semi- 
 nary; was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Erie,  JIarch 
 16th,  1848,  and  was  ordained  by  the  same  Presb}i:ery, 
 February  7th,  1849.  He  has  had  but  one  pastorate, 
 that  of  the  Church  in  Franklin,  Pa.  His  labors  here 
 commenced  in  April  1848,  and  ceased  in  Jlarch,  1881, 
 making  thirty-three  j'ears  of  steady,  solid  and  suc- 
 cessful work. 
 
 Dr.  Eaton  adds  to  fine  inherited  natural  gifts  the 
 learning  that  has  come  from  a  life  of  close  studj'  of 
 books,  as  well  as  a  keen  observation  of  men  and 
 things.  His  manner,  as  a  preacher,  while  cultivated, 
 is  easy  and  natural.  His  sermons  are  strong,  clear, 
 logical  and  convincing.  He  is  always  original,  and 
 his  illustrations  are  well  cho.sen,  apt  and  to  the  point. 
 He  possesses,  in  an  eminent  degree,  that  unconscious 
 power  that  invariably  goes  with  strong  con\-ictions 
 and  sincere  belief.  He  has  been  Stated  Clerk  of  the 
 Presbji^erj'  of  Erie  over  thirty  years;  was  Stated  Clerk 
 of  the  Sjniod  of  Erie  during  its  existence,  and  has  filled 
 the  permaneut  clerkship  of  the  Synod  of  Allegheny. . 
 Dr.  Eaton  is  a  writer  of  ability.  He  has  published 
 ' '  History  of  Petroleum, ' '  ' '  History  of  the  Presbytery 
 of  Erie,"  "  Ecclesia-stical  History  iu  Centennial  Me- 
 morial," "Lakeside,"  "Memorial  of  the  Life  and 
 Labors  of  Dr.  Dickson,"  "  Centennial  History  of  Ve- 
 nango County,  Pa. , "  "  History  of  Venango  County, ' ' 
 in  Dr.  Engle's  "  History  of  Pennsylvania, ' '  "Jeru.sa- 
 lem,  the  Holy  City. "  He  is  a  Trustee  of  Wa-shington 
 and  Jefferson  College,  and  a  Director  of  the  Western 
 Theological  Seminary.  His  life  has  been  crowded 
 with  earnest  and  useful  labor. 
 
 Eaton,  Rev.  Sylvester,  was  born  in  Chat- 
 ham, N.  Y.,  August  12th,  1790;  graduated  at 
 Williams  College  in  1816;  studied  theology  at  Prince- 
 ton Seminary,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Albany  in  1818.  He  was  ordained 
 pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  in  Norwalk, 
 Conn.,  in  1820,  and  was  dismissed  in  1827;  was  set- 
 tled as  pa.stor  of  the  First  Presbj-terian  Church  in 
 BuiJiilo,  in  April,  1829,  and  was  dismissed  in  Septem- 
 ber, 1834;  was  settled  as  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Paterson,  N.  J.,iu  1834,  and  was  dismissed 
 about  1837;  was  settled  shortly  after  in  Poughkeepsie, 
 N.  Y.,  where  he  remained  about  foiu-  3'ears.  He  died 
 May  14th,  1844. 
 
 Eckard,  James  Read,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Philadelphia,  Pa.,  November  22d,  1805.  He  graduated 
 at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1823;  practiced 
 law,  1826-30,  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the 
 Third  Presbytery  of  Philadelp^iia,  July  21st,  1833; 
 was  missionary  in  Ceylon,  1833-43  ;  agent   of  the 
 
EDGAR. 
 
 208 
 
 EJJISTO  ISLAXD  CHURCH. 
 
 A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  in  Georgia,  lti44;  missionary  and 
 Principal  of  the  CTiatham  Academy,  Savannah, 
 Georgia,  1844-46 ;  pastor  of  New  York  Avenue 
 Church,  Washington,  D.  C,  1848-58;  stated  supply  at 
 Asbury,  N.  J.,  1860-67,  and  Professor  in  Lafayette 
 College,  1858-72.  When  in  Ceylon  Dr.  Eckard  puh- 
 lished,  in  the  Tamil  language,  an  Essay  on  Faith  and 
 JiLstifieation.  Also,  in  English,  a  work  called  the 
 "  Hindoo  Traveler,"  designed  for  natives  educated  to 
 read  English.  On  his  return  from  India  he  published 
 a  small  volume  containing  a  narrative  of  some  of  the 
 missionary  operatioas  there.  He  contributed  to  the 
 Princeton  Review,  in  1860,  an  article  on  the  "  Logical 
 Eelations  of  Religion  and  Science." 
 
 Edgar  James.  Judge  Edgar  was  boru  in  York 
 county,  Pa.,  in  tlie  congregation  of  Slate  Ridge, 
 November  1.5th,  1744.  He  removed  to  Western  Penn- 
 sylvania in  the  Fall  of  1779,  where  he  was  very 
 highly  esteemed  and  exerted gieat  influence  for  good. 
 He  was  an  Associate  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Washing- 
 ton, and  a  ruling  elder  in  the  Presbj^«rian  Church. 
 Judge  Brackenridge,  in  his  ' '  Incidents  of  the  West- 
 ern Insurrection,"  alludes  to  him  as  "  having  been  a 
 member  of  committees  in  tlie  early  period  of  the 
 American  Revolution,  and  of  legislative  assemblies, 
 executive  and  ceasorial  councils  or  deliberative  con- 
 ventions ever  since."  And  Dr.  Carnahan,  in  his 
 "  Lecture  on  the  Whisky  Insurrection,"  says :  "This 
 truly  great  and  good  man,  little  known  beyond  the 
 precincts  of  W;vshington  county,  had  a  good  English 
 education,  and  had  improved  liis  mind  by  reading 
 and  reflection,  .so  that,  in  theological  and  political 
 knowledge,  he  was  superior  to  many  professional 
 men.  He  had  as  clear  a  head  and  as  pure  a  heart  as 
 ever,  foil  to  the  lot  of  mortals,  and  he  possessed  an 
 eloquence  which,  although  not  polished,  was  con- 
 vincing and  persuasive;  yet  he  lived  in  retirement  on 
 his  farm,  except  when  the  voice  of  his  neighbors 
 called  him  forth  to  serve  the  Church  or  the  State." 
 
 Edgar,  John  Todd,  D.  D.,  w;vs  born  in  Sussex 
 county,  Delaware,  April  ]:!th,  1792.  His  father  re- 
 moved to  Kentucky  in  179.5.  He  was  at  the  Transyl- 
 vania University,  Lexington,  Ky.,  a  short  time,  but 
 was  not  a  graduate.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  in  1816,  when  he  was  licensed  by 
 New  Brunswick  Pre.sbytery.  In  1817  he  was  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Church  at  Flemingsburg,  Ky.,  and  la- 
 bored there  with  earnestness  and  assiduity.  He  was 
 subse(iuenth' i)astor  at  Mays\-ille,  Ky.,  and  in  1827 
 took  charge  of  the  Church  at  Frankfort,  the  capital 
 of  Kentucky.  Here  his  eloquence  soon  gathered 
 round  him  the  leading  men  of  the  State.  In  1833  he 
 accepted  a  call  from  Niushville,  Tenn.,  and  it  was 
 among  this  people  that  his  great  life-work  was  fully 
 accompli.shed.  He  died,  November  13th,  1860,  his 
 death  producing  such  a  profound  sensation  in  the 
 community,  that,  by  proclamation  of  the  Mayor,  there 
 was  a  general  suspension  of  business  in  tlie  city,  and 
 the  Chancery  Court,  then  in  session,  adjourned. 
 
 Dr.  Edgar  was  a  cultivated  and  courteous  gentle- 
 man. His  intellectual  endowments  were  more  re- 
 markable for  their  admirable  balance  than  for  the 
 special  eminence  of  particular  faculties.  He  was 
 accounted  one  of  the  iirst  orators  of  his  day.  As  a 
 pastor,  he  was  social,  winning  and  catholic.  His 
 temperament  was  kind  and  genial,  generous,  lo\-ing 
 and  most  just;  pervaded  by  a  settled  aversion  to  all 
 that  was  mean,  cruel  and  base,  sustained  by  i>ersonal 
 and  moral  firmness  of  tlie  highest  order,  and  thor- 
 oughly unselfish.  By  biith,  training  and  deep  con- 
 viction he  was  a  Presbyterian,  and  clear  and  constant 
 in  his  con\ictions,  kind  and  trustful  towards  all  good 
 men  of  every  denomination,  he  was  a  noble  specimen 
 of  the  body  to  which  he  belonged. 
 
 Edie,  Joseph  S.,  M.  D.,  is  a  venerable  and  es- 
 teemed elder  of  the  Church  at  Christiansburg,  Va. 
 He  was  born  in  Brooke  county,  Va.,  November  27th, 
 1798,  and  graduated  at  .Hampden  Sidney  College  in 
 1825.  About  that  time  he  came  to  Christiansburg  as 
 a  teacher.  Here  he  entered  at  once  with  great  energy 
 upon  Christian  work,  and  established  the  first  Sab- 
 bath School  in  the  place.  Subsequently  he  established 
 another  school  on  Mr.  Van  Lear's  place  on  the  North 
 Fork  of  Roanoke,  and  did  much  in  ciia;ulating  tracts 
 and  religious  Yeading  among  the  people.  After  the 
 organization  of  the  Church  at  Christiansburg,  in 
 which  he  exerted  a  strong  influence,  he  went  to  teach 
 school  in  Lewi.sburg,  Ya. ,  and  to  pursue  the  study  of 
 medicine.  During  an  absence  of  several  yeiirs  he 
 taught  also  at  Union,  Monroe  county,  and  com- 
 pleted his  medical  course  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  He 
 returned  to  Cliristiansburg  in  1832,  and  has  continued 
 in  the  practice  of  his  profession  there  to  this  day. 
 He  has  been  a  memlier  of  that  church  about  fifty- 
 six  years,  and  a  ruling  elder  forty-nine  years.  It 
 is,  "  says  his  pastor,"  perhaps,  enough  to  add  that 
 during  all  this  time  the  church  has  never  had  a  more 
 valued  or  valuable  member  or  officer.  His  name  will 
 be  linked  especially  with  tlie  names  of  R.  D.  Mon- 
 tague and  William  Wade,  and  it  is  no  disparagement 
 to  those  excellent  men  and  women  who  have  stood 
 with  them,  to  say  that  to  these  three  men,  more  than 
 to  any  others,  is  due,  under  God,  the  success  of  the 
 church  in  all  its  early  struggles,  and  in  much  of  its 
 subsequent  history.  The  church  has  never  had  in  it 
 men  more  devoted  to  its  interests,  or  men  of  greater 
 piety,  weight  of  character  and  practical  wisdom." 
 
 Edisto  Island  Presbjrterian  Church,  South 
 Carolina,  is  one  of  tlie  four  churches  that  formed 
 Charleston  Presbytery.  This  island  has  ever  been  a 
 .stronghold  of  Presbj'terianism,  ha\-ing  been  settled 
 by  emigrants  from  Scotland  and  Wales  during  tlie 
 earlier  part  of  tlie  18th  century.  There  is  rea.«on  to 
 believe,  althougli  notliing  positive  is  known,  fliat  a 
 church  of  this  Denomination  was  established  here 
 between  the  years  1710  and  1720,  for  we  are  told  that 
 a  grant  of  three  huiidnd  acres  of  land  was  luaile  to 
 Henry  Bower  in  1705,  wliich  land  he   conveyed  in 
 
EVISrO  ISI^AXD  CUVKCH. 
 
 •209 
 
 ED.SOX. 
 
 1717    to  certain  parties  to  be  held  iu  trust  for  the    1837.     He  graduated  at  Union  College,  in  the  class  ol 
 
 support  of  a  Presbyterian  minister  on  Edisto.  ,  1855,  received  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts,  m  course, 
 
 In  1732  tlie  donation  of  a  number  of  negro  slaves  !  and  that  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  trom  Hanover  College, 
 
 was  made,  who  were  to  be  employed  on  these  lands 
 
 and  about  the  same  time  another  valuable  gift  of 
 land  was  conveyed  to  the  chm-ch  by  a  Mr.  Willis.  A 
 record  of  the  following  year  notes  the  death  of  a  Mr. 
 Moor,  a  Presbyterian  minister  of  Edisto;  the  number 
 of  years  of  his  service  is,  however,  unkno^vn.  He 
 was  probalily  the  first  resident  pastor.     Between  this 
 
 in  1873.  He  .spent  the  three  years  after  graduation 
 mainly  as  instructor  iu  Greek  and  ilathematics,  in 
 Geneseo  Academy,  Livingston  county,  X.Y.  In  Sep- 
 tember, 1858,  he  entered  the  Union  Theological  Semi- 
 narj-,  X.  Y.,  and  remained  in  the  Institution  for  two 
 years.  Having  studied  German,  he  went,  in  May, 
 1860,  to  Europe,  and  was  matriculated  in  the  Univer- 
 
 period  and   1741  the  church  must  have  been  vacant,    sity  of  Halle,  where  he  gave  attention  especially  to 
 
 for  it  was  not  until  the  latter  year  that  the  Rev. 
 John  McCloud  officiated  as  next  pastor.  He  served 
 until  1754,  and  was  succeeded,  in  1770,  by  the  Eev. 
 Thomas  Henderson,  who  resigned  his  charge  between 
 the  years  177.')-1776. 
 
 The  history  of  the  .church  during  the  Revolutionary 
 period  is  unkno%vn,  for  any  records  existing  at  that 
 time  were  destroyed.  The  next  notice  we  have  of  it 
 is  iu  1784,  when  it  obtained  its  charter.  At  this 
 period  it  was  served  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  C'ooley,  an 
 Englishman,  who  continued  in  its  pulpit  until  1790. 
 In  1793  he  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Donald 
 McCloud,  who  served  until  his  death  in  1821. 
 
 In  the  same   year   the   Rev.  WiUiam   States   Lee 
 entered  upon  the  discbarge  of  his  duties  as  pastor  of 
 this  church,  retaining  the  position  until  1872,  when 
 old  age  and  a  failing  eyesight  impelled  him  to  tender 
 his  resignation.     Throughout  the  very  long  pel  iod  of 
 his  pastorate  he   retained  the  love  and  esteem  not 
 only  of  his  own  charge,  but  of  the  community  at 
 large.     In  the  silent  cemetery  near  by  rest  his  mor- 
 tal  remains,   and  a  tablet   has  been  erected   to  his 
 memory  within  the  walls  of  the  church,  a  fit  expres- 
 sion of  veneration  and  atfection  for  one  who  was  the 
 bond  of  living  unity  in  the  successive  generations, 
 and  who,  for  more  than  half  a  century,  pointed  the 
 Jathers,  children  and  grandchildren  to  the  Lamb  of 
 God,  united  kindred  and  loving  hearts  in  the  sacred 
 bonds  of  matrimony,  sprinkled  the  water  of  baptism 
 upon  the  brows  of  the  children  of  the  co\enant,  .spake 
 words  of  comfort   to   the  suffering,    and   shed  tears 
 and   read    the  consoling   and    triumphant  truths  of 
 God's  Word  over  the  narrow   coffins  of  the  dead. 
 Since  the  resignation  of  ilr.  Lee,  the  Cliurch  has 
 been  served  successfully  by  the  Rev  J.  R.  Dow  and 
 the  Rev.  J.  E.  Fogartie,  the  latter  of  whom  resigned 
 the  charge  in  the  Autumn  of  1882.     On  the  third 
 Sabbath  of  May,  18S3,  the  Rev.  R.  A.   Jlickle  was 
 installed   pastor  of  the   Church   by  a  Committee  of 
 Charleston    Presbj-tery,    consisting   of    Rev.    W.    T. 
 Thompson,  Rev.  Dr.  Bracketfr,  and  Rev.  Thomas  P. 
 Hay.     Amidst  all  its  outward  changes,  the  Church 
 of  Edisto  Island — one  of  the  old  mother  churches — 
 '     is  still  sound  in  the  faith,  and  aims  at  still  greater 
 usefulness. 
 
 Edson,  Hanford  Abram,  D.  D.,  the  youngest 
 son  of  Dr.  Freeman  and  Marv' Hanford  EtLson.  was  born 
 in    Scotts%-ille,    Monroe   county,  X.  Y.,  March    14tli. 
 14 
 
 theology  and  philosophy,  under  the  instruction  of  Tho- 
 luck,  Julius  MUller,  and  Erdmann.  After  extensive 
 tours  in  Germany,  Switzerland,  Italy,  France  and 
 England,  he  returned  home.  He  was  licensed  to 
 preach  by   the   Xiagara   Presbytery,   October  29th, 
 
 HANFORD   ABRAM    EDSO.V,  D.D. 
 
 1861,  and  took  charge  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
 Xiagara  Falls,  X.  Y. ,  where  he  remained  until  called 
 to  the  pastorate  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  which  began  January  17th, 
 1864.  He  transferred  his  services  to  the  Memorial 
 Presbyterian  Church,  in  the  same,  city,  April  1st, 
 1873.  Both  the.se  churches  are  large  and  flourishing, 
 and  Dr.  Edson  has  been  mainly  in.strumental  in 
 erecting  handsome  edifices  for  each. 
 
 Dr.  Edson  has  been  the  recipient  of  many  ecclesi- 
 asti&il  honors.  In  1873  he  represented  the  General 
 Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  iu  the  Xational 
 Congregational  CouncU  iu  Xew  Haven,  Conn. ;  and, 
 in  1878,  he  w:us  commissioned  to  the  same  duty 
 before  the  General  Council  of  the  Reformed  Episcopal 
 Church,  in  Xewark,  X.  J.     He  lias  Avritten  largely 
 
EDWAliDS. 
 
 •210 
 
 KD  WAKUS. 
 
 for  the  press,  and  Is  the  author  of  various  magazine 
 artitles  and  published  sermons  and  addresses. 
 Among  tlie  latter  may  be  mentioned  :  "  Commeuee- 
 ment  Address  at  McLean  Institute,  1S64;''  "Com- 
 meneement  Address  before  the  Theological  Societies 
 of  Marietta  College,  1867;"  Address  at  the  Dedica- 
 tion of  the  Library  and  Chapel  of  Wabash  College, 
 187-2;''  "Commencement  Address  before  the  Theo- 
 logical Societies  of  Hanover  College,  1873; "  "Semi- 
 Centennial  Address  before  the  Sjiiods  of  Indiana, 
 1~'76."  His  Thanksgiving  sermon.  November  aeth, 
 1S6S,  is  said  to  have  gixcn  special  iiiipulse  to  the 
 establishment  of  the  Indianapolis  Public  Library. 
 
 Edwards,  Rev.  James  Cooke,  son  of  AVebley 
 and  Mary  (Cooke)  Edwartls,  was  lioru  in  Warren 
 county,  X.  J.,  March  12th,  1807.  He  was  graduated 
 from  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  at  Princeton,  in 
 18.30.  On  lea\'ing  college,  he  pas.sed  immediately 
 into  Princeton  Seminary  ;  and,  while  in  the  Semi- 
 nary, he  was  also  a  Tutor  in  the  college,  1832-33. 
 He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbrtery  of  Xe^vton,  April 
 24th,  1333,  and  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Xew  York,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  as  an  evangelist, 
 October  22d,  1834.  For  nearly  a  year,  1834-3,5,  he 
 labored  in  Xew  York,  gathering  the  Eighth  Avenue 
 ( now  West  Twenty-third  Street  I  Church,  and  then 
 serving  it  as  stated  supply.  Having  accej^ted  a  call 
 to  Sraithtown,  Long  Island,  he  w:us  installed  as  its 
 pastor.  May  "ith,  183.'),  and  labored  there  succe.ssfullj- 
 for  nearly  seventeen  years,  until  released,  December 
 25th,  18.}1,  in  order  to  become  pastor  of  the  Second 
 (now  South  Street)  Church  of  Morristown,  N.  J. 
 Over  the  latter  church  he  was  installed  January  6th, 
 1"<.52,  and  labored  there  over  eight  years,  until  re- 
 lea.sed  April  18th,  1860.  This  was  his  last  p;istorate. 
 -Vfterwards  he  served  the  Weehawkcn  Church,  X.  J., 
 as  a  supi)ly.  from  May  1st  toXoveniber  1st,  1877,  and 
 since  186(»,  taught,  for  longer  or  shorter  periods  of  time, 
 at  South  Orange,  Rjihway,  and  Jersey  City,  X.  J.  He 
 died  at  Morristown,  X.  J.,  June  28th,  1880.  He  was 
 a  man  of  excellent  .scholarship,  of  sound  mind,  of 
 kindly  spirit,  and  much  beloved  by  all  who  knew 
 hiui 
 
 Edwards,  Rev.  Jesse,  Ihe  sou  of  tieorge  C.  and 
 Hannah  Edwards,  was  liorn  in  Elmira,  X.  Y.,  Feb- 
 ruary 21st,  1819.  He  was  educated  in  Xew  .Jersey  Col- 
 lege, where  he  w.as  appointed  Tutor.  He  graduated 
 at  Princeton  Theologicid  Seminary  in  1842,  and  was 
 licensed  by  Steul)eii  Presbytery  in  May  of  that  yejir. 
 He  removed  to  Indiana,  and,  in  1845,  Wiis  ordained 
 by  LogJin.siHjrt  Presbytery,  anil  labored  as  stilted 
 s\ip|)ly  for  Delphi  and  IJock  Creek  churches.  In 
 l"^4(j  he  preached  at  Monticello  and  vicinity,  in  the 
 same  Presbytery.  In  1847  he  returned  to  Xew  York, 
 and  became  stated  sup]>ly  for  the  Second  Presby- 
 terian Chnveh,  Sparfci,  X.  Y.,  and  for  a  short  time 
 in  Portjigeville,  X.  Y.  In  1850  he  removed  to  Wis- 
 consin, and  entered  upon  his  hilMirs  as  a  domestic 
 mi.ssiouary,  \inder  circumstanci«  the  most  arduous 
 
 and  .self-denying.  He  j)reached  at  Plover,  Port;igc 
 county,  Wi.s.,  at  Stevens'  Point,  and  for  a  time  at 
 Grand  IJapids.  Whilst  employed  in  these  many 
 labors  he  was  elected  one  of  the  Professors  in  Carroll 
 College,  AVauke-sha.  Wis.  When  that  institution  w:is 
 closed  he  returned  to  I'lover,  where  lie  resided  till 
 his  death,  which  occurred  February  6th,  1866.  At 
 all  these  places  his  remarkable  fidelity  and  con.seien- 
 tiousness  won  the  highest  respect  of  the  people,  as 
 his  thorough  Biblical  scholarship,  his  instructive  dis- 
 courses, and  his  devotion  to  duty,  claimed  that  of  his 
 brethren  in  the  ministry. 
 
 Edw^ards,  Rev.  Jonathan,  President  of  New 
 Jersey  College,  a  most  acute  metaphysician  and  dis- 
 tinguished divine,  was  born  at  Windsor,  Conn.,  Octo- 
 ber 5th,  1703.     He  was  graduated  at  Yale  College  in 
 
 REV.  JONATHAN    EDWARDS. 
 
 1720,  before  he  w.as  seventeen  years  of  age.  His  un- 
 common genius  discovered  itself  early,  and  while  yet 
 a  Ijoy  he  read  Locke  on  the  Human  I'nderstanding 
 with  a  keen  relish.  Though  he  took  much  ple;isure 
 in  examining  the  kingdom  of  nature,  yet  moral  and 
 theological  researches  yielded  him  the  highest  8;itis- 
 faction.  He  lived  in  college  nearly  two  years  after 
 taking  liis  first  degree,  jireparing  himself  for  the 
 office  of  a  minister  of  the  gosjiel.  In  1722  he  went 
 to  New  York,  at  the  request  of  a  small  c(mgreg;ilion 
 of  English  Pr<>sbyterians,  and  preached  a  numlxT  of 
 months.  In  1724  he  was  apjiointcd  a  Tutor  in  Yale 
 College,  and  he  continued  in  that  olVu-e  till  he  w.as 
 invited,  in  172(i,  to  preach  at  Xorthampton,  Mass. 
 Here  he  was  ordained  as  eolle;igiie  with  his  grand- 
 father, Mr.  .Stoddard.  February  15th.  1727.  In  17:!.) 
 his  niinistrv  was  attended  with  verv  uncommon  sue- 
 
EDWARDS. 
 
 211 
 
 EDWARDS. 
 
 cess:  a  general  iini)re.ssion  was  inatle  upon  the  minds 
 of  the  people  tiy  the  truths  which  he  proclaimed,  and 
 the  church  was  much  enlarged.  He  continued  in 
 this  place  more  than  twenty-three  years.  He  had 
 been  instrumental  in  cheering  many  hearts  with  the 
 joys  of  reliirion,  and  not  a  few  had  regarded  him 
 with  all  that  a  fleet  ionate  attachment  which  is  excited 
 hy  the  love  of  excellence  and  the  sense  of  oliligations 
 which  can  never  be  repaid.  But  a  spirit  of  detrac- 
 tion bad  gone  forth,  in  consequence  of  his  strict  views 
 of  Christian  discipline  and  purity,  and  a  few  lead- 
 ing men  of  outrageous  zeal  pushed  forward  men  of 
 less  determined  hostility,  and  he  was  released  from 
 his  charge  by  an  ecclesiastical  council,  June  22d, 
 1750. 
 
 In  this  scene  of  trouble  and  abuse,  when  the  mis- 
 takes and  the  bigotry  of  the  multitude  had  stopped 
 their  ears,  and  their  passions  were  without  control, 
 Jlr.  Edwards  exhilnted  the  truly  Christian  spirit. 
 His  calmness,  meekness,  humility,  and  yet  firmness 
 ajid  resolution,  were  the  subjects  of  admiration  to  his 
 friends.  More  anxious  for  his  people  than  for  him- 
 self, he  preached  a  most  solemn  and  aflecting  farewell 
 discourse.  He  afterwards  occasionally  supplied  the 
 pulpit  at  times,  when  no  preacher  had  been  ])rocured, 
 but  this  proof  of  his  superiority  to  resentment  or 
 pride,  and  this  readiness  to  do  good  to  those  who  had 
 injured  him,  met  with  no  grateful  return  from  the 
 congregation.  Still,  he  was  not  left  without  excellent 
 friends  in  Northampton,  and  his  correspondents  in 
 Scotland,  having  been  informed  of  his  dismission  from 
 his  charge,  contributed  a  considerable  sum  for  the 
 maintenance  of  his  family. 
 
 In  August,  17.51,  he  succeeded  Mr.  Sergeant  as  mis- 
 sionary to  the  Housatouic  Indians,  at  Stockbridge,  in 
 Berkshire  county.  Here  he  continued  si-x  years, 
 preaching  to  the  Indians  and  the  white  people,  and, 
 as  he  found  much  leisure,  he  prosecuted  his  theological 
 and  metai)hysical  studies,  and  produced  works  which 
 rendered  his  name  famous  throughout  Europe.  Thus 
 was  his  calamitous  removal  from  Northampton  the 
 occasion,  under  the  wise  providence  of  God,  of  his 
 impartiug  to  the  world  the  most  important  instruc- 
 tions, the  influence  of  which  has  been  extended  to  the 
 present  time,  and  will  be  felt  through  all  the  coming 
 ages.  In  January,  1758,  he  reluctantly  accepted  the 
 office  of  President  of  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  as 
 successor  of  his  son-in-law,  Mr.  Burr,  but  he  had  not 
 entered  fully  upon  the  duties  of  this  station,  before 
 the  prevalence  of  the  smallpox  induced  him  to  be 
 inoculated,  aud  this  disease  was  the  cause  of  his  death, 
 Jlarch  22d,  17.)S.  aged  fifty-four.  A  short  time  before 
 he  died,  as  some  of  his  fi-ieuds,  who  surrounded  his 
 bed  to  see  him  breathe  his  last,  were  lamenting  the 
 loss  which  the  college  would  sustain,  he  said,  "Trust 
 in  God,  and  ye  need  not  fear."  These  were  his  last 
 words.  He  afterwards  expired,  with  as  much  com- 
 posure as  if  he  had  only  fallen  a.sleep.  He  left  three 
 sons  and  seven  daughters. 
 
 President  Edwards  was  equally  distinguished  by 
 his  Christian  virtues,  and  by  the  extraordinary  vigor 
 and  penetration  of  his  mind.  Though  his  constitu- 
 tion was  delicate,  he  commonly  spent  thirteen  hours 
 every  day  in  his  study.  He  usually  arose  between 
 four  and  five  in  the  morning,  and  was  abstemious, 
 living  completely  by  rale.  All  his  researches  were 
 pursued  with  his  pen  in  his  hand,  an<l  the  number  of 
 his  miscellaneous  writings  which  he  had  left  behind 
 him  was  above  fourteen  hundred.  They  were  al! 
 numbered  and  paged,  and  an  inde.x  was  formed  for 
 the  whole.  He  was  i>eculiarly  happj'  in  his  domestic 
 connections.  Mrs.  Edwards,  by  taking  the  entire 
 care  of  his  temporal  concerns,  gave  him  an  oppor- 
 tunity of  consecrating  all  his  powers,  without  inter- 
 ruption,  to  the  labors  and  studies  of  the  sacred  office. 
 
 As  a  preacher,  he  was  not  oratorical  in  his  manner, 
 and  his  voice  was  rather  feeble,  though  he  spoke  vrith 
 distinctness;  but  his  discourses  were  rich  in  thought, 
 logical  in  structure,  and  direct  in  aim,  and,  being 
 deeply  impressed  himself  with  the  truths  which  he 
 uttered,  his  preaching  came  home  to  the  hearts  of  his 
 hearers. 
 
 j  President  Edwards  was  uncommonly  zealous  and 
 persevering  in  his  search  after  truth.  He  spared 
 no  pains  in  procuring  the  necessary  aids,  and  he  read 
 all  the  books  which  he  could  procure  that  promised 
 to  aftbrd  him  assistance  in  his  inquiries.  He  con- 
 fined himself  to  no  particular  sect  or  denomination, 
 but  studied  the  writings  of  men  whose  sentiments 
 were  the  most  opposite  to  his  own.  But  the  Bible 
 claimed  his  peculiar  attention.  From  that  book  he 
 derived  his  religious  principles,  and  not  from  any 
 human  system.  The  doctrines  which  he  supported 
 were  Cahinistic,  and  when  these  doctrines  were  in 
 any  degree  relinquished,  or  were  not  embraced  in 
 their  whole  length  and  breadth,  he  did  not  see  where 
 a  man  could  set  his  foot  down  with  consistency  and 
 safety,  short  of  deism  or  atheism  itself.  Yet.  with  all 
 his  strict  adherence  to  what  he  believed  to  be  the 
 truths  of  heaven,  his  heart  was  kind  and  tender. 
 ^\^len  Mr.  AMiitefield  preached  for  him  on  the  Sab- 
 bath, the  acute  divine,  whose  mighty  intellect  has 
 seldom  been  equaled,  wept  as  a  child  during  the 
 whole  sermon. 
 
 President  Edwards'  Inquiry  into  the  Freedom  of 
 the  Will  is  considered  as  one  of  the  greatest  eftbrts 
 of  the  human  mind,  and  is  generally  regarded  as 
 having  forever  settled  the  controversy  with  Arminiaus, 
 by  demonstrating  the  untenableness  of  their  princi- 
 ples. His  other  works  which  are  most  celebrated, 
 are  his  books  on  Original  Sin;  his  treatise  on  The 
 Afl'ections;  his  dissertation  on  the  Nature  of  True 
 Virtue,  and  that  on  the  End  for  which  God  Created 
 the  World. 
 
 Edwards,  Tryon,  D.  D.,  fourth  son  of  Jonathan 
 "SV.  and  Elizabeth  (Tryon)  Edwards,  grandson  of  the 
 younger,  and  great-grandson  of  the  elder.  President 
 Edwards,  was  born  at  Hartford,  Conn.,  August  7th, 
 
EELLS. 
 
 212 
 
 EELLS. 
 
 1809;  was  graduated,  with  honor,  at  Yale  College,  in 
 11^2-'^;  studied  law  in  the  city  nl"  Xcw  York;  entered 
 till- Theological  Seminary  :it  Princeton  in  1"<:!0,  where 
 he  completed  his  studies  in  jireparation  for  the  min- 
 istry; was  licensed  to  preach  hy  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  York,  in  1833;  in  1834,  w:us  ordained  and 
 installed  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Kocliester,  N.  Y. ;  in  1845,  was  instaUcd  pastor  of  the 
 Siiimd  Congregational  Chnrcli  of  Xew  London,  Conn. ; 
 in  If^dT,  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Hagei-stown.  Md. :  and,  in  IHSO,  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Gouvernenr,  X.  Y.  j 
 
 Dr.  Edwards  has  always  .stood  liigli,  both  as  a 
 scholar  and  theologian.  He  is  a  man  of  distinguished  j 
 ability,  untiring  industry,  high  literary  attainments, 
 an<l  has  been  eminently  acceptable  and  successful  as 
 a  \\Titer,  a  preacher,  and  a  pastor.  His  ministry  has 
 been  blessed  ^vith  several  revivals  of  religion;  and 
 from  two  of  th<!  churches  under  his  pastoral  care 
 nineteen  nunisters  and  mi.^sionaries  have  been  raised 
 up  and  gone  forth.  He  has  always  been  intelligently 
 active  in  the  interests  of  education,  and,  while  at 
 Hagerstown,  ■wsis  greatly  instrumental  in  huilding 
 up  ^Yilson  College,  of  which  he  was  unanimously 
 chosen  the  first  President.  ?[e  is  the  author  or  editor 
 of  numerous  and  valuable  tracts;  review  articles,  and 
 volumes;  and  has  also  prepared  the  memoirs,  and 
 edited  the  works,  of  Rev.  .Tosepli  Bellamy,  I).  D.,  and 
 of  the  younger  President  Kdwards,  and  lias  edited 
 one  or  more  of  the  previously  unpublished  works  of 
 the  elder  President  Edwards.  lie  is  one  of  the 
 ablest  and  best  preachers  of  our  Denomination;  and 
 the  learned  and  nnlearned,  alik<',  listen  with  interest 
 and  profit  to  his  faithlul  and  muKterly  disi'ourses. 
 
 Eells,  Dan  Parmelee,  w;is  born  in  Westmore- 
 land, Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  April  Kith,  1825, 
 youngest  son  of  Rev.  James  Eells  and  Mehitabel 
 Parmelee.  His  family  removed  to  Oliio,  when  he 
 was  live  yeara  old,  but  in  1844  he  returned  to  the 
 neighborhood  of  his  birthplace,  and  entered  Hamil- 
 ton College,  in  the  class  of  1S48.  I'nabli?  to  meet  his 
 college  expenses,  he  was  compellid  to  return  home  at 
 the  end  of  his  Sophomore  year,  and  .shortly  thereafter 
 his  business  career  began,  in  Cleveland.  In  1X4!)  he 
 became  bookkeeper  in  the  commercial  branch  of  the 
 State  Bank  of  Ohio,  with  whieli  bank  and  its 
 sticces.sor,  the  Commercial  National  Hank  of  Cleve- 
 land, he  hiis  eve»  since  Ix-en  connected,  holding 
 successively  the  offices  of  cashier,  vice-president  and 
 president.  ^Yith  an  interruption  of  only  a  few 
 monllis,  this  <'onnection  has  extended  over  a  period 
 of  thirty-live  years,  and  during  Mr.  Kidls'  manage- 
 ment the  bank  has  enjoyed  nninten'U])ted  jirospirity, 
 and  h;LS  become  one  of  the  most  inlluential  banks  in 
 the  State. 
 
 Incidental  to  his  connection  with  the  bank,  Mr. 
 Eells  hiLS  been  identified  with  many  imjiortant  enter- . 
 prises,    and   has   attained    an    honorabli'    reputation 
 
 I  among  his  associate's  and  in  the  community  at  large. 
 As  a  citizen,  incorruptible,  public-spirited  :  in  busi- 
 ness, enterprising  and  .sagacious ;  in  private  lile, 
 pure,  coascientious,  open-handed. 
 
 I  He  is  al.so  lionorably  known  as  the  friend  of  reli- 
 gious and  charitable  -work.  The  son  of  a  Presbyte- 
 rian miui.ster,  he  has  always  been  a  Presbyterian, 
 and  an  active  memljer  of  the  Second  Chiuch  at 
 Cleveland.  Of  this  church  he  has  been  successively 
 a  deacon  and  an  elder  ;  and  his  brother,  Kev.  .Tames 
 Eells,  I).  D.,  now  at  Lane  Seminary,  Cincinnati,  was 
 for  many  years  its  piustor. 
 
 j  The  AVillson  Avenue;  Mission  of  the  Second  Church 
 became   Mr.  Eells'  especial   care.      From    the   time 
 
 j  of  its  organization  he  was  superintendent  of  the 
 Sunday  School,  and  he  defrayed  almost  the  entire 
 expense  of  its  supiiort.  Eventually  he  employed  a 
 home  mist  onary  to  labor  in  this  fuld,  and  after  the 
 organization  of  a  church;  under  Rev.  Carlos  T.  Clu'st«r, 
 he  continued  to  provide  liberally  for  its  increased 
 needs.  In  the  Summer  of  1883  the  corner-stone  of 
 the  ■\Villson  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church  Wiis  laid, 
 the  building  to  be  completed  by  April,  1884.  It 
 stands  on  the  corner  of  Willson  and  Lexington 
 avenues;  is  constructed  of  brick  and  stone;  has  an 
 auditorium,  with  seating  capacity  of  seven  hundred, 
 and  a  ihapel  containing  a  commodious  room  for 
 weekly  nu'ctings,  society  rooms  and  a  kitchen.  The 
 completed  structure,  furnished  throughout,  will  cost, 
 with  the  land,  about  forty  thou.s;iiid  dollars,  and  is 
 the  gift  of  Mr.  Eells  to  the  society.  His  only  stipu- 
 lations are  that  the  property  shall  never  be  subjected 
 to  a  debt,  and  that  the  building  .shall  always  be  a 
 Presbyterian  church. 
 
 Mr.  Eells  is  identified  with  the  pn.iiiincut  chari- 
 ties of  Cleveland.  He  is  a  Trustee  of  the  ^Vonleu's 
 Christian  Association,  and  of  the  Cleveland  lietbel 
 Union;  Tre:ksurerof  the  Cleveland  Protestant  Orphan 
 .V.sylum,  and  President  of  the  Cleveland  Bible  Society. 
 With  the  last  named  society  he  has  been  officially 
 connected  since  its  organization,  more  than  twenty- 
 five  years  ago. 
 
 He  has  been  a  Commissioner  to  three  Geiu'ral 
 As.semblies  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  is  a 
 delegate  to  the  Presbyterian  Ecclesiastical  Council, 
 of  1881,  at  Belfast,  Ireland. 
 
 Eells,  James,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  is  a  native  of  Xew 
 York.  He  w:is  born  in  Westmoreland;  August  27tli. 
 1822,  and  graduated  from  Hamilton  College  in  ]>'l  I. 
 He  pursued  his  theological  studiesat  the  Western  K'e- 
 serve  aud  Auburn  Seminaries.  He  received  the  de- 
 gree of  D.  n.  from  Xew  York  University  in  ]8(il,  and 
 the  degree  of  l.L.T).  Irom  Marietta  University  in  1"^1. 
 He  Wius  ordainid  and  in.stalled  as  pa.storat  Penn  Yan, 
 X.  Y.,  hy  the  Presbytery  of  fk-neva,  August,  1S51. 
 This  relation  continued  until  18.^4.  He  was  then 
 pastor  of  Second  Presbyterian  Cliurch,  Cleveland, 
 Ohio,  18.">-9  and  1^70-4;  at  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  I8f!0- 
 7(1:  of  First  Presliyteriau  Church.  Oakland.  Califdinia, 
 
EUBKliT. 
 
 213 
 
 ELLIOTT. 
 
 1874-9;  and  Professor  iu  Sau  Francisco  Theological 
 Seminary,  1877-9.  Since  1879  he  has  been  Professor 
 of  Homiletics  and  Pastoral  Theology  in  Lane  Theo- 
 logical Seminary.  Dr.  Eells  is  a  ripe  scholar,  and  an 
 attractive  and  impressive  preacher.  He  ha-s  published 
 a  "Memorial  of  Samuel  Eells."  In  1877  he  was 
 Moderator  of  the  General  As-scmbly  at  Chicago. 
 
 Egbert,  Rev.  James  Cliidester,  only  son  of 
 James  and  Joanna  J.  Egbert,  was  born  in  New  York 
 city,  October  17th,  1826.     He  graduated  with  honor 
 from  New  York  University,  iu  18.5'3,  and  afterward 
 from  Union  Theological  Seminary,   New  York.     He  ; 
 w;i.s  licensed  iu  April,  1855,  and  in  June  of  the  same 
 year,  ordained  and  installed  as  pjistor  of  the  First  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  "West  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  by  the  Third 
 Presbytery  of  New  York.     This  church  luw  been  Sir. 
 Egbert's  only  charge.     Scarce  a  higher  tribute  could 
 be  paid  him  than  that,  iu  a  field  requiriug  peculiar 
 tact  and  energy,  he  has  maintained  himself  so  long, 
 retaining  all  tlie  way  through  the  warm  aft'ections  of  | 
 his  people  and  the  esteem   of  his  brethren  iu  the 
 ministry.     Every  department  of  church  work   has, 
 under    his    laithful     leadership,    been    successfully : 
 carried  forward,  and  the  membership  has  risen  Irom 
 a  score  to  over  300.     It  would  be  to  the  credit  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  if  she  could  furnish  more  nu-  | 
 merous  instances  of  so  long  and  useful  a  pastorate. 
 
 Elder,  Rev.  John,  was  born  in  the  county  of 
 Antrim,  Ireland,  iu  1706.  He  came  to  this  country 
 as  a  licentuite,  and  was  ordained  and  installed,  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle,  pastor  of  the  churches 
 of  Paxton  and  Derry,  near  Harrisburg,  November 
 22d,  1738.  'When  associations  lor  defence  against  the 
 Indians  were  formed  throughout  the  province  Mr. 
 Elder's  hearers,  being  on  the  frontier,  were  prompt 
 to  embody  themselves.  Their  minister  was  their 
 captain,  and  they  were  trained  as  rangers.  He  super- 
 intended their  discipline,  and  his  mounted  men 
 became  widely  known  as  the  "Paxton  Boys."  He 
 afterwards  held  a  Colonel's  commission  from  the 
 Proprietaries,  and  had  the  command  of  the  block- 
 houses and  stockades,  from  Easton  to  the  Susque- 
 hanna. In  tendering  this  appointment  to  him  it  was 
 expressly  stated  that  nothing  more  would  be  expected 
 of  him  than  the  general  oversight.  His  justification 
 lies  in  the  crisis  of  affairs. 
 
 Mr.  Elder  joined  the  Second"  Presbytery  of  Phila- 
 delphia, May  19th,  1768.  In  the  formation  of  the 
 General  Assembly  he  became  a  member  of  the  Pres- 
 bj'tery  of  Carlisle.  He  died,  in  the  year  1792,  at  the 
 age  of  eighty-six,  ha-s-ing  been  a  minister  of  the  gos- 
 pel sixty  years,  and  the,  pastor  of  the  congregations 
 in  Paxton  and  Derry  fifty-six.  He  is  represented  by 
 those  who  knew  him  as  having  been  a  fine  looking 
 man,  above  six  feet  high,  well  formed  and  propor- 
 tioned, dignified  in  manner,  a  fine  specimen  of  an 
 educated  gentleman,  beloved  and  respected  by  the 
 people  of  his  charge,  and  having  gieat  influence  for 
 good  among  them. 
 
 Eldridge,  Lemuel,  long  an  elder  in  the  Presby- 
 terian Church,  AtlanticCity,  N.  J.,  was  born  January 
 7th,  1812,  at  Cape  May  Court  House,  New  Jersey. 
 At  an  early  age  he  was  apprenticed,  for  eleven  years, 
 to  a  b(X)kbinder  in  Philadelphia,  and  afterwards  iu 
 New  York.  Subsequently  he  became  the  manager, 
 in  New  York  city,  of  the  largest  l)Ookbiudery  in  the 
 country,  with  which  he  was  connected  for  many 
 years.  He  then  severed  his  connection  -n-ith  this 
 business,  and,  purchasing  a  large  farm  in  Chester 
 county,  Pennsylvania,  lived  there  for  a  few  years,  re- 
 moving finally  to  Atlantic  City  in  1857,  which  was 
 before  the  Government  lighthouse  was  built.  He 
 served  twelve  years  as  Councilman,  held  the  Jlayor- 
 alty,  and  filled  other  positions  of  trust,  wHth  satisfac- 
 tion to  his  fellow-citizens  and  honor  to  himself.  His 
 business  interests  in  Atlantic  City  were  identified 
 chiefly  with  real  estate  and  shipping.  Mr.  Eldridge 
 iu  his  private  life  was  universally  respected,  sustain- 
 ing with  honor  all  the  relations  of  life,  and  living  the 
 consistent  life  of  a  Cliristian  gentleman.  His  death 
 occurred  August  22d,  1883. 
 
 Ellinvirood,  Frank  Fields,  D.D.,  the  efficient 
 Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  from 
 1871,  was  born  in  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  June  20th,  1826. 
 He  graduated  from  Hamilton  College  in  1849,  and 
 studied  theologj'  at  Auburn  and  Princeton  Semina- 
 ries. He  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  the  Uni- 
 versity of  New  York,  in  1865.  He  was  ordained  and 
 installed  by  the  Fourth  l*resbytery  of  Philadelphia, 
 at  Belvidere,  N.  J.,  June  21st,  1853,  as  pastor  of  the 
 church  at  that  place,  and  continued  so  until  1854. 
 He  was  pastor  of  the  Central  Church,  Rochester, 
 N.  Y.,  1854-65;  Secretary  of  the  Presbyterian  Com- 
 mittee of  Church  Erection,  1866-70;  of  the  Memorial 
 Fund  Committee,  1870-71,  rendering  good  service  in 
 both  5)Ositions,  and  since  that  date  has  been  one  of 
 the  Secretaries  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions, 
 resident  in  New  York.  Dr.  EUinwood  is  a  superior 
 preacher,  and  has  had  the  divine  blessing  ujjon  his 
 labors.  He  is  eminently  consecrated  to  the  work 
 now  entrusted  to  his  hands,  is  indefatigable  in  his 
 efforts  for  its  furtherance,  and  pleads  its  claims  with 
 an  eloquence  that  never  fails  to  make  a  deep  and 
 during  impression  on  his  audience. 
 
 Elliott,  David,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Sherman's  A'alley,  now  Perry  county.  Pa.,  February 
 6th,  1787.  He  graduated  at  Dickinson  College,  Sei>- 
 tember  28th,  1808,  and  by  the  luianimous  selection  of 
 his  classmates,  to  whom  the  Faculty  left  the  distri- 
 bution of  honors,  he  delivered  the  valedictory.  His 
 first  preceptor  in  theology  was  his  pastor,  the  Kev. 
 John  Linn,  wth  whom  he  spent  two  years  as  a 
 .student.  His  last  year  was  spent  with  the  Rca-. 
 Joshua  "Williams,  D.  D.,  of  Newville,  Pa.  He  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle,  Sep- 
 tember 26th,  1811.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Church  at 
 Mercersburg,  Pa.,  1812-29,  where  he  labored  with 
 I  great  energy,  efficiency  and  success.     "VMiilst  here, 
 
ELLIOTT. 
 
 214 
 
 ELLIS. 
 
 the  Franklin  County  Bible  Society,  in  1815,  originated, 
 in  his  appeal  tliniuj;h  the  newspapers.  From  1829 
 to  1836  he  was  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Wiushingtou,  Pa.  To  him,  during  this  period,  more 
 than  to  any  other  man,  was  due  the  resuscitation  and 
 pro.sperity  of  Wa.«hington  College,  after  its  complete 
 prostration.  He  declined  the  proffered  presidency  of 
 the  Institution  ;  he  consented,  however,  in  connection 
 
 sympathetic  in  his  feelings.  His  manners  had  the 
 .simplicity,  candor,  politeness  and  attractivene.s.s  of  a 
 true  Christian  gentleman.  He  was  magnanimous 
 and  courteous,  even  in  ditference  and  contest.  As 
 he  scorned  unfair  advantage  in  carrj'ing  his  point,  so 
 he  was  ever  able  to  detect  and  expose  it  in  others. 
 The  law  of  uprightness  ruled  him,  both  in  public  and 
 private  dealing  with  his  fellow  men.  He  held  the 
 confidence  of  his  brethren  and  the  world,  in  full  pro- 
 portion to  the  intimacy  which  opened  to  their  liew 
 the  secret  springs  of  his  action.  His  friends  were 
 life-long  in  their  trusts  and  attachments. 
 
 Dr.  Elliott  died,  March  18th,  1874.  As  an  instruc- 
 tor in  theology,  in  church  politj-,  or  in  the  pastoral 
 care,  the  Church  knew  him  to  he  wise  and  true,  and 
 all  his  pupils  revered  and  loved  him.  As  an  eccle- 
 siastic he  shone  in  the  Church  courts,  and  lifted  his 
 voice  most  effectively  in  the  administration  and 
 guidance  of  her  affairs.  Cliief  among  his  publica- 
 tions was  a  volume  of  "Letters  on  Church  Govern- 
 ment," which  was  well  received  at  the  time  it  ap- 
 peared, and  the  work  in  which  he  rescued  from  ob- 
 li\'iou,  in  sweet  biograjihical  sketches,  the  labors  of 
 Elisha  JlcCurdy  and  the  other  nohle  pioneers  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Western  Pennsylvania,  and 
 which  generations  to  come  will  read  with  interest  and 
 profit. 
 
 DAVID  ELLIOTT,    D.D.,    LL.D. 
 
 with  his  pastoral  charge,  to  become  "Acting  Presi- 
 dent and  Professor  of  Jloral  Philosophy,"  until  a 
 permanent  president  could  be  secured,  and  in  the 
 Spring  of  1832,  handed  over  the  institution  to  Dr. 
 JlcConaughy,  by  whom  the  presidency  had  been 
 accepted.  In  1833,  he  was  called,  by  the  General 
 Assembly,  to  take  a  Professorship  in  the  AVestern 
 Tlieologieal  Seminary,  Allegheny,  Pa.  By  an  ar- 
 rangement, this  was  the  Chair  of  Theology.  In  18.">  1. 
 he  was  assigned  by  the  Assembly,  with  his  own  cor- 
 dial approbation,  to  the  department  of  Polemic  and 
 Historical  Theology.  To  this  institution  he  devoted 
 his  best  years  and  powers. 
 
 Dr.  Elliott  had  many  and  marked  evidences  of  the 
 confidence  and  respect  of  his  brethren  in  the  ministry. 
 He  was  fro<iiicntly  sent  as  a  Commi.ssioner  to  the 
 General  Assembly.  He  was  Moderator  of  the  .V.ssem- 
 bly  of  18.37,  which  held  its  .<;essions  in  Philadiliihia. 
 His  private  character  w:is  one  of  peculiar  e.Kcellencc. 
 This  was  the  real  stronghold  of  his  influence.     Vigor- 
 
 JOHS  HILLOT  ELU8. 
 
 Ellis,  Rev.  John  Millot,  was  born  in  Keene, 
 
 ous  and  cultured  intellect,  superior  wisdom,  unfal-  New  Hampshire,  July  14th,  17!)3.  He  graduated  at 
 tering  energy,  and  a  life-long  service,  all  came  to  Dartmouth  College  in  1822,  and  maintained  a  high 
 proportion  and  power  in  the  moral  exeell<>nce  of  the  character  in  a  chuss  of  more  than  average  abilities, 
 man  to  whom  they  1)elonge<l.     He  was  genial  and  ,  He  complet<d   his    theological    course    at   Aiidover 
 
ELMER. 
 
 215 
 
 ELMER. 
 
 Seminarr,  September  28th,  1825,  and  was  ordained  the 
 day  follomnjj;,  in  the  Old  South  Church  in  Boston. 
 Furnished  with  a  hundred  dollars  as  outfit,  the 
 youii';  minister  made  his  way  to  Illinois.  He  first 
 .settled  at  Kaskaskia.  Durinj;  his  residence  there,  he 
 expended  a  considerable  part  of  his  labors  west  of 
 the  Mississippi.  In  1828  he  removed  to  Jack.sonville. 
 He  was  deeply  interested  and  very  active  in  building 
 up  "an  Institution  of  learning  which  should  bless 
 the  West  for  all  time."  The  designs  which  resulted 
 in  the  Female  Seminary  at  .Jackson\"ille,  and  procured 
 its  beautiful  grounds,  were  formed  in  his  house. 
 This  Institution  continues  to  be  a  monument  in 
 honor  of  him  and  his  accomplished  wife.  His  pas- 
 torate in  Jacksonville  ended  in  1831. 
 
 Subsequently,  Mr.  Ellis  became  Secretary  of  the 
 Indiana  Education  Society,  and  while  so  engaged  took 
 an  active  part  in  the  "deliberations  which  resulted  in 
 the  foundation  of  Wabash  College,  at  Crawfordsville. 
 In  18.34  and  1835  he  served  the  Education  Society,  in 
 New  England.  Afterwards  he  entered  with  great 
 warmth  into  the  designs  for  the  aid  of  Marshall  Col- 
 lege, Mich.  Having  organized  a  church  at  Cirass 
 Lake,  he  became  its  pastor  in  1836,  preaching  in  a  log 
 meeting  house,  and  dwelling  in  a  log  cabin.  His 
 pari.sh  was  a  scene  of  constant  revivals.  In  1840  he 
 wa.s  settled  as  jiastor  of  the  Church  at  East  Hanover, 
 N.  H.,  and  in  1844  entered  the  service  of  the  Society 
 for  Promoting  Collegiate  and  Theological  Education 
 at  the  AVest,  in  which  he  continued  till  his  death, 
 August  6th,  1855.  Mr.  Ellis  was  a  C'alvinist  of  the 
 graver  tjT)e.  He  was  Stated  Clerk  of  his  Presbytery, 
 in  Illinois.  He  was  the  chief  agent  in  organizing  the 
 Presbytery  of  JIarshall,  and  was  its  first  Moderator. 
 
 Elmer,  Rev.  Daniel,  was  born  in  Fairfield, 
 Conn.,  in  1690,  and  graduated  at  Yale,  in  1713.  "  For 
 .some  time  he  carried  on  the  work  of  the  ministry  " 
 in  Brookfield,  JIass.,  which  he  left  before  1715. 
 ■\Miere  he  spent  the  next  twelve  years  is  not  known. 
 In  1728  he  settled  at  Fairfield,  in  Cohanzy,  West 
 Jersey.  In  this  region,  while  '\^^^itefield  was  preach- 
 ing, November  19th,  1740,  the  Holy  Spirit  came 
 down,  "  like  a  rushing  mighty  wind. "  Some  thous- 
 ands were  present,  and  the  whole  congregation  was 
 moved.  Mr.  Elmer's  congregation  di^^ded,  in  1741. 
 He  died,  .Tanuary  14th,  1755,  aged  si.xty-five  years, 
 and  his  remains  lie  buried  in  the  old  New  England 
 town  gra\*ryard. 
 
 Elmer,  Hon.  Jonathan,  son  of  Hon.  Theophilus 
 Elmer,  and  grandson  of  Eev.  Daniel  Elmer,  pastor  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  Fairfield,  N.  J.,  was  the 
 most  influential  man  in  Cumberland  county  and  in 
 South  .Jersey,  in  the  Revolutionary  period.  He  was 
 Ixiru  November  29th,  1745.  His  father  died  when  he 
 wa.s  sixteen  years  of  age,  but  he  continued  his  studies 
 under  the  instruction  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Ramsey.  He 
 was  graduated  a  doctor  of  medicine  at  the  University 
 of  Pennsylvania,  in  1771,  and  elected  the  next  year  a 
 member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society.      He 
 
 commenced  the  practice  of  medicine,  and  his  practice 
 soon  extended  bej'oud  the  county.  He  quickly 
 turned  his  attention  to  political  affairs,  raised  a  mili- 
 tary company,  was  active  in  the  Committee  of  Vigi- 
 lance, entered  the  Provincial  Congress  in  1776,  and 
 was  a  member  of  the  committee  that  formed  the  first 
 Constitution  of  the  State.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
 National  Congress  during  most  of  the  Revolution, 
 and  was  a  Medical  Inspector  of  the  Army.  After  the 
 establishment  of  Independence  he  was  two  years  in 
 the  National  House  of  Representatives,  and  then,  in 
 1789,  he  Wiis  elected  to  be  a  Senator  of  the  United 
 States.  He  became  an  intelligent  lawyer,  and  for 
 many  years,  until  near  the  close  of  his  life,  he  was  the 
 presiding  Judge  of  the  County  Court  of  Common 
 Pleas.  He  was  clerk  of  the  county  from  1776  to  1789, 
 and  Surrogate  from  1784  to  1802.  He  was  a  member 
 of  the  higher  branch  of  the  St;ite  Legislature  in  1780 
 and  in  1784,  President  of  the  State  Medical  Society 
 in  1787;  ordained  a  ruling  elder  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  1799.  He  resigned  his  Judgeship  in  1814. 
 He  died  September  3d,  1.^7.  The  foundation  of  his 
 greatness  and  worth  was  in  a  great  measure  laid  by 
 the  instructions  which  lis  received  from  the  ministers 
 of  God's  Word,  the  faithful  pastors  of  the  church  in 
 which  he  was  reared. 
 
 Elmer,  Rev.  Jonathan,  graduated  at  Yale,  in 
 1747,  and  was  ordained  by  New  York  Presbytery,  Pbr-vi^  » 
 liastor  at  New  Providence,  N.  J.,  in  October,  1750.  >"*•  '•"' 
 Of  the  first  forty  years  of  his  ministry  we  find  no 
 notice  beyond  the  fact  th.nt  lie  preached,  from  .Jere- 
 miah xliv,  4,  at  the  execution  of  Morgan,  the  Tory, 
 who  shot  Caldwell  in  cold  blood  on  Elizabethtown 
 Point.  He  resigned  his  charge  at  New  Providence, 
 October,  1793.  He  acted  as  stated  supply  at  Jlill- 
 stone,  and  occasionally  at  other  places,  and  died,  June 
 7th,  1807. 
 
 Elmer,  L.  Q.  C,  L.L.  D.,  was  one  of  the  most 
 distinguished  citizens  of  New  Jersey.  He  was  the 
 only  sou  of  General  Ebenezer  Elmer,  a  Revolutionary 
 patriot.  He  was  a  member  of  Congre.ss  fiom  1843  to 
 1845,  and  was  believed  to  be  the  oldest  living  ex- 
 member.  He  was  a  distinguished  jurist.  At  one 
 time  he  was  United  States  District  Attorney,  receiv- 
 ing his  appointment  from  President  Monroe.  Sub- 
 .sequentl.y  he  was  appointed  Attorney-General  of  New 
 Jersey,  and  he  was  for  many  years  a  member  of  the 
 Supreme  Court  of  New  Jersey,  retiring  from  the 
 Bench  in  1870,  on  account  of  advancing  years. 
 
 Judge  Elmer  was  the  author  of  "Elmer's  Digest 
 of  the  Laws  of  New  Jersey,"  also  "  Elmer's  Book  of 
 Law  Forms,"  "Reminiscences  of  the  Bench  and  Bar 
 of  New  Jersey,"  a  very  valuable  and  entertaining 
 work,  and  a  "  History  of  Cumberland  County,"  and 
 various  other  historical  collections.  At  the  time  of 
 his  decease  he  was  President  of  the  New  Jersey  So- 
 ciety of  the  Cincinnati.  His  father  was  also  President 
 of  this  Society  at  the  time  of  his  death,  in  1843,  and 
 was  the  last  survivor  of  the  original  members.  Judge 
 
ELY. 
 
 216 
 
 E3IERS0N. 
 
 Elmer  was  for  forty  years  a  Trustee  of  Princeton  Col- 
 lege, and  upon  his  resignation  was  succeeded  by  his 
 son-in-law,  Judge  John  T.  Nixon,  of  the  United 
 States  District  Court.  He  was  a  devout  Christian, 
 and  was  for  many  years  a  member  and  an  elder  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Britlgeton,  N/ J., 
 and  President  of  the  Cumberland  County  Bible  So- 
 ciety. He  died  at  his  home  in  Bridgeton,  March  11th, 
 1883,  aged  ninety  years. 
 
 Ely,  Prof.  Charles  "Wright,  A.  M.,  son  of 
 Elias  S.  and  Hester  (Wright)  Ely,  was  born  at  Jladi- 
 son.  Conn.,  March  14th,  1839.  His  earlier  years  were 
 spent  on  the  farm.  After  having  been  fitted  for 
 college  at  Guilford  Institute,  Guilford,  Conn.,  he 
 entered  Yale  College  in  1858,  and  graduated  in  18G'2. 
 In  October,  18fi3,  he  accepted  a  Professorship  in  the 
 Ohio  Institution  for  the  Education  of  the  Deaf  and 
 Dumb,  at  Columbus,  and  held  it  for  seven  years.  In 
 September,  1870,  he  became  Principal  of  the  Mary- 
 land School  for  Deaf  and  Dumb,  at  Frederick  City, 
 wliich  relation  has  continue  1  to  the  present  time, 
 with  every  prospect  of  indefinite  duration.  During 
 the  Fall  of  1882  he  was  elected  Superintendent  of  the 
 Ohio  Deaf  and  Dumb  Institution,  at  Columbus,  but 
 declined.  He  has  been  a  director  of  the  Young  Men's 
 Bible  Society  of  Frederick  county  for  over  eleven 
 years.  He  was  elected  and  ordained  a  ruling  elder 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Frederick  City,  JId., 
 in  .lanuary,  1872. 
 
 Prof  Ely  is  an  agreeable  and  judicious  man.  He 
 has  an  excellent  reputation,  as  an  educator  of  the 
 deaf  and  dumb.  He  combines  with  a  thorough 
 education  and  large  experience  that  decision  of  char- 
 acter and  forbearance  which  qualify  him  in  ah  emi- 
 nent degree  for  his  peculiar  work.  In  his  present 
 position  he  has  been  eminently  successful,  and  has 
 shown  administrative  abilities  of  a  high  order,  eom- 
 ))iued  with  l)road  and  comprehensive  views  of  the 
 work  of  educating  the  deaf  and  duml>  and  of  the 
 adaptation  of  the  best  methods  to  that  work.  He 
 discharges  his  duties  as  an  elder  with  great  wisdom, 
 efficiency  and  acceptableness. 
 
 Ely,  Dr.  Ezra  Styles,  was  born  in  Lebanon, 
 Conn.,  June  liJth,  178(5.  He  graduated  at  Yale  Col- 
 lege in  1803;  pursued  his  theological  studies  under 
 the  direction  of  his  father.  Rev.  Zebulon  Ely;  was 
 licensed  in  1804,  and  ordained,  by  West  Chester 
 Presbytery,  pastor  of  Colchester  (Congregational) 
 Church,  Connecticut,  in  1806.  He  was  taken  from 
 this  charge  to  act  as  Chaplain  to  the  New  York  City 
 Hospital.  In  1813  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
 Pine  Street  Church,  Philadelphia,  as  successor  of 
 Dr.  Alexander,  removed  to  Princeton,  l)nt  his  strong 
 anti-Hopkinsian  tenets  led  to  the  division  of  the 
 church.  His  activity  in  all  schemes  of  charity  and 
 benevolence  was  boundless.  Jefferson  Medical  Col- 
 lege owes  its  existence,  in  a  great  measure,  to  him,  as 
 one  of  its  Trustees,  for,  in  its  pecuniary  .straits,  he 
 bought  the  lot  and  erected   the   building  where  the 
 
 Institution  now  stands.  From  1825  until  1836  he 
 was  Stated  Clerk  of  the  General  A&sembly.  In  1828 
 he  was  chosen  Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly. 
 
 In  1834  his  enthusiasm  led  him  to  embark  as  an 
 active  patron  of  Marion  College,  in  Slissouri.  It  was 
 started  as  a  manual  labor  college,  and  the  products 
 I  of  the  land  belonging  to  tTie  institution  were  expected 
 to  defray  all  expenses.  A  large  number  of  students 
 was  collected,  but,  finally,  the  scheme  failed  of  suc- 
 cess. In  1844  Dr.  Ely  took  charge  of  the  Church  of 
 the  Northern  Liberties,  Philadelphia.  He  retained 
 this  post  till  struck  down  by  paralysis,  AugU.st,  1851. 
 His  death  occurred  June  18th,  1861. 
 
 Dr.  Ely  was  of  a  mercurial  temperament,  which 
 was  never  completely  overcome,  in  or  out  of  the 
 pulpit.  No  one  went  to  sleep  under  his  preaching. 
 It  has  been  estimated  that  he  was  the  means  of  the 
 conversion  of  two  thousand,  two  hundred  persons. 
 He  was  a  generous  and  open-handed  man.  There  is 
 good  reason  for  believing  that  his  benefactions  during 
 his  lifetime  amounted  to  nearly  §50,000. 
 
 His  publi-shed  works  were,  "Visits  of  Mercy," 
 "The  Contrast,"  "Collateral  Bible,"  Memorial  of 
 his  father,  Eev.  Zebulon  Ely,  and  the  religious 
 weekly.  The  PhUaddphian.  He  WTote,  also,  a  "  His- 
 tory of  the  Churches  of  Philadelphia."  whicli  is  in 
 manu.script,  and  unpublished. 
 
 Ely,  Rev.  G-eorge,  was  born  at  Trenton,  N.  J., 
 Januarj'  3d,  1808.  He  graduated  at  the  Uuiversity 
 of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  1833,  and  pursued  his  theo- 
 logical course  at  Princeton  Seminary.  He  was 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick, 
 April  29th,  1840,  and  was  pastor  of  Nottingham 
 (now  Hamilton)  Square  and  Duteh  Neck,  N.  J., 
 1840-56.  He  died  at  Hartsville,  Pa.,  August  14th, 
 1856.  Mr.  Ely  was  a  fluent  and  forcible  speaker.  He 
 preached  earnestly  and  impressively,  and  was  ardently 
 devoted  to  his  work  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel.  His 
 Christian  consistenej'  and  pastoral  fidelity  won  for 
 him  the  affectionate  regard  of  the  congregations 
 which  .so  long  enjoyed  his  labors. 
 
 Emerson,  Daniel  Hopkins,  D.D.,  was  a  son  of 
 the  Rev.  Brown  Emer.son,  D.  D.  He  was  born  in 
 Salem,  Mass.,  January  23d,  1810;  graduated  at  Dart- 
 mouth College,  and  studied  theology  at  Andover  and 
 New  Haven,  after  which  he  spent  three  years  as 
 teacher  of  a  Young  Ladies'  Seminar}-,  in  Richmond, 
 Va.  He  was  first  settled  as  pastor  in  Northborough, 
 Mass.,  being  ordained,  October  19th,  1836.  In  1841 
 he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  East  Whiteland,  Chester  county.  Pa.,  and  also 
 preached  once  in  four  weeks  in  Downingtown.  May 
 17th,  1846  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  in  York,  Pa.,  and  resigned  the  charge  in  1S55. 
 The  same  year  he  was  settled  as  pastor  at  St.  George's, 
 Del.,  and  continued  in  this  relation  until  1868.  In 
 1869  he  became  pastor  of  the  Eastburn  Mariners' 
 Church,  Pliiladelphia;  in  1873  was  elected  General 
 Secretarv    of  the   Y.  M.  C.  A.,  of  Oswego,  N.  Y. ;    in 
 
EMEFSOX. 
 
 211 
 
 ENGLISH. 
 
 1878  became  Missionary  of  the  Howard  Mission  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Chui'ch,  Philadelphia,  and  in 
 1880  became  Missionary  of  that  Church.  He  died, 
 July  Cth,  1883.  Dr.  Emerson  was  a  gentleman  of 
 cultiu'e,  an  excellent  writer,  an  in.structive  preacher, 
 and  willing  to  serve  the  Master  wherever  a  door  of 
 usefulness  was  opened 
 
 Emerson,  Bev.  Luther,  was  a  native,  of  Massa- 
 chusetts, and  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Emerson, 
 eminent  as  a  minister,  author  and  teacher.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Amherst  College,  with  high  standing  in  his 
 class,  and  pursued  his  theological  studies  at  Andovcr 
 Seminary,  where  his  uncle,  the  Kev.  Ralph  Emer- 
 son, D.  D.,  was  Profe.s.sor  of  Ecclesiastical  History. 
 After  being  licensed  by  an  Association  of  Congrega- 
 tional Ministers  in  his  native  State,  he  went  to  Vir- 
 ginia in  feeble  health,  and  spent  some  time  teaching 
 in  Amherst  and  Albemarle  counties.  He  subse- 
 quently removed  to  Highland  county,  where  he  was 
 ordained  and  installed  piustor  of  Pisgah  and  Goshen 
 churches,  by  Lexington  Presbytery.  Here  he  re- 
 mained some  eight  years,  jireaehing  the  gospel,  and 
 was  also  the  Principal  of  a  Female  School  of  high 
 grade.  He  was  called  thence  to  take  charge  of  She- 
 mariah  Church,  and  settled  there  in  1852.  Here  he 
 remained  till  the  time  of  his 'death,  February  9th, 
 1867,  in  the  fifty-sixth  year  of  his  age,  a  foithful  and 
 diligent  pa.stor;  and  here  the  Academy  at  that  place 
 {though  he  did  not  teach  in  it),  flourished,  under  his 
 genera!  superintendence.  The  Presbytery,  in  its 
 obituary  notice  of  Mr.  Emer.son,  refers  to  him  as  "a 
 brother  faithful  and  beloved." 
 
 Engles,  Joseph  Patterson,  the  son  of  SUas 
 and  Annie  (Patterson)  Engles,  w.ts  born  in  Philadel- 
 phia, Pa.,  January  3d,  1793,  and  graduated  at  the 
 University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1811.  In  1813  he  was 
 appointed  co-master  of  the  Grammar  school  of  that 
 institution.  In  1817  he  was  associated  with  Samuel 
 B.  Wylie,  D.D.,  in  conducting  an  aca<lemy,  and,  after 
 Dr.  Wylie's  withdrawal  from  it,  it  was  under  his 
 sole  charge  for  tsventy-eight  years.  In  February, 
 1845,  Mr.  Engles  was  elected  by  the  Board  of  Pub- 
 lication as  its  Publishing  Agent,  and  in  this  position 
 realized  the  expectations  of  the  friends  of  the  Board. 
 He  was  an  elder  in  the  Scots  Presbyterian  Church 
 ■until  the  time  of  his  death,  April  14th,  1861.  He  was 
 a  gentleman  of  varied  literary  acquirements,  and  of 
 signal  affability  and  kindness.  The  spiritual  element 
 of  his  character  was  jire-eminent;  it  entered  into  his 
 daily  life  and  walk,  it  permeated  all  he  said  and  did; 
 to  visit  the  widow  and  the  fatherless,  and  keep  him- 
 self unspotted  from  the  world,  was  his  earnest  desire, 
 and  fully  was  it  realized. 
 
 Engles,  Rev.  ■William  M.,  D.D.,  was  born  in 
 Philadelphia,  October  12th,  1797.  He  graduated  at 
 the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1815,  studied 
 theology  with  Dr.  S.  B.  Wylie,  and  was  licensed  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  October  18th,  1818. 
 July  6th,  1820,  he  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Seventh 
 
 or  Tabernacle  Church,  in  Ranstead  Court,  afterwards 
 famousas  the  scene  of  the  disruption.  Here  his  ministry 
 was  faithful  and  successful,  but  in  1834  he  was  obliged 
 to  resign,  on  account  of  a  diseased  throat.  From  the 
 pulpit  he  stepped  into  the  editorial  chair,  succeeding 
 Dr.  James  W.  Alexander  as  editor  of  the  "  Presbi/- 
 terian,"  in  which  post  he  continued  for  thirty-three 
 years.  Under  his  supervision  the  paper  attained  an 
 increased  circulation  and  a  high  reputation  as  the 
 leading  organ  of  the  Old  School  party.  In  Jlay, 
 1838,  he  was  appointed  editor  of  the  Board  of  Publi- 
 cation, which  post  he  held  for  twenty-five  years.  In 
 1840,  he  was  cho.sen  moderator  of  the  CJeneral  Assem- 
 bly, Old  Sc'hool;  and  then  filled  the  office  of  stated 
 clerk  for  six  years.  His  death  occurred  November 
 27th,  1867. 
 
 Dr.  Engles  owed  his  reputation  more  to  his  pen  than 
 to  his  pulpit  efforts.  He  was  too  quiet  and  didactic 
 to  be  a  popular  preacher.  But  to  say  nothing  of  his 
 editorial  success,  to  him  the  Board  of  Publication  was 
 more  indebted  than  to  any  other  individual,  accord- 
 ing to  its  mvn  acknowledgment.  He  took  an  active 
 part  in  its  inception  and  progress.  He  not  only  res- 
 cued from  oblivion  various  valuable  works,  in  danger 
 of  becoming  obsolete,  but  added  to  the  Board's  issues 
 a  number  of  treatises  from  his  own  prolific  pen.  As 
 these  were  published  anonymously,  they  cannot  here 
 be  specified.  Mention,  however,  may  be  made  of  the 
 little  volume,  entitled,  "Sick  Room  Devotions," 
 which  has  proved  of  inestimable  service,  and  "The 
 Soldiers'  Pocket  Book,"  of  which  three  hundred 
 thousand  cojjies  were  circulated  during  the  war. 
 
 English,  Rev.  James  Theodore,  son  of  James 
 and  Alice  (Conover)  English,  was  born  at  English- 
 town,  Monmouth  county,  N.  J.,  October  31st,  1810. 
 In  his  youth  he  attended  with  his  parents  the  Old 
 Tennent  Church,  of  which  he  early  became  a  member. 
 He  was  a  graduate  of  Union  College  and  Princeton 
 Theological  Seminary,  and  in  1837  was  ordained  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Elizabeth.  After  supplying  the 
 Church  at  Liberty  Corners,  N.  J.,  for  a  year,  he  was 
 installed  its  pastor,  -where  he  spent  thirty-five  years 
 in  faithful  pastoral  service  till  his  death.  May  17th, 
 1873.  During  the  first  year  of  his  labors  there,  over 
 thirty  were  added  to  the  Church,  which  continued  to 
 prosper,  several  revivals  occurring  under  his  earnest 
 ministrations.  He  died  greatly  beloved  and  revered 
 by  his  people.  Few  pastorates  have  been  more  suc- 
 cessful. Of  him  it  could,  with  special  fitness,  be 
 said,  "  He  was  faithful  unto  death." 
 
 English,  Rev.  Thomas  Reese,  A.M.,  son  of 
 Robert  and  Elizabeth  (Wilson)  Eugli.sh,  was  born  in 
 Sumter  county,  S.  C,  September  1st,  1806.  He 
 received  his  literary  trainirig  at  South  Carolina 
 College,  where  he  took  a  high  stand,  but  left  shortly 
 before  graduation.  He  entered  upon  the  s,tady  of 
 law,  during  which  time  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
 the  State  Legislature.  Shortly  ^fter  experiencing  a 
 change  of  heart  he  began  the  study  of  theology  under 
 
EXGLISH  VERSIOX. 
 
 218 
 
 EXGLISH  VERSIOX. 
 
 the  direction  of  the  Rev.  James  McEwen,  of  South 
 Carolina.  He  was  licensed  by  Harmony  Presbyteiy, 
 in  the  Fall  of  1832,  and  in  May,  1833,  was  ordained 
 and  in.stalledx)astor  of  Hopewell  Church.  With  the 
 e.Kceptlon  of  six  months,  .spent  as  stated  supply  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Columbia,  Term.,  his 
 whole  ministerial  life,  covering  a  period  of  thirty-six 
 years,  Wii.s  spent  in  the  bounds  of  Harmony  Presby- 
 tery, where  he  served,  at  different  times,  in  a  greater 
 or  less  degree,  almost  every  church  in  the  Presbytery. 
 From  18.58  to  1865  he  was  engaged  in  the  evangel- 
 istic work;  and  from  186.5  until  his  death,  which 
 occurred  April  11th,  1869,  he  supplied  the  churches 
 of  Pine  Tree,  Turkey  Creek,  Lj'nchburg  and  Beulah, 
 preaching  to  two  of  them  each  Sabbath,  though  widely 
 .separated. 
 
 Jlr.  English  was  a  man  of  ardent  temperament  and 
 greiit  determination,  and  those  difficulties  wliich  cool 
 the  ardor  of  most  men  were  but  fuel  to  the  flames  of 
 zeal  wliich  burned  in  his  brea.st  and  eventually  con- 
 sumed him.  His  chosen  field  was  among  the  poor 
 and  destitute,  by  whom  his  name  is  still  revered,  and 
 his  memory  held  precious.  It  was  as  an  evangelist 
 that  he  achieved  his  greatest  success,  giving  an  im- 
 petus and  direction  to  that  work  which  still  remain, 
 and  leaving  quite  a  number  of  churches,  wliich  date 
 back  their  origin  to  his  lal)ors,  as  memorials  of  his 
 self-Siicrificing  eftbrts.  As  a  preacher,  he  was  inde- 
 pendent in  thought,  earnest  and  often  impressive;  as 
 a  Pre-sbyter,  influential  and  discreet.  He  was  an 
 ardent  patriot,  and,  while  eschewing  politics,  he  was 
 the  counsellor  and  leader  of  his  fellow  citizens  in 
 every  time  of  public  danger,  and  in  his  death  lioth 
 Church  and  State  suffered  loss. 
 
 English  Version  of  the  Bible.  The  Scrip- 
 tures were  originally  written  upon  rollsof  parchment, 
 similar,  probably,  to  those  which  are  to  be  seen  in  the 
 holy  place  of  Jewi.sh  synagogues  at  the  present  day. 
 These  manuscripts  were  copied  with  the  utmost  care. 
 Many  versions  of  them  wen^  made  from  the  original 
 Hebrew  and  Greek  into  other  tongues.  The  various 
 nianu.scripts  which  have  come  down  to  the  present 
 day  all  agree  essentially  in  their  contents.  This  is 
 admitted  both  by  believers  and  unbe!iever.s. 
 
 liy  whom,  and  at  wliat  time,  Christianity  was  first 
 introduced  into  the  British  Isles,  cannot  now  be  as- 
 certained with  any  degree  of  precision.  It  is  certain, 
 however,  that  many  manuscript  cojjies  of  tlie  Scrij)- 
 tures,  or  parts  of  Scripture,  in  the  Saxon  tongue, 
 existed  at  a  very  early  date.  One  translation  of  the 
 Psalms  is  a.scribed  to  King  Alfred.  For  several  cen- 
 turies after  this,  the  general  reading  of  the  Bible  was 
 prohibited  ))y  the  Pajial  See,  whose  supremacy  was 
 then  felt  and  acknowledged. 
 
 The  first  translations  of  the  Bible  into  English 
 were  previous  to  the  invention  of  printing.  They 
 were  the  result  of  incalculable  labor  and  expense  of 
 time.  Transcripts  were  obtained  with  great  ilillirulty, 
 and  being   rare,   were  purchased  at  a  price   which 
 
 seems  to  us  incredible.  The  monks,  who  emploj-ed 
 their  time,  in  lone  seclusion,  in  executingthe.se  beau- 
 tiful nianu.scriiit  copies  of  the  word  of  God,  knew  not 
 for  what  vast  anil  glorious  results  they  were  labor- 
 ing— like  the  electric  chain,  unconscious  itself  of  the 
 tremendous  power  it  is  transmitting  to  others. 
 
 The  whole  Bible  was  translated  into  English,  but 
 not  iirinted,  in  the  fourteenth  centuiw,  by  AVicklifl'e. 
 Great  efforts  were  made  by  the  dignitaries  of  Church 
 and  Stiite  to  suppress  this  translation.  A  decree  was 
 issued  prohibiting  all  from  tran.slatingor  reading  any 
 English  version  of  the  Bible.  Great  persecutions 
 I  arose.  Many  were  punished  severely,  and  some  put 
 I  to  death,  for  reading  the  Scriptures  in  English. 
 
 But  the  day  had  begun  to  dawn.  It  was  not  in  the 
 power  of  man  to  rollbackthe  "living  wheels  "  which 
 the  Prophet  saw.  A  child  may  put  in  motion  the 
 nicely-poised  rocking  stone ;  but  the  arm  of  a  giant 
 cannot  stay  it.  The  art  of  printing  was  invented. 
 The  Keforniation  had  commenced.  Luther  and  his 
 coadjutors  had  lifted  up  their  voices,  and  Europe  was 
 beginning  to  shake  with  the  volcanic  fires  which  were 
 rumbling  beneath  her. 
 
 William  Tindal  was  among  the  first  in  England  to 
 catch  the  spirit  of  the  Reformers  ;  and  to  him  are  we 
 indebted  for  the  first  printed  translation  of  any  part 
 of  the  Bible  in  the  English  language.  In  order  to 
 accomplish  his  holy  work,  he  left  his  Order  in  the 
 church  and  retired  from  his  native  land.  Nearly  all 
 the  copies  of  this  work  which  found  their  way  to 
 England  were  publicly  burned,  by  authority;  and  all 
 who  were  su.spected  of  possessing  and  concealing  any 
 copies  were  disgraced,  fined  and  punished.  And  let 
 it  be  held  in  remembrance  by  us,  enjoying  without 
 fear  or  molestation,  as  we  do,  the  fruits  of  those 
 labors,  that  tlie  man  wlio  first  printed  any  part  of  the 
 Word  of  God  in  our  mother  tongue  was  himself 
 strangled  to  death  and  his  body  burned  for  his 
 temerity  ;  praying,  with  his  dying  breath,  in  the  true 
 spirit  of  his  Sa^^ou^,  "  Lord,  open  the  king  of  Eng- 
 land's eyes." 
 
 The  first  printed  tran.slation  of  the  ichnle  Jiihle  w;us 
 
 by  Coverdale,  and  was  probably  published  at  Zurich, 
 
 in  Switzerland,  the  last  page  bearing  the.se  words: — 
 
 "  Pnjnted  in  the  ycare  of  our  Lordc,  1.535,  and  fynished 
 
 the  fourth  day  of  October." 
 
 Versions  of  the  Scriptun-s  were  now  multiplied, 
 copies  circulated,  and  the  power  of  God  began  to  be 
 felt.  But  as  yet  there  w;us  no  common  standard.  To 
 other  times  was  reserved  the  emission  of  that  version 
 of  the  Sacred  Text  wliich  we  now  possess,  and  which, 
 we  believe,  is  destined  to  staiul  to  the  end  of  time,  as 
 one  of  the  most  splendid  monuments  of  scholarship 
 and  success  the  world  lias  ever  seen.  This  version  of 
 the  Scriptures  generally  passes  by  the  name  of  King 
 James'  Bible,  during  who.se  reign,  and  at  who.se  in- 
 stance, the  translation  was  undertaken,  and  to  whom 
 it  is  dedicated.  It  is  an  intensely  interesting  (|uestion 
 to  every   Christian,  "How  mucli  evidence  have  we 
 
EXGLISJr  VEESION. 
 
 21'J 
 
 EXGLISH  ]-EBSIOy. 
 
 that  this  is  a  correcttranslationof  the  word  of  God?" 
 As  this  is  the  version  universally  received  by  Pro- 
 testants, -wherever  the  English  language  is  spoken, 
 and  there  exists  no  probability  that  any  other  will 
 ever  supersede  it,  a  few  remarks,  in  passing,  upon  this 
 point,  may  not  be  inappropriate. 
 
 1.  It  is  worthy  of  remark,  in  the  first  place,  that 
 the  Word  of  God,  in  the  original,  is  so  remarkably  : 
 distinct,  intelligible  and  obvious  in  its  import  that  no 
 translator,  possessing  a  tolerable  knowledge  of  the 
 original,  and  aiming  to  give  a  correct  version  of  it, 
 can  possibly  foil  of  finding  there  all  the  substantial 
 doctrines  of  the  gospel — all  that  is  necessary  to  salvation. 
 There  are  some  human  faces  and  many  scenes  in 
 nature  so  peculiar  and  striking  that  the  rudest 
 attempt  to  sketch  them  cannot  tail  to  convey  some 
 idea  of  the  original.  Let  a  thousand  artists,  of  every 
 variety  of  bilent  and  skill,  undertake  to  paint  the 
 foce  and  form  of  our  immortal  Washington,  and,  in 
 all  their  productions,  from  the  finished  and  almost 
 breathing  pictures  of  Stewart  and  Peale,  down  to  the 
 rudest  eflbrt  of  village  skill,  there  will  be  a  con- 
 vergence of  resemblance  to  one  and  the  same  original, 
 that  cannot  fail  to  strike  the  most  superficial  ob- 
 server. Or  let  them  attempt  to  sketch  the  same 
 bold  and  lofty  mountain,  peculiar  in  its  form, 
 striking  in  its  outline — one  may  present  a  picture 
 with  the  last  touchings  and  finishings  of  skUl,  but 
 in  all  you  wUl  see  a  substantial  resemblance  to  an 
 object  so  prominent  and  peculiar.  So  let  a  thousand 
 men,  possessing  the  least  claims  to  scholarship,  of 
 heterogeneous  halnts  and  prejudices,  undertake  to 
 give  a  translation  of  the  original  Scriptures,  and  on  all 
 substantial  jmints  there  will  be  such  an  obvious  resem- 
 blance that  none  can  mistake,  and  he  that  runneth 
 may  read— just  as  the  eye  catches  the  outline  of  the 
 vast  and  lofty  mountain. 
 
 Men  of  every  character  and  nation  agree  in  finding 
 the  same  obvious  and  fundamental  truths  in  the 
 Bible.  Infidel  scholars  even  have  been  forced  to 
 acknowledge  that  they  were  there,  while  they  have 
 denied  their  divine  origin.  Errorists  of  every  name 
 have  admitted  that  these  same  declarations  were  in 
 the  sacred  text,  and  then  have  resorted  to  notes  and 
 comments  to  explain  them  away.  The  following 
 sentence,  from  the  writings  of  Chrysostom,  one  of 
 the  early  Fathers  of  the  Church,  not  only  expresses 
 the  same  sentiment,  but  confirms  our  preceding 
 assertion  that  the  Scriptures  existed  iu  Britain  at  a 
 very  early  period :  ' '  Though  thou  visitest  the  ocean 
 and  the  British  Islands,  though  thou  sailest  to  the 
 Euxine  Sea,  and  travelest  to  the  Southern  regions, 
 tlioii  shalt  hear  all  men,  everywhere,  reading  out  of 
 the  Scriptures  ;  with  another  voice,  indeed,  but  not 
 with  another  faith  ;  in  a  different  language,  but  mth 
 the  same  understanding."  In  a  word,  no  man  has 
 ever  been  able  to  maintain  any  reputation  as  a 
 classical  scholar  who  has  departed  far  from  that  ob- 
 vious meaning  of  the  Scriptures  which  is  to  be  found 
 
 in  every  version.  So  bold,  and  obvious,  and  deep- 
 chiseled  are  these  truths,  that  they  can,  by  no  pro- 
 cess, be  sunk  below  the  surface,  and  another  false,  far- 
 fetched and  unnatural  construction  nuide  to  take 
 their  place.  This  is  a  feature  in  the  original  .structure 
 of  that  book  which  came  forth  from  God.  We  should 
 have  been  led  to  expect  it,  from  what  we  know  of  the 
 character  and  intentions  of  its  Author.  Revelation 
 is  a  gift  of  light ;  it  cannot  thicken  and  multiply  our 
 perplexities.  The  teacher  of  infinite  wisdom  cannot 
 expose  those  whom  he  would  teach  to  infinite  error. 
 He  will  rather  sui-pass  all  other  instructors  in  liriug- 
 ing  down  truth  to  our  apprehensions.  In  the  lan- 
 guage of  Milton,  ' '  The  very  essence  of  truth  is  plain- 
 ness and  brightness;  the  darkness  and  crookedness 
 are  our  own.  The  Scriptures  protest  their  own  plain- 
 ness and  perspicuity,  calling  to  be  instructed,  not 
 only  the  wise  and  learned,  but  the  simple,  the  poor, 
 babes  and  sucklings." 
 
 2.  But  the  version  we  possess  claims  the  hii/kest 
 character  for  accuracy,  and  that  claim  is  founded  on 
 the  number  and  qualification  of  those  wJio  made  it  ;  the 
 manner  in  irhich  they  executed  if  ;  and  the  circumstances 
 of  the  times  in  which  they  liced. 
 
 The  men  appointed  for  this  important  labor  were 
 fifty-four  in  number,  all  of  them  pre-eminently  dis- 
 tinguished for  piety  and   profound  learning  in  the 
 original  languages  of  the  sacred  text.     Seven  of  them 
 deceased,  or  declined  the  task,  before  the  commence- 
 ment of  the  work;    and  the   remaining  forty-seven 
 were  divided  into  six  classes,  from  ten  to  seven  in 
 each.     To  each  of  these  classes  was  assigned  a  certain 
 portion  of  the  Scriptures.     Each  and  every  individual 
 iu  that  department  translated  this  portion  by  himself. 
 These  several  translations  were  subsequently  read  by 
 the  whole  division,  who  together  agreed   upon  the 
 final  reading.     The  portion,  thus   finished,  was  sent 
 to  each  of  the  other  divisions,  again  to  be  revised;  by 
 which  arrangement  every  part  of  the  Bible  passed  the 
 scrutiny  of  all  the  forty-seven  translators  successively. 
 Furthermore,   these  translators  were  empowered  to 
 call  to  their  aid  any  learned  men  whose  studies  en- 
 abled them  to  shed  light  on  points  of  difdculty.     The 
 completion  of  this  holy  work  occupied  about  three 
 years.     The  lives  of  all  the  venerable  men  who  com- 
 menced it,  were  spared  to  witness  its  successful  close. 
 One  circumstance  in  the  aspect  of  the  times  in  which 
 this  version  was  made  deserves  our  special  attention, 
 aflbrding,  as  it  does,  another  most  satisfactory  testi- 
 mony to  its  impartiality.     Protestantism  was  then 
 one,  and  homogeneous;  or,  if  not  absolutely  so,  more 
 nearly  than  at  any  after  period.     It  was  not  yet  sun- 
 dered,   and   divided    into  sects  and    parties.      The 
 friends  of  truth  were  all  occupied  in  opposition  to 
 one  mighty  error — to  a  common  enemy — -and  had  not 
 yet  found  time  or  disposition  to  attack  one  another, 
 and  build  up  distinct  and  divided  interests.     Hence 
 there  existed  no  temptation  on  the  part  of  the  trans- 
 lators to  impress  upon  their  work'  a  single  sectarian 
 
ESGLISU  VERtilON. 
 
 220 
 
 EXGLISH  VERSIOX. 
 
 feature.  In  this  respect,  eert.iinly,  it  may  be  pro- 
 nounced incapable  of  amendment.  Any  one  can  see 
 that  it  would  be  difficult,  it  not  impossible,  to  make 
 a  tran.slation,  in  the  day  in  which  we  live,  when  so 
 many  unhappy  divisions  and  secfciriau  jealousies 
 exist,  which  would  conciliate  the  favor  and  secure 
 the  confidence  of  all,  and  be  cheerfully  acknowledged 
 a.s  the  common  stiindard.  But  so  it  happened,  in  the 
 kind  providence  of  God,  that  the  received  version 
 was  made  just  in  that  auspicious  moment  of  jjcace 
 and  union  among  ProU'stants,  which  has  secured  its 
 adoption  by  all  as  the  common  standard.  None 
 have  charged  it  with  partiality,  as  favoring  this  or 
 that  sect,  for  the  good  reason  that  these  sects  and 
 partialities  did  not  then  exist.  Men  may  now  differ 
 in  their  construciion  of  particular  passages,  but  we 
 know  of  no  Denomination  which  has  generally  ex- 
 pressed a  desire  for  a  new  and  different  version. 
 Men  may  differ  in  the  construction  which  tluy  put 
 upon  the  Constitution  of  their  country,  but  to  give 
 up  the  Constitution  itself,  and  undertake  to  form 
 another  out  of  present  discordant  and  heterogeneous 
 materials,  is  a  point  es.sentially  different  in  its  nature, 
 and,  perhaps,  impracticable  in  its  execution. 
 
 Nothing  which  diligence,  circumspection,  scholar- 
 ship, love  of  truth,  and  prayer,  could  avail,  w:us  want- 
 ing to  perfect  this  version  of  the  Word  of  God.  It  is 
 what  it  professes  to  be,  a  translation,  not  a  para]ihr:use; 
 each  word  and  expression  corresponding  to  the 
 original.  T\Tiat  has,  by  some,  been  deemed  a  defect, 
 is  in  fact  a  great  excellence  in  our  translation;  it  pre- 
 serves, as  far  as  possible,  the  very  idiom  of  the 
 original,  the  ])eculiarities  of  Oriental  diction;  thus 
 proving  that  the  men  who  ma<le  it  understood  what 
 was  the  best  style  of  translation — tliat  which,  like 
 a  transparent  glass,  is  not  .seen  it.self  l)ut  showsevery- 
 thing  which  is  beytmd  it. 
 
 Our  version  of  the  Scriptures  is  pun-  English.  Its 
 words  are  of  Saxon  origin.  Those  venerable  trans- 
 lators had  not  aciiuired  the  modern  taste  for  lan- 
 guage of  foreign  extraction.  They  used  the  language 
 which  belonged  to  their  own  soil.  They  have 
 demoiistrate<l  its  wonderful  re.s(nirces  and  i)owers. 
 They  have  contributed  much  to  lix  our  language  and 
 save  it  from  ])rematur('  and  univiTsal  corrui)tion. 
 It  is  an  inti-rcs1ing  fact  that  the  nu-n  who  have  done 
 the  most  to  corrupt  the  ICnglish  language  have  been 
 the  least  familiar  with  the  English  Bible. 
 
 It  is  sometimes  said  that  modern  a<lvances  in 
 knowledge  of  the  original  Scriptures  hiive  Iwen  so 
 great,  that  many  errors  liave  been  detected  in  the 
 present  version.  And  so  much  has  bicn  said  to  this 
 effect,  studiously,  habitually  and  ii\iudiciousIy.  as  we 
 must  think,  by  .sonui  of  good  intenticuis,  that  much 
 has  already  bicu  dime  toward  shaking  general  con- 
 li<leuee  in  its  fidelity.  Let  it  be. understood,  however, 
 that  such  assertions  do  not  refer  to  anything  im- 
 portant or  essential  to  salvation,  but  exclusively,  to 
 minuter  points  and  more  delicate  shades  of  criticism. 
 
 With  regard  to  this  subject,  we  would  remark,  that  it 
 is  not  absolutely  certain  that  th>'  present,  so-called, 
 "  enlightened  age, "  is  so  far  in  advance  of  other  times, 
 in  profound  learning  of  the  original  Scriptures,  as  the 
 claims  of  some  would  lead  us  to  believe.    It  is  as  true 
 in  reference  to  generations,  as  to  individuals,  that  to 
 be  inordinately  self-complacent  is  nearly  the  same 
 thing  :is  being  pitiably  superficial.      Keverence  for 
 tin?  old  is  an  original  elenunt  of  a  good  and  great 
 mind.     To  undervalue  the  wisdom  of  those  w  ho  have 
 gone  before  us,  and  to  overrate  our  own,  is  one  of  the 
 surest  signs  of  ignorance.     But,  unhappily,  our  ears 
 are  too  familiar  with  language  of  such  import.     One 
 would  think,   from  all  that  is  said  about  modem 
 advances  in  knowledge,  and  ' '  discoveries  in  religion, ' ' 
 :  that  our  tiithers  were  involved  in  melanclioly  ignor- 
 ance and  errors,   and   that  the   present   age,   like  a 
 certain  divinity  in  Grecian   mythology,  '"had  1)een 
 hatched  from  the  egg  of  Xight,  and,  all  of  a  sudden, 
 had  spread  its  radiant  wings  on  the  primeval  dark- 
 ness,"    It  is  an   interesting  circumstance,  in  con- 
 nection with  our    subject,    that  during  that    long 
 period  of  more  than  a  thousand  years  of  general  dark- 
 ness, there  was  in  Kngland,  in  each  century,  e.xcept- 
 ing  the  fifth  and  sixth,  some  one  or  more  scholars 
 pre-eminent  for  knowledge  of  the  Hebrew  language. 
 At  the  period  when  the  first    English   translations 
 were  printed,  such  examples,  instead  of  being  few, 
 like  a  star  here  and  there  in  a  cloudy  sky,  were  so 
 numerous  as  to  form  an   illustrious  constellation, 
 whose  light  has  reached  our  own  age.     Neither  was 
 !  this  knowledge  confined  to  one  sex.     A  celebrated 
 historian  of  that  perit)d  renuirks,  in  language  some- 
 what  quaint   and   antiquated,    that   "many  of  the 
 daughters  of  nobility  and  (juality  were  not  only  as 
 familiarly  traded  in  the  Latin  and  Greek  tongues  as 
 I  in  their  own,  but,  also,  in  the  Holy  Scriptures  were  so 
 ripe   that  they  were   able,    aptly,    and  with  much 
 grace,  to  translate  them  into  the  vulgar  tongue,  for 
 the  public  inspection,  and  edifying  of  the  unlearned 
 multitude."     And  he  adds,  "  It  is  now  no  news  in 
 England   for   inmates  of  noble    houses  willingly  to 
 set  all  other  vain  pastinu'S  at  nought  for  learning's 
 sake — to    have   continually   in    their    hands    either 
 I)salms,  homilies,  or  Paul's  epistles,  and  as  familiarly 
 to  re;id  or  reason  thereof  in  Greek,  Latin  or  French, 
 as  in  English."     With  all  due  gratitude  for  present 
 facilities  for  tUffuKing  knowledge,  it  would  be  well 
 for  us  to  bear  in  mind  that  many  of  our  fathers  were, 
 from  their  youth  uj),  familiar  with  the  original  Serii>- 
 tures,  and  that  in  generations  long  since  jxissed  away 
 .some  of  the  venerable  ministers  of  Christ  were  wont 
 to  read,   morning  and  evening,  at  the  family  altar, 
 out   of    the    Greek    ami    Helirew   Scriptures.     That 
 knowledge   is    more    generally   diffu.sed   among  all 
 dassi's,  and  less  exclusively  confined  to  the  few,  in 
 our  day,  all  will  allow;  but  that  other  times  were  -so 
 far  dclicient  in  accurate  and  familiar  knowledge  of 
 the  original  Scriptures  as  to  justify  the  belief  that 
 
EBSKIXE. 
 
 221 
 
 EVA. 
 
 any  eswential  improveinents  will  ever  Ije  made  in  the 
 present  version,  demands  a  serious  doubt. 
 
 It  is  admitted  on  all  hands  that  the  received  Eng- 
 lish version  of  the  Bible  far  excels  every  other  transla- 
 tion. It  may  be  relied  on  as  giving  a  full,  clear  and 
 accurate  exhibition  of  the  mind  of  God.  The  illiter- 
 ate man  who  readss  it  with  docility  and  faith  may 
 obtain  just  as  correct  information  of  all  that  is  requi-  ! 
 site  for  .salvation,  a.s  the  most  profound  and  critical 
 scholar  the  world  has  ever  seen.  ^Vliile  we  would 
 most  earnestly  encourage  every  elfort  on  the  jjart  of 
 all  who  have  it  in  their  power  to  prosecute  the  study 
 of  the  Scriptures,  in  their  original  tongues — while  we 
 feel  that  the  C'hurcli  has  a  riglit  to  exjiect  this  of  those 
 who  are  set  for  the  defence  of  the  gospel,  we  are  very  | 
 sure  that  the  result  of  all  such  investigations  will  be 
 to  heighten  confidence  in  the  present  version,  and  fill 
 the  heart  with  unfeigned  gratitude  to  God,  for  that 
 blessed  book  which  we  now  enjoy,  and  which,  for 
 more  than  two  centuries,  ha.s  been  pouring  its  light 
 and  consolation  wherever  the  English  tongue  is 
 spoken.  Let  science  toil,  and  diligence  labor  in  ori- 
 ginal investigation,  for  the  Hebrew  Scriptures  are  a 
 mine  of  solid  and  inexhaustible  gold,  where  giants 
 may  dig  for  ages  ;  let  literature  hold  up  her  torch, 
 and  cast  all  possible  light  upon  the  sacred  text;  but 
 we  must,  and  ever  shall,  deprecate  any  wanton  at- 
 tacks ujiou  onr  received  version,  an3'  gratuitous 
 attempts  to  supersede  it  by  a  new  and  diflerent  trans- 
 lation. It  is  the  Bible  which  our  godly  fathers  have 
 read,  and  over  which  they  have  wept  and  prayed.  It 
 is  tlie  GOOD  OLD  English  Bible,  with  which  are 
 associated  all  our  earliest  recollections  of  religion. 
 As  such  let  it  go  down  UBchanged  to  the  latest  pos- 
 terit}-.  "V\"e  give  it  in  charge  to  coming  generations, 
 and  bid  them  welcome  to  all  the  blessings  it  has  con- 
 veyed to  us.  It  is  our  fervent  prayer,  that  the  light 
 of  the  resurrection  morning  may  shine  on  the  very 
 book  which  we  now  read  ;  that  we  may  then  behold 
 again  the  familiar  face  of  our  own  Bible,  the  very  same 
 which  we  read  in  our  childhood. —  William  Adams,  D.  D. 
 
 Erskine,  Ebenezer,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Dela- 
 ware county.  Pa.,  .January  31st,  1821.  He  graduated 
 at  Jeflbrsou  College,  Pa.,  in  1843;  studied  theology  at 
 Princeton  Seminary,  and  was  ordained  by  the  Pres- 
 bj-tery  of  Philadelphia,  September  11th,  1849.  He 
 was  pastor  of  Penn  Church,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
 1849-51;  of  the  Church  at  Columbia,  Pa.,  1851-7;  of 
 the  Church  at  Sterling,  HI.,  1858-64,  and  editor  of  the 
 Xortlncestern  Presbyterian,  Chicago,  1865-9.  He  is 
 now  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Newville,  Pa.,  which  is 
 one  of  the  oldest  and  largest  in  the  Presbj'tcry  of 
 Carlisle,  and  which  prospers  under  his  acceptable 
 ministry.  Dr.  Er.skine  is  a  Director  of  the  Princeton 
 Theological  Seminary.  He  is  an  able  and  instructive 
 preacher,  of  genial  spirit,  of  decided  character,  and 
 an  eflicient  and  useful  member  of  the  j  udicatories  of 
 the  Cliurch.  He  was  Jloderator  of  the  S\niod  of 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Erskine,  Mason,  D.D.,  was  the  youngest  chil;l 
 of  the  K'ev.  .Tdlin  M.  and  Anna  (Leflferts)  Mason,  anil 
 was  born  in  the  city  of  Xew  York,  April  16th,  1805. 
 Having  graduated  at  Dickinson  College,  Carlisle,  Pa., 
 of  which  his  father  was  then  President,  in  1823,  he 
 studied  theology  for  some  time,  under  the  direction 
 of  the  Eev.  Dr.  Duncan,  of  Baltimore,  and  in  the 
 Summer  of  1825  entered  the  Theological  Seminary  at 
 Princeton,  where  he  completed  his  professional  educa- 
 tion. He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Second  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  York,  in  1826,  and  on  the  3d  of  Slay, 
 1827,  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  Schenectady.  He  became  pastor  of  the  Bleecker 
 Street  Presbyterian  Church  in  New  York,  September 
 10th,  1830.  In  February,  1836,  he  accepted  the  Pro- 
 fessorship of  Ecclesiastical  History  in  the  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  and  held  it  till  1842.  His 
 death  occurred.  May  14th,  1851.  "When  the  last 
 moment  came  he  declared:  "It  is  all  bright  and 
 clear." 
 
 Dr.  ilason  luul  the  advantage  of  impressive  manli- 
 ness and  dignity  of  form.  His  bearing  was  courteous 
 and  kind.  He  was  of  that  happy  organization  which 
 excites  admiration  without  jealousy,  and  was  so 
 considerate  and  just  towards  others  that  all  were 
 pleased  to  acknowledge  what  was  due  to  himself. 
 He  was  a  strong,  substantial,  honest  man,  with  no 
 pretension,  and  without  attempt  to  appear  more  and 
 greater  than  he  was.  His  style  of  preaching  was 
 rigorou.sly  intellectual,  and  yet  his  sermons  were 
 characterized  by  religious  pathos.  A  masculine 
 imagination  gave  a  glow  and  warmth  to  all  his 
 appeals.  His  demonstrations  were  tremulous  with 
 emotion,  and  his  proofs  were  with  power,  because 
 they  were  so  earnest  and  sincere.  He  was  generally 
 regarded  as  a  remarkable  preacher.  During  his  life 
 he  published  a  number  of  discourses,  and  after  his 
 decease  a  selection  from  his  manuscript  .sermons 
 appeared,  under  the  title  of  "A  Pastor's  Legacy.'' 
 
 Eva,  "William  T.,  D.D.,  is  at  present  the  pa.stor 
 of  the  Bethesda  Presbyterian  Church,  Philadelphia, 
 Pa.  He  was  bom  March  20th,  1827,  in  the  village  of 
 Helstone,  county  of  Cornwall,  England,  and  came  to 
 the  United  States  with  his  mother  when  he  was  six 
 years  of  age.  By  her  death,  when  he  was  a  boy  of 
 eleven,  he  was  thrown  iipon  the  world  to  take  care 
 of  himself,  and  from  that  time  has  done  so,  without 
 material  help  from  any  one.  His  school  days  were 
 then  ended,  and  all  his  subsequent  education  was 
 obtained  by  private  study,  having  never  had  the 
 opportunity  to  spend  a  day — except  as  a  teacher — in 
 academy,  college,  or  seminary. 
 
 After  pursuing  a  course  of  study,  privately,  for  the 
 ministry,  Mr.  Eva  obtained  license  to  preach  from  the 
 Protestant  Methodist  Church,  when  he  was  fifteen 
 years  of  age.  In  April,  1843,  at  sixteen,  he  was 
 received  into  membershii)  in  the  Maryland  Annual 
 Conference,  as  an  active  preacher,  after  which  he 
 labored  at  various  points  in  that  State.   .  On  arriving 
 
El'A. 
 
 222 
 
 ETTALT. 
 
 at  full  age,  he  was  ordained  with  Presbyterial  ordina- 
 tion, in  the  City  of  Cumberland,  JId.  Subsequently, 
 while  in  Washington  city,  engaged  in  the  double 
 work  of  preaching  and  teaching,  he  was  received  into 
 the  Presbytery  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  About 
 the  same  time  he  had  the  compliment  of  the  houorarj' 
 degree  of  A.M.  from  the  College  of  Delaware. 
 
 Mr.  Eva's  first  pastoral  charge  was  the  Church  of 
 Rockville  and  Bethesda,  JId.,  where  he  continued 
 for  six  years  with  good  success;  hissecon<l  charge,  the 
 Sixth  Church,  Newark,  K.  J.,  and  his  third  charge, 
 the  First  Church  of  Kensington,  Philadeljihia,  over 
 which  he  was  installed,  November,  1800,  and  in 
 which  he  was  blessed  with  precious  ingatherings, 
 until    the    membership    reached    eleven    hundred. 
 
 WILLIAM    T.    KVA,   D.D. 
 
 Then,  under  the  sanction  of  the  Fourth  Presbytery 
 of  Philadelphia,  he  led  out  a  colony  of  one  hundred 
 and  eighty  meniliers,  and  organized  the  congregation 
 of  Bethesda,  which  now  has  a  Tuenibershii)  of  .seven 
 hundred,  with  a.si)aeious  and  beautiful  house  of  wor- 
 ship, at  Frankford  Avenue  and  Vienna  Street. 
 
 In  1878,  Mr.  Eva  received  from  the  College  of  New- 
 Jersey  the  degi-ec  of  D,  D.  He  is  an  admirable 
 preiicher,  instructive,  earnest,  impressive,  and  a  most 
 active  and  devoted  p.istor.  He  has  been  a  member 
 of  five  General  Assemblies,  and  is  one  of  the  Trus- 
 tees of  that  body.  He  is  an  active  Prcsbj-tcr,  a 
 member  of  The  Board  of  Publication,  and  has  been 
 Trustee,  from  the  beginning,  of  the  Presbyterian  Hos- 
 jiital,  in  Philadelphia.  P.e.sides  religious  newspaper 
 articles,  a  few  contributions  to  biographical  Avorks, 
 and  a  few  sermons,  he  has  ne\  er  i)ublislied  anything. 
 
 Evans,  Rev.  David,  was  of  Welsh  extraction. 
 In  ITl.'i  he  giaduateJ  at  Yale  College,  after  Avhich  he 
 received  a  call  from  the  people  of  Welsh  Tract,  and  was 
 ordained,  November  3d,  1714.  He  was  the  recording 
 clerk  of  New  Ca.stle  Presbyterj-  for  six  or  seven  years. 
 For  his  serrices  each  member  gave  him  a  half-crown. 
 He  wa.s  releiused  from  his  charge  in  1720,  and 
 was  called  to  Great  Valley,  but  he  declined  to 
 accept  the  call  for  several  years.  He  was  one  of  the 
 tirst  supplies  sent  to  Sadsbury,  west  branch  of  Brandy- 
 wine,  and  Couestoga.  When  he  removed  to  Tredrj-f- 
 fryn,  he  was  directed  to  spend  one-fourth  of  his 
 time  at  Sadsbury.  He  died  before  May,  1751.  Sir. 
 Evans  is  said  to  have  been  eccentric  and  high-spirited. 
 His  preaching  gave  such  oftence,  on  one  occasion,  to 
 a  person  at  Pilesgiove,  th.it,  rather  than  listen  a 
 moment  longer,  he  j  umped  out  of  the  church  window. 
 
 Evans,  Llewellsm  J.,  D.  D.,  is  a  native  of 
 North  Wales.  He  was  born  in  TreuddjTi,  June  27th, 
 1833.  He  graduated  at  Eacine  CoUege  in  18.56 ;  studied 
 theology  at  Lane  Seminary,  and  was  ordained  by  Cin- 
 cinnati Presbytery  in  5Iay,  1802.  He  was  pastor  of 
 Lane  Seminary  Church,  1860-3;  Professor  of  Church 
 History  in  Lane  Seminary,  186.3-7,  and  from  that 
 date  has  been  Professor  of  Biblical  Literature  and 
 Exegesis  in  that'  Institution.  He  received  the  degree 
 of  D.D.  from  Wabash  College  in  1872.  Dr.  Evans 
 is  an  eminent  scholar,  and  admirably  qualified  for  the 
 important  ]iosition  he  now  occupies. 
 
 Evans,  Rev.  Thomas,  was  received  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  Castle,  as  a  student,  from  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Caermarthen,  in  Wales,  and  licensed  May 
 28th,  1720.  A  call  from  the  congregation  of  Welsh 
 Tract  was  placed  in  his  hands,  March  12th,  1723,  and 
 he  was  ordained  at  Pencader,  May  8th.  Proclamation 
 was  made  thrice  at  the  door  of  the  meeting  house,  by 
 David  Evans,  Esq.,  that,  if  any  had  allegations  to 
 make  against  his  life  or  doctrine,  they  should  do  so 
 before  the  ordination.  Mr.  Evans  was  an  excellent 
 scholar  and  a  valuable  instructor.  He  was  a  bachelor, 
 a  book-worm,  imsse.ssed  a  tine  library,  and  was  con- 
 tinually adding  to  his  store.  He  was  esteemed  a 
 truly  pious  man. 
 
 Ewalt,  Rev.  Jolm  Adams,  is  the  oldest  child 
 of  Z.  T.  and  Belinda  (Adams)  Ewalt,  and  was  born 
 in  Howland,  Ohio,  January  25th,  1846.  He  remained 
 at  home,  a.ssisting  his  father  on  the  farm,  until  of 
 age,  when  he  decided  to  secure  a  liberal  education. 
 His  preparatory  and  collegiate  studies  were  pursued 
 in  Oberlin,  during  which  he  supported  himself  by 
 teaching  in  the  Winter.  It  was  at  this  time  that  he 
 was  converted,  and  before  graduation,  in  1874,  his 
 life  work  was  chosen.  Entering  I'rinceton  Seminary 
 the  8;une  Fall,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  hy  the 
 Presbj-tery  of  New  Brunswick,  in  April,  187C. 
 Bel icATug  that  the  West  ottered  the  Avide.st  field  for 
 u.sefulncss,  the  last  year  of  his  theological  training 
 was  pursued  in  the  Prcsln-terian  Seminary  of  Chicago. 
 Before  graduation,  in  April,  1877,  he  w.as  called  to 
 
£\riXG. 
 
 223 
 
 SWING. 
 
 the  pastorate  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Streator, 
 m.  May  10th,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  that 
 church.  He  remained  iu  Streator  until  February, 
 18S2,  when  he  became  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Lundon,  Ohio.  He  has  an  impressive 
 mauliuess<ind  dignity  of  form;  hisTieariug  is  courteous 
 and  kind.  He  makes  no  attempt  to  appear  more  than 
 what  he  is.  He  is  a  man  who  is  clear  iu  his  convic- 
 tions, resolute  iu  action,  humble  in  the  following  of 
 the  Miviter,  and  a  very  earnest  apo.stle  of  Temperance. 
 
 Ewing,  Charles,  LL.D.,  was  the  son  of  James 
 Ewing,  a  distinguished  citizen  of  New  Jersey.  He 
 took  the  first  honor  iu  his  class  at  Princeton  (1798), 
 and,  after  graduation,  studied  law  in  Trenton,  X.  J., 
 and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  1802.  In  October, 
 1824,  he  was  appointed  Chief  Justice  of  the  State  of 
 New  Jersey,  and  reappointed  in  1831.  Judge  Ewing 
 may  be  j  ustly  reckoned  among  the  greatest  ornaments 
 of  the  New  Jersey  Bar.  His  acquaintance  with  his 
 own  department  of  knowledge  was  both  extensive  and 
 profound,  closely  resembling  that  of  the  Engllsli 
 black-letter  lawyers.  In  a  very  remarkable  degree 
 he  kept  himself  abreast  of  the  general  literature  of 
 the  daj',  and  was  even  lavish  iu  regard  to  the  purchase 
 of  books. 
 
 He  was  an  elder  in  the  Presbj-terian  Church  in 
 Trenton,  ahd  was  an  active  and  earnest  Christian. 
 He  was  emiuently  conservative  in  Church  and  State, 
 punctual  iu  adherence  to  rule  and  jirecedent,  incap- 
 able of  being  led  into  anj'  vagaries,  sound  in  judgment, 
 tenacious  of  opinion,  indefatigable  iu  labor,  and  in- 
 corruptibly  honest  and  honorable,  so  as  to  be  proverb- 
 ially cited  all  over  the  State.  Judge  Ewiug  died  at 
 Trenton,  August  5th,  1832. 
 
 Ewing,  Rev.  Fielding  Nathanael,  son  of 
 Adlai  Osborn  and  Sophia  (Gillespie)  Emng,  was  born 
 September  29th,  1811,  in  Iredell  county,  N.  C. ;  gradu- 
 ated at  the  University  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  1838; 
 spent  a  j-ear  in  teaching  at  Lebanon  in  that  State ; 
 graduated  at  Princeton  Seminary  in  1343;  was  li- 
 censed by  the  Second  Presbytery  of  New  York,  Octo- 
 ber 17th,  1842,  and  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the 
 Presbytery,  of  Muhlenberg,  April  3d,  1846.  From 
 October,  1844,  to  October,  1849,  he  was  stated  supply 
 to  the  churches  of  Jlorganfield  and  Carey%-ille,  Kj-. ; 
 then,  from  February  14th,  13.50,  to  April  18th,  13.37, 
 stated  suiii)Iy  of  Eloomingtoil  First  Church,  111. ;  at 
 the  latter  date  he  was  installed  pastor,  and  continued 
 so  until  September  22d,  1858,  when  he  was  compelled 
 to  discontinue  preaching,  by  au  attack  of  laryngitis, 
 which  continued  to  disable  him  to  the  end  of  his 
 life. 
 
 Mr.  Ewing  was  a  fost  and  most  helpful  friend  to 
 the  Seminary  of  the  Northwest.  Iu  1862-3,  as  agent 
 for  the  Institution,  he  .secured  815,000  in  money  and 
 a  donation  of  eightj-  acres  of  land,  for  the  main  build- 
 ing of  the  seminary,  the  erection  of  which  he  after- 
 wards supervised.  'Wliile  able  to  preach,  he  made 
 full  i)roof  of  his  ministry  as  a  preacher  and  pastor. 
 
 Hi  a  urbanity,  his  dignity,  and  weight  of  character, 
 his  geniality  and  sociability,  his  quiet  humor,  his 
 warm  heart,  won  all  whom  he  approached.  On  No- 
 vember 25th,  1880,  without  a  fear,  he  calmly  met 
 death,  and  conquered. 
 
 Ewing,  Francis  Ai-mstrong,  M.  D.,  was 
 named  in  memory  of  his  maternal  grandfather,  the 
 Rev.  James  Francis  Armstrong,  of  Trenton,  N.  J., 
 who  was  Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly  of 
 1804,  and  died  in  1816,  having  ministered  to  the 
 Trenton  Church  thirty  years.  He  was  born  in  Tren- 
 ton, September  1st,  1806,  graduated  at  Princeton 
 College  in  1824,  and  as  Doctor  of  Medicine  iu  the 
 University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1328.  In  1840  he  was 
 ordained  to  the  Buliug  Eldership  in  Trenton,  and 
 was  a  devoted  member  of  the  Session  until  his  death, 
 which  took  place  December  10th,  1857.  Dr.  James 
 "VV.  Alexander  wrote  of  him  that,  ' '  though  a  jjrofes- 
 .sional  man  by  title,  he  was  in  fact  and  of  choice 
 much  more  a  man  of  letters,  and  a  recluse  student  of 
 science.  In  the  classical  languages,  in  French,  in 
 the  natural  .sciences,  and  in  all  that  concerns  elegant 
 literature  and  the  fine  arts,  he  was  siugularly  full  and 
 accui-ate.  In  matters  of  taste  he  was  cultivated,  correct, 
 and  almost  fastidious.  Music  was  his  delight,  and 
 he  was  eqi^ly  versed  in  the  science  and  the  art." 
 The  only  publication  that  bears  Dr.  Ewing's  name 
 as  author,  is  a  volume  of  four  huntlred  pages,  pub- 
 lished by  the  American  Sunday-school  Union  in 
 1835,  entitled,  "  Bible  Natural  History,  or  a  descrip- 
 tion of  the  Animals,  Plants  and  Jlinerals  mentioned 
 in  the  Sacred  Scriptures,  with  copious  references  and 
 explanation  of  Texts. ' ' 
 
 Ewing,  John,  D.D.,  was  a  native  of  Cecil  county, 
 JIarylaud.  He  was  born,  June  22d,  1732.  He  was  a 
 pupil  of  Dr.  Francis  Alison,  at  New  London,  Pa., 
 and  for  three  years  a  tutor.  In  1754  he  graduated 
 at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  then  at  Newark,  N.  J., 
 Aaron  Burr  being  President.  Here  also  he  served  as 
 tutor.  He  was  then  engaged  as  an  instructor  in  the 
 College,  afterward  University,  of  Philadelphia.  In 
 1774  and  1775  he  visited  Great  Britain,  to  solicit  aid 
 for  Newark  Academy,  Delaware,  in  which  effort  he 
 was  quite  successful,  and  made  many  friends.  The 
 L'niversity  of  Edinburgh  conferred  on  him  the 
 degree  of  D.  D.,  and  Principal  Robertson  declared 
 he  had  never  bestow-ed  the  degree  with  greater  pleas- 
 ure, iu  his  life.  But,  very  naturally,  the  American 
 was  not  .so  great  a  favorite  with  the  high  tories  of  tha 
 period.  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson,  in  his  presence,  gruffly 
 abused  the  colonics  as  ignorant  as  well  as  rebellious, 
 ""^"hatdo  you  know,  in  America ?"  said  he,  "you 
 never  read."  "Pardon  me,"  replied  Dr.  Ewing, 
 "we  have  read  the  '  i?am6Zer. '  "  "A  soft  an.swer 
 turneth  away  wrath,"  and  the  ur,sa  major  was  at 
 once  mollified,  and  paid  special  attention  to  the  guest 
 for  the  remainder  of  the  evening. 
 
 Dr.  Ewiug  was  made  Provost  of  the  University  of 
 Pennsylvania,  in  1779.    He  was'a  thorough  Hebraist, 
 
E\riNG. 
 
 224 
 
 Eivrs'G. 
 
 and  an  accomplished  scholar,  capable  of  supplying 
 any  Professor's  place  at  a  moment's  warninf;.  He 
 ixeelled  in  niiithcmaties,  assisting  Kittenhouse  in 
 running  the  boundary  lines  between  several  of  the 
 Stiites.  He  was  a  solid  and  instructive  preacher,  and 
 much  esteennd  by  the  int<'llectual  !>nd  cultivated 
 portion  of  his  congregation.  Gillett  i)laces  a  high 
 estimate  uptm  him,  when  he  called  him  "the  leading 
 member  of  Philadelphia  Presbytery." 
 
 Dr.  Ewing  died,  September  8th,  liiO'2,  in  the  .sev- 
 enty-first year  of  his  age.  His  lectures  on  "  Natural 
 Philosophy,"  in  two  volumes,  and  a  volume  of  ser- 
 mons, were  jiutilislicd  after  liis  death. 
 
 Ewing,  Hon.  John  Kennedy,  is  the  only  child 
 of  Hon.  Xathauael  and  Jane  (Kennedy)  Ewing,  and 
 was  born  in  Uniontown,  Fayette  count}-,  Pennsyl- 
 vania, where  he  still  resides,  Deceml)er  15th,  1823. 
 He  graduated  at  Wa.shington  College,  Washington.  Pa., 
 in  184'i.  and,  after  studying  law  under  his  father,  was 
 admitted  to  the  liar  of  Fayette  county,  in  March.  184C. 
 By  his  diligence  and  ability  he  .soon  ac(juired  a  large 
 ])ractiee  and  attained  eminence  in  the  i)rofe.ssion.  In 
 tile  Fall  of  ]s()l  he  was  appointed  President  Judge  of 
 the  Fourteenth  Judicial  District  of  Pennsylvania,  era- 
 bracing  then  the  counties  of  Fayett<-,  Washington  and 
 Greene.  This  appointment  enabled  hiim  to  retire  at 
 once  from  the  practice  of  the  law;  a  step  he  had  been 
 endeavoring  to  take,  and  imperatively  demanded  by 
 his  impaired  health.  His  discharge  of  the  duties  of  [ 
 President  .Iiulge  added  to  the  public  estimation  of  his 
 character  aiul  abilities.  .Since  leaving  the  Bench  he 
 has  been  largely  interested  in  the  coal  and  iron  in- 
 dustries of  "We-stcrn  Pi'unsylvania.  Nearly  all  his 
 life  he  has  had  to  contt-nd  ag;iinst  ill  health,  but,  by 
 virtue  of  great  energy  and  perseverance,  and  a  strong 
 will,  he  has  succeeded  in  accomplishing  much  mori^ 
 than  s<'emed  ]ii>ssible. 
 
 He  united  with  the  Presln-terian  Cliurch  of  his 
 native  town,  May  Ith,  l-^Ki,  aiul  was  therein  ordained 
 and  instiiUed  elder,  March  -1th,  I860,  He  was  C'<mi- 
 mi.ssioner  to  the  General  A.s.senibly  which  nu't  in 
 Httsburg,  in  18(>-l,  and  has  frequently  been  a  Delegate 
 
 to  Synod  and  Presbytery;  while  in  the  Session  of  his 
 own  church  his  services  have  Ix-en  invaluable. 
 
 Judge  Kwing  is  quiet  and  modest  in  manner  aiuI 
 iK'aring,  iile;using  in  address,  and  courteous  and  benevo- 
 lent. He  ])osses.ses  great  mental  vigor  and  accurate 
 and  extensive  information,  entertains  broad  and  en- 
 lightened views,  jind  is  strong  in  his  convictions  and 
 earnefit  in  his  efforts.    A  I'resbj-terian  from  conviction, 
 
 ■^V 
 
 UoS.  Joll.N    Ki.\ 
 
 he  loves  his  Church  and  fcikcs  the  greatest  interest  in 
 all  that  concerns  her  welfare  and  prosperity;  but  there 
 is  nothing  whatever  of  the  bigot  in  his  disiH)sition. 
 His  sympathies  include  all  Denominatiims,  and  to  all 
 his  assistance  is  fre<ly  given.  A  man  of  earnest  piety 
 and  charitable  disjiosition,  his  practice  conforms  to 
 his  professions,  and  his  example  and  counsel  exert  a 
 commanding  influence. 
 
FAUXESTOCK. 
 
 2-2o 
 
 FAIRFIELD  CHURCH. 
 
 F 
 
 Fahnestock,  Benjamin  A.,  w;ls  born  at  Berlin,    uj)  to  him  as  a  wise  counsellor  and  father.     Besides 
 
 Adams  county,  I'a.,  July  8th,  1799.  After  graduat- 
 ing honorably  at  Dickinson  College,  Pa.,  he  began 
 the  study  of  medicine,  but  soon  abandoned  the  prac- 
 tice of  the  profession,  as  it  proved  uncongenial  to  his 
 taste.  For  some  years  he  conducted  a  hirge  enterprise 
 in  Chambcrsburg,  and  about  18i9  removed  to  Pitts- 
 burg, where  he  established  tlie  well-known  drug  house 
 of  B.  A.  Falinestock  &  Co.  In  this  business  he  ac- 
 cumulated a  greater  part  of  the  large  fortune  which 
 he  so  liberally  disbursed  in  acts  of  friendship  and 
 benevolence.  Jlr.  Fahncstock  was  a  courteous,  afiable 
 gentleman,  and  an  earnest  and  active  Cluistian.  In 
 Pittsburg  he  was  a  ruling  elder  of  tlie  Tliird  Presby- 
 terian Church,  anil  upon  his  removal  to  Philadelphia, 
 he  connected  himself  with  tlie  Arch  Street  Presbyte- 
 rian C'liurch,  of  which  the  Rev.  Charles  Wadswortli 
 was  then  pastor,  where  he  continued  to  serve  the 
 church  faithfully,  in  tlie  duties  of  the  eldership,  until 
 his  decease,  which  occurred  Jul}-  11th,  1862. 
 
 Pairchild,  Ashbel  G-reen,  D.  D.,  was  born  at 
 Hanover,  N.  J.,  May  1st,  1795.  He  graduated  at 
 Princeton  College,  in  September,  1S13;  studied  theo- 
 logy at  Princeton  Seminary,  and  was  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Jersey,  April,  1816.     Subsequently  he 
 
 frequent  contributions  to  the  weekly  religious  press, 
 the  publications  from  Dr.  Fairchild's  pen  are:  "The 
 Great  Supper, "  "Scripture  Baptism,"  "Unpopular 
 Doctrines,"  and  "What  Presbyteriaas  Believe,"  all 
 of  whicli  are  issued  by  the  Presbyterian  Board  of 
 Publication.  "The  Great  Supper "bas  been  trans- 
 lated into  German,  and,  with  one  or  two  exceptions,  no 
 book  jjublished  by  the  Board  has  a  larger  cireulatit)n. 
 Fairfield,  N.  J.— the  Old  Stone  Church.— 
 The  people  who  came  to  this  region  from  the  towns 
 and  churches  of  Connecticut,  Long  Island,  and  East 
 Jersey,  organized  this  church,  about  1090.  Their 
 first  minister  wa.s  the  Rev.  Thoma.s  Bridge,  a  gradu- 
 ate of  Harvard  College,  a  man  of  wealth,  piety, 
 learning,  ability  and  manifold  experience.  He  prob- 
 aljly  continued  here  not  more  than  ten  or  lifteeu 
 years.  His  ministry  was  in  tlic  log-cabin  period. 
 The  meeting-house  was  built  of  logs..  Most  of  the 
 dwellings  were  doubtless  of  tlie  same  kind.  The 
 ne.\t  minister  was  the  Rev.  Josepli  Smith,  who  Kime 
 from  New  England,  was  installed,  May  10th,  1709, 
 and  continued  pastor  not  more  than  two  or  three 
 years.  He  was  followed  by  a  comparatively  worth- 
 less  minister,  who   never  became  a   pastor   of    this 
 
 made  two  missionary  tours,  one  in  North  Carolina,    Church.     In    1713    Howell  ap  Howell,  a  Welshman, 
 tlie  other  on  the  waters  of  tlie   Monongahela,  and  on  :  came  and  preached  liere  acceptably,  and  was  installed 
 
 the  upper  brandies  of  the  Allegheny.  He  was  taken 
 under  the  care  of  the  Presbytery  of  Redstone,  April 
 21st,  1818,  and  was  appointed  stated  supply  to  the 
 
 pastor,  October  11th,  1715,  but  died,  less  than  two 
 years  thereafter.  It  is  believed  that  during  his  pas- 
 torate the  log  meeting-house  gave  place  to  a  frame 
 
 congregation  of  George's  Creek  for  half  of  his  time,  i  one,  built  in  the  New  England  style,  shingled  on  the 
 and  on  July  1st  following,  he  was  ordained  as  an  '  sides  and  ends  as  well  as  the  roof  It  stood  near  the 
 evangelist  Iiy  this  Presbytery.  On  July  2d,  1822,  he  site  of  the  old  one,  in  the  southeast  corner  of  the  old 
 was  installed  pastor  of  the  churches  of  George's  Creek,  burying  ground.  The  wor.shipers,  having  no  pews, 
 Morgantown  and  Greensboro'.      In  April,    1827,   he  '  sat  on  beiuhes.    Mr.  Howell's  successor  was  the  Rev. 
 
 resigned  the  Charge  of  the  congregations  of  Morgan- 
 town  and  Greensboro',  and  became  pastor  of  the  Tent 
 Church,  to  which  he  devoted  the  half  of  his  time. 
 From  this  date  ho  labored  laithfully  and  successfully 
 
 Henry  Hook,  an  Irishman,  who  was  admitted  to  the 
 membership  of  the  Synod,  in  1718,  but  .seems  to  have 
 never  been  installed  here.  Before  this  time  Presby- 
 terian  meetings  began   to  be  held   in    Greenwich. 
 
 in  the  united  pastorate  of  the  churches  of  George's  Several  families  of  Scotch  and  Scotch-Irish  settled 
 Creek  and  Tent,  till  April,  1854,  when  he  resigned  there,  and  trustees,  in  1717,  received  a  deed  for  land 
 the  tbrmer  charge,  tliat  he  might  devote  the  whole  of  on  which  to  build  a  church  edilice.  A  church  was 
 his  time  to  tlie  Tent  congregation,  of  which  he  re-  organized  ;is  early  as  172-'.  Mr.  Hook  preached  for  a 
 mained  pastor  until  his  death,  in  June,  1864,  a  period  time  iu  both  Fairfiehl  and  Greenwich.  In  1724  the 
 of  thirty-seven  years.  j  Rev.  Noyes   Parris,  of   JIassaehussetts,   came    here. 
 
 Dr.  Fairchild  was  greatly  beloved  liy  his  people,    preached  for  five  years,  and  then  returned  to   New 
 and  esteemed  by  his  brethren.     As  a  friend  he  was  ,  England. 
 
 ardent  and  constiint.  As  to  scholarship  ancf  general  |  The  first  minister  who  lived  here  long  enough  to 
 intelligence,  he  was,  perhaps,  nnsurpas.scd  by  any  of  make  any  great  and  permanent  mark  upon  the  place 
 his  contemporaries.  In  hiili  the  dignity  and  simpli-  was  the  Rev.  Daniel  Elmer.  His  honorable  ancestry 
 city  of  the  gospel  ministry  were  most  beautifully  i  is  well  known.  He  was  born  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  in 
 combined  and  exemplified.  His  Presbytery  looked  1690,  graduated  at  Yale  iu  1713,  taught  a  classical 
 15 
 
FAIRFIELD  CHURCH. 
 
 226 
 
 FAIRFIELD  CHURCH. 
 
 school,  married  and  preached  several  years  in  Massa-  I 
 chusetts;  came  here,  probably,  in  1727,  ^vith  his  wife 
 and  five  children,  purchased  a  farm  near  the  church,  j 
 and  became  its  pastor  iu  1729.     Jlr.  Elmer's  death  i 
 occurred   January   14th,   175.).     His  grave  is  iu  the  ; 
 old  burjang-grouud,  and  the  inscrijjtiou  on  his  tomb- 
 stone is  ecclesiastically  significant.     It  does  not  speak 
 of  him  as  the  late  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Cluirch, 
 but  of  the  Church  of  Christ  in  Fairfield.     Mr.  Elmer's  j 
 succes.sor  was  the  Rev.   William  Ramsey,  who  was  j 
 born  in  Lancaster  county.  Pa. ,  in  1732,  and  gradu- 
 ated at  the  College  of  Xew  Jersey  iu  1754.     In  the  I 
 call  made  out  for  him,  and  dated  March  22d,  1756, 
 tliirty-eight  men,  whose  names  were  attached  to  it, 
 agreed  to  pay  the   salary,    ''eighty  jjounds   procla- 
 mation," according  to   an  assessment  upon  all  the 
 property  of  each,  made  by  a  committee  of  their  own 
 
 As  to  command  the  attention  and 
 
 Gain  the  esteem  of  all  his  Hearers. 
 
 In  every  Station  of  Life  he  discharged 
 
 His  duty  faithfully. 
 
 He  lived  greatly  respected. 
 
 And  died  universally  lamented, 
 
 November  .5th,  1771,  in  the  39th  year 
 
 Of  his  Age. 
 
 The  Rev.  William  Hollingshead  succeeded  Jlr. 
 Ramsey,  being  installed  pastor  of  the  church  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  Jul}-  27th,  1773.  Soon 
 after  it  was  found  necessary  to  provide  for  the  build- 
 ing of  a  new  house  of  worship,  to  make  sure  of  the 
 future  comfort  and  gro-irth  of  the  congregation  and 
 the  town.ship.  The  frame  building,  used  more  than 
 half  a  century,  was  taken  down  in  1775.  The  pulpit 
 and  benches  were  set  in  the  shade  of  an  oak  near  the 
 site  of  the  church,  and  this  was  the   place  of  the 
 
 OLD  STONE  CHtTRCH,  FAIRFIELD,  NBW  JERSEY. 
 
 choice.  The  sum  amounted  to  about  eight  dollars 
 and  a  half  from  each  man,  in  sUver,  on  the  average, 
 a  yearly  payment,  by  every  one,  of  the  price,  perhaps, 
 of  a  good  cow  or  two  acres  of  good  land,  at  that  time. 
 Jlr.  Ramsey  was  ordained  and  installed  December 
 1st,  1756.  On  his  marriage  (1758),  the  congregation 
 Ijought  him  a  farm  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  acres,  on 
 the  east  side  of  Sayre's  Neck,  a  little  below  the  school- 
 house,  about  two  miles  south  of  the  church.  His 
 home  Wits  on  this  farm  till  he  died.  On  his  tomb- 
 stone, in  the  old  cemetery,  is  the  following  in- 
 scription:— 
 
 Ueneath  this  Stone  lie  intorretl 
 
 tile  Remains  of 
 
 THE    KeVd  WILLIAM    KAMSEY,    M.  A. 
 
 For  sixteen  ,vears  a  faithful  Pastor  of  the 
 
 Preshytorian  Chunrli  in  this  Place. 
 
 "Whose  superior  Genius  and  native  Eloquence 
 
 Shone  so  conspicuously  in  the  Pulpit 
 
 public  worship  in  fair  weather.  There  seems  to  have 
 been  no  difficulty  in  selecting  the  new  site  for  the 
 new  building.  The  hallowed  and  grateful  associa- 
 tions of  the  old  place,  even  though  sanctified  by  the 
 graves  of  their  parents,  were  made  subordinate  to  the 
 prosperity,  convenience  and  welfare  of  the  people, 
 and  of  posterity.  The  good  of  the  township  reiiuired 
 that  the  church  should  stand  on  the  main  road  run- 
 ning through  its  centre  from  one  end  to  the  other. 
 Accordingly,  they  bought  land  here,  and  determined 
 that  a  suitable  edifice  should  be  erected.  The  work 
 of  building  the  new  house  ailvanced  so  rapidly  that 
 the  pastor  w.as  able  to  preach  his  first  sermon  in  it 
 September  7th,  I7SI);  but  the  labors  of  a  year  were 
 required  to  finish  it  within,  and  to  t'orm  rules  for  its 
 use  by  the  families  of  the  congregation.  As  soon  as 
 they  could  worship  in  it,  the  people  gave  themselves 
 to  the  promotion  of  their  spiritual  interests,  and,  in 
 
FAIRFIELD  CHURCH. 
 
 FAIRFIELD  CHURCH. 
 
 the  Spriug  of  1781,  a  large  number  of  persons  were 
 admitted  to  the  full  communion  of  the  Church.  The 
 church  was  incorporated  by  a  special  Act  of  the  State 
 Legislature,  August  4th,  1783. 
 
 In  the  year  j  ust  mentioned  the  church  lost  the  pas- 
 toral care  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hollingshead,  who  accepted 
 a  call  to  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  Circular  or  Inde- 
 pendent Church  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  the  principal 
 congregation  in  tlie  chief  Southern  capital.  Decem- 
 ber 3d,  1789  the  Kev.  Ethan  Osborn  was  in.stalled 
 pastor  of  the  Fairfield  Church.  As  this  eminently 
 useful  man  has  a  separate  sketch  iu  the  appropriate 
 place  In  this  volume,  we  only  here  insert  the  inscrip- 
 tion npon  the  marble  shaft  to  his  memory,  iu  the 
 later  burial  ground  at  the  Old  Stone  Church: — 
 
 Front — Erected  .\ugiist  21st,  18o8,  to  the  memory  of  Kev.  Ethan 
 OsBoltx,  bora  in  Litchfield,  Conn.,  August  21,  1758:  died  fuU  of 
 faith,  and  in  the  hope  of  a  joyful  resurrection,  May  1,  1858,  aged  99 
 years,  8  montlis  and  10  days. 
 
 i?ijfc(— Graduated  at  Bartmouth,  1784 ;  licensed  1786 :  called  to 
 Fairfield  1788  ;  ordained  1789,  and  resigned  his  charge  1844,  haring 
 been  pastor  of  this  Church  0.5  years. 
 
 Rear — .\  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  a  good  man,  a  faithful  minister 
 of  the  Gospel. 
 
 Left — He  obeyed  the  command — '"  Go  preach  my  Gospel."  His 
 children  in  the  flesh  and  iu  the  spirit  lie  around  him. 
 
 In  August,  1836,  the  Rev.  David  McKee,  from 
 Kentucky,  became  co-pastor  of  the  church  with  Mr. 
 Osborn.  During  his  short  co-i)astorate,  which  was 
 dissolved  October  1838,  there  was  an  extensive  revi- 
 val in  the  congregation.  As  stated  in  the  epitaph, 
 Mr.  Osborn  resigned  his  charge  in  1844.  The  Rev. 
 Beriah  B.  Hotchkin  was  installed  November  19th, 
 184.5,  pa.stor  of  the  church,  in  conn<-ction  with  the 
 Second  Presbyterian  Oiurch  of  Fairfield,  now  called 
 the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Cedarville.  His 
 residence  was  part  of  the  time  at  Cedar\dlle,  and  part 
 in  Fairton.  Under  his  ministry  numbers  were  added 
 to  the  church  from  time  to  time.  March  16th,  1848, 
 it  was  determined  to  build  a  new  church  at  Fairton, 
 and  March  29th,  18.50,  on  a  lot  contributed  by  Mr. 
 John  Trenchard  for  the  purpose,  the  house  was  com- 
 pleted. After  the  fifth  Sabbath  of  March,  18.50,  the 
 regular  public  worship  of  the  congregation  was  trans- 
 ferred from  the  Stone  Church  to  the  new  church  in 
 Fairton.  The  last  sermon  prior  to  removal  was 
 preached  by  the  old  pastor,  as  was  very  fitting.  It 
 was,  as  Judge  Elmer  well  said,  "a  solemn  farewell 
 to  that  place,  hallowed  by  so  many  endearing  ;i.s.socia- 
 tions,  and  to  the  people  so  long  under  his  care." 
 The  pastoral  relation  of  Jlr.  Hotchkin,  at  his  request, 
 and  with  the  reluctant  acquiescence  of  the  congrega- 
 tion, was  dissolved  June  11th,  1850. 
 
 The  Rev.  D.  C.  Meeker,  having  preached  as  supply, 
 was  installed  pastor,  February  12th,  1851,  and  reaped 
 the  harvest  of  the  seed  sown  by  bis  excellent  and  de- 
 voted predecessor.  There  was  an  earnest  revived 
 state,  as  the  condition  of  the  church  during  his  stay 
 with  them.  Since  the  old  parsonage  and  plantation 
 at  Sayre's  Neck  were  sold,  in  1-107.  the  church  was 
 
 without  a  home  for  the  pastor.  Mr.  Osborn  occni)y- 
 ing  his  own  home,  the  need  was  not  felt  till  after  his 
 resignation.  A  parsonage  was  completed  in  1853. 
 After  ser^■ing  the  chijrch  as  supply  for  nearly  nine 
 months,  the  Rev.  James  Boggs  was  installed  pastor. 
 May  19th,  1857.  During  his  pastorate  the  church 
 was  again  ^■isited  with  an  tmtpouring  of  the  Spirit,  of 
 great  power.  Large  additions  were  made  to  the 
 church.  It  enjoyed  peace  and  gradual  growth,  and 
 the  congregation  had  so  increa-sed  that  an  enlarge- 
 ment of  the  building  became  necessary,  and  was  com- 
 pleted in  1862.  Mr.  Boggs  continued  to  labor  on  till 
 the  Autumn  of  1866.  The  Rev.  H.  E.  Johnson,  on 
 the  withdrawal  of  Mr.  Boggs,  was  obtained  as  stated 
 supply,  which  arrangement  continued  more  than  two 
 years  and  a  half.  A  chapel  at  the  rear  end  of  the 
 church  was  completed  in  1867.  Mr.  Johnson's  laljors 
 closed  Jlay  9th,  1869.  The  Rev.  Samuel  Beach  Jones, 
 D.  D.,  of  Bridgeton,  was  then  invited  to  supjjly  the 
 pulpit,  and  did  so,  with  much  success  attending  his 
 ministry,  until  he  was  laid  aside  by  a  stroke  of  apo- 
 plexy, October  4th,  1874.  The  Rev.  Samuel  Ruther- 
 ford Anderson,  after  preaching  to  the  congregation  for 
 a  j'ear,  was  installed  pastor,  November  12th,  1875. 
 In  the  Winter  of  1878-9  the  church  enjoyed  an  un- 
 usual refreshing. 
 
 During  the  century  about  one  thousand  souls  have 
 been  added  to  the  church  on  the  profession  of  their 
 faith.  There  have  been  seven  pastors  (including  the 
 short  co-pastorate  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  McKee),  and  two 
 stated  sup]>lies.  Thirty-seven  persons  have  been 
 as.sociated  in  the  Session  and  co-operated  with  the 
 pastor  in  the  spiritual  oversight.  At  present  there 
 are  five  elders  and  one  hundred  and  forty-seven 
 members.  It  may  truthfully  be  atlirmed  that  there 
 are  few  congregations  in  the  land  in  which  ha'\  e  been 
 reared  more  men  of  distinction  and  usefulness  than 
 those  whose  names  appear  on  the  records  of  Fair- 
 field. Some  of  them  are  noticed  el-sewhere  iu  this 
 volume. 
 
 The  burial  ground  of  this  church  is  invested  with 
 peculiar  interest,  ^^^len  the  house  was  opened  for 
 service,  a  century  ago,  and  beeame  the  birthplace  of 
 souls,  this  ground  became  the  receptacle  of  the  dead. 
 Mr.  John  Bateman  was  put  in  charge  of  the  grave- 
 yard. His  son  John  succeeded  him,  who  was  again 
 followed  by  his  son  Thomas.  It  continued  in  the 
 care  of  this  family  seventy-seven  years.  The  first 
 burial  was  the  child  of  John  Hanseman,  in  1780, 
 marked  only  by  a  rude  .sandstone,  without  name  or 
 date.  The  second  was  John  Barton.  The  third,  and 
 first  marked  by  a  tombstone,  is  Stephen  Clark,  Esq., 
 May  13th,  1781.  Then  follow  two  Ruths,  the  wives 
 of  two  elders,  Jedediah  Ogden  and  John  Bower.  In 
 1879  the  forest  trees  were  cleared  away  from  this 
 ground;  it  was  laid  out  in  regular  tiers  of  lots,  with 
 roadway  and  paths,  and  an  iron  fence  was  built  in 
 front.  There  are  now  not  far  from  two  thousand  six 
 hundred  bodies  reposing  in  this  sficred  yard.     Only  a 
 
FAITH. 
 
 228 
 
 FAITH. 
 
 little  more  than  onp-third  have  stones  with  inscrip- 
 tions, commemorating  their  names  and  virtues. 
 
 The  following  verses,  on  "The  Old  Stone  Church, " 
 from  the  pen  of  Francis  De  Haes  Janvier,  will  be 
 read  with  interest,  especially  by  those  who  are 
 familiar  A^-ith  the  history  of  the  venerable  building,- 
 and  whose  early  and  tender  associations  cluster 
 around  it,  as  the  house  in  which  their  fathers  and 
 themselves  have  worshiped: — 
 
 The  Old  Stone  Church,  timo-wurn  and  gray. 
 
 Survives,  though  shire  its  natal  day 
 
 A  hundred    ears  have  passed  away. 
 
 Still  stands,  while  tliose  who  planned  and  reared 
 Its  walls  have  long  since  disappeared, 
 A  sacred  shrine,  Vieloved,  revered. 
 
 With  hallowed  memories  running  o'er, 
 With  visions  of  the  times  of  yore, 
 Dear  to  each  heart  forevermore. 
 
 And  with  them  comes  the  kindly  face 
 Of  one  whose  life  we  fondly  trace — 
 A  Pastor,  full  of  heavenly  grace. 
 
 A  youth  when,  in  those  distant  days, 
 
 He  led  the  flock  in  Wisdom's  ways. 
 
 With  words  of  love,  and  prayer,  and  praise; 
 
 And  still,  through  half  a  century 
 Of  sweet  devotion,  lived  to  bo 
 A  Father  in  God's  ministry; 
 
 Till,  with  the  weight  of  years  oppressed, 
 His  mission  closed — accepted.  West, 
 He  tranquilly  laid  down  to  rest. 
 
 And  reunited  now  with  those 
 
 Who,  gathered  here,  these  graves  enclose. 
 
 The  Pastor  and  his  flock  repose. 
 
 But  the  Archangel's  trump  shall  sovliid, 
 And  God  Himself  rend  every  mound 
 Within  this  silent  burial  ground. 
 
 Then  shall  the  de.ad  awake,  and  be 
 Redeemeil  from  death's  deep  mystery 
 To  life  and  immortality. 
 
 The  fathers  sleep  ;  luit  what  they  wrought, 
 Tlie  failh  and  luve  their  lives  have  taught, 
 Survive  the  changes  time  hiis  brought. 
 
 And,  cherished  with  their  memory. 
 
 Prized  as  a  precious  legacy, 
 
 The  Old  Stone  Church  shall  ever  be. 
 
 Faith.  This,  in  its  widest  sense,  is  a  dependence 
 on  the  veracity  of  another,  or  belief  on  testimony. 
 In  Scripture  the  testimony  which  is  the  ground  of 
 faith  means,  generally,  the  divine  testimony,  an- 
 nounced either  by  God  himself,  or  by  his  accredited 
 messengers.  Tints  Koah  credited  the  warning  which 
 th(!  di'praved  antediluvians  disregarded,  and  used  the 
 means  which  God  pointed  out  to  him  for  deliverance 
 from  the  approaching  deluge  (Heb.  xi,  7).  Faith  is 
 di.stinguished  from  credulity  in  that  it  does  not 
 accept  anything  as  true  which  is  not  Inused  on  sufficient 
 evidence;  it  is  contrasted  with  unbelief,  in  that  it 
 accepts  whatever  is  proposed  to  it  when  the  t<'stimony 
 thereof  is  adequate.  "We  are  informed  that  faith 
 may  be  dead,  if  it  be  merely  in  the  understanding. 
 admitting  facts  as  true,  but  not  realizing  their  l)ear- 
 
 ing  upon  ourselves.  Such  a  faith  is  that  historical 
 taith  which  credits  the  narrative  of  our  Lord's  pas- 
 sion and  death,  but  seeks  not,  tlirough  that,  remis- 
 sion of  personal  guilt.  The  faith  of  devils  goes 
 further  than  this,  for  they  '  believe  and  tremble  ' 
 (James  ii,  19);  but  they  find  no  means  of  release 
 from  their  apprehended  doom.  True  '  faith  is  the 
 substance  (or  realizing)  of  things  hoped  for,  the 
 evidence  (or  sure  persuasion)  of  things  not  seen  ' 
 (Heb.  xi,  1).  With  such  a  faith  '  Abraham  believed 
 God;  and  it  was  counted  unto  him  for  righteousness  ' 
 (Gen.  XV,  6;  Rom.  iv,  3;  Gal.  iii,  6).  So  thosfe  who 
 believe  in  Christ,  accepting  his  offered  mere}',  reljing 
 on  his  never-forfeited  word,  are,  for  his  sake,  regarded 
 as  God's  children.  Hence  men  are  said  to  be  'jus- 
 tified by  faith  '  (Rom.  iii,  23-26;  v,  1).  Faith,  if 
 genuine,  will  work  by  love  (Gal.  v,  6),  yielding  the 
 fruits  of  a  holy  life  and  conversation  (Matt,  vii,  20; 
 James  ii,  26). 
 
 The  objection  which  some  have  made,  that  the 
 Bible  makes  so  much  account  of  faith,  is  utterly 
 unreasonable.  Though  faith  is  requisite  in  religion, 
 it  is  as  much  requisite  elsewhere.  Human  society, 
 in  its  whole  framework,  is  .so  held  together,  and  the 
 kindreds  and  amusements  and  business  of  the  world 
 are  presenting,  to  the  most  ejirthly-mindcd,  continual 
 images  and  imitations  of  that  faith  which,  when 
 denutuded  of  him  by  the  Church  and  by  the 
 Word  of  God,  he  may  sometimes  aliect  to  regard  as 
 strange  and  unexampled.  The  generous  confidence 
 of  soldiers  in  a  tried  and  heroic  leader,  that  enables 
 them,  in  his  company,  to  dare,  at  immen.se  odds,  all 
 peril,  and  to  pluck  victory  out  of  the  teeth  of  deatli; 
 the  implicit  confidence  of  iTis  corre.spondents  in  a 
 merchant  of  known  me:ins,  and  of  pro\ed  integrity 
 and  .sagacity,  bidding  them  set  a  fortune  afioat  on 
 the  credit  of  his  mere  signature;  the  trn.st  of  the 
 voyager  in  the  intelligence  and  vigilance  of  the  navi- 
 gator to  whose  keel  he  commits  his  estate,  and 
 family  and  life;  the  reliance  of  the  husbandman  upon 
 the  regularity  of  nature's  laws,  and  nijon  the  ordi- 
 nance of  her  God,  which  leads  him  to  plow  and  sow, 
 in  the  certain  expectation  that  he  shall  reap;  the 
 unshaken  assurance  of  a  friend  in  the  worth  and 
 aft'ectiou  of  one  whom  he  has  long  known  and  iuti- 
 mately  loved,  and  the  quiet,  serene  and  rooted  trust 
 of  a  wife  or  a  child  in  the  husband  or  the  parent  to 
 whom  for  years  they  have  looked,  and  never  looked 
 in.  vain;  what  are  all  these  but  examples,  in  daily 
 recurrence,  that  faith  is  a  universal  principle,  at 
 work  in  all  the  relations  and  under  all  the  responsi- 
 bilities of  our  common,  earthly  life. 
 
 And  though  metaphysicians  and  divines  have  in- 
 volved this  matter  of  faith  in  mystery,  we  may  be 
 assured  that  there  is  nothing  more  needed  for  our 
 salvation  than  that  God  would  inspire  us  with  a 
 lielief  in  the  declarations  of  His  Word  as  real,  heart- 
 felt and  practical,  as  that  which  we  put  in  the  laws 
 of  ])ro\idence,  in  the  due  return  of  day  and  night, 
 
FAITOUTE. 
 
 229 
 
 FASRIS. 
 
 Summer  and  Winter,  seedtime  and  harvest.  It  is  not  I 
 11  new  principle  that  we  need,  hut  the  principle  that 
 is  already  in  us  turned  to  its  right  exercise.  As  a 
 man  who  is  approaching  a  jirccipice  docs  not  need  to 
 get  feet,  but  to  get  the  feet  he  has  turned  round,  so 
 that  every  step  becomes  one  from  danger  to  safety,  so 
 it  is  not  so  much  faith  we  need,  as  that  the  faith  we 
 have  be  set  on  new  and  right  objects,  and  turned  in 
 a  new  and  right  direction. 
 
 Faitoute,  Rev.  Greorge,  acted  as  Tutor  in  the 
 College  of  New  Jersey  for  a  short  time  after  graduat- 
 ing, in  1776.  He  received  his  license  to  preach  from 
 the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  about  1773,  and 
 was  ordained  and  settled  at  Greenwich,  N.  J.,  in 
 1782.  In  1789  he  removed  to  Long  Island,  and 
 became  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Jamaica, . 
 where  he  died  suddenly,  on  Sabbath,  August  21.st, 
 1815,  h.i,ving  preached  with  his  usual  vigor  in  the 
 morning.'     Mr.  Faitoute  was  au  amiable,  pious  man. 
 
 Faris,  Rev.  John  McDonald,  son  of  AVilliani 
 and  Elizabeth  (McDonald)  Faris,  was  born  Jlay  23d, 
 1818,  in  Ohio  county,  now  West  Virginia.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Wa.shington  College,  Pa.,  in  the  class  of  1837, 
 receiving  a  share  of  its  first  honor;  and  at  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary  in  the  class  of  1840. 
 Jlr.  Faris  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbj'tery  of 
 W.ishiagtou,  in  April,  1840.  Most  of  the  following 
 Winter  was  spent  in  supplying  the  Church  of  Lebanon, 
 near  Pitt.sburg;  but  in  the  following  Spring  he 
 accepted  a  like  invitation  to  become  stated  supply  of 
 the  Church  of  Barlow,  Ohio,  and  at  the  end  of  his 
 term  was  chosen  as  its  pastor.  He  was  ordained  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Lanc;ister  in  April,  1842. 
 
 After  three  years  of  labor  at  Barlow,  Mr.  Faris  re- 
 ceived a  call  as  pastor  to  the  church  of  Fredericktown, 
 Knox  county,  Ohio,  where  he  labored  successfully 
 until  IS.!."),  when  he  resigned  his  position  in  order  to 
 accept  that  of  Financial  Agent  of  the  Board  of  Trust 
 ot  the  Synod  of  Wheeling,  then  having  in  charge  the 
 endowment  of  Washington  College,  his  own  Alma 
 Mater.  Two  years  later  he  became  pastor  of  the  First 
 Presb3'terian  Church  of  Rockford,  111.,  where  he  la- 
 bored for  nearly  five  years.  But  again  his  fine  busi- 
 ness accuracy  and  energy  came  into  demand.  During 
 two  periods,  viz.  18G.3-G()  and  1873-81,  he  was  Finan- 
 cial Agent  as  well  as  a  Director  of  the  Theological  j 
 Seminary  of  the  Northwest  at  Chicago,  and  a  part  of 
 this  time  a  member  and  Secretary  of  the  E.xecutive 
 Committee.  In  the  years  1869-73  he  was  Financial 
 Agent  of  Westminster  College.  His  official  connec- 
 tion with  the  Chicago  Seminary-  having  commenced 
 with  its  origin,  in  1859,  was  only  Tirought  to  a  close  in 
 1883.  Mr.  Faris  now  lives  in  the  retirement  of  his 
 niinois  liirm,  near  Anna,  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  which  place  his  son  is  pastor.  His  record  is  that 
 of  an  efficient  minister,  a  successful  agent  of  Church 
 Institutions,  a  faithful  friend,  and  a  servant  of  the 
 Lord,  who,  approaching  life's  border,  is  looking  for  his 
 Master's  coming.  i 
 
 Parquhar,  Rev.  Jolm,  the  son  of  Joseph  and 
 Christiana  (Fraser)  Farquhar,  was  born  In  Aberdeen, 
 Scotland.  His  parents  emigrated  to  the  United 
 States  and  settled  in  Easton,  Pa.  He  was  educated 
 in  Lafaj-ette  College,  studied  theolog.y  at  Princeton, 
 was  licensed  by  Xewton  Presbytery  and  ordained  Viv 
 Donegal  Presbytery,  and  installed  as  pa,stor  over  the 
 Church  of  Lower  Chanceford,  York  county.  Pa.,  in 
 184G.  This  was  his  first  and  only  charge.  He  died, 
 September  18th,  1866.  Mr.  Farquhar  was  a  man  of 
 clear,  vigorous  mind,  great  indeiwndence  of  character, 
 of  strong  convictions  of  truth  and  duty,  honest  and 
 outspoken  in  his  utterances.  As  a  preacher  he  was 
 earnest,  doctrinal,  and  practical.  As  a  Presbyter  he 
 was  intelligent,  consistent  and  rigid  in  his  compli- 
 ance with  the  requirements  of  the  Con.stitution  and 
 the  forms  of  order.  As  a  pastor  he  was  endeared  to 
 all  the  people  of  his  charge,  ever  welcome  at  their 
 homes,  with  his  genial  smiles  and  kind  sympathies. 
 
 Farris,  Robert  Perry,  D.D.,  the  son  of  Robert 
 I',  (a  lawyer)  and  Catharine  A.  Farris,  was  born  in 
 St.  Louis,  September  6th,  1826.     He  spent  two  and  a 
 
 ROBERT   PERRY    FARRIS,    D.D. 
 
 half  years  in  St.  Louis  University,  and  three  and  a 
 half  in  St.  Xavier  College,  Cincinnati  (both  Jesuit 
 institutions),  receiving  the  degi'ce  of  A.  B.  at  the 
 latter,  in  1844.  He  then  entered  the  Sophomore 
 Class  in  Yale  College,  and  was  again  graduated  with 
 the  degree  of  A.  B.  in  1847.  He  then  read  law  in 
 St.  Louis,  but  in  the  Fall  of  1848  entered  the  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  where  he 
 remained  two  years.  He  studied  theology  a  third 
 year  under  the  Rev.  N.  L.  Rice,'D.D.,  in  Cincinnati. 
 He  was  licen-sed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  St. 
 
FEMGUSON. 
 
 •230 
 
 FERSY. 
 
 Louis,  June,  1851,  and  was  ordained  by  the  same 
 body,  November,  1852.  He  was  called  to  Peoria, 
 Illinois,  in  1853,  where  he  organized  and  became 
 pastor  of  the  Second  Church.  His  liealth  broke  down 
 after  six  years'  faitliful  service,  and  for  a  short  time 
 he  was  employed  by  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the 
 Northwest,  at  Chicago.  He  was  called  to  St.  Charles, 
 Missouri,  in  1860,  where  he  continued  as  pastor-elect 
 until  18G8. 
 
 In  186()he  became  the  editor  of  the  Miiisouri  (now 
 SI.  Louis)  Prcshytiriim,  a  position  which  he  has  held 
 continuously  since.  In  addition  to  his  editorial  work, 
 he  has  had,  in  a  sen.se,  "the  care  of  all  the  churches" 
 of  the  Southern  Missouri  Synod,  and  has  done  a  great 
 deal  of  preaching.  Westminster  College  conferred 
 upon  him  the  degree  of  D.  D.  in  1867.  He  was 
 unanimon.sly  elected  Moderator  of  the  General  .\ssem- 
 bly.  South,  at  Staunton,  Ya.,  in  1881. 
 
 Dr.  Farris  is  a  gentleman  of  courtly  bearing,  of 
 intelligent  countenance,  and  of  commanding  person. 
 As  a  husband,  fether  and  friend,  he  is  the  embodi- 
 ment of  kindliness.  As  a  preacher,  he  is  simple, 
 clear,  full  of  unction  and  of  force.  As  a  writer,  there 
 are  few  who  wield  a  more  facile  or  more  potent  pen. 
 His  style  is  distinguished  more  for  its  strong  Saxon 
 than  for  its  cla.ssic  elegance.  No  one  can  mistake 
 what  he  means,  or  fail  to  feel  its  force.  Though  edu- 
 cated chiefly  by  the  Jesuits,  his  paper  has  always 
 bristled  with  opposition  to  them.  A  man  of  trans- 
 parent honesty  and  of  decided  convictions,  he  has  no 
 patience  "with  dissimulation  or  trickery,  and  some- 
 times wounds  by  his  candid  and  caustic  utterances. 
 He  is  one  of  the  strongest  men  of  the  Missouri  Synod 
 of  the  Southern  Presbrterian  Church,  and  wields  an 
 influence  in  that  body  which  is  modestly  exercised, 
 but  is  practiciilly  potent.  His  friends  love  and  admire 
 him;  his  enemies  fear  and  respect  him. 
 
 Ferguson,  Rev.  Angus  Norman,  son  of 
 Norman  and  Catharine  (Campbell)  Ferguson,  was 
 born  in  Moore  county,  N.  C,  January  4th,  1837. 
 He  entered  Davidson  College,  September,  1855,  and 
 remained  over  a  yi-ar,  when  failing  health  compelled 
 liim  to  leave  the  Institution.  He  j)ursued  his  theo- 
 logical studies  in  the  Seminary,  at  Columbia,  S.  C, 
 and  was  licen.sed  by  Fayetteville  Presbytery,  October 
 4th,  1862.  In  January,  1863,  he  took  charge  of  Ben 
 Salem,  Euphronia  and  Macedonia  churches,  in  the 
 same  Presbytery.  He  supplied  Macedonia  two  years, 
 Bc'u  Salem  seven,  and  Euphronia  nine.  He  was 
 ordained  in  April,  1865,  and  in  .Tune,  1871,  he  took 
 charge  of  Laurel  Hill  ('hurcb,  in  Kiehmond  ccmnty, 
 and  Liimberton  Church,  in  Kobeson  county.  Having 
 served  the  Church  in  Lumberton,  he  withdrew  from 
 it,  to  take  charge  of  Smyrna  Church,  in  the  Siime 
 Pre-sbytery.  He  still  continues  to  .serve  these  churches. 
 Laurel  Hill,  as  pastor,  an<l  Smyrna,  as  sUited  supply. 
 
 Thi^  cordial  and  unassuming  manner  of  Mr.  Fergu- 
 son ensures  hiiu  ready  access  to  the  eontidenee  and 
 e-steem  of  all  who  meet  him.      His  style  of  preaehing 
 
 is  earnest  and  practical,  rather  than  profound  or 
 metaphysical.  Without  any  effort  at  display  he 
 stands  behind  the  Cross,  and  holds  up  .Tesus  as  the 
 only  Saviour  of  sinners.  Hence  his  labors  have  been 
 greatly  bles.sed  in  building  up  his  Master's  kingdom. 
 As  a  Presbyter  he  is  punctual  and  faithful,  and  as  a 
 pastor,  zealous  and  laborious. 
 
 Ferrier,  Rev.  Edsall,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  War- 
 wick, Orange  county.  N.  Y.,  on  the  .30th  of  October, 
 1831.  He  graduated  at  Lafiiyette  College,  Easton, 
 Pa.,  in  1854,  and  studied  theology  at  the  Seminary 
 at  Princeton.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Second  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Florida,  N.  Y.,  from  1859  to  1865, 
 when  he  was  elected  Professor  of  the  English  Lan- 
 guage and  Literature  in  Washington  and  Jefferson 
 College,  Canoasburg,  Pa.  In  1866  he  accepted  the 
 Graeflf  Professorship  of  English  Language  and  Litera- 
 ture in  Pennsylvania  College,  Gettysburg,  and  occu- 
 pied that  chair  until  1873,  when  he  became  pastor  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church  at  Mauch  Chunk,  Pa., 
 and  continues  as  such  to  the  present  time.  The 
 degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was  conferred  upon  him 
 by  the  trustees  of  Lafayette  College,  in  1881. 
 
 Dr.  Ferrier  is  a  highly  accomplished  scholar  and 
 writer,  and  is  thoroughly  conversant  with  the  various 
 departments  of  Engli.sh  literature.  His  attainments 
 in  philology  are  varied  and  extensive,  and  his  .schol- 
 arship is  at  once  general  and  accurate.  As  a  writer 
 his  style  is  terse  and  vigorous,  and  he  expres.ses  his 
 thoughts  in  strong  and  striking  forms  of  language. 
 He  possesses  the  didactic  faculty  in  a  very  high 
 degree,  and  has  had  marked  success  as  an  instructor 
 in  college.  He  is  an  earnest,  edifying  and  impressive 
 jjreacher,  and  his  ministry  has  been  attended  with 
 great  usefulness  and  signal  indications  of  divine  favor. 
 
 Ferry,  Hon.  Thomas  "WTiite,  was  born  at 
 JIackinaw,  Michigan,  June  1st,  1827,  and  is  the 
 second  sou  of  the  late  Rev.  William  M.  Ferry,  of 
 Granby,  Mass.,  a  Presbyterian  clergyman,  who,  under 
 the  auspices  of  the  American  Board  of  Missions, 
 established  an  Indian  mission  on  the  Lsland  of  Mack- 
 inaw, in  1822.  The  family  subseiiuently  removed  to 
 Grand  Haven,  Ottawa  county,  Michigan,  then  a  wil- 
 dernes.s.  Here  his  .sons  grew  up  amid  the  privations 
 and  struggles  of  a  pioneer  life. 
 
 The  Hon.  T.  W.  Ferry  wsis  thus  early  trained  in  a 
 Christian  household,  and  throughout  the  whole  of  his 
 busy  and  eventful  life,  the  religious  convictions  of 
 childhood  havi^  been  ever  witli  him,  drawing  him 
 ever  to  the  side  of  the  Cluirch  of  Christ,  and  making 
 him  prominent  in  all  e<lucational  and  ))Iiilantlnopic 
 works.  ANIierever  duty  called  him,  there  he  has  not 
 failed  to  identify  himself  openly  with  the  cause  of 
 Religion  and  everything  promotive  of  intelligence 
 and  morality.  His  business  life  has  been  various  and 
 widely  extended,  sufficient  to  engro.ss  the  whole  time 
 of  the  strongest  ;uid  most  industrious  of  men. 
 
 But  he  is  more  di.stinguished  anumg  his  country- 
 men in  his  political  and  i)ublic  career,  it  having  fallen 
 
FEREY. 
 
 231 
 
 FIELD. 
 
 to  him  to  have  a  peculiar  prominence  on  some  of  the  [  to  his  wealth,  and  scattered  blessings  in  his  path, 
 most  thrilling  occasions  in  the  history  of  our  Repub-  ,  He  maintained  the  preaching  of  the  AVord,  and  for 
 lie,  particularly  when  he  presided  at  the  National  I  eighteen  years  he  built  that  people  up  in  the  faith, 
 Centennial  Celebration  at  Thiladelphia,  July  4th,  |  without  fee  or  reward.  Where  he  instituted  the 
 187C.,  and  subsequently  at  the  joint  convention  of  the  Church,  in  a  log  hut  on  the  shore  of  Lake-  Michigan, 
 two  Houses  of  Congress,  for  the  electoral  count,  in  I  six  churches  now  gather  to  worship  God. 
 
 1876. 
 
 Mr.  Ferry  is  a  man  of  fine  mould  and  figure;  dark 
 chestnut  or  auburn  hair,  and  beard  flowing  to  the 
 brea.st;  not  florid  or  imaginative  in  speech,  but  of 
 plain,  sound,  practical,  hard  sense,  and  has  borne  a 
 remarkable  part  in  the  political  and  legislative  de- 
 bates and  measures  of  a  whole  past  generation, 
 although  lie  is  even  now  only  in  his  prime.  He  has 
 held  many  important  offices  and  positions  of  public 
 trust,  and  been  subjected  to  ordeals  which  only  the 
 coolest  courage  and  stoutest  nerve  could  support;  and 
 in  every  situation  he  has  been  always  equal  to  the 
 demand,  and  has  left  a  public  name  behind  him 
 which  is  without  a  stain.  For  some  years  he  was  a 
 member  of  the  Legislature  of  his  native  State,  and 
 subsequently  became  a  member  of  the  House  of  Eep- 
 resenfcitives,  in  Congress,  from  Jlichigan,  where  he 
 rendered  distinguished  service.  Xu  1871  he  took  his 
 seat  in  the  American  Senate,  and  soon  rose  to  the 
 highest  rank  in  the  most  dignified  and  powerful  legis- 
 lative body  in  the  world.  Several  times  he  was  chosen 
 to  the  Presidency  of  the  Senate,  over  very  powerful 
 and  older  men.  To  him  it  fell  to  guide  the  Senate  in 
 some  of  the  most  difticult  and  complicated  emergen- 
 cies, which  he  did  with  eminent  success.  His  last 
 Senatorial  term  expired  March  3d,  1883,  and  soon 
 after  he  sailed  for  Europe,  where,  after  a  long  and 
 honorable  career  in  public  life,  he  finds  a  grateful  re- 
 pose, and  may  enjoy,  even  amid  the  attractions  of 
 the  Old  World,  the  welcome  retrospection  of  a  most 
 valuable  and  noble  service  to  his  State,  his  Nation, 
 and  to  mankind. 
 
 Perry,  Rev.  William  Montague,  the  .son  of 
 Noah  and  Hannah  (Montague)  Ferry,  was  born  in 
 Granby,  Mass.,  September  8th,  1795.  He  graduated 
 at  Union  College  in  1820;  attended  the  Theological 
 Seminary  at  •  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  for  two  years, 
 and  finished  his  studies  under  Gardiner  Spring,  D.D., 
 of  New  York.  He  was  licensed  and  ordained  by  New 
 York  Fresbytery  in  1832,  and  under  a  commission 
 from  the  United  Foreign  Missionary  Society,  he  was 
 appointed  as  missionary  to  tlie  Indians  of  the  north- 
 west, which  led  to  the  establishment  of  the  Mackinaw 
 Mission  on  the  island  of  Michilimackinac,  Michigan. 
 The  history  of  his  labors  there  is  that  of  incessant 
 toil.  He  established  schools  among  the  Indians,  and 
 hundreds  of  their  children  were  brought  under  the 
 influence  of  religion. 
 
 On  November  2d,  1834,  Mr.  Ferry  removed  with 
 his  family  to  the  point  where  the  cijy  of  Grand  Haven 
 now  stands;  his  was  the  first  white  family  in  the 
 county.  Here  they  encountered  the  toils  and  trials 
 of  pioneer  life  in  its  various  forms  ;  but  soon  he  added 
 
 He  died 
 December  30th,  18f)7,  in  Grand  Haven,  and  his  de- 
 cease was  deemed  a  public  calamity.  The  Councils, 
 in  referring  to  him  as  "the  founder  and  father  of  this 
 city,"  recorded  "their  high  estimate  of  his  qualities 
 of  mind  and  heart,  as  a  most  affectionate  friend,  a 
 man  of  untiring  business  enterpri.se,  large  benevo- 
 lence, inflexible  integrity  of  purpose,  and  firmly  fixed 
 moral  and  religious  character." 
 
 Mr.  Ferry  directed  in  his  will  that,  on  his  tomb- 
 stone, after  his  name,  age,  etc.,  should  be  this  inscrip- 
 tion : — 
 
 "  First,  toil ;  tlien  rest. 
 First,  grace ;  then  glory." 
 
 For  religious,  charitable  and  educational  purposes,  he 
 bequeathed  §137,000.  He  was  the  father  of  the  Hon. 
 T.  AV.  Ferry,  who  has  been  a  member  of  the  United 
 States  Senate  from  Jlichigan. 
 
 Field,  Rev.  Jacob  Ten  Eyck,  was  the  son  of 
 Jeremiah  and  Jane  (Ten  Eyck)  Field,  and  was  born  in 
 Lamington,  N.  J.,  October  31st,  1787.  Early  in  life 
 he  united  ^vith  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  was 
 prepared  for  college  by  his  pastor.  Rev.  William 
 Boyd.  Graduated  from  Princeton  College,  1806.  He 
 .studied  theology  under  Dr.  Woodhull,  of  Monmouth, 
 and  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Bruns- 
 wick. 1807  he  was  appointed  by  the  Home  Mis- 
 sionary Society  to  labor  in  Stroudsburg,  Pa.  In  the 
 Spring  of  1810  he  received  a  call  from  the  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Flemington,  N.  J.,  but  preferred  to 
 serve  as  a  supply  for  six  months  before  deciding  to 
 accept.  He  was  ordained  and  in.stalled,  November 
 28th,  1810.  Remained  in  Flemington  until  April 
 27th,  1813.  The  congregation  parted  from  him  with 
 reluctance.  He  then  accepted  a  call  to  D.  R.  Church, 
 PomptAUi,  N.  J.  From  1833  to  October  5th,  1841,  was 
 stated  supply,  and  then  pastor,  of  the  Presbyterian 
 churches  of  Stroudsburg  and  Jliddle  Smithfield,  Pa. 
 In  1839,  when  fifty-two  years  old,  he  was  disabled  by 
 a  stroke  of  paralysis,  from  which  he  never  sufficiently 
 recovered  to  resume  his  work,  although  he  lived 
 twenty-seven  years,  dying  at  the  advanced  age  of 
 eighty,  at  Belvidere,  N.  J.,  May  17th,  1866.  He 
 established  a  scholarship  in  Lafayette  College,  which 
 bears  his  name.  When  in  health  he  was  a  man  of 
 fine  personal  appearance,  and  of  good  talents 
 
 Field,  Samuel,  son  of  Charles  Field,  of  Philadel- 
 phia, was  born  in  Delaware  county.  Pa.,  August  12th, 
 1823.  Throughout  his  life  he  has  been  engaged  in 
 mercantile  pursuits,  and  has  won  an  enviable  reputa- 
 tion for  his  integrity,  ability  and  success.  He  is  a 
 gentleman  of  great  aftableness,  conrteousness  of  man- 
 ner and  benignity  of  spirit.  He  is,  and  has  for  years 
 been,  a  ruling  elder  in  the  Walnut  Street  Church, 
 
I'lSDLEr. 
 
 232 
 
 FIXDLEr. 
 
 Philadelphia,  in  which  he  is  held  in  high  esteem  for 
 his  excellent  Christian  character,  and  is  verj'  active 
 in  aidinjj;  every  good  work.  Jlr.  Field  is  verv  liheralin 
 contributing  to  charitable  and  religious  puriMses.  No 
 projjer  appeal  to  him,  in  this  direction,  ftiils  of  a  re- 
 sponse. He  has  been  a  prominent  memtxir  of  several 
 businesscorporations bfthe  city,  in  whichhis  judicious- 
 ness and  uprightness  have  been  highly  apj)reciated. 
 For  many  years  he  has  belonged  to  the  Presbyterian 
 Board  of  Education,  and  shown  a  deep  interest  in  the 
 cause.  From  the  very  establishment  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Hi)S])itaI,  in  Philadelphia,  he  has  been  a  mem- 
 ber of  its  Board  of  Tru.stces,  and  devoted  himself 
 earnestly  to  the  promotion  of  its  prosperity.  He  has 
 also  taken  a  le;iding  and  very  influential  part  in 
 founding  and  fo.steriug  the  Presbyterian   Home  for 
 
 8AMl'EI.   FIKLD. 
 
 Widows  and  Single  Women,  and  the  Presbyterian 
 Orphanage.  .Mr.  Field  h:vs  been  chosen  several  times 
 to  represent  his  Presbytery  in  the  General  Assembly, 
 and  in  that  judicatory,  as  in  all  others,  has  been 
 marked  by  steadfast  and  cheerful  fidelity  to  duty. 
 
 Findley,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  late  Samuel 
 Findley,  D.  n.,  so  well  known  and  so  long  revered  in 
 the  As.s(K'iate  Reformed  Church,  was  born  in  West 
 Middletown,  Pa.,  October  iOth,  18H.  ire  graduated 
 at  Franklin  Colleg<-,  Ohio,  in  lH;i9.  His  theological 
 studies  he  jmrsued  in  tlw  A.s.sociate  Keformed  Semi- 
 nary, at  Alli;gheny,  Pa.,  and  in  the  .Summer  of  1841 
 was  licensed  to  jireadi  l)y  the  Second  Presbytery 
 (.Vssociate  Keformetl)  of  t)hio.  On  October  12th, 
 1842,  he  was  ordained  by  the  .same  Presbytery,  shte 
 tiliilo,  in  order  to  serve  as  stated  sujjply  at  I^  Fayette, 
 Indiana. 
 
 As  a  jjastor  and  educator.  Dr.  Findley  has  ren- 
 dered long  and  faithful  service  to  tlie  Church  of 
 Christ.  In  IHl.'J  he  was  instilled  pastor  of  the  united 
 charge  of  the  churches  of  Troy,  Che.sterville  and  Sul- 
 phur Springs,  Ohio.  In  1846  he  w;us  chosen  Principal 
 of  the  Edinburg  Academy,  near  Wooster,  Ohio.  In 
 1848  he  accepted  the  As.sociate  Principalship  of  the 
 Chillicothe  Academy,  of  which  his  brother.  Dr.  W.  T. 
 Findley,  was  at  the  time  Principal.  He  was  chosen 
 Principal  of  the  Chillicothe  Female  College  in  1850. 
 In  February,  of  l.-i.">3,  he  removed  to  Antrim,  Ohio,  to 
 become  President  of  JIadi.son  College,  a  new  institu- 
 tion \uider  care  of  the  A.s.sociate  Reformed  Church. 
 In  July,  18.5G,  Dr.  Findley  was  elected  to  the  Princi- 
 palship of  the  Urbana  Female  .Seminarj-,  but,  on 
 account  of  objection  made  to  his  want  of  orthodoxy 
 on  Psiilmody  and  Communion,  he  declined  this  elec- 
 tion, resigned  the  Presidency  of  JIadi.son  College  and, 
 on  July  27th,  18.")(),  connected  himself  v-ith  the  O.  S. 
 Presl)>-tery  of  Zanesville,  Ohio.  On  March  2d,  1857, 
 he  was  installed  p;istor  of  the  Si.xth  Church  (O.  S.), 
 of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  where  he  served  until  in  the 
 Summer  of  1861,  when  he  became  ProfiSssor  of  Logic 
 and  Rhetoric  in  the  Western  University  of  Pennsyl- 
 vania. In  1865  he  took  charge  of  the  p;istorate  of 
 the  Fourth  Presbyterian  Church  of  Dayton,  Ohio,  and 
 also  of  the  Chaplaincy  and  ,a  Professorship  in  the 
 Western  Military  Academy,  in  the  same  city.  Dr. 
 Findley's  next  charge  was  that  of  the  New  Jersey 
 Church,  at  Carlisle,  Ohio,  where  he  labored  for  eight 
 years,  from  1870  to  1878.  Since  1S79  he  has  b<-en 
 pastor  of  the  united  congregations  of  Somerville  and 
 Collinsville.  Ohio.  He  was  honored,  in  1873,  by  oeing 
 made  correspondent  member  of  the  American  Ento- 
 mological Society.  While  pastor  of  tlie  Sixth  Church; 
 Pitt.sburg.  he,  for  over  two  years,  edited  the  I'cnn- 
 Ki/lvania  Tmclirr,  and  in  1878  published  a  volume 
 entitled  "Rambles  Among  the  Insects,"'  at  the 
 special  reiiucst  of  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Tubli- 
 cation. 
 
 Findley,  Rev.  Thomas  M.,  is  the  second  son 
 of  William  and  Eleanor  (C'aruthcrs)  Findley,  and  was 
 born  at  (Slade  Run,  Venango  county.  Pa.,  Sept<;mlHT 
 2i)th,  1847.  After  graduating  at  Monmouth  College, 
 m.,  in  1874,  with  the  first  honor  of  his  cla-ss,  he  was 
 for  two  years  engaged  in  teaching.  He  graduated 
 at  Princeton  Theologic;d  Seminary,  April  28th,  187!l, 
 and  was  licensed  the  next  day,  by  the  Presbj-tery  of 
 New  Brunswick.  He  preached  at  Kejiiort,  N.  J., 
 until  May,  1880.  June  22d,  1880,  he  was  installed 
 pa.stor  of  the  Presb_\-terian  Church,  Indiaiiola,  Iowa. 
 Here  his  labors  were  very  sueie.ssful.  At  thesolicitii- 
 tion  of  the  Committee  of  the  Presbytery  of  Southern 
 Dakota,  he  agreed  to  take  charge  of  the  Pre.sb\-terian 
 University  of  Southern  Dakota,  located  at  Pierre, 
 and  on  October  10th,  18.83,  was  elected  and  formally 
 made  President  of  the  new  Institution.  President 
 Findley  is  a  broad  and  vigorous  thinker,  an  earnest 
 anil  persevering   worker,  and  a  fine  scholar.      As  a 
 
FIXDLEx. 
 
 2:5:5 
 
 FIXE. 
 
 writer  he  is  clear  and  forcible,  as  a  speaker,  earnest 
 and  persuasive. 
 
 Findley,  Hon.  Williain,  the  fourtli  fiovernor 
 of  IVnusylvania  nmU-r  the  Constitution  of  1790, 
 from  December  16th,  1817,  to  December  19th,  1320, 
 was  born  at  Jlercersburg,  Franklin  county,  June  20th, 
 1763.  He  commenced  life  as  a  farmer,  on  a  portion 
 of  his  father's  estate,  which  at  the  death  of  his  father, 
 in  1799,  he  inherited.  The  first  office  which  he  ever 
 held  Wiis  that  of  Brigade  Inspector  of  militia.  In 
 1797  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  House  of 
 Rejiresentatives  of  the  State  Legislature.  He  was 
 again  elected  to  the  House  in  180:5.  He  proved  him- 
 self a  leading  member,  and  one  of  the  most  useful  in 
 the  House,  being  placed  in  the  most  responsible  posi- 
 tions. January  13th,  1807,  he  was  elected  State 
 Treasurer,  and  was  annually  re-elected  to  that  office 
 for  eleven  years,  when  he  resigned  to  assume  the 
 duties  of  Chief  Magistrate. 
 
 At  the  session  of  the  Legislature,  1821-2,  Governor 
 Findley  was  elected  to  the  Senate  of  the  L'nited 
 States  for  the  full  term  of  six  years.  At  the  expira- 
 tion of  his  Senatorial  term  he  was  appointed  Treasurer 
 of  the  United  States  Jliutat  Philadelphia,  and  resigned 
 the  office  on  account  of  the  infirmities  of  age.  He 
 died  at  Harrisburg,  at  the  residence  of  his  son-in-law. 
 Governor  Shunk,  November  12th,  1846.  Governor 
 Findlcj'  was  a  very  popular  man.  In  his  domestic 
 relations  he  was  most  exemplary.  He  was  charitable 
 in  the  largest  sense.  He  w;is  a  Christian  in  fiiith  and 
 practice.  Baptized  and  brought  up  in  the  Prcsbjterian 
 Church,  he  accepted  its  Standards,  and  respected  and 
 hospitably  entertained  its  ministers.  In  his  inaugu- 
 ral address  as  Governor,  in  enumerating  the  duties 
 which  should  be  required  of  public  servants,  he 
 included  that  of  cherishing  "by  their  example,  the 
 purity  and  beauty  of  the  religion  of  the  L'cdeemer." 
 
 Findley,  "William  Thornton,  D.  D.,  is  the 
 oldest  son  of  Eev.  Samuel  and  Margaret  (Ross)  Find- 
 ley, and  was  born  near  West  Middletown,  Wash- 
 ington Co.,  Pa.,  June  2d,  1814.  He  removed,  with 
 his  parents,  to  Ohio  in  1824.  Graduated  at  Franklin 
 College,  in  •  1839.  During  the  year  of  his  senior 
 studies  he  performed  the  duties  of  College  Tutor. 
 He  was  licensed  by  the  Second  (Associated  Kcformed) 
 Presbytery  of  Ohio,  to  preach,^  June  12th,  ls:59,  after 
 one  Winter's  study  in  the  Theological  Seminary  in 
 Allegheny,  Pa.,  Eev.  John  T.  Pressley,  D.  D.,  Pro- 
 fessor. At  this  time  his  health  had  become  so 
 seriously  impaired  that  all  his  future  theological 
 studies  were  pursued  under  the  supcr\-ision  of  a 
 Committee  of  Presbytery.  He  spent  the  Winter  of 
 1840-41  in  the  South,  and  derived  lasting  benefit  by 
 a  voyage  of  about  eleven  days  on  sea,  on  his  return 
 home.  He  engaged  in  mission  work  in  Dayton,  Ohio, 
 from  the  Fall  of  1841  till  in  the  Fall  of  1843.  He 
 was  pastor  of  the  Associate  Reformed  Church  in 
 Chillicothe,  Ohio,  1843-1855.  During  his  pastorate 
 here  he  was  four  years  Principal  of  the  Chillicothe 
 
 Academy,  with  his  brother  Samuel  as  As.sociate 
 Principal  three  years.  He  was  pastor  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Springfield,  Ohio,  185.3-.")9,  and 
 pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  Xenia,  Ohio, 
 1859-1869.  In  the  last  week  of  January,  1869,  he 
 entered  upon  his  pastorate  of  the  Central  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Newark,  X.  J.,  in  which  relation  he 
 stiU  continues.  In  1867-68  he  edited  the  FamUy 
 Treasure,  a  literary  and  religious  magazine,  which 
 originated  with  Dr.  David  McKinney,  in  Pittsburg, 
 but  was  published  at  above  date  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
 Dr.  Findley  is  an  instructive  preacher  anl  a  forcible 
 writer.      He  has  published  about  twenty  separate 
 
 WILLIAM  THORNTON  riXDLKY,  D.D. 
 
 sermons  and  addresses.  He  is  ready  for  every  good 
 work,  diligent  in  his  Master's  service,  blessed  in  his 
 ministry,  and  beloved  by  the  communities  in  which 
 he  has  labored. 
 
 Fine,  Hon.  Johxi,  was  born  in  the  city  of  Xew 
 York,  Augast  26th,  1794.  He  graduated  from  Co- 
 lumbia College  in  1809,  next  to  the  head  of  the  cla.ss. 
 
 I  He  studied  law,  and  in  1815  opened  an  office  in  St. 
 
 ]  Lawrence  county.  In  1824  he  was  appointed  first 
 Judge  of  the  county,  and  reappointed  at  the  expira- 
 tion of  successive  terms  of  office  xmtil  he  retired  on  his 
 election  to  Congress,  in  1838,  where  he  served,  during 
 the  latter  of  his  two  years,  on  the  Committee  of 
 Foreign  Affairs.  In  1844  he  was  again,  placed  on  the 
 Bench,  and  sat  there  until  the  reorganization  of  the 
 courts  in  1847,  under  the  new  Constitution  of  the 
 State.  In  1848  he  was  chosen  a  State  Senator,  and 
 most  happily  impres-sed  himself)  on  the  legislation 
 during  his  period  of  service.     From  182X  to  1833  he 
 
yiSLEV. 
 
 234 
 
 IIM.KY. 
 
 aitrd  ;ls  (■<niiityTrca.'!ur<T,  and,  on  liisrcxi^rnntinn,  tlii- 
 UcKird  of  SuiMTvisors  bore  iini|iiulili<-d  testimony  to 
 flic  a)>ility,  a<viiracy  and  integrity  with  which  he 
 had  dis<har(;i<l  hi.s  trust.  In  1KV2  lie  ]iiil)lislicd  a 
 valnahlc  volunicof  lectures  on  "  Law."  .Tiid;;;e  Fine's 
 naniu  is  as  familiar  to  the  Synod  of  Central  New 
 York  OR  that  of  any  minister  who  h:i8  lived  within 
 its  bounds.  Indeed,  His  life-work  was  not  less  reli- 
 gious and  ecelesi;islii-al  than  secular.  Xo  man  sur- 
 )ia.ss<-d  liim  in  the  fervor  of  his  piety  and  tlie  activity 
 of  liis  IwHcvolence.  On  removing  to  St.  Lawri'nce 
 county  ho  wxh  sulist.uitially  a  su]K'rintendent  of  the 
 niis.sionary  field  alioiit  him,  and  looked  after  the 
 waste  places  and  feeble  churches,  and  was  const.antly 
 consulted  alM)ut  them.  He  wii.salJ"e<|Uent  and  nearly 
 a  coiLstiint  memlier  of  the  Presbytery  and  Synod,  and 
 afterward  prominently  a  CommL-wioner  tothc  Genenil 
 .\asenibly,  and  active  in  planning  and  executing  its 
 schemes.  He  took  a  ]iromiiicnt  part  in  initiatingaiul 
 consummating  the  "  Hcunion."  Judge  I'ine  died  in 
 li^OT.  For  lifty-six  years  he  .served  ius  ruling  elder  in 
 the  church  at  Ogdensburg,  ^iid  was  one  of  the  lirst 
 two  chosen  for  the  olVue  tlnrc. 
 
 Finley,  General  Clement  A.,  wius  the  son  of 
 Samuel  Finley,  who  was  a  nephew  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  ^ 
 Samuel  Finley,  President  of  Princeton  College,  a 
 Major  in  the  Virginia  line  during  the  Kevolutiimary 
 War,  and  a  coimiiander  of  a  regiment  of  Mounted 
 Kitlemen  in  the  war  of  1812.  He  w:is  Imrn  in  Xew- 
 ville,  CumlM-rland  county,  Pa.,  in  17!»7;  graduated  at 
 \Va.shington  College,  Pa.;  studied  medicine  in  Chil- 1 
 lii'othe,  Uhio,  anil  riM-eived  his  diploma  in  the  .Medical 
 Di-partment  of  the  University  of  Penn.sylvania.  Dr. 
 Finley  entered  the  army  .Vugust  10th,  IHIS,  as  Sur- 
 gi-on's  Mate  of  the  First  Regiment  of  Infantry,  then 
 Htationed  atltaton  Rouge,  \a\.  He  sulKtcipiently  filled 
 the  |Hisitions  of  .V.ssistant  Surgecm,  and  Surgi-on,  and 
 was  .Medical  Director  in  the  lield,  with  Genends 
 .Tcssu]),  Scott,  and  Taylor,  in  the  Ithuk  Hawk, 
 Si-minole,  and  Mexiian  Wars.  He  sjieiit  nearly 
 eight  years  on  the  frontier  of  Arkansjis,  I.,<iuisiaua  { 
 and  Florida,  aeconii»inied  the  commands  that  es- 
 tablished Forts  Ix^iven worth,  JelTiTwin  Itimicks, 
 and  (iilison,  anil  went  with  (ienend  Dixlge  on  one 
 of  the  earliest  exiK-ditioiLS  to  the  Rocky  Mountuins, 
 ill  \<\i.  '  I 
 
 In  I'^il  he  wits  ajipointed  .Surgeon  (Jeneral  of  the 
 I'nited  .states  .Vrmy,  and  having  served  liis  country 
 honorably  and  acceptably  forly-fonr  years,  he  retin'd 
 from  active  mTvicir  U|kiii  his  own  aiipliiiition.  The 
 i-ommission  of  ISrevet  llrigadier  tonend  was  given 
 him  by  the  Pri-sident  on  his  n'tirement,  for  long  and 
 faithful  service,  (ieiiend  Finley  was  a  line  s|MTimen 
 of  u  Christian  g<-ntlenian.  His  ap|iejininec  wiu  roni- 
 manding  and  impressive.  Kven  in  lulvaneed  years, 
 ho  ntaini'd  the  gniceful  Is-aring  of  the  s<ddier. 
 .MiMlest  and  nliring.  he  wiis  yet  the  <i'nln>  of  many 
 strong  friendships  anil  atlachments.  He  was  bv 
 religious  jirofcssion,  iiiiil   I'rom   strung  convictions,  a 
 
 Pre.sbyt«Tian,  and  his  long  and  useful  life  was  ever 
 adorned  by  Christian  fidelity. 
 
 Finley,  Rev.  James,  wxs  Isirn  in  County  Ar- 
 magli,  Inland,  in  I'ebrmiry,  ITiJ;  was  iilucated  at 
 Fagg's  .Manor,  under  S^imuel  IJlair;  was  licensed  by 
 New  Ciistle  Presbyteri',  and  installed  p;Lstor  of  East 
 Nottingham,  on  the  Rock,  in  Cecil  county,  Md.,  in 
 17.V2.  Mr.  Finley  cros.sed  the  .MIeghenies  in  17(>.5, 
 and  again  in  17G7,  and  by  the  direction  of  the  Symxl, 
 supplied  Ligonier,  and  the  va<-;incies l>eyond  the  moun- 
 tains for  two  months,  in  1771-"2.  His  piLstoral  rela- 
 tion at  Nottingham,  against  the  renion.stnince  of  an 
 attached  iM-o]ile,  wxs  dis.solved,  May  17th,  1782.  He 
 was  not  dismis.sed  to  Redstone  Presbytery  till  April 
 2()th,  178."),  and  he  w;us  received  by  that  body  June  21st. 
 lie  was  called  to  Reholiuth  and  Round  Hill,  both  in 
 the  Forks  of  Youghiogheny,  in  the  Fall  of  1784,  and 
 remained  there  till  his  death,  January  6tli,  179.5. 
 On  removing  to  the  West,  the  Su])reme  Kxecutivc 
 Council  of  Pennsylvania  intrusted  important  business 
 to  Mr.  Finley,  and  commissioned  him  as  a  Justice  of 
 the  Peace  and  a  Judge  of  the  Common  Ple;is. 
 
 Finley,  Rev.  Jolin  Evans,  a  ne])hiw  of  Pre.si- 
 dent  Finley,  w;^  licen.sed  to  preach  by  New  Castle 
 Presbytery,  about  1780,  and  was  settled  at  Fagg's 
 Manor,  Pa.  About  the  year  ]79.'>  he  removed  to 
 Kentucky,  and  Ix-came  pastor  of  the  Pre.sbj"tcrian 
 Church  at  Itnickcn,  Miuson  county,  where  he  ex- 
 ercised his  ministry  during  the  great  revival  in  the 
 West. 
 
 Finley,  Robeii;,  D.  D.,  was  Iwirn  at  Princeton. 
 N.  J.,  in  1772;  graduated  at  Princeton  College  in 
 1787,  and  by  the  advice  of  Dr.  Withersjioon,  w.ia 
 appointed  teacher  of  the  Grammar  School  connectotl 
 with  the  college,  .\fter  remaining  in  this  situation 
 some  time,  ho  t<sik  charge  of  an  academy  at  Allen- 
 town,  N.  .1.  In  17!»1  he  n'nio\ed  to  Charleston, 
 S.  C,  and  In^'jime  Principal  of  nii  iicademy  in  that 
 citj",  where  he  gained  a  high  repiilation  as  a  gentle- 
 man, a  Christian,  and  a  teacher. 
 
 Having  determined  to  devote  him.stlf  to  the  min- 
 istry, Mr.  Finley  rcturne<l  to  Princ«-ton,  and  again 
 conducte<I  the  Cirammar  School,  but  was  soon  |fp- 
 point<'d  Tutor  in  the  college,  and  8orve<l  in  that 
 capacity  from  1793  to  179.">.  On  SeptemlHT  Itith, 
 1791,  he  was  lieensi'd  t<i  pn-ach  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Itrunswick,  and  on  June  l(!th.  was  ordained  and 
 in.stallcd  ]KLstor  of  the  Presbjterian  Chun-h  at  llitsk- 
 ingridge,  N.  .!.,  where  he  al.so  conducted  one  of  the 
 largist  and  most  ]Hi]iular  sehisils  of  the  day. 
 
 AlMiiit  this  time  Mr.  Finley  connived  the  idea  of 
 .Vfricnn  Colonization,  and  he  may  1h>  consideml  as 
 the  founder  of  the  Anieric:in  Colmiization  StMMcty. 
 In  1817  he  avim  cle<-t«l  to  the  Presiib-ncy  of  the  I'ni- 
 versity  of  Georgia,  but  he  had  hanlly  entered  upon 
 the  duties  of  his  new-  position,  when  di.seasc  s<i/.<sl 
 him,  and  he  died,  (VIoIht  3d,  1817.  Dr.  Finley 
 was  a  man  of  ih-cision  and  cnergv°.  His  ]M'rceptions 
 were  uucummonly  vivid,  and  his  feelings  ]iro|K>rtion- 
 
FIXLKV. 
 
 FIUST  (  in  ■]!(  -If.  <  ■UK  -A GO. 
 
 atply  strong.  He  sustained  a,  high  rank  as  a  preacher, 
 and  puljlished  several  sermons. 
 
 Finley,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  tlie  year 
 171."),  in  the  county  of  Arma<;li,  Ireland.  Alter  hav- 
 ing obtiiined  the  rudiments  of  an  English  education, 
 his  parents  sent  him  to  a  school  at  some  distance 
 from  home,  in  which  he  distinguished  himself  by  his 
 successful  application. 
 
 In  his  nineteenth  year  he  left  his  native  country, 
 with  aviewtofind  a  honieon  this  side  of  the  Atlantic, 
 and  arrived  in  Philadelphia,  September  28th,  1734. 
 After  his  arrival,  he  resumed  his  studies,  with 
 reference  to  the  ministry,  put  himself  under  the  care 
 of  New  Brunswick  Presl)ytery,  and  having  gone 
 through  the  priwcribed  trials,  was  licensed  to  preach, 
 .Vugust  5th,  1740.  As  this  was  a  period  in  which  the 
 public  mind  was  greatly  awakened  to  religious  things 
 he  traveled  extensively,  for  some  time  after  his 
 licensure,  and  co-operated  vigorously  with  the 
 friends  of  the  revival.  He  labored  for  a  considerable 
 time,  and  with  great  success,  in  West  Jersey,  in  Deer- 
 field,  (irwuwich,  and  Cape  Slay.  He  was  ordained, 
 probably  as  an  evangelist,  by  the  Presbyterj'  of  New 
 Brunswick,  October  13th,  1742. 
 
 In  August,  1743,  Mr.  Finley  received  a  call  from 
 Milford,  Conn.,  and  the  Presbytery  sent  him  to  Mil- 
 ford  "  with  allowance  that  he  also  preach  for  other 
 places  thereabouts,  when  Providence  may  open  a 
 door  for  him."  In  June,  1744,  he  accei)ted  a  call 
 from  the  congregation  in  Nottingham,  Jld.  Here  he 
 instituted  an  acadeiuy,  with  a  view  chielly  of  prepar- 
 ing young  men  lor  the  mini.stry,  wliich  aiijuired  great 
 reputation,  and  was  resorted  to  by  many  from  dis- 
 t;int  parts  of  the  country,  some  of  whom  attained 
 eminence.  He  was  chosen  to  the  presidency  of  the 
 ColU'ge  of  New  Jersey,  ujxjn  the  death  of  President 
 Davies,  in  17G1,  and,  having  accepted  this  appoint- 
 ment, his  administration,  which  continued  for  five 
 years,  fully  met  the  highest  expectations  that  had 
 been  indulged  in  regard  to  it.  By  unremitt<d  appli- 
 cation to  the  duties  of  his  office,  his  health  was  im- 
 paired, and  he  died,  July  17th,  17li().  In  his  hust 
 illness  he  was  more  than  conqueror.  His  joyful 
 experience  w;is  a  most  remarkable  attestation  of  the 
 power  of  the  grace  of  God  to  give  victory  over  the 
 last  enemy.  In  the  afternoon  of  the  day  preceding 
 his  death,  to  a  friend  who  said  to  him,  "  pray  sir, 
 how  do  you  feel?"  he  replied,  "'fiiU  of  triumph.  I 
 triumph  through  Christ.  Nothing  clips  my  wings 
 but  the  thought  of  my  dis.solutioii  being  prolonged. 
 O,  that  it  were  to-night!  My  very  soul  thirsts  lor 
 eternal  rest! " 
 
 Ebenezer  Hazard,  IJiti.,  of  Philadelphia,  formerly 
 Postmaster  General  of  the  United  States,  who  had 
 bi-en  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Finley,  says  of  him  : — 
 
 '■  He  was  remarkable  for  sweetness  of  temper  and 
 ))ulit(ness  of  behavior.  He  w;is  given  to  hospitality, 
 charitable  without  ostentation,  exemplary  in  the  dis- 
 charge of  all  rel-itive  duties,  and  in  all  things  show- 
 
 ing himself  a  pattern  of  good  works.  As  a  divine  he 
 wiis  a  Calvinist  in  sentiment.  His  sermons  were  not 
 hasty  productions,  but  filled  with  good  sense  and  well 
 digested  sentiment,  expressed  in  language  pleasing  to 
 men  of  science,  yet  perfectly  intelligible  to  the  illiter- 
 ate. They  were  Ciilculated  to  inform  the  ignorant, 
 to  alarm  the  cjirele.ss  and  secure,  and  to  edify  and 
 comfort  the  faithful. " 
 
 Dr.  Finlcy's  publications  consisted  mainly  of  ser- 
 mons, the  livst  of  which  was  preached  on  the  death  of 
 President  Davies,  17(il. 
 
 First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago. 
 This  Church  was  organized  June  2()th,  1833,  l>y  the 
 Rev.  Jeremiah  Porter,  and  consisted  of  twenty-five 
 members,  of  whom  sixteeii  belonged  to  the  garrison 
 of  Fort  Dearborn.  In  the  Spring  of  1833  two  com- 
 panies of  United  States  troops  were  transferred 
 from  the  Falls  of  the  St.  JIary  to  Fort  Dearborn. 
 They  had  enjoyed,  during  the  year  183:2,  the  minis- 
 terial labors  of  the  Rev.  Jlr.  Porter,  and  many  of 
 the  officers  and  soldiers  had  been  hopefully  <-onverted 
 to  God.  These  troops,  under  command  of  Major 
 John  Fowle,  and  accompanied  by  their  minister, 
 landed  at  that  Fort  May  13th,  1833.  About  six 
 weeks  afterwards  the  First  Church  was  organized, 
 by  adopting  the  Covenant  and  Articles  of  Faith  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  Detroit.  Mr.  Porter  continued  as  stated 
 supply  of  the  Church  until  his  removal  to  Peoria,  111., 
 in  November,  183.5.  During  his  ministry  its  mem- 
 bers increased  from  twenty-five  to  about  one  hundred. 
 
 For  two  years  after  Mr.  Porter's  removal,  the  pulpit 
 was  supplied,  partially,  by  the  Rev.  Isaac  Taylor 
 Hinton,  then  pastor  of  the  Baptist  church  there, 
 and  by  the  Rev.  William  SIcLain,  since  of  W;ish- 
 ington  City,  and  the  Rev.  J.  J.  Miter,  subsequently 
 of  Beaver  Dam,  WLs.  July  1st,  1837,  Rev.  John 
 Blatchford,  now  deceased,  was  installed  the  first 
 pastor,  and  in  August,  1839,  he  was  dismissed,  at  his 
 own  request.  The  Rev.  Flavel  Bascom  commenced 
 his  laljors  in  December,  1839;  was  installed  No\em- 
 ber  lOtli,  1840,  and  remained  pastor  until  December, 
 1849.  Following  Mr.  B;i.scom,  the  Rev.  Harvey  Curtis 
 began  his  ministry,  August  2.5th,  1850,  and  Wiis  in- 
 .stalled  pastor  on  the  13th  of  October  following.  After 
 a  successful  pastorate  of  about  eight,  years,  he  was 
 dismis,sed,  June  8tli,  1^.58,  for  the  ])uri)Oseof  a.s.suming 
 the  office  of  President  of  Knox  College,  at  Gale.sburg, 
 ni.,  which  office  he  held,  with  honor,  until  his  death, 
 Sept.  18th,  18(!2. 
 
 Dr.  Curtis  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Z.  M.  Hum- 
 phrey, who  commenced  his  mini.stry  May  15th,  18.59. 
 He  was  installed  June  7th,  of  the  same  year,  and  for 
 nearly  nine  years  he  ministered  to  the  church,  ending, 
 February  3d,  1868,  a  pastorate  crowned  with  useful- 
 ness. Dr.  Humphrey  then  removed  to  Philadelphia, 
 and  thence,  in  1875,  to  Cincinnati,  as  Profes.sor  of 
 Church  Polity  and  Eeclesia-stical  History  in  Lane 
 Seminary.  He  die<l  November  13th,  1881,  univer- 
 sally beloved.     In  July,  18G8,  a  call  w:ts  given  to  the 
 
riusr  ciirucn.  cmcAao. 
 
 2:;(! 
 
 iiusrciirucii.  riiii.Mn:i.riii.\. 
 
 Rev.  Arthur  Mitchell,  who  commenced  his  labors 
 Oi'tolMT  2oth,  ami  was  installed  Nnviiiibrr  lllth  fol- 
 lowing. He  Wiia  (lisnilssod  Au^jiist  Utli,  I'SSO,  to  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Cbiirch  of  Cleveland,  enclosing  a 
 nearly  twelve  years'  justorate,  ■whitli  w:ls  dissolved 
 with  much  rcpiet.  Dr.  Jlitehell  was  su<  ceitled  by 
 the  lili'v.  .Tiilui  H.  Harrows,  l>.  D.,  of  Ivist  lioston, 
 Slass.,  who  eoiiinirnc'i'd  his  ministry  November  6th, 
 IH-Jl,  was  installed  on  tbef^lh  of  December  foUowin;;, 
 and  still  holds  the  important  ]M>sition,  w ith  viry  en- 
 eoura;;lnf;  e\  Idenee  of  the  divine  blessing  accompany- 
 ing his  faithlul  labors. 
 
 The  first  church  edifice  erected  for  the  use  of  this 
 church  anil  congrcfpition  was  a  frame  building,  t  wenty- 
 si.x  feet  by  forty,  and  stood  on  the  southwest  corner  of 
 Clarke  and  I^ike  streets.  It  was  oi)ened  for  worship 
 January  1st,  \KW.  In  1837  this  building  was  removed 
 to  the  Bouthwist  corner  of  Clark  and  Washington 
 streets,  and  enlarged  by  increasing  its  length  twofold. 
 In  1^  10  it  was  again  enlargiil,  by  do\ibling  its  width. 
 In  the  Tall  of  1^-17  the  foundation  of  a  bricked  ilice  w;is 
 laid,  si.\ty-five  feet  by  one  hundred.  The  bitsement 
 rooms  were  opj'ned  for  worship  Janu:iry  1st,  li^O, 
 and  the  whole  house  finished  and  dedicated  in  Sep- 
 tember follow  ing,  at  a  cost  of  about  $J1,IHHJ.  In  the 
 growth  of  the  city,  it  wius  found  that,  on  account  of 
 the  encroaelitnents  of  business,  the  location  was  not 
 good.  Besides,  an  increa.si^  of  church  sittings  was 
 lu-eded,  to  supply  the  want.s  of  the  rajiidly  increasing 
 jNijiulation.  Accordingly,  the  lot  and  building  then 
 occupied  by  the  eongreg-ation  wius  sold,  iu  Novemljer, 
 leto.'),  aiul  a  lot  immediately  ]nirch.xscd,  mx  Wabash 
 avenue  between  Van  I5uren  an<l  C<mgre,ss  streets,  at  a 
 cost  of  ^I(;,(M)(),  and  a  new  church  edifice,  costing 
 alKMil  $11.'>,(H»0,  was  erected  thereon,  for  the  use  of 
 the  riist  Presbyterian  Church  and  congregation. 
 
 The  church  here  built  W!is  o<-cni>ied  from  the  Fall 
 of  \<M  until  destroyed  by  the  great  fire  of  ()elot«-r 
 irtli,  1h71.  In  April,  ls(i."i,  a  lot  wiis  Ica.sed  on  Con- 
 grpitfi  Htreet,  running  back  to  and  uniting  with  the 
 church,  on  which  a  large  and  coninKHlious  brick 
 chii|M'l  wan  built,  at  a  cost  of  j;2i>,(Kt(l,  and  in  which 
 the  Siuiilay  School  w.is  held,  ILS  also  the  de\otlonal 
 and  WM  iai  nn-elings  of  the  eliureh.  This  building  wils 
 also  destroy,  il  by  the  fire  of  (tetolMr,  '71.  After  the 
 defltructioni'f  biitli  chureli  ami  chajH-l,  aiul  iH'foreany 
 action  Iriil  been  taki-n  toward  .securing  a  new  location, 
 the  growth  of  llie  city  and  change  of  ri-sidenei'S  again 
 called  for  a  removal  further  south.  Overtures  were 
 made  by  the  Calvary  rrc.sbyterian  Church,  which  had 
 oomnienced  the  building  now  oecupiMl  by  the  First 
 Church  congregation,  t4>  unite  the  two  churehea  and 
 complete  the  pre.<M'iit  edifice.  Owing  to  the  largi- 
 amount  of  building  in  the  i-ity  for  the  next  two  years 
 the  e\]H  iisi' was  niueh  idnive  the  cstiniateil  priie,  so 
 that  whi'U  com))li'ted,  the  totid  oxst,  including  the 
 ground,   was  |:|r;.'>,iMNi. 
 
 In  addition  to  its  important  liailroad  .Mi.ssion, 
 llie   l"irsl    (buri'h  founded,  .oul    L.r   nrirlv  tell   vears 
 
 carried  on,  Foster  Mission,  on  the  west  side,  with  500 
 scholars,  w  liich  is  now  under  the  Ciire  of  the  Third 
 Presbyterian  Church;  it  also  established  the  Sands 
 Mission,  on  the  north  side,  atYerw;irds  relini|uished  to 
 the  North  Presbyterian  Church,  in  I'vV"',  and  the  In- 
 diana Street  School,  relimjuisluHl  to  the  S<'cond  Pres- 
 byterian Church.  This  church  also  organized,  in 
 ls.'ip<,  the  Archer  Avenue  Mi.ssion,  and  sustained  it 
 until  I8(i0,  when  it  was  transferred  to  the  care  of  the 
 First  ISapti.st  Cliureh;  and  from  iNiit  until  187^  it, 
 iu  great  l>art,  sustained  the  Forty-first  Stri-et  Prcsby- 
 I  tcrian  Church,  now  under  the  careof  the  h'ev.  .Vrthur 
 Swazey,  u.  D.,  with  a  growing  congregation  and 
 every  prospect  of  a  bright  future.  In  its  present 
 prosiKTous  conditi<m  it  has  a  fulfillment  of  the  Divine 
 pronii.se  :  "The  liberal  soul  shall  be  made  fat;  and  he 
 that  watcretli  shall  be  watered  also  hini.stlf  " 
 
 First  Presbyterian  Church,  Philadelphia. 
 
 The  exact  time  of  tlie  organi/.ition  of  this  church  is 
 not  known,  the  early  records  ha\iug  been  lost.  The 
 records  extant  date  back  to  IGDc',  the  congregation 
 worshi])ing  in  a  store  belonging  to  the  Barbadoea 
 Company,  at  the  northwest  corner  of  Sei-ond  and 
 Chestnut  streets.  The  first  j>astor  of  this  chtirch  wiu* 
 the  Rev.  Jedediah  Andrews,  who  came  from  New- 
 England  in  the  .\utunin  of  Kiits.  Jlr.  Andrews  w;i8 
 known  sis  an  independent  mini.stcr,  but  was  ul.so 
 denominated  Presbyterian.  The  congrcg.it  ion  after- 
 wards jiroeured  a  lot  on  Market  street,  at  the  ix)rner 
 of  what  is  now  I'>;uik  street,  IxtwiH-n  S*-cond  and 
 Third  streets,  uiwn  which  they  erected  a  small  house 
 of  worship.  This  structure  w;uj  cnlargi-d  in  172!), 
 when  the  Prcsbvt»'rian  form  of  government  w;is 
 adopted.  The  funds  iU'cc.s.s;iry  for  this  improvement 
 were  partially  raised  in  litwton,  Mass.  This  edifiiv 
 continued  to  lie  the  place  of  worship  until  17!KJ, 
 when  it  w;ls  su|>ersed<d  by  a  more  sjiaeious  and 
 elegant  building,  erected  Jiartly  on  the  old  site.  The 
 congregation  worshi])cd  here  until  their  rcnuival  to 
 
 :  their  prc.s<-nt  location,  at  the  corner  of  Washington 
 
 I  Square  and  Seventh  street,  in  li^Jl. 
 
 The  jKistoi-s  of  this  church  have  Ixvn  n.s  follows: — 
 Rev.  Jedediah  Andrews,  l(j;»8  to  17 17;  the  Rev.  Sam- 
 uel Hemphill  was  elected  as  an  assistant  or  colleugue 
 
 '  of  Mr.  Andrews  in  17;>.">,  but  M-rved  in  this  ca]Kicity 
 only  a  short  time.  In  17;>!)  the  congregation  calle«l 
 the  Rev.  Rols'rt  Cross  as  iMlleagiu-  jKistor  with  Mr. 
 Andrews.  I'pon  the  death  of  Mr.  Andrews,  iu  1747, 
 Mr.  Cross  continued  the  ]iastor.tl  ollii-e  until  June 
 ■J"Jd,  17.VS,  when  he  resigned.  During  his  ]K»torate 
 the  Rev.  Francis  Alison,  l>.  l>.,  was  emph>ycd,  in 
 17.V2,  as  assistant  to  Mr.  Cr«s.s,  and  su1>siM|uently  as 
 odieague  with  Dr.  Kwing,  until  his  death.  Rev. 
 .lolin  Kwing,  l>.  D.,  was  juistor  from  17.'iy  to  S«-ptem- 
 iMTHth,  l.srj.  In  l.-^ll  the  congregation  CidUd  the 
 Rev.  .lolin  lilair  Linn,  Ii. li.,  as  colleogtu',  and  on  the 
 ilejilh  of  Mr.  Kwing,  in   I'^tfJ,  he  became  Mile  ]Kistor 
 
 of  the  church  until  his  death.  August  :Kith.  1-J)|. 
 K'e\ .   .Tiuues  Patriot  Wilson,   l>.   Ii.,  wiis  jtastor  Irom 
 
FIUST  CHURCH,  PITTSBURG. 
 
 237 
 
 FIRST  CHURCH,  PITTSBURG. 
 
 >I;iy,  180G,  to  the  Spring  of  IPIid.  Tlic  Kov.  Albert 
 Barnes  was  installed  pastor,  June  '.'oth,  1830,  and 
 filled  the  pulpit  until  1867,  when  he  resigned  and 
 was  appointed  P;istor  Emeritus,  whieh  position  he 
 retained  until  his  death,  iu  1870.  Kev.  Herrick 
 JohiLson,  u.  D.,  LL.  I).,  was  j)astor  from  18G8  to  1874, 
 when  the  present  incunihcnt,  the  Rev.  Lawrenee  JI. 
 Colfelt,  wa-s  installed  as  pastor  of  the  eongregation. 
 Sketches  of  most  of  these  gentlenx^n  will  be  foiuul  in 
 their  appropriate  place  in  this  VDlnnie. 
 
 The  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  t'hnreh 
 in  the  United  Stiitcs  met  iu  this  edifice  in  ISfi:?,  and 
 the  first  meeting  of  the  Gejieral  Assembly  after  the 
 "  Reunion  "  wiis  held  licre,  in  May,  1870. 
 
 The  location  of  this  church  is  "down  town,"  the 
 
 pa.stor.s,  and  of  the  faithful  (Jernuui  (Webber),  siuec 
 1782. 
 
 The  First  Church  gave  first  sign  of  life  in  applying 
 to  the  Presbytery  of  Redstone  for  .supplies,  on  the  14th 
 tf  April,  1784.  The  Rev.  Joseph  Smith  was  appointed 
 to  preach,  in  August.  No  other  notice  of  organiza- 
 tion is  made  in  the  Presbyterial  records.  In  Oetober, 
 178.5,  the  Kev.  Samuel  Karr,  liecntiate  of  London- 
 derry Pre.sbyter\',  Ireland,  ajipi'ared  in  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Redstone,  having  had  his  attention  <lireeted 
 to  Pittsburg  as  a  tii-ld,  by  merchants  who  met  him  at 
 the  house  of  his  father-in-law,  at  New  Castle.  There 
 was  not  complete  .satisfaction  on  the  part  of  Presby- 
 tery at  first,  but  Mr.  Barr's  work  began  and  went 
 forward  without  forma!  inst.'illatioii.     The  Church  of 
 
 FIR.^T   PRESBYTERIAN   rHCRCH,  PnlLADELPHIA,  PA. 
 
 population  for  many  years  ha\  ing  steadily  moved  to 
 other  sections  of  the  city,  but  notwithstanding  the 
 drain  upon  it,  it  is  still,  numerically,  one  of  the 
 strongest  of  the  Denomination  in  Philadelphia. 
 
 First  Presbjrterian  Chtirch,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
 Arthur  Lee,  a  Virginian,  visited  Pittsburg,  in  1783, 
 and  wrote  thus:  ''It  is  inhabited  almost  entirely 
 by  Scots  and  Irish,  who'  live  in  paltry  log  hou-scs, 
 and  are  as  dirty  as  in  the  North  of  Ireland,  or  even 
 
 Seotland There  are  in  town  four 
 
 attorneys,  two  doctors,  and  not  a  priest  of  any  per- 
 suasion, nor  ehurch,  nor  chapel,  so  that  they  are  likely 
 to  perish  without  benefit  of  clergy."  But  Arthur 
 I^ee  had  no  ear  for  the  echoes  of  Beatty  and  Duffield's 
 ]>reaching.  in  17.58  and  17G6,  of  MeLure's  in  1772,  of 
 McMillan's    in    1775,   l^esides   that    of   the   g-arrison 
 
 Pitts-township  (now  Binlah  Church  1  united  with  the 
 First  Church  in  the  call  to  Mr.  Barr. 
 
 ■Wliere  the  Church  at  first  worshiped  no  seraj), 
 even  of  tradition,  remains  to  inform  us.  There  had 
 been  a  bent  fixed  toward  a  certiviu  property,  by  X\\o 
 burial  there  of  certain  soldiers  and  ollieers,  but  it 
 w;is  not  until  December  4th,  178G,  that  a  i)ill  was 
 introduced  into  the -Vs-sembly  at  Philadeliihia,  asking 
 that,  in  a  new  laying  out  of  things,  lots  .should  be 
 set  apart  for  "a  ehureh  and  burying  ground.''  "For 
 whatchuich?"  was  a.sked.  "There  is  but  one  church 
 there,"'  answered  Hugh  Brackenridgc,  the  representa- 
 j  five,  "all  go  to  that. ' '  After  some  discussion,  whether 
 the  words  ' '  religious  Christian  society, "  or  "  religious 
 society, "  or  "  Presbyterian  congregation, ' '  should  Ik; 
 inserted  iu  the  bill,  the  bust  phrase,  through  the  inllu- 
 
FnisT  cnuiivii.  I'Ittsbvro. 
 
 238 
 
 FlliST  cm  -IK  11.  J'rnsiii  i;<;. 
 
 ence  of  Sir.  Findley,  prevailed,  and  the  bill,  having       The   Rev.    lioltcrt   Steele,    from   Ireland,    liecame 
 
 p:Lssod  oviT  to  Siiileiiiliir  21sl,  17'^",   Wiis  piLssed  in    supply  of  the  Kirst  (.'hunh  in  l>i'tolM-r,  IHKI.     When 
 tluit  shape,  on  the  "ilnh  Sr])trnilKr  of  that  year.  fairly  settlid,  in  l^Hni,  a  W-w  jH-rsoas,  di.ssati.-^lietl  with 
 
 Before  the  .\s.«eMilily  had  aitcd,  and  mainly  through  the  spiiitual  IimmI  afforded  them,  pi-titioned  for  the 
 the  inlluenee  of  Mr.  IJarr,  who  had  gone  eiust  to  obtain  formation  of  the  Seeond  Lhureh,  and  the  church 
 money  for  building  and  a  grant  of  land,  the  Penu  -organization,  after  some  o|i]>iisition,  was  granted,  in 
 heirs  had  deeded  two  and  a  half  lots  of  the  ground  1»S(M.  In  this  jvarthe  First  Church  iM'g-an  and  built 
 already  designated,  for  the  nominal  "consideration  (with  S4>nie  linishing  work  in  1  !*•.■>)  a  large  house  of 
 of  five  shillings,  :us  well  as  of  the  laudable  inclination  Worship,  built  of  brick,  over  and  around  the  log 
 they  have  for  encouraging  and  proinoting  morality,  structure,  which  was  itself  used  until  the  new  one 
 piety  and  religion  in  general,  and  more  esiH>cially  in  w;ui  almost  completed,  and  then  the  venerable  tim- 
 tlie  town  of  Pittsburg. "  This  deed  was  e.xecuted  to  Ix-rs  were  thrust  out  at  the  windows.  There  w;w 
 eleven  trustees,  of  whom  si.\  had  been  ofliicrs  in  the  growth  by  imiiiigration  at  this  periiKl,  but  little 
 KevolutioiKiry  army.  On  this  ground  the  Church  1  otherwise.  The  tone  of  piety,  if  tradition  is  corni-t, 
 proceeiled  to  erect  (some  think  had  already  begun  was  but  little  improved,  while  the  pecuniary  embur- 
 to  erect)  their  first  hou.se  of  worship — a  structure  rassment  of  the  debt  oaust-d  by  the  new  hou.sc  was  so 
 of  "motlcrate  dimcusions  and  stiuared  timber."  ,  severely  felt  that  in  1S07  a  lottery  of  first  and  second 
 Another  lot  was  imrehased,  with  foresight  and  private  s<luiiies,  to  raise  S^(MMI,  was  aiithorizeil,  and  jires-sed 
 means,  by  Mr. 
 Burr,  and 
 came  into  the 
 hands  of  the 
 trustees  in 
 1802. 
 
 A  history  of 
 the  times  as- 
 »-rts  that  the 
 c  h  u  r  c  h  wius 
 "  not  remark- 
 able, early,  for 
 e  X  e  m  p  1  a  r  y 
 piety.  Many 
 of  thi'm  were 
 a  gay,  fitshion- 
 able,  worldly 
 peojjle,  eon- 
 forming  to  the 
 customs      and 
 
 iKK-inTCBIAN    Cllt'RCII,  PITTSBCHti.  PA. 
 
 manners  of  the  times."  ("Old  Kedstone."  page  377.)  '  1810,  the  church  life  seemed  weak. 
 
 Mr.  liarr's  ministry  clo.sed  in  1789.     From  June,  178!),    the  Kev.  .ToM-ph  .'>lockton,  which  follow eil.  ml  inli  rim 
 
 toaetual  draw- 
 ing. It  w;>s, 
 liowever,  un- 
 ueees.-ilul,and 
 t  he  debt  had 
 lo  be  subst*- 
 •  luently  other- 
 wis»>  provided 
 lor. 
 
 Testimony 
 
 to  the  ]Krs»>ii- 
 
 al     character, 
 
 bility   and 
 
 arncstliess  of 
 
 Mr.    ."Steele    is 
 
 abundant,  but 
 
 the     tide    was 
 
 too  .strong.   .\t 
 
 h  i  s     d  e  a  t  h  , 
 
 March     22d, 
 
 The  priaehingof 
 
 to  November,  17!C2,  there  were  only  supplies,  Mr. 
 Itobert  Findley  Ix-ing  the  principal  one.  From 
 November,    1792,    to    Octolx-r,    1793,    Mr.    Samuel 
 
 for  alwut  one  year,  was  ri'freshing  ami  strengthening. 
 He  is  said  to  have  refus4'd  the  sjilary  voted  for  his 
 
 services,  and  in  other  .services  w;us  gn-atly  u.seful   in 
 
 Mahon   (licentiate  of  Carlisle  Presbytery)  preached,    the  two  cities. 
 
 and  was  c;illed,  liut  the  Presbytery  did  not  see  its  The  Kev.  Francis  llerroii,  ]>:Lstor  at  KiMky  .•spring, 
 way  clear  to  jiut  the  call  in  his  hands.  From  Octo-  Fninklin  county.  Pa.,  since  I'^K)  {nrr  liin  .Skrtrh), 
 iM-r,  17'.t:!,  to  OetolxT,  1-*IKI,  is  almost  a  blank.  There  came  to  visit  his  relative.  Dr.  Brown,  of  Wa.shingtoii, 
 an-  no  s<'ssional  records  (iis  there  are  none,  indeed.  Pa.,  and  preaeheil  in  the  First  Church,  by  r<i|Ui-st. 
 until  l-'H),  and  the  church  does  not  apix-ar  in  i  Oreat  interest  was  excited,  and  such  n  call  followed 
 Pn-sbytery  in  any  form,  except  in  April,  179.>,  to  ,  him  home  as  brought  him  Iwck  again  in  the  Fall  of 
 n.sk  Mnpplies,  and  then  again  in  June,  1799.  At  1811.  Existing  diflieultii-s  only  stirrtil  the  noble 
 this  time,  though  there  were  great  revivals  in  the  and  evangelical  jvistor  to  e\ertion.s.  The  truth  as  it  is 
 surrounding  eountrv,  the  city  wsls  as  the  heath  of  in  Jesus,  faitlil'iilly  ami  atViit innately  ]ireaehetl,  and 
 the  di-st-rt.  The  First  Church  wxs  asleep  in  the  earnest  jvi-storal  work,  wroiijiht  spieily  change,  with 
 miilst  of  a  harvest.  .\  Nin;;ular  gle.im  of  )ironiise,  ,  GimPs  bli'.ssiiig,  among  the  liacksliddeii,  strengthened 
 long  to  Ih-  deferred  in  I'ultillmeiit,  is  found  ill  I>r.  the  hands  of  the  constant,  and  attr:iet4-d  the  atteii- 
 llerron"s  preaehinK.  in  the  old  log  church,  in  1799.  tiim  of  the  worldly.  In  three  years  the  ]>isuniary 
 much  to  till' annoyance  of  the  swallows,  which  seemed  '  diflieullies  were  eiidisl,  and  then  came  cliureh  en- 
 fo  claim  the  neglected  building.  largenieni,  re-sale  of  jm'W.s,  I  linlliliiie  lln-  .<i-vsiiiu- 
 
FlUtiT  rUlRVU,  rinVBLUG. 
 
 ij39 
 
 FJKST  CHURCH,  PITTSBURG. 
 
 room,  ill  1814.  The  impetus  of  the  Sabbath-school 
 niovciiieiit  had  uli'taily  bijLjuu  to  be  felt.  Dr.  llenou 
 and  the  pious  Joseph  Patterson  Ibrmed  the  Sabbath- 
 .sehool  Association  of  Pittsburg,  in  1«1~.  A  special 
 liuildiiig  for  the  promotion  of  this  great  interest,  the 
 lirst  of  its  kind  in  all  the  region,  was  erected  in  1826. 
 The  bles-siug  of  God  continued  on  the  church,  which 
 Citrcd  for  its  own  and  other  children.  The  Tliinl  Pres- 
 bj'terian Church  wa.sl'ormed  in  l'':i;?,  with  full  consent 
 and  aj)proval  of  the  First,  and  some  of  the  choicest 
 material  of  the  First  entered  the  enterprise.  The 
 First  Church,  w  itli  alternations,  of  course,  continued 
 to  grow  and  prosper,  until,  in  December,  1850,  Dr. 
 llerron  felt  the  need  of  transferring  the  increasing 
 burden  to  younger  shoulders. 
 
 Dr.  William  >I.  Paxtou  came,  early  in  1831,  from  a 
 two  years'  pastorate  at  Greencastle,  Pa. ,  to  take  charge 
 of  the  First  Clmrch.  [See  his  Sketch.)  The  older 
 were  edilied  with  his  ministry,  the  younger  were  at- 
 tracted, the  congregations  rapidly  increased,  and  th(! 
 third  edifice  for  the  church  was  decided  upon  imme- 
 diately after  a  gracious  and  productive  revival.  The 
 building  was  the  handsomest  of  its  time,  and  has 
 stimulated  many  others  of  like  grade.  During  Dr. 
 Paxt»n"s  pastorate  the  life  of  the  church  was  deep- 
 ened, its  numbers  largely  increased,  and  its  beneficence 
 greatly  developed.  Its  termination  in  June,  186.5, 
 was  a  matter  of  great  regret,  and  only  permitted,  bj' ! 
 ac(iuiesccnce  of  the  congregation,  in  action  based  upon 
 considerations,  mainly  of  health,  which  the  pastor  re- 
 garded as  imperative.  The  interim  was  supplied,  to 
 the  great  satisfaction  of  the  cougi-egation,  by  the  Eev. 
 Dr.  A.  A.  llodge. 
 
 The  liev.  Sylvester  F.  Scovel  became  Dr.  Paxton's 
 succes.sor,  in  December,  1865,  and  continued  in 
 charge  of  the  church  until  July,  1883,  when  he 
 resigned,  to  aeee]>t  the  presidency  of  AVooster  Uni- 
 versity. Under  Dr.  Scovel's  ministry  the  church  was 
 greatly  blessed.  Popular  as  a  preacher,  diligent  as  a 
 worker,  and  faithful  as  a  pastor,  his  etjbrts  were 
 crowned  with  success.  Precious  revivals  in  1867  and 
 1876  resulted  in  a  large  increase  of  the  membership. 
 The  org-anization  of  the  church  was  perfected,  by  the 
 institution  of  its  lii-st  Board  of  Deacons;  a  parsonage 
 was  purcha.sed  in  1876-79,  at  the  cost  of -518,000,  and 
 in  1880-81  a  Sabbath-sehool  room,  with  latest  l;icili- 
 ties  for  Christian  work  of  every  description,  wjis 
 erected,  at  a  cost  of  $24,000.  Dr.  Seovel  enjoyed,  in 
 a  high  degree,  the  confitience  and  aftection  of  the 
 large  and  influential  congregation  he  so  faithfully 
 served,  and,  amidst  their  deep  regrets  for  his  separa- 
 tion from  them,  to  occupy  a  new  sphere  of  duty  to 
 which  he  feels  him.self  called,  carries  with  him  the 
 abiding  regards  of  his  flock,  and  their  best  wishes  for 
 his  t'uture  usefulness  and  happiness.     (Sec  hi.^  Sketch.) 
 
 The  First  Church  has,  uaturally  and  by  reason  of 
 zeal,  also  been  a  place  of  beginnings,  and  wide 
 influences  have  started  thence,  the  extent  of  which  is 
 measuri'less.     It  was  the  place  of  the  first  meeting  of 
 
 the  Synod  of  Pittsburg,  in  1802.  The  "  Moral  A-sso- 
 ciatiou,''  about  1812,  was  formed  there,  for  the  city. 
 The  Sabbath  Siliool  As.sociati(m  began  there,  in  1817. 
 The  first  Temperance  meetings  were  held  there.  The 
 Western  University  was  there  inaugurated,  in  1819. 
 The  Western  Missionary  Society  was  formed  there,  in 
 1802,  by  the  Synod,  and  the  Western  Foreign 
 Missionary  Society  had  its  beginnings  there,  ia  1831, 
 in  the  councils  of  the  little  Session-room,  between 
 Swift  and  Herron,  and  like-minded  ones;  the  fir.st  to 
 do  faithful  work  for  our  own  laud  for  twent\-seven 
 years  and  be  merged  into  the  As.sembly's  Board  of 
 Missions,  with  the  full  eoiLseiit  of  its  originators,  and 
 the  second  to  present  and  represent  the  great  j>rinciples 
 of  Church  action  in  the  conversion  of  the  world,  until 
 it  became  triumphant  in  1837,  and  becivrae,  "  as  it 
 was  always  intended  it  should  become"  (.said  Dr. 
 Swift),  ' '  the  Board  of  Foreign  Jlissions  of  the  General 
 As-sembly  of  the  Presbj-terian  Church.'"  Here  the 
 first  missionaries  were  conimi.ssioned,  and  Pinney 
 has  lived  to  speak  from  the  s;nne  puljjit  from  which, 
 fifty  years  ago,  he  was  .sent  to  ^Vfriea.  The  Western 
 Theological  Seminary  liad  its  beginnings  here,  like- 
 wise- (1825-7),  and  its  first  classes  recited  here.  The 
 General  Assembly  met  in  the  First  Church  at  its 
 first  venture  west  of  the  mountains,  in  1835;  again 
 met  there  in  1836,  then  in  1849,  then  in  1865;  then 
 gave  it,  with  the  Third  Church,  the  hallowed  as.socia- 
 tions  of  re-union,  with  its  communion,  in  1869,  and 
 met  there  again — the  first  meeting  in  the  new  series 
 of  Assemblies  which  pay  their  own  expenses,  and 
 thus  may  continue  popular  rather  than  select.  And 
 it  was  made  the  place  of  the  first  eflective  gathering 
 of  the  precious  memories  of  Western  Presbyterianism 
 by  the  Jlemorial  Convention  of  1875,  with  its  admir- 
 able result  and  volume. 
 
 Nor  must  it  be  forgotten  that  there  have  been  held 
 in  the  First  Church  a  series  of  four  distiuctivelj'  revi- 
 val conventions,  embracing  the  membership  of  several 
 western  Synods,  all  of  them  productive  of  much  edi- 
 fication, and  two  of  them,  to  wit,  1842  and  1857, 
 followed  by  great  outpourings  of  the  Spirit.  Such 
 are  the  known  connections  of  the  latter,  that  some 
 have  traced  directly  to  its  influence  the  presumedly 
 perpetual  convention  of  prayer  for  the  "outpouring 
 of  the  Holy  Spirit  upon  all  flesh,"  called  "The 
 Week  of  Prayer,''  the  Sabbath  of  the  intercessory 
 year. 
 
 It  may  only  1»  addetl  that  the  First  Church  h:>s 
 been  characterized  by  its  attachment  to  and  interest 
 in,  the  city  with  which  it  has  grown  up.  Starting 
 the  very  year  the  city  plan  was  adopted,  it  has  ever 
 been  an  integral  part  of  its  life.  Its  part  in  city 
 charities  and  helpful  institutions  is  wTitteu  every 
 where  in  their  history.  The  ground  at  the  Western 
 Pennsyhania  Hospital,  and  thirty-five  yeare'  Presi- 
 dency of  the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  principal 
 orphan  a.sylum,  attest  the  interest  of  one  faithful 
 woman;  and  they  are  not  the  only  witnesses  she  has 
 
llsll. 
 
 240 
 
 FISHER. 
 
 left;  nor  is  «lie  the  ouly  benefactor  of  the  city.  Many 
 of  the  nobli-st  citizens  have  b«fn  iilcntilii-d  with  its 
 interests,  tenip<jr.il  or  spiritual,  or  Imth.  .Iiiilfie  Addi- 
 son, John  Wilkiiis,  .lanu-s  lioss,  tlie  Hra<'kenrid)!;iw, 
 the  Crai(^,  Janii-s  O'llar.i,  ]Iarniar  I)i-iiny,  John 
 Thaw,  William  Kobinson,  the  Liinghlins,  Michael 
 Allen,  AVilliam  Pluninier,  and  others.  There  was  a 
 day  when  it  was  siiid  "There  are  but  two  things  in 
 I'ittsburn,  the  devil  and  Dr.  Herron,  and  the  DcK-tor 
 seems  to  be  ftettinj;  the  a<lvantiij;e. ''  When  he  died, 
 business  houses  were  elo.sed,  and  even  the  Courts 
 adjourned  in  )iis  honor.  .\nd  tliou<;h  he  died,  the 
 church  he  t^iu^lit  lives  still  in  the  city,  ami  for  the 
 city,  and  will  continue  a  bli'.ssin^  to  it,  iM'youd  doubt, 
 to  the  latest  syllalile  of  recorded  time. 
 
 Fish,  Rev.  Peter,  wsus  de.s<.vnded  from  an  old 
 family  of  Long  Island.  Hi'  was  license<l  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Xew  York,  in  17T!),  supplied  the  1're.sby- 
 terian  Church  at  Newtown, .Long  Island,  from  ( )etolxT 
 2<ltli,  17-<.">,  until  November,  ITsW,  when  he  Wius 
 in.stalled  piistor  at  Conneetient  Farms,  N.  J.,  where 
 he  remained  for  t<-n  years,  and  then  removed  to  Hol- 
 land Patent,  N.  Y.,aud  labored  there  for  a  time. 
 B<'ing  in  jxior  health  he  pureluLsed  a  place  in  New- 
 town, and  remov<-d  there  in  the  .'Spring  of  1>*(I7.  He 
 died,  November  Pith,  1^10. 
 .  Fisher,  Daniel  "Webster,  D.  D.,  w;is  born  at 
 Arch  .Spring,  Huntiiigdou  county.  Pa.,  January  ITtli, 
 IKW.  His  aeademicjil  studies  were  pursued  at  Xlilu- 
 W(mh1  and  Airy  View,  Pa.  His  college  course  was 
 tiiken  at  JelVerson  College,  Pcnn.sylvania,  where  he 
 gradu:ited  in  Ik.')?.  He  immeiliately  entered  the 
 Theological  Seminary  at  Allegheny,  Pa.,  completing 
 his  professional  studies  in  If^tiO.  In  .\pril,  1K%9,  he 
 was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Huntingdon,  and 
 in  April,  lM(iO,  he  was  ordained  by  the  Siime  body. 
 He  tx'g-an  his  ministry  with  tin'  Thalia  Street  Presby- 
 terian Church,  New  Orlean.s,  La.,  in  IHtiO.  In  Iwtil 
 he  became  p;ustor  of  the  First  1're.sbyterian  Church 
 of  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  continuing  with  them  nntil 
 1"C(>,  when  he  tiHik  chargi?  of  tlu' Second  Presbjk'terian 
 Church  of  .Madison,  lud.  In  1^79  he  was  filled  to 
 the  Presidency  of  Hanover  College,  which  jiosition 
 ho  still  holds. 
 
 Dr.  FishiT  Wiis  |Mipular,  iHith  its  p:Lstor  and  i)reacher. 
 His  pri'iu'hing  is  always  solid  and  instructive.  His 
 administration  of  the  College  has  b<j>'n  very  successful. 
 I'ikUt  his  judii'ious  nuinagement  the  Institution  has 
 reeovensl  from  the  linancial  embarra.ssments  in  which 
 he  fimnd  it  at  the  coninniii'iiui  lit  of  his  presidency, 
 and  has  attaiiu-d  an  eniciency  that  it  has  never  known 
 iM'fore.  llisadininistnition  is  kind,  yet  justand  firm. 
 His  teaching  is  clear,  thorough  and  pnietii-nl.  His 
 most  marked  tniit  is  his  iiit<'iise  manlini-ss,  hating 
 sham  and  preti-nse  i.f  evi-ry  kind.  lie  is  a  plain, 
 S4iliil,  honest  man,  witlioiit  jiretensioii,  and  yilhout 
 allectatioii  of  any  kind. 
 
 Fisher.  Hon.  John,  was  Ismi  in  I.<iiid<uiderrf, 
 N.  H.,  March  l:itli,  iHHi.      lie  came  early  to  Le  Kov. 
 
 N.  Y.,  and  sulisequently  resided  in  I.agmnge,  War- 
 saw, Hamilton,  Canada,  and  Ikitavia,  N.  Y.  Whilst 
 he  Wiis  ill  llamiltoii  hi'  w.is  ehitid  first  to  the  Coun- 
 cil and  aft<-rwanls  to  the  Mayoralty  of  that  thriving 
 city.  In  lf%V)  hf  removed  from  Hamilton  to  Ikitiivia, 
 where  he  WiUS  among  the  foremost  in  suggesting  and 
 helping  to  esUibli.sh  and  nourish  church,  edm-itional 
 and  other  enteqiri.ses  ealeulate<l  to  promote  the  best 
 interests  of  the  village.  His  influence  did  much  to 
 seiure  the  location  of  the  New  York  ."^tate  Institution 
 for  I'.liiid  there.  In  !«(!■<  lie  waseleeted  by  his  district 
 a  memlMT  of  Congres.s,  and  by  his  iiiilHiidiiig  honesty 
 and  truthfuliii  ss  and  his  integrity  to  his  eonWctions. 
 he  sp<'cdily  g.iined  th<'  resiM-ct  anil  esteem  of  his  fel- 
 low members.  He  was  an  honest,  faithful,  conscien- 
 tious represent;itive.  Mr.  Fisher  w:is  a  TriLstee  of 
 Auburn  Theological  Seminary,  lrt(J3-70.  Ho  was  a 
 mcmlKT  of  the  Presbj-terian  Church,  a  sympathetic, 
 lK>nev(dent,  consistent  Christian  man,  loviil  and  hon- 
 ored by  most  of  the  community  in  which  he  lived, 
 and  respected  by  all.  He  died  at  Ititavia,  March 
 •2)sth,  ]«s-2. 
 
 Fisher,  Prof.  M.  M.,  D.  D.,  LL.D.,  was  Uirn  in 
 Parke  county,  Indiana,  October,  \KW.  He  gradiuttisl 
 at  Waveland  Pri^sbj-terian  Academy  in  1»C)3,  and  the 
 same  year  entered  Hanover  Collegi-,  where  he  receivcil 
 the  degree  of  .\.H.,  in  1H.V).  Sfsm  alter  e<mipli-ting 
 his  literary  course  Dr.  Fisher  aeci'pted  a  Profes.sorshi]( 
 in  W<-stniinster  College,  at  Fulton,  Mo.  In  18.Vi  he 
 was  made  Professor  of  the  Ancient  Languages.  In 
 l'<">7  he  wiLs  a.ssigneil  to  the  Chair  of  I..atiii  I.;inguage 
 and  Literature,  a  chair  which  he  (siiipied  till  the 
 Fall  of  1870.  He  was  licensed  to  pre^ich  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Missouri,  in  18.V,  liaving  complete<l 
 his  theologif-il  course  under  the  Kev.  Dr.  S.  S.  Laws. 
 He  w:us  ordaimd  by  the  s;ime  Presbj-tcry  in  IfW).  In 
 connection  with  his  duties  as  College  Professor,  he 
 w;ls,  for  the  most  of  his  time,  in  chargi-,  in  wlnde  or 
 in  part,  of  the  I *re.sby teriaii  Church  at  Fulton,  one 
 of  the  largi-st  in  the  Synisl. 
 
 In  ls70  Dr.  Fisher  ri'signed  his  ]Misition  in  the 
 Synodic:il  College,  alter  a  ]MTiod  of  s«Tviee  extending 
 through  fifl<sMi  years,  and  lH'<«me  ]iastor  of  the  Pnw- 
 bj-terian  Church,  in  Indejiendenee,  Mo.  While  there 
 he  was  President  of  Inili'|iendeiiee  Female  College,  a  . 
 ]H>sition  to  which  he  was  cjilled  simhi  alter  aot-pting 
 the  ]>astorate  of  the  Church.  When  Ihi'  Kev.  N.  L. 
 Hice,  D.li.,  resigned  tin-  Pri-sideiiey  of  Wi-stminster 
 Colli'ge,  ill  1K7I,  Prof  Fisher  was  ns-jilled  to  the 
 Chair  of  Ijitiii,  and  also  to  the  ('liairniaiishi)>  of  the 
 Facility,  n  jsisition  which  he  bail  held  for  years 
 previous  to  his  n'signation  in  l<7tl.  While  then- w;is 
 n  Th^ilngieal  D<-|)artment  in  connection  with  the 
 Colh-ge,  Dr.  Fisher  was  in  eharge  of  the  Semitic 
 languages. 
 
 In  the  Fall  of  1-77,  alti-r  having  wrved  iiiiietisii 
 yi-jirs  in  Wc-stminster  t  ollep'.  Dr.  Fisher  w:is  called  to 
 theC'h.iirofljitin  in  the  Stat.- I'lii versify,  at  <'oliimbi:i, 
 a  JMisition  which  he  accepted  anil  still  holds.      I!y  his 
 
FISHER. 
 
 241 
 
 FITZGERALD. 
 
 scholaisliii)  ami  littTaiy  labors  lie  has  acquired  an 
 international  reputation.  >Iis  published  works  arc 
 regarded  as  authority  in  both  England  and  America, 
 lie  is  now  engaged  in  a  series  of  books  which,  it  is 
 hoped,  will  soon  be  published.  Tlie  Kiio  England 
 Jounictl  of  Eilucalion,  Boston,  speaks  of  Dr.  Fisher  as 
 "one  of  the  ablest  of  living  teachers."  In  the  esti- 
 mation of  ,'icliolars,  his  work,  entitled  "  The  Three 
 Pronunciations  of  Latin,"  contains  the  ablest  defence 
 of  tlic  Kuglish  system  that  has  ever  apiieared. 
 
 Fisher,  Samuel  Ware,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  wa.s 
 born  in  Jlorristown,  N.  J.,  April  5th,  1814.  He 
 graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1835;  then  spent  a  year 
 in  Middletown,  Conn.;  and  after  that  studied  divin- 
 ity at  Princeton  for  two  years,  and  at  Union  Semi- 
 nary, New  York,  for  one  year.  He  held  a  high  rank, 
 both  as  a  collegian  and  a  .seminarist.  In  If^^iO  he 
 was  called  to  West  Bloomfield,  N.  J.,  now  Montclair, 
 asthctirst  pastor  there,  and  remained  three  and  a 
 half  years,  manifesting,  as  the  Session  testify,  "the 
 fervent  zeal  and  the  unremitting  labor  which  have 
 ever  made  his  life  so  full  of  usefulness  and  honor. ' ' 
 In  1843  Dr.  Fisher'  removed  to  Albany,  and  was 
 installed  over  the  Fovirth  Church,  October  13th,  in 
 which  his  lahors  were  largely  blessed.  In  184()  he 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  Second  I'resbyterian  Church, 
 Cincinnati,  and  during  his  eleven  years'  pastorate  in 
 that  city,  178  were  added  to  the  i-hureh  on  examina- 
 tion, and  248  by  letter,  while  its  Ix-nevolent  activity 
 was  greatly  quickened. 
 
 In  1858  Dr.  Fisher  accepted  the  presidency  of 
 Hamilton  College.  His  presidency  was  nofcible,  and 
 in  certain  directions  very  suece.ssfnl.  Uis  gifts  did 
 not  qualify  him  for  permanency  in  a  college,  and  his 
 tastes  did  not  aliect  it,  ami  linishing  the  work  given 
 him  to  do  there,  he  gladly  returned  to  the  pa.storate, 
 and  November  13th,  1867,  resumed  it,  in  the  'West- 
 minster Church,  Utica.  This  church  greatly  pros- 
 pered under  his  ministry,  which  continued  until 
 1871,  impaired  health  compelling  him  at  that  time 
 to  resign  the  charge.  He  died  at  College  Hill,  O., 
 .Tanuary  18th,  1874.  Dr.  Fisher's  traits  were  pro- 
 nounced. He  Wiis  honorably  ambitious  and  luspiring, 
 and  enjoyed  authority  as  well  as  eminence.  His  con- 
 victions were  positive,  unyielding  and  openly  ex- 
 pre.s.sed.  Principle  preiionderated  with  him  over 
 hurry  and  force.  CoiLscience  was  his  master  facult}-, 
 and,  incapable  of  trickery,  he  could  not  perjietrate 
 wrong.  His  heart  w;is  jiglow  with  zeal  for  the  wel- 
 fare of  his  race.  His  style  of  comi)osition  was  ad- 
 mirably adapted  to  popular  discourse — free,  affluent 
 and  intense.  His  matter  was  not  weight«>d  with 
 learning,  and  yet  considering  its  purpo.se,  sufliciently 
 supplied  with  it.  He  spoke  in  words  that  burned, 
 and  the  themes  in  which  he  most  delighted  were 
 those  that  most  partook  of  the  gospel.  JIany  of 
 Dr.  Fisher's  sermons  ami  aihlre.'vses  were  put  to  the 
 ])ress.  In  18">2  he  published  a  volume  entitled  ''  The 
 Three  Great  Temptations,"  and  in  18(i0,  a  volume 
 l(i 
 
 of  "Occasional  Sermons  and  Addresses."  Acour.se 
 of  sermons  at  Utica,  on  the  "Life  of  Christ,"  apjKared 
 in  print  after  his  decease. 
 
 Fisk,  Ezra,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Shclburnc,  JLiss., 
 January  loth,  1785.  He  graduated  at  Williams 
 College,  in  18()9,  studied  theology  under  the  direction 
 of  Dr.  Packard,  and  wiis  liciMi.st'd  to  preach  by  the 
 FianklLn  Association,  Ajjril  l!)th,  1810.  After 
 preaching  some  months,  as  a  licentiate,  he  was 
 ordained  as  an  evangelist,  and  jiroci'e<Ied  to  Cieorgia, 
 where  he  labored  for  two  years  in  districts  compara- 
 tively destitute  of  the  preaching  of  the  gospel.  In 
 the  Autumn  of  1812  he  removed  to  Philadelphia, 
 where  he  acted  for  some  months  as  a  city  missionary, 
 In  August,  1813,  he  became  p;Lstor  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  in  Goshen,  N.  Y.,  where  he  labored 
 faithfull}' about  twenty  years.  In  IKVi  he  passed  the 
 Winter  in  Georgia,  for  the  benelit  of  his  health.  In 
 his  absence  he  received  the  ap]iointment  of  Corres- 
 ponding Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Domestic  Jlissions, 
 but  from  a  conviction  that  to  fullill  its  duties  prop- 
 erly would  require  more  labor  than  he  was  able  to 
 endure,  he  declined  the  appointment. 
 
 In  May,  1833,  Dr.  Fisk  was  elected  to  the  Pro- 
 fessorship of  Ecclesiastical  History  and  Church  Gov- 
 ernment in  the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  and 
 accepted  the  Chair.  On  his  way  to  enter  upon  his 
 duties  he  was  t;iken  sick  in  Philadelphia,  and  died, 
 on  December  5th.  His  remaius  were  removed,  by 
 request  of  his  former  charge,  and  dejiosited  amid  the 
 ashes  of  his  beloved  people  at  Goshen.  In  1830  Dr. 
 Fisk  presided  as  Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly. 
 His  published  works  consist  of  an  Oration,  delivered 
 at  Williams  College  in  1825;  a  lecture  on  the  Ina- 
 bility of  Sinners;  his  Farewell  Sermon  on  leaving 
 Goshen;  a  series  of  articles  on  Mental  Science,  in  the 
 Christian  Ailrucate,  and  several  valuable  articles  in 
 the  Bibliial  Hipntori/. 
 
 Fitzgerald,  James  H.,  was  born  in  Cumberland 
 county,  Va.  Liberally  educiited,  and  inheriting  a 
 competent  estate,  he  was  enabled  to  fill  up  the 
 measure  of  duty  as  a  private  citizen,  and  to  devote 
 him.self  to  labors  for  the  welfare  of  his  fellow-men. 
 Early  in  life  he  w;ls  called  out  from  his  retirement  to 
 represent  the  county  in  the  Legislature  of  the  State. 
 The  sphere  of  politics,  however,  was  not  the  one  in 
 which  he  most  delighted  to  serve  his  generation,  and 
 do  good  to  the  human  race.  Becoming  connected  by 
 marriage  with  a  family  whose  residence  was  at  the 
 
 1  Falls  of  the  liippahannock,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
 Fredericksburg,  he  was  led  to  make  his  home  in  that 
 healthy  and  beautiful  situation.  As  an  elder  in  the 
 Church,  Trustee  of  Hampden-Sidnej'  College,  Direc- 
 tor of  Union  Theological  Seminary,  President  of  the 
 
 I  Central   Board  of  Foreign  Missions  and  a  helper  in 
 
 I  every  gooij  word  and  work,  he  expended  his  strength 
 and  the  resources  of  an  ample  income. 
 
 I  The  kindness  of  Jlr.  Fitzgerald.'s  disposition  was 
 equaled  by  the  firmne-ss  of  his  moral  principles.    In- 
 
IITIII.W. 
 
 24-2 
 
 Fl.lSS. 
 
 stond  of  seeking  promiiiciui'  in  any  cansi'  or  act  in 
 wliii'li  ho  w:i!>  iissuciatetl  with  <ith<i-s,  lie  wi-inoil  t<> 
 niakii  I'vcry  onru  leaik-r,  rathiT  than  hinisclt'.  Natnr- 
 all.v  f;''"th',  hi-  w:us  trvily  lir.ivi-:  nlirinK  ami  unpn- 
 .suiiiin;;,  ho  was  strictly  Imnorahh-.  In  the  jiidiratorics 
 III'  tlic  Church,  whidi  hi;  verj-  generally  attended  as 
 repre.sentiitive,  he  was  always  a  welcome  member,  a 
 miidcl  of  propriety  in  action,  coolness  of  jud"gment, 
 and  correctness  in  decision.  Through  him  the  inllu- 
 ence  of  the  Church  in  Frederickshurg  was  comnjand- 
 ing,  and  in  him  the  Church  in  Warrenton  had  a  firm 
 friend  and  giniious  helper.  Duringa  visit  to  Knrope, 
 he  died,  in  I'ari.s,  .May  (ith,  IH.VJ,  and  his  remains 
 were  deposited  in  the  private  burial  ground  at  the 
 Kails,  June  2d.  The  Kcv.  G.  W.  Jlcl'hail,  in  a  .ser- 
 mon iircached  on  the  occaision,  and  sulxsi'fiui'ntlypub- 
 lished,  characterized  the  departed  elder  as  a  model  of 
 Ihr  Christian  gentleman. 
 
 Fithian,  Rev.  Philip  Vicars,  was  liorn  in 
 (  iimlierland  county,  X.  J.  lie  was  licensed  to  j 
 priaih  by  the  I're.sliytery  of  Philadelphia,  in  1775.  1 
 Tor  .some  time  he  labored  as  a  missionary  under  tlie 
 direction  of  the  Tresbytcry,  and  then  entered  the 
 army  as  a  Chaplain.  At  the  Battle  of 'White  Plains 
 he  fought  in  the  ranks.  He-  died  in  177(>,  from  dis- 
 ease contracti-d  in  camp.  I 
 
 Pitzhugh,  Ed'Ward  H.,  was  born  in  the  county 
 of  Caroline,  in  the  State  of  Virginia,  in  ISKJ.  He 
 united  with  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Wheeling, 
 under  the  mini.stry  of  Uev.  Henry  1{.  Weed,  D.D.,  in 
 IK-lf.  lie  was  ordaini-d  an  elder  in  that  church  in 
 XKM,  and  continued  his  connection  with  that  church, 
 and  remained  a  member  of  its  Session  until  18C1,  j 
 when  ho  removed  to  Richmond,  Virginia.  In  18C2 
 he  united  with  the  First,  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Iliehniond,  under  the  ministry  of  Kev.  Thimuus  V. 
 .Moore,  u.  1).  In  lrt(i7  he  was  eleetedand  installed  an 
 elilir  in  that  churi'h,  of  which  he  still  remains  a 
 member.  In  18(i7  he  w:w  elected,  by  the  General 
 .\s.s«!mbly  of  the  Southern  Presbj-terian  Church,  a 
 mcmlx-r  of  the  Assembly's  K.xecutivc  "  Cinnmittt'cs  ' 
 of  Publication  and  Fducution."  I5y  cimtinued  re- 
 elections  he  remained  a  member  of  l)oth  committees 
 while  they  were  unitcil,  and  he  .still  is  a  member  of 
 till'  Committee  of  Publication. 
 
 .Iiiilge  Fit/.hugh  is  a  lawyer,  and  practiced  his  pro- 
 fession many  years  in  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  and  for  some 
 years  in   Kiehmond,  Va.     In   1x70  he  was  elected  by 
 the  I..cgislature  of  that  State  Judge  of  the  Chancery  I 
 Court  of  thi!  city  of  Kiehmond.      lie  held  that  jklsI- 
 tion  until  IH-m;},  when  his  term  of  olHce  rxjiircd,  and 
 he  returned  to  the  Bar.      lie  was  »  member  of  the  ^ 
 General  Assembly  of  the  Pre-sbytcrian  Church,  which 
 met  at  New  (Jrleans  in  1K">8,  representing,  in  part,  | 
 the  Presbytery  of  Washington;  and  in  I'^lW  he  w;us  a 
 memlHTof  the  t;<ni-nd  .\s.s<-mbly  which  met  at  I'ulti- 
 niore,  repres«'nling  the  Pn-sbytery  of  lli.st  Hanover. 
 
 Flagler,  Thomas  Thorn,  son  of  Abraham  and 
 Sarah  'riiorii   Klagli  i ,  was  iKirn  at   Pleiusiint  Valley, 
 
 StenlM-n  county,  N.  Y.,  October  12th.  1-11.  .\t  the 
 early  age  of  eighteen  he  was  the  siiccessl'nl  editor  and 
 proprietor,  as  well  as  ]>ubli.sher,  of  the  ChitUnitnijii  /,'<- 
 publiran,  at  OxJbrd,  N.  V.  He  removed,  in  lKi<i.  to 
 L<K'k|Kirt,  Niagani  county,  N.  V.,  which  h:is  sini-e 
 been  his  residence.  In  l'^4tl  he  was  ordained  a  rul- 
 ing elder  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Ixk-U- 
 port,  which  position  he  luis  faithfully  maint:iine<i 
 ever  since.  From  1f>'.iS  to  184:J  he  Wiis  the  i-ditor 
 and  ])ublisher  o(  the  Xiariara  Courier,  at  Lwkiiort. 
 He  then  engaged  in  the  hardware  business  for  twenty- 
 SJ'ven  years.  He  is  now  President  of  the  Holly 
 Manufacturing  Company,  and  of  the  Niagjira  County 
 Xational  Bank.  He  represented  his  district  in  the 
 State  Lcgislatnre  in  1842,  184.J,  and  l»^tiO,  was  a 
 member  of  the  Thirty-third  and  Thirty-fourth  Con- 
 gress, and  wa.s  also  a  member  of  the  Constitutional 
 Convention  of  the  State  of  New  York  in  l^JS.  Mr. 
 Flagler's  practical  judgment,  promptness  of  action, 
 rectitude  and  honesty  have  given  him  great  inllu- 
 ence.  He  has  honored  all  the  ]>osi(ions  of  Church 
 and  ■'^tate  to  which  he  has  been  called.  He  is  nni- 
 vers;illy  respected  and  beloved  by  the  community  in 
 which  he  lives. 
 
 Flinn,  Andrs'W,  D.  D.,  w:is  Imrn  in  the  State  of 
 Maryland,  in  177:!.  When  he  was  little  more  than  a 
 year  old  his  parents  migrated,  with  their  family,  to 
 Mecklenburg  county,  N.  C.  After  his  preliminary 
 education,  he  entered  the  I'niversity  of  North  Caro- 
 lina, where  he  ae<|uitted  himsi'lf  well,  Imth  as  a 
 scholar  and  a  Christian,  and  received,  with  eonsiiler- 
 able  m.arks  of  distinction,  the  degree  of  llaehehir  of 
 Arts,  in  17!)!).  Ha^^ng  studied  thi-<dog.v,  lie  wils 
 lieen.sed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Orange,  in  the  year  1800.  In  June,  1S():1,  he  w:is 
 ordained  and  inst;dled  jKistor  of  the  Church  at  Fay- 
 ctteville,  N.  C.  Here  he  was  indcfatig:dde  in  the 
 di.si'harge  of  his  duties  as  a  pastor,  and  w;us  obliged, 
 l>e.sidcs,  to  teai'h  a  .school,  in  onliT  to  makeout  a  iinn- 
 petent  supjiort.  But  in  the  latter  |iart  of  the  year 
 180.5  his  united  labors  as  jiastor  and  teacher  iKi-ame 
 so  oppressive,  that  he  felt  himself  oblige<l  to  resign 
 his  charge.  I te  no w removed  toC.imden,  S.  C,  when- 
 he  was  instrumental  in  orgtinizing  ami  building  up 
 a  very  ri'spectable  Presbyterian  congrcg-at ion.  .\l1er 
 laboring  there  for  n  short  time,  he  wiut  to  Williams- 
 burg District,  and  preached  I'ora  while  tothechurches 
 of  Bethel  and   Indiantown. 
 
 On  the  4th  of  .Vpril,  ISH.  Dr.  I'linn  wiis  installed 
 pastor  of  the  S<-otch  Presbyterian  Church  of  Charli-s- 
 ton.  This  w;us  the  theatre  of  his  most  imjMirtant 
 lalM>rs,  and  here,  esjKH-ially,  he  g-.iined  his  wide  and 
 brilliant  rcputition.  He  soon  came  to  be  known  ex- 
 ten.sively  in  the  Church,  and  in  tlie  North  as  well  ils 
 the  .South,  as  one  of  the  most  impressive  and  attract- 
 ive preachers  of  his  d.iy.  His  l.ibors  in  Charleston 
 wen-  attended  with  a  manifest  blessing,  and  Initli  his 
 church  and  eongreg-.ition  had  a  ntjiid  and  healthful 
 growth.       He    continued   in  this  conned  ion  till   the 
 
FOLSOM. 
 
 243 
 
 FOOTE. 
 
 close  of  his  lilV,  wliiili  occurred  February  24th,  1820. 
 In  1S12  Dr.  Flinn  was  Moderator  of"  the  General  As- 
 sj'nibly.  As  a  ])reacher,  lie  was  distinguished  by 
 earnestness,  solemnity  ami  i)athos.  The  all^ll>sorb- 
 in.n  object  of  his  ministry  was  to  awaken  the  con- 
 sciences of  men  and  lead  them  to  the  Saviffur.  He 
 was  faithful  and  exemplary  in  his  attendance  upon 
 t  lie  j  udicatories  of  the  Church.  Whether  he  was  found 
 in  the  General  Assembly  or  in  the  meetings  of  Synods 
 and  Presbyteries,  his  personal  influence,  judiciotis 
 counsels  and  glowing  zeal  ^vere  always  highly  ap- 
 preciated. 
 
 Folsom,  George  Palmer,  D.  D.,  is  a  native  of 
 New  York.  He  was  bovii  in  lUiflalo,  December  IGth, 
 1826,  and  graduated  from  Williams  College  in  1847. 
 He  was  a  teacher  at  South  Bend,  1847-8,  and  in 
 business,  1848-0.  He  was  ordained  by  Genesee 
 Presbytery,  1853;  pastor  at  Attica,  N.  Y.,  1852-9, 
 and  at  (Jeneseo,  1859-68;  District  Secretary  of  the 
 Board  of  Church  Erection,  at  Chicago,  111.,  1869-71; 
 settled  at  Baraboo,  Wis.,  1872-8;  Chicago,  HI., 
 1879-80,  and  from  1880  ha-s  been  pastor  at  Iowa 
 City,  la.  The  degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferred  \ipon 
 him  by  Williams  College,  in  1881.  Dr.  Folsom  is  a 
 I'aitlifiil  and  successful  preacher.  He  has  published 
 sermons  and  historical  addresses. 
 
 Fontaine,  Thomas  Littleton.  The  history  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  in  this  country  is  closely 
 linked  with  the  days  of  persecution  and  the  tjTanny 
 of  governments  in  other  lands.  Lilicrty  of  conscience 
 and  the  right  to  worshr))  God  in  the  exercise  of  it, 
 when  oppresscil  elsewhere,  found  an  asylum  here. 
 Driven  by  the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  the 
 founder  of  a  distinguished  French  family  took  refuge 
 on  American  soil.  From  this  family  of  Huguenots 
 was  descended  Thonms  Littleton  Fontaine,  who  was 
 born  in  Maryland,  1806.  Along  the  line  of  his 
 family,  both  in  this  country  and  France,  are  found 
 many  persons  distinguislied  for  piety  and  talents, 
 and  many  ministers  of  tlu'  gospel.  He  bore  the 
 family  marks.  He  gloried  in  the  Crossof  Christ  with 
 a  fervor  and  fearless  z<'al  that  seemed  to  worldly 
 minds  an  infatuation.  The  spirit  he  was  of  was 
 that  which  was  sliown  in  the  martyrs. 
 
 In  early  manhood  he  publicly  acknowledged  the 
 Saviour,  and  united  with  the -First  Presbyterian 
 ( 'hurch  of  St.  Louis,  of  which  Dr.  W.  S.  Potts  was 
 the  n  ]iastor.  He  and  his  wife  were  among  the  origi- 
 nal nu-mbeis  of  the  Second  Church,  formed  under  the 
 pastorate  of  Dr.  Potts.  He  was  resident  within  the 
 bounds  of  these  churches  for  about  fourteen  years. 
 He  afterwards  removed  to  New  Madrid,  where  he 
 spent  most  of  his  remaining  life. 
 /  Mr.  Fontaine  valued  opportunities  for  doing  good 
 as  few  men  value  them,  and  with  ceaseless  ardor  did 
 he  follow  the  injunction,  "  AV-hatsoever  thy  hand 
 tindeth  to  do,  do  it  with  thy  might."  To  him  was 
 due  the  organizatiort  of  the  first  Sabbath  School  in 
 New  JIadrid,  and  tlie  establishment   of  th(^  Presby- 
 
 terian Church  there.  During  a  short  residence  in 
 Batesville,  Arkan.sas,  he  secured  the  organization  of  a 
 Presbyterian  Chvirch  in  that  place,  and  the  erection 
 of  a  hou.se  of  worship,,  in  which  he  was  a  ruling  elder. 
 New  Madrid  was  the  ])rincipal  scene  of  his  labors. 
 A\nien  the  church  was  organized  there,  in  ]8.">(),  he 
 was  made  an  elder  in  it,  and  he  was  for  a  number  of 
 years  its  only  ruling  elder.  There,  surrounded  by 
 the  artfulness  and  corruption  of  Romanism  and  the 
 vices  of  a  mammon-serving  world,  his  consecration  to 
 the  service  of  Christ  marked  him  as  a  peculiar  man. 
 He  was  by  nothing  daunted.  He  yearned  for  souls, 
 with  what  seemed  an  irresistible  pa.ssion,  hoping  and 
 believing  to  the  end. 
 
 Foote,  Charles  Henry,  D.  D.,  .son  of  Alvan 
 and  Ann  (Palmer)  Foote,  was  born  at  Lenox,  Mass., 
 June  17th,  1825;  graduated  at  Williams  C'Killege,  in 
 1849;  taught  one  year  at  the  Academy,  in  Mendon, 
 N.  Y". ;  studied  law  one  year;  graduated  at  Princeton 
 Seminary,  in  1854,  and  was  licen.sed  by  New  Bruns- 
 wick Presbytery,  February  8th,  1854.  He  was  pastor 
 of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Cliurch,  in  New  Bruns- 
 wick, N.  J.,  from  May  23d,  1854,  until  October  15th, 
 1857;  of  Jerseyville  Church,  111.,  fnmi  April  15th, 
 1860,  until  April  10th,  18G8;  of  the  Cliureh  at  Cairo, 
 III.,  from  May  10th,  1868,  until  Sept<>mber  2()th,  1871; 
 of  the  North  Church  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  from  Novem- 
 ber 25th,  1871,  until  October  20th,  1875,  and  of  the 
 Walnut  Street  Cliurch  at  Evansville,  Ind.,  from 
 April  23d,  1876,  until  September  27th,  1878.  HLs  last 
 charge  was  at  Ionia,  Mich.,  where  he  was  in.stalled 
 October  19th,  1879.  He  died  June  28tJi,  1880.  In 
 all  his  settlements  Dr.  Foote's  labors  were  eminently 
 succe,ssful  in  winning  souls,  and  the  additions  to  all 
 his  churches,  during  his  i)astorates,  were  unusually 
 large.  He  was  a  scholar  of  much  more  than  usual 
 culture.  As  a-preaeher  he  took  ahigh  rank.  His 
 social  qualities  and  gifts  were  eminent. 
 
 Foote,  'William  Henry,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Colchester,  Connecticut,  December  20th,  1704.  He 
 entered  Yale  College,  in  September,  1814;  in  the 
 Spring  of  1816  went  to  Virginia  as  Tutor  in  a  private 
 family,  at  Falmouth;  returned  to  college  in  Septem- 
 ber, and  received  his  degree  of -V.  B.,  September  lltli, 
 1816.  Afterwards  he  resumed  his  duties  as  Tutor,  in 
 connection  with  the  duties  of  which  position  he  began 
 i  to  hold  religious  meetings  in  destitute  neighborhoods, 
 thus  early  developing  n  spirit  which  never  ceased 
 but  with  his  life.  In  October,  1817,  he  placed  hira- 
 .self  under  the  care  of  the  Presbytery  of  Winchester 
 as  a  candidate  for  the  gospel  ministry.  In  July, 
 1818,  he  left  Falmouth  and  became  an  a.ssistant  in 
 the  school  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hill,  in  Winchester.  In 
 October,  1818,  he  went  to  the  Theological  Seminary 
 j  at  Princeton,  but  having  injured  his  health  by  the 
 I  excessive  study  incident  to  an  efibrtto  keep  up  with 
 two  classes  he  left  the  Institution  in  the  Fall  of  1819. 
 I  He  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel,  October  30th, 
 of  that  year.     After  his  licensure  he  performed  mis- 
 
FORI). 
 
 •iU 
 
 J-'UUKK.X  JIl.SSIOXS. 
 
 sionary  labor  for  some  time,  at  the  Ridge,  and  the 
 Northern  Xeck.  He  lK-)pin  jireaching,  Uetolwr  2!»th, 
 in  a  ciri-uit  embraciii;;  Shi-iuinilouh  county,  and 
 p<iint«  oC  Fri'derick  and  )luiiiiis)iirt'.  Arter  prcach- 
 inj;  as  a  missionary  at  otlii-r  places,  in  June,  1H~22,  lie 
 organized  and  afterwards  l)eeaniepiistor  of  the  Church 
 of  WiHjdst«Kk,  and  also  the  previously  existing 
 Church  of  Stoverstown  (now  .Str.isljurg).  While 
 residing  in  WcKKlstoek  he  est;iblished  and  conducted 
 an  ac4idcniy. 
 
 In  SeptenilKT,  l*i-l.  Dr.  Foote  was  installed  pastor 
 of  the  conjircgations  of  Mount  Bethel,  Springlield 
 anil  Konuiey,  residing  at  IJoniney,  where  he  estal>- 
 lislied,  and  condncteil  with  great  success,  a  Male  and 
 Female  Aejidemy.  His  lirst  pastoral  connection  with 
 Komney  exteiidi-d  to  18:W,  during  which  period  his 
 aliundiint  UiIkh-s  there  and  throughout  the  country 
 were  greatly  blessed.  About  the  beginning  of  18;iS 
 he  was  Agent  of  the  "Central  Board  of  Foreign  Mi.s- 
 8ions,"and  lalMired  with  great  earnestness  and  success 
 in  the  lionnds  of  the  Synods  of  Virginia  and  North 
 Carolina.  While  engsiged  in  this  work  he  became 
 deeply  interested  in  the  early  hi.storj-  of  the  l're.sby- 
 terian  Church  and  ministry,  and  the  fruits  of  his 
 investigations  are  seen  in  his  admirable  "  Sketelu-s. " 
 In  May,  1H45,  he  rt-turned  to  his  old  eliarge,  in 
 Kouiney  and  the  Academy,  and  there  continued 
 until  iHlil,  aft»r  wliiih  he  w;is  .Vgent  for  Hampden- 
 Sidney  College,  then  returned  once  more  to  Komney 
 and  Springfield,  to  labor  till  the  close  of  his  life, 
 which  occurred  November  'J'Jd,  ISCit. 
 
 Dr.  Foote  wius  in  many  respects  a  marked  man,  of 
 clear  and  .strong  convictions,  and  indomitable  energj- 
 in  cjirrying  them  into  action.  As  a  missionary  and 
 piLstor,  he  was  abundant  in  lalmrs,  never  deterre<l  by 
 difliculties  or  dangers  from  the  di.s<liarge  of  duty. 
 As  a  niemlM'r  of  dilVerent  ecclesia.stical  Ihidies.  he  was 
 faillH'ul  and  Judicious.  In  delwte  he  wxs  vigonius 
 and  logical.  As  a  wliolar,  he  Wiis  accurate  and 
 wi'U  informed;  and  as  a  writer,  easy,  copious  and 
 attnietive.  In  his  home  and  moments  of  relaxation 
 he  was  affwticmate  and  8ym|iathetie,  preserving 
 gn-eiuiess  of  heart  even  down  to  old  age. 
 
 Ford,  John  Richardson,  was  liorn  in  Dan- 
 ville, Ky.,  .May  eth,  l-ill.  At  alH>nl  the  age  of 
 seventeen  he  moved  to  Natchez,  Miss.,  where  he 
 resided  for  a  nunilM'r  of  years.  He  joined  the  Church 
 at  I>an\ille,  Ky.,  in  KJl,  ami  was  made  an  elder  of 
 the  same  in  IKMI,  and  after  moving  to  Mis.sfiuri  he 
 was  chosen  to  the  s;uue  olliee  in  the  I'resbyterian 
 Church  of  1^-xington,  Mo.  In  1m.V(  he  moved  with 
 his  family  to  Tetlis  eountr,  .Mo.,  and  afterw.inls,  in 
 lH«f2,  to  Lafayette  iiMinty,  near  Lexington,  Mo., 
 where  he  spi'iit  the  n-st  of  his  days. 
 
 "Colonel  "  Foril,  as  he  was  ctmimonly  e»1Ie<I,  was 
 n  man  of  line  ap|H-iinin<'>-.  kind,  hospitable  and 
 generous,  of  .strong  (sinvietions,  sincere  in  the  iM'lief 
 and  frank  in  the  i-xpression  of  them.  His  piety  was 
 unoHtentatious,  but  genuine;  he  loved  the  Word  and 
 
 people  of  God,  and  he  was  not  "without  chastise- 
 ment," esjM-iially  in  his  later  life,  but  tribulation 
 wrought  in  him  p;itience,  exiierieni-e,  hojie  and  love. 
 He  livcil  to  a  giKnl  ohl  age — more  than  fourscore — 
 revered  by  his  children,  loved  b~  his  friends  and 
 res|Kfted  by  all. 
 I     Ford,  Rev.   Joshua    Edwards,   the  .son   of 
 
 Gc-orge  W.  and  Marv   i  Edwards)   Ford,  was  Ixirn  in 
 I 
 OgdeiLsburg,  N.  Y.,  August  'M,  l^'•2.'>.      He  graduali'il 
 
 1  at  Williams  College,  Mas-s.,  in  1"<I4;  stmlied  Divinity 
 in  the  I'nion  Theologi«»l  Si'minarv,  New  York  City, 
 and  was  liccn.sed   and   ordained  by    the   New   York 
 Fourth  I're.sbytery.      In  1S47,  under  the  directicm  of 
 j  the  A.   B.  C.  F.   M.,  he  Siiiled   as  a   missionary   to 
 I  Syria,    ai-companied    by    his   wife,    luiving   marriisl 
 Mi.ss   Mary  Perry,     of    Williamstown,    Miuss.      His 
 first  st;ition  was  Aleppo,  Northern  .Syria,  a  field  of 
 '  iK-culiar  trials,  owing  to  the  prejudici-s  of  the  jMsiple 
 I  against  the  truth  and  the  multituile  of  his  lalnirs. 
 Ik'sides  being  mi.<sion:iry  for  that  city,  he  was  for- 
 warding agent,   i>ostmast«T,  and  l);inker  for  .several 
 other  stations  further  in  the  interior,  and  his  duties 
 '  were  very  onerous.     In  answer  to  an  urgent  uill  he 
 left  his  family  in  Aleppo,  and  spent  six  montlis  in 
 I  Mosul,   preael^ing  the   gos|H'l.      When   the    Centnd 
 1  Turkey  Mission  was  formed,  including  AlepjK)  within 
 the  field,  Mr.  Ford  was  traiLsferre<l  to  lieirut,  where 
 he  lalxired    most  zi-alously    for    four   years.       From 
 thence  he  removed  to  .Sidon,  where  he  had  to   meet 
 I  tile  responsibilities  of  a  wide   fielil.  while   'nuch  of 
 I  the  time  his  associati'S  were  laid  aside  by  sickness. 
 By  the  invitation  of  the  Turkish  Mi-ssions  Aid  Society 
 he  visited  England  in  Hlil,  and  spent  several  months 
 in  presenting  nuKst  ably  the  claims  of  S,>Tia  upon  the 
 .syiniKitliies  of  the  Church  of  Christ. 
 
 In  the  Summer  of  ls(>.">  Mr.  Fonl  returnitl  on  a 
 !  >Tsit  to  (he  I'niliMl  .States,  by  the  advice  of  |diysiciaiis, 
 for  the  health  of  his  family.  He  eX|MHled  S|xsslily 
 to  return  to  his  field  of  lalKir,  but.  after  pleading  the 
 cause  of  missions  in  his  native  country  with  earm^st- 
 ncss  and  zeal,  on  April  M.  IStiti,  he  slept  the  sli-ep  of 
 death.  Mr.  Ford  w:i8  eminently  un.s«-llish,  wholly 
 devoted  to  his  work,  and  was  willing  to  Ih-  e<uinte<l  any- 
 thing or  not  hi  ngtliat  Christ  might  beixalted.  He  was 
 emphaticjilly  a  man  of  prayer,  and  one  who  prayed  in 
 failh,  ex|M-cliiig  an  answer.  He  had  a  jMiwer  over 
 otlicrChristiausassoeiated  with  him.  stimulating  them 
 to  greater  prayi'rfuluess  ami  lalMir,  though  seemingly 
 himself  iineonscious  of  it.  He  was  one  in  whom  the 
 grace  of  (iod  alMiuiidi'd  and  was  active;  he  lovisl  tiod 
 and  walked  with  Him. 
 
 I  Foreign  Missions,  Board  of.  The  first  or 
 General  I'resbytery  eslablislusi  in  the  l"nit«-d  States 
 was  org.iiii/.ed  as  an  F.vangi'li.stic  .Society.  Its  first 
 foreign  iiiissionarv  work  iM'gan  nmong  the  heathen 
 alM>rigini-s  of  this  country,  in  1741,  and  in  IT.'il  a 
 standing  rule  was  a<lopted  by  the  General  .^ynisl,  in 
 view  of  the  "e\ip-neii-s  of  the  gn>at  alTair  of  propa- 
 gating the  gi>s|Kd  among  the  heathen,"'  an  annual 
 
FOREIGN  3IISSI0.\S. 
 
 245 
 
 FOREIGX  MISSIONS. 
 
 collection  lie  taken  in  each  diurch.  Other  move- 
 ments, in  different  portions  of  the  Church,  were  in- 
 stituted at  various  times,  and  distinct  societies  formed 
 for  lahor  among  the  Indians.  Tliis  feeling  for  direct 
 missionary  ellbrt  increased,  and  in  1H17  the  General 
 Assembly  recommended  measures  which  resulted  in 
 the  establishment  of  the  I'nited  Foreign  Missionary- 
 Society,  which  <lid  a  good  work,  for  years,  among  the 
 Indians.  In  \>^i(>  it  was  amalgamated  with  the 
 .Vmerican  Hoard. 
 
 Whilst  many  in  our  Church  sympathized  with  the 
 American  Board,  and  co-oi)erated  with  it,  others  stood 
 aloof,  holding  to  the  doctrine  that  the  Church,  in  her 
 corporate  capacity,  w:us  entrusted  with  the  dutj'  of 
 evangelizing  the  world.  This  led  to  the  formation,  in 
 Pittsburg,  of  the  Western  Foreign  Missionary  Society, 
 in  October,  1831,  which  soon  drew  around  it  those 
 who  held  to  the  principle  named,  and  who,  vinder  the 
 guiding  hand  of  Kev.  E.  P.  Swift,  the  first  Secretary, 
 commenced  operations  in  different  countries.  The 
 first  report  of  this  Society  was  made  in  May,  1833, 
 and  showed  receipts  to  the  amount  of  §6,431.90;  with 
 missionaries  a])pointed  to  Western  Africa,  India,  and 
 North  American  Indians.  In  1837  the  Board  of 
 Foreign  Missions  was  organized  by  the  General  A.s- 
 sembly,  and  to  it  all  the  missions  and  funds  of  the 
 Western  Foreign  Missionary  Society  were  transferred. 
 In  that  year  the  receipts  w<-re  S!'J"2.832.r)4,  and  its 
 missions  were  as  already  enumerated. 
 
 As  soon  as  the  Board  was  crejited  it  drew  to  it 
 friends  who  had  not  co-operated  with  the  Western 
 Society,  .so  that  the  gain  in  receipts  the  first  year 
 (1838)  w:us  100  per  cent,  over  those  of  1837.  The 
 working  force  in  the  field,  reported  I'or  this  same  period, 
 was  l.'j  missionaries,  6  laymen,  and  16  females.  Xo 
 native  laborer  is  mi'ntioned.  Two  missionaries  were 
 sent  oat  in  December,  1837,  to  the  Chinese  in  the 
 Eiustern  Archipelago.  This  mission  was  established 
 at  Singapore,  and  continued  until  the  opening  of 
 China  to  mis.sionary  effort,  in  1843,  when  it  was  trans- 
 ferred, first  to  Macao,  and  then,  when  reinforcements 
 arrived,  to  Canton,  Anioy  and  Ningpo.  This  was  the 
 fourth  important  mission  of  the  Hoard.  The  follow- 
 ing were  established,  in  succession,  until  the  reunion 
 in  1870;  Siam,  1840,  and  rcoccupied  iu  1846;  Cori.seo, 
 1849;  Chinese  in  California,  1851;  Bogota,  1856; 
 Brazil,  18.')9;  Japan,  1859;  Laos,  1867. 
 
 The  total  receipts  to  the  Western  Foreign  Mission- 
 ary Society,  till  May,  1837,  were §9-2,361.  The  growth 
 for  the  next  ten  years  was  steiidy,  and  the  receipts 
 from  the  living  membership  of  the  Church  and  from 
 legacies  were  §627,438.  In  the  next  decade,  from 
 1848  to  1R57,  §1.1 93, -291;  from  18.58  to  1867,  §1,858,- 
 064.  The  growth  in  this  decade  is  remarkable,  as  in 
 this  period  the  whole  Southern  Presbyterian  Church, 
 with  a  large  port  iim  of  the  border  churches  in  Ken- 
 tucky and  Missouri,  ceased  to  contribute  through  the 
 Board.  The  contributions  of  the  churches  for  the 
 uext  three  years,  or  until  the  reunion  of  the  Old  and 
 
 New  School  branches,  were,  inclnding  §44,602  raised 
 for  the  debt  by  a  few  friends,  in  1870,  §877,682,  so  that 
 the  new  Board  commenced  its  work  without  a  balance 
 against  it ;  adding  these  sums  together,  and  the  total 
 raised  by  one  branch  of  the  Chiu'ch.  through  its  own 
 Board,  was  §4,511,873.  The  nuTuber  of  missionaries 
 sent  to  its  different  missions  in  this  same  period  were 
 about  200  ministers,  110  nnmarrietl  ladies  and  62 
 laymen.  These  laymen  were  largely  employed 
 among  the  Indians.  As  most  of  the  missionaries  are 
 married,  the  number  of  women  iu  connection  with 
 the  Board  is  larger  than  that  of  the  men.  From  1871  to 
 1883  the  total  receipts  from  the  sources  named  have 
 been  §6,558,783,  or  a  little  over  half  a  million  jx-r  an- 
 num (§504,. 521).  The  average  number  of  communicants 
 for  this  period  has  been  537,335.  So  that  thcMuem- 
 bers  of  our  Church  have  not  reached,  including 
 legacies,  the  sum  of  one  dollar  i)er  annum  to  this 
 cause. 
 
 At  the  reunion,  the  following  missions  and  mis- 
 sionaries were  received:  Kohlapur,  1870,  one  mis- 
 sionary and  his  wife,  20  communicants  and  1-27 
 scholars,  one  station.  PYom  the  American  Board, 
 Syria  Mission  (1870),  8  missionaries,  1  luimarried 
 lady,  4  stations,  2  native  preachers,  294  communi- 
 cants and  1671  scholars.  Gaboon  Mission  (1870),  2 
 missionaries,  1  station  and  10  communicants,  no  re- 
 port of  the  school.  Seneca  Mission  (1870),  3  mission- 
 aries, 3  stations  and  216  communicauts.  Persia 
 Mission  (1871),  4  missionaries,  1  physician,  1  un- 
 married lady,  1  station,  700  communicants  and  960 
 scholars.  Dakota  Mission  (1871),  2  missionaries,  1 
 teacher,  1  ordained  native  minister,  2  stations,  164 
 communicants  and  151  scholars.  In  addition  to  these, 
 two  missionaries  of  Peking  were  transferred  to  the 
 Board  in  1870,  making  a  total,  including  Kohlapur. 
 of  6  missions,  22  ordained  missionaries,  1  ])hysician, 
 2  unmarried  ladies,  1404  communicants  and  2909 
 -scholars,  as  far  as  reported.  The  number  of  native 
 laborers  is  incomplete.  The  following  missions  have 
 been  e.st;iblished  since  1870  among  the  Indians:  Nez 
 Pcrces,  C'hippewas,  Winnebagoes,  lowas.  Sacs  and 
 Choctaws;  Mexico,  1872;  Chili  (1873),  transferred 
 from  Foreign  Christian  Union;  Guatemala,  1882. 
 
 The  following  comparison  will  show  the  ra]>id 
 development  of  the  work,  from  the  reunion  to  the 
 present  time,  November  1st,  1883: — 
 
 1 
 
 e 
 
 i 
 
 It 
 
 It. 
 
 it 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 e 
 
 ■o 
 
 3 
 
 S. 
 
 p. 
 
 !!■& 
 o" 
 
 u 
 ri— 
 
 E 
 
 S 
 
 1871 
 
 111 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 18 
 
 23 
 
 3,512 
 
 10,(»9 
 
 1883 
 
 166 
 
 16 
 
 130 
 
 92 
 
 133 
 
 18,656 
 
 21,253 
 
 The  i-eceii)ts  in  1872,  when  the  two  branches  were 
 thoroughly  consolidated,  were  §461, -276;  and  in  1883, 
 §655,588. 
 
A  SlMMAia    VIKW  ol-  Tin;  IdUKKiN   MISSIONS  OF  THK  I'KESBYTPLKIAN  (  111  KCH, 
 
 MAY  1,   1883. 
 
 STATIONS. 
 
 MlirURU. 
 
 NaUn. 
 
 ■s    1 
 
 a       -^ 
 
 LAY 
 MISSION  ABIES. 
 
 Indi.\n  Tribes: 
 
 SvDucaH iUppor    and   Lower  Cuttamugntt    and' 
 
 I     AlU'Rlifuy,  etc '. '<  1811 
 
 Chi|>|M*waa.'. ihluiiHli .' I       ...I 
 
 1M6 
 ISIS 
 
 1849 
 1842 
 
 '1881 
 
 Omuiiiut Hliickbirtl  Ililla 
 
 IiakuUm Yank^>^  AguDcy  and  Puplar Creek.. 
 
 Creeks Wealakti 
 
 SeiniDol<>« Wttwokii 
 
 Nex  Pcrceii I^apwai  and  Kamia 
 
 Winncliaguca ., 
 
 Iowa  and  Sacs *188l 
 
 ChoctawA S]>encor  Academy MSSl 
 
 ToUl 
 
 Uexico FourStatlonH  and  tiovcral  OutritationH-.l  1872 
 
 Guatemala One  Station |  1882 
 
 Soimi  America: 
 I'nittMl   States  ofl 
 
 Colombia Onu  Station 
 
 Itni/il Nine  StJitionit  and  several  OutHlatluns. 
 
 Chili Four  Stations , 
 
 I     Total  of  South  Amt'rira  Mission.^... 
 Africa:  t 
 
 LilHTia Eight  StatiunH 
 
 fiabooii  <k  Coriaco  Four  Stations  and  seven  Outstatioos... 
 
 IH.'Hi 
 1859 
 
 1833 
 1842 
 
 Total  of  African  Mission. 
 Asia  : 
 Iniua:  ^  , 
 
 Loiliana 'Ten  Stations  and  nine  Oiilstatlnns 1834 
 
 Kiirnikliabad Six  Stationrt  and  eight  Uutstuttons IKIO 
 
 "'  1863 
 
 Kola}KK>r Three  Stations  . 
 
 Total  of  India  Mission.. 
 
 SiAM Two  Stations  and  three  Outstations.. 
 
 .lOuo  Station.. 
 Total  for  Slam  Mission  . 
 
 China: 
 
 Canton  MIai  ion...  One  Station 
 
 Niri^lHi  .Miwtion..  Fivu  Stations  and  several  Outstatiuns. 
 Shaniuntcund  Pu- 
 king Missions..  Four  Stations  and  several  Outstatlons. 
 
 Total  of  China  Mission.. 
 QllncMe    In   fall- 
 
 lornia Two  Stations 
 
 Japan Four  Stations. 
 
 PmuiA 
 
 Syria  
 
 Four  Stations  and  olghty-ono  Out- 
 statiuns  
 
 Five  Stations  and  furty-throe  Out* 
 stations. ».... 
 
 Oenernl  total... 
 
 1846 
 1844 
 
 1861 
 1869 
 
 1834 
 
 1823 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 ■i 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 2 
 
 ... 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 •  •• 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 32 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 * 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 ... 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 A 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 0 
 
 ■ii 
 
 12 
 
 26 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 7' 
 
 10 
 
 29 
 
 3U 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 31 
 
 1». 
 
 fli 
 
 y.al 
 
 101     21 
 
 179 
 
 *  Resumod. 
 
 ■i^,     40 
 
 2uj  ino 
 
 «!_  21'    im  r<«< 
 
 t  Lost  yi>«r'«  Ri'pun. 
 
 Boanling. 
 
 DV. 
 
 223 
 79 
 61 
 
 228 
 
 111 
 «0 
 
 528 
 
 1,290 
 7,220 
 
 34 
 
 1,110 
 
 272 
 
 240 
 411 
 
 +;«o 
 
 94 
 
 1,022 
 
 148 
 144 
 
 in 
 
 781 
 
 1,407 
 2,769 
 
 I,OiS 
 
 1,717 
 l.nafi 
 
 I8,a'>r>! 
 
 189 
 20 
 
 8S 
 176 
 
 lOI 
 
 6 
 
 a 
 
 a, 
 
 20 
 
 ... 
 
 lU 
 
 10(J 
 
 83 
 
 SO 
 
 26 
 
 ... 
 
 IS 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 ::: 
 
 10 
 
 II 
 
 60 
 193 
 .116 
 M 
 21 
 
 100 
 
 ita 
 
 120 
 
 672 
 
 22 
 
 150 
 
 200 
 
 J9i 
 
 13 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 121 
 
 no 
 
 38 
 97 
 70 
 
 7.1 
 264 
 
 imi 
 
 43 
 
 255 
 
 aVi 
 
 61U 
 
 62 
 
 78 
 41 
 
 70 
 
 7 
 
 148 
 
 174 
 
 140  +4,312  tl,138  6.620 
 39,  n,mi\  tSW  2,103 
 ...        2:t9        KiO        339 
 
 179;    6,851 
 
 381        37 
 10 
 
 113 
 
 10 
 
 8,158 
 
 228 
 20 
 
 90 
 
 46 
 
 400' 
 
 439     1,106 
 1571       073 
 
 30'       158 
 
 1» 
 
 71 
 184 
 
 S2ti     1,397 
 
 -two       208 
 
 2,024 
 
 4.ms 
 
 473    2,681 
 1,016    S.81S 
 
 720!     971   14.407     5,125  21,22:1 
 
 RECEIPTS  FROM  WOMEN'S  SOCIETIES  FROM  1870  TO  1883. 
 
 BociRin. 
 
 PhiliwlKlplila  . 
 Xurtliw.'.t  ..  . 
 
 Ni'W  Y..rk 
 
 AllJAiiy 
 
 Tnijr 
 
 Ur<»>klvn> 
 
 DuuUiwrat 
 
 1870-74 
 4]rgan. 
 
 1874-76 
 
 1876-76        187e-n 
 
 18n-78    I     1878-79 
 
 188)-8a 
 
 S1M.32S  17  $117,489  99'  J 
 
 Jii.lJS  IK     :il..'iil  11- 
 
 lal  07 
 
 i;.,iiiii  K>i 
 
 :i,T:ll  H,".! 
 
 i,iH2  all 
 
 I,:iii0  <Mi 
 
 268  68l 
 
 IM.ir.nt  Ol' 
 :l,(l-i2  72 
 
 •J,C1H"   Ikl 
 
 1.744  Kl 
 rjl  63l 
 
 2,2!t4  lal 
 
 82.*!  tlO! 
 1.120  671 
 
 .'.'"■'  I' 
 2,23;i  88 
 
 1,686  no 
 
 1,432  68 
 
 4,i>il  I., 
 2,692  m 
 
 1,611  41 
 
 Tolalt tl88,8nt  37,t00,24«  47(114,993  II  $124,068  63  $1%4,047  08*130,309  00  $176,096  88  $170,304  £1  $178,180  27  $192,729  3:1 
 
 I 1 I  I I  ■     I _l l_ 
 
 •  Ai-kiiii«i|'HlKiii>'iil>  In  IKK'J  hikI  1KN.I  inrliiili-cl  In  lli«  r«<-.'l|ii4  fn.m  llin  loilii-.'  Ikainl  "f  Mu.luiu.  New  Yurk. 
 i  Tlii'*«  ■iiini*  rrpri-Miut  tlio  awMUiiU  «rkituwli.tlKtMl  muuiik  tho  n^icuUr  n^x'ipu  vt  Itir  IftMinl. 
 
I-OHKIGN  MISSIONS. 
 
 347 
 
 IVKEMAN. 
 
 About  till-  time  of  the  rrunion  there  was  an 
 iiwakuniu};  among  tlie  women  of  the  Cliureli,  in  foi- 
 ei^  missions,  and  its  a  result  of  tliis  several  Women's 
 Societies  have  been  organized,  that  have  been  in 
 thorough  s3-nipathy  with  and  heartily  loyal  to  the 
 Boiird  in  all  their  aims  and  <'ndeavors.  The  table 
 of  receipts  by  the  Board,  on  the  preceding  l)age,  will 
 show  what  they  have  done  since  1870.  The  first 
 lour  years  have  been  merged  in  one  column,  for 
 want  of  space: — 
 
 There  h;w  1«  en  a  st<'iuly  increase  in  the  gifts  of  the 
 living  meml)ership  of  the  Church,  from  the  lorniation 
 of  the  Hoard  to  the  i)resent  time,  but  whether  the 
 increase  of  the  receipts  has  kept  pace  with  the  aug- 
 mented wciilth  of  the  Church  is  a  question.  The 
 following  facts  are  of  interest.  Beginning  with 
 1840,  when  the  minutes  of  the  O.  S.  branch  were 
 pruned  and  rei)reseuted  its  own  constituency,  we 
 have  annnally,  from  the  living  nuiubership  of  the 
 Church,  excluding  legacies,  the  following  averages 
 for  each  decade: — 
 
 HIO  to  .'iO 40     cents  per  mem1}er. 
 
 lK,-,i)  to  ()(( 48i       "        " 
 
 IsiiO  to  70 68J       " 
 
 Beginning  with  the  year  1872,  when  the  contribu- 
 tions of  the  N.  S.  branch  were  given  in  bulk,  for  the 
 lirst  time,  to  the  Boaixl,  and  taking  the  annual  average 
 j)er  member  during  the  ne.\t  decade,  or  to  1881,  and 
 the  sum  is  eighty  cents,  while  for  the  last  two  years, 
 the  average  per  annum  is  eighty-three  cents  for  each 
 communicant.  Most  of  the  legacies  left  to  the  Board 
 were  the  outcome  of  previous  training  and  of  interest 
 in  the  cJiuse,  .so  that  they  properly  represent,  with 
 the  specific  donations  from  the  living  membership, 
 the  amount  of  sympathj'  with  the  work. 
 
 The  system  of  agencies  was  maintained  by  the 
 Board  till  185.3,  when  it  was  virtually  abandoned. 
 From  1840  to  18.53  inclusive,  the  average  from  each 
 communicant  was  forty-two  and.one-fourth  cents  piT 
 annum,  while  for  the  next  sixteen  j'ears,  or  down  to 
 reunion,  the  average  for  e^tch  year  was  sixty-one  and 
 one-half  cents  per  member. 
 
 From  the  organization  of  the  Board  to  1870  it  con- 
 sisted of  one  hundred  and  twenty  members — sixty 
 ministers  and  sixty  laymen.  These  met  :rnuually, 
 at  least,  for  the  consideration  ayd  sui>erintendenee  of 
 matters  relating  to  the  work  at  home  and  abroad. 
 As  these  members  were  scatti'reil  through  all  por- 
 tions of  the  Church,  it  was  not  ea.-iy  to  get  a  strong 
 representation  at  the  annual  meeting.  An  Executive 
 Committee  was  elected  every  year  by  the  Board,  to 
 whom  was  entrusted  the  care  and  control  of  mis- 
 sionary operations.  In  1870  it  was  decided  by  the 
 reunited  Church  to  do  away  with  a  large  Board,  and 
 constitute  a  small  Board  of  fifteen  members,  directly 
 amenable  to  the  .Assembly,  thus  sui>ersediug  the  old 
 Executive  Conunittee.  The  Board  is  simply  a  com- 
 mittee of  the  tieneral  As.sembly. 
 
 The  Board  was  eminently  favoied  in  its  lirst  Secre- 
 
 t;iry.  In  1H36  Hon.  Walter  Lowrie  resigned  bis  office 
 as  Secretary  of  the  fnited  States  Senate,  and  accepted 
 the  Secretjiryshii)  of  the  Western  Foreign  Missionary 
 Society.  When  it  Wijs  transferred  to  the  newly 
 orgtmized  Board,  the  following  year,  he  was  re-elected 
 to  fill  the  siime  office,  and  continued  to  di.scharge  its 
 onerous  and  trying  duties  till  a  few  months  prior  to 
 his  death,  in  1868.  His  varii-d  attainnu-nts  and  great 
 executive  ibrce  were  all  consecrated  to  the  eau.se.  He 
 bad,  during  his  connection  with  the  Board,  many 
 wise  and  abli'  counsellors,  both  in  the  ministry  and 
 laity;  and  the  Church  and  the  cau.se  owe  much  to 
 this  class  of  workers,  who  not  only  give  their  means, 
 but  their  valuable  time  and  counsel,  to  help  forward 
 the  work. 
 
 j  The  present  Executive  Officers  are,  Rev.  John  C. 
 Lowrie,  D.D.,  1838;  Rev.  D.  Irving,  ».]).,  18(i5;  Rev. 
 Frank  F.  EUinwood,  n.D.,  1871;  Wm.  Rankin,  Esii., 
 Treasurer,  1850. 
 
 Foreman,  Rev.  John  Preston,  sou  of  William 
 and  SiLsan   (Parker)   Foreman,   was  born   in  Ralls 
 county,  ilo.,  December  18th,  1840.     He  graduated 
 I  from   Westminster  College,  Mo.,   in  1861  ;   entered 
 j  Princeton  Seminary  in  1861,  and  having  completed 
 the   full   coiu-se,  was  regularly  graduated  in  18(>4  ; 
 Wivs   licensed   by  the   Presbytery  of  Palmyra,   Mo., 
 May  l.'jth,  18(53 ;  and  was  ordained  as  an  evangelist 
 by  the  same  Presbytery,  August  ■27th,  1864.     All  his 
 ministerial    life    was   spent    in    Mis.souri.       He   w;is 
 .stated  supply  at  Lick  Creek,  1864-ti5  ;  at  Big  Creek, 
 1065-68;  at  Ashley,   186.8-69;    at  GUusgow,   1869-72; 
 at  Liberty,  1872-74.     During  the  year  1875  he  was 
 [  compelled  to  suspend  his  ministerial  work,  on  account 
 of  illness,  during  which  he  was  a  great  suflerer  from 
 acute  physiciil  pain.     After  severe  surgical  treatment 
 j  he  regained  his  health,  and  resumed  the  active  duties 
 I  of  the   ministry  at   Plattsburgh,   in   187(>,  where  he 
 i  lai)ored  with  great   efficiency   and  accei)tance    until 
 disease  compelled  him  to  ce;jse,  in  March,  1882.     He 
 died  in  Ralls  County,  Mo.,  at  the  residence  of  his 
 sister,  Mrs.  McElroy,  June  10th,  1882,  in  his  forty- 
 second  year.     He  was  an  earnest  Christian,  an  able, 
 acceptable  preacher,  a  good  man,  universally  respected 
 and  beloved. 
 
 Foreman,  Rev.  Stephen,  .son  of  Anthony  and 
 Xatee  (Elizabeth),  a  full-blooded  Cherokee  woman, 
 was  born  at  Oo-you-gilogie  (near  Rome),  Ga.,  October 
 22d,  1807,  and  was  taught  first  at  a  mission  school 
 among  his  own  people,  and  afterwards  one  year  and  a 
 half  by  Prof.  H.  P.  (Joodrich,  at  Union  Seminary, 
 Prince  Edward,  A'a. ;  first  united,  on  profession,  with 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Candy's  Creek,  Ga.,  in 
 his  eighteenth  year;  was  never  connected  with  any 
 college;  entered  Princeton  Seminaiy  in  the  Fall  of 
 1831,  ami  spent  there  one  year;  then  two  years, 
 1832-34,  in  the  thiological  department  of  Marysville 
 College,  Tenn. ;  was  licensed  by  Union  Presbytery, 
 Tenn.,  September  25th,  is;!:!,  and  ordained  an  evan- 
 gelist by  the  same  Presbytery,  at  Madisonville,  Tenn., 
 
Four  iiM  vsi: i-u!sT(iiri:<n. 
 
 2-JH 
 
 FdRT  ir.l  YSK  FlUHT  cHcm-jr 
 
 SeptemlHT  '23d,  1835.  He  laborwl  as  stated  supply 
 :it  Can<l_v'H  fnek  Church.  Oicroki-e  Nation,  Ga., 
 IKM-lt^,  until  liis  nation  was  comiH'llcMl  to  remove  to 
 .\rkans:i.s;  thru  as  an  evaufiflist  anion;^  them,  1834- 
 lil,  prea<'hing  at  Uwight  >Iis.sion  Station,  Honey 
 Cre»-k,  Fairfield  Mi.ssion  Station,  and  many  other 
 poinl.-i,  anil  \v:ts  in  |>art  supi)orted  by  the  A.  B.  C.  F. 
 M.  During  the  civil  war,  l"<(;i-().">,  he  resided  and 
 preached  as  a  uiissiiinary  in  Tcx;ls;  then  returned  to 
 liis  former  home  at  Park  Kill,  Cherokee  Nation, 
 where  he  resideil  lor  I  hi'  riMiainiler  of  his*  life,  ])reaeli- 
 iii;;  and  laliorin<;  amon<;  his  jieople,  until  C(miiH-lled 
 hy  iKxlily  infirmitii-s  to  desist,  a  short  time  before  his 
 death.  In  addition  tn  his  constant  and  zealous  mis- 
 sionary lalxjrs,  Mr.  Foreman  rendered  valuable  ser- 
 vices to  the  Clierokce  people  in  other  ways,  and, 
 except  that  of  principal  chief,  tilled,  at  one  time  or 
 another,  almost  every  ofliee  in  their  jiower  to  give. 
 In  the  List  years  of  his  mini.stry  he  built  a  church  at 
 I'ark  Hill,  out  of  his  own  funds,  and  pri'ached  in  it. 
 He  died  at  I'ark  Hill,  Cherokee  Nation,  In<lian  Terri- 
 tory, of  pandysis,  December  8th,  18H],  in  theseventy- 
 lirth  year  of  his  age,  strong  in  the  faith  of  the  Gospel, 
 
 Fort  "Wayne  (Indiana)  First  Presbsrterian 
 Church.  The  distinction  of  having  lirst  preached 
 to  the  actual  settlers  of  Fort  Wayne,  according  to  the 
 distinctive  faith  and  us;iges  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  and  under  ecelcsi;istical  appointment,  is  due 
 to  the  Rev.  .Iiihn  lioss,  a  native  of  Ireland,  familiarly 
 and  reverently  known  throughout  the  two  .Synods  of 
 Indiana,  :ls  "Father  Ivo.s.s."  This  venenible  servant 
 of  God  afterward-s  die<l  in  Tipton  county,  Indiana,  at 
 the  age  of  ninety-three. 
 
 In  DecemlKT,  182'2,  Mr.  Ross,  then  jKLstor  of  a 
 church  in  the  New  Jersey  settlement,  on  the  west 
 side  i>f  the  I5ig  Miami,  opjMisite  the  tow  n  of  Franklin, 
 visited  this  ]iost.  under  a|ipointment  of  the  tieneral 
 .\s.scnibly,  to  lal)or  for  three  months  as  a  missionary 
 amcing  th<- <lestitutions  of  this  frontier  region.  The 
 settlement  here  comprised  almut  one  hundred  and 
 fifty  or  two  hundred  souls,  including  French  and 
 half-l)reed  families,  mainly  engaged  in  the  Indian 
 trade.  Thi-  nearest  white  settlement  was  at  Shane's 
 Prairii-,  forty  miles  southeast,  anil  except  as  the  trace- 
 was  dr>tted  with  an  <M-cjLsional  s«'ttli-r,  a  day's  jour- 
 ney a])art.  all  northwest  of  Piipia,  Ohio,  w:ls  a  wilder- 
 ni'ss.  The  mi^<sinnary  tinik  p;LHS;ige  in  a  light  two- 
 hopM-  wagon,  with  Matthew  Griggs,  afterwards  with 
 his  family,  mcmlM-rs  of  the  Fort  Wayne  Church,  then 
 of  I.eb.tnon,  Ohio,  and  visiting  Fort  Wayne  on  a 
 tniding  exi<<-diti(m,  with  lials  and  drie<l  fruit. 
 
 Father  Ross,  in  a  letter  ilated  NovemlH-r  '2(ifh,  I'Vi!), 
 desiTilM-s  the  |MTil  and  exposure  of  the  lirst  missiomiry 
 journey;  how  their  tlrst  night's  encampment  in  the 
 wimhIs,  a  few  miles  north  of  Daytiin,  \\i\s  made 
 memonible  by  the  howling  of  wolves  on  everv  side; 
 how  the  snow  stonu  afterwards  met  thi'Ui  in  the 
 wilileniess.  with  intense  cold,  which  froze  fa.st  in  the 
 mild  till- whcils  nf  tin  it  «.....!.    !„.«    1:  i  ill  ng  to  strike 
 
 fire  from  the  flint,  tbe  woodsman's  last  ho)M-,  they 
 were  com]Mlled  to  leave  their  I'onveyance  under  guard 
 of  a  faithl'ul  (hig:  how,  by  walking  and  leading  their 
 horses,  the  cold  being  too  severe  to  ride,  they  n-achc-d 
 Fort  Wayne  at  a  late  hour  on  a  wintry  night;  and 
 with  whiit  kindness  he  was  reeeive<l  by  .S.iniuel 
 Hanmi,  who  afterwards  Ixi-ame  a  ruling  elder  in  this 
 church — a  kindness,  the  remembnmce  of  wliich,  alter 
 the  lapse  of  forty  years,  w;is  still  fresh  in  the  <dd 
 missionary's  grateful  heart. 
 
 Father  Ross  continui-s;  "The  ne.xt  day  Ixing  the 
 Sjibtxith,  I  i)reached  in  the  Fort  morning  and  after- 
 noon, because  there  was  no  other  convenient  place  to 
 preach  in.  .  .  .1  risitt-d  the  place  five  times  fn»m 
 1822  to  1826.  I  was  once  sent  out  to  Fort  Wayne  by 
 the  Synod  of  Ohio." 
 
 Allen  Hamilton.  i)Ostm:ister  at  Fort  Wayne,  Dew-m- 
 bi-r  Ktth,  18i-<,  wrote  to  the  Home  MLssionary  Six'iety, 
 .s;iying  there  bad  been  no  minister  there  since  the 
 town  was  laiil  oil',  and  urging  their  claims  by  .siiying 
 that  the  canal  was  laid  oil'  through  the  place:  that 
 there  were,  in  the  town  and  immediate  vicinity,  five, 
 hundred  inhabit;ints;  that  there  was  no  preju-hing 
 within  eighty  miles,  etc.  In  response  to  this  ap)H-aI, 
 the  Rev.  CliarU^  E.  Furman  was  ap])ointe<I  a  mis- 
 sionary for  Fort  Wayne,  who,  after  preaching  .siinn; 
 si.x  or  eight  months.  pa.ssed  on  to  other  liehls. 
 
 In  .June,  l-^.'tl.  Rev.  .Tames  Chute,  of  the  Pn-sby- 
 tery  of  Columbus,  visited  Fort  Wayne,  and,  on  the 
 1st  of  July  following,  at  the  reijuest  of  the  few 
 Presbyteriims  then  residing  there,  organized  the 
 First  Pre.sb\-terian  Church  of  the  place,  consisting  of 
 eleven  memlM-rs.  On  the  4th  of  October,  18:11,  the 
 church  was  re<'eive<l  under  Ciire  of  Miami  Pn-sby- 
 tery,  whose  place  of  meeting  was  .some  one  humlred 
 and  twenty  miles  distant. 
 
 j  Of  the  lirst  members  of  this  church,  two  wen-  half- 
 Indians,  who  had  Isfore,  in  H-2f).  joined  the  lki]>tist 
 Church  under  the  labors  of  Rev.  Mr.  McCoy,  mis- 
 sion:iry  t<i  the  Indians  at  this  jxist.  They  wi-re 
 nii-<-es  of  "  Little  Turtle,"  the  celebrate<l  war-i-hief 
 of  the  Miamis.  the  force  of  whose  fien-c  counigi-,  as 
 leadi-r  of  the  s;ivage  hosts,  our  countrymen  had  felt 
 on  this  spot,  in  the  IiIimmIv  contli<-t  with  Ilarmar's 
 Army,  in  17!>lt,  and  ag.iin  in  the  defeat  of  St.  Clair, 
 on  till-  I'piwr  Wabash,  in  ITill.  They  were  daugh- 
 ters of  Captain  Wells,  who.  at  the  age  of  twelve 
 ye.irs,  had  been  taken  prisoner  (or  nither  stolen  1  in 
 Kentucky,  and  adopted  by  the  Miami  triln-. 
 
 The  want  of  a  pl.ace  of  worship  afl'onlingri-as<mable 
 eomfort,  at  l-"ort  W.iyne,  was  a  chief  hindnince  of 
 church  progn-ss  for  the  lirst  six  years.  Six  or  eight 
 dilTerent  riKUns  wen-  iKi-upied  in  smi-essiim  within 
 this  periisl.  The  n-ligioiis  si-rviees  i-onm-i-tisl  with 
 the  org.ini/.atioii  wen-  held  in  the  oj»'n  air,  under  a 
 rude  shelter  of  Isiards.  near  the  junction  of  Columbia 
 and  Harrison  striits,  on  gnmnd  now  lM^'upie<l  by  the 
 canal  Kisin.  For  a  time,  the  litth-  brick  school  nwmi, 
 alsiul    twenty   by    twenty-ti».-    I'l-.i     ilitu    stiuiiUng 
 
FORT  WAYNE  FIKST  CHURCH. 
 
 249 
 
 FOSTER. 
 
 some  two  hundred  feet  southwest  of  the  present 
 county  jail,  in  a,  cluster  of  sumach  shrubbery,  was 
 the  place  of  worship.  Then  the  Masonic  Hall,  oii 
 the  site  of  Hill  and  Orbisou's  warehouse,  a  room,  per- 
 hajjs,  thirty  by  forty  feet,  was  oceu])ied  until  surren- 
 dered, in  June,  lH;!:i,  to  the  first  printing  press  ever 
 setup  in  nortlieiustern  In<liana  I /■"(»•/  W'aiine  Sentinel, 
 est;iblished  liy  Thomas  Tigur  and  S.  V.  B.  Noel). 
 Next  a  eari)euter's  shop,  on  the  north  side  of  Colum- 
 bia street,  near  Harrison,  was  for  some  length  of  time 
 the  Sanctuary.  At  the  close  of  each  week's  work 
 the  shop  was  ha.stily  transformed  from  its  material  to 
 its  adaptation  to  sacred  use,  by  rcmo\ing  the  shav- 
 ings and  adjusting  the  benches  minus  their  backs, 
 with  the  work-bench  for  a  pulpit-desk.  A  small 
 room  on  the  opposite  side  of  Columbia  street  was  for 
 a  short  time  used,  as  was  likewi.sc  a  room  in  the  old 
 brick  tavern,  in  the  .same  .street,  on  the  site  of  Mor- 
 gan and  Heach's  store-room.  During  the  Summer  of 
 1833,  and  afterwards  in  183.3  and  183(;,  the  old  brick 
 Court  House,  long  since  gone  to  decay,  was  occupied 
 a.s  a  place  of  worship.  Such  were  the  wanderings 
 and  adjournings'  of  the  little  congregation,  until,  in 
 1837,  they  found  a  home  and  resting  place  in  their 
 own  church  building,  the  small  frame,  forty  feet 
 square,  near  the  east  end  of  Herry  street. 
 
 In  that  little  frame  ehurch,  on  what  is  now  the  site 
 of  the  residence  erected  by  Charles  MeCullocli,  Esq., 
 in  1831,  were  organized  both  the  Synod  of  Northern 
 Indiana  and  the  Presbytery  of  Fort  Wayne,  the 
 former  in  October,  1843,  and  the  latter  on  January 
 1st,  1845. 
 
 In  that  period  of  progress  and  growth,  the  frame 
 church  having  in  a  short  tinu>  become  too  small, 
 the  enterprise  of  erecting  the  commodious  edilice 
 now  occupied  was  considered,  as  early  as  1844.  The 
 corner-stone  was  laid  by  the  pastor,  Kcv.  H.  S. 
 Dickson,  with  appropriate  religious  ceremonies,  in 
 October,  184.5.  The  b,-i.sement  of  the  new  building 
 was  first  occupied  for  public  worship  in  1847,  and 
 the  ui)per  room  completed  and  solemnly  dedicated  to 
 the  worship  of  Almighty  God  in  November,  IS.'JvJ. 
 The  sermon  was  preached  by  the  Hev.  Thomas  E. 
 Thomas,  d.d.,  then  I'ri'sident  of  Hanover  College. 
 
 .V  brief  notice  of  those  who  have  ]>r<'a(hed  the  gos- 
 pel is  appropriate  to  this  historic  sket<h.  The  labors 
 of  Kev.  .Tame^Chute  were  eimtinned,  in  humble,  self- 
 denying  faithfulness,  from  the  organization  of  the 
 church  till  called  to  his  rest  on  the  28th  of  Decem- 
 ber, 183.).  His  memory  is  blessed.  Following  the 
 death  of  Mr.  Chute,  the  pulpit  was  supplied,  first,  in 
 1830,  by  Rev.  Daniel  .Tones,  and  after  him  by  Kev. 
 .Te.s.se  Hoover,  a  I^utheran  minister,  iintil  October, 
 1837;  Rev.  .\le.\ander  T.  Kankiy  was  next  invited  to 
 this  field.  He  entered  on  his  ministry  in  October. 
 18:57,  and  continued  to  labor  here  luitil  September, 
 1843.  Rev.  William  C.  Anderson  was  called  to  the 
 church  in  the  Spring  of  1844.  Though  declining  to 
 accept  the  call,  he  took  charge  of  the  church,  and 
 
 I)reached  for  some  si.x  months,  guiding  it,  under  the 
 providence  of  God,  most  happily  through  the  periiwl 
 of  its  greatest  trials  and  danger.  In  SeptcmlH-r,  Mr. 
 Anderson's  health  having  failed,  a  call  was  forwarded 
 to  Kev.  H.  S.  Dickson.  Mr.  Dickson  w;is  installed 
 pastor  in  November,  184,'>.  Until  this  time  the  fixed 
 relationship  of  pastor  and  j)eoplc  had  not  been 
 enjoyed  by  this  congregation — the  several  ministers 
 having  labored  as  stafa'd  su]ii)lies.  In  the  Fall  of 
 1847,  5Ir.  Dickson  having  n'signed  the  pastorate. 
 Rev.  Lowman  1'.  Hawes  supplied  the  pulpit  for  about 
 six  months.  In  August,  1848,  Rev.  J.  G.  Riheldafter. 
 then  of  the  graduating  class  of  Princeton  Seminary, 
 accepted  a  call  and  was  installed  as  pastor,  continu- 
 ing in  that  relation  until  he  resigned,  in  1851.  In 
 November,  IS.")!,  Rev.  .lonathan  Edwards  I).  D.,  wa.s 
 installed  as  pastor.  He  resigned  in  July,  18.55,  to 
 accept  the  presidency  of  Hanover  (.'ollege,  and  was 
 succeeded  by  Rev.  John  M.  Lowrie,  u,  I).,  who  was 
 installed  in  November,  185ti.  During  the  vacancy 
 before  the  s<-ttlement  of  Dr.  LowTie,  Kev.  J.  H, 
 Burns  supplied  the  pulpit  for  a  few  months.  The 
 pastorate  of  Rev.  Dr.  Lowrie  continued  to  the  time 
 of  his  death,  September  2(ith,  18G7.  In  March,  18C8, 
 '  Rev.  Thomas  H.  Skinner,  i).  v.,  accepted  the  call  of 
 j  this  congregation.  Dr.  Skinner  resigned  Seiitember 
 18th,  1871,  to  accept  a  call  to  the  Second  Pnsbyte- 
 I  rian  Church  of  Cincinnati.  February  5th,  l-<72.  Rev. 
 D.  W.  Motfatt,  then  a  l)astor  at  Georgetown,  D.  C, 
 accepted  a  tuill  to  this  church,  and  continues  in 
 charge  of  it,  blessed  in  his  labors  and  beloved  by  his 
 people.  Most  of  these  brethren  are  el.sewhere  noticed 
 in  this  volume. 
 
 Foster,  Rev.  James  Bonner,  was  born  in 
 Southeastern  Indiana,  ,Tuly  6th,  1837,  and  was 
 brought  U])  in  Israel  Township,  Preble  county,  Ohio. 
 He  graduated  at  Miami  University,  Oxford,  Ohio, 
 June,  18.58;  studied  theology  in  the  United  Presby- 
 terian Seminary  at  Monmouth,  Illinois;  and  wius 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  First  United  Pre.sbj"tcrian 
 Presbytery  of  Ohio,  April,  1859.  In  18G0  he  was 
 appointed,  by  the  United  Pre.sb^'terian  Board  of  Home 
 Missions,  to  preach  in  Dayton,  Ohio,  where  he  was 
 ordained  in  .Tanuary,  1M(!1,  After  three  years  of 
 faithful  work  in  Dayton,  he  accepted  a  call  to  Kirk- 
 wood,  111.,  where  he  labored  successfully  for  three 
 years.  Called  to  the  Orchard  Street  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Cincinnati,  August,  1867,  lie  became  a 
 meml)er  of  what  was  then  the  Old  School  Presbytery 
 of  Cincinnati.  After  a  pastorate  of  three  years,  dur- 
 ing which  be  won  the  warm  affection  of  his  people, 
 he  was  com]>elled  to  resign,  on  account  of  ill  health. 
 Early  in  1871  he  accepted  an  invitation  to  supply 
 the  CumminsWlle  Church,  and.  in  October,  received 
 their  unanimous  call.  Greatly  beloved  by  his  people, 
 he  labored  here  as  long  as  he  h.ad  .strength.  In  the 
 hope  of  regaining  his  health,  he  visited  friends  in 
 South  Carolina.  The  hope  w;is  vain.  R;ipidly  declin- 
 ing, he  died,  of  consumption,  at  Due  West,  S.  C, 
 
FOSTEIi. 
 
 2.j() 
 
 1 1:  ASK  LIS. 
 
 I'diiiiary  27tli,  1873.  His  remainfl  were  laid  to  rest 
 aiminj;  his  kindred,  in  the  old  llo|Kwell  burjing 
 KToiiiid,  in  rrrble  eiuiiity,  Dliio.  lie  was  a  good 
 niun,  a  laithl'iil  j^uslur  atid  a  true  Iriend. 
 
 Poster,  Rev.  'Williani,  a  native  of  Ijmeaster 
 county,  Pa.,  wa-s  liccn.sed  to  jtreaeh  by  the  rres)>y- 
 tory  of  Ni'W  Castle,  Ai>ril  2:!d,  17.)7,  and  ordained 
 and  installed  pastor  of  Upper  O'toi-jni  and  Doe 
 Run  IVesbyterian  eliurehes,  I'a.,  Oetober  lilth,  17(>H. 
 In  the  devolution  Mr.  Foster  enftajjeil  heartily  in  the 
 ejinsc  of  civil  liberty,  and  eneouni-ied  all  who  heard 
 him  to  do  their  utmost  in  defence  of  their  rights,  and 
 on  this  account  he  became  very  obnoxious  to  the 
 enemy,  and  more  than  once  attempts  were  made  to 
 seize  him.  On  one  occlusion  Mr.  Foster  was  called  to 
 Lanciister,  to  preach  the  gi)si>el  to  the  troo])s  collected 
 there,  previous  to  their  joiningthe  main  army.  The 
 discoui'se  Wiis  so  accei)table,  that  it  wa.s  printed  and 
 i'irculated,  and  did  mu<h  to  arouse  the  siiirit  of 
 jiatriotism  amiMig  the  jieopli'.  Mr.  Foster  wa-s  a 
 graduate  of  Princeton  College  (170-1);  was  a  man  of 
 very  superior  mind,  and  wa.s  much  esteemed  and 
 ri-spected  by  all  who  knew  him,  for  his  solid  sense 
 and  nnaffectcd  piety.  He  held  a  high  place  among 
 his  brethri'U,  aa  his  name  constantly  oi'c\irs  in  con- 
 nection with  jHwitions  of  trust  an<l  res|Hinsil)ility. 
 He  occasionally  received  theological  students  uuder 
 his  care,  lie  died  September  3(lth,  I7MJ.  Ilisdeath- 
 b<'<l  was  a  .scene  of  trimiiiih. 
 
 Fo'wrler,  Philemon  Haleted,  D.  D.,  .son  of 
 William  and  Margaret  (Stevenson)  Fowler,  Wius  Iwrn 
 ill  Albany,  X.  Y.,  February  Oth,  1814.  He  graduated 
 from  Hobart  College,  at  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  in  183-2,  and 
 for  one.  year  after  his  graduation  was  Tutor  in  that 
 liLstitiition.  He  gradiiat<d  at  Princeton  Seminary, 
 in  18;!ti;  wius  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  .\lbany, 
 (><-tober  1,5th,  iHX'i,  and  wiLS  orihiilied,  Mm  titutu,  by 
 the  same  Presbytery,  .Vugust  'iHh,  \<K.  From 
 OetolMT,  ]H3(i,  to  XovemlMT,  IK!!),  he  served,  :i.s  pastor 
 elect,  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  NViushington, 
 U.  C,  which  was  afterwards  merged,  with  the  F. 
 Street  Church,  into  the  New  York  Avenue  Church.  | 
 .\t  the  latter  date  he  removed  to  Klminv,  X.  Y.,  where 
 he  wiLS  iiLstalled  a.H  pa,stor,  l)ecemlK-r  4tli,  IKti),  and 
 continued  to  lalnir  with  great  iis<'fulness  and  |m>))11- 
 larlty  niilil  he  was  relea.sed,  December  Kith,  Isvi. 
 lie  next  iM'eaiiie  ]Ht.Htor  of  thi'  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  I'tica,  X.  Y.,  over  which  he  was  iustalleil, 
 I'cbruary  lotli,  18.")1,  and  where  he  lalHired  with 
 large  success  and  growing  reputation  nntil  released 
 on  account  of  failing  health,  February  OtU,  1874.  { 
 Me  was  brought  into  wider  notice  by  iN'ing  nnulc  u  ' 
 inenilKTof  the  .loint  Comiiiittee  on  Keiinion,  in  1H66,  ' 
 on  the  [lart  of  the  Xew  S<-h<Md  (ieiieral  .\s.s4'inbly,  in 
 all  the  ileliltenitions  of  which  Coinniittee  he  took  an 
 active  and  inlluential  jiart.  In  1-Mi!)  he  was  elected 
 .Modenitor  of  his  (ieneral  Assiinbly,  then  sitting  in 
 the  Church  of  the  Covenant,  in  Ni'w  York  city,  at 
 thi-    same    time    that    his  friend  ami   N  llnw -hIihIi  iit. 
 
 the  Rev.  M.  W.  Jacohtis,  d.  D.,  was  made  Moderator 
 of  the  Old  School  ,\ssembly.  Hence  it  fell  to  the 
 hit  of  these  two. jointly  to  pr«>side  at  the  opening  of 
 the  first  Ceniral  .\s.si>mbly  of  the  reunit<-d  Church, 
 in  Philadelphia,  in  May,  l^CO,  and  to  Dr.  Fowler  to 
 preach  the  opening  sermon. 
 
 .Vlter  he  resigned  his  chnri-h  at  L'ticji  Dr.  Fowler 
 continued  to  reside  in  that  city,  but  usually  s|K'nt  his 
 winters  on  his  orange  plantation,  at  .San  Matteo.  on 
 the  St.  John's  River,  in  Floriila.  While  here  he 
 ministered  a  consider.ibl<>  length  of  time  to  the 
 church  at  .lacksimville,  greatly  eiicour.iging  and  helj>- 
 ing  that  then  struggling  enterprise.  He  died  jK-jM-e- 
 fully,  at  Utica,  X.  Y.,  December  19th,  If^O. 
 
 Dr.  Fowler  was  the  author  of  a  number  of  pub- 
 li.she<l  sermons  and  small  volumi-s,  his  largest  work 
 being  his  "  History  of  Presbyterianism  in  Centnd 
 Xew  York."  H<' w:is  long  a  corjMir.ile  member  of 
 the  .American  Hoard  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign 
 Missions,  a  Trustee  of  Hamilton  College,  and  a 
 Director  of.Vubnrn  Theological  Seminary.  He  was 
 widely  know  n  and  honored  lor  his  jK^rsonal  qualities 
 and  his  high  reputation  as  a  ])reacher  and  ]>a.stor.  He 
 preached  Chri.st  with  great  directnes-s  and  fidelity, 
 and  his  ministry , was  an  eminently  fruitlul  one. 
 
 Fox,  Rev.  Louis  Rodman,  was  born  at  Doyles- 
 town.  Pa.,  .January  loth,  \>*'M.  For  a  time  he 
 practicetl  law.  He  stndicil  theologj-  at  the  Seminarj- 
 in  Princeton.  He  Wiusmi.s.sionary  at  Hustleton.  N'.  .1.. 
 1863-1,  and  p-T-stor  elect  at  Tuckertoii,  H<i4-.">.  He 
 was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Presbvtery  of 
 Burlington,  .\pril  'i8th,  1804;  was  pastor  of  Xorth 
 Church,  \Va.shington,  D.  C,  186,V-71;  assistiint  [Ktstor 
 to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Itairdman,  in  the  Tenth  Church. 
 Philadelphia,  Pa.,  lf<7'2— I,  and  state<l  supply  at 
 Providenc<'  anil  .lacksimville,  X.  J.,  1870-80,  when 
 he  ac'cepti'd  the  iiiistorale  of  the  I'nion  Church, 
 Detroit.  Mich.,  in  which  hi'  still  continues.  Mr.  Fox 
 is  a  gentleman  of  ]X)lished  addri-ss,  winning  nianners 
 and  earnest  piety.  His  disi-ourses  ari'  care-fully  jin- 
 IHired,  replete  with  instruction,  and  deliveretl  with 
 much  solemnity.  He  is  characterized  by  great  faith- 
 fulness in  the  Master's  si-rviie, 
 
 Franklin,  Rev.  "William  Sheldon,  was  Ixim  in 
 .\urora,  X.  Y.,  Dctolsr  •»'2d,  I--1I.  Hestudieilat  Cay- 
 uga and  Cortland  academics,  and  Caz<-novia  Seminarj'. 
 and  receiviil  the  degriH'  of  .\.  .M.  from  .Madison  l"ni- 
 versity  in  l^'i.").  Ili-  w:ls  a  student  of  .\uburn  Thi-o- 
 logical  .Seminary.  His  fields  of  lalior  wen-:  Fivi- 
 Cornerx,  X.  Y.,  184'2-<>4;  Camden,  lHOI-7;  >larcellu.s 
 18t57-70;  Kudlownlle,  two  years;  Jarocavillc,  two 
 years;  Ridgeville  and  Oneida  I.jike,  two  years;  Gen- 
 end  Se<-ret:irysliip  of  Y.  .M.  C.  .\.,  .S\-Tacu.so,  two  years. 
 He  died  at  Danforth,  X.  Y.,  March  f.tli,  l-t-«.  Mr. 
 Fr.inklin'H  ministry  was  marked  with  signal  fiilelity 
 and  eariustiiiss,  with  niitiriiig  zeal  and  industry,  and 
 with  liighir  than  avcr.igi- ability.  Hoth  in  thought 
 anil  diction  his  si-nnons  wire  more  than  onlinary 
 priHiuctions.     He  aimed  i)r«--<-mineutly  at  scriptural- 
 
FRAZEU. 
 
 5r>t 
 
 FUKDEUK'K  CITY  CHURCH. 
 
 ness  and  was  very  faithful  and  fearless  in  his  pres- !  nearest  I'resbyt.ri.s,  and  earnestly  desirni-,  though 
 enta'tion  of  the  truth.  He  possessed  unasual  gifts  in  ;  unable  to  support,  a  pastor.  In  order  that  the  con- 
 pray.r  He  was  very  successful  in  gathering  many  \  gregation  might  be  distinguished  from  the  German 
 into  the  Ma.ster's  fold.  His  last  davs  were  days  of ,  Presbj-terians,  it  (according  to  its  earliest  rect)rds), 
 overflowing  spiritual  joy  ami  aV.ounding  peace.  i  "  adopt<>d  the  distinctive  appellation  of  Engli-sh  I'res- 
 
 Prazer,  David  R.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Balti-  byterians."  The  year  1780  is  c.msidered  as  the  date 
 more  Md.',  .luly  Kith,  18:!7.  He  graduate.l  at  the  of  the  more  formal  commencement  of  the  church  now 
 Central  High  School  in  18.52,  and  was  engaged  for  known  as  The  PiuosiiYTOaA.v  Church  in  Fueh- 
 four  years  in  the  wholesale  dry  goods  business  in  tliat  '  erick  City,  Marylaxd. 
 
 city  "  He  entered  Delaware  College,  at  Newark,  in  Kev.  Steph.n  lU„.,n..r  P.al.rh,  I..  T..,  began  preach- 
 January  1858,  and  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1859,  '  ing  to  the  English-speaking  Presbyterians  ot  "  Fred- 
 graduating  in  18(il.  He  graduated  at  the  Union  Theo-jericktown"  as  early  as  1780,  immediately  alter  he 
 logical  Seminary,  New  York  city,  in  18G4,  and  w:is  I  was  permanently  settled  at  "  Georgetown,  on  the 
 licensed  by  tlie  Prcsbj-terv of  the  District  of  Columbia  '  Potomac."  As  a  result  of  his  labors  this  church  was 
 in  18G4,  and  ordained  in  1865.  He  was  pastor  of  I  regularly  organized  in  1782.  It  was  originally  con- 
 the  First  Chunb.  Clifton,  Staten  Island,  from  April,  <  neeted  with  the  Presbjiery  of  Donegal,  but  it  was 
 1865  to  November,  1M(;7;  of  tlie  Fir.st  Church,  Hud.son.  '  transferred  to  the  Pre-sbytery  of  Baltimore  at  its  or- 
 
 N.Y.,  fromNovember,  1867,  to  .lune,  l-<72;  of  the  First 
 Church,  Buftalo,  N.'Y.,  from  ,lune,  1872,  to  February, 
 1880;  of  Cnasson  Avenue  Church,  Brooklyn,  N.Y.,  from 
 February,  1880,  to  Fel>ruary,  1883,  from  which  date  he 
 has  had  charge  of  the  First  Church,  Newark,  N.  J. 
 Dr.  Frazer  is  a  gentU'man  of  v<!ry  winning  address  and 
 benevolent  spirit,  a  tine  scholar,  a  sup<Tior  preacher, 
 a  faithful  I'ritmd,  and  in  all  the  important  i)astoral 
 relations  he  has  sustained,  the  Divine  blessing  has 
 accompanied  his  attractive  and  earnest  ministry. 
 
 Frederick  City,  Md.,  Presbyteriaxi Church. 
 Prcsbyterianisui  hius  existed  for  one  hundred  and 
 fifty  years,  and  the  present  Presbj'terian  Church  has 
 been  jilanted  for  over  a  century  among  the  people  of 
 Frederick  City.  The  beautiful  valley  in  which  the 
 city  is  situated  was  settled  about  the  year  17.!0,  by 
 hardy  Germans,  who  soon  after  establi.shed  a  church 
 in  '•  Frederick  Town,"  known  as  the  "German  Pres- 
 bj-terian  Church."  No  records  of  this  Church  have 
 been  preserved  earlier  than  1717,  hut  it  has  been 
 recorded  that,  at  that  date,  there  was  an  "organiza- 
 tion which  had  existed  for  several  j'ears  without  a 
 
 ganization  in  1786,  and  it  is  one  of  four  churches  that 
 have  (-ontinucd  in  this  connection  ever  since.  About 
 the  year  17S2  tlie  congregation  erected  a  church  on 
 what  is  now  known  as  the  "  Presbyterian  ( ;ravc-yard. " 
 It  was  ' '  a  plain  brick  structure,  with  brick  lloor,  high- 
 backed  pews  and  lofty  pulpit."  Dr.  Baleh  continued 
 his  work  in  this  church,  preaching  one  or  two  Sab- 
 baths each  month,  until  1790,  when  his  church  in 
 Georgetown,  having  very  much  incrca.seil,  demaudi-d 
 all  his  time,  and  he  resigned. 
 
 Rev.  David  Baird,  who  had  preiulud  to  the  con- 
 gregation for  sonu'  time  iu  1786,  succeeded  Dr.  Balch 
 in  1791,  and  remained  for  about  two  years.  Kev. 
 Cunningham  N.  Semple  began  to  supply  the  pulpit 
 about  the  year  1794.  Subseiiuently  the  Pipe  Creek 
 Church  was  added  to  his  charge.  His  ministry  con- 
 tinued for  about  three  years.  It  is  believed  that  the 
 celebrated  "Blind  Preacher,"  Rev.  James  Waddel, 
 n.r>.,  supplied  the  i)ulpit  for  .sometime,  during  tlie 
 year  1797.  Rev.  Samuel  Knox,  U.U.,  I.I..I).,  became 
 pastor  of  the  church  in  1797.  In  connection  with 
 his  pastorate  he  was  President  of  Frederick  Academy 
 
 pastor,"   and    the    congregation   was  occupying  its  I  (now  Frederick  College).     He  resigned  the  pastorate 
 
 '  second  church,  the  first  having  already  grown  too 
 small  or  gone  to  deaiy."  This  church  was  Cal- 
 vinistic  in  doctrine  and  Presbyterian  in  polity.  But 
 all  its  religious  services  were  conducted  in  the  Ger- 
 man language.  This,  to  the  thrilty  Scotch-Irish 
 people  and  others  of  the  Presbyterian  faith,  who  had 
 settled  in  Frederick  Valley  almost  as  soon  as  the 
 Germans,  and  who  could  not  understand  the  German 
 language,  was  a  great  hindrance  to  their  uniting  in 
 church    fellowship   with   the    German    Presbyterian 
 
 in  1803.  Rev.  John  Brackenridge  became  stated 
 supply  in  1809,  after  the  church  had  been  vacant  for 
 six  years,  and  remained  about  a  year.  Rev.  Patrick 
 Davidson  was  elected  pjustor  in  1810,  entered  ui«)n 
 his  duties  the  s;ime  year,  but  was  not  installed  till 
 1815.  He  established  a  number  of  preaching  stations 
 in  the  surrounding  country.  During  the  first  part 
 of  his  ministry  the  church  was  reorganized,  accord- 
 ing to  the  prwisions  of  the  "  Form  of  Government." 
 In   1819  the  congregation  purchased  two  lots  on 
 
 Church.  And  this  naturally  led  to  a  desire  on  the  ',  West  Second  street,  opposite  the  grounds  of  Frederick 
 part  of  these  English-speaking  Presbyterians  for  the  College,  for  the  erection  of  a  place  of  worship,  and 
 organization  of  a  .hurch  in  which  the  services  would  al'ter  various  hindrances,  the  original  portion  of  the 
 lie  conducted  in  their  own  laiiguagc.  Hence,  prior  to  present  church  edifice  was  complcti'd,  in  182,5,  and 
 the  vear  17so,  tliere  was  a  small  congrcg-ation  of  these  afterwards  dedicated  to  the  worship  of  Almighty  God. 
 English  Presbyterians  in  "Frederick  Town,"  and  Then  came  a  period  of  stated  supplies— Rev.  E^J. 
 the^surrounding  country,  imperfectly  organized,  meet-  Jlorrison  in  1825;  Rev.  Donald  Mcintosh  from  1827  U« 
 ing  together  for  public  worship,  in  private  houses,  ,  1828;  Rev.  J.  W.  McCullough,,  «.  i).,  from  1828  to 
 seeking  aud  receiving  ministerial  supplies  from  the    1830,  and  Rev.  J.  S.  Galloway  in  1830.  - 
 
/VfAAJ/J.V. 
 
 25-2 
 
 FhK.ynf. 
 
 Rev.  J.  G.  Hamner,  D.  n.,  wiw  elccnd  pastor  in  |  French,  Edward "W.,  D.  D.,  was  liorn  at  Barre, 
 ScptomlKT,  1S;!0,  enteral  iijimi  his  dutie.s  the  Kjnic  Vt.,  in  l^■29.  He  was  gr.iduate<l,  with  high  hunor, 
 year,  hilt  w:ls  not  iiistallid  till  July,  l-'Sl  The  spir-  at  Williams  Collegr,  M:iss.,  in  ISoi.  He  studieU 
 itiial  inten-sts  of  the  thuri-h  greatly  improved  under  theolog}-  at  Union  Seminary,  \.  Y.,  and  at  ^'ew^)ort, 
 Dr.  Hamner's  ministry.  He  resigned  in  l<i3.  The  R.  I.  He  wiis  lieens<*d  hy  the  Third  Pre.sbytery  of 
 church  continued  v;u'ant  for  ovi-r  a  year;  it  wius  then  New  York  City,  in  ls><>.  During  the  same  yejir  he 
 supplied  by  the  Kcv.  Joseph  Smith,  I >.!>.,  who  hi-eanie  aided  in  the  org:ini/.:ition  of  a  I'reshyterian  C'liureh 
 piLstor  in  ls;tf<,  till  August.  \^:U,  and  .suhsequi-ntly  by  in  ISergen,  Hu<b«m  eiiunty,  N.  J.  (now  Ji-ix-y  City  I, 
 Kev.  T.  r.  .'<helmaii,  for  three  nionth.s.  The  Rev.  to  whose  puljiit  hewa-satonee  uiuininiously  kiIU-^I. 
 Pliilo  Fuller  I'lulps  wiusele<ted  p;ustor  in  November,  He  li;is  had  no  other  charge,  and  is  now  just  eoni- 
 'it'SA.  and  installeil  the  iVillowiiig  June.  He  resigned  pleting  the  twenty-seventh  year  of  his  p.xstorat<3  in 
 in  iH-'Jti.  Kev.  William  1;1(i<h1  was  elected  p:ustor  in  the  "First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Jersey  City 
 April,  1837.  He  sujiplied  the  ehureh  for  one  year,  Heights,"  in  which  he  is  greatly  beloved, 
 but  was  not  iastalled.  Kev.  Joseph  Smith,  D.D.,  was  \  Dr.  French  i.s,  in  iM-aring,  courteous  and  conlial  to 
 elected  pastor  in  July,  IKiS,  and  w;is  installed  in  all;  in  pulpit  manner,  delilKTate  and  quiet,  yet 
 January,  1h;J9.  The  church  was  prosperous  during  inteiuse  and  etVeetive;  in  style,  ters»-,  original,  in- 
 hispa.stor.ite.  He  resigned  in  Septemlx-r,  1842,  but  cisive,  i)a<'ked  with  thought  and  luminous  with  apt 
 continued  as  stated  supply  till  .\])ril,  1-143.  Rev.  illu.stnition:  in  matter,  combining  the  prolound  and 
 John  Miller  was  installed  lutstor  October  :!l.st,  1843,  .solid  with  the  practiral;  in  treatnu-nt,  .scholarly, 
 and  his  lalwrs  were  much  ble.s.s«>d.  He  resigned  in  exhaustive  and  tender.  Every  .sennon,  with  or  with- 
 Dcc-eniber,  1848.  Rev.  Jaseph  M.  .Vtkins<m,  D.D.,  out  manuserijit,  is  "beaten  oil."  In  theohigy,  he  is 
 was  iiLstalled  p;istor  in  July,  1849.  His  pastorate  eminently  evangelical.  He  preaches  and  lives  the 
 was  marked  by  the  unity  that  jH'rwided  the  congre-  whole  glorious  gosiH-l.  to  which  the  victori- is  ple<lge<l. 
 giition,  and  the  great  zeal  of  the  nu-mlx'rs  in  .spiritual  His  power  is  proven  by  his  i>ermanenee,  and  his 
 work.  He  resigned  in  .Inly,  li^'iTt.  Kev.  Jacob  W.  jK'rmanenee  enhances  his  power.  His  chunli  is  a 
 E.  Ker  was  electitl  pastor  in  DecemlxT,  IKm,  but  towerofstn-ngth  for  spiritual  religion  and  all  genuine 
 l)eing  unwilling  to  accei)t,  he  w:ls  a)ipointed  stilted  reforms.  He  is  an  active  and  potential  force  in  his 
 supply  for  a  year.  Kev.  .John  15.  Koss,  51.  n.,  was  l»i-esbytery,  of  which,  for  .sevenil  years,  he  Wiis  tlu- 
 chosen  pa.stor  in  October,  18,)",  installed  .soon  after.  Stated  Clerk.  Many  of  his  sernums  and  tr.icts  liiive 
 and  resigned  in  Novcnilwr,  1862.  In  18.58  the  church  Ix-cn  published  and  widely  distributiil. 
 e<lifice  was  enlarged,  rennMlcled  and  repaired,  at  con-  '  French,  Hon.  Georg-e  H.,  wius  Iwrn  in  Junius, 
 siderjible  e.\pen.s<\  .\fter  Dr.  Koss'  resignation  the  Seni-cji  County,  N.  Y.,  January  If^th,  \^H).  Wlten 
 church  was  without  a  iKi-sfor  or  stated  supply  till  eighteen  years  of  age,  he  «-ommenc<'d  teaching,  and 
 May,  18(i4,  when  K<'v.  KolH-rt  H. Williams  tiK)k  iharge  continued  in  this  employment  several  winters,  work- 
 of  it,  and  lalmred  with  succes,s.  Jlr,  Williams  re-  ing  on  his  father's  farm  during  the  intervi'ning  snm- 
 signed  the  jia.stonil  relation,  .r:inuary2-,'d.  lS.-«).  The  mers.  In  l-i|2  he  removed  to  Tekoitslia,  Calhoun 
 Kev.  Irwin  P.  MeCurdy  w;is  installed  over  the  con-  County,  Mich.,  and  settled  U])<m  ninety  acres  of  new 
 gri-giiti(m,  July  8th,  l-t-^l.  His  p;Lstorale  has  been  lanil  near  that  Wllage;  but  the  following  Spring  r>-- 
 niore  jiarticularly  marked  by  the  development  of  the  turned  to  his  native  phu'e,  where  he  nwidi-d  aliout 
 activities  of  U.3  congregation  in  thorough  organiza-  two  years.  In  SeptemU'r,  1H44,  he  again  journeye«l 
 tion  and  lilx-nil  contributions.  During  the  lirst  year  west,  settlid  at  Tekonsha,  taught  the  village  school 
 of  this  piLstonite  a  larger  number  was  addi-d  to  the  during  the  Winter,  and  commenced  again  uiwrn  his 
 memlHTship  of  the  church  than  in  any  jirevious  year  land  in  the  Spring  of  ls|."i.  Here  he  remained,  im- 
 of  its  history,  with  a  single  exee|)ti(iu.  iluring  Dr.  proving  liLs  farm,  till  the  Fall  of  H4-'.  He  then 
 llamuer's  pastorale.  removed  t«i  IIomut,  his  present  residence,  and  eng;igi'«l 
 
 Freeman,  Rev.  Jonathan,  w:ls  iHirn  at  WotkI-  s<Mmalt<'rintlie  nienantile  busine.s.s,  in  which  he.still 
 briilgi',  N.  J.,  .Vpril  4th,  1TI!.">.  He  was  licens<-d  to  continues.  For  over  twenty-live  years  he  Iwis steadily 
 jimieli  May  :id,  IT!»3,  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  York,  pursuinl  an  hononible  and  suixtwsful  business  cant-r. 
 nnil  was  ordalni'd  and  instnlUnl  |KLstor  of  the  Church  Ho  lias  always  contributed  gi-nerously  of  his  menns 
 in  Hop<'well,  May 'i"'th,  1794.  .Vfler  remaining  hen'  to  promote  the  cause  of  education  and  religion,  and 
 about  four  years  he  resigned  his  charge,  anil  in  1797  to  ailvaiice  Ihi'  geiieml  interests  of  the  town.  In 
 removed  to  Newlmrgh,  where  he  lalsired  till  OcIoImt.  Tekonsha  and  in  Homer  he  h:is  Ims'u  fn-<iuenllyi-!dl<il 
 18(V>.  He  then  iM-eame  p;istor  of  the  Clnireh  at  by  his  townsmin  to  jsisilions  of  ]mblic  trust,  and  in 
 liridgeton,  N.  .1..  where  he  died,  NovemlMr  17tli.  the  Fall  of  l-^IHl  he  was  electisl  to  the  Stale  .S'liate, 
 l^i^J.  Mr.  Freeman  piililisliMl  s<'venil  s«'rmoiis.  He  and  was  n--<'le<-te<l  two  years  later.  To  him  the  village 
 also  ('(Mitribiited  lai'.;i  ly  to  si'vend  religious  jHTiiKli-  of  Homer  and  its  surrounding  country  an-  largi'ly 
 cjds.  He  j)os.s»-sscd  a  \  igorous  mind,  was  a  highly  indebted  for  the  comix'tiug  lines  of  railroad  built 
 resiXTtable  scholar,  fait liful  piustor,  and  acceptable  thmngh  the  town  within  the  bust  ten  years, 
 jireachcr.  Mr.    Fnnch  w;is  eli'cled  deacim  of  the  chunh   in 
 
FRESCU. 
 
 233 
 
 FULLERTOX. 
 
 Homer,  in  ISol,  and  elder  in  1H.">:{,  and  by  rc'-*'U'Ctiou, 
 oufc  iu  tlirue  years,  continues  a  member  of  the  Ses- 
 sion until  the  present  time.  In  April,  188'2,  he  w;is 
 elected  Moderator  of  the  Presbytery  of  Lansing,  and 
 served  as  such.  As  a  member  of  the  Session,  as 
 superintendent  of  the  Sabbath  School,  as  solicitor  for 
 contrilmtious  lor  any  form  of  Church  work,  he  h;is 
 few  equals.  He  contributes  liberally  of  his  means, 
 and  is  always  present  and  active  iu  the  prayer  meet- 
 ing, and  w  herever  else  he  can  do  work  for  the  Master. 
 In  ability  and  tact  he  has  noeiiual  in  the  I'resbytery, 
 and  in  Christian  spirit  no  sujieiior. 
 
 French,  Jtistice  Clement,  D.D.,  is  a  native  of 
 Vermont.  He  was  born  at  Barre,  May  3d,  1831.  He 
 graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1853,  and  at  the 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  Xew  York,  in  1856.  On 
 March  5tli,  1857,  he  became  pastor  of  the  Central 
 Congregational  Church,  in  Ormond  Place,  Brooklyn, 
 and  continued  .so,  w  ith  success  in  his  ministry  until 
 1870,  when  impaircil  health  necessitated  his  resigna- 
 tion of  the  charge.  In  November,  1871,  his  health 
 having  improved  by  travel,  he  consented  to  supplj' 
 the  pulpit  of  the  'Westminster  Presbj'terian  Church 
 of  Brooklyn,  aud  March  6th,  1S72,  was  installed  its 
 pastor.  Here  his  labors  were  greatly  blessed.  He  is 
 at  present  the  esteemed  pastor  of  the  Park  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Newark,  X.  J.  Dr.  French  possesses  line 
 social  (iualities.  In  his  manners  he  isexceediugly  polite 
 and  cordial.  His  writings  are  fearle.ss,  graceful,  and 
 eloquent.  As  a  preacher  he  is  ciilm,  thorough,  and 
 efl'ective.  He  is  an  earnest,  practical  worker,  makes 
 no  compromises  with  and  asks  no  favors  of  the  adver- 
 sarv,  and  h;is  little  patience  with  those  who  do. 
 
 Fuller,  Charles,  one  of  the  origiuiil  members, 
 and  active  in  the  organization  of,  the  l'rcsliyteri;ui 
 Church  of  Scrauton,  Pa.,  was  descended  from  the 
 Pilgrims  of  the  JIayllower.  For  thirty-three  years 
 he  was  a  member  of  the  Session  of  that  Chvirch,  and 
 for  thirty  of  these  acted  as  Clerk  and  Treasurer.  For 
 over  sixty  years  he  was  a  worker  in  the  vineyivrd  of 
 the  Master,  and  for  half  a  century  was  identified  with 
 every  good  enterprise  in  his  own  and  other  churches, 
 and  in  the  communities  in  which  he  lived.  All  his 
 life  he  was  a  warm  friend  of  missions,  and  his  name 
 is  borne  by  a  native  of  China  educated  througli  his 
 instruuientality.     He  died  X-ovember  'J'Jth,  1881. 
 
 FuUerton,  Hon.  David,  w;us  born  in  Cumber- 
 land Valley,  Pa.,  in  1772.  He  was  for  many  years 
 in  the  Senate  of  the  State,  as  Repre.sentiitive  from 
 Franklin  county,  also  a  member  of  the  Congress  of 
 the  Ciiit<'d  States,  and  w;is  one  of  the  most  honest, 
 active,  and  self-denying  Representatives  who  ever 
 served  the  people.  His  whole  career  as  a  Kepre-sentative 
 was  marked  by  the  highest  integrity,  combined  with 
 the  most  active  measures  for  the  g(M>d  of  the  people. 
 He  w;is  President  of  the  b;ink  at  Greeucastle,  and 
 conducted  the  leading  nuneantile  business  of  the 
 town.  He  died  February  1st,  1843.  Mr.  Fullerton 
 w;is  an  elder  in   the    I'resljvterian  Church   of  (jreeu- 
 
 castle,  always  in  the  lead  in  the  supjHirt  of  the 
 Church,  and  the  first  superintendent  of  the  earliest 
 (1817)  Sabbath-school  organization  known  of  in  the 
 hi.story  of  the  place  of  his  residence.  He  was  the 
 father  of  the  Rev.  Matthew  Fullerton,  who  for  a 
 time  was  the  esteemed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Hagerstown,  but  died  iu  his  early  ministrj'. 
 
 Fullerton,  Rev.  Hugh  Ste-wart,  was  born 
 near  Greencastle,  Pa.,  February  (jth,  1805.  In  1812 
 his  father  rcmo\ed  to  Baltimore  and  euKaired  in  mer- 
 1  cantile  business.  His  complete  failure,  after  two 
 years,  necessitated  a  removal,  and  the  family  sought 
 what  was  then  the  far  West.  In  1815  they  went  to 
 Fayette  county,  Ohio,  building  a  one-roomed  cabin 
 in  the  wilderness,  for  the  home  of  the  father, 
 mother  and  eleven  children.  Humble  as  the  resi- 
 dence was,  it  was  so  aristocratic  as  to  be  known  for 
 miles  around  as  "the  hou.se  with  the  gla.ss  window." 
 From  the  time  when  he  was  fourteen  years  of  age 
 almost  the  entire  charge  of  the  farm,  and  of  providing 
 for  the  support  of  the  family,  fell  on  the  young  lad. 
 In  18'26,  one  of  the  "fever  years"  in  that  region, 
 he  w:ts  CiiUcd,  in  the  space  of  a  few  months,  to  follow 
 to  their  graves  his  loved  mother  and  six  brothers  and 
 sisters.  Great  as  was  the  grief  of  these  changes  to 
 him,  they  left  him  at  liberty  to  fulfill  the  lil'e-long 
 wish  of  his  mother,  that  he  should  enter  the  ministry. 
 By  the  a,ssistance  of  friends  he  became  a  student  at 
 Ohio  Universitj-,  and  after  studying  theologj'  with 
 Dr.  Crothers,  Wiis  licensed  bj'  Chillicothe  Prcsbj-terj', 
 April  8th,  1830.  A  member  of  Presbytery,  in  criti- 
 cising his  "trial  sermon,"  said,  "He  is  just  like  a 
 good  screw-auger,  t;ikes  hold  right  away,  cuts  all  the 
 time,  and  stops  when  begets  through."  The  Sum- 
 mer after  his  licensure  he  spent  in  home  missionary 
 work,  among  the  vacant  churches  of  the  Presbytery. 
 In  1831  he  became  pastor  of  Union  Church,  four 
 miles  from  Chillicothe,  and  was  much  beloved,  and 
 blessed  in  his  labors.  In  1832  he  was  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Church  in  Chillicothe,  where  he  was 
 also  very  successful.  The  greater  part  of  1837  he  was 
 an  efficient  agent  for  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  JI..  In  1838 
 he  took  charge  of  the  Church  at  Salem,  Ross  county, 
 Ohio,  where  he  spent  twenty-six  years  of  most 
 laborious  life  before  God  called  him  home.  Mr. 
 Fullerton  was  a  man  of  humility,  simplicity  of 
 nature,  aud  self-denial.  He  was  an  exemplary 
 Christian,  and  an  e;iruest,  fearless  and  successful 
 preacher. 
 
 Fullerton,  Rev.  Robert,  S.,  the  son  of  Thomas 
 and  Kliziibeth  (^Stewart)  Fullerton,  w;is  born  in 
 Bloomingburg,  Ohio,  Xovemlier  23(1,  1821.  He  w:»s 
 educated  at  Jliami  University,  Ohio;  studieil  divinity 
 at  the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  Allegheny, 
 Pa.;  was  licen.sed  by  Chillicothe  Presbytery,  and  or- 
 dained by  the  s:ime  Presbytery  in  1850.  He  entered 
 uixm  the  service  of  his  >Iaster  as  a  foreign  missionary 
 under  the  care  of  the  Presbytepian  Board  of  Foreign 
 Missions.     He  w.is  stationed  at  Myupoorhee,  Agra, 
 
FULTUX. 
 
 •i->4 
 
 FVTUEY. 
 
 Futtehgurgh,  Di-lini,  etc.,  in  Northern  India.  He  t 
 died  October  4tli,  l"**).!,  of  tancer,  at  Landour,  ou  the 
 }{ininialayali  niimnt;iiii.s,  and  wuh  liiiried  in  the  mis- 
 sion cemetery,  at  Delira,  tlie  station  to  which  he  be- 
 longed. Mr.  Kullerlou  was  a  mo.«t  devoted  niission- 
 arj-,  and  his  brethren  heUl  bini  in  high  esteem.  As 
 a  preacher  he  was  simple,  forcible  iuid  Scriptund. 
 He  w;i8  of  u  thoroughly  aflectiomite  nxiture.  The 
 sole  object  of  his  life  appeared  to  be  u-sefulness. 
 One  of  bis  most  striking  charaetcrLstics  waa  the 
 geniality  and  whole.somcne.ss  of  his  nature.  His  death 
 was  one  of  triumph.  Just  before  his  deiMirture  he 
 said  to  his  family  and  friends,  "I  am  so  inexpressibly 
 lKii>py  tliat  1  mu.st  t;ilk  to  you  a  little  while.  1  wish 
 to  .say  that  1  would  not  exchange  this  bed  of  pjiin  for 
 crowns  and  kingdoms.  I  did  not  think  that  1  should 
 be  jK'rmitted  to  enter  the  land  of  Beulah  while  here  ' 
 on  earth,  but  I  have  entered  it.  Do  not  think  thivt 
 this  is  excitement;  I  ara  as  calm  as  ever  I  was,  but , 
 my  peace  and  joy  are  beyond  expression.  Oh,  can  it 
 be  that  Gotl  would  thus  reveal  himself  to  one  so  un- 
 wortliy!     Heavin  is  indeed  begun  below. '  ' 
 
 Fulton,  Rev.  John  L.,  was  born  April  lltb, 
 18:50,  near  Paris,  Witshington  county,  I'a.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Monmouth  College,  Monmouth,  111.,  June, 
 1862,  taking  a  course  in  theology  in  the  United  Pres- 
 byterian Theologicjil  Seminary  of  the  .siiine  place. 
 He  Wiis  liccns<'d  to  preach  by  Monmouth  Presbytery 
 (L".  P.),  April  2<1,  lH(i:5.  He  was  sent  to  Iowa  as  a 
 mis.sionary;  settled  at  Cedar  Hiipids,  July  1st,  l^(i3, 
 and  was  ordained  .\i>ril,  lw>4.  Kesigning  his  charge 
 at  Cedar  l{;ipiils,  July  1st,  1>MS1,  he  bec-une  pastor  of 
 tlie  Mill  C'n'ck  Presbyterian  Church,  January,  1868, 
 connecting  him.self  with  the  Presbytery  at  Washington. 
 This  piLstorate  he  resigneil  to  tiike  cliarge  of  the  Broatl- 
 waj' Church,  Ualtiniore,  February,  1873.  He  assumed 
 his  i)resent  charge.  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  Alle- 
 gheny, Pa. ,  .S-ptember,  1^6.  The  ruling  character- 
 istics of  Mr.  Fulton's  preaching  are  ]ira<tiealne.ss  and 
 earnestness.  His  di.si'ourses  teem  with  Scriptural 
 textt,  combined  with  startlingand  cjuaint  illustrations 
 gathered  in  out-of-the-way  lines  of  reading.  He  is  a 
 faithful  pastor,  and  a  warm  and  devoted  friend. 
 •  Pulton,  Rev.  R.  H.,  is  the  son  of  Henry  and  ' 
 KliuilH'th  (Plumer)  Fulton,  and  was  Ixim  near 
 Moiiongahela  City,  Washington  county.  Pa.  He 
 graduated  with  hoiiurs  in  the  lirst  class  of  the 
 united  College  of  Washington  and  JclVeixin,  in  18(!(!. 
 Having  spi-nt  four  years  in  leaching  ami  in  the  private 
 stiidy  of  theologj-.  lie  entered  the  middle  class  in  the 
 Western  Theological  .Sininary  in  1H70,  and  graduated 
 in  .\pril,  187iJ.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  the  go.s|H'l 
 in  1871,  and,  having  In-en  called  to  the  p:istoratc  of  j 
 the  Second  Pri-sl>yt«'rian  Church  of  Baltimore,  he  was 
 ordained  and   installed   liy  the   Pn-.sbytery  of  Rilti- 
 
 more  in  ,  187'J.      In  .May,  I-*8;t,  he  aeeipted  a  call 
 
 to  the  Northminster  Cluireh,  Phila(lel)diia,  and  was 
 installed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia  Centnil,  I 
 in  June,  1883.  I 
 
 In  his  first  pastorate,  Mr.  Fulton  had  for  prede- 
 cessors such  men  as  Dr.  Jonathan  Edward-s,  Dr. 
 George  P.  Hays,  Dr.  J.  T.  Smith,  l)rs.  Kolnit  and 
 John  Ureckinridge;  au<l,  at  the  end  of  eleven  years, 
 it  seems  universjiUy  conceded  that  he  hiUJ  proved 
 hini-self  the  iK'cr  of  any  of  the.se  illustrious  men.  A» 
 a  preacher  of  the  gospel,  he  is  scholarly,  interesting, 
 instructive,  jiersuisive,  edifying,  and  frequently  very 
 eloquent.  As  a  pastor,  he  is  generous,  dignified, 
 prudent,  compassionate.  As  a  Presbj-ter,  he  Ls  able, 
 courteous,  faithful.  He  h;i.s  always  taken  an  active 
 part  in  all  the  business  of  his  Presbytery  and  .'synod; 
 and,  having  made  himself  very  familiar,  lM)th  with 
 the  underlying  j)rinciples  and  the  s|)ei-ifieations  of 
 our  Hook  of  Government  and  Discipline,  he  ranks 
 high  as  an  executive  officer  and  debater  in  our  Church 
 courts.  A  immbcr  of  his  sermons  have  lieen  pub- 
 lished, and  several  of  his  rejiorts  jis  Chairman  of  the 
 Committee  on  Foreign  Missions  in  the  Synod  of 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Fulton,  Rev.  William,  is  of  Scotch-Irish  par- 
 entage, his  ancestors  being  relatives  of  Kolx-rt  Fulton, 
 of  steamboat  notoriety.  His  early  tniining  was  re- 
 ceived in  the  Old  Country.  He  was  installed  ]>;Lstor 
 of  the  licformed  (putch)  Church,  Manayunk,  Pa.,  in 
 1855.  Having  withdrawn  from  this  field,  for  a  time, 
 he  accepted  a  second  ciill  to  this  congregation,  and 
 remained  its  pastor  until  1868,  when  he  was  unani- 
 mously called  to  the  Bridge  Strc-et  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  C'at:Ls;iU(iua,  Pa.  In  this  charge  he  la- 
 bored with  much  success  and  acceptaiio',  until  187.1, 
 when  he  received  a  unanimous  <-ill  to  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Cimshohocken,  Pa.  Soon  alter  c<m>- 
 nicncing  his  work  at  the  latter  place  a  i)re<ious  and 
 extensive  revival  oc-cnrred,  through  which  166  persons 
 were  added  to  the  church.  The  chun'h  is  still  ])ros- 
 perous  under  his  ministry,  and  has  recently  built  a 
 comino«lious  and  handsome  iKirstmage  for  the  jKtstor. 
 Mr.  Fulton  is  the  author  of  sevenil  tniets.  One,  i-jilleil 
 "The  .MidiUing  Man,''  has  been  publi.shi-d  by  our 
 Board  of  Publication,  and  his  tract,  ".skived  for 
 Nothing,"  publishi-d  by  the  Dublin  Tract  and  other 
 Societies,  has  been  very  largely  blessed,  and  lias  had 
 a  wide  circulation.  He  is  emphatically  a  gosi>el 
 preacher,  in  the  strict  .sen.se  of  the  term.  His  utter- 
 ancvs  are  always  ]M>inted,  vigorous  and  full  of  mean- 
 ing. His  style  is  logical  and  argunu-ntative.  alw:iys 
 presenting  clearly  and  forcibly  the  great  funilameiital 
 d<M-trines  of  grace,  and  with  earnestness  n|>|n'aling  to 
 the  mind  and  coust-lence  of  his  hearers.  .\sa  Bllile 
 exponent,  ho  is  rarely  excelled,  exhibiting  often  a 
 peculiar  vein  of  originality,  Ixith  in  thought  and 
 diction. 
 
 Futhey,  Hon.  John  Smith,  is  a  native  of 
 Pcnusylvani;!.  He  was  Ixirn  SeptcnilKT  3d,  l-\'l(,  in 
 West  Fallowlield  (now  Highland)  Town-hip,  Chi^ster 
 omnty.  He  waseilucated  at  the  rnionville  Acjuleniy, 
 in  that  county,  and  alter  studying  law,  was  admitted 
 to  the  Biir.  February  7th.  1-'I3.     In  l-4'<-U  hewasap- 
 
GAGE. 
 
 255 
 
 GALLAUER. 
 
 poiutud  Deputy  Attorncy-Gcni'ial  for  Chester  county, 
 and  in  1853,  he  was  elected  District  Attorney  of  Chester 
 county,  by  the  popular  vote.  This  position  he  held  from 
 November  of  the  latter  year  until  November,  1856, 
 discharging  the  duties  with  great  ability.  As  a  lead- 
 ing member  of  the  West  Chester  Bar  he  long  enjoj-ed 
 a  large  and  lucrative  practice.  He  has  a  decided  and 
 a  well-improvid  t;iste  for  archaeological  investigation, 
 and  has  contributed  much  valuable  antiquarian  in- 
 
 !  formation  to  the  press.  Ilis  work,  entitled  "The 
 History  of  the  Upper  Octorara  Church,"  is  one  of 
 decided  merit.  For  several  years  he  has  been  Presi- 
 dent Judge  of  the  Court  of  Chester  county,  and  ha-s 
 met  the  demands  of  his  office  with  great  abilitj-, 
 fidelity  and  acceptablencss.  He  is  an  active  mem- 
 ber of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  "West 
 Chester,  and,  in  1872,  was  elected  one  of  its  ruling 
 elders. 
 
 G 
 
 Gage,  Rev.  Henry  Bartlett,  was  bom  near    Slanual  Labor  Institute,  at  Wbitesboro,  N.  Y.     But 
 Cliillicothe,   Ohio,   June   15tli,  1845.     He  graduated    his  great  life-work  was  the  founding  of  Knox  College, 
 
 at  Maiiett;i  College,  in  1869,  stantUng  third  in  his 
 cla.«is,  and  the  same  year  entered  the  Theological 
 Seminaiy  at  Princeton.  Eenioving  to  Colorado,  on 
 account  of  his  health,  he  was,  by  the  direction  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  Colorado,  placed  in  charge  of  the 
 recently-organized  church  at  Colorado  City,  at  the 
 base  of  Pike's  Peak.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presby- 
 tery at  Golden,  Ajiril,  1871,  being  the  first  Pres- 
 byterian licentiate  in  the  Rockj'  Mountains.     He  was 
 
 at  Galesburg,  HI.,  in  1835.  He  died,  Scptenilx?r  13th, 
 1862.  Dr.  Gale's  intellect  was  strong,  clear,  logical, 
 acute,  penetrating,  active,  well  furnished,  and  well 
 disciplined.  In  pulpit  power  he  was  respect;ible,  but 
 not  eminent.  Ilisprejudices,  founded  in conWctions, 
 were  strong,  and  his  antipathies  liable  to  be  shaded 
 with  severity.  His  piety  was  a  governing  principle, 
 organized  into  his  whole  being,  and  controlling  his 
 plans,  labors,  comforts  and  purse.     Stern  in  rebuking 
 
 ordained  September  8t!i,  1872,  and  is  at  this  date  the  j  those  who  deserved  it,  before  his  Maker  he  lay  in  the 
 oldest  minister  in  continuous  connection  with  the   dust. 
 
 work  in  the  Synod  of  Colorado.  From  1870  to  1873  I  Gallaher,  Rev.  James,  was  of  Scotch-Irish  dc-- 
 he  was  in  charge  of  the  churches  of  Colorado  City  scent,  and  was  born  in  "SVashington  county,  Tenn., 
 and  Colorado  Springs;  from  1873  to  1876,  at  Central  '  in  1792.  He  graduated  at  Wa.shington  College,  then 
 City,  Colorado;  from  1876  to  1879,  at  Colorado  under  the  Presidency  of  Dr.  Doak;  studied  theolog\' 
 Springs,  the  second  term.  He  was  installed,  Novera-  |  under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  Edward  Crawford 
 ber  15th,  1879,  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Pueblo,  Col.  and  Dr.  Stephen  Bovelle,  and  was  licensed  by  tin' 
 At  Central,  Colorado  Springs  and  Pueblo,  he  devel-  Presbytery  of  Abingdon,  in  December,  1815.  Almost 
 oped  the  churches,  from  aid-receiving  to  self-support-  immediately  he  was  invited  by  the  Church  of  Nov 
 ing,  created  and  fostered  missionary  enterprises,  and  ,  Providence  and  by  the  people  of  Rogersville,  to  bt- 
 
 remembered  all  the  departments  of  Church  work. 
 
 Mr.  Gage's  vacations  have  been  largely  given 
 to  missionary  exploration  among  the  newer  mining 
 camps  in  the  out-of-the-way  mountain  districts. 
 During  his  present  pastorate  at  Pueblo,  he  has  edited 
 with  abUity  and  published  the  Prcabyicrian  Herald,  a 
 monthly  Church  paper.  He  is  a  preacher  of  more 
 than  ordinary  originality  and  pojjular  acceptance,  a 
 most  successful  p;istor,  possesses  an  earnest  mission- 
 ary spirit,  and  is  a  warm,  sjTnpathizing  friend,  and 
 an  active  Presb\-ter. 
 
 G-ale,  George  "W.,  D.  D.,  was  bom  at  North- 
 east, Dutchess  coiuity,  N.  Y.,  December  3d,  1789; 
 graduated  at  Union  College;  studied  theology  at 
 Princeton,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Hud-son  in  Scpteml)er,  1816.  On  October  29th,  1819, 
 he  took  ch;u-ge  of  the  Cliurch  at  Adams,  N.  Y. ,  where 
 he  enjoyed  a  great  revival  of  religion,  among  the 
 converts  of  which  he  reckoned  Kev.  Charles  G.  Fin- 
 
 come  their  pastor.  The  church  accommodations  at 
 New  Providence  were  merely  a  small  brick  school- 
 house,  that  would  seat  about  one  hundred  and  fifty 
 persons.  In  a  short  time,  under  his  labors,  the  con- 
 gregation increased  until  it  numbered  four  hundred 
 church  members,  and  sometimes  a  thousand  hearers. 
 Mr.  Gallaher  was  a  very  efficient  and  popular 
 pre;icher.  His  scholarly  attainments  were,  indeed, 
 quite  meagre,  but  h^s  imagination  was  fer\id,  his 
 oratory  well-nigh  perfect,  and  his  piety  ardent  and 
 sincere.  Taking,  in  his  sermons,  the  broadest,  plain- 
 est, most  common-sense  \iews  of  the  Bible,  he  carried 
 the  convictions  of  his  hearers  with  him,  and,  whether 
 pathetic,  violent,  vociferous,  earnest,  or  pointed,  he 
 unilbnnl}'  secured  their  sympathy.  Wherever  he  went 
 he  wassure  to  attract  crowds  around  him,  and  on  them 
 he  left  no  doubtful  or  transient  impression.  In  1831) 
 he  was  settled  over  the  Third  Presbvt<rian  Church, 
 Cincinnati.     In  1835   he   became  a   Professor  in  the 
 
 ney  and  many  other  eminent  men.     He  resigned  this  |  Theological  Department  of  Marion  CoI1.-ge.      In  1839 
 charge  in  1826.     He  was  the  founder  of  the  Ouelda  {  he  removed  to  St.   Charles,  Jto.,  where  he  had  his 
 
r;.i/./.oir.ii'. 
 
 256 
 
 GA3IBLE. 
 
 home  till  the  close  of  his  life,  laboring  faithfully  us 
 stiiti'il  supply  of  the  cluirch  thi-rc,  and  making  ocei- 
 sional  visits  thronjjh  the  siiirouniling  country.  In 
 18.")-2-:J  he  was  Chajjlaiu  of  the  House  of  Re])rcsent;i- 
 tives  in  Congress.  At  the  close  of  the  .si-ssion,  he 
 resumed  his  laljors  as  an  evangelist,  anil  was  thus  , 
 employed  when  death  overtook  him,  Oetober  19th, 
 \H.-y.i.  I 
 
 GallOTvay,  Rev.  John  Smith,  the  .<on  of  John 
 anil  Maigant  (ialloway,  waslnnn  in  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  j 
 August  .>th,  ISOU;  grailuateil  at  .Tillerson  College  in  j 
 lH-'(i;  graduated  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary; 
 in  1*29,  and  was  licen.sed  by  Carlisle  Presbytery  in 
 18iS.  After  leaving  the  seminary,  he  preached  for 
 some  time  in  the  churches  of  Xlercersburg,  Pa.,  and 
 Frederick,  Md.,  and  then  took  charge  of  the  united 
 congregations  of  Somerset  and  Newton,  in  SIu.skin- 
 gum  county,  Ohio.  Instead  of  settling  in  these 
 churches,  as  he  was  desired  to  do,  he  accepted  an 
 appoint nu'ut  as  agent  of  the  Hoard  of  Kducation, 
 in  which  he  continued  until  invited  to  the  Church  of 
 Springlielil,  Oliio,  where  he  began  his  laboi-siu  April, 
 1h;{-2.  This  was  his  only  pastoral  charge,  and  in  it 
 his  ministry  of  eighteen  years  was  one  of  the  mast  , 
 useful  in  tlie  history  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  | 
 After  resigning  this  cliarge,  he  was  eleven  years  an 
 agent  for  the  Auicrican  Bible  Society,  and  the  hLst 
 year  of  his  life  he  w:ls  Principal  of  the  Cooper  remalc 
 Seminary,  Dayton,  Ohio.  He  died  in  jnace,  .Vugust 
 2.">th,  lH(i-2.  Mr.  Ualloway  w;is  distinguished  by  sim- 
 plicity of  characti^r,  purity,  frankness,  and  earnest- 
 ness of  pur|)Ose.  Among  ministers  he  w:us  "the 
 Ijeloved  disciple."  Though  highly  impulsive  and 
 emotional,  he  was  never  known  to  be  under  the  iutlu- 
 ence  of  eWl  passion.  The  Cros.s,  the  life  of  Christ, 
 w:is  the  constjuit  theme  of  his  effective  ministrations. 
 He  never  took  jjart  in  controversy  in  the  spirit  of  a 
 partis:in,  yet  was  ever  ready  to  take  a  decided  stand 
 on  all  inii>ortiint  i|uesfions. 
 
 Q-amble,  Hamilton  RO'wan,  was  lM)rn  in  Win- 
 chester, Va.,  November  •■i'.Hh,  1798.  His  parents  were 
 .Irish  Presbyteriun.s,  his  father  a  ruling  elder.  His 
 education  was  principally  obtained  in  Hampden- 
 Sidney  College,  Va.  When  alM)Ut  eighteen  he  was 
 Mimitted  to  the  Har  in  Virginia,  and  afterwards  in 
 Tenni'ssee  and  Missouri,  before  he  was  twenty-one. 
 He  went  to  Missouri  Territory  in  ls'18,  and  resided 
 for  some  years  in  l-'ranklin,  Howard  county.  In  1824 
 he  was  apiHiinled  Secretary  of  Slate  of  Mi.s.souri,  hut 
 resigned  the  olHce  in  tlie  following  year,  and  took  up 
 his  residence  in  St.  I..ouis,  where  was  his  home  till 
 his  death. 
 
 His  temjM'niment  was  idilegmatie,  and  his  natural 
 disposition  was  ex'en,  but  capable  of  high  and  danger- 
 ous excitement.  His  mind  was  well-lKdanccd,  acute, 
 <lis<:riminative,  logical  and  analytical;  nuiving calmly, 
 examining  thoroughly,  considering  ciH)lly,  weighing 
 honestly  and  concluding  conlidenlly.  His  |Kiwer  was 
 in  fmdini:,  stating  and  applying  facts  and  principles. 
 
 He  hod  neither  imagination,  wit,  humor  nor  eloquence. 
 His  carexir  at  the  bar  w;is  a  successful  and  eminent 
 one.  For  many  years  he  was  at  the  heail  of  the  legal 
 profession  in  >Ii.s.souri.  He  held  for  four  years,  in 
 ISol-o."),  a  seat  on  the  iK-neh.  and  was  Presiding  .Iiulge 
 of  the  Supreme  Court  of  that  State.  The  character 
 of  his  mind  w:is  admirably  suited  to  tliat  high  |K>si- 
 tion,  but  he  did  not  appear  as  gre:it  there  us  at  the 
 bar.  He  never  sought  political  oflice,  but  was  oni-e 
 elected  to  the  Hou.se  of  Kepre.sentatives  of  the  St;ite. 
 In  18G1  he  was  electi'd  from  St.  I»uis  county  to  the 
 Stiite  Convention  of  .Missouri,  by  which  body,  July 
 31st,  1.8<;l,  he  w:us  ap|H>intcd  Provisional  Governor  of 
 ilissouri,  a  post  which  he  held  until  his  death,  on  the 
 31.st  of  January,  ls«!4. 
 
 His  Christian  life  began  in  ISVi,  when  he  united 
 with  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  St.  Louis, 
 under  the  pastorate  of  the  godly  William  S.  Potts, 
 of  which  church  he  l)ecame  a  ruling  elder.  In  1838 
 he  headed  a  colony  from  it,  which  was  organized  as 
 the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  .St.  Louis,  of 
 which  he  was  immediately  chosen  a  ruling  elder; 
 and  he  continued  in  that  oflice  while  he  lived,  and 
 Wiis  a  tower  of  strength  to  the  church.  The  trans- 
 forming jMiwer  of  divine  grace  was  signalized  in  him. 
 From  being  given  over  to  worldliness,  in  some  of  its 
 worst  forms,  he  l)ec;ime  a  man  of  marked  and  steady 
 purity  of  life.  Xaturally  of  hot  and  hasty  temper, 
 he  was  enabled  by  the  Holy  Spirit's  help,  so  to 
 keep  it  in  subjection,  that  none  would  su])|H>se  he 
 had  ever  been  subject  to  its  dominion.  Hy  nature,  of 
 iwwcrl'ul  and  inllexible  will,  and  prone  to  l»e  over- 
 bearing, he  l)ecanu'  considerate  and  patient  toward 
 others,  and  us  gently  submLssive  as  a  child  to  God's 
 will,  even  in  its  most  ufllictive  forms.  As  he  grew 
 in  years  and  gr.ice,  he  would  s;»y  to  intimate  Chris- 
 tian friends  that  he  had  but  two  great  objects  in  life 
 — religion  and  the  law.  He  had  a  profound  faith  in 
 prayiT,  and  i>r.ictii'ed  it  faithfully.  Sci-ret  prayer 
 was  habitual  with  him,  and  on  fit  iK'c:tsions  he 
 inculcated  its  observance  on  other  profe.s.sors  of  reli- 
 gion. Though  not  of  emotional  nature,  his  heart 
 was  ever  tender  to  the  touch  of  Gospel  truth.  He 
 mode  the  Bible  his  comiKinion  and  guide.  He  was 
 well-grounded  in  the  great  doctrines  of  gn»ee,  as 
 formiilalcil  in  the  Standards  of  his  Church. 
 ,  Not  spasmodically,  but  regularly,  he  was  faithful 
 in  the  discharge  of  his  duties  as  a  nicnilH-r  and  ofllcer 
 of  the  Church.  In  the  S<-.ssion.  while  kind  and  char- 
 itjible  toward  delini|Ucnts,  he  had  no  senlimenUil 
 weakness  over  their  t ransgri'ssions  or  sliort4*omings, 
 nor  any  fear  of  offending  their  friends,  or  disturbing 
 the  pviiw  of  the  church  by  subjecting  them  to  disci- 
 pline. To  his  piustor  he  was  an  ever  rvtuXy  support, 
 couusellor  and  friend.  What  is  my  iluty '?  w;is  with 
 him,  in  all  things,  the  ever-pri'sent  and  controlling 
 <|Ui'sti<>n.  For  the  answer  he  habitually  looked  to 
 (rtiil,  and  wlicii  he  felt  that  it  had  iM-en  given,  he  fol- 
 lowed its  teachings  w  ith  uni|Uirstioniii{{  steadAistness. 
 
GAMBLE. 
 
 257 
 
 GAYLEY. 
 
 Ttc  K^i^e  lari^cly  atiil  freely  of  his  iiieaus  for  the  cause 
 of  Christ  and  for  Iteiievolent  objects,  but  expressed 
 sorrow  that  he  gave  only  from  a  sense  of  duty,  and 
 had  not  such  feeling  in  it  as  he  thought  a  child  of 
 God  ought  to  have  in  gi\ing.  Such  was  the  man, 
 the  lawyer,  and  the  Christian.  This  is  not  the  place 
 to  attempt  any  reference  to  his  character  and  acts  as 
 a  pul)Uc  man,  in  the  last  three  years  of  his  life. 
 
 Gamble,  Hon.  James,  was  a  member  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  and  fur  years  he  served  accept- 
 ably and  usefully  as  a  ruling  elder.  He  was  a  native 
 of  Lycoming  county,  I'a.,  having  been  bom  on  a  farm 
 near  Jersey  Shore,  January  28th,  1809.  He  studied 
 law  with  A.  V.  Parsons,  Esq.,  and  was  admitted  to 
 the  Bar  in  1832.  In  1841  he  w;»s  elected  a  member 
 of  the  State  Legislature,  and  was  re-elected  in  1842. 
 While  in  the  Legislature  he  served  as  Chairman  of 
 the  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means,  when  the  apjiro- 
 priation  for  the  Portjige  Railroad  over  the  Allegheny 
 Mountains  was  made.  He  was  elected  to  Congress 
 from  the  Eleventh  District  in  1850,  and  re-elected  in 
 18.')2.  After  leaving  Congress  he  was  not  called  to 
 public  life  again  until  1859,  when  Governor  Packer 
 appointed  him  President  Judge  of  the  district  com- 
 posed of  Clinton,  Centre  and  Clearfield  counties,  to 
 lill  the  vacancy  raused  by  the  sudden  death  of  Judge 
 liurnside.  He  served  about  a  year,  when  he  retired 
 to  jirivate  life  again.  In  If^fW  he  was  elected  Presi- 
 dent Judge  of  the  Lycoming  District,  and  served  his 
 full  term  of  ten  years.  On  retiiring  from  the  Bench, 
 in  1879,  he  was  tendered  and  accepted  a  banquet  from 
 the  members  of  the  Bar,  as  an  expression  of  their 
 esteem.  He  was  a  Director  of  the  Bald  Eagle  Valley 
 Kailroati  Company,  and  of  the  Williamsport  National 
 Bank.  Judge  Gamble  died  at  his  residence  in  Wil- 
 liamsport, Pa.,  February  22d,  1883.  He  was  a  gen- 
 tleuum  of  marked  excellence  of  character,  a  consistent 
 Christian,  a  jurist  of  superior  ability,  and  held  in  the 
 highest  regard  by  the  eomnuinity  in  which  he  lived. 
 
 G-amet,  Henry  Highland,  D.  D.,  was  born  a 
 slave,  in  Kent  county,  Md.,  December  23d,  1815. 
 After  recei\ing  his  primary  education  at  schools  in 
 New  York  City,  he  graduated  at  Oneida  Institute, 
 \\'hitesboro,  N.  Y.,  with  honor,  in  1839.  He  imme- 
 diat<'ly  began  teaching  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  meanwhile 
 stiulying  theology  under  Dr.  Bejnan,  and  assisting  in 
 the  services  of  the  Liberty  Street  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  that  city.  In  ls42  he  was  licensed  to 
 preach,  and  ordained  and  installed  the  first  pastor  of 
 this  church,  where  he  labored  with  great  acceptance 
 for  nearly  ten  years.  For  a  short  time  he  also  pul>- 
 lished  a  paper  called  "  The  Clarion." 
 
 In  1850,  he  was  invited  over  to  England  to  lecture 
 in  the  interest  of  the  Free  Labor  Movement,  where  he 
 was  regarded  as  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  elo(iuent 
 speakers.  In  1851,  he  w:is  sent  from  England  as  a 
 delegate  to  the  Peace  Congress  at  Frankfort-on-the 
 Main,  after  which  he  spent  some  time  traveling  and 
 lecturing  in  Prussia  and  France.  About  this  time, 
 17 
 
 also,  he  connect<(l  himself  with  the  United  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Scotland,  whence  he  was  sent  as  a 
 missionary  to  Sterling,  CJrange  Hill,  Jamaica,  West 
 Indies.  Here  his  labors  were  efleetual,  but  owing  to 
 ill  health,  he  was  obliged  to  return  to  the  United 
 States.  He  w;is  pastor  of  the  Shiloh  Presbji:erian 
 Church  in  New  York  City  until  18G5,  when  he  was 
 c;illed  to  the  Fifteenth  Street  Presbj-terian  Church, 
 Washington,  D.  C.  Here  he  labored  successfully. 
 In  1869  he  was  called  to  the  presidency  of  Avery 
 College,  and  after  a  brief  service  in  that  position,  he 
 was  recalled  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Shiloh  Presbyte- 
 rian Church,  New  York.  Appointed  by  I'resideiit 
 Garfield  as  Resident  Minister  to  Liberia,  in  the  Fall 
 of  1881  he  fell  a  victim  to  the  African  fever,  Feb- 
 ruary 13th,  1882,  and  pas-stul  to  his  reward  in  heaven. 
 Dr.  Garnet  was  a  great  and  good  man;  great  in  the 
 native  power  of  his  mind,  great  at  heart,  and  great 
 in  the  power  of  endurance.  Few  nu'U  could  express 
 themselves  more  clearly,  forcibly  and  elocjuently  than 
 he.  The  poor  of  his  people  honored  him  as  their 
 leader,  and  his  ability  w;vs  admitted  and  admired  by 
 all.  At  his  funeral,  the  President  and  his  Cabinet 
 and  all  the  leading  men  of  the  littli^  Republic  were 
 present  to  do  him  reverence. 
 
 Gauss,  Rev.  O.  W.,  M.D.,  grandson  of  C.  F. 
 Gauss,  I'rof.  cf  Astronomy  and  Mathematics  in 
 ;  Hanover  University,  Germany,  is  the  second  sou  of 
 '  the  late  C.  W.  Gauss  and  Louisa  (Fallenstein)  Gauss, 
 :  of  St.  Louis,  and  was  born  in  Gla.sgow,  Mo. ,  Maich 
 20th,  1842.  He  graduated  at  Washington  University, 
 St.  Louis,  in  1863,  and  received  the  Physician's 
 Degree  from  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College,  in  1865. 
 He  Avas,  after  three  years'  practice  of  medicine, 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presln'tery  of  Missouri,  in 
 connection  with  the  (then  Independent)  Synod  of  Mis- 
 souri, and  w;i3  ordained,  nine  titiilo,  by  the  Presbj-tery 
 of  Potosi,  of  the  same  Synod,  in  the  same  year,  to 
 take  charge  of  some  churches  in  Cape  Girard<'au 
 county.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Church  of  the  City  of 
 Cape  Girardeau,  1873-5,  at  which  time  he  took  charge 
 of  the  Boonsville  Presbyterian  Church,  in  which  he 
 continues  to  lalxjr  with  fidelity  and  success. 
 
 Gayley,  Samuel  A.,  D.  D.,  son  of  Daniel  and 
 Nancy  (Jaylev,  was  born  December,  1822,  in  the 
 county  of  TjTone,  Ireland.  His  father  removed  his 
 family  to  this  country  in  1842,  and  settled  in 
 Chester  county,  Pa.  He  graduated  at  Lafayette  Col- 
 lege in  1847,  taking  the  first  honor  of  his  class,  aud 
 at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in  1850.  He  was 
 licensed  l)y  the  Presbj'tery  of  New  Castle  in  1849. 
 After  leaving  the  Seminary  he  took  a  commission 
 from  the  Board  of  Home  Missions,  to  labor  in  Luzerne 
 and  Carbon  counties.  Pa.,  with  Wliitehaven  as  his 
 central  point.  On  June  3d.  1S51,  he  was  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Great  Island  congregation.  Lock  Haven, 
 Pa.  On  June  nth,  185G,  he  was  installed  piustor  of 
 the  Church  of  West  Nottingham,  JId.,  where  he  still 
 labors. 
 
6.1  yu:y. 
 
 258 
 
 OEMIY. 
 
 In  all  of  Dr.  Gayley's  fields  of  pastoral  labor  he 
 lias  l«-cn  ••inincntly  smcfssful.  In  AVhitchavcn  he 
 found  hnt  one  I'rcshytorian,  hut  whin  he  left  the 
 town  there  was  an  organized  <liunh  of  twenty-five 
 ineinhers  and  a  vigorous  Sabbatli-.sehool.  Weatherly, 
 another  of  his  ])reachinK  stations,  was  ready  for  or- 
 ganization. .Vt  LiK'k  Haven  the  membership  doubled 
 during;  his  ))xxt<)nite  of  le.i.s  tlian  live  years.  The 
 labors  renilered  neee.ssiiry  by  the  (growth  of  the 
 ehurih  here  broke  down  hi.s  health,  and  led  him  to 
 ae<ept  till'  call  to  West  Noltinjtham.  The  latter 
 ehureh  ha.s  j;rown  steadily  under  hi.s  ministry,  and  is 
 stron;;er.  Iioth  in  numlM'rs  and  in  working  power,  now, 
 than  it  has  ever  been  in  its  history.  It  is  considered 
 the  best  equipped  runvl  church  in  the  SjtkhI  of  Balti- 
 more. Dr.  <;.\vley  was  Principal  of  tlu'  West  Xot- 
 tingham  .Veadeiny,  an  iiicorj>i)rated  Institution  under 
 the  control  of  the  Church.  Under  his  mammem.-nt 
 it  reached  a  degree  of  prosjKTity  greater  tlian  it  ever 
 had  attaine<l  before.  He  resigned  in  1K71,  bwjui.se 
 the  (iutiis  of  .scluKil  and  church  weri'  too  onerou.s. 
 
 G-ayley,  Rev.  Samuel  Maxwell,  son  of  An- 
 drew and  Margaret  (Crawford)  (jayley,  was  lx)rn  in 
 the  town  of  Creevy,  parish  of  Ardstraw,  county  of 
 T\Tone,  Ireland,  June  -Ith,  180-2.  He  was  jnit  to  the 
 study  of  the  Latin  language  at  ten  years  of  age,  and 
 continued  the  study  of  the  ancient  clas.sics  until  lie 
 rcachecl  his  seventeenth  year.  He  studied  for  the 
 ministry  two  yeai-s,  under  the  direction  of  the  Key. 
 .\ndrew  .Maxwell.  He  arrived  in  this  country  May 
 31st,  1*2:5,  resumed  his  studies  under  Dr.  AVylie,  and 
 was  licensed  to  jireaeh  .\pril  4th,  ISi."*,  by  the  Re- 
 formed Pre.sbj-tery  of  I'liiladelphia.  He  labored  for 
 a  season,  with  success,  at  Chambersburg,  Pottsville 
 and  Mauili  ('bunk.  Pa.  He  withdrew  from  the  Ke- 
 fornied  Presbyterian  l)ody;  Ji>ined  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Castle,  in  \>*'X\\  then  i>reached  at  KiH'kland 
 Church,  near  Wilmington,  sixteen  years,  in  the  mean- 
 time resuseit;iting  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Wilmington.  He  also  giithered  and  organized  the 
 Green  Hill  Presbyterian  Church,  near  Wilmington, 
 and  ministered  to  it  for  a  time.  Other  waste  places 
 arounil  very  often  enjoyed  his  mini.straticm.s.  He  died 
 DeeenilM-r  l!)tli,  H(>-2.  Much  of  Mr.  (layley's  time 
 was  devoted  to  ti-aebiiig.  lor  which  he  had  iM-euliar 
 qualitications.  Hi-  took  a  great  interest  in  the  cause 
 of  education  generally.  He  wjis  a  man  of  great  in- 
 dustry, and  his  pii'ty,  like  his  character,  was  of  a 
 manly  I.vjh-.  .\s  a  jireaclK-r,  he  w;is  nH>re  argumenta- 
 tive than  ornati'.  and  conlined  himsi'lf  to  the  presenta- 
 tion of  gospel  truth. 
 
 Ghayley,  Rev.  Samuel  Rankin,  the  .sou  of 
 Andn'W  and  Kli'anor  Kankin  (Jayley,  was  born  in 
 OetolMT,  1W2H,  in  the  town  of  Creevy,  ]>ari.sh  of  .Vrd- 
 Btniw,  County  of  Tyrone,  Ireland.  In  Is-I"  hearrivi-d 
 in  .Vmeriea,  an<l  ininu'diately  iK'cami-  .\.ssi.stiint 
 Teju'her  in  the  Wilmington  Classical  Institute,  of 
 which  his  uncle,  the  Uev.  .Sjimuel  M.  (iayley,  w:i« 
 Principal.     He  grudmitail  :it    I.it'iv.ii.    ioii,.|{,.,   jn 
 
 1*53,  delivering  the  Latin  Salutatory  on  that  occa- 
 sion. Alter  studying  theology  at  Princet<m,  he  w:is 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle, 
 in  April,  l.-i'i.'!,  ijnd  w:is  ordained  by  it,  as  an  evan- 
 gelist, July  1st,  18.'>0.  On  the  11th  of  October  he 
 s;iiled  as  a  missionary  for  .Shangluii,  Chimi,  arriving 
 at  that  place  on  February  7th,  ISIT.  Ik-ath  clowd 
 his  earnest  lalmrs  in  that  field  July  SUth,  Isji. 
 
 .Mr.  Gayley  ]H>s.se.ssed  line  talents,  and  w;is  ca]>:ible 
 of  the  highest  cla.ss  of  intellectual  etfort.s.  He  WiLs  a 
 thorough  gentleman,  in  the  noblest  and  lx>.st  sense 
 of  the  term.  .Mo«lesty  was  a  notable  feature  ill  his 
 cluiracter.  Conviction  of  duty  was  the  mainspring 
 of  his  even,'  act.  He  had  the  elements  of  character 
 which  would  have  made  him  eminently  useful  in 
 any  jmsition  in  which  he  might  l)e  pUieed.  Hi' 
 labored  not  long  in  the  M:Lster's  vineyard;  long 
 enough,  however,  to  see  some  precious  .souls  saved 
 through  his  instrumentality  He  letlt  to  the  Chine-se 
 Christians,  as  they  have  .some  of  them  reniarki'd,  a 
 living  representation,  rarely  and  Ix-autifuUy  com- 
 plete, of  the  |>ure  and  iK-:iceable  religion  of  Ji-sus. 
 
 Geary,  John  WTiite,  ex-tiovemor  of  Penn.syl- 
 vania,  was  lM)rn  at  Mt.  Plea.s;int,  Westmoreland  county. 
 
 JOHN   W  lOTK   ai:MtT. 
 
 Pa.,  l)ecemlM-r:«lth.  l.-^lll.  Hi-  taught  .sih<«ii:  liecame 
 n  merchant's  clerk  in  Pitt.sburg:  atterwanls  .studied 
 at  Jell'erson  College;  finally  iM-eame  a  I'ivil  engineer, 
 and  for  S4'vend  years  was  connectasl  with  the  .Vlb- 
 gheny  Portagi'  liiiilrcKiil.  He  was  lieutenant-t-olonel 
 of  the  .Second  PeniLsylvania  liegiment  in  the  Mexican 
 war;  wounded  at  Chapulte]M'<',  and  for  meritorious 
 conduct    was   maiie   first  cominaiider  of  the  city  of 
 
GELSTO^^. 
 
 259 
 
 GENERAL  WASHINGTON. 
 
 Mexico,  after  its  capture,  aud  colonel  of  liis  regiment. 
 In  1849  he  was  made  postmaster  of  San  Francisco; 
 soon  after,  alciilde  of  that  city,  and  its  first  mayor. 
 In  18.5:2  he  returned  to  Pennsylvania  and  settled  on 
 his  farm  in  "Westmoreland  county.  From  July,  1856, 
 to  March,  18.)7,  he  was  Governor  of  Kansas. 
 
 On  the  ir>th  of  January,  ISOT,  General  Geary 
 was  iuaugurat«;d  (iovcrnor  of  Pennsylvania,  a  posi- 
 tion in  which,  by  election  to  a  second  term,  he  served 
 six  years.  During  that  period  the  deht  of  the  Com- 
 monwealth was  reduced  over  ten  millions  of  dollars. 
 It  wa-s  a  time  of  unusual  activity  in  business  and 
 the  proper  development  of  the  industrial  resources  of 
 the  State.  At  the  session  of  the  Legislature  of  18T0 
 au  eflbrt  was  made  to  take  from  the  sinking  fund  of 
 the  State  bonds,  to  the  value  of  nine  and  a  half 
 millions  of  dollars,  the  proeee<ls  of  the  sales  of  the 
 public  improvements  formerly  owned  by  it,  in  aid  of 
 certain  railroads.  The  Governor,  interposing  his 
 veto,  prevented  this  contemplated  outrage.  In  July, 
 1871,  a  serious  disturbance  of  the  public  peace  and 
 order  of  the  city  of  ^yUliamsport  took  place,  render- 
 ing the  civil  authorities  powerless.  Under  this 
 neccs-sity  a  reliable  military  force  was  sent  forward 
 by  the  Governor,  to  protect  aud  aid  the  authorities  in 
 enforcing  the  civil  processes.  By  the  presence  of  the 
 troops  the  law-abiding  citizens  were  encouraged  and 
 the  lawless  disheartened.  A  Bureau  of  Labor  Statis- 
 tics and  of  Agriculture  was  established,  by  an  act  of 
 the  Legislature  of  April  12th,  1872.  Governor  Geary 
 connected  himself,  by  profession  of  faith,  ■n'ith  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church,  at  Harrisburg,  soon  after 
 lie  entered  on  his  office.  He  died  suddenly,  in  that 
 city,  February_8th,  187:5. 
 
 Gelston,  Rev.  Samuel,  was  born  in  the  north 
 of  Irelaud,  in  l(i!>'-!,  and  came  as  a  probationer  to  New 
 England,  in  171.").  Received  in  the  Fall  under  the 
 care  of  Philadelphia  Presbytery.  He  labored  for  a 
 short  time  to  the  people  of  Kent,  in  Delaware;  then 
 went  to  Southampton,  Long  Island,  where  he  became 
 colUague  of  tin-  pastor,  being  installed  April  17th, 
 1717,  and  remaining  about  teu  years.  In  August, 
 1728,  he  toolv  into  consideration  a  call  to  New  Castle. 
 Tlie  next  month  lie  w;is  called  to  Xew  London,  Pa. 
 He  left  his  charge  in  1733,  and  fell  under  censure, 
 which,  however,  was  soon  removed.  In  April,  1736, 
 he  joined  the  Presbytery  of  Donegal,  and  was  sent  to 
 Op<'(iuhon,  to  Conestoga  and  Conodoguinet.  In  the 
 Fall  he  was  directed  to  supply  Pequea,  and  in  the 
 Spring,  being  about  to  remove  from  the  bounds  of 
 Presbj-tery,  was  disniis.sed.  He  is  said  to  have  died 
 October  22d,  17'<2. 
 
 General  Wasliin^on  and  the  Presbyte- 
 rians. It  is  not  lor  any  low,  sectarian  purposes  that 
 we  bring  into  the  same  picture  the  Father  of  his 
 country  and  the  Church  of  our  hopes  and  love.  Ou 
 the  contrary,  it  is  with  a  view  of  endearing  the  great- 
 est of  men  to  those  whom  this  article  may  reach,  and 
 of  increasing  tlieir  patriotic  afteetion.     Washington, 
 
 it  is  well  known,  was  an  Episcopalian,  by  birth  and 
 by  attachment.  Before  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
 ence he  was  a  vestryman,  both  in  the  church  at  Alex- 
 .andria  and  in  the  Pohick  Church,  the  latter  being  liis 
 own  pari.sh  churcli.  He  partook  regularly  of  tlie 
 Communion,  until  he  entered  upon  the  office  of  Gen- 
 eral ill  the  American  army,  after  which  time  there  is 
 said  to  be  but  a  single  well-authenticated  instance  of 
 his  celebrating  the  Lord's  Supper.  This  vfiW  be  no- 
 ticed in  the  course  of  our  article,  among  the  incidents 
 which  brought  General  Washington  into  interesting 
 relations  to  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 I.    A   PRESBYTERIAN    PROPHECY. 
 
 Samuel  Da  vies,  one  of  the  greatest  of  our  ministers 
 and  orators,  was  settled  in  Virginia  at  the  eventful 
 period  which  preceded  the  American  Revolution. 
 With  the  true  Presbyterian  spirit,  he  was  forward  in 
 every  movement  relating  to  the  liberties  and  safety 
 of  his  country.  In  17.'>.5  he  preached  a  .sermon  before 
 one  of  the  volunteer  corps  of  Virginia,  which  had 
 been  raised  to  repel  Indian  and  French  invasion, 
 immediately  after  the  defeat  of  General  Braddock. 
 In  the  course  of  this  sermon  he  alludes  to  the  great 
 men  whom  God  raised  up  from  time  to  time,  and 
 inspired  with  an  enterprising  public  spirit,  to  accom- 
 plish some  u.seful  service  in  their  day  and  generation. 
 
 *'  .\3  a  remarkable  instance  of  this,  I  might  point  to  the  public 
 that  heroic  youth,  Colonel  K^ishington,  whom  I  cannot  but  hojte 
 Providence  has  hitherto  preserved  in  so  signala  manner  for  some  import- 
 ant service  for  his  country  .^^ 
 
 This  interesting  prophecy,  uttered  by  one  of  the 
 greatest  of  ministers  in  reference  to  one  of  the  greats 
 est  of  men,  had  a  fulfillment  far  beyond  the  most 
 sanguine  hopes. 
 
 ir.     WASHIXGTOX'S    VICTORY   AT   PRIXCETOX. 
 
 On  the  1st  of  January,  1777,  the  sun  set  gloomily 
 upon  the  waters  of  the  Assanpink,  a  narrow  and 
 feeble  barrier  between  the  British  and  American 
 armies.  Comwallis,  who  had  the  superior  force,  and 
 was  advised  to  use  his  advantages  without  delay, 
 resolved  to  wait  for  the  morning.  "  If  Washington 
 is  the  man  I  think  he  is,  he  will  not  be  found  in  the 
 moruing,"  was  the  remark  of  a  s;ig;icions  officer. 
 Before  midnight  W;ishington  w;us  on  his  march  to 
 Xew  Brunswick.  At  Princeton  he  encountered  three 
 regiments  of  the  enemy,  and  in  a  gallant  engagement 
 put  them  to  flight,  with  the  loss,  however,  of  the 
 lamented  General  Mercer,  a  noble  Scotchman,  who 
 had  in  his  j-outh  been  present  at  the  battle  of  CuUo- 
 den.  In  this  engagement,  Washington  is  said  to 
 have  fearles.sly  and  imminently  exposed  his  person, 
 but  Providence  had  a  gracious  design  in  his  preser- 
 vation, according  to  the  fervent  expectations  of 
 Da-lies,  in  17."m.  The  British  troops  having  retreated 
 to  the  college,  which  they  had  previously  used  for 
 their  barracks,  Washington  ordered  an  assault  upon 
 them,  aud  triumphantly  delivered  Nassau  Hall  from 
 the  enemies  who  had  profaned  it^name  of  liberty  and 
 its  courts  of  religion  and  learning. 
 
OEXKHA  L    WASmSG  TOX. 
 
 260 
 
 GENERAL  WASHISOTOS. 
 
 It  was  certainly,  to  lis,  an  interesting  providence, 
 that  one  ot"  Washington's  lui'Mionihlu  acliiivenicnts 
 should  be  at  what  might  be  then  called  the  h<-ad- 
 quartcrs  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  Here  Samuel 
 Davics,  the  prophetic  herald  of  Washington's  fomo, 
 had  lived  and  died,  as  I'resid<Mit  of  the  very  college 
 which  Wxsliington  now  purged  of  the  foe,  and  the 
 war-horse  of  the  illustrious  Gc-neral  p;tsMed  near  the 
 distinguished  niinistirVs  grave.  Here,  t<K),  lived  the 
 honorahh-  Richard  .Stwkton  and  the  Kev.  Dr.  Wither- 
 spoon,  l)oth  of  whom  luul  signed  the  Deelaratiiin  of 
 Indej)endence  only  si.x  niontlis  previously,  ami  the 
 latter  of  whom  was,  at  the  time,  President  of  the 
 college.  The  deeds  of  Washington  brought  into  his- 
 torical notice  the  humble  village  of  Princeton,  a 
 distinction  not  unwortliy  the  services  of  Davies,  of 
 WItherspoon,  of  Stockton  and  of  Presbyterians  gen- 
 erally in  the  cau.se  of  the  Ameriwui  Revolution. 
 
 III.  WASHIN'OTON  AT  THK  COMMl'.VIOK  TABI.K  IX 
 Till-:  FUICSHYTEUIAX  CHUKCH  AT  MOHKISTOWN, 
 NEW  JKliSKY. 
 
 It  is  the  S;iblKith.  The  congregation  are  xs-sembled 
 in  the  hou.se  of  worship,*  and  among  their  number  is 
 the  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  American  Army. 
 With  a  willing  and  devout  spirit  he  unites  with  the 
 people  of  GimI  in  the  ordinances  of  religion.  AlVr  a 
 solemn  .sermon  from  a  venerable  minister,  a  hymn  is 
 sung,  and  the  iuviUition  given  to  members  of  si.ster 
 churches  to  unite  in  the  ci'lebration  of  the  Lord's  Sup- 
 per. A  well-Unown  military  form  rises  in  resjionst!  to 
 the  invit;itlon.  With  .solemn  dignity  and  Christian 
 meekness  he  takes  his  seat  with  Christ's  [M-ople,  and 
 partakes  of  the  bread  and  wine.  It  is  W;i.shington 
 at  the  communion  tidde  in  a  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 The  circumstance  tlixit  renders  this  incident  in 
 Washington's  life  remarkable  is,  that  it  was  the  only 
 time,  after  his  entrance  upon  his  ))ul)lic  career,  that 
 he  is  certainly  known  to  have  celebrated  the  Siicrament 
 of  the  Lord's  Supper,  f 
 
 *1t  would  lUH'in  that  the  religious  sorvlcM  or  the  Churrh  at  this 
 tlnio  wuru  hrM,  uot  in  tlio  mertiaij-hovise,  but  iii  <ni  orchard^  not  fur 
 fntm  tiio  punhtnitgu.  The  Itn*.  0.  L.  KirtliincI,  for  a  tliuo  paHtor  t>f 
 tho  Scconil  I'nmti.vtprian  rhitrrlt  at  Morriitown,  anil  whi>so  wife 
 was  a  KreO'MiUKhttT  of  tho  R<'V.  Or.  Timothy  Jolinm,  in  a  loiter  to 
 llio  It*-*.  Nlclmliis  ChovalItT,  orciiristiunsbiirg,  Vji..  ways— "Mrs. 
 KirllantI  nvullects  very  distinctly  that  she  was  arcuittome*!  to  hear 
 fiittler  wIM-nk  of  tho  fiu-t  tlliit  the  n'tiicjous  services  of  tlie  con- 
 gTY'piti«in  trrrr  romlitrleil  in  tUf  xrcli'tnl  in  tite  mir  o/  Ikt  hfm*f,  wlijist 
 Washinglon  wiis  liere,  during  tho  Il«riilulion.ir>'  war." 
 
 "  )Irs.  Sci>neld,  wife  of  uno  of  our  lawyers,  and  gninddaughter  of 
 a  Mrs.  Konl,  wIkhmi  niimo  has  lo<en  liuridinl  d  iwii  Ioua,  fniKmul 
 with  piety,  infonns  nio  lh.-kt  her  gnindinotlier  u<*e<l  to  tell  her 
 alMiut  attending  tlio  meetings  in  tli"  orclmnl.  On  ono  occasion, 
 when  tho  v\'\  laily  wa^  presjmt,  Wiuhiwjinit  tr,i«  fA^re,  aillinj  is  ibu 
 riimp  ckiiir^  hrntujht  tit  /or  III*  ocC'iiioH.  Inirimj  the  ferric*  <i  teom'iN 
 otme  1m/'i  Ihf  r*mjTf'j<ili"n  tcilh  <i  rtiiiii  in  hrr  firm*  ;  H\uliiH'j4aH  arttt* 
 /nun  hi*  cti'iir  «im(  ij'irr  it  t>*  Ihf  trooioti  tcilh  tif  cliittl.'* 
 
 Mr.  KIrtland  nl-io  ttc<-i>nnt<  for  tlio  m.<elin^  lieiiig  in  the  open 
 air,  that,  as  there  wiis,  acronling  to  tntdltion,  a  va^t  uitmunt  of  siclt- 
 noa«  and  snRering  in  the  army,  and  tho  rrmhyletl.in  and  lLi|itij«t 
 cliurciios  an>l  I'ourt  llonw  worn  iH-.-npied  a*  Aixjo'/.i/*,  there  was  no 
 plsci*  of  m«*<'tlng  for  the  congn>galion  except  In  the  ojien  nir." 
 
 t  Dr.  Sfsrlu,  in  his  "  Life  of  Wasliiugton,"  thus  alludes  to  this 
 
 The  Rev.  Dr.  Cox,  of  Brooklyn,  New  York,  first 
 gave  to  the  public  the  circum.stances  attending  this 
 intere.sting  event,  which  he  received  from  Dr.  Hillyer, 
 who  had  it  from  the  lips  of  Rev.  Dr.  Timothy  Johnes 
 him.self.  the  latter  l)eing  pastor  of  the  Church  at 
 Morristown  at  the  time. 
 
 *'  While  the  American  army,  under  the  comnund  uf  Washington, 
 lay  encampeil  in  the  environ*  of  Morristown,  New  Jersey,  it 
 occurred  that  tlio  service  of  the  Communion,  then  obierred  acmi- 
 annually  only,  was  to  lie  mlininistereil  in  the  Presbyterian  iliun'h 
 of  that  village.  In  a  morning  of  the  iirevious  week,  the  (General, 
 after  his  accUHtomi-d  inspection  of  the  camp,  visited  the  house  of 
 tho  Kev.  I>r.  Johnes,  then  |Kistor  of  that  church,  and,  after  the 
 usual  prelimituirics,  thus  accosted  him:  *  lioctor,  I  understand  that 
 the  Lord's  SupjH-r  is  to  lie  colcbratcrl  with  you  next  SumUy.  I 
 would  learn  if  it  accord*  with  tlie  r.inons  of  your  Church  to  admit 
 communicants  of  another  denomination?"  The  Doctor  rejoimil, 
 'most  certainly  ;  ours  is  not  the  Preihyterian  table,  General,  but  tlie 
 LortVt  Tabu,  and  we  hence  give  tlio  I^onl's  invitation  to  all  his 
 followers,  of  wiiatever  name.'  The  General  replied, '  I  am  glad  of 
 it;  that  is  as  it  ought  to  be  ;  but,as  I  was  not  (luite  sure  of  the  fact, 
 I  thought  I  would  ascertain  it  fn>m  yourself,  as  I  propose  to  join 
 with  you  on  that  occasion.  Though  a  member  of  the  Churrli  of 
 England,  I  have  no  exclusive  partialities.' 
 
 "The  Doctor  re-;i»sured  him  of  a  cordial  welcome,  und  tho  General 
 was  found  heated  with  tho  cummunicanti  tiie  next  Sabbath." 
 
 This  incident  in  the  life  of  Washington  shows,  in 
 the  first  place,  his  own  impressions  that  he  w:is  a 
 rrligiiiiiH  man,  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  the  hou.se- 
 hoUl  of  faith;  and,  in  the  si-cond  place,  it  shows  that 
 he  understood  the  spirit  and  principles  of  the  Thirty- 
 nine  Articles,  which  recognize  other  evangelicstl 
 churchis  as  belonging  to  the  true  catholic  Church. 
 The  anecdote,  in  either  lUsjK'ct,  commeuds  itself  to 
 thoughtful  consideration. 
 
 IV.    W.VSHIN'OTON'  AT  THE    roMMENTEMKXT    OK    THE 
 COLI.EllE  OK  SEW  JEUSEV,  I.\  17-<3. 
 
 In  17f<3  Congress  held  its  sessions  in  Princeton, 
 having  adjournetl  to  that  ])laee  from  Philadelphia, 
 in  con.seiiuence  of  some  mutinous  prtx'cedings  of  a 
 portion  of  the  Philadelphia  line.  W:i.shinglon  Wiis 
 invited  by  Congress  to  visit  Princeton,  with  a  view 
 of  consultation  iu  referonco  to  tho  urrangcmeuts  for 
 
 fact:  "The  circumstance  of  his  witlidrawing  liim-elf  from  the 
 communion  service,  at  a  certain  iieriislof  hislife,  has  been  reniarkeil 
 as  singular.  Tliis  may  lie  admitted  and  regrettM,  Isith  on  aecmnt 
 of  his  example  snd  the  value  of  his  opinion  as  to  the  imp«irtance 
 and  practical  tendency  of  this  rile.  .  .  .  M'lmtever  his  motives 
 may  iiave  Is'en,  it  iI.m-*  not  apiM'ar  that  they  were  ever  explaiued. 
 Xor  is  it  known,  or  to  lie  presiinieil,  that  any  m-casiun  olTenil.  It  i* 
 prolioble  that  after  he  tisik  command  of  the  army,  finding  Ills 
 thoughts  niid  nllentiiin  nereswrily  eiigrtsised  by  the  husinoM  which 
 devolved  u|ion  him,  in  wliii h  fr''<|iiently  little  distinction  could  U* 
 ultserved  U'tween  Sunday  and  other  days,  he  may  have  lieiieveil  It 
 improper  publicly  to  partske  of  an  onllnanre  which,  accorxting  to 
 the  i.Ieas  he  eiltertaineil  of  it,  imposeil  seven-  rostinints  on  outwartl 
 conduct  and  a  sacred  pledge  t  >  |s'rform  duties  inipraclicalile  (dilTi. 
 cult?i  in  hissllttntiou.  Such  nn  ini|in<sstoii  w,inld  be  naliiml  to  a 
 ■crioiis  m  nil,  and  ulthougli  it  might  Is'  fiunditl  iipin  erroneous 
 views  of  the  nature  of  tlie  orilinaneo,  it  would  not  have  the  leas 
 wel;;lit  w  Itli  a  man  of  a  delicate  conscienci*  anti  habitual  reverence 
 for  ndlgioD.  Tlierv  Is  pnsif,  Inm-ever,  that  on  one  iicrasion,at  least, 
 during  the  war,  he  part^sik  uf  tlin  Communion,  but  this  was  at  a 
 seasi^in  when  the  anny  was  in  camp,  anil  the  activity  of  liusinesf 
 was  In  some  degree  susiiended."  {IH.  Sisvks  then  reUtes  Dr.  Cox's 
 anecdote. ) 
 
GENERAL  WASHINGTON 
 
 261 
 
 GENERAL  WASHINGTON. 
 
 peace  and  other  public  concerns.  Their  sessions  were 
 in  the  library  room  of  Nassau  Hall.  On  the  last 
 Wednesday  of  September  the  Commencement  exer- 
 cises of  the  C'ollef;e  occurred,  and  C<)ni;rcss  adjourned 
 to  attend  theiu.  The  valedictory  orator  ou  that  occa- 
 sion, then  in  his  twentj-first  year,  was  the  celebrated 
 Dr.  As/ihd  Green.  .\t  the  close  of  his  oration,  he, 
 with  great  tact,  turned  tj  General  Washinj;toii.  who. 
 with  the  members  of  Congress,  had  a  seat  on  the  plat- 
 form, and  made  a  nujst  eloquent  and  effective  per- 
 sonal address,  congratulating  him  on  the  happy  issue 
 of  the  long  and  perilous  contest  in  which  he  had 
 been  engaged,  and  thanking  him,  on  behalf  of  his 
 fellow-students  and  the  authorities  of  the  College,  for 
 th<^  important  an<l  distinguished  services  ri'udered  to 
 the  country  dnriug  the  war,  brought,  at  length,  so 
 much  through  his  own  instrumentality,  to  a  glorious 
 termination.  This  incident  excited  a  thrilling  inter- 
 est in  the  whole  assembly.  The  presence  of  Con- 
 gress and  oftheCommander-in-Chief  of  the  .\merican 
 army  rendered  this  Commencement,  perhaps,  the 
 nu)st  memorable  that  has  occurred  since  the  origin  of 
 the  Institution.  The  following  is  the  account  given 
 by  Dr.  Green,  in  his  autobiography: — 
 
 "The  church  in  Princoton  hac]  been  repaired  during  tiie  Summer 
 (1783)  wliich  preceded  tlie  Cetmmencement  lit  wliicli  I  received  my 
 Bticlielor's  Df^ee.  An  extended  stage,  running  the  length  of  the 
 pulpit  side  of  the  church,  had  been  erected,  and  as  the  President  of 
 Congress  was  a  trustee  of  tiie  college,  and  the  President  of  the 
 College  had  recently  been  a  distinguished  member  of  Congress,  and 
 that  body  itself  had  been  accommodated  in  the  college  edifice,  an 
 adjournment  to  attend  Commencement  seemed  to  be  demanded  by 
 courtesy,  aud  was  readily  agreed  on.  We  accordingly  had  on  the 
 stage,  with  the  trustees  and  the  graduating  class,  the  whole  of  the 
 Congress,the  Ministei-s  of  France  and  Holland,  and  the  Commander- 
 in-Chief  of  the  American  army.  The  valedictory  oration  had  been 
 assigned  to  me,  and  it  concluded  with  an  address  to  General  Wash- 
 ington. I  ne^d  not  tell  you  that,  both  in  preparingand  delivering  it, 
 I  put  fji^b  all  my  powers.  The  CJeneral  colored  as  I  addressed  him, 
 for  bis  modesty  was  among  the  qualities  which  so  highly  distin- 
 guished him.  The  ne.\t  day,  :is  he  w;u  going  to  attend  on  a  com- 
 mittee of  Congress,  he  met  nie  in  one  of  the  long  entries  of  the 
 college  editiee,  stoppetl  and  took  me  liy  the  band,  and  etunplimented 
 mo  on  my  address,  in  language  which  I  should  lack  his  modesty  if 
 I  repeated  it,  even  to  you.  After  walking  and  conversing  with  me 
 for  H  few  minutes,  be  requested  nie  to  present  his  best  wishes  for 
 their  success  in  life  to  my  classmates,  and  then  went  to  the  commit- 
 tee-room of  Congress.  I  never  took  a  copy  of  my  valedictory  ora- 
 tion, but  carelessly  gave  the  original,  at  his  request,  to  Shepard 
 Kolloek,  who  then  printed  a  newspaper  at  Chatham,  in  iMurris 
 county.  It  was  i)ublished  by  him,  in  October,  1783.  I  have  made 
 sovenil  efforts  to  find  the  (laper  which  contained  it,  but  hitherto 
 without  success." 
 
 It  was  at  this  same  Commencement  that  the  Trustees 
 of  the  College  retjuested  General  W;tshington  to  sit 
 for  his  ])ortrait.  This  picture,  taken  by  I'eale,  in 
 1784,  is  a  full  length  portrait  of  Wa.shington  in  the 
 vigor  of  manhood.  In  the  background  is  represented 
 the  battle  of  rrineeton  and  the  death  of  Mercer. 
 Wiushiugton  stands  in  a  posture  of  dignity,  and  even 
 majesty,  the  right  hand  with  the  sword  referring  to 
 that  battle,  which  Washington  always  regarded  ius  one 
 of  the  deciding  victories  of  the  Kevolutioii.  The  flag 
 of  his  country  is,  by  a  happy  artistic  artifice,  ina<le, 
 
 as  if  by  accident,  to  wave  about  his  head.  This  cele- 
 brated picture,  hanging  in  the  very  frame  which 
 formerly  contained  the  i)icture  of  George  II  (the 
 latter  having  been  decapitated  by  a  cannon-ball),  now 
 adorns  the  gallery  of  Xa.s.s;iu  Hall. 
 
 One  other  circumstance  rendered  this  Commence- 
 ment mt'iuorabli — the  gift  of  two  hundred  anil  fifty 
 dollars,  presented  by  General  Washington  to  the  Col- 
 lege. It  is  recorded  on  the  minutes  of  the  trustees 
 "that  Dr.  Witherspoon  reported  that  His  Excellency, 
 General  Wiushington,  had  delivered  to  him  fiftj' 
 guineas,  which  he  begged  the  trustees  to  accept  as 
 ffl  tenlimony  uf  hh  respect  for  the  College.''' 
 
 The  oration  delivered  before  Wa-shington  and  Con- 
 gress, the  painting  and  the  gift,  concur  in  making  the 
 Commencement  of  17."i:i  a  rallying  point  of  pleasant 
 recollections  to  Presbyterians,  in  reference  to  the 
 Father  of  our  country. 
 
 V.  WASHIXGTUX  .\N"I)  THE  (iEXER.M.  .VSSEMIil.Y. 
 The  first  meeting  of  the  "  General  Assembly  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United  States  of 
 America"  was  held  on  May  21st,  17S9.  Dr.  With- 
 erspoon preached  the  sermon,  and  after  the  election 
 of  Jloderator,  the  following,  being  its  first  official 
 act,  was  passed  by  the  Assembly: — 
 
 "  Resolved,  unanimously.  That  an  address  be  presented  fn>m  the 
 General  .\ssembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  to  the  President  of 
 the  United  States, and  tliat  Drs.  Witherspoon,  Alison  and  S.  S.Smith 
 be  a  committee  to  draft  said  address." 
 
 Oil  the  26th  of  May  the  General  Assembly  took 
 into  consideration   the  draft  of  an   address  to   the 
 President  of  the  United  States,  which,  being  amended, 
 was  adopted,  and  is  as  follows,  viz. : — 
 "To  the  President  of  the  United  States.— 
 
 "Sir — The  General  .Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  the  United  States  of  America  embrace  the 
 earliest  opportunity  in  their  power  to  testify  the 
 lively  and  unfeigned  pleasure  which  they,  with  the 
 rest  of  their  fellow  citizens,  feel,  on  j'our  appoint- 
 ment to  the  first  office  in  the  nation. 
 
 "We  adore  Almighty  God,  the  .Vuthor  of  every 
 perfect  gift,  who  h:ith  endowed  you  with  such  a  rare 
 aud  happy  a.ssemblage  of  talents,  as  hath  rendered 
 you  eiiually  necessiiry  to  your  country  in  war  aud  in 
 peace.  Your  military  achievements  insured  .safety 
 and  glory  to  .^.merica,  in  the  late  arduous  conflict 
 for  freedom,  while  your  disinterested  conduct  and 
 uniformly  just  discernment  of  the  public  interest 
 gained  you  the  entire  confidence  of  the  jjcople;  and, 
 in  the  present  interesting  period  of  public  affairs,  the 
 influence  of  your  personal  character  moderates  the 
 tlivisions  of  political  parties,  and  promises  a  iierma- 
 nent  establishment  of  the  civil  government. 
 
 "From  a  retirement  more  glorious  than  thrones 
 and  sceptres,  you  have  been  called  to  your  present 
 elevated  station,  by  the  voice  of  a  great  and  free  peo- 
 ple, and  with  tin  unanimity  of  suffrage,  that  ha.s  few 
 if  any  examples  in  history.  A^man  more  ambitious 
 of  fame  or  less  devoted  to  his  country  woulil  have 
 
OESERAL   U'ASHIXGTO.y. 
 
 262 
 
 GEXERAL  M'AsmXOTOX. 
 
 refosed  an  olBce  in  which  his  honors  coulil  not  be 
 augmented,  and  where  they  might  possibly  lie  siil)- 
 jcct  to  a  reverse.  \Ve  are  happy  tliat  (jod  lius  in- 
 clined your  heart  to  give  yourself  oueo  more  to  the 
 pablic.  And  we  derive  a  favorable  presage  of  the 
 event  from  the  zeal  of  all  cla-sscs  of  the  people,  and 
 their  conlidenee  in  your  virtues,  as  well  ;ls  from  the 
 knowledge  and  dignity  with  whieh  the  Federal  Coun- 
 cils are  filled.  13ul  we  derive  a  presiige  even  more 
 flattering,  from  the  piity  of  your  thanieter.  Publie 
 virtue  is  the  most  ecrtiiin  means  of  public  felicity,  and 
 religion  i.s  the  surest  Ixuis  of  virtue.  We,  therefore, 
 esteem  it  a  peculiar  happiness  to  behold  in  our  Chief 
 >Iagi.str.ite  a  steady,  uniform,  avowed  friend  of  the 
 Christian  religion,  who  lia-s  commenced  his  adminis- 
 tration in  ratioiuil  and  exalted  sentiments  of  piety, 
 and  who,  in  his  private  conduct,  adorns  the  tloetrines 
 of  the  gosjx-l  of  Clirist,  and  on  the  most  public  and 
 solemn  occasioas,  devoutly  acknowledges  the  govern- 
 ment of  Divine  Providence. 
 
 "The  example  of  distinguished  cliaracters  will 
 ever  possess  a  powerful  and  extensive  influence  on 
 the  public  mind,  and  when  wc  see,  in  such  a  con- 
 spicuoiLS  stiition,  the  amiable  example  of  piety  to 
 God,  of  iK-nevolenee  to  men,  and  of  a  pure  and  vir- 
 tuous patriotism,  we  naturally  hope  that  it  will  dif- 
 fuse its  influence,  and  tluit,  cventu;dly,  the  most 
 happy  con.se<iuences  will  result  from  it.  To  the 
 force  of  imitttion  we  will  endcjivor  to  add  the  whole- 
 some instrnctions  of  religion.  We  shall  consider 
 ourselves  as  doing  an  acccptJihle  service  to  God,  in 
 our  profession,  when  we  contribute  to  render  men 
 sober,  honest  and  industrious  citizens,  and  the  o))e- 
 dient  subjects  of  a  lawful  government.  In  the.si- 
 pious  labors  we  hope  to  imit;itu  the  most  worthy  of 
 our  brethren  of  other  Christian  denominations,  and 
 to  be  imitateil  by  them,  assured  that  if  we  can,  by 
 mutiuil  and  generoiLs  emulation,  promote  truth  and 
 virtue,  we  shall  render  a  great  and  important  .service 
 to  the  republic,  shall  receive  cnomragement  from 
 every  wise  anil  giKid  citizen,  and  ulwve  all,  meet  the 
 approbation  of  our  Divine  Master. 
 
 "  We  pray  ,\lniiglity  (ioil  to  have  you  always  in 
 His  holy  keeping.  >Iay  He  proUmg  your  valuable 
 life,  an  ornament  and  a  blessing  to  your  country, 
 and  at  last  bestow  on  you  the  glorious  rewaril 
 of  u  faithful  servant. 
 
 ".Signed  by  order  of  the  .Vsserably, 
 
 "  JoilX  lioiKiEUS,  Moilrralor. 
 
 "  Philnil>li,l,iii,  .V<iy-Mth,  llHi).'' 
 
 W.VSIIISdTOX'rt  KEI'I.V. 
 {rnmnl'd  la  Ihe  A'-ial-lf  Ikt /nll..,rlH,j  far.) 
 
 "  To  Ihr  (linrrnl  An-vmlily  of  the  I'riAbytrrinn  Church, 
 
 ill  thr  L'liilrd  Stilirt  of  Amrrirti  : — 
 
 "  (iK.VTt.KMEX: — I  receive  with  great  sf-nsibility  the 
 t<^timi>ni.il  given  by  llieGener.il  .Vsx  uilily  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Chureh  in  the  L'nite<l  St:it<'S  of  .\merie!i,of  the 
 lively  and  unfeigne<l  pleasure  experienced  by  them 
 on  my  appointment  to  the  first  olBco  in  the  ujttion. 
 
 '  "Although  it  will  be  my  endeavor  to  avoid  being 
 elated  by  the  too  favorable  opinion  which  your 
 kindness  for  me  may  have  induced  you  to  express  of 
 the  importance  of  my  former  conduct,  and  the  effect 
 of  my  future  services,  yet,  conscious  of  the  disinter- 
 estc<lness  of  my  motives,  it  is  not  necessary  for  me  to 
 conceal  the  s;itisfaction  I  liave  felt  upon  finding  that 
 my  compliance  with  the  call  of  my  country,  and  my 
 dependence  on  the  a.ssLstance  of  Heaven  to  su]>iMirt 
 me  in  my  arduous  undertakings,  have,  so  liir  iis  I 
 can  learn,  met  the  universal  approbation  of  ray  couu- 
 trjTuen.  While  I  reitenite  the  professions  of  my 
 dependence  upon  Heaven  as  the  source  of  all  public 
 and  private  blessings,  I  will  observe,  that  the  general 
 prevalence  of  piety,  philanthropy,  honesty,  indus- 
 try and  economy  seems,  in  the  onlinary  course  of 
 human  atfairs,  partieuUirly  neces.sary  for  advancing 
 and  confirming  the  luippiness  of  our  country.  \\"hile 
 all  men  within  our  territories  are  prot«'ted  in  wor- 
 .shii)ing  the  Deitv  according  to  the  dictates  of  their 
 
 ,  consciences,  it  is  rationallj'  to  be  exix-cted  from  them, 
 in  return,  that  they  will  all  be  emulous  of  evincing 
 the  sincerity  of  their  professions  by  the  innocentv  of 
 their  lives  and  the  Ijenevolence  of  their  actions.  For 
 no  man  who  is  profligate  in  his  mor.ils,  or  a  Kul 
 memlM-r  of  the  civil  community,  can  possibly  Im'  a  true 
 Christian,  or  a  credit  to  his  own  religioiL-niociety. 
 
 "  r  desire  you  to  accept  my  acknowledgments  for 
 }-our  lauchible  endeavors  to  render  men  soIxT,  honest 
 and  good  citizens,  and  the  obedient  subjects  of  a 
 lawful  government,  as  well  as  for  your  prayers  to 
 Almighty  God  for  His  hle-ssing  on  our  common 
 country,  and  the  hum))lc  instrument  which  he  has 
 been  pleased  to  make  tise  of  in  the  a<lmini.striition  of 
 its  government.  GEomiK  WAsiilxiiTux." 
 
 VI.    W.VSHIXOTOX,    AXn  W.VSHIXGTOX   fOLLEllE, 
 VIKUIXI.V. 
 
 In  the  year  1774  the  Presbytery  of  Ix>xington, 
 Vu.,  "resumed  the  consideration  of  a  school  for  the 
 liberal  education  of  youth,  judge<l  tc  be  of  great  and 
 immediate  imi>ort;ince.  We  do,  thi-refore,  agree  to 
 e-stidilish  and  patronize  a  public  school.  At  present 
 it  shall  Ih-  maiuiged  by  Mr.  William  (iraham,  » 
 gentleman  pro|MTly  recommended  to  this  Presbyterj', 
 and  under  the  ins|)ection  of  the  Kev.  >lr.  John 
 Brown;  and  the  Presbytery  n'serve  to  themselves  the 
 liberty,  at  a  futuri'  .s<>ssion,  more  |Kirtieularly  to 
 appoint  the  iKT«m  by  whom  it  slniU  Ik'  contlncted. 
 and  the  place  where  it  shall  be  flxe<l."  Thus  wm- 
 mcncj'il,  uniler  Presbyt«-rian  auspices,  the  edunition 
 of  youth  in  the  Valley  of  Virginia.  The  IiLstitution 
 took  the  name  of  l.IBKKTV  HM.L.  It  was  the 
 mi'aus  of  training  many  iLseful  ministers,  and  among 
 the  numlM-r  the  venerable  .Vki'iiiiiali)  Alkxaxkek, 
 D.  It.  It  was  a  bulwark  of  lilM-rty,  as  well  as  of 
 lejirning  and  religion.  It  was  iiinir]¥irat<'<l  in  17<J, 
 but  the  Presbytery  rt-tainisl  a  conneition  with  it  for 
 j  sometime;  and  although  not  now  under  (s'clesiastiejd 
 1  supervision,  it  is  still  man:iged  by  Pri'sbyteriaus. 
 
GEXEBAL  WASmXGTOX. 
 
 263 
 
 GEORGE. 
 
 In  1785  the  Legislature  of  Virginia  expressed  their 
 souse  of  tlie  value  of  General  Wiushiugton's  services, 
 l)y  a  donation  of  one  himdred  shares  in  the  James 
 River  Company  and  other  property.  Washington  felt 
 a  delicacy  either  in  accepting  a  donation  for  his  pri- 
 vate use,  or  in  declining  the  gift  of  the  State.  AVheu 
 the  shares  began  to  he  productive,  in  1795,  he  a<l- 
 dres.sed  a  coiiiiuunicatiou  to  the  Legislature,  stating 
 that  he  woulil  ajipropriate  them  to  a  seminary  at  any 
 jilace  they  might  deem  proper  to  recommend.  The 
 Legislature,  in  reply,  requested  Ueneral  Washington 
 to  ap|)ropriate  the  shares  to  a  seminar^'  in  the  "upper 
 country."  In  17!)(>  Washington  wTote  to  the  Gov- 
 ernor of  Virginia  his  final  conehisiou,  stating,  "After 
 careful  imjuiries  to  ascertain  a  place,  I  have,  uix)n  the 
 fullest  consideration  of  all  eircumstiinces,  destined 
 those  shares  to  the  use  of  LIBERTY  Hall  Academy, 
 in  Rockbridge  county. ' ' 
 
 The  following  correspondence  passed  between  the 
 trustees  of  the  academy  and  General  Washington,  on 
 this  occasion : — 
 
 Sir  : — It  wiw  nut  enrlif  r  than  September,  1797,  that  we  were  offi- 
 cially infonueii  of  your  liberal  donation  to  Liberty  Hall  Academy. 
 
 Permit  us.  ai<  its  immediate  guardians,  to  iM-rfonn  the  pleasing 
 duty  of  expressing  those  sentiments  uf  gratitude  whit-h  su  geueixtus 
 an  act  uatunilly  inspires.  "We  have  hern  long  sensible  of  the  dis- 
 a<lvantagfs  to  which  literary  in,-stitntious  are  necessarily  subjected, 
 whilst  dependent  on  precarious  funds  for  their  support.  Reflecting 
 particularly  on  the  mauy  difficulties  through  which  this  seminary 
 has  iKien  conducted  since  the  tirst  moments  of  its  existence,  we  can- 
 not but  be  greatly  affected  by  an  event  which  secures  to  it  an  inde- 
 pendent and  perniunent  establishment.  Convinced  as  we  are  that 
 public  prosperity  and  security  are  intimately  connected  with  the 
 diffosion  of  knowleilge,  we  U»ok  arountl  willi  the  highest  satisfac- 
 tion on  its  rapid  advances  in  these  United  St.ites,  unfeignedly  re- 
 joicing that  the  citizen  who  has  long  been  dit^tinguished  as  the 
 asserter  of  the  lilierties  of  his  country  adds  to  this  illustrious 
 character  the  no  less  illustrious  one  of  patron  of  the  arts  and  of 
 literature,  .^ud  wo  trust  tlkat  ni>  elTort  may  be  wanting  on  our  part 
 to  encourage  whatever  branches  of  knowledge  may  be  of  general 
 utility. 
 
 That  you  mjiy  long  enjoy,  besides  the  uninterrupted  blessings  of 
 health  and  repose,  the  happiness  which  none  but  those  who  deserve 
 it  can  eiyoy,  and  which  arises  from  the  reflection  of  haWng  virtu- 
 ously and  eminently  promoted  the  iit'st  interests  of  mankind,  is  the 
 fervent  prayer  of  the  Trustees  of  Washington  Academy,  late  Lib- 
 erty Hall.  By  order  of  the  Board. 
 
 Samuel  llotTSTON,  Clerk. 
 His  Excellency,  Georok  W.vshingtos, 
 Late  President  of  the  U.  S.  A. 
 
 WASHIXGTOX'S  REPLY. 
 
 MocxT  Vkrnos,  17th  June,  179S. 
 
 Oextlemen: — Unaccountable  as  it  may  seem,  it  is  nevertheless 
 true,  tliat  the  A'idreas  with  which  you  wert*  pleased  to  honor  me, 
 dated  the  l".^lh  of  .April,  never  came  to  my  hand  until  the  11th  inst. 
 
 To  promote  literature  in  this  rising  empire,  and  to  encounige  the 
 arts,  have  ever  been  amongst  the  warmest  wishes  of  my  heart.  And 
 if  the  donations  which  tlie  genen->^ity  of  the  Legislature  of  the 
 Oimmonwealth  of  Virginia  h-is  enabled  me  to  bestow  upon  Litwrty 
 Hall,  now,  by  your  ixdilencss, called  Washington  .\cidemy,  is  likely 
 to  prtive  a  means  to  accomplish  these  ends,  it  will  contribute  to  the 
 gratiflcation  of  my  desires. 
 
 Sentiments  like  those  which  have  flowed  from  your  pen  excite  my 
 gratitude,  whilst  I  olTer  my  best  vows  for  the  prosperity  of  the 
 .Academy,  and  for  the  honor  and  happiness  of  those  under  whose 
 auspices  it  is  conducted. 
 
 TVastee*  of  Wa»hiHgton  Academy . 
 
 George  W.\suiNaTos. 
 
 In  1813  Washington  Aciulemy  was  incorporated  a-s 
 a  College.  The  donation  of  General  Washington  forms 
 a  considerable  part  of  its  present  endowment,  and  is 
 believed  to  yield  an  anniuil  income  of  about  three 
 thoiLs;ind  dollars.  Thus  diil  the  Father  of  his  country 
 a.s.sist  in  peri>etuating  an  Institution  which  has  trained 
 many  worthy  sous  for  the  ministry  of  the  I'resbyte- 
 rian  Church,  as  well  as  lor  other  jjiofessions  in  life.  .<Vs 
 a  PATRON  OP  EOLCATIOX  his  name  is  endeared  to  us, 
 and  he  who  led  our  armies  to  liberty,  and  our 
 national  councils  to  prosi)erity  and  honor,  has  also 
 been  instrumental,  under  the  same  dixine  guidance, 
 in  conducting  many  of  our  youth  to  learning,  religion 
 and  ii.sefulne.ss. 
 
 Gennet,  Charles,  was  liorn  in  the  city  of  Xew 
 York,  June  9tli,  lsu7.  His  parents  removed  to 
 I  Poughkeepsie,  Dutchess  county,  in  the  year  \>^\2, 
 I  where  he  received  a  plain  English  education,  chiefly 
 in  the  Lancasterian  schools  of  those  days.  He 
 removed  to  Richmond,  Va.,  in  1829,  where  he  engaged 
 in  merciintile  pursuits,  in  which  he  continues  at  this 
 present  time  (1883).  In  the  year  1831  he  was  received 
 in  the  First  Pre.sbj'terian  Church,  under  thi-  charge 
 of  Rev.  William  J.  Armstrong,  and  was  electi'd  deacon 
 in  the  Grace  .Street  Presbyterian  Church,  Rev.  C.  H. 
 Read,  D.  D.,  pastor,  in  1860. 
 
 Sir.  Gennet  acted  as  Treasurer  of  this  church  for 
 some  twenty-five  years,  and  was  elected  Treasurer  of 
 Publiciition  by  the  General  jV.ss<'mbly  of  1867,  which 
 office  he  retained  until  1878.  He  has  liecn  a  suc- 
 cessful man  in  tnercautile  life,  and  an  acti^e  worker 
 in  all  the  schemes  of  the  Church,  and.  though  now 
 nearly  fourscore  years  of  ;ige,  retains  his  bright, 
 genial  manners,  and  his  methodical  attention  to 
 business. 
 
 George,  'Williain,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  the  north 
 of  Ireland,  near  the  noted  city  of  Derry,  in  the  year 
 1829.  ■ftTiile  yet  a  mere  bo.v  he  came  with  relatives 
 to  Kentucky,  Ti'hich  became  his  permanent  home. 
 AJfter  varied  experiences,  some  of  which  were  sulfi- 
 ciently  severe,  including  .services  with  Kentucky 
 trtwps  in  the  Jtexican  War.  he  pursued  a  liberal 
 course  of  stutly  at  Danville,  preparatory,  collegiate 
 and  theological.  He  graduated  from  Centre  College 
 in  185.5,  a  worthy  member  of  one  of  the  most  distin- 
 gnishetl  classes  ever  connected  with  that  Institution. 
 Having  consumed  three  years  in  tejichiiig,  he  entered 
 the  Danville  Theological  Seminary.  Licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Transylvania  in  the  Spring  of  1861,  he 
 was,  after  completion  of  the  theological  course,  or- 
 dained by  the  Presbrtery  of  IChenezer.  in  the  Fall  of 
 1861,  and  installed  p;Lstor  of  the  Springliild  Church, 
 which,  with  that  of  Mount  Sterling,  he  had  been  serv- 
 ing. In  1863  he  became  pastor  of  the  Jlitlway  Church. 
 In  1870  he  returned  to  the  Springfield  pastorate.  In 
 1873  he  was  tr.inslated  to  the  Bethel  Church.  All 
 this  service  was  in  Kentucky.  In  1880  he  was  set- 
 tled in  Fort  Worth,  Texas,  where  he  still  is  pastor  of 
 ,  a  prosjierous  church. 
 
CIEHRISII. 
 
 2fi4 
 
 OWDIXGS. 
 
 Dr.  Gi'orgc  possesses  some  of  the  liest  traits  of  the 
 ■I<mk1  st(Hk  wliciicc  )»•  spring:  a  warm  heart,  a  {genial 
 liiiiiior.  a  .striiiiK  iiitclli-ct.  a  tine  mural  .sen.se;  pluek 
 that  delights  in  overeoming  ol»st;ieU-s;  sympathy 
 that  jflowN  with  tcndenie.ss  ftir  all  the  afliicted;  loy- 
 alty to  Chri.st  that  counts  no  eosts  and  fears  no 
 jK-ril  in  its  devotion  to  the  t'liurch  and  <ause  of  his 
 Lord.  Of  eourse,  therefore,  his  has  In'en  a  sueee,s.sful 
 mini.stry.  failed  always  to  fei'lile  ehurehes,  ;is  an 
 ahle,  scholarly  and  eon.seerated  |)a.stor,  he  ha.s  always 
 huilt  them  up  in  numlK-rs,  in  sound  doctrine  and  in 
 spiritual  iM>wer. 
 
 Gerrish,  John,  D.  D.,  the  oldest  son  of  Joseph 
 and  Sarah  (C'hureh)  Gerrish,  wjls  horn  April  2()tb, 
 H14,  at  Canterhury,  N.  II.  He  ent<'red  Dartmouth 
 College,  but  failed  to  eomjilete  the  eourse  of  study, 
 on  account  of  the  state  of  his  health.  Tor  a  i'fvi  years 
 he  devoted  his  atti'ntion  to  afiriculture.  Kejpiining 
 his  health,  he  entered  ISangor  Theolof;ical  Seminftry 
 in  I'Ti,  and  <{raduati'd  in  1h4(;.  For  some  years  he 
 lalwred  as  an  itinerant  niLssionary  in  Vermillion 
 county,  Indiana.  He  Wiis  pastor  at  New  Washington, 
 Indiana,  from  UctolHT,  lH."):j,  to  July,  1862.  He  sul)- 
 sei|uenlly  sui)plie<l  the  Cliurch  in  Lap<'er,  Michigan. 
 I'rom  .lune.  !■'(>.■>,  to  December,  1877,  he  was  )i;Lstor 
 of  the  Church  of  Homer,  Mich.,  where  his  labors 
 were  eminently  successful  and  s:itisfact<>ry.  .\lter 
 leaving  Homer  he  preached  two  years  at  Wasliington, 
 Ind.,  and  two  years  at  Ivans:i.s,  Kdgar  eount,v.  III. 
 From  the  latt«-r  place  he  removed  to  Hays  City, 
 Kansius,  where  he  is  at  pri-sent  engaged  aa  stated 
 supply  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  .\s  a  l)reaeher. 
 Dr.  (ierrish  is  clear,  logical  aiul  )>rol'ound,  always 
 elucidating  his  subject  fully.  Well  acquainted  with 
 Church  government  and  ecclesiastical  law.  his  opin- 
 ions liavi'  great  weight  with  tho.se  who  know  him 
 best.  .\s  a  ]Ktstor  he  has  watche<I  and  led  his  thnk. 
 endearing  him.self  to  his  i«'ople.  cheerfully  .sjicrilicing 
 his  own  prcfcrenci's  and  feelings  when  tlie  cau.se  of 
 Christ  and  the  interests  of  the  Church  re<|uire<I  such 
 sacrijic<'.  His  ministerial  career  has  been  that  of  a 
 faithful  .servant  of  the  I.,ord. 
 
 Gibson,  Rev.  Joseph  T.,  was  bom  February' 
 \'M\\.  I"'!!,  in  .IclVcrson  cnunty,  I'a.  He  gniduated 
 at  Washington  and  .IclVcrson  Colh'gc,  in  the  cla.vs  of 
 l'*!!!!.  During  the  next  two  years  he  was  .SNU|H'rint4-nd- 
 ■■nt  of  Public  Sch<M>ls  of  Indiana  county,  I'a.,  and  at 
 the  same  timi>  !»•  pnisecuted  tbi-  course  of  study  pre- 
 (htiImiI  by  the  Wi-sti-rn  Theological  Seminary.  Huv-  ' 
 ing  graduated  from  that  Institution  in  the  Spring  of 
 1"<72.  he  aw-epted  a  call  to  tJovane  Clui|Md,  I'n-sbyfery 
 of  Italtimore,  wheri>  he  ilid  remarkably  giKsl  s<-rviee 
 for  eight  yi-ars.  From  Italtinmre  rresbyli-ry  he  w:is 
 dismissed  to  the  Presbytery  of  .\lleghi-ny.  that  he 
 might  accept  a  I'all  to  the  Church  of  Sharpsburg.  Pa., 
 his  jiri-sent  chargi'. 
 
 Mr.  Cibsiiii  isagi'ntlemanof  fnink  manners,  modest 
 carriage  and  magnanimous  diN|Hisition.     He  preaches 
 
 lull    willi  Mr    «illli)Ul  UOtCS.       II'-    is  1H«t  content   With 
 
 snrfhct  truth,  but  works  down  to  the  bottom  facts, 
 and  ])uts  them  before  hisaudience  in  a  masterly  style, 
 progr<-.-ising,  without  a  break  or  latenil  de\  iation,  tothe 
 end  of  his  ilisoourse.  As  a  piLstor,  he  looks  well  to 
 his  flwk,  and  di.splays,  in  the  managi'ment  of  alTairs, 
 executive  ability  of  a  high  ordi-r. 
 
 There  are  I'ew  abler  Pn-.sbyters  than  Mr.  (Jilisim. 
 To  his  knowledge  of  the  form  of  gmernment.  the 
 decisions  of  the  (ienenil  .Assembly,  and  of  ecclcsi;i.s- 
 tical  polity,  he  adds  a  ready  wit,  courage  of  opinion, 
 and  |M-rsu;Lsive  spe<-ch.  which  give  him  great  inllu.eiice 
 in  (lililM'rative  asseniblics. 
 
 Gibson,  William  J.,  D.  D.,  wsis  born  Augtist 
 •22<1.  ISKI,  in  Kyegtite,  Vt.  He  graduated  at  .lellcrsoii 
 College.  Pennsylvania,  in  182(J.  After  teaching  for  a 
 time,  and  having  studied  theology  privat<-ly  for  two 
 years  i)rcviously,  under  the  care  of  the  Kefornu-d 
 (Covenanter)  Presbytery,  he  changeil  his  church  rela- 
 tions in  1H;{0,  and  wxs  licen.sed  to  preach  the  gos|K-l 
 by  the  Old  Presb>-tery  of  Phihwlclpliia,  Oetot>i-r  :W)th, 
 16:J1.  Soon  after  he  received  a  c^ill  to  the  Ninth 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Philadelphia,  which  had  just 
 been  vacated  by  the  IndejK'ndent  Presltvterian  Chun-h, 
 Rev.  .lohn  ChamlHTs,  pxstor,  and  w;us  installed  its 
 pastor  Fibruarv .7th.  K!"J.  In  this  church  he  i-<m- 
 tinued  his  ministry  until  the  Spring  of  IS'W.  He 
 became  pxstor  of  the  Church  in  Hollidaysburg.  I'a., 
 in  .\i)ril.  IKMI.  In  Hll  he  was  called  to  the  Cnion 
 Cluirch,  Philadi'lpliia.  The  following  year  he  was 
 called  to  Williamsburg,  and  while  jKistor  there  he 
 su])|)lied  Martinsburg,  until  called  for  half  his  tirao 
 to  Sinking  Valley.  Alter  a  prosperous  pivst<irate  of 
 some  years  in  this  field,  he  was  called,  in  K>'2,  to 
 Lick  Hun,  at  .laeksimville.  Centre  county,  then  a 
 large,  stnmg  church.  Here  he  continui'd  until  tK't4H 
 her.  Hdl.  He  subse(|uently  supplicil  the  churclii'S 
 of  Pine  (Jrove  and  Duniansvillc.  and  finally  iKH'ame 
 IKistor  of  the  ehurehes  of  Martinsburg  and  Duiicans- 
 ville,  which  he  continuetl  to  serve  until  incrcusing 
 blindness  and  growing  infirmity  eomiH'lle<l  his  retire- 
 ment from  the  active  ministry.      He  died  in  IHKl. 
 
 Dr.  Cibson  w:us  highly  appr<i'iat«Hl  its  a  minister  of 
 the  gos]Hl  and  |irol'iiuiid  theologian.  He  was  a  faith- 
 ful and  fearless  adviH'ate  of  sound  doctrine.  He  was 
 also  a  gcMiil  Presbyter,  well  vcrsisl  in  I'n'sbvterial  law 
 and  iiiiidcs  of  ]iriH'e<liiri-.  His  interest  in  all  n'ligioiis 
 <Iiii'stioiis  and  work  was  unabated  to  the  hkst.  .\s  an 
 author  he  wrote  much  and  powerl'ully  for  the  press, 
 and  has  left  iMdiind  a  printetl  deUito  on  Itaptism, 
 .showing  gri'at  skill  and  dee|>  n'.sean'h.  anil  a  history 
 of  Huntingdon  Presbvt<'ry,  with  s<-veral  biogmphic:il 
 sketches  of  its  diK-ciised  memlM'rs,  iHitli  cb-rical 
 and  lay. 
 
 GiddlnpTS,  Rev.  Salmon,  A.  M.,  was  the  failn-r 
 of  Prisbyleriani»iu  in  a  pnrlinn  of  Illinois  lying  ICiisf 
 iiftlie  Father  of  WatiTs.  In  Disi'inlsT,  HLV  he  wjLS 
 commissiimcd  by  the^'onnecticiit  .Missionary  .Six-iety 
 to  lalior  in  the  western  country,  |Kirticiilarly  St.  I..oiii.H. 
 He  came  to  that  city  im  horselwek.  that  s;ime  Winter, 
 
GIGEB. 
 
 9M7-, 
 
 GILBREATH. 
 
 preaching  often  while  passing  through  the  destitute 
 settlements.  The  people  wire  liosjiitable,  fed  his 
 hoisi-  and  made  liim  wcleome.  I le  slept  in  their  log 
 eahins,  ])artook  of  their  jjlain  fare,  prayed  in  their 
 families  and  talked  to  their  children.  He  reaehe<l 
 ."^t.  Louis.  April  (ith,  I-^IG,  and  at  ouee  entered  iiptm 
 his  labors  on  both  sides  of  the  river.  He  priK'eeded 
 to  organize  Presbyterian  ehurehes,  and  as  soon  as 
 l«)ssible  united  with  three  others  in  forming  a  Pres- 
 byter}'. Mr.  Gid<lings  labored  in  St.  Louis  for  more 
 than  six  years  without  a  house  of  worship,  constantly 
 calling  upon  the  people  to  rise  up  and  build.  At 
 length  this  object  was  accomplished,  and  in  .Tune, 
 182.5,  the  first  Presbyterian  Church  liuilding  in  St. 
 Louis  was  dedicated.  On  Sabbath,  November  !)th, 
 182(),  Mr.  Giddings  was  installcil  pastor  of  the  con- 
 gregation. Hi!  died  in  St.  Louis.  February  1st,  1828, 
 and  the  remains  were  dejjosited  in  a  vault  beneath 
 the  pulpit. 
 
 In  due  time  a  marble  tablet  was  ])lae<rl  in  the  wall, 
 with  this  in.scription: — 
 
 IX    MEMORY    OF 
 
 REV.  S.VLMOS  GIDDINGS,  .\.  M., 
 Kirtl  Pivtliir  af  the  First  Prfsliyleriitii  Church  in  St.Louix, 
 He  was  iHjrn  in  Connecticut,  March  3, 17S2 ;  tn-canie  a  memtier  of  the 
 t'hnrch  of  Christ  ISOT ;  waa  a  graduate  of  Williamstowu  College, 
 3Iaj4^.,and  a  student  at  .\ndorer  Theological  Seminary;  wa^ 
 ordained  to  the  Gospel  Ministry  1814;  arri%'ed  in  Mis- 
 souri as  the  First  Protestant  Missionary,  I81.[>;  or- 
 j^uized  the  First  Presbyterian  Ciinrch  in  St. 
 Louis,  Xov.  !.'>,  1S17;  died  in  the  assurance 
 of  a  ji>yful  resurrection,  Feb.  1,  182S, 
 ageil  ir,  years.  10  months,  28  days. 
 As  a  man,  he  was  kind,  prudent 
 and  decisive;  as  a  Christian,  he 
 wa.s  pious,  cheerful  and  pray- 
 erful ;  a«  a  minister,  meek, 
 laborious  and  persever- 
 ing. Ui-^  body  moulders 
 in  its  vault  under  this 
 bouse   of  worship, 
 which  his   labors 
 contributed    to 
 erect.  His  spirit 
 haa  gone  to  re- 
 ceive its  re- 
 wanl. 
 "Well  done,  good  and  faithful  servant." 
 
 T\nien,  in  18,53,  the  edifice  w;is  pulled  down,  that 
 vault  was  opened.  A  few  bones,  cle;in  and  bare,  were 
 all  that  renuiined,  .save  a  small  residuum  of  dark, 
 damp  dust.  The  relies  were  disinterred  and  placed 
 in  a  copper  urn  in  a  cemetery  vault,  and,  when  the 
 new  edifice  w;is  dedicated,  deposited  a.uain  beneath 
 the  pulpit. 
 
 Giger,  George  Mus^rave,  D.D.,  was  born  in 
 Phihidiliihia.  l';i..  .Uine  (itli,  1*22;  graduated  at 
 Princeton  College,  with  hiiih  honors,  in  1841;  .studied 
 theology  at  Princeton  Seniin;iry:  was  licensed  bv 
 Baltimore  Presbytery,  in  1.S44;  and  in  1860  was' 
 ordained  by  New  Brunswick  Presbj-tery.  Soon  after 
 liuishing  his  theologiciil  course  he  w;us  chosen  Tutor 
 in  Princeton  College:  in  1846  he  was  elected  Adjunct 
 Professor  of  Cireek.  and    in    18.54.   Profes.sor  of  the 
 
 Latin  Language  and  Literature,  which  chair  he  held 
 till  1865,  when  declining  lu'alth  compelled  him  to 
 resign.  He  died,  October  11th,  1865.  Dr.  Giger  wa.s 
 ardently  attached  to  the  interests  of  the  College 
 with  which  he  was  so  long  eonueeted.  He  bequeathed 
 to  it  his  library,  and  in:iile  it  a  residu;iry  leg;itee  to 
 the  amount  of  thirty  thousand  dollars.  He  was  a 
 faithful  man — never  preferred  policy  to  duty — never 
 made  a  compromise  with  conscience.  As  an  instructor 
 he  was  eminently  successful.  He  was  public-spirited 
 as  a  citizen.  His  efforts  in  the  cause  of  ednaition, 
 his  .self-den.Wng  labors  in  behalf  of  the  colored  peo- 
 ple, for  w  hom  he  preached  in  Withers])oon  Church, 
 in  Princeton,  iind  his  uprightness  and  fidelity  in  all 
 relations,  won  him  w:inii  rei;ar(l. 
 
 Gilbert,  Eliphalet  Wheeler,  D.  D.,  was  born 
 in  Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  December  19th,  1793.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Union  College,  in  1813,  and  was  ordained  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Newcastle,  May  20th,  1818.  Soon 
 after  his  licensure  he  became  pastor  of  the  Second 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Wilmington,  Del.  There  he 
 remained  until  1834,  during  which  year  he  accepted 
 the  presidency  of  Delaware  College.  He  returned, 
 however,  to  Wilmington  in  the  following  year,  in 
 obedience  to  the  call  of  the  Hanover  Street  Church. 
 In  1841  he  became  once  more  President  of  Delaware 
 College,  and  retained  this  office  until  1847,  when 
 he  accepted  a  call  from  the  Western  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Philadelphia.  Here  he  remained  until  his 
 death,  in  1853. 
 
 Dr.  Gilbert  was  a  man  of  clear  mind  and  of  decided 
 \-iews;  skilled  as  a  controversialist,  yet  with  such 
 courtesy  to  his  opponents,  that  when  the  jou.st  was 
 over  they  were  among  the  first  to  sit  down  in  his 
 tent.  He  was  "mighty  in  the  Scriptures,"  and 
 .studied  them  with  constaut  care.  His  effort  as  a 
 preacher  was  to  set  forth  the  truth  in  strong,  sharp 
 outlines,  yet  these  outlines  were  often  illuminated 
 and  tinted  by  vivid  lights  juul  touches.  He  w;us  an 
 omnivorous  reader,  and  drew  knowledge  and  illus- 
 tnitiim  Irom  every  available  source.  In  the  discussion 
 of  theological  qiu'stions  he  charmed  his  he;irers  bj' 
 crystalline  st:itements,  ai-nte  distinctions,  and  the 
 pla.vf  ul  radi;ince  which  he  threw  over  all.  His  life 
 ran  into  that  of  the  Church  at  large,  like  a  clear, 
 bright  stream,  whose  qualities  were  only  diffused,  . 
 not  lost,  after  the  stream  liad  cea.sed  to  flow. 
 
 Gilbreath,  Rev.  John  Naylor,  son  of  James 
 and  Jane  (X;iylor)  Gilbreath,  was  born  in  I\hea  county, 
 Tenn.,  SeptemlxT  1st,  1811.  He  was  gr;idiuited  fiom 
 Greene\ille  College,  Greene  county,  E;ist  Tennessee, 
 183.5,  and  immediately  afterw;irds  entered  Princeton 
 Seminary,  where  he  w:us  regularly  gr;uluated  in  Sep- 
 tember, 1840.  He  w;is  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Brunswick,  AngiLst  5th,  1840,  and  was  ordained 
 by  the  Presbrtery  of  St.  Louis,  at  Potosi,  Mo.,  April 
 4th.  1841.  From  1841-42  he  served  the  Church  at 
 Des  Peres,  Mo.,  as  stated  supply,  <hen  accepted  a  call 
 to  the  two  churches  of  Des  Peres  and  Bonhomme,  and 
 
GILCHRIST. 
 
 2l!(i 
 
 CILLAM. 
 
 was  iiistalle<l  over  Ronhomme  Churob,  October  2d, 
 1HJ2,  aiul  ovt-r  Dos  Peres  Cluireh,  November  27th, 
 1H42.  lie  wiis  relejisetl  from  Boiihoiiiiiu;  C'hureli,  Jiuiu- 
 nry  'M\,  1S40,  and  from  Den  Peres  Clnirrh,. April  21st, 
 1>'I!».  Ill  Oetol>er,  IHMy,  be  established  and  Ix-came 
 l>riiu-ipal  of  the  I)es  Perc-s  Institute,  a  jHwition  be 
 siu-i-essfiilly  occupied  until  l'*!!!,  at  tlie  s;niie  time, 
 dnrin};  all  these  years  ami  until  !'«;■',  supi>lyinfi.  most 
 of  the  tinu',  the  Des  Peres  Church,  lie  then  lalM)red 
 almnt  four  years,  I'TJ!)-?:},  lus  a  nii.ssionary  in  the 
 southwestern  part  of  .Mi.s.souri;  sul>sec|U<-ntly  sujiplied 
 Nevrport  Church  two  year.s,  1^74-7t);  then  the  Church 
 at  Wasbinjj^on,  Mo.,  one  yeiir,  1876-7,  and  the  Joa- 
 chin  Church  one  year,  1877-'^.  He  then  arr-.iin  became 
 stated  supply  to  Des  Peres  Church,  and  continued 
 there  to  the  end  of  his  lile.  He  died,  March  7th, 
 1881.  Mr.  (Ulbreath  was  a  ^immI  man,  a  genial  com- 
 panion, a  warm  frieiul,  a  zealous  laborer  in  the  work 
 of  the  ministry,  a  staunch  ujiholder  of  soviud  doe- 
 trine,  unsparing  of  his  means  and  etlbr'ts  for  advanc- 
 ing the  cause  of  Christ. 
 
 Gilchrist,  Rev.  Adam,  was  born  in  Charleston, 
 S.  C,  April  loth,  180().  He  graduated  at  Dickinson 
 College,  Ciirlisle,  Pa.,  in  182.">;  stiulied  theologj-  at 
 Princeton,  X.  J.,  an<l  was  licensed  by  New  Brunswick 
 Presbytery  in  1830.  The  following  year  he  Was 
 onlaiued  and  installed  by  Charleston  Presbytery  as 
 pastor  of  the  Churih  in  Walterlwro,  .S.  C  Here  he 
 laliori'd  earnestly  and  faithfully,  when  he  accepted  a 
 call  to  the  Church  in  Payetteville,  X.  C,  and  was  in- 
 stalled its  piustor  in  March,  1841.  Here  it  was  that  his 
 life-work  was  accompli.shed.  He  was  a  faithful  p:istor 
 and  a  kind  counsellor.  Hishumility,  purity  and  ex- 
 altcil  jiiety  won  for  him  the  alVection  and  esteem  of  all 
 with  whom  he  a.s.s(xMated.     He  dii'd,  March  27tli,  I^lil. 
 
 Gildersleeve,  Rev.  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  wxs 
 born  near  Norwalk,  Conn.,  .buuiary  5th,  17!tl. 
 Whilst  in  charge  of  a  s<'hool  at  tlreen's  Farn\,  Conn., 
 he  \v:is  hopefully  eonvert<'<l,  and  united  with  the 
 Church.  He  graduated  at  Middleb\iry  College,  Vt., 
 in  181-1,  and,  alter  teaching  in  (ieorgia,  enterisl 
 Princeton  Seminary  in  X^^M,  n-niaining  there  a  little 
 over  a  year.  For  a  time  he  was  editor  of  "'The  ifin- 
 ulimitry."  In  1^20  be  In-came  editor  of  "  The  Chnx- 
 liiin  OliKirrrr,''  which  ]M)st  be  held  tnitil  li^-l."},  when 
 he  reniovi'd  to  Kiehmond,  Va.,  wlieri'  he  was  sole 
 editor  of  "  7'/i<'  irii/<7iHi<i/i  iinil  Olimrnr,"  until  18."i(i, 
 andaftertbat,  until  I8(i0,  wiisa.s,s<K-iat*-»l  with  the  Kev, 
 M<>se«  1).  Hoge,  Ii.I>.,uiid  the  Ifev.  Tbonnis  V.  Moore. 
 I>.l>.,  iw  editor  of  "  The  Central  I'reiJii/tiTian."  Dur- 
 ing bis  ri-sidence  in  that  city  be  preached  wherever  j 
 he  found  an  op<'n  diMir,  es]M'ci»lly  in  the  Virginia 
 Penitentiary,  where  his  hilxirs  were'  greatly  bless«-d. 
 In  advanoxl  life  be  li>st  his  sight,  but  continued  bis 
 minislry  long  after  his  vision  was  enlinOy  pim-.  He 
 died  at  the  resiilenii' of  bis  stm.  Dr.  .1.  K".  (iildersli'eve, 
 Tawwell  county,  Va.,  .luni- 20th,  IkT.'),  in  bis  eigbty- 
 liltb  year,  liiiving,  i-sjMM-ially  in  the  n'giou  where  be 
 s|M-nt  bis  later  years,  a  fnignint  memory. 
 
 G-ill,  Rev.  "William  Hugh,  is  a  native  of  Ire- 
 land. He  was  iHirn  in  County  l>own.  February  27th, 
 1841.  He  graduated  at  Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  iu 
 18<>4,  and  jnirsued  his  theological  studies  at  the 
 seminaries  of  Alleglieny  and  Prin<'eton.  Onlained 
 by  the  Preslntery  of  Klairsville,  .lune  2()tli,  lK(i7,  he 
 was  iKistor  at  ( Ireensbiirg,  Pa.,  l8()7-70:  pastor-elect 
 of  the  .>;i.\tb  .street  Church.  St.  .Ios<>pli.  .Mo..  1S7IV-72; 
 pastor  of  the  Central  Churi'b.  .Vllegbeny,  Pa.,  l''72-7'<; 
 and  in  1h7-<  was  installed  over  the  Church  at  Wi-st- 
 liehl,  N.  .1.  He  resides  at  ])re.sent  at  tireensburg. 
 He  is  a  jireacher  of  ability,  and  earnest  iu  the 
 Master's  work. 
 
 Gill,  Rev.  "William  John,  the  son  of  .lames  and 
 .Mary  lEdgjirl  (iill,  was  liorn.  .March  2(>th.  KUl.  in 
 CJiunty  Do^^^l,  Ireland,  .\fter  the  usnal  prc'panitioii.  he 
 entered  the  college  at  Ik-lfast,  when  not  (|uite  sixteen 
 .vears  of  age,  and  having  comideted  the  re<|uired  six 
 yi-iirs'  cours>-  of  study,  including  tbeologv-.  was 
 lieen.sed  by  the  Dowii  Presbytery.  alKuit  l^.'y-i.  Hav- 
 ing J>reacbed  :U5  a  licentiate,  under  Presbyterial  direc- 
 tion, with  much  success,  he  was  or<laine<l  and 
 installed  over  the  Church  of  Lismore,  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Cork.  Providential  circumstances  luiving 
 led  him  to  Scollund.  be  atteniled  medical  lectunw  in 
 (ria.sgow  t'or  M'venil  months,  and  actvpt**d.  for  a  .vear, 
 the  iH)sition  of  Secn-tary  of  the  Wi-st  Ctuist  Missicm, 
 which,  by  bis  efforts,  was  established  on  a  M-cun- 
 basis.  His  si-conil  jiastond  elmrgewas  a  congreg-.ition 
 of  the  Free  Church  of  Scotland,  on  the  Isle  of  Hute, 
 whence  he  was  called  to  the  Presbyterian  Chun'h  of 
 Salford  I  Manchester),  England,  over  which  he  Wiis  in- 
 .stalled.  March,  I  >'ti.\.  Coming  to  .Vmerica,  for  a  vat-at  ion 
 trip,  in  ls7l.  he  was  called  to  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Des  Moines,  Iowa.  This  call  was  accepted, 
 and  the  pa.storate  continued  until  l"^!',  when  be  was 
 called  to  the  Westminster  Pn-.sbyterian  Church,  15id- 
 timore,  Md,,  his  prcsiMit  charge  (188;{|.  Mr.  tiill's 
 pustond  lalwrs  have  Ixfu  gn-atly  blessed.  He  has 
 ever  been  generously  unseltisb  in  aiding  wirak 
 churches.  As  a  preacher  be  has  a  vivid  i-oneepllon 
 of  his  subject,  great  coniniaud  of  language,  and  an 
 earnest,  symiKilhizing  manner.  In  his  .sermons  the 
 great  (hictrinesof  the  Word  of  UimI,  and  the  privili-gi-s 
 and  <luties  n-sulting  from  them,  are  enfon'cd  by 
 arguments  and  illustrjitions  dniwn  l"niiu  that  Divine 
 simrci',  and  iVum  vast  stores  of  human  learning. 
 
 Gillam,  Rev.  Jeremiah  C,  was  Uirn  Novem- 
 lier  30tli,  l«2(i,  at  Pett'r's  Creek,  Allegheny  county, 
 Pa.  He  gniduated  at  .lefferson  Colleg>',  in  IKVi. 
 After  gnuliiating  be  »|X'nt  three  years  in  the  Tlui>- 
 logical  .Seminary  at  .MU'gbeny.  and  was  li<-eu.s«'<l  to 
 pri'acli  the  gos|H'l  by  tln'  Pn-sbytery  of  CoslnM-ton.  in 
 .\pril,  IK")!!,  at  MilliTsburg,  Ohio.  He  si-eius  to  have 
 Ijeen  an  exception  to  tlii'  proverb,  "  .\  propbi't  is  not 
 without  honor,  save  in  his  own  country."'  lor  he  ban 
 Imi'Ii  pn'acbing  in  the  neigbliorbiKMl  of  his  early  home 
 all  his  lit'e.  His  tirst  ]iiLstoRd.  cluirge  was  .Mount 
 I'jiton,  where  be  remained  from  1K'»!I  t.>  1^;^       Miir- 
 
GILL  AND. 
 
 207 
 
 GIL3LIX. 
 
 ing  this  pijstoratc  lie  also  conducted  a  select  English 
 and  Classical  schoul,  at  Berlin,  Ohio,  called  Berlin 
 Institute.  After  leaving  this  charge  he  preached  to 
 the  churches  of  Shreve  and  Ilonicsville,  .is  stated 
 sujjply,  for  three  years,  adding  greatly  to  their  pros- 
 perity. He  was  then  called  to  the  churches  of  Canal, 
 Fulton  and  Marsliallvillc,  where  he  remained  over 
 seven  years,  doing  a  good  work.  He  is  at  present 
 pastor  elect  and  stated  supply  at  Mt.  Eaton,  where 
 his  work  has  lieen  greatly  hles.sed.  He  is  an  accejJt^ 
 ahle  preacher,  and  an  excellent  and  useful  man  in 
 the  ministry. 
 
 Gilland,  Rev.  James  "Wesley,  is  the  fourth  of 
 si.\  .sons  (if  Thomas  ami  Susan  iConradI  (Jilland,  and 
 was  horn  in  Antrim  township,  Franklin  county.  Pa., 
 November  21tli,  1H."):J.  Having  gra<luated  at  Lafay- 
 ette College,  Eiiston,  Pa.,  in  .June,  1877,  he  entered 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York,  in  Septem- 
 ber of  the  same  year,  where  he  completed  the  course 
 of  study  in  May,  1)^80.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
 by  the  Cla.ssis  of  Eiust  Pennsylvania,  Kefornied  (Ger- 
 man) Church,  which  met  .at  Easton,  Pa.,  Jlay  '.Joth, 
 of  the  ,s;ime  ycir.  \V;is  received  under  the  care  of 
 Carlisle  Presbytery  as  a  licentiate  from  thi'  Reformed 
 Ciiurch  in  the  United  .States  the  following  October. 
 Received  and  accepted  a  call  from  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  at  Duneannon,  Pa.,  January  9th,  1881,  when 
 he  was  ordained  and  installed  the  following  June. 
 His  brief  pastorate  has  been  gri'atly  bles.sed. 
 
 Gillespie,  Rev.  George,  .w  as  born  in  1683,  in  the 
 to>vn  of  Ghusgow,  and  educated  in  the  University 
 there.  He  w:us  licensed  by  Glasgow  Pn'sbyti-ry,  early 
 in  1712,  and  came  to  New  l^ngland  in  the  Spring. 
 He  first  settled  at  Woodbridge.  He  was  ordained 
 May  28th,  17115,  having  received  a  call  from  the 
 people  of  White  Clay  Creek.  Ked  Clay,  Lower 
 Brandywine  and  Elk  River,  besides  White  Clay, 
 seem  to  have  formed  his  charge  for  several  years. 
 He  is  said  to  have  org.mized  the  congrcg;ition  of  the 
 Head  of  Christiana,  and  he  served  it  till  his  death, 
 which  occiurcd  .lunuary  2d,  17(iO.  Mr.  Gillespie  was 
 zealous  for  the  interests  of  the  Church,  and  was  re- 
 markably punctual  in  attendance  on  Presl)\-tery  and 
 Synod.  Mr.  Alison,  who  knew  him,  called  him  "  that 
 pious  saint  of  God.'' 
 
 Gilliam,  Marshall  M. ,  was  born  in  Buckingham 
 county,  Virginia,  on  the  10th  day  of  December,  1843, 
 of  Presbyterian  parents.  He  came,  on  his  father's 
 side,  of  an  old  Huguenot  family,  whose  ancestor  was 
 an  early  settler  in  the  State.  His  mother  was  a 
 daught<T  of  Kenjamin  Marshall,  of  Virginia.  He 
 entered  the  Junior  Class  at  llaiup(len-.sidney  College, 
 in  his  fourti'cnth  year,  and  graduated  with  distinc- 
 tion, in  the  entiri'  curriculum  of  that  Institution,  at 
 fifteen  and  a  half  years  of  age.  While  a  student  at 
 college  he  made  a  profession  of  his  faith  in  Christ 
 and  became  a  member  of  the  Presbj-terian  Church. 
 He  entered  the  Cnivei-sity  of  Virginia  as  a  student 
 in  the  .ae;idemie  and  law  departments.     He  was  one 
 
 I 
 of  the  first  graduates  in  the  Law  CKoss  of  1867.    While 
 
 at  the  Univci-sity  he  united  with  Profe.s.sor  Minor  in 
 
 some  religious  work  among  the  colored  iieoplc  in  that 
 
 vicinity.      He  came  to  Richmond,  Va.,  in  1868,  and 
 
 entered   the    legal    profession,  and   has   been  clo.sely 
 
 engaged  in  the  ])raetice  of  law  since  that  time.     He 
 
 has  been   an  active  worker  in  Sabbath  schools  the 
 
 greater  part  of  his  life,  and  h.os  been  superintendent 
 
 I  of  the  S.abbath  School  of  the  Second  Presbj-terian 
 Church  of  Kichmond,  for  the  hist  fourteen  years.  He 
 is  a  ruling  elder  of  that  Church,  to  which  office  he 
 was  eleet<'<l  in  IhT.j.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the 
 Committee  of  Pulilieation  since  1879. 
 Gilliland,  Rev.  James,  a  .son  of  Alexander  and 
 
 ■  Frances  Gilliland,  wiusborn  in  Lincoln  county,  X.  C, 
 October  28th,  1769.  He  graduated  at  Dickiason 
 College,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  in  1792,  and  prosecuted  his 
 theological  studies,  partly,  at  least,  under  the  direc- 
 tion of  the  Rev.  William  C.  Davies,  of  South  Carolina. 
 He  was  lieen.sed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 South  C'ar6lina,  September  26th,  1794,  and  was 
 ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  tin;  Bro.adway  con- 
 gregation   in    179(;.       H<;    retained    his    connection 
 
 '  with  this  congregation  a  little  less  than  eight 
 years,  and  both  his  character  and  ministrations 
 were  highly  appreciated.  He  resigned  this  charge, 
 April  4th,  1804,  and  in  180.5  settled  in  Red  Oak, 
 Brown  county,  O.,  where  he  remained  till  the  close 
 of  liis  life,  Februaiy  1st,  184,5.  Mr.  GUlUand  was  of 
 a  social,  cheerful  disposition.  He  was  a  very  humble 
 and  modest  man.  Self  nothing,  Christ  all  in  all, 
 seemed  to  be  his  motto.  On  the  plain  head-stone 
 that  marks  his  grave,  the  only  memorial,  by  his  own 
 
 request,  is,  "James  Gilliland,  Bom ,  Died ." 
 
 His  sermons  were  clear,  practical,  experimental,  in- 
 
 structive, and  often  strikingly  original.  But  that 
 which  imparted  the  richest  liLstre  to  all  his  powers 
 was  his  sincere,  heartfelt  godliness.  He  was  an  emi- 
 nently devout  and  experimental  Christian. 
 
 Gihnan,  Winthrop  S.,  was  for  many  y<ars 
 an  elder  of  the  I'rcsbyterian  Church  of  Alton,  111. 
 He  now  resides,  in  advanced  years,  at  Hey  Ho,  New 
 York.  His  pastor  at  Alton,  Rev.  A.  T.  Norton,  d.d. 
 bears  this  testimony  of  him:  "His  name  is  associated 
 with  every  public  or  private  enterprise,  in  the  early 
 history  of  the  church.  Passessing  a  delicacy  of  feel- 
 ing, a  refinement  of  manner  almost  feminine,  he 
 was  yet  «ver  true  to  his  convictions  and  lirm  in 
 manly  purpose.  Broad  and  liberal  in  his  views,  yet 
 ever  guided  by  principles  so  fixed  that  all  knew 
 where  to  find  him.  Generous,  even  to  the  Scripture 
 rule,  in  his  Ijenevolences,  yet  so  silent  and  unobtru- 
 sive that  few  know  their  extent  or  variety.  No  good 
 cause  ever  failed  of  his  sympathy  or  of  material  aid 
 to  the  extent  of  his  ability.  Occupied  through  a 
 long  life  by  the  demands  of  a  large  business,  yet  so 
 sy.steraatic  that  he  found  time,  not  only  for  church 
 and  public  duties,  but  for  so  thorough  and  general 
 reading  that  few  are  more  familiar,  not  onlv  with  the 
 
(ILKS. 
 
 •n-^ 
 
 OOItFREY. 
 
 best  cum-nt  litfratiirr,  liiit  willi  lliat  nl'  ]i:Lst  times, 
 or  possfss  a  truer  love  lor  it.  In  short,  (vw  are  so 
 will  ciititli'il  to  tlif  iiiiine  of"  a  Christian  t:<-ntli-inan. 
 Ilr  is  one  of  Ihr  hist  and  most  inllui-ntial  chh-rs  the 
 I'reshj-terian  Church  in  tiie  United  Stales  ha.s  ever 
 had."  Mr.  Oilman  was  chairman  of  the  A.s.senihly'.? 
 Committee  whieli  carried  to  a  sueeessfnl  if)ni])h'tion 
 the  maKnilicent  |)roject  of  a  memorial  re-union  fund 
 of  tivi>  million  dollars. 
 
 Glen,  Rev.  "William  Ren-wick,  was  Ijom  in 
 (ila.s;;ow,  Srotlanil,  Januarj'  I'ith,  Isil'J,  and  came  to 
 the  United  States  at  an  early  a^e.  lie  w:us  prepared 
 for  coUejJCe  at  the  liud.son  Uiver  Seminary,  Stockport, 
 N.  Y.,  and  Burr  Seminary,  Vt.,  hut  never  graduated 
 at  any  college.  IIe,gniduated  at  IVinceton  Si'minarj- 
 in  IrtlS,  w;ts  licen-sed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Nr)rth 
 Kiver,  A])ril  21st,  1847,  and,  supported  in  full  by 
 the  late  Francis  N.  Buck,  Esii.,  of  Philadelphia, 
 labored  iw  a  missionary  to  the  coal  miners  of  Schuyl- 
 kill and  adjacent  counties,  Pa.,  lH-l7-o2.  He  was 
 pastor  of  the  Church  at  Tamaiiiu,  Pa.,' from  .Tune 
 9th,  \V)\>,  until  Augn.st  12th,  IKIfi;  of  German  Val- 
 ley Church,  X.  ,J.,  from  October  17th,  \<tti  until 
 January  llUh,  ISO"*,  and  pastor  elect  at  Uloomington, 
 111.,  from  .January  20th,  IsilW,  until  installed,  July 
 Uth,  !■<(>!),  which  relation  wa-s-dissolved  after  the 
 Heunion,  Ajjril  5lh,  ]S71.  Hi' then  .served  theChurch 
 at  Ileywortb,  111.,  from  A])ril  5th,  1"'71,  until  July 
 1st,  lri72.  From  July  l.st,  1872,  to  January  1st, 
 1H7:5,  he  laljorcd  a-s  a  missionary  to  the  fe<ble  and 
 vacant  churches  of  lUoomington.  He  was  installed 
 pastor  of  the  church  at  Monticello,  111.,  June  loth, 
 187:{,  and,  on  account  of  impaired  health,  resigned 
 the  cliiirge.  May  1st,  1875.  He  died  March  31st, 
 1880.  Mr.  Glen  wxs  a  man  of  a  tender,  true  ami  alVec- 
 tionat<!  nature,  of  deep  and  fervent  liicty,  jirayerful, 
 conscicntiou.s,  industrious,  an  untiring  worker,  wear- 
 ing himself  out  for  Christ,  always  keeping  in  view, 
 as  bis  great  aim,  the  salvation  of  soul.s. 
 
 Q-lendy,  Dr.  Jolin,  w;is  \mrn  in  Londonderry,  in 
 the  north  of  Ireland,  June  21th,  17.">."i.  Exiled  by 
 the  ISritish  Goverimii'iit  for  suppo.s<-d  complicity  with 
 the  Iri.sh  KebcUion,  he  found  an  lusylum  in  America. 
 .Vfter  ])reaching  in  Virginia  for  two  years  very  accept- 
 ably, he  was  called,  in  HOlt,  to  the  Second  Church  in 
 Ualtimore,  expre.-isly  formed  for  him  by  his  admiri-rs. 
 He  served  as  Chaplain  to  Congress  in  iMMi,  Hl.'i  and 
 Hl(>.  His  growing  inlirmities  led  to  the.s<'ltlement  of 
 Dr.  .lobn  Itrcckenridge  as  associate  |iastor  in  l^JO, 
 and  linally  conii)elle<l  him  to  n-sign  entirely.  He 
 dieil  in  Philiulelphia,  (X-tober  4tb,  1832,  aged  seventy- 
 seven. 
 
 Dr.  Olendy's  style  resembled  that  of  his  fellow- 
 countrymen,  Carrau  and  Phillips.  It  was  a  torn-nt 
 of  eloi|Uent  dei'lamation.  He  fast-inated  his  audien<-e 
 luid  cinimandcd  tliiir  rapt  attention  by  his  grjicofnl, 
 ornate  and  tliient  rlielorie.  Hewasneat  in  bis  dress, 
 and  witrehis  haireurled  and  |><>wdertil.  IlismanniT* 
 were  cimrtly,  anil  he  was  prol'use  in  the  lani.'u:ii:c  of 
 
 com]>liment.  Though  not  deficient  in  orthotloxy, 
 his  i)reaching  wiis  not  calcuUiteil  to  awaken  sinners 
 or  to  ]iromote  revivals.  The  only  jiroduction  of  his 
 l>en  was  an  "Oration  on  the  Death  of  General  Wash- 
 ington." 
 
 Glover,  Rev.  "William,  was  born  of  stunly 
 Scotch  ancestry,  in  KdinlM>ro',  April  Oth,  IHl.'i.  HLs 
 early  religious  training  laid  the  foundation  for  u  ster- 
 ling and  symmetrical  ClirLstian  character.  In  18:52 
 he  emigrated  with  his  parents  to  Canada,  where  he 
 learned  the  miller's  trade.  At  the  age  of  twenty- 
 .seven,  be  was  brought  to  make  a  public  confession  of 
 Christ,  and  he  soon  l)i>gan  a  life  of  Christian  activity 
 and  ii.sefiilne.ss.  At  the  age  of  forty-four  he  was  or- 
 dained an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Petcr- 
 boro',  Canada,  and  for  eight<-en  years  past  he  hiis 
 filled  that  oftice  in  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  as  a  ci>-p:Lstor  of 
 the  fliH-k.  He  is  one  of  the  founders  and  original 
 elders  of  Calvary  Church.  For  thirteen  years  pitst 
 Mr.  Glover  has  becti  a  missionary  of  the  Presbyterian 
 lioard  of  Publication,  not  only  dissi-minating  the  prin- 
 ted gospel,  but  "preaching  publicly  and  from  house 
 to  hoHsi-."  He  is  frciiucntly  called  to  supply  pulpits, 
 and  has  sometimes  filled  vacancies  steadily  for  a  year. 
 Although  very  acceptable  as  a  jireacber,  he  h.-us  thought 
 iK'.st  to  diflino  ordination  and  the  piustorate.  His 
 preaching  is  eminently  Biblical,  and  though  not  schi>- 
 lastic,  it  is  so  surcharged  with  the  unction  of  the 
 Sjiirit,  and  enforced  by  charaiter,  that  it  proves  a 
 great  blessing.  His  unworlilline.ss  and  spirituality 
 render  his  vi.sits  like  tho.so  of  a  heavenly  strangi'r, 
 and  yet  a  universjil  l"riend.  Goti's  grace  has  wrougl^t 
 mightily  in  and  through  him,  as.si.sting  ])a.stors  in  rt-- 
 vivals  and  conducting  them  alone.  He  magnifies  his 
 eldership,  both  in  teaching  and  ruling,  and  in  it  all 
 he  is  encounigcd  and  aided  by  a  diMited  and  Is'loved 
 wife.  His  well  known  wLsilom  in  dillicult  and  deli- 
 cate church  atVairs  renders  him  a  l"reiiuently  sidicited 
 counsellor.  His  eminent  piety  and  c-onsisteney  have 
 made  him  greatly  respirted  and  belovetl,  so  tluit  "  his 
 pnii.se  is  in  all  the  churches.'' 
 
 Godfrey,  Captain  Benjamin,  was  l>orn  nf 
 Cliatliam,  Mas.s.,  DecemlMT  lib,  17ii4.  He  sjx-nt  nine 
 years  in  Ireland,  where  he  was  prolwibly  iM-eupied  in 
 short  coasting  voyagi-s.  The  war  of  I~12-l.")  brought 
 him  home,  and  he  was  coniweliil  with  the  naval  s»'r- 
 vice  during  some  p;irt  of  the  war.  He  ul'terwanls 
 made  several  voyage.s,  as  commander  of  n  merchant 
 ship,  to  various  ])arts  of  the  world,  including  It.ily 
 and  Spain.  He  al.so,  in  command  of  his  own  ship, 
 made  many  voyages  fn>m  Ilaltiiuort!  to  New  Orleans 
 and  the  West  Indies.  In  l'<','«  he  lix-.it.sl  at  Mata- 
 monts,  Mexico,  where  he  opi-ned  up  n  very  sucii-s.s- 
 ful  mernintile  bu.sine.ss.  Snl>Mi|uenlly  bo  live<l, 
 pn>s|M-n)US  ill  business,  in  New  Orleans,  where  he 
 remained  until  l-vW.  when  became  North  andwttlid 
 in  Alton.  111.  He  united  with  the  .\lton  Pnvsbyterian 
 Church,  on  jirol'cssion.  NovemlHr  3d.  Is;!;t.  The  s;inie 
 vear  he  enited.  with  his  own  mi".in.s,  a  eommiHlioiLs 
 
aOODALE. 
 
 01  ;n 
 
 GOODHUE. 
 
 stone  church,  with  a  1);u*emcnt  and  spire,  on  the  | 
 northeast  comer  of  Third  and  Jlarki^t  streets,  where 
 the  Episcopal  Cliurch  now  stiinds.  He  retained  the 
 title  to  the  property  in  his  own  hands,  and  gave  the 
 use  of  it  to  the  Presh_\-terian  and  Jiaptist  churches, 
 wlio  occupied  itjointly  until  ls:M,  when  the  Baptists 
 removed  elsewlicre,  and  tlie  I'rpshyterians  occupied 
 "it  solely  until  April  27th,  1*4").  | 
 
 July  r>th,  l-^IO,  Captain  (iixltVey  was  elected  an 
 elder  in  the  Alton  I'resbyterian  Church,  and  remained 
 such  until  September  18th,  1841,  when  his  church 
 relation  was  transferred  to  Monticello  Clmrch,  in 
 which  he  acted  as  elder  until  his  death.  With  him 
 originated  the  idea  of  the  Monticello  Female  Semi- 
 nary, and  upon  the  huilding  he  expended  S.vJ.OOO. 
 His  name  was  as.sociated  witli  cn  itv  g(jod  public  and 
 
 CAPTAIN  BKNJAMIN  GOItFREY. 
 
 private  enterprise  in  the  place  of  his  residence. 
 Few  are  so  well  entitled  to  the  name  of  a  Clnistian 
 gentleman.  He  died  at  Codfrey,  111.,  Auf^ust  l:!tli. 
 18(!2. 
 
 Goodale,  Montgomery  Smith,  D.  D.,  son  of 
 Timothy  and  Lydia  Goodale,  was  born  in  Conway, 
 JIa.ss.,  March  '2ii.\,  1806.  After  graduating  at  Am- 
 hei-st  College,  iu  ]8:it,  and  completing  liis  theoIogi«iI 
 course,  at  Hartford  Si'minary  in  Connecticut,  lu!  w;us 
 ordained  and  installed  pa.stor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Cliurch  of  Amsterdam  vilhige.  New  York,  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Albany,  in  18:57.  In  this  relation  Dr. 
 Goodale  continued  until  the  year  1874,  when  he  be- 
 came Pastor  Emeritus,  retiring  from  the  active  work 
 of  the  ministry,  but  retaining  the  confidence  and  love 
 of  the  people  who  have  grown  up  under  his  careful 
 training. 
 
 Without  making  any  pretension.  Dr.  Goodale  was 
 an  earnest  aiul  faithful  j)r<'achcr  of  the  doctrines  of 
 grace,  never  shunning  to  declare  the  whole  counsel 
 of  God.  The  result  of  this  great  fidelity  is  seen  in  the 
 successive  revival  sea.sons  which  contributed  .so  largely 
 to  make  the  church  what  it  is  to-day,  one  of  the  Ijest 
 and  most  a<-tive  in  tlu-  Presbj-tery  of  Albany. 
 
 Dr.  Goodale  has  fully  justified  th<'  reputation  which 
 has  long  been  accorded  to  him,  of  being  not  only  a 
 trne  and  good  man,  but  a  wise  coun.sellor.  Ky  his 
 honesty  and  wisdom  and  good  common  sense  he  be- 
 came the  trusted  ad^•iser  of  other  cliurches  besides 
 his  own.  He  wa.s  eminently  and  in  the  best  sense  a 
 man  of  peace.  And  for  thirty-seven  years,  amid  all 
 the  agitations  of  Church  and  State,  tlie  Presln-terian 
 Church  in  Amsterdam  eiijoyed  uninterrupted  liar- 
 mony.  Others  have  entered  into  Dr.  Goodale's  labors, 
 but  his  influence  for  good  is  still  felt,  and  .some  of  his 
 la.st  works  rank  among  his  best  works,  the  efforts  put 
 forth  in  his  riper  years.  Dr.  Goodale,  at  an  early  day, 
 was  a  corporate  member  of  the  American  Board  of  Com- 
 missioners of  Foreign  Jlissions.  During  his  ministry 
 he  published  a  number  of  occiisional  sermons.  lUit 
 his  memorial  is  the  church  to  which  he  gave  his 
 life. 
 
 Goodhue,  Rev.  George  Franklin,  the  son  of 
 Samuel  and  Mary  Goodhue,  was  burn  in  Deerfield, 
 New  Hamp.shire,  June  Kith,  1821.  He  was  educated 
 at  Dartmouth  College,  aiul  studied  divinity  in  the 
 Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  where  ho 
 was  licensed  by  New  Brunswick  Presbrtery,  and 
 entered  upon  his  labors  as  a  missionary  in  New  .Tersey , 
 at  JIay's  landing,  Weymouth,  and  several  stations. 
 He  was  appointed  to  this  field  June  1st,  1849.  The  fol- 
 lowing year  he  removed  to  the  West,  settling  at 
 Marengo,  111.,  where  he  was  ordained  and  installed, 
 and  where  he  labored  for  a  number  of  years,  thence 
 to  Beh-idere,  HI.,  and  on  the  breaking  down  of  his 
 health,  he  removed  to  Southeast,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
 labored  until  his  death,  November  Sth,  1SC.5.  Mr. 
 Goodhue  w:is  among  the  first  and  most  successful 
 founders  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Northern 
 Illinois.  He  was  identified  with  every  good  cause; 
 the  ministry  foremost,  and  with  it  education,  reli- 
 gious liteniture,  temperance.  He  was  a  missionary, 
 pa.stor,  church  builder,  school  founder,  superintendent 
 of  colportage,  and  president  of  collegiate  institute. 
 "  In  all  his  private  relations,"  says  one  who  knew 
 him  well,  "  he  was  what,  if  it  were  all  told,  would 
 be  regarded  a.s  the  language  of  intemperate  eulogy. 
 But  he  was  indeed  so  faithful,  so  utterly  un.selfish, 
 so  constant,  so  true,  so  gentle  and  ea.sy  to  be  entreated, 
 so  full  of  nuTcy  and  good  fruits,  so  patient  under 
 disiippointment  and  even  under  misrepresentation,  so 
 genial,  generous  and  svTupathizing,  so  ready  to  hear 
 others'  burdens,  and  yet  so  humble  and  go  uncon- 
 scious of  his  own  generosity,  so  ignorant  or  unmind- 
 ful of  his  ow^l  self-sacrifice,  and  piaking  himself  so 
 happy  in  the  happiness  he  provided  for  others,  that 
 
aOODRKJf. 
 
 270 
 
 (joiiDuy. 
 
 it  would  1)0  as  difflcnit  to  exsiggerate  his  ^^rtuc8  as  to 
 
 Uisciivir  liis  (Iclirt-s. "' 
 
 Goodrich,  Harvey,  w:i.s  Ixirn  in  Cuj-ug-.i  countj-, 
 X.  Y.,  in  1793,  and  removed  to  Albion  in  1S'2;J.  Ho 
 w;w  for  Kome  time  officially  connected  with  the  Erie 
 Canal.  Ho  w;vs  ordained  elder  of  the  Albion  Church', 
 January  1 1th,  If'i.'t,  and  sen-ed  in  this  office  until  his 
 death,  August  Ith,  l-)(il}.  He  wasaman  of  pr(!round 
 convictions  and  positive  cluiracterist ics,  and  yet 
 eminently  a  man  of  peace.  He  aboumled  in  good 
 works,  kindly  ministering  to  the  poor,  the  sick,  and 
 the  alUicted.  He  died  in  the  full  and  blessed  hojw' 
 of  the  gospel.  To  this  man  of  eoiLsocratod  life,  more 
 than  any  other,  perhaps,  is  to  be  traced  the  origin  of 
 the  rresbj-torian  Clinrch  of  Albion,  X.  Y.,  in  1824. 
 
 Goodrich,  Hiram  P.,  the  .son  of  Benjamin  D. 
 and  Klizjibeth  (Pluminerl  Goodrich,  was  liorn  in 
 1800,  at  liichmonil,  M:lss.  He  graduated  at  Union 
 College,  N.  Y. ;  studied  theology  at  Trinci'ton,  N.  J., 
 and  av;ls  licen.sed  by  Albany  I'reslytery  in  182.').  Un 
 leaving  Princeton,  in  182(),  ho  was  elected  Professor 
 in  the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Va. ;  he  also  la- 
 bored as  an  evangelist  through  the  destitute  portions 
 of  the  Presbj-tery  of  West  Hanover,  working  earnestly 
 for  the  good  of  .souls.  On  resigning  liis  prof<'ssorshi]i 
 he  went  to  Mis.souri,  and  entered  fully  upon  his  Mas- 
 ter's cause,  first  at  Marion,  where  he  was  also  Presi- 
 dent of  the  College;  thin  .Iilfei-son  City,  St.  Ivouis, 
 and  XL'arondelet ;  winning  souls  to  Christ,  building 
 churches,  and  working  with  apostolic  zeal.  ^\'hiLst 
 thus  employed  he  died,  May  ITth,  1S.'J8. 
 
 Goodrich,  "Williani  Henry,  D.  D.,  was  born 
 in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  .January  l!)th,  l-i'j:!.  He  was 
 a  son  of  Kev.  Chauncey  A.  UiM)(lrich,  1).  I).,  long  a 
 distinguished  Professor  in  Yale  College,  and  in  thi' 
 tliiDlogical  department  of  that  University.  His 
 grandfather  w;is  for  years  a  distinguished  member  of 
 the  United  States  Senate,  and  his  mother  was  the 
 daughter  of  Xoah  Webster,  the  distinguished  Ameri- 
 can le.xicogniphor.  Few  men  could  look  back  ujmn 
 a  nobler  ancestry,  and  yet  this  fact  never  led  Dr. 
 (lOiHlrich  to  forgot  that  his  own  character  anil  useful- 
 ness must  depend  upon  his  own  life  and  lal>i)rs.  Ho 
 gniduated  at  Yale  College,  in  1-<|:!,  served  as  Tutor  in 
 that  Institution  for  two  years,  studied  theology  in 
 the  Divinity  Sehiml  of  Xow  Haven,  arul  then  spent  a 
 year  in  foreign  travel.  Ho  then  became  p:istor  in  Bris- 
 tol, Conn.,  and  at  the  end  of  four  years  w;ls  called  to 
 the  pastoral  charge  of  the  I'resbytorian  Church  in  the 
 b<-autiful  city  of  Kinghamton,  X.  Y.  In  l&IO  ho  Ik-- 
 ciime  ii.s.sociato  pastor,  with  Dr.  .\iken,  of  the  "Old 
 Stoni' Cluireh  "of  Cleveland;  its  Dr.  .\iken  stum  after- 
 wards Ix'camo  Pastor  Kmeritus,  Dr.  (ioodrieh  became 
 sole  piLstor  in  aelivo  .service,  in  which  j)osition  he  con- 
 tinued, with  two  long  iiilerrn])tii)ns,  oeeasioned  by 
 illness,  fur  fourteen  years,  honored  and  hived,  not 
 only  by  his  own  cc«ngreg:ition,  but  by  all  to  whom  he 
 was  known.  As  a  |>reaeher  lie  was  distinguished  for 
 culture,  camcslMi  v<   mh]   spirituality.     He    w:us  not 
 
 mach  given  tu  philosophical  si)eculatioiLS  and  theoriz- 
 ing, but  w;us  eminently  jiraetieal  and  impressive. 
 His  oliHUtion  was  of  a  high  order,  and  in  i)roaching 
 he  commanded  the  close  attention  of  all.  In  social 
 life  he  w:is  a  gentleman,  in  the  best  sense  of  that 
 term,  and  all  loved  his  companionship.  Very  few 
 men  luive  over  livo<l  who  were  .so  dearly  lovoU  as 
 Dr.  t;iK)ilrieli.  His  heart  was  large,  and  ho  took 
 into  it  all  the  j)eoplo  whom  (iod  had  committed  to 
 his  cjiro.  When  any  of  his  ]H'ople  were  atllicted  in 
 any  w<iy,  he  sympathized  most  tenderly  w  ith  them. 
 Ho  w:is  the  friend,  not  only  in  name,  but  in  reality, 
 of  all  who  needed  friendship. 
 
 Al't«'r  a  ministry  of  twelve  years  in  Clevelanil,  his 
 health  became  seriously  imi)tiired.  He  left,  in  1872. 
 for  a  long  vacation  in  Europe.  Before  leaving  he  had 
 .s<>on  Dr.  Hiram  C.  Hailyn  iiLstalled  to  till  his  ])laee 
 during  his  absence,  aiul,  as  WiLS  o.\iKrted,  to  be  his 
 :us.sociate  pastor  on  his  return.  There  followed  him 
 over  the  ocean  the  prayers  ami  the  love  of  tliousjinils. 
 His  eX|M'Ctatii)ns  of  restored  health  were  not  realized. 
 Bravely  aiul  cheerfully  he  lioro  up  again.st  the  progretw 
 of  di.sease,  until,  on  Saturday  evening,  .July  lltli, 
 1874,  in  the  city  of  I..aiLsanne,  Switzerland,  his  great, 
 loving  heart  C4")i.sed  to  Ix-at,  aiul  ho  piusstnl  into  the 
 prosi-iu'o  of  Him  w  hom  ho  .so  deeply  loved  and  had  so 
 faithl'nlly  .served,  to  be  forever  with  the  Lord. 
 
 Gordon,  Hon.  Isaac  Grantham,  w:is  born 
 December  22il,  1"<11I,  in  I.ewisburg,  Pa.  Ho  is  em- 
 phatically a  .self-made  man,  having  risen,  without  any 
 external  advantages,  to  deserved  omineiu'o.  Having 
 received  the  rudiments  of  an  ordinary  English  edu- 
 cation in  the  common  schiwls  of  his  native  jdai-o,  by 
 .studying  at  night  and  during  intervals  of  work,  he 
 reached  an  intellectual  culture  of  a  high  order.  He 
 studied  law  in  I.ewisburg;  wxs  admitted  to  the  Rir 
 in  April,  l-^i:!;  op»'iu'il  an  olliee  in  Curwonsville, 
 j  Clearlield  county,  and  in  istl!  settled  in  Hrookville, 
 ,  .JelTorson  count.v.  Ho  Wiis  a  meinlHT  of  the  Slate 
 Legislature  in  1860  aiul  18fil,  bting,  in  the  latter 
 year.  Chairman  of  the  tt<'nenil  .Judiciary  Committi-e. 
 In  18(!(!,  ho  was  appoint<-d  Pn-sidout  .Judge  of  the 
 Twenfy-eighth  .Judicial  District,  to  till  up  an  unex- 
 pired term.  Ill  18711  he  was  olect«'d  to  the  .'Supreme 
 Bench  of  the  State,  which  jiosition  ho  I'ontinui-s  to 
 adorn  by  his  ability,  integrity  and  lidelity.  .Judg«' 
 tiorilon  is  an  honored  and  us»'ful  elder  in  the  Pres- 
 byti'rian  Chureh. 
 
 Gordon,  Thomas  Patterson,  D.  D.,  was  iMirn 
 in  Monong.iluia  City,  Pa.,  July  2;!<1,  Hl;t,  gradiiateil 
 at  JelTersoii 'College  in  18:J4,  and  at  the  Western 
 TlH'ologieal  Si'ininarv  in  18:{7,  wils  licensi'd  liy  Ohio 
 Presbytery,  and  the  following  year  w;is  installed  by 
 I^jincaster  Presbytery  ius  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Ciini- 
 iKTlanil,  Ohio.  He  lalH>red  hero  with  great  aeee|>t- 
 anee  till  H12,  when  he  removed  to  Kayette,  Pa.,  as 
 jiiustor  of  .Mintours  Church,  and  reiuaimsl  there  a  few 
 .vears.  In  January,  18|(t,  he  was  ap|)ointed  as  agent 
 for   the    Board  of  Domestic    Missions.      He  rt-sigued 
 
GORIX. 
 
 271 
 
 GOULD. 
 
 this  ])osition  tlie  first  i>l".July  followinf;,  and  accepted 
 a  call  IVmn  Mauchester  Church,  Allegheny,  Pa.  This 
 pastorate  husted  till  1850,  ivhcn  he  removed  to  Wells- 
 ville,  Ohio.  In  1856  he  became  pastor  of  the  Sixth 
 C'hurcli,  rittshurs.  Pa.  He  remained  in  this  charge 
 but  a  single  year.  In  18.57  he  reniDvcd  to  Terrc 
 Haute,  Ind.,  where  he  labored  with  taithfuluess  and 
 zeal,  and  with  the  bles.sing  of  the  Master,  until  his 
 death,  Aujtust  ir>th,  18(i5.  As  a  friend  and  com- 
 panion, Dr.  Gordon  was  kind  and  genial,  as  a  Pre.s- 
 bj-ti'r  he  possessed  great  excellence;  as  a  prejchcr  he 
 was  eminently  scriptural  and  faithful,  and  as  a  Chris- 
 tian he  was  devout  and  humble,  and  lived  near  to 
 the  Throne  of  Grace.  His  character  commanded  con- 
 fidence and  esteem  wherever  he  was  known. 
 
 Gorin,  Rev.  M.  G. ,  son  of  B.  "W.  and  Slary  C. 
 Gcorin,  was  born  in  Louisiana,  Pike  county,  Missouri, 
 April  -J^th,  1836.  He  graduated  at  the  University  of 
 Mis-soiu'i,  July  2d,  18.j2;  studied  law  under  Hon.  .T. 
 B.  Henderson,  of  St.  Louis,  and  practiced  law  for 
 some  years,  in  co-partnership  with  Hon.  T.  S.  Richard- 
 son, of  llemphis.  Mo.  In  December,  1863,  Mr.  Gorin 
 removed  to  Lebanon,  Ky.,  and  the  next  Spring  to 
 Springfield,  in  the  .same  State,  where,  for  several 
 years,  he  practiced  his  profession.  At  Springfield  he 
 made  a  public  profession  of  religion;  united  v.ith  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  and  was  soon  afterwards  CiUled 
 to  serve  the  Church,  ;vs  a  ruling  elder.  His  profession 
 of  religion  and  connection  with  the  Church  mark  the 
 beginning  of  an  entirely  new  manner  of  life,  to  which 
 succeeding  j-ears  but  add  development. 
 
 Notwithstanding  many  discouragements  he  soon 
 commenicd,  under  the  direction  of  Rev.  T.  A.  Bracken, 
 D.D.,  of  Lebanon,  Ky.,  a  course  of  study,  preparatory 
 to  the  gospel  ministry,  and  was  licensed  by  Transyl- 
 vania Presbj't<'ry  (Ky.  \  in  September,  1870;  ordained 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Palm,\Ta  (Mo.)  in  1871,  and 
 shortly  afterwards  installed  by  the  s:ime  Prcsbj-terj- 
 ■  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  Memphis,  .Mo., 
 his  present  field  of  labor. 
 
 Mr.  Gorin  is  a  superior  classical  scholar,  and  a 
 critical  expounder  of  the  Word  of  God.  He  pos.se.s.ses 
 a  good  physicjue,  and  his  manner  in  the  pulpit  is 
 dignified,  earnest  and  inipn'ssive.  Readily  compre- 
 hending doctrinal  truths  in  their  systematic  relations, 
 his  -sermons,  distinctly  CalvinLstic,  are  more  instruct- 
 ive than  emotional,  though  not  lacking  in  earnest 
 application  and  tender  appeal.  They  alx)und  in 
 Scripture  proofs,  and  the  Cross  of  Christ  is  their  cen- 
 tral truth.  The  whole  so  preached  as  to  warn  every 
 man,  and  teach  every  man  in  all  wisdom. 
 
 Mr.  Gorin  is  a  man  of  decided  religions  con\-ictions, 
 hence  of  decided  and  uniform  Christian  character, 
 and  displays  untiring  activity  in  Church  work. 
 Ha\ing,  over  great  obstacles,  entered  the  ministrj-, 
 his  life  is  devoted  to  the  work  unto  which  he  is 
 Ciilli'd;  and,  without  conferring  with  flesh  and  blood, 
 or  turning  a.side  to  please  men,  he  goes  forward  as 
 God  opens  the  way.     He  is  a  successful  pastor,  a 
 
 growing  Presbyter,  and  is  yet  in  the  vigor  of  strong 
 manhood. 
 
 G-osman,  Abraham,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  Danby, 
 Tompkins  county,  X.  Y.,  July  ■2.5th,  1819.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Williams  College,  in  1843.  The  ne.xt  j'car 
 he  entered  Princeton  Sefninary,  and  went  through 
 ,  the  prescribed  three  years'  coiu'se,  remaining  another 
 .year  upon  a  Fellowship,  after  comi)leting  the  regular 
 course.  In  the  session  of  1850-51  he  assisted  Dr.  .1. 
 -Vddison  Alexander  in  the  Hebrew  departnunt,  and 
 in  Slay,  1851,  he  was  ordained  to  tlie  ministry,  and 
 '  in.stalled  pastor  of  the  Cliureh  at  Laivrencevillc,  X.  J., 
 where  he  still  remains,  beloved  by  his  people  and 
 blessed  in  his  labors.  Dr.  Gosman  was  chosen  to 
 complete  "The  History  of  the  Israelitish  Nation," 
 from  Samuel  to  the  Babylonish  Captivity,  left  incom- 
 plete by  Dr.  Archibald  Alexander.  He  also  trans- 
 lated an<l  edited  a  portion  of  Lange's  Comment- 
 ary on  Genesis  and  Deuteronomy.  In  1850  he 
 contributed  to  the  Princeton  Itrvino  an  article — 
 "Neuman's  Hebrew  Commonwealth,"  and  in  1854 
 another — "  Pearson  on  Infidelity." 
 I  Gould,  Capt.  Gilbert,  was  born  in  Franklin 
 1  County,  Mass.,  February  24th,  1779,  and  descended 
 1  from  a  long  line  of  pious  ancestors,  being  able  to  trace 
 them  back  for  thirteen  or  fourteen  generations,  Puri- 
 tans, of  England.  He  migrated  to  French  Creek, 
 ■\Vestern  Virginia,  asoneof  many  pioneers  to  the  .same 
 place,  in  1811.  A  Presbyterian  Church  was  soon 
 afterwards  organized,  and  he  became  a  prominent 
 member  and  a  ruling  elder,  which  office  he  held  fifty- 
 four  years,  till  his  death,  at  the  age  of  ninety-eight 
 year.s.  His  influence  in  moulding  the  opinions  of  the 
 people,  and  building  up  that  prominent  church,  w;is 
 great;  lor,  though  not  well  educated,  in  the  common 
 sense  of  the  word,  he  was  a  reader  and  a  thinker,  and 
 retained  his  mental  faculties  remarkably  till  the  last. 
 He  was  grandfather  of  the  Rev.  J.  L.  Gould,  now 
 niissionarj'  to  the  Hydahs  of  Alaska.  All  his  numer- 
 ous chiklren  became  members  of  the  same  church. 
 
 Gould,  Rev.  "William  Ripley,  was  born  in 
 Sharon,  Conn.,  May  27th,  1789;  graduated  at  Yale 
 College,  in  1811,  and  at  Andover  Seminary  in  1814. 
 He  was  licensed  and  ordained  as  an  evangelist  in  1814, 
 by  the  Hartford  North  Consociation,  and  was  com- 
 missioned by  the  Connecticut  Missionary  Society  to 
 labor  in  Ohio  for  one  year.  But  betbre  the  year 
 clo.sed  he  was  invited  to  settle  permanently  at  Galli- 
 polis,  Ohio.  The  town  had  been  settled  by  French 
 Catholics,  who  brought  their  priest  with  them  from 
 PYance,  but  failed  to  supply  themselves  with  another 
 after  his  death.  Jlr.  Crt)uld  became  the  father  of 
 Presbyterianism,  and,  indeed,  of  the  Protestant 
 religion,  within  a  wide  field  of  thirty  miles  in  dis- 
 tance, surrounding  the  town  where  he  settled.  After 
 a  laborious  and  eminently  successful  ministry  of 
 more  than  twelve  j-ears,  he  returned  to  C<mnecticut 
 in  1825,  and  bec;inie  a  pastor^  in  Torrington  anil 
 Barkliampstead,  Conn.     In  1839  he  was  recalled  and 
 
IIOILDIXC. 
 
 nRAHAir. 
 
 re-installed   over    the   same   church   which   he   had 
 
 orjniiiizcd  ;iik1  lirst  miiiistcrfd  to  at  Cialli|K)lis.  In 
 l>l4<i,  lie  liiially  Irit  Uhio,  and  resided  in  Pottstown, 
 Pa.,  without  a  rcjjnUir  charge,  until  his  death.  July 
 2d,  1807.  Alike  in  labor  for  Christ,  and  in  suffering 
 with  them,  Mr.  Gould  was  an  example  to  hi.s  brethren 
 in  tlif  ministry'. 
 
 Goulding,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  was  liorn  in  Midway, 
 Liberty  county,  Ga.,  Manli  lltli,  lTS(i.  At  the  lime 
 of  his  death  he  w:ls  the  oldest  of  fift<Mn  ministers 
 from  one  church,  oeeupyinj^,  usefully  and  honorably, 
 various  iniiHirtant  and  respotisible  station.s  in  the 
 South.  He  received  the  principal  jKirt  of  his 
 at^emic  education  at  Wolcott,  Conn.,  and  studied 
 law  in  New  Haven.  He  was  licen.sed  to  preach  the 
 gos]K-l  by  Harmony  Presbj-tery,  in  Hi:5.  A  few 
 months  after  his  licensure  he-  commenced  preaching, 
 as  a  stated  supply,  at  White  HlnlV.  and  was  ordained 
 and  installed  pastor  of  tluit  church,  .January  1st, 
 ISUi.  Here  he  lalKircd  faithfully,  acceptably,  and 
 suceessfnily,  lor  about  si.\  years,  during  which  time 
 the  warmest  reciprocal  attachments  were  formed 
 between  himself  and  his  flock.  In  1822  he  resigned 
 his  charge,  and  removed  to  Le.\ington,  Oglethorpe 
 county.  Here  he  remained  for  eight  years,  during 
 which  he  exerted  a  strong  and  s;ilutary  inlluence 
 over  .some  of  the  first  minds  of  the  State. 
 
 On  the  establishment  of  the  Theological  Seminary 
 of  the  Synod  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  he  was 
 elect<'d  by  the  Synod  its  lirst,  an<l  for  a  time,  its  only 
 Professor.  For  one  year  he  instructed  a  Theologic;il 
 cliuss  at  Lexington,  in  connection  with  his  jtitstoml 
 lalKtrs,  and  wiis  then  tnmsferred,  by  direction  of  the 
 Synod,  to  Columbia,  S.  ('.,  (he  present  site  of  the 
 s«'minary.  After  starving  the  church  lalwriously,  in 
 the  deiKirtnient  of  Ecelesi;ustical  History  and  Church 
 Govi-rnment,  for  .several  years,  in  connection  with 
 othirs  a.s.sociated  with  him,  he  resigned  his  chair  ;i.s 
 Professor,  and  w;us  calle<I  to  lie  p:i.stor  at  Columbus,  in 
 .laniiary,  183.>.  For  thirteen  years  and  a  half  he  was 
 till-  lalxirious  and  faithful  p.-istor  of  that  church.  He 
 founil  it  comparatively  weak,  and,  by  his  jK-rsevcring 
 fidelity,  rai.sed  it  to  influence  and  strength.  He  wa.s, 
 for  many  years  in  succi'ssion,  elected  President  of  the 
 Itiiard  of  Trustees  of  Oglethorpe  rniversity,  and  held 
 this  ollice  at  the  time  of  his  death,  wliiih  occurred 
 JuneSfith,  1H48.  Dr.  Goulding'scharacter  was  formed 
 of  a  rare  combimition  of  intellectual  and  moral  quali- 
 ties, that  fitted  him  to  he  at  once  eminently  jxipular 
 and  eminently  us<-ful.  His  intelUvt  was  much  alnive 
 the  ordinary  standard,  and  it  had  lieen  cultivated  by 
 diligent  and  long-4"ontinued  study.  As  »  ]ireacher,  he 
 w;ls  always  si'usible  and  instructive,  and  sometimes 
 his  pulpit  clVorts  rose  to  a  very  high  order  of  excel- 
 lence. 
 
 Orataam,  Rov.  Chauncey,  was  ordained  by  a 
 council,  .laniiary  "Jlilh,  IT.'ill;  pastor  of  KiinilHiiit  and 
 Poiighkeepsic,  in  Putelu-ss  county,  X.  Y.  He  giive 
 nji    l'oughkcei>sie,   SeptemlM-r   2!>th,    1752.      He   was 
 
 '  annexed  to  Dutchess  Presbytery  on  its  In-ing  received 
 by  the  Synod  in  17G:!.  The  records  for  many  years 
 are  in  his  clear,  iH-autiful  hand.  Keing  dismis.sed 
 from  linmlMiut,  he  supplied  Fi.shkill,  and  o|M'ned  an 
 Acjidemy  there.      He  to<ik  his  dismission  from    the 
 
 '  Presbytery  in  1773,  and  died  in  1784. 
 
 Graham,  Mrs.  Julia  A.,  w:»s  the  only  daughter 
 
 j  of  Charles  (iraliain,  whose  ancestor,  .lames  Graham, 
 was  a  near  relative  of  the  Duke  of  Montrose,  and 
 came  to  this  country  with  Sir  Kdmonil  .\ndros,  (Jov- 
 crnor  of  the  Province  of  New  York,  in  l(i7-i.  InlGS") 
 he  w;us  ajiiMiinted  .Vttorni'v  (k'nenil,  and  settled  at 
 Morrisiinia,  then  in  Westchest«'r  county,  at  a  home- 
 stead which  was  in  the  family  during  Mrs.  Graham's 
 girlhoml.     On  her  mother's  side  she  was  of  Scotch- 
 
 I  Irish  descent,  aiul  her  gnindfather  was  a  vestryman 
 of  Trinitv  Cliurch.  Her  father  was  a  di.stiiiguishcd 
 member  of  the  New  V<irk  Bar,  till  his  death,  in  l<i8. 
 Mrs.  Gr.iham  had  all  the  advantagi'S  which  wealth, 
 .social  connections  and  the  best  educational  facilities 
 could  iH'stow  upon  her  girlhiHid  and  young  woman- 
 hood.    Naturally  her   mind  w.us  acute  and  active. 
 
 I  In  18;53  she  married  the  late  General  James  Lorimer 
 Graham,  who  otherwise  was  not  related  to  the  family, 
 and  shortly  aflttr  made  a  tour  of  Europe,  in  alter 
 yeai"s  extending  hir  travels  to  the  Holy  I..;ind.  She 
 joined  the  Presbyterian  Church,  of  which  her  hus- 
 band was  a  memlHT.  She  gave  her  life  t<i  the  work 
 of  Christ.  Her  Ix-autiful  home  on  Washington 
 S(iuare  was  the  centre  of  many  Christian  activities. 
 
 ,  In  1862  she  became  a  member  of  the  Woman's  Bible 
 Society,  and  .soon  had  the  main  responsibility  of  the 
 
 I  work  of  sui>crint<-nding  the  Bible  Women,  which  she 
 did  until  the  close  of  her  life.  She  wxs  also  one  of 
 the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  Presbj-terian  Home  for 
 .\gid  Women,  fnim  its  org;iuiz;ition,  in  I"**!!?. 
 
 I  In  18(;7  .Mrs.  (iraham.  with  other  ladies,  formed  a 
 scK'iety,  called  the  New  Mexico.  .\ri/onaand  Coloniilo 
 Missionary  As.so<iation,  of  which  she  was  made  Presi- 
 dent. For  nearly  thrt-e  years  this  society  lalmn'd  to 
 send  out  the  means  of  gr.ice  to  the  distant  and  desti- 
 tute parts  of  our  c-ountry.  At  the  time  when  the 
 reunion  of  the  two  branches  of  the  Presbj-terian 
 Church  took  place,  this  Society  decided  to  enlarge 
 their  org:iiiiz!iti(m,  and  they  iK-camc,  in  the  Spring  of 
 \>^tt.  the  Ladies'  Board  of  .Missions,  .Viixiliary  to  the 
 Home  and  Foreign  Boards  of  Missions  of  the  Prcsby- 
 
 I  ti'rian  Church,  of  which  iMrs.  Graham  was  President 
 up  to  the  time  of  her  death,  February  l!»lh,  1883. 
 In  the  death  of  Mrs.  Gndiam  the  c:iuse  of  miiuions 
 
 '  lost  oneof  its  nio.st  devoted  and  indefatigsible  friend.s. 
 Her  influence  had  niaile  it.s<lf  to  1h>  felt,  not  only  in 
 our  own  cmintiy,  but  in  many  a  far  distant  land. 
 Not  only  was  .she  nionriit'd  by  those  who  hail  iM'cn 
 assiK'iated  with  lnr  in  New  York,  but  by  others  in 
 the  various  mission  fields,  who  had  Ix'iu  cheered  by 
 her  faithl'ul  corres|)ondeni-e  and  her  unt'ailing  .syiiiiw- 
 
 I  thy  anil  love.  Many  a  young  missionary  teacher,  in 
 the  isolation  of  her  distant  work,  had   iii"i"i   \n  liir 
 
GRAHAM. 
 
 273 
 
 GRAHAM. 
 
 heart  a  refuge  lor  her  conlidenees  and  her  sorrows,  and 
 liad  learned  to  love  her  as  a  mother.  As  the  Presi- 
 dent of  the  Ladies'  Board  of  Missions,  shewxs  wholly 
 devoted  to  its  interests.  Although  others  who  were 
 iussooiated  with  her  were  ever  ready  to  lend  their 
 counsel  and  their  help,  yet  none  could  keep  pace 
 with  her  indefatigahle  zeal,  or  devote,  as  she  did, 
 their  whole  time  and  strength  to  the  work.  Even 
 when,  amid  the  distracting  influences  which  prevail 
 in  a  great  city,  she  encountered  ajiathy  in  others,  and 
 suffered  manifold  discouragenu-uls  where  she  had 
 expected  help,  it  was  only  to  return  to  her  work  with 
 the  rebound  of  new  purpose  and  increasing  toil. 
 
 Of  the  liist  illness  of  Mrs.  Graham  it  may  be  said, 
 emphatically,  that  her  end  was  pe:u;e.  Though  called 
 to  great  suffering,  .she  realized,  in  a,  rare  degree,  the 
 sustaining  grace  of  God,  and  seemed  only  to  think 
 of  the  last  messages  of  love  which  she  desired  to  send 
 to  one  and  another  who  had  been  a.ssociated  with  her 
 in  her  great  work.  Out  of  the  crucible  of  her  patient 
 suffering  rose,  for  days  and  weeks,  a  .spirit  of  prayer  for 
 missions,  from  which  all  the  dross  of  self  had  been 
 purged  away.  Verily  she  was  abundant  in  labors, 
 and  died  working  for  missions.  Of  her,  as  of  another 
 faithful  one,  it  may  well  be  atlirmed,  "she  hath  done 
 what  she  could." 
 
 Graham,  Rev.  Loyal  Young,  was  T)orn  near 
 the  town  of  Butler,  Pa.,  in  1838.  His  father,  James 
 H.  Graham,  iiud  his  mother,  Frances  Graham  (Thomp- 
 .son ),  were  worthy  members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Butler.  Mi-s.  Graham  died  when  her  sou  Loyal 
 was  but  an  infant.  Two  days  before  her  decease  she 
 dedicated  this  son  to  the  Lord,  in  baptism,  and  then 
 Siiid  to  her  pastor,  for  whom  she  named  him,  "I 
 dedicate  my  boy  to  the  gospel  ministry.  I  wish  you 
 to  watch  over  him,  and  take  charge  of  his  spiritual 
 instruction."  Mr.  (iraham  graduated  at  Jelferson 
 Colli'ge  in  18.")8,  and  pursued  his  theological  studies 
 at  the  Western  Theologiail  Seminary.  He  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Preslij-tery  of  Allegheny, 
 April  l'2th,  1860.  He  was  pastor  at  Connellsville, 
 Rehoboth  and  Peoria,  with  grand  results  of  his  min- 
 istry in  these  several  places.  In  the  position  he 
 occupies  at  present,  as  ])a.stor  of  Olivet  Church,  Phila- 
 delphia, (liid  has  remarkably  smiled  upon  his  labors. 
 The  church  has  had  a  steady  .and  .solid  growth.  He 
 is  a  faithful,  earnest  preacher,  wliolly  devoted  to  his 
 work,  and  is  greatly  beloved  by  his  congregation,  as 
 well  as  esteemed  by  Iiis  brethren. 
 
 Graham,  Samuel  Lyle,  D.D.,  was  of  Scotch- 
 Irish  extraction,  and  born  in  the  town  of  Liberty, 
 Bedford  county,  Va.,  February  9th,  1794.  In  May, 
 1812,  he  entered  Wa-shington  College,  Lexington,  as 
 a  student,  and  graduat<'d  \j\  April,  18H,  receiving  at 
 the  same  time  a  jnemium  awarded  by  the  Faculty 
 to  the  best  scholar  in  the  ela.ss.  In  181.5  he  joini'<l 
 the  Theological  Seminary  at  I'rineeton,  continuing 
 until  the  dose-  of  the  prescribed  course,  and  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 18 
 
 Xew  Brunswick,  April  iJOth,  1818.  After  his  licen- 
 sure, he  was  occupied  for  some  months  on  the  fron- 
 tier in  Indiana,  then  returned  to  Virginia,  and  for 
 nearly  two  years  following  was  engaged  in  mission- 
 ary labors  in  Greenbriar  and  Monroe  counties.  In 
 1821  he  removed  to  Granville  county,  N.  C,  was 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Orange,  September 
 7th  of  that  year,  diWded  his  labors  between  the  con- 
 gregations of  O.xibrd  and  Grassy  Creek,  and  estiiblished 
 a  female  scluwl  at  Oxford.  In  1828  he  resigned  his 
 charge  of  the  Oxford  Clnvrch,  and  assunu-d  the 
 pastoral  care  of  Xutbush  Chirrch,  in  connection  with 
 Grassy  Creek.  In  IKiO  and  is:;i  extensive  revivals 
 occurred  in  his  churches,  lu  1832  he  was  elected  to 
 the  Chair  of  Ecclesiastical  History  in  the  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  Va.,  but  felt  it  to  be  his  duty 
 to  remain  with  his  pastoral  charge.  In  1833  he  re- 
 signed the  pastoral  care  of  the  Nutbush  Church,  and 
 gave  the  portion  of  time  he  had  devoted  to  that 
 to  the  Church  in  Clarksville,  Va.  In  1834,  he 
 relinquished  the  Ciire  of  Gras.sy  Creek  Church,  and 
 his  labors  were  now  divided  between  the  churches  of 
 Clarksville  and  Shiloh,  over  which  he  was  insUiUed 
 in  July,  183.5.  In  1838  he  was  again  elected  to  the 
 Professorship  in  the  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
 accepted  the  position,  and  while  faithfully  discharg- 
 ing its  duties,  .spent  most  of  his  Sabbaths  in  supplying 
 vac;int  churches,  within  a  moderate  dist;ince  of  the 
 seminary.  He  died  October  29th,  1851.  Dr.  Graham 
 Wiis  a  man  of  decidedly  vigorous  intellect,  and  much 
 given  to  profounil  reflection.  As  a  preacher,  he  was 
 deserveiUy  held  in  very  high  esteem.  In  the  judica- 
 tories of  the  Church  he  was  judicious  and  conciliating, 
 but  firmly  and  immovably  attached  to  the  doctrines 
 and  polity  of  the  Presbj'terian  Church.  He  was 
 particularly  popular  with  young  men,  in  whose 
 enterprises  and  pursuits  he  took  a  kindlv  interest. 
 He  was  always  a  great  favorite  of  Dr.  Archibald 
 Alexander,  which,  of  itself,  is  no  mean  praise. 
 
 Graham,  Rev.  "WilliatQ,  was  born,  December 
 19th,  1745,  in  the  township  of  I'axton,  near  HaiTis- 
 bivrg,  Lancaster  county  (now  Dauphin),  Pa.  During 
 his  course  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  he  stood 
 pre-eminent  as  a  scholar,  and  graduated  in  1773.  He 
 studied  theology  under  the  tuition  of  the  Rev.  Mr. 
 Roan,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Han- 
 over, October  2(ith,  1775.  Mr.  Graham  comnniued 
 his  labors  as  a  teacher  in  a  classical  .school  at  Mount 
 Pleasant,  Va.,  which  was  the  germ  whence  sprung 
 Washington  College.  The  school  was  subseiiuently 
 removed  to  Timber  Ridge  meeting-house.  The  in- 
 come from  the  Academy  being  small,  and  Mr. 
 Graham's  s;>larj'  for  preaching  to  the  two  congrega- 
 tions of  Timber  Ridge  and  Hall's  meeting-house  (now 
 Monmouth)  being  paid  in  depreciated  currency,  it 
 was  imiiossible  for  him  to  support  his  family,  and  he 
 resolved  to  eng-age  in  farming,  purchasing  a  small 
 farm  on  the  North  Kiver,  within  a  mile  or  two  of 
 the    present    site    of   Washington     College.      After 
 
GRANT. 
 
 274 
 
 GRA  VEK 
 
 r<'lini|ui.shin);  the  estiihlislnuent  at  TinilKT  Kidgc,  Mr. 
 Unihain  o]m-iic<I  a  scIkk)!  in  hi.suwn  hoiLio,  which  was 
 continued  until,  in  \~^'i,  it  w;is  inci>qK)rateil,  under 
 llie  name  <il'  Lihirtij  irnll.  whicli  name  it  retained 
 until  it  w;«.s  endowed  liy  lieneral  Wifihiuffton,  wlien 
 his  iiiinie  wiLs  substituted  liir  that  wliiih  it  had 
 iK'Ibre  horni-. 
 
 Mr.  (irahani  )M>s.s»-.ssi'd  a  mind  lonned  tor  accurate 
 and  profound  investipition.  As  a  preaclu-r  he  was 
 always  instructive  and  evant;elical.  He  wjls  an 
 ardent  patriot  and  a  tluiroufili  reimblicjin.  From  the 
 time  of  his  ordination  he  became  a  teacher  of  the- 
 •do^^v.and  most  of  those  who  entered  the  holy  ministry 
 in  the  Valley  of  Virfjinia  pursued  their  prejianitory 
 studies  under  his  direction.  Some  of  his  pupils  rose 
 to  eminence  in  the  t'liureh,  and  ;us  Profe.s.sors  or  I'resi- 
 dents  of  literary  institutions.  I(edie<l  in  K'ichnioud. 
 Va..  June  xt\\.  17!l!t.  and  his  remains  were  de]H)sited 
 near  the  EpiscojKil  Church,  on  the  hill,  over  which  a 
 plain  marble  slab,  with  a  short  inscription,  is  placed. 
 "The  extent  of  the  influence  exerted  by  this  one 
 man  over  the  literature  and  religion  of  Virginia." 
 .s:iys  Dr.  A.  Alexander  (who  was  one  of  his  .students), 
 '■  canniit  In-  iMliiiliiteil." 
 
 Grant,  Asahel,  M.  D.,  the  N'estorian  missionary, 
 was  iMjrn  in  Marshal,  Oni'ida  county,  X.  Y.,  August 
 17th,  lirKJT.  After  .studying  medicine,  he  opened  an 
 office  at  Braintrim, Wyoming  county,  Pa.,  and,  losing 
 his  wife  four  years  after,  he  removed  to  Utica,  N.  Y., 
 wher<'  he  acquired  a  large  and  lucrative  jiractice,  and 
 was  an  exemjilary,  active  and  useful  Christian,  and  a 
 valuable  ruling  elder  in  the  First  I're.sbyttriauChurcli. 
 Un  May  11th,  1K{.5,  Dr.  (irant,  accompanied  by  his 
 seconil  wife,  .Inilith  Lathrop  Campbell,  saile<l  from 
 Hoston,  under  commi.ssion  from  the  A.  H.  C.  F.  M., 
 an<l  on  October  27th  arrived  at  Urooniiah,  his  destined 
 station.  The  district  is  the  Persian  frontier  in  the 
 direction  of  the  Turki.sh  Empire.  The  people  for 
 whom  his  labors  were  designed  forme<l  the  .s<'attcred 
 "remnant  of  a  Church  that  once  disputed  with  Rome 
 the  spiritual  dominion  of  half  the  world."  At  this 
 time,  they  had  shrunk  from  the  ]>eople  of  "twenty- 
 live  nietro|Hilitan  provinces  to  a  small  se<'t,"  allowed 
 to  exist  by  .Mohammedan  tolcranci'.  but  jieeled  by 
 exiMlion  and  pnrsni'd  by  [KTsi-cution.  Dr.  .lu.stin 
 I'erkins  preceded  Dr.  (irant,  and  Mr.  Merrick  fol- 
 lowed him.  A  s<'hiHil  wsis  immediately  o|V'ned  and 
 n|H-nitions  rapidly  extended  and  in  every  direction. 
 
 In  \<V.)  Dr.  (inint  visited  the  almost  inaccessible 
 region  inwhii'h  the  Nestorian  Patrianb,  Mar  Shimon, 
 resided.  Here,  on  the  rugged  hills  of  Koordistan, 
 and  within  its  deep  ravim-s,  "  the  NValdensi'S  of  the 
 ICitst,  the  Protestants  of  .\sia,"  dwelt.  Christians  who 
 ha<l  pri-.s<-rved,  with  few  corruplions,  an  a|>o.stolic 
 f.iith.  The  dilliculties  and  dangeix  of  the  trip  miulc 
 it  fiNilhurily  to  onlinary  eyiw,  but  di<l  not  daunt  the 
 irealous  missionary,  anil  he  set  out  on  it  with  the 
 promise  from  the  Patriarch  of  a  guard  through  the 
 K<M)r<l  villages.      His  fame  lis    a  physician   had  gone 
 
 iH-fore  him,  and  often  saved  his  life  and  securwl  liini 
 favors  and  help.  For  five  weeks  lie  joyrneyed  there, 
 taking  the  hardest  fare  an<l  siiflering  the  greati-st 
 fatigue,  as  well  !is  encountering  jM-ril,  and  obtaining 
 the  information  he  de.sin-d,  and  encimniged  by  it   to 
 
 .exjH-it  succi-ss  in  an  enterprise  there,  he  cunu'  Iwck  to 
 his  station. 
 
 Soon  afti-r— is-tl— the  death  of  Mrs.  (;rant  and 
 the  breaking  down  of  his  own  health  rendi'red  a 
 return  to  the  I'nited  States  an  unavoidable  ne«-e!«iity. 
 His  rejxtrt  to  the  Board  determined  it  to  estaldisli  a 
 mi.s,sion  in  the  mountains,  and  in  April,  1841,  he 
 went  back  to  inaugurate  it.  In  184'2  he  made  a  tour, 
 accompanied  by  the  Patrianb,  .Mar  Shimon,  to  the 
 villages  and  .sei'tions  of  the  regicm,  and.  sj'lecting 
 Ashita  as  the  head<|Uarters  and  centre.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
 Laurie,  April,  l"^!:?,  opened  a  schisil  there  and  starteil 
 a  mission.  Soon  after.  Dr.  tfrant  learned  that  the 
 Pasha  of  Mosul  wiis  forming  an  alliance  with  the 
 Koords,  for  the  subjugation  of  the  Mountain  Nt-s- 
 torians,  who  had  always  l)een  indejtendent.  Dr. 
 Gnint  strove ,  in  vain,  to  induce  the  infatuat<-d  jM-ople 
 and  their  F'atriarch  either  to  make  terms  with  the 
 Turks,  and  .so  vaiuiuish  the  Koord.s,  or  s«H-nre  pro- 
 tection ag.iiust  them,  or  to  make  an  alliance  with 
 the  Persians,  and  so  conquer  Inith  Kismls  and  Turks. 
 A  shocking  ma.s.s;icre  ensued.  The  dead  IxKlies  of 
 the  murdered  Xestorians  tille<l  the  valleys  and 
 choked  the  mountain  streams.  For  a  time  the  ini.s- 
 sion  buildings  were  left  untouched,  but  in  the  end 
 they  too  were  destroyed,  and  the  missionaries  fled 
 for  their  lives.  Kscaping  to  .Mosul,  Dr.  tJraut  g:>ve 
 liinisilf  up  to  the  relief  of  the  jxMir  fugitives  who 
 crowded  the  city,  and  there  his  health  nipidly  failed, 
 and  on  the  'i.'ilh  of  .\]iril  he  died. 
 
 Devotedness  to  mi.ssioiLS  w;ls  only  one  of  the  forms 
 which  Dr.  Grant's  passion  for  iLsefulncss  put  on. 
 Doing  giMHl  wiLs  the  aspiration  of  his  soul  and  the 
 aim  of  his  life.  Mrs.  Grant,  a  renuirkable  woman, 
 shared  all    her  husband's  enthusiasm    for  the    Xe»- 
 
 I  torians.  and  w:is  siarc<'ly  le.vs  usa'ful  to  them,  and  ils 
 much  beloved  by  them.      When  she  died,  the  bi.slio|M 
 
 I  iM'gged  have  to  liear  her  to  her  burial. 
 
 Grant,  Rev.   Thomas,  was  onlained   by  the 
 
 Pri'sbvtcrv  i>f  New  Brunswick  in  17!ll,and  Wius  settled 
 
 I  as  jKistor  of  the  churches  of  Amwell  and  Flemington, 
 
 N.  .1.     Mr.  (Jnint  died   in  l^H,  iM'ing  snw-eoded  in 
 
 his  churches  by  Kev.  ,Iiu-ob  Kirk|iatriek,  li.  I>. 
 
 Graves,  Rev.  Allen  Truman,  ««ui  of  Calvin 
 
 and    l.ydia    ilsbell)    Graves,    w;is    Isirn    in    Sanitog.i 
 
 county,   N.  Y.,   .June  •J.'ilh.  ISO!),      lie   gniduateil  at 
 
 .Miami    Cniversity    in    l"v!7;    w;ls   .stated    supply    at 
 
 ]  Huntingdon,  Ti'iin.,  Hll— l:i;  ordaineil  evangelist  by 
 
 I  thi'    Presbytery  of   \\\v  W^i'Stern    District,  April  7th, 
 
 '  18-i:i;  w;i»  stated  supply  at  Trenton,  Tenn.,  l.'M;}-.'!!; 
 
 statecl    supply   at    B<'thel,    Mis.s.,   l"v>i-.V>;    a^«iflt<Ult 
 
 '  tnlitor  of  I'rrnbyirrinn  llcralil.  I.,ouisville,  Ky.,  ll<V)-s>8; 
 
 iigent  of  the  I'nited   States   Christian   Commiwion, 
 
 ,  I-<>1,  and  teacher  in   Plainlield,  N.  .1..  KIh-70.      He 
 
GKAYDOX. 
 
 275 
 
 GREEN. 
 
 died  Dccemhcr  5th.  l^^Ti^.  As  a  preacher,  Mr.  Graves 
 was  serious  and  earnest.  His  .services  were  especially 
 soiijiUt  for  at  sacramental  seiisoiLS  and  protracted 
 meetings,  and  his  labors  were  greatly  blessed  in 
 "ijringing  siuners  to  Christ.  He  was  an  accurate 
 scholar;  from  conviction  a  thorough  Presbyterian, 
 and  ever  ready  to  maintain  and  defend  the  doctrines 
 of  imr  standards.     His  end  wa.s  pea<('. 
 
 Q-raydon,  "William,  Esq.,  was  Imrn  .September 
 2d,  1759,  near  Bristol,  Pennsylvania,  and  spent  his 
 early  life  in  Philaiielphia,  where  he  pursued  his 
 cla.ssieal  education,  and  studied  law  in  the  office  of 
 Ei)W.\.ui)  Kiddle,  E.sq.  He  removed  t<>  Harrisburg, 
 and  entered  upon  the  practice  of  his  profession,  while 
 (juite  a  young  man.  He  was  well  educated,  and  a 
 man  of  tine  literary  tastes.  He  was  elected,  at  some 
 date  prior  to  l-^I'J,  an  elder  of  the  Chureli  at  Harri.s- 
 burg.  He  was  highly  esteemed  as  a  gentleman  of  the 
 old  school,  in  his  manners  refined,  courteous,'  of  un- 
 blemished integrity  in  the  many  trust.s  committed  to 
 him,  of  high  and  honorable  principles,  and  in  the 
 Church  and  walks  of  Christian  life  a  man  of  true 
 piety  and  deep  devotion  to  the  Church,  of  which  he 
 was  a  ruling  elder  for  twenty-eight  or  thirty  j'ears. 
 He  was  honored  by  his  fellow-citizens  with  the  office 
 of  JIagistrate,  was  a  .Justice  of  tlu-  Peace  for  .several 
 years,  and  published  a  "Book of  Form.s,"  well  known 
 as  a  standard  to  professional  men,  also  a  Digest  of  the 
 Laws  of  the  United  States.  He  died  October  13th, 
 181(1,  in  the  eighty-second  year  of  his  age,  ripe  in 
 years  and  full  of  honors. 
 
 Gready,  Rev.  "William  Postell,  son  of  Andrew 
 Plymeand  Prudence  Kliza  (^.Switzer)  Ciready,  was  born 
 in  Charleston,  S.  C,  June  5th,  1817;  was  graduated 
 from  Yale  College,  .\.  D.  184-2;  went  immediately  to 
 Princeton  Seminary,  where  he  spent  three  years, 
 1842— 15,  and  was  regularly  graduated;  was  lieen.sed 
 by  New  Brunswick  Presbytery,  April  Slid,  1845,  and 
 was  ordained  by  Hopewell  Presbytery,  an  evangelist, 
 at  Thyatira,  .Jackson  county,  Ga.,  August  15th,  1847. 
 Immediately  after  bis  licensure  he  served  for  some 
 months  a  mis.sion  church  in  Cliarlcston ;  in  184(>-47he 
 sup])lied  the  Church  at  Turkey  Creek,  Ga. ;  supplied 
 the  united  churchis  of  New  Hope  and  Danielsville, 
 Ga..  1847-.5(l;  su|>plied  the  Church  at  Perry,  H()ust(m 
 county,  Ga.,  1850-56;  then  removed  to  the  county 
 of  Pickens  (now  Oconee  I,  S.  C,  where  he  supplied, 
 1857-7:!,  the  churches  of  Retreat.  Tugalo  and  Kich- 
 land.  as  a  domestic  missionary.  Tugalo  Church  had 
 a  house  of  worship  on  each  side  of  the  river,  one  in 
 South  Carolina,  the  other  in  Georgia.  In  187:5  the 
 memljers  residing  in  the  latter  State  organized  a 
 separate  Church  at  Toccoa  City,  Ga.,  which,  in  con- 
 nection with  Hoi>ewell  Church  (and  for  one  year, 
 1871-7-2,  the  Church  at  Gainesville,  Ga.,  also],  he 
 supplied  until  within  a  ye;ir  of  his  death.  Early  in 
 the  year  1881  he  was  pro.strated  by  a  sickness  from 
 which  he  never  fully  recovered.  He  died,  calmly 
 and  piaeefully.  on  his  farm,  four  miles  from  Carnes- 
 
 ville,  Ga.,  and  fifteen  miles  from  Toccoa,  January 
 28th,  18.8-2.  He  was  a  fair  scholar;  a  well-read  theo- 
 logian; a  sound,  in.structive,  spiritual  and  faithful 
 preacher;  a  pi(jus  and  devoted  man  of  God. 
 
 Green,  Ashbel,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  was  born  at  Han- 
 over, Jlorris  county,  X.  J.,  a  son  of  the  pastor.  Rev. 
 Jacob  Green.  In  1778,  at  the  age  of  sixteen,  he  was 
 teacher  of  a  school,  but  dismissed  it  and  entered  the 
 army.  He  was  promoted,  young  as  he  was,  to  lie 
 orderly  sergeant  in  the  militia.  Becoming  infected  wit  li 
 skepticism,  he  wa,s  cured  of  it  by  the  study  of  the 
 Xew  Testament.  He  entered  the  Junior  class,  half 
 advanced,  and  graduated  at  Nas.sau  Hall,  in  1783, 
 with  the  highest  honors.  After  acting  for  a  while  as 
 Tutor,  then  as  Professor  of  Mathematic-s  and  Natural 
 Philosophy,  he  entered  the  ministry.  Decliuiug 
 invitations  from  Charleston  and  New  York,  he  was 
 ordained  colleague  to  Dr.  Sproat,  in  the  Second 
 Church,  Philadelphia,  May,  1787.  He  Wius  very  popu- 
 liiT,  and  large  accessions  were  made  to  the  church. 
 
 From  1792  till  1800  he  served  as  Chajjlain  to  Con- 
 gress, along  with  Bishop  White.  In  1812  he  was 
 made  President  of  the  College  of  New  Jersey.  "While 
 he  elevated  the  standard  of  learning  in  the  college, 
 he  did  not  neglect  discipline  and  religious  instruction. 
 
 In  1815  there  was  a  revival  of  religion,  and  thirty 
 .students  were  its  subjects,  among  them  such  men  of 
 mark  as  .Jolin  Breckiiuidge,  Dr.  Charles  Hodge,  Bishop 
 Mcllvaine  and  Bi-shoji  .Johns.  In  18-22  he  resigned 
 and  returned  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  applied  him- 
 self to  editing  the  Christian  Advocale  for  twelve  years. 
 
 In  1824  Dr.  Green  was  elected  Moderator  of  the 
 General  As.sembly.  He  was  a  memljer  of  the  As.sem- 
 bly  in  the  years,  successively,  1837,  1838  and  18:i9,  and 
 took  a  decided  .stand  in  favor  of  the  Old  .8eliool  ])artv. 
 "The  trumpet  gave  no  uncertain  sound."  In  l^ity 
 the  Old  .School  A.ssembly  met  in  Philadelphia,  and 
 the  venerable  man  was  led  in.  The  whole  Assembly 
 rose  to  do  him  honor,  and  the  Slodenitor,  Dr.  Ho<lge, 
 welcomed  him,  to  which  Dr.  Green  responiled.  He 
 was  conducted  to  a  chair,  placed  for  him  under  the 
 pulpit,  but  was  able  to  remain  only  a  short  time. 
 May  19th,  1848,  he  paid  the  debt  of  nature,  in  the 
 eighty-sixtli  year  of  his  age  He  was  found  dead,  in 
 the  posture  of  prayer. 
 
 Dr.  Green's  long  exi>erience  and  active  habits  g-ave 
 him  great  weight  in  the  councils  of  the  Church.  Dr. 
 Van  Ren.sseliU'r  .styled  him  "the  connecting  link  be- 
 tween old  times  and  new."  Sairce  an  important  ac- 
 tion was  taken  in  which  he  had  not  a  share.  He  was 
 identified  with  the  history  of  the  Church  from  the 
 beginning.  He  could  ai)propriately  apply  to  himself 
 the  words,  "iiunruin  pf^r''  iiingna  fui."  Some  olyeeted 
 that  he  was  dictatorial,  or  at  least,  magisterial.  Dr. 
 Carnahan  tliought  him  "fitted  to  adorn  any  station." 
 Dr.  Janeway  regarded  him  as  "the  first  preacher  in 
 the  Presbyterian  Church." 
 
 His  discourses  were  WTitten,  bjit  not  read.  1  le  was 
 also  in  the  habit  of  writing  his  prayers,  to  which  they 
 
(IREES. 
 
 276 
 
 GREEX. 
 
 owe<l  their  richness  and  variety.  To  weighty  matter 
 he  added  an  impressive  manner,  a  transparent  style, 
 beautiful  diction  and  a  good  delivery. 
 
 "  Though  d<*p,  yvl  cleiir ;  thuugh  gfiille,  j'ct  not  tlull ; 
 Strong  withuiit  nigc;  without  oVrflowing,  ruU." 
 
 His  printed  works,  comprising,  an  Autobiography, 
 and  "  Lectures  on  the  Shorter  Catechism,"  lill  several 
 volumes. 
 
 Green,  Rev.  D.  D.,  w:is  born  in  Washington 
 county,  I'a.,  August  I'^th,  \>*-i*^.  He  grailuated  at 
 Jellcrson  College  in  \>*'^Vt,  anil  at  the  Western  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  in  ls")i).  He  w;is  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Richland,  at  Frederickstown,  O.,  and 
 ordained  a  Foreign  Missionary  by  the  same  Presby- 
 tery, at  Shelbyville,  Ohio.  His  field  of  labor  was 
 Xiiigpo,  China,  to  which  he  was  sent  out  in  18.59,  and 
 which  he  occupied  until  the  Fall  of  l><(!(i.  He  then 
 nnioved  to  Hang Cliow,  where  he  remained  till  Hay, 
 l">(i!t,  when  he  returiu'd  home  to  his  native  land,  in 
 feeble  health.  In  1870  he  settled  as  a  home  nti.s- 
 sionaryat  Doniphan,  Kan.sas,  where  he  labored  till 
 the  time  of  his  death,  September  2.5th,  1872.  He 
 Wiis  an  earnest  student  and  a  devout  servant  of  the 
 Ma.ster.  and  died  in  the  triumphs  of  the  faith  he 
 .saeriliced  so  much  to  ])rcach.  Said  one  who  was  with 
 him  at  his  death,  "Tlie  valley  had  no  shadow  for 
 him,  and  when  his  arti<-ulatiiin  failed  in  ICnglish  his 
 tongue  found  utterance  in  the  ('hini'.se.  '  Vong  Wlia  ' 
 — glory,  lie  not  only  taught  us  bow  to  live,  but 
 how  to  triumph  over  <leath." 
 
 Green,  Rev.  Enoch,  of  the  da-ss  at  Princeton 
 which  gradiiat<-d  in  17(i(l,  w;is  ordained  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  Hrunswiek,  in  1762,  and  installed 
 pa.storof  the  Presbyterian  Cliurch  at  Deerlield,  X.  J., 
 .lune  !)tb,  1761).  While  pastor  of  this  church  he  was 
 abundant  in  missionary  labor,  on  the  co;Lst  of  Xcw 
 .Icr.s<-y.  During  the  Hevolution  he  acted  as  chap- 
 lain, aiul  died,  Xovember  2Uth,  1776,  from  camp  fever, 
 contracte<l  while  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty. 
 
 Green,  George  Smith,  of  Trenton,  X.  .T.,  wsus 
 the  oldest  of  three  lirotbcrs.  who.  in  their  lives,  were 
 promini-nlly  identilied  with  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
 the  other  two  In-ing  .bdin  C.  Crcen,  of  Xcw  York 
 city,  and  Henry  W.  Crimen,  late  Chancellor  of  Xcw 
 Jersey.  His  death,  which  occurred  at  Trint<Mi.  Xo- 
 vcmlH-r  17th,  l^*-";!.  closed  a  long,  active,  and  in  every 
 respect,  an  lumontble  and  exemjdary  Christian  life. 
 Of  a  retiring,  ni<MU>st  dis|Misition,  not  given  to  the 
 conventional  ftn-nis  of  dcnH)nstnition,  Mr.  (ireen  was 
 as  strong  in  his  alTi'ctionsas  in  his  will  and  his  integ- 
 rity; a  man  of  sound  jiulgmenl  and  luiiform  charac- 
 ter in  his  e<Mineetions  alike  with  the  world  and  with 
 the  Church.  He  was  for  forty-two  years  a  ciminiuni- 
 caiil,  for  twenty-five  years  a  ruling  elder,  and  nearly 
 its  long  a  trustee  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Cbureh  of 
 Trenton. 
 
 Green,  Henry  Woodhull,  LL.  D.  This  emi- 
 nent lawyer  was  a  brother  of  Mr.  John  C.  (Jreen, 
 whose    sketch    is    below,   and   was    iHirn,    Seiitcmln'r 
 
 20th,  1804,  at  Maidenhead  (now  La>vrcnce\Tlle),  in 
 the  county  of  Hunterdon  (now  Mercer),  X.  J.  He 
 graduated  at  Princeton  College,  with  honor,  at  the 
 early  age  of  si.xUren.  He  w;ls  licensed  as  an  attorney- 
 at-law,  in  182.5,  and  continued  to  practice,  in  Trenton, 
 for  twenty-one  years.  After  r(H.-eiving  many  honor- 
 able and  resi)t>n.sible  ap)Mjintnu-nts  of  various  kind.s, 
 he  was,  in  1~16.  a]i|>ointcd  Chief  Ju.stice  of  the 
 Supri'me  Court  of  Xcw  .Jersey,  and  at  the  expir.ition 
 of  his  term  of  othcc.  in  1^.53,  was  reaiiixiintcd.  On 
 the  1  Ith  of  March.  l'^60,  he  was  :f)ipointed  Cluincellor, 
 and  entered  immediately  ujwn  the  duties  of  his  new 
 office.  In  the  Spring  of  1866  he  resigned  his  Chan- 
 cellorship, on  account  of  his  he;tlth,  which  had 
 become  enfeebletl  by  his  intcn.se  and  unremitting 
 labors,  and  imperatively  demandcil  repo.se.  A  voyage 
 to  Europe,  from  which  he  returned  after  five  months 
 of  ab.senee,  i)roved  of  e.s.sential  benefit.  His  bust 
 years  were  largely  sjH-nt  in  devotional  studies  and 
 exercises,  as  he  ha<l,  to  a  great  extent,  withdrawn 
 from  professional  and  public  care-s.  His  death 
 occurred  at  his  residence  in  Trenton,  N.  J.,  Decem- 
 ber 19th,  1876,  in  the  seventy-third  year  of  his 
 age. 
 
 Chancellor  (;r(>en  was,  for  many  yi'ars,  a  ruling 
 elder  in  tlie  First  Pri-sbyterian  Church  of  Trenton. 
 He  w;is  also  a  warm  and  libenil  supi^rter  of  the 
 various  Boards  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  When- 
 ■  ever  he  apiK'ared  in  its  judicatories,  he  was  always  an 
 influential  memlx-r.  He  was  a  Commissioner  to  the 
 General  Assembly  at  Albaiiy,  in  1868,  and  was  sent 
 by  it  as  one  of  its  delegates  to  the  other  A.s.sembly, 
 then  sitting  at  Harrislmrg,  Pa.  He  w:is  always  a  de- 
 voted friend  to  the  Institutions  at  Princeton.  From 
 18,T5  he  was,  until  his  death,  a  Trustee  of  the  Tlieo- 
 logicjil  S<-minary,  and  the  Pri-sident  of  its  Itoard  of 
 Trustees,  from  \^W.  In  18.50  he  receive<I  the  degree 
 of  LL.D.  from  Princeton  CiiUege,  and,  at  the  s:nne 
 time,  was  elected  a  menilHT  of  its  Board  of  Trustees. 
 He  Wiis  universally  esteemed  one  of  the  most  accom- 
 plished jurist.s,  and  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  up- 
 right judges  our  country  luts  pr<Mluccil, 
 
 Green,  Rev.  Jacob,  a  native  of  Maiden.  M:i.sa., 
 gradiiatid  at  Harvard  College,  in  1711.  and  w:us 
 licensed  by  the  Presbyt4-ry  of  Xew  York,  in  Se|v 
 temlM-r,  171.5.  He  was  .mMin  called  to  Hanover,  and 
 was  ordained  in  XovcuiIht,  1716.  The  8U])p4irt  of  a 
 large  family  led  him  to  eng.ige  in  the  j)racticc  of 
 nie<licine,  aiul  he  continued  it  for  thirty  years.  He 
 w.ts  very  diligent  in  citechizing,  and  endeavoring  to 
 promote  ]>iety  in  the  young.  During  the  K'evolution 
 he  was  foremost  in  his  country's  eaus<-,  and,  ag:iinst 
 his  will,  w:is  elected  to  the  Provincial  Congress,  and 
 was  Chairman  of  the  C<numlttee  which  dnttti'd  the 
 State  Constitution.  Mr.  Creen  died.  May  21th,  17!M), 
 whilst  a  revival  of  religion  was  in  progress  in  his 
 •■(Higregation.  He  w;is  an  instnu'tive,  jilain,  search- 
 ing, pnictirail  prea<-her.  a  watchful,  laboriou.s  p.istor, 
 and  was  eminently  successful  in  doing  gixHl. 
 
GREEN. 
 
 277 
 
 GREEN. 
 
 Oreen,  John  Cleve,  for  twenty-one  years  a  sand  dollars.  He  died,  April  29th,  1875,  peacefully, 
 Trustee  of  Princet<)u  Theolonieal  Sf-niiuarv,  and  a  and  in  the  calm  confidence  of  a  Christian  hope, 
 most  nmnificeut  bcn.factor  of  l.„th  th.-  Seminary  and  Green,  Col.  Lewis,  a  ruling  elder,  first  in  the 
 ■tlie  College  at  Princeton,  was  horn  in  La«Tcnce\-ille,  Lexington  Church,  and  subse(iuently  m  the  Pranie 
 X  J  April  4th,  11110.  He  was  of  true  Presbrterian  Church,  Lalayette  county,  JIo.,  was  born  in  Tennes- 
 linea-e,  his  flith'er  being  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  sec  in  17!)1;  went  to  Jli-ssouri  in  183G,  and  died  the 
 Church,  a  grandson  of  Rev.  Caleb  Smith,  of  Newark  death  of  the  righteous  in  1875.  Of  strong  and  active 
 Mounta'in,''and  great-graniison  of  Rev.  Jonathan  mind,  close  observation,  sound  judgment,  and  fixed 
 Dickinson,  the  first  President  of  the  College  of  New  purpose,  he  took  an  active  part  in  all  that  he  con- 
 Jersey.  In  his  early  youth  he  ent<'red  the  counting-  |  ceived  to  be  promotive  of  either  Church  or  State, 
 room  of  Messrs.  X.  L.  &  G.  Griswold,  in  New  York  |  Trained  to  the  life  of  a  soldier  he  exhibited  the  vigor 
 city.  In  18-2:?  he  embarked  as  superairgo  on  the  ship  and  courage  of  a  soldier  in  the  Christian  warfare. 
 I'otosi,  for  Callao,  and,  with  tlic  intermission  of  a  year  His  influence  was  strong,  and  he  exerted  it  honestly 
 spent  in  Spain,  he  continued  voyaging  in  this  capacity  in  the  interests  of  truth.  God  gave  him  many  years 
 to  South  America  and  China  until  1833,  always  of  life  and  usefulness.  I'pon  his  death,  the  following 
 acquitting  himself  satisfactorily  to  his  employers,  resolution  was  adopted  by  "  The  Old  Men's  Club  of 
 Being  in  Canton  in  the  Fall  of  1833,  as  agent  of  the  I  Lafayette  county":— 
 
 Mess'rs.  Griswold,  Mr.  Green  was  invited  to  join  the  ,  "Resolved,  That  we  honor  the  memorj'  of  our 
 house  of  Rus.sell  &  Co.,  one  of  whose  partners  had  ,  departed  friend  as  a  patriotic  soldier  of  1812,  as  a 
 been  obliged  to  leave  on  account  of  ill  health,  and    citizen  eminently  faithful  to  all  his  obligations,  as  a 
 
 for  six  years  his  was  the  leading  mind  in  the  adminis- 
 tration of  the  allairs  of  that  ho\ise. 
 
 Returning  home  in  the  year  183!),  with  an  ample 
 fortune,  and  estjdjlishing  his  residence  in  the  city  of 
 New  York,  Mr.  Green  continued,  for  a  time,  his  copr 
 nection  with  the  China  trade,  but  subsequently  other 
 enterprises  engaged  his  attention.  He  became  a 
 Director  in  the  Bank  of  Commerce,  a  Trustee  and 
 President  of  the  Blcecker  Street  Savings  Bank,  and 
 Director  in  various  important  railroad  companies. 
 He  was  long  connected  with  the  New  York  Hospital, 
 as  one  of  its  governors;  also  with  the  Deaf  and  Dumb 
 Asylum  and  other  kindred  institutions.  lie  estab- 
 lished or  aided  in  establishing  the  Home  for  the 
 Ruptured  and  ^ Cripples,  of  which  he  assumed  the 
 presidency,  lieingone  of  its  most  generous  benefactors. 
 He  connected  himself  with  the  church  of  the  Rev. 
 Dr.  Potts,  while  worshiping  in  f)uane  street,  and 
 both  there  and  alter  its  removal  to  University  Place, 
 he  was  one  of  its  most  active  and  lil)eral  sujjporters. 
 His  contributions  to  all  causes  of  benevolence  and 
 Christian  enterprise  were  large,  but  unostentatious. 
 His  enlightened  zeal  on  behalf  of  liberal  education 
 was  shown,  not  only  by  large  gifts  to  other  institu- 
 tions, but  by  his  princely  munilicence  to  the  College 
 of  Xew  Jersey. 
 
 Mr.  Green  was  one  of  the  most  elh<icnt  and  punc- 
 tual of  the  TrusU'cs  of  Princeton  SiMuinary  during 
 the  entire  period  of  his  connectii>n  with  the  lioard. 
 He  wa.s  for  many  years  its  Financial  Agent,  entrusted 
 with  tlie  care  and  investment  of  its  funds,  and  in  that 
 
 neiglibor  universally  beloved  and  resijected,  and  as  a 
 Christian  whose  consistent  life  ever  reminded  us  that 
 he  had  been  with  Jesus  " 
 
 LEWIS  WARNER  GREEN,  D.  D. 
 
 Green,  Le'wis  Warner,  D.  D.,  was  born   in 
 
 ciipacity  rendered  it  essential  service.  That  Seminary  Boyle  county,  Ky.,  .lanuary  2ith,  18f«);  graduated 
 is  also  largely  indebted  to  his  generous  liberality.  It  ■  at  Centre  College ;  then  at  Princeton  Seminary,  inl832; 
 owes  to  him  the  endowment  of  the  Helena  Professor-  was  licensed  by  Transylvania  Pri'sbytery,  and,  hav- 
 ship  of  Chirrch  History,  one  of  the  houses  oceuiiied  ,  ing  received  an  appointment  as  Professor  in  Centre 
 by  a  Professor,  the  renovation  of  the  chapel  at  an  College,  he  entered  upon  the  duties  of  this  posi- 
 expen.se  ecjual  to  the  original  cost,  the  remodeling  of  tion,  which  he  held  for  two  years,  discovering  much 
 the  main  S<'minary  building,  handsome  contributions  ability  asan  instructor.  He  sf)ent  a  little  more  than 
 to  its  various  ^unds,  and  finally  a  legacy  of  filty  thou-    two  years  abroad,  umler  the  auspices  and  advantages 
 
(1II££X. 
 
 278 
 
 CKEE.S. 
 
 of  European  Professors  and  Libraries,  and  on  his 
 return  to  his  native  land  he  resumed  his  I'rofessor- 
 shij),  and  very  sixm  received  an  apixiintnieut  to  the 
 Vii-e  Presidency  of  Centre  College,  willi  tile  depart- 
 ment of  Belles  Lettres  under  his  control,  In-iuu,  at  the 
 Siuue  time,  joint  supply,  with  Dr.  John  C.  Young,  of 
 the  Preshyterian  Church  of  Danville.  For  a  time  he 
 was  Professor  in  the  New  Albauj'  Theological  Sem- 
 inary, Indiana,  and  then  wils  elected  by  the  General 
 Assj-mbly  to  the  Cliair  of  "Hebrew  and  Oriental 
 Literature  "'  in  the  Western  Theological  .Seminary  at 
 .VlU'gheny,  Pa,,  which  position  he  occu|)ied  lor  seven 
 yeaiM,  with  great  credit  to  himself  and  to  the  gimeral 
 sjitisfaetiou  of  tile  Church.  N'e.\t  he  became  piustor 
 of  the  Second  Pre.-ibyteriaii  Cliurch,  ISaltimore,  Md., 
 where  he  8o<m  commanded  tlie  attention  not  only  of 
 his  own  church,  but  of  the  whole  city.  In  1848  he 
 was  chosen  to  tlic  presidential  cliair  of  Hampden- 
 Sidney  College,  Va,,and  occupied  it  for  eight  years 
 witli  much  acceptance  and  suc<c,ss.  In  1A">6  he  was 
 summoned  to  the  presidency  of  the  Kentucky  State 
 Normal  School,  by  a  voice  so  uiianinuMis  and  urgent 
 that  he  felt  it  to  be  his  duty  to  accej)!  the  rcsjion- 
 sible  jxisition.  After  some  time  he  was  chosen  to  the 
 presidency  of  Centre  College,  on  the  death  of  Dr. 
 John  C.  Young,  and  labored  for  the  prosperity  of 
 the  Institution,  with  great  zeal  and  elficiency.  His 
 death  occurred  May  'JUth,  Hfi:!. 
 
 Dr.  (ireen  was  eminent  as  a  scholar,  an<l  <i|Ually  .so 
 lUH  a  teacher.  Mis  intellect  was  vigorous  ami  brilliant. 
 To  the  business  of  communicating  knowledge  to  .stu- 
 dents, he  brought  a  wonderful  knowledge  of  the  hu- 
 man mind,  and  a  .somewhat  unusual  jHtwer  of  stimu- 
 lating the  youthful  mind  to  enlarged  desires  after 
 truth.  He  was  a  most  agreeable  companion,  the 
 uniteil  charms  of  his  manner  and  conversjition  being 
 unsiirpitssed.  By  the  habits  of  his  professional  life, 
 and  the  enlarged  sympathy  of  a  |)rofound  and  lilM-ral 
 miiiil.  he  exerted  a  strong  inllucnce  ovi-r  the  young. 
 As  a  preacher,  he  stiHid  in  the  foniuost  rank,  |H)ss«'.ss- 
 ing.  in  almost  unlimited  iirofusion,  the  inherent <(Uali- 
 ties  that  lie  at  the  biLsis  of  successful  ])ublic  speaking. 
 He  W!is  gri'atly  beloved  by  those  who  knew  him,  and 
 his  death  prodnci-il  a  dcr'p  and  universjil  .sorniw. 
 
 Green,  Rev.  Oliver  McLean,  was  one  of  the 
 faithful  hand  of  workers  who  h.ive  done  so  much  to 
 carry  the  gos|Ml  to  the  ". 'Sunrise  Knipire"  of  Japan. 
 Ill'  ]>:ls-«m1  from  this  worbl  of  shadows  into  the  dear 
 light  of  the  iM'tlir  land.  November  ITth,  l^**.!,  in  his 
 thirty-<'ighth  year.  He  grailnateil  at  Princeton  Col- 
 lege in  lH<i7,  and  at  Priiici-ton  Seminary  in  IhTii. 
 After  this  he  studied  ime  year  in  the  Seminary  at 
 Columbia,  S.  C.  Though  in  delicate  health  during 
 Ills  whole  course  of  study,  he  mnintnined  a  high 
 standing  in  all  his  cliuwes.  After  h'aving  the  .S'lni- 
 nary  Mr.  fireeii  preaelud  in  the  coal  regions  of  Penn- 
 sylvania, his  native  State,  and  in  I"?;?  he  wrvi-il,  for 
 (M'vend  months,  the  Pri'sbyterian  Cliureh  in  .Mex- 
 andria,    Va..    when'    he    was   greatly    admired    anil 
 
 beloved.  But  his  heart  Wiis  set  on  a  foreign  field, 
 and,  having  Is'cn  ordained  by  his  Presbytery,  in 
 Carlisle,  Pa.,  in  the  Fall  of  1^7:!,  he  starteil  for  Jap;in 
 on  the  l.'ith  of  Octolsr  of  the  .s;ime  year.  .\s  soon  as 
 he  reached  his  lield  he  wt  himself,  with  all  the  ardor 
 of  his  nature,  to  the  work  bi'fore  him.  In  a  surpris- 
 ingly short  time  he  began  to  preach  to  the  natives  in 
 their  own  tongue.  During  most  of  the  time  of  his 
 residence  there  he  was  Clerk  of  the  Presbj-tery,  and 
 kept  the  records  in  iKJth  Knglish  and  Ja|):ine,si-.  He 
 w:ls  greatly  Ix-loved  by  his  associates  and  Irnstrtl  by 
 the  natives.  Mr.  (Ireen's  constitution  having  given 
 way  under  exisisure  and  lalnir.  he  came  home,  in 
 October,  IR'^0,  to  die,  and  enter  into  the  ]K-rfect  rest 
 beyond.  His  mort^d  remains  await  the  resurrection 
 morn,  in  the  little  churchyard  in  Dickinson,  Cum- 
 berland county,  Pa.,  where  his  infant  fi-et  first  sought 
 [  the  house  of  God. 
 
 Green,  "William  Henry,  D.  D.,  LL.  D,,  was 
 born  at  (iroveville,  near  Itiirileiitown,  N.  J.,  January 
 •ilWx,  18-i).  He  graduatid  at  Ijifayette  College  in 
 \KM),  where  he  remained  a  short  time  as  Tutor.  He 
 pursued  his  theological  studies  in  Princeton,  and  npfin 
 the  completion  of  his  course,  in  184(!,  was  ma<ie 
 Assistant  teacher  hi  Hebrew.  After  remaining  three 
 ye;irs  in  this  ca|)acity,  during  a  portion  of  which  lie 
 supplied  successively  the  pulpits  of  the  First  and 
 Second  churehi-s  in  Princeton,  he  Ix-canie  the  pastor 
 of  the  Centnd  Church  in  Philadelphia,  where  he 
 lalMired  for  a  time  with  great  acceptableness  and 
 success. 
 
 In  1S,)1  Dr.  (Ireen  wa.s  elected  Profes.sor  of  Oriental 
 and  Biblical  Liteniture  in  the  Thc-ologicjil  Seminary 
 at  Princeton,  as  successor  to  Dr.  J.  Addi.son  Alexan- 
 der, who  was  tr.msferrwl  to  the  Chair  of  E<'elesiiustical 
 History.  In  K>!l  the  title  of  his  Professorship  was 
 chiyiged  to  that  oC  <  )rieiital  and  ( )ld  Te><tament  Liteni- 
 ture. In  I'^il  he  |nil)lislieil  a  ynimmarof  the  Hebrew 
 Language;  in  l"'<>;i,  a  Hebrew  Chrestoinathy ;  in  1S6C, 
 an  Klementary  Hebrew  (inimniar;  in  ISKi,  "The 
 Pentateuch  Vindicated  fn>m  the  .\s|Hrsions  of  Bishop 
 Colcnso,''  and  in  1S70  he  tran.slate<l  Ziickler's  Com- 
 mentary oil  the  Song  of  Solomon,  for  the  American 
 edition  of  Laiige's  Commentary.  He  has  also  con- 
 tributed numerous  valuable  articles  to  the  Prhiirinn 
 Krrifu:  Dr.  (Jreen  is  a  gentleman  of  lovely  spirit, 
 an  nttnictive  preacher,  and  an  able  writer,  lie  was 
 a  memlMT  of  the  Seeoiid  (ieneral  Council  of  the  Pri— - 
 byterian  .\lliaiice,  wliieli  eiiuvened  at  Philadelphia, 
 September,  IX-^O, 
 
 Green,  Rev.  Zachariah,  wai,  for  many  years, 
 the  ]>atriareh  among  the  piistors  of  Ixtng  Island, 
 N.  Y.  He  was  horn  at  StalTord,  Conn.,  in  1T<>I).  In 
 the  Kevolntiimary  ^Var  he  joiniil  the  nnny,  and  wxs 
 present  on  Diirchi-ster  Heights  when  the  British 
 landed  at  Thmgg's  Neck.  He  was  also  eng:igeil  at 
 the  battle  of  White  Plains,  and  nt  the  battle  of  ^Vhite- 
 marsh.  Pa.,  he  was  wonndiil  bva  IkiII.  in  the  shoulder. 
 On  his  r<'<-overy  heentensi  Darlmouth  Collegj- (ITi^vJl. 
 
GREENE. 
 
 279 
 
 GREGORY. 
 
 His  health  failed,  and  he  did  not  remain  to  gradvuite.  I  over,  X.  J.,  and  was  probably  ordained  by  New 
 His  theological  course  was  completed  under  Dr.  York  Presbytery  while  laborin";  there.  He  joiiii-il 
 Jacob  Green,  of  Hanover,  X.  J.,  and  in  ITS."),  he  was  '  Abingdon  I'resbj-tery,  in  May,  17.):5,  antl  comnienc.d 
 licensed  by  the  Morris  County  As.sociatcd  Presbytery,  preaching  at  Pilesgrove  (now  Pittsgrove),  and  wa.s 
 and  by  them,  in  1787,  ordained  pastor  of  the  Church  ;  installed  December  5tli,  continuing  to  be  i)astor  until 
 of  CuUhague.  Ten  j-ears  later  he  Wijs  settled  at  April  9th,  1779.  He  died  before  the  ne.xt  November. 
 .Sctaukhet,  where  he  remained  lor  lifty-one  years.  His  j  Mr.  Greenman  spent  part  of  his  time  at  "Aloes 
 death  occurred,  June  iOth,  1S5H,  iu  his  ninety-ninth  Creek. "  He  also  gave  one-fourth  of  his  time  to 
 year.  Penn's  Neck  (pn)l>alily  Quilunvken). 
 
 Greene,  Bev.  WilUam  Brenton,  Jr.,  the  old-  Gregory,  Caspar  Robue,  D.  D.,  son  of  Caspar 
 est  fhild  of  Williani  Brenton  and  Eliza  Harriet  Ramsay  and  ilary  (Holmes)  Gregory,  was  born  in 
 (Arnold)  Greene,  was  born  in  Providence,  K.  I.,  Philadelphia,  September  17th,  1824;  graduated  from 
 August  16th,  1854.  Haring  graduated  from  Prince-  ,  the  University  of  Penn.sylvania,  in  1843;  taught  nearly 
 ton  College,  in  1876,  he  taught,  for  a  year,  in  the  !  two  years,  1843-4,  in  private  families;  graduated  at 
 Preparatory  School  at  Princeton,  N.  J.  He  entered  Princeton  Seminary,  in  1847;  was  licensed  by  the 
 the  Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton  in  the  Fall  of  Presbytery  of  PhiUulelphia,  April  5th,  1848;  then 
 1877.  In  the  college  he  was  the  valedictorian  of  taught  another  year,  and  was  ordained  an  evangelist 
 hisela-ss;  in  the  seminary,  also,  he  took  high  stand-    by  the  same  Presbytery,  May  20th,  184!).      His  field 
 
 of  labor  was  as  a  nu.ssionary,  under  apiwintment  of  the 
 Presbj-terian  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  among  the 
 Choctaw  Indians,  at  Sjjencer  Acjidemy,  in  the  Indian 
 Territ<iry.  At  the  end  of  one  year  his  liealth  gave 
 aecepted  this  c;Ul,  and  was  licensed,  in  May,  by  the  ;  way,  under  excessive  labor,  and  he  left  the  mission  in 
 Presbytery  of  Boston.  In  ,Iune  he  was  instaUed  and  [  July,  1850.  He  labored  with  much  sucee-ss,  as  pastor 
 ordained.  Havingdonenotalittletoforward  the  cause  I  of  the  Church  at  Oneida,  N.  Y.,  from  February  9th, 
 of  Presln-terianism  in  that  city,  he  remained  there  !  1852,  until  March  1st,  1862.  After  a  successful  piusto- 
 till  April,  1883.  About  si.\  weeks  before,  a  coniniittee  rate  of  the  First  Churcli  at  Bridgeton,  N.  J.,  from 
 from  the  Tenth  Presbyterian  Church  in  Philadelphia  May  12tli,  1864,  until  October  7th,  1873,  he  became 
 had  lieunl  him  iir(a<li,  and  shortly  after  their  visit  to  ;  Profe.s.sor  of  Sacred  Rhetoric  in  Lincoln  University, 
 Boston  a  unanimous  call  to  become  their  pastor  was  |  Pa.,  where  he  labored  zealously  and  most  sucee.s.s- 
 sent  to  him  by  the  eongi-egation  of  this  church.  He  |  fully  until  his  death,  which  occurred  Februarv-  26th, 
 iiec<i)ted  this  call,  and  was  installed  iis  p;istor  of  the  1882.  His  end  was  full  of  faith  and  hoi)e.  Dr. 
 Tenth  Church,  in  May,  1883.  He  has  spent  his  Sum- [  Gregory  was  an  earnest  man,  throwing  his  whole 
 mer  vacation  traveling  in  Europe.  ;  heart   into  whiitever  he  undertook.     His  mind  w;us 
 
 Mr.  Greene  is  characterized  by  methodical  industry;!  tiuick,  vivacious  and  well    cultivaU-d.     His   preach- 
 eaeh    day's  work    is  carefully    planned,    and.    rising  \  ing  was  of  a  high  iiuality,  and  as  a  Professor  he  was 
 
 ing  in  scholarship. 
 
 In  the  Spring  of  1880,  in  the  second  term  of  his 
 Senior  year,  he  received  a  unanimous  call  to  the 
 First   Presbj-terian    Church    in     Boston,   M;iss.     He 
 
 early,  he  pushes  it  before  him;  thoroughness;^ in 
 cciUcge  he  devoted  himself  not  simjjly  to  the  studies 
 which  he  liked,  but  to  the  wliole  curriculum;  and 
 the  same  trait  is  now  seen  in  the  varied  work  of 
 preacher,  pa-stor  and  presbyter;  an  excellent  judg- 
 ment and  astrength  of  character  which  lead  others  to 
 
 most  devoted  and  faithful. 
 
 Gregory,  Daniel  Seely,  D.  D.,  is  a  native  of 
 the  town  of  Carmel.  N.V.,  and  was  born  .\ugust  21st. 
 1832.  He  graduated  at  tlie  College  of  New  Jersey  in 
 1857.  After  graduation,  and  while  a  student  at  the 
 seminary,  he  acted  as  Tutor  in  Rhetoric  in  the  session 
 
 ask  his  a<lvice  and  to  rely  upon  him;  a  piety  which    185S)-60,  when  he  completed  his  course  at  the  semi- 
 
 is  felt  rather  than  heard,  and  which  makes  diligent 
 use  of  the  nutans  of  grace;  a  humility  wliieh  always 
 esteems  others  better  than  himself 
 
 His  preaching  is  upon  both  the  doctrines  and  the 
 duties.  It  is  nt>ver  superlicial,  and  although  argu- 
 mentative and    profound,  and  delivered   with  great 
 
 nary.  .Vfter  licensure  he  settled  as  p;ustor  at  Galena, 
 111.,  and  continued  in  this  relation  until  1863.  He 
 then  accepted  the  charge  of  the  Second  Church  of 
 Troy.  N.  Y..  where  his  labors  were  very  greatly 
 bles.sed.  and  several  hundred  addi-d  to  the  member- 
 sliip  of  the  church.     In  l-i67  he  accepted  a  e;dl  to  the 
 
 deliberation,  yet  the  aniUysls  is  so  cjireful,  the  thought  Third  Congreg-ational  Church  of  New  Haven,  C<mn., 
 is  so  clean  cut,  the  utterance  is  so  earnest,  that  he  |  and  in  1869  became  p;ustor  at  South  Salem,  N.Y.  He 
 merits  the  high  praise  that  the  common  people  hear  '  was  Professor  of  Metaphysics  and  Logic  in  Wooster 
 him  gladly.  '  University,  Ohio,  1871-5;  Profes.sor  of  Mentiil  Science 
 
 Greenman,  Rev.  Nehemiah,  w;is  horn  at  and  English  Literature  in  the  same  institution,  187.5- 
 Stratford,  Omu.;  graduated  at  Yale,  in  1748,  and  78,  and  in  1879  was  elected  President  of  Lake  Forest 
 w;us  licensed  by  Sutlblk  Presbytery  very  soon  after.  '  Univei-sity,  Illinois,  which  position  he  still  holds. 
 The  lirst  year  of  his  ministry  he  spent  at  Moriches  Dr.  Gregory  is  an  eminent  scholar,  and  a  \Vriter  of 
 and  Quogne,  now  "Westhampton.  He  w;us  called,  unusual  force.  He  has  contributed  .several  valuable 
 April  4th,  1750,  to  the  New  Swiety  in  South  Han-    artieU-s  to  the  Princeton  Rtriar:    1.8()6,  "The  I'reaeh- 
 
GRESHAM. 
 
 280 
 
 GRIER. 
 
 ing  for  the  Times;"  1868,  "The  Pastorate  for  the 
 Times;"  "Studies  iu  the  Gospels;"  "Mattheivthe 
 Gospel  for  the  Jew." 
 
 Gresham,  Hon.  John  J.,  was  born  in  Burke 
 county,  Georgia,  on  the  21st  of  January,  1812.  His 
 father,  a  Virginian  bj'  birth,  was  reared  in  Kentucky, 
 and  in  his  early  manhood  removed  to  Georgia.  His 
 mother  was  the  immediate  descendant  of  one  of  a 
 colony  of  Assix;iate  Keformed  Presbyterians  who 
 came  from  the  north  of  Ireland  and  settled  in  JetTer- 
 son  county,  Georgia,  in  the  latter  part  of  the  last 
 century. 
 
 He  receircd  a  liberal  education  and  graduated 
 ^vith  the  highest  honors  of  his  class  at  the  I' ui versify 
 of  Georgia  in  1833.  He  was  soon  afterwards  admitted 
 to  the  Bar,  and  entered  the  practice  of  law  in  his  native 
 county,  but  in  the  year  1836  he  removed  to  JIacon, Geor- 
 gia, where  for  many  years  he  devoted  himself  to  his  pro- 
 fession with  marked  success,  becoming  prominent  in 
 all  the  euterjirises  of  his  adopted  city.  AMiile  he  did 
 not  seek  political  preferment,  he  was  twice  chosen 
 Mayor  of  Macon,  and  in  1866  was  elected,  almost 
 without  opposition,  to  the  State  Senate. 
 
 He  unitc<i  himself  with  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  Athens,  Ga.,  while  in  college,  and  during  his  long 
 and  useful  life  has  always  been  a  leading  and  active 
 worker  in  all  the  enterprises  of  the  Church,  and  to 
 his  wise  counsels  and  sound  judgment,  his  brethren,  I 
 both  at  home  and  abroad,  have  been  wont  to  defer  I 
 with  the  greatest  respect    and    consideration.     He 
 was  chosen  an  elder  iu  the  Macon  Church  iu  the  j 
 year  1848,  and  since  that  time  has  been  a  frequent  [ 
 member  of  the  General  Assembly  and  other  Church 
 courts,  and  was  a  delegate  from  the  Southern  Church 
 to  the  Presbyterian  Council  at  Philadelphia  in  1880. 
 
 Jlore  than  ten  years  ago  he  retired  from  the  prac- 
 tice of  the  law,  and  has  given  his  entire  time  to  the 
 various  benevolent  and  educational  iiLstitutions  with 
 which  he  has  been  so  long  and  prominently  identified. 
 For  many  jears  he  has  been  a  valued  member  of 
 the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Theological  Seminary 
 at  Columbia,  S.  C,  and  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Univer-  ' 
 sity  of  Georgia,  of  which  Board  he  is  now  the  Presi- 
 dent; thus  holding  a  position  which  has  always  been 
 filled  by  the  very  fiirst  men  of  the  State.     He  is  also! 
 an  active  member  of  the  Board  of  Public  Education 
 in  the  county  of  his  residence,  and  of  several  other  - 
 educational  and  charitable  institutions  in  the  City  of 
 Macon.  j 
 
 ilr.  Gresham  is  still  a  resident  of  ilacon,  the  home 
 of  his  early  manhood,  honored  and  respected  by  the 
 church  and  the  community.  His  Christian  character 
 has  always  been  remarkable  for  itspuritj',  both  iu  life 
 and  doctrine.  ! 
 
 G-retter,  Rev.  John  A.,  the  son  of  Michael  and  j 
 Joanna  Gretter.  was  born  in  Richmond,  Va.,  Septem- 
 ber 28th,  1810.     He  graduated  iu  the  Universit}' of 
 Virginia  in  July,    1829;    prosecuted  his  theological 
 studies  under  the  direction  of  his  pastor,  the  Rev. 
 
 Stephen  Taylor  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1833,  and 
 was  ordained  in  September,  1834.  Soon  after  his  or- 
 dination he  was  sent  as  a  missionary  to  Genito,  Pow- 
 hatan county,  Va.,  where  he  labored  with  great 
 acceptance.  In  the  Spring  of  1836,  he  became  mathe- 
 matical instructor  in  the  Caldwell  Institute  at 
 Greensboro',  N.  C,  and,  as  a  thorough  mathemati- 
 cian, did  much  to  elevate  the  character  of  the  Insti- 
 tution. During  this  time  lie  accepted  a  call  from  the 
 congregations  of  Bethel  and  Gum  Grove,  nine  and 
 twelve  miles  distant,  to  preach  to  them  on  alternate 
 Sabbaths.  This  he  did,  to  their  entire  satisfaction, 
 for  several  years.  He  then  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 Church  in  Green-sboro',  dissolved  his  connection  with 
 the  Caldwell  Institute,  and  in  April,  1844,  was  in- 
 stalled pastor  of  the  church.  He  entered  upon  his 
 labors  with  great  zeal  and  efficiency,  and  as  he  began, 
 so  he  fijii.shed,  ever  on  the  alert  to  improve  opportu- 
 nities for  benefiting  his  flock,  and  helping  forward 
 the  great  cause  of  truth  and  righteonsness.  The 
 church  greatly  prospered  under  his  ministry.  He 
 died  January  21st,  1853.  Mr.  Gretter  was  a  man  of 
 much  literary  cultivation,  and  a  forcible  and  polished 
 ■nTiter  and  speaker.  But  it  was  as  a  preacher  that  he 
 was  most  generally  known  and  admired.  He  strove 
 successfully  to  combine  those  two  great  elements  of 
 good  preaching,  clear  statement  of  doctrine,  and 
 pungent,  faithful  appeal.  His  pastoral  labors  and 
 success  were  abundant.  He  exerted  a  strong  influ- 
 ence in  the  several  .iudicatories  of  the  Church.  "He 
 loved  Jesus,"  saj's  the  Rev.  James  H.  McXeiU,  "His 
 ser\ice.  His  ministers,  and  His  saints.  His  religion 
 was  without  ostentation,  without  moroseness,  cheer- 
 ful and  manly." 
 
 G-ridley,  Samuel  Hart,  D.  D.,  was  bom  iu 
 Kirkland,  X.  Y.,  December  28th,  1802,  and  studied  at 
 Hamilton  College,  from  which  Institution  he  received 
 the  title  of  Doctor  of  Divinity,  in  185.5.  He  studied 
 theology  at  Auburn,  X.  Y.,  and  was  ordained  by  the 
 Oneida  A.ssociation,  in  September,  1829.  His  fields 
 of  labor  have  been,  Spring\-ille,  X.'  Y.,  1829-30;  Perry, 
 1830-();  and  Waterloo,  from  1836.  where  he  has  been 
 Emeritus  Pastor  since  1873.  Dr.  Ciridley  has  pub- 
 lished sermons  and  articles,  and  has  been  a  trustee  of 
 Auburn  Seminar)',  from  1849,  and  Vice-President  of 
 the  tru.stees,  from  18T0.  He  has  been  faithful  during 
 his  long  life,  and  the  di\-ine  blessing  has  crowned  his 
 labors  with  success. 
 
 Grier,  Isaac,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  Jersey  Shore, 
 Pa.,  January  7th,  1806.  He  graduated  at  Dickinson 
 College,  Pa.,  in  1828.  After  his  graduation,  he  was 
 engaged  fora  time  in  teaching.  He  was  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Xorthumberland,  Xovember  12th  1834. 
 He  was  stated  suj)ply  of  Shamokin  and  Wa.shington, 
 Pa.,  1833-4;  pa.stor  of  Washington,  and  stated  .supply 
 of  Buffalo  and  Bethel  churches,  1834-.33.  Since 
 1854  he  has  been  pastor  of  Buflalo  Church.  He 
 resides  at  Mifflinsburg,  Pa.  He  is  a  brother  of  the 
 Hon.  Robert  ('.  drier,  who  was  for  vears  a  Justice  of 
 
GEIER. 
 
 281 
 
 GRIER. 
 
 the  U.  S.  Supreme  Court.  Dr.  Grier  i.s  a  solid  and 
 instructive  preacher,  and  a  diligent  and  faithful  pas- 
 tor. As  a  member  of  Presbytery  he  is  highly  esteemed 
 for  his  soundness  of  judgment  and  dignified  Christian 
 character.    His  labors  as  a  minister  have  been  blessed. 
 
 Grier,  Rev.  Isaac,  Sr. ,  was  one  of  the  eleven 
 members  that  constituted  the  Presbytery  of  Hunt- 
 ingdon, Pa.,  April,  1795,  and  one  of  the  five  who  con- 
 stituted the  Presbytery  of  Northumberland,  at  its 
 organization,  in  October,  1811.  His  parents'  names 
 were  Thomas  and  Martha,  Scotch-Irish  emigrants. 
 He  gi-aduated  at  Dickinson  College,  Carlisle,  in 
 1788;  was  received  under  the  Ciire  of  the  Presbytery 
 of  Carlisle,  April  l.'ith,  1790,  and  studied  theology 
 under  Dr.  Charles  Xisbet.  He  was  licensed,  Decem- 
 ber 21st,  1791,  and  appointed  a  missionary  to  supply, 
 during  the  Winter  and  Spring,  the  churches  of  Har- 
 risburg,  Paxton,  Upper  and  Middle  Tuscarora,  Bed- 
 ford, Great  Cove,  etc.,  and  was  as  far  west  as  Pitts- 
 burg, preaching  several  times  in  that  place. 
 
 In  the  Spring  of  1792  ilr.  Grier  was  appointed  to 
 missionate  on  the  "West  and  Northeast  branches  of 
 the  Susquehanna,  and  on  through  the  State  of  New 
 York.  He  was  ordained,  Ajjril  9th,  1794,  at  Carlisle, 
 and  at  the  same  time  he  was  instiilled  pastor  of  the 
 congregations  of  Lycoming,  Pine  Creek  and  Great 
 Island,  commissioners  irom  the  congregations  being 
 present.  In  the  Spring  of  1794,  he  removed  to  Lycom- 
 ing county,  near  to  Jersey  Shore,  and  in  1802,  owing  to 
 his  small  salary,  took  charge  also  of  a  cla.ssical  school. 
 He  received  a  call  to  the  united  churches  of  Sunbury 
 and  Northumberland,  and  removed  to  Northumber- 
 land, in  the  Spring  of  1806,  and  in  addition  to  his 
 pastoral  charge,  and  supplying  Shamokin  Church 
 once  a  month,  he  took  charge  of  the  academy  in 
 Northumberland.  He  died,  August  23d,  1814.  Mr. 
 Grier  was  the  fiither  of  the  Hon.  Robert  C.  Grier 
 one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
 United  States.  As  a  teacher  of  the  Latin  and  Greek 
 languages  he  is  said  to  have  had  no  superior  in  Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Grier,  Rev.  James,  a  native  of  Bucks  county, 
 Pa.,  graduated  at  Princeton  College,  in  1772,  ^viththe 
 highest  honors  of  his  cla.ss,  and  acted  as  Tutor  for 
 about  one  year.  He  was  licensed  by  the  First  Pres- 
 bytery of  Philadelphia,  in  1775,  and  ordained  and 
 installed  pastor  of  Deep  Run  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Penna.,  in  1776,  where  he  remained  until  his  death, 
 November  19th,  1791.  Mr.  Grier  was  amiable  and 
 conciliatory  in  his  disposition  and  manners.  Ordin- 
 arily using  but  little  gesture,  and  that  of  the  mildest 
 kind,  in  the  pulpit,  his  manner  was  always  earnest, 
 and,  at  times,  it  became  deeply  impassioned.  He 
 had  power  over  an  audience  to  which  few  attain.  To 
 illustrate  this — on  a  Commxuiion  Sabbath  he  followed 
 up  the  sacramental  service  with  a  .sermon  on  the  text, 
 '"And  the  door  was  shut."  After  reading  the  passage 
 he  closed  the  Bible,  with  an  action  somewhat  ener- 
 getic, and  lifting  up  his  hands,  apparently  in  the  deep- 
 
 est agony,  exclaimed:  "My  God!  and  is  the  door 
 shut?"  The  impression  on  the  whole  congregation 
 was  perfectly  overwhelming. 
 
 Grier,  Rev.  John  "Walker,  was  born  in  Bucks 
 county,  Pa.,  in  17S9.  He  graduated  at  Dickinson 
 College,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  in  1809,  and  studied  theology 
 at  the  Theological  School  of  the  lie  v.  Dr.  J.  11. 
 JIason,  of  New  York,  and  also  at  the  Theological 
 Seminary  at  Princeton,  N.  J.  His  health  being  very 
 precarious,  he  was  much  delayed  in  his  preparations 
 for  the  ministry,  but  was  finally  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  New^  Castle,  October  1st,  1818.  Mr. 
 Grier,  for  a  few  years,  taught  a  classical  school,  but, 
 ha^ing  received  a  commission  as  Chaplain  in  the 
 United  States  Navy,  he  was  ordained  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Philadelphia,  May  25th,  1826.  As  a  Chap- 
 lain, he  officiated,  at  difierent  periods,  at  almost  all 
 the  naval  stations  in  this  country,  and  made  five 
 voyages,  some  lasting  more  than  three  years,  in  the 
 vessels  of  war — Delaware'  North  Carolina,  Potomac, 
 Ohio,  and  St.  La-nTe:ice.  His  last  public  ser^■ice  was 
 performed  as  Chaplain  of  the  Na^y  Yard  at  Pensa- 
 cola,  Fla. ;  and  in  18.59  he  resigned  his  commission, 
 passed  the  remainder  of  his  days  in  the  families  of 
 his  children,  and  died,  JIarch  25th,  1864.  Mr.  Grier 
 was  the  father  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  M.  B.  Grier,  one  of 
 the  editors  of  the  Prcshi/tcrlan.  He  was  an  humble, 
 earnest  Christian,  an  accomplished  rnd  affable  gentle- 
 man, of  great  purity  and  dignits'  of  character,  and 
 highly  esteemed  by  all  who  enjoyed  his  accjuaintance. 
 
 MATTHEW    B.    (JHIER,   D.D. 
 
 Grier,  Mattlie"SV  B.,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  Rev.  John 
 W.  Grier,  Chaplain  of  the  United  States  Navy,  was 
 bom  at  Brandj-wine  Manor,  Chester  county,  Pa.,  July 
 
GRIER. 
 
 ORIER. 
 
 Soth,    1S2().      He  f;ni<lii:it<-<l  at  Wasliiiij^on  College,  havinf;  tinishol  tlw   work  which   Wii-s  n>si]jnc<l  him, 
 
 I'a.,    in    1^:1''.      AI'liT   stu<lyiii(;    law    lur   u    time   in  be  \v:ls  summoned  from  his  laliors  on  earth  to  a  glori- 
 
 IMiilailelphia,  he    j)roseeute<l    his  tlirologiral   studies  ous  reward    in    liea>en.      His  deiith  <K-eurred    March 
 
 at    I'rinccton    .S<-ininarv.     Ho  w;w   oriUiined    bv  the  31st,  1814. 
 
 Presbytery   of    Haltiinore,   l>-cemlKT   3tl,   1847,  and  I      Grier,   Hon.   Robert   Cooper,  was  the  eldwt 
 
 Wiw  jMLstor  at   Ellicott's   Mills,   Sid.,   1847-.')2,    and  son  of  Uev.  I.saac  Grier,  and  grandson  of  Kev.  Itobert 
 
 at  Wilmington,  X.  C,  1854-(jl,  in  which  charges  his  Cooper,  D.  n.     He  was  born  in  CumlK-rlaud  county, 
 
 lalHirs  were  crowni-d  with  suece.s.s.     In  18()1  he  iH'came  Pa.,    March  oth,  17!)4,  and  ;rniduate<l  at  Dickinson 
 
 editor  of  The  I'mthytrrian,  I'hiladeljdiia,  and  in  con-  College  in  l-TJ.      He  a.s,sist<>d  his  father  in  conduct- 
 
 nection  with  the  duties  of  tlii.s  position,  wxs  stated  ing  the  Academy  at  Northumlx-rland,    Pa.,  and    on 
 
 sup])ly    of  the    Church    at    Gloucester   City,    N.    J.,  his   father's  death    becami-    Principal,    devoting    his 
 
 18(i7-!),  and  sinc-e  1875  hits  hail  ch:irgc  of  the  Church  leisure  hours  to  the  stmly  of  law.      He  w;ls  admitted 
 
 at  Kidley  I'ark,    Pa.      Dr.    (.irier  is  a  gentleman   of  to  practice  in  1''17,  and  ojH-ned  his  oftice  in  Hlooms- 
 
 genial  spirit,  dignified  bearing  and  cultivated  man-  burg,  Columbia  county;  in  1818  he  removeil  to  Diin- 
 
 ner.     He  is  a  graceful  and  vigorous  writer.     His  .scr-  ville,  in  the  s;ime  county.     In  18^3,  Ix'ing  apjx>inte<l 
 
 nions  are  j)repared  with  care,  preached  with  solemnity  '  Judge  of  the  Di.strict  Court  of  Allegheny  county,  he 
 
 and   pervadetl  with   the   tone  aud  teachings  of  the  removed  to  Pittsburg.     On  August  4th,  184(i,  he  was 
 
 gospel.      His  course    as  an  editor,  has  been  marked  nominated  by  President  Polk,  one  of  the  Judges  of 
 
 by  much  ability,  correct  taste,  sound  judgment  and  the  United  States  .Supreme  C'<mrt,  and  unanimonsly 
 
 firm    ailhcrcncc    to    the    truth    as    enibodiicl    in  th.c  conlirnied    the  next  <lay.      In   1848     he    removed  to 
 
 Standards  of  our  Church.      He  has  the  esteem  and  Philadelphia,  and  continued  to  reside  there  until  his 
 
 confidence  of  all  who  know  him. 
 
 G-rier,  Rev.  Nathan,  wiis  l)orn  in  Hucks  county. 
 Pa.,  .September,  17<>().  He  gnuluated  at  the  Univer- 
 sity of  Penn.sylvania  in  1783;  studied  theology  under 
 the   direction   of  his  elder   brother,  the   Rev.  James 
 
 death,  which  occurred  September  "i.'ith.  l-^Ct. 
 
 Judge  Grier  was  eminently  distinguished  for  int«-g- 
 rity  of  purpose,  fidelity  to  his  client,  and  l>enevolenci' 
 to  those  of  limited  means,  jireferring  justice  to  gain. 
 He  stoo{l  very  high  as  a  lawyer  and  :us  a  judge.     The 
 
 (irier,  of  Deep  Kun:  w:us  licensed    to  preach  by  the  esteem    of  his  legal  brethren    was   exhibited    in  the 
 
 Presbytery  of  I'hiladelphia  in  178(>,  and  in  the  .same  great  dcferenci-  given  to  his  decisions,  and  thiirwarm 
 
 year  received  and  accepted  a  call  from  the  Forks  of  personal  frieivdship.      At  the  death  of  his  father,  he 
 
 ]!ran(Iywinc.  Chester  county.  Pa.,  and  was  iustallcil  look  cbargi^  of  his  brothers  and  sisters.  t<'n  in  nnmlM'r. 
 as  their  pa.stor  in  K^",  in  wliiih  relation  he  continued  I  cared  for  and  educated  all,  :is  a   faithful  guardian, 
 
 until  the  end  of  his  life.  until  they  were  settled  in  life.     At  the  time  of  his 
 
 Mr.  Grier  was  an  able  and   faithful  minister.     His  residence  in  Pittsburg,  .ludgi-  (irier  was  an  active  and 
 
 judgment   was  .sound   and    discriminating,    and    his  influential  elder  of  the   First   Presb,>-terian   Church, 
 
 talents  ;isa  )>rea<her eminently  ]H>pular.   The  arrange-  .VUeghcny,  then  under  the  (KLstonil  care  of  the    Uev. 
 
 mcnt  of  his  discourses  was  natural  and  lucid,  aud  tli<'  Dr.  K.  P.  Swift. 
 
 matter  of  them  at  once   eminently  i-vangilical   and  Orier,  Rev.   Robert    Smith,  the    siui  of   Rev. 
 
 l>nictical.   With  a  voice  clear,  ])lta.s;uit  and  <-ommand-  Nathan    and    Sus;inna    i  Smith  i    (Jrier,    Wiis   Imrn    at 
 
 ing.  b<- exhibited  a  solemnity  of  manner  and  a  deep  Hrandywine   Manor,  Chester  county.  Pa.,  May  11th, 
 
 and  tender  earnestness,  which  never  failed  to  secure 
 attention,  and  often  made  a  powerful  impression. 
 He  sjKike  JUS  one  who  Indie ved  and    felt  the  force  of 
 
 1790,  He  gradiuited  at  Dickinson  College  in  180it; 
 studied  theology-  under  the  instruction  of  his  father: 
 was  licensed  by  New  Ca-stle  Presbytery,  September, 
 
 divine  truth,  and  the  weight  of  ministerial  responsi- 1  1812,  and  soon  after  was  calle<l  to  the  chnrclu-s  of 
 bility.  In  all  his  relations  as  a  ]«i.stor,  a  citizen,  an  Tom's  Creek  and  Piney  (Ywk,  near  Kmmett.sburg, 
 ecclesiastic  and  a  man,  he  was  earne-st  in  his  vn-  Md.,  where  he  was  ordained  and  installeil  by  Car- 
 dcavors  to  know  what  w.is  right,  and  inlli-xibly  firm  li.sle  Presbytery,  in  .\pril,  HI  I.  This  wius  his  only 
 in  his  adhcri-nce  to  it.  .Vs  a  husband,  a  father,  and  charge.  Heilicd  DecemlMr2>*th,  Isti-V  .\sapreachcr. 
 guardian  of  his  family,  his  whole  demeanor  was  Mr.  Grier's  ministnitions  wen-  i-har!icterize<i  by 
 chanictcrizi'd  by  Christian  dignity,  <'imdc.s<'en.siou,  |  punctuality,  tiih'lity  aud  ability.  He  wiis  clear, 
 atfirtiim  and  faithfulness.  .\s  the  Presbyterian  I  energetic  and  in.structive.  .\s  a  friend  aud  citi7.4-n  he 
 Chun'h  in  .Vmerica  had  not  then  jinividcd  the<dugi-  ;  wsis  sincere  and  honest.  With  a  great  llow  ofanimal 
 cal  seminaries,  and  students  in  theolog\-  availitl  \  spirit.s,  and  a  ready  fund  of  humor,  he  ctmibimtl 
 themselves  of  the  libraries  and  in.slruclions  of  the  !  remarkable  <le<-i.sion  and  indeiM-ndeni-c  of  clmnicliT 
 jia.stors  of  churches,  as  they  had  opporliinity.  tln'  His  jiiely  was  never  doubted  by  any  one.  It  was  an 
 I'stimatiou  in  which  Mr.  Grier  was  liehl  ;ls  a  jiious,  intelligent  iiiety,  based  niMin  lixtnl  princi)di-.s.  For 
 able  anil  successful  minister  of  the  gos|M'l,  induced  nearly  fifly-two  yi-sirs  be  went  in  and  out  iH-fon-  his 
 many  to  avail  themselves  of  his  dinction  and  aid.  people,  who  fully  appniiatiil  his  si-rvices,  ,inil  their 
 Twenty-si-vin  years  he  served  the  congregation  of  thi-  attachment  to  and  airection  for  their  [Kustor  surt'en'<l 
 Forks  of  Hrandywine  with  fidelity  and  success,  until,    no  aUitement  iluriiig  this  long  imtIimI. 
 
GRIFFIS. 
 
 •2K! 
 
 GRIGG. 
 
 Griflan,  Edward  Dorr,  D.  D.,  wits  Ixirn  at  K:ist 
 Hatldaiu,  Conn.,  .January  (>tli,  1770,  and  graduatod  at 
 Yale  C()lk-K<',  with  one  of  the  highest  honors  of  his 
 class,  in  1790.  He  pursued  his  tlicolo<{ical  .studies 
 under  tliedirection  of  tlie  Rev.  Dr.  .lonatlian  Kd wards, 
 of  New  Haven,  and  was  licensed  to  jireaeh,  in  Oeto- 
 liir,  179'i,  hv  the  We.st  Association  of  New  Haven 
 county.  From  the  very  start,  his  ))reaehinK  was 
 attended  with  a  signal  hlcssinj;.  He  was  pastor  of 
 the  Congreg-ational  C'lnireh  at  Nc-w  Hartford  from 
 June  4th,  1795,  until  October  2(ltli,  Isdl,  at  which 
 time  he  was  instilled  as  colleague  jxi-stor  with  the 
 Rev.  Dr.  MiANliorter,  over  the  Chun-h  at  Newark, 
 N.  .1.  His  mini.stry  Wiis  signalized,  in  1H07,  hy  a 
 most  remarkable  revival,  of  which  he  .said,  in  his 
 journal,  '"Ninety-seven  joined  the  Church  in  one 
 day,  and  about  two  hundred  in  all.''  During  his 
 eight  years'  pastorate,  four  hunilred  and  thirty-lour 
 j)ersons  were  added  to  tlie  church. 
 
 In  1808  Dr.  Griffin  accepted  an  appointment  to  the 
 Bartlett  Profcs-sorship  of  Pulpit  Kloquence  in  the 
 Theological  Bcminary  at  Andover,  and  on  ,Iuly  31st, 
 1811,  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Park  Street  congrega- 
 tion, Boston.  In  the  Winter  of  1812-13,  he  delivered 
 his  Park  Street  Lectures,  on  successive  Sabbath  even- 
 ings, to  a  crowded  audience,  collected  from  all  ela.sses 
 of  society.  June  iioth,  181.'),  he  was  installed  pastor 
 of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Cliurch  in  Newark,  N.  J. 
 Dming  this  second  period  of  his  residence  in  Newark, 
 besides  attending  with  exemplary  fidelity  to  all  the 
 appropriate  duties  of  a  pastor,  he  devoted  himself, 
 with  characteristic  eriergj-,  to  the  establishment  and 
 support  of  several  of  the  leading  lx;nevolent  institu- 
 tions of  the  day.  He  was  one  of  the  original  founders 
 of  the  American  Hitile  Society,  and  had  also  an 
 imiM>rtaut  agency  in  establishing  the  United  poreign 
 Mission  Society,  and  in  promoting  the  interests  of  the 
 school  established  by  the  Synod  of  New  York  and 
 New  Jersey,  for  the  education  of  Africans.  His  cele- 
 brated "  Plea  for  Afric;i"  was  distingui.shed  alike  for 
 learning  and  eloquence.  Abont  18-21  he  w;is  elected 
 President  of  Williams  College,  and  his  connection 
 with  tlie  Institution  jiroved  most  auspicious  to  its 
 interests.  On  account  of  enfeebled  health,  he  resigned 
 this  position,  in  18:{(i.  removed  to  Newark,  and  died 
 NovemberHth,  18:{7.  His  exercises  in  the  immediate 
 prospect  of  his  departure  were  charat-terized,  not  only 
 hy  the  "jx-ace  which  pas.seth  understanding,"  but  by 
 "the  joy  uiLspeakablc  and  full  of  glory." 
 
 Dr.  GrilTin's  publications  consisted  largely  of  ser- 
 mons, orations  and  addresses,  all  of  which  lM)re  the 
 impress  of  his  vigorous  intellect.  He  was  eminently 
 a  man  of  mark,  both  in  thi-  literary  and  religious 
 spheres.  His  jKJWcr  of  clear,  jienctrating,  and,  at  the 
 same  time,  of  lofty  and  comprehensive,  tliought;  his 
 skill  and  force  in  argument,  his  rhetorical  genius  and 
 culture,  his  elotiuenci-.  his  majestic  ixrson  and  man- 
 ner, all  pi-rvaded  and  controlled  by  his  enlightened, 
 religious  devotion,  performed  efficient  service  for  the 
 
 Church,  and  placed  him  among  the  greater  lights  of 
 his  age. 
 
 Griffin,  Nathaniel  Heirick,  D.  D.,  w.is  Imrn 
 in  .Southam|iton.  Long  Island,  December  ■28th,  l^H. 
 He  graduated  at  Williams  College,  Mxss.,  in  IKM, 
 with  high  rei>utation  as  a  s<-holar,  after  which  he  en- 
 tered Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  and  jmrsued 
 his  studies  there  for  two  years.  He  was  a  Tutor  for 
 (me  year  afterwards  in  Williams  College.  In  1K57 
 and  l^:>-i  he  was  stat<-<l  sn]>]ily.  lirst  of  the  Church  at 
 Westhampton,  L.  I.,  and  subsequently  at  Franklin, 
 N.  Y.  He  was  installe<l  p;istor  of  the  Church  at 
 Delhi,  N.  Y.,  June  27111,  18:J9,  but  by  r<;i.son  of  fail- 
 ing health,  this  connection  Wiis  dis.solved  in  1841.  He 
 passed  a  year  in  Williams  College,  supplying  the  pl.icc 
 of  Prof  Tatlock,  who  had  gone  to  Kuropi-.  -Viler 
 teaching  in  Ilr<K>klyn,  N.  V.,  from  Hll!  until  I-^4G,  he 
 was  called  to  till  the  Profe.s.sorship  of  the  Latin  and 
 Greek  Languages  in  Williams  College.  In  185.'1.  this 
 Profe.s.sorsliip  being  divided,  he  was  made  p^fessor 
 of  the  Greek  Language  and  Lit<Tature.  After  eleven 
 years'  service  as  a  Professor,  lie  resigned  in  18,'j7  and 
 opened  a  private  school  in  Williamslown.  In  1868 
 he  reliiKini.shed  this  to  t;ike  charge  of  the  College 
 Library,  and  retained  the  jxisition  of  Librarian  until 
 his  death.  He  w:is  Secretary  of  the  Williams  College 
 Alumni  As.sociation  for  twenty-four  years;  pul)li.shed 
 the  Triennial  Catalogues  for  eleven  years;  preiKin-d 
 the  first  Alumni  Necrologic;il  Sketches;  published 
 valuable  articles  in  various  reviews  and  mag;izine.s, 
 and  w:is  widely  known.  His  death  occurred,  October 
 16th,  1876. 
 
 Dr.  (Jriffin  w;us  a  man  of  clear  and  d<'cide<l  piety. 
 AMiile  in  Princeton  .Seminary  he  determined  to  go  on 
 a  foreign  mission,  but  afterwarib<  abandoned  his  pur- 
 pose, for  the  .s;ike  of  his  widowed  mother.  His  heart 
 was  always  in  the  ministeriid  work,  and  it  w;is  the 
 great  trial  of  his  lil'i'  tlmt  his  poor  health  comiielled 
 him  to  relinquish  it.  Perfect  trust  in  the  Saviour 
 w;vs  the  marked  feature  of  his  life  and  of  his  last  days. 
 He  was  able  to  commit  himself  and  all  his  interests 
 to  Jesus.  He  Wiis  an  active,  earnest  and  u.seful 
 Christian  man,  doing  much  to  promote  the  temporal 
 and  spiritual  good  of  all  around  him. 
 
 Griffith,  Rev.  Timothy,  taught  a  classical  .school 
 in  Philadelphia,  in  17:i7,  and  giaduated  at  Yale,  in 
 1742.  The  Presbvtery  of  New  Cxslle  ordained  him, 
 in  174:$,  as  succes.sor  to  Rev.  Thomas  Kvans,  in  Pen- 
 cader.  He  supplied  the  Church  of  Tredrjllrj-n,  once 
 a  month,  for  .several  years.  WTien  the  province  w:is 
 threatened  with  invasion,  he  was  elected  OipUiiu  of 
 the  eompiiny  raised  in  New  Castle  county,  in  S«-ptem- 
 l)er,  1748.  He  was  a  missionary  in  Western  Virginia, 
 in  17.'>1.  He  removed  to  a  fariii  in  ApiMMiuinimy,  and 
 resided  on  it  till  his  death,  in  1754.  During  that  time, 
 be  prolxibly  supplied  New  C;istle  and  Drawyers. 
 
 Grigg,  Rev.  George  Cooper,  son  of  William 
 and  ls;itx'lla  (McDowell)  (irigg.  w:is  l)om  in  M;inon 
 District,  S.  C,  February  19th,  1811.      He  gradu.ited 
 
<!KI}U>t. 
 
 tiH4 
 
 tIBOiKll. 
 
 at  the  South  Oiroliiui  CoUrer,  in  1838,  and  ut  the 
 ThcoIoRiiiil  Scniimiry,  iu  Culiiiiibiii,  in  IfMl.  He 
 wiw  lici'ns«'<l  in  lln-  Kprinn,  '>.v  lliirni<iny  Prt-sliyUry, 
 and  NiivciiiIht  (ith,  iHtl,  wuft  onUiincil  iind  iiustallcd 
 puMtur  of  till-  Sjilciii  Cliiirch.  Hi-  ilii-<l,  May  i'lth, 
 lH4i|.  Tliniii^liiiiit  liiH  liiiiK  iKiMtoniti'  hi>  liail  the 
 i-ntirr  coiiliilriii'i-  ami  corilial  witej-ni  of  lii.s  fhar;;;!-. 
 
 Mr.  <!rin};  '.vils  a  man  of  solid  i-xc-i-lli-ncf  luiil 
 iiiNtriiLsie  worth  ;  hr  \v:i.s  in  the-  liiKhc^t  wnsi-,  un 
 hont-st,  true  and  di'Yoti'd  Christian  man.  Mis  mind  . 
 W118  (if  a  hitjh  order  and  well  cultivated.  Hi.s  preju-h- 
 ing  wiut  Moliil  and  instructive,  .sound  iu  d<K-trine,  clear 
 in  statement,  strong;  in  an;unient  and  close  and  unam- 
 bi;(uous  in  apjilieation.  As  a  Treshyter  anions  I'res- 
 hj-tens,  liis  knowli-dge  of  the  principles  of  our  Church 
 |Mility,  his  ae(|uaintanee  with  the  forms  of  Im.siness, 
 and  his  instinctive  perception  of  what  each  ciisc 
 re<iiiired,  >p>\e  him  a  ilixrviil  pre-eminenee. 
 
 Grimes,  Joseph  Smiley,  D.D.,  wxs  iKirn  near 
 Xew  AtheiLs,  Ohio,  July  2-2d,  lH-37.  His  ]Kirents,  Jo- 
 nepli  (Jrinies  and  Martha  IM^ar  McCoUouhIi,  were  of 
 Scotch-Irish  dese-ent.  He  graduated  from  Franklin 
 CoUege,  New  Athens,  Ohio,  in  1«I7.  In  his  Senior 
 year  he  represented  the  I'liilo-I.iterary  Six-iety  of  the 
 College,  as  orator  in  the  annual  conti'st,  and  receive<l 
 the  lunior  for  the  S<K-iely.  In  l-^l!)  he  entered  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary,  .Mlegheny,  Pa.,  and 
 wa.s  licensed  to  preach  liy  the  Pri-sliytery  of  St.  Clairs- 
 ville,  Ohio.  In  .luni',  1h5;J,  he  was  oriUiincd  l>y  the 
 Presbytery  of  New  I.islKui,  Ohio,  and  installed  iKLstor 
 of  the  Presbj-terian  Church  in  Siileni,  Ohio,  where  he 
 »«Tved  until ,Iune,l'"."i7.  Forsi.x  months subse<|Uent  he 
 held  a  call  to  and  supplied  the  I'irst  Church  ill  .Miami 
 City.  Ohio,  and  then  declining  that  uill,  he  accepted 
 one  to  Columbia,  l«ine;Ls|er  <'oiinty,  Penn.sylvania,  in 
 June,  lHr)H.  In  April,  Isiil,  he  ln-c;ime  pitstor  of  the 
 First  I'resbyterian  Cliureh  in  New  Castle,  I'enn.syl- 
 vunia,  and  there  remained  until  S<'pteiiilier,  Ir'Un.  In 
 the  Spring  of  Ikihi  he  ttxik  charge  of  the  First  Church 
 in  Huckford,  Illinobt,  where  he  preached  until  Se|>- 
 tenilKT,  !•<(!!•,  when  he  accepted  a  call  »to  the  Pn-sby- 
 teriaii  Cliiireh  ill  Alliance,  Ohio,  and  is  still  serving 
 that  IhhIv  as  |uLs|or. 
 
 |)r.  (iriines  is  a  man  of  very  marked  tniiLs  of  eliur- 
 acter.  A  xtniiig  and  original  thinker,  he  ])oH.ses.ses 
 (juiek  and  keen  iiereepliiins,  vigorous  jxiwer«  of 
 analysis  and  a  methiMl  of  sermonizing  |M-eiiliarly  his 
 own.  lie  is  an  able  and  intlueiitial  pre;icher.  He 
 eonibiiie<4  in  a  lia|ipy  manner  the  topical  and  exegetinil 
 methisls  in  his  iliseoiirHes,  and  his  delivery  is  rapid, 
 iiirnest  and  emphatic.  Hiit  digiiilled  and  urbane 
 lieariiig,  combliietl  with  a  highly  develo|M'd  s<K-ial 
 nature,  eommaiiil  for  him  the  rcs|iect  and  esti-t'iii  of 
 nil  diuwex.  I»r.  (iriines'  iiiinislry  has  Im-cu  greatly 
 bli-sw-il.  .Since  his  M'ttleinint  in  .Mliaiio'  six  hun- 
 ilnsl  and  loiirleen  eommiinicaiits  Ikim'  Intn  added  to 
 his  cbiin-li.  No  Icmh  than  thirty  |iastors,  now  im'<'U- 
 pyingtbi'  pulpit.sof  the  Pn-sbyterian  Church  throiigh- 
 uut  the  country,  have  attribiiti'd  Iheir  ctmversion  and 
 
 entronoc  upon  the  ministry  to  bis  instrumentality. 
 As  a  Pn'sbyt«T  he  is  zejilously  dcvot«il  to  the  stric-t 
 law  of  the  Church,  and  thoroughly  ac<|uainte<l  with 
 the  deliverances  of  the  Ass<-mbly.  He  is  Cluiimian 
 of  the  Presb_\-terial  Committee  on  Tlu-ology  and  the 
 SiuTaments,  in  the  examination  of  (-indidates. 
 Qrimke,  Francis  James,  w:ls  liom  at  Charlc-,s- 
 
 toii,  .S.  C,  NoviiiilM-r  lib.  l-."i<l.  He  was  the  s<i<inil 
 of  four  .s<iiLs  of  Nancy  (Wc-jton)  and  Henry  Orimke. 
 Hearing  of  the  op|xirtunities  at  the  North  for  educa- 
 tion, he  enten-d  Lincoln  University,  Chi-ster  county. 
 Pa.,  in  the  Fall  of  IHtjti,  and  wa.s  gnulmited  there- 
 from ius  an  .v.  B.  in  1870.  For  one  yt5ar  after  gnidu- 
 ation  he  taught  mathematics  in  the  Pre|>aratory 
 DciKirtiiieiit  of  the  I'nivcrsity,  and  also  acted  its  it-j 
 Financial  .\gent.  He  studied  law  for  three  years  at 
 Lineiiln  and  Howard  Universities,  but  liiully  decided 
 to  n'lini|ui.<h  the  law  for  the  ministry,  and  eiiteriHl 
 the  Princeton  Theological  .Seminary  in  l<r."i.  and  w:is 
 gniduated  therefrom  in  1878.  The  Rev.  Dr.  .MeCosh 
 speaks  of  him  "as  a  J'oung  man  of  very  high  order 
 of  talent,  and  of  cxcelh-nt  ehar.icter.  \  have  heard 
 him  jireai'h,  and  I  feel  as  if  I  could  listen  to  such 
 preaching,  with  profit,  from  Siibbath  to  S;ibliath." 
 Dr.  Cr.ivcii,  who  wius  one  of  his  examiners  at  gr.idu- 
 ation,  said,  "  In  my  judgment  he  w:is  the  jx-er  of  any 
 man  in  his  cla.s.s."  His  first  charge  w;is  the  jKtstorate 
 of  the  Fifteenth  Strc<'t  Presbyterian  Church  at  WjlsIi- 
 ington,  I).  C,  which  he  still  holds.  He  wiis  ordaine<I 
 and  in.stalled  hy  the  Washington  Presbytery,  June, 
 1878,  and  bus  since  devoted  hims<4f  to  the  work  in 
 Wiushington  City.  He  is  a  Triustee  of  Howard  Uni- 
 versity, and  an  a<-tive  worker  in  all  that  jHTtains  to 
 the  udvaneenient  of  the  colored  nice. 
 
 Q-rover,  Rev.  Stephen,  was  born  at  Tolland, 
 Conn.,  July  Kith,  n.VS.  His  father,  FlH'iiczer,  had 
 a  family  of  six  children.  Theohlest  son,  Josi-ph,  wxs 
 orilaiiunl  over  the  Pri'sbyterian  Church  in  Parsip|Kiny, 
 N.  J.,  in  177.">.  I5iit  feeling  that  his  i-etli-siasliad 
 Im'dom  W!is  infringi'd  by  Ix-inga  meralK-r  of  .Synotl, 
 he  withdrew  from  Presbytery  in  177!).  (S«-e  Oilb-tt's 
 Presbyterian  Church,  vol.  i,  p.  210.)  He  wius  s«-ttle<l 
 over  the  Church  in  Bristol,  N.  Y.,  where  he  die<l, 
 aged  eighty-four.  .Stephen  O  rover  w;i.s  the  youngest 
 son.  ICarly  converted,  from  his  youth  he  Wiis  devoted 
 to  the  ministry.  His  education  was  delayed  by  his 
 elTorts  to  sup|Mirt  him.self.  .\t  the  breaking  out  of 
 the  Kevoliitiou  he  wils  u  student  in  Dartmouth  Col- 
 lege. He  at  onee  volunteeri'd  ils  a  .soldier  in  the  Con- 
 tinental army,  and  wrvisl  until  the  clow  of  the  war, 
 obtaining  nink  in  his  regiment.  He  then  returiie<l 
 to  etdlege  anil  graduat<sl  with  honor  in  17^i.  Heat 
 omv  «nne  to  New  Jersey,  where  his  brother  JoM-ph 
 wius  liH-ated,  and  ill  two  years  was  liecn.sol  to  preach. 
 
 He  was  the  first  )iastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 at  Caldwell,  N.  J.,  iiiid  w:is  mainly  instrumental  in 
 the  ertH-tion  of  the  first  iililicc,  the  corner-stone  of 
 which  he  hiid  in  17)M.  He  omtinued  in  that  charge 
 until  his  death,  in  June,  l'<l(!.  when  he  was  s«'vcnty- 
 
UlilXDY. 
 
 285 
 
 GUKLEY. 
 
 seven  years  old.  From  the  beginning  of  his  ministry 
 until  its  close,  his  church  wiis  the  scene  of  frequent 
 and  powerful  rcN-ivals,  over  a  huutlred  uniting  at  one 
 time,  on  several  occiisions.  It  is  believed  he  was  the 
 instrument,  under  God,  in  the  conversion  of  over  one 
 tliousaiul  six  liundr((l  souls.  He  w;us  active  in  all 
 tile  work  of  the  Chuich,  in  educational  enterprises, 
 in  missionary,  Sabbalh-sehool  and  iK-uevolent  efforts. 
 He  was  ardent  and  pathetic,  and  to  the  end  of  his 
 life  found  his  highest  happiness  in  preaching  the 
 gospel,  and  in  ministering  to  the  wants  of  his  fellow- 
 nu'n.  He  was  the  associate  of  a  group  of  eminent 
 ministers — Drs.  Richards  and  Griflin,  of  Xewark; 
 llillyer,  of  Orange;  Fisher,  of  Patcrsoii;  .Tudd.  of 
 llloomtield. 
 
 Grundy,  Robert  C,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  Sunuul 
 and  Klizalxth  (^ Caldwell)  (iruiidy,  was  born  in  Wash- 
 ington county,  Ky.,  in  1><I)!).  He  graduated  at 
 Centre  College;  studied  theology  at  Princeton;  was 
 licensed  by  Transylvania  Presbytery,  and  installed 
 by  Ebenezer  Presbytery,  as  pastor  of  the  Church  in 
 Maysville,  Ky.,  in  1836.  This  relation  existed  for 
 twenty-two  years.  In  1S58  he  was  installed  pastor 
 <if  tile  Church  in  MempliLs,  Tenn.  In  1"'()3  he  beaime 
 jmstor  of  the  Central  Presbyterian  Church,  Cincin- 
 nati, Ohio.  He  died  June  -JTth,  186.5.  Dr.  txruudy 
 was  a  generous,  earnest,  fearless  man,  a  vigorous 
 preacher,  an  active  Presbyter.  In  the  relations  of 
 private  and  social  life  he  Wiis  remarkably  courteous 
 and  ever  chivalric.  None  doubted  his  sincerity.  He 
 was  ever  ready  to  defend  the  truth  and  oppose  error. 
 He  was  identitieil  with  various  institutions  of  the 
 (  liurch,  and  never  spared  himself  when  good  could 
 be  ai'coinplislied.      He  .sienuil  truly  a  man  of  God. 
 
 Gulick,  Rev.  Peter  Johnson,  was  bom  at 
 Freehold,  X.  J.,  March  lith,  1797;  gra<luatcd  ^it  the 
 <  'ollege  of  Xew  Jersey  (where  hi;  roomed  with  James 
 r.rainard  Taylor),  in  1825,  and  immediately  entered 
 Princeton  Seminary,  remaining  there  two  years.  He 
 was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Xew 
 r.runswick,  .Vugust  7th,  1827,  and  was  ordained  by 
 the  .same  Presliytery,  as  an  evangelist,  October  3<1, 
 l-i27.  Immediately  alter  his  ordination,  November 
 3d,  1827,  he  embarked  at  Boston  for  the  Hawaiian 
 Mission,  under  commission  from  the  .Vmerican  Board 
 of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions,  and  labored 
 at  Waimea,  on  the  Island  of  Kaui,  from  1828  until 
 18:?.');  at  Koloa  until  1813;  on  the  Island  of  Malokai 
 until  1817;  then  at  Waialua,  on  Oahu,  until  1857; 
 after  this  he  resided  at  Honolulu,  until  his  removal 
 to  Japan,  in  June,  1874.  Thus  he  labored  more  than 
 Ibrty-six  yeai-son  the  Sandwich  Islands,  and  his  labors 
 were  greatly  blessed  of  (Jod.  He  saw  a  nation  trans- 
 Ibrnud  from  liarbarism  into  enlightened  and  devout 
 Christians,  and  his  name  will  always  be  held  in  honor 
 as  that  of  one  of  the  foremost  and  most  useful  pion- 
 eers, who,  under  God,  brought  about  -that  wonderful 
 transformation.  In  his  old  age  he  went  to  Kobe, 
 Japan,  anil  spent  his  last  days  in  the  home  of  one  of 
 
 his  sons,  where,  on  December  8th,  1877,  after  a  short 
 and  painle-ss  illness,  he  gently  breathed  his  last,  in 
 the  cighty-tirst  j-ear  of  his  age.  He  was  a  man  of 
 faith  and  jirayer,  and  e:irnest  labor  for  God.  He  never 
 returned  to  his  native  land  afti'r  entering  on  his  great 
 work  in  the  Sandwich  Islands.  Five  of  Mr.  Gulick's 
 children  are  missionaries  of  the  A.  B.  C  F.  M.,  in 
 Spain,  China  and  Japan,  and  a  sixth,  who  was  a  mis- 
 sionary, is  agent  of  the  American  Bible  Society,  in 
 Japan. 
 
 Gurley,  Phineas  Dinsmore,  D.  D.,  the  young- 
 est child  of  Phineas  and  Elizabeth  (Fox)  Gurley, 
 was  born  at  Hamilton,  .Madi.son  county,  Xew  York, 
 Xovember  12th,  181(!.  But  during  the  infancy  of 
 this  son  the  family  removed  to  Parishville,  St.  Law- 
 rence county.  His  father  was  born  and  edncated  a 
 (Quaker,  though  his  ancestry  were  Scotch  Covenanters, 
 
 PHINEAS  DINSMORE  GUBLCT,  D.  D. 
 
 and  his  mother  was  a  member  of  the  Jtethodist 
 Epi.scopal  Church,  and  in  all  her  intercourse  was  a 
 model  of  Christian  charity.  He  graduated  at  Union 
 College,  in  1837,  with  the  first  honor.  Shortly  after 
 his  giaduation  he  entered  the  Theological  Seminary 
 at  Princeton,  where  he  took  a  very  high  stand  as  a 
 1  scholar,  a  gentleman,  and  a  Cliristian.  During  the 
 vacation  of  1S3S  he  iierfonned  missionary  labor  in 
 Sus.s<'X  county,  Del.  In  April,  1840,  he  was  licensed 
 to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of  Xorth 
 River.  December  l.Mh,  1840,  he  w;us  ordained  to  the 
 work  of  the  ministry  by  the  Presbj-tcry  of  Indian- 
 apolis, and  installed  jiastor  of  the  First  Church  of 
 Indianapolis,  Ind.  Here  he  very  soon  acquired  a 
 powerful   influence,   not  only  by  his  correct,   able. 
 
HADDEX. 
 
 286 
 
 HAINES. 
 
 scriptural  preaching,  but  by  his  faithfulness  as  a 
 pastor,  and  his  considerate,  exemplary  deportment 
 in  all  the  relations  of  life. 
 
 Influenced  largely  by  a  regard  to  his  health,  Mr. 
 Gurlcy  accepted  a  call  to  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Cliurch,  Daj'ton,  Ohio,  and  was  installed  its  pastor 
 by  the  Presbj-tery  of  Miami,  in  April,  18.")0.  Here  he 
 remained  four  years,  during  \vhich  he  was  indefatigable 
 in  his  labors,  and  the  church  enjoyed  uinvonted  pros- 
 perity. In  March,  18.'54,  Dr.  Gurley  was  installed 
 pastor  of  the  F  Street  Presbyterian  Church,  Wash- 
 ington Gity.  Here  he  continued,  discharging  his 
 various  duties  with  great  fidelitj'and  success,  until  he 
 finished  his  course  with  joy.  In  ISoS  he  served  as 
 Cliaplain  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  In  1859, 
 a  union  of  the  Second  Presb>-terian  with  tlie  F  Street 
 Church  having  been  consummated,  the  united  bodj' 
 w;is  known  from  tliat  time  as  the  New  York  Avenue 
 Cliurch,  Dr.  Gurlcy  continuing  its  pastor.  To  the 
 building  of  the  noble  edifice  now  occupied  by  this 
 church  he  contributed  largel}',  by  collecting  funds, 
 both  at  home  and  abroad.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
 General  Assembly  in  1866,  and  Chairman  of  the 
 Judicial  Committee.  The  same  General  Assembly 
 appointed  him  a  member  of  the  Committee  of  Fifteen, 
 
 to  confer  with  a  similar  Committee  of  the  New  School 
 General  A.ssembly,  in  regard  to  the  reunion  of  the 
 Presbj-terian  Church.  In  1867  he  was  cho.sen  Jlod- 
 erator  of  the  General  Assembly  which  met  at  Cin- 
 cinnati. He  died,  September  30th,  1868,  and  his 
 departure  was  eminently  peaceful,  and  even  glori- 
 ous. 
 
 Dr.  Gurley  had  a  wel  1  formed  and  robust  frame,  that 
 seemed  fittingly  to  represent  his  intellectual  and 
 moral  character.  He  had  great  power  of  endurance, 
 and  could  perform  more  labor  than  almost  any  of  his 
 contemporaries.  He  was  earnest  and  firm,  yet  con- 
 descending and  conciliatory.  His  preaching  was  not 
 highly  impassioned,  but  it  was  eminently  clear,  evan- 
 gelical and  spirited,  and  fitted  to  find  its  way  to  both 
 the  understanding  and  the  heart.  As  a  pastor,  he 
 united  great  discretion  with  great  fidelity,  and  no  one 
 knew  better  than  he  how  to  mingle  in  scenes  of 
 sorrow.  As  a  Presbj-ter,  the  various  ecclesiastical 
 bodies  with  which  he  was  connected  testified  their 
 respect  for  him  and  their  confidence  in  him,  by  plac- 
 ing him  in  their  highest  positions  of  influence  and  re- 
 sponsiliility.  As  a  Christian  he  was  humble,  zealous, 
 consistent,  and  his  grand  inquir}'  always  w;vs,  what 
 his  Lord  and  JIaster  would  ha\e  him  to  do. 
 
 H 
 
 Hadden,  P.,ev.  Isaac,  was  among  the  earliest  I  1859  he,  with  other  gentlemen,  contributed  to  the 
 of  the  ministers  who  settled  in  Alabama.  A  licen-  editorial  department  of  the  PrincvUtn  Staniiarrl. 
 tiate  of  the  Presbytery  of  South  Carolina,  he  com-  j  In  1862  Mr'.  Hageman  was  nominated  by  Governor 
 menced  the  work  of  a  missionary  in  1823.  He  was  Olden,  to  the  Senate,  for  Prosecutor  of  the  Pleas  for 
 ordained  an  evangelist  at  Jlontgomery,  March  24th,  !  the  county  of  Mercer,  accepted  the  appointment,  and 
 1825.  His  grave  is  in  the  burying  ground  of  Bethel  held  the  oflice  for  the  term  of  five  years,  when  he 
 Church,  of  which  he  had  been  the  pastor  for  a  number  |  declined  a  reuomination  tendered  by  Governor  Ward 
 of  years.  He  had  passed  into  the  autumn  of  life,  had  The  celebrated  trial  of  Charles  Lewis,  in  1863,.  who 
 spent  twenty-five  years  of  his  ministry  within  tlu-  was  convicted  and  execut<'d  for  the  murder  of  James 
 region  of  country  comprised  within  the  bounds  of  the  Kowand,  of  Princeton — a  remarkable  case  of  circum- 
 Synod  of  Alabama,  was  widely  known  through  its  '  stantial  evidence,  which  w;»s  published  iu  pamphlet, 
 churches,  and  was  a  man  of  great  prudence,  of  mature   and  the  several  bribery  indictments  against  members 
 
 Christian  characU^r,  and  as  a  minister  of  Christ,  effi- 
 cient and  successful. 
 Hageman,  John  Frelinghuysen,  Coun.sellor- 
 
 of  the  Legislature,  and  of  its  lobby,  in  1866,  were 
 among  the  most  im])ortant  and  exciting  criminal 
 cases  which  occurred  during  his  term.  While  hold- 
 at-Law,  was  born  in  the  village  of  llarliugen,  in  ing  this  olHcial  relation  to  the  State,  Mr.  Hageman 
 Somer.set  county,  a  few  miles  north  of  Princeton,  [  and  all  the  other  pro.secutors  iu  the  State  were  iiiter- 
 N.  J.  He  graduated  at  Hutgers  College  in  l83(i,  and  rogated  by  tlie  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  New 
 was  admitted  to  the  liar  in   1839,  and  practiced  his    York   Prison  Reform  A.ssociation,  on  the  subject  of 
 
 profession  in  Princeton  for  a  numlwr  of  years.     In 
 
 1850  he  was  a  member  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State, 
 having  been  elected  from  the  county  of  Slercer,  on 
 general   ticket,  to   the   Hoase  of  Assembly.     From 
 
 1851  he  was  a  ruling  elder  in  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Princeton,  and  a  trustee  of  the  Theological 
 Semiuiuy  of  the  s;ime  place.      He  Wiis  accustomed  to 
 
 the  Administration  of  Criminal  Law.  He  and  C'ourt- 
 landt  Parker,  prosecutor  of  Essex  county,  were  the 
 only  ones  who  resi)onded,  and  their  responses  were 
 published  in  the  special  report  of  that  As.sociation  iu 
 1867.  In  reference  to  that  report,  he  contributed,  by 
 reiiucst,  an  article  fur  the  Princeton  Ilrii<w,  in  1868. 
 Haines,  Daniel,  LL.D.,  was  born  in  New  York, 
 
 write  for  the  secular  papers,  and  for  eight  years  from  |  January  (ith,  1801.     His  father  was  for  many  years  a 
 
JLIIXES. 
 
 287 
 
 HAIXES. 
 
 well-known  and  successful  merchant  iu  thai  city. 
 He  graduated  from  New  Jer-sey  College,  in  1820; 
 studied  law,  and  was  licensed-  in  1823,  and  as  a 
 counsellor,  in  1826.  He  was  called  to  be  Sergeant-at- 
 Law,  iu  1837,  one  of  thelast  upon  whom  this  distinction 
 was  conferred  in  New  Jergey.  He  settled  in  Ham- 
 burg, N.  J.,  in  1824,  where  he  resided  until  his  death. 
 Iu  1843  he  wa.s  chosen  Governor  by  the  Legislature. 
 In  1845  he  declined  tlie  uomiiiatiou  for  Governor, 
 under  the  uew  Constitution,  which  theu  went  into 
 effect,  but  iu  1847  he  was  again  nominated  and  elected, 
 serving  the  full  term  of  three  years.  In  1852  he 
 became  a  .Tustice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  being 
 reappointed,  held  that  office  fourteen  years.  He  was 
 elected  a  Trustee  of  Priucetou  College  in  1845.  ^VTien 
 re-elected  Governor,  he  resigned,  that  another  might 
 be  chosen  in  his  place,  because,  as  Governor,  he  be- 
 came President  of  the  Board.  In  1850,  on  the  ex- 
 piration of  his  term,  he  was  again  made  a  Trustee, 
 and  continued  to  be  so  until  his  death.  He  held 
 important  positions,  by  appointment  of  the  Governors 
 and  Legislatures  of  New  Jersey,  during  the  later  years 
 of  his  life.  In  1872  he  attended  the  National  Prison 
 Reform  Association  in  London,  being  appointed  by 
 the  Governor  to  represent  his  State.  He  was  Presid- 
 ing Officer  of  the  A.ssociation  on  the  day  it  w;is  visited 
 by  the  Prince  of  Wales. 
 
 Useful  and  honored  as  Judge  Haines  was  iu  politi- 
 cal life,  he  was  even  more  useful  and  greatly  beloved 
 as  a  pious  man.  He  was  made  a  ruling  elder  in 
 the  North  Hardiston  Presbyterian  Church  (New 
 School),  in  1837,  which  office  he  held  forty  years. 
 He  frequently  represented  his  Prcsbj^;ery  in  the 
 General  Assembly,  where  he  was  placed  upon  import- 
 ant committees.  He  was  prominent  in  all  the  meas- 
 ures adopted  for  uniting  the  two  branches  of  the 
 Church,  and  was  a  member  of  the  joint  committee  to 
 whom  were  referred  the  difficult  legal  questions  con- 
 nected with  the  reunion.  He  was  a  corporate  mem- 
 ber of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  and  was  active  in  the  Amer- 
 ican Bible  Society,  Sabbath-school  work,  and  Tem- 
 perance. His  disposition  was  gentle,  his  manners 
 mild,  his  spirit  devout,  and  his  piety  was  of  the 
 Johannean  type.  He  was  a  man  of  prayer  and  cou- 
 stant  stud}'  of  the  Di'i'ine  Word.  He  was  very  con- 
 scientious in  the  observance  of  the  Sabbath,  and  had 
 an  ardent  desire  for  the  conversion  of  souls.  During 
 all  the  years  of  his  public  life  he  continued  to  take 
 an  active  part  in  the  prayer-meeting.  When  he  was 
 Governor  a  physician,  of  Trenton,  remarked  to  a 
 friend,  "  I  ha\e  seen  a  strange"  sight  to-day — the  Gov- 
 ernor of  this  Sfcite  go  into  the  room  of  a  man,  a 
 stranger,  and  kneeling  at  his  bedside,  pray  for  his 
 salvation." 
 
 Governor  Haines  had  great  influence  in  private  con- 
 versation, and  thereby  led  many  to  the  Saviour,  some 
 of  them  members  of  the  Bar  of  New  Jersey.  On  his 
 last  Sabbath  afternoon  lie  made  a  list  of  families  and 
 persons  to  be  prayed  for  and  visited  that  week.    He 
 
 was  a  Sabbath-school  superintendent  for  nearly  half 
 a  century,  and  generally  taught  a  Bible  cla.ss.  For 
 forty  years  he  made  the  offer  of  a  copy  of  the  Bible, 
 or  of  some  standard  religious  work,  to  every  scholar 
 committing  to  meraorj'  the  Westminster  Shorter  Cate- 
 chism. About  the  year  1837  he  was  engaged  in  a 
 Sab])ath-.school  work  near  his  home,  where,  upon  a 
 mountain,  men,  women  and  children  from  the  char- 
 coal burners  were  gatliered  in  a  log  liouse,  for  religious 
 instruction  and  for  short  addresses.  The  last  Sabbath 
 of  his  life  he  superintended  his  Sabbath  School, 
 taught  his  class,  attended  public  service  twice,  and 
 proposed  to  conduct  a  meeting  in  a  private  house  that 
 evening,  but  before  the  hour  came  he  was  strickcu 
 with  death,  January  26th,  1877.  Tims  he  brought 
 forth  fruit,  even  iu  old  age,  passing  away  in  the  still, 
 calm  beauty  by  whicli  his  life  had  been  adorni<l. 
 Gov.  Haines  was  the  brother  of  Mrs.  Doremus,  who 
 was  the  founder  of  Woman's  Work  for  Woman  among 
 the  heathen,  and  who  was  so  active  among  the  chari- 
 ties of  New  York  city. 
 
 Haines,  Mrs.  F.  E.  H.,  daughter  of  Sampson 
 Vryling  Stoddard  and  Electa  (Barrell)  Wilder,  was 
 born  February  19th,  1810,  at  Paris,  France.  Her 
 childhood  was  spent  in  Paris,  in  Bolton  and  W;irc, 
 Mass.,  and  Brooklyn  and  New  York,  N.  Y. 
 
 Wliile  in  Paris,  her  father's  house  was  the  centre 
 of  the  evangelical  activities  of  France.  The  Paris 
 Tract  Society  was  formed  in  his  parlor,  in  1818;  the 
 Bible  Societ}',  in  1819,  and  the  Missionary  Society  in 
 1822.  In  that  same  room  the  leading  evangelical 
 di^•ines  of  Europe  and  America,  -s-isiting  Paris,  were 
 accustomed  to  meet  and  worship.  It  was  also  fre- 
 quented by  many  who  have  achieved  a  world-wide 
 reputation  in  jjolitics,  letters  or  art.  Retnrning  to  this 
 country  with  his  family,  her  father's  American,  like 
 his  Parisian,  home  continued  the  centre  of  ceaseless 
 Christian  activities,  Mr.  Wilder  being  variously  con- 
 nected with  twenty-one  societies  and  institutions. 
 He  was  one  of  the  original  founders  of  the  .\mcrican 
 Tract  Society,  American  Home  Mi.s-sionary  Society, 
 American  Education  Society,  and  .-Vmerican'  and 
 Foreign  Christian  L^niou.  He  was  also  one  of  the 
 original  trustees  that  founded  Amherst  College. 
 He  was,  for  many  years,  President  of  the  Tract 
 Society  and  a  leading  director  in  many  others. 
 
 Amid  such  associations,  Francina  was  moulded  and 
 prepared  for  her  own  life  of  usefulness  and  activity. 
 At  eleven'  years  of  age  she  was  received  into  active 
 church  membership.  In  1832  she  is  active  in  a  j  uven- 
 ile  foreign  missionary  society.  Later,  she  is  a  work- 
 ing member  of  the  New  Jersey  State  Temperance  Al- 
 liance; a  member  of  the  E.KCCutive  Committee  of  the 
 Woman's  Christian  Temperance  Union,  for  N.  3^  and 
 active  in  the  local  work.  Mrs.  Haines  was  also,  for 
 a  number  of  years,  on  the  Executive  Committee  of 
 Mrs.  Doremus'  L^nion  Missionary  Society;  for  ten 
 years  a  Vice-President  of  the  Woman's  Foreign  Mis- 
 sionary Society  of  the  Presbyterian  Church ;  Jburteen 
 
HAiy-ES. 
 
 -288 
 
 BALE. 
 
 jtars  a  member  of  the  Forn^  Mi^Hmaiy  Ladies' 
 Assodatioa.  of  Eli^beth.  X.  J. :  a  member  of  the  first 
 Foreign  Mision  Presbrterial  Societv  ever  or^anizied. 
 and  a  member  of  the  SjTiodical  Society  of  Foreign 
 Hi^ons.  for  Xew  Jersey,  until  l-!*2.  From  October. 
 1?77  to  1  — -O  she  \vu>  Secretary  o{  the  Woman's  Syn- 
 odical  Commirtee  of  Home  Mi*^ions  in  Xew  Jersey. 
 At  the  orginizalion  of  the  Woman's  Executive  Com- 
 mittee of  Home  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Chureh. 
 she  was  made  Corresponding  Secretary,  which  poation 
 she  fills  with  great  ability  and  success. 
 
 Haines,  Selden,  D.  D.,  was  bom  in  Hartland.. 
 Conn.,  Xoveml>er  iTth.  1~(«).  and  graduated  at  Yale 
 College,  in  1--26.  He  began  the  study  of  law  with 
 Hooker  and  Talmadge.  in  Ponghke*psie.  X.  Y..  and 
 was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  Trumbull  cuunt^'.  Ohio, 
 June.  I'SJO.  where  he  practiced  his  profe^on  for  six 
 Tears,  when  he  relinquished  that  profession,  and  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  go^iel  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Trumbull.  Ohio.  September,  1^36,  and  was  ordained 
 by  that  Presbytery,  in  February.  1  ri!7.  and  spent  the 
 following  five  or  sii  years  in  Ohio  and  Western  Xew 
 York,  as  a  home  missionary.  In  January.  Is40.  he 
 accepted  a  call  from  the  First  Presliyterian  Church 
 in  Bome.  X.  Y. .  where  he  remained  nntil  September. 
 l^is,  when  the  two  churches  in  that  place  had 
 agreed  to  become  nnited  in  oue  organization,  when 
 both  pastors  resigned,  and.  in  18+9.  the  Rev.  Wm.  E. 
 Knox  became  the  pastor  of  the  united  congregation. 
 Dr.  Haines  was,  for  three  years,  pastor  of  the  Hous- 
 ton Street  Church  in  Xew  York.  and.  for  five  years, 
 was  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Skantateles. 
 X.  Y..and  afterwards,  six  years,  in  Champlain  and 
 Keesville.  X.  Y..  and  was  compelled  to  abstain  from 
 preaching  since  IrC-j,  in  consetjneoce  of  bronchial 
 difficulties.  He  has  labored  faithfnlly  and  snccess- 
 fnlly  in  the  Master's  service.  He  is  now  the  senior 
 member  of  the  Presbytery  of  XTtica. 
 
 Halt,  Rev.  Bei^anim,  graduated  at  the  Collt^ 
 of  Xtw  Jersey,  in  IT.Sl,  and  was  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Xew  Brunswick,  October  ijih.  IT.Si 
 and  s«-nt  to  the  Forks  of  Delaware.  He  was  ordained,  ' 
 December  4th,  1755.  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church  at  Amwell,  X.  J.  'While  settled 
 here,  by  order  of  Synod,  he  viated  and  supplied  the 
 eonthem  vacancies.  He  gave  up  his  charge  in  Am- 
 well,  in  17C5.  In  1776  he  was  5«-ttled  at  Connecticut 
 Farms,  X.  J.,  and  di<-d  there.  June  27111.  1779. 
 
 Halbert,  Rev.  'WllUain  Rheem,  was  bom  in 
 Carlisle,  Pa..  July  4th.  1^44.  He  studied  at  Dickin- 
 son College  three  years,  and  pursued  his  theological 
 studies  at  .\nbnm  Seminary.  He  was  ordained  and 
 installed  at  .\palachin.  X.  Y..  Xovember  15th,  1*70. 
 wbeA  be  remained  two  years.  He  was  subsequently 
 pastor  at  Atglen.  I'  "       _    '-o  in  Christiana), 
 
 1-7-2--.     .\lVr  tL  •■ <1   in  Carlisle,  in 
 
 poor  health,  but  d-.iug  ^"uti  -trength  and 
 
 opportunity.      For  quite  a  j-  ••ached  every 
 
 Sabbath  erening.  for  a  misEion  congregation,  in  which 
 
 he  took  a  deep  interest.  He  died  at  Cuiisle,  April 
 34th.  \S&1.  Mr.  Halbert  was  a  man  of  iar  m<H^e  than 
 ordinary  social,  intellectual,  and  religiotis  qualities. 
 Amongst  his  brethren,  to  whom  he  was  known,  no 
 one  was  a  more  welcome  gue:st.  In  the  churches 
 where  he  had  been  in%-ited  to  preach,  no  one  was 
 mors-  _  -.1.      In  his  own  field,  he  was  a  £uth- 
 
 ful  ar.  .  .e  pastor  and  preacher. 
 
 Hale.  George,  D.  D.,  was  bom  in  Catskill. 
 Greene  coontj-.  X.  Y.,  June  eth.  1*12.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Williams  College.  Jlass.,  in  1*J1,  and  after- 
 ward served  as  Tutor  two  years,  .\iter  spending 
 three  years  in  the  Theolc^cal  Seminary  at  Princeton, 
 he  was  licensed.  Xovember  Ist.  1S36.  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Colombia:  began  his  labors  at  Pennington. 
 X.  J..  Xovember  l5th.-18K,  and  was  ordained  pastor 
 
 r^" 
 
 -/^^S^^"'/" 
 
 C»»«t  BAI.t,  tt.  D, 
 
 there,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Xew  Bmnswick.  Feb- 
 ruary 7th,  1^39.  His  pastoral  relation  with  that 
 church,  which  was  a  happy  and  successful  one.  was 
 dL-iiolved  >Iarch  7th.  l-O.  that  he  might  accept  the 
 office  of  .S<-tTetary  of  the  Presbyterian  Kelief  Fund 
 for  Disabled  Ministers  and  their  Families.  In  this 
 office  he  still  continnes.  ardently  devoted  to  his 
 important  work,  and  eminently  blessed  in  securing 
 for  it  a  constantly  growing  prosperity. 
 
 Dr.  Hale  was  for  twelve  years  a  member  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication;  for  ten  years  a 
 member  of  the  Board  of  Education  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church:  and  hsis  b«-n  for  twentv--two  years  a 
 Tru-stee  of  Prinf  •  '  Seminarr.     He  is  a 
 
 genial  and  accon.  _         'man.  untiring  in  his 
 
 ^flbrts  to  do  good,   an^   by  the   excelleitce   of  his 
 
HALL. 
 
 HALL. 
 
 character  and  his  ability  as  a  minister,  has  won  the 
 esteem  of  his  brethren  and  the  confidence  of  the 
 Church. 
 
 Hall,  Cliarles,  D.  D.,  the  eWest  child  of  Jacob 
 Hall,  was  born  at  'Williamsport,  Pa.,  June  iSd,  1799, 
 though,  while  he  was  yet  in  his  infancy,  the  family 
 removed  to  Geneva.  X.  Y.  He  graduated  at  Hamil- 
 ton College  in  18"2-l,  with  the  first  honors  of  his  class, 
 studied  theology  at  Princeton,  and  was  licensed  to 
 preach  by  the  Presbj"tery  of  Xewark,  April  24th, 
 IS^T.  In  that  year  he  was  called  to  the  office  of  As- 
 sistant Secretary  of  the  American  Home  Missionary 
 Society,  in  the  city  of  Xew  York,  and  accepted  the 
 appointment.  In  the  Autumn  of  1*37  he  was  ap- 
 pointed one  of  the  co-onlinate  Secretaries  for  Corres- 
 pondence, and  in  this  office  he  continued  until  his 
 death  (October  31st,  16o3i,  discharging  its  duties 
 with  rare  abUity  and  fidelity.  Dr.  Hall  was  for 
 several  years  the  editor  of  the  Hotne  yimsionary,  and 
 wrote  a  considerable  part  of  each  of  the  Annual  Re- 
 ports of  the  American  Home  ilissionary  Society, 
 during  the  twenty-five  years  that  he  was  connectetl 
 with  it.  He  published  a  tract  entitled  " "  Plans  and 
 Motives  for  the  Extension  of  Sabbath  Schools"  ^for 
 which  there  was  awarded  to  him  a  prize  of  fifty  dol- 
 lars), the  Daily  Verse  E.xpositor,  consisting  of  a  brief 
 commentary  on  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles,  a  Plan  for 
 Systematic  Benevolence,  and  a  sermon  on  the  Means 
 of  the  World's  Conversion,  published  in  the  Xaiiotisl 
 Preacher.  1S41. 
 
 Hall,  David,  D.  D.,  was  boru  at  .-^late  Lick,  Arm- 
 strong county.  Pa..  December  13th.  l'?'2S.  He  gradn- 
 atetl  at  Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  in  IS.SO.  and  w;is  Prin- 
 cijial  of  the  Witherspoon  Institute,  in  Butler,  lSoO-51. 
 After  graduating  at  the  Western  Theological  Semi- 
 narj-,  Allegheny,  in  1S54,  he  took  a  post-graduate 
 course  in  Princeton  Seminary,  18o4-s5o.  He  \t;»s 
 called,  Xovember.  1S.t5.  to  be  co-pastor  with  the  Kev. 
 Dr.  James  Hoge.  in  the  First  Presbvteri;ui  Church  of 
 Columbus.  Ohio.  He  was  ontiined  by  Allegheny 
 Presbytery.  Xovemher  5th.  I>,i6.  and  the  same  day 
 installed  pastor  of  the  churches  of  Union  and  Brady's 
 Bend.  He  l>ecame  pastor  of  the  First  Church  of  M;ms- 
 field.  Ohio.  May  6th,  1S66.  and  was  rele;vsed  Irom  that 
 charge  March  ■24th,  l'*74.  On  June  30th,  1874,  he 
 was  instiUled  pastor  of  the  Presbyteri;m  Church  of 
 Indiana.  Pa.,  where  he  still  is. 
 
 Dr.  Hall  is  a  man  of  fine  presence  and  dignified  bear- 
 ing. He  is  a  good  speaker.  e;irnest  and  impressive.  In 
 natural  disposition  and  tempenunent  he  is  rather 
 timid,  shrinking  from  preaching  on  set  occasions. 
 His  motto  seems  to  be :  ' "  Do  all  the  good  you  «in,  and 
 say  nothing  about  it,"'  He  likes  best  to  preach  to  his 
 own  i>eople,  with  a  single  eye  to  benefit  them.  He  is 
 a  man  of  fine  scholarship  and  mnch  general  culture. 
 His  style  of  preaching  is  characterized  by  clearness, 
 simplicity  :uid  strength.  He  alxwuds  iu  illnstra- 
 lious  from  nature.  In  his  pre.ichiug  he  emph;isizes 
 Christian  morality,  honor,  manliness,  integrity,  truth. 
 19 
 
 chivalry,  charity,  helpfulness,  as  in  the  sight  of  God 
 and  in  the  love  of  Christ.  He  teaches  that  salvation 
 is  largely  character,  and  exalt's  Christ's  offices  of 
 Prophet,  or  Teacher  and  King,  as  weU  as  His  office 
 of  Priest.  He  is  bold  as  a  lion,  in  the  pulpit,  in 
 rebuking  wrong-doing,  meaimess,  dishonor  and  in- 
 justic-e  of  every  kind.  He  makes  an  impression  on 
 the  community,   by 'his  effijrts  to  tone  up  public 
 
 DAVID  HALL.  D.D. 
 
 morals.  His  ministry  at  Indi:uu  has  been  largely 
 blessed,  and  he  is  greatly  beloved  and  admired  by  his 
 people. 
 
 Hall,  Rev.  George,  was  boru  at  Keene.  X.  H.. 
 June  4th.  1804:  was  a  student  at  Dartmouth  College: 
 pursued  his  theological  studies  at  Prini-eton  Semimuy, 
 ;\nd  under  the  direction  of  Rev.  Drs.  Erskine  M;«son 
 and  Heruy  White,  in  Xew  York  city,  and  w;»s  liwused 
 by  the  Thinl  F*resbytery  of  Xew  York.  October  lith. 
 1S}5.  After  being  pastor  of  the  Congreg-ational  Church 
 at  Weston.  Conn.,  from  1'n>7  to  1S41.  he  seems  toh;«ve 
 been  without  any  settlement  until  1S60.  but  tem- 
 porarily supplied  various  churches  in  Connecticut 
 and  Xew  York.  He  was  statetl  supply  to  Fayette  and 
 Ebenezer  churches.  Miss.,  from  l-^iO  to  l'^71.  and  to 
 Port  Gibson  Chnnh  from  1872  to  1874.  He  then  be- 
 came stated  supply  of  the  Church  in  Fayette\-ille. 
 Tenn..  fix>m  1874  to  1876.  In  the  latter  year  he 
 returned  to  Port  Gibson.  Miss.,  where  he  died.  Sep- 
 tember 4th,  1878.  Mr.  Hall  w;is  a  truly  faithful  and 
 good  man.  He  w;is  eminently  devotcil  to  the  work 
 of  ssiving  souls.  His  memory  is  warmly  cherishctl 
 in  the  churches  he  served  in  Mississippi  and  Ten- 
 nessee, aud  bv  all  who  knew  him. 
 
HALL. 
 
 290 
 
 BALL. 
 
 Hall,  James,  D.  D.,  was  born  of  Scotch-Irish 
 piin-ntage,  at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  Auj;ust  i^d,  1744.  When 
 he  was  eight  years  old,  the  family  removed  to  North 
 Carolina.  He  graduated  at  PriDceton  College  in  1744, 
 with  a  high  reputation  as  a  scholar,  especially  in  the 
 exact  sciences;  studied  theology  under  the  direction 
 of  Dr.  Witherspoon,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Orange,  in  171'5  or  1776.  On  April 
 8th,  177.?,  he  was  inst;illed  jjastor  of  the  united 
 congregations  of  Fourth  Creek,  Concord  and  Bethanj', 
 holding  this  relation  till  17!)0,  when  he  was  released 
 from  the  pastorate  of  the  first  two  churches,  that  he 
 might  have  more  time  to  devote  to  the  cause  of  do- 
 mestic missions.  His  connection  with  the  Bethany 
 congregation  continued  during  the  remainder  of  his 
 life. 
 
 During  the  .scenes  of  the  Revolution,  Dr.  Hall's 
 heart  went  fully  into  the  American  cause,  and  he 
 declined  no  serWce,  whether  secular  or  sacred,  by 
 which  he  niight  hope  to  promote  it.  In  1779  he  led 
 a  select  company  of  cavalry  on  an  expedition  into 
 South  Carolina,  performing  the  double  office  of  com- 
 mander and  chaplain,  and  Wiis  absent  for  several 
 months.  At  the  close  of  tlie  war  he  set  himself,  •\\-ith 
 all  his  energies,  to  repair  the  wa.ste  places  of  Zion,  to 
 restore  the  stated  ordinances  of  the  gospel  where 
 they  had  been  discontinued,  and  to  elevate  the  stand- 
 ard of  Christian  feeling  and  character.  In  1793  he 
 commenced  his  missionarj^  excursions,  under  the 
 direction  of  a  Commission  of  Synod.  In  the  Aiitumn 
 of  1800,  under  a  Commission  of  the  General  A.ssem- 
 bly,  he  commenced  a  mission  to  Natchez,  together 
 with  two  other  brethren  whom  the  Synod  had  ap- 
 pointed to  accompany  him.  This  was  the  first  in  the 
 series  of  Protestant  missionary  efforts  in  the  lower 
 part  of  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi.  He  was  a 
 commissioner  to  the  General  Assembly  from  the 
 Presbytery  of  Orange  sixteen  times,  and  was  Stod- 
 erator  of  that  body  in  1803.  He  died,  July  25th, 
 1836,  and  his  body  lies  entombed  in  Bethany  church- 
 yard. Dr.  Hall  was  a  warm  and  active  friend  of 
 revivals  of  religion.  His  preaching  was  distinguished 
 for  a  clear,  earnest  and  pungent  exliibition  of  the 
 truths  of  God's  "Word.  He  was  eminently  a  man  of 
 missions.  His  heart  was  in  the  work  of  spreading 
 the  gospel,  and  his  life  was  earnestly  and  successfully 
 devoted  to  it. 
 
 Hall,  John,  D.  D.,  is  of  Scotch-Irish  parentage, 
 and  was  born  in  the  County  Armagh,  Ireland,  July 
 31st,  1829.  He  entered  lielfast  College  when  he  was 
 only  thirteen  years  of  age,  and,  notwithstanding  his 
 extreme  youth,  was  repeatedly  a  Hebrew  prize  man, 
 and  uniformly  succeeded  in  obtaining  prizes  in  other 
 de))artments  of  his  collegiate  and  theological  studies. 
 
 He  was  licensed  to  preach  at  the  age  of  twenty,  and 
 was  at  once  chosen  to  labor  as  "The  Students'  Mis- 
 sionary "  in  the  West  of  Ireland,  where  he  did  good 
 service  for  the  cause  of  Christ,  was  eciual  to  all 
 demands,  and  received  a  training  of  invaluable  ser- 
 
 vice to  him.  In  this  mission  station  the  young 
 preiicher  did  his  work,  in  the  best  sense  of  the  word, 
 so  conspicuously  well  that  he  was  chosen  pastor  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church  at  Armagh,  over  which 
 he  was  installed  in  1352.  In  1858  he  was  called  to 
 the  Church  of  Mary's  Abbey,  now  Rutland  Square, 
 in  Dublin,  where  he  took  a  foremost  .stand  among  tlie 
 preachers  of  that  metropolis,  and  a  prominent  phiee 
 among  its  men  of  letters  and  influence.  In  this  high 
 place  of  the  field  he  pursued  his  scholarly  investiga- 
 tions, edited  The  Ernnijdiiitl  Witness,  demonstrated 
 that  he  was  an  earnest  friend  of  popular  education, 
 and  received  from  the  Queen  the  honorary  appoint- 
 ment of  Commissioner  of  Education  for  Ireland,  which 
 position  he  filled  most  judiciously  and  gratuitously 
 while  he  remained  in  Dublin. 
 
 JOHN    HALL,  P.P. 
 
 In  1867  he  was  a  delegate  from  the  Cieneral  Assem- 
 bly of  the  Presb_\'terian  Church  in  Ireland  to  tlie 
 Presbyterian  churclies  of  the  United  States,  by  whom 
 he  was  received  with  great  warmth  and  courtesy,  and 
 before  whom  his  addresses  were  extremely  eloquent. 
 
 After  his  return  to  Ireland  he  received  by  telegram 
 a  unanimous  call  to  the  Fifth  Avenue  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  New  York,  which  he  accepted,  entering 
 npon  his  lal)ors  on  Novemljer  3il,  1867.  In  this  field 
 he  has  been  increasingly  popular,  influential  and 
 prosperous.  The  church  edifice  in  which  his  peojjle 
 worshiped  when  his  pastorate  began  soon  became 
 inadequate  for  their  accommodation,  and  a  magnifi- 
 cent church  was  erected  in  1873-74  on  the  corner  of 
 Fifth  avenue  and  Fifty-fifth  street,  co.sting  about  one 
 million  of  dollars,  which  is  the  largest  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  New  York,  if  not  in  the  world,  and  the 
 congregation  occupying  it  the  most  wealthy.  The 
 membership   is   very  large;    the  annual  benevolent 
 
FTH    AVENUE   PEESBYTERIAX    CUUIiCU,  .NEW    VoUK    CITV 
 
BALL. 
 
 292 
 
 BALL. 
 
 contributions  exceed  flOO.OOO,  and  the  charitable 
 work  carried  on  at  the  several  mission  chapels  sup- 
 ported by  the  church  is  so  varied  and  comprehensive 
 that  our  space  wiU  not  permit  us  to  enter  into  detail. 
 It  must  suffice  to  state  that  whatever  wealth  can 
 furnish  and  large  experience  can  suggest  for  aiding, 
 elevating  and  evangelizing  the  masses,  are  used  in 
 the  furtherance  of  the  good  work. 
 
 Dr.  Hall  is  often  called  to  preach  in  other  cities,  on 
 special  occasions,  to  address  public  meetings  con- 
 vened to  advance  in  any  direction  the  interests  of 
 morality  and  religion,  and  to  officiate  at  the  funerals 
 even  of  those  who  have  belonged  to  other  denomina- 
 tions. 
 
 The  Chancellorship  of  the  University  of  the  City 
 of  New  York  was  unanimously  oflfered  him,  and, 
 without  accepting  it,  he  discharged  its  duties  for 
 two  years. 
 
 He  has  secured  and  retains  the  warmest  affection 
 and  confidence  of  his  own  people,  and  is  regarded  by 
 all  as  a  most  judicious  public  citizen,  as  well  as  a 
 sympathetic,  prudent  private  ad^•iser. 
 
 Dr.  Hall  appears  to  speak  extempore,  but  his  ser- 
 mons are  written  more  or  less  fully,  although  he 
 never  brings  the  manuscript  to  the  pulpit.  His  pub- 
 lic exercises  are  never  crude,  but  always  manifest  a 
 thorough  knowledge  of  his  subject,  even  to  the 
 minutest  detaUs.  He  argues,  illustrates,  examines, 
 penetrates,  con\Tnces,  and  notably  commends  the 
 truth  to  every  man's  conscience,  in  the  sight  of  Grod. 
 He  makes  no  demonstrations,  but  while  calm  and 
 moderate  in  both  language  and  gestures,  he  is  deeply 
 impressive.  It  is  the  impressiveness  of  dignity,  of 
 solemnity,  of  learning;  of  one  who  is  fully  convinced 
 of  the  truth  he  is  uttering,  who  has  no  motive  or 
 policy  in  regard  to  any  i)ersori  or  circumstance,  and 
 who  is  as  anxious  for  the  attention  and  salvation  of 
 the  beggar  as  the  mUlionaire. 
 
 His  language  is  always  simple,  chaste  and  scholarly, 
 arresting  the  attention  of  children,  and  yet  instruct- 
 ing, delighting  and  moving  the  most  cultured.  All 
 is  said  kindly  but  forcibly,  and  when  his  theme 
 requires  it,  often  pathetically. 
 
 In  1?7.5  he  delivered  the  course  of  lectures  in  Yale 
 Theological  Seminary,  on  "  The  LjTnan  Beecher 
 Foundation,''  has  since  delivered  an  annual  course 
 of  lectures  to  the  students  in  the  same  College,  and  in 
 several  other  colleges  and  .seminaries,  is  a  frequent 
 contributor  to  religious  and  sometimes  to  .secular 
 journals,  always  manifesting,  whether  in  speech  or 
 writing,  the  s:ime  brc-adth  of  culture,  soundness  of 
 judgment,  and  singleness  of  aim.  He  is  also  the 
 author  of  several  popular  religious  books.  Dr.  Hall 
 is  above  the  medium  height,  with  a  full,  large  figure, 
 and  a  head  with  marked  intellectual  characteristics. 
 His  manners  are  dignified,  calm,  agreeable,  and 
 withal  cheerful  and  animated  in  .social  intercourse, 
 quickly  endearing  himself  to  those  with  whom  he 
 comes  in   contact.      He  combines  in  a  rare  degree 
 
 those  qualities  which  are  pleasing  in  social  life  and 
 invaluable  in  a  public  career.  There  is  probably  no 
 man  occupying  a  pulpit  in  America  who  exercises  a 
 wider  influence  for  good,  or  who  has  won  a  truer 
 fame  by  a  consistency  and  devotedness  worthy  of  all 
 imitation.  He  is  still  in  middle  life,  in  the  fullness 
 of  his  strength,  and  it  may  be  has  many  years  of 
 usefulness  yet  before  him. 
 
 The  new  building  erected  by  Dr.  Hall's  congrega- 
 tion is  built  mainly  of  brown  stone,  and  our  illus- 
 tration will  give  a  better  idea  of  its  general  appear- 
 ance than  any  description.  It  is  only  necessary 
 to  say,  that  every  part  is  thoroughly  C9n.structed. 
 There  is  no  more  sham  or  pretentiousness  about  it 
 than  aljout  the  man  who  now  preaches  the  everUist- 
 ing  gospel  within  its  walls.  The  audience-room  is  at 
 least  equal  to  any  in  the  land.  It  is  capacious, 
 cheerful,  churchly.  The  interior  walls  form  an  im- 
 mense ellipse,  which  must,  in  a  building  of  the  size 
 of  this  one,  be  advantageous  for  its  acoustic  proper- 
 ties. The  ceiling  is  vaulted  in  the  centre  and  pro- 
 vided with  reflectors  for  lighting.  Five  aisles  divide 
 the  long  sweep  of  pews,  which  are  arranged  in  semi- 
 circular lines,  into  convenient  lengths.  The  floor 
 descends  from  the  entrance  nearly  to  the  pulpit,  and 
 then  rises  again,  so  that  every  sitting  will  have  a 
 comfortable  view  of  the  speaker.  Broad  g.illeries 
 nearly  encircle  the  room.  These  are  supported  on 
 light  pillars,  which  wUI  present  little  or  no  obstacle 
 to  a  view  of  the  pulpit.  The  organ  is  behind  and 
 ,  above  the  pulpit,  and  there  is  a  small  choir  gallery, 
 I  which  can  be  made  available,  if  necessary,  though  Dr. 
 Hall's  people  are  wise  and  devout  enough  to  do  their 
 own  singing.  The  oak  and  a.sh  of  the  wood-work,  the 
 delicate  fresco,  simple  but  elegant,  and  the  light  pre- 
 vailing tone  of  the  stained  glass  in  the  windows, 
 which  are  simple,  add  vastly  to  the  attractiveness  of 
 this  spacioiis  place  of  worship,  which,  under  the 
 Divine  blessing,  is  the  source  and  centre  of  so  much 
 pure  and  potent  influence  for  the  advancement  of  the 
 Redeemer's  kingdom. 
 
 Hall,  John,  D.  D.,  was  liorn  in  Philadelphia, 
 August  11th,  1806;  graduated  at  the  University  of 
 Pennsylvania,  in  1823,  and  in  December,  1827,  was 
 admitted  to  practice  at  the  Philadelphia  Bar.  In 
 1832  he  relinquished  the  practice  of  law,  with  a  view 
 to  devote  his  life  to  the  ministry,  and  lieing  elected  a 
 manager,  and  afterwards  Secretary,  of  the  Mission 
 work  of  the  American  Sunday-school  Union,  his 
 training  for  the  ministry  w;is  chiefly  in  the  course  of 
 active  work  in  this  service.  He  was  editor  of  the 
 Sunday-ivhool  Journal  and  the  I'om/A'.i  Friend,  revised 
 the  first  five  volumes  of  the  "  Union  Questions  on  the 
 Bible,"  and  prepared  the  seven  subse<juent  volumes 
 I  of  the  series.  He  produced  nine  original  works  and 
 compiled  six  others,  which  have  now  a  place  ui>on  the 
 catalogue  of  the  Union.  In  1839  he  w;ls  licen.-^-d  to 
 preach  by  the  Prcshj-terj'  of  Philadel])liia.  an<l  w:ls 
 ordained  and  installed,  August  lltli.  1''41.  jststor  of 
 
HALL. 
 
 293 
 
 HALfiEY. 
 
 the  First  Church  in  Trenton,  N.  J. ,  and  no  induce- 
 ment has  been  able  to  make  him  engage  in  labor  in 
 another  field.  lATien  he  entered  upon  his  pastorate 
 in  Trenton,  the  First  had  been  the  only  Presbyterian 
 Church  for  more  than  a  century :  now  there  are  six 
 churches  in  the  city.  His  ministry  has  been  greatly 
 blessed. 
 
 In  18.r2-3  Dr.  Hall  delivered  a  course  of  lecttires 
 in  the  Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  filling  a  tem- 
 porarj-  vacancj-  in  the  chair  of  Pastoral  Theology.  In 
 addition  to  the  works  he  prepared  for  the  American 
 Sunday-school  Union,  nine  volumes  appear  on  the 
 catalogue  of  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication. 
 He  has  also  published  some  occasional  sermons,  and 
 been  a  frequent  contributor  to  various  religious  and 
 literary  journals.  Numerous  articles  from  his  pen 
 have  appeared  in  the  Princeton  Sevieic.  Dr.  Hall  is 
 an  able  scholar,  a  vigorous  and  graceful  writer,  an  in- 
 structive and  impressive  preacher,  and  has  wielded  a 
 large  influence  for  good  by  his  pen  and  from  his  pulpit. 
 
 HaU,  John  G-.,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  William  and 
 Mary  Thomas  (Haiaes)  HaU,  was  bom  at  Brooklyn, 
 X.  Y.,  October  16th,  1816.  He  graduated  from  the 
 University  of  the  City  of  New  York,  in  1836,  and 
 took  his  second  degree  in  1639.  His  theological 
 instruction  was  had  at  the  Union  Seminary,  X.  Y., 
 whence  he  graduated  in  1839 ;  and  the  same  year  he 
 was  licensed  by  the  Third  Presbytery  of  New  Y'ork. 
 He  has  had  three  pastoral  settlements,  viz.,  at  South 
 Egremont,  Mass.,  Cherry  Valley,  N.  Y'.,  and  Fort 
 Plain,  N.  Y.  For  the  last  few  years  he  has  resided 
 at  Cleveland,  Ohio,  without  any  stated  charge,  but 
 supplying,  for  longer  or  shorter  periods,  destitute 
 churches  in  the  neighborhood.  His  honorary  degree 
 of  D.  D.  was  given  him  by  his  Alma  Mater,  in  1879, 
 
 Dr.  Hall  is  full  of  genial  vigor  of  mind  and  heart: 
 a  warm  friend;  a  valuable  I^esbyter,  freely  giving 
 the  fruits  of  his  ripe  experience  and  able  scholarship 
 in  the  judicial  and  ministerial  circles  of  our  Church, 
 where  he  is  one  of  the  most  prized  and  useful  mem- 
 bers. He  is  entering  upon  a  happy  old  age,  with  a 
 large  part  of  his  family  about  him — never  willing  to 
 be  idle,  always  strong  and  fresh  in  thought,  full  of 
 Christian  faith  and  love,  and  sure  to  be  an  active 
 blessing  somewhere  in  the  Lord's  vineyard,  while 
 he  lives. 
 
 Hall,  Johxi  "W.,  D.  D.,  was  bom  in  Orange 
 county,  North  Carolina,  January  19th,  1802.  In  his 
 youth  he  taught  school  and  studied  alternately  until 
 he  acquired  a  good  classical  education ;  then  studied 
 theology  with  Dr.  Gideon  Blatkburn.  He  was  li- 
 censed to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  West  Tennes- 
 see, in  October,  18*24,  after  which  he  preached  for 
 some  two  years  among  the  chtirches,  traveling  from 
 place  to  place  as  an  evangelist.  He  was  ordained  as 
 an  evangelist  by  the  same  Presbytery  that  licensed 
 him.  He  had  a  successfol  jKistorate  at  Murfrees- 
 boro,  Tenn.,  for  four  years,  and  then  took  charge,  for 
 ten  years,  of  the  Church  in  Gallatin,  Tenn.,  which 
 
 had  been  organized  by  his  eflforts  and  flourished 
 under  his  ministry.  Here  he  organized  a  female 
 seminary,  and  acted  as  President  for  three  years. 
 
 In  1840  he  became  pastor  of  the  Third  Street  Church 
 
 in  Dayton,  Ohio,  and  sustained  this  relation  for  twelve 
 
 years,  his  ministry  being  greatly  blessed.    For  a  short 
 
 time,  subsequently,  he  was  pastor  of  the  Church  in 
 
 Huntsville,  Ala.     For  twelve  years  from  1854  he  was 
 
 President  of  Miami  University,  Ohio,  his  administra- 
 
 !  tion  being  eminently  a  success.     After  leaving  the 
 
 1  University  Dr.  Hall  was  for  ten  years  superintendent 
 
 of  the  Public  .Schools  of  Covington,  Ky..  where  his 
 
 labors  were  productive  of  excellent  results.     He  was 
 
 eminently  succes.sful  as  an  evangelist,  pastor,  preacher, 
 
 ;  and  as  an  educator  of  youth.     His  preaching  was  not 
 
 I  sensational,  but  instructive  and  edifying.    His  highest 
 
 ambition  was,  not  to  e-xalt  himself,  but  Christ.     He 
 
 is  now,  in  his  eighty-first  year,  preaching  occasionally, 
 
 j  as  he  has  opjwrtunity,  awaiting  the  call  of  the  Master 
 
 to  come  up  higher,  and  enter  into  rest.    His  example, 
 
 as  a  self-made  man,  is  fiill  of  encouragement  to  young 
 
 men. 
 
 I  HaU,  WiUiani  K.,  D.  D.,  was  bom  in  Boston. 
 Ma.ss.,  November  4th.  18.36.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
 College,  in  the  class  of  1859.  He  afterwards  pursued 
 his  theological  studies  in  Y^ale  Divinity  School,  and 
 in  Berlin,  Germany.  He  was  ordained  in  October, 
 1862,  and  spent  four  years  in  the  service  of  the  conn- 
 try.  October.  1866,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
 Congregational  Church  at  Stratford.  Conn.  In  1873 
 he  received  a  call  to  the  First  Presbvterian  Church  of 
 Newburgh.  N.  Y.,  and  was  installed  as  its  pastor  on 
 the  first  of  May  following,  where  he  has  since  labored 
 with  great  acceptance  and  success.  In  1882  the  hon- 
 orary degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferted  upon  him  b.v  the 
 University  of  New  York. 
 
 Dr.  HaU  has  fine  scholarly  attainments,  and  a 
 vigorous  and  healthy  intellectual  organization.  He 
 combines  with  an  earnest  and  intelligent  interest  in 
 the  various  phases  of  modem  thought,  a  wise  and 
 strong  conservatism.  He  is  decidedly  a  thinker,  and 
 shows  his  New  England  training  in  his  leaning 
 toward  the  phUosophical  and  metaphysical  aspects 
 of  truth.  Bat  not  less  marked  are  the  practical  ten- 
 dencies of  his  thought,  which  is  always  characterized 
 by  keen  spiritual  insight,  elevation  of  tone,  width  of 
 view,  comprehensiveness  of  grasp,  and  ^ngorous  com- 
 mon sense.  His  sermons  show  marks  of  careful 
 preparation,  literary  finish,  rhetorical  power,  and  logi- 
 cal sequence  of  thought,  and  never  lack  the  directness, 
 earnestness  and  simplicity  which  disringuish  his  ordi- 
 nary address.  His  manner  in  the  pulpit  is  impressive. 
 He  combines  breadth  of  sympathy  with  decision  of 
 character  and  thought.  He  is  a  man  of  pubUc  spirit, 
 ready  and  efficient  in  the  support  of  every  movement 
 for  the  public  good. 
 
 Halsey,  Rev.  Jeremiah,  was  Tutor  in  the 
 CoUege  of  New  .Tersey  from  1757  to  1767.  In  1766 
 the  trustees  voted  a  sum  of  money  to  him,  in ." "  con- 
 
n.lLSEY. 
 
 294 
 
 HA  MILL. 
 
 sideration  of  his  extraordinarr  and  f^ithftU  services," 
 and  when  he  retired  from  the  tutorship,  they  gave 
 him  a  certificate,  recommending  him  as  "  a  gentleman 
 of  genins.  learning  and  real  merit."  In  17()7  he  wa.s 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Xew  Bmnsivick,  and 
 sent  on  a  missionary  tonr  to  the  South;  afterward.s 
 was  settled  as  a  pastor,  but  the  place  of  his  location 
 ■we  do  not  know.  He  wa.«  for  eleven  years  a  trustee 
 of  the  college.     3Ir.  Halaey  died  in  1780.  \ 
 
 Halsey,  Job  Foster,  D.  D.,the'son  of  Luther 
 and  .\bigail   Foster  i  Halsey.  was  bom  at  Schenectady. 
 N.  Y..  July  12th.  l^X):  graduated  from  Union   Col- 
 lege. X.Y.,  1819:  studied  theologj-  with  his  brother,  j 
 the  Rev.  Luther  Haisey :  wa.s  lioen-ae<l.  May  1st.  1823, 
 by  the  I*resbytery  of  Xorth  River;  spent  three  years,  , 
 1823-6,  at  Princeton  Seminary:  was  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Xew  Brunswick,  June  14th,  1826,  and  ' 
 on  the  same  day  installed  pastor  of  the  " "  Old  Tennent 
 Church."  at  Freehold.  X.  J.,  where  he  labored  until 
 May  -ith.  1828.     He  was  agent  in  Xew  .Jersey  for  the 
 American  Bible  Societj'.  l-'28-9:  in  .\lbany,  X.  Y.. 
 l-^29-30,  for  the  American  Tract  Society,  and  in  Pitts- 
 burg, 1830-31,  in  the  Sunday-school  can.se.     He  was  ■ 
 pastor  of  the  First  Church  of  Allegheny  City,  Pa.,  i 
 from  July  1st,  1831,  to  April  iM,  1836;  a  Professor.  I 
 183.5-6.  in  the  Marion  Manual  I^Vir  CVjUege  in  Jlis-  ! 
 sonri;  Principal    of   Raritan   Seminary    for    Young 
 Ladies   at   Perth  Amlw^y.  X.   J..  1836-48:   pastor  at 
 West  Bloomfield    (now  Montclair)  X.  .J.,  from  .Jan- 
 uary 8th.  18.52.  to  Jlarch  27th,  18.56:   and  in-stalled  | 
 pastor  of  the  First  Church  of  Xorristown,  Pa.,  Jlay 
 11th,  1856,  where  he  continaed  to  labor  twenty-four 
 years,  when,  because  of  the  increasing  infirmities  of 
 age,  he  was  released,  March  7th.  18-'l,butwas  con- 
 tinued by  his  congregation   Pa.stor   Emeritus    until 
 his  death.     This  event  oeeurre<l,  March  24th,  1882. 
 I>r.  HaLs<-y  was  an  eminently  devout  man.  and  in  his  ' 
 manner  was  benign,  afiec-tionate,  cheerful,  frank  and 
 honest.     His    preaching  was   earnest,   often  impas- 
 sioned, tender,  biblical  and  pungent.     He  was  vene- 
 rated and  beloved  by  his  people  and  by  all  who  knew 
 him.  '  j 
 
 Halsey,  Leroy  Jones,  D.  D. ,  eldest  son  of  .John  | 
 and  Lucy  Halsey,  was  liom  in  Goochland  county,  Va.,  ; 
 January  28th,  1812.     The  family  removed  to  Hunts- 
 ^■ille,  AlalKima,  when  he  was  six  years  of  age.     He 
 graduated  at  Xashnlle  University,  in  1834,  and  was 
 Tutor  of   Ancient   Languages  for  two  years.      He 
 .studied  theology  at   Princeton   Seminary,  and  was 
 liceased   to  jireach   the   gosjiel,  by  Xew  Brun-swick 
 Presbytery,  in  1840.     For  two  years  he  preached  as 
 licentiate,  in  Dallas  county.  Ala.     .March  21st.  1843. 
 he  was  ordained,  and  in-stalled  jia^tor  of  the  Church 
 in  Jackson,  Miss.     His  ministrj-  here  was  most  suc- 
 cessful.    In   1848  he    removed  to  Louisville,  Ky.,  ' 
 where  he  labor(;d   for   ten   years  as  X'^'rtor  of  the  '. 
 Chestnut  Stre»;t   Presbyterian   Church.     In  18.59  he 
 was  elected,  by  the  General  .\ssembly,  to  the  Chair  of 
 Pastoral  Th<-olog>-,   Homiletics  and  Church  Govern- i 
 
 ment.  in  the  Theological  .Seminary  of  the  Xonhwest, 
 at  Chicago.  111.,  where  he  has  since  resided,  con.stantly 
 engaged  in  seminary  duties.  Since  1881  he  has  held 
 the  j)osition  of  Professor  Emeritus  in  the  seminary. 
 
 As  a  preacher.  Dr.  Halsey  ranked  high  in  all  the 
 best  elements  of  popularity  and  power.  As  an 
 instructor,  he  was  full,  clear  and  eloquent.  As  an 
 author,  he  is  characterized  by  richness  of  thought 
 and  purity  of  style.  His  published  works  are: 
 "Literary  Attractions  of  the  Bible"  (18.59);  "Life 
 Pictures  from  the  Bible."  i  I86O1:  "  Beauty  of  Eman- 
 uel" (1861);  "Life  and  Works  of  Philip  Lindley. 
 D.D."  (1866);  "Memoir  of  Lewis  AV.  Green,  d.d." 
 (1871);  "Li\-ing  Christianity"  (1881).  He  has  also 
 been  connected  with  Tlie  Interior  newspaper  since 
 1876. 
 
 Halsey,  Luther,  D.  D.,  LL.D.,  was  bom  at 
 Schenectady,  X.  Y.,  January  1st,  1794,  and  died  at 
 Xorristown,  Pa.,  October  29th,  1880.  He  was  Pro- 
 fessor of  Theology  in  the  Western  Theological  Semi- 
 nan,-,  Allegheny,  Pa.,  1829-37,  and  in  the  latter  year 
 went  to  the  Chair  of  Ecclesiastical  History  and 
 Church  Polity  in  Auburn  Theological  Seminary,  but 
 resigned  in  1844.  From  1847  to  18.50  he  ac-ted  as 
 Professor  of  Church  History  in  the  Union  Theological 
 Seminary,  Xew  York  city.  For  several  years  before 
 his  Heath  he  lived  in  retirement.  Dr.  Halsey  was 
 an  eminent  scholar,  and  filled  the  important  positions 
 he  was  calle^d  to  occupy  with  great  ability. 
 
 Hamill,  Hugh,  D.  D.,  son  of  Rol>ert  and  Isabella 
 (Toddj  Hamill,  was  bom  at  Xorristown,  Pa.,  Febru- 
 ary 28th,  1810;  was  graduated  from  Rutgers  College, 
 X.  J.,  in  1827,  and  was  a  student  at  Princeton  Sem- 
 inary from  X'ovember  1827,  to  April,  1830,  afterwards 
 spending  the  Winter  of  18:il-2  at  Xew  Haven,  Conn., 
 Theological  Seminary.  Mr.  Hamill  was  liceased  by 
 the  Presbjtery  of  Philadelphia,  April  3(rth,  1830; 
 taught  during  the  following  Summer  in  the  board- 
 ing-school of  the  Rev.  Roljert  Steel,  at  Abington,  Pa. ; 
 was  ordained  an  evangelist  at  Bufiialo,  X.  Y.,  by  the 
 Presbyter?'  of  Buffalo,  Octoljer  31.st,  1832.  He  was 
 stated  supjily  at  Black  Rock  (now  the  Breckenridge 
 .Street  Church,  BuQalo,  X.  Y.),  from  Xovember  Ist, 
 1830  until  Xovember  l.st,  18:j:{,  then  began  to  jireach 
 at  Elkton,  Md.,  and  Penca<ler  Church,  Del.,  where 
 he  was  iastalled  pastor  by  Xew  Castle  Prcsb}"terj-, 
 January  21st,  1834,  and  from  which  he  was  released 
 May  l.st,  1837,  after  a  highly  successful  pastorate. 
 From  1837.  he  was  associated,  for  thirty-three  years, 
 with  his  brother,  the  Rev.  Samuel  M.  Hamill,  it.  v., 
 as  IMiicipiil  of  the  High  School  at  LawTenceville. 
 X.  .J.,  retiring  from  this  position  on  account  of  im- 
 paired hearing,  which  interfered  with  his  duties  as 
 an  instructor.  In  the  Spring  of  1873  he  removed  to 
 Xewark,  Del.,  where  he  died,  August  1st,  1861,  ex- 
 hibiting \t>  the  last  a  most  tru-stful  and  submissive 
 spirit.  Dr.  Hamill  was  retiring  and  m<Klest,  but 
 decided;  an  accurate,  thorough  and  suecc-ssful  in- 
 structor;   as  a  preacher  he   was  clear,  concise  and 
 
HAMILL. 
 
 295 
 
 HAJriLTOX  COLLEGE. 
 
 forcible:  his  character  was  marked  by  simplicity, 
 giKlly  sincerity,  kindliness  of  heart  and  uuswerring 
 intesrrity.  He  possessed  fine  schoUirship.  and  hislile 
 was  pure,  noble  and  useful. 
 
 Hamill,  Robert,  D.D.,  was  born  at  Xorristown. 
 Pa.  He  graduated  at  .Tetlerson  College  in  1S3S),  and 
 was  teacher  at  L;j«Teucevil!e,  X.  J..  1839— 1'2.  He 
 was  stated  supply  of  the  First  Church.  Norfolk,  Va.. 
 1S4();  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Huntingdon. 
 May  6th,  1S46;  pastor  of  the  Sinking  Creek  :uid 
 Spring  Creek  churches.  Pa..  184(>-75,  and  has  been 
 pastor  at  Sinking  Creek  since  1875.  Dr.  Hamill  is 
 an  excellent  and  successful  preacher,  and  faithful  in 
 pastoral  work.  He  is  greatl.v  beloved  by  his  people, 
 iuid  held  in  high  esteem  by  his  brethren  in  the  minis- 
 try. He  was  elected  a  Director  of  the  Princeton 
 Theologiavl  Seminary  in  1868,  and  has  occupied  the 
 Moderator's  chair  of  the  S\Tiod  of  Philadelphia. 
 
 Hamilton,  Alfred,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  Archibald 
 and  M;uia  (Shackleford)  Hamilton,  was  born  at  Cul- 
 pepper Court  House,  Va.,  May  1st,  1805.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  the  Western  University.  Pittsburg,  in  1827 : 
 at  the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  in  1830,  and 
 was  licensed  by  the  Ohio  Presbytery.  He  spent  two 
 years  as  agent  for  the  Bo;ird  of  Domestic  Missions  in 
 the  States  of  Ohio,  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  when 
 he  settled  at  EliKibethtown,  Ky.,  where  he  labored 
 very  earnestly  and  usefully  for  nearly  tlu-ee  yeai-s. 
 In  1835  he  became  p:istor  of  the  Church  at  Fang's 
 MiUior,  Chester  county.  Pa. .  and  here  his  life  work  w;is 
 chiefly  accomplished.  This  relation  continued  until 
 1858.  He  then  took  charge  of  a  newly  organized 
 Church  in  Aurora,  111.,  and  labored  with  great 
 :\ssiduity  in  gathering  a  congregation,  :vDd  in  securing 
 the  erection  of  a  house  of  worship.  He  was  next 
 jxistor,  and  with  much  success,  of  the  Church 
 at  Mattoon,  111.,  from  18S'2  to  1865.  After  relin- 
 quishing this  charge  he  became  :issociate  editor  of 
 the  Soilhurntini  l'nd>!/tcrUxii.  and  then  traveling 
 correspondent  and  solicitor  for  th;it  journal.  At  the 
 time  of  his  decease  (September  iSth,  18671,  he  was 
 District  Missionary  of  the  Board  of  Domestic  Missions 
 for  the  State  of  Illinois. 
 
 Dr.  Hamilton  possessed  a  good,  practical,  working 
 intellect,  that  had  been  well  discipUui>d  by  early 
 training,  and  constantly  strengthened  and  enlarged 
 by  life-long  reading  and  reflection.  Thei-e  was  some- 
 thing of  riire  solidity  and  weight  in  his  character. 
 A  man  of  cleivrest  judgment  and  of  strongest  convic- 
 tions, he  w.is  yet  gentle  and  unassuming,  modest  and 
 retiring.  He  w:is  diligiMit  ,and  faithful  in  every 
 (lejvirtmont  <if  pastoral  lalx>r.  while,  as  a  preacher, 
 he  was  always  clear,  instructive  and  earnest  in  the 
 exhibition  of  the  truth.  He  was  greatly  houoreil  and 
 Ix'loved  in  the  congreg-ations  he  served,  and  held  in 
 the  highest  esteem  among  his  brethren  in  the  ministry. 
 Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  wiis  de- 
 signed as  a  Christian  Institution  for  advam-ed  e<lu- 
 cjitioit.     Keligion   and    learning  were    its  proposed 
 
 purpose,  and  their  promotion  its  intended  work.  The 
 fruit  it  has  borne  has  Uirgely  come  from  pious  culture, 
 and  largely  dropped  into  the  lap  of  the  Church. 
 Much  of  its  re<-ord  is  in  ecilesiastical  history,  and 
 especially  in  the  history  of  the  Svniod  of  Central 
 Xew  York,  and  it  h:is  made  no  little  of  the  history 
 of  the  ministers  and  churches  of  that  Synod. 
 
 In  1793,  the  Rer.  Samuel  Kirkland,  for  more  than 
 forty  ye.ars  a  missionary  muong  the  Oneida  Indians, 
 devoted  a  large  share  of  his  property  towards  "laying 
 the  foundation  and  snpiwrting  an  aeadeniy  contigu- 
 ous to  the  Oueida  nation,  for  the  mutual  beuetit  of 
 the  early  settlers  of  the  country  and  the  various  tribes 
 of  confederate  Indians."  After  consultation  with 
 General  Washington,  who  w:is  at  that  time  an  owner 
 of  lauds  in  that  vicinity,  and  with  other  piitriotic 
 men  of  his  acquaintance,  he  granted,  by  deed  to 
 Alexander  Hamilton  and  fifteen  others,  about  three 
 hundred  .icres  of  land  in  trust,  for  the  purpose  of  liuild- 
 ing  Hamilton  Oueida  Academy.  The  collection  of  the 
 subscriptions  in  labor  and  lumber  for  the  building, 
 cost  Mr.  Kirkland  much  summoning  and  urging  to 
 the  woods,  and  toilsome  leading  in  the  chopping 
 there,  but  he  allowed  no  "letting-up  ""  or  "  letting- 
 [off."  and  July  1st,  1794.  the  corner-stone  was  laid 
 by  Baron  Steuben,  attended  with  all  the  ceremony 
 and  display,  quite  primitive,  to  be  sure,  that  the 
 times  and  circumstances  permitted.  The  frame  went 
 up.  and  in  a  short  time  the  school  was  opened,  under 
 the  Rev.  John  Niles.  whose  sui-cessors  were  the  Rev. 
 Kol)ert  Porter.  Seth  Xortonand  the  Rev.  James  Rob- 
 ,  bins,  all  of  them,  its  well  as  Mr.  Kirkland.  graduates 
 i  of  Yale  College,  and,  it  is  believed,  well  fittiHi  to 
 '  foster  the  interests  of  sonnd  learning  and  Christian 
 ,  morals. 
 
 For  eighteen  ye;irs  the  Academy  existed,  and  at- 
 tainol  to  a  high  degree  of  pixisperity.  But  with  the 
 growth  of  the  neiglilK>ring  settlements,  and  the  rapid 
 development  of  western  Xew  York,  the  necessity  w-.is 
 felt  for  an  Institution  which  should  aflbrd  mon>  ample 
 (acilities  for  ilislruction  and  a  more  exteudetl  course 
 of  study.  Clinton  and  Fairfield  beciune  c-ompetitors 
 for  its  Iwation,  and  college  charters  of  similar  char- 
 I  acter  and  conditions  were  grantetl  to  each.  By  a 
 compromise  between  the  friends  of  the  rival  loc;itions, 
 Clinton  secnreil  the  coveted  honor.  The  Institution, 
 bearing  the  name  of  H:uniltou  College,  was  chartered 
 ,  May  -.'tith,  181-2. 
 
 Mr.  KirkwiKKl's  wooden  building,  of  nameless 
 architecture,  three  stories  high  and  ninety  leet  long, 
 and  thirty-eight  wide,  retirrnl.  and  three  lar^  dormi- 
 tories,  each  four  stories  high  and  ninety-eight  fi-et 
 long  and  forty-nine  wide,  and  a  chapel,  thixv  stories 
 high,  eighty-«me  fi'ct  long  ami  titty-one  wide,  with 
 Icc-ture  and  recitation  nx)ms.  ami  a  hall  of  natural 
 history,  and  a  laboratory  and  g\-ranasium,  all  of  stone; 
 an  oliservatory,  at  which  twenty-seven  asteroids  have, 
 been  discovered:  a  library  and  asoi-iety  hall,  some  of 
 them    finely   designe<l,    and   an   elegant   l*resident's 
 
HAMILTOX. 
 
 297 
 
 EAMILTOX. 
 
 mansion,  have  come  in  its  place,  with  books  and  cabi- 
 nets, and  instruments  and  apparatus,  worth  ^120,000. 
 The  park  in  the  midst  of  which  the  college  buildings 
 stand  embraces  fifteen  acres. 
 
 Dr.  Azel  Backus,  eminent  as  a  preacher  and  a 
 scholar,  as  well  as  the  successor  of  I  )r.  Bellamy,  at 
 Bethlem,  Conn.,  was  chosen  the  first  President  of  the 
 College.  Upon  his  death,  in  December,  1817,  Dr. 
 Henry  Davis,  President,  for  the  prerious  eight  years, 
 of  Middlebury  College,  was  elected  his  successor,  and 
 occupied  the  post  until  his  resignation,  in  183:5.  The 
 successors  of  President  Da\-is  have  been  the  Rev.  Dr. 
 Sereno  E.  D wight,  in  1833;  the  Rev.  Dr.  Joseph 
 Penny,  in  1835;  the  Rev.  Dr.  Simeon  North,  in  1839; 
 the  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  Ware  Fisher,  in  1858,  and  the 
 Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  Gillman  Brown,  who  was  inaugu- 
 rated into  the  Presidency  in  1866,  and  filled  it  until 
 JuneSOth,  1881.  The  Rev.  Henry  Darling,  D.D.,  LL.  D., 
 was  inaugurated  as  President,  September  1.5th,  1881, 
 and  at  present  holds  the  position.  The  Faculty,  that 
 began  with  one  member,  has  been  multiplied  to  six- 
 teen. The  Institution  is  now,  under  its  excellent 
 control,  in  a  highly  prosperous  condition,  the  Cata^ 
 logue  for  1883-4  reporting  two  hundred  'and  ten 
 students. 
 
 Hamilton,  James,  was  bom  in  Carlisle,  Pa., 
 October  16th,  1793,  and  there  he  died,  January  23d, 
 1873.     He  was  an  only  son  of  Judge  Hamilton,  and 
 a  lineal  descendant  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  Thom-son, 
 the  first  pastor  of  the  Church  at  the  Meeting-House 
 Spring,  which,  with  that  of  SQver  Spring,  was  the 
 first  Presbyterian  charge  west  of  the  Susquehaima 
 River.     In  1812  he  graduated  at  Dickinson  College, 
 and  in   1810   became  a  member  of  the   Bar  in  his 
 native  place.     He  never  married.     He  was  a  man  of 
 high  and  varied  culture;  wrote  much,  and  published 
 several   tracts  and   small   books,   including  "  Xotes 
 on    Prophecy,"   published    anonymously,   in  1859, 
 and  "The  Two  Pilgrims,"  which  appeared  in  1871. 
 He  labored  assiduously  and  persistently  in  the  cause 
 of  education.     For  many  years  a  faithful  Trustee  of 
 Dickinson   College.     From    1836   until   his  death  a 
 most  efficient  public  school  Director,  and  first  Secre- 
 tary of  the  Board.     In  1835  he  was  elected  a  ruling 
 elder  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  but  mod- 
 estly declined;  and  though  subsequently  elected,  in 
 1856,  he  was  still  unwilling  to  act.     He  was  one  of 
 the  original  Trustees  of  the  Second  Church,  and  first 
 Secretary  of  the  Board.     He  was  an  excellent  Bible- 
 class  teacher,  and.   for  years  before  his  death,  the 
 devoted  Superintendent  of  .the  Sabbath  School.     He 
 was  the   warm  supporter   of  prayer   meetings  and 
 revivals,  and  in  him  the  young  had  ever  a  true  and 
 earnest  friend.     He  was  a  man  of  ample  means,  and 
 very  generous    to  the  Church  and    to   our   several 
 Church  Boards,  contributing  largely  of  his  time  and 
 money  to  educational.  Ijenevolent  and  religious  pur- 
 poses,  and  was  through  all  his  life  a   friend  and 
 helper  of  the  poor  and  needy.     Somewhat  eccentric. 
 
 but  eminently  good,  and   modest,  and  useful,  and 
 worthy  to  Ije  had  in  grateful  remembrance.     A  few 
 years  after  his   death  his  former  pastor,  the  Rev. 
 Dr.  A.  T.  McGill,  wrote  of  him  as  follows:  "James 
 I  Hamilton  w;vs  one  of  the  best  men  I  ever  knew,  in 
 any  calling  of  life.     Rich,  and  bashful,  and  eccentric, 
 as  he  was,  he  went  about  doing  good.     His  conscien- 
 tiousness gave  him  diligence  and  courage,  method 
 and  force."     Though  he  had  almost  completed  his 
 fourscore  years,  yet  he  enjoyed  good    health   and 
 vigor,  and,  at  the  end  of  his  mortal  course,  was  very 
 suddenly  transferred  to  a  higher  and  better  lift — 
 redeemed,  and  sanctified,  and  glorified,  through  the 
 infinite  merit  of  Jesus  Christ,   in  whom  alone   he 
 trusted,  and  whom  he  had  faithfully  served. 
 I     Hamilton,  Rev.  Le-wis,  was  born  in  Rockaway . 
 N.  J.,  July  10th.   1810,  and  studied  at  Bloomfield 
 Academy,  and  at  Williams  and  Union  Colleges.     He 
 was  an  alumnus  of  Auburn  Theological  Seminary. 
 He  was  ordained  jiastor  at  Addison,  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of   Chemung,    July  2d,    1840.     His    fields  of 
 labor  were  Branchport,  one  year;  Addison,  two  and  a 
 half  years;  Campbell,  four  years;  Hunt's  Hollow,  two 
 years;    Dunkirk,  four  years;    Clarence,   two    years; 
 Lima,  Ind.,  two  and  a  half  years;   Muscatine  Citj-, 
 Kan.,  1859;   Pike's  Peak,  Col.,  1860-3;  T.  S.  Army, 
 1863-^;    Central   City,  Col.,    1869;   Denver,  1870-7; 
 Poncha    Springs,    1878-80;    IrNvin,    1881.     He    was 
 struck  by  a  switch   engine  of  the  Denver  and  Rio 
 I  Grande  Railway,  and  died  December  7th,  1881. 
 
 Mr.  Hamilton  was  a  remarkable  example  of  activity 
 I  in  the  Master's  sersnce  in  old  age.     Shortly  after  his 
 death  the  Rev.   John  G.  Reid  wrote  to  the  paper, 
 Presbyterian  Home  Jlissions,  concerning  him  : — 
 
 "  Iewix,  Col.— This  little  church  has  been  un- 
 usually prospered.  Its  great  altitude,  10,500  feet 
 above  sea  level,  rendered  it  extremely  difiicult  to  get 
 a  man  who  could  stand  the  work  and  remain  for  any 
 length  of  time.  When  the  Presbytery  was  at  its 
 greatest  perplexity  regarding  its  supply.  Rev.  Lewis 
 Hamilton,  the  pioneer  of  Presbyterianism  in  Colora- 
 do, being  the  first  Presbyterian  minister  on  the  field, 
 familiarly  known  through  the  State  as  'Father  Hamil- 
 ton.' volunteered, at  his  age  (beingthen  over  70),  to  un- 
 dertake the  charge.  A  stagejoumey  of  a  hundred  miles, 
 over  the  mountains,  in  the  Winter  season  and  deep 
 snows,  necessitating  the  use  of  snow-shoes,  lay  between 
 him  and  his  work.  But  nothing  daunted,  this  white- 
 haired  veteran  of  Christ  pressed  through  all  difficul- 
 ties and  entered  upon  his  work.  A  li\ing  refutation, 
 to  the  charge  that  whitening  locks  unfit  a  man  for 
 acceptable  labor,  he  drew  all  classes  in  that  new 
 camp  to  his  side,  and.  shut  in  by  the  deep  snow,  the 
 lofty  ranges,  and  the  long  journey  by  stage,  he 
 labored  faithfully  and  with  signal  success.  His  Sab- 
 bath School  was  especially  prosperous." 
 
 Hamilton,  Samuel  M.,  D.  D.,  is  a  native  of 
 Ireland.  He  was  born  at  Conlig,  Down  county, 
 April  19th.  1848.     He  graduated  at  Queen's  Univer- 
 
HAMJLIOX. 
 
 •2'M 
 
 Jf.lMJLTUX. 
 
 sity,  Belfast^  in  1868,  and  in  theoloRjr  at  the  Presby- 
 terian Cullr^i!  in  tlic  same  city,  in  l'*70.  Aftor  boiug 
 liceMMMl  l.y  tlie  rrt-sbyttry  of  Bellx'it,  in  May,  1870, 
 ho  accepto<l  the  piustontte  of  the  Great  George's  Street 
 Prt-sbj-torian  Church  in  that  city,  and  «;ls  ordained 
 in  N'ovi-nilMT  of  tlie  sjinie  year.  Here  lie  hiliored  witli 
 great  acceptahU'iu'ss  ami  siK-eess  fur  two  years  and  a 
 half.  In  Oetohi  r,  l-iTIi,  he  was  inst;illed  as  co-jkls- 
 tor  with  Dr.  .losi'ph  MiKlroy,  over  the  .Scotch-Pres- 
 byterian C'liureh,  Xew  York  City,  and  since  Dr. 
 McElr<iy"s  death  has  been  it.*)  sole  piustor,  ble.s.sed  in 
 his  work  and  l>eloved  by  his  people.  Dr.  Hamilton 
 is  a,  cnltivatcd,  warm-hearted  gentleman,  of  intel- 
 lectual force  and  firm  adherence  to  principle.  He  is 
 a  diligent  student,  clear  and  strong  iii  judgment,  and 
 cons<-icntiously  devotecl  to  his  work.  ITe  is  elonuent 
 iis  a  i)reacher,  faithful  as  a  pastor,  and  in  both  rela- 
 tions discharges  his  duties  with  efficiency  and  suc- 
 cess. 
 
 Hamilton,  Thomas  A.,  Esq.,  was  bom  at  Har- 
 risburg,  I'a.,  of  Kngli  li  iiaivniage,  Augu.st  20,  1820. 
 
 THOMAS  A.    IIAHILTON,   Eng. 
 
 In  the  fourth  year  of  his  age  his  j!aieiits  removed 
 with  thi'ir  family  to  Newark,  N.  J.,  where  they 
 •  continued  to  reside  until  l-ilCi,  !^t  which  time  they 
 removed  again  to  Mobile,  .Mabama.  .\t  the  ago  of 
 fourteen  the  subject  of  this  sketch  entered  the  .Sjpho- 
 niore  Cla-w  in  the  College  of  New  .Iers<>y,  but  alter 
 jiassing  through  the  Sophomore  year  he  removed 
 with  his  father's  family  to  Alabama.  Soon  alter 
 reaching  Mobile,  he  In-camc  n  clerk  in  a  large  hanl- 
 waro  store,  but  alter  sis'iiding  alsvut  four  years  in 
 Ibis  jNisitiou,  (luring  wliieh  iM'ri<Ml  he  oecupietl  as 
 much   time    as   cirt'iimstanees  wnuld    |>ermit  in   tlii' 
 
 improvement  of  his  mind,  he  commenced  the  study 
 of  the  Liw,  to  which  he  had  always  been  inclined. 
 While  pursuing  his  legal  studies,  he  wjis  for  a  con- 
 siderable period  of  time  a  Deputy  Clerk  of  the  State 
 Circuit  Court,  and  .VssisUmt  Register  in  Chancery  for 
 the  District  in  which  Mobile  is  located.  He  Wiis 
 admitted  to  the  Ifcir  in  1SI2,  ami  for  the  last  I'orty 
 years  h;us  been  eng-.iged  in  the  practice  of  the  law 
 with  a  considerable  degree  of  succc-.ss. 
 .  In  the  early  part  of  the  year  1854,  Sir.  Hamilton 
 became  a  communing  member  of  tlie  Presbyterian 
 Church,  and  a  few  yejirs  afterwards  wjus  cU-cted  a 
 ruling  elder,  which  jKisition  he  still  omtinues  to 
 hold.  He  hits  never  sought  olliee  or  |K)litical  j)osi- 
 tion,  although  always  willing  to  Ix-ar  his  share  of 
 the  public  burdens  and  to  ilo  his  jiart  towards  the 
 advancement  of  all  eiiter])ri.scs  and  underuikings 
 which  seemed  to  1m-  cah'ulated  to  advance  the  public 
 good.  In  1870  he  w:ls  si-nt  jus  a  Comini.ssioner  I'rom 
 the  I*rcsbytery  of  South  .Mabama  to  the  General 
 Assembly  of  the  Southern  Presbyterian  Church  which 
 met  at  Louisville  in  that  year,  and  he  wsus  alt»'rwards 
 honored  by  being  a]i|iointed  iis  one  of  the  Keprcja-nta- 
 j  tives  of  the  Southern  l*re.sbyt<'rian  Church  at  the 
 General  Presbyterian  Council  which  lui't  at  Phila- 
 delphia ill  the  year  ISXO.  The  various  imjK)rtaut 
 I  positions  Mr.  Hamilton  has  been  called  to  wciipy 
 attest  his  ability,  and  indicate  the  high  esteem  which 
 his  consistent  ami  usi'ful  life  has  .secured. 
 
 Hamilton,  'WiUiam  Ferguson,  D.  D.,  son  of 
 Joseph  and  Margiiri't  (Ferguson)  Maniilton,  w:ls  Inirn 
 I  in  WilliamsiKirt  mow  .Monongalula  City).  Wiushing- 
 ton  county.  Pa.,  March  21th,  IsJl.  He  wius  gradu- 
 ated from  Washington  College,  Pa.,  in  the  da.ss  of 
 1-<41,  and  from  the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  in 
 1849.  Iminediati'ly  after  the  completion  of  his  theo- 
 logical studies  he  \v;is  licensed  by  the  Presbyt<-ry  of 
 Ohio  (now  Pittsburg),  and  in  the  following  year  was 
 ordained  by  the  sjtnie  ImhIv,  an<l  iustalle<l  a.s  ]Kistor  of 
 ■the  Centre  Cliurch.  where  he  lalsireil  I'or  two  years. 
 He  has  since,  with  ability  and  success,  e.\ercis<-d  the 
 p;ustonil  olVue  for  ten  years  in  I'liiontown,  Pa.,  and 
 for  .si-ven  years  in  the  <'liurclies  of  Salem  and  Liver- 
 more,  ill  the  Prt-sbytc'iy  of  Hlairsville.  .^imv  l.-7.> 
 he  has  had  charge  of  the  Mount  Pli'jusant  Church,  in 
 the  Presb.rtery  of  Washington.  Kesiding  in  Wash- 
 ington, Pa.,  for  the  .sjike  of  the  education  of  his  chil- 
 dren, he  has  been  called  to  render  valuable  service, 
 for  which  his  talents  and  scholarship  have  so  well 
 fitted  him.  One  form  of  this  was  the  instruction  of 
 the  S<"nior  and  .Tnnior  cla.ss«-s  in  Washingtcm  and  .Tcl'- 
 I'erson  College,  during  the  years  Is7(i-S0,  in  Psych- 
 ology'and  Ktliics.  How  ably  he  thus  taught  may  well 
 lie  left  for  inference  to  the  readers  of  his  nia.sterly 
 article  in  the  Pnnlnitrrinn  Rrririi'  of  .Inly,  IK^J,  enti- 
 tled "  Ueoent  Ethical  Theory,''  an  article  which  has 
 attr.ictcd  not  only  approval,  but  complimentary  notice 
 from  high  i>la<-es,  .Vuioiig  various  fugitive  articles, 
 adilress<'s  and  other   )>:iiiipbli'ts.  \\hii'li   hi'   has   pul>- 
 
HAMMOND. 
 
 299 
 
 TIAMPDEX-aiDXEY  COLLEGE. 
 
 lisbcil,  one  claims  a  prominent  place,  viz.:  An  Ad- 
 dress delivered  at  the  Centenary  Celebration  ol'  tbe 
 Redstone  Presbrtery,  tbe  motber  Presbytery  ol'  the 
 West,  beld  at  Uniontown,  Pa.,  in  1H81,  which  is  a 
 rich  repository  of  historical  information,  concerning 
 one  of  the  most  important  portions  of  our  country 
 and  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 Dr.  Hamilton  is  still  in  tbe  full  vigor  of  liis  focul- 
 ties.  To  the  ability  of  an  honored  minister  of  the 
 gospel,  he  adds  tbe  pen  of  a  ready  and  accomplished 
 ^VTiter.  His  wisdom  and  skill  in  mutters  of  tbe  Church, 
 notwithstanding  his  characteristic  modesty,  compel 
 his  service  as  Stated  Clerk  of  Presbj'tery,  chairman 
 of  important  committees,  and  in  other  representative 
 duties,  at  the  imperative  call  of  his  brethren.  He 
 was  Moderator  of  tbe  Synod  of  Pittsburg,  in  1873, 
 the  fourth  annual  meeting  after  tbe  reunion  of  the 
 Church  and  the  reconstruction  of  its  courts. 
 
 Hammond,  Rev.  Ed-ward  Payson,  was  born 
 at  Ellingt<jn,  Conn.,  September  1st,  1SI51.     He  gradu- 
 
 REV.   Enw.\nD  PAYSON    HAMMOND. 
 
 ated  at  Williams  College,  in  1858;  spent  two  years, 
 1858-59,  at  the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Xew 
 York  city;  was  p;istor  of  Pree  Church,  Edinburgh, 
 1860-1,  and  wius  ordained,  January  2d,  1863,  an 
 evangelist.  Mr.  Hammond,  whilst  at  college,  was 
 exceedingly  active  as  a  Christian  among  tbe  students 
 and  in  tbe  neighborhood,  and  very  successful,  and 
 tbe  President's  son.  who  became  a  minister,  with 
 many  others,  was  largely  indebt<'<l  to  him  for  saving 
 religious  impressions.  He  has  since  been  devoted  to 
 the  work  of  an  evangelist  in  this  country  and  Great 
 Britain,  holding,  literally,  ma.ss  meetings  in  most  of 
 the  large  towns  here  and  abroad,  and  contributing  to 
 
 multitudes  of  conversions.  The  revivals  under  his 
 labors  have  been  pre-eminently  of  the  chuss  that  can 
 be  correctly  observed  only  from  a  standpoint  in  the 
 
 I  midst  of  them.      To  some  persons  they  seem  to  be 
 
 I  characterizeil  by  too  much  enginery  and  too  much 
 bustle. 
 
 A  debt  of  gratitude  is  due  to  Mr.  Hammond  for  the 
 following  reasons:  1.  His  contribution  to  the  service 
 of  song;  be  being  among  the  first  to  introduce  the 
 description  of  hymns  and  tbe  style  of  music  which 
 have  proved  so  effective  in  these  latter  days.  2.  His 
 perpetual  use  of  tbe  Scriptures  and  bis  habituating 
 congregations  to  the  same.  3.  His  exhibition  and 
 pressure  of  faith  in  Clu-ist,  at  first,  midst  and  last, 
 and  in  its  simplicity,  without  mixture  with  luunun 
 feelings,  frames,  purposes  and  deeds.  4.  His  labors 
 for  tbe  children,  and  the  currency-  be  has  given  to  the 
 con\-iction  that  the  youngest  are  old  enough  to  love, 
 and  trust  and  serve  the  Saviour,  and  to  recognize  and 
 lament  their  disobedience  to  Him.  5.  His  incitement 
 of  Christian  activity  and  widening  tbe  range  of  it. 
 In  the  Summer  of  1875  Jlr.  Hammond  went  to 
 Ala.ska,  when  there  were  no  missionaries  there,  and 
 preached  to  the  natives,  and  saw  some  inquiring  the 
 way  of  life.  He  did  all  in  his  power,  at  that  time, 
 through  tbe  press  and  in  various  ways,  to  call  the 
 attention  of  tbe  people  of  the  United  States  to  the 
 needs  of  Alaska.  In  addition  to  bis  earnest  labors  as 
 an  evangelist,  Mr.  Hammond  is  tbe  author  of  some 
 small  but  useful  religious  works. 
 
 Hampden-Sidney  College  is  in  Prince  YA- 
 ward  county,    Va.     It  is  about  seven   miles   from 
 
 ,  Farm\-ille,  a  station  on  the  Xorfolk  and  Western  Kail- 
 roa<l.     Thus  facilities  of  intercourse  with  all  parts 
 
 '  of  the  country  are  afforded.  It  owes  its  origin  to 
 Christian  patriotism.  Hanover  Presbytery,  in  1771- 
 86  w;us  the  sole  representative  of  Pre.sbj-toriau  faith 
 and  oriler,  throughout  the  entire  South,  West  and 
 Xorthwest.  Its  membrrs  in  1774  did  not  exceed  ten. 
 Having,  in  1771,  set  on  foot  means  to  sustain  a  cla.ss- 
 ical  academy  in  the  Valley  of  Virginia  (Sve  Washiny- 
 toii  Colleye),  it  was  thought  desirable,  "in  view  of 
 the  large  extent  of  country  needing  Institutions  of 
 that  grade,"  to  establish  another,  east  of  the  Blue 
 Ridge.  By  prompt  and  energetic  efforts,  notwith- 
 standing the  disturbed  political  relations  of  the  coun- 
 try, the  Presbytery  secured  available  contributions 
 to  the  amount  of  £1,. 301).  about  .?1,(HI0  within  three 
 months.  By  a  liberal  donation  of  about  one  hundred 
 acres  of  land,  in  an  eligible  locality,  made  by  Mr. 
 Peter  Johnson,  mc;isures  were  at  once  taken  to  j)re- 
 pare  buildings,  and  the  sicademy  was  organized  in 
 1775.  Rev.  Samuel  Stanhope  Smith  was  appointed 
 Principal  and  two  assistants  secured.  In  a  few 
 years,  with  the  spirit  of  liberty  then  animating  the 
 whole  country,  tbe  Institution  was  called  "  Hamp- 
 den-Sidney Academy,''  iusti-ad  of  "Prince  Edward 
 Academy, ' '  and  iu  1783  the  Board  of  Trustees  hitherto 
 existing,  to  which  the  Presbytery  ha<l  committed  the 
 
HAMPTON. 
 
 300 
 
 HAND. 
 
 management,  ^'  referring  forerer  the  right  of  appointing 
 Trustees  and  Faculli/,"  was  incorixjrated  l)y  the  Legis- 
 lature of  Virginia,  with  an  adilition  to  the  members 
 by  the  Presbytery,  making  it  to  consist  ol"  twenty- 
 seven  memWrs.  With  the  exception  of  a  small  tract 
 of  land,  tlie  State,  however,  never  extended  to  the 
 College  any  contribution.  So  deeply  were  felt,  by 
 all,  the  evils  of  a  union  of  Church  and  State,  that  the 
 civil  authorities  have  ever  refused  to  extend  aid  to 
 literary  Institutions  not  under  their  excliLsive  con- 
 trol, or  in  any  form  recognizi'd,  by  U'gal  action,  the 
 Church  in  its  religious  character.  Tlie  Pri^sbytery, 
 howcxer,  liad  dLsclaimed  formally  any  intention  to 
 establish,  or  permit  for  itself,  the  Trustees  and  Fac- 
 ulty, the  iLse  of  sectarian  influences.  Though  under 
 the  control  of  the  Presbytery,  the  CoUege  was  open 
 to  all,  of  whxitever  religious  name,  with  no  plan  to 
 disturb  the  i>references  wliich  custom  or  conscience 
 favored.  Reh-ing  on  the  gmxl  will  of  the  people,  the 
 College,  though  often  embari«a.ssid  by  poverty,  yet 
 "  making  many  rich  "  has  grown,  by  voluntary  con- 
 tributions to  the  possession  of  aljout  $rj."),000  vested 
 funds  and  commodious  residences  for  a  President 
 and  four  Profe.s.sors,  with  a  large  boarding-hoase. 
 
 Rev.  S.  S.  Smith  resigned  the  presidency,  held  for 
 seven  years,  in  1779,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  brother, 
 Rev.  John  B.  Smith.  He  resigned  in  1789,  to  give 
 his  whole  time  to  ministerial  work.  Rev.  Drury 
 Lacy,  :is  Vice  President,  continued,  for  a  .short  period, 
 to  conduct  the  Institution,  and  was  a-ssociated,  for 
 two  or  three  years  of  the  time,  -with  Rev.  A.  Alex- 
 ander. On  his  retiring,  in  1796,  Mr.  Alexander  was 
 elected  President.  He  was  succeeded  in  1806,  on 
 leaving  for  Pine  Street  Church,  Philadelphia,  by  Rev. 
 Moses  Hoge,  who  died  in  l^iO.  Dr.  Hoge  was  also, 
 from  1H12,  Synod's  Profes.sor  of  Theology.  His  suc- 
 cessor, in  a  few  years,  was  Sir.  U.  P.  Cushing,  who 
 died  in  18:J.5.  Then  Rev.  Dr.  D.  L.  Carroll  presided 
 over  the  college,  followed  by  >Ir.  William  Maxwell, 
 and  in  1848  Rev.  Dr,  Lewis  W.  Green  succeeded, 
 who,  in  18.58,  was  followed  by  Rev.  Dr.  J.  M.  P.  At- 
 kin.son,  in  a  presidency  of  about  twentj--five  years, 
 the  longest  period  of  any.  His  resignation,  in  June, 
 1883,  preceded  his  death,  in  August  28th,  18>i:j.  Rev. 
 Richard  SIcIlwain,  r>.  i).,  has  now  the  jKisition,  and 
 gives  promise  to  be  a  worthy  successor  of  this  line 
 of  one  hundred  years.  With  his  five  able  Professors, 
 the  prospects  of  the  college  are  excellent,  and  it  will 
 continue,  it  is  believed,  with  increasing  success,  to 
 supply  candidates  for  the  ministry  of  the  Presbyte- 
 rian Church. 
 
 Hampton,  Rev.  John.  Wliethcr  .Mr.  Hampton  ! 
 was  a  native  of  Scotland  or  Ireland  is  unknown.  He 
 was  called  to  Snow  Hill,  in  March,  1707,  the  8;ilary 
 to  l)c  paid  in  tobacco.  He  Wiks  "inaugurated  "  by 
 Mr.  McXi.sh.  He  also  .served  Pitt's  Creek.  His  death 
 (Kciirrrd  in  pcbiuary,  ]7'2I. 
 
 Hand,  Aaron  Hicks,  D.  D.,  son  of  Aaron  and 
 Taniar  (Piatt)  Hand,  was  bom  at  Albany,  N.  Y., 
 
 Dec.  3,  1811;  graduated  at  Williams  College,  1831; 
 graduated  at  Princeton  Seminary  in  ls;{7;  was  licensi-d 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  April  25,  1837, 
 soon  after  which  he  went,  in  jKxjr  hejilth,  to  Georgia, 
 where  he  supplied  the  churches  of  Roswell  and 
 Marietta,  1838—41.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Presby- 
 ter}- of  Flint  River  (Ga.),  April  11,  1841,  after  which 
 he  retnnied  to  the  North  and  supplied  the  Church  at 
 Berwick,  Pa.,  1842-45.  As  pastor  of  the  Church  at 
 Greenwich,  N.  J.,  from  Sept.  2<1,  1851,  until  Nov.  2d, 
 1870,  he  laljored  most  efficiently  and  successfully. 
 He  was  inst;illcd  over  the  Church  of  the  Pali.sades, 
 June  14th,  1871,  and  omtinued  in  charge  of  it,  until 
 released,  Sept.  16th,  1879,  in  consequence  of  increasing 
 infirmities.  He  then  removed  to  Easton,  Pa.,  where 
 he  si)eut  his  last  days.     He  died,  March  3d,  1880. 
 
 Dr.  Hand  was  an  earnest  and  faithful  nunist<'r  of 
 the  gospel,  and  througli  many  years  of  broken  health 
 continued  to  labor,  rejoicing  if  through  divine  grace 
 he  could  lead  .souls  to  Christ.  He  was  a  diligent 
 .student  and  a  writer  of  force  and  intelligence.  For 
 many  years  he  was  a  Trustee  of  Lafayette  College, 
 and  gave  to  it  much  self-denying  service. 
 
 HON.   ALFRED  HAND. 
 
 Hand,  Hon.  Alfred,  was  l)orn  in  Honesdale,  Pa., 
 March  26th,  1835.  He  entered  Yale  College  in  the 
 .Vutunin  of  1853,  and  graduated  with  a  standing 
 among  the  l)est  scholars  of  his  cla.ss.  He  stnilied  law 
 at  Montrose,  Pa.,  under  the  direction  of  the  Hon. 
 .Judges  William  and  William  H.  Jcssup  (father  and 
 .son^,  and  w;us  admitted  to  the  Bar,  NovemlH'r  21st, 
 1S59.  Soon  after,  he  opt-ned  an  office,  for  the  practice 
 of  his  profi-,ssion,  in  Scranton,  and  at  once  idtmtilied 
 himself  with  the   First   Church,   in   which   he  was 
 
HANDY. 
 
 301 
 
 HAXDV. 
 
 ordained  a  ruling  elder,  April  17th,  1867.  Hu  made 
 himself  useful  in  the  work  of  establishing  the  organic 
 life  of  the  young  city,  and  soon  w:is  called  to  places 
 of  trust.  In  a  few  years  he  stood  among  the  first 
 lawj-ers  of  the  Luzerne  Bar. 
 
 March  5th,  1879,  he  was  appointed  to  the  vacant 
 judgeship  of  the  Eleventh  Judicial  District  of  Penn- 
 sylvania by  Governor  Hoyt,  who  knew  his  worth. 
 Subsequently  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Forty- 
 fifth  District,  which  was  formed  out  of  the  Eleventh. 
 This  office  he  still  holds,  and  fulfills  its  duties  with 
 ability  and  unimpeachable  integrity.  Judge  Hand 
 is  a  model  elder,  and  as  such  has  accomplished  a 
 great  work,  and  enjoys  the  confidence  of  the  whole 
 Presbytery  to  which  he  lx;longs.  His  power  and 
 efficiency  in  this  capacity  have  been  greatly  developed 
 and  secured  by  his  generous  and  persistent  giving 
 for  the  support  and  extension  of  the  Cliurch.  Support 
 of  the  cause  of  Christ  has  always  been  reckoned  by 
 hira  a  part  of  the  business  of  life.  Judge  Hand  has 
 been  frequently  sent  to  the  General  Assembly,  and 
 he  has  usually  been  made  a  member  of  the  Judicial 
 Committee  of  that  body,  where  his  ability,  judicial 
 poi.se  and  his  Christian  spirit,  have  never  failed  to 
 impress  the  body.  In  the  Assembly  of  1S53,  he  won 
 the  regard  of  bis  fellow-members  by  his  "minority 
 report,"  and  his  earnest  advocacy  of  the  measures 
 initiated  by  a  committee  of  the  old  Synod  of  Phila- 
 delphia, which  measures  proi)ose  the  enlargement  of 
 ministerial  relief  into  ministerial  support,  with  a 
 retiring  fund  for  aged  ministers,  as  a  reward  of  service, 
 and  a  widows'  and  orphans'  fund  for  the  care  of 
 their  families. 
 
 Handy,  Isaac  William  Ker,  D.  D.,  w;is  bom 
 in  Washington,  D.  C,  December  14th,  J^l.'j;  gradu- 
 ated at  Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  in  1834,  and  entering 
 Princeton  Seminary,  in  November,  1835,  studied 
 there  between  one  and  two  years.  He  was  licensed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  April 
 3d,  1838,  and  was  ordained  by  I>ewes  Presbytery. 
 November  i'ZA,  1833,  and  installed,  the  same  day,  as 
 pjistor  of  the  churches  of  Buckingham,  Blackwater 
 and  Laurel.  Here  he  labored  six  years,  until  relea-sed, 
 October  1 1th,  1844.  He  next  went  to  Missouri,  where 
 he  latxired  with  an  earnest  missionary  zeal  and  much 
 success  for  two  or  three  years,  at  Warsaw  and  \icinity. 
 Called  to  the  two  churches  of  Drawyers,  at  Odessji. 
 Del.,  and  Port  Pemi,  Del.,  he  served  them,  without 
 being  installed,  as  pastor  elect,  from  June  15th,  1848. 
 to  June,  1851.  He  w;ls  pxstor  of  Drawyers  Church, 
 at  Odes.sa,  and  the  Forest  Church,  at  Middletown, 
 Del.,  from  Jime  l.">th,  1851,  to  April  10th,  1853. 
 From  1853  to  1855  he  labored  ;is  an  itinerant  mission- 
 ary on  the  eastern  peninsula  of  JIaryland,  and  on 
 April  Kith,  18,57,  l)ecame  pastor  of  the  First  Church 
 at  Portsmouth,  Va.,  whore  he  lalxjrcd  most  success- 
 fully and  acceptably  until  he  was  released,  August 
 8th,  18<35,  to  accept  the  charge  of  the  churches  at 
 Orauge,  C.  H.,  and  Gordonsville,  Va.     With  these 
 
 churches  he  remained  five  years.  Having  been  called 
 to  become  pastor  of  Augusta  Church,  in  Virginia,  he 
 w:us  in.stalled  there  May  13th,  1870,  and  continued 
 until  the  clo.se  of  his  life.  He  died,  June  14th,  1878, 
 peacefully  tru.sting  in  Chri.st. 
 
 Dr.  Handy  w.xs  a  man  of  clear  and  strong  convic- 
 tions, and  of  great  tenacity  of  puq)ose,  yet  kind, 
 genial  and  gentle  in  his  intercourse  with  all  around 
 him.  He  pos-sessed  excellent  endowments,  and  they 
 were  well  cultivated  and  wisely  used.  He  was  a 
 warm-hearted  friend.  His  manners  were  vivacious, 
 genial  and  winning.  Although  decidc-d  in  his  own 
 views,  his  sentiments  and  conduct  were  generous  and 
 litx-ral.  He  was  many  years  a  Trustee  of  Delaware 
 College,  at  Newark,  Del. ;  a  member  of  the  Presbj-te- 
 rian  Historicid  Society,  of  the  American  Scientific 
 Association,  and  of  the  Marylaml  Historical  Society. 
 He  had  a  wide  and  well-earned  reputation  for  accur- 
 ate research.  As  a  Christian,  he  was  eminent,  pos- 
 sessing genuine  humility,  strong  faith,  ardent  hope. 
 As  a  minister,  he  ever  vs-atthed  for  souls.  His  own 
 heart  and  soul  were  ever  enlisted  in  the  service  of 
 Christ. 
 
 Handy,  Truman  P.,  was  born  in  Paris,  Oneida 
 county,  N.  Y..  January  17th,  1807.  On  reaching  his 
 eighteenth  year  he  entered  on  commercial  life,  and 
 
 TRUUAN   p.   llA.MiY,  ESQ. 
 
 soon  took  a  ix)sition  in  the  liiink  of  Geneva,  N.  Y.  Hon. 
 George  Bancroft,  the  historian,  had  iH'Come  interested 
 in  abank  in  Cleveland,  and  he  seUi-ted  Jlr.  Handy, 
 then  but  twenty-five  years  of  age,  to  become  manager 
 of  the  Institution.  He  has  remained  there  ever  since, 
 growing  in  character  and  inUuence,  and  though  he 
 
HANNA. 
 
 302 
 
 SANOVEK  COLLEGE. 
 
 has  passed  the  age  of  seventy-six  years,  he  is  still  the  '  Hauna  was  also  a  physician,  and  practiced  quite 
 active  President  of  the  Mertbiints'  National  Bank,  in  extensively,  but  it  never  interfered  witli  his  duties 
 Cleveland.     As  an  accomplished  financier  he  is  most  j  as  a  ijastor,  or  as  a  member  of  the  various  Church 
 
 favorably  known  throughout  the  land.  One  year  ago 
 the  Directors  of  the  Bank  of  which  he  is  President 
 gave  a  banquet,  in  honor  of  the  man  who,  for  fifty 
 
 Courts.     Dr.  Hanna  Wiis  a  warm-hearted  patriot,  and 
 ever  true  to  the  American  cause. 
 Hanover  Church.     Nearly  eleven  miles  from 
 
 years,  had  stood  at  the  head  of  all  commercial  interests  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  on  the  Manada,  a  tributary  of  the 
 in  Cleveland.  It  was  attended  by  the  most.promi-  Swatara,  are  the  remains  of  an  ancient  stone  stnic- 
 neut  business  men  of  the  city,  and  distinguished  turc,  which,  with  the  walled  graveyard,  are  the  only 
 representatives  from  other  cities.  '  monuments  of  old  Hauoxcr  Cluirch,  once  prominent 
 
 Mr.  Handy  publicly  professed  his  faith  in  Christ  at ,  in  the  early  history  of  the  State.     A  few  years  since 
 
 the  age  of  thirteen  years,  and  now,  for  sixty-three 
 years,  his  religious  character  has  been  the  most  con- 
 spicuous fact  in  his  life.     When  he  came  to  Cleve- 
 
 it  was  deemed  expedient  to  dispose  of  the  church 
 edifice  (the  buOding  being  in  a  tumble-down  condi- 
 tion), the  brick   .school-house,    and   other    property 
 
 land,  the  First,  or  Old  Stone  Church,  was  struggling  belonging  thereto,  the  congregation  having  long  since 
 into  existence,  and,  at  the  age  of  twenty-six  years,  ,  passed  away,  for  the  purpose  of  creating  a  permanent 
 Mr.  Handy  was  made  one  of  its  elders,  and  in  that  and  I  fund  to  keep  the  graveyard  in  repair.  It  was  a 
 the  Second  Church  he  has  served  in  this  office' till  the  :  plain,  substantial,  stone  structure,  corresponding 
 present  time.  During  nearly  all  his  life  in  Cleveland  I  somewhat  to  the  building  at  Paxtang  (See  Old  Pa.c- 
 he  has  served  as  superintendent  in  Sunday  schools.  I  tang  Church).     The  original  name  of  the  old  Hanover 
 
 Scarce  an  elder  in  the 
 whole  Church  has 
 served  so  many  times 
 as  member  of  the  Gen- 
 eral A.sscmbly,  and  he 
 was  a  prominent  mem- 
 ber of  the  committee 
 which  arranged  so 
 wisely  for  the  reunion 
 w  h  i  c  h  consol  idated 
 the  divided  Cluirch, 
 and  all  the  meetings 
 of  this  committee  he 
 attended.  But  in  his 
 private  life  his  Chris- 
 tian character  has  been 
 most  clearly  developed. 
 
 r»IJ-Sia.^« 
 
 H.\NOVEB  CHURCH,  PA. 
 
 Church  was  Monno- 
 day  (TNIanada).  The 
 first  record  we  have  is 
 of  the  date  of  173.5, 
 although  its  organiza- 
 tion mu,st  have  been 
 some  years  earlier. 
 In  that  year  Donegal 
 Presbytery  sent  Rev. 
 Thomas  Craighead  to 
 preach  at  Monnoday, 
 and  this  appeals  to  be 
 the  first  time  the  con- 
 gregation *as  known 
 to  that  body.  The 
 year     following      the 
 
 No  Christian  activity  in  the  '.  Ilev.  Kichard  Sauckey  was  sent  there,  who  for  thirty 
 city  of  his  residence  has  failed  to  exi)erience  his  aid  I  years  ministered  to  that  flock.     Sul)seqncntly  to  the 
 
 and  l)enign  influence.  In  the  prayer  meeting  his 
 unfailing  presence  has  been  a  benediction,  and,  so 
 far  as  the  WTiter  knows,  all  the  acts  of  his  life  have 
 shown  a  spirit  of  consecration  to  the  Master.  Though 
 not  among  our  richest  men,  Mr.  Handy's  contribu- 
 tions to  the  demands  of  charity  and  religion  every 
 year  amount  to  many  thousands.  In  this  matter,  in 
 hunchcds  of  cases,  he  practices  upon  the  rule  of  not 
 letting  his  left  hand  know  what  his  right  hand  doeth, 
 for  his  benefactions  are  known  only  to  himself  and 
 the  individual  recipients.      Many  hearts  have  been 
 
 celebrated  Paxtang  aft'air,  at  Conestoga  and  Lancaster, 
 the  Rev.  Richard  Sanckey,  with  thirty  or  forty  fami- 
 lies of  his  congregation,  emigrated  to  the  Virginia 
 Valley,  and  Captain  Lazarus  Stewart,  with  an  equal 
 number,  removed  to  Wyoming,  taking  sides  with  the 
 Connecticut  intruders.  These  emigrations  cost  the 
 church  most  of  its  members,  and  the  county  some 
 of  its  most  industrious  and  intelligent  citizens.  In 
 1783  the  Rev.  James  Snodgrass,  v\hose  remains  lie 
 in  the  graveyard,  came  to  be  the  pastor.  For  filty- 
 eight  years  he   faithfully  served   the   congregation, 
 
 made  glad  by  gifts  from  him,  rendered  in  a  way  that  i  and  was  its  last  minister. 
 
 leaves  them  unknown  to  the  public.     A  more  gentle, 
 modest  and  quiet  spirit  never  adorned  a  man  whose 
 life,  from  worldly  standpoints,  was  so  cons])ieuous. 
 Hanna,    Rev.   John,   received    his  license    to 
 
 Hanover  College,  Indiana.  Hanover  College 
 was  the  outgrowth  of  a  desire  on  the  part  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Indiana  to  provide  herself 
 with  an  educated  ministrv.     The  Chinch  in  the  East 
 
 preach  from  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  about  could  not  supply  the  ministry  needed  for  the  widely 
 17(!0.  In  April,  17(31,  he  Wiis  ordained  by  the  same  scattered  but  constantly  growing  population  of  the 
 Presbytery,  and  settled  as  pastor  of  Alexandria,  West;  Animated  with  this  desire,  the  IMesbv-tery  of 
 Kingwood,  and  Bethlehem  churches.  New  Jer-sey,  Salem,  embracing  Indiana  and  Illinois,  and  connected 
 where  he  remained  until  his  death,  in  1801.     Mr.  1  with  the  Synod  of  Kentucky,  in  1826,  requested  the 
 
HANOVER  COLLF.GE. 
 
 303 
 
 HAXOVES  COLLEGE. 
 
 pastor  of  the  Church  at  Hanover,  Kev.  John  Finley 
 Crowe,  D.  D.,  to  open  and  conduct  an  academy  until 
 further  provision  could  be  made. 
 
 This  school  was  opened,  January  1st,  1827,  with 
 sbc  pupils,  in  a  log  cabin,  near  where  the  Presbyterian 
 Chiu-ch  of  Hanover  now  stands.  This  was  the  humble 
 beginning  of  Hanover  College,  and  of  the  North- 
 western Theological  Seminary,  at  Chicago,  Illinois. 
 
 In  Jlay,  1826,  the  Synod  of  Indiana  was  constituted, 
 consisting  of  the  Presbyteries  of  Salem,  Madison, 
 Wabash  and  Missouri.  The  school  at  Hanover  was 
 committed,  temporarily,  to  the  Presbytery  of  Madison. 
 This  Presbytery  applied  to  the  Legislature  of  the  State 
 for  a  charter,  and  that  body,  on  the  30th  of  December, 
 1828,  pas.sed  an  act  incorporating  Hanover  Academy. 
 
 The  Academy  was  taken  under  the  care  of  the 
 Synod  of  Indiana  in  1829.  The  foUo^ving  resolution 
 ytas  adopted  by  that  body: — 
 
 "Resolved,  That  this  Synod  adopt  Hanovor  Academy  aa  a  Synodical 
 school,  provided  the  Trustees  of  the  s;iliie  will  permit  the  Synod  to 
 establish  a  Theological  Departmeut,  and  appoint  Theological  Pro- 
 fessors.'' 
 
 The  condition  was. readily  granted,  and  the  Synod 
 at  once  unanimously  elected  the  Rev.  John  Mat- 
 thews, D.  D.,  of  Shepherdstown,  Virginia,  to  the  Chair 
 of  Theology.  Dr.  Matthews  accepted,  and,  with 
 characteristic  zeal,  gave  his  whole  time  and  talents 
 to  the  interests  of  the  Institution.  The  Theological 
 Department  was  continued  at  Hanover  for  ten  years, 
 when  it  was  removed  to  new  Albany,  Indiana,  in  1840. 
 
 The  academy,  which  was  chartered  in  1828,  had 
 been  steadily  growing;  regular  college  classes  had 
 been  formed ;  and  in  1833,  by  Act  of  Legislature,  the 
 Institution  was  incorporated  as  Hanover  College. 
 
 By  active  agencies  in  the  East  and  West  funds  had 
 '  been  collected  and  the  necessary  buildings  had  been 
 erected  for  the  Preparatorj',  Collegiate  and  Theological 
 Departments.  The  Rev.  James  Blythe,  D.D.,  of  Lex- 
 ington, Kentucky,  of  the  Presbytery  of  AVest  Lexing- 
 ton, and  extensively  known  throughout  the  Church, 
 was,  in  1832,  secured  as  the  first  President  of  the  col- 
 lege. The  first  catalogue  issued  after  the  change  in 
 the  charter  presents  for  all  departments  a  Faculty  of 
 seven  .Profe.ssors  and  four  assistants,  and  oue  hundred 
 and  eighty-three  students  :  Theological  7  ;  Collegi- 
 ate 63  ;  Preparatory  113.  The  Board  of  Trustees 
 consisted  of  eighteen  members,  among  whom  were 
 those  pioneers  of  the  Church  and  State,  Rev.  John 
 M.  Dicke}-,  President ;  Rev.  James  H.  Johnston, 
 Secretarj' ;  Hon.  Williamson  Dunn,  Treasurer ; 
 Tictor  King,  William  Reed,  Hon.  Jeremiah  Sullivan, 
 and  the  Rev.  S:iraiiel  G.  Lo^vry.  The  only  survivor 
 of  the  Faculty  of  1834,  is  Hon.  Wm.  McKee  Dunn, 
 I.L.D.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
 
 The  location  of  the  college  in  that  day  was  -within 
 the  corporate  limits  of  the  village  of  Hanover.  All 
 that  remains  of  the  old  buildings  is  so  much  of  the 
 principal  edifice  as  is  embraced  in  the  present  Presby- 
 terian church,  and  one  of  the  shops,  now  occupied  as 
 
 a  private  residence.  None  of  the  real  estate  or  prop- 
 erty now  forms  any  part  of  the  present  property  of 
 the  college.  The  farm  lay  north  of  the  Spear 
 property  and  west  of  Professor  Garritt's  place.  The 
 Presbyterian  church  includes  the  chapel,  two  recita- 
 tion rooms  and  a  part  of  the  second  story. 
 
 So  remarkable  was  the  success  of  this  pioneer  in- 
 stitution of  our  Church  in  the  West,  that  the  catar 
 logue  of  1834-5,  shows  an  attendance  of  236  students: 
 Theological  10 ;  Collegiate  77 ;  Irregular  and  Prepara- 
 tory 149.  The.se  students  were  gathered  from  a  wide 
 territory,  embracing  every  State  from  Pennsylvania 
 to  Texas  and  Missouri.  This  is  explained  by  its 
 location  on  the  Ohio  river.  But  this  prosperity  was 
 followed  by  a  period  of  darkness  and  trial.  The 
 manual  labor  system,  for  aiding  poor  students, 
 attempted  by  many  Institutions  at  that  day,  was 
 tried  at  Hanover.  It  failed,  and  involved  the  Institu- 
 tion in  debt  for  every  day  of  its  continuance.  It  had 
 to  be  abandoned ;  the  expense  of  education  was  largely 
 increased,  and  a  necessary  consequence  -n'as  the  with- 
 drawal of  a  large  number  of  students.  While  embar- 
 rassed by  debt  and  this  partial  withtb-awal  of  support, 
 a  fearful  tornado  swept  over  the  place  in  1837,  and 
 left  the  principal  college  edifice  in  ruins.  From  these 
 misfortunes  the  college  rallied,  repaired  its  build- 
 ings and  canceled  its  debts,  but  without  endowment, 
 was  left  in  a  feeble  condition. 
 
 President  Blythe's  connection  with  the  college 
 closed  in  1836.  For  two  years  Dr.  Matthews,  of  the 
 Theological  Dei)artment,  acted  as  President,  and  in 
 1838  the  Rev.  E.  D.  McMaster,  d.d.,  ll.d.,  was 
 elected  to  that  post,  where  he  remained  five  years, 
 terminating  his  presidency  by  a  memorable  epoch  in 
 the  history  of  the  college.  The  Board  of  Trustees 
 was  a  small  body,  a  close  corporation,  but  indirectly 
 influenced -bj'  the  Synod,  and  liable  to  the  control  of 
 a  powerful  mind  and  local  influences.  Under  the 
 leadership  of  this  eminent  and  able  man,  a  part  of 
 the  Board  of  Trustees  adopted  a  resolution  to  surren- 
 der their  charter  to  the  Legislature,  in  return  for 
 the  charter  of  a  university  at  Madison.  Thus  the 
 college  was  divided,  right  down  through  Board, 
 Faculty,  and  students,  part  going  with  President 
 McMaster  to  JIadison,  and  part  remaining  with  Vice- 
 president  Crowe  at  Hanover.  The  Synod  retained  all 
 its  early  convictions  of  the  import;ince  of  Christian 
 education  by  the  Church,  and  it  was  a  day  of  great 
 men.  A  struggle  followed,  in  which  "Greek  met 
 Greek."  In  the  Synod  of  1844  Madison  University 
 was  offered  to  it  as  a  Synodical  College.  The  offer 
 was  declined  and  the  Synod  ordered  the  continuance 
 of  its  college  at  Hanover.  A  new  charter  was 
 obtained,  said  to  be  the  most  favorable  in  the  State, 
 conferring  the  powers  of  a  university,  and  placing 
 the  Institution  fully  under  the  control  of  the  Synod 
 of  Indiana.  This  it  does  by  giving  to  that  body  the 
 right  to  elect  one-half  of  the  trustees,  and  tluough 
 them  a  voice  in  the  election  of  the  other  half.     The 
 
HAXOVER  COLLEGE. 
 
 304 
 
 HAIUUXi;. 
 
 rijjlit.i  anil  fninchises  of  the  ori);iunl  Synod  have 
 d«*-endc<l  to  tlie  present  .Syno<l  of  Indiana.  On 
 accouut  of  the  chant;M  in  the  S.vno<ls  «ince  the  re- 
 union of  the  two  former  hranehcs  of  the  Presbyte- 
 rian C'lmrili,  Home  alterations  have  iK-en  made  in 
 tlie  nioile  of  clioosini^  tlie  members  of  tlie  Board, 
 but  only  sneli  as  are  eoasistent  with  the  charter. 
 Tor  iM.stam-i-,  the  Alumni  Association  now  imnually 
 nominates  a  memlx-r.  But  the  college  .still  remains, 
 OH  it  ever  luia  been,  firmly  bound  to  the  Presbyterian 
 Church. 
 
 Through   the    trials    and   sufferings   which    have 
 almost    everywhere    markeil    the    history    of  higher 
 eilucation    in    .Vmerica,    Hanover    College    lijvs,  at    a 
 comiKirjitively  .small  cost,  doni'.  an  immen.se  work  for 
 Christian  eihuuitiou    in    Iinliana   and   the    Kepnblic. 
 Upwards  of  four  thou.s:in<l  students  have  In-en  edu-  , 
 cated  in  whole  <ir  in  part  within   its  walls,  many  of  | 
 whom  liavc  attained  high  distinction  and  uscfulne.ss  ' 
 ill  the  ministry,  law,  medicine  and  science.     It  has  ' 
 (Efraduated  .">-l  I  students  in  the  IK^partments  of  Science  i 
 anil  .Vits  and  Thi.-olog_v,  and  a  much   larger  number  ' 
 haveeomplileil  the  PrejKir.itory  eoursi',  and  gone  out 
 from    the    lower    eliusses.      These    students    are  scat- 
 tered throughout  the  Kepublic  and    in  many  foreign 
 lands. 
 
 Sjiace  jK-nnits  the  mention  of  but  few  of  the 
 Christian  men  and  women  who  are  idcntiiied  forever 
 with  this  early  .scheme  of  education  by  the  Church 
 ill  Indiana.  In  thi.s  latter  day  it  is  an  honor  to  be 
 miiiilMTed  among  llieir  successors.  To  no  man,  per- 
 haps,  do  the  eitia'iis  and  Presbyterians  of  Indiana 
 owe  a  larger  debt  of  gratitude  than  to  that  eminent 
 man  of  (JihI,  Dr.  John  Kiiiley  Crowe,  who,  for  thirty 
 years,  with  heroic  iR'iievolenie,  self-ilenial  and  forti- 
 tude, identilleil  his  timv,  tiilents  and  interests  with 
 the  euiLse  of  eiluiation  in  our  Church.  Judge 
 Williamson  Dunn  is  another  name  illustrions  in  our 
 early  historv,  among  the  founders  of  Hanover  and 
 Walutsh  Collrges,  giving  lirst  to  Hanover,  and  after- 
 wards to  Wabash,  the  grounds  ii|Min  which  they  were 
 wverully  built.  Another  pioneer,  Mrs.  Mary  T. 
 Ijijisley,  of  New  .MIkiiiv.  has  Ix-en  the  most  inuuili- 
 wnt  iK-nefaclor  to  this  early  etTort,  giving  over 
 ^lll,(NKI — standing  steadfastly  by  the  college  in  its 
 darkutt  days,  and  seouring  an  im|H-rish:ible  name 
 among  the  Christian  etlueators  of  the  Went.  Another 
 earnest,  mo<le«t,  U-ariied  jiioneer,  the  I{ev.  William 
 A.  lloUiday,  of  Iiiiliaiia|M>lis,  left  one-third  of  his 
 ivtate,  now  iiinsti tilting  twenty  thousand  dollars  of 
 the  |H'riiiaiient  endowment  of  the  college.  .Still 
 another  )iioiieer,  .lohn  King,  Ivuj.,  of  Madison,  al^er 
 a  life  of  pr.iyerfiil  devotion  and  generous  gifts  to 
 Hiuiover  College,  left,  by  will,  $i:t,(KMI  more.  t)tliers, 
 of  snialler  means,  uliosi'  names  will  not  Ix-  forguttt'U 
 by  (iixl  or  man  in  the  early  annals  of  Pri'sbyterianism 
 in  Indiaiui,  have  added,  from  lime  to  time,  to  the 
 resourii-s  of  the  i-ollegi'. 
 
 The  most  n-eeiit  e<msiderahle  iMldition  to  the  means 
 
 of  the  college  has  Ixn-n  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a 
 suitable  building  as  a  home  for  student«. 
 
 The  college  is  now  out  of  debt,  and  is  living  within 
 its  means.  But  it  greatly  needs  additional  fund.s, 
 iKith  to  afTord  a  proper  support  to  the  nun  eug-agi-d 
 in  its  work,  and  also  to  enlargi*  its  ei|ui]>meiit  to  the 
 .scale  which  the  times  and  the  opportunity  demand. 
 
 Happersett,  Reese,  D.  D.,  was  iKirn  in  Bniiuly- 
 wine  Manor,  Chester  county.  Pa.,  July  31st,  l^lO; 
 was  educated  at  Washington  College,  Pa.  ;  studied 
 theologj'  at  Princeton,  and  was  licensed  by  Xew  Castle 
 Presbj-tery,  in  !■*:{!),  and  orihiined  by  the  same  Prt-s- 
 bj-tcry,  in  1841.  He  was  stated  supply  at  Havre 
 de  Grace,  Md.,  till  August  1st,  18-14,  when  he  was 
 appointed  agent  for  the  Board  of  Domestic  Jli.ssioris, 
 and  in  this  cap:irity  he  was  eminently  active  and 
 u.seful.  In  IK")!)  he  w:is  apiM>iiited  Assistant  .Secretary 
 of  the  Board,  and  in  \XA  Associate  Secretary,  which 
 position  he  retained  till  18o8,  when  he  resigned.  In 
 18.^9  he  was  clecteil  Corresponding  Secretarj-,  in  con- 
 junction with  Dr.  MiLsgrave,  which  relation  he  re- 
 signed in  18(11.  ,Soon  after  he  removed  to  California, 
 and  iH'cami-  statiil  supply  of  the  Church  in  .Sacramento. 
 He  died  Octolx-r  -.id,  18GtJ.  Dr.  llappersitt  jireachid 
 the  gosjK'l  with  simplicity,  with  eiirnestness,  and 
 greatly  to  the  accept;iiice  of  those  to  w  hom  he  min- 
 istered. His  generosity,  amiablencss  and  frankness 
 made  him  many  friends,  and  with  a  heart  full  of 
 kindneas,  he  soiiglit  con.stantly  to  .sen-e  those  who 
 needed  his  aid  or  were  working  for  the  Church  of 
 Christ. 
 
 Harding,  Nehemiah  Henry,  D.  D.,  was  Imihi 
 at  Brunswick,  Me.,  Octolx-r,  IT'.U.  In  early  life  he 
 went  to  sea,  and  in  time  became  cajitain  of  a  vessel 
 tr.iding  with  Xewbern,  X.  C.  One  stormy  night, 
 while  walking  the  deck  of  his  tempest-tossed  ship, 
 Harding  was  convicted  of  sin,  and  his  conviction  soon 
 ripened  into  hop<>ful  conversion.  Quitting  the  sea,  he 
 enten'd  into  business  in  Kiileigh,  X.  C,  and  soon 
 iH'gau  i>repiiration  for  the  ministry.  He  studieil  two 
 years  at  the  University  of  Xortli  Carolina.  In  I'^itJ 
 he  went  to  Princeton  .Seminary  and  studied  two 
 years  there.  He  was  licensed  by  Orange  Presbytery, 
 XovemlM-r  (ith,  18'J.'^,  and  ordained  by  the  sjime,  .Vpril 
 18th,  lM-2!).  He  Wiis  installed  jKUslor  of  Oxtbni 
 aiurch,  July  10th.  1810,  and  in  De«ember,  \KVi,  Ih-- 
 canie  stated  supply  to  Milton  Church,  where  he 
 remained  till  the  close  of  life.  He  Wiis  the  founder 
 of  the  Yaiiceyville  Chnrch,  and  jireached  at  lU'the.Mla 
 ]>iirt  of  the  time.  He  received  his  Dis-tor's  IK-gr<-<- 
 from  the  College  of  Xew  Jersey.  He  diwl  February 
 17th,  1849. 
 
 Dr.  Harding  was  a  man  of  commanding  apjx'ar- 
 aiice,  and  the  tone  of  authority  imbilHil  on  slii|v 
 iHKird  never  lefl  him  in  after  years.  In  ronse<|uenfe 
 of  this  he  was  sometimes  suspected  of  trying  "to 
 walk  the  (|uartor-<leck  of  Orange  Pri'shytery.''  K.im- 
 iwt,  diTidisI,  iimragitius,  he  did  nothing  by  halvi'S. 
 He  was  an  elUcient  (xLstor,  and  eminently  a  man  of 
 
HARPER. 
 
 305 
 
 HARPER. 
 
 prayer.  His  sermous  were  plain,  pointed,  evangeli- 
 cal. He  was  au  impre.ssive  speaker;  a  talker,  not  a 
 declaimer.  He  seldom  preached  without  shedding 
 tears,  and  was  in  the  habit  of  keeping  two  handker- 
 chiefs in  u.se  in  the  pulpit.  Hi.s  tearful  appeals  were 
 deeply  impressive,  verifying  the  old  ma.xim,  ni  vis 
 me  flcn\  flendum  est  (ibi. 
 
 As  an  instance  of  his  decision  it  is  related  that  uim)ii 
 a  certain  occasion  Dr.  James  rhillips  was  jissisting 
 him  at  a  comiuuuion,  and  iis  the  forenoon  services 
 had  been  long.  Dr.  Harding  re(iue.sted  Dr.  Phillips 
 to  limit  the  afternoon  services  to  an  hour.  Not  will- 
 ing to  be  hampered.  Dr.  Phillips  said  he  did  not  know 
 whether  he  could  finish  in  an  hour,  or  not.  "Then," 
 said  Dr.  H/irding,  "  I  can,  and  I  will."  And  he  did. 
 Dr.  Harding  left  one  son  who  entered  the  ministry. 
 Rev.  Eph.  H.  Harding,  i).  i>.,  now  of  Kentucky. 
 
 Harper,  James,  D.  D.,  wius  born  in  Glasgow, 
 Scotland,    .luly  ii^>th,  180-2,  of  parents  eminent  for 
 
 JAMK.S    II.VRPKIt,    P.O. 
 
 their  piety  and  social  rdinemcnt.  In  l»ctober,  1820, 
 he  entered  Gla-sgow  College.  Pa.ssing  its  curriculum, 
 and  five  years  in  Divinity  Hall,  pupil  of  Dr.  John 
 Dick,  he  was  licensed  to  pre;»ch  by  the  United  Seces- 
 sion Presbrtery  of  Gla.sgow,  and  after  three  years, 
 ordafned,  with  the  purpose  of  emigrating  to  .\merica. 
 He  landcil  in  New  York  in  IS:!:!,  and  spent  his  third 
 Sabbath  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  (iahvay,  Sara- 
 tog-a  County,  X.  Y.,  to  whiih  he  was  invited  as  sup- 
 ply for  a  year,  and  then  as  pastor.  After  five  years  he 
 removed  to  Ellicott  City,  >Id.,  where  he  was  instru- 
 mental in  org-anizing  a  church  and  adding  greatly  to 
 its  strength,  .\fter  twenty  months  he  was  called  to 
 the  Church  of  Sbippinsburg,  Pa.,  installed  its  pastor 
 •20 
 
 on  the  8th  of  May,  1840,  and  continued  in  this  rela- 
 tion until  June,  1870,  when  growing  infirmities  con- 
 strained him  to  retire.  In  iiccepting  his  resignation, 
 his  ardently  attached  congregation  unanimously  voted 
 him  an  annuity.  Stricken  with  paralysis.  May  9th, 
 1876,  he  lingered  in  peaceful  expectation  until  the 
 morning  of  the  13th,  when  the  silver  cord  was  loosed 
 and  lie  (juictly  slept  in  Jesus. 
 
 Dr.  Harper  w:us  comparatively  unknown  beyond 
 the  immediate  field  of  his  labor.  Fettered  by  an  in- 
 nate, invincible  dilUdeuce,  he  slirank  from  publicity. 
 His  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was  conferred  by 
 Lafayette  College.  He  was  possessed  of  more  than 
 ordiniu-y  intellectual  gnusp  and  scholarship  ;  and  was 
 an  indefatigable  student  through  life.  .\n  able  ex- 
 pounder of  the  Scriptures,  he  wxs  yet  unostentatious 
 and  humble.  If  he  urged  any  particular  doctrine  or 
 duty  his  manner  was,  first,  to  evolve  it,  on  divine  au- 
 thority. His  sermons  were  clear,  concise  and  logical; 
 alwaj'S  freighted  with  the  rich  doctrines  of  grace. 
 His  style  was  neat,  nervous  and  sufficiently  polished. 
 Remarkable  for  goodness,  he  won  the  love  and  re- 
 spect of  the  whole  community.  Of  devoted  personal 
 piety,  the  charm  of  his  ministry  was  the  infusion  of 
 Christ  and  the  gospel  into  all  his  teachings.  He 
 preached  the  law  fearlessly,  assailing  every  form  of 
 vice;  ordinarily  it  was  the  Cro.ss  that  warmed  his 
 heart  and  drew  forth  its  most  glowing  clfusions  on 
 the  people. 
 
 Harper,  Robert  D.,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  AVash- 
 ington,  Pa.  In  his  earlier  years  his  parents  removed 
 to  Allegheny  City.  He  graduated  at  the  'We-stcrn 
 University,  Pittsburg,  I'a.,  in  isll,  studied  theologN- 
 in  the  United  Presbyterian  Seiuiuury,  Allegheny  City, 
 and  w:is  licensed  to  preach  in  I'itt-sburg,  in  1S45. 
 He  became  pastor  of  the  First  U.  P.  Church,  Xenia, 
 Ohio,  in  184(J.  In  1808  he  united  with  the  Presby- 
 terian Cliurch,  and  in  the  same  year  w;us  installed 
 pastor  of  the  First  I'resbj-terian  Church,  Iudiaua]iolis, 
 Indiana.  In  1871  he  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of 
 Xorth  Broad  Street  Presbi|-t<'rian  Church,  Phila- 
 delphia, in  which  relation  he  still  continues,  beloved 
 and  prosperous. 
 
 In  all  the  congregations  of  which  he  has  had 
 charge,  Dr.  Harper's  lalwrs  have  been  eiiiineiitly 
 blessed,  and  he  luis  enjoyed  the  confidence  and  alVec- 
 tion  of  his  jK'ople.  Though  dignified  in  manner,  he 
 is  genial  in  di.sjx>sition,  and  in  all  his  social  inter- 
 course leaves  the  impression  of  frankness,  sincerity, 
 uprightness,  and  benevolence.  As  a  preacher,  he 
 occupies  a  high  rauk.  His  sermons,  which  are  al- 
 ways carcfull_v  prepared,  are  thorough,  logical,  solemn, 
 and  impre.s.sive  expositions  of  Hible  truth,  accom- 
 panied with  close,  pertinent  and  pracf  ic;d  application, 
 and,  with  tlie  advantage  of  a  fine  voice  and  a  graceful 
 delivery,  they  both  interest  ami  edify  his  audience. 
 -Vs  a  pxstor  he  is  tenderly  and  dUigeutly  careful  of 
 his  flock,  and  as  a  presbyter,  he  is  ever  faithful  in 
 the   discharge  of  his   duty.     His   s(mnd  judgment, 
 
HABBJS. 
 
 306 
 
 HARRIS. 
 
 liberal  sijii'it,  and  manly  bearing,  have  won  him  the 
 esteem  of  his  brethren,  and  his  ministerial  T\(jrk  in 
 Philadelphia,   as  his  large,  active  and  useful   con- 
 
 ROBERT    D.    HARPER,    D.  D. 
 
 gregatiou  attests,  has  been  one  of  steady,  solid  and 
 very  gratifying  progress. 
 
 Harris,  Rev.  John,  came  from  Wales,  while  a 
 child,  with  his  father's  family,  who  settled  in  Mary- 
 land. In  175-1  he  was  licensed  hy  the  Presbytery  of  New 
 Castle,  and  in  1756  he  was  installed  pastor  of  Indian 
 River  C'hiuch,  Del.  This  charge  he  resigned  in  1759, 
 and  removed  to  the  South,  and  in  1772,  we  find  him 
 pastor  of  Long  Cane  and  two  other  churches  in  South 
 Carolina,  where  he  remained  until  1779,  when,  forced 
 by  declining  health,  he  resigned  the  charge.  Mr. 
 Harris  was  a  pious,  judicious  and  exemplary  minister 
 of  the  gospel.  Bold,  enthusiastic  and  independent, 
 he  was  peculiarly  fitted  for  the  stirring  times  in  which 
 he  lived.  His  patriotism  made  him  obnoxious  to  the 
 Tories,  and  he  had  many  narrow  escapes.  It  is  said 
 that  he  often  preached  with  his  gun  in  the  pulpit  and 
 his  ammunition  suspended  from  his  neck,  after  the 
 fashion  of  the  times. 
 
 Harris,  Rev.  John  Montgomery,  son  of  David 
 r.nd  Sarah  Harris,  was  l)orn  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Feb- 
 ruary 25th,  1803.  He  received  his  academical  educa- 
 tion at  Baltimore  and  York,  Pa.,  but  was  never  grad- 
 uated from  any  college.  He  abandoned  the  legal 
 profession  for  the  ministry ;  studied  theologj'  at  Prince- 
 ton; was  licensed  by  the  Presl)ytery  of  Baltimore, 
 October  26th,  1831,  and  was  commissioned  by  the 
 Board  of  Domestic  Missions  to  preach  to  the  feeble 
 Presbyterian    flock  in  New   Orleans,   which  he  did 
 
 during  portions  of  1831-32.  Owing  to  failure  of  health 
 while  at  New  Orleans,  he  was  never  ordained  or  set- 
 tled in  charge  of  any  church.  From  New  Orleans  he 
 returned  to  his  home  in  Baltimore,  and  there  re- 
 mained as  an  invalid  several  years.  In  1837  he  made 
 a  renewed  elibrt  to  preach,  and  for  about  four  years 
 resided  in  Hampshire  county,  Va.,  supi)lying  Bloom- 
 ery,  Mount  Bethel,  Zion  and  Concord-  churches. 
 Jle  then  returned  to  Baltimore,  and  soon  after  pnr- 
 chased  a  form  in  Jefierson  county,  Va.,  where  he  re- 
 sided some  years.  Although,  through  all  these  years, 
 in  extremely  delicate  health,  he  was  e;iruest,  active, 
 and  unceasing  in  eftbrts  to  do  good;  preaching  at 
 Harper's  Ferry,  Martinsburg,  and  other  churches,  as 
 he  was  able.  In  185-1,  he  purcha-sed  a  farm  on  Jersey 
 Mountain,  about  five  miles  from  Komuey,  West  Vir- 
 ginia, where  he  lived  a  secluded  and  quiet  life,  until 
 his  death,  stUl,  however,  doing  good  as  far  as  his 
 feeble  health  permitted,  by  organizing  and  teaching 
 >:ibl)ath  schools  and  Bible  ela,sses  in  the  country 
 aduud  about.  He  died  February  14th,  1881.  Mr. 
 Harris  was  a  man  of  remarkable  gifts,  of  brilliant 
 oratorical  powers,  of  remarkable  cultm-e  and  attain- 
 ments, and  had  he  possessed  health  and  strength  of 
 body,  would  undoubtedly  have  held  an  eminent 
 position  in  the  Church. 
 
 Harris,  ■William,  M.  D.,  was  born  August  18th, 
 1792,  in  tlie  ))eautilul  valley  of  Chester  county.  Pa. 
 He  received  a  fcla.ssical  education  at  Brandywiue 
 Acadeni}',  then  entered  upon  the  study  of  medicine, 
 and  graduated  at  the  ^University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
 1812.  He  at  once '  began  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
 fession in  his  own  neighborhood,  and  steadily  ad- 
 vanced in  a  career  of  great  success.  At  about  the 
 age  of  thirty-seven  he  united  mth  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Great  Valley,  Chester  county,  Pa.,  and  was 
 chosen  a  ruling  elder  in  the  same  congregation  a 
 short  time  after.  In  1834  he  removed  to  Phila- 
 delphia, where,  until  his  retirement  from  practice, 
 he  was  well  known  as  occupying  a  high  position  in 
 his  profession,  while  his  business  accumulated  in  the 
 most  substantial  way.  Besides  attending  to  his 
 round  of  practice,  he  delivered  a  Summer  course  of 
 lectures,  and  trained  many  students  for  graduation. 
 He  was  elected  to  the  elder.ship  in  the  Tenth  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Philadelphia,  and  faithfully  dis- 
 charged the  duties  of  the  office  for  twenty  years. 
 Having  removed  his  church  membership,  in  1854,  to 
 j  the  Seventh  (now  Tabernacle)  Chnrcli,  he  was  in- 
 stalled as  one  of  its  ruling  elders,  June  8th,  1856. 
 He  died  March  3d,  1861. 
 
 The  pure  integrity,  high-toned  honor  and  wise  j  udg- 
 ment  of  Dr.  Harris  made  him  a  valuable  guardian 
 and  guide.  He  was  characterized  by  a  peculiarly 
 intense  energy  in  the  discharge  of  duty.  His  habits 
 were  active  in  the  extreme,  sometimes,  perhaps, 
 impelling  him  to  exertions  which  were  greater  than 
 his  system  could  well  endure.  He  was  a  jjolished 
 Christian  gentleman.     A  wide-sweeping  law  of  tender 
 
HABBISON. 
 
 307 
 
 HARRISOX. 
 
 kindness  ruled  his  heart.  He  loved  the  Church — 
 ' '  her  sweet  communion,  solemn  vows,  her  hymns  of 
 love  and  praise;"  and  the  Church  loved  him,  and 
 mourned,  in  his  departure,  the  loss  of  a  good,  honored 
 and  useful  man. 
 
 Harrison,  Hon.  Benjamin,  son  of  John  Scott 
 Harrison,  and  grandson  of  William  Henry  Harrison, 
 ninth  President  of  the  United  States,  was  horn  at 
 North  Bend,  Hamilton  county,  Ohio,  August  20th, 
 1833.  He  was  educated  at  Miami  University,  Oxford, 
 Oliio.  where  the  thoroughness  which  has  characterized 
 his  after  life  exhibited  itself  in  a  marked  degree.  He 
 graduated,  -nith  high  honor,  in  1852,  and  immediately 
 after  began  the  study  of  law  with  Judge  Bellamy 
 Storer  and  Abraham  Gw^-nne,  of  Cincinnati.  Subse- 
 quently, in  1854,  he  located  at  Indianapolis,  Ind., 
 
 HON.  BENJAMIN  HARRISON. 
 
 and  entered  upon  that  brUliant  profe.ssional  career 
 which  has  since  won  him  so  prominent  and  con- 
 spicuous a  place  among  the  foremost  men  of  the 
 American  Bar. 
 
 In  1860  he  was  elected  Reporter  of  the  Decisions  of 
 the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State,  for  a  period  of  four 
 years,  but  because  of  his  absence  in  public  sesvice, 
 he  was  permitted  to  liold  the  place  less  than  one-half 
 his  term.  In  1804,  although  still  absent,  he  was 
 unanimously  renominated  by  his  party  for  the  plaee, 
 and  he  was  re-elected.  In  1876  he  ran  for  Governor, 
 but  was  defeated  by  a  small  plurality.  Two  years  later 
 President  Hayes  appointed  him  a  member  of  the 
 MLisis-sippi  River  Commi.ssion,  and  in  the  following 
 year  he  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate, 
 taking  his  seat  March  4th,  1881.  His  career  in  the 
 Senate,  guided  by  a  high  moral  standard,  has  greatly 
 
 enhanced  the  general  respect  and  esteem  in  which 
 he  is  held  by  his  colleagues,  for  his  legislative  ability 
 and  legal  attainments. 
 
 Though  belonging  to  a  family  such  as  few  men 
 have  better  rea.son  to  be  proud  of,  no  one  ever  relied 
 less  upon  the  advantages  of  birth  than  Senator  Har- 
 rison. He,  iindoubtedly,  inherited  rare  gifts,  but 
 these  have  been  strengthened  and  supported  by  great 
 Industry,  thoroughness  in  all  things,  and  unswerving 
 integrity.  Insincerity,  or  any  approach  to  dishon- 
 esty, is  repngnant  to  his  whole  nature.  He  is  un- 
 assuming in  manner,  and,  although  somewhat  re- 
 tiring in  disjjosition,  is  easy  and  cordial  in  his  social 
 relations.  A  vein  of  kindly  humor  underlies  much 
 that  he  .says.  For  many  years  he  has  been  an  active 
 member  of  the  First  Presbj'terian  Church  at  Indian- 
 apolis. His  love  for  children  and  his  interest  in 
 youth  have  also  made  his  face  familiar  in  the  Sunday- 
 school  room.  His  charities  are  large,  but  are  be- 
 stowed in  the  quiet,  modest  manner  characteristic  of 
 the  man. 
 
 Harrison,  Ellas,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  Thomas  and 
 Nancy  (Usboru)  Harrison,  was  born  in  New  York 
 city,  January  22d,  1790.  He  entered  New  Jersey 
 College  in  1812,  and  was  Tutor  from  1814  to  1816. 
 He  studied  theology  at  Princeton,  and  was  licensed 
 by  New  Brunswick  Presbj-tery.  Soon  after  he  was 
 ordained  by  Baltimore  Presbytery,  in  1817,  and 
 installed  pastor  of  tlie  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Alexandria,  Va.  This  was  his  only  charge.  Here  he 
 labored  faithfully  and  zealously  forty-six  years.  He 
 died,  February  13th,  1863.  Dr.  Harrison  was  a  very 
 "learned  man,  modest,  unassuming,  unostentatious 
 and  conscientiously  attentive  to  all  his  duties  as  a 
 Christian  minister.  He  was  emim-nt  in  prayer,  and 
 deeply  interested  in  missionary  operations.  He  was 
 greatly  beloved  by  his  pcojile  and  by  the  entire  com- 
 munity.    His  death  was  peaceful  and  resigned. 
 
 Harrison,  Jephtha,  D.D.,  the  son  of  Abijah  and 
 Sarah  (Ogden)  Harrison,  was  born  in  Orange,  N.  J., 
 in  December,  17115;  educated  at  New  Jersey  College, 
 and  studied  theologj'  in  Princeton  Seminary.  He 
 was  first  settled  over  the  churches  of  Fincastle  and 
 Salem,  Va.,  where  he  labored  for  three  years.  He 
 removed  to  Memphis,  Tenn.,  being  the  first  pastor 
 of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in  that  city,  where 
 he  was  for  six  years,  thence  to  Florence,  Ala. ,  where 
 he  was  pastor  four  years.  He  was  agent  for  the  Board 
 of  Domestic  Missions  one  year,  then  pastor  of  the 
 Church  in  Abcrdeeu,  Miss.,  four  years.  He  next  re- 
 moved to  Burlington,  Iowa,  and  after-  four  years 
 spent  with  this  people  he  removed  to  Fulton,  Mo., 
 in  1858,  and  supplied  Auxvasse  Church,  and  at  the 
 time  of  his  death  (October  30th,  1863)  was  stated 
 supply  of  Round  Prairie  and  Augusta  churches,  in 
 Calloway  county.  Mo.,  within  the  bounds  of  Missouri 
 Presbytery.  Dr.  Harrison  was  an  exemplary  Chris- 
 tian. He  was  not  a  brilliant,  but  a  plain,  faithful, 
 gospel  preacher,  always  ready  and  anxious  to  work 
 
HARBISON. 
 
 .308 
 
 HASTINGS. 
 
 for  Christ;  of  great  perseverance  and  free  from  guile. 
 In  all  the  communities  in  which  he  lived,  all  classes 
 regarded  him  -with  respect  and  confidence. 
 
 Harrison,  Rev.  Joseph  Cabell,  the  son  of 
 Robert  C.  and  Annie  (Cabell)  Harrison,  wa.s  born  at 
 Clifton,  Cumberland  county,  Ya.,  May  27th,  1793. 
 In  l^ifKj  his  parents  removed  to  Fayette  county,  Ky., 
 where  his  education  was  received,  under  the  care  of 
 friends,  Jlessrs.  Bl.ythe,  Moore  and  McAllister.  He 
 .subsequently  attended  Transylvania  Univer.sitj',  but 
 did  not  graduate.  Jle  pursued  his  theological  studies 
 under  Robert  Bishop,  D.  D. ;  was  licensed  by  West 
 Lexington  Presbytery,  October  6th,  1824,  and  ordained 
 by  the  .same  Presbyter}-,  May  31st,  1826.  He  entered 
 upon  his  labors  as  a  missionary  in  the  Green  River 
 countrj'.  In  the  Autumn  of  1830  he  spent  three 
 months  as  a  missionary  agent  in  Illinois;  in  1833  he 
 preached  in  Grant  county,  K_y. ;  in'  1833  he  also 
 founded  Burlington,  Richwood,  and  Mount  Horeb 
 churches,  Ky. ;  in  1837,  giving  up  Lebanon,  in  Grant 
 county,  including  Hopewell  and  C'armel  churches, 
 Ohio;  in  1835  he  confined  his  labors  to  Burlington 
 and  Richwood  churches,  and  the  destitutions  of 
 Boone  county,  Ky.,  where  he  resuscitated  several 
 feeble  churches.  In  1845  he  was  stated  supply  of 
 Ebenezer  Church,  Ky.,  and  thus  he  labored,  year 
 after  year,  as  a  missionary.  During  the  latter  years  of 
 his  life  he  was  at  times  without  any  .special  charge. 
 These  years  he  devoted  to  labors  among  the  poor,  for 
 which  he  was  eminently  qualified.  The  northern 
 part  of  Kentucky  at  that  time  (1833)  was  destitute 
 of  Presbyterianism,  and  as  a  pioneer  preacher,  he  dili- 
 gently labored  in  the  cause  of  Sabbath  Schools,  and 
 Temperance,  as  well  as  preaching  the  go.spel.  In  1824 
 he  was  co-editor  with  John  Breckinridge,  D.  D.,  of 
 "The  Western  Luminar)/,"  published  at  Lexington, 
 Ky.     He  died  September  7th,  1860. 
 
 Hart,  John  Seely,  LL.D.,  was  born  in  Old 
 Stockbridge,  M;iss.,  January  28th,  1810.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  in  1830,  with  the 
 highest  honors  of  his  cla-ss,  and  after  teaching  a  year 
 at  Natchez,  Miss.,  entered  Princeton  Theological 
 Seminary,  in  1831,  where  he  spent  three  years. 
 During  the  last  two  years  of  his  course  he  also  filled 
 the  position  of  Tutor  in  the  college.  In  1834  he  was 
 elected  Adjunct  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages  in 
 Princeton»College,  and  filled  that  chair  two  years. 
 
 Professor  Hart  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  August  4th, 
 18.3.5,  but,  having  determined,  after  some  years,  to 
 devote  his  life  to  literary  and  educational  pursuits, 
 his  license  was,  at  his  own  request,  withdrawn  by  I 
 the  Presbytery,  'October  19th,  1842.  In  1836  he 
 purcha.sed  Edgehill  School,  in  Princeton,  and  resigned 
 his  Professorship  in  the  college.  He  retained  the 
 charge  of  this  school  until  1842,  when  he  was  elected 
 Principal  of  the  Philadelphia  High  School.  He 
 found  this  institution  in  a  state  of  feebleness,  and 
 placed  it  on  a  soliil  foundation  of  di.sei|)line,  aeeoni- 
 
 plishments  and  popular  confidence,  making  it  a  repre- 
 sentative American  in.stitution.  Resigning  this  posi- 
 tion in  1859,  he  became  editor  of  the  periodicals  i)ub- 
 ILshed  by  the  .American  Sunday-school  Union,  and 
 in  this  connection  he  began  the  Sundai/sclmol  Times. 
 In  1862  he  was  elected  Principal  of  the  New  Jersey 
 State  Normal  School  at  Trenton,  and  held  that  posi- 
 tion with  distinguished  usefulness  and  success  until 
 February,  1871.  From  1864  to  1870  he  also  gave 
 courses  of  lectures  on  Engli-sh  Literature  in  Princeton 
 College.  In  1872  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Belles 
 Lettres  and  English  Literature  in  Princeton  College, 
 which  chair  he  filled  two  years,  returning,  near  the 
 end  of  1874,  to  Philadelphia,  where,  engaged  in 
 literary  pursuits,  he  resided  until  his  death,  which 
 occurred  March  26th,  1877. 
 
 Professor  Hart  was  a  man  of  quiet  and  retiring 
 manners,  yet  .social  and  sunny  in  his  temperament; 
 an  enthusia.st  in  the  cause  of  education;  a  devoted 
 Sabbath-school  worker,  of  elegant  culture,  accurate 
 and  wide  scholarship;  author  of  many  volumes,  and 
 possessing  great  force  and  earnestne.ss  of  mind.  But, 
 above  all,  he  was  an  humble,  consistent  and  devout 
 Christian,  always  seeking,  like  his  Ma.ster,  to  do 
 good. 
 
 Hart,  Rev.  Joshua,  after  graduating  at  Prince- 
 ton College,  in  1770,  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Suftblk,  April  2d,  1772,  and  was  in.stalled  pastor 
 of   the   Presbyterian   Church   at   Smithtown,    Long 
 j  Island,  April-  13th,   1774.     In  the  time  of  the  war, 
 I  being  an  ardent  patriot,  he  suffered  much  from  im- 
 [  prisonment  by  the  British,  in  the  city  of  New  York. 
 [  He  was  released  from  his  charge,    September   6th, 
 1787.      Subsequently   he    continued   to   labor   as   he 
 had     opportunity,     until     his     death,    October    .')d, 
 1829. 
 
 Hastmgs,  Eurotas  P.,  was  born  July  2itth, 
 1791.  He  was  one  of  that  family  known  for  many 
 years  in  the  Presbyterian  churches,  especially  in  the 
 art  of  sacred  song,  and  of  whom  Thomas  Hastings,  of 
 New  York,  was  a  distinguished  musical  composer. 
 Eurotas  P.  Hastings,  in  1825,  came  to  Detroit,  Jlich., 
 from  Geneva,  N.  Y. ;  was  a  banker  by  profession, 
 and  for  many  years  (from  1825  to  1839)  President  ol' 
 the  Bank  of  Michigan.  He  also  w^is  officially  con- 
 nected with  State  afiairs  during  the  years  1840  and 
 1842,  when  the  State  of  Michigan  was  under  admin- 
 istration of  the  Whig  party.  He  was  conspicuous, 
 however,  as  an  elder  of  the  First  Presbj-terian  Church 
 of  Detroit,  and  originated  and  kept  a  set  of  church 
 books  which  were  a  model  of  completeness  in  their 
 arrangement.  He  was  ordained  an  elder  in  1841,  and 
 continued  an  energetic,  faithful  and  zealous  officer 
 and  member,  exemplifying  all  the  Christian  virtues 
 in  a  pre-eminent  degree  until  the  day  of  his  death, 
 which  occurred  at  Detroit,  June  1st,  1866.  A  sweet 
 fragrance  still  lingers  over  his  memory  in  the  churcli 
 in  which  he  was  for  so  many  years  "a  bright  and 
 shining  light." 
 
HASTINGS. 
 
 309 
 
 HATFIELD. 
 
 Hastings,  Prof.  Fulton  "W.,  wiis  ordainfd  a 
 nilingelder  in  the  Princeton  Presbyterian  Church,  West 
 Pliiladelphia,  in  ISfil,  and  has  since  discharged  the 
 dutiesol'this  position  with  great  tidelitv  andacceptable- 
 ness.  He  has  also  been,  for  many  years,  the  efficient 
 Superintendent  of  the  Sabliath  School  of  that  congrega- 
 tion. Prof.  Hastings  w;is  born  in  Muskingum  county, 
 O.,  September  30th,  1828.  He  was  educated  at  West 
 Alexander  Academy,  and  subsequently  took  a  course 
 of  private  instruction,  with  a  view  to  a  special  and 
 thorough  preparation  as  a  teacher.  After  teaching 
 with  marked  success  at  West  Alexander  and  Wilkins- 
 burg.  Pa.,  in  18.59  he  organized  Jlantua  Academy,  in 
 West  Philadelpliia,  which  he  hius  since  conducted  with 
 signal  ability  and  success.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
 Prcsbj-terian  Board  of  Publication  for  many  years 
 previous  to  the  reunion  of  the  two  branches  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church;  was  active  in  the  establishment 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  of  which  he  continues  to 
 be  a  valuable  Director,  and  since  1872  has  been  a 
 faithful  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Publi- 
 cation. He  is  a  gentleman  of  urbanity  and  dignity 
 of  manner,  full  of  energy,  generous  in  disposition, 
 exemplary  in  character,  and  always  ready  to  do  good, 
 as  he  has  opportunity. 
 
 Hastings,  Thomas,  son  of  Dr.  Seth  Hastings, 
 physician  and  farmer,  was  horn  in  Washington, 
 Litchtield  county.  Conn. ,  Oct.  1  .^th,  1784.  The  family, 
 with  a  company  of  neighbors,  moved  to  Clinton, 
 Oneida  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1796.  He  early  began  the 
 study  of  music,  a  sixpenny  gamut  of  four  pages  being 
 his  first  text^book.  After  teaching  music  for  some 
 years  in  central  and  we,stern  New  York,  in  the 
 Autumn  of  1823  he  accepted  the  editorial  chair  of 
 the  Recorder,  a  new  religious  newspaper  published 
 in  Utica,  and  filled  it  until  the  issue  of  the  ninth 
 volume.  He  was  no  routine  teacher  of  sacred  music, 
 neither  did  he  practice  his  profession  merely  from  a 
 love  of  music,  or  as  a  mgans  of  support,  and  less  still 
 for  the  .sake  of  distinction  and  gain.  He  was  a  re- 
 former in  it,  and  had  a  distinct  idea  of  what  sacred 
 music  is,  and  of  the  mode  in  which  it  should  be 
 conducted,  and  he  sought  to  have  it  employed  for  its 
 proper  and  invaluable  purposes. 
 
 Mr.  Hastings  became  a  prolific  writer  for  the  press, 
 particularly  in  the  advocacy  of  his  professional  views, 
 .setting  them  forth  in  the  editorials  of  the  Recorder, 
 and  for  a  long  succession  of  j-ears  in  frequent  tiews- 
 paper  articles,  and  in  occasional  pamphlets.  He  pub- 
 lished various  mu-sic  books  of"  great  value.  He  com- 
 posed six  hundred  hymns,  many  of  them  published, 
 and  not  a  few  well  known  and  prized,  such  as  ' '  Why 
 that  look  of  sadness;"  "Gently,  Lord,  O  gently  lead 
 us;"  "How  calm  and  beautiful  the  morn;"  "Child 
 of  sin  and  sorrow;"  "Wliy  lament  the  Christian 
 dying;"  "Pilgrims  in  this  vale  of  sorrow."  Mr. 
 Ha.stings  was  a  devout  Christian.  He  was  a  diligent 
 student  of  the  Scriptures,  was  in  himself  a  Concord- 
 ance, and  his  own  copies  of  the  Word  of  God  form 
 
 quite  a  little  library.  He  died.  May  15th,  1872,  and 
 to  the  last  retained  his  habits  of  study  and  of  work, 
 and  a  lively  interest  in  the  jjublic  affairs  of  the 
 Church  and  of  the  world. 
 
 Hastings,  Thomas  S.,  D.  D.,  is  a  native  of  the 
 State  of  New  York,  and  was  born  August  28th, 
 1827.  His  father,  Thomas  Ha.stings,  who.se  sketch 
 immediately  precedes,  removed  to  New  Y'ork  city, 
 where  the  son  pursued  his  early  studies.  He 
 graduated  at  Hamilton  College,  in  1848,  and  at  the 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York,  in  1851,  and 
 was  licensed  and  ordained  by  the  Fourth  Presbytery 
 of  New  Y'ork.  For  four  years,  from  July,  1853,  he 
 was  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Mendham,  N.  J.  In 
 June,  1856,  he  w;xs  called  to  the  pastorate  of  the  West 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  West  Forty-second  street. 
 New  Y''ork.  In  1865  the  congregation  took  possession 
 of  the  unique  and  beautiful  church  in  Forty -second 
 street  which  they  now  occupy.  As  pastor  of  this 
 church  Dr.  Hastings  labored  witli  great  energy, 
 ability  and  success,  until  his  election  to  the  Pro- 
 fessorship in  the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  New 
 York,  which  he  now  fills. 
 
 Dr.  Hastings  is  characterized  by  great  amiability 
 of  character.  He  has  much  warmth  and  polish  of 
 manners,  and  his  address  is  affable  and  cheerful.  He 
 is  respected  and  admired  by  all  who  know  him,  for 
 his  sterling  virtues.  He  is  a  scholarly  and  eloquent 
 preacher,  clear,  vigorous  and  stable  in  his  style  of 
 thought,  and  showing  thorough  information  in  the 
 whole  range  of  theological  and  literary  culture.  His 
 sermons  are  pervaded  by  an  impressive,  religious  tone. 
 His  election  to  the  important  position  he  now  occu- 
 pies indicates  the  high  degree  in  which  he  enjoys  the 
 confidence  and  esteem  of  the  Church. 
 
 Hatfield,  Edwin  F.,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  Oliver  S. 
 and  Jane  (Mann)  Hatfield,  was  born  in  Elizabethtown, 
 N.  J.,  January  9th,  1807.  He  graduated  at  Middle- 
 bury  College,  Vt.,  in  1829;  studied  theology  at  the 
 Seminary  in  Andover,  Mass.,  1829-31;  was  licensed 
 to  preach  the  go.spel  by  the  Third  Presbytery  of  New 
 York,  October  6th,  IS'AX,  and  ordained  by  the  same 
 Presbytery  at  New  York,  May  14th,  1832.  From 
 October,  1831,  to  February,  1832,  he  preached  at 
 Rockaway,  N.  .!.,  as  an  assistant  of  the  Rev.  Barna- 
 bas King,  D.  D. ;  and  from  March,  1832,  to  SeiJtera- 
 ber,  1832,  at  Orange,  N.  J.,  as  an  assistant  of  the 
 Rev.  Asa  R.  Hillyer,  D.  D. ;  was  pastor  of  the  Second 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  from  October, 
 1832,  to  February,  1835;  of  the  Seventh  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  New  York,  from  July,  1835,  to  February, 
 1856;  and  of  the  North  Presbyterian  Church  of  New 
 York,  from  February,  1856,  toOctol)er,  1863;  resigned 
 and  retired  fi-om  the  pastoral  work  on  account  of  loss 
 of  health.  Remained  one  year  in  retirement,  when 
 he  became  special  agent  of  the  Union  Theological 
 Seminary  in  New  York,  December,  1864,  and  in  the 
 following  year  obtained  for  the  Seminary  an"  endow- 
 ment of  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars.    Two 
 
HATFIELD. 
 
 310 
 
 HA  WLEY. 
 
 years  were  then  occupied  in  ■nriting  and  preparing 
 for  the  press  a  "  Historj-  of  Elizabeth,  N.  J."  In 
 May,  1868,  he  took  the  place  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Ken- 
 dall, Secretary  of  the  Presbj-terian  Committee  of 
 Home  Missions  (abroad,  for  his  health),  till  October, 
 1868,  from  which  time  he  was  Secretary  of  the 
 Freedmen's  Department  of  the  same  Committee.  In 
 January,  1870,  he  again  became  special  agent  of  the 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  to  raise  five  hundred 
 thousand  dollars,  and  his  labors  were  crowned  -svith 
 very  gratifying  success.  He  was  Stated  Clerk  of 
 the  Third  Presbytery  of  New  York,  since  October, 
 1838,  and  of  the  General  Assembly,  since  May, 
 1846. 
 
 Dr.  Hatfield's  pastoral  life  was  a  most  active  and 
 fruitful  one.  During  his  ministry  in  the  Seventh 
 Church  in  New  York,  1556  persons  were  received  into 
 
 ■>>■.■; -t-X  ^,^-.>>v 
 
 EDWIN   F.  HATFIELD,  D.  D. 
 
 the  communion  of  the  church,  on  examination,  and 
 662  by  certificate  from  other  churches,  and  in  all 
 other  respects  the  church  was  greatly  strengthened. 
 The  same  devotedness  which  he  displayed  as  pastor 
 he  carried  into  the  other  work  which  was  devolved 
 upon  him,  and  amidst  his  activities  he  found  time 
 to  become  the  author  of  a  number  of  valuable  works, 
 of  which,  in  addition  to  the  one  already  mentioned, 
 the  principal  are,  "  Universalism  as  it  is,"  "Memoir 
 of  ElihuW.  Baldwin,  D.D.,"  and  "St.  Helena  and 
 the  Cape  of  Good  Hope."  Dr.  Hatfield  was  elected 
 Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly  which  met  at 
 Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  in  1833,  and  discharged  the  duties 
 of  the  position  with  marked  ability,  dignity  and  accept- 
 ableness.     He  died  in  September,  1883. 
 
 Hawes,  Rev.  Lo'wman,  was  bom  October  5th, 
 1825,  at  MaysvUle,  Kj-. ;  graduated  at  Centre  College, 
 in  1842,  with  the  first  honors  of  his  class,  and  at 
 the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  in  1846,  when  he 
 was  licensed  by  Allegheny  Presbytery.  He  preached 
 for  a  few  months  to  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Baltimore;  then  for  six  months  in  Richmond,  Ky., 
 and  subsequently  in  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.  He  was  pa.stor 
 of  Concord  Church,  near  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  from  1848 
 to  1850.  In  1850  he  took  charge  of  the  Church  at 
 Huntingdon,  Pa. ,  where  his  labors  were  highly  bles.sed. 
 Sub.sequently  he  supplied  the  Church  at  Waukesha, 
 Wis.,  at  the  same  time  officiating  as  Professor  of 
 Languages  in  Carroll  College  atthat  place.  He  labored 
 a  year  at  Beloit,  Wis.,  with  marked  success,  and  then 
 was  pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Madison,  Ind.,  from 
 1857  until  his  death,  in  1861.  In  all  the  relations  of 
 life  he  was  con.sistent  and  exemplary  in  the  pulpit 
 he  was  able,  earnest  and  eloquent. 
 
 Ha^wley,  Charles,  D.D.,  was  the  son  of  Ezra  and 
 Mary  (Xoyes)  Hawley,  and  was  born  in  Catskill,  N.Y., 
 August  19th,  1819.  When  but  twelve  years  old,  he 
 united  with  the  Presbyterian  Church,  of  which  his 
 father  was  ruling  elder  many  years.  He  pursued  his 
 preparatory  studies  for  college  in  Kinderhook  Academy 
 and  Classical  School,  Catskill;  entered  Williams  Col- 
 lege in  1836,  and  graduated  in  1840  (tlie  day  he  was 
 twenty-one  years  old),  with  the  valedictory  oration; 
 spent  one  year,  after  leaving  college,  in  Catskill,  and 
 read  law  in  the  oflice  of  Hon.  James  Powers.  Turn- 
 ing from  the  law  to  the  ministry,  he  entered  Union 
 Theological  Seminary  in  New  York  city  in  1841,  and 
 graduated  in  1844.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  the 
 gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of  Columbia,  in  April,  1844, 
 and  for  three  montlis,  from  July  to  September,  sup- 
 plied the  pulpit  of  the  American  Presbyterian  Church, 
 in  the  city  of  Montreal,  while  the  pastor.  Rev.  Caleb 
 Strong,  was  absent  in  Europe.  In  December  of  the 
 .same  year  he  was  ordained,  hy  the  Second  Presbytery 
 of  New  York,  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 New  Rochelle,  where  he  remained  four  years,  during 
 which  the  church  was  doubled  in  numbers,  and 
 was  much-  strengthened  and  encouraged",  after  a 
 long  period  of  feebleness,  if  not  of  doubtful  exist- 
 ence. 
 
 From  New  Rochelle  he  was  called  to  the  Presbyte- 
 rian Church  in  Lyons,  N.  Y.,  where  he  was  installed 
 by  the  Presb}-tery  of  Geneva,  in  November,  1848. 
 Before  his  coming  here,  there  had  been  dissension, 
 but  the  church  now  became  united,  and  built  a  new 
 house  of  worship,  nearly  tvrice  as  large  as  that  before, 
 and  his  pa.storate  was  one  of  marked  prosperity.  From 
 Lyons  he  was  called  to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  Auburn,  one  of  the  most  important  churches  of 
 central  New  York,  where  he  was  installed  November 
 5th,  18.57,  and  where  he  still  remains,  after  a  minis- 
 try of  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century,  in  which  he 
 has  had,  in  a  very  high  degree,  the  confidence  and 
 respect,  not  only  of  the  churches,  but  of  the  whole 
 
HA  WTHORX. 
 
 311 
 
 HAY. 
 
 community.     In  l>*fil  he  received  the  degree  of  Doc- 
 tor of  Divinity  from  Hamilton  College. 
 
 The  confidence  of  his  brethren  in  the  ministry  is 
 shown  by  the  fact  that  he  has  been  the  Stated  Clerk 
 of  Cayuga  Presbytery  twenty-five  years,  and  six  times 
 chosen  Commissioner  to  the  General  Assembly.  In 
 the  city  of  Auburn  he  is  a  Tru!^tce  of  the  Theological 
 Seminary,  Trustee  and  Vice-President  of  the  Seymour 
 Library  Association,  and  President  of  the  Caj'uga 
 County  Historical  Society,  from  its  foundation.  Fond 
 of  local  history,  he  has  published  a  History  of  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Aitburn  (1876);  Early 
 Chapters  of  Cayuga  History  (1879);  Early  Chapters 
 
 CHARLES  HAWLEY.D.D. 
 
 of  Seneca  History  (1881);  and  Jleniorial  Discourses  of 
 William  H.  Seward,  James  S.  Seymour,  and  Henry 
 Wells;  besides  several  pamphlets  and  Thanksgiving 
 Di.scourses. 
 
 Hawlihom,  James,  D.D.,  was  born  at  Slabtown, 
 Burlington  County  N.  J.,  April  1st,  180.3.  In  early 
 life  he  rejnoved  to  Kentucky.  His  education  -was 
 obtained  principally  from  Rev.  A.  A.  Shannon,  of 
 Shelbyville,  Ky  After  three  years'  study  in  Prince- 
 ton Seminary,  he  graduated  in  1828,  was  licensed  to 
 preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  Febru- 
 ary 6th,  1828,  and  was  ordained  and  installed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Louisville,  Xovember  21st,  1829,  as 
 pastor  over  the  churches  of  Lawrenceburg  and  Upper 
 Benson,  in  Franklin  County,  Ky.  This  pastoral  re- 
 lation was  dLs.solved  April  4th,  1833,  after  which  Mr. 
 Hawthorn  preached  for  various  churches  in  the 
 bounds  of  the  Presb3-tery,  as  a  supply,  for  three 
 years.  December  29th,  1836,  he  was  installed  pastor 
 of  the  Plumb  Creek  and  Cane  Kun  churches,  in  Shelbv 
 
 County,  K}-.  After  the  dissolution  of  this  relation, 
 April  23d,  1841,  he  supplied  the  La«Teuccburg 
 Church,  of  wliich  he  had  formerly  been  jjastor,  about 
 five  years,  from  1842  to  1847,  when  he  was  transferred 
 to  the  Presbytery  of  Muhlenburg. 
 
 Dr.  Hawthorn  next  served  the  Church  at  Princeton, 
 Ky.,  for  one  year,  as  a  stated  supply,  at  the  expira- 
 tion of  which  time,  April  9th,  1848,  he  was  in.stalled 
 as  pastor  of  that  church.  Here  the  great  work  of  his 
 life  was  to  be  done.  For  nearly  thirty  years  he  per- 
 formed the  duties  of  this  pa.storatc  with  great  ear- 
 nestness and  faithfulness.  Those  who  knew  him  l)est 
 said  that  the  predominant  trait  of  his  character  was 
 his  Jitlcl ill/.  He  was  a  man  of  spotless  integrity,  of  a 
 lovable  disposition,  culti\ated  in  mind,  Christ-like  in 
 spirit.  His  long  rides  over  rough  roads  in  inclement 
 sea.sons,  while  supplying  weak  congregations,  injured 
 his  health  and  laid  the  foundation  for  weakness  in  his 
 later  years.  He  lived,  however,  to  a  good  old  age, 
 and  died  June  28th,  1877,  in  his  seventy-fifth  year. 
 Not  only  in  private  life,  but  among  his  ministerial 
 brethren,  he  w.is  loved  and  trusted  as  a  faithful 
 friend  and  a  wise  counsellor. 
 
 Hay,  John  Duffleld,  was  a  son  of  Col.  Wm. 
 Hay,  'Lieutenant  of  Lancaster  county.  Pa.,"  during 
 the  war  of  the  Revolution,  and  was  born  near  Derry, 
 in  1775.  He  went  to  Vineenncs,  Indiana,  in  1803; 
 was  married  to  Sarah  Harvey,  of  Hagerstown,  Md. 
 At  the  organization  of  the  Church  in  ^'incennes,  in 
 18.30,  he  was  elected  a  ruling  elder,  and  sustained 
 that  relation  until  his  death,  in  1840.  He  was  largely 
 engaged,  for  many  years,  in  mercantile  pursuits  in 
 Vincennes,  and  in  all  his  various  social,  commercial 
 and  religious  relations,  was  widely  known  as  a  man 
 of  strong  convictions,  unswerving  integrity,  and  tine 
 Christian  character. 
 
 Hay,  Pliilip  Courtlandt,  D.  D.,  was  a  son  of 
 Major  Samuel  Hay,  a  gallant  and  noted  officer  in  our 
 army  of  the  Revolution,  and  of  Jane  (Price)  Hay; 
 bom  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  July  2.5th,  1793.  He  took 
 his  first  degree  in  the  Arts,  with  honor,  at  the  College 
 of  New  Jersey,  and  prepared  for  the  ministry  under 
 the  instruction  of  his  pastor,  Rev.  Dr.  James  Richards. 
 He  was  licen.sed  to  preach  by  the  Presbj-tery  of  Jersey, 
 October,  1820,  and  soon  after  ordained  over  the  Church 
 at  Mendham.  For  eleven  years  he  was  pastor  of  the 
 Second  Church,  Newark,  until  broken  health  sepa- 
 rated him  from  it.  He  afterwards  accepted  an  invita- 
 tion to  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  where  his  health  again  gave 
 way  under  a  laborious  and  prosperous  ministry  of 
 several  years.  He  then  sought  recovery  and  useful- 
 ness at  the  head  of  a  family  school.  Subsequently 
 he  accepted  a  call  to  Oswego,  but  he  could  not  sustain 
 the  charge,  and  in  1855  he  returned  to  the  home  of 
 his  childhood,  and  after  resting  for  a  time,  undertook 
 the  management  of  a  cla.ssical  school.  He  tiled  Decem- 
 ber 27th,  1860.  While  strictly  attentive  to  the  local 
 churches  committed  to  his  charge.  Dr.  Hay's  activity 
 of  temperament  and  concern  for  the  Redeemer's  king- 
 
HAl'DEX. 
 
 312 
 
 SAYS. 
 
 dom  engaged  him  in  constant  ser\'ice  for  the  Church 
 at  large.  Every  good  enterprise  for  the  public  com- 
 manded bis  support;  and  habitually  in  his  place,  in 
 ecclesiastical  bodies,  he  was  always  fulfilling  some 
 stated  or  occasional  part  in  them,  and,  in  1849,  filled 
 the  Moderator's  Chair  in  the  General  Assembly.  By 
 an  exceedingly  genial  disposition  and  agreeable  man- 
 ners, he  won  universal  esteem.  Continuous  results 
 followed  his  labors  in  his  sacred  vocation,  and  fre- 
 quently large  ingatherings. 
 
 Hayden,  Rev.  Daniel,  was  skeptical  in  early 
 life,  but  was  hopefully  converted  during  a  revival  of 
 religion.  He  was  born  April  9th,  1781,  in  Western 
 Pennsylvania;  entered  Jefterson  College  in  1801,  and 
 graduated  in  1805.  After  leaving  college  he  took 
 charge  of  the  Greensburg  Academy,  and  retained  his 
 connection  with  it  until  1807  or  1808,  when  he  was 
 licensed  as  a  probationer  for  the  gospel  ministry,  by 
 the  Presbji:ery  of  Erie;  became  pastor  of  the  Pleasant 
 Ridge  Church,  under  the  care  of  the  Presbytery  of 
 Cincinnati,  in  1809,  and  died  August  '27th,  1835.  Dr. 
 Wilson  represents  Mr.  Hayden  as  having  been  an 
 eminently  faithful  and  zealous  minister. 
 
 Hays,  George  Price,  D.  D.,  the  fourth  son 
 of  John    Ha\s    and    Orpha   (Cornwclll    Hays,   was 
 
 GEORGE  PRICE  HAYS,  D.D.  ' 
 
 born  near  Canonsburg,  Pa.,  February  2d,  1838.  He 
 graduated  at  Jeflerson  College  in  1857.  At  the  pre- 
 vious contest  he  was  chosen  to  represent  the  Franklin 
 Literary  Society,  and  came  off  victorious.  He  studied  I 
 theology  for  one  year,  under  the  direction  of  his 
 brother.  Rev.  I.  N.  Hays,  pastor  of  the  Church  of  I 
 Middle  Spring,  Pa.,  then  two  years  in  the  Western 
 Theological  Seminary,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  \ 
 
 the  Presbytery  of  Pittsburg,  April,  1859.  For  six 
 months  after  leaving  the  seminary  he  was  assistant 
 pastor  to  Dr.  Painter,  at  Kittanning.  In  March,  18(il, 
 he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Second  Church,  Balti- 
 more, and  in  this  field  of  labor  a  very  admirable  work 
 was  accomplished,  and  manj-  souls  gathered  to  the 
 Saviour.  In  the  Fall  of  18G8  he  accepted  the  finan- 
 cial secretaryship  oj'the  University  of  Wooster,  Ohio, 
 and  in  this  position  was  peculiarly  successful.  In 
 1  November,  18G9,  he  was  called  to  the  Central  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  Allegheny  City,  where  he  met  with 
 the  special  favor  of  God;  the  church  being  visited 
 with  an  outpouring  of  the  Spirit,  which  extended 
 throughout  nearly  the  whole  year  of  his  pastorate. 
 .  September  21st,  1870,  he  was  inaugurated  President 
 of  AVashington  and  Jeflerson  College,  and  in  the 
 following  Spring  took  charge,  as  stated  supply,  of  the 
 Second  Church  of  Washington,  which  two  offices  he 
 continued  to  fill,  with  great  acceptance,  until  July, 
 1881,  when  he  resigned  them  both,  to  accept  a  call  to 
 the  Central  Church,  Denver,  Col.,  of  which  he  is  at 
 present  pastor.  His  admini-stration  of  the  afl'airs  of 
 the  college  was  quite  a  success,  and  his  pastoral  work 
 in  Washington  was  eminently  bles.sed.  Dr.  Hays  is 
 a  gentleman  of  great  energy.  He  is  an  earnest  and 
 impressive  preacher.  Perhaps,  his  strongest  point  is 
 as  a  public  speaker,  or  platform  orator.  As  a  par- 
 ticipant in  debate  or  before  a  public  assembly  he  is 
 deservedly  populai"  and  always  licard  with  interest. 
 
 Hays,  Isaac  N.,  D.D.,  brother  of  the  Kev.  George 
 P.  Hays,  D.  D.,  was  born  near  Canoii-sburg,  Pa., 
 April  17th,  1827.  He  graduated  at  Jefterson  College 
 in  1847;  studied  theology  at  the  Western  Theological 
 Seminary,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Ohio,  April  18th,  1850.  He  was  installed 
 pastor  of  tlie  Church  of  Great  Conewago,  Adams 
 county.  Pa.,  October  10th,  1850.  Here  he  gathered  in 
 some  very  precious  fruit  during  the  four  years  of  his 
 ministry.  In  May,  1854,  he  took  charge  of  the 
 church  of  Middle  Spring,  Cumberland  county,  Pa. 
 Here  he  remained  for  fourteen  years,  and  witne.s.scd 
 some  very  precious  manifestations  of  the  power  of 
 God.  In  December,  1868,  he  became  pastor  of  a  new  en- 
 terprise in  Chambersburg,  Pa.,  and  as  a  result  of  six 
 years'  labor,  a  handsome  church  building  was  erected, 
 and  the  membership  of  the  church  largely  increased. 
 In  the  Winter  of  1874  he  received  a  unanimous  call 
 to  the  First  Church  of  Junction  City,  Kan.sas,  where 
 his  prospect  of  u.sefulness  was  in  some  degi'ee  blasted 
 by  the  protracted  drought  and  clouds  of  locusts  with 
 which  that  region,  the  following  Summer,  was  visited. 
 He  was  soon  after  called  to  the  Priucipalship  of  the 
 State  Normal  School,  at  Shippensburg,  in  the  bounds 
 of  his  old  pastoral  charge  at  Middle  Spring.  Here 
 he  remained  three  years,  and  then  accepted  a  unani- 
 mous call  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Central  Church, 
 Allegheny  City,  where  he  was  installed,  Sept.  20th, 
 1878,  and  still  labors,  with  good  results,  in  the  midst 
 of  a  large   congregation  of  very   kind  and   warmly 
 
BAXb-. 
 
 313 
 
 HEADL  r. 
 
 attached  friends.      Dr.  Ha.vs  is  a  faithful  preaolier,  | 
 and  ail  earnest  laborer  in  tlie  Master's  vinevard.  I 
 
 Hays,  John  Smith,  D.  D.,  whose  two  ministerial 
 brothers  ha\  e  j  list  been  noticed,  was  born  near  Canons-  * 
 burg,  Pa.,  August  2d,  ISUO.  He  graduated  at  Jeffer- 
 son College  during  the  Buniuier  of  1*.")|),  and  the  same 
 Fall  entered  the  Western  Theological  Seminary. 
 Licensed  to  pre^ich  in  the  Spring  of  Is.";;?;  in  June  of 
 that  year  he  a<»cepted  a  call  to  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Charlestown,  Ind.,  where  he  remained 
 almost  four  years,  and  was  successful  in  his  ministry. 
 In  March,  1857,  betook  charge  of  the  Second  Church, 
 Nashville,  Tenn.,  where  his  lalxn-s  were  greatly 
 ble.s.sed.  He  sj)ent  the  Spring  and  Winter  of  1861 
 and  \**V>'i  in  the  Central  Church  of  Cincinnati,  and 
 during  that  time  there  was  an  outpouring  of  God"s 
 Spirit,  which  resulted  in  a  large  addition  to  the 
 communion  of  the  Church.  In  May,  18(3'2,  he  accepted 
 a  call  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Frankfort,  Ky., 
 where  be  also  witnes.sed  a  goodly  ingathering  of  .souls. 
 In  the  Spring  of  ISO"  he  took  charge  of  the  Walnut 
 Street  Church,  Louisville,  Ky.,  and  its  roll  of  mem- 
 bers dii'ring  his  pastorate  was  largelv  increased.  In 
 1874  he  was  called  to  the  P.iblical  and  Ecclesiastical 
 History  1'rofe.s.sorship  in  the  Danville  Theological 
 Seminary,  and  whilst  holding  this  position  he  sup- 
 plied feeble  churches  in  the  vicinity  of  Danville.  He 
 was  in.stalled  pa.stor  at  (^uiiicy,  111.,  Jlay  1st,  1883. 
 Dr.  Hays  is  a  good  preacher,  a  gentleman  of  scholarly 
 attainments,  and  earnestness  and  energy  of  character. 
 and  labors  diligently  and  successfully  in  whatever 
 position  he  is  called  tooccui)v. 
 
 Hazen,  James  King,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  West 
 S])ringfield  (now  Agawami,  Ma.ss. ,  April  2!lth,  183:!. 
 He  is  the  son  of  Kev.  K.  S.  Hazen  and  Eunice  (King) 
 Hazen.  At  an  early  age  his  parents  removed  to 
 Connecticut,  where  he  prepared  for  college.-  He 
 entered  Williams  College,  Ma.ss.,  Septemlier,  1852, 
 and  graduated,  with  full  honors,  in  the  class  of  1856. 
 For  nearly  a  year  after  his  graduation  he  taught  in 
 Connecticut,  and  in  1857  removed  to  Prattville,  Ala., 
 where,  for  three  years,  he  was  engaged  in  manu- 
 facturing business,  with  which  interests  he  was  more 
 .  or  less  identilied  for  many  succeeding  years.  His 
 collegiat<'  course  had  been  pursued  with  a  view  to 
 the  ministry,  which  had  been  abandoned,  for  reasons 
 that  seemed,  at  the  time,  to  be  imperative.  An 
 active  Christian  life  attracted  the  attention  of  leading  ! 
 men  in  the  Church,  and  Mr.  Hazen  w;vs  urged  to 
 enter  tlie  ministry,  with  a  view  to  the  pastorate  of 
 the  Prattville  Presbyterian  Church.  He  was  lie<'iised 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  East  Alabama,  in  18(>(),  and 
 assumed  cluirge  of  the  Prattville  Church  January 
 1st,  1861,  l)cing  ordained  and  installed  the  March 
 following.  The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was 
 conferred  U])on  him  by  the  Southwestern  University, 
 Clarksville,  Tenn.,  in  1878.  The  General  A.ssembly 
 of  the  "  Preslnterian  Church  in  the  L'nited  States," 
 at  New  Orleans,   May,  1877,   elected  him  Secretary 
 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Committee  of  Publication,  which 
 po.sitiou  he  has  tilled  with  marked  abilit.v  and  rare 
 business  tact,  liringing  its  aft'airs  into  a  sound  linan- 
 cial  condition,  and  placing  the  work  upon  a  basis 
 that  promises  a  prosperous  future. 
 
 Dr.  Hazen's  life  and  labors  in  Alaliama  were 
 marked  with  peculiar  success,  and  his  influence  for 
 good,  in  Prattville  and  all  the  surrouniliiig  country, 
 is  felt  to  this  day.  Commencing  his  work  there 
 with  a  church  of  .some  twenty-four  members,  it  grew 
 and  strengthened,  under  his  faithful  ministration, 
 until  its  numbers  reached  nearly  two  hundred,  witli 
 
 JASIES   KIXO  H.VZES,  P.  P. 
 
 three  branch  churches,  in  a  circuit  of  .some  lifteeii 
 miles,  and  four  comfortable  church  buildings,  as  the 
 tokens  of  God's  blessing  upon  the  consecrated  labors 
 of  His  servant. 
 
 Headly,  "William  O.,  was  born  in  Headleyville, 
 X.  J.,  about  si.x  miles  west  of  Newark,  March  l;2tli, 
 1815.  In  early  life  he  entered  ui)on  a  carpenter's 
 apprentice.ship.  In  1838,  when  foreman  of  a  sash 
 and  blind  factory  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  he  made  a  pro- 
 fession of  faith,  in  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Hrooklyn.  He  estalili.shed  the  business  which  he  hail 
 learned,  in  Newark,  in  conneition  with  a  partner. 
 .Vfterwards  he  engaged,  in  tlu^  samt^  place,  in  tlie 
 manufacture  of  trunkij  and  vali.ses,  and  his  Ijiisiness 
 developed  within  a  few  years  into  large  proportions, 
 giving  employment  to  hundreds  of  employees,  of 
 whom  he  was  not  onlj'  a  strictly  just,  but  generous 
 employer.  He  identified  himself  witli  the  Central 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Kewark,  June  23d,  1840,  and 
 became  a  member  of  its  Session.  He  died  February 
 23d,  1875.     He   was   an   eminent Iv   exemplary  and 
 
HEATON. 
 
 314 
 
 HEA  VEN. 
 
 \iseful  man.  He  gave  himself  first  to  tlie  Lord,  and 
 theu  to  the  Chiireh,  by  the  will  of  God.  The  sincerity 
 of  his  belief  was  manifested  by  the  fruits  which  it 
 brought  forth.  In  all  the  relations  of  life  which  he 
 su.stiiined,  he  deported  himself  in  accordance  with 
 his  Christian  profession,  and  gave  practical  proofs,  to 
 those  who  took  notice  of  him,  of  the  power  of  the 
 gospel  on  the  human  heart.  His  religion  was  char- 
 acterized by  the  spirit  of  sympathy,  benevolence, 
 love,  and  well-doing.  He  walked  in  wisdom  toward 
 them  that  were  without,  winning  them,  by  his  con- 
 sistent and  cheerful  piety,  to  a  favorable  consideration 
 of  the  things  that  belonged  to  their  everlasting  peace. 
 He  was  ever  modest  and  unassuming,  but  ever  zeal- 
 ous and  untiring  in  the  service  of  Christ,  and  in  efforts 
 after  usefulness. 
 
 Heaton,  Austin  C.,  D.  D.,  was  the  third  son 
 and  fifth  child  of  William  and  Martha  Childs  Heaton, 
 and  was  born  in  Thetford,  Vermont,  May  28th,  181.5. 
 He  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1840,  in  a 
 class  numbering  nearly  one  hundred.  He  was  among 
 the  best,  and  was  elected  a  fellow  of  the  "  Phi  Beta 
 Kappa  Society. "  After  teaching  for  a  time,  during 
 part  of  which  he  studied  theology  under  private  su- 
 pervision, in  September,  1849,  he  entered  the  Theologi- 
 cal Seminary  of  Princeton,  N.J. ;  remained  there  until 
 1851,  and  was  then  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Brunswick.  In  August,  1^.51,  he  Avas  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Harper's  Ferry, 
 Va.,  and  labored  there,  with  great  acceptance  and 
 success,  during  about  three  years.  He  received,  in 
 1854,  a  call  to  the  Third  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Baltimore,  and  labored  there  for  several  months. 
 In  November,  1855,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
 JIanokin  Church,  Princess  Anne,  Somerset  county, 
 JId.,  having  commenced  his  labors  there  in  the  pre- 
 ceding June.  In  this  field,  having  also  in  conjunction 
 with  it  supplied  the  neighboring  Church  of  Rehoboth 
 for  about  five  years,  he  continued  a  full  quarter  of  a 
 century,  closing  his  labors  with  that  people  on  the 
 twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  hi.s  engagement  ivith 
 them. 
 
 During  his  pastorate  in  Maryland,  Dr.  Heaton  was 
 prominently  useful  in  the  cau.se  of  popular  education 
 and  in  the  great  Temperance  reform,  which  has  been 
 so  successful  in  that  county,  and  his  counsels  and 
 ministerial  labors,  which  were  very  popular  and  in 
 great  demand,  contributed  much  towards  the  pros- 
 perity of  all  the  neighboring  Presbj^terian  churches. 
 Dr.  Heaton  is  noNv  pasbjr  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  Lewes,  Delaware.  There  his  labors  have  been 
 abundant  and  successful,  and  that  church,  formerly 
 distracted  and  weakened,  has  now  become  very  much 
 enlarged,  and  is  in  a  most  prosperous  condition.  He 
 is  a  sound  theologian,  an  effective  preacher,  and  a 
 most  symiiathizing  and  fiiithful  pastor. 
 
 Heaven.  Thesaints,  having lieenopenlyacknowl- 
 edged  and  acquitted  in  the  day  of  judgment,  will  make 
 their  triumphant  entry  into  the  place  designed  for 
 
 their  reception.  "These  shall  go  away  into  ever- 
 lasting life."  The  place  is  called  heaven,  by  which 
 we  understand  tha,t  region  of  the  universe  in  which 
 angels  and  the  spirits  of  the  just  now  dwell,  and  all 
 the  righteou.s  shall  be  finally  assembled.  Where  it  is 
 situated,  we  do  not  know.  We  speak  of  it  as  above 
 us,  but  the  phrase  is  used  in  conformity  to  a  notion 
 founded  upon  the  appearance  of  the  visible  heavens. 
 "  What  is  above  us  at  this  moment  will  be  beneath  us 
 twelve  hours  hence,  in  consequence  of  the  revolution 
 of  the  earth,  and  what  is  beneath  us  .seems  to  be 
 above  to  those  who  are  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
 globe.  Our  ideas  of  its  situation  are,  therefore,  vague, 
 and  there  is  only  one  thing  which  it  seems  warrant- 
 able to  conclude,  that  it  lies  beyond  the  limits  of  the 
 visible  creation. 
 
 That  it  is  a  place,  we  have  no  reason  to  doubt. 
 Our  Lord  has  a  body  like  our  own,  and  this  cannot  be 
 omnipresent,  and  wherever  He  is  corporeallj'  there  is 
 heaven — '^  Where  I  am,  there  shall  also  my  servants 
 be."  Enoch  and  Elias  have  bodies;  all  the  saints 
 will  have  bodies,  and  these  cannot  be  everywhere. 
 We  read  of  "the  hope  laid  up  for  us  in  heaven;"  of 
 "entering  into  the  holy  place;"  and  "I  go,"  says 
 Jesus  to  His  disciples,  ' '  to  prepare  a  jilace  for  you. ' ' 
 But,  though  it  is  really  a  place,  we  must  chiefly  con- 
 sider it  as  a  state.  Even  now  happiness  does  not 
 essentially  depend  on  what  is  without  us.  Wliat  was 
 Eden  to  Adam  and  Eve,  after  sin  had  filled  them  with 
 shame,  and  sorrow  and  fear?  But  Paul,  in  prison, 
 was  infinitely  happier  than  Caesar  on  the  throne  of 
 the  nations. 
 
 "Wliat,  then,  are  we  allowed  to  reckon  upon  iis  the 
 grand  component  parts  of  this  exalted  state  ? 
 
 1.  Pre-eminent  Knowledye.  This  is  a  world  of  action 
 rather  than  of  science;  and  the  wiser  men  are,  the  more 
 readily  will  they  confess  that  their  present  knowl- 
 edge is  uuspeakably  less  than  their  ignorance.  In 
 whatever  direction  they  attempt  to  penetrate,  they 
 are  checked  and  bafiled.  Laboriousness  attends 
 every  acquirement;  and  doubts  and  uncertainties 
 diminish  the  value  of  every  po.sse.ssion.  The  differ- 
 ence between  the  knowledge  of  Newton  and  the  most 
 illiterate  peasant  will  be  far  exceeded  by  the  differ- 
 ence between  the  knowledge  of  the  Christian  on  earth 
 and  in  heaven  "  The  light  of  the  moon  shall  be  as 
 the  light  of  the  sun,  and  the  light  of  the  sun  seven- 
 fold as  the  light  of  seven  days,  when  the  Lord  bindeth 
 up  the  breach  of  his  people,  and  healeth  the  stroke 
 of  their  wound."  Now  they  understand  as  children: 
 then  they  will  know  as  men.  Now  they  see  through 
 a  glass  darkly;  but  then  face  to  face.  Now  they, 
 know  in  part;  then  they  will  know  even  as  they  are 
 known.  How  delightful  the  thought — amidst  our 
 present  perplexities  and  obscurities;  and  under  a 
 .sense  of  the  penury  of  our  talents,  and  in  the  want 
 of  means  and  opportunities  of  improvement;  that 
 "  Messiah  cometh  who  is  called  Christ;  and  that 
 when  he  is  come,  he  will  tell  us  all  things." 
 
HEA  VEN. 
 
 315 
 
 HEA  VEN. 
 
 2.  Perfect  Purity.  This  announcement  has  little  at- 
 traction for  those  who  never  saw  the  beauty  of  holi- 
 ness, and  never  abhorred  themselves,  repenting  in 
 dust  and  ashes.  But  O!  to  ii  Christian  it  is  worth 
 dying  for,  to  leave  Ix'hind  him  the  body  of  this 
 death;  this  law  in  the  nuiuhi  is  warring  against  the 
 law  of  his  mind;  this  inability  to  do  the  things  that 
 he  would;  this  presence  of  evil  ever  with  him;  this 
 liablcness,  this  proneness  to  sin,  even  in  his  holy 
 things — tarnishing  every  duty,  wounding  his  own 
 peace,  and  vexing  and  grieving  the  spirit  of  his  best 
 friend.  To  be  freed  from  the  enemy,  and  to  have 
 nothing  in  us  that  temptatioii  can  operate  upon!  To 
 be  incapable  of  ingratitude,  and  unlielief,  and  distrac- 
 tions in  duty!  To  be  innocent  a-s  the  first  Adam,  and 
 holy  as  the  second!  ^WHiat  wonder,  the  Christian 
 exclaims,  with  Henry,  "if  this  be  heaven,  oh  that 
 I  was  there!"' 
 
 3.  The  n\ost  deli ffhtf  lit  axxociations.  AVe  are  formed  for 
 society.  Much  of  our  present  liapjiiness  results  from 
 att;jchnient  aiul  intercourse.  \Vho  knows  not  "the 
 comforts  of  love?"  Yea,  and  who  knows  not  its 
 sorrows  also  ?  AVe  must  weep  when  the  objects  of  our 
 aftection  weep.  The  arrows  that  pierce  our  friends 
 wonud  us  also.  We  tolerate,  we  excuse  their  imper- 
 fections ;  but  we  feel  them.  And  the  thouglit  of  ab- 
 sence— separation — ilcath;  is  drearines.s — pain — and 
 anguish.  Hence,  some  have  been  ready  to  6nvy  the 
 unrelated,  unconnected  individual,  whose  anxieties 
 and  griefs  are  all  personal.  But  it  is  not  good  for  a 
 man  to  be  alone  in  any  condition.  It  is  better  to 
 follow  the  course  of  Providence  ;  to  cherish  the  inti- 
 macies of  life;  to  improve  and  to  sanctify  them;  and 
 under  the  dis;idvant;iges  which  now  mingle  with 
 them,  to  look  ibrward  to  a  stiite  where  the  honey  will 
 be  without  the  sting,  and  the  rose  without  the  thorn; 
 and  atfcichment  and  intercourse  -xvithout  the  deduc- 
 tions arising  froni  pain,  and  infirmities,  and  pity,  and 
 fear.  In  the  Scriptures  heaven  is  always  presented 
 as  a  .social  state.  AVe  have  now  few  holy  companions; 
 the  many  are  going  another  way.  "  Hut,"  sajs  John, 
 "  I  beheld,  and  lo  !  a  great  multitude,  which  no  man 
 could  number,  of  all  nations,  and  kindreds,  and 
 people,  and  tongues,  stoo<l  before  the  throne,  and  be- 
 fore the  Lamb,  clothed  with  white  robes,  and  palms 
 in  their  hands,  and  cried  with  a  loud  voice,  saying, 
 'Salvation  to  uiir  God  which  sitteth  upon  the  throne, 
 and  unto  the  Lamb.'  "  And  we  will  have  access  to 
 them  all.  AVe  will  there  liave  the  most  endeared 
 society  ;  for  it  will  include  those  to  whom  we  were 
 so  tenderly  related  by  nature,  or  pious  friendship, 
 and  at  parting  with  whom  we  sorrowed,  most  of  all, 
 that  we  .should  see  their  faces  and  hear  their  voices  no 
 more;  and  also  those  we  left  behind  us  with  re- 
 luctance and  anxiety  in  a  world  of  sin  and  trouble: 
 with  these,  our  fellowship,  after  a  brief  separation, 
 will  be  renewed,  improved,  and  perfected  for  ever. 
 The  society  will  al.so  be  the  most  dignified,  and  with- 
 out its  present  embarrassments.     There  are  now  per-  i 
 
 .sonages  so  superior  that  we  seem  reduced  to  nothing 
 at  the  thought  of  them.  AA'e  esteem  and  admire 
 them,  and  wish  to  hear,  and  see,  and  mingle  with 
 them;  yet  we  shrink  from  the  presence  of  such 
 genius,  wisdom  and  goodness.  But  we  will  feel 
 nothing  of  this,  when  we  sit  down  with  Al)raham, 
 and  Ls;iac,  and  Jacob,  and  Moses,  and  with  prophets, 
 
 '  and  apostles,  and  martyrs,  and  reformers,  in  the 
 kingdom  of  God.  Nor  will  saints  only  be  our  com- 
 panions ;  but  those  glorious  beings  who  never  sinned ; 
 who  excel  in  .strength  ;  who  are  proverbial  for  their 
 wisdom  ;  who  are  our  motlels  in  doing  the  will  of 
 God  on  earth;  who  are  our  ministering  spirits,  in- 
 visibly watching  over  us  in  our  minority — the  in- 
 numerable company  of  angels.  And  though  tlicy  will 
 not  be  able  to  say,  ' '  He  hath  redeemed  us  unto  God  by 
 his  blood,"  they  ■\vill  cry  with  a  loud  voice — though 
 we  will  endeavor  to  be  louder — "  AVorthy  is  the  Lamb 
 
 j  that  was  slain,  to  receive  power,  and  riches,  and 
 wisdom,  and  strengtli,  and  honor,  and  glory,  and 
 blessing. ' ' 
 
 ■I.  The  rao>^t  glorious  enqjloyment.  AVe  should  lus  soon 
 think  that  heaven  was  a  niu.sery  of  vice  as  a  state  of 
 inaction.  Indolence  is  no  more  irrecoucilal)le  to 
 virtue,  than  perfectly  incompatible  with  happiness. 
 
 ",\  want  of  occuimtitin  is  not  rest ; 
 \  mind  quite  vacjiut  is  a  miuil  Uistrees'd." 
 
 I  All  the  powers  conferred  by  a  wise  Creator  neces- 
 I  sarily  imply  their  application  and  use,  and  the  more 
 I  life  any  being  possesses,  the  more  energy  and  active- 
 ness  will  distinguish  him,  unless  he  is  in  a  stjite 
 of  perversion  or  restraint.  But  what  are  the  em- 
 ployments of  heaven  ?  Many  have  .speculated  much 
 on  this  subject.  Some  of  their  conjcctiues  are 
 probable,  and  all  pleasing.  But  we  dare  not 
 follow  them.  Of  this  we  are  sure,  that  there  will 
 be  none  of  those  mean  and  degrading  toils  which 
 arise  now  from  the  necessities  of  our  nature,  or  from 
 luxiuy  and  pride.  Neither  will  there  be  any  of  those 
 religious  exercises  whicli  jK-rtain  to  a  state  of  im])er- 
 fection.  Repentance  will  be  hid  from  our  eyes.  There 
 will  be  no  more  warfare  and  watchings.  Neither  will 
 there  be  any  more  prayers,  with  strong  cryings  and 
 tears.  A'et  it  is  said,  "They  .serve  him  day  and  night 
 in  his  temple. "  And  their  powers  will  be  equal  to 
 the  work;  for  neither  the  fervency  nor  the  duration 
 of  the  service  wiU  proiluce  exhaustion  or  languor. 
 The  common  notion  of  always  standing  up  and  sing- 
 ing is  too  childish  to  be  entertained.  AVe  have  no 
 doubt  but  that  there  may  be  stated  assemblies  for 
 adoration  and  praise.  But  Christians  are  said  to  be 
 still  praising  Him  now;  and  they  do  this,  not  by  acts 
 of  worship  only,  but  by  performing  His  will,  by  fiUitig 
 up  their  stations  in  life  properly,  and  promoting  the 
 welfare  of  all  around  them ;  and  His  work,  eveu  here, 
 is  h<morable  and  glorious. 
 
 On  the  presence  and  sigJit  of  the  Saviour,  in  whom 
 dwelleth  all  the  fullness  of  the  Godhead  bodily, 
 we  may  reckon;  and   we   u'ill  reckon — and   reckon 
 
HEA  VEN. 
 
 316 
 
 HEA  VEN. 
 
 supremely — if  we  are  Christians.  '"  All !"  says  Paul, 
 "  I  long  to  depart,  and  to  be  with  Christ,  whieh  is  far 
 better."  We  are  confident,  I  say,  and  willing  rather 
 to  be  absent  from  the  body,  and  present  with  the 
 Lord."  What  would  everything  be  in  His  absence? 
 Could  the  place,  the  company,  the  harps,  be  a  substi- 
 tute I'or  Him  ?  But  here  is  the  cousumnuition — we 
 shall  serve  "Him,  and  see  his  face."  We  need  not 
 en\-y  those  who  knew  Him  after  the  flesh;  ice  will 
 have  access  to  Him;  we  will  seethe  King,  and  see 
 Him  in  his  beauty.  He  is  now  with  us.  He  knows 
 our  soul  in  adversity,  and  comes  to  us  as  a  friend, 
 aud  helper,  and  comforter.  But  we  are  now  in 
 prison.  His  visits,  when  he  looks  upon  us  through 
 the  bars,  and  brings  us  supplies,  and  communes 
 with  us  in  the  cell,  are  relieving.  They  solace 
 the  confiuement ;  we  wish  them  multiplied ;  we 
 expect  them  with  joy.  But  the  best  of  all  these 
 visits  will  be  the  last,  when  He  will  come  not  only 
 to  us,  but  for  us  ;  when  He  will  open  the  doors 
 of  the  dungeon,  and  knock  oft"  the  letters,  and  take 
 us  home  to  His  palace.  Then  we  will  be  with  Him; 
 we  will  "walk  with"  Him  "in  white;"  we  will 
 "eat  and  drink  at  His  tiible  in  His  kingdom;"  we 
 will  "  be  forever  with  the  Lord."  It  is  hardly  neces- 
 sary to  say,  that  we  may  reckon _upon — 
 
 The  most  exquisite  enjoyment.  This  will  spring 
 abundantly  from  all  the  foregoing  sources,  and 
 especially  the  la.st.  It  will  far  transcend  every  feeling 
 we  have  had  of  delight  and  ecstacy  here.  The  state 
 itself  is  expressed  by  it.  "Enter  thou  into  the  joy 
 of  thy  Lord."  Jude  says,  we  shall  be  "presented 
 before  the  presence  of  his  glory,  with  exceeding  joy. " 
 And  .says  David,  "  In  thy  presence  is  fullness  of  joy, 
 aud  at  thy  right  hand  are  pleasures  evermore." 
 
 Let  it  be  observed  once  more,  that  this  felicity  will 
 be  heightened  by  the  knowledge  that  it  is  everla.st- 
 ing.  In  heaven  there  is  no  apprehension  of  evil, 
 which  disturbs  oiu-  best  bours  upon  eiirtli,  and  is  ex- 
 cited partly  by  the  suggestions  of  conscience,  and 
 partly  by  our  experience  of  the  vicissitudes  of  human 
 alfairs.  Here  we  ought  to  rejoice  with  trembling; 
 and  often  in  our  most  cheerful  moments  we  are 
 visited  with  the  unwelcome  foreliodings  of  a  change. 
 Wlio  can  say,  without  presumption,  "To-morrow 
 shall  be  as  this  day,  and  much  more  abundant  ?" 
 The  joys  of  religion  are  equally  subject  to  mutation 
 as  those  of  a  temporal  nature ;  either  because  the 
 saints  are  not  at  all  times  disposed  to  receive  them, 
 and  by  the  uuhajjpy  influence  of  unbelief  they  are 
 excluded  from  their  .souls;  or,  becuu.se  God  is  pleased 
 to  suspend  them,  for  the  trial  of  their  faith  and  the 
 cha.stisement  of  their-  sins.  The  state  of  heaven  is 
 totally  different.  The  duration  of  all  created  beings 
 is  progressive,  and  is  made  up  of  moments  following 
 each  other  in  perpetual  succession;  but  that  of  the 
 saints  will  bring  no  change  of  circvimstances,  and 
 may  be  compared  to  the  dmation  of  the  sun  and  the 
 stars,  which,  from  age  to  age,  are  fixed  in  the  same 
 
 point  of  space,  and  shine  with  undiminished  splen- 
 dor. Eternity  will  then  have  commenced,  which, 
 as  it  flows  on,  carries  all  things  along  in  a  uniform, 
 uninterrupted  stream  of  bliss  or  woe.  The  very  pos- 
 sibility of  an  end  would  mar  the  felicity  of  the 
 righteous.  It  would  be  suspended  while  the  (jues- 
 tion  was  asked,  AVill  our  joy  last  forever  ?  and  the 
 doubt  implied  in  that  question  would  make  fear  pass 
 over  the  mind,  as  the  shadow  of  a  cloud,  and  dim  the 
 lustre  of  the  surrounding  .scenery.  Still  more  fatal 
 would  be  the  effelt,  if  there  were  positive  ground  to 
 suspect  that  their  joy  would  come  to  an  end.  The 
 idea  of  annihilation,  from  which  nature  recoils,  would 
 be  doubly  terrible.  Who  could  bear  the  thought  of 
 lo.sing  life  in  it.s  highest  periection;  of  closing,  his 
 eyes  on  this  transcendent  glory  to  behold  it  no  more; 
 of  sinking  into  eternal  insensibility  after  ages  of 
 rapturous  bliss?  But  it  is  an  eternal  redemption  of 
 which  Jesus  Christ  is  the  author.  The  last  change 
 wliich  His  followers  experience  is  death;  or,  if  vou 
 will,  the  resurrection,  when  the  sejiarate  spirits  will 
 be  again  embodied.  They  then  enter  upon  a  career 
 which  will  never  be  finished.  Ageswill  run  on  more 
 rapidly  than  hours  among  mortals ;  but  thousands  of 
 ages  will  take  nothing  from  their  felicity.  God  has 
 made  them,  by  His  gift,  what  He  Him.self  is  in  His  own 
 nature;  and  of  them,  as  well  as  of  Him,  it  maybe 
 said,  that  their  years  shall  have  no  end.  ' '  There  is  no 
 night  there."  "vThe  sun  shall  no  more  gi\'e  light  by 
 day;  neither  for  brightness  shall  the  moon  give  light 
 unto  thee:  but  the  Lord  shall  be  unto  thee  an  ever- 
 lasting light,  and  thy  God  thy  glory.  The  sun  shall 
 no  more  go  down;  neither  shall  the  moon  withdraw 
 itself:  for  the  Lord  shall  be  thine  everlasting  light, 
 and  the  days  of  thy  mourning  shall  be  ended." 
 
 It  should  never  be  forgotten  that,  as  heaven  is  a 
 prepared  plaee,  so  is  it  for  a  prepared  people.  Those 
 who  occupy  it  must  have  been  "ifiade  meet  to  be 
 partakers  of  the  inheritance  of  the  saints  in  light." 
 The  meetness  or  fitness  is  expressed  in  twoterms  in 
 the  passage  just  (quoted.  Belattre  meetness  is  ex- 
 pressed by  the  word  ' '  inheritance. "  It  is  assigned  to 
 "heirs."  Our  natural  heirship  is  forfeited  by  sin. 
 Redemption  has  brouglit  back  the  inheritance,  but 
 we  become  heirs  by  becoming  chilcben,  and  we  are 
 made  the  children  of  God  by  the  faith  which  secures 
 to  us  the  blessing  of  justification.  Till  this  blessing 
 is  obtained  there  is  no  meetness  of  relation;  the 
 inheritance  is  not  mine,  and  I  am  forbidden  to  hope 
 for  it.  If  I  die  under  the  delusion  of  finding  admis- 
 sion into  heaven  wh'ile  my  sin  is  unforgiven,  I  shall 
 be  awfully  disappointed.  My  name  shall  not  shine 
 forth  in  the  book  of  life  till  my  guilt  is  canceled  and 
 my  person  adopted,  for  it  is  only  when  we  are  "justi- 
 fied by  His  grace  that  we  are  made  heirs  according  to 
 the  hope  of  eternal  life. ' ' 
 
 Personal  meetness  is  indicated  by  the  term  '  '.saints. ' ' 
 The  word  signifies  hallowed,  sanctified  persons. 
 Mark  the  correspondence,  the  fitness,  between  a  hal- 
 
HEBEBTOX. 
 
 317 
 
 HEMPHILL. 
 
 lowed  state  and  heaven.  Shall  we  illustrate  this  by 
 contr;ist?  Dwell,  then,  for  a  moment,  upon  it. 
 Here  is  a  man  that  has  a  distaste  to  God's  service. 
 It  is  a  weariness  to  him.  He  avails  himself  of  every 
 pretext  to  neglect  it,  and  when  he  does  engage  in  it, 
 he  is  restless  and  unhappy.  Is  he  meet  to  be  em- 
 ployed in  the  worship  of  God  day  without  night  for- 
 ever? Would  heaven  be  to  him  a  place  of  rest  and 
 joy?  Here  is  another,  who  shuns  the  full  light  of 
 truth,  lest  he  should  be  reproved.  Can  he  go  into 
 that  pure  and  searching  element  which  shall  set  his 
 .secret  sins  in  the  full  light  of  His  countenance  for- 
 ever? AVould  he  voluntarily  choose  such  a  place  as 
 •the  lot  of  his  inheritance?''  Here  is  a  third.  So 
 enervated  is  his  heart  that  nothing  spiritual  or  eternal 
 lays  hold  upon  a  single  afiection.  What  shall  meet 
 the  gross  taste  ol  this  man  in  the  spiritualities  of  that 
 world  of  light?  Take  a  fourth.  He  is  a  trifling 
 lover  of  pleasure,  or  a  sensualist.  Take  a  fifth.  He 
 is  cankered  with  envy,  fumes  in  anger,  lowers  with 
 revenge,  swells  with  pride,  or  is  contracted  with 
 .selfishness.  You  see  no  meetness  there.  Let  no  man 
 decei\  e  himself.  It  cannot  be  that  persons  with  these 
 ilispositions  should  have  any  inheritance  in  the  king- 
 dom of  Christ  and  of  God.  Before  any  ojje  can  enter 
 that  light  it  must  shine  into  his  heart,  to  give  the 
 knowledge  of  the  glory  of  God  in  the  face  of  Jesus 
 Christ.  Before  he  can  join  that  society,  love  and 
 charity  must  ameliorate  his  temper.  Before  he  enters 
 upon  those  hallowed  meditations  his  meditation  i4)0u 
 Him  must  be  sweet  on  earth.  Before  he  sees  God  in 
 heaven,  He  must  manifest  Himself  to  him  here.  He 
 must,  in  a  word,  be  a  man  sanctified,  hallowed  to 
 God,  l>efore  he  can  ever  approach  that  holy  Being, 
 tho.se  saints  in  light,  that  holy  heaven.  "Blessed 
 are  the  pure  in  heart,  for  they  shall  see  God." 
 "Without  holiness,  no  man  .shall  see  the  Lord." 
 
 Heberton,  Rev.  Alexander,  was  born  in  Phila- 
 delphia, I'a.,  May  21st,  l^Oo.  He  graduated  at  the 
 University  of  Pennsylvania  in  18'23;  in  1824  entered 
 the  Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton,  and  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia  in  Octo- 
 ber, 1826.  At  the  close  of  the  year  1827  he  was 
 ordained  junior  pastor  to  the  Kev.  Roljert  Kussell,  of 
 the  Allentownship  Settlement  Church,  and  at  Mr. 
 Russell's  death  he  became  sole  i)astor.  During  this 
 pastorate  he  organized  a  church  in  the  county  town 
 of  Lehigh,  which  hai  been  in  successful  operation  for 
 over  fift}-  years.  In  1832  he  became  pa.stor  at  Kings- 
 ton, Luzerne  county,  and  his  labors  were  blessed  with 
 a  i)recious  revi\al.  He  subsequently  wa.s  pa.stor  at 
 Salem,  N.  .1.,  1834-10;  at  Berwick,  Pa.,  until  1848, 
 and  at  Williamsport,  Fa.,  until  the  close  of  1858. 
 From  18.")8  to  1865  he  labored  most  successfully  at 
 Ridley  Church,  Pa.  RemoN-ing  to  Philadelphia,  in 
 1865,  the  General  Assembly  elected  him  City  Mis- 
 sionary, upon  the  death  of  Dr.  .lunkin,  under  the 
 Boudinot  fund,  left  for  that  particular  kind  of  work. 
 Mr.  Heberton  has  been  a  zealous  and  foithful  minis- 
 
 ter of  the  gospel,  and  in  his  advanced  years  is  very 
 active  in  doing  good,  as  he  has  opportunity. 
 
 Heckman,  G-eorge  C,  D.  D,,  son  of  John  and 
 Mary  S,  Heckman,  was  Iwrn  at  E;uston,  Pa.,  January 
 26th,  1825.  He  graduated  at  Lafayette  College  in 
 1845,  and  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in  May, 
 1848.  He  accepted  a  call  to  the  Church  at  Port 
 Byron,  N.  Y.,  and  on  February  8th,  l'<49,  was  or- 
 dained and  installed  its  pastor.  During  a  pa.storate 
 of  over  eight  years  the  church  grew  to  be  one  of  the 
 strongest  in  the  Synod.  He  then  accepted  a  call  to 
 the  church  of  Portage,  Wis,  His  next  charge  was  at 
 Janesville,  Wis.,  where  he  labored  fourteen  months. 
 In  August,  1861,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Third 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  and  in  a 
 ministry  of  more  than  six  years  the  church  greatly 
 prospered.  He  accepted  a  call  to  the  State  Street 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  where,  during 
 a  pastorate  of  three  years,  his  labors  were  largely 
 blessed.  He  was  next  elected  President  of  Hanover 
 I  College,  and  during  his  administration  of  nine  years, 
 I  over  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  in  property  and 
 endowment  were  added  to  the  college;  debts  of  long 
 standing  were  paid,  teachers  adtled,  and  salaries 
 raised.  Resigning  the  presidency  in  1879,  he  accepted 
 a  call  to  the  Avondale  Presbyterian  Church,  Cincin- 
 nati, O.,  which  charge  he  still  retains.  Dr.  Heck- 
 man is  a  fine  scholar,  an  able,  jxipular  and  successful 
 preacher,  a  useful  member  of  the  Church  courts, 
 and  highly  esteemed  for  his  zeal  and  fidelity  in  every 
 good  work. 
 
 Helm,  James  IsbeU,  D.  D.,  son  of  Henry 
 Helm,  M.  D.,  and  Matilda  (Cosson)  Helm,  was  born 
 in  Washington  county,  Tenn.,  April  11th,  1811.  He 
 was  graduated  from  Greenville  College,  Tenn.,  A.  D. 
 1833.  He  entered  Princeton  Seminary  in  the  Fall 
 of  1833,  and.  was  regularly  graduated  in  1836.  He 
 was  licensed  by  the  Presbj^ry  of  New  Brunswick, 
 Augu.st  5th,  1835,  and  after  spending  two  years — 
 1836-.38 — in  missionary  labor  in  Giles  county,  Tenn., 
 was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of  AVest 
 Tennessee,  at  Pulaski,  Tenn.,  June  23d,  1838,  After 
 •serv  ing  it  two  years,  1840-42,  as  supply,  he  accepted 
 a  call  to  the  Church  at  Salem,  N.  .!.,  and  was  installed 
 October  17th,  1842,  and  labored  there  eleven  and  a 
 half  years,  until  released,  April  20th,  1852,  after 
 which  he  tjiught  for  several  years  at  Edgehill  Semi- 
 nary, at  Princeton,  X,  J,,  and  subseqiiently  a  school 
 for  young  ladies  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  In  1860 
 Dr.  Helm  entered  the  Prote.staut  Episcopal  Church. 
 
 Hemphill,  Rev.  Charles  Robert,  A.  M.,  Pro- 
 fessor of  Biblical  Literature  in  Columbia  Theological 
 Seminary,  S.  C. ,  is  of  Scotch-Irish  descent — son  of  the 
 Hon.  .lames  Hemphill,  and  grandson  of  the  Eev. 
 John  Hemphill,  an  Associate  Reformed  minister. 
 He  was  born  at  Chester  Court  House,  S.  C,  April 
 18th,  1852.  He  si)ent  one  year  (1868)  at  the  University 
 of  Sotith  Carolina;  the  two  succeeding  years  at  the 
 University  of  Virginia :  became  a  member  of  the  Pre»- 
 
HENDERSON. 
 
 318 
 
 HENDERSON. 
 
 byteriau  Church  in  1871,  and  immediately  reisolved  to 
 enter  the  ministry,  instead  of  his  previously  chosen  pro- 
 fession of  law.  He  graduated  at  the  Columbia  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  iu  1874,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  i 
 by  Bethel  Presbytery,  March  28th,  1873.  Before  | 
 graduating  at  the  seminary  he  was  elected  Tutor  of  ] 
 Hebrew,  which  position  he  tilled  with  eminent  ability 
 for  four  years,  resigning,  to  accept  a  Fellowship  in 
 Greek  in  Johns  Hopkins  University,  at  Baltimore.  For 
 three  years,  from  June,  1879,  he  filled,  withentire  satis- 
 faction, a  Professorship  in  the  School  of  Ancient  Lan- 
 guages, in  the  Southwestern  Presbyterian  University, 
 at  Clarksville,  Tenn.  In  July,  1881,  he  was  unani- 
 mously elected  Associate  Professor  of  Biblical  Litera- 
 tiu-e  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Columbia,  which 
 position  he  now  holds.  Since  his  licensure  to  preach 
 Prof.  Hemphill  has  served  various  churches,  and  is  at 
 present  ministering  to  the  Church  in  Columbia,  S.  C. 
 As  a  preacher  he  is  sound,  edifying  and  attractive. 
 The  Church  has  evinced  her  appreciation  of  him,  as  a 
 trained  teacher,  and  an  ableand  trustworthj-  in.structor 
 of  her  rising  ministry,  by  calling  him  to  occupy  the 
 place  he  now  fills,  and  for  which  he  is  so  well 
 qualified. 
 
 Henderson,  Frisby,  one  of  the  two  elders  chosen 
 by  the  congregation  of  Elkton,  Md.,  at  its  organiza^ 
 tiou,  in  1833,  was  born  June  16th,  1767,  at  Fiench- 
 town,  near  that  place.  His  parents  were  Thomas 
 Frisby  Henderson  and  Hannah  Henderson,  who  had 
 lately  emigrated  from  the  county  of  Harford,  in  the 
 same  State.  His  father  was  a  Revolutionary  soldier, 
 a  captain  in  the  service,  and  died  while  on  militarj' 
 duty  in  New  Jersey,  in  1777.  His  mother  was  said 
 by  her  children  to  have  been  converted  under  ^Miite- 
 field's  preaching,  at  one  of  his  great  meetings  in 
 Harford  county.  She  was  a  member  of  Pencader 
 Church,  where  her  children  and  posterity  for  several 
 generations  were  afterwards  regular  attendants  and 
 members.  Frisby  Henderson  was  a  meinber  and 
 elder  in  Pencader  Church  for  many  years.  He  was 
 a  man  whose  religious  character  was  manifested  by 
 his  dail,v  life,  in  his  business  trapsactions,  as  well  as 
 his  church  relations.  With  abundant  means,  he  was 
 given  to  hospitality,  mindful  to  entertain  strangers; 
 the  prophet's  chamber  in  his  hospitixble  mansion  was 
 alwajs  ready  for  ministers  of  the  gospel.  His  acts 
 of  benevolence  extended  as  well  to  the  poor  and  the 
 destitute  of  his  neighborhood  as  to  the  agencies  of 
 tlie  Church  for  the  extension  of  the  kingdom  of  Chri.st. 
 During  many  years  of  his  life  he  lived  at  or  near 
 Frenchtown,  being  largely  interested  in  the  line  of 
 steamljoats  and  stages  that  then  constituted  the  only 
 line  of  travel  between  the  cities  of  Baltimore  and 
 Philadelphia.  In  the  war  of  1812  his  property,  con- 
 sisting of  warehouses  at  Frenchtown,  was  burned  by 
 the  British.  Soon  after  the  war,  he  moved  to  Elkton, 
 where  he  lived  until  his  death,  in  April,  1845,  greatly 
 lamented  as  the  main  pillar  for  the  support  of  the 
 (•hurch  in  that  place.     During  his  life  he  had  filled 
 
 many  places  of  public  trust,  having  been  a  member 
 of  the  State  Legislature,  as  well  as  a  Judge  of  the 
 Orphan's  Court. 
 
 Henderson,  Rev.  Isaac  J.,  D.D.,  belonged  to 
 a  family  well  known  in  the  region  of  Natchez  and 
 New  Orleans.  He  was  born  in  the  former  city.  Janu- 
 ary 6th,  1812.  He  graduated  at  Jefterson  College  in 
 1831,  and  took  the  full  three  years'  course  of  study 
 at  Princeton  Seminary,  where  he  was  greatly  beloved 
 by  his  fellow  students.  He  served  as  a  missionary 
 under  the  Synod  of  Jlississippi,  spending  two  years 
 in  this  capacity  in  Mississippi,  Arkansas  and  Louisi- 
 ana. He  subsecjuently  spent  seven  years  in  Galve.ston, 
 Texas;  was  pastor  at  Jackson,  JIi.ss.,  and  of  the  Prv- 
 tania  Street  Church,  in  New  Orleans;  resigned  this 
 charge  on  account  of  impaired  health,  and,  after  a 
 season  of  rest,  was  in-stalled  pastor  of  the  Church  at 
 Annapolis,  Md.,  March  12th,  1867,  continuing  to 
 labor  there  until  his  death,  which  occurred  December ' 
 8th,  1875.  Dr.  Hender.son  was  a  man  of  great  natural 
 amiability  and  gentleness  of  character,  to  wliich 
 grace  added  a  devoted  piety.  As  a  preacher,  he 
 was  faithful,  practical,  and  very  interesting  to  all 
 classes.  "WTren  asked,  iu  his  closing  moments,  if  Jesus 
 was  near,  he  replied:  "Oh,  yes!  I  know  whom  I  have 
 believed.  The  blood  of  Jesus  Christ  cleanseth  from 
 all  sin.'' 
 
 Henderson,  Rev.  James  Sebastian  Ham- 
 ilton, son  of  James  and^arah  (Graff)  Henderson, 
 wa.'^  born  in  Frederick  county,  Md.,  September  26th, 
 1816.  He  received  his  academical  education  under 
 the  instruction  of  the  Rev,  .Tohn  Mines.  At  the  age 
 of  eighteen  years  he  united,  on  profession  of  his 
 taith,  with  the  Rockville  and  Bethesda  Churcli, 
 Maryland.  After  spending  two  years  in  the  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  New  York,  he  entered  Prince- 
 ton Seminary,  where  he  was  regularlv  giaduated  in 
 1842.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New 
 York,  April  22d,  1841 ;  was  ordained  as  an  evangelist, 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  December 
 17th,  1841;  was  stated  supply  at  Smyrna,  Tenn., 
 1842-43;  stated  supply  at  Augu.sta,  Ky.,  1843-52; 
 was  installed  pastor  of  the  Big  Spring  Church,  at 
 Newville,  Pa.,  November  18th,  1852;  was  released 
 from  this  charge,  after  ten  years  of  faithful  service, 
 October  8th,  1862.  He  then  removed  to  Middle- 
 brook,  Md.,  where  he  spent  more  than  a  year  without 
 charge.  In  1864  he  began  his  ministry  iu  the  Neels- 
 ville  Church,  Md.,  in  which  he  labored  with  great 
 success  for  eighteen  years,  until  his  death.  In  this 
 chai'ge,  as  in  all  his  others,  he  proved  himself  a 
 faithful  pastor,  and  an  able  and  earnest  mmi.ster  of 
 the  Word.  He  died  August  17th,  1882,  iu  his  sixty- 
 seventh  year.  His  body  was  borne,  by  the  sur- 
 viving jnembers  of  the  Ses.sion,  to  the  cemetery 
 adjoining  the  church,  attended  by  a  great  concourse 
 of  the  losing  peojile  to  whom  he  so  long  preached 
 the  precious  gospel  which  be  exemplified  in  a  life  of 
 consistent  Christian  piety  and  usefulness. 
 
HEXDEKHOX. 
 
 319 
 
 HENNEN. 
 
 Henderson,  John,  was  one  of  the  original  bench 
 ol"  ruling  tliliis  ordained  over  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  at  Natchez,  Miss.,  and  Is  entitled,  more  than 
 any  other  man,  to  the  distinction  of  being  the  founder 
 of  that  church.  He  was  born  in  Greenock,  Scotland, 
 in  the  year  17.").").  His  father  was  a  practicing  physi- 
 cian. His  grandparents  were  zealous  supiwrters  of 
 the  Covenant,  and  siiftered  severely  in  the  persecu- 
 tion of  1()«().  At  an  early  age  he  emigrated  to 
 America,  and  after  residing  succes.sively  in  Virginia, 
 North  Carolina  and  Havana,  settled  at  Natchez,  in 
 1787.  The  ■"  Natchez  District "  was  at  that  time  in 
 the  possession  of  the  Spanish  authorities,  and  public 
 worship  by  I*iotestants  was  rigidly  interdicted.  In 
 ITflM  the  S])aniards  evacuated  the  District,  and  a 
 territorial  government  was  set  up  by  the  Congress  of 
 the  United  States.  Mr.  Hendereon's  name  apjK'ars 
 at  this  time  attached  to  a  protest  against  Sabbath 
 desecration  in  the  Territory,  and  aLso  to  a  memorial 
 presented  to  Congress,  praying  for  aid  "  in  establish- 
 ing and  supporting  a  regular  ministry  of  the  gospel 
 and  schools  for  the  education  of  youth. '"  In  1H12  the 
 corner-stone  of  a  house  of  worship  after  the  I'res- 
 bj-terian  order  was  laid,  and  in  1817  a  church  was 
 regularly  organized.  From  this  time  till  his  death, 
 in  1841,  Mr.  Henderson  continued  to  exercise  the 
 office  of  ruling  elder.  He  was  ejigaged  in  the  busi- 
 ness of  a  general  commission  merchant,  and  secured 
 a  competency  for  himself  and  a  large  family,  without 
 ama.ssing  wealth.  In  an  age  of  great  immorality, 
 he  gave  the  world  the  spectacle  of  a  man  who  nuide 
 religion  his  business,  by  carrying  the  principles 
 of  religion  into  every  secular  transaction.  He  was 
 a  staunch  Presbj-terian,  with  a  firm  persuasion  of 
 the  authority  and  sufficiency  of  the  Scriptures  as 
 a  rule  of  faith  and  practice:  and  walking  in  the 
 light  of  God's  Word,  maintained  a  simplicity  of 
 character  and  a  i)robity  of  life  which  gained  him 
 the  confidence  and  respect  of  the  whole  commu- 
 nity. His  fidelity  in  rearing  his  tamily  was  so  con- 
 spicuous, and  was  .so  owned  of  God,  that  he  had  the 
 joy  of  seeing  all  his  children  united  with  him  in  the 
 fellowship  of  the  Church.  He  died  at  the  age  of 
 eighty-five,  full  of  years  and  honored  by  his  genera- 
 tion. 
 
 Henderson,  Rev.  Joseph  "Washington,  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Donegal  some  time  be- 
 tween 1778  and  1781,  and  became  the  pastor  of  the 
 Presbrterian  Church  of  Great  Conewago,  Pa.,  where 
 he  remained  until  1797.  From  1799  to  1824  he  was 
 pastor  of  tlie  churches  of  Bethlehem  and  Ebenezer,  in 
 Western  I'ennsyhania. 
 
 Henderson,  Hon.  Robert  M.,  .son  of  William 
 M.  and  Elizabeth  (  Parker)  Henderson,  Wiis  born  near 
 Carlisle,  Pa.,  March  11th,  1827.  He  graduated  at 
 the  High  School,  Carlisle,  among  the  first  under  the 
 common  school  system.  He  graduated  at  Dickinson 
 College,  in  184.').  studied  law  with  the  Hon.  .John 
 Keed.  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  August,  1847. 
 
 He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Pennsylvania  Legis- 
 lature in  1'8,51,  and  re-elected  in  18.52.  He  w;is 
 appointed  Additional  Law  Judge  of  the  Twellth 
 Judicial  District  of  Pennsylvania,  April,  1874,  and 
 was  elected  to  the  same  office,  without  opposition,  in 
 November  of  the  same  year.  On  ,Ianuary  l.st,  1882, 
 he  became  President  Judge  of  the  district;  resigned 
 the  position  in  March,  1882,  and  resumed  the  pra<tiec 
 of  the  law  at  Carlisle.  ,Iudg(;  lleiider.son  has  dis- 
 '  charged  the  duties  to  which  lie  h;is  been  called  with 
 great  success  and  acceptableness.  He  is  an  able 
 lawyer,  a  wise  counsellor,  an  eloquent  speaker  and  a 
 u.seful  citizen.  His  social  qualities  make  him  a 
 very  agreeable  companion.  His  entire  influence  is 
 Ciust  in  favor  of  the  right  and  the  true.  For  many 
 years  he  has  bi'en  a  Trustee  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  and  in  1871  lie  was  elected  a 
 ruling  elder  of  that  congregation. 
 
 Henderson,  Thomas,  the  son  of  John  Hender- 
 son, noticed  above,  was  born  at  Natchez,  Miss., 
 in  January,  1798.  He  was  ordained  a  ruling  elder 
 in  the  church  in  that  city,  February  2.")th,  18;{8. 
 His  education  had  been  obtained  at  such  inijier- 
 fect  schools  as  were  accessible  at  that  day,  in  the 
 community  in  which  he  lived.  Gifted,  however, 
 naturally,  with  a  singular  perspicacity  of  mind,  and 
 a  well  balanced  judgment,  his  intellect  was  further 
 (luickencd  by  divine  grace,  so  that,  in  his  clear  dis- 
 ccriinu'ut  of  the  principles  of  rectitude,  and  the  Ibrms 
 and  proportions  of  truth,  and  in  the  propriety  and 
 felicity  with  which  he  performed  his  pultlic  duties  as 
 a  Presbyter  in  the  Church,  he  had  few  superiors.  He 
 was  successful  in  business,  and  used  his  wealth  with 
 a  princely  liberality,  conscientiously  disbursing  it  as 
 a  steward  of  the  Lord.  The  contributions  of  the 
 Natciiez  Church  to  benevolent  and  mi.ssionary  olijects 
 ranked,  for  a  .series  of  years,  largely  through  his 
 eftbrts,  with  those  given  by  the  wealthiest  churches 
 in  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  He  died  March  6th, 
 1863,  universally  lamented  by  the  community,  who 
 seemed  to  feel  that  in  his  departure  a  presence 
 which  had  been  a  safeguard  and  a  blessing  had  been 
 withdrawn  from  them.  His  .son,  .John  Waldo  Hen- 
 derson, a  representative  of  the  third  generation,  is  at 
 the  present  date  (1883)  a  rvding  elder  in  the  Natchez 
 Church. 
 
 Henderson,  Thomas,  M.  D.,  a  native  of  Mon- 
 mouth county,  N.  J.,  studied  medicine  and  practiced 
 in  his  native  State.  He  was  early  apjiointed  a  .ludge 
 of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  From  1779  to  1780 
 he  was  a  delegjite  to  the  Continental  Congiess.  from 
 New  Jersey.  Dr.  Henderson  was  in  the  House  of 
 Representatives,  under  the  Constitution,  from  1795  to 
 1797.  He  was  a  man  of  sterling  worth,  and  of  un- 
 blemished reputation.  For  many  years  he  was  an 
 elder  in  Mr.  Tennent's  Church  at  Freehold. 
 
 Hennen,  Alfred,  an  elder  of  the  First  Presljy- 
 terian  Church  <if  New  Orleans,  La., was  descended 
 from  Archbishop  Sharpe,  of  England,  whose  grand- 
 
HEN.VEiY. 
 
 320 
 
 HENRY. 
 
 daughter,  married  to  James  Henncn,  of  Ireland,  was 
 the  great-grandmother  of  All'red  Hennen,  of  New 
 Orleans.  His  father  was  a  physician,  who  emigrated 
 to  the  United  States.  He  was  horn  October  17th, 
 1786,  at  Elk  Ridge,  Maryland.  For  a  time  he  was  a 
 merchant's  clerk  in  Philadelphia,  but  taking  no 
 interest  in  mercantile  pursuits,  determined  to  enter 
 professional  life.  After  graduating  at  Yale  College 
 with  honor,  winning  the  Berkely  prize,  he  studied 
 law  at  New  Haven  and  Nashville,  Tenn.  In  1808 
 he  descended  the  Mississippi  ri\er  to  New  Orleans, 
 on  a  flatboat,  making  the  voyage  in  three  months. 
 He  took  with  him  to  New  Orleans  a  well  selected 
 library  which  he  had  gathered  at  College,  and  to 
 which  he  constantly  added  until  the  week  of  his 
 death.  He  accumulated  the  largest  private  librarj- 
 in  the  .southwest,  both  in  law  and  literature.  His 
 books  atibrdcd  him  the  greatest  pleasure  of  his  life. 
 He  kept  up  his  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  Greek 
 and  Roman  classics  until  the  end. 
 
 None  of  the  great  lawyers  who  formed  the  juris- 
 prudence of  Louisiana  contributed  more  to  its  con- 
 struction than  Mr.  Hennen.  He  was  a  thorough 
 and  most  laborious  student  all  his  days,  and  was  the 
 master  of  six  languages.  A  man  of  vast  learning,  in 
 the  preparation  of  his  cases  he  drew,  with  marvelous 
 memory,  upon  a  storehouse  of  ancient  wisdom  that 
 astonished  his  colleagues  and  overwhelmeil  his  ad- 
 versaries, while  he  enlightened  and  informed  the 
 Court.  He  was  engaged  in  all  the  celebrated  causes 
 of  his  time.  To  them  all  he  brought  tireless  in- 
 dustry, e.xhaustless  patience,  vast  learning,  great 
 practical  wisdom,  sound  judgment,  and  a  sincere 
 love  of  justice.  Several  times  he  was  offered  an 
 appointment  on  the  Bench  of  the  highest  Courts, 
 which  he  as  otten  declined,  preferring  the  greater 
 activity  and  independence  of  the  Bar.  In  the  second 
 war  with  England,  on  the  advance  of  General  Packen- 
 ham  upon  New  Orleans,  Mr.  Hennen  volunteered  to 
 defend  his  country,  was  a  member  of  General  Jack- 
 son's .staff,  and  participated  in  the  battle  of  New 
 Orleans. 
 
 Mr.  Hennen  was  one  of  the  first  Protestant  Chris- 
 tians in  New  Orleans.  Before  there  was  a  Presby- 
 terian Church,  he  was  a  vestryman  in  the  first 
 Episcopal  Church.  On  the  arrival  of  Sylvester  Earned, 
 in  1818,  he  became  the  coadjutor  of  that  eloquent 
 preacher.  He  was  one  of  the  original  twenty-four 
 who,  in  1823,  organized  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church,  of  which  he  was  ordained  a  ruling  elder  in 
 1828,  continuing  to  fulfill  the  functions  of  that  office 
 until  his  death,  January  19th,  1870,  in  his  eighty- 
 fifth  year. 
 
 Mr.  Hennen  was  the  faithful  friend  and  earnest 
 helper  of  all  the  ministers  of  the  Church  of  God  who 
 came  within  his  reach.  He  was  a  man  of  command- 
 ing presence,  tall,  strong,  and  vigorous,  yet  of  great 
 benignity  and  love  of  his  fellow-men.  He  never 
 tasted  distilled  alcoholic  liquor  or  tobacco,  and  never 
 
 used  spectacles.  His  greatest  delight,  after  his  books, 
 was  to  teach  the  young  and  the  ignorant.  For  many 
 years  before  his  death  he  was  Professor  of  Common 
 and  Constitutional  Law  in  the  Xlniversity  of  Louisi- 
 ana, and  he  always  had  a  number  of  young  men 
 reading  law  in  his  oiEce,  to  whom,  with  infinite 
 pains  and  patience,  he  gave  gratuitous  instruction. 
 ■When  in  his  rural  retreat,  he  always  taught  his  negro 
 slaves  the  Bible  and  Catechism,  and  employed  teachers 
 to  instruct  them  in  his  absence.  When  in  the  city 
 of  New  Orleans,  his  habit  was,  on  Sabbath  afternoon, 
 to  Yisit  the  orphan  asylums,  to  teach  the  little  or- 
 phans the  gosjiel  of  the  blessed  Jesus,  whom  he  loved. 
 
 Henry,  Alexander,  Esq.,  was  born  in  the 
 north  of  Ireland,  June,  17G6.  He  came  to  Philadel- 
 l^hia  in  1783,  then  eighteen  years  of  age,  and  at  once 
 engaged  as  a  clerk  in  the  dry  goods  trade,  in  which 
 he  soon  achieved  the  honors  and  emoluments  of  a 
 successful  commission  merchant.  He  united  with 
 the  Second  Presbj-terian  Church,  Philadelphia, 
 August  4th,  1803,  and  was  ordained  a  ruling  elder  in 
 the  same  church,  January,  1818.  In  June,  1832, 
 when  the  Central  Presbj-terian  Church  was  organized, 
 Mr.  Henry's  name  was  standing  at  the  head  of  the 
 list  of  its  members.  He  was  one  of  its  first  two 
 rirling  elders,  the  first  president  of  its  Trustees,  and 
 one  of  the  most  liberal  contributors  to  its  support. 
 June  7th,  1831,  he  was  elected  President  of  the 
 Board  of  Education,  which  position,  amid  many 
 days  of  trial  to  the  cause,  he  very  ably  filled  for  six- 
 teen years,  until  the  day  of  his  death,  August  13th, 
 1847,  in  the  eighty-second  year  of  his  age.  As  a 
 Christian  merchant,  as  a  ruling  elder,  as  a  Sahhath- 
 school  teacher,  as  a  distributor  of  religious  tracts — 
 first  introduced  by  him  into  America — as  the  President 
 of  the  Board  of  Education,  of  the  House  of  Refuge, 
 of  the  ^lagdalen  Society,  and  of  the  American  Sunday- 
 school  Union,  Mr.  Henry  won  the  esteem  of  his 
 colleagues,  and  the  love  and  admiration  of  all  for 
 whom  he  labored.  Long  before  the  organization  of 
 the  Board  of  Education,  he  generously  a.ssistetl  pious 
 youths  in  their  preparation  for  the  gosjjel  ministry. 
 The  life  of  siu'h  a  man  is  his  best  eulogy. 
 
 Henry,  Rev.  Hugh,  graduated  at  Princeton 
 College  in  1748,  and,  having  studied  theology,  was 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle,  in  1731, 
 and  settled  as  pastor  of  the  churches  of  Rehoboth, 
 Wicomico  and  Monokin,  in  Maryland.  President 
 Davies  spoke  of  him  as  promising  great  usefulness. 
 He  was  a  laborious  and  highly  esteemed  minister. 
 Mr.  Henry  died  in  17G3. 
 
 Henry,  J.  Addison,  D.D.,  son  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
 Symmes  Clcves  Henry,  who  was  from  1820  to  1857, 
 the  time  of  his  death,  the  gifted,  faithful  and  success- 
 ful pastor  of  the  Church  of  Cranbury,  N.  J.,  was 
 born  at  that  place,  October  28th,  183.5.  He  graduated 
 at  New  Jersey  College  in  18.57;  studied  theology  at 
 Princeton  Seminary,  and  was  ordained  and  installed 
 pastor  of   the   Princeton  Church,    Philadelphia,    in 
 
HENRY. 
 
 321 
 
 HENMY. 
 
 1860,  in  which  relation  he  still  continues.  Dr. 
 Henry's  success  in  this  his  first  and  only  charge  has 
 heen  niiirked.  The  congregation,  which  was  com- 
 paratively feeble  when  he  was  placed  over  it  in  the 
 Lord,  has  very  largely  increa.sed.  It  is  now  one  of 
 the  most  flourishing  congregations  of  our  Denomina- 
 tion in  the  city,  is  admirably  organized  and  equipiJed 
 for  good  service,  and  fills  the  capacious  and  beautiful 
 edifice  which  it  has  erected  for  its  use.  Dr.  Henry  is 
 a  sound,  earnest  and  faithful  pre;»cher,  and  a  most 
 diligent  and  devoted  pastor.  He  has  the  united  and 
 ardent  alfection  of  his  people.  As  a  presbjiier  he  is 
 judicious,  active  and  influential.  His  genial,  frank 
 and  manly  spirit  has  won  him  the  esteem  of  his 
 brethren.  He  h;is  been,  and  is,  a  valuable  member 
 of  several  Boards  of  the  Church,  and  for  a  number  of 
 years  was  a  useful  director  of  the  Presbj'terian 
 Hospital. 
 
 Henry,  Rev.  John,  w;xs  ordained  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Dublin,  and  came  to  Maryland  iu  1709,  hav- 
 ing been  invited,  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Makemie,  to 
 be  his  succe.s.sor.  He  was  admitted  a  member  of 
 Presbj-tcry  in  1710,  and  received  a  call  "from  the  good 
 people  of  Rchoboth,"  Messrs.  Hampton  and  Davis 
 preaching  at  his  "admission."  He  stood  high  as  a 
 citizen  and  a  di\'ine.    He  died  before  September,  1771. 
 
 Henry,  Joseph,  LL.D.,  late  Secretary  and  Di- 
 rector of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  Washington, 
 D.  C,  was  an  honor  to  his  country  and  his  age. 
 
 Professor  Henry  was  born  in  Albany,  X.  Y. ,  Decem- 
 ber 17th,  1799.  He  became  Professor  of  Mathemat- 
 ics in  the  Albany  Academy,  in  1826;  Professor  of 
 Natural  Philosophy  in  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  at 
 Princeton,  iu  183-2;  and  was  elected  the  first  Secretary 
 and  Director  of  the  Smitlisonian  Institution,  iu  1846. 
 He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws 
 from  Union  College,  in  1829,  and  from  Harvard 
 University,  in  18.51.  He  was  President  of  the  Ameri- 
 can Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  in 
 1849;  was  chosen  President  of  the  United  States 
 National  Academy  of  Sciences,  in  1868;  President  of 
 the  Philosophical  Society  of  Washington,  in  1871,  and 
 Chairman  of  the  Light  House  Board  of  the  United 
 States,  in  the  same  year.  The  last  three  positions 
 he  continued  to  fill  until  his  death.  Professor  Henry 
 made  contributions  to  science  in  electricity,  electro- 
 magnetism,  meteorology,  capillarity,  acoustics,  and 
 in  other  branches  of  physics;  he  publi.shed  valuable 
 memoirs  in  the  transactions  of  various  learned  .socie- 
 ties of  which  he  was  a  member,  and  devoted  thirty- 
 two  years  of  his  life  to  making  the  Smithsonian 
 Institution  what  its  founder  intended  it  to  be,  an 
 efficient  instrnment  for  the  "increase  and  difi'usion 
 of  knowledge  among  men."  It  may  be  specially  j 
 mentioned  that  the  greatest  triumph  of  the  genius 
 and  the  reward  of  the  patient  labor  of  Professor 
 Henry  was  the  discovery  of  the  telegraph.  In  1825 
 Mr.  Barlow,  of  the  Royal  Military  Academy,  pub- 
 lished a  pamphlet  which  was  accepted  as  the  demon- 
 21      • 
 
 stration  that  the  telegraph  was  impo.ssible.  In  1830 
 Professor  Henry  had  a  telegraph  iu  successful  opera- 
 tion, of  over  a  mile  and  a  half  in  length,  and  a  little 
 later,  one  of  several  miles  iu  length.  A  writer  (Mr. 
 E.  N.  Dickerson)  who,  as  counsel  in  a  patent  case, 
 had  occasion  to  examine  this  matter  thoroughly,  says: 
 "The  thing  was  perfect  as  it  came  from  its  author, 
 and  has  never  been  improved,  from  that  day  to  this, 
 as  a  sounding  telegraph. "  And  he  further  Kills  atten- 
 tion to  the  fact  that  the  subsequent  invention  of  an 
 alphabet  impressed  on  paper  strips  has  been  aban- 
 doned, and  to-day  men  read  the  telegraph  phonetic- 
 ally, as  Professor  Henry  did  at  the  first.  How  can 
 we  estimate  the  influence  ou  the  world's  history,  on 
 the  progress  of  nations,  on  the  indixddual  lives  of 
 men,  of  the  man  who  gave  to  the  world,  without 
 
 jasEPH    HESRV,  LL.D. 
 
 money  and  without  price,  the  discovery  that  made 
 the  telegraph  possible? 
 
 Professor  Henry  died  in  Washington,  May  13th, 
 1878,  and  his  funeral  took  place  on  the  16th,  at  the 
 New  York  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church,  of  which  he 
 had  been  a  member.  On  this  occasion  the  President 
 of  the  United  States,  the  Vice-President  of  the  Uni- 
 ted States,  the  members  of  the  Cabinet,  and  the 
 leading  officials  iu  every  other  branch  of  the  Govern- 
 ment, men  eminent  in  science,  in  literature,  in  dip- 
 lomacy, and  in  professional  and  business  life,  were 
 present.  On  January  16th,  1879,  memorial  serrices, 
 in  honor  of  the  distinguished  and  lamented  dead, 
 were  held  in  the  Hall  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
 tives, in  which  the  President  of  the  United  -States, 
 with  his  Cabinet,  the  Vice-President,  the  Chief  Jus- 
 
HENRY. 
 
 322 
 
 HENRY. 
 
 tice  and  the  Associate  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
 both  Houses  of  Congress,  and  a  large  assembly  of 
 eminent  persons  of  various  professions  took  part.  By 
 order  of  the  House  of  Representatives  these  memorial 
 exercises,  accompanied  with  a  portrait  of  the  deceased, 
 were  published  in  a  handsome  Memoeial  Volume. 
 
 As  a  student  of  science.  Professor  Henry  was 
 ardent  and  enthusiastic  in  his  love  for  the  chosen 
 pursuit  of  his  life.  He  was  characterized  by  great 
 reverence  in  the  pursuit  of  truth;  never  suflering  the 
 advancement  of  his  own  opinions  to  warp  his  j  udg- 
 mentor  govern  his  investigations.  As  an  investigator, 
 he  was  characterized  by  great  patience  and  thorough- 
 ness in  his  work  of  observation,  and  by  broad,  well- 
 coiLsidered,  and  far-reaching  generalizations.  Com- 
 bined with  his  thoroughness,  there  was  great  fertility 
 of  mind.  He  was  distinguished,  not  in  one  brancli  of 
 physics,  but  in  all.  His  character  was  adorned  by 
 purity,  simplicity  and  benevolence.  Above  all,  he 
 lived  and  died  in  the  communion  of  the  Christian 
 Church.  "WhUe,"  said  his  pastor,  Bev.  S.  S. 
 Mitchell,  D.  D.,  in  his  funeral  address,  ""human 
 learning  and  science  are  pressing  forward  to  do  honor 
 to  him  who  was  known  and  loved  as  a  leader,  I  come, 
 in  the  name  of  the  Christian  Church,  and  in  the 
 name  of  my  Saviour,  to  place  upon  this  casket  a 
 simple  ivreath  of  immortelles,  forming,  weaving  the 
 words,  Joseph  Henry,  the  Christian." 
 
 Henry,  Rev.  Robert,  a  native  of  Scotland,  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  York;  in  1752, 
 ■was  sent  by  the  Synod  to  Virginia;  in  1753,  was 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle ;  and  on 
 June  4th,  1755,  was  installed  as  pastor  of  Cub  Creek, 
 in  Charlotte  county,  Va.,  and  Briary,  in  Prince 
 Edward  county,  both  then  in  Lunenberg  county. 
 Mr.  Henry's  success  was  most  remarkable.  He  was 
 a  man  of  eccentric  manners,  but  most  devotedly 
 pious.  He  was  called  to  the  Steel  Creek  Church,  in 
 North  Carolina,  in  1766,  but  never  entered  upon  the 
 charge,  dying  May  8th,  1767. 
 
 Henry,  Thomas  Charlton, D.D.,  was  born  in 
 Philadelphia,  September  22d,  1790.  He  graduated 
 at  Middlebury  College,  with  high  honor,  in  1814. 
 He  commenced  his  preparation  for  the  pulpit  before 
 the  close  of  his  college  life,  and  immediately  after 
 his  graduation  entered  the  Seminary  at  Princeton, 
 where  he  remained  for  two  years.  He  was  licensed 
 to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  April 
 17th,  1816,  but  in  October  following  was  dismissed, 
 to  join  the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle,  by  which  he 
 was  subsequently  ordained.  For  two  successive 
 years  he  performed  gratuitously  the  work  of  a  mis- 
 sionary. Several  months  of  this  period  were  passed 
 at  Lexington,  Ky.,  where  he  had  great  popularity  as  a 
 preacher.  In  November,  1818,  he  was  installed  pastor 
 of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Columbia,  S.  C. 
 In  January,  1824,  lie  became  pastor  of  the  Second 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  labored 
 in  this  connection  during  the  rest  of  his  life.    In  1827 
 
 the  yellow  fever  prevailed  extensively  in  Charleston, 
 and  Dr.  Henry,  feeling  that  it  was  his  duty  to  remain 
 with  his  flock  as  long  as  Providence  might  enable 
 him  to  do  so,  was  attacked  with  the  disease. 
 From  the  beginning  of  his  sickness  he  manifested 
 unqualified  submission  to  the  Divine  will,  and  he  con- 
 versed with  his  friends  in  the  most  comforting  and 
 even  rapturous  manner,  testifying  to  the  power  of  his 
 ■Redeemer's  love  and  grace,  till  he  had  reached  the  very 
 end  of  the  dark  valley.  He  died  October  4th,  1827. 
 From  the  time  of  his  first  appearance  in  the  pulpit 
 Dr.  Henrj'  took  rank  among  the  most  popular  preachers 
 of  the  day.  Besides  ha\'ing  a  finished  elocution  his 
 discourses  were  written  with  great  care,  and  were 
 rich  in  evangelical,  practical  truth,  expressed  in  a 
 style  of  more  than  common  force  and  beauty.  It  was 
 evident  to  all  that  his  ruling  passion  was  to  do 
 good,  and  especially  to  be  instrumental  in  saving  the 
 souls  of  his  fellow  men,  a  work  in  which  he  was 
 greatly  encouraged  by  the  blessing  of  God  upon  his 
 labors  in  Charleston.  In  addition  to  several  sermons, 
 he  published  a  little  volume  on  "Popular  Amuse- 
 ments." His  "Letters  to  an  Anxious  Inquirer," 
 which  possess  great  value,  were  passing  through  the 
 press  at  the  time  of  his  decease. 
 
 Henry,  Thomas  Charlton,  an  elder  in  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Ciermantown,  Pa.,  was 
 born  in  Philadelphia,  April  20th,  1828.  He  has  been 
 successively  engaged  in  the  dry  goods,  wool,  and 
 lumber  trades.  In  October,  1871,  in  view  of  his  wide 
 reputation  among  business  circles  for  integrity,  finan- 
 cial skill  and  energy,  he  was  elected  the  first  active 
 President  of  the  Philadelphia  Warehouse  Company, 
 which  owes  much  of  its  success  to  his  excellent  man- 
 agement of  its  interests.  He  also  faithfully  fills  the 
 positions  of  a  Director  of  the  North  American  Insur- 
 ance Company,  and  President  of  the  Saving  Fund 
 Society  of  Gcrmant«wn.  Mr.  Henry  is  an  active 
 supporter  of  the  Church.  By  his  consistent  and 
 agreeable  character,  he  has  won  many  admirers  and 
 warm  personal  friends.  His  private  life  has  been  an 
 example  of  unobtrusive  u.sefulness  and  benevolence. 
 
 Henry,  "William  "Wirt,  was  born  February  14th, 
 1831,  at  Red  Hill,  in  Charlotte  county,  Va.  His 
 parents  were  John  Henry  and  Elvira  McClelland. 
 In  October,  1847,  he  entered  the  University  of  Vir- 
 ginia, where  he  received  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts 
 in  July,  1850.  In  1853  he  came  to  the  Bar,  having 
 settled  at  the  county  seat  of  his  native  county.  In 
 1855  he  became  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  and  was  within  a  year  placed  in  the  elder- 
 ship. He  was  .sent  as  one  of  the  representatives  of 
 his  Presbytery,  West  Hanover,  to  the  General  Assem- 
 bly which  met  in  Rochester  in  1860. 
 
 In  1873  Mr.  Henry  removed  to  the  city  of  Rich- 
 mond, and  was  soon  afterwards  elected  an  elder  in 
 the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  in  that  city.  He 
 has  been  placed  by  the  General  Assembly  upon 
 several  of  its  committees,  and  has  represented  his 
 
HEROY. 
 
 323 
 
 HEREON. 
 
 city  twice  in  the  Legislature  of  the  State,  once  as  a 
 member  of  the    House  of  Delegates,  and  once  as  a  I 
 member  of  the  Senate. 
 
 Heroy,  Rev.  Peter  Badeau,  was  born  at  Ma- 
 hopac  Falls,  N.  Y.,  July  ICJth,  1S15;  graduated  at 
 Lafayette  College  in  1841;  for  a  time  was  a  teacher; 
 was  ordained  au  evangelist  by  the  Second  Presbytery 
 of  New  York,  October  23d,  1845;  was  stated  supply 
 at  Delhi,  N.  Y'.,  1845,  and  pastor,  1846-50;  stated 
 supply  at  Highland  Falls,  1850;  pastor,  1851-56; 
 pastor  of  Second  Church,  Bridgeton,  N.  J.,  1856-57, 
 and  of  Bedford  Church, .  New  York,  1857-78.  He 
 died  October  16th,  1878.  Mr.  Heroy's  ministry  was 
 characterized  especially  by  unceasing  tidelitj'  and 
 great  kindness.  He  was  a  loving  friend  and  pa.stor 
 to  all  his  flock,  and  cared  for  their  welfare  with 
 untiring  zeal.  All  who  knew  him,  and  especially 
 his  co-Presbyters,  felt,  wheu  he  died,  that  a  truly 
 good  man  had  fallen,  and  one  who  had  made  full 
 proof  of  his  ministry. 
 
 Herron,  Francis,  D.D.,  waslx)rn  nearShippens- 
 bmg,  Cumberland  county.  Pa.,  June  2Sth,  1774. 
 He  belonged  to  that  honored  and  honorable  race,  the 
 Scotch-Irish,  memorable  in  the  history  of  the  world, 
 but  e-specially  in  our  country,  foi"  a  thorough  devotion 
 to  evangelical  truth  and  constitutional  liberty.  He 
 graduated  at  Dickinson  College,  May  5th,  1794; 
 studied  theology  under  Robert  Cooper,  d.d.,  his 
 pastor,  and  was  licensed  by  Carlisle  Presbytery, 
 October  4th,  1797. 
 
 He  entered  upon  the  service  of  his  Di^"ine  Master 
 as  a  missionary,  going  out  into  the  backwoods,  as  it 
 was  then  called,  passing  through  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
 then  a  small  village,  and  extending  his  tour  as  far 
 West  as  Chillicothe,  Ohio.  Stopping  for  the  night  in 
 a  tiivern  at  Six  Mile  Run,  near  Wilkinsburg,  Pa., 
 the  people  prevailed  upon  him  to  stay  till  the  follow- 
 ing Sabbath,  which  he  did,  and  under  the  shade  of  an 
 apple  tree  did  this  young  disciple  break  the  bread  of 
 life  to  the  people.  His  journey  was  resumed  the 
 next  day,  and  with  a  frontier  settler  for  his  guide,  he 
 pushed  on  to  his  destination,  through  an  almost 
 unbroken  wilderness,  his  course  often  guided  by  the 
 "blazes  "  upon  the  trees.  Two  nights  he  encamped 
 with  the  Indians,  who  were  quite  numerous  near 
 what  is  now.the  town  of  Marietta,  Ohio. 
 
 On  his  return  from  Chillicothe  he  visited  Pitts- 
 burg. The  keeper  of  the  tavern  where  he  lodged 
 proved  to  be  an  old  acquaintance,  and  at  his  request, 
 he  consented  to  pre.ach.  Notice  was  sent,  and  in  the 
 evening  a  small  congregation  of  about  eighteen  per- 
 sons assembled.  The  house  he  preached  in  was  a 
 rude  structure,  built  of  logs,  occu^mng  the  site  of 
 the  present  First  Presbyterian  Church.  And  such 
 was  the  primitive  style  of  that  day,  that  during  the 
 services  the  swallows,  who  had  their  nests  in  the 
 eaves,  flew  among  the  congregation. 
 
 At  this  time  the  churches  in  that  portion  of  our 
 countrv   were   \'isited   with   a   season   of  refreshing 
 
 grace,  and  Mr.  Herron  entered  into  the  revival  with 
 all  the  ardor  of  youth,  filled  with  hopefulness  and 
 zeal.  He  preached  for  the  Rev.  Dr.  Jolin  McMillan, 
 at  the  Charticrs  Church,  during  a  revival  sea.son.  He 
 also  preached  at  the  Buffalo  Church,  where  his  ferWd 
 eloquence  made  a  deep  impression,  and  the  peojilc 
 presented  him  a  call,  and  strongly  urged  it  upon  his 
 attention.  He,  however,  concluded  to  return  to  the 
 ■s-icLnity  of  his  home,  especially  as  a  call  Irom  Rocky 
 Spring  was  awaiting  him.  This  call  he  accepted, 
 and  he  was  ordained  and  installed  as  pastor  of  that 
 church,  by  Carlisle  Presbytery,  April  9th,  1800. 
 
 After  a  very  successful  pastorate  of  ten  years  at 
 Rocky  Spring,  Mr.  Herron  was  installed  pastor  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  C'huich  of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  in 
 June,  1811.      Here  he  labored  with  great  zeal  and 
 
 FBASOIS  HERRON,  D.D. 
 
 energy-,  and  with  remarkable  success.  In  1850, 
 having  reached  his  seventy-sixth  j'ear,  he  pressed 
 his  resignation  upon  his  congregation,  which  they 
 accepted,  with  the  understanding  that  he  would 
 accept  a  thousand  dollars  per  year  for  life.     He  died 
 
 :  December  6th,  1860. 
 
 1  Dr.  Herron  was  elected  Moderator  of  the  General 
 Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  at  its  session 
 in  Philadelphia,  in  1827.  He  was  a  man  of  note, 
 unbounded  in  his  hospitalities,  abundant  in  labors, 
 and  wielded  an  influence  such  as  no  other  man  ex- 
 erted in  the  community  in  which  he  so  long  lived, 
 among  all  cla-sses  of  citizens,  and  among  all  denomi- 
 nations of  Christians.  His  public  spirit,  and  the 
 wisdom  of  his  counsels  were  acknowledgd  bj  all. 
 His  integrity  of  character  and  purity  of  motive  were 
 doubted  by  none.     His  sermons  were  scriptural,  doc- 
 
BERBON. 
 
 324 
 
 HEWITT. 
 
 trinal,  practical  and  pungent,  full  of  the  marrow  of 
 the  gospel,  and  delivered  ^vith  convincing  earnestness. 
 As  a  pastor  he  was  deeply  interested  in  the  welfare 
 of  his  flocli.  He  trained  a  most  efficient  eldership, 
 and  taught  his  people,  hoth  from  the  pulpit  and  by 
 his  own  example,  the  pressing  claims  of  Christian 
 benevolence,  so  that  his  church  took  rank  with  the 
 most  liberal  in  the  land.  Missionary  operations  in 
 the  West  found  in  him  a  warm  friend  and  an  earnest 
 advocate.  And  the  Western  Foreign  Missionary 
 Society,  from  which  our  Foreign  Missionary  Board 
 sprang,  and  from  tlie  beginning  of  which  the  Board 
 should  date  its  origin,  received  his  hearty  and  effect- 
 ive co-operation.  Foreign  missions  and  missionaries 
 had  a  prominent  place  in  his  large  and  honest  heart-. 
 
 For  many  years  Dr.  Herron  was  an  active  Trustee 
 of  Jefferson  College.  And  the  Western  Theological 
 Seminary,  of  whose  Board  of  Directors  he  was  long 
 the  faithful  President,  with  its  Profes.sors  and  stu- 
 dents, was  to  him.  from  its  origin,  a  subject  of  heart- 
 felt and  prayerful  solicitude.  In  the  darkest  hour 
 he  never  yielded  to  despair,  but  always  spoke  the 
 cheering  word,  opened  the  liberal  hand,  and  rallied 
 his  own  people  to  the  rescue.  And  in  the  day  of  its 
 final  success  none  rejoiced  more  heartily  than  he. 
 He  loved  young  men,  especially  candidates  for  tlie 
 holy  ministry.  No  worthy  student  of  theology  ever 
 went  to  him  for  advice  or  assistance  without  receiv- 
 ing it. 
 
 Herron,  Rev.  John,  was  born  at  Ridge  Church, 
 Harrison  county,  Ohio,  July  19th,  1851.  He  pursued 
 his  college  studies  in  Washington  and  Jefferson  and 
 Lafayette;  graduated  at  Princeton  Tlieological  Semi- 
 nary, in  1876;  spent  the  following  year  in  evangelistic 
 work  in  Ohio  and  Michigan,  and  was  licensed  to 
 preach,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Steubejiville,  April  28th, 
 1875,  and  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Lake  Superior, 
 November  8th,  1876.  He  received  acall  to  the  Church 
 in  Atlantic,  Iowa,  in  July,  1877,and  after  a  few  months 
 was  installed  its  pastor.  Here  his  ministry  has  been 
 largely  blessed.  He  is  an  able  preacher.  Energetic, 
 patient,  abundant  in  labors,  original  in  methods, 
 pleasing  in  address,  studious  in  habit,  and  of  single 
 and  intense  purpose,  he  is  an  efficient  keeper  of  the 
 trust  committed  to  him.  He  is  a  favorite  orator  on 
 popular  occasions.  Several  of  his  sermons,  orations 
 and  addresses  have  been  published. 
 
 Herron,  Robert,  D.  D.,was  born  April  10th, 
 1817,  in  Washington  county.  Pa.  He  gratluated  at 
 Muskingum  College,  Ohio,  in  1845;  at  Allegheny 
 Seminary,  in  1847,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Washington,  October  4th,  of  the  same  year. 
 A  little  later  he  became  assistant  to  the  Rev.  John 
 Rea,  D.  D.,  pastor  of  Beech  Spring  Church,  Harri.son 
 county,  O.  December  13th,  1848,  he  was  installed 
 pastor  of  Ridge  Church,  Harrison  county,  O.  Until 
 January  1st,  1864,  he  ministered,  too,  as  stated  supply 
 for  one-third  of  his  time  to  the  neighboring  C'hurch 
 of  Centre  Unity.     From  that  date  to  1874  he  occupied 
 
 his  entire  time  with  the  Ridge  Church.  Then,  closing 
 a  period  of  twenty-six  years,  he  surrendered  his  charge. 
 April  1st,  1876,  after  two  years  in  a  sick  room,  he 
 undertook  to  preach  for  the  Church  of  Pleasant  Hill, 
 in  the  Presbytery  of  Steubenville,  and  continued  in 
 that  engagement  until  December,  1878,  when  he  was 
 again  prostrated  by  illness,  and  accepted  his  ministry 
 as  ended. 
 
 "  Dr.  Herron  was  intellectually  vigorous,  and  of  a  gen- 
 erous heart.  He  was  an  able  tlieologian,  an  excellent 
 preacher,  a  faithful  pastor,  an  accompli.shed  debater  in 
 ecclesiastical  assemblies,  and  an  admirable  organizer. 
 He  was  for  twelve  years  Stated  Clerk  of  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Steubenville,  and  for  fifteen  years  a  Trustee 
 of  Washington  College,  Pa.,  and  of  Washington  and 
 Jefferson  College,  its  successor.  Ridge  Church,  dur- 
 ing his  ministry,  grew  into  a  large,  prosperous  con- 
 gregation. Seven  young  men  went  out  from  his 
 pastoral  care  into  the  Presbyterian  ministry. 
 
 He'witt,  Rev.  J.  D.,  was  born  in  Wysox,  Brad- 
 ford county.  Pa.,  December  4th,  1838.  He  graduated 
 at  Princeton  College  in  1865,  and  for  two  years  was 
 Professor  of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Science  in  the 
 Susquehanna  Collegiate  Institute,  Towanda,  Pa.  He 
 studied  theology  at  Princeton  Seminary,  and  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Susque- 
 hanna in  1869.  In  1870  he  was  installed  the  first 
 pastor  of  the  Kirkpatrick  Memorial  Church,  Ringoes, 
 N.  J.,  and  during  his  pastorate  of  seven  years  there 
 were  frequent  re'sivals,  and  large  numbers  were 
 gathered  into  the  church.  In  1877  he  went,  under 
 the  Home  Missionary  Board,  to  Helena,  Montana. 
 During  the  two  jears  that  he  was  there  the  church, 
 from  depending  on  the  Board  for  almost  its  entire 
 support,  became  self-sustaining.  By  earnest  solicita- 
 tion he  accepted  from  Presbytery  the  appointment 
 of  Superintendent  of  Jlissions  for  Montana.  But  as, 
 after  consultation  with  the  Secretaries  of  the  Board, 
 it  was  not  found  good  policy  at  that  time  to  sustain 
 Presbyterial  Missionaries  in  the  far  West,  Mr.  Hewitt 
 felt  free  to  accept,  in  June,  1879,  an  invitation  to 
 Wichita,  Kansas,  his  present  field  of  labor,  which  he 
 is  cultivating  with  diligence  and  success. 
 
 He-wltt,  Nathanael,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  New 
 London,  Conn.,  August  28th,  1788,  and  graduated  at 
 Yale  College  in  1808.  He  studied  theology  at  Ando- 
 ver  Seminary,  and  was  licensed  by  the  New  London 
 Congregational  Association,  Sejitember  11th,  1611. 
 He  became  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
 Plattsburg,  N.  Y. ,  in  July,  1815.  In  1820  he  accepted 
 the  pastorate  of  the  Congregational  Church  in  Fair- 
 field, Conn.  In  1830  he  took  charge  of  the  Second 
 Congregational  Church  in  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  re- 
 .signing  it  in  1853.  The  Fir.st  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  tliat  place  was  formed  by  a  large  number  of 
 his  friends,  and  he  became  pastor  of  it,  and  con- 
 tinued so  until  his  death,  February  3d,  1867.  Dur- 
 ing Dr.  Hewitt's  ministry,  of  more  than  fifty  years, 
 he    maintained,    unblemished,    the    character    of  a 
 
BIBBABD. 
 
 325 
 
 HIGHLAND  UNIVERSITY. 
 
 virtuous  and  godly  man,  an  eloquent  and  instructive 
 preacher  of  the  whole  counsel  of  God,  and  a  fearless 
 defender  of  the  foith  once  deliveved  to  the  saints. 
 His  exertions  as  one  of  the  pioneers  of  the  Temper- 
 ance Reform  were,  by  the  divine  blessing,  signally 
 successful.  No  man  in  our  country  did  more  to  brand 
 indelibly  with  the  stigma  of  merited  disgiace  the 
 traffic  in  ardent  spirits,  and  their  u.se  as  a  beverage, 
 than  Xathanael  Hewitt,  the  "Apostle  of  Temperance." 
 Hibbard,  Hon.  Homer  Nash,  Lli.  D.,  the  son 
 of  Samuel  and  Edith  (Xash)  Hibbard,  was  born  in 
 Bethel,  Vt.,  November  7th,  18i!4.  His  education  was 
 obtained,  by  his  own  eftbrts,  in  the  University  of 
 Vermont,  class  of  1850,  and  the  Harvard  Law  School, 
 class  of  1853.     He  practiced  law  one  year  in  Chicago, 
 
 BON.  HOMEB   NASH    HIBBARD,  T.L.  D. 
 
 and  six  years  in  Freeport,  111.  Here  he  held  the 
 offices  of  President  of  the  Board  of  Education,  Ma-ster 
 in  Chancery  and  City  Attorney.  Since  1860  he  has 
 practiced  law  in  Chicago,  being,  since  1869,  Register 
 in  Bankruptcy  of  the  United  States  Court.  He  is,  or 
 has  been,  connected  with  the  management  of  the 
 Academy  of  Sciences,  the  Astronomical  Society,  the 
 Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  the  Prisoners'  Aid  A.ssocia- 
 tion,  various  public  movements  and  insurance  and 
 banking  companies.  A  Trustee  of  the  University  of 
 Vermont,  he  was  for  some  years  President  of  its 
 Alumni  As.sociation.  He  is  a  Trustee  of  Lake  Forest 
 University,  and  Lecturer  to  the  University,  on  ' '  The 
 Law,  in  its  Relations  to  Business  and  Professional 
 Life."  He  ha-s  resided  in  the  suburb  of  Hyde  Park 
 since  I860,  being  President  of  the  Board  of  Education 
 and  identified  with  all  local  interests.     A  member  of 
 
 the  Church  since  1850,  he  has  been  Elder,  Trustee, 
 Chairman  of  the  Building  Committee,  and  Superinten- 
 dent of  the  Sabbath  School  in  the  Hyde  Park  Church. 
 He  was  a  Commissioner  to  the  General  Assembly  of  1883 
 and  is  a  member  of  the  Assembly's  Board  of  Aid  for 
 Colleges  and  Academies.  Mr.  Hibbard  has  a  large  and 
 commanding  presence,  clear  and  humorous  thought, 
 a  tender  and  strong  heart,  a  courteous  and  kindly 
 bearing,  is  interested  in  all  means  of  doing  good  to 
 men,  and  is  eveiy  way,  and  always  wiUingly,  useful 
 in  the  Church  of  Christ. 
 
 Hibben,  Rev.  Samuel,  the  son  of  Samuel  E. 
 and  JIargaret  (Galloway)  Hibben,  was  born  in  Hills- 
 borough, Ohio,  January  31.st,  1834.  He  received  his 
 collegiate  education  at  Hanover,  Indiana,  then  at 
 5Iiami  University,  Ohio,  where  he  graduated  with 
 the  highest  honors.  He  graduated  at  the  Theologi- 
 cal Seminary  at  Danville,  Ky.,  in  18.58.  In  the  same 
 year  he  took  charge  of  the  churches  of  Mount  Leigh, 
 Winchester,  and  Eckmausville,  in  Southern  Ohio, 
 burning  \vith  zeal  and  indefatigable  in  the  discharge 
 of  his  pastoral  work.  In  the  short  space  of  two  years 
 more  than  eighty  precious  souls,  through  his  instru- 
 mentality were  gathered  into  the  fold.  The  leadings 
 of  Providence  directing  him  to  Peoria,  111. ;  he  ac- 
 cepted a  call  to  the  Second  Presbj'terian  Church  of 
 that  city.  There,  "for  the  space  of  three  years,  he 
 ceased  not  to  warn  every  one,  night  and  day,  with 
 tears,"  and  again  experienced  that  (iod  is  faithful  to 
 His  promise,  proving  that  they  who  sow  in  tears 
 shall  reap  in  joy.  June  10th,  1872,  his  earthly  labors 
 closed,  and  he  entered  upon  his  reward. 
 
 Mr.  Hibben  was  a  man  highly  gifted  of  God.  In 
 intellectual  endowments  he  had  few  equals  among 
 the  young  men  of  our  ministry.  In  the  power  of  a 
 ready  and  clear  apprehension  of  truth,  in  strength  of 
 memory,  and  in  fertility  of  imagination,  be  had  few 
 superiors.  His  social  qualities  were  not  inferior  to 
 his  intellectual;  the  suavity  of  his  manners,  the  bril- 
 liancy of  his  conversation,  and  the  manifest  kindness 
 of  his  heart,  gave  him  a  ready  and  strong  hold  upon 
 the  affections  of  those  with  whom  he  mingled  in 
 social  intercourse.  As  a  preacher,  he  was  always  in- 
 structive and  often  powerful  and  eloquent;  but  his 
 piety  was  the  crowning  glory  of  his  life.  He  loved 
 God  supremely,  and  his  brethren  with  a  pure  heart, 
 fervently.  Christ  was  "all  and  in  all  "  to  him  in  his 
 experience,  his  conversation,  his  ministry.  "  For  him 
 to  live  was  Christ,  and  to  die  was  gain." 
 
 Highland  University,  Kansas.  This  is  the 
 only  established  working  Christian  college  belong- 
 ing to  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Kansas,  or  we.st 
 of  the  Missouri  river  and  east  of  the  Sierra  Nevada 
 mountains.  It  was  chartered  by  the  Territorial 
 Legislature  in  the  year  1858.  Its  hLstory  is  inter- 
 esting and  worthy  of  record. 
 
 In  the  year  1837  the  Presbyterian  Church,  through 
 its  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  planted  a  mission 
 station  among  the  Iowa  and   Sac  Indians,  who  at 
 
HIGHLAND  UNIVERSITY. 
 
 326 
 
 HIGHLAND  UNIVERSITY. 
 
 that  time  occupied  the  country  and  ground  where 
 the  college  now  stands.  MTien  the  mission  was  com- 
 menced the  Indians  and  missionaries  had  the  most 
 positive  assurance  that  this  land  west  of  the  Missouri 
 river  should  be  the  Indians'  home  forever.  This 
 promise  was  well  kept,  and  the  missionaries  were 
 blessed  in  their  work,  till  the  year  1854,  when  the 
 Kansas  and  Nebraska  bill  passed  Congress,  and 
 the  country  was  opened  to  the  whites.  As  soon 
 as  this  bill  passed  the  missionaries  became  thought- 
 ful as  to  how  they  could  best  prepare  for  the  coming 
 white  people,  who  evidently  were  soon  to  have  pos- 
 session. The  conclusion  was  reached  that  to  jilaut  a 
 Christian  college,  where  the  Bible  and  Christianity 
 should  be  the  "  chief  corner-stone, ' '  would  be  a  plant 
 that  might  bring  forth  fruit  for  coming  generations. 
 This  was  before  the  fortieth  parallel  of  latitude  was 
 run  or  State  lines  established.  "WTien  these  lines 
 were  run  the  spot  where  the  institution  now  stands 
 was  found  to  be  very  near  the  fortieth  jjarallel,  and 
 though  in  Kansas,  was  in  sight  of  Jli.ssouri,  Iowa  and 
 Nebraska,  and  near  enough  to  accommodate  either  or 
 all  of  these  States. 
 
 As  soon  as  the  Territorial  Legislature  of  Kansas 
 was  ready  to  act,  a  liberal  charter  was  obtained. 
 Among  the  original  corporate  members  we  find  the 
 names  of  the  Rev.  C.  Van  Rensselaer,  D.  D. ,  of  Phila- 
 delphia, the  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Education,  aud 
 Hon.  Walter  Lowrie,  so  long  the  honored  Secretary 
 of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions.  These  names  are 
 a  "tower  of  strength,"  and,  of  themselves,  give 
 character  to  the  Institution.  Walter  Lowrie  him- 
 self, while  visiting  the  Indian  missions,  often  passed 
 over  these  grounds,  giving  a<lvice  aud  encouragement; 
 and  it  was  on  these  beautiful  grounds  that  he  said, 
 "If  we  let  this  Institution  fail,  we  should  tiike  the 
 name  Presbyterian  away  from  our  Church."  Dr. 
 Van  Rensselaer,  too,  was  a  warm  friend  and  patron 
 of  the  Institution,  and  the  Church  has  now  come  to 
 his  broad  views,  so  clearly  advocated  in  his  life,  in 
 favor  of  organized  eifort  for  planting  and  endowing 
 Christian  colleges.  That  great  man,  tliough  dead, 
 yet  speaks,  through  this  Institution;  and  this  may 
 explain,  at  least  in  part,  why  it  is  that  the  Fifth  Sec- 
 tion of  the  Charter  secures  the  control  of  it  forever  to 
 the  General  Assembly.  It  is  in  these  words:  "(See- 
 tion  5.  If  at  any  time  the  General  A/sarmhli/  of  (he  Pres- 
 hjiterian  Church  of  the  Viiltcd  States  should  see  Jit  to 
 take  the  charge  and  ovcrsiyht  of  the  affairs  of  this  corpo- 
 ration, they  .'tliall,  and  hereby  hare  full  jmieer  to  do  so,  hy 
 appointing,  in  part  or  in  full,  a  Board  of  Trustees,  irho 
 shall  hare  full  right  and  power  to  go  foncard  with  the 
 busines.^  of  this  corporation,  according  to  the  prorisions 
 of  this  Charter." 
 
 Under  this  charter  the  In.stitution  has  lieen  iu  suc- 
 cessful operation  over  twenty-five  years,  and  through 
 all  tlie  vicissitudes  of  tlie  civil  war  and  the  changes 
 common  to  a  new  country  it  has  not  missed  a  single 
 day  of  school  since  its  commencement,  in  1856.     Of 
 
 course  it  was  impracticable  if  not  impossible  to  com- 
 mence with  a  full  college  curriculum ;  the  country 
 was  new  and  uninhabited.  It  was  commenced  with 
 a  little  primary  school  in  a  "  log  cabin."  This  soon 
 gave  place  to  a  good  frame  building,  aud  it  became  a 
 Presbyterial  Academy  under  the  care  of  Highland 
 Presbytery.  The  next  step  was  a  good  brick  build- 
 ing, with  chapel,  recitation,  chemical  and  library 
 rooms,  and  the  Institution  was  taken  under  the  care 
 of  the  Synod  of  Kansas.  It  was  not  until  the  year 
 1869  that  a  full  course  of  classical  and  college  in- 
 struction was  fully  adopted.  Since  that  time  a  full 
 course  of  instruction  has  been  kept  up. 
 
 The  financial  histoiy  of  the  Institution  is  a  matter 
 of  some  interest.  To  commence  a  work  of  this  magni- 
 tude in  a  country  so  new,  and  one  really  without 
 inhabitants,  was  a  task  which  required  both  faith 
 and  works.  Notwithstanding  we  find  that,  with 
 God's  blessing  on  the  effort,  in  the  year  1869,  just  at 
 the  union  of  the  two  branches  of  the  Church,  the 
 buildings,  property  and  investments,  above  and  be- 
 yond all  liabilities,  were  worth  $51,927.03.  This  was 
 the  conclusion  of  an  able  committee. 
 
 The  year  of  the  union,  or  what  is  sometimes  called 
 "Memorial  Year"  (1870),  an  attempt  was  made  at 
 sudden  and  expensive  enlargement.  A  loan  of  money 
 was  obtained,  tluit  involved  a  debt  of  ^^10,000,  at  ten 
 per  pent,  interest  per  annum.  A  President  was  em- 
 ployed, at  a  salary  of  |2000  per  year,  and  a  full  corps 
 of  professors  engaged,  at  comfortable  salaries ;  new 
 buildings  and  improvements  were  undertaken,  which 
 drew  upon  the  funds;  but  memorial  contributions 
 failed  to  come  in,  as  was  expected;  President  and 
 Professors  drew  more  from  the  funds  of  the  Board 
 than  they  were  able  to  bring  in;  balances  accumulated 
 on  the  wrong  side,  until  the  year  1879,  when  it  was 
 found  that  much  of  the  original  investments  was 
 gone,  and  a  debt  of  over  $18,000  was  resting  on  the 
 Institution.  In  that  year,  however,  by  a  vigorous 
 effort  on  the  part  of  its  friends,  and  very  liberal  con- 
 cessions on  the  part  of  its  creditors,  the  entire  debt 
 was  v\iped  out.  No  debt  has  accumulated  since,  and 
 the  Institution  is  now  estimated,  by  a  competent 
 committee,  to  be  worth  §22,180. 
 
 The  literary,  moral  and  spiritual  history  has  been 
 more  satisfactory,  and  is  itself  compensation  for  all  of 
 money  and  labor  that  has  beeu  given.  From  the 
 quarter  centennial  report  of  the  Alumni  of  the  col- 
 lege, just  published,  we  learn  that  sixteen  ministers, 
 nine  lawyers,  five  physicians,  five  professors,  besides 
 a  very  large  number  of  teachers,  both  male  and  fe- 
 male, have  been  graduated  or  in  part  helped  in  their 
 literary  course  by  this  In.stitution;  and,  so  far  ;is  is 
 known,  all  the  students  of  the  school  are  doing  well. 
 During  the  year  just  closed,  there  have  been  in  attend- 
 ance 118  students,  with  three  Professors  and  one 
 Tutor. 
 
 During  the  past  winter  it   has  jilca-sed  God  to  visit 
 the  Institution  aud  vicinity  with  a  very  precious  re- 
 
HILL. 
 
 327 
 
 HILL. 
 
 rival  of  religion.  It  is  believed  by  those  most  inti- 
 mately connected  with  the  work,  that  over  sixty 
 persons  experienced  u  change  of  heart  within  its  walls, 
 a  large  majority  of  whom  were  students  of  the  uni- 
 versity. 
 
 The  influence  of  this  good  work  is  felt  in  many 
 ways.  A  wealthy  gentleman  of  the  town  has  offered 
 himself  to  endow  the  chair  of  mathematics  with  the 
 sum  of  §20,000,  provided  the  citizens  of  the  village 
 and  vicinity  will  endow  the  first  chair  with  a  like 
 sum,  and  it  is  now  believed  these  conditions  can  and 
 will  be  met,  which,  with  the  property  on  hand,  his- 
 tory and  experience,  must  be  of  value  to  the  Church 
 and  the  world. 
 
 Hill,  Professor  Cornelius  H.,  son  of  William 
 R.  and  Sarah  A.  (Simmons)  Hill,  was  born  in  Milton, 
 N.  C,  September  28th,  1839.  He  was  educated  iu  a 
 preparatory  school  at  MUton  and  a  cliLssital  Institu- 
 tion in  Granville  county,  N.  C.  For  three  years  he 
 was  a  merchant  in  Milton,  N.  C,  and  Richmond,  Va. 
 In  December,  1860,  he  accepted  a  Professorship  in  the 
 North  Carolina  Institution  for  Mutes  and  Blind,  at 
 Raleigh,  and  held  it  until  18(i.5.  In  ISOo  he  became 
 Principal  of  an  academy  in  Dan\'ille,  Va.,  where  he 
 remained  one  year.  He  then  joined  his  brother,  Re\ . 
 H.  G.  Hill,  iu  conducting  an  academy  at  Hillsboro, 
 N.  C,  and  at  the  same  time  read  law.  In  December, 
 1866,  he  again  accepted  a  Professorship  in  the  North 
 Carolina  Institution  for  Mutes  and  Blind,  at  Raleigh, 
 and  held  it  for  nearly  two  years.  From  January, 
 1869,  to  June,  1870,  he  taught  a  special  school  in 
 Tunica  county,  Jli.ssissippi.  In  September,  1870,  he 
 accepted  a  Professorship  in  the  Maryland  School  for 
 Deaf  and  Dumb,  at  Frederick  City,  JId.,  which  posi- 
 tion he  now  holds.  In  December,  1873,  he  was  elected 
 Principal  of  the  West  Virginia  Institution  for  Deaf 
 and  Dumb,  but  declined.  In  1862  he  was  ordained 
 deacon  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Raleigh, 
 N.  C,  Rev.  Jo.seph  M.  Atkinson,  D.  D.,  pa,stor;  and  in 
 January,  1872,  he  was  elected  and  ordained  a  ruling 
 elder  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Frederick  City, 
 Maryland. 
 
 Professor  Hill  is  a  gentleman  of  kind  spirit,  culti- 
 vated manner  and  winning  address.  As  a  Professor, 
 he  is  characterized  by  great  patience  and  thorough- 
 ness in  his  instructions,  and  he  has  met  with  marked 
 success.  As  an  elder,  he  is  able  and  efficient,  and  well 
 inlbrmed  in  the  doctrines,  government  and  history  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church.  He  takes  an  active  part  in 
 the  meetings  of  the  church,  especially  in  the  prayer 
 meetings. 
 
 Hill,  Rev.  G-eorge,  was  born  in  York  county. 
 Pa.,  March  13th,  1764,  and  when  about  nineteen 
 years  of  age,  removed  with  his  father  and  family  to 
 Fayette  county.  His  literary  studies  were  prosecuted 
 chiefly  under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  James  Dunlap; 
 his  theological  studies  probably  under  the  Rev.  Jacob 
 Jennings;  and  he  was  licensed,  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Redstone,  to  preach  the  gospel,  December  22d,  1791. 
 
 On  November  13th,  1792,  he  was  installed  pastor  of 
 the  united  congregations  of  Fairfield,  Donegal  and 
 Wheatfield.  On  April  11th,  1798,  he  resigned  his 
 charge  of  Wheatfield,  and  a  new  congregation,  called 
 Ligonier,  having  been  formed  between  Donegal  and 
 Fairfield,  he  continued  to  labor  in  these  three  last 
 named  churches  until  the  time  of  his  death,  June 
 9th,  1822. 
 
 Mr.  Hill  was  a  fiiithful  and  laborious  pastor,  and 
 exposed  himself  freiiuently  to  considerable  danger  in 
 fulfilling  his  engagements  on  the  Sabbath.  Having 
 to  cross  the  Conemaugh,  in  going  to  one  of  his  places 
 of  preaching,  he  was  known,  in  times  of  high  water, 
 'to  swim  the  river  on  horseback,  preach  in  his  wet 
 clothes,  recross  the  river,  and  return  to  his  own 
 house — a  distance  of  ten  miles — the  same  day.  Such, 
 however,  was  the  vigor  of  his  constitution,  that  he 
 suffered  no  injury  from  it.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
 sensibility,  exceedingly  modest  and  humble  in  his 
 deportment.  When  duty  required,  however,  that  he 
 should  take  decided  ground,  and  appear  in  the  de- 
 fence of  the  truth,  he  showed  himself  to  be  equal  to 
 the  crisis,  and  displayed  much  firmness  of  character, 
 as  weU  as  acuteness  of  intellect. 
 
 Hill,  Rev.  George,  D.  D.,  was  the  son  of  John 
 and  Jane  (Moorhead)  Hill,  and  was  born  in  Ligonier 
 Valley,  Westmoreland  coimty,  Pa.,  September  18th, 
 1815.  He  graduated  at  Jefferson  College,  Canonsbnrg, 
 Pa.,  in  1837,  and  at  the  Western  Theological  Semin- 
 ary in  1840.  He  was  invited  to  preach  at  Blairsville 
 and  Salem,  and  did  .so,  as  health  permitted,  until  De- 
 cember 14th,  1841,  when  he  was  ordained  and  in- 
 stalled, by  the  Pres))ytery  of  Blairsville,  as  co-pastor 
 with  the  Rev.  Thomas  Davis,  who  had  labored  alone 
 in  this  large  field  for  seventeen  years.  This  relation 
 was  very  harmonious,  and  lasted  till  the  death  of  Mr. 
 Davis,  May  28th,  1848.  In  October  of  the  same  year 
 Mr.  Hill  was  released  from  Salem,  and  gave  all  his 
 time  to  Blairsville,  where  he  still  labors.  Iu  1850 
 he  founded  Blairsville  Female  Seminary.  Under 
 the  efficient  care  of  Rev.  T.  R.  Ewing,  this  school  is 
 doing  excellent  service  for  Christian  education.  In 
 1847  or  1848,  Mr.  Hill  was  elected  a  director  of  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary;  in  1870,  first  Vice- 
 President  of  the  Board,  and  in  1883,  President,  in 
 the  room  of  the  lamented  Dr.  C.  C.  Beatty.  In  1861 
 he  was  Moderator  of  the  Sjniod  of  Pittsburg,  and  he 
 is  a  member  of  the  General  Assembly's  special  com- 
 mittee on  the  relations  of  the  Board  of  Home  Mis- 
 sions to  the  Presbyteries. 
 
 Dr.  Hill  is  an  earnest,  humble  Christian,  sincere, 
 straightforward, and  hating  shams  and  double  dealing; 
 sometimes  despondent,  on  account  of  ill  health,  but 
 usually  cheerful,  and  very  social  with  those  with 
 whom  he  is  acquainted.  He  is  thoroughly  orthodox, 
 and  a  Presbyterian  from  the  deepest  convictions  of 
 his  nature.  His  mind  is  vigorous  and  well-informed, 
 his  thought  clear  and  his  utterance  forcible.  He 
 gives  no  uncertain  sound.     He  is  a  faithful  pastor,  an 
 
HILL. 
 
 328 
 
 HILL. 
 
 instructive,  interesting  and  eloquent  preacher,  and 
 fearless  in  the  expression  of  his  -s-iews.  He  has  few 
 superiors  as  a  presbyter  and  is  no  mean  antagonist  in 
 debate.  On  the  thirtieth  anniversary  of  his  pastorate 
 the  ladies  of  his  congregation  and  the  brethren  of 
 the  Presbytery  of  Blairsville  gave  him  valuable  tokens 
 of  their  affectionate  regard,  and  in  1883  the  young 
 ladies  of  his  church  remembered  him  in  a  similar 
 way. 
 
 Hill,  Halbert  G.,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  WUIiam  R. 
 and  L.  A.  Hill,  was  born  in  Raleigh,  N.  C,  Novem- 
 ber 20th,  1831.  He  went  to  school  in  Milton,  N.  C, 
 till  he  was  thirteen  years  old;  then  clerked  in  a  store 
 till  he  was  twenty-one.  After  teaching  a  while  and 
 preparing  himself  for  college,  he  entered  Hampden- 
 Sidney  College,  in  Virginia,  in  1854,  whence  he  was 
 graduated  in  1857.  He  then  became  Principal  of  a 
 female  seminary  in  Clarksville,  Va.,  and  continued 
 teaching  till  the  Fall  of  1861,  when  he  entered  Union 
 Theological  Seminarj-,  in  Virginia.  He  was  received 
 under  its  care  by  Orange  Presbytery,  in  October, 
 1860,  and  was  licensed  by  the  same  at  Asheboro,  in 
 April,  1862.  In  the  Fall  of  1863  he  took  charge 
 of  Hillsboro  and  Grier's  churches,  and  was  oi'- 
 dained  and  installed  at  Hillsboro,  June  11th,  1864. 
 In  December,  1866,  he  took  charge  of  a  female  semi- 
 nary in  Oxford,  N.  C,  and  preached  in  the  Oxford 
 and  Grassy  Creek  churches.  While  here  he  took 
 steps  that  led  to  the  establishment  of  a  church  at 
 Henderson.  In  March,  1868,  he  became  pastor  of 
 the  Church  of  Fayetteville,  in  Fayetteville  Presby- 
 tery, where  he  still  remains. 
 
 I>r.  Hill  has  held  many  ecclesiastical  offices,  such 
 as  Moderator  of  Presbytery  and  Synod,  Synodiciil 
 Agent  of  Home  Missions,  and  Director  in  Union  Theo- 
 logical Seminary.  Wielding  the  pen  of  a  ready  writer, 
 he  has  furnished  for  the  press  ' '  A  Prize  E.ssay, ' ' 
 .several  tracts,  and  many  contributions  to  the  secular 
 and  religious  papers.  He  was  for  a  time  editor  of  the 
 North  Carolina  Preshijterian. 
 
 Dr.  Hill  is  a  fluent  extempore  speaker,  a  read}' 
 debater,  and  an  earnest,  glowing  preacher  of  the  gos- 
 pel, an  enterprising  leader  in  our  Church  courts,  hav- 
 ing a  thorough  and  practical  knowledge  of  affairs,  and 
 fruitful  in  every  good  word  and  work.  In  the  full 
 prime  of  physiciil  and  intellectual  vigor,  there  lies 
 before  him  the  prospect  of  many  years  of  successful 
 labor  for  the  cause  of  Christ. 
 
 Hill,  "William,  D.  D  ,  the  son  of  Joseph  and 
 Joanna  (Read)  Hill,  was  born  in  Cumbeiland  county, 
 Va.,  March  3d,  1769.  He  graduated  at  Hampden- 
 Sidney  College  in  1788;  shortly  after  commenced  the 
 study  of  theology,  under  the  direction  of  President 
 Smith,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Hanover,  July  10th,  1790.  For  two  years  imme- 
 diately succeeding  his  licensure  he  acted  as  a  mis- 
 sionary, under  the  commission  of  Synod,  in  the  lower 
 counties  of  Virginia,  as  far  down  as  the  Chesapeake 
 Bay,   and  through   the   upper   counties  to  the  Blue 
 
 Ridge,  from  Tennessee  to  Maryland,  and  especially 
 in  the  counties  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Valley.  He 
 then  settled  in  Berkeley  (now  Jefferson)  county,  Va., 
 where  his  labors,  though  prosecuted  amid.st  many 
 discouragements,  were  marked  by  great  vigor  and 
 boldness,  and  were  followed  by  highly  important 
 results.  In  1800  he  took  charge  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Winchester,  where  his  influence  was  widely 
 and  powerfully  felt.  In  1834  he  became  pastor  of  the 
 Briery  Presbyterian  Church,  in  Prince  Edward  county, 
 where  he  remained  two  years,  and  then  accepted  the 
 pastorate  of  the  Second  Presbj-terian  Church,  Alex- 
 andria, which,  by  reason  of  growing  infirmities,  he 
 resigned  in  two  years.  He  died  in  Winchester,  Xo- 
 vember  16th,  1852.  Dr.  Hill's  piety  was  based  upon 
 fixed  principles.  He  was  highly  gifted  with  the  social 
 graces,  and  real  pleasantry  and  suavity  of  manners. 
 He  possessed  an  intellect  of  great  clearness  and  vigor. 
 He  w;xs  a  man  of  great  firmness  of  purpose.  As  a 
 preacher  he  was  clear,  energetic  and  impressive.  He 
 was  con.si)icuous  as  a  member  of  the  judicatories  of 
 the  Church.  His  sixty-six  years  of  service  in  the 
 cause  of  the  Saviour  were  years  of  full  devotion  of 
 both  his  intellect  and  heart  to  Him  who  redeemed 
 him  with  His  own  blood. 
 
 Hill,  ■William  "Wallace,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Bath  county,  Ky.,  January  26th,  1815.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Centre  College,  Ky.,  in  1835;  studied  theo- 
 logy at  Princeton'Seminary,  and  was  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  April  24th,  1838.  He 
 was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Louisville,  Octo- 
 ber 3d,  1838,  and  the  same  day  installed  as  i>astor  at 
 Shelbyville,  Ky.  He  served  this  church  faithfully, 
 and  was  greatly  beloved  by  it;  but,  after  a  few  years, 
 his  voice  and  his  health  failed,  and  he  was  released 
 from  his  charge,  September  13th,  1842.  He  then  took 
 the  editorial  charge  of  The  Protestant  and  Herald,  at 
 that  time  published  in  Bardstown,  Ky.,  afterwards 
 removing  it  to  Frankfort,  Ky.,  and  again,  in  Novem- 
 ber, 1844,  removing  it  to  Loui.sville,  Ky.,  w-here  lis 
 name  was  changed  to  The  Presbyterian  Herald.  His 
 career  as  an  editor  continued  until  1862,  and  was 
 eminently  successful  and  u.seful.  Cut  otf  from  his 
 subseriliers  by  the  war,  he  felt  compelled  to  discon- 
 tinue the  paper. 
 
 From  1845  to  1860  Dr.  Hill  was  also  Corresponding 
 Secretary  of  the  Western  Executive  Committee  of 
 the  Board  of  Domestic  Missions,  and  rendered  much 
 valuable  service  to  the  Church  in  that  position.  He 
 then  founded  Bellewood  Female  Seminary,  about 
 twelve  miles  from  Louisville,  and  continued  to  be  its 
 honored  and  beloved  Principal,  from  1862  to  1874. 
 During  these  years  he  also  preached  more  or  less  reg- 
 ularly as  stated  supply  at  Plumb  Creek,  in  1848;  at 
 Middletown,  from  1853  to  1872;  and  at  Anchorage, 
 from  1872  to  1874.  In  1874  he  accepted  the  charge 
 of  the  Synodical  Female  College,  at  Fulton,  Mo.,  en- 
 gaging also  to  supply  the  Presbj'teriau  Church  at 
 Fulton.     Under  the  joint  labors  of  himself  and  Dr. 
 
UILLHOUSE. 
 
 329 
 
 HISTORICAL  SOCIETY. 
 
 Fisher,  there  was  at  Fulton  one  of  the  most  wonder- 
 ful works  of  grace  ever  seen  in  that  region.  In  1877 
 he  removed  to  Sherman,  Texas,  where  he  commenced 
 teaching  in  Austin  College,  at  the  same  time  preach- 
 ing to  the  church.  His  health  soon  broke  down,  and 
 he  returned  to  Fulton,  where  he  died,  May  1st,  1878, 
 in  the  sixty-fourth  year  of  his  age.  In  dying,  he  was 
 conscious,  calm,  and  peaceful  in  mind. 
 
 Few  better,  puier,  more  devoted,  more  frank  and 
 sincere  men  than  Dr.  Hill  have  ever  lived.  He  pos- 
 sessed a  clear  intellect,  fine  conversational  powers,  a 
 warm  heart  and  sound  judgment.  He  was  tenderly 
 loved  wherever  he  wxs  known. 
 
 HlUhouse,  Rev.  James,  from  Pendleton  Dis- 
 trict, South  Carolina,  settled  at  Greensborough, 
 Greene  county",  Ala.,  in  1822,  where  he  labored  for 
 many  years,  with  the  zeal  and  energy  of  an  apostle. 
 He  organized  the  church  in  that  place,  and  also  that 
 of  Carmel,  Fairview,  Marion,  and  Cedar  Grove.  He 
 was  an  unusually  popular  and  effective  preacher. 
 His  command  of  language  was  remarkable,  and  his 
 feelings  were  easily  excited.  No  man  was  more 
 abundant  in  labors,  and  none  ever  labored  more  cheer- 
 fully. It  was  the  joy  of  his  heart  to  .spend  and  be 
 spent  in  the  cause  of  Christ.  His  appeals  to  the 
 church  and  to  the  world  were  truly  powerful,  and 
 for  years,  under  God,  his  was  the  controlling  mind  in 
 all  the  meetings  in  which  he  participated.  He  died 
 at  Greensborough,  November  17th,  Is:"!."). 
 
 Historical  Society,  Presbjrterian.  The  ori- 
 gination of  the  Presb^-terian  Historical  Society  was 
 due  to  the  intelligence,  zeal  and  liberality  of  one 
 man,  Mr.  Samnel  Agnew,  for  many  years  a  ruling 
 elder  in  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Phila^ 
 delphia.  Being  a  man  of  means,  Mr.  Agnew,  for 
 many  years,  eagerly  laid  hands  upon  any  choice  work 
 that  came  under  his  notice  and  within  his  reach, 
 bearing  upon  the  subject  upon  which  his  heart  was 
 set.  If  he  saw  an  advertisement  of  a  library  .sale  in 
 New  York,  Boston,  Cleveland  or  Cincinnati,  he  at 
 once  took  rail  for  the  spot,  and  secured,  often  at 
 large  cost,  the  object  he  desired.  Not  unfrequently, 
 to  obtain  one  desiderated  volume,  he  would  purchase 
 the  whole  package  in  which  it  lay  hidden.  Should 
 a  sale  be  advertised  in  London,  Edinburgh  or  Glas- 
 gow, Mr.  Agnew,  through  his  agent,  who  was  always 
 under  instruction,  made  sure  for  his  collection  of  any 
 coveted  work. 
 
 At  length,  at  his  instance,  a  society  was  formed,  a 
 Board  of  Trustees  elected,  a  cTiarter  of  incorporation 
 obfcvined,  the  treasures  in  his  possession  •  passed  over 
 to  their  custody,  and  the  interest  of  Presbyterians 
 throughout  the  land  awakened  in  the  enterprise. 
 The  supreme  judicatories  of  all  the  Presbyterian 
 bodies  in  the  country.  North  and  South,  have  again 
 and  again  commended  this  library  to  the  attention 
 and  liberality  of  the  people.  The  result  is  a  collec- 
 tion of  about  twelve  thousand  volumes,  of  some  of 
 which  no  duplicates  exist;  about  thirty-five  thousand 
 
 pamphlets,  magazines  and  reviews;  between  three 
 hundred  and  foiu-  hundred  volumes  of  new.spapers; 
 many  rare  manuscripts;  portraits  of  distinguished 
 ministers  and  ruling  elders,  pictures  of  church  edi- 
 fices, some  of  them  hallowed  by  scenes  of  revival- 
 awakening  in  other  days,  and  other  precious  memo- 
 rials of  by-gone  times.  In  anticipation  of  the  Cen- 
 tennial year,  an  effort  was  made  to  secure  the  preach- 
 ing and  remission  to  the  Society  of  historical  sermons 
 from  as  many  ministers  as  possible,  and  .somewhere 
 near  a  thousand  histories  of  individual  churches  in 
 every  part  of  the  land  came  to  the  library.  And,  as 
 not  unfrequently,  in  this  country,  the  history  of  a 
 church  is  to  a  great  extent  the  history  of  the  com- 
 munity with  which  it  grew  up,  the  amount  of  his- 
 torical matter  embraced  in  these  sermons  is  very 
 large  and  very  valuable.  Donations  to  this  collec- 
 tion reach  the  Sotiety  from  all  parts  of  the  world, 
 even  from  far-off  China.  Very  valuable  gifts  have 
 been  received  from  the  Rev.  John  McNaughton,  of 
 Bellast,  Ireland. 
 
 For  many  years  these  precious  treasures  were 
 stored  here  and  there,  in  lofts  and  cellars,  where  they 
 were  every  hour  exposed  to  injury  from  various 
 cau.ses,  to  loss  by  thelt  and  destruction  by  fire.  At 
 last  money  was  raised,  largely  through  the  personal 
 self-denying  efforts  of  the  venerable  George  AV.  Mus- 
 grave,  D.  D.,  and  a  fireproof  buUding  erected  at  a 
 central  point  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  where  the 
 collection  is  as  secure  as  man  can  make  it.  The 
 Society  is  now  in  condition  to  receive  and  keep  in 
 safety  the  records  of  churches  and  Church  j  udiaitories, 
 and  any  other  historical  matter  of  value.  In  past 
 years  records  and  documents  of  incalculable  worth 
 have  been  irretrievably  lost,  for  want  of  some  secure 
 place  of  deposit. 
 
 I  The  Board  of  Trustees  meet  every  month,  and  push 
 forward  measures  for  the  furthering  of  the  work  in 
 hand.  Occasional  lectures  are  delivered  before  the 
 Society,  by  distinguished  men  in  the  Church,  and 
 thus  much  valuable  matter  is  obfciined.  Among 
 I  those  who  have  favored  the  Society  in  this  way  have 
 'been  Albert  Barnes,  Dr.  Charles  Hodge,  Professor 
 Archibald  Alexander  Hodge,  Dr.  John  Hall,  Dr.  S. 
 Irenoius  Prime,  and  Professor  James  C.  Moffat. 
 AVhen  the  full  scheme  of  the  Society  shall  be  real- 
 ized, it  will  have  not  only  the  library  and  museum, 
 but  an  endoAvment  fund  which  will  enable  it  to 
 secure  regular  courses  of  lectures,  and  to  add  con- 
 stantly to  its  collection,  which  is  destined  to  become 
 one  of  the  largest  and  most  valuable  in  the  country. 
 Here  the  toiling  historian  will  find  ready  to  his  hand 
 the  material  he  needs  with  which  to  instruct  the 
 Church,  stimulate  its  zeal,  and  fire  the  enthusiasm 
 of  Presbyterians  in  tlie  propagation  of  their  prin- 
 ciples, and  in  serving  their  Divine  Master. 
 
 The  hou.se  of  the  Historical  Society  has  a  front  of 
 forty  feet,  and  on  one  side  it  reaches  the  full  length 
 of  the  lot,  one  hundred  feet.     It  has  thirteen  rooms, 
 
HITCHCOCK. 
 
 330 
 
 HODGE. 
 
 nine  of  which  are  occupied  by  the  Society.  The 
 fireproof  portion  is  twenty  feet  front,  and  eighteen 
 feet  deep.  The  walls  are  lined  with  portraits  of  dis- 
 tinguished Presbyterians,  Dr.  Chalmers,  Dr.  Dufl", 
 Dr.  Archibald  Alexander,  Dr.  William  Adams  and 
 many  others.  One  year  brought  in  two  huntlred 
 and  ninety-three  historical  and  memorial  discourses. 
 Another  year  six  hundred  church  histories,  twenty 
 histories  of  Presbyteries  and  Synods.  Another  year 
 the  Society  received  more  than  eleven  hundred  vol- 
 umes, among  them  sixty-five  volumes  of  the  acts  of 
 the  Free  Church  of  Scotland,  and  a  box  of  books  of 
 standard  value  from  the  Rev.  John  McNaughton,  of 
 Belfast. 
 
 The  aim  of  the  Society  is  to  gather  within  reach, 
 and  make  accessible  to  all,  the  whole  story  of  what 
 God  has  done  and  is  doing  through  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  for  the  weal  of  the  world  and  the  glory  of  his 
 name. 
 
 The  original  corporate  members  of  this  Society  were 
 David  Elliott,  William  M.  Engles,  W.  R.  DeWitt, 
 Albert  Barnes,  George  H.  Stuart,  J.  B.  Dales,  J.  T. 
 Cooper,  James  Hoge,  Charles  Hodge,  Samuel  Hazzard, 
 Samuel  Agnew,  Robert  J.  Breckinridge,  William 
 Chester,  George  Howe,  William  B.  Sprague,  Henry 
 A.  Boardman,  C.  Van  Rensselaer,  John  C.  Backus, 
 John  Leyburn,  Willi;im  S.  Martien,  Alfred  Nevin, 
 Thomas  H.  Skinner,  John  A.  Brown,  Samuel  H.  Cox, 
 Peter  Force,  Ed^vin  F.  Hatfield,  George  Duflield, 
 George  Duifield,  Jr. ,  Henry  B.  Smith,  Matthew  W. 
 Baldwin,  Henry  J.  Williams,  B.  J.  Wallace,  J.  N. 
 McLeod,  John  For.s3-th,  James  Wood,  Thomas  Beve- 
 ridge,  James  M.  Wilson,  T.  W.  J.  Wylie,  S.  J.  Wylie, 
 Thomas  Smyth,  M.  L.  P.  Thompson,  and  J.  F. 
 Stearnes. 
 
 Hitchcock,  Henry  L.,  D.D.,  was  bom  at  Ben- 
 ton, O.,  October  31st,  1813.  His  father,  Peter  Hitch- 
 cock, who  settled  in  Northern  Ohio  in  1806,  was 
 Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  for  twenty- 
 eight  years.  He  also  held  other  important  public 
 positions  at  different  times,  as  member  of  the  State 
 Legislature  and  of  the  House  of  Representatives  in 
 the  Congress  of  the  United  States.  Dr.  Hitchcock 
 received  his  academic  education  at  Benton  Academy. 
 In  September,  1829,  he  entered  the  Sophomore  Class 
 of  Yale  College,  and  graduated  in  1832.  For  two 
 years  after  graduating  he  taught  in  Benton  Academy.  ( 
 He  then  spent  one  year  in  theological  studies,  reciting 
 to  his  pa-stor,  the  Rev.  Dexter  Witter,  after  which  he 
 was  a  student  in  Lane  Theological  Seminary.  He 
 was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Grand  River,  July  25th,  1837.  He  was  ordained 
 and  installed  by  the  same  Presbytery  over  the  Church 
 of  Morgan,  O.,  November  29th,  1837.  In  June,  1840, 
 he  was  dismissed  from  this  charge  to  accept  a  call 
 from  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Columbus, 
 O. ,  which  had  then  been  organized  a  little  more 
 than  one  year.  Dr.  Hitchcock  commenced  preaching 
 in  C-jlumbus,  July,  1840,  and  was  installed  pastor  of 
 
 the  church  November  24th,  1841,  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Marion  (afterwards  Franklin).  In  this  charge  he 
 remained  fifteen  years,  during  which  the  church  be- 
 came strong  and  influential,  and  the  Third  Church 
 of  Columbus  was  organized  from  its  membership. 
 This  church  afterwards  became  Congregational,  and 
 is  now  a  large  and  useful  church.  Dr.  Hitchcock 
 became  President  of  Western  Reserve  College,  Hud- 
 son, O.,  in  July,  1855,  in  which  position,  in  addition 
 to  the  duties  of  the  Presidency,  he  was  pastor  of  the 
 College  Church,  which,  under  his  ministry,  recovered 
 from  its  depression,  and  attained  a  good  degree  of 
 prosperity.      He  died  July  (ith,  1873,  at  Hudson,  O. 
 
 Hodge,  Archibald  Alexander,  D.  D.,  LL.  D., 
 the  eldest  son  of  Dr.  Charles  Hodge,  was  born  at 
 Princeton,  N.  J.,  in  July,  1823.  He  graduated  at  the 
 College  of  New  Jersey  in  1841,  and  after  being  Tutor 
 
 ABlH1B\LI>   ALFXANDER  HODGE,  D    D     LL  D 
 
 for  a  year,  he  entered  the  Princeton  Theological  Semi- 
 nary. On  leaving  the  Seminary  he  was  ordained  as 
 a  missionary;  sailed  for  India  in  August,  1847,  and 
 was  stationed  at  Allahabad  two  years,  but,  owing  to 
 the  ill-health  of  his  wife,  he  returned,  in  May,  1850. 
 In  1851  he  accepted  the  charge  of  the  Church  of  Lower 
 West  Nottingham,  Maryland,  and  in  the  Fall  of  1855 
 resigned  this  pastorate  for  that  of  Fredericksburg,  Va. 
 While  here  he  composed  his  "Outlines  of  Theolog>'," 
 which  was  published  in  1800,  and  has  been  repub- 
 lished in  1878  in  a  new  and  much  enlarged  edition; 
 has  been  republished  in  Great  Britain,  and  translated 
 into  Welsh,  modern  Greek  and  Hindustani.  In  1861 
 he  became  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Wilkesbarre,  Pa. , 
 where  he  was  greatly  beloved,  and  eminently  useful. 
 
HODGE. 
 
 331 
 
 HODGE. 
 
 In  May,  IJ^dM,  Dr.  Hodge  was  elected,  by  the  General 
 Assembly,  to  the  Chair  of  Didactic,  Historical  and 
 Polemic  Theology,  in  the  Western  Theological  Serai- 
 nary,  and  he  removed  to  Allegheny  City  in  the  Fall. 
 In  1867  he  published  his  work  on  "The  Atonement," 
 and  in  1869  his  "  Commentary  on  the  Confession  of 
 Faith."  In  1877  he  was  elected  Associate  Professor 
 of  Theology  in  Princeton  Seminary,  and  in  1878, 
 Professor  of  Didactic  and  Polemic  Theology  in  the 
 same  Seminary,  which  position  he  now  holds.  Dr. 
 Hodge  is  j  ustly  distinguished  for  his  vast  and  varied 
 scholarship.  As  a  preacher,  he  is  always  listened  to 
 ^vith  pleasure  and  profit.  His  sermons  are  rich  with 
 Bible  truth,  logically  constructed,  clothed  in  captivat- 
 ing language,  delivered  with  solemnity,  and  addressed 
 with  no  less  earnestness  to  the  heart  than  to  the  in- 
 tellect. The  works  which  he  has  given  to  the  public 
 are  all  characterized  by  marked  ability,  orthodoxy 
 and  vigor  of  style,  and,  whilst  indicating  thorough 
 erudition  ami  profound  research,  are  peculiarh' 
 adapted  to  interest  and  instruct  the  popular  mind. 
 As  a  Profes.sor.  he  fully  meets  the  demands  of  the 
 position,  by  his  masterly  treatment  of  the  great 
 themes  assigned  to  his  department  of  instruction. 
 
 Hodge,  Charles,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was  Iwrn  in 
 Philadelphia,  December  28th,  1797.  He  graduated 
 at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1815;  entered  Prince- 
 ton Seminary  in  November,  1816.  and  remained  in 
 the  Institution  for  a  full  three  years'  course.  He  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  October 
 21st,  1819,  and  during  the  Winter  of  1819-20  preached 
 regularly  at  the  Falls  of  Schuylkill,  the  Philadel- 
 phia Arsenal,  and  Woodbury,  X.  J.  In  May,  1820, 
 he  was  appointed  Assistant  Instructor  in  the  Original 
 Languages  of  Scripture,  in  Princeton  Seminary,  which 
 position  he  held  until  1822.  He  became  a  member 
 of  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  July  .'>th,  1820, 
 and  continued  as  such  all  the  remainder  of  his  life. 
 Under  appointment  of  Presbj'tery,  in  1820,  he  sup- 
 plied the  churches  of  Georgetown  and  Lambert\"ille 
 for  a  .season,  and  LambertWlle  and  Trenton,  First 
 Church  (now  Ewing  Church),  during  parts  of  the 
 years  1820-23.  He  was  ordained  sine  titulo  at  Tren- 
 ton, November  28th,  1821. 
 
 Dr.  Hodge's  connection  with  the  Seminary  con- 
 tinued to  the  end  of  his  life.  In  May,  1822,  he  was 
 elected  by  the  General  Assembly  to  the  Professor- 
 ship of  Oriental  and  Biblical  Literature;  in  May, 
 1840,  to  that  of  E.xcgetical  and  Didactic  Theology, 
 and  after  18,54,  was  added  to  these.  Polemic  Theology. 
 In  1846  he  was  elected  iloderator  of  the  General 
 As.sembly.  In  1825  he  commenced  the  Bibliml  Fcp- 
 ertory.  The  same  year  he  went  to  Europe,  and  spent 
 three  years  in  the  universities  of  Paris,  Halle,  and 
 Berlin.  During  his  absence  the  Repertory  was  under 
 the  direction  of  Profe.s.sor  Robert  Patton,  then  con- 
 nected with  the  College  of  New  Jersey.  In  1829,  the 
 name  of  the  work  was  changed  to  The  BiblienJ 
 Repertory   and   Princeton   Review,  and  its  scope   was 
 
 greatly  widened.  It  soon  became  a  mighty  power  in 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  continued  such  jmtil 
 the  close  of  its  editor's  life. 
 
 Dr.  Hodge  was  a  voluminous  ■svriter,  and  from  the 
 beginning  to  the  end  of  his  theological  cjireer  his  pen 
 was  never  idle.  In  1835  he  published  his  "Com- 
 mentary on  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans, ' '  his  greatest 
 exegetical  work,  and  one  of  the  most  masterly  com- 
 mentaries on  this  Epistle  that  has  ever  been  ^\Titten. 
 Other  works  followed,  at  intervals  of  longer  or  shorter 
 duration — "Constitutional  History  of  the  Presbyte- 
 rian Church  in  the  United  States,"  1840;  "Way  of 
 Life,  1841;  republished  in  England,  translated  into 
 other  languages,  and  circulated  to  the  extent  of 
 thlrtj'-five  thousand  copies  in  America;  "Commentary 
 on  Ephesians,"  1856;  on  "First  Corinthians,"  1857; 
 
 CHAKLF.S    HODGE,  li.    D,,  LL.    D. 
 
 on  "Second  Corinthians,"  1859.  His  magnum  opus  is 
 the  " Systematic  Theologj'"  (1871-73),  of  three  vols. 
 8vo,  and  extending  to  2260  pages.  His  last  book, 
 "What  is  Darwinism?"  appeared  in  1874.  In  addi- 
 tion to  all  this,  it  must  be  remembered  that  he  con- 
 tributed upwards  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  articles 
 to  the  Princclon  Rcrieu;  many  of  which,  besides  exert- 
 ing a  powerful  Influence  at  the  time  of  their  publica- 
 tion, have  since  been  gathered  into  volumes,  and  as 
 "Princeton  Essays,"  "Hodge's  Essays"  (1857),  and 
 ' '  Hodge's  Discussions  in  Church  Polity ' '  (editor  Rev. 
 William  Durant,  1878),  have  taken  a  permanent 
 j)lace  in  our  theological  literature. 
 
 On  the  23d  of  April,  1872,  the  fiftieth  anniversary 
 of  Dr.  Hodge's  election  as  Professor,  there  was  ob- 
 served in  Princeton  a  semi-centennial  commemora- 
 
HODGE. 
 
 332 
 
 HODGE. 
 
 tion  or  jubilee.  Four  hundred  of  his  former  students 
 enrolled  themselves  as  having  come  up  from  every 
 part  of  the  land  to  pay  their  respects  to  their  aged 
 Professor.  The  Faculties  of  all  the  Presbyterian 
 Theological  Seminaries,  and  several  of  those  belong- 
 ing to  the  Episcopal,  Jlcthodist,  Congregational, 
 Lutheran  and  Kelbrmed  churches  were  represented. 
 All  branches  of  the  Presbyterian  churches  of  Great 
 Britain  and  Ireland  saluted  him,  by  letter  or  repre- 
 sentative, with  exjjressions  of  their  respect,  confidence 
 and  love.  Episcopal  bishops,  venerable  prol'essors, 
 and  pastors  of  all  communions  sent  him  congratu- 
 latory addresses.  Dr.  Joseph  T.  Duryea,  then  of 
 Brookl.yn,  delivered  an  oration  on  "  Theology  as  a 
 Science."  Dr.  H.  A.  Boardman,  of  Philadelphia, 
 delivered  to  Dr.  Hodge,  in  the  name  of  the  Directors 
 and  Alumni  of  the  Institution,  a  congratulatory 
 address. 
 
 Dr.  Hodge  died  June  inth,  1878,  in  his  eighty- 
 first  year;  his  ner\ous  system  exhausted,  his  physi- 
 cal lilt  ran  gently  out,  while  his  mind  was  as  clear 
 and  his  spirit  as  free  and  strong  as  ever.  He  died 
 with  all  his  family  around  him',  as  the  setting  sun 
 glorifying  the  lower  heavens,  with  the  peaceful 
 brightness  of  his  faith  and  love.  To  a  weeping 
 daughter  he  said,  "Dearest,  don't  weep,  'to  be 
 absent  from  the  body  is  to  be  with  the  Lord.  To 
 be  with  the  Lord  is  to  see  Him.  To  .see  the  Lord 
 is  to  be  like  Him." 
 
 As  a  man,  in  all  the  manifestations  of  his  inward 
 life  in  his  family,  and  with  his  intimate  friends. 
 Dr.  Hodge  was  a  Christian  of  the  type  of  John. 
 He  was  reverent,  tender,  joyous,  full  of  faith  and 
 hope  and  love.  He  spontaneously  cast  olf  whatever 
 tended  to  depress  him,  and  always  looked  on  the 
 bright  side  of  things.  When  he  looked  Godward  his 
 attitude  was  adoring  love;  when  he  looked  man  ward 
 his  face  radiated  benevolence. 
 
 As  a  teacher  he  had  great  power,  which  resulted 
 in  part  from  his  character  and  the  reverence  that 
 excited,  partly  from  the  fullness  of  his  knowledge  and 
 the  clearness  of  his  statements,  and  partly  from  his 
 method.  He  po.ssessed  an  almost  perfect  skill  in 
 practicing  the  Socratio  method,  in  eliciting  thought, 
 and  leading  to  conclusions  by  questions.  He  stimu- 
 lated thought,  and  taught  his  students  how  to  u.se 
 their  faculties,  and  brought  them  to  fixed  convictions 
 through  personal  experience  of  the  truth,  and  its 
 relation  to  the  conscience  and  the  life. 
 
 As  a  preacher.  Dr.  Hodge  was  instructive  and  edify- 
 ing. His  sermons  were  elaborate  expositions  of  some 
 fundamental  doctrine  of  the  go.spel,  often  exhibited  on 
 the  side  of  experience  and  practice.  He  read  them 
 quietly,  without  gesture,  but  with  great  solemnity 
 and  tenderness  of  tone  and  manner. 
 
 As  a  controversalist,  for  forty-five  years,  he  was 
 characterized  by  entire  fairness,  great  clearness  of  style, 
 thoroughly  logical  arrangement  of  material,  and  con- 
 sequent development  of  the  principles  adopted;  by 
 
 absolute  fidelity  to  truth  as  he  conceived  it,  and 
 devotion  to  its  maintenance,  for  the  glory  of  Christ 
 and  the  good  of  souls,  without  a  shadow  of  a  thought 
 as  to  the  approbation  or  offence  of  men.  Yet,  though 
 firm  and  decided  in  his  views,  and  always  ready  to 
 defend  them,  he  was  devoid  of  all  personal  animosities. 
 
 In  all  these  relations  and  functions,  Dr.  Hodge's 
 distinguishing  attributes  were  great  tenderness  and 
 strength  of  emotion,  and  power  of  exciting  it  in 
 others;  an  habitual  adoring  love  for  Christ,  and 
 absolute  submission  of  his  mind  and  will  to  His 
 Word;  a  chivalrous  dispo.sition  to  maintain,  against 
 all  odds,  and  with  unvarying  consistency,  through 
 all  the  years  of  a  long  life,  the  truth  as  he  knevf  it ; 
 crystalline  clearness  of  thought  and  expression,  and 
 an  unsurpassed  logical  power  of  analysis,  and  of 
 grasping  and  exhibiting  all  truths  in  their  rela- 
 tions. As  he  sat  every  Sabbath  afternoon  in  the. 
 Conference  of  students  and  Professors,  he  spoke  on 
 all  questions  of  experimental  and  practical  religion; 
 freely,  without  paper,  in  language  and  with  illus- 
 trations suggested  by  the  moment.  The  matter 
 presented  was  a  clear  analysis  of  the  Scriptural 
 passage  or  theme,  doctrinal  or  practical,  chosen  for 
 the  occasion,  an  exhaustive  statement  and  clear 
 illu.stration  of  the  subject,  a  development  of  each 
 I  doctrine  on  the  side  of  experience  and  duty,  and  a 
 demonstration  of  the  practical  character  of  all  d^oc- 
 trine,  and  of  the  doctrinal  basis  of  all  genuine  re- 
 ligious experience  and  practice.  As  to  the  manner, 
 the  entire  discourse  was  in  the  highest  degree  earnest, 
 fervent,  and  tender  to  tears,  full  of  conviction  and 
 full  of  love. 
 
 By  universal  agreement,  Dr.  Hodge  was  one  of  the 
 brightest  and  best  ornaments  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church.  WTien  he  died,  the  whole  Christian  Church 
 felt  his  loss,  and  exclaimed,  "A  prince  and  a  great 
 man  is  fallen  this  day  in  Israel. "  Nor  can  any  of  his 
 former  pupils  ever  lose  the  impressions  made  upon 
 them  by  his  loving  heart,  his  wonderful  intellect, 
 and  his  eminent  piety. 
 
 Hodge,  Rev.  Ed-ward.  Blanchard,  was  born 
 at  Philadelphia,  February  5th,  1841.  He  graduated 
 at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  18.59,  and  entered 
 upon  the  study  of  medici-ne.  His  theological  training 
 was  received  at  Princeton.  He  was  ordained  by  the 
 Presbj-tery  of  Burlington,  April  28th,  1864,  since  which 
 time  he  has  been  the  earnest,  beloved  and  successful 
 pastor  of  the  I'resljyteriau  Church  in  that  place. 
 
 Hodge,  Francis  Blanchard,  D.  D.,  the  young- 
 est son  of  Dr.  Charles  Hodge,  was  born  at  Princeton, 
 N.  J.,  October  24th,  1838.  He  graduated  at  the 
 College  of  New  Jersey  in  1859,  and  four  years  later 
 completed  a  theological  course  in  the  Seminary  at 
 Princeton.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Castle,  and  installed  over  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Oxford,  Pa.,  May  9th,  1863.  For  five 
 years  he  Avas  the  faithful  and  much  beloved  j)astor  of 
 this  Church.     With  great  regret  he  was  parted  from 
 
HODGE. 
 
 333 
 
 HODGE. 
 
 when  Presbytery  decided  that  he  should  be  trans- 
 ferred to  a  larger  and  more  promising  field  of  labor. 
 He  was  installed  over  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Wilkesbarre,  in  1869,  where,  for  fourteen  years,  he  has 
 mainfciined  a  steady  hold  upon  the  affections  of  his 
 people,  and  established  a  reputation  as  a  strong  and 
 eloquent  preacher  of  the  gospel,  and  a  zealous,  fearless 
 defender  of  the  evangeliavl  faith.  The  .social  qualities 
 of  Dr.  Hodge  are  very  attractive,  and  win  for  him 
 ntunerous  friends.  He  excels  in  conversation.  He 
 possesses  a  deeply  sympathetic  nature,  that  goes  out 
 in  kindness  toward  suffering  and  sorrow  as  .soon  as 
 beheld.  His  whole  being  revolts  against  wrong  when 
 seen  or  heard,  and  he  spares  not  severe  words  in 
 denunciation  thereof,  when  opportunity  offers. 
 
 As  a  preacher,  he  may  be  classed  among  those  who 
 are  strongly  emotional,  influencing  the  affections  of 
 the  people.  He  is  always  logical  and  clear,  and  com- 
 mands the  attention  of  his  audience,  whether  using  a 
 manuscript  or  prciiching  extempore,  both  of  which 
 methods  he  has  practiced  successfully.  He  is  a  good 
 Presbyter,  and  few  in  our  Chiuch  courts  talk  better 
 or  present  their  points  with  clearer  or  more  convinc- 
 ing force. 
 
 Hodge,  Hugh  L.,  M.  D.,  was  the  son  of  Dr. 
 Hugh  Hodge,  of  Philadelphia.  His  mother  was  Mary 
 Blauchard,  of  Boston.  He  w;is  born  in  Philadel- 
 phia, .June  27th,  179(5.  ^V^len  he  was  two  years  old, 
 his  father  died,  leaving  Jlrs.  Hodge  in  very  limited 
 ciircumstances,  with  two  infants,  the  younger  being 
 Charles  Hodge,  then  only  six  months  old.  These 
 little  lads  owed  much  to  their  mother,  who  for  years 
 devoted  all  her  energies  to  them.  She  had  the  satis- 
 faction of  living  to  see  them  both  successfully  en- 
 gaged in  their  professions,  and  giving  clear  evidence 
 that  they  would  attiiin  the  high  positions  in  each 
 that  they  afterwards  did.  The  boys  were  educated 
 in  Philadelphia  and  Somerville,  and  gradutitcd  from 
 Princeton  College.  Hugh  L.  Hodge  studied  medi- 
 cine in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1820 
 began  to  practice  in  Philadelphia.  The  next  year 
 he  taught  the  anatomical  class  of  Dr.  Horner,  who 
 was  then  iu  Europe.  In  1823  he  was  appointed  to  a 
 lectureship  on  surgery,  in  a  school  which  afterwards 
 became  the  "Medical  Institute."  In  1835  he  was 
 elected  Professor  of  Obstetrics  in  the  University  of 
 Pennsylvania;  he  retained  the  position  until  1863. 
 No  teacher  ever  gave  a  more  thorough  or  a  more 
 conscientious  course  of  lectures.  The  strong  feature  of 
 his  teaching  was  not  to  display  knowledge  but  to  im- 
 part it.  His  resignation  was  occasioned  by  his  failure 
 of  vision.  With  the  aid  of  an  amanuensis  and  his 
 son,  he  was  able  to  prepare  several  importint  medi- 
 cal works  for  the  press. 
 
 He  had  seven  sons,  of  whom  five  survived  hira. 
 Four  entered  the  ministry,  and  one,  bearing  his 
 father's   name,  who  is  noticed  below. 
 
 Dr.  Hodge's  grandfather,  Andrew  Hodge,"  took  a 
 prominent  part  in  the  organization  of  the   Second 
 
 Pre.sln-terian  Church  of  Philadelphia.  In  this  church 
 Dr.  Hodge  was  born,  and  continued  until  his  death. 
 He  professed  his  faith  in  1830.  As  a  church  mem- 
 ber no  one  showed  a  greater  consistency,  a  broader 
 philanthropy,  a  more  unstricted  liberality,  or  set  a 
 brighter  example  of  loyal  Clu'istian  faith.  He  was 
 identified  with  all  the  enterprises  of  the  church. 
 He  was  elected  ruling  elder,  but  declined,  because 
 of  his  professional  engagements  and  the  loss  of  his 
 eyesight.  When,  in  1868,  the  congregation  determined 
 to  move  from  Seventh  and  Arch  streets,  and  built  on 
 the  corner  of  Walnut  and  Twenty-first  streets.  Dr. 
 Hodge  was  chosen  chairman  of  the  building  com- 
 mittee, and  labored  earnestly  to  accomijlLsh  the 
 result.  He  lived  to  see  the  beautiful  building  erected, 
 and  was  present  at  its  dedication.  He  died  suddenly, 
 of  angina  pectoris,  on  the  26th  of  February,  1873. 
 
 Hodge,  H.  Lenox,  M.D.,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
 phia, July  30th,  1836.  His  father  was  the  eminent 
 physician.  Dr.  Hugh  L.  Hodge.  He  received  a 
 collegiate  education,  which  terminated  in  1855,  in 
 his  native  city,  and  afterwards  studied  medicine  at 
 the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  where  he  graduated 
 in  1858.  In  the  Fall  of  the  same  year  he  became 
 resident  physician  of  the  Pennsylvania  Hospital,  re- 
 taining that  ofiice  till  the  Spring  of  i860,  when  he 
 opened  an  office  for  the  practice  of  medicine  in 
 Philadelphia.  He  was  appointed  Demonstrator  of 
 Surgery  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and,  in 
 1861  commenced  giving  instruction  to  private  classes, 
 on  Chestnut  street,  between  Ninth  and  Tenth  streets, 
 and  subsequently  lectured  iu  Chant  street,  on 
 Anatomy  and  Operative  Surgery.  In  1870  he  was  ap- 
 pointed Demonstrator  of  Anatomy  in  the  University  of 
 Pcrmsylvania,  and  w;vs,  for  nearly  ten  years,  attend- 
 ing surgeon  at  the  Children's  Hospital.  At  the 
 opening  of  the  Presbyterian  Ho.spital,  in  1872,  he  was 
 appointed  attending  surgeon  to  that  institution. 
 Dr.  Hodge,  by  his  talents,  industry,  integrity  and 
 energy,  attained  a  high  rank  in  his  profession.  He 
 was  a  gentleman  of  polished  address  and  peculiar 
 benevolence.  For  a  number  of  years  he  was  an 
 exemplary,  active  and  useful  ruling  elder  in  the 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church.  Removed  by  death,  in 
 the  midst  of  his  years,  .June  10th,  1881,  he  bore  his 
 last  and  lingering  illness  with  marked  resignation, 
 and  left  the  record  of  one  who  had  adorned  all  the 
 relations  of  life  by  his  cultivated  intellect,  kind  dis- 
 position, and  exemplary  Christian  character.  At  the 
 time  of  his  decease  he  was  a  member  of  many  medi- 
 cal societies  and  associations. 
 
 Hodge,  John  Aspin'wall,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Philadelphia,  Pa.,  August  12th,  1631.  He  graduated 
 at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1851,  and  studied 
 theology  at  Princeton  Seminary.  He  was  ordained 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Luzerne,  April  22d,  1857; 
 was  stated  supply  of  the  Church  at  Mauch  Chunk, 
 Pa.,  1856;  pastor  1857-65,  and  since  186G,  has  been 
 pastor  of  the   First   Church,  Hartford,  Connecticut. 
 
BODGE. 
 
 334 
 
 nOGE. 
 
 Dr.  Hodge  is  a  gentleman  of  genial  spirit  and  schol- 
 arly attainments;  an  excellent  preacher,  an  exem- 
 plary pastor,  and  a  valuable  presbyter.  Descended 
 from  good  Presbyterian  stock,  he  is  not  given  to 
 speculation  in  theology,  but  faithfully,  earnestly  and 
 successfully  proclaims  the  truth  of  God's  Word  as 
 set  forth  in  the  Stimdards  of  our  Church. 
 
 Hodge,  Samuel,  D.D.,  second  son  of  Francis 
 and  Priscilla  (King)  Hodge,  was  born  in  the  Fork, 
 Sullivan  county,  Tenn.,  June  7th,  1829.  Having 
 graduated  at  Washington  College,  Tenn.,  in  1850,  he 
 entered  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton,  N.  .T., 
 in  September  of  that  year,  and  completed  the  usual 
 three  years'  course  of  study.  He  was  licensed  by  the 
 Prasbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  April  27th,  1853,  and 
 in  September  began  Home  Missionary  work  in  the 
 churches  of  Rock  Spring  and  Walnut  Grove,  Wash- 
 ington county,  Va.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Montgomery,  in  September,  1854.  In  1855 
 he  began  the  supply  of  New  Providence  Church, 
 Hawkins  county,  Teuu.,  being  also  for  one  year  the 
 Principal  of  New  Providence  Academy.  In  1857  he 
 accepted  a  Professorship  at  Washington  College,  where 
 he  remained  until  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  and 
 the  consequent  disbanding  of  the  College.  During 
 his  Professorship,  and  afterwards  during  part  of  the 
 war,  he  supplied  the  churches  of  Salem  and  Leesburg. 
 Leaving  Tennessee,  in  1805,  after  a  few  montlis  spent 
 in  Missouri,  he  came  to  Iowa,  where  he  accepted  the 
 Professorship  of  Languages  in  Leno.K  Collegiate  Insti- 
 tute, at  Hopkinton;  alsc  supplying  the  Milo  Church, 
 twelve  miles  distiint.  The  Synod  of  Iowa  (O.  S. ) 
 elected  him  President  of  Lenox  Institute,  in  October, 
 1866,  and  the  Hopkinton  Church  sought  his  .services 
 as  pulpit  supply.  He  performed  these  double  duties 
 with  rare  ability  and  success,  for  t*n  years,  when  he 
 withdrew  from  the  care  of  the  church  and  gave  his 
 whole  time  to  the  coUege.  He  re-signed  the  presidency 
 in  1882,  after  sixteen  years  of  continuous  and  weary- 
 ing labor,  during  which  the  school  increased  con- 
 stantly in  numbers  and  influence.  He  now  resides  at 
 Rockford,  111. 
 
 Dr.  Hodge  has  a  flue  reputation  as  an  in-structor 
 and  manager  of  youth.  He  is  a  thorough  scholar, 
 well  informed  in  all  the  branches  of  general  knowl- 
 edge, and  especially  fitted  by  mental  culture,  accu- 
 rate scholarship,  long  service  and  general  aptitude 
 for  imparting  instruction,  in  mental  and  moral  philos- 
 ophy and  the  languages,  to  classes  in  college  of  high 
 grade.  He  ranks  among  the  foremost  of  Western 
 educators. 
 
 As  a  preacher.  Dr.  Hodge  stands  high  among  think- 
 ing men.  With  a  keen  liking  for  philosophical  re- 
 search, and  a  rare  power  of  analysis,  he  unites  an 
 ardent  love  for  the  old  doctrines,  which  he  maintains 
 with  energy  and  eloquence.  His  sermons  are  models 
 of  careful  prep;nation,  combining  purity  of  style 
 with  precision  of  thought,  and  glowing  vrith  spiritual 
 truth. 
 
 Hoflfbrd,  Rev.  M.  Lowrie,  A.  M.,  son  of  John 
 and  Hannah  (Lowrie)  Hoft'ord,  was  born  near  Doyles- 
 town.  Pa.,  January  27th,  1825.  He  pursued  a  part 
 of  his  college  course  at  Lafayette  CoUege,  and  was 
 graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  in  1849.  He 
 studied  theology  at  Princeton  Seminary,  and  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Second  Presby- 
 tery of  Philadelphia,  in  June,  1851.  For  one  year  he 
 ■was  stated  supply  of  the  Church  at  Tamaqua,  Pa.  In 
 1852  he  organized  the  First  Presbj-terian  Church  of 
 Beverly,  N.  J.,  and  opened  a  select  and  classical 
 school,  which  was  continued  till  1863.  In  that  year 
 he  was  elected  Principal  of  the  Seminary  at  Allen- 
 town,  Pa.,  which  beaime  quite  flourishing  under  his 
 administration,  and  was  incorporated  by  the  State  as 
 Muhlenburg  College.  Upon  retiring  from  this  Insti- 
 tution to  Beverly,  in  1868,  he  organized  the  Fairview 
 Presbyterian  Church,  erecting  a  house  of  worship. 
 In  1870  he  organized  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Delanco,  erecting  a  house  of  worship.  In  1873  he 
 organized  the  Calvary  Presbyterian  Church  of  River- 
 ton.  In  1878  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  pastorate  of 
 the  Morrls\-ille  Presbyterian  Church,  Pa. ,  his  present 
 charge.  Mr.  Hofford  is  a  faithful  preacher  and  pastor. 
 He  has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  religious 
 press.  He  is  the  author  of  "  Gospel  Hymns,"  which 
 have  found  their  way  into  numerous  Sabbath  schools 
 and  devotional  collections. 
 
 Hoflfinan,  Christian  J.,  an  elder  of  the  North 
 Presbyterian  Chuich,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  was  born  in 
 Lewistown,  Pa.,  November  18th,  1819.  In  early  life 
 he  learned  the  printing  business,  but  abandoned  it 
 in  favor  of  comoiercial  pursuits.  After  serving  as  a 
 clerk  in  Philadelphia,  in  1847  he  embarked  in  the 
 flour  and  grain  trade,  in  which  he  attained  great 
 success.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  City  Coun- 
 cil in  1852,  and  filled  the  position  one  year  after  the 
 consolidation  of  the  city.  In  1861  he  was  elected 
 President  of  the  Corn  Exchange  Association.  He 
 has  served  faithfully,  for  a  number  of  years,  as  one 
 of  the  Directors  of  Girard  College,  and  as  a  Trustee 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Ho.spital  in  Philadelphia.  Mr. 
 Hoftman  is  a  gentleman  of  great  energy  and  ad- 
 mirable executive  ability.  He  is  kind  in  disposition, 
 liberal  and  active  in  the  support  of  all  good  causes, 
 and  justly  held  in  high  esteem  for  his  integrity  of 
 character. 
 
 Hoge,  James,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  Rev.  Dr.  Moses 
 and  Elizabeth  (Poage)  Hoge,  was  born  at  Moorfield, 
 Virginia,  in  1784.  He  was  chiefly  educated  by  his 
 father,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by 
 Lexington  Presbytery,  Virginia,  April  17th,  1805. 
 Under  a  commission  from  the  General  Assembly,  he 
 went  as  a  missionary  to  Ohio,  arri\'ing  at  Franklin- 
 ton,  November  19th,  1805,  where  he  organized  a 
 church,  February  18th,  1806.  Early  in  the  Fall,  on 
 account  of  impaired  health,  he  returned  to  his  native 
 State,  but,  his  health  having  improved,  he  accepted, 
 September  25th,   1807,  a  call  from   the  Church   of 
 
HOGE. 
 
 335 
 
 HOGE. 
 
 Franklinton  for  three-fourths  of  his  time.  Not  long 
 after  this  he  wa-s  solicited  to  preach  at  Columbus,  on 
 the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  and  the  acceptance  of 
 this  request  resulted  in  the  organization  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  that  city,  of  which  he  con- 
 tinued to  be  pastor  until  February  28th,  1858,  when, 
 on  account  of  his  age  and  feeble  health,  he  resigned. 
 He  continued  to  reside  in  Columbus,  where  he  died, 
 September  ^id,  1863. 
 
 The  vast  and  varied  powers  of  Dr.  Hoge  were  not 
 confined  to  the  individual  church  of  which  he  was 
 pastor,  but  were  largely  enjoyed  by  the  whole  denomi- 
 nation to  which  he  belonged.  He  may  be  justly 
 called  the  father  of  the  Presbytery  of  Columbus,  and 
 even  of  the  Synod  of  Ohio.  He  was  very  influential 
 in  our  Church  courts.     He  was  the  pioneer  of  the 
 
 JAMES   Hnr.E,  D.  D. 
 
 great  Temperance  reform  in  the  State  in  which  he  so 
 long  resided.  For  many  years  he  w;is  trastee  of  two 
 of  the  universities  of  the  State.  He  was  one  of  the 
 warmest  advocates  of  the  Bible  Society  in  the  West. 
 He  was  largely  instrumental  in  securing  the  establish- 
 ment, by  the  Legislature,  of  Institutions  for  the  deaf, 
 the  dumb  and  the  blind,  and  he  rendered  efficient 
 aid  in  the  establishment  of  the  lunatic  asylum.  His 
 life  was  one  of  great  usefulness,  and  he  has  left  an 
 abiding  influence  in  the  church  in  which  he  lived, 
 labored  and  died. 
 
 Hoge,  Rev.  John,  was  the  son  of  "William  Hoge, 
 "an  exile  for  Christ's  sake,"  from  Scotland.  He  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  Octo- 
 ber 10th,  17.53.  In  1755  he  was  ordained  ^by  the 
 Presbytery  of  New  Castle,  and  became  the  first 
 pastor  of  the  churches  of  Opecquon  and  Cedar  Creek, 
 
 Va.  In  1760  we  find  him  the  pastor  of  Tuscarora, 
 Opecquon  and  Back  Creek  churches.  About  1762 
 Mr.  Hoge,  on  account  of  the  remissness  of  his  people 
 in  giving  him  a  support,  resigned  his  charge  and  re- 
 moved to  Pennsylvania. 
 
 Hoge,    Rev.  John  Blair,   a  sou  of   the   Rev. 
 Moses  Hoge,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Jefferson  county,  Va., 
 in  April,  1790.     After  assisting  his  father  for  some 
 time,  in  a  school  which  he  had  established  at  Shep- 
 herdstown,  he  entered  Hampden-Sidney  College,  at 
 an  advanced  standing,  where  he  graduated  about  the 
 year  1808.     He  afterwards  became  a  tutor  in  the  col- 
 lege, his  father  having,  in  the  meantime,  become  its 
 President.     He  commenced  the  study  of  the  law  with 
 great  promise,  but,  determining  to  prepare  for  the 
 gospel   ministry,    he  became  a  student  of  theology 
 under  his  father,  and  on  the  20th  of  April,  1810,  was 
 licensed  by  the  Hanover  Presbj'tery.     October   12th, 
 1811,  he  was  ordained   and   installed  pastor   of  the 
 congregations  of  Tuscarora  and  Falling  Waters,  giving 
 a  portion  of  his  labors  also   to  Martinsburg.     From 
 his  first  appearance  in  the  pulpit,  Mr.  Hoge's  preach- 
 ing attracte<l  great  attention.     For  the  sake  of  needed 
 relaxation  from  labors,  he  crossed  the  ocean,  leaving 
 home  in  1814,  and  returning  in  1816,  in  various  ways 
 benefited  by  his  tour.    He  was  now  even  more  sought 
 after  as  a  preacher  than  he  had  ever  been  before,  but 
 his  popularity  never   seemed   to  occasion  the   least 
 self-exaltation.      September  7th,    1822,   he    became 
 pa.stor   of  the   church  on  Shockoe  Hill,  Richmond. 
 Here  his  usefulness  was  enlarged  ;  but  ere  long  his 
 health   began  to  decline,  and  he  died   JIarch  31st, 
 1826.     Mr.  Hoge  was  one  of  the  most  gifted  sons  of 
 old  Virginia.     His  talents,  taste  and   acquirements 
 were  acknowledged,  by  all  who  knew  him  intimately, 
 to  be  of  the  first  order.     In  his  private  intercourse,  he 
 was  a  model  of  all  that  is  gentle,  discreet  and  ex- 
 emplary.    His  enduring  monument  is  in  the  hearts 
 of  many  whom  he  guided  to  the  Saviour.     Dr.  D.  H. 
 Riddle,  referring  to  him  as  the  Mend  of  his  youth, 
 
 says — 
 
 "  None  knew  thee  but  to  love  thee. 
 Or  named  thee  but  to  praise." 
 
 Hoge,  Moses,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  what  is  now 
 Frederick  county,  Va.,  February  1.5th,  1752.  He 
 served,  for  a  short  time,  as  a  .soldier  in  the  army  of 
 the  Revolution,  but  under  what  circumstances  can- 
 not now  be  ascertained.  He  entered  Liberty  Hall 
 Academy,  at  Timber  Ridge,  in  1778;  completed  his 
 studies  there  in  1780;  on  the  25th  of  October  of  that 
 year  was  received  as  a  candidate  by  the  Hanover 
 Presbytery.  During  the  pendency  of  his  trials  for 
 licensure,  he  prosecuted  his  theological  studies  still 
 further,  und^r  the  direction  of  the  celebrated  Dr. 
 James  Waddel,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  in  No- 
 vember, 1781.  He  became  pastor  of  the  congrega- 
 tion named  Concrete,  in  Hardy  county,  December 
 13th,  1782,  and  during  his  pastorate  taught  a  school, 
 which  secured  important  advantages  to  the  youth  in 
 
HOGE. 
 
 336 
 
 HOGE. 
 
 the  neighborhood.  After  spending  ahout  five  years 
 on  the  south  branch  of  the  Potomac,  and  finding  the 
 climate  injurious  to  his  healtli,  notwithstanding  the 
 devoted  attachment  of  his  people,  and  their  earnest 
 wish  to  retain  liim,  he  removed,  in  the  Autumn  of 
 1787,  to  Shepherdstown,  where  he  very  soon  gathered 
 a  large  congregation,  and  acquired  great  popularity 
 throughout  the  whole  region. 
 
 In  1807  Dr.  Hoge  was  invited  to  t<ake  charge  of  the 
 academy  in  Charlestown,  about  ten  miles  from  Shep- 
 herdstown, and  to  divide  his  ministerial  labors  be- 
 tween the  two  places,  but  lie  declined  the  offer. 
 Shortly  after  this  he  was  appointed  President  of 
 Hampden-Sidney  College,  in  phice  of  Dr.  Alexander, 
 who  had  removed  to  Philadelphia,  and  at  the  same 
 time  was  invited  to  be  assistant  preacher  in  Cumber- 
 land and  Briery  congregations,  each  of  them  about 
 ten  miles  distant  from  the  college.  After  considerable 
 hesitation,  he 'consented  to  remove.  He  was  inaugu- 
 rated as  President  of  the  College  during  the  sessions 
 of  Synod  in  the  month  of  October,  and  was  welcomed 
 to  his  new  field  of  laljor  with  every  expression  of 
 good  will  and  confidence. 
 
 The  subject  of  education  for  the  ministry  having 
 been  discussed  by  the  General  A.ssembly  in  1809,  it 
 was  resolved  to  send  down  to  the  Presbj'teries  the 
 inquiry  whether  there  should  be  one  or  more  Semi- 
 naries established.  A  divided  answer  was  returned 
 to  the  A.ssembly,  but  the  Presbyteries  in  Virginia 
 determined  in  tavor  of  Synodical  Seminaries,  and  the 
 Assembly  having  consented  to  this,  wherever  it  should 
 be  preferred,  while  yet  they  determined  on  establish- 
 ing a  central  one,  the  Synod  of  Virginia,  in  1812,  re- 
 solved to  establish  a  Seminary  within  their  bounds, 
 and  unanimously  appointed  Dr.  Hoge  their  Professor. 
 From  this  time  till  his  death  he  held  the  two 
 offices  of  President  of  the  College  and  Professor  of 
 Di^-inity,  under  the  appointment  of  the  Synod. 
 
 In  1819,  Dr.  Hoge's  constitution,  under  his  mul- 
 tiplied and  onerous  labors,  was  found  to  be. giving 
 way.  For  several  months  he  was  confined  to  his 
 chamber,  and  part  of  the  time  to  his  bed,  but  he 
 still,  even  in  his  feeblest  state,  continued  to  hear  the 
 daily  recitations  of  his  class.  In  the  course  of  the 
 Summer  his  health  was  so  far  recruited  that  he  paid 
 a  visit  to  his  friends  in  the  Valley  about  Shepherds- 
 town  and  Winchester,  which  proved  to  be  his  la.st. 
 In  the  Spring  of  1820  he  attended  the  meeting  of 
 his  Presbytery,  in  Mecklenburg  county,  and  was  ap- 
 pointed a  delegate  to  the  General  Assembly,  to  meet 
 in  Philadelphia.  He  extended  his  journey  as  l-ir  as 
 New  York,  with  a  special  view  to  attend  the  anni- 
 versary of  the  American  Bil)le  Society.  This  desire 
 being  gratified,  he  spent  a  little  time  at  Princeton,  and 
 then  proceeded  to  Philadelphia.  Here,  while  at- 
 tending the  ses.sions  of  the  Assembly,  he  departed 
 this  life,  July  ,5th,  1820.  His  remains  repose  in  the! 
 burying  ground  of  the  Third  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 that  city,  by  the  side  of  those  of  his  intimate  friend,  i 
 
 Dr.  John  Blair  Smith,  who  had  formerly  been  Presi- 
 dent of  Hampden-Sidney  College. 
 
 Dr.  Hoge  was  of  a  kind  and  benignant  spirit.  His 
 mind  was  uncommonly  vigoroas,  capable,  at  once,  of 
 accurate  discrimination  and  profound  research,  and 
 withal  richly  stored  with  the  treasures  of  scientific 
 knowledge.  His  preaching  was  characterized  by 
 much  depth  and  originality  of  thought,  richness  and 
 force  of  illustration,  and  clear  and  cogent  reasoning. 
 As  a  teacher,  he  had  not  only  great  patience,  but 
 great  skill.  He  had  an  admirable  fiicility  at  clearing 
 I  up  difficulties,  and  illustrating  the  harmony  of  the 
 Christian  system.  At  the  same  time  he  was  an  emi- 
 nent example,  to  his  pupils,  of  the  Christian  spirit. 
 He  was  concerned,  not  more  to  impart  to  them  a 
 knowledge  of  the  truths  of  the  gospel,  than  to  lead 
 them  to  ciiltivate  an  ardent  piety,  and  duly  to  appre- 
 ciate the  responsibilities  of  the  work  to  which  they 
 were  devoted.  He  was  honored  as  the  in.strument  of 
 bringing  into  the  ministry  many  faithful  laborers; 
 was  eminently  conscientious  and  useful  in  all  his 
 relations,  and  was  much  esteemed  and  beloved  wher- 
 ever he  was  known. 
 
 Hoge,  Rev.  Samuel  Davies,  was  the  fourth 
 son   of  Rev.   Moses   Hoge,   D.   D.,   and  was  born  in 
 Shepherdstown,  Va.,  in  1791.     When  his  father  re- 
 moved to  Prince  Edward,  to  become  the  President  of 
 Hampden-Sidney    College,    Samuel    Da\ies    accom- 
 panied him,  and  there  graduated,  in  1810.    He  prose- 
 cuted his  theological  studies  under  the  direction  of 
 his  father,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Hanover 
 Pre.sbvtery,  May  8th,  1813.    While  pursuing  his  theo- 
 logical studies,   he  was   employed  a.s  Tutor  in   the 
 college,  and  after  his  licensure   occupied,  for  some 
 time,  the  place  of  Professor  and  Vice-President.     He 
 was  installed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Hanover,  in  1816, 
 pa.stor  of  the  churches  of  Culpepper  and  Madison,  in 
 Virginia,  where  he  continued   to  labor  with  great 
 acceptance,  fidelity  and  success,   until  April,   1821, 
 when  he  removed  to  Ohio.     As  pastor  of  the  churches 
 of  Hillsborough   and    Rocky   Spring,    in   Highland 
 county,  of  that  State,  he  ministered,  with  his  wonted 
 diligence  and  success,  some  two  ye;irs.     Having  ac- 
 cepted the  Professorship  of  Mathematics  and  Natu- 
 ral Philosophy  in  the  Ohio   University,  at  Athens, 
 including  also  the  opportunity  of  preaching  in  the 
 college  chapel  and  in  the  church  of  the  town,  and 
 in  the  vicinity  as  often  as  his  health  would  allow,  he 
 entered  on  his  duties  near  the  close  of  the  year  1823. 
 Under  his  influence,  in  connection  with  that  of  three 
 other  able  instructors,  the  prosperity  of  the  univer- 
 sity was  not  a  little  increased.     His  preaching,  like- 
 wise, both  in  the  college  and   in  the  church,   was 
 highly  acceptable  and  useful.      He   died   in   1826, 
 enjoying  great  peace.     Mr.  Hoge,  as  a  pulpit  orator, 
 only   lacked   voice   and    physical   strength   to  have 
 ranked  with  the  first  preachers  of  his  age.     His  style 
 was  pure,  simple,   and   energetic,    expressing    with 
 greatest  exactness  the  nicest  shades  of  thought.    And 
 
HOGE. 
 
 337 
 
 HOLDEN. 
 
 his  subject  matter  was  always  evangelical  truth,  pre- 
 sented in  such  a  way  as  to  instruct  as  well  as  deeply 
 affect  his  hearers.  The  growth  of  believers  in  holi- 
 ness and  comfort,  and  the  conversion  of  sinners  to 
 the  glory  of  God  in  Christ,  w^s  his  controlling  aim, 
 and  his  ministry  was  attended  witli  a  rich  blessing 
 from  on  high. 
 
 Hoge,  Rev.  WiUiam  James,  was  the  son  of 
 pious  parents,  and  had  the  blessing  of  an  ancestry 
 eminent  for  learning  and  piety.  Left  an  orphan  at  a 
 tender  age,  yet  tlie  mercies  of  the  covenant  were 
 richly  and  effectually  bestowed  on  him,  and  he  grew 
 up  to  manhood  with  the  blessings  of  early  piety  and 
 a  liberal  education.  Licensed  in  18.50,  he  soon  gave 
 evidence  of  rare  powers  in  the  pulpit.  In  1S,")2  he  was 
 settled  over  the  Westminster  Church,  in  Baltimore, 
 and  in  1856  called  to  the  Professorship  of  Biblical 
 (New  Testament)  Literature  in  Union  Seminary. 
 After  three  years  of  successful  work,  the  more  remark- 
 able as  he  had  never  enjoyed  the  advantages  of  a 
 regular  theological  training  in  a  seminary,  in  1859 
 he  was  settled  collegiate  pastor  of  the  Brick  Church, 
 New  York.  The  breaking  out  of  the  war,  in  1861,  ren- 
 dered a  continuance  in  New  York  undesirable,  and  he 
 returned  to  Virginia.  After  a  short  service  in  the 
 Church  of  Cliarlottesville,  Va.,  he  was  called  to  the 
 Tabb  Street  Church,  in  Petersburg,  in  1863.  But  his 
 labors  among  his  people  and  in  army  hospitals  wore 
 out  his  robust  frame,  till,  thus  weakened,  he  fell  a 
 prey  to  tj-phoid  fever.  The  uproar  of  war  and  the 
 bombardment  of  the  city  occasioning  his  exposure  to 
 personal  danger  in  his  home,  he  found  refuge  in  a 
 Christian  family  in  the  country;  and  there,  sur- 
 rounded by  his  weeping  relatives  and  friends,  he 
 "fell  asleep  in  Jesus,"  July  5th,  1864.  His  last 
 words  were,  "I  am  dead,  j)hijsicaUi/  dead,  but  spirituallij 
 alice  ill  C/irislJcsus,  forevcrmorc." 
 
 Holden,  Horace,  Esq.,  was  born  at  Sudbury, 
 Mass.,  November  5th,  1793.  When  quite  young,  his 
 father's  family  removed  to  Newark,  N.  J.,  where  he 
 pursued  his  studies  under  the  direction  of  the  Rev. 
 William  Woodbridge,  D.  D.  He  was  admitted  to  the 
 Bar  of  New  Y'ork  city  in  18U.  Tlie  war  of  1812 
 was  still  in  progress,  and  through  the  influence  of 
 hi.s  father,  who  was  an  oificer  on  the  staff  of  General 
 Washington,  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  he  obtained 
 a  position  on  the  staff  of  General  Colfax,  and  was 
 stationed  at  Sandy  Hook  during  the  few  remain- 
 ing months  of  the  war.  He  united  with  the  Brick 
 Church,  New  Y'ork,  in  1820,  and  in  1823  was  ordained 
 a  ruling  elder.  No  man  was  more  punctual,  prompt, 
 or  diligent  in  hi.s  high  vocation ;  with  him  it  was  a 
 calling,  not  of  honor  and  trust  merely,  but  of  re- 
 sponsibility and  service.  He  took  a  deep  interest  in 
 the  spiritual  and  temporal  welfare  of  the  church,  and  ' 
 his  religious  history,  liis  personal  comfort  and  useful- 
 ness were  so  a.ssociated  with  it,  that  it  would  be 
 difficult  to  specify  the  earthly  object  that  was  so 
 dear  to  his  heart.  He  was  also  a  Trustee,  and  for  i 
 22 
 
 many  years  the  instructive  and  laborious  superin- 
 tendent of  the  Sabbath  school. 
 
 Mr.  Holden  was  a  liberal  giver.  God  had  i)ros- 
 pered  him  in  his  secular  vocation,  and  his  hand  was 
 open  to  every  good  cause.  In  addition  to  the  Boards 
 and  benevolent  operations  of  his  own  Church,  which 
 were  objects  of  his  ardent  sympathy  and  practical 
 support,  he  maintained  an  active  interest  in  the 
 great  benevolent  institutions  of  the  age  in  which  he 
 lived.  He  was  elected  one  of  the  Boiird  of  Managers 
 of  the  American  Bible  Society,  in  April,  1835, 'and 
 was  one  of  the  most  judicious  and  faithful  members 
 till  his  death,  being  for  twenty-three  years  a  member 
 of  the  Committee  on  Legacies,  and  much  of  that  time 
 its  chairman.  He  was  chosen  a  corporate  member 
 of  the  American  Board  of  Commiasioners  for  Foreign 
 
 HORACE  HOLDEN,   ESQ. 
 
 Missions  in  1842,  and  always  took  a  deep  interest  in 
 its  work.  He  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  New- 
 York  Sabbath  Committee,  and  the  first  meetings  of 
 its  organization  were  held  at  liis  house. 
 
 Mr.  Holden  w;is  distinguished  in  his  profession  as 
 a  lawyer.  His  .simplicity  and  purity  of  character, 
 his  uncompromising  integrity,  and  his  warm  and 
 friendly  spirit,  were  always  recognized  by  his  pro- 
 fessional brethren,  and  won  for  him  an  enWable 
 reputation  in  the  community.  His  prudence  and 
 integrity  made  him  the  deposifciry  of  many  public 
 and  private  trusts,  which  he  discharged  with  great 
 ability  and  fidelity.  He  died,  as  he  had  lived,  in 
 the  triumphs  of  faith,  Slarch  25th,  1862,  leaving 
 behind  him  a  name  unsullied  and  blessed,  as  an 
 upright  man,  fearing  God  and  loving  his  fellow  men. 
 
HOLLADAY. 
 
 338 
 
 HOLM. 
 
 HoUaday,  Rev.  Albert  Lewis,  was  boru  in 
 Spottsylvania  county,  Virginia,  April  IGtli,  1805.  He 
 ■was  distinguished  for  his  scholarshij),  in  the  extensive 
 course  of  instruction  he  pursued,  in  the  University 
 of  Virginia.  He  professed  faith  in  Christ  while  teach- 
 ing a  school  in  Richmond,  Va.  Thence  he  removed 
 to  Charlottesville,  where  he  taught  school  for  a  short 
 time,  until  called  to  the  Professorship  of  Ancient 
 Languages  in  Hampden-Sidney  College.  In  the  year 
 1833  he  gave  up  his  position  in  college  and  entered 
 the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  and  took  the  full 
 course.  After  spending  eleven  years  as  a  missionary 
 in  Persia,  he  retirrned  to  his  native  State,  took  the 
 pastoral  charge  of  the  South  Plains  Church,  near 
 Charlottesville;  also  again  engaging  in  teaching. 
 He  was  eminent  as  an  Oriental  scholar,  and  his 
 last  literary  lahor  was  the  preparation  of  a  Syriac 
 Grammar.  On  his  dying  bed  he  received  information 
 of  his  election  to  the  presidency  of  Hampden-Sidney, 
 which  office,  it  was  understood,  he  signified  his 
 willingness  to  accept.  But  God  had  a  higher  honor, 
 to  which  he  was  soon  called.  On  the  18th  of  October, 
 1856,  he  was  called  "from  a  mourning  and  dependent 
 family,  and  a  devotedly  attached  congregation, ' '  to  be 
 "present  with  the  Lord,  in  the  heavenly  and  eternal 
 home."  His  modest  demeanor,  and  simple  and  sin- 
 cere piety  through  life,  justifies  the  belief  just 
 expressed ;  and,  to  this  day,  his  name  is  never  men- 
 tioned, by  those  who  best  knew  him,  without  exciting 
 deep  regret  for  his  irreparable  loss. 
 
 HoUaday,  Prof.  Le-wis  L.,  son  of  Dr.  Lewis  L. 
 and  Jean  T.  HoUaday,  was  born  February  23d,  1833, 
 in  Spottsylvania  county,  Va.  He  gi-aduated  at  Hamp- 
 den-Sidney College,  with  high  honor,  Ln  1853,  and 
 was  appointed  a  Tutor  in  the  Institution,  in  the  same 
 year.  After  serving  one  year  in  this  capacity,  he  en- 
 tered the  University  of  Virginia,  where  he  spent  the 
 session  1854-5,  and  graduated  in  several  of  the  schools. 
 Ill  the  same  year  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of  Chem- 
 istry and  Natiu:al  Philosophy,  in  Hampden-Sidney 
 College,  a  chair  which  has  been  held  by  a  number  of 
 men  remarkable  for  scientificattainments,  among  them 
 the  late  dLstinguLshed  Dr.  John  W.  Draper,  of  New 
 York,  who  made  the  first  discovery  of  the  daguerreo- 
 tjpe  while  in  this  chair.  From  1855  to  1883  Prof. 
 HoUaday  has  filled  this  chair  with  much  ability  and 
 success,  doing  excellent  work  lor  tlie  Chm-ch  and  the 
 State,  not  only  as  a  teacher  of  science,  but  also  by 
 his  wisdom  in  the  guidance  and  control  of  young  men, 
 by  his  kindness  and  geniality,  and  by  his  noble  ex- 
 ample as  a  Christian  gentleman  of  pure  life  and  broad 
 charity. 
 
 Professor  HoUaday  was  made  an  elder  of  the  Hamp- 
 den-Sidney Church  in  1871.  He  is  a  man  of  high 
 intellectual  gifts  and  fine  executive  abilities.  He 
 is  modest  and  unambitious,  and  contented,  in  an  un- 
 assuming way,  to  perform  his  important  duties  at  his 
 Alma  Mater,  the  noble  old  Presbyterian  College, 
 which,  founded  in  prayer,  amid  the  patriotic  fires  of 
 
 the  Revolution,  has  accomplished  a  century  of  grand 
 work,  and  .still  holds  on  its  high  career  of  usefulness, 
 challenging  the  good  will  and  support  of  all  lovers 
 of  consecrated  learning. 
 
 HoUiday,  Rev.  John  C,  was  born  at  JIartin's 
 Ferry,  O.,  December  29th,  1850.  He  graduated  at 
 Monmouth  College,  HI.,  in  1874,  and  at  the  "Western 
 Theological  Seminary  in  1878.  He  was  licensed  to 
 preach  by  St.  CIairs^dlle  Pre-sbytery,  April  25th,  1877, 
 and  was  ordained  by  it,  an  evangelist,  April  25th, 
 1878.  After  supplying  Unity  Church  for  one  year, 
 he  spent  a  year  in  advanced  theological  studies  in 
 the  University  and  New  College,  Edinburgh,  Scot- 
 land. In  1880  he  took'  charge  of  the  Broadway 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Rock  Island,  111.,  where  he  is 
 now  laboring  successfully.  He  hiis  ever  been  a  dili- 
 gent student,  and  .stood  among  the  first  in  his  class, 
 both  in  college  and  seminary.  His  sermons  are 
 characterized  by  strength  of  thought,  and  clearness, 
 beauty  and  force  of  expression.  As  a  speaker  he 
 gains  and  keeps  the  attention  of  his  hearers.  Al- 
 ready has  his  ministry  been  blessed  to  the  ingather- 
 ing of  many  souls. 
 
 HoUiday,  Rev.  "William  Adair,  the  son  of 
 Samuel  and  Elizabeth  (Martin)  Ilolliday,  was  born 
 in  Harrison  county,  Ky.,  July  IGth,  1803.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Miami  University,  in  1829,  after  which  he 
 made  a  journey  on  horseback  to  the  then  far-otf  East, 
 for  the  purpose' of  enjoying  the  instruction  of  Dre. 
 Alexander,  Miller  and  Hodge,  in  tlie  Princeton  Theo- 
 logical Seminary.  After  beiilg  licensed  to  preach,  he 
 was  stated  eupply  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Indianapolis,  Ind.,  for  two  years.  Subsequently  he 
 devoted  himself  to  missionary  labors,  in  various  parts 
 of  Indiana,  among  feeble  churches,  and  also  to  teach- 
 ing, finally  making  his  home  in  Indianapolis,  where 
 his  prayers,  and  counsels  and  influence  were  always 
 heartily  given  to  every  good  work.  He  was  Pro- 
 fessor of  the  Latin  Language  in  Hanover  College, 
 18G4-66.  He  was  a  close  student  through  life.  He 
 was  a  man  of  deep  piety,  of  much  learning,  and  of  a 
 most  excellent  spirit.  His  dilfidence  prevented  his 
 prominence.  Many  a  man  with  far  less  talent  and 
 attainment,  and  more  self-confidence,  has  made  quite 
 a  figure  in  the  world.     He  died  December  IGth,  1866. 
 
 Holm,  Rev.  John  "William,  was  born  in  the 
 town  of  St.  Thomas,  in  the  Ishmd  of  St.  Thomas, 
 Danish  AVe.st  Indies,  in  1837.  AVhile  yet  an  infant 
 his  parents  died,  and  he  came  under  the  care  of  his 
 grandparents,  who  were  living  at  Tortola,  a  small 
 island  to  the  ea.st  of  St.  Thomas,  belonging  to  Great 
 Britain.  They  were  poor,  but  belonged  to  the  people 
 of  God,  and  did  all  they  could  to  have  him  in- 
 structed. After  their  death  he  returned  to  St.  Thomas, 
 and  lived  there  with  his  uncle,  Alexander  Barron, 
 as  an  apprentice  to  the  trade  of  cigar  making.  In 
 1859  he  left  for  New  York,  on  his  way  to  Liberia,  the 
 land  he  had  adopted  for  his  future  home.  Soon  after 
 arri\ing  in  the  United  States,  he  became  acquainted 
 
HOLMAN. 
 
 339 
 
 HOLMES. 
 
 with  Rev.  John  B.  Pinney,  LL.  D.,  the  highly  esteemed 
 Secretary  of  the  American  Colonization  Society,  who,  | 
 learning  of  hi^  long  cherished  purpose  of  becoming  a  : 
 gospel  minister,  urged  him  to  remain  and  obtain  an 
 education.     He,  however,  took  passage  for  Liberia, 
 but  on  his  arrival,  finding  how  great  was  the  need  of 
 educated  men,  after  a  short  stay  ho  returned  to  the 
 United  States,  to  follow  Dr.  Finney's  advice.     Aided 
 by  William  E.  Dodge,  Esq.,  of  Xew  York,  he  entered 
 Ashniun  Institute  (now  Lincoln  L^niversity),  in  which 
 he  studied  two  years,  thence  to  the  Theological  Semi- 
 nary, Auburn,  N.  Y.,  entering  as  a  member  of  the 
 Junior  Class,  in  1861.     In  1862  he  was  licensed  by 
 Cayuga  Presbi,^ery,  and  during  the  Summer  of  1863 
 he  was  laboring   as  a  stated   supply   to  the  Siloam 
 Presbyterian  Church,   Brooklyn,  X.  Y.     While  thus 
 engaged  in  his  Master's  cause,   he  died,  of  typhoid 
 fever,  September  10th,  1863.    Mr.  Holm,  though  but  a 
 short  time  in  the  land  of  his  adoption,  was  there  long 
 enough  to  imbue  with  pity  the  impulses  of  his  gen- 
 erous heart,  and  awaken  within  him  all  the  ardor 
 and  zeal  of  a  new  convert  to  a  nolile  purpose.     He 
 was  accustomed  to  .say  that,  from  the  time  he  gave 
 himself  unreservedly  to  the  work  of  benefiting  his 
 race,   "God    had   not   ceased   to  smile  in  blessings 
 upon  him."     As  a  student  at  the  Institute,  he  gave 
 good  evidence  of  piety,  industry,  and  progress  in  his 
 studies.     In  the   Seminary,  and  in  his  first  efforts 
 in    preaching,    his     utterances,     simple,    spiritual, 
 earnest,   indicated    his  sincerity   and    the  spiritual 
 tone  of  his  piety.     In. his  manners  he  was  modest 
 and  retiring.   "His  death,"  says   Dr.  Pinney,  "was 
 a    serious   bereavement    to    us    and   the    cause    of 
 Christ." 
 
 Holman,  Rev.  Robert.  As  early  as  1826,  Mr. 
 Holman,  a  native  of  Kentucky,  and  then  a  licentiate 
 of  the  Presbytery  of  Transylvania,  joined  the  little 
 band  of  Presbj-tcrian  ministers  in  Alabama.  For 
 several  years  he  did  the  work  of  a  missionary,  under 
 the  direction  of  the  committee  of  the  Presbytery. 
 Having  been  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  which '  li* 
 censed  him,  he  was  received  as  a  member  of  the  Pres- 
 bj-tcry  of  South  Alabama,  April  3d,  182S,  and  after 
 fifteen  years'  faithful  and  untiring  service  in  the  min- 
 istrj',  he  died  at  Wetumpka,  July  7th,  1841,  having 
 just  settled  there  as  their  pastor.  Mr.  Holman  was 
 eminently  useful  and  universally  beloved.  His  influ- 
 ence as  a  man  and  mini.ster  was  widespread,  extend- 
 ing alike  to  the  CTiurch  and  to  the  world.  Though 
 his  preaching  talent  was  respectable,  it  was  not  com- 
 manding, and  yet  he  was  one  of  the  most  successful 
 ministers  the  Presbytery  ever  had.  Being  the  first 
 Presbyterian  minister  to  settle  in  that  section  of  the 
 State  known  as  the  Cherokee  purchase,  his  wide 
 missionarj' field  allowed  him  but  little  time  for  study. 
 For  a  number  of  years,  most  of  his  thinking  was  done 
 on  his  Indian  pony,  as  he  threaded  the  Indian  trail 
 from  one  preaching  place  to  another,  feeding  his 
 Master's  scattered  sheep.     The  Apostolic  injunction 
 
 was  the  measure  of  his  duty:    "But  to  do  good  and 
 to  communicate,  forget  not." 
 
 Holmes,  Daniel,  was  born  in  Saratoga  county, 
 N.  Y.,  July  3d,  1TS9,  and  died  in  Wilson,  N.  Y., 
 May  26th,  1858.  In  1811  he  confessed  Christ  pub- 
 licly and  united  with  the  Presbyterian  Church.  In 
 June,  1817,  he  journeyed  on  foot,  with  a  pack  on  his 
 back,  to  Niagara  Falls  and  vicinity,  and  purchased  a 
 wild  farm  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  now  in 
 WUson,  completing  a  journey  of  over  seven  hundred 
 miles  on  his  return.  To  this  new  country  he  moved 
 his  family  in  1818,  into  a  rude  log  house.  Pained  to 
 see  the  few  inhabitants  of  that  region  hunting  and 
 fishing  on  the  Lord's  day,  he  at  once  appointed  a 
 meeting  in  the  little  log  school-house,  conducting  the 
 ser\ices  himself,  and  reading  one  of  the  first  sermons 
 ever  heard  in  that  region,  from  Rom.  i,  16,  by  Bur- 
 der.  His  custom  was,  to  walk  five  miles  westward 
 and  hold  a  service  and  Sunday-school,  then  to  con- 
 duct this  ser\-ice,  with  a  Sunday-.school,  held  for 
 some  time  in  a  new  barn,  until  January,  1819,  when 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  was  formed,  consisting  of 
 his  father  and  mother,  himself  and  wife,  aiid  a 
 sister  and  her  husband,  himself  and  father  1)eing 
 ruling  elders.  For  fifteen  years  they  only  enjoyed 
 the  occasional  services  of  a  Home  Missionary,  but 
 Elder  Holmes  regularly  •  kept  up  the  ordinances  of 
 the  preaching  service,  prayer-meeting,  and  the  Sab- 
 bath-school, and  converts  were  added,  so  that  in 
 183.5  they  numbered  117. 
 
 Mr.  Holmes  was  an  eminently  devout  and  useful 
 man.  Governor  Hunt,  while  a  member  of  Congress, 
 wrote,  respecting  him  :  "He  is  not  only  one  of  my 
 constituents,  but  one  of  my  most  sincere  and  valued 
 friends.  I  have  never  known  a  man  of  purer  pur- 
 poses or  more  generous  qualities.  He  is  universally 
 loved  and  esteemed  for  his  many  virtues.  His  fine 
 intelligence  iind  known  integrity  secure  him  the 
 confidence  of  all  who  know  him,  and  in  the  range  of 
 my  acquaintance  I  do  not  know  a  more  worthy  or  a 
 more  useful  man." 
 
 Holmes,  John  McClellan,  D.  D.,  the  eldest 
 son  of  Rev.  Edwin  and  Sarah  (McClellan)  Holmes, 
 was  born  at  Livingston,  N.  Y.,  January  22d,  1834. 
 He  made  a  profession  of  religion  at  si.xteen  years 
 of  age.  He  was  graduated  at  Williams  College 
 in  1853,  afterwards  spending  a  year  in  the  special 
 study  of  Philosophy  and  English  Literature.  After 
 a  three  years'  course  of  theological  study  at  New 
 Brunswick,  N.  J.,  he  was  licerused  to  preach,  by 
 the  (Reformed  Dutch)  Classis  of  Rensselaer,  in  May, 
 '  1857.  In  July,  18.57,  he  was  ordained  by  the  Classis 
 of  Long  Island,  and  in.stalled  pastor  of  the  Reformed 
 Dutch  Church  of  East  Williamsburg,  L.  I.  His 
 other  pastorates  in  that  Denomination  were  Lee 
 Avenue,  Brooklyn  (installed  November,  1&j9),  and 
 Hudson,  N.  Y.  (installed  October,  1865).  He  then 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  State  Street  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Albanv,  X.  Y.,  where  he  is  still  pastor. 
 
SOLY  SCRIPTURE. 
 
 340 
 
 HOLY  SCRIPTURE. 
 
 Dr.  Holmes  has  always  been  sought  for  to  fill 
 positions  of  trust  and  honor.  In  the  Reformed  Church 
 he  was,  for  several  years,  a  member  of  the  Boards  of 
 Education  and  of  Foreign  Missions;  a  member  of  the 
 committee  to  revise  the  Constitution,  and  an  associate 
 editor  of  the  Christian  Intelligencer.  He  was  President 
 of  General  Synod  in  1876,  and  also  represented  that 
 body  in  the  General  Synods  of  the  German  Reformed 
 and  Lutheran  churches,  and  was  appointed  a  dele-, 
 gate  to  the  Pan- Presbyterian  Council,  at  Edinburgh. 
 He  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  Rutgers  College, 
 in  1870.  He  visited  Europe  for  several  months, 
 in  1874. 
 
 In  the  Presbyterian  Church  he  has  been  Commis- 
 sioner to  the  General  Assemblies  at  Pittsburg  (1878) 
 and  Springfield  (1882).  In  the  former  he  was  Chair- 
 man of  the  Committee  on  Church  Erection,  and  in 
 the  latter  Chairman  of  Committee  on  the  Narrative. 
 He  was  Moderator  of  the  Synod  of  Albany  in  1881. 
 He  has  written  considerably  for  the  religious  and 
 other  papers,  and  a  number  of  his  sermons  and 
 addresses  have  been  published  in  pamphlet  form  or 
 in  periodicals.  Dr.  Holmes  combines,  to  an  unusual 
 degree,  the  qualities  for  a  successful  minister.  His 
 personal  appearance  is  pleasing,  and  his  manners 
 cordial  and  courteous;  his  elocution  vigorous  and 
 graceful;  his  mind  well  stored  and  disciplined,  and 
 his  heart  full  of  love  to  God  aud  men.  HLs  preach- 
 ing is  always  largely  attended,  and  attractive.  He 
 is  systematic  and  conscientious  in  his  pastoral  work, 
 and  has  always  been  surrounded  by  a  thoroughly 
 organized  and  working,  as  well  as  loving,  people.  He 
 has  been  peculiarly  successful  in  his  work  among 
 young  men.  His  tact,  geniality,  sjTupathy,  practical 
 wisdom  and  executive  ability,  are  consecrated  instru- 
 ments of  great  power  and  usefulness.  His  sermons 
 are  characterized  by  clearness  and  finish  of  style, 
 systematic  analysis,  scripturalness  of  matter,  doc- 
 trinal conservatism,  and  faithful  appeal  aud  appli- 
 cation. His  ministry  has  been  marked  by  continuous 
 conversions  and  ingatherings  into  the  Church. 
 
 Holy  Scripture— Its  Credibility.  It  is  pro- 
 posed in  this  article  to  discuss,  as  fully  as  the  allotted 
 space  may  permit,  the  credibility  of  the  Scripture,  the 
 grounds  being  succinctly  stated  on  which  we  receive 
 it  as  containing  truth.  The  investigation  must,  of 
 course,  be  mainly  directed  to  the  historical  parts. 
 The  prophecies  in  it  have  a  confirmation  of  their  own. 
 For,  if  it  can  be  shown,  as  it  has  been  by  able  writers, 
 that  many  of  them  have  been  remarkably  fulfilled, 
 long  after  they  were  delivered,  it  can  hardly  be 
 alleged  that  they  were  the  happy  guesses  of  sagacious 
 men;  they  must  have  proceeded  from  One  who 
 could  declare  "  the  end  from  the  beginning,  and  from 
 ancient  times  the  things  that  are  not  yet  done." 
 (Isaiah  xlvi,  10).  The  doctrines,  also,  taught  in 
 Scripture  have  other  authentication;  their  sublimity, 
 the  mighty  power  by  which  they  have  been  enforced, 
 the  revolution  they  have  effected  in  the  world,  are  I 
 
 proofs  that  they  are  not  the  mere  devices  of  the  human 
 brain. 
 
 Historically,  then,  we  want  to  see  if  we  may  rely 
 upon  the  narratives  of  Scripture;  if  it  is  what  it  pro- 
 fe.sses  to  be — a  genuine  record  of  past  events;  if  the 
 persons  of  whom  we  read  in  it  really  lived  and  acted 
 as  we  are  told  they  did;  if  the  picture  of  human  life  it 
 gives  is  a  faithful  representation,  which  we  may  accept 
 without  misgivings.  The  proofe  of  all  this  may  be 
 taken  from  various  sources.  '  Let  us  sift  some  of  these 
 proofs. 
 
 That  the  Scripture  has  come  down  to  us  uncorrupted 
 and  substantially  the  same  as  when  its  several  parts 
 were  originally  written,  is  sufliciently  clear.  It  has 
 always  been  watchedover  with  jealousy,  and  endeavors 
 to  tamper  with  it  have  been  checked  at  once.  Manu- 
 scripts of  the  New  Testament  have  been  preserved, 
 dating  but  three  or  four  hundred  years  after  our 
 Lord's  time,  and  the  numerous  citations  by  the  very 
 earliest  authors.  Christian,  heretic,  and  even  pagan, 
 carry  up  the  proof  still  higher.  With  regard  to  the 
 Scriptures  of  the  Old  Testament,  they  have  the  sanc- 
 tion of  Christ  himself;  and,  besides,  we  have  a  transla- 
 tion of  them  made  into  Greek  between  two  and  three 
 centuries  before  the  Christian  era.  Therefore  we  may 
 fairly  assume  that  we  are  dealing  with  works  of  the 
 most  remote  antiquity,  compo.sed,  as  can  be  distinctly 
 proved  of  manj'  of  them,  by  those  who  witnessed  or 
 took  part  in  the' events  they  describe.  In  estimating 
 the  credibility  of  a  book,  we  must  ascertain  whether 
 the  writer  was  well  inibrmed,.  and  whether  he  would 
 be  likely  to  tell  the  truth.  Now,  several  of  the 
 Scripture  writers  claim  to  be  eye-witnesses  of  what 
 they  record.  Paul,  in  some  respects  the  most  emi- 
 nent and  active  of  the  first  Christian  teachers, 
 was,  it  is  acknowledged  on  all  hands,  the  author  of 
 several  of  the  letters  which  have  come  down  to  us. 
 Some  of  the  earlier  books  of  Scripture  were,  there  is  the 
 strongest  reason  for  believing,  from  the  pen  of  Moses, 
 the  great  Hebrew  lawgiver.  Some  of  the  Psalms  were 
 composed  by  David,  the  renowned  king.  Ezra,  the 
 restorer  of  the  Jewish  polity,  has  left  auuals.  And, 
 though  there  are  anonymous  books  in  the  volume,  yet 
 the  absence  of  the  name  by  no  means,  when  the  fact 
 is  properly  explained,  detracts  from  the  value  of  the 
 documents  preserved.  There  are  in  every  country 
 annals  and  state  papers  the  hand  that  penned  which 
 has  never  been  identified;  and  yet  no  man,  on  that 
 account,  impeaches  their  authority. 
 
 We  cannot  then  impute  want  of  information  to  the 
 Scripture  writers.  They  must  have  known  whether 
 Israel  was  in  servitude  in  Egypt  and  was  delivered 
 thence.  They  must  have  known  whether  a  royal 
 line  reigned  in  Judea,  and  wheiher  God  was  wor- 
 shiped with  magnificent  rites  in  Jerus;ilem.  They 
 must  have  known  how  the  country  was  ruined,  and 
 what  were  the  calamities  inflicted  by  the  AssjTians 
 and  Chaldeans.  They  must  have  had  perfect  knowl- 
 edge of  the  life  of  Jesus,  of  his  teaching,  his  rejec- 
 
HOLY  SCRIPTURE. 
 
 341 
 
 HOLY  SCRIPTURE. 
 
 tion,  his  death,  and  the  promulgation  and  success  of 
 his  gospel.  They  were  not — this  succession  of  writers 
 — the  mere  collectors  of  old  legends,  obliged  to  a 
 painful  search  amid  half-obliterated  records  ;  they 
 lived  among  the  men  and  scenes  which  they  described. 
 So  that,  if  they  have  misrepresented  matters,  if  they 
 have  given  a  false  coloring,  they  must  have  acted  on 
 design,  they  must  have  had  some  purpose  to  serve, 
 for  which  they  were  content  to  disregard  truth,  and 
 were  anxious  to  deceive  the  world.  They  were  He- 
 brews. Had  the  history  they  composed  been  a  pane- 
 gyric on  their  nation,  liad  it  even  been  flattering  to 
 their  own  vanity,  or  served  the  purpose  of  advancing 
 them  in  the  world,  we  might  have  viewed  their  pro- 
 ductions \vith  suspicion.  But  what  do  we  really  find? 
 There  is  no  glossing-over  of  the  faults  of  their  most 
 renowned  ancestors;  the  national  history  is  exhibited 
 in  dark  tints;  and  we  know  that  it  was  at  the  risk 
 of  life,  or  at  least  of  losing  all  that  could  render  life 
 desirable,  that  several  of  these  ^vriters  gave  their  tes- 
 timony. If  any  book,  therefore,  comes  to  us  with 
 fair  presumption  of  truthfulness,  from  the  character 
 and  circumstances  of  the  writer,  the  Scripture  has 
 the  strongest  claim  of  the  kind  to  be  believed. 
 
 It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  it  proceeds  from  a 
 succession  of  authors  in  various  ranks  of  life,  extend- 
 ing in  a  lengthened  chain  over  fifteen  centuries.  Some 
 of  the.se  were  contemporary;  so  that  we  have  the 
 same  things  from  dificrent  pens.  Some  took  up  the 
 thread  where  earUer  laborers  left  it,  and  carrying  it 
 on  for  a  while,  devolved  it  on  those  that  came  after. 
 When  ordinarj-  historians  write,  they  begin  with 
 correcting  their  predecessors.  They  have  detected 
 partiality  or  misapprehension;  they  have  obtained 
 access  to  fresh  sources  of  information.  And  so  they 
 give  a  perfectly  new  face  to  things;  and  it  is  not  un- 
 common to  find  a  statesman,  a  warrior,  a  monarch 
 stigmatized  by  one  writer,  highly  lauded  by  another. 
 Bind  up  all  the  modern  histories  of  any  century  or 
 .  reign  together,  and  see  if  you  will  have  a  consistent 
 whole.  By  the  binding  together  of  the  Scripture 
 records  into  a  single  volume,  you  subject  their  credi- 
 bility to  the  severest  test. 
 
 In  examining  the  internal  structure  of  a  book,  the 
 first  element  of  credibility  is  the  consistency  of  one 
 part  with  the  rest.  Faithful  history  does  not  contra- 
 dict itself.  It  is  true  that,  such  is  the  imperfection 
 of  human  knowledge,  the  most  trustworthy  writers 
 are  occasionally  in  error,  and  the  most  impartial 
 let  their  own  opinions  color  the  narrative  they 
 deliver.  Bxit  we  do  not  for  small  variations  impeaeh 
 any  one's  general  credibility,  nor,  if  we  are  unable 
 exactly  to  reconcile  different  statements  in  regard  to 
 some  event,  do  we  at  once  throw  aside  the  whole  as 
 a  mere  figment.  On  the  contrary,  when  we  see  dif- 
 ferent writers  agreeing  in  the  main,  though  differing 
 in  particulars,  we  receive  them  as  independent  wit- 
 nesses, and  place  the  more  reliance  on  the  facts  to 
 which  each,  after  his  special  manner,  gives  satisfactory 
 
 testimony.      Now   the  Scripture,   though   subjected 
 to   a  severe   test,    is    seen   to    be    throughout   con- 
 sistent.     The  events  recorded  in  the  earlier  books 
 are   assumed   as   true  and   confirmed   in   the   later. 
 Thus  the  creation,  the  flood,  the  call  of  Abraham, 
 the  bondage  of  Israel  in  Egj-pt  with  the  deliverance, 
 the  histories  of  Da^^d  and  Solomon,  the  Babylonish 
 capti^^ty,  etc.,  etc.,  appear  again  and  again  ;  the  later 
 authors  never  treating  these  events  as  legendary  or 
 mythical,  but  basing  argument  and  a<lmonition  upon 
 them  as  acknowledged  facts.     In  the  parallel   his- 
 tories, too,  of  the  Kings  and  Chronicles,  and  of  the 
 Gospels,    we   tLnd   the   same   things   repeated,    with 
 additional  circumstances  doubtless,  but  yet  without 
 essential  variation.     And  it  is  worth  notice  that  the 
 more  remarkable  stories,  which  in  themselves  might 
 give  rise  to  question,  receive  in  this  way  strong  con- 
 firmation.    For  example,  the  history  of  Balaam,  and 
 the  portent  of  the  dumb  ass  speaking  with  intelli- 
 gent tongue,  recorded  in  the  Pentateuch  (Numb,  xxii, 
 ■21-3o),  are  referred  to  bj'  an  apostle  (2  Pet.  ii,  15,  16); 
 and   the   swallowing  of  Jonah   by  a  fish,    and   his 
 mission  to  Nineveh  (Jonah  i,  IT,  iii),  reappear  in  the 
 Grospels  with  the  solemn  sanction  of  our  Lord  Him- 
 self (Matt,  xii,  40;  x\-i,  4 ;  Luke  xi,  29-32).     There 
 are  yet  more  particular  proofs  of  consistency.     Theo- 
 logical wTiters,  as  Paley  in  his  Horic  Paulinse,  and 
 Blunt  in   his   Undesigned  Coincidences,   have   u.sed  a 
 kind  of  cross-examination,  and  have  thus  produced 
 most  satisfactory  and  really  marvelous  evidence  of 
 the  credibility  of  Scripture.     Had  there  been  fraud, 
 it  would  have  come  out  under  such  a  process.     And 
 to  add  to  the  weight  of  the  argument,  it  must  be 
 always  borne  in  mind  that  fraud,  if  committed,  must 
 have  been  carried  on  for  centuries.     If  the  Scripture, 
 consistent  in  its  various  parts  as  we  have  .seen  it  to 
 be,  be  untruthful,  there  must  have  been  a  combina- 
 tion, not  of  a  knot  of  men  at  one  particular  j  uncture, 
 not  of  the  members  of  a  sect  which  flourished  for  a 
 while,  but  of  persons  living  in  widely-separated  ages 
 and   in  distant  lands,   of  persons  in  all   grades  of 
 .society,  with  jarring  interests  and  dissimilar  objects, 
 of  hostile  principles,  Jews  and  Christians,  opposed  in 
 everj'thing  else  but  accordant  in  this — to  palm  upon 
 the  world   as  liicts   events  which   never  happened, 
 annals  life-like  but  of  no  authority,   chronicles  of 
 kings,  accounts  of  revolutions,  and  religions  testified 
 to  by  all  of  them,  but  yet  ba.seless  and  imaginary. 
 Such  a  combination  the  world  never  has  heard  of ;  it 
 is  contrary  to  all  experience  ;  the  '  verifying  faculty ' 
 of  reasonable  men's  minds  must  reject  it. 
 
 It  is  true  that  objections  have  been  taken  to  Scrip- 
 ture as  exhibiting  discrepancies.  We  are  not  con- 
 cerned to  discuss  these  Iktc.  For,  even  if  we  admit 
 them,  they  do  not  shake  the  general  credibility  of 
 the  book.  But  yet  we  may  reply  that  very  many  of 
 these  disappear  on  more  careful  examination,  that 
 the  advance  of  general  knowledge  has  tended  to  un- 
 ravel difficulties  heretofore  considered  inexplicable. 
 
SOLY  SCRIPTURE. 
 
 342 
 
 HOLY  SCRIPTURE. 
 
 and  that  it  is  but  fair  to  couclutle  tliat,  if  we  had 
 fuller  acquaintance  -nitli  all  the  circumstances,  many 
 more  perplexities  would  disappear.  Sucn  discrep- 
 ancies have  been  considered  by  various  biblical  critics; 
 and  to  their  works  the  reader  must  be  referred.  But 
 it  is  necessary  and  fair  to  atld  that  the  great  mass 
 of  the  alleged  discrepancies  are  of  trivial  moment, 
 concerning  dates  and  numbers  and  names,  where 
 especially  transcribers  were  liable  to  error  ;  and  that 
 minute  accordance  is  the  Tule,  the  instances  of  dis- 
 crepancy but  exceptional. 
 
 Tlie  credibility  ofyScrijiture  has  been  argued  on 
 the  ground  of  its  internal  'consistency  ;  we  may  also 
 notice  the  moral  phenomena  of  which,  if  true,  it 
 offers  a  satisfactory  solution.  There  is  much  appa- 
 rent in  the  present  state  of  the  world  to  perplex  the 
 most  acute  minds ;  and  philosophers  of  the  highest 
 name,  sensible  of  their  own  inability  to  grasp  all 
 that  they  desired  to  know,  have  expressed  their 
 ardent  longing  for  some  divine  teacher.  The  state 
 of  man,  the  prevalence  of  disease  and  death,  offer 
 problems  which  mere  reason  finds  it  very  hard  to 
 solve ;  the  existence  of  an  all-wise,  all-merciful,  and 
 all-powerful  Being  being  pre-supposed,  the  Creator 
 and  Sustainer  of  the  world.  The  Scripture  pours  a 
 flood  of  light  upon  such  topics.  Herein  it  stands 
 apart  from  all  other  books.  It  contains  the  highest 
 philosophy,  and  has  taken  a  hold  upon  mankind 
 which  no  other  has  ever  done.  It  fits  in  with  all  the 
 existing  phenomena  of  the  world.  If  it  does  not 
 reduce  that  which  is  infinite  to  the  level  of  finite 
 comprehen.sion,  it  does  at  least  deliver  that  rational 
 history  of  man's  formation  and  man's  duties,  of  his 
 rftponsibilities  and  the  penalties  of  failure,  which  is 
 sufficient  for  all  practical  guidance.  There  is  phi- 
 losophy in  it  most  pure,  there  is  intelligence  most 
 exalted,  there  is  a  key  to  mysteries  which  other 
 theories  and  other  books  have  left  in  their  darkness. 
 The  preservation  of  the  Jews,  again,  as  a  separate 
 people,  diffused  everywhere  yet  not  amalgamated 
 with  other  nations,  is  accounted  for  in  Scripture. 
 The  spread  and  prevalence  of  C:hristianity  cease  to  be 
 strange  if  we  accept  the  narratives  which  we  find  in 
 Scripture.  A  multitude  of  particular  examples  might 
 be  produced ;  it  must  suffice  to  say  that,  when  we 
 find  here  adequate  reasons  for  what  we  .see,  we  have 
 no  contemptible  proof  that  the  record  which  supplies 
 them  is  trutliful — more  especially  when  we  remember 
 that  this  record  was  produced  among  a  people  whom 
 the  rest  of  the  world  have  disliked,  and  contemned, 
 and  that  it  is  the  only  record  which  is  in  consistency 
 with  the  moral  condition  of  mankind.  Can  such  a 
 book  be  untrue  ?  We  should  then  have  the  marvel 
 of  mighty  eifects  flowing  from  no  adequate  cause. 
 
 But,  still  further,  we  have  collateral  evidence  of 
 the  truth  of  Scripture.  Such  collateral  evidence,  in- 
 deed, in  regard  to  many  parts  of  the  Bible,  it  was 
 hard  to  find.  For  several  of  the  books  comprised  in 
 it  are,  or  at  least  profess  to  be,  the  most  ancient  in 
 
 existence.  Where  there  are  no  contemporary  his- 
 tories, we  cannot  look  for  that  full  authentication 
 which  is  readily  forthcoming  in  an  age  of  books.  The 
 earliest  facts  of  Scripture,  then,  are  to  be  confirmed  by 
 ;  traditions,  by  ritual  observances,  by  in.scriptions  and 
 ]  monuments,  all  fragmentary  in  their  nature,  and 
 such  as  it  requires  diligent  research  to  collect  and 
 marshal.  But  the  labors  of  archasologi-sts  have  not 
 been  unrewarded.  There  are  in  various  parts  of  the 
 world  traditions  of  the  creation,  the  flood,  the  dis- 
 persion of  mankind,  the  destruction  of  Sodom,  etc., 
 which,  though  distorted,  must  be  taken  to  point  to 
 facts — the  very  facts  which  are  detailed  in  Scripture. 
 Writers  have  done  good  service  in  collecting  these 
 traditions.  As  we  proceed  down  the  stream  of  time, 
 such  corroborative  evidence  is  more  abundant  and 
 precise.  The  histories  of  Egj'pt,  of  Assyria,  of  Baby- 
 lon, of  Persia,  of  Rome,  furnish  much  weighty 
 attestation.  We  know  from  these  independent 
 •sources  how  the  Assyrian  power  extended  itself,  how 
 great  was  the  magnificence  of  Babylon,  how  that 
 mighty  city  was  captured  by  Cyrus,  and  how  Judea 
 was  reduced  to  a  Roman  pro%'ince — the  very  facts 
 that  we  find  narrated  in  Scripture.  There  is  Josephus, 
 also,  the  Jewi.sh  historian,  li\dng  in  the  apo.stolic  age, 
 who  draws  out  in  his  works  the  ancient  fortunes  of 
 his  people,  and  describes  events  passing  before  his 
 eyes.  The  names  of  iier.sonages  mentioned  in  Scrip- 
 ture repeatedly,  occur  there;  their  actions  are  com- 
 memorated; their  characters  are  described;  and  thus 
 a  general  corroboration  is  given  to  the  record.  AVe 
 must  be  prepared  to  find  difierences.  Thus  Tacitus 
 the  Roman  ^vriter  (Hist.,  lib.  v,  2-8)  strangely  mis- 
 represents the  origin  of  the  Hebrew  nation.  Yet  his 
 narrative,  warped  as  it  was,  goes  to  confirm  the  fact 
 of  the  deliverance  from  Egj'pt,  preserves  the  name  of 
 Moses,  and  exhibits  some  of  those  peculiar  usages 
 which  the  law,  as  we  have  it  in  the  Pentateuch,  dis- 
 tinctly specifies.  There  is  also  the  testimony  of 
 writers  immediately  sub.sequent  to  the  apostles. 
 Christian,  heretic  and  pagan,  who  concur  for  the 
 most  part  in  tacts,  however  they  may  differ  in  inter- 
 pretation or  in  the  doctrines  to  be  deduced  from 
 them.  It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  no  history  is  so 
 largely  corroborated  as  the  Scripture  history,  in  all 
 those  ways  which  contribute  to  the  settling  of  belief; 
 so  that,  if  we  are  to  discredit  the  Scripture,  to  be- 
 lieve it  a  romance  rather  than  a  history,  we  are  much 
 more  bound  to  discredit  every  history,  of  Greece,  or 
 Rome  or  England,  which  exists  in  literature. 
 
 It  may  be  tixirly  supposed  that  there  are  now  few 
 persons — so  strong  is  the  confirmatory  evidence — who 
 do  not  admit  the  general  credibility  of  the  Scriiiture. 
 But  it  has  been  alleged  that  with  true  history  there 
 is  much  mixed  up  that  cannot  be  literally  received; 
 that  a  supernatural  coloring  has  been  given,  a  mythi- 
 cal or  legendary  element  introduced,  for  which  al- 
 lowance mu.stbcmade  in  sifting  out  real  facts.  These 
 objections   are   directiil   iihuost    exclusively   against 
 
HOLY  SCRIPTURE. 
 
 343 
 
 HOLT  SCRIPTURE. 
 
 the  miraculous  parts  of  the  Scripture  narrative;  and  it 
 is  held  that  a  writer  whose  giave  account  of  kinfCS  and 
 of  the  events  in  common  life  may  be  implicitly  trusted, 
 must  be  set  down  as  a  mere  enthusiast,  or  as  adopt- 
 ing pious  fraud,  when  in  the  same  paragraph  he  details 
 with  equal  gra\ity  the  occurrence  of  a  wonder  or  a 
 sign.  The  subject  of  miracles  we  have  not  room  to 
 discuss  here ;  but  it  may  be  well  to  remark  that  super- 
 natural relations  are  so  closely  interwoven  with  the 
 rest,  that  the  events  most  oI)jected  to  are  so  earnestly 
 insisted  on,  being  those  in  which  the  essence  of  Scrip- 
 ture teaching  consists,  that  if  you  reject  these  as 
 "unhistoric"  there  is  little,  if  anything,  that  you 
 can  retain.  Take,  for  example,  the  New  Testament 
 history;  strip  it  of  its  supernatural  character;  suppose 
 Jesus  a  mere  man,  born  in  a  natural  way,  only  living 
 a  peaceable,  beneficent  and  philosophic  life;  suppose 
 tliat  He  was  put  to  death  unjustly,  but  that  His  mem- 
 ory wa.s  fragrant  among  His  followers,  and  that  hence 
 they  endeavored  to  dignify  Him  by  attributing  to 
 Him  divine  power,  and  maintaining  tliat  He  was  re- 
 stored to  life  after  His  execution;  denude  His  story 
 of  all  that  shows  the  direct  interference  of  God,  and 
 what  have  you '?  The  disciples  contending,  suffering, 
 dying  for  a  phantom.  The  whole  is  a  mere  episode. 
 It  is  a  foolish  attempt  to  strain  very  ordinary  occur- 
 rences into  something  marvelous.  So  that  you  cannot, 
 if  you  set  aside  the  wonderful,  have  anj'thing  worth 
 preserving.  All  left,  the  Scripture  must  stand  or  fall 
 together.     (See  Miracle.) 
 
 Besides,  very  many  of  the  supernatural  accounts  in 
 Scripture  were  ^vritten  by  those  who  profess  to  have 
 been  eye-witnesses  of  them.  Even  if  we  were  to  allow, 
 which  yet  is  by  no  means  to  be  allowed,  that  those 
 ■WTought  at  the  deliverance  from  Egyjit,  in  Babylon, 
 etc.,  were  chronicled  only  by  later  writers,  yet  we 
 have,  unquestionably,  in  the  New  Testament,  the 
 e^-idence  of  contemporaries.  It  cannot  be  said,  then, 
 that  these  extraordinary  recitals  are  j  ust  the  exagger- 
 ations with  which  credulous  men  or  poets  are  wont  to 
 deck  out  events  imperfectlykuown,  dimmed  with  the 
 haze  of  vast  antiquity.  They  stand  upon  the  same 
 ground  with  the  records  of  common  occurrences;  so 
 that  the  lair  inference  is  that  the  writers,  if  credible 
 in  the  one  class  of  narrative,  are  credible  also  for  the 
 other;  if  they  can  be  convicted  of  untruthfulness  in 
 what  they  relate  of  supernatural  events,  it  is  u.seless 
 to  contend  for  their  veracity  as  to  other  matters.  This 
 is  the  plain  rule  continually  acted  on  in  judicial  en- 
 quiries. If  a  witness  is  corroborated  so  far  as  to  gain 
 credit  for  his  statements  generally,  he  is  believed  when 
 he  charges  home  a  crime  upon  a  culprit.  The  business 
 of  life  could  hardly  otherwise  go  on. 
 
 But  in  addition  to  the  more  vague  corroborations 
 of  Scripture,  which  have  already  been  referred  to, 
 there  are  other  testimonies  of  a  more  particular  kind, 
 which  may  be  properly  introduced  here.  Tliey  are 
 (lie  rather  valuable,  because  they  are  independent; 
 they  are  continually  gaining  force,  and  they  apply  to 
 
 some  of  those  statements  which  have  been  most  keen- 
 ly contested.  It  is  true  that  we  cannot  point  to  a 
 modern  gonfirmation  of  miracle;  but  we  can  exhibit 
 existing  proofs  of  the  fulfillment  of  Scripture  prophe- 
 cies. The  present  state  of  Babylon,  of  Tjtc,  of  Jeru- 
 salem, of  Judea  generally,  witnesses  most  forcibly  to 
 the  credibility  of  Scripture.  It  is  proved  to  demon- 
 stration that  the  threatenings  against  these  countries 
 and  cities  were  uttered  while  they  were  prosperous 
 and  populous,  at  a  time  when  no  political  foresight 
 could  have  discovered  the  fate  that  was  in  reserve 
 for  them.  It  is  proved  to  demonstration  that  the  deso- 
 lations occurred  just  as  they  had  been  long  before 
 described ;  and  there  they  are  at  this  very  day,  pat- 
 ent to  all  who  will  journey  thither,  testifying  that  the 
 Scripture  is  true,  and  its  declarations  to  be  relied  on. 
 
 Another  branch  of  particular  evidence  is  to  be 
 foiuid  in  the  relations  travelers  give  us  of  the  geogra- 
 phy, the  botany,  the  manners  and  customs  of  biblical 
 countries.  The  Seriptm-e  is  still  the  best  guide- 
 book to  Palestine,  which  others  can  only  illustrate. 
 Towns  and  villages  are  found  where  Scripture  places 
 them ;  hills  and  mountains  and  springs  and  brooks  are 
 just  as  Scripture  has  described  them;  articles  of  food 
 are  still  used  such  as  Scripture  mentions.  And  it  is 
 a  general  remark  that  men  who  have  traveled  in 
 Scripture  lands,  even  if  tliey  had  their  doubts  before, 
 have  been  convinced  by  what  they  saw  of  the  credi- 
 bility of  Scripture  writers.  To  those  who  have  not 
 had  the  advantage  of  visiting  Palestine  the  published 
 works  of  accomplished  travelers  have  furnished 
 nearly  the  same  amount  of  testimony.  Among  such 
 may  be  named  Dr.  Robinson's  "  Biblical  Researches," 
 and  Dr.  Thomson's  "The  Land  and  the  Book."  It 
 would  be  perfectly  useless  to  argue  with  any  one  who, 
 in  studying  the.se  works,  did  not  find  in  them  evi- 
 dence not  to  be  gainsaid,  that  the  authors  of  Scripture 
 wrote  in  good  faith  and  are  deserving  of  confidence. 
 Such  researches  have  furnished  a  full  answer  to 
 innumerable  objections.  Thus,  for  instance,  when  it 
 is  said  that  in  one  small  district  of  Ba.shan  there 
 were  threescore  great  cities,  "  fenced  with  high  walls, 
 gates  and  bars,'!  (Deut.  iii,  4,  5  ;  1  Kings  iv,  13), 
 skeptics  have  been  ready  to  deride  the  credulity  of 
 such  as  would  receive  the  statement  as  a  literal  fact. 
 But  travelers  have  visited  the  region,  and  have  found 
 the  cities,  desolate,  it  is  true,  but  still  standing  in 
 their  extraordinary  grandeur,  the  massive  walls 
 there,  the  streets  with  their  ancient  pavement  unbro- 
 ken, the  houses  complete  and  habitable,  a-s  if  finished 
 only  yesterday,  and  even  the  very  doors  and  window 
 shutters  in  their  places. 
 
 Take,again,'the  account  of  St.  Paul's  voyage  and  ship- 
 wreck (Acts  xx^-ii).  Mr.  James  Smith,  of  Jordanhill, 
 England,  in  his  work,  has  carefully  investigated  the 
 localities  ;  he  has  ascertained  the  character  of  the 
 prevalent  winds;  he  has  calculated,  after  communi- 
 cation with  experienced  naval  officers,  the  rate  of 
 drift  and  the  direction  a  vessel  would  naturally  take, 
 
HOLY  SCRIPTURE. 
 
 344 
 
 MOME  3nSSI0NS. 
 
 and  he  finds  the  statements  of  Scripture  minutely  ac- 
 curate.  "A  searching  comparison  of  the  narrative 
 with  the  localities  -where  the  events  so  circumstan- 
 tially related  are  said  to  have  taken  place,  -mth  the 
 aids  which  recent  advances  in  our  knowledge  of  the 
 geography  and  the  navigation  of  the  eastern  part  of 
 the  Mediterauean  supply,  account  for  every  transac- 
 tion, clear  up  every  difficulty,  and  exhibit  an  agree- 
 ment so  perfect  in  all  its  parts  as  to  admit  of  but  one 
 explanation,  namely,  that  it  is  a  narrative  of  real 
 events,  written  by  one  personally  engaged  in  them  " 
 (Introd.,  p.  xviii). 
 
 Ths  explorations  made  of  late  years  in  Nineveh 
 and  Babylon  have  tended  to  confirm  the  credibility 
 of  Scripture  in  many  disputed  points.  It  is  true  that 
 we  must  receive  the  evidence  so  jiroduced  with  cau- 
 tion. Inscriptions  and  monumental  records  are  more 
 likely  to  exaggerate  the  successes  than  to  chronicle 
 the  disasters  of  the  people  by  whom  they  were  made. 
 We  could  not  reasonably  expect  to  find  in  Egyptian 
 monuments  any  detail  of  the  judgments  which  forced 
 the  release  of  Israel.  Neither  was  it  lilcely  that  Sen- 
 nacherib would  record  the  fatal  overtlirow,  when  by 
 God's  immediate  power  his  vast  army  perished  in 
 Judea.  But  much  information  may  be  and  has  been 
 obtained  by  incidental  notices.  Thus,  it  had  been 
 questioned  whether  such  a  king  as  Nebuchadnezzar 
 ever  reigned.  His  name,  it  was  said,  did  not  appear 
 in  Herodotus;  and  objectors,  ready  to  avail  them- 
 selves of  every  oi)portunity  of  cari)ing  at  the  sacred 
 volume,  if  they  did  not  deny  the  existence  of  the 
 conqueror,  at  least  insinuated  that  a  petty  satrap  had 
 been  magnified  into  a  great  king.  But  now  bricks 
 in  abundance  have  been  disinterred,  inscribed  with 
 the  mighty  Nebuchadnezzar's  name,  and  pro\i.ngthat 
 there  was,  iudeed,  foundation  for  the  boast  that  it 
 was  he  that  had  Imilt  and  adorned  his  magnificent 
 capital  (Dan.  iv,  30).  Yet  more  serious  doubt  was 
 expressed  in  regard  to  Bel.shazzar  ;  and  consequently 
 the  narrative  of  his  feast  and  the  awful  signs  which 
 interrupted  it  was  pronounced  a  fable.  But  it  is  now 
 distinctly  proved,  by  the  discovery  of  unquestionable 
 records,  that  a  sovereign  of  that  name  was  associated 
 in  power  with  his  father,  during  the  last  days  of 
 Babylon's  independence. 
 
 It  would  be  easy  to  fill  pages  with  particular 
 examples  of  corroborative  testimony  to  the  truthful- 
 ness of  Scripture,  derived  from  coiiLS,  tombs,  ancient 
 seals,  from  the  thousand  particular  monuments  and 
 existing  proofs  which  Grod's  providence  has  uncov- 
 ered, to  give  living  testimony  of  what  occurred  in 
 ancient  times.  We  have,  therefore,  the  strongest 
 reason  to  affirm  that  the  Scripture  writers  were  truth- 
 ful, that  the  facts  they  chronicle  really  occurred,  that 
 the  histories  they  deliver  are  credible.  Nor  is  this 
 evidence  set  aside  by  the  assertion  not  unfrequently 
 now  made,  that  the  later  books  of  Scripture  were  the 
 work  of  earnest,  conscientious  men,  who  have  given 
 us,  indeed,  truly,  the  facts  of  Ihcir  own  times,  but 
 
 who  ignorantly  attributed  to  the  earlier  books,  the 
 writings  of  a  more  remote  age,  that  authority  which 
 they  do  not  really  possess,  and  who  based  much  of 
 their  teaching  upon  fragments  which  are  now  found 
 to  crumble  beneath  the  pressure.  The  credibility  of 
 the  early  part  of  Scripture  has  been  proved  beyond 
 question  by  learned  men,  and  the  way  in  which 
 Christ  used  the  oldest  portions  of  the  Scriptures  may 
 well  be  fciken  as  guiding  us  to  a  right  estimation  of 
 •their  value.  To  those,  indeed,  who  regard  Him  as  a 
 mere  man,  an  appeal  to  His  authority  will  seem  of 
 little  weight.  But  with  such  the  present  argument 
 does  not  deal.  To  men,  however,  who  admit  that 
 Christ  was  a  divinely-commissioned  teacher.  His 
 sanction,  not  merely  to  the  ordinary  facts  of  Scrip- 
 ture, but  to  the  supernatural  occurrences  therein 
 narrated,  is  of  infinite  importance.  He,  the  founder 
 of  the  new  dispensation,  besides  assuming,  as  the 
 accounts  we  have  of  Him  testify,  the  power  of  work- 
 ing miracles  Himself,  admitted  without  (juestion  the 
 miracles  of  the  Old  Testament  (c.  </.  JIatt.  xxiv, 
 37-39;  Luke  iv,  2o-2~),  and  threw  no  doubt  upon  the 
 narrative  which  embodied  in  it  such  wonders.  Tlie 
 only  alternative  which  remains  is,  if  the  credit  of 
 the.se  facts  is  denied,  to  deny  the  competency  of  our 
 Lord  as  a  public  instructor,  imputing  to  Him — with 
 reverence  be  it  spoken — ignorance  and  imperfection 
 of  judgment  which  would  place  Him  far  behind  the 
 doctors  of  the  present  age.  It  is  trusted  that  no 
 reader  of  the  present  article  is  prepivred  for  this  awful 
 alternative. 
 
 In  Scripture,  then,  we  must  acknowledge  a  book 
 credible  and  of  the  highest  authority,  proceeding,  as 
 many  other  evidences  might  be  adduced  to  show,  from 
 persons  commissioned  by  the  living  God.  The  objec- 
 tions which  have  in  modern  times  been  urged  against 
 Revelation  and  Scripture  truth  do  not  really  meet, 
 much  less  disprove,  the  positive  arguments  by  which 
 its  authority  is  affirmatively  attested.  Not  a  propo- 
 sition of  them  has  been  overthroAvn ;  not  an  argument 
 has  been  weakened;  not  a  fact  changed ;  not  a  conclu- 
 sion even  involved  in  a  doubt.  Such  is  the  deliberate 
 j  udgment  of  the  wisest  and  best  men  of  the  age  and 
 the  century. 
 
 Home  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  the  United  States  of  America; 
 Board  of.  The  first  Presbytery  in  the  United  States 
 was  formed  about  the  year  ITOO.  And  the  first 
 Synod  in  1717.  On  nearly  every  page  of  the  Minutes 
 of  the  first  Presbytery  and  Synod,  and  afterward  of 
 the  General  Assemljly,  organized  out  of  the  Synod  in 
 1789,  are  found  what  they  called  "supplications" 
 from  new  and  feeble  and  distant  settlements,  for 
 missionaries,  and  the  means  to  aid  in  their  support. 
 To  secure  the  means,  the  Presbytery  and  the  old 
 Synod  ordered  annual  collections  from  all  their 
 churches,  to  be  used  in  the  support  of  the  mission- 
 aries in  these  feeble  settlements.  The  first  recorded 
 grant  of  missionary  money  was  made  to  the  First 
 
HOJIE  HUSSION'S. 
 
 345 
 
 HOOPER. 
 
 to 
 
 Presbyterian  eongresration  of  New  York,  in  1719, 
 enable  it  to  snpport  the  gospel. 
 
 The  General  Assembly  was  organized  in  1789,  out 
 of  the  materials  of  the  old  Synod.  At  the  very  first 
 meeting,  it  was  unanimously  resolved  ' '  to  send  forth 
 missionaries,  well  qualified  to  be  employed  in  mis- 
 sion work  on  our  frontiers,  for  the  purpose  of  organ- 
 izing ehurehes,  administering  ordinances,  ordaining 
 elders,  collecting  information  concerning  the  state 
 of  religion  in  those  parts,  and  proposing  the  best 
 means  of  establi.shing  a  gospel  ministry  among  the 
 people."  And  in  order  to  provide  means  for  defray- 
 ing "the  necessary  expenses  of  the  mission,  it  is 
 strictly  enjoined  on  the  several  Presbyteries  to  have 
 collections  made  during  the  present  year,  in  the 
 several  congregations  under  our  care,  and  forwarded 
 to  Is;uic  Snowden,  Es(j.,  Treasurer  of  the  General 
 Assembly,  with  all  convenient  speed. "  This  collec- 
 tion amounted  to  £80  12s.  lOd.  The  usual  salary 
 allowed  a  missionary  was  $400  per  annum. 
 
 As  the  boundaries  of  the  country  grew,  and  its 
 frontiers  were  extended  South  and  West  and  North, 
 and  the  importance  of  the  work  increased,  the  Gen- 
 eral Assembly  appointed  a  Standing  Committee  of 
 Missions,  in  1802.  It.s  nomination  of  missionaries 
 was  made  to  and  confirmed  by  the  General  Assembly 
 in  open  session. 
 
 The  population  increased,  and  settlements  extended 
 very  rapidly,  after  the  War  of  1812.  The  missionary 
 wants  and  work  extended  as  rapidly  as  the  popu- 
 lation, and  beyond  the  power  of  the  Standing  Com- 
 mittee on  Missions  to  supply.  To  meet  this  growing 
 demand,  and  render  the  management  of  the  work 
 more  efficient  than  it  could  possibly  be,  either  by  the 
 Standing  Committee  or  the  General  Assembly  itself, 
 in  the  few  days  of  its  annual  session,  it  organized,  in 
 May,  1816,  "The  Board  of  Missions."  It  was  the 
 first  of  all  the  Boards,  and  has  been  the  model,  ever 
 since,  for  all  similar  agencies  for  the  work  of  the 
 Church. 
 
 After  the  organization  of  the  Board,  in  181(5,  the 
 work  of  Home  Missions  increased  in  extent  and 
 interest  rapidly,  for  ten  or  twelve  years,  untU  after 
 the  organization  of  the  American  Home  Missionary 
 Society,  in  New  York,  in  182().  After  the  division  of 
 1838,  the  New  School  branch  conducted  its  mission- 
 ary afiairs  in  connection  with  the  American  Home 
 Missionary  Society,  until  a  conviction  of  the  desir- 
 ableness and  necessity  of  distinctive  denominational 
 work  led  to  the  appointment  of  the  Church  Exten- 
 sion Committee,  in  1855,  which  was  merged,  in  1861, 
 into  the  organization  of  the  Committee  of  Home 
 Missions. 
 
 The  Board  of  Missions  remained  after  the  division 
 in  1838,  in  connection  with  the  Old  School  branch, 
 and  was  the  instrumentality  through  which  the 
 Church  labored  to  evangelize  the  land. 
 
 From  1802  to  1816,  the  Standing  Committee  of  Mis- 
 sions sent  out  311  missionaries,  and  collected  $49,349. 
 
 The  Board  of  Missions,  from  1816  to  the  division 
 in  1838,  sent  2,486  missionaries,  and  collected 
 $231,504. 
 
 From  the  division  in  1838  to  the  reunion  in  1870, 
 the  Board  sent  16,113  missionaries,  and  collected 
 $2,805,375. 
 
 After  the  organization  of  the  Committee  of  Home 
 Missions  by  the  New  School  General  Assembly,  it 
 sent  forth,  from  1861  to  1870  (the  time  of  reunion), 
 3,281  missionaries,  and  collected  $962,947.  It  is 
 greatly  to  be  regretted  that  the  numbers  of  missiona- 
 ries and  the  amounts  of  money  contributed  by  the 
 New  School  Presbyterian  Church,  from  1838  to  1861, 
 to  the  American  Home  Missionary  Society,  cannot 
 be  ascertained.  The  number  of  missionaries  is  care- 
 fully estinuited  at  about  8000. 
 
 The  glorious  reunion  of  the  two  Assemblies  was 
 accomplished  in  1870.     At  the  reunion  the  Board  of 
 Mis.sions  and  the  Committee  of  Home  Missions  were 
 united  under  the  legal  name  and  style  of  ' '  The  Board 
 of  Home  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the 
 United  States  of  America."      The  Board,  since  its 
 reorganization  in  1870,  has  sent  out  fifteen  thousand 
 nine  hundred  and  seventy-two  missionaries,  and  col- 
 lected $47,319.89.     Thus  the  Home  Missionary  work 
 of  the  Church,  before  and  during  its  division,  and 
 since  its  reunion,  presents  a  grand  total,  from  1802  to 
 1883,  of  forty-six  thousand  nine  hundred  and  sixty- 
 three  missionaries,  and  $7,818,217  contributed  for  the 
 cause.    In  1871  the  reunited  General  Assembly  organ- 
 ized the  Sustentation  Committee,  which.  In  1874,  was 
 transferred  to  the  Board  of  Home  Missions,  to  be 
 conducted  as  a  separate  department.      In  1878  the 
 Woman's   Executive  Committee  of  Home  Missions 
 was  organized,  and  became  a  department  of  the  Board. 
 In  1882  the  Rev.  Sheldon  Jackson,  D.D.,  oficring  to 
 present  the  Board  with  the  Ilovky  Mountain  Presbyte- 
 rian, which  he  had  published  since  1872  as  a  Home 
 Mission  paper,  the  ofler  was  accepted,  and  the  Board 
 commenced  the  publication  of  the  paper,  as  its  ofiicial 
 organ,  under  the  name  of  Presbyterian  Home  Slissions. 
 Hooper,  T.  "W.,  D.D.,  is  a  son  of  Joseph  and 
 Elizabeth    C.    Hooper,    and   was  born   in    Hanover 
 county,    Va.,    November    2d,   1832.     He    graduated 
 with  the  first  honor  of  his  class,  and  took  the  Orator's 
 medal   of  the   Union   Society,   at  Hampden-Sidney 
 College,  in  1855.     Spending  four  months  at   Union 
 Seminary,   N.  Y.,  he  returned  to  Union  Seminary, 
 Va.,  from  which  he  was  called  to  be  pastor  of  "  Pole 
 Green  Church,"  where  his  father  had  been  an  elder, 
 and  he  had  been  baptized  in  January,  1858.     Having 
 been   licensed    by  Hanover  Presbytery  (N.  S.)  the 
 year  before,  he  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  in 
 February,  1858. 
 
 In  1863  he  was  installed  pastor  of  Liberty  Church, 
 and  in  September,  1805,  he  was  installed  pastor  of 
 Christiansburg  Church.  From  here  he  was  called  to 
 the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Lynchburg,  Va., 
 and  was  installed  in  September,   1870.     From  here 
 
HOPE,  ASSURANCE  OF. 
 
 346 
 
 HOPE,  ASSURANCE  OF. 
 
 he   was   called    to  the   First   Presbyterian   Church, 
 Selma,  Ala., which  he  still  served  in  November,  1876. 
 
 Dr.  Hooper  is  a  man  of  medium  size,  not  very 
 robust  health,  but  known  as  one  of  activity  and 
 energy.  For  twelve  years  he  was  Stated  Clerk  of 
 Montgomery  Presbytery,  and  also  chairman  of  the 
 Presbyterial  Committee  of  Home  Missions.  Ha-s-ing 
 lived  in  different  sections  of  his  native  Sfcite,  there  is 
 not  a  city  and  scarcely  a  village  in  the  State  where 
 he  has  not  preached.  He  is  also  a  trustee  of  Hamp- 
 den-Sidney  College,  and  the  title  of  D.D.  was  con- 
 ferred on  him  by  Roanoke  College,  in  1876. 
 
 He  has  been  a  constant  contributor  to  the  secular 
 and  religious  press  for  twenty-five  years,  a,s  evinced 
 by  the  columns  of  the  Christian  Observer,  New  York 
 Observer,  Central  Pre-sbytcrian,  etc.  Several  sermoas 
 and  addresses  of  his  have  been  published,  and  also 
 two  tracts,  by  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication 
 of  Philadelphia,  and  two  bj'  the  American  Tract 
 Society  of  Xew  York. 
 
 At  present  he  is  pastor  of  the  largest  church  in  the 
 Synod  of  Alabama,  a  member  of  the  Executive  Com- 
 mittee of  the  Colored  Theological  Institute  at  Tuska- 
 loosa,  and  chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee  of 
 the  Orphan's  Home,  at  Tuskogee,  Alabama. 
 
 Hope,  Asstirance  of.  There  are  three  kinds 
 of  assurance  spoken  of  in  the  Word  of  God.  1 .  "  The 
 assurance  of  urulcrstanilin//"  (Col.  ii,  2),  which  means 
 a  clear,  comprehensive,  heart-establishing  acquaint- 
 ance with  divine  truth.  2.  "  The  assurance  of  faith  " 
 (Heb.  X,  22),  which  signifies  an  entire  persuasion  of 
 the  truth  of  the  gospel.  3.  "  The  assurance  of  Hope ' ' 
 (Heb.  vi,  11),  which  imports  a  confidence  of  personal 
 interest  in  Christ. 
 
 How  is  a  prevailing  and  satisfactory  conclusion  as 
 to  our  spiritual  state  to  be  obtained?  This  is  a  most 
 momentous  question.  It  is  said  by  the  apostle,  ' '  The 
 Spirit  itself  beareth  witness  with  our  spirit,  that  we 
 are  the  children  of  God"  (Rom.  viii,  16).  Now,  as 
 it  is  witnessed,  or  testified  by  the  Spirit,  that  we  are 
 the  children  of  God,  we  naturally  ask,  in  what 
 manner  is  this  testimony  borne  ?  This  must  either 
 be  in  the  way  of  a  direct  revelation  to  our  mind,  or 
 by  enabling  us,  on  a  comparison  of  the  Spirit's  work 
 in  the  heart  with  the  description  of  the  Spirit's 
 work  in  the  Word,  to  draw  the  conclusion  that  we 
 are  truly  born  again.  Some  believe  that  there  is 
 granted  to  each  regenerated  soul  a  direct  witness,  in 
 the  way  of  suggestion,  or  impression,  of  its  spiritual 
 birth.  This,  however,  does  not  appear  to  us  to  be 
 the  meaning  of  the  apostle.  It  does  not  accord  with 
 the  context,  which  is  ob\-iously  practical,  and  speaks 
 of  the  influence  of  the  Spirit  as  received  for  mortifi-  ', 
 cation  of  sin,  and  for  the  productions  of  all  the  | 
 dispositions  and  habits  of  the  Clm.stian  life,  espe- 
 cially the  spirit  of  adoption.  It  is  unsupported  by 
 any  other  passage  where  assurance  is  spoken  of;  it 
 w;)uld,  if  tliis  were  its  meaning,  come  under  the 
 head  of  a  revelation  from  God,  and  seem  to  require 
 
 something  else  to  authenticate  it;  it  would  open  a 
 door  for  mistake  and  self-deception;  it  has  never 
 been  received  by  multitudes  who  have  been  sincerely 
 and  eminently  pious,  and  it  is  unnecessary,  because, 
 without  being  supported  by  the  inferential  evidence, 
 it  is  not  to  be  trusted.  It  is  much  safer  and  more 
 correct  to  consider  the  witness  of  the  Spirit  as  purely 
 inferential.  The  case  stands  thus:  "  The  Holy  Spirit 
 speaks  in  the' Word.  The  same  Spirit  operates  in 
 the  heart.  There  must  be  a  correspondence  between 
 His  testimony  in  the  Word  and  His  operation  in  the 
 heart.  The  evidence  lies  in  this  correspondence. 
 We  take  the  Divine  Word  as  dictated  by  the  Spirit, 
 and  containing  a  declaration  of  His  mind;  we  see 
 there  what  He  testifies;  we  see  especially  the  descrip- 
 tion which  He  there  gives  of  the  faith  and  character 
 of  God's  children,  of  the  principles  and  dispositions, 
 the  affections  and  desires,  the  hopes  and  fears,  and 
 the  peculiar  walk  and  conversation  by  which  they 
 are  distinguished.  If  our  spirits  in  the  court  of  con- 
 science, and  before  the  Father  of  our  spirits,  bear 
 witness  to  a  correspondence  between  this  description 
 and  what  has  been  eflfected  in  us  by  the  same  Divine 
 Agent,  then  there  is  a  concurrence  of  the  testimonies; 
 the  testimony  of  God's  Spirit  and  the  testimony  of 
 our  spirits  agree;  the  one  witnesseth  with  the  other. 
 What  the  Spirit  of  God  has  wrought  in  us  harmonizes 
 with  what  the  Spirit  of  God  testifies  in  the  Word; 
 and  in  proportion  as  our  spirits  have  the  inward  con- 
 sciousness of  this  harmony,  do  we  possess  the  ^vitness 
 of  the  Spirit  to  our  being  the  children  of  God." 
 
 This  is  in  strict  accordance  with  what  is  said  in  other 
 places  of  Scripture.  ' '  These  things, ' '  says  the  apostle 
 John,  "have  I  written  unto  you  that  believe  on  the 
 name  of  the  Son  of  God,  that  ye  may  know  that  j-e 
 have  eternal  life"  (1  John,  v  13).  We  are  to  liwio 
 that  we  have  eternal  life,  by  the  evidence  of  what 
 is  written,  and,  of  course,  by  the  comparison  of  our 
 heart  and  life  with  it. 
 
 In  reply  to  the  question,  liow  any  one  may  know 
 that  he  is  a  child  of  God,  we  answer,  by  conscious- 
 ness, and  a  comparison  of  his  state  with  the  Word  of 
 God.  The  apostle  says,  "  We  are  all  the  children  of 
 God  by  faith  in  Jesus  Christ"  (Gal.  iii,  26).  "  I  am 
 conscious,"  says  am  assured  Christian,  "that  I  do 
 believe,  and  therefore  I  know  I  am  a  child  of  God." 
 And  suppose  he  were  in  any  doubt  about  the  reality 
 of  his  faith,  he  pursues  the  subject  and  says,  "The 
 Word  of  God  says,  'in  whom  believing  we  rejoice;'  I 
 hare  peace  and  joj*.  '  To  them  that  believe  He  is  pre- 
 cio.us;'  Christ  IS  precious  to  me.  '  Faith  worketh  by 
 love;'  I  love  God,  Christ,  his  people  and  holiness. 
 'This  is  the  ^^ctory  that  overcometh  the  world,  even 
 our  foith.'  /have  overcome  the  world.  'We  know 
 that  we  have  pas.sed  from  death  unto  life,  because  we 
 love  the  brethren ; '  I  love  the  brethren ;  therefore,  I 
 conclude  I  am  a  child  of  God.  The  fruits  of  my  faith 
 which  I  discern  in  myself  answer  to  the  description 
 of  them  given  in  the  Word." 
 
HOPE. 
 
 347 
 
 HOPKINS. 
 
 It  is  not,  then,  by  any  such  methods  as  by  dreams, 
 or  the  suggestions  of  texts  of  Scripture  to  the  mind, 
 or  visions,  or  impressions  upon  the  mind,  or  strong 
 persuasions  of  our  eternal  election,  that  we  are  to 
 obtain  this  blessed  hope  of  personal  interest  in  the 
 mercies  of  redemption,  but  by  coraiiaring  our  hearts 
 with  the  Word  of  God.  We  will  here  quote  the 
 beautiful  languaire  of  the  celebrated  Ralph  Cud- 
 WOETH,  in  a  sermon  preached  before  the  House  of 
 Commons  during  the  Commonwealth:  "  The  way  to 
 obtain  a  good  assurance  of  our  title  to  heaven,  is  not 
 to  climb  up  to  it  by  a  ladder  of  our  own  ungrounded 
 persuasions,  but  to  digaslow  as  hell,  by  liumility  and 
 self-denial  in  our  own  Iieart.s;  and  thougli  this  may  seem 
 the  farthest  way  about,  yet  it  is  indeed  the  nearest 
 and  safest  way  to  it.  We  must,  as  the  Greek  epigram 
 speaks,  '  ascend  downward  and  descend  upward, '  if  we 
 would  indeed  come  to  heaven,  or  get  any  true  per- 
 suasion of  our  title  to  it.  The  most  triumphant  con- 
 fidence of  a  Christian  riseth  safely  and  surely  on  this 
 low  foundation,  that  lies  deeper  under  ground,  and 
 there  stands  firmly  and  steadfastly.  Wlieu  our  heart 
 is  once  turned  into  a  conformity  with  the  Word  of 
 God,  when  we  feel  our  will  to  concur  with  His  \vill, 
 we  shall  then  personally  perceive  a  spirit  of  adoption 
 within  ourselves,  teaching  us  to  say,  Ahba,  Father. 
 We  shall  not  care  then  for  peeping  into  the 
 hidden  records  of  eternity,  to  see  whether  our  names 
 be  written  there  in  golden  characters;  no,,  we  shall 
 find  a  copy  of  God's  thoughts  concerning  us  written 
 in  our  own  breasts.  There  we  may  re.ad  the  char- 
 acters of  His  favor  toward  us;  there  we  may  feel  an 
 inward  sense  of  His  love  to  us,  flowing  out  of  our 
 hearty  and  unfeigned  love  to  Him.  And  we  shall  be 
 more  undoubtedly  persuaded  of  it,  than  if  one  of 
 those  winged  watchmen  above,  tliat  are  privy  to 
 heaven's  secrets,  should  come  and  tell  us  that  thej' 
 saw  our  names  enrolled  in  those  volumes  of  et<'rnity. " 
 
 In  this  way,  and,  as  it  appears  to  us,  in  this  way 
 only,  is  our  personal  interest  in  the  blessings  of  salva- 
 tion to  be  ascertained.  It  will  be  e\ident  then,  that 
 our  assurance  will  be  more  or  less  full,  according  to 
 the  measure  of  our  piety.  It  admits  of  degrees  of 
 certainty,  and  these  ^vill  be  regulated  l)y  our  degrees  of 
 vital,  experimental  godlines.s.  Hence  the  force  of  the 
 apo.stolic  exhortation,  to  gire  all  diligence  to  make  our 
 calling  and  our  election  sure;  i.  e.,  sure  to  ourselves, 
 as  a  clear  and  well-attested  fact,  that  we  are  called 
 according  to  the  purpose  of  God. 
 
 Hope,  Rev.  Matthew  Boyd,  M.  D.,  was  born 
 in  Mifflin  county,  Pa.,  July  Hist,  1.-<1'2.  He  graduated 
 at  Jefferson  College  in  1830,  tlien  studied  theology  at 
 the  Seminary  at  Princeton  until  1832.  Having  con- 
 cluded to  go  out  as  a  missionary  to  India,  he  studied 
 medicine  at  the  University  of  Penn.sylvania  in  the 
 two  following  years,  and  was  licen.sed  and  ordained 
 as  a  missionary,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Huntingdon,  in 
 1835.  He  received  an  ap])ointment  from  the  .Ameri- 
 can Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions,  and 
 
 labored  two  years  at  Singapore,  an  island  oft'  the 
 northern  extremity  of  the  Malay  peninsula,  where  he 
 was  sunstruck,  and,  on  partial  recovery,  was  recom- 
 mended by  his  physicians  to  return  to  his  native  land. 
 The  homeward  voyage  was  beneficial  to  him,  and  he 
 was  able,  in  a  short  time,  to  act  as  agent  for  the 
 Colonization  Society,  and  in  1839  he  was  appointed 
 Financial  Secretary  to  the  Presbj-teriau  Board  of 
 Education,  and  in  18 12  Corresponding  Secretary.  In 
 this  ofiice  he  continued  until  1846;  but  in  1845  was 
 elected  to  the  Prolessorship  of  Belles  Lettres  and 
 Political  Economy  in  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  a 
 relation  which  he  held  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
 December  l~th,  18.')9.  During  his  funeral  all  the 
 places  of  business  in  Princeton  were  closed,  as  a  mark 
 of  respect. 
 
 Dr.  Hope  was  a  man  of  great  simplicity  of  manner, 
 direct,  yet  full  of  genial  kindness.  His  life  was  an 
 earnest  one — full  of  solemn  purpose  and  active  effort 
 to  do  good.  For  years  his  strong  and  euterprising 
 intellect  had  to  effect  its  purpose's  through,  and  often 
 in  spite  of,  a  frail  and  hopelessly  shattered  body. 
 Although  not  a  brilliant  man,  nor  of  extraordinary 
 scholarship,  yet  as  a  fiiithful  and  eftective  worker, 
 and  a.  benign  Christian  power,  Princeton  has  never 
 enjoyed  the  labors  of  a  superior  to  Dr.  Hope. 
 
 Hopkins,  Henry  Harvey,  D.  D.  Of  the 
 parentage  of  Mr.  Hopkins,  his  earlier  years  and  his 
 education  prior  to  his  entering  on  the  study  of  the- 
 ology, we  have  been  able  to  learn  nothing.  He  was 
 born  in  Chester  county,  Pa.,  November  ISth,  1804; 
 entered  Princeton  Seminary  in  the  Fall  of  1^39; 
 graduated  there  in  1832,  and  was  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  New  Castle,  April  4th,  1832.  At  his 
 request  he  was  dismissed  to  the  Presbytery  of  Slissis- 
 sippi,  December  25th,  1832.  After  preaching  at 
 Clinton  aboOt  two  years,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 churches  of  Big  Spring  and  Taylorsville,  Ky. ;  was 
 received  as  a  licentiate  by  the  Presbytc'ry  of  Louis- 
 Wile,  October  2d,  1834,  and  iastalled  as  pastor  April 
 25th,  1835.  This  relation  continued  about  nine  years, 
 and  was  dissolved  April  2d,  1844,  but  he  continued 
 to  be  a  member  of  Louisville  Presbytery  for  the 
 remainder  of  his  life.  These  nine  years  of  his 
 first  pastorate  were  years  of  great  profit,  both  to 
 himself  and  to  his  people.  He  was  active,  laborious, 
 and  successful  in  his  work,  and  his  two  churches 
 became  strong,  both  spiritually  and  externally. 
 j  After  leaving  his  first  pastorate,  Dr.  Hopkins  took 
 charge  of  the  two  churches  at  Cane  Kun  and  Plum 
 Creek,  in  Shelby  county,  Kentucky,  over  which  he 
 was  installed,  in  May,  1845.  This  relation  was  dis- 
 !  solved  December  25th,  1846,  as  he  had  accepted  an  invi- 
 tation to  serve  the  Church  at  Owensboro,  Ky.  Over 
 this,  which  was  to  bs  his  longest  and  his  last  p:istoral 
 charge,  he  was  installed  May  1st,  1847.  He  served 
 this  important  cliurch  more  than  twenty-two  years, 
 and  his  labors  were  followed  by  its'.steady  growth 
 ami   prosperity.       He    was   obliged,   by   a   bronchial 
 
HOPKINS. 
 
 348 
 
 HOPKINS. 
 
 aflfectiou  which  disabled  him  from  preaching  regu- 
 larly, to  resign  his  charge,  and  the  pastoral  relation 
 was  dissolved,  October  19th,  1869.  He  continued, 
 however,  to  the  end  of  his  life,  to  reside  at  Owens- 
 boro,  alwaj-s  actively  engaged,  and  embracing  every 
 opportunity  to  preach  the  gospel.  He  made  a  free 
 use  of  the  press  in  doing  good,  and  made  himself  felt 
 in  the  community  in  which  he  lived  and  died,  as  a 
 wise  and  public-spirited  citizen,  as  well  as  an  earnest 
 and  spiritually-minded  minister  of  the  gospel. 
 During  his  last  illness,  he  evinced  a  firm  faith  in  the 
 goodness  and  the  grace  of  God.  He  died  April  19th, 
 1877. 
 
 Dr.  Hopkins  was  a  faithful  and  devoted  pastor,  a 
 wise  counsellor,  practical,  judicious,  and  of  large 
 Christian  experience.  He  was  a  good  Presbyterian, 
 a  good  theologian,  a  good  Greek,  Latin  and  Hebrew 
 scholar,  a  good  preacher,  and  above  all,  a  good  man. 
 
 Hopkins,  Jaraes  S.,  son  of  John  Hopkins  and 
 Mary  S.  Speed,  and  grandson  of  General  Hopkins, 
 of  Revolutionary  fame,  was  born  at  Danville,  Ky., 
 January  6th,  1799.  Having  studied  law  with  his 
 brother,  Hon.  John  Speed  Smith,  he  practiced  that 
 profession  for  only  a  short  time.  In  1825  he  began 
 farming,  which  he  followed  until  death.  Ii;  1842, 
 and  chiefly  through  his  influence,  Boyle  county  was 
 formed,  and  Mr.  Hopkins  was  chosen  its  first  repre- 
 sentative in  the  Kentucky  Legislature,  to  which  he 
 wiis  returned  during  the  seven  succeeding  years.  In 
 1828  he  united  with  the  Church  at  Danville,  and  was 
 soon  after  elected  a  ruling  elder.  During  the  years 
 1833-36  and  1849-58  he  was  a  member  of  the  Board 
 of  Trustees  of  Centre  College,  and  for  the  last  three 
 of  these  years  he  was  President  of  that  Board.  In 
 1858  he  removed  to  Pettis  county,  Jlissouri,  and  was 
 soon  after  chosen  ruling  elder  in  the  First  Church  of 
 Pettis,  and  continued  such  until  June  24th,  1873, 
 when  he  closed  a  protracted  and  iiseful  life. 
 
 Mr.  Hopkins  was  a  man  of  fine  natural  intellect,  a 
 warm-hearted  Christian,  and,  while  always  unassum- 
 ing, his  religion  was  conspicuous,  and  his  influence 
 for  good  marked,  in  whatever  sphere  he  acted.  To 
 his  large  Christian  liberality  both  the  college  and 
 seminary  at  Danville  are  deeply  indebted.  His 
 generous  beneficence  assisted  many  ministers  in  the 
 course  of  their  preparation.  No  enterprise  of  the 
 Church  was  forgotten..  He  did  what  he  could  for  the 
 cause  of  his  Master.  A  truly  Christian  gentleman, 
 in  bu-siness  the  soul  of  honor,  cheerful,  candid  and 
 pure  in  his  daily  life,  sin  felt  rebuked  in  his  presence. 
 His  acquaintances  all  loved  him,  while  the  young 
 both  honored  and  revered.  A  great  sufferer  for  many 
 months  before  his  death,  his  faith  in  his  Redeemer 
 never  wavered;  no  complaint,  nor  even  an  expression 
 of  impatience,  escaped  his  lips.  Active  in  Christian 
 efibrt  to  the  end,  when  James  S.  Hopkins  died  society 
 and  the  Church  suffered  a  heavy  loss,  but  the  Church 
 of  th  '  First-born,  which  is  written  in  heaven,  received 
 one  more  ransomed  and  happy  accession. 
 
 Hopkins,  Josiah,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Pittsford, 
 Vermont,  April  26th,  1785.  He  was  instiilled  pastor 
 of  the  Congregational  Church  in  New  Haven,  Ver- 
 mont, in  1811.  He  subsequently  became  pastor  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  but 
 his  health  failing,  he  removed  to  Ohio,  where  he 
 labored  as  a  Home  Missionary  in  several  churches  in 
 the  "Western  Reserve."  On  his  return,  he  took 
 charge  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Seneca  Falls, 
 N.  Y.  His  last  ministerial  labors  were  performed  with 
 the  Church  of  Union  Springs,  N.  Y.,  and  were  blessed 
 with  a  most  precious  revival.  He  died  June  27th, 
 1862.  Dr.  Hopkins  was  earnest  in  his  love  of  the 
 truth,  and  his  perceptions  of  it  were  clear  and  dis- 
 criminating, his  explanations  harmonious,  and  his 
 defence  of  it  most  hearty  and  faithful.  He  was  often 
 sought  as  a  counsellor  by  others,  while  his  genial  and 
 kindly  spirit  endeared  him  to  all  who  approached 
 him. 
 
 Hopkins,  Myron  P.  was  bom  at  Warren,  Conn. , 
 April  29th,  1806,  and  he  died  at  Medina,  N.  Y.,  October 
 29th,  1878.  He  resided  in  Medina  fifty  years,  and 
 was  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  there 
 forty-four  years,  serving  as  a  ruling  elder  thirty-eight 
 years.  He  was  ' '  a  good  man  and  j  ust. "  He  was  a 
 man  of  positive  character,  and  influentially  connected 
 with  the  business  and  spiritual  interests  of  Medina 
 for  half  a  century.  He  was  an  able  and  a  faithful 
 elder,  of  good  report,  guileless,  fervent  in  spirit, 
 benevolent  and  kind,  watchful  and  prayerful,  re- 
 spected tod  beloved,  and  great  in  personal  consistency 
 and  goodness.  To  elder  Myron  P.  Hopkins,  as  much 
 as  to  any  man,  is  the  Church  of  Medina  indebted  for 
 its  present  temporal  and  spiritual  prosperity. 
 
 Hopkins,  Hon.  Samuel  Miles,  LL.D.,  was 
 born  in  Salem,  Conn.,  May  9th,  1772,  and  united  with 
 the  church  in  Moscow,  N.  Y.,  in  1815.  He  gradu- 
 ated from  Yale  College  in  1828.  He  was  admitted 
 to  the  Bar  in  1793,  and  practiced  his  profession  at 
 Oxford,  1793-4;  New  York  from  1794,  and  Albany, 
 1821-31.  He  was  Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  New 
 York,  and  Trustee  of  Auburn  Theological  Seminary, 
 1832-6.  He  received  the  Degree  of  LL.D.  from  Yale 
 College  in  1828.  Judge  Hopkins  published  a  volume 
 of  Chancery  Reports,  and  various  treatises  on  Tem- 
 perance, State,  and  National  Legislatures,  Crime, 
 Prison  Discipline,  etc.  He  died  at  Geneva,  N.  Y., 
 March  9th,  1837. 
 
 Hopkins,  Rev.  Theodore  "W.,  was  born  in 
 Cincinnati,  O.,  January  5th,  1841.  His  father  was 
 one  of  the  seceders  from  Lane  Seminary,  on  anti- 
 slavery  grounds,  and  removed  to  Oberlin,  O.,  in  1848, 
 where  Theodore  pursued  his  preparatory  studies,  and 
 nearly  completed  his  college  course.  He  subsequently 
 spent  two  years  in  the  study  of  English  literature  and 
 vocal  music,  chiefly  in  New  York.  In  September, 
 1862,  he  entered  .Tuninr  at  Yale  College,  and  gradu- 
 ated July,  1864.  The  following  year  he  was  Principal 
 of  a  musical  school  near  Providence,  E.  I. :  then,  for 
 
HOPKINSIANISM. 
 
 349 
 
 HOKNBLOWER. 
 
 four  years,  Assistant  Principal  of  the  Central  High  ' 
 School  of  Cleveland,  O.  He  pursued  a  full  course  of 
 theological  study  in  the  Rochester  Seminary,  gradu- 
 ating in  1873.  The  same  year  he  was  licensed  to  \ 
 preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Rochester,  and  called  to 
 the  Chair  of  Church  History  in  the  Theological  Serai- 
 nary  (Congregational),  at  Chicago,  the  duties  of  which 
 he  discharged  with  distinguished  ability,  the  next 
 seven  years.  June  29th,  1880,  he  was  ordained  a,s 
 an  evangelist  by  a  Council  in  Chicago.  'WTien  he 
 resigned  the  Professorship  it  was  his  intention  to 
 devote  himself  to  literary  work,  at  home  and  abroad;  | 
 eighteen  months  were  thus  employed,  habitually 
 preaching  on  the  Sabbath,  when  the  importunity  of 
 the  Central  Church  of  Rochester  induced  him  to 
 change  his  plans,  and  take  their  pastoral  oversight. 
 Here,  for  the  past  three  years,  his  labors,  in  the  pulpit 
 and  out  of  it,  have  been  eminently  satisfactory  and 
 successful.  Beside  furnishing  various  review  articles, 
 Mr.  Hopkins  has  had  printed,  but  not  published,  a 
 valuable,  scholarly  work,  on  "The  Doctrine  of  In- 
 spiration; An  Outline  Historical  Study."  From  early 
 childhood  he  luus  been  pa.ssionately  fond  of  Church 
 historj',  and  his  familiarity  with  its  philosophy  and 
 events  leads  him  not  unfrequeutly  to  enrich  his  dis- 
 courses \\-ith  the  most  apt  and  striking  illustrations 
 from  this  source. 
 
 HopMnsianism.  The  main  principles  of  this 
 theological  system  are  either  taught  or  implied  in 
 the  writings  of  Dr.  Samuel  Hopkins,  of  Newport, 
 R.  I.  Those  principles  have  been  unfolded  and 
 somewhat  modified  by  his  three  friends,  Dr.  Stephen 
 West,  Dr.  Nathanael  Emmons  and  Dr.  Samuel 
 Spring.  As  logically  connected  with  each  other,  and 
 a.s  understood  by  the  majority  of  its  advocates,  the 
 system  contains  the  following  principles:  (1)  Every 
 moral  agent  choosing  right  h;is  tlie  natural  power  to 
 choose  wTong,  and,  choosing  wrong,  has  the  natural  , 
 power  to  choo.se  right.  (2)  He  is  under  no  obliga- 
 tion to  perform  an  act,  unless  he  has  the  natural 
 ability  to  perform  it.  (3)  Although  in  the  act  of 
 choosing  every  man  is  as  free  as  any  moral  agent 
 can  be,  yet  he  is  acted  upon  while  he  acts  freely,  and  , 
 the  di\ine  pro\ndence,  as  well  as  decree,  extends  to  ' 
 all  his  ^viong  as  really  as  to  his  right  volitions. 
 (4)  All  sin  is  so  overruled  by  God  as  to  become  the 
 occasion  of  good  to  the  universe.  (5)  The  holiness 
 and  the  sinfulness  of  every  moral  agent  belong  to 
 him  personally  and  exclusively,  and  cannot  be  im- 
 puted, in  a  literal  sense,  to  any  other  agent.  (6)  As 
 the  holiness  and  the  sin  of  man  are  exercises  of  his 
 will,  there  is  neither  holiness  nor  sin  in  his  nature, 
 viewed  as  distinct  from  these  exercises.  (7)  As  all 
 his  moral  acts  before  regeneration  are  certain  to  be 
 entirely  sinful,  no  promise  of  regenerating  grace  is 
 made  to  any  of  them.  (8)  The  impenitent  sinner  is 
 obligated,  and  should  be  exhorted,  to  cease  from  all 
 impenitent  acts,  and  to  begin  a  holy  life  at  once. 
 His  moral  inability  to  obey  this  exhortation  is  not  a 
 
 literal  inability,  but  is  a  mere  certainty,  that,  while 
 left  to  him.self,  he  will  sin,  and  this  certainty  is  no 
 reason  for  his  not  being  required  and  urged  to  ab.stain 
 immediately  from  all  sin.  (9)  Every  impenitent 
 sinner  should  be  willing  to  sutfer  the  punishment 
 which  God  wills  to  inflict  upon  him.  In  whatever 
 sense  he  should  submit  to  the  Divine  justice  punish- 
 ing other  sinners,  in  that  sense  he  should  submit  to 
 the  Divine  justice  punishing  him.self  In  whatever 
 sense  the  punishment  of  the  finally  obdurate  pro- 
 motes the  highest  good  of  the  universe,  in  that  sense 
 he  should  be  submissive  to  the  Divine  will  in  pun- 
 ishing himself,  if  finally  obdurate.  This  principle  is 
 founded  mainly  on  tUe  two  following.  (10)  All 
 holiness  consists  in  the  elective  preference  of  the 
 greater  above  the  smaller,  and  all  sin  consists  in  the 
 elective  preference  of  the  smaller  above  the  greater, 
 good  of  sentient  beings.  (11)  All  the  moral  attributes 
 of  God  are  comprehended  in  general  benevolence, 
 which  is  essentially  the  same  with  general  justice, 
 and  includes  .simple,  complacential  and  composite  be- 
 nevolence, legislative,  retributive  and  public  justice. 
 
 (12)  The  atonement  of  Christ  consists  not  in  his 
 enduring  the  punishment  tlireatened  by  the  law, 
 nor  in  his  performing  the  duties  required  by  the  law, 
 but  in  his  manifesting  and  honoring  by  his  pains, 
 and  especially  by  his  death,  all  the  divine  attributes 
 which  would  have  been  manifested  in  the  same  and 
 no  higher  degree  by  the  punishment  of  the  redeemed. 
 
 (13)  The  atonement  was  made  for  all  men,'  the  non- 
 elect  as  really  as  the  elect.  The  epithet  "  Hopkin- 
 sian"  was  invented  in  1769  or  1770,  by  Rev.  William 
 Hart,  of  Saybrook,  Conn.,  and  was  applied,  not  to  the 
 whole  system  of  Dr.  Hopkins,  but  to  the  principles 
 marked  (7)  and  (8)  above. 
 
 Homblo-wer,  "William  H.,  D.D. ,  was  the  young- 
 est child  of  Joseph  Courten  Hornblower,  Chief  Justice 
 of  Xew  Jer.sey  for  fourteen  years;  who  was  the  young- 
 est child  of  Josiah  Hornblower,  an  eminent  patriot  in 
 the  Revolutionary  war,  and  a  member  of  the  first 
 Congress  of  the  United  States  of  America ;  and  of 
 Mary  Burnet,  daughter  of  William  Burnet,  M.  D.,  and 
 grand-daughter  of  AVilliam  Burnet,  M.  n..  Surgeon 
 General  of  the  United  States  ,\rmy,  in  the  Revolution- 
 ary war,  first  President  of  the  New  Jersey  Medical 
 Society,  an  influential  and  conspicuous  man  all  his 
 life.  He  was  born  March  21st,  1820,  and  graduated 
 at  Princeton  College,  1838,  and  at  Princeton  Theolo- 
 gical Seminary,  1843.  After  serving  as  a  missionary 
 in  the  pines  of  New  Jersey  for  five  months,  he  was 
 ordained  to  the  ministry,  and  insstalled  pastor  of  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Paterson,  New  Jersey, 
 January  30th,  1844.  October  1st,  1871,  he  became 
 "  Reunion  Professor  of  Sacred  Rhetoric,  Cliurch  Gov- 
 ernment, and  Pastoral  Theologj%"  of  the  Western 
 Theological  Seminary  of  the  Presbj'terian  Church  in 
 the  United  States  of  .\raerica,  at  Allegheny,  Pa.  Dr. 
 Hornblower  fllled,  with  ability  and  acceptableness,  the 
 eminent  position  in  which  the  Church  placed  him,  for 
 
SOB  TON. 
 
 350 
 
 HOVEY. 
 
 training  young  men  for  the  ministry.  As  a  preacher, 
 he  was  instructive  and  impressive.  His  life  was  one  of 
 growing  usefulness,  and  he  enjoyed  the  cordial  esteem 
 
 WILLIAM  H.  HORNBLOWEn,  D.D. 
 
 of  his  brethren,  and  of  the  people  among  whom  he 
 lived  and  labored.     He  died  July  16th,  1883. 
 
 Horton,  Rev.  Azariah,  graduated  at  Yale  in 
 173."),  and  was  ordained  by  New  York  Presbytery  in 
 1740,  and  entered  on  his  labors  among  the  Indians 
 on  the  ea-st  end  of  Long  Island.  Two  churches  still 
 exist,  the  remains  of  the  fruit  of  his  toil ;  one .  at 
 Poosepatrick,  on  the  Great  South  Bay,  in  the  south 
 of  Brookhaveu,  the  other  at  Shinnecock,  the  largest 
 settlement,  two  miles  west  of  Southampton.  He 
 became  pastor  of  South  Hanover,  N.  J.,  the  con- 
 gregation having  been  set  off  from  Hanover  in  1748  ; 
 for  a  long  time  it  was  called  Battle  Hill,  and  now  is 
 known  as  Madison.  He  was  dismissed  in  November, 
 177G,  and  died  March  2d,  1777,  aged  sixtj^-two. 
 
 Horton,  Rev.  Francis  Allen,  was  born  in 
 Philmont,  Columbia  county,  N.  Y.  He  graduated  at 
 Rutgers  College,  in  1862.  After  a  three  years'  course 
 of  theological  study  at  New  Brunsmck,  N.  J.,  he  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Classis  of  Hud.son.  He  was 
 pastor  at  Glenham  two  years,  when  he  accepted  a 
 call  to  the  Reformed  Church  in  Catskill,  where  he 
 had  a  very  successful  pa.storate  of  seven  years.  Nine 
 years  ago  he  was  called  to  the  Case  Avenue  Church 
 in  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Six  months  ago  he  was  called  to 
 the  pastorate  of  the  large  and  prosperous  Church  in 
 Oakland,  Cal.,  which  he  accepted,  and  to  which  place 
 he  removed,  in  April,  1883.  He  left  his  Cleveland 
 church  with  a  large  membership,  strong  in  influence 
 and  in  all  respects  prosperous.     Mr.  Horton's  minis- 
 
 try in  Cleveland  was  characterized  by  industry  and 
 great  zeal  in  the  service  of  the  Master.  Many  souLs 
 were  given  him  as  seals  of  his  ministry.  Not  only 
 in  Cleveland,  but  throughout  his  Presbytery  and 
 Synod  his  influence  was  felt  for  good.  As  a  platform 
 orator  he  excelled,  and  his  many  addresses  in  behalf 
 of  the  several  causes  of  benevolence  quickened  many 
 a  church  to  increased  liberality. 
 •  Horton,  George  Finnan,  M.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Terrytown,  Pa.,  January  2d,  1806.  He  graduated  at 
 the  Van  Rensselaer  School  (now  the  Van  Rensselaer 
 Polytechnic  Institute),  of  Troy,  N.  Y.  After  study- 
 ing medicine  under  Dr.  Samuel  Hayden,  he  com- 
 menced practice  in  1829,  at  his  native  place,  where 
 he  has  always  lived,  and  where  he  has  continued  in 
 the  work  of  his  profession  for  fifty-four  years.  He 
 soon  acquired  an  extensive  practice  and  a  wide  repu- 
 tation as  an  able  physician  and  a  skillful  surgeon,  and 
 has  been  a  frequent  contributor  to  medical  societies 
 and  periodicals.  He  bus  been  one  of  the  most  active 
 members  of  the  Bradford  County  Medical  Society  from 
 its  organization.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Pennsyl- 
 vania State  Medical  Society,  which  elected  him  its 
 presiding  officer  in  June,  1862,  also  of  the  American 
 Jledical  Association,  and  honorary  member  of  other 
 medical  societies. 
 
 Though  constantly  engaged  in  the  work  of  his 
 profession.  Dr.  Horton'has  not  been  indiflerent  to 
 other  literary  pursuits,  and  especially  Natural  His- 
 tory, of  which  he  has  been  an  enthusiastic  student. 
 In  18.")8  he  wrote  the  report  of  the  geology  of  Brad- 
 ford county,  which,  accompanied  by  a  map,  was 
 published  in  the  "Transactions"  for  that  ye.ar.  In 
 1876  he  published  the  "Chronicles  of  the  Horton 
 Family."  In  the  Fall  of  1872  he  was  elected  dele- 
 gate from,  the  Fourteenth  Senatorial  district  of  Penn- 
 sylvania to  the  Convention  for  revising  the  Constitu- 
 tion of  the  State,  the  duties  of  which  position  he 
 performed  with  credit  to  himself  and  satisfaction  to 
 his  constituents.  Dr.  Horton  took  a  leading  part  in 
 the  early  discussions  on  the  question  of  Temperance. 
 For  more  than  forty  years  he  has  been  a  ruling  elder 
 in  the  Presb^'terian  Church.  Since  the  organization 
 of  the  church  at  Terrytown,  he  has  taken  a  promi- 
 nent place  in  its  active  work,  and  he  is  a  frequent 
 attendant  of  the  meetings  of  Presbytery  and  Synod. 
 In  all  the  walks  of  life  he  has  exemplified  the  truth, 
 that  "  the  Christian  is  the  highest  style  of  man." 
 
 Houston,  Rev.  Alexander,  received  his  license 
 from  the  Presbytery  of  Lewes,  about  1763,  and  was 
 ordained  in  1764,  and  installed  as  pastor  of  Murder- 
 hill  and  Three  Runs  churches,  in  Delaware,  where 
 he  remained  until  his  death,  January  3d,  1785.  Mr. 
 Houston  was  a  man  greatly  beloved,  and  a  most 
 earnest  and  laborious  minister.  Many  tears  were 
 shed  at  his  early  decease. 
 
 Hovey,  Jonathan  Parsons,  D.D.,  was  born 
 in  Waybridge,  Vermont,  October  10th,  1810,  received 
 his  collegiate  education  at  Jacksonville,  111.,  and  at 
 
so  WARD. 
 
 351 
 
 HO  WELL. 
 
 South  Hanover,  Iml. ;  studied  theology  at  the  Auburn 
 Tlieological  Seminary,  and  was  ordained  in  March, 
 1837.  He  had  four  ditferent  settlements,  at  Gaines, 
 N.  Y.,  at  Burdette,  N.  Y.,  at  Richmond,  Va.,  and  in 
 New  York  city,  where  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  1 
 Eleventh  Presbyterian  Church,  September  S^d,  1850.  , 
 Dr.  Hovey  labored  in  this  field  lor  thirteen  years, 
 with  great  earnestness  and  with  truly  remarkable 
 success.  He  commanded  the  confidence  and  affection 
 of  his  brethren  in  the  ministry  to  a  degree  that  is  not 
 often  equaled.  Large  numbers  were  added  to  the 
 church  through  his  in.strumeutality.  He  was  pru- 
 dent, discreet,  genial  and  sympathetic,  faithful  and 
 earnest  as  a  pastor.  His  preaching  was  peculiarly 
 evangelical,  solemn  and  eSective,  keeping  ever  in 
 view  the  one  object — the  Siilvation  of  souls.  Dr. 
 Hovey  died  December  16th,  1863. 
 
 Howard,  ■William  D.,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Phila- 
 delphia, July  2>*th,  IfU.  At  the  age  of  filteen  he 
 became  a  member  of  the  Second  Presbv-terian  Church 
 of  that  city,  then  under  the  care  of  the  Rev.  .Toseph 
 Sanford.  In  the  following  year  he  began  his  studies 
 ■with  a  view  to  the  ministry,  in  the  Manual  Latin 
 Academy  at  Germanto\vn,  Pa.  WTien  this  Insti- 
 tution was  merged  into  Lafayette  College,  at  E;iston, 
 he  removed  to  that  place  and  continued  his  studies 
 there.  In  1833  he  returned  to  Germantown,  and 
 pursued  theological  studies  under  the  superintend- 
 ence of  the  Rev.  William  Neill,  D.  D.  He  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Second  Presbytery  of  Phila- 
 delphia, October,  1837,  and  on  March  13th,  1838,  he 
 was  ordained  and  in.stalled  pa.stor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Frankford,  Pa.  Here  his  ministry  was  a 
 highly  successful  one.  On  May  IGth,  1849,  he  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Pittsburg,  and  continued  in  this  relation  until  his 
 death,  September  ^M,  1876.  Under  his  ministry 
 the  church  greatly  jjrospered,  and  increased  largely 
 in  numbers,  liberality  and  efficiency. 
 
 For  several  years  Dr.  Howard  was  a  Trustee  of 
 Washington  College,  Pa.  He  w;us  President  of  the 
 Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Western  University  of  Penn- 
 sylvania. In  1849  he  was  elected  a  Director  of  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary.  For  many  years  he 
 was  a  member  of  the  Boards  of  Foreign  and  Domestic 
 MissioiLs  of-  the  Presbyterian  Qhurch.  From  the 
 organization  of  the  Genenil  Assembly's  Committee  on 
 Freedmen,  he  wa.s  a  member  of  it,  and  was,  for  the 
 first  year,  its  Chairman.  In  18.'57  he  preached  a  ser- 
 mon before  the  General  Assembly,  at  Lexington,  Ky., 
 by  appointment  of  the  pre\-ious  Assembly,  in  behalf 
 of  Domestic  Missions.  This  discourse  was  afterwards 
 published  by  the  Board.  He  was  the  author  of  many 
 sermons,  publLshed  by  request.  A  number  of  these 
 were  preached  before  the  Synod  of  Pittsburg;  the 
 others  were  delivered  on  various  special  occasions,  as 
 in.stallations,  in  commemoration  of  deceased  friends 
 in  the  ministrv',  etc.  Dr.  Howard  was  a  fine  speci- 
 men of  a  Christian  gentleman.     As  a  friend,  he  was 
 
 sincere  and  ardent.  His  preaching  was  earne.st  and 
 instructive.  As  a  Presbj-ter,  he  was  faithful  to  duty; 
 and  as  a  pastor,  he  was  universally  beloved  and  abund- 
 antly useful. 
 
 HO'we,  Rev.  John,  was  a  native  of  South  Caro- 
 lina, and  was  in  part  educated  there.     He  pursued 
 his  classical  studies  in  the  Transylvania  Seminary, 
 and  subse(iuently  studied  theology  under  the  Rev. 
 James  Crawford,  then  piistor  of  Walnut  Hill  Church. 
 He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Tran.sylvania  Pres- 
 bytery, in  1795.     For  several  years  he  preached  alter- 
 nately in  Glasgow,  the  county  seat  of  Barren,  and 
 Beaver  Creek  Church,  in  the  same  county,   at  the 
 same  time  being  engaged  in  teaching  a  school.     Sub- 
 sequently, he  taught  some  eighteen  years  in  Greens- 
 burg,  Greene  county,  preaching  during  the  time,  to 
 two  small  congregations  in  the  neighborhood.      In 
 advanced  life  he  went  to  Missouri  to  reside  with  his 
 daughter,  where  he  died,  December  21st,  1856.     He 
 is  represented  as  having  been  an  uncommonly  ami- 
 able man,  remarkably  unostentatious  in  his  manners, 
 and  a  very  popular  and  successful  prea«her. 
 I     Howe,   Samuel  Henry,  D.  D.,  was  Tiorn  in 
 Fleming   county,    Kentucky,   December  18th,   1837. 
 Graduating  A.  B.  at  Hanover  College,  Indiana,  in  18G1, 
 and  receiving  his  theological  education  at  Princeton 
 Seminary,    he   was  licen.sed  by  the   Pre.sbj'tery   of 
 Madi.son  in  1864,  and  ordained  the  following  year  by 
 the   Presbytery  of  Vincennes.     He    has  filled   four 
 charges:  Vincennes,  Ind.  (186.V-7),  Independence,  Mo. 
 (1867-69),   Cortland,  N.  Y.   (18G9-7-2),  and   George- 
 to^vn,  D.  C,  where,  from  1873  to  the  autumn  of  1883, 
 he  continued  to  labor,  at  which  time  he  was  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Park  Congregational  Church,  Norwich, 
 Connecticut.   His  pa-storatcs  have  been  in  a  high  degree 
 harmonious  and  successful.     A  Christian  character, 
 of  i)rofound   sensibility  and   wide   sympathies,  h.is 
 always  enshrined  him  in  the  warm  love  and  confi- 
 dence of  his  people.     As  a  preacher,  he  is  eminently 
 acceptable,  a  pervasive  spirituality  making  luminous 
 a  pure  natural  taste  and  fine  culture.     His  publica- 
 tions have  been   a   number  of  occasional  sermons. 
 The  honorary  degree  of  D.  D.   was  conferred   upon 
 him  in  1877. 
 
 Howell,  Lewis,  was  a  native  of  Missouri,  having 
 been  bi-rn  in  St.  Louis  county,  in  the  year  1800. 
 When  quite  a  young  man  he  united  with  the  Dar- 
 denne  Church,  in  St.  Charles  county;  about  the  year 
 1826  became  a  ruling  elder  in  the  same,  and  contin- 
 ued in  this  relation  for  fifty  years.  In  him,  from  the 
 day  of  his  conversion  to  the  close  of  his  active  and 
 useful  life  (1876),  the  power  and  purity  of  the  gospel 
 of  Christ  shone  with  undimiuished  splendor.  One 
 who  was  his  pastor  for  thirty-four  years  testifies  that 
 "his  zeal  for  the  glory  of  God,  the  welfaie  of  his 
 Church,  and  the  salvation  of  souls  was  absorbing." 
 No  one  ever  suspected  that  he  was,  in  the  least, 
 recreant  to  his  trusts  or  neglectful  of  auy  dutj-.  His 
 piety  was  a  constant  flame,  and  his  path  that  of  the 
 
HOWELL. 
 
 352 
 
 HUDIIELL. 
 
 just.  He  was  a  teacher  in  Grod's  house,  as  well  as  a 
 ruler,  joyfully  and  profitably  leading  the  people  in 
 public  worship  in  the  absence  of  a  minister  to  break 
 to  them  the  bread  of  life.  In  the  Sabbath-school 
 work  he  was  actively  engaged  as  superintendent, 
 from  youth  to  old  age.  From  house  to  house  he 
 carried  the  tidings  of  salvation,  superintended  the 
 financial  affairs  of  the  church,  kept  its  records,  faith- 
 fully attended  the  Church  courts  in  the  liice  of  hard- 
 ships, constrained  always  by  the  love  of  Christ.  He 
 was  universally  recognized  as  a  great  and  good  man 
 in  Israel,  bestowing  his  charities  with  a  liberal  hand, 
 and  bringing  forth  daily  the  fruits  of  righteousness 
 and  peace. 
 
 Howell,  Rev.  Le'wis  Dunham,  was  born  in 
 Albany,  N.  Y.,  December  25th,  1803.  He  graduated 
 from  Cincinnati  College  in  1822,  and  was  Tutor  there 
 1822-3.  He  studied  theology  at  Aiiburn  Seminaiy, 
 and  was  ordained  at  Cincinnati,  O.,  by  Presbytery, 
 April  2l)th,  1830.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Church  at 
 Springport,  N.  Y.,  1828-9,  and  of  the  Fourth  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Cincinnati,  O.,  1830-1;  Professor  of 
 Languages  in  Lane  Seminary  nearly  two  years;  pastor 
 at  Maysville,  Ky.,  1832-3;  Binghamton,  N.  Y., 
 1834;  Springport,  1835;  of  the  Congregational  Church 
 Derby,  Vt.,  1836-8,  and  at  Onondaga  Hollow,  N.  Y., 
 1839.  He  was  Agent  of  the  American  Tract  Society, 
 for  Western  New  York,  1839-42,  and  of  the  Educa- 
 tional Society,  residing  in  Geneva,  from  1842.  He 
 died  at  Geneva,  September  5th,  1846. 
 
 Howey,  Rev.  J.  Dagg,  was  born  in  CiuroU 
 county,  Ohio.  He  graduated  at  Jefferson  College  in 
 1856;  at  the  Western  Theological  Seminary  in  1859, 
 and  was  licensed  by  the  Presbj-tery  of  Steubenville, 
 and  ordained  and  installed  over  the  churches  of 
 Sugar  and  Mill  Creeks,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Venango, 
 in  September,  1859.  After  a  successful  pastorate  of 
 six  years,  in  which  his  work  was  greatly  blessed,  he 
 was  called  to  Chesterville,  Ohio,  in  1862,  but  declined 
 the  call.  He  removed  to  Ohio  in  1865,  and  took 
 charge  of  the  churches  of  Worthington  and  Liberty, 
 till  1869,  •(<'hich  were  greatly  revived  and  strength- 
 ened by  his  ministry.  In  August,  1869,  he  removed 
 to  Illinois,  and  took  charge  of  the  Church  at  Vermont, 
 which  was  also  greatly  revived  under  his  ministry. 
 He  was  called  to  the  Church  of  Prairie  City  in  1871, 
 and  was  installed  pastor  and  remained  five  years, 
 during  which  there  were  three  special  re\-ivals.  He 
 was  called  to  Kewanee,  October,  1876,  and  remained 
 three  years,  and  was  favored  with  a  precious  ingath- 
 ering of  souls.  He  is  now  pastor  of  the  Church  of 
 Altona,  Knox  county  where  he  is  blessed  in  his 
 work. 
 
 Hoyt,  Ova  Phelps,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  New 
 Haven,  Vt.,  May  26th,  1800;  graduated  at  Middle- 
 burg  College,  in  1821 ;  finished  his  theological  course 
 at  Andover,  in  1824,  and  was  soon  licensed  by  a 
 Congregational  Association.  He  was  pastor  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  at  Potsdam,  N.  Y.,  txom  1825 
 
 until  1830.  From  Potsdam  he  went  into  the  agency 
 of  the  American  Home  Missionary  Society,  and  re- 
 sided in  Utica.  While  there  he  edited  the  Western 
 Recorder,  for  a  year  and  a  half.  Afterward  he  was 
 pastor  of  the  Pre-sbyterian  Church  in  Old  Cambridge, 
 N.  Y.,  where  he  remained  until  1838.  Having 
 resigned  this  charge,  he  continued  to  act  as  Secretary 
 for  the  American  Home  Mission  Society,  and  resided 
 in  Cleveland,  O. ,  for  a  time,  and  as  stated  supply  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Detroit,  Mich.  In 
 the  Spring  of  1840  he  was  called  to  Kalamazoo, 
 Mich.,  and  was  pastor  of  the  Presbj'terian  Church  in 
 that  place  until  1849,  wlien  he  became  Di.strict  Sec- 
 retary for  Michigan  and  Northern  Indiana,  of  the 
 American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Mis- 
 sions, in  which  work  he  continued  ten  years.  In 
 18G1  he  became  stated  supply,  for  a  few  years,  of  the 
 Church  in  Elkhart,  Ind.  He  died  February  11th, 
 1866. 
 
 Dr.  Hoyt  was  successful  and  greatly  beloved  in  all 
 the  congregations  to  which  he  ministered.  His  ardent 
 love  for  God  and  man  was  under  the  control  of  a 
 well-balanced  and  cultivated  mind.  He  was  gentle 
 and  courteous  to  all.  As  a  pastor  he  was  most  dis- 
 creet in  his  words  and  acts,  and  his  influence  was 
 always  on  the  side  of  peace  and  love.  As  a  preacher 
 his  manner  was  impressive,  and  his  matter  sound 
 and  instructive.  His  death  was  a  fitting  close  to  a 
 beautiful  life,  in  its  peace  and  triumphant  hope. 
 
 Hubbell,  Rev.  Nathanael,  graduated  at  Y'ale 
 in  1723,  and  became  the  pastor  of  Westfield  and  Han- 
 over, N.  J.,  in  1727,  the  latter  including  the  present 
 congregations  of  Morristown,  Chatham,  and  Parsip- 
 pany.  The  AVestfield  congregation  gave  him  as  "a 
 settlement,"  on  his  accepting  tlieir  call,  one  hundred 
 acres  of  their  parsonage  lauds,  in  fee-simple,  and  it 
 would  appear  that  Hanover  congregation  did  the  same. 
 ' '  A  settlement ' '  was  the  uniform  New  England  cus- 
 tom, and  was  frequent  in  Penn-sylvania,  it  being 
 understood  that  the  minister  was  to  spend  his  days  in 
 their  service.  At  Westfield,  all  who  cho.se  bound 
 themselves  by  a  covenant  to  be  assessed  according  to 
 their  property,  to  make  up  whatever  was  deficient  in 
 the  pastor's  salary.  In  1730,  Mr.  Hubbell  gave  up 
 the  charge  of  Hanover.  His  death  occurred  about 
 1745. 
 
 Hubbell,  Rev.  "William  Stone,  son  of  Stephen 
 Hubbell  and  ^Martha  Stone  Hubbell,  was  born  at 
 Wolcottville,  Conn.,  April  19th,  1839;  graduated  at 
 Yale  College  in  the  class  of  1858,  entered  the  Junior 
 Class  of  Andover  Theological  Seminary  in  the  Autumn 
 of  1859,  and  studied  there  two  years,  afterwards 
 spending  another  year  in  that  institution.  His 
 mother  was  the  author  of  a  well-known  little  volume 
 entitled  "  The  Shady  Side. " 
 
 Mr.  Hubbell  was  assistant  minister  to  Rev.  Dr. 
 Richard  S.  Storrs,  at  Braintree,  JIass.,  from  Septem- 
 ber 1866  to  Januarj-,  1868;  was  ordained  pastor  of 
 the  South  Evangelical  Church,  West  Roxbury,  Mass., 
 
HUDSON. 
 
 353 
 
 HUGHES. 
 
 January  29th,  1868;  was  installed  over  the  First 
 Congregational  Church  of  Somerville,  Mass.,  Janu- 
 ary 31st,  1872;  and  was  installed  pastor  of  the  North 
 Church,  Buffalo,  December  22d,  1881.  As  a  minister 
 Mr.  Hubbcll  has  everywhere  inspired  for  himself  the 
 warmest  personal  friendships.  A  ready,  fluent  and 
 forcible  speaker,  with  remarkably  felicitous  diction 
 and  graceful  manners,  he  never  wearies  and  is  always 
 instructive. 
 
 Hudson,  Thomas  Boyd,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Auburn,  N.  Y.,  July  8th,  1826;  was  giaduated  from 
 Hamilton  College  in  1851;  served  the  college  two 
 years  as  a  Tutor,  1854-6,  and  received  from  its  trus- 
 tees the  Doctorate  of  Divinity  in  1871.  He  was 
 graduated  from  Auburn  Theological  Seminary  in 
 May,  1859,  and  in  August,  1859,  was  installed  pastor 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Union  Springs,  N.  Y. 
 He  was  pastor  at  Fulton,  N.  Y.,  1862-3,  and  at 
 Northeast,  Pa.,  1864-9.  In  1869  he  was  called  to 
 succeed  Rev.  Dr.  Albert  Erdman,  as  pastor  of  the 
 Presbj-terian  Cliurch  in  Clinton,  N.  Y.  Here  he  has 
 labored  fourteen  years,  ■\vith  well-directed  earnest- 
 ness and  fidelity.  The  burning  of  the  historic  "Old 
 Stone  Church,"  of  Clinton,  in  1876,  brought  to  a 
 severe  test  his  various  gifts  of  wisdom,  patience, 
 enthusiasm  and  influence  in  the  community,  and  the 
 rebuilding  of  the  church  on  a  larger  scale  turned  a 
 seeming  disaster  into  an  agency  for  growth  and  per- 
 manent prosperity.  As  a  preacher.  Dr.  Hudson  pre- 
 sents thetruths  of  the  gospel  with  clearness, simplicity 
 and  power.  As  a  pastor,  he  knows  how  to  combine 
 courtesy  and  tenderness  with  a  fearless  discharge  of 
 duty.  His  pastorate  is  of  longer  standing  than  any 
 other  now  unfinished  in  the  Utica  Prc.sbj'tery.  His 
 church  has  nine  elders,  each  holding  office  for  three 
 years.  In  its  membership  and  contributions  to  be- 
 nevolent objects,  his  church  holds  the  fourth  place  in 
 the  Utica  Presbytery,  the  larger  churches  being  in 
 Utica  and  Eome.  Dr.  Hudson  is  dearly  loved  by  his 
 people,  who  lean  upon  his  strength  and  sjTupathy  in 
 hours  of  trial,  and  are  heartily  with  him  in  all  efforts 
 to  promote  the  welfare  of  the  church. 
 
 Huey,  Samuel  Culbertson,  son  of  John  Huey 
 and  Margaret  Culbertson,  was  born  in  Indiana,  Pa., 
 on  July  21st,  1813.  His  parents  were  both  members 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He  removed  to  Pitts- 
 burg in  1828,  and  in  1834  united  with  the  First 
 Associate  Keformed  Church,  then  under  the  care  of 
 Rev.  Joseph  R.  Kerr.  In  1844  he  removed  to  Phila- 
 delphia, where  he  connected  himself  with  the  First 
 Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  (now  the 
 Second  United  Presbyterian  Church)  Rev.  Dr.  J.  B. 
 Dales  pastor.  In  1845  he  was  elected  a  trustee  and 
 Superintendent  of  the  Sabbath  school.  In  1846  he 
 was  elected  a  ruling  elder,  but  declined  to  serve. 
 In  1848  he  was  again  elected  and  duly  ordained. 
 In  1861,  ha\-ing  become  a  resident  of  West  Philadel- 
 phia, he  started  a  mission  school  at  the  corner  of  j 
 Lancaster  avenue  and  Market  street,  and  for  several  I 
 S3 
 
 years  superintended  it.  Out  of  this  mission  has 
 grown  the  Tenth  United  Presb}i:erian  Church.  In 
 1870  he  became  a  ruling  elder  in  the  North  United 
 Presbj'terian  Church,  and  when,  in  1875,  its  members 
 organized  the  "Church  of  the  Covenant,"  Presby- 
 terian, he  was  elected  and  installed  as  one  of  its 
 elders.  He  remained  in  that  church  untU  1881, 
 when  he  united  with  the  North  Broad  Street  Presby- 
 terian Church,  where  he  now  worships. 
 
 Mr.  Huey  was  a  merchant,  from  boyhood  until 
 January  1st,  1870,  when  he  was  elected  President  of 
 the  Penn  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company  of  Phila- 
 delphia, which  position  he  still  holds.  He  has 
 repeatedly  been  a  delegate  to  Synod  and  General 
 Assembly,  and  has  always  been  a  liberal  supporter  of 
 all  the  benevolences  of  the  Church,  and  of  his  city. 
 As  an  instance  of  perseverance  in  well  doing,  it  may 
 be  mentioned  that  he  became  a  teacher  in  the  Sab- 
 bath school  in  1831,  and  continued  in  the  service,  as 
 teacher  and  superintendent,  until  1877,  a  period  of 
 forty-six  years. 
 
 Hughes,  Rev.  James,  was  a  native  of  York 
 county.  Pa.  About  the  year  1780  he  removed,  -vvith 
 his  mother  and  family,  to  ^Vashington  county,  his 
 father  having  died  about  a  year  before.  His  educa- 
 tion, so  fiir  as  is  known,  was  prosecuted  under  the 
 direction  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Smith,  of  Upper  Buffalo, 
 in  that  county,  with  whom  it  is  also  probable  that 
 he  studied  theology.  While  associated  with  Mr.  Dod 
 he  acquired,  or  rather  there  was  developed  in  him,  a 
 taste  for  the  accuracies  and  intricacies  of  science, 
 which  he  still  improved,  until  he  became  the  first 
 President  of  Miami  University.  Mr.  Hughes  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel,  April  15th,  1788,  by  the 
 Presbj-terv  of  Redstone,  being  the  first  preacher  of 
 the  gospel  licensed  in  the  West.  His  labors  seem  to 
 have  been  very  acceptable  to  the  churches,  as  three 
 several  calls  were  presented  to  him,  one  from  the 
 united  congregations  of  Short  Creek  and  Lower 
 Buffalo,  one  from  Donegal,  Fairfield  and  A\"lieatfield, 
 and  one  from  New  Pro\'idence  and  the  South  Fork  of 
 Ten-Mile.  The  first  of  these  calls  he  accepted,  and 
 was  ordained  by  the  same  Presbytery,  and  installed 
 the  pastor  of  Short  Creek  and  Lower  Buffalo,  April 
 21st,  1790. 
 
 Hughes,  Rev.  Samuel  Kelso,  was  born  Au- 
 gust 11th,  1818,  near  Lebanon,  Ky.,  and  was  the  son 
 of  Edward  and  Letitia  W.  (Reid)  Hughes.  His  early 
 life  was  spent  on  a  farm.  In  the  eighteenth  year  of 
 his  age  he  gave  his  heart  to  Clirist,  and  devoted  him- 
 self to  His  ser\'ice  in  the  ministry.  He  studied  for 
 some  time  at  Centre  College,  Ky.,  but  afterwards 
 went  to  Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  from  which  he  was 
 graduated  in  1842.  He  immediately  afterwards  en- 
 tered Princeton  Seminary,  where  he  spent  three  years, 
 and  was  regularly  graduated  in  1845.  He  was  li- 
 censed April  23d,  1845,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Phila- 
 delphia, after  which  he  spent  some  time  in  missionary 
 work  in  Kentucky  and  Missouri,  but  finally  preached 
 
BUGHES. 
 
 354 
 
 HUGUENOT  CHURCH. 
 
 as  a  liccutiate  and  supply,  for  the  churches  of  Worth- 
 ingtou  and  Libert}',  in  Columbus  Presbytery,  Ohio, 
 from  April,  1848,  to  April,  1849.  He  was  ordained 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Marion,  October  IGth,  1849, 
 and  afterwards  served  the  united  churches  of  Liberty 
 and  Radnor,  until  the  Spring  of  1853,  when  he  re- 
 linquished the  church  of  Liberty,  l)ut  continued  to 
 supply  that  at  Radnor,  in  connection  withtwo  small 
 churches  in  the  vicinity,  until  the  Spring  of  1855, 
 when  he  was  installed  pastor  of  Chesterville  Church, 
 "  Ohio,  in  September,  1855.  From  this  charge  he  was 
 released  April  loth,  1858.  At  the  same  time  he  sup- 
 plied the  Church  at  Harmony.  Both  of  these  enjoyed 
 times  of  precious  refreshing  under  his  care.  In  1859 
 he  became  stated  supply  of  Canaan  Church.  In  the 
 Spring  of  1861  he  became  stated  supply  of  the  churches 
 of  Mt.  Salem  and  West  Unity,  in  the  Presbytery  of 
 Maumee,  but  after  about  a  year  of  active  service  his 
 health  failed,  and  he  retired  to  a  farm  near  by,  in 
 hope  of  recovery  from  open  air  exercise.  On  this 
 farm  he  continued  to  live  until  his  death,  earnestly 
 preaching,  however,  from  time  to  time,  as  he  had 
 strength  and  opportunity.  When,  in  the  Winter  of 
 1866,  God  poured  out  His  Spirit  upon  the  churches 
 of  Mt.  Salem  and  West  Unity,  the  services  of  Mr. 
 Hughes  were  very  precious  to  them.  He  died  at  his 
 home,  near  West  Unity,  Williams  county,  Ohio,  May 
 18th,  1878. 
 
 Hughes,  Rev.  Thomas  Edgar,  was  from  York 
 county.  Pa.  He  w:is  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Ohio,  October  17th,  1798.  On  the  27th  of 
 August,  1799,  he  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor 
 of  the  Church  of  Mount  Pleasant,  Beaver  county.  Pa., 
 where  he  labored  successfully  for  upwards  of  thirty 
 yeais.  He  afterwards  removed  to  Wellsville,  Ohio, 
 and  was  pastor  of  a  Presbj'terian  church  in  that 
 place  for  three  years.  He  died.  May  2d,  1838.  He 
 was  the  first  minister  of  the  gospel  who  settled  north 
 of  the  Ohio  river.  He  performed  at  least  two  mis- 
 sionary tours  to  the  Indians  on  the  Sandusky  river, 
 and  in  tlie  neighborhood  of  Detroit. 
 
 Hughes,  Rev.  "Williain,  son  of  the  Rev.  Thomas 
 Edgar  and  Mary  (Donahey)  Hughes,  was  bom  at 
 Griersburg  (now  Darlington),  Beaver  county.  Pa., 
 May  20th,  1802.  He  was  graduated  from  Jefferson 
 College,  Pa.,  A.  D.,  1826.  After  leaving  college,  he 
 spent  about  eighteen  months  at  home,  pursuing  his 
 studies  with  a  view  to  the  ministry,  under  the  guid- 
 ance of  his  father,  and  subsequently  entered  Princeton 
 Seminary,  in  the  Fall  of  1827,  where  he  remained 
 one  year.  He  was  licensed  June  24th,  1829,  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Hartford  (afterwards  Beaver,  and  now 
 Shenango),  and  was  ordained  an  evangelist,  by  the 
 same  Presbytery,  April  5th,  1830.  A  few  weeks  after 
 his  licensure  he  began  preaching  to  a  small  church  at 
 Perrysville,  A.shland  county,  Ohio,  and  at  other  points 
 in  the  surrounding  country,  as  a  missionary.  On  this 
 field  of  his  first  choice  he  continued  to  labor  through 
 the  whole  of  his  long  life.     April  12th,  1836,  he  was 
 
 installed  as  pastor  over  Perrysville  and  Lake  Fork 
 Cross  Roads  churches,  by  the  Presbj-tery  of  Richland. 
 His  relation  to  the  second  of  these  was  dissolved 
 April  8th,  1851.  Two  of  his  other  preaching  stations, 
 viz.  :  Loudouville  and  Clear  Fork,  were  subsequently 
 organized  into  churches,  towards  which  he  sustained 
 the  relation  of  pastor  for  longer  or  shorter  periods. 
 Over  Loudouville  Church  he  was  installed  in  June, 
 .1851,  for  one-third  of  his  time,  and  was  released  from 
 it  April  14th,  1859 ;  and  over  the  Church  of  Clear 
 Fork  he  was  installed  in  1854,  and  from  it  he  was 
 released  October  14th,  1863.  He  remained  pastor  of 
 Perrysville  Church  until  released, October  20th,  1866. 
 Mr.  Hughes'  influence  was  widely  felt  for  good. 
 He  was  an  industrious  and  faithful  minister  of  the 
 gospel,  possessing  great  force  of  character,  was  genial 
 and  pleasant  in  manners  and  conversation,  and  a, 
 favorite  with  both  the  aged  and  the  young.  He  was 
 of  a  Levitical  family,  the  son  of  a  minister,  the 
 brother  of  three  ministers,  and  the  father  of  three 
 more.  He  died,  August  1st,  1880,  in  the  exercise  of 
 cheerful  faith,  jieace  and  hope. 
 
 Huguenot  Chiirch,  Charleston,  S.  C.  This 
 is  the  only  one  remaining  of  four  churches  founded 
 by  the  French  Protestants  who  fled  to  South  Carolina 
 on  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  Three  of 
 these  churches,  established  outside  of  the  city,  were 
 at  length  merged  in  the  English  Establishment.  The 
 church  in  Chaileston  remains  as  the  sacred  and 
 endeared  depository  of  the  faith,  and  memorial  of  the 
 faithfulness  of  the  Huguenot  exiles.  It  was  at  first 
 called  "  L'Eglise  Bcformce  Frnticaise  de  Charleston." 
 Its  date  is  nearly  coeval  with  that  of  the  city  itself. 
 Documentary  evidence  exists  of  its  organization  in 
 1686.  The  first  edifice,  built  upon  the  present  site, 
 was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1740,  and  with  it  the  early 
 records.  The  second  church  building  was  also  con- 
 sumed, in  the  great  fire  of  1796,  and  the  pastor, 
 the  Rev.  Jlr.  Bourdillon,  died  soon  after,  from 
 exhaustion  caused  by  his  eftbrts  to  save  the  church 
 edifice  from  the  flames.  It  was  .soon  rebuilt,  the 
 new  building  afterwards  replaced  by  the  present 
 chaste  and  beautiful  Gothic  temple,  in  1845,  and  the 
 services  continued.  During  the  late  civil  war  the 
 church  building  was  injured  by  shells.  The  injury 
 was  fully  repaired.  The  interior  walls  of  the  build- 
 ing are  adorned  with  beautiful  memorial  tablets  to 
 the  early  exiles.  Prominent  among  these  is  that  to 
 the  Rev.  Elias  Prioleau,  the  first  pastor,  whose 
 descendants  are  still  ofiicers  and  members  of  the 
 Church.  The  doctrines  of  the  Church  are  set  forth 
 in  the  articles  entitled,  "A  Confession  of  Faith,  Made 
 by  Common  Consent  of  the  Reformed  Churches  of 
 the  Kingdom  of  France,"  in  1539.  It  was  compo.sed 
 by  John  Calvin.  The  administration  of  the  Church 
 is  by  a  Consistory  of  Elders,  elected  periodically,  of 
 which  Consistory  the  pastor  is  President.  The  tem- 
 poral atfairs  of  the  Church  are  in  the  care  of  a  Board 
 of  Corporators.     The  service  is  almost  wholly  litur- 
 
HUGUENOTS. 
 
 355 
 
 HUGUENOTS. 
 
 gical,  the  form  of  worship  being  that  of  the  churches 
 of  Xeufchatel  and  Vallangin,  editions  of  1737  and 
 1772,  translated  into  English.  Among  the  pastors 
 of  the  Huguenot  Church  have  been  the  Revs.  Pierre 
 Lescot,  Francis  Gnischard,  John  Pierre  Tctard,  Har- 
 tholemi  Henri  Himeli,  Pierre  Lerrier,  John  Paul 
 Coste,  Peter  Daniel  Bourdillon,  JIartin  De  Larny, 
 Kobert  Henry,  Jlr.  Courlat,  Charles  Wallace  Howard, 
 T.  R.  G.  Peck.  The  present  pastor,  who  was  e;illed 
 in  1866,  is  Charles  S.  Vedder,  d.  d.  The  Church  is 
 well  endowed  with  means. 
 
 Hugxienots,  a  designation  given  to  tlie  Kel'ornu'd, 
 or  Calvinists,  of  France.  The  origin  of  the  word  is 
 involved  in  great  oljscurity.  Though  Francis  1  used 
 every  effort  to  prevent  the  principles  of  the  Reforma- 
 tion from  spreading  in  France,  and  persecuted  the 
 Calvinists,  by  whom  they  were  most  zealously  propa- 
 gated, yet  they  took  root  in  the  Siime  proportion  as 
 they  were  attempted  to  be  suppressed.  The  persecu- 
 tions of  such  as  professed  them  were  frequently  most 
 cruel  and  bloody,  owing  to  the  cupidity  of  certain 
 parties  at  coust,  who  thought  to  emich  themselves  by 
 seizing  on  the  estates  of  the  heretics.  Under  Francis 
 II,  the  Huguenots  were  ma<le  a  hand-ball  to  gratify 
 the  politiciil  intrigues  of  the  daj-.  They  were  dread- 
 fully harassed  ))y  the  Princes  of  the  House  of  Guise, 
 tlirough  whose  influence  a  chaml)er  of  Parliament 
 was  established,  called  the  burning  vhanilxr,  the  duty 
 of  which  was  to  convict  and  burn  heretics.  Still  they 
 suffered  in  a  most  exemplary  manner,  and  would  not 
 have  thought  of  a  rebellion,  h;id  they  not  been  en- 
 couraged to  it,  in  1560,  by  a  prince  of  the  blood,  Louis 
 of  Conde,  to  whom  they  leagued  themselves,  having 
 previously  consulted  lawj^ers  and  theologians,  both  in 
 France  and  Germany,  as  to  the  legality  of  such  a 
 measure.  In  pursuance  of  their  plan,  it  was  deter- 
 mined that  on  an  appointed  day  a  certain  number  of 
 Cahinists  should  appear  before  the  King  at  Blois,  to 
 present  a  petition  for  the  free  exercise  of  their  religion, 
 and  in  case  this  request  was  denied,  as  it  was  foreseen 
 it  would  be,  a  chosen  band  of  armed  Protestants  were 
 to  make  themselves  masters  of  the  city  at  Blois,  seize  1 
 the  Guises,  and  compel  the  King  to  name  the  Prince 
 of  Cond6  regent  of  the  realm.  The  plot,  however,  , 
 was  betrayed,  and  most  of  the  armed  conspirators 
 were  executed  or  imprisoned.  The  contest  between  ' 
 the  two  parties  became  yet  more  violent  in  the  reign  j 
 of  Charles  IX,  but,  from  motives  of  policy,  the  Pro- 
 testants were  allowed  the  privilege  of  toleration, 
 cliietly  owing  to  the  influence  of  the  Queen  mother; 
 but  her  instability  and  intrigues  at  last  only  rendered 
 their  case  the  more  deplorable,  and  produced  the  hor- 
 rible St.  Bartholomew  massacre,  in  1572.  After  many 
 struggles,  they  had  their  ci\il  rights  secured  to  them 
 under  Henry  IV,  by  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  iu  1598, 
 which  gave  them  ecjual  claims,  with  the  Catholics,  to 
 all  offices  and  dignities,  and  left  them  in  possession  of 
 the  fortres.ses  which  had  been  ceded  to  them.  In  the 
 reign  of  Louis  XIII  they  were  again  molested,  again 
 
 took  arms,  but  were  again  worsted,  and  ultimately 
 obliged  to  surrender  all  their  strongholds.  They  were 
 now  left  at  the  mercy  of  the  monarch,  but  were  not 
 disturbed  till  Louis  XIV,  led  on  by  his  confessor  and 
 Madame  dc  Maintenon,  was  induced  to  persecute 
 them,  with  a  view  to  bring  them  back  to  the  true 
 Church.  In  1681  he  deprived  them  of  most  of  their 
 civil  rights,  and  sent  large  bodies  of  dragoons  into  the 
 provinces,  to  compel  them  to  renounce  their  principles. 
 Though  the  frontiers  were  vigilantly  guarded,  upwards 
 of  five  hundred  thou,sand  Huguenots  made  their 
 escai>e  to  Switzerland,  Germany,  Holland  aiul  Eng-  , 
 land.  Supposing  them  either  to  be  extirpated  or  con- 
 verted to  Catholicism,  Louis  revoked  the  Edict  of 
 Xantes,  in  1685. 
 
 Long  before  the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Xantes, 
 the  stream  of  Huguenot  emigration  set  in  toward 
 Xew  Netherland.  The  fiist  baud  of  settlers,  sent 
 over  (1623)  by  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  con- 
 sisted of  thirty  families,  chiefly  Walloons.  These 
 were  the  founders  of  the  city  of  Xew  Amsterdam 
 (Xew  York),  where  French  was  spoken,  and  the 
 Huguenot  faith  was  professed  from  the  outset. 
 Other  Walloons  and  French  settled  at  an  early  day 
 on  Long  Island  and  Staten  Island,  and  upon  the 
 hanks  of  the  Delaware,  and,  iu  1660,  founded  Xew 
 Paltz  on  the  Hudson.  As  the  severities  visited  upon 
 the  Prottstiints  iu  France  increased,  large  numbers 
 of  refngi^es  came  to  this  country,  establishing  them- 
 selves in  Xew  York,  in  Boston,  in  JIaryland  and 
 Virginia,  and  in  Charleston,  S.  C.  Detachments  from 
 these  bodies  of  emigrants  .settled  in  Oxford,  Mass. ; 
 Kingston,  R.  I.;  Xew  Rochelle,  X.  Y.,  and  on  the 
 Cooper  and  Santce  rivers.  South  Carolina.  In  all 
 these  places  churches  were  organizcil,  and  ministers 
 of  the  French  Reformed  Church  officiated.  The 
 PYench  settlements  in  Oxford,  Mass.,  and  Kingston, 
 R.  I.,  were  soon  broken  up;  the  others  continued  for 
 several  generations  to  maintain  a  distinct  character. 
 The  French  Church  in  Boston  busted  until  the  year 
 1718,  having  for  its  pastors  Pierre  DailK'^  (Ui!Mi-1715) 
 and  Andr6  Le  Mercier  (171(>-48).  The  French  congre- 
 gation in  New  York,  long  flourishing  and  influential, 
 had  a  succession  of  Reformed  pastors,  the  la.st  of 
 whom  submitted  to  Episcopal  ordination  in  1806, 
 when  the  Church  adopted  the  Episcopal  rite,  and 
 took  tile  name  of  "  L'Eglise  du  Saint  Esjirit.''  In 
 New  Rochelle,  N.  Y.,  two  churches  were  maintained 
 almost  until  the  outbreak  of  the  American  Revolu-  . 
 tion,  the  French  Reformed  Church,  founded  in  1688, 
 and  a  French  Episcopal  Church,  organized  iu  1709. 
 In  New  Paltz  the  Dutch  language  superseded  the 
 French  in  public  worship,  about  the  year  1735. 
 Three  of  the  four  Huguenot  congregations  of  South 
 Carolina  went  out  of  existence,  or  became  merged 
 with  neighboring  English-speaking  churches;  the 
 French  Church  iu  Charleston,  of  which  an  account 
 precedes,  alone  survives  to  the  present  day. 
 
 No  precise  statement  can  be  ventured  a.s  to  the 
 
HUMILITY. 
 
 356 
 
 HUMPHREY. 
 
 number  of  Huguenots  that  came  to  America,  but  it  is 
 certain  that  they  must  have  reached  several  thou- 
 sands. The  influence  of  this  element  in  m,oulding 
 the  character  of  the  American  people  has  been  con- 
 siderable, and  out  of  all  proportion  to  the  extent  of 
 the  immigration;  and  the  prominence  of  Huguenot 
 names  in  the  roll  of  patriots,  statesmen,  philanthro- 
 pists, ministers  of  the  gospel,  men  of  note  in  every 
 calling,  in  the  United  States,  is  a  noticeable  and 
 significant  fact. 
 
 Humility,  a  virtue  opposed  to  pride  and  self-con- 
 ceit, by  reason  of  which  a  man  thinks  no  more  highly 
 of  himself  than  he  ought  to  think  (Rom.  xii,  3),  and 
 places  him.self  in  subjection  to  him  to  whom  he  owes 
 subjection.  This  person  is  primarily  God;  so  that 
 humility  is,  first  of  all,  the  sense  of  absolute  dependence 
 upon  Him.  In  the  strict  sense  of  the  term,  humility 
 is  proper  only  in  man's  relations  to  God,  and  modesty 
 in  man's  relations  to  man.  It  is  not  merely  the  sense 
 of  God's  infinitude  over  against  human  limitation,  but 
 of  God's  holiness  over  against  man's  moral  deficiency 
 and  guilt.  Sophocles  came  nearest  to  the  true  con- 
 ception of  humility  in  classical  antiquity.  It  runs 
 like  a  thread  through  all  the  piety  of  the  Old  Testa- 
 ment (Gen.  xvii,  1;  Mic.  vi,  8),  down  to  John  the 
 Baptist  (Matt,  iii,  2).  Christ,  although  without  sin, 
 was  imbued  with  childlike  humility  (Matt,  xix,  17; 
 John  V,  30),  and  made  it  a  condition  of  entrance  into 
 the  kingdom  of  heaven  (Matt,  v,  3;  xviii,  2).  It 
 must  actuate  the  Christian  at  all  times,  and  remind 
 him  to  work  out  his  salvation  with  fear  and  trembling 
 (Phil,  ii,  12).  Love,  which  is  the  pulse-beat  of  the 
 Christian  life,  is  influenced  by  it,  and  held  back 
 from  the  errors  of  mysticism  and  quietism,  and  con- 
 verts it  into  adoring  reverence  for  God,  trust  in  and 
 obedience  to  Him,  even  in  suiferings  (1  Peter  v,  6). 
 A  sham  hinnility  betrays  itself  in  its  behavior  to 
 mankind  (Luke  xviii,  13).  It  is  free  from  all  vain 
 self-conceit,  but,  at  the  same  time,  is  conscious  of 
 man's  dignity  in  the  sight  of  God,  and  may  be  said 
 to  ascend  upward  on  the  six  steps  of  patience, 
 meekness,  kindness,  friendliness,  peaceableue-ss  and 
 placability,  virtues  which  the  Apostles  so  urgently 
 insist  ujion. 
 
 Humphrey,  Edward  Porter,  D.  D.,  LL.  D., 
 eldest  child  of  Eev.  Dr.  Heman  and  Sophia  Porter 
 Humphrey,  was  born  in  Fairfield,  Conn.,  January 
 28th,  1809.  He  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in 
 1828,  and  in  theology,  at  Andover  Theological  Semi- 
 nary in  1833.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Second  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  1835-53.  Elected 
 Professor  of  Church  History  in  Danville  Theological 
 Seminary  in  1853,  he  continued  in  this  position  until 
 1866.  From  18C6  to  1870  he  was  pastor  of  the  Col- 
 lege Street  Presbyterian  Church  in  Louisville,  Ken- 
 tucky. He  was  joint  editor  of  the  Danville  Review  in 
 1861-65. 
 
 Dr.  Humphrey  was  elected  Moderator  of  the  Gen- 
 eral Assemljly  which  met  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  1851, 
 
 and  presided  over  its  deliberations  with  great  dignity 
 and  ability.  He  is  a  gentleman  of  cultivated  manner 
 and  winning  address.  As  a  preacher  he  stands  in 
 the  front  rank.  His  sermons  are  clear,  logical,  direct, 
 full  of  instruction,  indicating  an  earnest  spirit,  ex- 
 pressed in  the  happiest  style,  and  having  the  advan- 
 tage of  a  graceful  delivery.  In  his  pastoral  charges  he 
 was  eminently  .successful,  and  greatly  beloved  by  the 
 people  to  whom  he  ministered  and  the  community  in 
 which  he  lived.  As  a  Professor  he  was  thorough  in 
 his  instructions,  and  won  the  cordial  esteem  and 
 regard  of  his  students.  As  a  writer  he  is  vigorous 
 and  attractive,  always  exhibiting  a  force  and  freshness 
 which  both  edify  and  please.  In  the  judicatories  of 
 the  Church,  in  which  he  takes  an  active  part,  he  is 
 regarded  as  a  wise  counsellor,  and  exerts  a  strong 
 
 EDWARD  PORTER   HUMPHREY,  D.  D.  LL.  D. 
 
 influence  by  his  ability  as  a  speaker,  his  soundness 
 of  j  udgmeut  and  his  manifest  .sincerity  of  motive  and 
 purpose.  Dr.  Humphrey  now  resides  in  Louisville. 
 In  October,  1883,  by  appointment,  he  made  au  address 
 at  the  Centennial  of  Presbyterianism  in  Kentucky, 
 before  the  Synod.  His  life  has  been  one  of  marked 
 usefulness  and  merited  honor. 
 
 Humphrey,  Rev.  John,  born  in  Fairfield, 
 Conn.,  March  17th,  1816,  was  the  son  of  Heman 
 Humphrey,  ii.D.,  LL.  D.  He  graduated  at  Amherst 
 College  in  1835,  -nith  an  enviable  name  for  scholar- 
 ship and  deportment.  For  a  year  he  was  the  popu- 
 lar Principal  of  the  Academy  at  Prattsburg,  N.  Y. 
 After  graduating  at  Andover  Theological  Seminary, 
 he  became  pastor  of  the  Church  in  South  Berwick, 
 Me.     Here  he  remained  but  a  few  months,  and  then 
 
HUMPHREY. 
 
 357 
 
 HUNT. 
 
 supplied  a  pulpit  for  some  time,  in  Springfield,  Mass. 
 October,  1842,  he  took  clKirge  of  the  AViuthrop 
 Church,  Charlestown,  Mass.,  where  for  three  or  four 
 years  he  preached,  with  great  acceptance,  but  his 
 constitution  was  impaired,  and  he  sought  escape 
 from  the  strain  upon  it,  in  repose  at  Pittsfield.  So 
 much  refreshed  did  he  feel,  that  early  in  1848  he 
 ventured  on  the  aire  of  the  First  Church,  Bingham- 
 ton,  N.  Y. ,  but  overcome  by  it,  he  was  obliged  to  ask 
 a  disn^ission,  March,  18.54.  He  then  consented  to 
 serve  as  Professor  of  Ehetoric  in  Hamilton  College, 
 and  as  pastor  of  the  students,  biit  before  entering 
 upon  the  duties  of  the  place  he  went  to  Eurojje,  with 
 the  hope  of  invigorating  his  health.  This  hope  was 
 not  realized,  and  he  returned  to  his  home  to  die. 
 This  event  occurred  December  24th.  Mr.  Humphrey 
 was  remarkable  for  amenity  of  manners,  gentleness 
 and  affectionateness,  sweetness  of  temper,  refine- 
 ment and  delicacy  of  feeling,  scholarly  culture,  and  a 
 beautiful  harmony  of  mental  development  and 
 moral  character.  As  a  preacher  he  Wixs  both  attract- 
 ive and  impressive,  his  st3le  blending,  in  happy  pro- 
 portions, strength  with  beauty,  precision  of  diction 
 and  logiail  sequence  of  thought  with  the  graces  of  a 
 flowing  rhetoric.  His  manner  in  the  pulpit  was 
 grave,  yet  animated,  unaffectedly  simple,  but  indica- 
 tive of  a  controlled  enthusiasm,  and  oftfu  awakening 
 a  like  emotion  in  the  hearer. 
 
 Humphrey,  Zephaniah  Moore,  D.D.,  scm  of 
 Henuiu  Humphrej-,  l).l>.,  and  brother  of  E.  P.  Hum- 
 phrey, D.  D.,  was  born  at  Amherst,  Mass.,  August 
 30th,  1824,  and  died  in  Cincinnati,  November  13th, 
 1881.  He  graduated  at  Amherst  College  and  at 
 Andover  Theological  Seminary.  He  was  pastor  of 
 churches  at  Racine  and  Slilwaukee,  Wis.,  1850-59;  of 
 First  Presbj'terian  Church,  Chicago,  1859-68;  of  Cal- 
 vary Church,  Philadelphia,  18ftS-75 ;  Professor  of 
 Ecclesiastical  History  and  Church  Polity  in  Lane 
 Theological  Seminary,  Cincinnati,  1875-81,  and  Mod- 
 erator of  the  General  Assembly  at  Chicago,  in  1871. 
 Dr.  Humphrey  was  a  gentleman  of  lovely  spirit  and 
 scholarly  attainments,  a  gifted  preacher,  and  a  faith- 
 ful servant  of  Christ. 
 
 Hunt,  Rev.  Hollo-way  wnitefield,  son  of  the 
 Rev.  James  Augustine  and  Ruth  (Page)  Hunt,  was 
 born  at  Eingwood,  Hunterdon  county,  X.  J.,  March 
 31st,  1800.  He  was  graduated  from  the  College  of 
 New  Jersey,  A.  D.  1818;  spent  a  year  in  teaching  a 
 classical  school  at  Lancaster  and  Easton,  Pa.;  then 
 entered  Princeton  Seminary,  and  was  regularly  gradu- 
 ated thence  in  1822;  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Newton,  October  2d,  1822;  was  ordained  by  the 
 same  Presbytery,  April  23d,  1824.  He  was  installed 
 as  pastor  of  the  West  Gal  way  Church,  N.  Y.,  Sep- 
 tember 1st,  1824,  and  released  August  31st,  1825;  was 
 installed  at  Metuchen,  N.  J.,  April  23d,  1828;  the 
 pastoral  relation  was  dissolved  May  7th,  1844,  after 
 sixteen  years  of  faithful  and  successful  labor,  but  he 
 continued  to  supply  the  congregation  about  eighteen 
 
 months  longer.  For  nine  years  (1850-9)  he  preached 
 to  the  Congregational  Chmch  at  Patchogue,  Long 
 Island,  and  for  six  years  (1800-66),  was  stated  sup- 
 ply of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Centre^aIle,  Orange 
 county,  N.  Y'.  The  increasing  iniirmities  of  age  then 
 led  him  to  retire  from  the  active  duties  of  the  minis- 
 try. Still  he  continued  to  preach  as  opportunity 
 offered.  In  all  his  fields  of  labor  he  acquitted  him- 
 j  self  as  an  able  and  earnest  preacher;  a  faithful  and 
 I  sympathizing  pastor,  and  a  devoted  Christian.  The 
 last  years  of  his  life  were  spent  at  Metuchen,  N.  J., 
 among  the  people  to  whom  he  had  given  so  many 
 years  of  pastoral  service.  He  died  April  28th,  1882, 
 in  the  eighty-third  year  of  his  age.  He  was  a  man  of 
 warm  heart,  gentle,  humble,  prayerful,  and  greatly 
 beloved. 
 
 Htint,  Rev.  James,  was  the  son  of  James  Hnnt, 
 conspicuous  in  the  scenes  of  a  religious  nature  in 
 Hanover  county,  Va.,  during  the  times  of  the  Rev. 
 Samuel  Daries.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  New  Brunswick  in  1760.  In  1761  he  made  a  mis- 
 sionary tour  through  North  Carolina,  being  at  this 
 time  a  member  of  Hanover  Presbytery.  On  his  re- 
 turn, he  preached  for  some  time  in  Lanciister  county, 
 Va.  Mr.  Hunt  passed  the  greater  part  of  his  minis- 
 terial life  in  Montgomery  county,  Md.,  where  for 
 many  years  he  was  at  the  head  of  a  flourishing 
 classical  school.  William  Wirt  was  for  some  years 
 one  of  his  pupils,  and  for  two  years  a  member  of  his 
 family.     Mr.  Hunt  died  at  Bladensburg,  in  1793. 
 
 Hunt,  Rev.  Thomas  Poage,  an  eminent  eccle- 
 siastical debater  and  eloquent  advocate  of  Temper- 
 ance, was  born  in  Charlotte  county,  Va.,  in  1794. 
 He  came  of  distinguished  ancestry.  A  violent  attack 
 of  whooping  cough  in  childhood  caused  a  deformity 
 of  person  that  made  him  noticeable  wherever  ke 
 went.  He  graduated  at  Hampden-Sidney  College, 
 in  1813;  studied  theology  under  Dr.  Moses  Hoge  and 
 Dr.  John  H.  Rice ;  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Hanover,  in  1824.  After  a  few  years' 
 labor  as  a  pulpit  supply  in  Virginia,  and  Raleigh  and 
 Wilmington,  N.  C,  he  entered  the  field  as  a  Tem- 
 perance lecturer.  In  this  capacity  he  att;iined  a 
 national  reputation.  In  1830  he  produced  the  well- 
 known  Total  Abstinence  Pledge  for  the  Young — 
 "  I  do  not  think  I'll  ever  drink 
 Whisky  or  gin,  hrandy  or  rum, 
 Or  anything  that'll  make  drunk  come." 
 
 Mr.  Hunt's  first  appearance  North  was  in  1833,  as  a 
 delegate  to  the  General  Assembly  in  Philadelphia. 
 During  1834-5  he  lectured  in  Philadelphia,  New 
 York,  and  other  towns,  and  almost  every  night,  for  a 
 year  and  more,  drew  overflowing  houses.  In  1836  he 
 removed  to  PhUadelphia,  and  in  1839  to  the  Wyoming 
 Valley,  Pa. ,  where  his  later  life  was  spent.  He  acted 
 for  a  time  as  agent  of  Lafayette  College.  He  was  the 
 author  of  several  works.  ' '  The  Bible  Baptist ' '  has 
 had  an  extensive  circulation.  ' '  The  Wedding  Days 
 of  Former  Times,"  "  The  Drunkard's  Friend,"  "It 
 
HUNTER. 
 
 358 
 
 HVNTTING. 
 
 will  not  Injure  me,"  "Liquor-Selling  a  System  of 
 Fraud,"  with  various  tracts,  were  published  by  him. 
 During  Mr.  Hunt's  life,  he  visited  twenty  States 
 in  the  interest  of  his  work,  and  delivered  upwards  of 
 ten  thousand  lectures  and  sermons.  He  labored 
 often  as  a  revivalist.  He  had  few  superiors  in 
 the  logical,  incisive  presentation  of  truth,  and  few 
 could  equal  him  in  his  exposure  of  the  sins  and 
 foibles  of  society.  He  excelled  in  satirical  and 
 humorous  description,  and  the  tender  and  pathetic 
 was  often  portrayed  with  great  power  by  him.     No 
 
 REV.    THOMAS   POAGE   HUNT. 
 
 more  fearless,  persistent,  imwavering  advocate  of  the 
 Temperance  reform  has  arisen  in  our  couutry.  He 
 died,  December  5th,  1876. 
 
 Hunter,  Rev.  Andrew,  the  son  of  a  British 
 officer,  was  born  in  Virginia.     He  was  licensed  to 
 preach  by  the  First  Presbj-tery  of  Philadelphia,  about 
 1773,  immediately  after  which  he  made  a  missionary  j 
 tour  through  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia.      In  1778 
 he  was  ordained,  and  was  appointed  a  Brigade  Chap-  j 
 lain  in  the  American  army.      In  1794  he  was  teach- 
 ing a  school  at  Woodbury,  N.  J.,  and  in  1803,  on  ! 
 account  of  ill  health,  was  cultivating  a  farm  on  the  ! 
 Delaware    river,    near    Trenton.     In    1788    he  was 
 elected  a  trustee  of  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  which 
 position  he  held  until  1804,  when  he  was  appointed 
 Profes-sor  of  Mathematics  and  Astronomy.     In  1808 
 he  resigned  his  professorship,  and  took  charge  of  an 
 academy  at  Borden  town,  N.  J.,  but  was  soon  after 
 appointed  a  Chaplain  in  the  Na\'y,  and  was  stationed 
 at  the  Navy  Yard  at  Washington  until  his  death, 
 which  occurred  February  24th,  18-23. 
 
 Hunter,  Rev.  "William  A.,  was  born  in  Cincin- 
 nati, O.,  May  7th,  18o2.  He  graduated  at  Hanover 
 College,  Indiana,  in  1876.  In  1874  and  1875  he  was 
 Tutor  in  the  college,  and  filled  the  position  with 
 ability.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  Theological  Semi- 
 nary in  1879.  Licensed  to  preach  by  Schuyler  Pres- 
 bytery in  1878,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  Wythe 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Warsaw,  111.,  December  9th, 
 1879.  Since  that  time  he  has  acceptably  and  success- 
 fully ministered  to  that  congregation.  His  affable 
 manner  and  pleasing  adilress  peculiarly  adapt  him  to 
 efficient  pastoral  work.  His  style  in  the  pulpit  is 
 clear,  forcible  and  logical,  reverential  in  diction, 
 pathetic  in  appeal,  and  devoid  of  boisterous  and 
 coarse  oratory.  His  sermons  show  the  desire  of  his 
 heart  to  instruct  hLs  hearers,  and  to  stimulate  them 
 to  fidelity  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties  in  all  the 
 relations  they  sustain. 
 
 Huntting,  Henry,  a  descendant  of  John  Hunt- 
 ting,  who  came  from  England  and  settled  at  Dedham, 
 Mass.,  in  1638,  was  born  in  Southold,  L.  I.,  ]May6th, 
 1818.  He  fitted  himself  early  for  the  duties  of  Justice 
 of  the  Peace  in  his  native  town,  and  consented  to  fill  this 
 office  for  twenty-five  consecutive  years,  from  1851  to 
 1875,  being  six  times  re-elected  by  his  fellow-towns- 
 men. He  was  for  several  years,  by  the  votes  of  the 
 county,  upon  the  bench  of  the  Sufiblk  county  court, 
 as  Justice  of  Sessions.  ^\Tien  the  Southold  Sa^dngs 
 Bank  was  incorporated,  in  1858,  he  became  its  Treas- 
 urer and  Secretary,  as  he  continues  to  be,  and  its  re- 
 remarkable  prosperity  has  been  chiefly  due  to  his 
 wisdom  and  fidelity,  and  the  perfect  confidence  of  the 
 public  in  him.  He  has  most  satisfactorily  done  much 
 business  as  executor  of  wills,  administrator  and 
 trustee  of  estates,  and  in  other  fiduciary  offices.  He 
 became,  in  1863,  the  Tieasurer  and  Secretary  of  the 
 Board  of  Trustees  of  the  First  Church  of  Southold, 
 as  he  continues  to  be,  and  its  financial  prosperity  has 
 been  greatly  owing  to  his  munificent  generosity  and 
 unceasing  Christian  zeal.  During  the  twenty  years 
 of  his  service,  its  chaijel  and  its  academy  have  been 
 erected,  without  debt,  its  church  edifice  has  been 
 greatly  improved,  its  parsonage  enlarged  and  made 
 convenient,  its  cemetery  both  doubled  in  size  and  not 
 a  little  beautified,  and  other  real  estate  purchased  and 
 fitted  for  useful  purposes,  so  that  its  property  has 
 been  increased  in  value  100  per  cent. 
 
 Heentered  the  full  communion  of  the  Southold  Pres- 
 byterian Church  in  1869,  after  he  had  attained  the 
 age  of  fifty  years.  He  soon  after  yielded  to  the  desire  of 
 the  church,  that  he  should  be  ordained  as  a  ruling 
 elder  ;  and  he  has  ever  since,  in  every  good  work, 
 been  more  than  willing  to  show  the  best  example  to 
 others.  He  has  been,  throughout  his  full  member- 
 ship in  the  church,  a  most  faithful  teacher  of  the 
 Bible  to  youth,  in  the  Sabbath  school.  He  promotes, 
 in  a  high  degree,  the  beneficent  effi>ctiveness  of  the 
 academy,  making  it  helpful  to  some  who  could  not, 
 without  his  aid,  possess  its  advantages;  and  in  many 
 
UUKTON. 
 
 359 
 
 HUTCHINSON. 
 
 other  ways  he  manifests  his  deep  interest  in  its  wel- 
 fare and  Christian  usefulness.  He  has  been  very 
 active,  for  many  years,  in  the  gratuitous  distribution 
 of  the  best  Christian  lit<Tature.  Every  wise  under- 
 taking for  the  public  good  finds  in  him  a  generous 
 contributor  and  a  personal  snpjjorter. 
 
 Hunton,  Hon.  Logan,  an  elder  of  the  Mizpah 
 Church,  St.  Louis  couutj-.  Mo.,  w;i.s  born  in  Virginia, 
 in  1806,  and  died  in  1880.  While  he  was  yet  a  youtli 
 his  father  moved  to  Kentucky,  and  settled  in  Lincoln 
 county.  He  enjoyed  the  advantages  of  a  good  educa- 
 tion in  Centre  College  and  Tnin.sylvania  University, 
 entered  the  law,  and  settled,  in  the  practice  of  his 
 profession,  in  Stmlbrd.  lie  served  with  distinction 
 in  the  Legislature  of  Kentucky,  besides  filling,  with 
 ability  and  honor,   other  important  posts  of  public 
 
 HON.    I.OCAN  HUNTON. 
 
 trust.  In  1838  he  located  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  in 
 1844  in  Xew  Orleans,  where  he  filled  the  position  of 
 United  States  .attorney  for  the  District  of  Louisiana, 
 to  which  he  was  appointed  by  President  Taylor. 
 While  resident  there  he  united  with  the  Lafayette 
 Square  Pre.sbvterian  Church,  under  the  care  of  Rev. 
 Dr.  B.  M.  Palmer.  Returning  to  St.  Louis,  he  con- 
 tinued to  reside  there  until  about  eleven  years  before 
 his  death,  when  he  fixed  his  residence  within  the 
 bounds  of  the  Mizpah  Church,  St.  Louis  county. 
 He  was  made  an  elder  in  that  church  in  1871,  and 
 served  the  aiuse  ^vith  marked  efficiency  through  the 
 remainder  of  hLs  life. 
 
 Judge  Hunton  was  one  of  the  most  worthy  and 
 highly  esteemed  citizens  of  Missouri.  He  was  emi- 
 nent and  able  in  his  profession,  prominent  in  the 
 
 courts  of  the  Church,  and  a  valuable  member  of  the 
 Board  of  Trustees  of  Westminster  College,  and  also  of 
 the  Board  of  Trust  of  that  Institution.  He  was 
 scholarly  in  his  attainments,  and  during  the  larger 
 part  of  his  life  was  the  intimate  a.s.sociate  and  friend 
 of  many  of  the  foremost  men  of  the  nation.  In  the 
 resolutions  adopted  by  the  St.  Louis  Bar,  on  the  occa- 
 sion of  his  death,  it  was  Siiid  of  him:  "  Professionally, 
 Mr.  Hunton  w;is  distinguished  for  sound  learning, 
 ability  and  integrity  of  character.  *  *  *  And  in 
 private  life  he  was  much  loved  and  respected  for  his 
 kindness  of  heart,  honesty  of  purpose,  and  firm 
 adherence  to  truth  and  right,  as  he  conceived  them, 
 and  illustrating  in  his  whole  character  in  an  eminent 
 degree,  the  virtues  of  the  Christian  gentleman." 
 
 Huston,  Rev.  Alexander,  sou  of  Samuel  Hus- 
 ton, was  born  in  Dublin,  Ireland,  and  came  to  Dela- 
 ware in  the  e;irly  part  of  the  eighteenth  century. 
 He  graduated  at  Princeton  College,  New  Jersey,  in 
 1760,  and  received  his  licen.se  from  the  Presbvtery  of 
 Lewes,  Delaware,  about  1763.  He  was  ordained  in 
 1764,  and  installed  as  pastor  of  Murderhill  and  Three 
 Run  churches,  where  he  remained  untU  his  death, 
 January  3d,  1785.  He  was  a  man  greatly  beloved, 
 and  a  most  earnest  and  laborious  minister.  In  con- 
 nection with  the  historical  incidents  of  the  State  he 
 bore  a  conspicuous  part,  and  it  was  his  custom,  dur- 
 ing the  Revolutionary  War,  to  pray  ''  That  the  Lord 
 would  send  plenty  of  powder  and  ball  to  greet  their 
 enemies  wnth."  One  Sabbath,  while  he  was  engaged 
 at  his  church,  a  detachment  of  British  soldiers  came 
 to  his  house  and  left  their  compliments,  by  boring 
 their  bayonets  through  the  panels  of  his  doors,  and 
 destroying  more  of  his  property  than  was  congenial 
 to  the  feelings  of  his  heart. 
 
 Hutchinson,  Charles,  D.  D.,  was  born  July 
 15th,  18-20,  at  Norwich,  Vermont.  He  graduated  at 
 Dartmouth  College  in  the  Summer  of  1848;  studied 
 theology  two  years  at  Lane  Seminary,  and  one  year 
 at  Andover  Seminary,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  the 
 gospel,  by  the  Essex  Congregatiomil  Asssociation,  in 
 May,  1851.  He  began  his  ministry  as  a  home  mis- 
 sionary at  Edinburgh,  Ind.,  and  after  two  years  of 
 labor  at  that  place  he  was  ordained  and  installed 
 pa.stor  of  the  Third  Presbyterian  Cliurch,  New  Albany, 
 Indiana,  May  24th,  18.54,  and  there  his  work  con- 
 1  tinues,  bj'  the  blessing  of  Gixl,  until  the  present  time. 
 As  the  \isible  result  of  his  ministry,  he  has  welcomed 
 more  than  one  thou-sand  souls  to  church  fellowship, 
 the  most  of  them  on  the  profession  of  their  faith  in 
 Christ. 
 
 Dr.  Hutchinson  has  been  pri\-ileged  to  aid  in  special 
 re\-ival  services  in  almost  the  entire  Southern  part  of 
 the  State;  has  attended  more  than  a  thousand  funerals, 
 and  preached  over  three  thou.sand  sermons  during  his 
 long  pastorate.  He  has  been  widely  useful  in  all 
 educational  work,  having  served  for  many  years  on 
 the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Wabash  College,  Indiana, 
 of  which  Board  he  is  still  a  member.     As  a  pastor. 
 
HUTCHINSON: 
 
 360 
 
 HYPOCRISY. 
 
 his  work  has  been  marked  hy  faithful,  persevering 
 and  tender  service  among  the  people.  He  has  thus 
 exerted  a  wide  and  most  salutary  influence  in  the 
 city  of  his  home.  As  a  student  he  has  kept  up  his 
 Hebrew  and  Greek  studies  with  system  and  care, 
 going  to  the  original  Scriptures  for  his  views  and 
 expositions  of  truth.  His  preaching  has  been  charac- 
 terized by  fidelity  to  truth,  loving  interest  in  his 
 people,  and  a  single  purpose  to  bring  them  into  the 
 deepest  fellowship  with  God  and  His  work.  As  a 
 presbyter  he  has  wrought  in  season  and  out  of  season, 
 always  fulfilling  his  appointments,  serving  in  every 
 position  to  which  he  has  been  called  with  scrupulous 
 fidelity.  He  has  contributed  largely,  by  prayer  and 
 personal  service,  to  the  success  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  the  State  of  Indiana,  making  his  ministry 
 and  personal  influence  as  a  man  of  God  felt  throughout 
 the  entire  commonwealth. 
 
 Hutchinson,  John  Russell,  D.  D.,  was  burn 
 in  Columbia  county,  Pa.,  February  12th,  1807,  and 
 was  prepared  for  college  at  the  academy  of  his  uncle, 
 the  Eev.  John  Hutchinson,  of  Miiflintown,  Juniata 
 county,  Pa.  He  graduated  at  Jefl'ersou  College  in 
 1826,  and  entered  Princeton  Seminary  in  the  Fall  of 
 the  same  year,  remaining  about  two  years.  Licensed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  April  22d,  1829, 
 he  went  in  the  following  October  to  Mississippi. 
 The  remainder  of  his  life  was  spent  in  the  Southwest. 
 
 From  November,  1829,  to  July,  1830,  he  preached 
 at  Kodney,  Miss.  In  July,  1830,  he  was  ordained 
 and  installed  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Baton  Rouge, 
 La.,  where  he  continued  two  or  three  years,  and  in 
 January,  1834,  he  became  connected  with  the  College 
 of  Louisiana,  at  Jackson,  at  the  same  time  .serving 
 the  church  there  as  a  supply.  January  1st,  1837,  he 
 became  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Vicksburg,  Miss., 
 and  continued  in  this  relation  uutil  October  31st, 
 1842.  In  this  year  he  was  called  to  the  Chair  of 
 Ancient  Languages  in  Oakland  College,  Miss.,  which 
 he  occupied  until  1854.  While  at  Oakland,  he  also 
 supplied  the  pulpit  of  Bethel  Church,  in  its  vicinity, 
 from  1848  to  1852.  In  1851,  at  the  death  of  Eev. 
 Jeremiah  Chamberlain,  D.  D.,  President  of  Oakland 
 College,  the  duties  and  responsibilities  of  President 
 of  the  IiLstitution  devolved  for  a  time  on  Professor 
 Hutchinson.  In  1854  he  removed  to  New  Orleans, 
 establishing  a  classical  school  of  a  high  order,  at  the 
 same  time  supplying  the  pulpits  of  the  Prybinea 
 Street,  Carrollton,  and  other  churches  within  easy 
 distance.  In  1860  he  removed  to  Houston,  Texas, 
 whither  his  oldest  son  had  gone  some  years  before, 
 and  conducted  an  academy,  at  the  same  time  preach- 
 ing to  the  Presbyterian  Church.  After  the  close  of 
 the  war  he  did  much  service  as  an  evangelist,  within 
 the  bounds  of  the  Presbytery  of  Brazos,  of  which  he 
 was  a  member. 
 
 Dr.  Hutchinson  died,  February  24th,  1878.  He 
 was  a  preacher  for  nearly  half  a  century,  and  in  his 
 prime,   a   man   of  mark.      He  was  a  fine   classical 
 
 scholar,  and  an  admirable  instructor,  genial,  humor- 
 ous, sympathetic  and  tender  in  his  nature. 
 
 Hutton,  Rev.  ■William,  was  born  in  Ireland, 
 April  16th,  1838;  graduated  at  Hamilton  College  in 
 1864,  and  at  the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  New 
 York.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Fourth  Pr&sbytery  of 
 Philadelphia,  in  April,  1867;  ordained  an  evangeli.st 
 on  the  27th  of  October,  following,  and  on  the  8th  of 
 December  took  charge  of  a  mission  enterprise  in 
 Philadelphia,  which  grew  into  a  church  organization, 
 named  "Greenwich  Street  Presbyterian  Church," 
 over  which  he  was  in.stalled  pastor,  November  5th, 
 1868.  He  still  continues  in  this  charge,  with  the 
 divine  blessing  upon  his  labors.  Mr.  Hutton  has 
 been  Moderator  of  Presbytery  three  times,  twice  a 
 Commissioner  to  the  General  Assembly,  and  in  1874 
 was  a  delegate  to  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Irish 
 Presbyterian  Church,  meeting  in  Belfast.  After  his 
 return  from  abroad,  he  published  a  volume  entitled, 
 "Wanderings  in  Europe."  He  is  an  earnest,  faithful 
 minister,  a  graceful  writer,  an  agreeable  companion, 
 and  esteemed  by  his  brethren. 
 
 Hyde,  Rev.  Smith  Harris,  was  next  to  the 
 youngest  child  of  Dr.  John  A.  and  Sarah  (Smith) 
 Hyde,  and  was  born  in  Youngstown,  Niagara  county, 
 N.  Y.,  September  28th,  1834.  Having  graduated  at 
 Yale  College,  New  Haven,  Conn.,  in  1857,  he  entered 
 the  Theological  Seminary  in  Auburn,  N.Y.,  the  same 
 year,  and  there  pursued  the  full  course  of  study, 
 graduating  in  1860.  The  year  previous  he  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Niagara.  The  same  year  he  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 Rock  Hill  Church,  Missouri,  and  was  ordained  and 
 instiilled  pastor,  April  19th,  1861.  After  more  than 
 four  years'  labor  he  became  pastor  of  the  Presbyte- 
 rian church  in  Carrollton,  HI.,  settling  there  in 
 November,  1864.  This  pastorate  pleasantly  con- 
 tinued over  fifteen  years,  when,  in  February,  1880,  he 
 removed  to  East  St.  Louis,  111.,  to  engage  in  mission- 
 ary work  with  the  church  there,  which  he  prosecuted 
 for  two  years.  He  then  became  pastor  of  the  Church 
 in  Carthage,  111.  For  some  ten  or  more  years  he  was 
 Stated  Clerk  of  Alton  Presbytery,  and  for  some  four 
 years  the  Stated  Clerk  of  the  Synod  of  Illinois  South. 
 Mr.  Hyde  has  been  ble-ssed  in  his  ministrj',  and  is 
 highly  esteemed  by  his  brethren. 
 
 Hsrpocrisy,  is  a  seeming,  or  professing  to  be, 
 what  in  truth  and  reality  we  are  not.  It  consists  in 
 assuming  a  character  which  we  are  con.scious  doer, 
 not  belong  to  us,  and  which  we  intentionally  impose 
 upon  the  judgment  and  opinion  of  mankind  concern- 
 ing us.  The  name  is  borrowed  from  the  Greek 
 tongue,  in  which  it  primarily  signifies  the  profession 
 of  a  stage-player,  which  is  to  express  in  speech,  habit 
 and  action,  not  his  own  person  and  manners,  but  hh 
 whom  he  undertakes  to  represent.  And  so  it  is,  for 
 the  very  essence  of  hypocrisy  lies  in  apt  imitation 
 and  deceit ;  in  acting  the  part  of  a  member  of  Christ 
 without  any  saving  grace.     The  hypocrite  is  a  double 
 
IGNORANCE. 
 
 361 
 
 IGNORANCE. 
 
 person;  he  has  one  person  which  is  natural,  another 
 which  is  artificial;  the  first  he  keeps  to  himself,  the  ) 
 other  he  puts  on,  as  he  does  his  clothes,  to  make  his 
 appearance  in  hefijre  men.  It  was  ingeniously  said 
 hy  Basil,  "  that  the  hypocrite  has  not  put  otf  the  old 
 man,  hut  put  on  the  new  upon  it." 
 
 Hpyocrites  have  heen  divided  into  four  classes: — 
 1.  The  worldly  hj'pocrite,  who  makes  a  profession  of 
 religion,  and  pretends  to  he  religious,  merely  from 
 worldly  con.siderations  (Matt,  xxiii,  5).  2.  The 
 legal  hypocrite,   who  reliuiiuishes  his  vicious  prac- 
 
 tices, in  order  thereby  to  merit  heaven,  while  at  the 
 same  time  he  has  no  real  love  to  Gtod  (Rom.  x,  3). 
 3.  The  emiii/elieal  hypocrite,  whose  religion  is  noth- 
 ing more  than  a  loose  conviction  of  sin,  who  rejoices 
 under  the  idea  that  Christ  died  for  hira,  and  j-et  has 
 no  desire  to  live  a  holy  life  (Matt,  xiii,  20;  2  Pet. 
 ii,  20).  4.  The  enthusiastic  hj'pocrite,  who  has  an 
 imaginary  sight  of  his  sin  and  of  Christ,  talks  of 
 remarkable  impulses  and  higii  feelings,  and  thinks 
 himself  very  wise  and  good,  while  he  lives  in  the  most 
 scandalous  practices  (Matt,  xiii,  39;  2  Cor.  xi,  14). 
 
 Ignorance  of  our  Futtire  Mode  of  Exist- 
 ence. There  is  something  tluit  is  ours,  which  is  to 
 he  a  thou.sand  years  hence,  a  million  of  years  hence, 
 a  million  of  ages  hence,  a  millions  times  that — and 
 so  forward;  it  is  ours,  for  it  is  certain  to  be,  and  cer- 
 tain to  be  inseparable  from  us.  It  is  to  he  even  our- 
 selves, as  absolutely  ours  as  the  state  we  are  to  be  in 
 to-morrow  is  so — nay,  as  much  as  the  state  we  are 
 in  this  moment  belongs  to  us.  The  ca.se  being  so,  in 
 thoughtful  minds  the  question  arises,  Why  are  we 
 so  precluded  from  a  foresight  which  would  in  some 
 mciusure  enable  us  to  realize,  to  our  apprehension, 
 that  future  state  of  ourselves  ? 
 
 To  this  question  an  able  WTiter  thus  replies  : — 
 One  obvious  thing  in  answer  is,  the  essential  im- 
 possibility, licflect,  how  very  imperfectly  we  com- 
 prehend even  our  present  existence,  after  all  manner 
 of  experience  of  it,  and  intimacy  with  it.  Diminu- 
 tive as  we  are,  we  involve  a  world  of  mj'stery.  The 
 acutest,  the  profoundest  investigators  have  been 
 baflied.  What  is  life?  What  is  soul?  What  is 
 even  body  ?  How  combined  ?  And  if  we  had  the 
 means  of  pursuing  the  inquiry  into  our  future  state, 
 it  may  be  presumed  that  every  mystery  wovdd  be 
 aggravated  upon  us.  It  is  true,  that  the  great 
 "Revealer  of  secrets  "  could  have  told  us,  by  revela- 
 tion, some  things  respecting  the  future  state  which 
 we  might,  in  some  superficial,  general  manner,  have 
 understood.  For  example;  whether  the  disem- 
 bodied spirit  will  have  a  material  vehicle  ?  Whether 
 there  will  be  a  distinct  formal  process  of  judgment  on 
 it  at  death  ?  In  what  place  it  shall  dwell  till  the 
 resurrection?  WTiether  it  will,  during  that  internal, 
 be  apprised  of  the  transactions  on  this  earth? 
 Whether  it  will  have  sensible,  intimate  communica- 
 tions with  superior  spirits  ?  Whether  it  will  have  a 
 clearer,  vaster  manifestation  of  the  grand  scene  of  the 
 creation  ?  "WTiether  it  wll  have  a  luminous  foresight 
 of  what  it  will  become  at  the  resurrection  ?  When, 
 and  of  what  kind,  will  be  the  local  habitations  there- 
 after ?   "\Miat  the  employments  will  chiefly  consist  of? 
 
 All  this,  however,  would  have  reached  but  a  little 
 way  into  the  eternal  progression  !  even  if  so  far  it 
 gave  us  light.  But  what  we  would  insist  on  is,  that 
 all  disclosures  given  of  the  future  state  would  have 
 been,  to  us,  feint  and  inefficient  information.  For  if 
 it  had  been  given  in  terms  merely  general,  it  would 
 have  left  our  conceptions  in  a  state  nearly  as  vague 
 and  unsiitisfactory  as  ever,  no  definite  substance  ;  and, 
 in  particular  and  specific  terms  it  could  not  have  been 
 given,  without  becoming  either  unintelligible  or  de- 
 graded; for  it  must  have  been  given  either  in  terms 
 of  very  close  analogy  with  our  present  state,  or  in 
 terms,  if  any  such  could  have  been  found,  fitted  and 
 true  to  the  nature  of  a  vastly  diflerent  economy. 
 Suppose  the  former;  that  is,  terms  and  images  belong- 
 ing to  our  present  .state,  then  the  descriptive  informa- 
 tion would  have  been  degraded.  For  then  the  whole 
 vision,  that  should  have  been  so  grand,  would  have , 
 been  brought  down  towards  the  level,  though  notquite 
 to  it,  of  our  present  notions  and  state — our  modes  of 
 life,  of  habitation,  of  narrow,  limited  activity,  of 
 imperfect  social  communication.  There  would  be  a 
 servile  analogy  or  resemblance  to  our  manner  of 
 relation  to  place,  to  surrounding  elements,  to  the 
 modes  and  sources  of  pleasure,  and  to  our  means 
 and  instruments  of  knowledge  and  power.  In  short, 
 the  whole  revealed  description  must  have  been  con- 
 formed to  the  apprehensions  of  beings  living  in  the.se 
 gro.ss  bodies,  and  having  all  their  ideas  modified  by 
 their  bodily  sen.ses.  But  this  would  be  to  humiliate, 
 to  degrade  the  description  and  theory  of  a  superior 
 state;  and  not  only  would  the  description  be  degraded, 
 — but  it  would  not  be  true.  On  such  accounts,  a 
 thinking  and  a-spiring  mind  feels  little  satisfaction  or 
 complacency  in  any  of  those  imaginary  particular 
 representations  of  what  tlie  economy  of  a  superior 
 world  may  be  supposed  to  be.  There  is  a  recoiling 
 feeling — "that  is  far  too  like  things  as  they  might  be 
 here;  that  is  making  only  a  superior  terrestrial  state." 
 
 But  suppose,  on  the  other  hand,  the  revealed  specific 
 description  of  a  future  state  to  be  given  in  terms  truly 
 
IGNORANCE. 
 
 362 
 
 IGNORANCE. 
 
 appropriate  to  a  quite  different  and  higher  economy 
 — and  then  it  would  hare  been  unintelligible.  But 
 in  truth  the  supposition  itself  is  unintelligible  and 
 absurd.  That  would  be  the  language  of  another 
 world.  No  terms  could  convey  to  us  a  totally  dif- 
 ferent order  of  ideas;  no  human  language  could  do 
 it,  and  any  other  would  be  but  the  mysterious 
 emblems  of  eternity — bright,  indeed,  on  yonder  side, 
 toward  heaven,  but  dark  on  this,  toward  us.  Such 
 a  revelation  would  be  a  sun  in  total  and  perpetual 
 eclipse. 
 
 We  say,  then,  that  it  does  not  "yet  appear  what 
 we  shall  be,''  plainly  because  it  is  impossible. 
 
 If  we  went  no  further  in  the  inquiry  than  merely 
 the  state  immediately  after  death,  the  separate  state, 
 we  can  instantly  conceive  that  when  the  soul  is  taken 
 out  of  this  body,  with  all  its  senses,  and  there- 
 fore out  of  the  whole  system  of  relations  with  the 
 senses,  and  all  the  modes  of  perception  belonging  to 
 the  senses,  it  must  be  in  a  state  of  which  no  specific 
 ideas  can  be  conveyed  to  us. 
 
 Even  supposing,  contrary  to  all  this,  that  some 
 specific  conceptions  of  the  future  state  could  be 
 and  were  conveyed  to  us,  the  effect  would  not  be 
 what  we  are  ready  to  imagine.  We  are  apt  to  fancy 
 how  mightily  and  permanently  striking  and  com- 
 manding such  ideas  would  be.  But  no:  they  would 
 become  gradually  familiarized  among  our  ideas,  and 
 lose  their  extraordinary  and,  so  to  speak,  extnvmun- 
 dane  quality  and  power  of  impression.  They  must 
 be  mingled  with  our  ordinary  conceptions,  be  adverted 
 to  in  our  ordinary  language,  and  would  soon  cease  to 
 be  like  messengers  sent  to  us  from  the  dead  and  the 
 world  of  spirits. 
 
 A  far  stronger  impression  is  made  on  thinking  spirits, 
 and  on  others  nothing  makes  an  impression,  by  an  un- 
 defined magnificence,  by  a  grand  and  awful  mystery, 
 when  we  are  absolutely  certain  that  there  is  a  stu- 
 pendous reality  veiled  in  that  mystery;  when  quite 
 certain,  too,  that  it  relates  to  ourselves,  and  that  it 
 will  at  length  be  disclosed. 
 
 Such  a  grand  reality,  thus  mysteriously  veiled,  at- 
 tracts thinking  .spirits  most  mightily — like  the  mystic 
 and  awful  recess  in  the  inmost  part  of  the  temple. 
 It  keeps  in  action  the  inquisitiveness,  conjectures, 
 expectation.  It  sets  the  mind  on  imagining  the  ut- 
 most that  it  can  of  grandeur  and  importance;  and 
 the  idea  still  is,  after  the  utmost  efforts,  "  It  is  far 
 greater  than  even  all  that!" 
 
 Thus,  if  we  will  think,  this  grandeur  veiled  in  dark- 
 ness has  a  more  powerful  effect  on  the  mind  than  any 
 distinct  particulars  made  palpable  to  our  apprehen- 
 sion, and  brought  down  to  our  level  in  order  to  be 
 made  so.  So  far,  then,  it  is  better  that  it  should 
 not  "yet  appear  what  we  shall  be." 
 
 In  this  life  men  are  placed  in  this  world's  relations; 
 a  system  of  relations  corresponding  to  our  inhabiting 
 a  gross,  frail,  mortal  body,  with  all  its  wants  and 
 circumstances;  here  we  have  to  perform  all  the  various 
 
 business  of  this  world.  That  there  are  innumerable 
 thoughts,  cares,  employments,  belonging  inseparably 
 to  this  our  state;  audthat,  therefore,  there  must  not 
 be  such  a  manifestation  of  the  future  state  as  would 
 confound,  stop  and  break  up  this  .system,  is  plain. 
 It  is  true,  that  what  we  have  been  saying  nearly 
 amounts  to  this,  that  no  revelation  in  words,  such 
 as  we  could  clearly  understand,  would  so  take  hold 
 on  our  minds  as  to  produce  any  such  eflect.  To  pro- 
 duce such  an  effect,  there  must,  then,  be  mighty  and 
 portentous  circumstances  and  appearances,  extraordi- 
 nary interferences,  things  to  astonish  and  shake  the 
 constitution  of  our  nature;  or  else,  perfectly  extra- 
 ordinarj'  impressions  forced  on  our  minds  to  give  us 
 intimations  and  specimens  of  another  state  of  e.xi.st- 
 ence,  and  produce  overpowering  emotions  concerning 
 it.  This  could  be,  if  God  so  wdlled;  but  this  must 
 not  be,  because  it  would  unfit  men  for  the  regular 
 performance  of  the  business  of  this  life. 
 
 M'e  add  that  other  plain  reason  for  our  being  kept 
 in  such  ignorance  of  the  exact  nature  of  the  future 
 state;  that  faith  is  to  be  the  grand  principle  of  our 
 feelings  and  conduct  respecting  hereafter.  We  are  to 
 believe,  to  be  persuaded,  and  to  act  conformably  to 
 that  persuasion;  the  whole  present  system  must  be 
 consonant  with  this.  This  appointment  of  faith  to 
 be  the  actuating  principle  is  partly,  as  we  see,  because 
 it  cannot  be  otherwise;  and  partly  beaiuse,  to  be 
 governed  by  the  "declaration  and  -vdW  of  God  is  the 
 \iiaX  essence  of  all  the  obligations  of  his  creatures. 
 
 But  now,  will  it  not  be  said,  that  the  latter  part  of 
 these  represenbitions  does  in  effect  contradict  the 
 former;  that  we  first  make  it  a  reproach  to  men  that 
 they  so  little  direct  their  thoughts  and  imagination 
 to  a  future  state;  and  that  next  we  acquit  them,  by 
 showing  the  impossibility  of  forming  any  clear  con- 
 ceptions of  it,  if  they  did  .so  direct  their  minds  ?  What 
 is  the  use,  it  may  be  said,  of  indulging  ovir  musings 
 and  inquisitive  conjectures  on  the  unknown?  AVe 
 answer,  it  is  necessary ;  when  there  is  sui  h  a  stupendous 
 reality  for  certain  before  us,  it  is  e\-idently  a  primary 
 duty  to  think  of  it,  and  with  deepest  interest;  and 
 we  cannot  think  of  it  as  one  simple,  single,  invariable 
 idea.  The  mind  mu.st  go,  or  attempt  to  go,  in  some 
 degree,  into  special  modes  of  conception  respecting  it. 
 
 It  is  an  elevating  and  spiritualizing  exercise  of  the 
 mind.  It  tends  to  carry  the  soul  a  little  way  toward 
 its  proper  region,  and  to  lessen  the  false  importance 
 of  the  things  of  this  world,  and  to  .slacken  their  hold. 
 It  contributes  to  ob\iate  that  unnatural  and  pernicious 
 estrangement  and  dissociation  between  our  present 
 and  future  state.  It  tends  to  habituate  the  spirit  to 
 seek  and  find  the  grand  importance  of  its  existence 
 in  its  hereafter,  and  to  awake  a  lively  and  a  sacred 
 curiosity — which  is  surely  a  right  and  a  worthy  state 
 of  feeling  with  which  to  go  toward  another  world, 
 and  to  go  into  it.  It  may  help  to  turn  to  valuable 
 account  the  varieties  in  the  present  system  of  our 
 exi.stence,  the  facts  in  surrounding  nature,  the  im- 
 
IGNORANCE. 
 
 363 
 
 niPUTATION. 
 
 mediate  circumstances  of  our  own  being,  by  prompting, 
 on  each  particular,  the  thought  and  the  question, 
 "What  corresponding  to  tliis,  what  in  contrariety 
 to  this,  what  instead  of  this,  may  there  be  in  that 
 other  world?"  It  may  aid  to  keep  us  associated 
 with  those  who  are  gone  thither.  It  may  give  new 
 emphasis  to  our  impression  of  the  evil  of  sin,  and  the 
 excellence  of  all  wisdom,  holiness  and  piety,  by  the 
 thought,  "What  manner  of  eflect  is  this,  or  this, 
 ,  adapted  to  result  in,  in  tluit  future  state?" 
 
 By  this  exercise  of  contemplative  anticipation,  we 
 nuiy  make  excellent  use  of  those  figures  end  emblems 
 in  which  revelation  has  shadowed  out  the  future 
 state,  carrying  the  thoughts  as  far  as  we  can  from  the 
 mere  figure,  to  wliat  would  in  a  higher  sense  best 
 correspond  to  it.  In  such  an  exerci.se,  the  particular 
 chara*'ter  of  the  individual's  mind,  his  tiuste,  his  less 
 or  greater  abstraction  in  thinking,  will,  and  very 
 properly  may,  have  a  leading  influence.  Many  pious 
 minds  may  love  to  imagine  something  very  con.sider- 
 ably  in  analogy  with  the  present  order  of  existence, 
 only  greatly  raised  and  refined,  but  never  losing  sight 
 of  the  parallel;  and  this  will  no  doubt  greatly  eon- 
 tribute  to  a  distinctness  of  ideas;  an  analogous  order 
 of  senses,  and  as  iulapted  to  them,  beautiful  and 
 sublime  scenes,  enchanting  music  of  sounds,  etc. 
 
 With  others  the  wish  will  be  to  go  so  far  away  from 
 resemblance  its  is  j)ossible  without  going  into  absolute 
 and  impalpable  abstraction,  into  an  unrealizable 
 vacuity;  and  this,  we  think,  is  strongly  warranted  by 
 what  is  said  of  the  nature  of  the  body  which  shall  be 
 constituted  at  the  resurrection,  and  by  the  considera- 
 tion of  its  immortality.  Something  -vvidely,  im- 
 mensely diflfcrent  from  all  that  belongs  to  it  now,  is 
 sun-ly  implied  by  the  assertion  that  it  is  to  be  like 
 "  the  glorious  body  "  of  the  Mediator.  What  can  we 
 imagine  of  that  body  ?  Very  far,  surely,  from  any 
 close  analogy  ^vith  this  earthly  structure.  Consider  it, 
 too,  as  capable  of  rising  to  "  meet  the  Lord  in  the 
 air."  Con.sider  that  pointed  contrast,  rather  than 
 any  parallel,  which  the  apostle  exhibits  in  his  account 
 of  it — a  body  raised  in  "glory,"  in  "power,"  in  "in- 
 corruption, ' '  and  to  cro^vn  all ,  a  "  spiritual ' '  body.  He 
 displays  this  body  in  lofty  triumph  over  the  present 
 body.  The  description  gives  the  full  impression  of  some- 
 thing not  only  immensely  different,  but  specifically 
 and  essentially  different.  Then  consider  the  strange, 
 the  mysterious  circumstance  of  its  immortality.  A 
 bodily  structure  immortal  !  adapted  to  live  for  ever 
 and  ever.  Here  we  are  carried  away  out  of  all  con- 
 ceivable analogy,  as  by  the  whirlwind  that  took  Elijah 
 away.  1 
 
 In  this,  its  immortality,  we  are  not  to  suppose  the 
 operation  of  a  perpetual  miracle,  but  that  it  will  be 
 naturally  immortal,  by  the  same  essential  law  as  the 
 soul  is  so;  that  it  will  not  have,  either  in  its  material 
 consistence  or  its  vital  organization,  any  inherent 
 principle  of  decay.  But  how  confounded  is  all  intel- 
 lect, or  created  and   fixed   within  the  feeling  itself,  I 
 
 simply  a  fancy,  in  the  attempt  to  conceive  of  such  a 
 body,  or  of  its  senses,  partial  or  \\XaX  action  !  If  we 
 attempt  to  inuigine  a  material  seeni^ry,  and  order  of 
 elements,  corresponding  in  iiuality  to  such  a  body, 
 how  lost  we  are  again  !  Yet  such  a  rcpn-sentation 
 calls  upon  us  not  to  forbear  thinking  on  the  mysterious 
 subject,  but  to  aim  at  thinking  sublimely. 
 
 After  all,  and  amid  all  our  efforts  to  conceive  of 
 the  mode  of  the  future  existence,  it  will  be  well  to 
 occupy  our  contemplations  much  u|)on  the  grand  gen- 
 eral elements  of  the  future  felicity:  Holiness,  charity, 
 wi.sdom,  power,  immortality,  enjoyment  of  the  divine 
 presence  and  benignitj-. 
 
 Let  no  curiosity  of  high  speculation  beguile  us  for 
 a  moment  out  of  recollection  of  the  one  mighty  differ- 
 ence, of  the  two  grand  opposites,  in  the  future  state, 
 the  condition  of  the  redecnu-d  and  purified,  and  the 
 unbelieving  and  unrighteous. 
 
 Imbrie,  Charles  Kisselman,  D.D.,  was  l>orn 
 at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  December  l.">lh.  l-^M,  and  gradu- 
 ated at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1835.  After 
 teaching  for  a  time,  he  Wius  Tutor  in  the  college, 
 1838-40.  He  w;is  ordained  by  the  Presbj'tery  of 
 Elizabethtown,  January  5th,  1841,  and  pastor  of  the 
 First  Church,  Rahway,  X.  J.,  1841-52.  He  was 
 Recording  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Jlissions, 
 1857-70;  editor  of  the  New  York  ErangeUst,  1869-70, 
 and  since  1852  has  been  pastor  of  the  First  Church, 
 .lersey  City,  N.  J.  Dr.  Imbrie  is  an  excellent 
 preacher,  faithful  in  the  discharge  of  pastoral  duty, 
 a  good  WTiter,  and  diligently  devoted  to  his  work 
 as  a  minister  of  the  gospel  of  Christ. 
 
 Imputation.  By  the  term  "impute"  is  meant 
 to  Ih;i  tu  the  charge  or  credit  of  any  one,  as  a  ground  of 
 judicial  pimishment  or  justification.  This  is  the 
 sense  in  which  the  phra.se  "to  impute  sin  or  right- 
 eou.sness"  is  Used  in  the  Bible.  By  the  imputation 
 of  Adam's  first  sin,  it  is  not  intended  that  his  per- 
 sonal transgression  becomes  the  personal  transgression 
 of  his  posterity,  but  that  the  guilt  of  his  transgres- 
 sion is  reckoned  to  their  account.  And  it  is  only  the 
 guilt  of  his  first  sin,  which  was  committed  by  him  as 
 a  public  representative,  that  is  imputed  to  his  pos- 
 terity, and  not  the  guilt  of  his  future  sins,  after  he 
 had  ceased  to  act  in  that  character.  The  grounds  of 
 this  imputation  are,  that  Adam  was  both  the  natural 
 root  and  the  federal  head,  or  representative,  of  all  his 
 posterity.  The  former  is  the  only  ground  mentioned 
 in  chap,  vi,  sec.  iii,  of  our  Confession,  probably  because 
 the  representative  character  of  Adam  in  the  covenant 
 of  works  has  not  yet  been  brought  into  view;  hut  in 
 the  succeeding  chapter  this  is  distinctly  recognized. 
 And  both  in  the  Larger  Catechism  (Question  22)  and 
 in  the  Shorter  (Question  16)  the  representative  char- 
 acter of  Adam  in  the  covenant  made  with  him  is 
 explicitly  assigned  as  the  principal  ground  of  the 
 imputation  of  the  guilt  of  his  first  sin  to  all  his 
 posterity. 
 
 We  do  not  see  how  the  universid  corruption  of 
 
IMPUTATION. 
 
 364 
 
 IMPUTATION. 
 
 mankind  can  be  accounted  for,  without  admitting 
 that  they  are  involved  in  the  guilt  of  his  first  trans- 
 gression. It  must  be  some  sin  which  God  punishes 
 with  the  deprivation  of  original  righteousness;  and 
 that  can  be  no  other  than  the  first  sin  of  Adam.  The 
 doctrine  of  imputation  is  clearly  taught  in  Scripture; 
 particularly  in  Romans  v,  it  is  so  plainly  stated,  so 
 often  repeated,  and  so  formally  proved,  that  it  must 
 be  acknowledged  to  be  the  doctrine  of  the  apostle. 
 In  support  of  this  doctrine,  we  might  appeal  to  the 
 universality  of  the  effects  of  sin,  especially  to  the 
 death  of  infants.  The  apostle  affirms,  in  the  most 
 express  terms,  that  death  is  the  eftect  of  sin  (Rom. 
 V,  12);  and  experience,  a.s  well  as  Scripture,  shows 
 that  death  passes  upon  all  men.  It  passes  even  upon 
 those  who  are  incapable  of  committing  actual  sin; 
 for  ' '  death  reigned  from  Adam  to  Moses,  even  over 
 them  that  had  not  sinned  after  the  similitude  of 
 Adam's  transgression."  Rom.  v,  14.  This  is  gener- 
 ally understood  as  referring  to  infiints,  who  are  in- 
 capable of  sinning  personally  and  actually,  as  Adam 
 did;  and  since  they  have  never,  in  their  own  persons, 
 violated  any  law,  their  exposure  to  death  can  only 
 be  accounted  for  on  the  ground  of  the  imputation  to 
 them  of  the  sin  of  Adam.  This  doctrine  also  derives 
 confirmation  from  the  analogy  between  Adam  and 
 Clirist,  as  stated  by  the  apostle  in  the  same  chapter. 
 In  verse  14  he  affirms  that  Adam  "is  the  figure  of 
 him  that  was  to  come,"  and  he  traces  the  analogy  in 
 the  subsequent  verses,  particularly  in  verses  18,  19. 
 "Therefore,  as  by  the  otfence  of  one  judgment  came 
 upon  all  men  to  condemnation;  even  .so,  by  the 
 righteousness  of  one  the  free  gift  came  upon  all  men 
 ■unto  justification  of  life.  For  as  by  one  man's 
 disobedience  many  were  made  sinners,  so  by  the 
 obedience  of  one  shall  many  be  made  righteous." 
 "The.se  verses,"  says  Dr.  Chalmers,  "contain  the 
 strength  of  the  argument  for  the  imputation  of 
 Adam's  sin.  As  the  condemnation  of  Adam  comes 
 to  us,  even  so  does  the  justification  l>v  Christ  come 
 to  us.  Now  we  know  that  the  merit  of  the  Sa\'iour 
 is  ascribed  to  us,  else  no  atonement  for  the  past,  and 
 no  renovation  of  heart  or  of  life  that  is  ever  exem- 
 plified in  this  world,  for  the  future,  will  suffice  for 
 our  acceptance  with  God.  Even  so,  then,  must  the 
 demerit  of  Adam  have  been  ascribed  to  us.  The 
 analogy  affirmed  in  these  verses  leads  irresistibly  to 
 this  conclusion.  The  judgment  that  we  are  guilty 
 is  transferred  to  us  from  the  actual  guilt  of  the  one 
 representative,  even  as  the  judgment  that  we  are 
 righteous  is  transferred  to  us  from  the  actual  rights 
 eousness  of  the  other  representative.  We  are  sinners 
 in  virtue  of  one  man's  disobedience,  independently 
 of  our  own  personal  sins;  and  we  are  righteous  in 
 virtue  of  another's  obe<lience,  independently  of 
 our  own  personal  qualifications.  We  do  not  say  but 
 that  through  Adam  we  become  personally  sinful, 
 inheriting,  as  we  do,  his  corrupt  nature.  Neither  do 
 we  say,  but  that  through  Christ  we  become  person- 
 
 ally holy,  deriving  out  of  his  fullness  the  very  graces 
 Avhich  adorned  his  own  character.  But,  as  it  is  at 
 best  a  tainted  holiness  that  we  have  on  this  side  of 
 death,  we  must  have  something  more  than  it  in 
 which  to  appear  before  God;  and  the  righteousness 
 of  Christ,  reckoned  unto  us  and  rewarded  in  us,  is 
 that  something.  The  something  which  corresponds 
 to  this  in  Adam,  is  his  guilt,  reckoned  unto  us  and 
 punished  in  us;  so  that  to  complete  the  analogy,  as 
 from  him  we  get  the  infusion  of  his  depravity,  so 
 from  him,  also,  do  we  get  the  imputation  of  his 
 demerit.  "Adam  "  is  not  merely  the  corrupt  parent 
 of  a  corrupt  offspring,  who  sin  because  of  the  de- 
 pravity where^vith  he  has  tiiinted  all  the  families  of 
 the  earth;  but  who  have  sinned  in  him,  to  use  the 
 language  of  our  old  divines,  as  their  federal  head,  as 
 the  representative  of  a  covenant  which  God  made 
 with  him,  and,  through  him,  with  all  his  posterity, 
 Sinners,  as  already  hinted,  obtain  an  interest  in  the 
 righteousness  of  Christ,  for  their  justification,  by  God 
 imputing  it  to  them,  and  their  receiving  it  by  faith. 
 We  now  refer  to  the  imputation  of  the  righteousness 
 of  Christ  itm'Jf,  and  not  merely  to  its  effects.  To  say 
 that  the  righteousness  of  Christ,  that  is,  His  obedi- 
 ence and  sufferings,  are  imputed  to  us  only  as  their 
 effects,  is  to  say,  that  we  have  the  benefit  of  them, 
 and  no  more,  but  imputation  itself  is  denied.  So 
 say  the  Socinians;  but  they  know  well  enough,  and 
 ingenuously  grant,  that  they  overthrow  all  true,  real 
 imputation  thereby.  The  effects  of  Christ's  right- 
 eousness are  communicated  to  us  upon  the  ground  of 
 the  imputation  of  His  righteousness  itself;  but  they 
 are  really  imparted,  and  not  imputed  to  us.  Many, 
 we  apprehend,  oppose  the  doctrine  of  imputation, 
 owing  to  their  misconception  of  its  proper  nature. 
 It  does  not  signify  the  infusion  of  holy  dispositions, 
 or  the  actual  transference  of  the  righteousness  of 
 Christ  to  believers,  so  that  it  becomes  inherently  and 
 subjectively  theirs;  that  is  impossible,  in  tbe  nature 
 of  things ;  but  the  meaning  is,  that  God  reckons  the 
 righteousness  of  Christ  to  their  account,  and,  in  con- 
 sideration of  it,  treats  them  as  if  they  were  righteous. 
 God  does  not  reckon  that  they  performed  it  them- 
 selves, for  that  would  be  a  judgment  not  according 
 to  truth ;  but  he  accounts  it  to  them  for  their  j  us- 
 tification.  "There  are  certain  technical  terms  in 
 theolog;*', ' '  says  Dr.  Chalmers,  ' '  which  are  used  .so 
 currently  that  they  fail  to  impress  their  own  mean- 
 ing on  the  thinking  principle.  The  term  '  impute  '  is 
 one  of  them.  It  may  hold  forth  a  revelation  of  its 
 plain  sense  to  you,  when  it  is  barely  mentioned  that 
 the  term  impute  in  the  (ith  verse  (Rom.  iv),  is  the. 
 same  in  the  original  with  what  is  employed  in  that 
 verse  of  Philemon  where  Paul  says,  '  If  he  hath 
 wronged  thee,  or  oweth  tliee  ought,  put  that  on  mine 
 account. '  To  impute  righteousness  to  a  man  without 
 works,  is  simply  to  put  righteousness  down  to  his 
 account,  though  he  has  not  performed  the  works  of 
 righteousness." 
 
INABILITY. 
 
 365 
 
 INDIANA,  SYNOD  OF. 
 
 The  doctrine  of  the  imputation  of  Christ's  right- 
 eousness is  clearly  taught  in  Scripture.  We  are  repre- 
 sented as  being  constituted  righteous  by  the  obedience 
 of  Christ,  as  we  are  constituted  sinners  by  the  dis- 
 obedience of  Adam  ;  and  this  can  only  be  by  imputa- 
 tion, Rom.  V,  19.  We  are  also  said  to  be  made  the 
 righteousness  of  God  in  Christ,  as  he  was  made  sin 
 for  us;  and  this,  likewise,  could  only  be  by  imputa- 
 tion, 2  Cor.  V,  21.  We  are  expressly  told  that  Grod 
 imputeth  righteousness  without  works,  Rom.  iv,  6. 
 This  imputation  proceeds  upon  the  giiiunds  of  the 
 beli('Vcr's/((/tra;  union  with  Christ  from  eternity,  and 
 of  his  vihd  union  with  him  in  time.  Christ,  as  the 
 surety  of  his  spiritual  seed,  engaged  from  everlasting 
 to  fulfill  this  righteousness  for  them  ;  he  fulfilled  it 
 in  their  nature,  and  in  their  room ;  and  when  they 
 become  vitiilly  united  to  him  by  the  Spirit  and  by 
 faith,  Gfid  graciouslj^  accounts  his  righteousness  to 
 them  f(jr  their  justification. 
 
 Inability,  in  theology,  means  a  want  of  power  to 
 do  God's  will.  It  may  be  nnlural,  when  the  cause  is 
 extrinsic  to  the  will,  moral,  when  the  cause  is  in- 
 herent in  the  will.  The  New  School  Calvinistic 
 theologians  contended  that  man  has  not  natural,  but 
 merely  moral  inabilitj';  consc<iuently  he  can  serve 
 God  if  he  will.  The  Old  School  denied  him  ability 
 of  any  kind.  Tlie  .Vrminiansdo  the  same,  but  affirm 
 grmioun  ability,  whereby  man  is  enabled  to  be  saved. 
 Adam  in  his  estate  of  iimocency,  says  Dr.  A.  A.  Hodge, 
 was  a  free  agent,  created  with  holy  afiections  and 
 moral  tendencies,  yet  with  a  character  as  yet  uncon- 
 firmed; capable  of  obedience,  yet  liable  to  be  seduced 
 l)y  external  temptation,  and  by  the  inordinate  excite- 
 ment of  the  projicnsions  of  liis  animal  nature,  such 
 as  in  their  proper  degree  and  due  subordination  are 
 innocent.  Of  this  state  of  a  holy  yet  fallible  nature 
 we  have  no  experience,  and  con.sequently  very  imper- 
 fect comprehension. 
 
 As  to  man's  present  estate,  our  Standards  teach 
 (I )  that  man  is  still  a  free  agent,  and  able  to  will  as, 
 upon  the  whole,  he  desires  to  will.  (2)  That  he  has 
 likewise  ability  to  discharge  many  of  the  natural 
 obligations  which  spring  out  of  his  relations  to  his 
 fellow-men.  (3)  That  his  soul,  by  reason  of  the  fall, 
 being  morally  corrupted  and  spiritually  dead,  his 
 undenstanding  being  spiritually  blind  and  his  affec- 
 tions perverted,  he  is  "utterly  indisposed,  di.sabled 
 and  made  opposite  to  all  good,  and  wholly  inclined 
 to  evil"  (Couf.  Faith,  ch.  vi,  J  4,  and  ch.  xvi,  ^  3; 
 L.  Cat.  Q.  25);  and  hence  he  "hath  wholly  lost  all 
 ability  of  will  to  any  spiritual  good  accompanying 
 .salvation, ' '  so  that  he  "  is  not  able  of  his  own  strength 
 to  convert  himself,"  or  even  "to  prepare  himself 
 thereunto."  Conf.  Faith,  ch.  ix,  |  3.  The  same 
 view  is  taught  in  all  the  Protestant  Confessions, 
 Lutheran  and  Reformed. 
 
 This  inability  is  (1)  absolute.  Man  has  no  power, 
 director  indirect,  to  fulfill  the  moral  law,  or  to  accept 
 Christ,  or  to  change  his  nature  so  as  to  increase  his 
 
 power,  and  so  can  neither  do  his  duty  without  grace, 
 nor  prepare  himself  by  himself  for  grace.  (2)  It  is 
 pure]}'  moriil,  because  man  possesses  since  the  fall,  as 
 much  as  before,  all  the  constitutional  faculties  requisite 
 to  moral  agency,  and  his  inability  has  its  ground 
 solely  in  the  wrong  moral  state  of  those  faculties.  It 
 is  simply  the  e\\\  moral  disposition  of  the  soul.  (3) 
 It  is  natural,  because  it  is  not  accidental,  but  innate, 
 and  inheres  in  the  universal  and  radical  moral  state 
 of  our  souls  by  nature;  that  is,  as  that  nature  is 
 naturally  propagated  since  the  fall.  (4)  It  is  not 
 natural  in  the  sense  of  belonging  to  the  nature  of 
 man  as  originally  formed  by  God,  or  as  resulting 
 from  any  constitutional  deficiency,  or  development  of 
 our  natural  moral  fixculties  as  originally  given  by  God. 
 
 That  this  doctrine  is  true  is  proved  (1)  from  direct 
 declarations  of  Scripture.  ' '  Can  the  Ethiopian  change 
 his  skin,  or  the  leopard  his  spots '?  then  may  ye  also 
 do  good  that  are  accu.stomed  to  do  evil."  Jer.  xiii, 
 23.     ' '  Xo  man  can  come  unto  me  except  the  Father 
 
 who  sent  me  draw  him Xo  man  can  come  unto 
 
 me  except  it  be  given  him  of  my  Father."  John  -vi, 
 44,  6,5;  Rom.  ix,  16;  1  Cor.  ii,  14.  (2)  From  what 
 Scriptures  say  of  man's  state  by  nature.  It  is  declared 
 to  be  a  state  of  "blindness,"  and  "darkness,"  and  of 
 "spiritual  death."  Eph.  iv,  18  ;  Col.  ii,  13.  The 
 unregencrate  are  the  "servants  of  sin  "  and  "subject 
 to  Satan."  Rom.  vi,  20;  v,  6;  2  Tim.  ii,  26;  Matt. 
 xxii,  33-35.  (3)  From  what  the  Scriptures  say  of 
 the  nature  and  the  universal  and  absolute  necessity 
 of  regeneration  :  "Except  a  man  be  born  again,  he 
 cannot  enter  the  kingdcmi  of  heaven."  John  iii,  3. 
 It  is  called  "«  new  hirlh,"  "o  new  erealion,"  "a 
 heijettintj  anew,"  "a  giving  a  new  heart."  In  this 
 work  God  is  the  agent,  man  is  the  subject.  It  is  so 
 great  that  it  requires  the  "mighty  power  of  God." 
 Eph.  i,  18-20.  All  Christian  duties  are  declared  to 
 be  the  fruits  of  the  Spirit.  Gal.  v,  22,  23.  (4) 
 From  the  experience  of  every  true  Christian.  (5) 
 From  the  consciousness  of  every  conNTnced  sinner. 
 The  great  burden  of  all  true  conviction  is  not  chiefly 
 the  sins  committed,  but  the  sinful  deadness  of  heart 
 and  aversion  to  divine  things  which  is  the  root  of 
 actual  transgression,  and  which  remains,  immovable  in 
 -spite  of  all  we  do.  (6)  From  the  universal  experi- 
 ence of  the  human  race.  If  any  man  has  ever 
 naturally  posses.sed  ability  to  perform  his  spiritual 
 duties,  it  is  certain  that  no  one  has  ever  exercised  it. 
 
 Indiana,  Synod  of.  The  Northwestern  Terri- 
 tory, organized  in  1787,  of  all  the  region  lying  be- 
 tween the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  rivers  and  the  Lakes, 
 included  what  is  now  known  as  Indiana.  In  1790 
 Winthrop  Sargent,  under  ducction  of  Governor  St. 
 Clair,  of  Marietta,  came  to  Vincennes,  and  laid  oft' 
 Knox  county,  including  the  most  of  Indiana,  Illinois 
 and  Michigan.  At  Vincennes  he  found  143  heads  of 
 families,  mostly  French,  the  place  having  been  ori- 
 ginally .settled  by  French  traders,  the  first  of  whom 
 came  here  in  1702. 
 
INDIANA,  SYNOD  OF. 
 
 366 
 
 INDIANA,  S^NOD  OF. 
 
 On  May  7th,  1800,  the  Territory  of  Indiana  was 
 organized,  includiiis  what  is  now  Indiana,  Illinois 
 anil  Jlicbigan,  and  with  a  ii\-ilized  population  of  487"). 
 Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison  was  its  first  Governor,  at  Vin- 
 cennes,  from  ISOO  to  1812.  In  1804  a  large  part  ofj 
 the  Louisiana  I'urchase,  including  Missouri  and  Ark- 
 ansas, was  added  to  Indiana.  On  June  30th,  180r>, 
 Mithig-an  was  cut  oft'.  On  March  1st,  1809,  Illinois 
 was  cnt  off,  and  the  present  boundaries  of  Indiana 
 were  defined.  By  .Vet  of  Congress,  Deeemlwr  11th,  , 
 181<;,  she  was  formally  admitted  as  a  State  into  the 
 Union. 
 
 In  this  formative  period  of  her  Territorial  and  State 
 life,  the  Church  wivs  securing  a  position  within  her 
 l)Oi;ders.  The  first  Presbyterian  sermon  ever  preached 
 in  the  Territory  was  in  the  home  of  Governor  Harri- 
 son, who,  with  his  Presliyterian  wife,  extende<l  to 
 Dr.  Cleland,  the  preacher,  a  hearty  welcome.  The 
 first  Presbyterian  Church,  and  probably  the  first  IVo- 
 t*'stant  Church,  in  the  Territory,  was  organized  by 
 Kev.  Samuel  B.  KolK-rtson,  of  Kentucky,  in  a  barn 
 owned  by  Col.  Small,  about  two  miles  from  Vincennes, 
 and  wlii<h,  from  its  being  the  only  one  in  the  Territory, 
 w:us  appropriately  called  ' '  The  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Indiana."  Kev.  Samuel  T.  Scott  t<Mik  charge  of  this 
 Church  in  1808,  and  '■emaiucd  in  charge  of  it  until 
 his  death,  December  30th,  1827.  During  most  of  this 
 time,  he  conducted  an  academy,  now  known  as  Vin- 
 cennes I'niversity,  and  resided  in  Vincennes.  He  had 
 tjiught  here  a  considerable  part  of  the  time  between 
 1S02  and  181)8,  although  in  the  meanwhile  licensed 
 and  ordained,  and  for  a  time,  a  piustor  in  Kentucky. 
 Before  his  death,  in  1827,  this  pioneer  minister  saw 
 the  one  church  e.\pand  into  fifty-seven,  with  over 
 2000  communicants,  in  a  state  with  a  population  of 
 over  2.")0, 000.  His  own  church  at  this  time  had  118 
 members.  The  church  at  Washington  had  8(>;  at 
 Charlestown,  GS;  at  Madison,  70;  at  Salem,  i).");  at 
 Livonia,  119;  at  Bloomington,  84;  at  Hanover,  77; 
 at  Sand  Creek,  63;  at  Pisgah,  53;  at  Corydon,  52;  at 
 Shiloh,  (iO;  and  at  Indianapolis,  50.  This  w;u3  alxiut 
 till-  condition  at  the  organiziition  of  the  Synod  of 
 Indiana,  in  October,  1826. 
 
 Indiana  w;us  in  Transylvania  Presbytery,  Synod  of 
 Kentucky,  until,  in  1815,  it  was  placed  in  Miami 
 Presbytery,  Synod  of  Ohio,  by  the  action  of  the  Gen- 
 eral A.s.sembly,  making  the  Ohio  river  the  boundarj' 
 between  the  two  Synods.  In  1817  all  of  Indiana 
 west  of  a  line  drawn  north  from  the  month  of  the 
 Kentucky  river  was  transferred  to  Louisville  Presby- 
 tery, Synod  of  Kentucky.  In  1823  all  of  Indiana 
 belonging  to  the  Synod  of  Kentucky  Wiis  organized 
 into  Salem  Presbj'tery,  which  also  included  most  of 
 Illinois.  In  18'24  the  southwestern  corner  of  the 
 State,  from  the  mouth  of  Green  river  to  the  mouth 
 of  \\'liite  river,  was  transferred  to  Muhlenburg  Pres- 
 bytery, Synod  of  Kentucky.  In  October,  1827,  this 
 corner  was  brought  back  to  Salem  Presbytery,  and 
 on  October  15th,  1829,  it  became  a  part  of  Wabash 
 
 Presbytery.  For,  in  October,  1825,  Salem  Presby- 
 tery ha<l  been  di\'ided,  and  Wabash  I'resbytery  to  the 
 west,  and  Ma<lis()n  Presbytery  on  the  east,  had  been 
 organized.  In  October,  1828, that  partof  Illinoiswhieh 
 had  been  a  part  of  Salem  Presbytery  was  organized 
 into  the  Centre  of  Hlinois  Presbytery.  On  May  27th, 
 1848,  the  General  .Vssembly  changed  the  boundary 
 line  between  the  Synods  of  Ohio  and  Indiana,  and 
 gave  back  to  Indiana  Synod  the  narrow  strip  east  of 
 the  line  drawn  north  from  the  mouth  of  the  Ken- 
 tucky river.  Since  then  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 Indiana  has  hail  all  and  only  her  own  territory. 
 
 The  Synod  of  Indiana  was  eonstitut<"d  by  act  of  the 
 General  A.s.seml)ly,  May  29th,  182(),  out  of  Salem, 
 M:idison,  Wabiush  and  Missouri  Presbyteries.  The 
 first  meeting  was  with  the  Church  of  Indiana,  at 
 Vincennes,  in  the  Court  House,  on  Wednesday,  Oc- 
 tober 18tli,  182(>,  lasting  until  .Saturday,  the  21st; 
 the  second  meeting  w:us  at  Salem,  from  Thursday  till 
 Saturday,  Octolier  18th  to  20th,  1827;  the  third 
 meeting  was  at  Vincennes,  October,  1828,  at  which 
 meeting  so  great  a  religious  interest  was  manifested 
 that  sixty  persona  were  converted  and  unit<d  with  the 
 Church. 
 
 The  division  into  Old  School  and  Xew  School  took 
 place  October  10th,  1838,  at  Franklin,  each  body 
 retaining  the  name  of  "  The  Synod  of  Indiana." 
 
 The  Old  School  Synod  w:is  divided  in  1843,  the 
 General  Assembly,  on  May  29th,  1843,  erecting  the 
 Synod  of  Northern  Indiana  out  of  Lake,  Logansjiort 
 and  Michig-.m  Presbyteries.  On  May  21st,  1849,  the 
 lx)undaries  were  slightly  changed,  the  National  lioad 
 being  the  dividing  line;  the  churches  in  Indianapolis 
 and  in  all  the  villages  on  the  road  west  of  Indianapolis 
 belonging  to  the  S^^lod  of  Northern  Indiana,  and  all 
 the  churches  in  villages  on  the  road  east  of  Indian- 
 apolis belonging  to  the  Synod  of  Indiana. 
 
 The  New  School  Synod  was  divided  in  1851,  the 
 northern  part  taking  the  name  of  "The  Synod  of 
 Wabash,"  and  the  southern  part  retjiining  the  name 
 of  "The  Synod  of  Indiana,"  and  being  ccmipo.scd  of 
 Salem,  Madison,  Indianapolis  and  Greencastlc  Pres- 
 byteries. 
 
 At  the  reunion  of  1870  the  Church  in  Indiana  w;is 
 org;inized  into  two  Synods.  The  Synod  of  Indiana 
 South  comprised  all  the  part  of  the  State  south  of  the 
 northern  lines  of  Wayne,  Henry,  Hancock,  Marion, 
 Hendricks,  Putnam,  Clay  and  Vigo  counties.  It  met 
 in  the  Third  Presl)yt<'rian  Church,  Indianajmlis,  July 
 5th,  1870,  and  reconstructed  its  Presbj-teries. 
 
 The  SjTiod  of  Indiana  North  comprised  all  the  rest 
 of  the  State,  and  met  for  the  first  time,  June  28th, 
 1870,  in  the  First  Church,  Logansport. 
 
 By  act  of  the  General  As.sembly,  May,  1882,  mak- 
 ing Synodical  lines  coterminous  with  Stiite  lines,  the 
 Synod  of  Indiana  was  constituted  successor  of  the 
 Synod  of  Indiana  North  and  the  Synod  of  Indiana 
 South.  It  held  its  first  meeting  in  the  Second  Church, 
 Indianapolis,   October  10th,   1882,  and   was   opened 
 
ISFAAT  SALVATION. 
 
 367 
 
 moLis. 
 
 witli  :i  .s.-rni..n  by  Dr.  IC.v.  J.  F.  Tuttle,  President  of  Inglis,  James,  D.  D.,  wiis  born  in  Philiulclphia, 
 WiilKish  ViAU-^v.  Kiv.  Dr.  D.  W.  Fisher,  I'reaidcnt  ,  in  1777,  of  .Scotdi  and  Huguenot  ancestry.  He  gradu- 
 of  Hanover  College,  was  elected  Moderator,  and  Rev.  i  ated  jt  Columbia  College,  N.  Y.,  in  17!),'),  at  the  age 
 E.  B.  Whallon  was  elected  Stated  Clerk.  ,  of  eighteen,   anil  coninunci-d  the  study  of  the   law 
 
 The  Synod  is  eoniiHJsed  of  the  Presbyteries  of  with  General  Hamilton,  hut  b.<oming  a  subject  of 
 Crawfordsville,  Fort  Wayne,  lndiana|H)lis,  l.og-ansiHirt,  divine  grace,  abandoned  the  law  for  theology,  which 
 Muncie,  .New  .VlUiny,  Vincennes  ami  White  Water,  he  studied  under  Dr.  Kodgers,  of  New  York.  In 
 Itssecon<l  meeting  was  held  (Xtolnr  Uth,  1883  in  [  February,  iSOi,  he  succc-eded  Dr.  Patrick  Allison  as 
 the  Second  I'resbyteriau  Church  of  Fort  Wayne.  Rev.  'pastor  of  the  First  Church  of  Baltimore,  where  he 
 D.W.  Moffat,  D.K.,  of  that  city,  was  chosen  MiKlerator.  continued  till  his  death,  in  l^-M.  He  died  in  his 
 TheSynml  at  pn-s.  nt  hius  1*4  ministers.  :?(Mi churches,  Ind,  of  apoplexy,  on  Sunday  morning,  while  the  eon- 
 and27,<»7:i  communicants.  During  the  jmlsI  y.-ar  it  has  gregatiim  were  waiting  for  him  to  commence  the 
 pais«-d,  for  s.!f  supix.rt  and  iK-nevoIence.  $•,•!«!,  (i7:!.  usual  services.      One  of  his  sons  was  Judge  John  A. 
 
 Infant  Salvation.  The  teaching  of  the  »'<«/-  Ingli.s,  Profcsstir  of  Commercial  Jjiw  in  the  University 
 miiuier  Conftmion  on  this  subject  is  aa  follows:—  of    Maryland,    and    Chief    Justice  of   the   Orphan.s' 
 
 Thf  icnu-i-  prumlani  (in  ba|itiatn)  i«  not  only  oB«>nil,  hut  really     Court  of  Maryland. 
 
 MhltllKianilconfenr^l,  liy  the  llolyfJhont,  tonm-hlwhi'lherof  age  j       Dr.     Inglis    was    a    .sound   tlietdogian    and    a    good 
 
 or.nf.n..,.«,U,  jrnw..b..loneo,h  unt...,u^o„li„g  u,  ,h.cou.«l  of  scholar.  He  was  one  of  the  most  iH.lish.d  and  elegant 
 God  lown  will,  in  Mil  »ppolnt.-.l  tliu.-.    — xxviil,  vl.  I  i- 
 
 "inr^t  Infant,  dying  in  infancy  .re  n-g.-n<.i».ed  and  ut«I  by    °™t«rs  this  country  luis  ever  produc.d,  according  to 
 
 Chrioi.  thnmgh  the  Spirit,  who  worketh  when  and  when  and  how  .  >*"^'1>  judgineiit.s    as    those    of   Drs.  Stanhope  Smith, 
 
 Iff  plea«-th  --x,  III.  Dwight  and  Sprague.     He  used  manu.script  in  the 
 
 But  in  the  .^eoiirf  .Sro/rAron/('w<ion  (1580),  itsays: —    pulpit,  but   was   not  slavishly  eonlined   to   it.     His 
 
 " Wi' aMior and  delMt  the  cnnl  Judgment  againat  infanLi  dying  perorations  were  comiHi.sed  in  a  lofty  style,  and  were 
 »itli.,ui  Laptiam."  lurticularly  Startling  and   impressive.      His   prayers 
 
 The  phrase  "elect  infants,"  as  ((noted  alwve,  is  not  were  J>remeditated,  and  not  less  devout  and  solemn 
 inteixled  to  suggi-st  that  there  are  any  infants  not  llian  his  sermons.  His  manner  was  stately  and  not 
 elect,  but  sim])ly  to  jioint  out  the  fjK-ta:  (1)  tluit  all  i  familiar.  His  published  writings  were  several  oc- 
 infants  are  born  under  righteous  condemnation;  and  casional  di.scourses  a,  jiosthumous  volume  of  sermons, 
 (2)  that  no  infant  hits  any  claim,  in  itself,  to  salvation;  accompanied  with  forms  of  prayer.  Dr.  Inglis  was 
 and  hence  (:5)  the  sidvation  of  each  infant,  precisely    Mo<lerator  of  the  General  As.s«-mbly  in  l-il4. 
 
 as  the  .sidvation  of  every  adult,  must  have  its  aljsolute 
 ^ound  in  the  mrvreiyn  elirlion  of  God. 
 
 The  Holy  Spirit  usually  works  by  means,  and  the 
 
 Inglis,  John  A.,  LL.  D.,  w:ls  lM)rii,  Augitst  -Jtith, 
 18i:i,  in  the  city  of  Ifcdtimore,  Md.  His  lather  w;is 
 ^  the  Rev.  James  Inglis,  i>.  D.,  pastor  of  the  First  Pres- 
 Word  read  or  preached  is  the  ordinary  means  which  byterian  Church  of  Bidtiraore,  and  his  mother  the 
 He  renders  eflectual  to  the  salvation  of  sinners.  But  j  daughter  of  Christopher  Johnston,  a  merchant  of  that 
 He  has  immediate  access  to  the  hearts  of  men,  and  city.  At  the  e4irly  age  of  eighteen  he  graduated  from 
 can  pnsluce  a  saving  change  in  them  without  the  use  Dickinson  College,  at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  and  soon  after 
 of  ordinary  mean.s.  As  infants  are  not  lit  subjects  went  to  South  Carolina.  He  studied  law,  ami  rapidly 
 of  instruction,  their  regeneration  must  Iw  effected  '  rose  to  a  high  rank  in  tliat  profession.  In-coming  a 
 without  means,  by  the  immc<iiate  agency  of  the  '  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Plciis  and  General 
 Holy  Spirit  on  their  souls.  Sessions;  afterward,  one  of  the  four  Chancellors  who 
 
 Dr.  Charles  H<Mlge,  whose  orthmlo.xy  is  nnques- '  admini.ftered  e(|Uity  hiw  in  the  four  judicial  circuits 
 tionetl,  teaches,  emphatically,  the  salvation  of  all  into  which  the  State  was  divided;  and  subsiijuently, 
 infants  who  die  in  infancy,  and  iLss4-rts  tluit  this  is  an  Ass<x;iate  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  South 
 the  "common  dixtrine  of  evangelical  Protestitnt.-*. "  Carolina.  He  returned  to  Baltimore  in  If^tif*,  and 
 (KyKlimiitir  Thtnlorjy,  i,  26).  l!<-yond  question,  this  cnten'd  at  once  ui)on  the  practice  of  his  profession, 
 ^is  the  i)revailing,  and,  as  far  as  we  have  ever  heard  In  IKTO  he  was  chosen  Profes-sor  of  Commercial  Law, 
 or  rea<l,  the  universal  opinion  of  the  ministers  and  ,  Equity,  Jurisprudence,  etc.,  in  the  Law  department 
 memlxTs  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  our  country,  of  the  Vnivcrsity  of  Maryland,  lu  March,  1S74,  he 
 Tliisoi)inic>n  luis  nothing  in  it  contrary  to  the  jK-rfec-  :  wius  aj>i(ointed  Chief  Judge  of  the  (^rjihans'  Court, 
 tioiLs  of  God,  <ir  to  any  declaration  of  the  Holy  which  position  he  occupie<l  until  the  time  of  his 
 Scriptures,  and  it  is  highly  agreeable  to  all  those  death,  which  occurred  August  2(;th,  lK7ti.  He  united 
 passages  which  aflirm  that  where  sin  hath  alHtunded,  with  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Carli.sle,  Pa.,  Jlay 
 gnuc  hath  much  more  abounded.  Surely,  He,  '  15th,  IKU.  For  several  years  previous  to  his  death 
 through  whose  bloo<l  alone  a<lulta  or  infants  can  he  he  served  as  a  ruling  elder  in  the  Franklin  Street 
 saved,  and  who  saiil,  "  Sulfer  the  little  children,  and  Presbyterian  Church,  of  Baltimore, 
 forbid  tluni  not,  to  come  unto  me,  for  of  such  is  the  Judge  Inglis  Wiis  an  able  counsellor,  an  upright 
 kingdom  of  heaven,"  will  not  shut  that  kingdom  judge,  a  consistent  Christian,  a  kind  and  alfectionate 
 against  those  who  die  in  infancy.  I  husband,  father  and  friend,  loved  and  highly  esteemed 
 
INSPIRATIOX 
 
 368 
 
 INSPIRATION. 
 
 by  all  who  knew  him.  He  was,  moreover,  a  godly 
 man,  and  served  well  the  church  of  which  he  was  a 
 number.  The  cause  of  the  Master  was  dear  to  him; 
 and  much  of  his  time,  and  thought  and  labor,  were 
 expended  in  earnest  and  faithful  Christian  work. 
 
 Inspiration.  If  it  be  granted  that  a  revelation 
 at  all  is  made  to  men,  the  reason  of  the  thing  shows 
 that  the  writers  of  the  book  in  which  it  is  contained 
 must  be  di\  iuely  commissioned.  If  the  Bible  be  no 
 more  than  a  collection  of  histories,  of  letters,  of  moral 
 precepts,  and  devotional  reasonings,  flowing  only 
 from  human  thought,  its  authority  must  be  very 
 light.  The  productions  of  gifted  men  may  be 
 admired  and  approved,  but  they  may  be  superseded 
 by  others;  so  that  we  could  have  no  assurance  that 
 the  conclusions  of  to-day  miglit  not  be  recalled  or 
 overshadowed  by  those  of  to-morrow.  The  divine 
 element  is  required  to  produce  a  standard.  It  would 
 be  easy  to  suppose  greater  poetic  power  than  that 
 manifested  by  the  sacred  poets,  a  larger  intellect 
 than  was  possessed  by  the  simple-minded  fishermen 
 of  Galilee;  and  we  may  call  such  genius,  such  philo- 
 sophic capability,  inspiration,  if  we  will;  but,  if  it 
 lacks  the  essential  quality  of  being  the  authoritative 
 message  of  the  Deity,  such  imspiration  is  in  its  nature 
 diverse  from  that  of  writers  who  were  to  convey 
 heaven's  message  to  the  men  of  earth.  That  message 
 may  be  conveyed  in  a  rude  and  homely  .shape ;  it  is 
 nut  the  outward  accompaniment,  it  is  the  internal 
 authority  which  constitutes  the  communication  a 
 veritiible  word  of  truth,  announcing  the  will  of  the 
 Highest  to  his  creatures.  So  that,  if  there  is  any 
 authoritative  declaration  of  God's  will  in  the  Bible, 
 any  standard  established  to  be  a  certain  rule  for 
 human  conduct,  it  cannot  be  merely  of  man's  de- 
 vising; by  the  reason  of  the  thing,  it  must,  in  some 
 way,  come  from  God. 
 
 The  mode  iu  which  the  Scripture  has  always  been 
 treated  is  no  contemptible  proof  of  a  divine  original. 
 First  of  all  placed  solemnly  before  the  Lord,  when  but 
 a  portion  of  it  was  written  (Dent,  xvii,  18;  xxxi,  9, 
 25,  20);  regarded  afterwards,  as  it  grew,  as  the 
 very  message  of  Jehovah  (Psalm  xix,  7-11;  cxix); 
 submitted  to  as  of  divine  authority  (2  Kings  xxii, 
 8-11;  Zech.  i,  6);  held  llist,  in  spite  of  tyrannical  per- 
 secution (1  JIacc.  i,  57) ;  appealed  to  by  Christ  him- 
 self ;is  settling  controversy  (Matt,  xxii,  29-32,  43-45; 
 Luke  X,  26),  and  preserved  for  ages,  even  by  those 
 whose  conduct  it  most  severely  censured,  while  other 
 books  have  been  mutilated  and  lost.  How  can  all 
 this  be  accounted  for,  except  on  the  supposition  that 
 these  books  were  from  God?  Whence  came  the  rever- 
 ence paid  to  tliem?  Was  it  a  mere  fancy,  a  .supersti- 
 tious notion,  grounded  on  nothing,  and  transmitted 
 onwards  without  any  of  the  sages  through  whose 
 hands  the  Scripture  passed  detecting  and  exposing 
 the  delusion?  Such  a  continuous  mistake  is  more 
 hard  to  be  believed  than  the  fact  that  God  has'really 
 spoken  to  men. 
 
 Again,  the  contents  of  the  Bible  offer  additional 
 proof.  Granting  that  it  is  generally  credible,  it 
 delivers  things'  which  could  not  have  been  known 
 but  by  divine  help.  The  narrative  of  creation,  the 
 notices  of  angels,  the  announcement  of  God's  coun- 
 sels, the  description  of  the  happy  future  inheritance 
 of  the  righteous,  and  specially  the  utterances  of 
 prophecy,  cannot  have  proceeded  from  man's  un- 
 assisted powers.  Either  those  high  mysterious  an- 
 nouncements are  the  vain  speculations  of  an  unbridled 
 imagination,  or  they  have  been  communicated  by 
 some  divine  teaching.  Either  the  predictions  of  the 
 Bible  are  the  mere  guesses  of  sagacious  men,  or  they 
 are  veritably  the  oracles  of  God.  But  see  for  a 
 moment  if  they  can  be  happy  guesses.  Let  all  license 
 be  given  for  explaining  events  by  calling  them  co- 
 incidences ;  let  the  times  when  they  were  uttered  be 
 brought  down  as  low  as  ingenious  critics  desire  to 
 bring  them  ;  you  have  still  the  fiict  that,  in  the  age 
 of  Christ,  nay,  two  centuries  before  Christ,  there  was 
 a  body  of  writings,  referring  to  the  future  condition 
 of  the  Jews,  of  TjTe,  of  Eg,\iit,  of  Babylon,  which 
 the  events  of  successive  centuries,  even  to  our  own 
 days,  have  been  only  more  clearly  confirming ;  .so 
 that  we  have  standing  proof  before  our  eyes  that 
 things  have  happened,  contrary  to  the  probabilities 
 of  the  times  when  these  prophecies  were  delivered, 
 but  in  singular  accordance  with  the  prophecies  them- 
 selves. How  is  this  to  be  explained?  The  only 
 satisfactory  conclusion  is  that  the  writers  of  such 
 words  were  divinely  guided.  Any  other  hypothesis 
 presents  difficulties  of  the  most  formidable  cast. 
 
 Further,  how  came  the  wonderful  .scheme  of  man's 
 salvation  into  any  one's  thoughts,  uidess  by  a  divine 
 communication?  Christianity,  so  wonderful  in  its 
 plan,  so  gracious  in  its  purpose,  so  marvelously  ad- 
 apted to  human  wants,  so  productive  of  human  hap- 
 piness, how  was  it  devised  ?  Was  it  the  offspring  of 
 Grecian  wisdom,  or  excogitated  bj^  the  masculine  mind 
 of  Eome  ?  Did  Egyptian  .sages  discover  it  ?  Or  can 
 you  trace  it  to  Persian  lore  ?  Nay,  none  of  these  sup- 
 positious can  be  maint;iined.  The  volume  in  which 
 you  find  that  wonderful  delineation  of  a  perfect 
 character,  in  which  you  have  adequate  notions  of 
 the  Deity  produced,  was  composed  by  despised  Jews. 
 Who  guided  their  minds  to  achieve  such  a  moral 
 wonder  ? 
 
 And  again,  the  Scripture  consists  of  a  multitude  of 
 books,  written  in  different  ages,  by  men  of  different 
 ranks  and  natural  gifts.  How  is  it  that  a  unity  per- 
 vades the  whole  ?  that  you  have  in  the  first  the  germ 
 of  a  religious  .system  of  which  the  last  are  but  the 
 harmonious  development  ?  This  fact  alone  is  sufficient 
 to  prove  th.at  there  is  something  more  than  mere  hu- 
 man composition  iu  the  Bible.  One  may  conceive  of 
 a  single  fanatic;  but  a  series  of  them,  through  suc- 
 cessive centuries,  all  with  the  same  bias,  one  taking 
 up  the  strain  where  another  ceased,  producing  only 
 louder,  clearer  gushes  of  the  same  harmony,  how  can 
 
INSPIRATION. 
 
 369 
 
 INSPIRAriON. 
 
 you  account  for  this,  siiveoii  the  principle  that  the  in- 
 fluence of  one  master  mind  pervatlcd  all,  the  master 
 mind  of  the  changeless  Deity,  with  whose  message 
 these,  his  servants,  were  entrusted  ? 
 
 Still  further,  the  writers  of  the  books  of  Scripture 
 most  distinctly  claimed  for  themselves  and  their  fel- 
 lows to  have  the  positive  assistance  of  God.  Large 
 parts  of  the  Bible  are  prefaced  with  the  solemn 
 formula,  "Thus  saith  the  Lord. "  The  writers  give 
 special  words  which  they  say  the  Deity  uttered:  they 
 convey  messages  with  which  they  s;iy  He  commis- 
 sioned them  :  they  denounce  threatenings  which  they 
 say  are  by  his  command.  And  the  later  v\Titers 
 affirm  of  their  predecessors  that  "all  Scripture  is 
 given  by  inspiration  of  God,"  "the  Holy  Scriptures  " 
 being  "able  to  make  wise  unto  salvation"  (2  Tim. 
 iii,  15,  16),  and  that  "holy  men  of  God  spake 
 as  they  were  moved  by  the  Holy  Ghost"  (2  Pet.  1, 
 21).  Now  it  is  clear  either  that  these  a,ssumptions 
 and  declarations  are  based  npon  a  lie,  or  that  there 
 was  really  .some  divine  influence  exerted.  And  that 
 divine  influence  is  said  to  be  of  the  Holy  Ghost, 
 in  such  a  way  that  the  .sayings  of  the  ancient  prophets 
 are  sometimes  quoted  as  the  sayings  of  the  Holy  Gho.st 
 (Acts  1,  16;  x.xviii,  i);  Heb.  iii;  7,  ix,  8);  at  other 
 times  these  prophets  are  described  as  speaking  in 
 spirit  (Matt,  xxii,  43;  comp.  2  Sam.  xxiii,  2).  Cor- 
 roborative testimony  is  found  in  the  fact  that  our 
 Lord  promised  his  disciples  that  in  pressing  emer- 
 gencies they  need  not  be  solicitous  as  to  the  way  in 
 which  they  should  defend  the  faith  :  "For  it  is  not 
 ye,"  He  said,  "that  speak,  but  the  Spirit  of  your 
 Father  which  .speaketh  in  you"  (JIatt.  x,  20).  And 
 they  were  instructed  to  suspend  the  a.ssumption  of 
 their  office  as  teachers  of  the  gospel  till  they  were 
 endued  with  jmwer  from  on  high.  That  power  was 
 imijarted  in  the  miraculous  descent  of  the  Holy  Spirit 
 on  them  on  the  day  of  Penteco.st  (Luke  xxiv,  49; 
 Acts  i,  8;  ii,  1-4.  And  afterwards  in  deciding  a 
 weighty  point  of  Chri-stian  doctrine,  they  did  not 
 hesitate  to  say,  "  It  seemed  good  to  the  Holy  Gho.st 
 and  to  us  "  (xv,  28).  If  in  the  decision  of  controversy, 
 if  in  promulgating  the  gospel  generally,  they  had 
 this  supernatural  assistance,  they  had  it  surely  in 
 their  authoritative  writings.  The  Scripture,  there- 
 fore, there  can-  be  no  doubt,  emphatically  claims  for 
 itself  a  divine  element ;  it  claims  to  be  not  merely  ' '  the 
 word  of  man ;' '  but  ' '  the  Word  of  God. ' '  This  claim 
 has  been  allowed  in  the  Christian  Church.  So  that 
 testimonies  of  fathers  and  ecclesiastical  writers  in 
 abundance  might  be  produced,  exhibiting  the  univer- 
 sal consent  of  Christendom  to  the  fundamental  truth 
 that  the  Holy  Ghost  spoke  by  prophets  and  apo.stles. 
 
 It  has  been  objected  to  the  iuspiratiou  of  the 
 writers  of  the  Bible,  that  they  speak  of  natural 
 things  according  to  the  notions  of  their  age,  which  we 
 now  know  to  be  erroneous.  But  this  objection  is 
 baseless.  For  what  i)urpose  was  the  Bible  composed?  j 
 It  was  not  to  teach  astronomy  or  physics,  except  so  I 
 24 
 
 lar  as  to  lead  the  mind  up  from  created  works  to  the 
 creative  hand;  not  to  deliver  history,  except  .so  far 
 as  to  expound  the  divine  governance  of  the  world; 
 not  to  settle  chronology,  further   than   to  illustrate 
 the  times  and  fitting  seasons  in  which  (Jod's  great 
 plans  were  to  be  developed.     We  must  not  look  for 
 scientific  information  in  the  Holy  Book.     We  may 
 freely  admit  that  the  sacred  penmen  spoke  on  these 
 topics  as  men  of  their  day  would  ordinarily  speak. 
 And  hence  we  should  expect,  as  we  find,  the  usual 
 incorrect  expressions  of  the  sun's  rising  and  the  sun's 
 setting.     And  we  need  not  stuml)le  at  the  poetical! 
 description  of  this  luminary,  coming,  as  it  were,  from 
 his  tiibernacle,  like  a  bridegroom,  from  his  chamber, 
 and  making  his  circuit  from  one  end  of  the  heaven 
 to    the  other   (Psalm   xix,   4-6).     Such  expressions 
 are  common  now;  nor  would  the  most  accomplished 
 a-stronomer  hesitate   in   speaking  or   writing    thus. 
 There  are  necessary  imperfections  in  language.  AVhen 
 we  have  to  speak  of  God,  we  must  describe  his  pierc- 
 ing eye,  his  powerful  hand,  his  melting   heart.     Is 
 there    anything    inconsistent  with   the    dignity   of 
 inspiration  in  this  ?  any  ground  for  a  charge  of  inac- 
 curacy?   Considerations  like  these  dispose  of  a  large 
 mass  of  objections  taken  against  the  notion  of  Scrip- 
 ture inspiration.    And  we  must  add  to  them,  that,  if 
 the  sacred  writera  had  not  spoken  in  a  popular  way, 
 not  only  would  their  contemporaries  have  misunder- 
 stood  them,  but  the  multitude  in  every  age  would 
 have  been  puzzled.     "Science,"  says  Dr.  Whewell, 
 "  is  constantly  teaching  us  to  describe  known  facts  in 
 new  language;  but  the  language  of  Scripture  is  always 
 the  same;  and  not  only  so,  but  the  language  of  Scrip- 
 ture is  nece,s.sarily  adapted  to  the  common  state  of 
 man's    intellectual    development,  in    which    he    is 
 supposed   not  to    be  pos.sessed    of   science.     Hence 
 the  phrases  used  by  Scripture  are  precisely  those 
 which  science  soon  teaches  men  to  consider  as  inac- 
 curate; but  they  are  not  on  that  account  the  less 
 fitted  for  their  proper  purpo.se.     For,  if  any  terms 
 had  been  used  adapted  to  a  more  advanced  stiit«  of 
 knowledge,    they    must    have    been     unintelligible 
 among    those    to    whom    the     Scripture    was    first 
 addressed."     Among  ourselves,  when  knowledge  ha-s 
 increased,  and  scientific  research  been  widely  diffused, 
 works  written  with  scientific  accuracy  of  expression 
 would  un(iuestionably  be  beyond  the  comprehension 
 of  the  people.     For  the  Bible  to  come  home,  as  it  was 
 intended,  to  every  man's  house  and  heart,  it  mast 
 meet  him  on  tlie  threshold  of  his  own  knowledge  and 
 notions;  it  must  intertwine  itself  with  his  every-day 
 thoughts;  else  it  could  be  but  a  sealed  book  to  him, 
 and  it  would  lose  one  of  its  grandest  characteristics 
 as  the  book,  not  of  an  age,  or  a  cl.%ss,  or  a  station,  but 
 of  ancient  and  modern  times,  of  old  men  and  children, 
 of  princes  and  pea-sants,  of  Jews  and  Gentiles,  of  bond 
 and  free,  the  book  for  all,  emphatically  for  the  race 
 of  man.     So  that  it  has  never  grown  antiquated;  it 
 travels,  as  it  were,  along  with  successive  generations, 
 
INSTITUTE. 
 
 370 
 
 IOWA,  SiXUD  OF. 
 
 and,  it  must  be  acknowledged,  even  by  those  who 
 question  its  accuracy,  that,  though  written,  most  of 
 it,  in  a  distant  antiquity,  the  Bible  docs  not  shock  us, 
 as  some  other  professedly  sacred  books  do,  by  absurdi- 
 ties and  violent  misstatements. 
 
 Institute  for  Training'  Colored  Ministers. 
 This  Institute  is  under  the  care  of  the  General  A.ssem- 
 bly  of  the  Southern  Presbyterian  Church.  The  sub- 
 ject of  educating  a  colored  ministry  had  been  under 
 consideration  several  years,  and  it  was  finally  deter- 
 mined to  estiiblish  a  Seminary  for  that  purpose,  with 
 the  view  to  the  formation  of  an  '  'African  Presbyterian 
 Church."  This  was  effected  in  1876,  and  the  Insti- 
 tution placed  under  the  care  of  Eev.  C.  A.  Stillman, 
 and  located  at  Tuskaloosa,  Ala.  The  exercises  were 
 commenced  in  October,  1876,  Rev.  Andrew  Flirm 
 Dickson  being  the  first  Professor,  a  man  eminent  for 
 his  learning  and  his  life-long  devotion  to  the  .spiritual 
 interests  of  this  people.  He  labored  with  great  zeal 
 and  patience  in  this  work,  until  his  lamented  death, 
 in  January,  1879.  The  Eev.  Dr.  I.  W.  Kerr  conducted 
 most  faithfully  the  exercises,  till  the  end  of  the  ses- 
 sion, in  July,  when  Eev.  D.  C.  Eankin  was  elected 
 Professor,  who  served  with  great  zeal  and  fidelity, 
 until  his  resignation,  in  July,  1883. 
 
 Meanwhile  the  school  had  grown  .steadily,  'so  that 
 the  Executive  Committee  reported  to  the  Assembly  of 
 1883  that  there  had  been  connected  ^vith  it  during 
 the  year  thirty-one  students,  sixteen  of  which  were 
 Presbyterians.  The  number  of  the  latter  has  now 
 increased  to  twentj'.  The  advantages  of  the  school 
 have  always  been  freelj'  extended  to  other  evangelical 
 Churches. 
 
 Eev.  W.  H.  Richardson  was  elected  a  second  Pro- 
 fessor, in  July,  1881,  and  served  one  year,  when  his 
 place  was  filled  by  Eev.  I.  I.  Anderson. 
 
 In  September,  1883,  Eev.  D.  D.  Sanderson,  d.d.,  of 
 Eutaw,  Ala.,  was  elected  to  fill  the  vacancy  created 
 by  the  resignation  of  Rev.  D.  C.  Eankin. 
 
 In  1877  the  Institute  was  placed  under  the  direction 
 of  an  Executive  Committee,  upon  a  footing  with  the 
 other  evangelical  agencies  of  the  Church,  and  a  day 
 fixed  for  an  annual  collection  in  all  the  congregations, 
 for  its  support.  It  has  an  excellent  building,  well 
 furnished,  and  a  valuable  library.  The  churches,  thus 
 far,  have  provided  amply  for  its  support.  It  has 
 never  been  in  debt,  but,  having  no  endowment,  it 
 depends  on  the  liberality  of  the  people.  It  may  now 
 be  considered  as  permanently  established,  is  growing 
 in  the  confidence  of  the  chm-ches  and  of  the  colored 
 people,  and,  it  is  believed,  has  before  it  a  career  of 
 great  usefulness. 
 
 "  The  Interior."  One  of  the  immediate  results  of 
 the  reunion  was  the  establishment  of  this  paper  by 
 the  Presbyterians  of  the  Northwest.  The  enterprise 
 was  projected  in  1869,  and  by  the  first  of  February, 
 1870,  a  capital  stock  of  §50,000  had  been  subscribed, 
 and  in  March  the  first  issue  was  published,  Eev.  Dr. 
 Arthur  Swazey  appearing  as  the  chief  editor.     The 
 
 capital  stack  was  exhausted  in  the  enterprise  before 
 the  fir.st  of  October,  in  the  following  year  (1871). 
 On  the  9th  of  October  the  city  of  Chicago  was  burned, 
 and  The  Interior,  without  capital,  and  its  friends 
 prostrated  by  the  gi-eat  losses,  was  supposed  to  be 
 wiped  out  of  existence.  .Mr.  W.  C.  Gray,  of  Cincin- 
 nati, however,  undertook  to  restore  it,  and  after  a 
 year's  efibrt  the  Hon.  Cyrus  H.  McCormick  came  to 
 his  rescue,  assuming  the  entire  financial  burdens. 
 At  this  date  (1883),  the  paper  has  an  a.ssured  circula- 
 tion of  about  17,000,  and  is  highly  pro.sperous.  The 
 Hon.  Cyrus  H.  McCormick  is  now  the  proprietor, 
 and  Wm.  C.  Gray,  ph.  d.,  the  gifted  editor. 
 
 Iowa,  Synod  of.  The  Synod  of  Iowa,  as  defined 
 by  the  General  Assembly  of  1881,  includes  "  all  the 
 presbyteries  within  the  State  of  Iowa,  and  all  the 
 ministers  and  churches  under  the  care  of  said  presby- 
 teries. There  are  eight  of  the.se  presbyteries,  Du- 
 buque, Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa  City,  Iowa,  Des  Moines, 
 Waterloo,  Fort  Dodge  and  Council  Blutfs.  The 
 general  location  and  relative  position  of  these  is  indi- 
 cated by  their  names,  taken  from  chief  towns  within 
 their  bounds,  witli  the  exception  of  Iowa,  which,  as 
 the  original  Prcsb^-tery  of  the  Old  School  branch  of 
 the  Church  retains  its  old  name,  but  covers  only  a 
 little  more  than  seven  counties  in  the  Southeastern 
 comer  of  the  State. 
 
 There  are  now  under  the  care  of  this  Synod  9.'>3 
 ministers,  6  licentiates,  .30  candidates  for  the  minis- 
 try, 352  churches,  20, 944  communicants,  25,241  pupils 
 in  the  Sabbath  schools. 
 
 There  are  three  flourishing  educational  institutions 
 immediately  under  the  care  of  this  Synod:  Coe  Col- 
 lege, located  at  Cedar  Rapids;  Lenox  College,  at  Hop- 
 kinton,  and  Parsons  College,  at  Fairfield.  For  the 
 years  1882-3,  there  were  in  Coe  College  fifteen  profes- 
 sors and  teachers  and  two  hundred  and  thirty-four 
 students  in  the  literary,  art  and  music  departments; 
 in  Lenox  College,  five  professors  and  teachers,  one 
 hundred  and  forty-seven  students  in  the  literary  and 
 forty-eight  in  the  musical  department;  in  Parsons 
 College,  twelve  professors  and  teachers;  one  hundred 
 and  seventy-eight  students  in  the  literary  and  thirty- 
 six  in  the  musical  department. 
 
 The  Synod  is  now  a  delegated  body,  in  accordance 
 with  the  provisions  of  the  following  overture,  trans- 
 mitted to  the  Presbyteries  in  1882,  and  by  them 
 approved  the  following  Spring:  1st.  The  Sj-nod  of 
 Iowa  >  shall  be  a  delegated  body.  2d.  The  basis  of 
 representation  shall  be  the  same  as  for  the  General 
 Assembly,  \iz. ;  the  number  of  ministers  on  the  roll 
 of  the  Presbyteries.  3d.  The  ratio  of  representation 
 shall  be  one  minister  and  one  elder  for  every  four 
 ministers  enrolled,  and  for  any  residual  fraction 
 equal  to  two. 
 
 The  present  officers  of  Synod  are:  Moderator — • 
 Eev.  T.  H.  Cleland,  D.  D.;  Stated  Clerk— Eev.  David 
 S.  Tappan;  Permanent  Clerk — Eev.  Harris  G.  Rice. 
 
 The  history  of  this  Synod  may  conveniently  be 
 
IOWA,  SYNOV  OF. 
 
 371 
 
 JOWA,  SYNOD  OF. 
 
 dividiil  into  three  periods.  1st.  That  pre\nous  to 
 the  reunion  of  ISTO.  2d.  From  reunion  to  the  recon- 
 sti-uction  of  Sjniods  in  1882.  3d.  From  1882  to  the 
 present  time. 
 
 First  Period.  Of  the  seperate  Old  School  and  New 
 Sehool  branches  of  the  Church. 
 
 Old  School  Branch.  Among  the  earliest  settlers 
 within  the  territorial  limits  of  the  present  State  of 
 Iowa  were  many  sturdy  Presbyterians  from  the  East. 
 While  it  was  still  a  part  of  the  territory  of  Jlichigiin 
 and  claimed  by  the  Indians,  these  settlers  began  to 
 gather  at  eonvenicnt  points  along  it-s  E;istern  Ixirdcr, 
 bringing  with  them  from  their  former  homes  their 
 attachment  to  the  pure  doctrines  and  simple  forms 
 of  their  ancestral  faith.  Presbj-terian  churches  were 
 soon  established  in  every  considerable  settlement. 
 On  the  24th  of  June,  1837,  Revs.  L.  G.  Bell  and 
 Samuel  Wilson,  acting  for  the  Presbytery  of  Schuy- 
 ler, organized  the  church  of  West  Point,  consisting 
 of  eleven  members.  This  was  soon  followed  by 
 othei-s,  so  that  in  three  years  there  were  enough  to 
 form  a  Presbytery.  The  Synod  of  Illinois,  sitting  at 
 Rushville,  October,  1840,  organized  the  Presbytery 
 of  low  a,  to  embrace  the  territory  of  that  name.  This 
 new  Presbytery  met  for  the  first  time  at  Sluscatine 
 (then  called  Bloomington),  November  6th,  1840, 
 when  the  following  churches  were  placed  upon  its 
 roll:  First  Burlington,  West  Point,  Madison,  Round 
 Prairie,  Fir.st  Davenport,  First  Iowa  City,  Spring 
 Creek,  First  Rockingham  and  First  Mount  Pleasant. 
 
 In  18.52  this  Presbj-tery,  together  with  those  of 
 Cedar  and  Des  Moines,  to  which  it  had  given  birth, 
 were  detached  by  the  General  Assembly  from  the 
 Synod  of  Illinois  and  constituted  the  Synod  of  low-a, 
 which  met  and  organized  at  Muscatine,  October  14th, 
 1852.  The  Presbj'tery  of  Dubuque  was  set  off  irom 
 that  of  Cedar,  in  185.5.  In  the  same  year  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Minnesota,  called  afterwards  St.  Paul,  was 
 attached  to  the  Synod,  remaining  in  this  connection 
 until  1800,  when  the  Synod  of  St.  Paul  was  erected 
 by  the  (iencral  A.ssembly. 
 
 In  18ofi  the  Presbytery  of  Des  Moines  was  divided 
 so  as  to  form  the  Presbytery  of  Council  Bluffs.  And 
 the  year  following  the  General  Assembly  set  off 
 from  the  Synod  of  Iowa  the  Presbyteries  of  Iowa, 
 Des  Moines  and  Council  Bluffs, con.stituting  the  Synod 
 of  Southern  Iowa,  which  met  and  organized  at  Fair- 
 field, October  8th,  16.57.  The  Synod  of  Iowa  now 
 embraced  the  Presbyteries  of  Cedar,  Dubuque  and 
 Sioux  City,  which  had  been  organized  the  year  pre- 
 vious. To  these  were  added,  in  1860,  the  Presbytery 
 of  Toledo,  the  name  of  which  was  changed  to  Vinton, 
 in  1866,  the  Presbytery  of  Fort  Dodge  in  1865,  and 
 the  Presbytery  of  Frank\-ine  in  1867. 
 
 The  Synod  of  Southern  Iowa.     As  already  seen,  when 
 
 organized  it  consi.stcd  of  the  Presbj-tcrics  of  Iowa, 
 
 ^Des  Moines  and  Council  Bluffs.     In  1860  the  territory 
 
 was  further  divided  so  as  to  form  the  Presbj'tery  of 
 
 Fairtield.     In  1858  the  Presbyterj'  of  Nebraska  was 
 
 attached,  the  name  of  which  was  the  following  year 
 changed  to  Omaha,  which  in  1861  was  united  with 
 the  Presbj-tery  of  Council  Bluffs,  the  new  organiza- 
 tion being  called  the  Presbytery  of  Mis-souri  river. 
 
 New  School  Branch.  Among  the  early  settlers  were 
 many  whose  sympathies  and  connections  had  been 
 with  this  side  of  the  Presbyterian  family,  and  with 
 the  same  zeal  that  characterized  their  brethren  of  the 
 other  branch,  they  labored  to  establish  churches  of 
 their  own  wherever  they  located.  The  Yellow  Springs 
 (now  Kossuth)  Church  w;us  organized,  September 
 12th,  1><40,  with  eleven  members,  by  R(!v.  James 
 Carnahan,  of  Indiana.  Near  the  same  time  churches 
 were  also  organized  at  Ft.  Madison,  Toolsboro,  Iowa 
 City,  Muscatine  and  Burlington. 
 
 The  Preslniiery  of  Des  Moines  Wiis  organized  at 
 Yellow  Springs  (now  Kossuth),  Ajjril  28th,  1842, 
 having  under  its  care  the  six  churches  just  mentioned 
 and  four  ministers. 
 
 In  18.52  this  Presbytery  and  those  of  Iowa  City  and 
 Keokuk,  formed  from  it,  were  detached  from  the  Sj'nod 
 of  Illinois,  and  constituted  by  the  General  Assembly 
 the  Synod  of  Iowa.  The  first  meeting  was  held,  and 
 the  organization  effected  at  Yellow  Springs,  Septem- 
 ber 1st,  1853.  In  18.55  the  Presbytery  of  Dubuque 
 was  formed  out  of  that  of  Iowa  City.  Cedar  Valley 
 Presbytery  came  into  existence  in  18,57,  and  a  year 
 later  its  name  was  changed  to  Iowa  Valley.  In  1865 
 it  was  again  merged  in  the  Presbytery  of  Dubuque. 
 In  1859  the  Presbytery  of  Chariton^was  formed,  and  in 
 1865  that  of  Cedar  Rapids.  To  these  was  added,in  1867, 
 the  Presbj-tery  of  Omaha,  embracing  Nebraska  and 
 the  counties  of  Iowa  bordering  on  the  Mis.souri  river. 
 
 Second  Period.  From  the  reunion,  1870,  to  the 
 reconstruction  of  Synods,  in  1881. 
 
 At  the  time  of  the  union  of  the  two  branches  of  the 
 Church  there  were  occupying  the  territory  of  the  State 
 of  Iowa  three  Presbyterian  Synods,  Iowa  (N.  S.), 
 Iowa  (O.  S.)  and  Southern  Iowa  (O.  S.) 
 
 Out  of  these  two  new  Synods  were  formed,  called 
 SjTiod  of  Iowa,  North,  and  Synod  of  Iowa,  South,  the 
 former  being  made  the  legal  sncces.sor  of  the  two 
 former  Sj'nods  of  Iowa,  the  latter  that  of  the  Synod 
 of  Southern  Iowa.  The  South  line  of  the  counties 
 of  Clinton,  Jones,  Linn,  Benton,  Tama,  Marshall, 
 Story,  Boone,  Greene,  Carroll,  Crawford  and  Monona 
 was  made  the  boundary  between  these  Synods.  The 
 Synod  of  Iowa,  South,  was  also  made  to  include  the 
 State  of  Nebraska  and  the  Territory  of  Wyoming. 
 The  Synod  of  Iowa,  North,  was  organized  at  Cedar 
 Rapids,  July  5th,  1870;  that  of  Iowa,  South,  at 
 Des  Moines,  July  13th,  1870.  The  former  comprised 
 the  Presbyteries  of  Cedar  Rapids,  Dubuque,  Waterloo 
 and  Fort  Dodge;  the  latter  those  of  Iowa,  Iowa  City, 
 Desmoincs  and  Missouri  River.  In  1872  the  Presby- 
 terj'  of  Mis,souri  River  was  di\ided  so  as  to  form  three 
 Presbyteries,  Council  Bluffs,  Omaha  and  Nebraska, 
 the  last  two,  being  in  Nebraska,  were  cut  off  in  1874, 
 when  the  Svnod  of  Nebraska  was  formed. 
 
iKi'ixa. 
 
 372 
 
 JACK. 
 
 Third  Period. — The  reconstructed  Synod  of  Iowa. 
 In  1881  the  General  Assembly  consolidated  the  Synods 
 of  Iowa  North  and  Iowa  South,  constituting  the 
 Synod  of  Iowa,  and  making  it  coterminous  with  the 
 State  of  the  same  name.  This  measure  went  into 
 effect  January  2d,  1882,  and  the  new  Synod  was 
 organized  at  Des  Moines,  October  19th,  1882. 
 
 Orowih. — In  1855  there  were,  in  both  branches  of 
 the  Church,  as  near  as  can  be  ascertained,  78  minis- 
 ters, 116  churches  and  3753  communicants. 
 
 The  statistics  of  the  two  branches  at  the  time  of 
 the  reunion,  as  given  in  the  Minutes  of  the  General 
 Assembly  for  1870,  excluding  anything  outside  of  the 
 State,  were  as  follows: — 
 
 2  ±  «    1  2  >,. 
 
 t» 
 
 -"go     <^'Z  ^   • 
 
 ^2 
 
 C'*-    3 
 
 ciss 
 
 1 
 
 a 
 
 OD 
 
 s 
 1 
 
 •T3 
 
 Jl 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 o  2  -r 
 
 3  ii  a  o 
 
 119 
 69 
 
 
 
 3 
 1 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 at 
 
 33 
 
 7 
 
 1^ 
 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 0  s 
 
 ■ 
 
 195 
 81 
 
 10,357 
 3,522 
 
 9,274 
 4,300 
 
 $13,082 
 3,504 
 
 $97,092 
 
 N.  S 
 
 92,004 
 
 188 
 262 
 
 40 
 3D 
 
 276 
 352 
 
 13,879 
 20,944 
 
 13,574 
 25.241 
 
 $17,180 
 S;i8,94fl 
 
 $189,090 
 
 lS8:j       
 
 $221,359 
 
 Difference  ... 
 
 64 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 76 
 
 7,065 
 
 11,667 
 
 821,759 
 
 $31,06J 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 — 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 + 
 
 -i- 
 
 It  is  thus  seen  that  in  everything  there  has  been 
 an  encouraging  growth,  with  the  single  exception  of 
 candidates  for  the  ministry,  in  which  there  has  been 
 an  actual  falling  oft'  of  twenty-five  per  cent. 
 
 Irving,  David,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Annan,  Scot- 
 land, August  31st,  1821;  ordained  an  evangelist  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  "Western  District,  in  May,  184G; 
 missionary  in  India,  1846-49;  stated  supply  at  North 
 Salem,  1850-55;  pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Morris- 
 town,  N.  J.,  1855-65,  and  has  been  one  of  the  Corres- 
 ponding Secretaries  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions 
 since  1865.  Dr.  Ii'viug  rendered  valuable  service  on 
 the  foreign  field,  until  impaired  health  necessitated 
 his  retirement  from  it.     WhiLst  in  the  pastoral  work 
 
 he  labored  with  great  diligence  and  success.  He  is  a 
 gentlemen  of  decided  ability,  untiring  energy,  and 
 exemplary  Christian  character.  His  heart  is  absorbed 
 in  the  great  work  to  which,  as  Secretary,  he  has  de- 
 voted so  many  years,  and  he  advocates  its  claims 
 with  ability  and  eloquence. 
 
 Irwin,  Rev.  Nathanael,  was  born  at  Fagg's 
 Manor,  Chester  county,  I'a.,  October  17th,  1756.  He 
 graduated  at  Princeton,  in  1770,  along  with  James 
 (afterward  President)  JIadison.  He  was  ordained 
 over  Neshaminy  Church,  November  3d,  1774,  and 
 continued  there  till  his  death.  A  shrewd  knowledge 
 of  human  nature  and  an  uncommon  business  tact, 
 fitted  him  to  exert  a  great  influence  in  the  Church 
 courts;  as  a  proof  of  which  he  was  Clerk  of  the  old 
 Synod,  Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly  in  1801, 
 and  the  ne.xt  year  Permanent  Clerk,  till  1807. 
 Though  his  manners  in  private  life  were  stifi'  and 
 unbending,  he  was  forcible  and  pathetic  in  the  pulpit. 
 He  was  fond  of  music,  and  was  a  proficient  on  that 
 unclerical  instrument,  the  violin.  He  was  of  a  scien- 
 tific turn,  and  was  Jolin  Fitch's  first  patron.  He 
 also  took  a  lively  interest  in  local  politics,  and  laid 
 himself  open  to  animadversion  on  account  of  it.  For 
 several  years  he  held  the  oflice  of  Register  and  Re- 
 corder of  Bucks  county.  He  had  a  powerful  voice, 
 and  a  long  head,  both  physically  and  intellectually. 
 His  name  is  th^  first  in  the  list  of  Moderators  without 
 a  title. 
 
 Mr.  Irwin's  remains  were  deposited,  as  he  desiied, 
 at  the  spot  in  the  burying-ground  over  which  the 
 pulpit  in  the  original  church  of  Neshaminy  once 
 stood,  and  on  a  horizontal  marble  tablet  over  his 
 grave  is  the  following  inscription  : — 
 
 KEV.  NATH.^NAEL  IRWIN, 
 
 DIED  MARCH  3d,  1812, 
 
 Aged  Co  ijears,  4  months,  15  dai/s. 
 To  this  sad  ttimb,  whoe'er  thnu  art,  draw  near  ; 
 Here  lies  a  friend  to  truth;  of  soul  sincere, 
 Of  manners  unaffected  and  of  mind 
 Enlarged,  he  wished  the  good  of  all  manltind  ; 
 Calmly  he  looked  on  either  life,  for  here 
 His  peace  was  made,  and  nothing  left  to  fear. 
 
 J 
 
 Jack,  Rev.  Alexander  B.,  is  the  youngest  son 
 of  the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Alexander  Jack,  of  Dunbar, 
 Scotland,  and  a  grandson  of  the  once  celebrated  Rev. 
 Dr.  Robert  Jack,  of  Manchester,  England.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  the  Universities  of  Glasgow  and  Edinburgh, 
 and  after  spending  two  years  at  the  U.  P.  Hall,  was 
 induced  to  visit  this  country,  and  complete  his  studies 
 at  the  Associate  Reformed  Seminary,  then  under  care 
 of  Professors  McCarrell  and  Forsyth.  He  was  licensed 
 by  his  Presbytery  in  1859,  and  since  then  has  preached 
 with  great  success  in  Union  Church,  Newburgh,  N.  Y., 
 
 and  Mahoning  Church,  Dan\-ille,  Pa. ,  and  at  present 
 he  is  pastor  of  Hazleton  Presbyterian  Church,  Hazle- 
 ton.  Pa. 
 
 With  a  striking  individuality,  a  strong  and  pierc- 
 ing intellect,  Mr.  Jack  is  a  conspicuous  ornament  in 
 the  ministry  and  a  man  of  superior  pulpit  power. 
 His  sermons,  whenever  committed  to  the  press,  are 
 eagerly  .sought  and  read.  For  years  he  has  been 
 famous  for  the  splendor  of  his  word  painting  and 
 very  unusual  eloquence.  His  nianher  in  the  pulpit 
 is  quite  peculiar,  but  this  is  soon  forgotten  after  he 
 
JACKSON. 
 
 373 
 
 JACKSON. 
 
 has  begun  to  speak.  The  originality  of  his  concep- 
 tions and  the  brilliant  imagery  in  which  he  clothes 
 them,  at  once  arrest  attention.  Figures  abound  in 
 his  discourses,  hut  they  are  not  mere  tropes,  they 
 are  at  once  graphic  delineations  and  perfect  symbols. 
 No  preacher  in  the  Chui'ch  could  with  so  much  pro- 
 priety adopt  the  famous  saying  :  "Omnia  qux  mint  in 
 ccelo,  sunt  in  terra  terrcstri  modo,  et  omnia  qux  sunt  in 
 terra,  in  cwlo  ccelesti  modo."  Gifted  with  a  strangely 
 bold  and  ^^vid  imaginaticra,  he  seizes  the  outline  of 
 a  fact  or  of  an  event  and  invests  it  with  a  lovely  and 
 altogether  unexpected  light.  One  is  astonished  at 
 the  ease,  the  fluency  and  the  extreme  rapidity  with 
 which  his  illustrations  fall  upon  the  ear,  all  rounded 
 and  polished,  like  stones  from  the  workshop  of  the 
 lapidary.  Some  of  these  are  so  pertinent,  and  yet  so 
 ablaze  with  the  corruscations  of  genius  and  poetry, 
 that  hLs  hearers  bear  them  away,  refer  to  them,  and 
 repeat  them  again  and  again.  In  private  be  is  quiet 
 and  unaficcted,  full  of  easy  goodness  and  the  slj'est 
 humor.  With  no  airs  or  pretensions,  he  seems  obliged 
 to  say  some  good  things  because  they  are  in  the  way 
 to  be  said. 
 
 Jackson,  G-eneral  Andre'w,  President  of  the 
 United  States  from  18"29  to  1^'M,  was  born  in  South 
 Carolina,  17G7.  His  father  was  an  Irish  emigrant. 
 At  the  age  of  si.xteen  he  took  part  in  the  war  of  Inde- 
 pendence, at  the  close  of  which  he  became  a  law 
 student,  and  was  thus  enabled  to  fill  efficiently 
 some  high  legal  offices  in  Tennessee,  to  which  he  was 
 subsequently  appointed.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the 
 war  with  England,  in  1812,  he  took  vigorous  measures 
 for  the  defence  of  the  menaced  territory.  In  1814  he 
 was  appointed  Major-General,  and,  among  other  ex- 
 ploits, which  raised  him  to  the  highest  point  of  popu- 
 larity, he  gained  the  decisive  victorj'  over  the  English, 
 January  8th,  1815,  at  New  Orleans,  which  put  an  end 
 to  the  war.  The  same  success  attended  his  arms 
 against  the  Creek  tribes  of  Indians,  whom  he  repeat- 
 edly subdued.  In  1821  he  was  appointed  Governor 
 of  Florida,  and  his  gallant  deeds  being  still  fresh  in 
 his  countrymen's  recollection,  he  was  brought  forward 
 by  the  Democratic  party  as  a  candidate  for  the  Presi- 
 dency, elected  in  1828,  and  re-elected  in  1832.  His 
 period  of  office  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  extension 
 of  Democratic  tendencies  which  then  took  place.  He 
 obtained  from  France  the  payment  of  an  indemnity 
 of  twenty-five  millions  of  francs,  for  injuries  done  to 
 the  commerce  of  the  United  Sbites  during  the  empire. 
 His  refusal  to  renew  the  charter  of  the  United  States 
 Bank,  in  1833,  was  followed  by  one  of  the  most 
 violent  financial  crises  on  record.  General  Jackson 
 was  endowed  with  inflexible  will  and  an  ardent  pa- 
 triotism. He  loved  his  country  intensely,  faithfully, 
 and  fearlessly,  labored  for  its  welfare,  and  his  name 
 is  justly  enrolled  among  its  greatest  men,  even  those 
 who  did  not  agree  with  him  in  his  political  principles 
 and  official  measures  according  to  him  strict  and  stern 
 honesty  of  purpose  in  his  admini-strittion  of  the  afiairs 
 
 of  the  Government.  After  his  Presidential  career 
 terminated  he  retired  to  "The  Hermitage,"  near 
 Nashville,  Tenn.,  and  a  short  time  before  his  decease 
 made  a  profession  of  faith  in  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  that  city. 
 
 The  following  extract  from  the  sketch  by  Dr. 
 Foote,  in  his  "Sketches  of  North  Carolina,"  of  the 
 Sugar  Creek  Presbyterian  Church,  about  three  miles 
 north  of  Charlotte,  will  here  be  read  with  interest. 
 "The  log  meeting-house  that  stood  here,  whose 
 foundations  you  may  in  part  see,  the  second  occupied 
 by  the  congregation  that  now  worship  in  that  brick 
 house,  was  the  place  of  wor.ship  while  Jlrs.  Jackson 
 and  her  son  Andrew  made  Sugar  Creek  their  refuge. 
 The  widow,  an  emigrant  from  Ireland,  had  buried 
 her  husband  on  the  Waxhaw,  then  claimed  by  North 
 
 OENKKAL   ANDREW  JACKSON. 
 
 Carolina,  but  now  within  the  settled  bounds  of  South 
 Carolina,  and,  compelled  by  the  sulTerings  of  war, 
 had  fled  for  refuge  to  Mecklenburg. 
 
 ".\fter  the  fall  of  Charleston,  the  British  army 
 spread  out  over  the  country.  Col.  Buford,  from 
 Bedford,  Virginia,  moving  along  the  Waxhaw,  as  he 
 supposed,  out  of  danger,  was  suddenly  set  upon  by 
 Tarleton,  who  had  been  upon  his  trail.  .  .  .  The 
 event  of  the  battle  is  well  known.  Before  night,  the 
 Waxhaw  meeting-house  was  a  hospital,  and  Buford's 
 regiment  killed,  wounded,  or  dispersed.  The  females 
 and  children  fled,  to  escape  the  ravaging  torch  of  the 
 relentless  enemy.  Mrs.  Jack,son  took  up  her  abode, 
 with  her  two  children,  in  Sugar  Creek  congregation, 
 with  widow  Wilson,  and  remained  a-  part  of  the 
 Summer. 
 
JACKSON. 
 
 374 
 
 JACKSON. 
 
 "This  brave  woman,  and  two  of  her  sons,  perished 
 in  the  war,  and  left  her  youngest  son  a  solitary  mem- 
 ber of  the  family.  Her  death  was  occasioned  by  a 
 fever,  brought  on  by  a  visit  to  Charleston,  to  carry 
 necessaries  to  some  friends  and  relations  on  board  the 
 prison-ship,  whose  deplorable  sufferings  she,  with 
 four  or  five  other  ladies,  was  permitted  to  relieve. 
 On  her  way  home  she  was  seized  with  the  prison 
 fever,  and  soon  ended  her  days.  Somewhere  between 
 what  was  then  called  '  Quarterhouse  '  and  the  city 
 of  Charleston  is  her  unknown  grave.  Men  have  often 
 wondered  how  her  son  Andrew,  in  his  most  thought- 
 less days,  always  treated  a  faithful  minister  of  the 
 gospel  so  respectfully,  and  why,  after  encouraging  his 
 wife  in  a  religious  life,  he  himself  should,  iu  his  age, 
 become  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  The 
 cause  is  found  laid  deep  in  his  childhood.  His 
 mother  was  a  member  of  the  Waxhaw  congregation, 
 and  he  had  seen  and  felt  the  influence  of  faithful 
 ministers  when  a  child." 
 
 Jackson,  Sheldon,  D.  D.,  the  only  son  of  Samuel 
 Clinton  and  Delia  (Sheldon)  Jackson,  was  born  at 
 Mina\'ille,  Montgomery  county,  N.  Y.,  May  18th,  1834. 
 He  graduated  at  Union  College,  N.  Y.,  in  1855;  at 
 Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  in  1858,  and  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Albany,  May 
 14th,  1857,  and  ordained  by  the  same  Presbytery, 
 May  5th,  1858.  On  the  18th  of  May,  1858,  he  was 
 married  to  Miss  Mary  Voorhees. 
 
 On  the  16th  of  September,  1858,  they  started  for 
 Spencer  Academy,  Indian  Territory,  reaching  there 
 October  6th,  and  remaining  until  the  following  Spring, 
 as  missionaries  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions.  His 
 health  failing  in  that  malarious  climate,  he  became  a 
 Home  Missionary  for  Western  Wisconsin  and  Southern 
 Minnesota,  from  1859  to  1864,  with  headquarters  at  La 
 Crescent,  Minn.  In  18C4  he  accepted  the  jxustorate  of 
 the  Church  at  Rochester,  Minn.,  and  the  general 
 oversight  of  the  mission  work  in  Southern  Minnesota, 
 which  relation  continued  from  1864  to  1869.  In  1869 
 the  Presbyteries  of  Ft.  Dodge,  Des  Moines  and  Council 
 Blufls  united  in  commissioning  him  as  Superintendent 
 of  Missions  for  Northern  and  W<>stern  Iowa,  Dakota, 
 Nebraska  and  "the  regions  beyond,"  comprising 
 one-fourth  of  the  United  States.  In  1869  he  removed 
 his  family  to  Council  Bluffs,  and  gave  special  attention 
 to  the  organization  of  chui-ches  in  Western  Iowa, 
 Nebraska,  and  along  the  Union  Pacific  Railway. 
 During  the  year,  unexpectedly  receiving  a  commis- 
 sion from  the  Board  of  Domestic  Missions,  as  Super- 
 intendent of  Mi.ssions  for  the  Rocky  Mountain  Terri- 
 tories, in  1870,  he  removed  his  family  to  Denver, 
 Colorado,  discontinued  his  work  in  Iowa  and  Ne- 
 braska, and  took  charge  of  the  vast  and  almost  un- 
 known region  of  country  along  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
 from  British  America  to  Old  Mexico,  and  covered  by 
 the  great  territories  of  Montana,  AV^yoming,  Colorado, 
 New  Mexico,  Arizona  and  Utah.  He  remained  in 
 this  work  until  January,  188'J,  when  he  was  removed 
 
 by  the  Board  of  Home  Missions  to  the  Mission  House, 
 New  York  City,  and  made  Business  JNIanager  of  "  The 
 Presbyterian  Home  3Iissionar!/."  In  March,  1872,  he 
 established  the  "  Bocky  llountain  Presbyterian,"  else- 
 where noticed  in  this  volume.  Dr.  Jackson's  field 
 of  work  being  among  the  exceptional  populations  of 
 the  country,  he  became  the  originator  and  one  of  the 
 chief  promoters  of  the  "Woman's  Executive  Com- 
 mittee of  Home  Missions. ' ' 
 
 In  1879,  and  again  in  1880,  he  was  commissioned  by 
 the  General  Government  to  collect  Indian  children 
 in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  and  bring  them  to  the 
 Indian  Training  Schools  at  Carlisle,  Pa.,  and  Hamp- 
 ton, Va.  He  was  a  commissioner  to  the  General 
 Assemblies  of  1860,  '65,  '67,  '70,  '75  and  '80.  He  was 
 the  pioneer  minister,  organizing  the  first  Presbyte- 
 
 8HELD0N   JACKSON,  D.  D. 
 
 rian  missions  or  churches  in  the  Territories  of 
 Wyoming,  Montana,  Idaho,  Utah,  Arizona  and 
 Alaska.  He  was  the  founder  of  the  Alaska  Mission; 
 secured  the  missionaries,  raised  the  larger  portions 
 of  the  funds  for  the  building,  and  made  four  visits  to 
 the  country  during  the  first  six  years  of  the  missions. 
 He  assisted  in  the  organization  of  the  Synods  of  St. 
 Paul  in  1860,  and  Colorado  in  1871,  of  the  Presby- 
 teries of  Chippewa  iu  1859,  Southern  Slinnesota  in 
 1865,  Colorado  1870,  Wyoming  1871,  Montana  1872 
 and  Utah  1874;  having  previously  organized  the 
 majority  of  the  churches  composing  these  several 
 Presbyteries.  Over  one  hundred  churches  owe  their 
 existence  to  his  labors. 
 
 In  the  prosecution  of  this  work  he  traveled,  from 
 186!)   to  December,    1881,   an  aggregate   of   345,027 
 
JACKSOX. 
 
 JACOBS. 
 
 mUes,or  an  average  of  26,540  miles  a  year.     Much 
 of  tliis  traveling  was  by  stage  coach,  and  some  of  it 
 on  mule-back  or  on  foot,  over  the  dangerous  trails  of 
 the   mountains.     Several   trips   involved   each   1500 
 miles  of  staging  through  a  desolate  and  wOd  Indian 
 country;  twice  he  staged  it  across  the  plains  and  over 
 the  mountains,  to  the  Pacific;  t^rice  he  made  trips  of 
 2000  miles  each,  by  sfaige  and  horseback;  twice,  dan- 
 gerous canoe  trips  of  several  hundred  miles,  along  the 
 Alaskan  coast,  with  wild  Indians  for  his  companions. 
 To  ride  in  the  stage  coach  day  and  night,  from  early 
 Monday  to  late  on  Saturday,  without  stopping,  except 
 for  meals,  was  not  an   uncommon    experience.     To 
 make  a  new  way  in  the  wilderness,  ford  rivers,  climb 
 mountains,  cross  the  track  of  the  avalanche  and  the 
 trail  of  the  murderous  Indian;  to  be  gaunt  with  hun- 
 ger or  piirched  with  thirst;  to  blister  under  the  semi- 
 tropical   sun   of  Arizona,  or    shiver    in    a  northern 
 "blizzard;  "  to  sleep  upon  the  ground,  without  shel- 
 ter, exposed  to  the  poisonous  reptiles  of  the  South;  or 
 dig  a  bed  in  the  snows  of  the  high  mounfciins,  or  toss 
 in  a  canoe  on  the  waves  of  the  North  Pacific,  have 
 been  the  necessary  vicissitudes  of  his  work. 
 
 Dr.  Jackson's  wide  experience,  his  fervid  zeal,  and 
 his  practical  pungency,  make  him  a  very  effective 
 platform  speaker,  and  he  frequently  \-isited  the  East, 
 to  arouse  the  Church  on  the  subject  of  Missions. 
 From  1869  to  1882  he  delivered  over  nineteen  hun- 
 dred mission  addres.ses. 
 
 Jackson,  General  Thomas  Jonathan,  was 
 born  January  21st,  1824,  in  Clarksburg,  Harrison 
 county,  Va.  His  great-graudlather,  an  Englishman 
 by  birth,  emigrated  to  the  western  portion  of  Vir- 
 ginia, and  Edward  Jackson,  graudfatlier  of  T.  J., 
 was  Surveyor  of  Lewis  County  for  a  long  time,  and 
 represented  it  in  the  Legislature.  His  son,  Jonathan 
 Jackson,  father  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  moved 
 to  Clarksburg,  where  he  studied  law,  and  com- 
 menc(<l  the  practice  of  the  profession  with  his  cousin. 
 Judge  John  G.  Jackson,  acquiring  con-siderable  repu- 
 tation. After  a  series  of  misfortunes,  he  died,  in 
 1827,  leaving  four  children,  Thonnvs  being  the  young- 
 est, and  at  this  time  three  years  of  age. 
 
 Soon  after  the  death  of  his  parents,  he  was  taken 
 to  the  home  of  his  uncle,  in  Lewis  county,  and  re- 
 mained with  him  till  he  reached  the  age  of  seventeen 
 vears.  Here  he  labored  on  the  f;»rm  in  Summer,  and 
 went  to  school  three  months  in  the  Winter,  gaining 
 the  rudiments  of  a  plain  English  education.  What 
 he  acquired  subsequently  was  due  to  his  stay  at 
 West  Point,  and  his  ultimate  studies  at  the  Virginia 
 Military  Academy.  His  orphan  condition  excited 
 great  .sympathy  among  the  neighbors,  who  knew  and 
 respected  the  good  character  of  the  Jackson  family, 
 and  everj'  assistance  was  extended  to  hira  in  his 
 struggle  to  carve  out  his  future  way  in  life  and  secure 
 an  honorable  independence.  A  proof  of  this  friendly 
 sympathy  is  found  in  the  fact  that,  at  the  age  of  six- 
 '     teen,  he  was  elected  Constable  of  the  county  of  Lewis, 
 
 the  duties  of  which  office  he  discharged  with  intelli- 
 gence and  credit.  He  entered  West  Point  in  1842, 
 and  in  July,  1846,  at  the  age  of  twenty-two,  he 
 graduated  with  distinction. 
 
 "  In  1852  he  became  Professor  in  the  Virginia  Mili- 
 tary Institute.  In  personal  appearance  General 
 Jackson  was  tall,  raw-boned,  and  had  a  peculiar 
 stride  in  walking.  He  was  absent-minded,  and  he 
 would  often  pause  suddenly,  and  fix  his  eyes  upon 
 the  ground;  and  in  riding,  had  a  habit  of  slapping 
 his  sides  and  raising  his  arm  aloft,  whether  from  some 
 '  physical  ailment  which  he  thus  relieved,  or  in  prayer, 
 :  is  not  known.  He  talked  little  with  strangers,  and 
 was  brief  of  speech,  but  never  tailed  to  return  the 
 
 GENERAL   THOMAS   JONATHAN    JACKSON, 
 
 salute  of  the  humblest  per.son,  treating  all  men  with 
 the  most  kindly  courtesy.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  and  earnest  and  active  in  reli- 
 gious movements.  He  died  in  1863,  and  was  buried 
 in  Lexington,  Va.,  by  request. 
 
 Jacobs,  John  Adamson,  was  born  in  Leesburg, 
 Loudon  county,  Va.,  in  1806;  taken  in  his  infancy  to 
 Lexington,  Ky.,  but  reared  in  Lancaster,  Garrard 
 county,  Ky.;  lost  both  his  parents  in  1819;  taught 
 school  in  Madison  county,  before  he  became  fourteen 
 years  of  age;  in  his  seventeenth  year  went  to  Centre 
 I  College,  at  DamiUe,  Ky. ;  while  a  student  there  was 
 appomted  a  teacher  in  the  State  Institution  for  the 
 Deaf  and  Dumb,  by  the  Trustees  of  Centre  College, 
 who  were  Trustees  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Institution 
 also;  went  to  Hartford,  Conn.,  to  qualify  himself 
 under  Gallaudet  and  Clerc:  reported  for  duty  and 
 I  entered   the   Kentucky  Institution  November,  1825, 
 
JACOBS. 
 
 376 
 
 JAMES. 
 
 and  died  in  office  November  27tli,  1869,  after  a  most 
 useful  and  honorable  career. 
 
 Mr.  Jacobs  was  one  of  the  best  instructors  of  the 
 deaf  and  dumb  in  America,  or  in  the  world.  He 
 prepared  for  them  two  text-books  which  have  been 
 highly  commended  in  Canada  and  in  England.  He 
 was  a  man  of  general  reading,  and  quite  fond  of 
 poetry.  He  read  law,  also,  and  obtained  license  to 
 practice.  What  was  of  great  .service  to  himself  and 
 others,  he  was  a  superior  financier,  and  managed  the 
 business  affairs  of  the  In.stitutiou  with  admirable 
 skill.  About  1841,  learning  that  the  finances  of 
 Centre  College  were  in  a  chaotic  condition,  he  offered 
 his  services,  to  be  rendered  gratuitously,  and  in  course 
 of  time  put  the  college  on  a  sound  monetary  basis. 
 The  large  private  estate  which  he  left  behind  him 
 would  have  been  far  larger  if  he  had  not  generously 
 relinquished  considerable  emoluments  accruing  from 
 his  office,  and  accepted  in  lieu  a  small  salary.  In 
 addition  to  this,  he  made  a  gift  to  the  Institution,  of 
 all  its  household  and  kitchen  furniture,  cows,  etc. 
 Mr.  Jacobs  was  a  life-long  Presbj^erian,  liberal  to 
 other  churches,  pure  and  blameless  in  life,  devoted  to 
 his  work,  and  a  genuine  philantlu-opist.  The  Ken- 
 tucky Institution  for  the  Feeble  Jlinded  owes  its 
 existence  to  his  efforts. 
 
 Jacobs,  Rev.  ■William  Plumer,  son  of  Rev.  F. 
 Jacobs,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Yorkville,  S.  C,  March 
 15th,  1843.  Graduated  at  the  College  of  Charleston, 
 S.  C,  March,  1861.  He  served  as  Reporter,  for  a 
 time,  on  the  Charleston  Courier,  .Vereury,  and  other 
 papers.  He  was  licensed  by  Charleston  Presbytery, 
 April,  1863,  and,  after  completing  his  studies  at 
 Columbia  Seminary,  was  ordained  to  the  charge  of 
 the  united  churches  of  Duncan's  Creek  (founded  1760) 
 and  her  two  daughters,  Shady  Grove  and  Clinton. 
 By  1870  the  Church  of  Clinton  had  grown  so  large  as 
 to  require  his  entire  services.  In  1872  the  colored 
 members  were  organized  into  Sloan's  Chapel,  in  con- 
 nection with  the  Northern  Assembly.  In  1873  the 
 Thornwell  Orphanage  was  founded  under  his  care. 
 In  1875  mission  work  was  begun  at  Rockbridge,  and 
 also  at  GoldviUe.  In  1880  Clinton  College  was 
 founded.  He  is  still  (1884)  pastor  of  the  Clinton 
 Church,  which  has  increased  from  thirty  to  two  hun- 
 dred members,  and  has  .sent  off  a  colored  colony  of 
 over  one  hundred  members. 
 
 Jacobus,  Melancthon  "Williams,  D.  D., 
 liL.  D.,  was  the  son  of  Mr.  Peter  Jacobus,  an  hon- 
 ored elder  in  the  First  Presb.ytcrian  Church,  Newark, 
 N.  J.  He  was  born  in  that  city,  September  19th, 
 1816.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  College  fn  1834, 
 with  the  highest  honors  of  the  Institution,  and  in 
 1835  entered  Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  where 
 he  not  only  regularly  graduated,  but  spent  a  fourth 
 year  in  study,  at  the  same  time  assisting  Prof.  J.  Ad- 
 dison Alexander,  in  the  department  of  Hebrew. 
 Licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Brunswick,  April  -Jlth,  1839,  he   was  mstalled 
 
 pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Brooklyn, 
 N.  Y.,  Sejrtember  15th,  of  that  year.  Under  his  care 
 and  labors  for  nearly  twelve  3'ears,  the  church  pros- 
 pered greatly,  and  at  the  close  of  his  pastorate  was 
 one  of  the  mo.st  flourishing  churches  in  that  city.  In 
 1848,  while  in  Brooklyn,  he  published  the  first  volume 
 of  his  Notes  on  the  New  Testament.  Other  volumes 
 followed  at  intervals,  the  two  volumes  on  Genesis 
 appearing  in  1864.  These  commentaries  have  had  an 
 immense  sale,  and  are  found  among  all  denominations 
 of  Christians.  Besides  these,  he  was  the  author  of 
 many  other  and  smaller  works. 
 
 In  the  Fall  of  1850  Dr.  Jacobus'  health  gave  way, 
 and  he  made  a  tour  through  Europe,  Egvpt  and  Pal- 
 estine, and  returned  with  greatly  improved  health. 
 During  his  ab.sence  the  General  Assembh',  in  Jlay, 
 1851,  elected  him  Professor  of  Oriental  and  Biblical 
 Literature,  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Allegheny, 
 which  position,  on  his  return,  he  accepted,  and  was 
 relea,sed  from  his  pastoral  charge  and  dismissed  to  the 
 Presbj-tery  of  Ohio,  October  21st,  1851.  In  January, 
 1858,  in  addition  to  his  work  in  the  Seminary,  he 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  Central  Church  of  Pittsburg, 
 which  he  .served  for  twelve  years  with  marked  success. 
 In  1866  he  made  a  second  tour  of  Europe.  He  was 
 Moderator  of  the  last  General  Assembly  of  the  Old 
 School  Church,  in  1869,  and  conjointly  with  Rev. 
 P.  H.  Fowler,  d.d.,  presided  at  the  opening  of  the 
 first  re-united  A.ssembly,  in  1870.  He  presented  the 
 able  Report  on  Sustcntation,  which  was  adopted  by 
 the  General  A.s.sembly  of  1871,  and  was  Secretary  of 
 that  scheme  for  three  years,  until  it  was  merged  into 
 the  Board  of  Home  Missions,  in  1874.  In  this  depart- 
 ment of  church  work,  his  labors  were  arduous  and 
 unintermitted,  and  had  much  to  do  with  the  foiling 
 of  his  health  two  years  before  his  death.  In  1876  he 
 was  elected  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Education,  but 
 declined  the  position,  so  that  he  might  continue  to 
 expound  the  Word  of  God,  to  which  work  he  had 
 devoted  his  life. 
 
 Dr.  Jacobus  stood  in  the  front  rank  of  the  Biblical 
 scholars  of  his  age.  As  a  preacher,  he  maintained  all 
 through  his  ministry  a  high  position,  while  on  the 
 platform  his  addres,ses  were  always  happy  and  effect- 
 ive. He  was  a  most  energetic  and  persistent  worker, 
 and  his  industry  was  untiring.  October  28th,  1876, 
 he  was  cut  down  in  the  very  midst  of  life,  usefulness 
 and  responsibilities,  and  was  widely  and  deeply  la- 
 mented. 
 
 James,  Rev.  Robert  "Wilson,  was  born  in 
 Williamsburg  Distrii't,  .South  Carolina,  June  3d, 
 1793.  His  father.  Captain  Jolin,  and  grandfather. 
 Major  John  James,  were  distinguished  for  their 
 patriotism  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  and  were 
 also  consistent  members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 He  graduated  at  the  South  Carolina  College  in  1813. 
 His  theological  studies,  which  were  commenced  and 
 prosecuted  for  a  time  under  Rev.  Dr.  James  W. 
 Stephenson,  and  Rev.  Dr.  M.  Wilson,  were  completed 
 
JAMES. 
 
 377 
 
 JAMISON. 
 
 at  Princeton  Seminary,  in  1817.  On  the  3d  of  June, 
 of  the  same  year  he  was  licensed  hy  Concord  Presby- 
 tery (X.  C),  to  preach  the  gospel,  after  which  he 
 labored  for  several  months,  as  a  missionary  within  its 
 bounds,  in  company  mth  the  venerable  Dr.  Hall.  In 
 May,  1819,  he  was  ordained  and  installed  over  the 
 churches  of  Indian  Town  and  Bethel,  in  Williams- 
 burgh  District,  S.  C,  where,  during  a  pastorate  of  j 
 nine  years,  the  work  of  the  Lord,  to  some  extent,  was 
 made  to  prosper  in  his  hand,  and  particularly  among 
 the  colored  people,  many  of  whom  became  hopeful 
 subjects  of  grace  under  his  ministry.  He  subse- 
 quently became  pastor  of  Salem  Church,  in  which 
 relation  he  continued,  faithful  in  labor,  for  over  thir- 
 teen years.     He  died  April  13th,  1841. 
 
 As  a  minister,  Sir.  James  was  both  doctrinal  and 
 practical.  In  his  public  ministrations  he  gave  special 
 attention  to  the  colored  portion  of  his  flock.  As  a 
 theologian,  he  w;is  much  respected  by  his  brethren. 
 As  a  member  of  the  judicatories  of  the  Church,  his 
 opinions  were  highly  valued,  and  often  determined 
 the  most  important  questions.  His  mouth  and  his 
 purse  were  ever  open  to  advance  the  institutions  of 
 religion  and  learning.  As  a  man,  he  was  truly  be- 
 nevolent, gentle  and  urbane,  and  possessed  that  kind 
 of  magnaminity  which  led  him  cordially  to  despise 
 everything  that  was  en%'ious,  little,  or  selfish.  As  a 
 Christian,  he  was  exemplary,  and  enjoyed  the  com- 
 forts of  that  religion  which  he  preached  to  others.  ' 
 His  death  was  one  of  triumph.  | 
 
 James,  Rev.  'William  Henry,  third  son  of 
 Lewis  Mulford  and  Harriet  Davis  James,  was  born 
 in  Deerfield,  N.  J.,  July  IGth,  1«53.  He  graduated 
 at  Lafayette  College  in  136-2,  and  at  Princeton  Tlieo- 
 logical  Seminary  in  1865.  He  was  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Passaic,  April  19th,  1864.  For  one 
 year  after  lea\-ing  Princeton  he  was  an  assistant  of 
 Rev.  N.  C.  Burt,  D.  D.,  in  the  Seventh  Church,  Cin- 
 cinnati, Ohio.  On  October  2d,  1866,  he  was  ordained 
 and  installed  pastor  of  the  Church  of  Springdale, 
 twelve  miles  from  Cincinnati,  which  relation  still 
 continues.  In  this,  his  first  and  only  pastorate,  his 
 .  labors  have  been  signally  bles.sed  to  the  growth  of 
 the  church  in  numbers,  and  its  development  in  be- 
 neficence and  general  activity.  In  addition  to  his 
 work  at  Springdale,  he  has  for  more  than  twelve 
 years,  supplied,  every  Sabbath  afternoon,  the  Church 
 of  Sharonville,  four  miles  distant.  Mr.  James  has 
 \vTitten  occasionally  for  the  religious  press,  and  pub- 
 lished a  sermon  preached  on  the  eighteenth  anniver- 
 sary of  Springdale  Church.  He  is  very  faithful  in 
 attending  the  meetings  of  Presbytery  and  Synod, 
 and  is  influential  in  these  bodies.  In  1875  he  was 
 Moderator  of  the  Synod  of  Cincinnati.  For  thirteen 
 years  he  has  been  a  member  of  the  Home  Missions 
 Committee  of  Presbytery,  and  for  four  years  its 
 chairman,  in  which  position  he  has  labored  very 
 earnestly  and  efficiently.  His  ability  and  u«iefulness 
 as  a  minister,  his  fidelity  and  wisdom  as  a  presbyter, 
 
 his  soundness  in  the  faith,  and  his  firm  Christian 
 character,  have  given  him  a  high  rank  among  the 
 trusted  and  hononil  members  of  the  Presbyter}'. 
 
 Jamieson,  Jesse  M.,  D.  D.,  son  of  Mr.  John 
 Jamieson,  was  born  near  Newville,  Cumberland 
 county.  Pa.,  June  27th,  1809.  His  parents  were 
 members  of  the  Associate  Reformed  (now  United 
 Presbyterian)  Church.  He  entered  Jefferson  College, 
 Pa.,  in  1830,  and  left  it  in  1834.  He  united  with  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  1832,  then  under  the  ministry 
 of  Rev.  Slatthew  Brown,  D.  D.  For  a  year  he  taught 
 in  an  Academy  in  Maryland,  and  studied  Theology 
 ^vith  its  Principal,  Dr.  Alexander  Campbell.  In  1835, 
 at  the  request  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Brown  and  Dr.  E.  P. 
 Swift,  the  Secretary  of  the  Western  Foreign  Slission- 
 ary  Society,  he  went  to  India  to  take  charge  of  the 
 High  School  at  Lodiana,  which  had  been  transferred 
 to  our  Mission  by  the  late  Sir  Claude  Wade,  of  the 
 East  India  Company's  service.  The  Presbytery  of 
 Lodiana  was  organized  December  21st,.1836,  at  which 
 time  Mr.  Jamieson  was  taken  under  its  care  as  a  can- 
 didate for  the  ministry.  He  was  ordained  by  the  same 
 Presbytery,  in  October,  1837. 
 
 Mr.  Jamieson  spent  twenty-two  years  in  India,  and 
 was  stationed  at  Sararunpur,  Sabathu,  and  Ambala, 
 succes-sively.  Other  arrangements  having  been  made 
 for  the  High  School  at  Lodiana,  and  being  fond  of 
 languages,  he  gave  a  good  deal  of  time  to  the  study 
 of  Sanscrit,  Persian,  and  Thibetan,  besides  the  spoken 
 languages,  and  prepared  the  first  Christian  tract  in 
 the  Thibetan  language.  He  returned  to  America  in 
 18.57,  having  left  two  wives  and  three  children  in 
 India  graves.  Since  that  time  he  has  not  found  the 
 way  open  to  return  to  the  work  of  his  choice.  For 
 years  after  his  return  he  w:is  engaged  in  teaching  the 
 languages  and  mathematics  in  the  "  Marengo  Col- 
 legiate Institute,"  111.,  and  in  Carroll  College,  AVis. 
 Since  then  he  has  been  engaged  as  a  supply  in  weak 
 churches  in  the  neighborhood  of  Monmouth,  111., 
 where  he  has  resided  twenty  years.  He  has  also 
 translated  the  10th  .section  of  the  "  Bhagaroot  Ghita  " 
 (a  history  of  the  Hindu  god  Kri.shna).  Dr.  Jamieson 
 is  an  exemplary  and  earnest  Christian,  a  faithful 
 preacher,  a  fine  scholar,  and  held  in  high  esteem  by 
 all  who  know  him. 
 
 Jamison,  Hon.  Samuel  Shryock,  was  born 
 in  Martinsburg,  Va.,  in  September,  1797.  Two  years 
 afterward  his  parents  removed  to  Greensburg,  Pa., 
 and  in  1801,  to  what  is  now  known  as  Conemaugh 
 township,  Indiana  county.  Here  he  grew  up  to 
 man's  estate,  and  became  a  member  of  the  Presbj'- 
 terian  Church.  Being  one  of  the  pioneer  settlers  of 
 Indiana  county,  he  was  closely  identified  with  its 
 history  and  progress  during  the  long  period  of  nearly 
 three-quarters  of  a  centurj';  and  no  event  of  import- 
 ance took  place  within  its  limits  with  which  he  was 
 not  perfectly  familiar,  whilst  in  most  he  took  an 
 active  part.  In  1818  he  removed  to  Imliana,  where, 
 in  partnership  with  the  Hon.  Joseph  Th(jmpson,  he 
 
JANE  WAY. 
 
 378 
 
 JEFFEBS. 
 
 carried  on  the  business  of  wheelwright  and  chair- 
 making.  In  this  avocation  he  continued  until  1826, 
 when  he  removed  to  Saltsburg,  having  obtained  a 
 contract  from  General  Laeock  for  the  construction  of 
 a  section  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal.  ■  This  work 
 occupied  his  time  and  attention  until  1829,  when  he 
 received  the  appointment  of  Supervisor  of  the  West^ 
 em  extension  of  the  canal,  extending  from  below 
 Saltsburg — "  Tarr'  Locks," — to  Pittsburg,  about  half 
 the  entire  length  of  the  canal  west  of  the  mountains. 
 He  subsequently  engaged  in  farming;  then  in  the 
 construction  of  two  sections  of  the  Northwestern, 
 now  known  as  the  "Western  Pennsylvania  Railroad, 
 in  the  vicinity  of  Saltsburg.  Haviiig  removed  to 
 Council  Blufts,  Iowa,  after  a  short  time  he  returned 
 to  the  place  of  his  former  residence,  in  Pennsylvania. 
 
 In  1836  Mr.  Jamison  was  chosen  Brigade  Inspector 
 for  the  military  district  comprising  Armstrong, 
 Clarion,  Jefferson  and  Indiana  counties.  In  1843  he 
 was  a  member  of  the  convention  called  for  the  pur- 
 pose of  nominating  three  candidates  for  canal  com- 
 missioners. In  1853  he  was  elected  to  the  Senate  of 
 Penn.sylvania.  During  his  Senatorial  career  he  was 
 noted  for  his  magnanimity  and  liberal  .spirit.  "For 
 sound  discrimination,  clear  j  udgment,  rigid  integritj', 
 and  conscientious  discharge  of  all  official  and  per- 
 sonal duties, "  says  Governor  Curtin,  "Mr.  .larai.son 
 had  no  superiors  and  few  equals  in  the  Senate,'which, 
 during  his  service,  was  remarkable  for  the  number 
 of  members  distinguished  for  their  experience  and 
 ability."  After  a  life  of  probity  and  usefulness. 
 Major  Jamison  died  the  death  of  a  Christian.  He 
 enjoyed  an  unusual  degree  of  public  esteem,  and  left 
 an  unsullied  record.  He  was  the  father  of  B.  K. 
 Jamison,  the  well-known  banker  of  Philadelphia, 
 who  is  also  a  u.seful  member  of  the  Walnut  Street 
 Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 Janeway,  Jacob  J.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  New 
 York,  November  20th,  1774.  He  graduated  at  Colum- 
 bia College,  in  1794,  and  studied  theology  with  the 
 celebrated  Dutch  divine.  Dr.  Livingston.  He  was 
 ordained  colleague  of  Dr.  Green,  in  the  Second  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  Philadelphia,  in  1799.  For  thirteen 
 years  they  worked  together  with  unljroken  harmony. 
 When  Dr.  Green  was  made  I>re.sident  of  the  College 
 of  New  Jersey,  Dr.  Skinner  was  cho.sen  colleague  to 
 Dr.  Janeway.  In  1816,  Dr.  Skinner,  with  fifty  of  the 
 members,  parted,  to  build  up  a  new  enterprise,  the 
 Arch  Street  Church.  In  1818,  Dr.  Janeway  was 
 elected  Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly.  In  1838 
 he  accepted  a  Professorship  in  the  new  Theological 
 Seminary  at  Allegheny,  Pa.,  but  relinquished  it  in  a 
 year,  in  consequence  of  property  difficulties.  In  1830 
 he  was  installed  over  the  First  Dutch  Reformed 
 Church,  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  which  position  he 
 held  only  two  years,  on  account  of  ill  health.  In 
 1833  he  was  appointed  Vice  President  of  Rutgers 
 College.  This  post  he  resigned  on  reuniting  with 
 the  Presbyterian  Church.     From  this  time  forward  he 
 
 took  no  heavier  burdens  on  himself  than  .serving  in 
 the  Boards  of  the  Church  and  of  Princeton  Seminary; 
 and  also  as  Trustee  of  Nassau  Hall.  In  the  discharge 
 of  these  duties  he  was  unsurpassed  for  assiduity  and 
 punctuality.  His  death  occurred,  June'  27th,  1858, 
 in  the  eighty-fourth  year  of  his  age. 
 
 As  a  preacher,  Dr.  Janeway  was  didactic  and  meth- 
 odical, avoiding  the  flowery  paths  of  rhetoric.  On 
 all  public  occasions,  he  acquitted  himself  creditably. 
 His  figure  was  portly  and  his  countenance  benevolent. 
 He  was  singularly  self-poised  and  unimpassioned. 
 "When  the  tornado  of  1837  blew  his  chimneys  down 
 and  twisted  his  old  elms,  he  merely  said  to  the 
 as.sembled  crowd,  in  his  usual  imperturbable  manner, 
 "  This  has  been  a  considerable  blow." 
 
 Dr.  Janeway  published  letters  on  the  "  Atone- 
 ment," "Communicants'  Manual,"  etc. 
 
 Jane"way,  Thomas  Leiper,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Philadelphia,  February  27th,  1805;  graduated  at  the 
 University  of  Pennsylvania  in  1823;  was  Tutor  in 
 Allegheny  Seminary  in  1828,  and  ordained,  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Elizabethtown,  November  3d,  1829. 
 He  was  pastor  of  the  First  Church  of  Rahway,  N.  J., 
 1829-^10;  pastor  of  the  North  Church,  Philadelphia, 
 1840-54;  pastor  at  Kingston,  N.  J.,  1855-61,  and 
 Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Domestic 
 Missions,  1861-68.  He  now  resides  in  Philadelphia. 
 Dr.  Janeway  is  a  gentleman  of  genial  sjiirit  and 
 pleasing  address.  '  "SVTiilst  in  active  ministerial  work, 
 he  was  popular  as  a  preacher,  faithful  as  a  pastor  and 
 presbyter,  and  his  labors  were  crowned  with  success. 
 In  his  connection  with  the  Board  of  Domestic  Missions 
 he  rendered  valuable  service.  He  now  preaches  for 
 his  brethren,  as  there  is  ojiportunity. 
 
 Janvier,  Rev.  Levi,  was  bom  at  Pittsgrove, 
 N.  J.  April  25th,  1816.  He  graduated  at  the  College 
 of  New  Jersey  in  1835.  After  being  engaged  in 
 teaching  for  a  time,  he  was  ordained  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  M'est  Jersey,  December  31st,  1840.  He  was  a 
 missionary  in  India,  at  Futtehghur,  Lodialia,  Am- 
 bala  and  Sabathu,  1841-64.  He  died  at  Anandpoer, 
 Marcli  25th,  1864,  jjassing  from  his  chosen  scene  of 
 labor  and  self-denial  to  the  reward  of  a  "  good  and  • 
 faithful  servant. ' ' 
 
 Jeffers,  Rev.  "W.  H.,  D.D.,  LL.  D.,  was  born 
 near  Cadiz,  Ohio,  May  11th,  1838.  At  the  age  of 
 thirteen  he  entered  Geneva  College,  an  Institution  of 
 the  Reformed  Presbv'terian  Church,  in  Northwood, 
 Ohio,  and  graduated,  with  distinction,  in  1855.  In 
 theologv'  he  was  trained  in  the  Seminary  of  the  United 
 Presbj'terian  Church,  at  Xenia,  Ohio.  He  was  licen.sed 
 in  1859,  by  the  V.  P.  Presbytery  of  Sidney,  and  devoted 
 the  two  following  years  to  home  missionary  work  in 
 the  State  of  Iowa.  Better  fitted  for  his  chosen  life- 
 work  by  this  experience,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 pastorate  of  the  united  churches  of  Bellefontaine  and 
 Northwood,  and  was  duly  ordained  and  installed  over 
 that  charge,  in  1862,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Sidney. 
 Almost    inimediatelv    the    As.semblv  of   the    United 
 
JEFFESS. 
 
 379 
 
 JEXKIXS. 
 
 Presbrt^rian  Church  recognized  his  exceptional  merit 
 by  appointing  liini  on  its  committee  for  preparing  a 
 new  version  of  the  Psalms,  and  continuing  him  in 
 that  imjxjrtant  position  until  the  work  was  done. 
 In  1866  he  accepted  the  Professorship  of  Latin  and 
 Hebrew  in  Westminster  College,  in  New  Wilmington, 
 Pennsylvania,  where  he  remained  until  1869,  when, 
 in  order  to  acquire  the  advantages  which  may  be 
 gained  by  travel  and  study  abroad,  he  resigned,  and 
 spent  the  year  following  mostly  in  Egypt,  Syria  and 
 Greece.  AAliile  thus  absent  in  the  far  E;ist,  he  was 
 elected  to  the  Chair  of  Greek  Literature  in  the 
 University  of  Woo.ster,  Ohio,  which  he  most  ably 
 filled  until  1875,  when,  to  the  great  regret  of  all  the 
 friends  of  the  University,  he  thought  proper  to  accept 
 the   pastorate   of   the   Euclid   Avenue   Presbyterian 
 
 W.  H.  .TCFPEBS,  D.  It.,  LL.  D. 
 
 Church  in  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Here  he  remained  until 
 elected,  in  1877,  to  the  Profes-sorship  of  Old  Testament 
 Literature  and  Exegesis  in  the  Western  Theological 
 Seminary,  at  Allegheny,  Pa. 
 
 Into  all  the  positions  which  Dr.  Jetfers  has  occupied, 
 he  has  carried  gifts  and  attainments  so  various  and 
 excellent  that  his  ser\'ices  have  been  conspicuously 
 effective  and  valuable.  As  a  preacher,  he  has  few  if 
 any  superiors  in  tho.se  things  which  constitute  true 
 gospel  preaching.  Clear  iu  thought,  ter.se  in 
 exprcs.sion,  logical  in  method  and  eminently  Scriptu- 
 ral iu  matter,  his  hearers  are  not  only  interested  in 
 the  intellectual  form  and  movement  of  his  discourse, 
 but  they  are  also  conscious  of  receiving  sterling 
 instruction  on  themes  of  the  highest  moment. 
 Admirable,  however,  as  he  is  iu  the  pulpit,  his  mos! 
 
 special  adaptations  are  to  the  duties  of  the  high 
 office  he  holds  as  the  teacher  of  candidates  for  the 
 ministrj',  in  tho.se  essential  things  which  pertain  to 
 the  true  understanding  of  the  Word  of  God,  and 
 which  may  make  them  also  able  and  successful  inter- 
 preters of  tliat  s;ime  peerless  Word. 
 
 Jelly,  Alexander  M.,  D.D.,  was  born  in  the 
 I  "Four  Mile  ,Square, "  Beaver  county,  Pa.     He  pur- 
 sued his  academical  studies  in  the  Beaver  Academy, 
 whence  he  went  to  Washington  College,  Pa.,  where 
 he  remained  two  years,   and  from  which,  after  its 
 union  vnth  Jefferson  College,  he  received  the  Degree 
 of  A.  M.     After  teaching  one  year  in  the  Wheeling 
 Classical  Academy,   he  entered  the  Western  Theo- 
 '  logical  Seminary,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1861. 
 After  being  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Ohio,  April, 
 I  1861,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  Belmont  Church, 
 '  Philadelphia,  September  14th  of  the  same  year.     He 
 '  Wiis  also  pa.stor  of  the  Richmond  Church,  Philadel- 
 phia, 1862-70;  of  the  Church  at  Washington,  N.  J., 
 1870-74,   and  of   the  Twelfth    Church,    Baltimore, 
 1874-9.     JIarked  success  attended  his  ministry  in  all 
 the.se  fields  of  labor. 
 
 Dr.  Jelly,  as  a  preacher,  is  evangelical,  earnest, 
 eloquent.  A.s  a  pastor,  he  is  most  faithful  and  effi- 
 cient. He  is  no  less  successful  as  an  educator.  At 
 Candor,  Pa.,  iu  Philadelphia,  in  Washington,  X.  J., 
 he  organized  and  carried  on  successfully  parochial 
 schools,  in  which  many  of  the  young  people  were 
 trained,  under  his  skillful  hand,  for  usefulness.  Of 
 great  financial  and  executive  ability,  he  is  eminently 
 fitted  for  such  work.  During  his  pastorate  in  Balti- 
 more, the  New  Windsor  College,  5Id.,  having  failed, 
 for  want  of  proper  management,  and  being  desirous 
 of  reclaiming  it  for  the  education  of  youth,  especially 
 of  Presbyterians,  he  purchased  this  valuable  and 
 finely  situated  property.  Now,  with  the  Board  of 
 Tru.stees  as  counsellors,  a  full  corps  of  competent 
 professors,  and  aided  by  his  accomplished  wife,  he 
 has  seen  tliis  college,  under  his  wise  management, 
 rise  to  an  encouraging  and  gratifj  ing  degree  of  pros- 
 perity. Although  thus  engaged,  he  is  still  pursuing 
 his  favorite  work  of  preaching  the  gospel,  as  stated 
 supply  of  the  churches  of  New  Windsor  and  Granite, 
 preaching  twice  every  Sabbath,  and  on  many  special 
 occasions. 
 
 Jenkins,  Herman  Dutilh,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Columbus,  O.,  January  11th,  ISi'i;  graduated  at 
 Hamilton  College,  in  1864;  studied  theology  at 
 Auburn  Seminary,  1864-5,  and  at  Union  Seminary, 
 New  York,  1865-7.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  New  York,  in  December,  1866.  From  Decem- 
 ber, 1866,  to  August,  1867,  he  spent  in  travel.  On  his 
 return  he  accepted  work  in  a  mission  chapel,  at 
 Columbus,  O.,  for  the  Fall  and  Winter.  In  AprO, 
 1868,  he  was  called  to  supply  the  Central  Presbyte- 
 rian Church,  of  Joliet,  111.,  and  in  June  accepted  an 
 offer  of  the  pastorate,  and  was  ordained  in  September, 
 1868,  by  the   Presbytery  of  Chicago,  and  installed 
 
JENNINGS. 
 
 380 
 
 JE8SUP. 
 
 during  the  same  month.  In  1873  he  took  charge  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Freeport,  111.,  where 
 he  has  labored  nearly  ten  years.  Dr.  Jenkins  is  a 
 forcible  and  faithful  preacher.  In  reporting  himself 
 in  the  record  of  his  theological  class,  he  says  :  "I  have 
 learned  much  of  the  joys  of  Christian  labor.  *  *  * 
 God  has  given  to  the  churches  I  have  served  an  in- 
 crease sufficient  for  encouragement,  but  not.sufficient 
 for  boasting." 
 
 Jennings,  Rev.  Jacob,  was  born  in  Somerset 
 county,  X.  J.,  in  1744.  He  studied  medicine,  and 
 practiced  it  near  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  and  subse- 
 quently in  Readiugton  township,  Huntingdon  county, 
 with  considerable  reputation.  Wlu-u  about  forty  years 
 of  age  he  turned  Ms  attention  to  theology,  and  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel.  For  several  years  after 
 his  licensure  he  resided  in  Virginia.  He  was  admitted 
 to  membership  in  the  Presbytery  of  Redstone,  April 
 17th,  1792,  and  accepted  a  call  from  the  congregation 
 of  Dunlap's  Creek,  in  Fayette  county,  of  which  he 
 continued  to  be  pastor  until  June,  1811,  when,  \)n 
 account  of  his  increased  infirmities,  he  asked  and 
 obtained  a  dissolution  of  the  pastoral  relation.  He 
 died,  February  17th,  1813. 
 
 Jennings,  Obadiah,  D.D.,  was  the  fourth 
 son  of  the  Rev.  Jacob  Jennings,  noticed  above,  and 
 was  born  near  Basking  Ridge,  N.  J.,  December  13th, 
 1778.  He  was  educated  at  the  Academy  at  Canons- 
 burg,  Pa.,  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in 
 1800,  and  practiced  that  profession  at  Steubenville, 
 O.,  and  Washington,  Pa.  Having  determined  to 
 retire  from  the  Bar,  he  commenced  a  course  of  theologi- 
 cal reading  in  the  Fall  of  1816,  was  licensed  to  preach 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Ohio,  and  shortly  after 
 received  a  unanimous  call  from  the  Chui-ch  in  Steu- 
 ben\'ille  to  become  their  pastor,  which  he  accepted, 
 and  was  installed  in  the  Spring  of  1817.  Here  he 
 continued  laboring, ,  with  great  fidelity  and  a  good 
 measure  of  success,  for  six  years.  In  the  Spring  of 
 1823  he  was  installed  pa.stor  of  the  Church  in  Wash- 
 ington, Pa.  Here  he  remained,  an  earnest  and  effi- 
 cient laborer  in  the  vineyard  of  the  Lord,  five  years. 
 
 He  then  received  a  call  from  the  Church  in  Nash- 
 ville, Teun.,  removing  to  that  place  in  April,  1828. 
 Here  he  exerted  him.self  to  the  utmost  of  his  ability, 
 and,  though  the  accessions  to  his  church  were  not 
 very  numerous,  his  good  influence  was  felt,  not  only 
 by  his  immediate  congregation,  but  throughout  the 
 region  in  which  he  lived.  In  the  year  1830  he  was 
 unexpectedly  drawn  into  a  public  controversy  with 
 Alexander  Campbell,  on  various  points  of  Christian 
 doctrine,  in  which  he  discovered  great  intellectual 
 acumen  and  logical  power.  Dr.  Jennings  died  Janu- 
 ary 12th,  1832.  He  published  several  occasional 
 sermons,  also  various  articles  in  the  religious  period- 
 icals of  the  day.  His  discourses  were  marked  by 
 good  sense,  evangelical  doctrine,  and  an  excellent 
 spirit.  His  piety  was  earnest,  but  unostentatious. 
 He  was  a  man  of  very  humble  spirit,  and  his  whole 
 
 deportment  was  that  of  a  sincere  follower  of  the  meek 
 and  lowly  Jesus. 
 
 Jennings,  Samuel  Carnahan,  D.  D.,  was 
 born  in  Washington  county.  Pa.,  February  19th, 
 1803;  graduated  in  Jefferson  College'in  1823,  and  was 
 ordained  by  the  Piesbytery  of  Ohio,  June  24th,  1829. 
 He  was  pastor  at  Sharon,  Pa.,  1829-79;  editor  of 
 Chrisliati  Herald  (now  Presbyterian  Banner)  1829-32; 
 editor  of  the  Preslii/terian  Preacher,  1833-37;  principal 
 of  Female  Seminary,  1837-40;  stated  supply  at  Mt. 
 Plsgah,  1831-48;  stated  supply  at  Temperanceville, 
 1842-48;  pa.stor  at  Long  Island,  1848-57;  at  Valley 
 Church,  18.57-68,  and  stated  .supply  at  Riverdale, 
 1880 — .  Dr.  Jennings'  long  life  has  been  one  of 
 marked  con.secration  to  the  Master's  work.  He  is  a 
 devout  and  faithful  Christian,  and  by  his  pen,  as 
 well  as  in  the  pulpit,  has  rendered  valuable  service  to 
 the  cause  of  truth  and  righteou.sness.  He  is  known 
 as  a  champion  of  the  cause  of  Temperance.  His  in- 
 fluence in  every  direction  has  been  salutary,  and  he 
 justly  enjoys  the  esteem  of  his  brethren. 
 
 Jessup,  Henry  Harris,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  Hon. 
 William  Jessuji,  noticed  below,  was  born  at  Montro.se, 
 
 HE.NRY    HARRIS   JESSUP.  D.  D. 
 
 Pa.,  April  19th,  1832.  He  graduated  at  Yale  College, 
 in  18.51,  and  at  Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York 
 city,  in  1855.  Ordained  November  1st,  1855;  he  was 
 missionary  at  Tripoli,  Syria,  1856-60,  and  since  18G0 
 has  been  missionary  at  Beirut,  Syria.  He  received 
 the  title  of  D.  D.  in  1865,  from  the  University  of 
 New  York,  and  from  the  College  of  New  Jersey.  He 
 was  Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly  which  met 
 at  Saratoga,    N.    Y.,    in   1879,   and  discharged  the 
 
JESSUP. 
 
 381 
 
 JAXS'i/'. 
 
 duties  i>f  the  position  with  great  ability  and  acccpt- 
 ableness.  Dr.  Jessup  is  a  line  scholar,  a  devoted 
 Christian  and  an  instructive  and  edifying  preacher. 
 In  his  fields  of  foreign  labor  he  has,  ■nith  pen  and 
 voice,  rendered  invaluable  service  in  the  promotion 
 of  the  Redeemer's  kingdom.  His  untiring  energj', 
 great  tact  and  eminent  consecration  to  his  grand 
 work  have  given  him  large  success  in  winning  souls 
 to  Christ,  and  won  for  him  the  admiration  and 
 affection  of  all  who  love  the  cause  to  which  his  life 
 has  been  so  ardently  devoted.  During  several  brief 
 visits  to  his  native  country  he  has  spent  the  time  in 
 kindling  or  fanning  tlie  flame  of  missionarj'  zeal  in 
 the  congregations  of  the  Church  which  he  has  so 
 long  and  faithfully  represented  in  its  work  of  mis- 
 sions. Dr.  Jessup  is  the  author  of  "  Mohammedan 
 Missionary  Problem,"  a  volume  of  much  interest, 
 from  the  press  of  our  Board  of  Publication. 
 
 Jessup,  Rev.  Samuel,  A.  B.,  was  the  seventh 
 child  and  third  son  of  Hon.  William  and  Amanda 
 (Harris)  Jessup,  and  was  born  in  Montrose,  Susque- 
 hanna county.  Pa.,  December  21st,  1833.  He  united 
 with  the  church,  on  jjrofession,  in  1848,  when  at  school 
 in  Homer,  N.  Y.  In  18.}3  he  was  in  mercantile  busi- 
 ness and  about  to  become  a  partner  in  the  firm,  when, 
 in  view  of  the  expected  departure  of  his  older  brother, 
 Henry,  to  Syria,  he  decided  to  give  up  business  and 
 give  himself  to  the  foreign  missionary  work. 
 
 Entering  Yale  College  in  18.56,  as  a  member  of  the 
 class  of  1860,  he  remained  two  years,  but,  with  the 
 advice  of  President  Woolsey,  he  left  college  and  en- 
 tered Union  Theological  Seminary,  N.  Y.,  September, 
 1858,  and  graduated  May,  1861.  On  the  graduation 
 of  his  class  (of  1860),  in  Yale,  the  degree  of  A.  B.  was 
 conferred  upon  him,  with  the  class. 
 
 Under  a  commission  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  JI.,  he 
 sailed  for  Syria,  December,  1862.  He  was  stationed 
 first  at  Tripoli,  S.>Tia,  then  at  Sidon,  and  then  in 
 1869  returned  to  Tripoli.  In  October,  1883,  he  re- 
 moved to  Beirut,  which  is  now  his  home.  He  was 
 ordained  in  1862,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Montrose.  He 
 is  a  good  Arabic  scholar,  an  earnest  preacher,  has'  re- 
 markable tact  in  dealing  with  men,  and  is  universally 
 beloved.  His  early  busine.ss  training  has  fitted  him 
 admirably  for  the  work  to  which  he  has  just  been 
 called,  in  the  management  of  the  Mission  Printing 
 Establishment  and  Publishing  House  in  Beirut. 
 
 Jessup,  "William,  LL.  D. ,  was  born  at  South- 1 
 ampton.  Long  Island,  in  1797.  He  was  of  honored  I 
 parentiige.  He  was  graduated  from  Yale  College,  in 
 1815.  After  leaving  college  he  settled  at  Jlontrose, 
 Susquehanna  county.  Pa.  He  w:i.s  admitted  to  the 
 Bar  in  1820.  He  held  several  minor  offices  under  the 
 appointment  of  the  Governor  of  the  State  in  early  life, 
 when  he  learned  that  eminent  practicability  which  dis- 
 tinguished him,  when  coupled  in  the  higher  courts  of 
 the  State  with  profound  learning,  and  at  the  Bar  with 
 convincing  eloquence. 
 
 He   was    commissioned    President    Judge  of    the 
 
 Eleventh  Judicial  District  of  Pennsylvania,  by  Gover- 
 nor Ritner,  and  held  that  office,  in  different  districts, 
 for  thirteen  years.  In  1851  he  was  nominated  for 
 Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State,  by  the 
 Whig  party,  and  shared  with  his  distinguished  com- 
 peers the  defeat  of  his  party  by  a  small  majority. 
 He  then  returned  to  the  practice  of  his  favorite  pro- 
 fession. One  of  his  political  opponents  wrote  of  him, 
 that  ' '  the  .style  of  his  oratory  at  the  Bar  is  per- 
 spicuous, pleasing,  and  strongly  impressive.  One 
 of  his  most  brilliant  forensic  triumphs  may  be 
 reckoned  his  defence  of  the  Rev.  Albert  Barnes,  of 
 Philadelphia,  upon  the  ch.arge  of  heresy,  before  the 
 General  Assembly  of  the  Presln-terian  Church.  In 
 his  character  or  position  as  a  Judge  he  was  remark- 
 able for  a  clearness  and  readiness  upon  any  subject 
 
 WILLIAM  JESSI-P,  LL.  D. 
 
 ^vithin  the  range  of  the  profession,  and  for  a  prompt 
 and  proper  dispatch  of  bu-siness.  Judge  Jessup  com- 
 manded, from  a  distinguished  and  intelligent  Bar, 
 not  only  their  respect  for  his  learning  and  impar- 
 tiality, as  exhibited  on  the  bench,  but  also  their  affec- 
 tion and  esteem,  in  the  highest  degree,  as  a  man  and 
 a  Christian." 
 
 Hamilton  College  conferred  on  Judge  Jessup,  j  ustly, 
 the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws.  He  cultivated  literary 
 and  scientific  tastes,  and  was  deeply  interested  in  the 
 material,  moral,  and  educational  growth  of  his  county 
 and  State.  He  was  a  firm  adherent  of  Temperance 
 principles.  He  was  practically  and  theoretically 
 interested  in  farming  pursuits,  and  did  much  to  ele- 
 vate the  reputation  of  his  county  in  that  direction. 
 He  made  a  public  profession  of  religion  in  1825,  and 
 
JEWELL. 
 
 .382 
 
 JOHNSON. 
 
 in  1829  was  elected  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
 ■which  office  he  ever  afterwards  held.  His  religion, 
 while  founded  on  a  strong  basis  of  doctrine,  was  an 
 enthusiasm  with  him,  and  often  enabled  him  to  con- 
 vince and  electrify  an  audience. 
 
 Judge  Jessup  wa.s  permitted  to  see  all  the  members 
 of  his  large  family  united  with  the  Presbyterian 
 Church.  He  left  as  a  legacy  to  the  Church  in  -its  work, 
 the  missionaries,  Rev.  Henry  H.  Jessup,  D.D.,  and 
 Rev.  Samuel  Jessup,  who  have  spent  so  much  of  their 
 lives  in  the  Syrian  Mission.  He  died,  September  11th, 
 1868.  Paralysis  affected  his  memory  in  the  last  years 
 of  his  life,  so  that  he  would  lose  his  way  to  his  own 
 home,  but  never  to  the  house  of  God;  he  found  this 
 with  unerring  precision.  In  his  life,  he  was  liberal, 
 charitable,  social  and  upright.  His  memory  is  still 
 retained  iu  the  part  of  the  State  where  he  lived,  with 
 great  respect  and  aftection. 
 
 Je'well,  Rev.  Joel,  was  Ijorn  in  Durham,  Green 
 county,  N.  Y.,  February  11th,  1803.  At  an  early 
 age  we  find  liim  among  the  pioneers  in  Sunday-school 
 and  Temperance  work.  From  the  beginning  of  his 
 religious  experience,  in  1820,  he  has  ever  been  active 
 in  revival  work,  assisting  Dr.  William  Wisner,  of 
 Ithaca,  in  the  gracious  revival  in  the  Winter  of 
 1827-28,  when  some  five  hundred  were  hopefully 
 converted  and  added  to  the  Church,  and  also  assisting 
 Rev.  Titus  Coan,  at  Medina,  N.  Y.,  in  a  precious 
 revival  season  in  the  early  Spring  of  1829.  During 
 the  following  Summer  he  superintended  sixteen  Sab- 
 bath schools,  visiting  three  or  four  each  Sabbath,  in 
 order,  leaving  the  assistant  superintendent  in  charge 
 for  the  other  Sabbaths.  The  next  year  he  had  the 
 charge  of  seventeen  schools.  In  the  Spring  of  1837 
 he  removed  from  Hector,  N.  Y.,  to  Farmington, 
 Tioga  county.  Pa.,  where  he  continued  similar  Sab- 
 bath-school and  evangelistic  work  until  1843,  when 
 he  entered  the  ministry.  For  five  years  he  supplied 
 the  Presbyterian  churches  of  Farmington  and 
 Beecher's  Island. 
 
 In  1847  Mr.  Jewell  was  called  to  the  Congrega- 
 tional Church  of  West  Newark,  Tioga  ccmnty,  N.  Y., 
 where  he  remained  five  years  and  a  half,  when  he 
 removed  to  Wells,  Pa.,  iu  the  year  1852.  Since  that, 
 for  thirty  years,  he  has  labored  with  the  churches  of  ! 
 Wells  and  Columbia  Cross  Roads  and  Sylvania,  with  ' 
 the  exception  of  two  years  of  the  time,  when  he  was 
 recalled  to  his  old  pastorate  at  West  Newark,  N.  Y. 
 He  is  still  supplying  the  Church  of  Sylvania,  beloved 
 and  honored  in  his  work.  Through  Mr.  Jewell 
 originated  the  word  "teetotal."  At  a  public  tem- 
 perance meeting  in  Hector,  in  1828,  he  introduced 
 into  the  pledge  the  letters  "O.  P."  for  "old  pledge," 
 which  pledged  against  only  distilled  liquors,  and 
 "T,"  for  "total,"  including  both  distilled  and  fer- 
 mented liquors.  AVlien  names  were  being  taken,  a 
 young  man  in  the  gallery  said,  "Add  my  name  and 
 a  'T,'  for  I  am  a  T-totaler."  And  thus  originated 
 the   name   teetotaler,    more   than   four  years  before 
 
 Dick  Turner  claimed  to  coin  it  in  England.  In 
 August  22d,  1829,  Mr.  Jewell  organized  a  young 
 people's  society,  consisting  of  252  members,  male  and 
 female — the  beginning  of  woman's  work  in  temper- 
 ance. 
 
 Johnes,  Rev.  Timothy,  of  Welsh  descent,  was 
 born  at  Southampton,  Long  Island,  May  24th, 
 1717,  and  graduated  at  Yale  in  1737.  He  was  or- 
 dained at  Morri.stown,  N.  J.,  February  9th,  1743. 
 The  congregation  at  this  phice  "  was,  under  Christ, 
 collected,  .settled,  and  watered  "  by  Mr.  Johnes. 
 During  the  latter  part  of  his  ministry  there,  especi- 
 ally, his  zealous  labors  were  greatly  blessed. 
 
 The  American  army  passed  the  Winter  of  1777 
 encamped  near  Morristown.  It  was  a  disastrous 
 stage  of  our  public  affairs;  sickness  swept  away  the 
 soldiers,  and  the  gloom  was  made  horrible  by  the 
 abounding  profanity  and  the  ceaseless  gaming. 
 Washington,  as  the  communion  drew  nigh,  asked 
 Mr.  Johnes  if  membership  with  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  was  required  by  him  as  a  term  of  admission 
 to  the  ordinance.  He  replied,  "All  who  love  the 
 Lord  Jesus  are  welcome."  "That  is  right,"  was 
 Washington's  answer,  and  he  sought,  iu  the  fellow- 
 ship of  God's  people  and  in  the  remembrance  of 
 redeeming  love,  on  the  Sabbath,  relief  from  the  scenes 
 that  appalled  liim  and  from  the  forebodings  that 
 oppressed  his  soul.  The  services  were  held  in  the 
 open  air,  even  in  Winter,  iu  a  sheltered  spot.  The 
 church  was  at  that  time  occupied  as  a  hospital,  and 
 often,  in  the  morning,  the  dead  were  found  lying  in 
 the  pews. 
 
 Mr.  Johnes  died  September  19th,  1794.  He  was 
 distinguished  for  his  fidelity;  his  discourses  were 
 clear,  plain,  practical,  persuasive.  By  an  afl'ectionate 
 appeal  to  the  heart,  he  aimed  to  win  men  to  the  prac- 
 tice of  holiness.  Few  congregations  were  so  thor- 
 oughly instructed  as  his,  in  all  that  pertains  to  the 
 practical  duties  of  religion,  and  in  the  great  doctrines 
 of  grace.  A  lover  of  peace,  his  own  people  and  the 
 neighboring  congregations  unhesitatingly  reposed 
 with  confidence  in  his  judgment  and  tried  friendship. 
 
 Johnson,  Herrick,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  possesses 
 such  elements  of  power  and  magnetism  as  to  make 
 him  one  of  the  pulpit  and  platform  orators  now  most 
 prominent  in  America.  He  was  born  near  Fonda, 
 N.  Y.,  September  21.st,  1832,  and  graduated  from 
 Hamilton  College,  N.  Y.,  in  1857,  being  laureled 
 for  his  Clark  Prize  Oration  on  "  The  Assimilation  of 
 Character  to  Objects  of  Thought. "  Graduating  from 
 Auburn  Seminary  in  1860,  he  was  ordained  colleague 
 pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Troy, 
 during  the  pastorate  of  the  celebrated  Dr.  Beman. 
 Pn  the  Fall  of  1862  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  pas- 
 torate of  the  Third  Prcsbj'terian  Church  in  Pittsburg 
 Pa.,  which  he  resigned  in  the  Fall  of  18G7. 
 
 During  the  Winter  of  1867-8,  Dr.  Johnson  sup- 
 plied the  Presbyterian  pulpit  iu  Marquette,  Mich., 
 and  in  May,  1868,  he  accepted  the  pastorate  of  the 
 
JOHNSON. 
 
 383 
 
 JOHNSON. 
 
 First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  as 
 the  successor  of  Rev.  Albert  Barnes.  In  January, 
 1874,  he  entered  upon  a  new  field  of  labor,  as  Pro- 
 fessor of  Sacred  Rhetoric  and  Pastoral  Theology  in 
 Auburn  Theological  Seminary.  In  the  Spring  of 
 1880  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Fourth  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Chicago,  and  al.so  to  a  Lectureship  of  Sacred 
 Rhetoric  in  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the  North- 
 west. He  was  a  member  of  the  Second  General 
 Council  of  the  Presbyterian  Alliance,  which  convened 
 at  Philadelphia,  and  read  before  that  body  an  admir- 
 able paper  on  "  The  Proper  Care,  Support  and  Train- 
 ing of  Candidates  for  the  Ministry." 
 
 The  volume  entitled  "Christianity's  Challenge," 
 was  prepared  by  Dr.  Johnson,  for  the  press,  in  the 
 Winter  of  1880-81.     In  the  "Winter  of  1881-82,  the 
 
 HKKKICK   JuU.NSU.N,  D.   li.,  LL.  D. 
 
 memorable  theatre  controversy  wiis  carried  on  in 
 Chicago,  resulting  in  the  publication,  by  him,  of 
 "Plain  Talks  About  the  Theatre,"  which  has  passed 
 through  several  editions.  In  May,  1882,  he  was  elected 
 Moderator  of  the  General  Asseml)ly  of  the  Presbyte- 
 rian Church,  at  Springfield,  111.,  and  filled  the  position 
 with  great  accept;ince.  The  same  year  he  received 
 the  George  Wood  Medal  for -"The  Premium  Tract 
 on  the  Glory  of  Christ."  This  honor  was  awarded 
 by  the  proper  committee  of  the  Americim  Tract 
 Society  to  the  volume,  named  "Christianity's  Chal- 
 lenge," as  entitled,  above  all  competitors,  to  special 
 commendation. 
 
 Dr.  Johnson  is  a  genial  and  cultivated  gentleman, 
 an  eminently  devoted  Christian,  an  author  of  great 
 clearness  and  force,  a  preacher  of  superior  ability,  an 
 excellent  lecturer,  and  ready  for  every  good  work.    In 
 
 every  sphere  he  has  occupied  he  has  been  a  succes.s, 
 and  he  is  held  in  high  esteem  by  the  Church  which 
 he  so  ardently  loves  and  so  faithfully  serves. 
 
 In  July,  1883,  Dr.  Johnson  resigned  his  pastoral 
 charge  in  Chicago,  and  accepted  the  Professorship  of 
 Sacred  Rhetoric  and  Pastoral  Theology  in  the  North- 
 western Theological  Seminary. 
 
 Johnson,  Rev.  Obadiah  Meeker,  son  of 
 Nathanael  and  Rhoda  (Meeker)  Johnson,  was  born 
 at  Newark,  N.  J.,  September  l.lth,  1806;  graduated  at 
 Amherst  College,  in  1832;  taught  for  one  year  in 
 Newark,  and  studied  theology  at  Princeton.  He 
 was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Newark,  October 
 9th,  1834,  and  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the 
 same  Presbytery,  October  20th,  1835,  to  go  to  Rio  de 
 Janeiro,  BrazU,  as  seamen's  chaplain.  He  arrived  at 
 that  place,  Januarj-  20th,  183(j,  but  after  remaining 
 there  some  months  was  recalled  by  the  Managers  of 
 the  Seamen's  Friend  Society,  on  account  of  the  finan- 
 cial troubles  of  1837.  He  then  supplied  the  Church 
 of  Whippany,  N.  J.,  ten  months,  in  1838-39;  also  the 
 church  at  Boonton,  N.  J.,  ibur  months,  in  1839.  Hav- 
 ing accepted  a  call  from  the  Church  of  Denton, 
 Orange  county,  N.  Y.,  he  was  installed,  October  29th, 
 1839,  and  labored  there  with  industry,  fidelity  and 
 success,  until  the  relation  was  dissolved,  October  22d, 
 1873.  Alter  May,  1875,  he  resided  at  Mousey,  Rock- 
 land countj',  N.  Y.,  where  he  died,  January  7th, 
 1881.  Mr.  Johnson  was  a  devoted  minister  of  the 
 gospel,  whose  Christian  character  and  purpose  were 
 always  transparent,  commanding  the  regard  of  all 
 who  knew  him.  He  was  as  conscientious  in  all  the 
 minute  aflfairs  of  life  as  in  those  of  greatest  import- 
 ance. He  was  Stated  Clerk,  first  of  the  Synod  of  New 
 York  and  New  Jersey,  and  after  the  reunion,  of  the 
 Synod  of  New  York,  about  thirty  years,  and  was  Per- 
 manent Clerk  of  the  Presbytery  of  Hudson  about 
 twenty-four  years,  oifices  for  which  he  was  peculiarly 
 (luulificd  by  his  accurate  and  methodiciil  habits  and 
 his  intimate  acquaintance  with  the  polity  of  the 
 Chiirch. 
 
 Johnson,  Patterson,  was  a  ruling  elder  of  the 
 Mahoning  Presbyterian  Church,  Danville,  Pa.  He 
 died  June  21st,  1883.  He  was  a  man  of  fidelity  and 
 worth,  and  held  by  his  associates  in  the  eldership  in 
 high  esteem.  For  .seventeen  years  he  was  an  active 
 member  of  Session,  for  a  long  time  its  efficient  clerk, 
 and  for  twenty-five  years  a  consistent  disciple  of  the 
 Divine  Master.  In  the  Church,  the  Sabbath  school, 
 the  prayer  meeting,  and  in  every  department  of 
 Christian  work,  he  was  active  and  foithful.  He 
 exerted  a  strong  influence  in  the  community  in  which 
 he  lived,  by  the  clear  and  unwavering  testimony 
 borne  in  his  life  to  the  truth  as  it  is  in  Jesus,  and 
 died  in  the  blessed  hope  of  everlasting  rest  in  heaven. 
 
 Johnson,  Hon.  Samuel  Porter,  was  born  in 
 Venango  county,  Pa. ,  January  31st,  1809.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Jefferson  College  in  1830.  The  next  three 
 years  he  spent  in  teaching  in  Danville,  Pa. ,  and  in 
 
JOHNSON. 
 
 384 
 
 JOHNSTON. 
 
 studj'iiig  law  under  the  tuition  of  the  Hon.  Robert 
 
 C.  Grier.  Upon  his  admission  to  the  Bar,  at  Sun- 
 bury,  Pa.,  in  1833,  he  returned  to  the  western  part 
 of  the  State,  and  located  in  Franklin,  Venango  county, 
 removing,  after  les.s  than  a  year,  to  Warren  coniity. 
 Here  he  entered  upon  that  long  and  .successful  career 
 of  practice,  extending  over  "Warren,  Venango,  McKean, 
 Potter,  and  Elk  counties,  and  in  the  Supreme  Court, 
 that  culminated  in  his  election  as  President  Judge  of 
 the  Sixth  Judicial  District  of  Pennsylvania,  in  the 
 Fall  of  1860.  He  labored  through  his  term  of  ten 
 years  with  general  acceptiince  and  approval,  but  de- 
 clined to  be  a  candidate  for  re-election.  After  his 
 retiring  from  the  Bench,  he  resumed  and  continued  a 
 general  practice  of  the  law  for  thirteen  years. 
 
 Judge  Johnson's  characteristic  business  habits  were 
 energy,  industry  and  persistence.  His  mind  was 
 analytical  and  logical,  and  his  oratory  in  the  argu- 
 ment of  ca.ses  was  fervid,  methodical,  and  sometimes 
 severely  denunciatory.  Wholly  devoted  to  his  pro- 
 fession, he  never  .sought,  but  frefjuently  declined, 
 nominations  for  political  office.  His  Judgeship  fell 
 upon  him  without  any  eifort  or  expense  on  his  part. 
 Outside  of  his  profession  he  was  best  known  as  ia 
 uniform  Temperance  man,  having  commenced  deliver- 
 ing lectures  on  that  subject  earl3'  in  life,  and  kept  it 
 up,  as  opportunities  otfered,  for  more  than  fifty  years. 
 Several  of  these  lectures  have  been  published,  at 
 different  periods,  as  also  some  on  othet  subjects. 
 
 Judge  Johnson  always  retained  his  predilection 
 for  the  Church  of  his  fathers.  Ha^^ng  procured  a 
 charter  of  incorporation  for  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Warren,  as  early  as  1842,  he  was  for  many 
 j'ears  one  of  its  Trustees  (and  is  now  President  of  its 
 Board),  was  always  one  of  its  chief  supporters,  and 
 in  18(U  became  one  of  its  communion  members.  For 
 the  last  fifteen  years  he  has  had  the  sole  charge  of  an 
 adult  Bible  class  of  church  members.  He  claims  to 
 be  of  the  tribe  of  Levi,  because  his  father  (Rev. 
 Robert  J.,  one  of  the  pioneer  Presbyterian  ministers 
 of  Northwestern  Pennsylvania),  two  uncles,  his  oldest ' 
 brother,     his    brother-in-law    (Rev.     Loyal    Young, 
 
 D.  D.),  two  cousins,  and  one   nephew  (Rev.  S.   Hall  | 
 Young,  of  Alaska),   are,  or  have  been,  Presbj-terian 
 preachers. 
 
 Johnson,  "William  Melanothon,  D.D.,  the 
 youngest  child  of  Deacon  Thias  and  Sarah  (McDougall)  [ 
 Johnson,  was  born  in  Cambridge,  Washington  county, 
 K.  Y.,  May  1st,  1834.     He  graduated  at  Union  Col- 
 lege, in  1858,  and  from  Princeton  Theological  Semin- 
 ary, in  April,  18G1.      He  was  licensed  to  preach  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Troy  (Old  School),   in   January, 
 1860,  and  spent  his  seminary  vacation  in  the  same  I 
 year  preaching  at  Orange,  Vermont.    He  was  ordained  j 
 by  the  Troy  Presbj'tery,  and  installed  in  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  at  Stillwater,  N.  Y.,  May  1st,  1861. 
 He  continued  his  pastorate  there  six  years  and  five 
 months,   when   he  was   unanimou.sly   called   to  the 
 pastorate  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Cohoes,  ' 
 
 N.  Y.  While  he  labored  in  Stillwater,  the  Church 
 enjoyed  several  precious  seasons  of  re-sival,  and  had 
 frequent  additions.  During  his  ministry  here  he 
 frequently  preached  at  an  out-station,  the  result  of 
 which  was  the  organization  of  the  Second  Church  of 
 Stillwater.  His  labors  in  Cohoes  commenced  October 
 1st,  1867,  and  are  still  continued  there,  with  much 
 acceptableness  and  success.  He  was  Stated  Clerk  of 
 the  Troy  Presbytery,  from  October,  1864,  to  June, 
 1868,  and  Stated  Clerk  of  the  Albany  Synod,  from 
 June,  1870,  to  1882.  His  published  sermons  are : 
 "Our  Martyred  President,  Abraham  Lincoln,"  "An- 
 niversary Sermon,"  "  Presbyteriani.sm  in  Cohoes," 
 "  Ingersoll  Re^^ewed, "  "A  Memorial  Discourse  on 
 the  deaths  of  Prof  Joseph  Henry,  William  CuUen 
 Bryant  and  Dr.  Charles  Hodge,"  and  "  Pro^•idential 
 Contrasts  in  our  National  Life. " 
 
 Johnston,  Cyrus,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Mecklen- 
 burg county,  N.  C,  December  23d,  1797.  His 
 parents,  John  and  Mary  (Crawford)  Johnston,  were 
 of  the  Scotch-Irish  stock,  and  in  accordance  with  a 
 pions  custom  of  the  age,  set  apart  Cyrus,  the  oldest  of 
 seven  sons,  to  the  ministry.  He  was  prepared  for 
 college  by  Dr.  John  Makemie  Wilson,  was  graduated 
 with  first  honor  at  Hampden-Sidney  College,  in 
 1821,  and  studied  theology  under  Rev.  John  Robin- 
 son, D.D.  He  was  licensed  by  Concord  Presbytery 
 in  1823  and  ordained  by  the  .same  in  1824.  For 
 fifteen  years  he  ministered  to  Bethesda,  Cedar  Shoals, 
 and  Mount  Pleasant  churches,  in  South  Carolina; 
 returned  to  Concord  Presbytery  in  1839,  and  preached 
 at  Providence  and  Sharon  churches  until  1845,  when 
 he  took  charge  of  a  female  academy  in  Charlotte, 
 N.  C.  He  became  pastor  of  the  Charlotte  First 
 Church,  Jlay  23d,  1846,  and  spent  the  remainder  of 
 his  days  in  serving  that  church. 
 
 Dr.  Johnston  was  engaged  in  conducting  classical 
 schools  during  the  most  of  his  ministerial  life.  Dur- 
 ing his  last  years  he  gave  up  teaching,  and  devoted 
 his  whole  time  to  his  sacred  calling.  His  la,st  days 
 were  his  best  days.  He  gi'ew  in  knowledge,  pietj' 
 and  power,  as  his  consecration  to  his  work  became 
 complete.  Revivals  under  his  preaching,  in  his  own 
 and  in  neighboring  churches,  were  frequent.  He  was 
 a  fine  classical  and  mathematical  scholar,  a  sound 
 theologian,  a  skillful  casuist,  and  an  earnest,  bold 
 and  powerful  preacher.  A  member  of  his  congrega- 
 tion once  took  offence  at  his  fearless  denunciation  of 
 certain  prevalent  vices,  and  declared  that  he  would 
 never  hear  him  preach  again.  Upon  being  told  of 
 this.  Dr.  Johnston  said  that  if  he  would  return  next 
 Sabbath  he  would  hear  much  severer  things.  Curi- 
 osity, on  a  better  mind,  induced  him  to  return,  and 
 he  was  so  impressed  with  the  truth  of  the  preacher's 
 discourse  that  he  became  a  firnier  friend  of  Dr.  Johns- 
 ton than  he  was  before. 
 
 Dr.  Johnston  died  suddenly,  of  apoplexy,  January 
 25th,  1855.  Under  his  ministry  the  feeble  village 
 Church  of  Charlotte  began  a  growth  that  has  culmi- 
 
JOHNSTOK. 
 
 385 
 
 JOHNSTON. 
 
 nated  in  the  strong  and  wealthy  Charlotte  First 
 CTiiirch  of  to-day,  with  its  roll  of  three  hundred  and 
 sixty-seven  members,  and  its  annual  contributions 
 of  over  $:>000  to  religious  purposes. 
 
 Johnston,  Rev.  Frontis  Howe,  D.  D.,  was 
 born  in  Constantinople,  Turkey,  August  8th,  1834. 
 His  father  was  Rev.  Thomas  I.  Johnston,  of  Rowan 
 county,    North   Carolina,   and   his   mother  Mariana 
 Howe,  of  Granville,  Ohio,  and  these,  in  1833,  soon 
 after  their  marriage,  went  to  Turkey  as  missionaries, 
 under   the  American    Board   of  Commissioners   for 
 Foreign  Missions,  and  there  resided  for  twenty  years, 
 as  members  of  the  Jlission  to  the  Armenians.     The 
 subject  of  this  sketch,  who  w;is  the  oldest  child, 
 came  to  the   United   States  in  1851,   and  entered 
 Davidson  College,  where  he  graduated,  in  1855,  with 
 the  highest  honors.    The  same  year  he  went  to  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  Virginia,  and  at  the  end  of 
 his  course  there  was  licensed  to  preach  by  Orange 
 Presb>-tery,  in  May,  1858,  and  took  charge  of  the 
 churches  of  Philadelphia  and  Bethlehem,  in  Mecklen- 
 burg county.     'While  in  this  work  he  received  a  call 
 to  become  the  pastor  of  Lexington  Church,  Xorth 
 Carolina,    and    in    July,    1859,   was    ordained    and 
 installed  over    this  charge    by  the    Presbytery  of 
 Orange.     As  this  church  did  not  occupy  the  whole 
 of  his  time,  he  supplied,  for  five  years,  the  Church 
 of  High  Point,  and  also  labored  at  Winston,  Forsythe 
 coun^,   where,    in    1862,   a  church  was  organized 
 through  his  efforts.     This  la-st  he  continued  to  serve 
 till  1876,  when  he  was  called  and  installed  to  be  its 
 pastor  for  all  his  time. 
 
 In  1865  the  Synod  of  North  Carolina  appointed  him 
 a  member  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  Union  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  in  which  he  has  been  continued, 
 and  since  1878  he  has  been  the  Stated  Clerk  of  Orange 
 Presbytery.     Dr.  Johnston  belongs  to  a  family  emi-  j 
 nent  for  the  number  of  men  it  has  contributed  to  the 
 gospel  ministry.    From  his  birth  breathing  an  ecclesi- 
 astical atmosphere,  and  ever  a  diligent  student,  he  is 
 one  of  the  best  informed  men  of  his  Synod  on  the 
 subjects  of  chiirch  polity  and  goveniment,  and  from 
 his  ordination  has  held  a  high  rank  as  a  preacher. 
 His  style  is  clear,  logical  and  strong,  his  voice  flexible 
 and  rich,  and  his  sermons,   carefully  prepared,  are 
 always  instructive,  and  at  times  deeply  impre.ssive. 
 As  a  pastor  he  has  been  uniformly  wat<;hful,  prudent 
 and  gentle,  and  in  all  his  work  there  are  evidences  of 
 careful  and  prayerful  consideration.     He  writes  with 
 ease,  point  and  force,  and  in  allthe  movements  of  his 
 Presbj'tery  and  Synod  he  has  been  an  active  worker 
 and  among  the  foremost.     With  his  heart  in   the 
 gospel,  and  lo^^ng  the  pastoral  calling,  he  has  been 
 content  to  give   himself  to  the   duties  before  him, 
 seeking  only  to  do  well,  as  he  has  done,  that  which 
 is  put  to  his  hand,  while  his  abilities,  culture,  sound 
 judgment  and  public  spirit,  his  industry  and  his  high 
 '      .and  amiable  character,  fit  him  for  the  discharge  of  any 
 position  in  the  Church. 
 25 
 
 Johnston,  Rev.  James  Harvey,  was  born  at 
 Sidney  Plains,  Delaware  county,  X.  Y.,  October  14th, 
 1798.  He  graduated  at  Hamilton  College  in  1820, 
 with  the  first  honor  of  his  cla.ss;  at  Princeton  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  in  1824,  and  was  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Columbia,  October  14th,  1823.  He 
 was  pastor  of  the  First  Chm-ch,  Madison,  Indiana, 
 then  of  the  Second  Church  in  that  place  until  April 
 6th,  1843,  when  he  became  stated  supply  to  Centre 
 Clmrch,  Crawtbrdsville,  Ind.,  until  1851,  at  which 
 date  he  became  Principal  of  the  Female  Semiuaiy  in 
 that  town,  occupying  this  position  until  1854.  Here 
 he  died,  March  8th,  1876,  in  the  seventy-eighth  year 
 of  his  age.  Mr.  Johnston  was  a  man  of  singular 
 purity  and  piety,  a  zealous  and  faithful  minister,  a 
 most  successful  pastor  and  preacher,  and  both  at 
 Madison  and  Cra\vtbrcls\-ille  the  Lord  crowned  his 
 labors  with  abundant  fruits. 
 
 Johnston,  Rev.  Robert,  was  bom  in  Shermans 
 Valley,  Cumberland  (now  PeiTy)  county,  Pa.,  August 
 7th,  1774.  In  the  year  1792  his  father  crossed  the 
 mountains,  and,  with  his  lamily,  settled  on  a  place 
 near  Canonsburg,  Pa.  In  May,  1796.  the  son  entered 
 the  Canonsburg  Academy,  and  in  the  Autumn  of 
 1801,  ha\-ing  completed  his  studies  there,  commenced 
 the  study  of  theology  with  Dr.  McMillan.  On  the 
 22d  of  April,  1802,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  the 
 gospel,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Ohio. 
 
 After  traveling  one  year  as  a  licentiate  (chiefly  in 
 Ohio  and  Kentucky),  Mr.  Johnston  was  ordained  by 
 the  Presbj-tery  of  Erie,  October  19th.  1803,  and  in- 
 stalled pa.stor  of  the  irnited  congregations  of  Scrub- 
 grass  and  Bear  Creek.     During  this  pastorate  there 
 was  a  powerful  revival  of  religion,  which  resulted  in 
 the  hopeful  conversion  of  more  than  a  hundred  souls 
 within  the  bounds  of  the  congregarion  of  Scrubgrass. 
 In  February,  1811,  he  became  pastor  of  the  congre- 
 '  gation  at    Jleadville,  and  two  others.   Sugar  Creek 
 and   Conneaut   Lake,  devoting  half  of  his  tinu-  to 
 Meadville,  and  the  balance  to  the  other  two.     In 
 the  Spring  of  1817  he  took  charge  of  the  congrega- 
 rions  of  Rehoboth  and  Round  Hill,  on  the  forks  of 
 the  Youghiogheny  River,  under  the  care  of  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Redstone.     Here   he   remained  untU  De- 
 cember, 1822.     Subsequently  he  spent  some  time  as 
 Agent  for  the  Board  of  Domesric  Missions,  for  the 
 Western   Foreign   Missionary   Society,  and    for  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary.     In  the   Spring  of 
 1834,  he  became  pastor  of  Bethel  congregation.  In- 
 diana county.   Pa.,  and  continued    in  this  relatiou 
 until  October,  1841,  when  the  infirmiries  of  age  led 
 to  the  relinquishment  of  the  charge.     After  this  time 
 he  preached   frequently,   as  opportunity  oftered,  as- 
 sisting his  brethren  on  Communion  occasions,  sup- 
 plying  their    pulpits   when   they   were  necessarily 
 absent,  and  occasionally  supplying  a  vacant  congre- 
 gation.    After  a  cheerful  old  age,  in  which  he  en- 
 Joyed  an  abiding  assurance  of  his  Ving  accepted  with 
 (iod.  and  of  his   final    happiness,  he  was  caUed   to 
 
JONES. 
 
 386 
 
 JONES. 
 
 his  reward,  Jlay  20tli,   1861,   in  tlie  eighty-seventh 
 year  of  his  age. 
 
 The  ministry  of  Sir.  Johnston  was  eminently  suc- 
 cessful. During  the  re\-ivals  with  which  his  niinistrj' 
 was  blessed,  many  young  men  were  brought  into  the 
 Church,  who  afterwards  became  ministers  of  the  gos- 
 pel. He  was  the  special  friend  of  all  the  benevolent 
 operations  of  the  Church.  Missionary,  Educational, 
 Bible  and  Temperance  societies  always  had  his  most 
 liearty  co-operation  and  encouragement.  He  was  an 
 able,  instructive  and  impressive  preacher.  His  man- 
 ner in  the  puljjit  was  grave,  solemn,  and  often  iniixis- 
 sioued,  attesting  the  iirofoundest  sincerity  and  ardor, 
 and  at  times,  his  apjjeals  to  the  conscience  were  thrill- 
 ing and  powerful.  "Often,"  says  his  son-in-law, 
 Rev.  Loyal  Young,  D.D.,  "was  he  so  deeply  moved  by 
 the  importance  of  his  themes  that  utterance  almost 
 failed.  This  was  more  especially  the  case  in  prayer. 
 The  unction  aud  pathos  of  his  prayers  are  well  known 
 by  those  who  have  often  bowed  with  him  at  the  family 
 altar.  The  circle  gathered  there  have  often  found  the 
 place  a  Bochim,  while  he  led  in  penitential  supplica- 
 tion." 
 
 Jones,  Rev.  Georg-e  Ed-ward,  was  born  in 
 Franklin  county.  Pa.,  February  7th,  1842.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Latayette  College,  with  honor,  in  18fi9.  He 
 won  "The  Fowler  Prize"  for  proficiency  in  the  study 
 of  the  English  language,  and  also  delivered  the  Latin 
 Salutatory  at  Commencement.  He  studied  theology 
 at  Princeton,  graduating  in  April,  1873.  On  the  19th 
 of  .Tune,  following,  he  was  ordained  and  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Lower  Brandywine  Church,  Del.  In 
 this  charge  he  continued  until  July  1st,  1S77,  and 
 was  quite  successful  in  bis  labors.  On  retiring  from 
 the  Lower  Brandywine  Church,  he  became  pastor  of 
 the  Broadway  Church,  Baltimore,  Md.  There  his 
 labors  have  been  signally  blessed.  As  a  preacher, 
 Mr.  Jones  is  plain  and  practical.  He  presents  the 
 truths  of  the  gospel  with  great  siraiilicity  and  earnest- 
 ness,  his  aim  being  to  enable  all  to  understand  what 
 they  hear,  and  to  induce  them  to  become,  in  heart 
 and  life,  followers  of  Christ.  He  is  diligent  in  train- 
 ing his  congregation  in  the  various  departments  of 
 Church  work,  and  fails  not  to  keep  them  informed 
 on  the  leading  doctrinal  and  philo.sophical  topics  of 
 the  day,  questions  which  he  di.scusses  with  ability 
 and  succe,ss. 
 
 Jones,  Hon.  Isaac  Dashiell,  LL.D.,  was  liorn 
 in  the  county  of  Somerset,  Md.,  November  1st,  180(5. 
 At  an  early  age  he  entered  Washington  Academy,  an 
 Institution  of  high  standing  in  his  native  county. 
 Here  he  spent  several  years,  pursuing  a  course  of 
 study  fully  as  extensive  as  those  embraced  in  the 
 curriculums  of  the  most  eminent  colleges.  In  this 
 Institution  he  took  a  high  stand  as  a  youth  of  good 
 talents,  thorough  scholarship  and  of  rare  promise, 
 and  both  before  aud  after  graduation  was  employed 
 as  Tutor  and  teacher.  At  the  academy  he  divided 
 his  time,   out  of  recitation  hours,   between  an  ad- 
 
 vanced course  of  literature  and  the  study  of  law. 
 About  this  time  he  made  a  public  i)rofession  of  his 
 faith  in  Christ. 
 
 In  October,  1832,  Mr.  Jones  was  chosen  to  repre- 
 sent his  native  county  in  the  General  Assembly  of 
 the  State,  and  he  was  returned  to  this  position  in  the 
 years  1835,  1840  and  1866.  In  each  of  these  sessions 
 of  the  Legislature  he  maintained  a  conspicuous  part. 
 At  a  special  election  in  May,  1841,  he  was  chosen  as 
 the  representative  of  the  First  Congressional  District 
 of  Marj-land,  in  the  Congi-ess  of  the  United  States;  in 
 1864  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Constitutional 
 Convention  which  was  called  for  revising  the  funda- 
 mental law  of  the  State,  and  in  1867,  he  was  called 
 to  serve  in  a  similar  convention.  In  November  of  the 
 same  year  he  was  elected  to  the  office  of  Attorney 
 
 .\^\VV 
 
 ''•^'SS^i^!??!?^ 
 
 HON.  IS.\AC   DASHIELL  JONES,  LL.  D. 
 
 Greneral  of  the  State,  which  office  necessitated  his 
 removal  to  the  city  of  Baltimore,  where  he  has  since 
 resided.  In  1878  he  was  elected,  by  the  Board  of 
 Trade  of  that  city,  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Arbitration. 
 In  1883  Mr.  Jones  was  ordained  a  ruling  elder  in 
 the  Blanokin  Presbyterian  Church,  and  from  that 
 period  to  the  present  has  very  frequently  been  a 
 member  of  our  Church  courts,  in  all  of  which  he  has 
 been  eminently  useful,  by  his  judicious  counsel  and 
 efficient  action.  His  personal  and  social  qualities  are 
 of  a  high  order.  He  has  been  characterized  by  gen- 
 erous kindness  to  his  friends  and  relatives.  For 
 many  years  he  kept  a  private  school  in  his  own 
 family,  where,  not  only  many  who  now  adorn  private 
 and  social  life,  but  some  who  are  in  the  learned  pro- 
 fessions, obtained  either  part  or  the  whole  of  their 
 education  gratuitously.     Mr.  Jones  was  one  of  the 
 
JONES 
 
 387 
 
 JONES. 
 
 delegates  of  the  Southern  General  Assembly  to  the 
 Pan-Presbyterian  Council,  which  convened  in  Phila- 
 delphia. He  is  polished  in  manner,  popular  iu  ad- 
 dress, and  an  exemplary,  earnest  Christian. 
 
 Jones,  Hon.  Joel,  was  born  in  Coventry,  Conn., 
 in  1795.  He  was  giaduated  at  Yale  College,  in  lsl7, 
 and  soon  after  settled  in  Philadelphia,  in  the  practice 
 of  law.  He  was  a  man  of  large  legal  knowledge. 
 "When  appointed,  with  Mr.  Eawle  and  Mr.  "Wharton, 
 to  revise  the  ci%'il  code  of  the  State,  those  gentlemen 
 expressed  to  their  fi-iends  surprise  that  a  man  of  so 
 little  prominence  should  have  made  such  acquisi- 
 tions in  the  law — little  knowing  how  many  weari- 
 some years  he  had  spent  in  his  small  office,  in  the 
 northwestern  corner  of  the  public  square,  in  study- 
 ing the  principles  of  jurisprudence.  He  did  good 
 seriace  to  the  State  as  one  of  the  revisers  of  its  code, 
 and  some  of  the  reports  of  the  commLssioners  which 
 make  the  most  important  suggestions  were  written 
 by  him.  Some  parts  of  the  new  system  were  remod- 
 eled and  rewritten  exclusively  by  him ;  as,  for  exam- 
 ple, the  disposition  of  the  estates  of  intestates,  and 
 having  been  passed  by  the  Legislature  without  the 
 change  of  a  word,  they  have  scarcely  been  touched 
 down  to  the  present  day.  He  was  subsequently 
 apjiointed  an  Associate  Judge,  and  then  President 
 Judge  of  the  District  Court  of  Philadelphia,  and  his 
 memory  is  yet  cherished  by  the  Bar  of  that  city  and 
 the  community,  who  remember  the  firm,  impartial 
 and  dignified,  but  kindly  mamier  in  which  the  law 
 was  administered  by  him  as  a  judicial  magistrate. 
 
 Girard  College  never  did  a  better  thing  than  when 
 it  made  Judge  Jones  its  first  President,  and  the 
 career  of  u.sefulne.ss  on  which  that  institution  entered 
 is  largely  due  to  the  wise  manner  in  which  he  inter- 
 preted the  will  of  Mr.  Girard  and  the  legal  provisions 
 enacted  concerning  it.  In  a  few  years  he  seemed  to 
 have  found  the  office  of  President  irksome,  and 
 returned  to  his  favorite  pursuit  of  studying  and  prac- 
 ticing the  law.  Immediately  thereupon  he  was  nomi- 
 nated as  a  candidate  for  Mayor  of  the  city  of  Phila- 
 delphia, and  was  elected  by  a  large  popular  vote. 
 On  retiring  from  this  office  he  returned  again  to  the 
 law,  and  the  force  of  his  speech  and  his  pen  was 
 frequently  felt  in  the  courts.  He  also  wrote  for  the 
 magazines  of  the  day,  on  literary,  philosophic  and 
 religious  subjects.  The  volume  published  after  his 
 death,  which  he  had  modestly  entitled  "Notes  on 
 Scripture,"  will  long  attest  the  thought  which  he 
 gave  to  the  profoundest  themes  with  which  the 
 human  mind  can  become  conversant.  Judge  Jones 
 was  a  most  exemplary  Christian,  and  an  active  and 
 useful  member  of  the  Presbj'terian  Church.  He 
 died,  February  3d,  1800,  at  the  age  of  sixty-five. 
 
 Jones,  John  Sparha'wk,  D.D.,  is  a  son  of  the 
 Hon.  Joel  Jones,  of  Philadelphia,  noticed  above. 
 He  was  born  iu  that  city,  June  5th,  1842,  and 
 graduated  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1862. 
 After  graduating  he  spent  some  time   iu   teaching. 
 
 He  studied  theolog}'  at  Princeton.  He  was  assistant 
 pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Baltimore,  Md.,  1867- 
 70,  and  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Baltimore, 
 January  10th,  1870.  In  1870  he  became  pa.stor  of 
 the  Brown  Memorial  Church,  Baltimore,  where  his 
 ministry  has  been  largely  blessed  and  where  he  still 
 remains,  notwithstanding  calls  to  other  important 
 fields  of  labor.  Dr.  Jones  has  a  vigorous  and  highly 
 cultivated  intellect.  His  preaching  is  marked  by 
 originality,  freshness  and  force,  and  he  is  much 
 esteemed  by  those  who  know  him. 
 
 Jones,  Joseph  Huntington,  D.  D.,  brother  of 
 Judge  Joel  Jones,  was  born  in  Coventrj",  Conn., 
 August  24th,  1797.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  Uni- 
 versity, in  .1817.  For  a  time  he  was  employed  as 
 Tutor  iu  BowdoLu  College,  Maine.  He  comijleted  his 
 theological  studies  at  the  Princeton  Theological  Semi- 
 nary; was  licen.sed  as  a  probationer,  September  19th, 
 1822,  by  the  Presbj-tery  of  Susquehanna,  and  was,  by 
 the  .same  Presbj'tery,  ordained  as  an  evangelist,  April 
 29th,  1824.  Un  June  1st,  1824,  he  began  his  labors 
 in  the  Presbj-teriau  Church  at  Woodbury,  N.  J.,  and 
 was  shortly  installed  as  pastor.  Here  he  labored  with 
 very  great  success.  At  the  same  time  he  supplied  the 
 feeble  Church  at  Blackwoodtown,  which  shared  the 
 blessing  enjoyed  by  that  of  "Woodbury.  In  1825  he 
 was  in.stalled  pastor  of  the  Presbj-terian  Church  at 
 New  Brunswick,  N.  J.  Here  he  remained  thirteen 
 years,  proving  himself  to  be  "a  workman  thatneedeth 
 not  to  be  ashamed."  His  ministry  was  honored  of 
 God  by  at  least  three  sea.sons  of  religious  awakening. 
 In  1838  he  became  i)astor  of  the  Sixth  Church,  Phila- 
 delphia, and  continued  so  for  twenty-three  years,  his 
 efforts  being  crowned  vrith  a  manifest  blessing.  From 
 1861  to  1868  he  was  Secretary  of  the  Relief  Fund  for 
 Di.sabled  Ministers,  in  which  capacity  he  did  a  noble 
 work,  for  which  he  deserves  the  lasting  grjititude  of 
 the  Chirrch.     He  died  Defember  22d,  1868. 
 
 Dr.  Jones  was  an  exemplary  Christian,  an  in- 
 structive preacher,  a  faithful  pastor,  an  interesting 
 writer,  and  a  gentleman  of  great  urbanity  of  manner 
 and  suavity  of  disposition.  Of  his  principal  work, 
 ' '  The  Effects  of  Phj-sical  Causes  on  Christian  Experi- 
 ence," Dr.  J.  W.  Alexander  wrote,  "It  is  a  valuable 
 and  entertaining  book."  He  also  published  a  memoir 
 of  the  Rev.  Ashbel  Green,  D.  D.,  a  history  of  the 
 revival  at  New  Brunswick,  iu  1837,  and  several 
 sermons. 
 
 Jones,  Rev.  Malachi,  was  ordained  in  Wales, 
 and  admitted  as  a  member  of  Presbytery,  September 
 9th,  1714.  He  came  to  Abingdon,  near  Philadelphia, 
 where  a  church  was  organized,  in  1714,  on  the  Con- 
 gregational plan.  It  soon  adopted  the  Presbyterian 
 method.  Mr.  Andrews,  in  writing  to  a  friend,  March 
 7th,  1729,  adds:  "P.  S. — Ten  days  ago,  died  Mr. 
 Malachi  Jones,  an  old  Welsh  minister.  He  was  a 
 good  man,  and  did  good."  Mr.  Jones  left  three  sons 
 and  four  daughters.  In  his  will,  he  provided  for  his 
 vvidow  two  rooms  and  the  little  ceUar,  and  charged 
 
JONES. 
 
 .388 
 
 JO  YES. 
 
 his  son  ilalachi  to  give  her  oomfortable  maintenance, 
 and  to  have  her  firewood  cut  and  brought  to  her 
 door,  with  five  hogsheads  of  cider,  whenever  the 
 plantation  shall  make  so  much.  To  each  grandchild 
 he  gave  a  ewe  and  a  lamb. 
 
 Jones,  Matthew  Hale,  Esq.,  was  born  in 
 Coventry,  Conn.,  of  Puritan  ancestry.  His  parents, 
 during  his  early  youth,  removed  to  Wilkesbarre,  Pa., 
 where  he  fitted  himself  for  Rutgers  College,  from 
 which  Institution  he  was  graduated  in  1830.  In  1833 
 he  was  admitted  to  the  practice  of  the  law  in  Easton, 
 Pa.,  where  he  died.  June  1st,  1883.  In  his  profession 
 he  was  con.spicuous  for  his  comprehensive  and  exact 
 knowledge,  sound  judgment  and  keen  and  sensitive 
 conception  of  honor.  He  magnified  his  calling  by 
 assiduous  attention,  cou.stant  vigilance  and  a  thor- 
 ough intellectual  honesty,  which  never  allowed  the 
 moral  sentiment  to  be  obscured  or  perverted. 
 
 In  social  life  Jlr.  Jones'  culture  rendered  him  one 
 of  the  most  entertaining,  attractive  and  improving  of 
 acquaintances.  His  wonderfully  retentive  memory 
 held  and  yielded,  at  will,  a  prodigious  supply  of  in- 
 formation, which,  through  his  notiible  love  of  litera- 
 ture, he  had  acquired  from  familiar  acquaintance 
 with  the  various  authors  of  ancient  and  modern 
 times.  In  leisure  hours  he  was  always  ready  thus  to 
 entertain  those  with  whom  he  was  found,  and  his 
 agreeable  conversation,  enlivened  by  anecdote  and 
 native  wit,  instructed  and  amased  the  listeners,  and 
 tended  to  kindle  or  revive  an  interest  in  classical 
 literature.  "  Charity  that  vaunteth  not  itself "  was 
 one  of  the  dominant  elements  of  his  nature.  The 
 poor,  needy  or  afflicted  he  relieved  invariably,  but 
 quietly  and  without  ostentjition,  and  his  love  for  ani- 
 mals and  tender  care  for  them  was  a  marked  character- 
 istic of  the  man. 
 
 His  religious  life  was  likewise  distinct  and  well- 
 defined — a  student  of  the  Bible,  a  theologist  and  an 
 investigator.  He  read  much  on  religious  subjects, 
 and  his  logical  mind  enjoyed  these  themes,  and  he 
 was,  as  in  secular  matters,  equally  able  to  give  a 
 reason  for  the  hope  that  was  in  him.  Not  ashamed 
 of  the  gospel  of  Christ,  he  was  especially  faithful  to 
 fundamental  truths  as  opposed  to  new  theories  and 
 measures.  For  many  years  an  acting  member  of  the 
 Session  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Easton, 
 he  had  with  fidelity  and  punctuality  given  the  longest 
 term  of  service  to  the  congregation,  fully  meriting 
 the  apostolic  commendation,  "  Let  the  elders  that 
 rule  well  be  counted  worthy  of  double  honor." 
 
 Jones,  Samuel  Beach,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Charleston,  S.  C,  November  23d,  1811.  He  was 
 educated  at  Princeton,  and  was  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  October  4th,  1837. 
 He  was  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Jlissions, 
 1836-37 ;  Professor  of  Theology  in  Oakland  College, 
 Miss.,  1838.  He  became  pastor  of  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church,  of  Bridgeton,  N.  J.,  in  1839,  and  re- 
 signed the  charge  in  1863.     He  was  an  influential 
 
 member  of  the  Presbytery.  From  1870  to  1875,  he  was 
 stated  supply  of  the  Fairfield  Church.  Dr.  Jones 
 was  a  man  of  good  scholarship  and  well  read,  espe- 
 cially in  all  theological  learning.  He  was  prevented 
 by  phy.sical  infirmities  from  preaching  during  the 
 last  few  years  of  his  life.  His  attachments  to  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  were  strong,  and  his  proclama- 
 tions of  the  gospel  were  foitliful  testimonies  to  its 
 power  and  value  in  the  salvation  of  the  souls  of  men. 
 His  o^^•n  foith  rested  securely  upon  the  person  and 
 work  of  Christ.  In  that  laith  he  lived,  and  in  that 
 faith  he  died,  March  19th,  1883,  at  his  residence  in 
 Bridgeton. 
 
 Jones,  'William  Evan,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  "Wil- 
 liam and  Mary  (Pritchard)  Jones,  was  born  in  the 
 city  of  Manchester,  England.  He  was  graduated  at 
 the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  July, 
 18.50,  and  at  the  Theological  Seminary  of  Princeton, 
 N.  J.,  May,  1853.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  April,  1852.  After  spend- 
 ing one  year  as  stated  supply  of  the  Church  at 
 Gloucester  City,  N.  J. ,  he  was  ordained  and  installed 
 pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Green 
 Island,  N.  Y.,  on  the  22d  of  June,  1854.  In  1857 
 he  became  pastor  of  the  First  Church  of  Caledonia, 
 N.  Y.,  whence  he  was  unexpectedly  called,  in  1859, 
 to  the  pastorate  of  the  First  Church  of  Bath,  in  the 
 same  State.  He  was  next  invited  to  the  pastorate  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Cedarville,  N.  J.; 
 then  to  that  of  the  Church  of  Tuscarora  and  Union 
 Corners,  and  in  September,  1873,  became  pastor  of 
 the  Neshaminy  Church  (of  Warwick),  Harts^ille, 
 Pa.,  founded  by  the  celebrated  William  Tennent. 
 
 In  these  several  pastorates  his  labors  have  been 
 specially  o%vned  of  God,  in  a  number  of  revivals 
 of  religion,  and  the  edification  and  comfort  of  be- 
 lievers. He  is  a  devoted  pastor,  an  earnest  and  in- 
 structive preacher,  and  a  faithful  Presbyter.  June 
 14th,  1876,  Centre  College,  Kentucky,  conferred  upon 
 him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity.  For  several 
 years  he  has  been  a  useful  member  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Board  of  Publication,  Philadelphia. 
 
 Joyes,  Patrick.Esq. ,  was  born  in  the  city  of  Louis- 
 ville, June  18th,  1826,  the  son  of  Thomas  Joyes  and 
 Judith  M.  (»ee  Venable).  His  ancestry  on  the  pater- 
 nal side  were  Irish  and  Catholics;  on  the  maternal 
 side  they  were  Virginians  and  Presbyterians.  He 
 united  with  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  in  which 
 he  was  brought  up,  in  1843;  graduated  at  Centre  Col- 
 lege, Danville,  Ky. ,  under  the  administration  of  the 
 Rev.  J.  C.  Young,  d.d.,  in  1846,  and  graduated  in  law 
 at  theUniversity  of  Louisxille,  in  1849,  having  studied 
 a  portion  of  the  time  at  the  Harvard  Law  School. 
 
 After  having  spent  a  year  in  Europe,  he  began  the 
 practice  of  his  profession  in  Louisville.  He  was 
 ordained  to  the  eldership  in  the  First  Church  in 
 1867,  and  was  sent  as  a  delegate,  by  the  then  Inde- 
 pendent Synod  of  Kentucky,  to  the  Synod  of  Missouri, 
 in  1868,  to  induce  the  latter  Synod  to  go  with  them 
 
JUDGMENT. 
 
 389 
 
 JUSKIK. 
 
 into  connection  with  the  Southern  Asserablv.  He 
 was  a  commissioner  from  the  Presbytery  of  Louis- 
 ■ville  to  the  Soutliern  Assembly  in  Louis\ille,  in  1870, 
 when  he  urged  the  acceptance  of  the  tender  of  frater- 
 nal relations  by  the  Northern  Assembly,  and  was  one 
 of  the  minority  who  entered  a  protest  against  the 
 action  of  the  Southern  Assembly. 
 
 He  was  also  a  commissioner  to  the  Assembly  at 
 Savannah,  in  1876,  and  was  afterwards  a  delegate 
 from  the  Southern  Church  to  the  Presbyterian  Coun- 
 cil in  Philadelphia,  in  1880.  He  was  one  of  the  three 
 delegates  sent  by  the  Southern  Church  to  bear  their 
 fraternal  greetings  to  the  Xorthem  Assembly,  at 
 Saratoga,  in  1883,  and  was  appointed  during  that 
 year  as  one  of  the  committee  of  seven,  by  the 
 Southern  Assembly,  to  confer  and  arrange  with  a 
 similar  committee  from  the  Northern  Assembly,  as  to 
 matters  in  which  both  churches  might  have  a  com- 
 mon interest.  Mr.  Joyes  is  an  able  lawyer,  a  genial 
 gentleman,  a  faithful  elder,  and  has  a  high  standing 
 in  the  community  in  which  he  lives,  and  the  Church 
 judicatories,  of  which  he  is  frequently  a  member. 
 
 Judgment,  the  Day  of.  God  is  called  "the 
 Judge  of  all  the  earth"  (Gen.  xxiii,  "2.5);  and  it  is 
 reasonable  to  suppose,  from  the  very  notion  we  are 
 taught  to  form  of  Him,  that  He  will  righteously 
 administer  His  dominions.  In  the  world,  however, 
 the  ungodly  are  often  seen  to  prosper,  and  the  right- 
 eous to  be  oppressed.  And  this  has  sometimes  griev- 
 ously perplexed  God's  servants,  who  have  not  known 
 how  to  reconcile  the  fact  with  His  holy  justice  (Ps. 
 l.vxiii).  Scripture,  therefore,  points  onward  to  a  time 
 when  all  these  apparent  anomalies  will  be  explained, 
 when  a  great  assize  wUl  sit,  and  a  just  recompense  of 
 reward  will  be  meted  out  to  men  (Eccles.  xi,  9;  xii, 
 14;  Acts  xxiv,  25).  This  judgment,  we  are  told, 
 shall  be  exercised  by  Christ  (x,  42;  xvii,  31;  Rom. 
 xiv,  10).  Men  might  be  judged  either  individually, 
 each  on  his  departure  from  the  world,  or  collectively. 
 Scriptiue  gives  tLS  reason  to  believe  that  the  latter 
 will  be  the  course  of  God's  procedure  (Matt,  xxt,  31- 
 46;  Rev.  xx,  12-13).  And  a  day  is  spoken  of,  some- 
 times called  the  "  last  day  "  (John  xi,  24),  sometimes 
 the  "great  day  "  (Jude  vi),  when  this  shall  lie.  The 
 space  of  time  to  be  so  occupied  it  is  impo.ssible  for  us  to 
 calculate ;  about  the  nearness  or  distance  of  that  day 
 it  is  u.seless  to  speculate  (Matt,  xxiv,  36);  it  will  be 
 a  strict  and  searching  judgment  (xii,  36);  so  that  the 
 practical  lesson  we  have  to  learn  is  to  be  prepared,  to 
 j  udge  ourselves,  that  we  be  not  j  udged  and  condemned 
 of  the  Lord  (1  John  ii,  28;  iv,  17). 
 
 Junkin,  David  X.,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  Mercer, 
 Pa.,  January  8th.  l-<o-i;  graduated  at  Jefferson  Col- 
 lege, in  1831,  and  after  spending  a  short  time  in 
 teaching,  entered  Princeton  Seminary,  in  which  he 
 was  a  student  for  two  years  and  six  months. 
 
 Mr.  Junkin  was  licensed,  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Philadelphia,  October  17th,  1833,  and  installed  pastor 
 of  the  Church  at  Greenwich,  X.  J.,  March  S.'ith.  183.5. 
 
 Here  he  labored  sixteen  years,  during  a  part  of  which 
 time  ( 1837-42)  he  was  also  Professor  of  Belles  Lettres 
 in  Lafayette  College,  at  Easton,  Pa.  His  ministry 
 at  Greenwich  was  intelligent,  enterprising,  earnest, 
 laborious  and  fruitful.  He  was  greatly  beloved  and 
 honored,  and  his  name  is  still  held  in  veneration. 
 As  pastor  of  the  F  Street  Church,  in  "SVashington, 
 D.  C,  from  May  11th,  1851,  until  October  25th,  1853, 
 his  labors  were  blessed,  and  a  new  impulse  was  given, 
 by  his  presence  and  his  work,  to  the  interests  of  his 
 Denomination  in  that  city.  November  21st,  1853,  he 
 became  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Hollidaysburg,  Pa., 
 and  labored  there,  assiduously  and  successfully,  about 
 seven  years,  until  released,  November  25th,  1860. 
 Afterward  he  accepted  a  commission  to  act  as  Chaplain 
 in  the  United  States  Navj^,  and  was  stationed  succes- 
 sively, between  May,  1860,  and  November,  1864,  at 
 Philadelphia,  Annapolis,  Md.,  Newport,  R.  I.,  New 
 York  city,  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  and  then  went  with 
 his  ship  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  October  17th,  1864, 
 he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  North  Church,  Chicago, 
 Hlinois.  Here  his  ministry  was  vigorous,  and  made, 
 on  the  minds  of  many,  lasting  impressions  on  the 
 side  of  truth;  but  the  climate  pro\-ing  unfavorable  to 
 his  health,  he  was  relea.sed  from  the  charge.  May  loth, 
 1866.  Dr.  Junkin  then  accepted  a  call  from  the 
 Church  of  New  Castle,  Pa.,  and  was  installed  as  its 
 pastor  September  13th,  1866.  This  was  his  last 
 pastoral  charge,  and  here  he  labored  nearly  thirteen 
 years,  much  of  the  time  enduring  acute  jjaiu,  yet 
 toiling  with  industry,  fervor  and  success.  Many  were 
 added  to  his  church,  his  congregation  was  enlarged 
 and  believers  were  edified.  At  last  he  felt  compelled 
 to  jield  to  disease  and  age,  and  was  released,  July  1st, 
 1879.  His  death  occurred  April  22d,  1880,  in  the 
 seventy-third  year  of  his  age.  His  end  was  entirely 
 j>eaceful. 
 
 Dr.  .Junkin  was  a  man  of  clear  and  strong  convic- 
 tions, and  never  hesitated  to  utter  them  strongly,  on 
 what  he  believed  to  be  fitting  occasions.  Though 
 positive  in  manner,  he  had  a  warm,  affectionate, 
 tender  heart.  He  was  a  conservative,  faithful,  brave 
 defender  of  the  faith;  as  a  preacher,  instructive, 
 .scriptural,  impressive;  as  a  pastor,  tender,  .sympa- 
 thizing and  judicious.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
 valuable  volumes,  and  for  many  years  was  a  prolific 
 and  interesting  ^vriter  for  the  weekly  religious  press. 
 
 Junkin,  G-eorge,  D.D.,  LL.  D.,  was  born  No- 
 vember 1st,  1790,  near  Carlisle,  Pa.  After  graduating 
 at  Jefferson  College,  September,  1813,  he  studied 
 theology  with  Dr.  JIason,  in  New  York.  He  filled 
 missionary  appointments  for  some  time.  October 
 17th,  1819,  he  was  settled  over  the  Associate  Re- 
 formed Church  in  Milton,  Pa.  In  1823  he  entered 
 the  Presbyterian  connection,  along  with  Dr.  Mason 
 and  the  great  body  of  the  Associate  Reformed.  In 
 1830  he  took  charge  of  a  manual-labor  institution  in 
 Germantown.  This  brought  him  intothe  Presbj'tery 
 of  Philadelphia.     In  1831  he  was  chosen  Moderator 
 
JUNKIN. 
 
 390 
 
 JUSTIFICATION. 
 
 of  the  Synod  of  Philadelphia.  In  IS'i'i  he  accepted 
 the  presidency  of  Lafayette  College.  In  August, 
 1841,  he  was  made  President  of  Jlianii  University, 
 Ohio.  lu  1844  he  was  elected  Jloderator  of  the  Old 
 School  General  Assembly,  and  in  the  same  year  left 
 Miami  and  resumed  the  presidency  of  Lafayette.  In 
 October,  1848,  he  accepted  the  presidency  of  Wash- 
 ington College,  Va.,  whither  twenty-si.\  of  his  students 
 followed  him,  and  where  he  remained  for  twelve 
 years.  He  died  in  Philadelphia,  May  20th,  1868, 
 aged  78  years. 
 
 Dr.  .Junkin  possessed  a  sturdy  intellect,  and  took 
 a  very  vigorous  grasp  of  every  subject  he  handled. 
 Whilst  lirm  in  his  convictions,  and  decided  in  his 
 advocacy  of  truth,  he  was  genial  in  spirit,  and  affable 
 and  agreeable  in  all  his  social  relations.    He  despised 
 
 GEORGE  JUNKIN,  D.  D. 
 
 all  affectation  and  dissimulation.  In  his  preaching, 
 which  was  without  notes,  he  was  e.xegetical,  logical, 
 and  earnest,  and  always  commanded  the  attention  of 
 his  hearers.  But  his  exertions  were  not  confined  to 
 the  pulpit.  He  took  an  active  part  in  promoting 
 education,  particularly  the  school  system  of  Pennsyl- 
 vania, and  was  an  ardent  advocate  of  the  cause  of 
 temperance. 
 
 Br.  Junkin  was  an  able  and  voluminous  author. 
 His  published  writings  were,  "Baptism,"  "The 
 Prophecies,"  "Justification,"  "Sauctification," 
 "Sabbati-smos,"  "The  Tabernacle,"  "  The  Vindica- 
 tion," "Political  Fallacies,"  besides  Baccalaureate 
 Addres-ses,  Literary  Addresses,  Occasional  Discourses, 
 and  a  nuxnuscript  commentary  on  Hebrews,  in  seven 
 hundred  and  fifty  quarto  pages,  which  was  written 
 after  his  seventy-fifth  year.     He  was  a  great  and 
 
 good  man,  diligent  and  intrepid  in  discharging  duty, 
 and  ha.s  deeply  impressed  his  name  upon  the  age  in 
 which  he  lived  and  labored. 
 
 Junkin,  George,  Esq.,  was  born  at  Milton, 
 Pa.,  March  18th,  IS-.)".  His  father  was  the  Rev. 
 CJcorge  Junkin,  D.  D.,  ll.  d.,  and  his  mother,  Mrs. 
 Julia  Rush  Miller  Junkin,  was  a  Philadelphian.  He 
 graduated  at  Lafayette  College,  during  his  father's 
 presidency  of  that  Institution,  in  1842,  at  the  early 
 age  of  fifteen  years,  standing  fifth  in  a  class  of  thirty, 
 of  which  he  was  the  youngest  member.  He  studied 
 law  under  the  direction  of  the  Hon.  James  Madison 
 Porter,  of  Ea.ston,  and  Samuel  H.  Perkins,  Esq.,  of 
 Philadeliihia,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  March 
 18th,  1848.  From  the  very  outset  he  displayed 
 marked  ability,  and  soon  a  bu.sy  practice  began, 
 which  has  grown  in  imi)ortauce  every  year.  Front 
 the  beginning  of  his  professional  career  he  has 
 declined  Criminal  business,  but  in  all  the  civil  courts 
 his  name  and  voice  and  face  have  become  very 
 familiar,  and  no  man  is  more  heartily  welcomed  by 
 the  judges,  for  they  recognize  in  him  a  lawyer  who 
 feels  his  duty  to  the  court,  and  does  it,  while  he  is 
 full  of  zeal  for  his  client.  In  1882  he  was  the 
 Indejiendent  Republican  nominee  for  Judge  of  the 
 Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mr.  Junkin  has  been  all  his  life  long  an  active 
 member  of  the  Presb.vterian  Church,  and  prominent 
 in  all  its  important  events,  having  frequently  repre- 
 sented the  Philadelphia  Presbytery  in  the  General 
 Assembly.  He  was  the  Chairman  of  the  Business 
 Committee  of  the  Presbyterian  Council  that  met  in 
 Philadelphia  in  1880,  and  earned  the  praise  of  con- 
 tributing largely  to  the  success  of  that  great  Council, 
 in  which  representatives  from  all  parts  of  tlie  world 
 participated.  He  has  been  an  elder  of  the  West 
 Spruce  Street  Church  for  upwards  of  twenty  years. 
 In  the  record  of  all  pulilic  efforts  to  rai.se  the  standard 
 of  morals,  to  help  the  poor,  to  elevate  the  best  inter- 
 ests of  the  people,  to  advance  the  real  prosperity  of 
 Philadelphia  and  its  great  industries,  Mr.  Junkin's 
 name  is  prominent. 
 
 Junkin,  "WiUiam  Finney,  D.  D.,was  born  in 
 Philadelphia,  Pa.,  May  1st,  1831.  He  graduated  at 
 Wa.shington  College,  Va.,  in  1851,  and  was  ordained 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Lexington,  in  June,  1855.  He 
 was  pastor  of  Falling  Spring  Church,  Va.,  1855-67; 
 pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Danville,  Ky.,  1868-76; 
 and  since  1876  has  been  pastor  of  the  Glebe  Street 
 Church,  Charleston,  S.  C.  Dr.  Junkin  is  an  excellent 
 preacher,  a  faithful  pastor,  and  successful  in  his  work. 
 
 Justiflcation.  A  forensic  term  used  to  imply 
 the  declaring  or  accounting  of  a  person  just  or  right- 
 eous before  CJod.  If  any  one  were  free  from  sin,  if 
 he  perfectly  obeyed  God's  commandments,  he  would 
 naturally  be  pronounced,  for  he  would  really  be,  ju.st, 
 not  exposed  to  the  penalty  of  transgression  (Rom.  ii, 
 13).  But  mankind,  as  sinful,  are  not  ju.st  in  this 
 sense,  and  cannot  be  so  treated  (Ps.  cxliii,  2;  Rom. 
 
KALB. 
 
 391 
 
 KEITH. 
 
 iii,  19,  20,  23 ;  1  John  i,  8).  If,  then,  they  are  to  be 
 freed  from  the  condemnation  of  sin,  if  they  are  to  be 
 dealt  with  as  those  not  amenable  to  God's  law,  it 
 must  he,  not  by  the  establishment  of  their  innocence, 
 but  by  the  remission  of  their  guilt.  And  it  w;is  for 
 this  that  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  came  into  the  world, 
 and  offered  Himself  a  sacrifice  for  sin,  that  men  might 
 be  delivered  from  the  condemnation  into  which  their 
 sins  had  cast  them  lUom.  iii,  24,  25;  2  Cor.  v,  21; 
 1  .Tohn  i,  7;  ii,  2).  The  Scripture  therefore  teaches 
 that  we  are  jastified  by  faith  in  Christ  (Rom.  iii,  28; 
 Gal.  ii,  16).  This  doctrine  is  thus  expressed  in  the 
 eleventh  Article  of  the  Anglican  Church:  "We  are 
 accounted  righteous  before  God  only  for  the  merit  of 
 our  Lord  and  Saviour  Je.sus  Christ,  by  faith,  and  not 
 for  our  own  works  or  deservings.  ^\^lerefore  that  we 
 are  justified  by  faith  only  is  a  most  wholesome  doc- 
 trine, and  very  full  of  comfort."  The  originating 
 cause  of  justification  is  Goil's  free  grace  and  loving 
 pity  for  a  fallen  world  (John  iii,  Ifi;  Rom.  v,  .':';  Eph. 
 ii,  4-8).  The  meritorious  cause  is  the  sinless  life 
 and  sacrificial  death  of  Chri.st  (Rom.  iv,  2.5),  for  the 
 virtue  of  which  God  could,  without  moral  fault,  or 
 detriment  to  justice,  remit  sin.  The  instrumental 
 (•ause  is  faith,  whereby  we  receive  the  atonement,  I 
 accepting  Gotl's  mercy  on  the  terms  on  which  He  I 
 
 offers  it  (iii,  30;  v,  11).  Those  who  are  so  justified 
 are  at  peace  with  God,  and  have  all  the  advantages 
 of  such  a  state  of  reconciliation  (1,  2).  Justified 
 men  desire  and  endeavor  to  walk  in  holiness  of  life 
 (\'iii,  1).  Gratitude  for  the  mercy  received  will 
 incline  them  to  do  that  which  is  well-pleasing  in 
 God's  sight.  They  feel  that  they  have  been  pur- 
 chased to  be  His,  and  must  glorify  Him  in  their 
 body  and  their  spirit  (2  Cor.  vi,  20).  This  will  be 
 their  mark,  the  token,  the  proof  that  they  are  no 
 longer  enemies,  but  friends,  not  sentenced  culprits, 
 but  beloved  children.  Should  any  not  so  walk  and 
 act,  they  cannot  be  God's  children.  And  if  tliey  pro- 
 fess to  have  faith  in  Christ,  it  is  a  mere  pretence.  Such 
 a  faith  as  theirs,  a  faith  which  worketh  not  by  love, 
 is  empty  and  u.seless  (James  ii,  17,  26).  Abraham's 
 obedience  was  the  proof  that  he  possessed  that  faith 
 which  was  counted  to  him  for  righteousness  (21-23.) 
 Of  justification,  then,  it  may  be  brieflj'  said  that 
 (1)  its  source  is  the  grace  of  God,  (2)  its  ground  the 
 mediatorial  work  of  Christ,  (3)  faith  the  way  by 
 which  we  receive  it,  ^nd  (4)  the  holy  life  of  a  be- 
 liever the  evidence  of  its  possession  ;  or,  yet  more 
 briefly,  it  is  originally  by  grace,  meritoriously  by 
 Christ,  instruiuentiiUy  by  faith,  evidentially  by 
 good  works. 
 
 K 
 
 Kalb,  George  Le\(7ls,  D.  D.,  son  of  George  "\V. 
 and  Marg-aret  (Claybaugh)  Kalb,  was  born  in  Frank- 
 lin county,  Ohio,  September  12th,  1829.  He  united 
 with  the  Truro  Presbyterian  Church  in  March,  1843; 
 entered  Preparatory  Department  of  Miami  Univer- 
 sity in  April,  1844,  and  graduated  at  Centre  College, 
 Danville,  Ky. ,  June  30th,  1848.  After  teaching  one 
 year  in  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  he  studied  Theology 
 one  term,  in  the  Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian 
 Seminary,  Oxford,  Ohio,  and  two  terms  in  the  Semi- 
 nary at  Cincinnati.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Columbus,  in  April,  1851,  and  ordained  by  the 
 same  body.  May  31st,  1858.  Dr.  Kalb  took  charge  of 
 the  Central  Church,  Circle\'ille,  Ohio,  in  October, 
 1852.  Resigning  that  pa.storate,  he  took  charge  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Bellefontaine.  Ohio, 
 September,  1363,  which  he  still  retains. 
 
 Kearsley,  Jonathan,  was  born  in  Pennsylva- 
 nia; entered  the  U.  S.  Army  as  first  lieutenant,  in  1812; 
 .served  with  distinction  at  Fort  Erie,  where  he  lost  a 
 leg  in  1814,  for  which  he  was  promoted  and  retired 
 from  the  Army,  with  the  rank  of  Major,  in  1815. 
 In  1820  he  removed  to  Detroit,  Mich.,  having  been 
 appointed  Receiver  of  the  Land  Office  there,  by  Presi- 
 dent Monroe,  which  position  he  held  until  1847.  He 
 wa.s  four  times  appointed  one  of  the  Regents  of  the 
 
 Michigan  University.  On  the  7th  of  July,  1838,  he 
 was  appointed  an  elder  in  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Detroit,  and  continued  to  fill  that  ofiice 
 faitlifully  and  honorably  until  his  death,  in  1855,  at 
 Detroit.  He  was  a  man  of  stern  and  rigid  views  in 
 religion,  and  left  an  honorable  record,  both  in  Church 
 and  Stat»'. 
 
 Keigwin,  Rev.  Albert  Newton,  was  born  in 
 Kentucky.  He  graduated  at  LouLsville  College,  Ky., 
 1861,  and  studied  theology  at  Princeton,  N.  J.  He 
 was  ordained  by  the  Presbji:ery  of  Rock  River,  in 
 1867;  stated  supply  at  Lyons,  la.,  1868-9;  pastor 
 elect  of  the  Second  Cliurch,  Cedar  Rapids,  1870-71; 
 pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Southwark,  Philadelphia, 
 Pa.,  1872-8;  and  since  1879  has  had  charge  of  the 
 West  Church,  Wilmington,  Del. ,  where  he  continues 
 to  labor,  bles.sed  in  his  labors  and  beloved  by  his 
 congregation. 
 
 Keith,  Isaac  Stockton,  D.D.,  a  native  of  Penn- 
 syhania,  after  graduating  at  Princeton  College  in 
 1775,  was  engaged  for  a  short  time  in  teaching  at 
 Eliziibethtown,  N.  J.  In  1778  he  w:i8  licensed  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  and  in  1780  became 
 pastor  of  the  Presbj-tef  ian  Church  at  Alexandria,  Va. 
 In  1788  he  removed  to  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  was  in- 
 stalled pastor  of    an   Independent  church    in  that 
 
KEITH. 
 
 392 
 
 KELLOGG. 
 
 city.  For  twenty-five  years  he  labored  here,  revered 
 and  beloved  by  all.  Dr.  Keith  held  a  high  rank  as 
 a  preacher.     He  died  December  13th,  1813. 
 
 Keith,  Rev.  Robert,  a  native  of  Penasylvania, 
 studied  theology  after  his  graduation  at  Princeton; 
 was  licen.sed  by  the  First  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia, 
 about  1775,  and  for  some  time  acted  as  a  missionary 
 in  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia.  In  1779  he  was 
 ordained,  and  received  the  appointment  of  Chaplain 
 in  the  army,  serving  during  the  whole  war.  He 
 died  in  1784. 
 
 Kellar,  Rev.  Isaac,  was  born  near  Hagerstown, 
 Sid.,  February  6th,  1789.  He  graduated  at  Washing- 
 ton College,  Pa. ;  at  Princeton  Seminary,  in  1818,  and 
 was  licensed  by  Carlisle  Presbytery  the  same  year. 
 Immediately  after  his  licensure,  he  was  engaged  by 
 "SVinclie.ster  Presbytery  to  preach  during  the  Summer 
 within  their  bounds.  He  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
 Church  iu  McConnellsburg,  Pa.,  in  the  Spring  of  1819. 
 During  one-third  of  his  time  he  preached  in  Loudon 
 county,  Va.  In  18-24  he  became  associate  pastor  of 
 a  German  Reformed  Church  in  Hagerstown.  In  1826 
 he  removed  to  William.sport,  6Id.,  where  he  organized 
 a  Presbyterian  Church,  and  remained  until  1835. 
 Feeble  health  inducing  him  to  migrate  to  Illinois,  he 
 preached  at  different  points,  until  his  labors  were 
 concentrated  upon  the  establishment  of  a  church  iu 
 the  village  of  Peoria,  111.  There  he  organized  what 
 is  now  known  as  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  at 
 tljat  place,  and  was  its  jia-stor  for  about  twelve  years. 
 After  the  termination  of  this  pastorate  he  preached 
 occasionally  at  Princeville,  at  Prospect  Presbyterian 
 Church,  and  elsewhere.     He  died  July  25th,  1867. 
 
 Mr.  Kellar  was  one  of  the  pioneer  Presbyterian 
 ministers  of  the  Western  country.  He  was  a  man  of 
 ability.  His  preaching  wa.s  chiefly  doctrinal  and 
 wholly  extempore.  His  tamiliarity  with  all  the  teach- 
 ings of  God's  Word  qualified  him  to  hold  vigorous 
 and  successful  argument  with  the  opposers  of  truth 
 wherever  he  encountered  them.  He  was  not  only 
 decided  in  his  views,  but  inflexible.  No  considera- 
 tions of  personal  ease  or  emolument  had  influence  to 
 divert  him  from  what  seemed  to  him  to  be  the  path 
 of  duty.  He  preached  often,  and  during  many  years, 
 at  difterent  points,  with  but  little,  if  auy,  remu- 
 neration, counting  it  all  joy  to  testify  his  love  both 
 for  his  Master  and  the  souls  of  men. 
 
 Kellogg,  Alfred  Hosea,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Philadelphia,  September  10th,  1837;  graduated  at 
 New  Jersey  College,  1859,  and  was  ordained  by  the 
 Second  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  October  22d, 
 1862.  He  was  pastor  of  Brainerd  Church,  Easton, 
 Pa.,  1862-5;  of  the  University  Place  Church,  New 
 York  City,  1865-70;  of  the  Centr.al  Cliurch,  Phila- 
 delphia, Pa.,  1873-4,  and  stated  supply  of  Howard 
 Street  Church,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  1874-5.  His 
 la.st  charge  was  Jefferson  Avenue  Church,  Detroit, 
 Mich.,  which  he  has  recently  resigned.  Dr.  Kellogg 
 is  a  fine  scholar,  and  jiosscsses  much  pulpit  attractive- 
 
 ness. His  sermons  are  always  prepared  with  great 
 care,  and  seldom  fail  to  interest  an  audience.  His 
 rather  close  reading  of  his  discourses  has  a  compensa- 
 tion in  the  variety  and  richness  of  the  thoughts  he 
 presents. 
 
 Kellogg-,  Samuel  Henry,  D.  D.,  son  of  the 
 Rev.  Samuel  Kellogg  and  Mary  P.  Henry,  was  born 
 September  6th,  1839,  near  AVesthampton,  Suftblk 
 county.  Long  Island.  He  graduated  at  I'rinceton 
 College,  in  1861,  passing  at  once  into  the  Theological 
 Seminary  at  Princeton,  but  retaining  his  connection 
 with  the  college  as  Tutor  in  Mathematics.  Before 
 commencing  his  theological  studies  he  had  decided 
 to  become  a  missionary.  Having  received  his  ap- 
 pointment from  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  he 
 was  ordained  as  an  evangelist,  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 
 6AHUEL  HENRY    KELLOGG,  D.D. 
 
 Hudson,  April  20th,  1864.  He  was  married,  May 
 3d,  1864,  to  Antoinette  Whiting  Hartwell.  They 
 sailed  for  India,  by  way  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope, 
 on  December  20th,  1864.  On  the  third  day  out  the 
 captain  fell  overboard  and  was  lost,  and,  owing  to 
 the  incapacity  of  the  officer  next  in  command,  it 
 devolved  upon  Sir.  Kellogg  to  navigate  the  .ship  dur- 
 ing the  remainder  of  the  voyage. 
 
 They  landed  in  Calcutta,  June  5th,  1865,  and  were 
 appointed  to  the  mission  station  of  Barkpere,  just 
 outside  the  walls  of  the  city  of  Farrakhabad,  one  of 
 the  most  interesting  and  important  centres  of  our 
 missionary  work.  From  the  outset,  Mr.  Kellogg's 
 chief  attention  was  given  to  vernacular  preaching, 
 which  he  pursued  unweariedly  in  the  city  and  its 
 vicinity,  making  long  tours  in  the  cold  season,  among 
 the  towns  and  villages  of  the  outlying  district.     He 
 
KELLY. 
 
 39:5 
 
 KEMPSUALL. 
 
 was  also  at  special  pains  to  establish  friendly  social 
 relations  with  both  Hindoos  and  Mohaniuiedans,  visit- 
 ing them  in  their  own  homes,  and  welcoming  them  to 
 his. 
 
 In  1872,  after  a  yejir  in  the  United  States,  occupied 
 in  constant  labors  in  behalf  of  the  missionary  cause, 
 Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kellogg  returned  to  India,  and 
 removed  their  residenee  to  Allahabad,  the  capital  of 
 the  Northwest  I'rovinces,  in  order  to  take  up  the 
 work  a.s.signed  to  him  by  the  Synod  of  India  in  the 
 Theological  Training  School.  He  had  by  this  time 
 achieved  a  reputation  for  scholarship,  and  was  recog- 
 nized as  an  authority  in  the  vernacular  languages  of 
 North  India.  In  addition  to  his  instructions  given 
 in  the  Theological  School,  he  furnished  the  native 
 Church  with  an  admirable  translation  of  the  Larger 
 Catechism,  and  rendered  valuable  .service  to  the 
 North  India  Bible  Society  in  the  revision  of  the 
 Scriptures.  In  1875  he  put  the  results  of  his  studies 
 into  the  form  of  a  grammar  of  the  Hindi  language, 
 which  has  received  the  encomiums  of  the  first 
 .scholars  in  Europe.  This  useful  and  honored  mis- 
 sionary career  was  abruptly  closed  by  the  death  of 
 Mrs.  Kellogg  in  March,  187(1,  necessitating  the 
 return  of  her  bereaved  husband  with  his  children, 
 and  his  ultimate  relinquishment  of  the  missionary 
 work. 
 
 After  resigning  his  connection  with  the  Board  of 
 Foreign  Missions,  Jlr.  Kellogg  was  called  to  the 
 Tliird  Presbyterian  Church,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  in  March, 
 1^77.  In  the  following  year  he  was  elected  Professor 
 of  Didactic  and  Polemic  Theology  and  Lecturer  on 
 Comparative  Religions,  in  the  Western  Theological 
 Seminary.  Dr.  Kellogg  is  much  admired  as  a 
 preacher  and  a  lecturer.  He  is  gifted  by  nature  with 
 a  clear  and  facile  intellect ;  the  resources  of  his  varied 
 learning  are  at  the  disposal  of  a  ready  memory,  and 
 are  marshaled  by  a  seemingly  intuitive  logic.  His 
 theologj'  is  characteristically  Scriptural;  the  Sacred 
 Scriptures  are  appealed  to  by  him,  not  so  much  in 
 confirraation  of  every  statement,  as  the  source  from 
 which  all  true  doctrine  can  be  seen  to  i-ssue.  He  has 
 become  widely  known  to  the  churches,  apart  from 
 his  successful  discharge  of  his  duties  as  Professor  of 
 Theology,  by  his  earnest  advocacy  of  pre-Millenial 
 ■Niews,  and  by  his  frequent  contributions  to  the 
 Reviews  and  other  publications  of  the  Presbj'terian 
 Church.  He  is  the  author  of  a  treatise,  entitled 
 "The  Jews,  or  Prediction  and  Fulfillment — an 
 Argument  for  the  Times." 
 
 KeUy,  Rev.  Joseph  T.,  son  of  Moses  and  Mary 
 (Walker)  Kelly,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  was  born  in 
 that  city,  September  7th.  1818.  He  graduated  at 
 Princeton  College  in  1870,  and  at  Princeton  Theolog- 
 ical Seminary  in  1874.  He  was  liceased  to  preach 
 the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of  Washington  City,  in 
 1873,  and  on  the  fifth  of  May,  1874,  was  ordained 
 and  installed  lussoeiate  pa.stor  of  the  Fourth  Presby- 
 terian   Church    of   Washington    City,    in    connection 
 
 with  the  Rev.  John  C.  Smith,  D.  D.,  the  .senior  pa,stor, 
 at  who.se  decease,  in  January,  1878,  he  became  sole 
 pastor.  On  February  8th,  1878,  Jlr.  Kelly  preached 
 an  admirable  "  discourse,  commemorative  of  the  life, 
 character  and  work  ' '  of  the  faithful  and  iLseful  man 
 of  God  with  whom  he  had  been  associated  in  the 
 pijstorate  of  the  church,  and  which  was  published  by 
 the  Session,  as  having  been  "listened  to  with  great 
 .satisfaction,  not  only  by  the  brethren  of  the  Session, 
 but  by  the  entire  membershii>  of  the  church,  as  a 
 just  tribute  to  the  memory  of  their  beloved  and  ven- 
 erated pastor."  Mr.  Kelly  is  an  able  preacher,  a 
 diligent  pastor,  and  the  di\'ine  blessing  h;is  steadily 
 accompanied  his  earnest  labors  in  his  important 
 charge. 
 
 Kelso,  Rev.  Alexander  Peebles,  was  born 
 near  Oakvillc,  Pa.,  October  4th,  1840;  graduated  at 
 Washington  and  Jeft'erson  College,  18().5;  and  after  the 
 study  of  medicine,  pursued  his  theological  studies  at 
 the  Western  Seminary,  Allegheny,  Pa.  He  was 
 ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle, 
 in  August,  1869,  and  since  1870  has  been  a  missionary 
 in  India.  Mr.  Kcl.so  returned  to  his  native  country 
 a  few  years  since,  and  spent  a  .short  time,  during 
 which  he  sought  to  kindle  fresh  missionary  zeal  in 
 the  churches,  and  then  returned  to  his  foreign  an<i 
 chosen  field  of  labor. 
 
 Kemper,  Professor  F.  T.,  went  from  Virginia 
 to  Missouri,  more  tluin  thirty  years  ago,  and  made 
 teaching  his  life-work.  By  undivided  attention  to 
 his  c;illing,  he  g-ained  unparalleled  reputation  and 
 success  as  an  educator  in  that  State.  Jleu  skilled  in 
 all  the  departments  of  beneficent  labor  have  gone 
 forth  from  his  clas.scs.  Not  a  few  of  those  who  occupy 
 important  positions  in  Church  and  Stiite  were  schooled 
 under  his  eye,  and  to  his  efficient  and  godly  training 
 much  of  their-  success  is  due.  Professor  Kemper's 
 charactej  was  built  upon  a  moral  ba.se  of  great  depth 
 and  breadth.  He  was  obviously  a  man  of  substantial 
 make  and  worth.  The  love  of  truth  was  grounded 
 in  his  inmost  soul,  and  his  entire  course  was  shaped 
 by  the  most  conscientious  regard  to  duty  and  right. 
 To  unflinching  courage  he  joined  the  utmost  meek- 
 ness and  ti'uderness.  To  guileless  speech  he  added 
 the  charm  of  cheerfulness  and  humor.  Es])ecially 
 was  he  a  man  of  faith  and  prayer.  None  could  fail 
 to  recognize  in  him  the  devout  Christian,  and  the 
 resolute  actor  in  all  that  is  praiseworthy.  The  city 
 and  Church  of  Boonville  were  the  chief  seats  of  his 
 labors.  For  several  years  he  filled  the  Chair  of  Ci-reek 
 in  Westminster  College.  Subsequently  he  opened 
 his  "School  for  Boys,"  at  Boonville.  which  he  con- 
 tinued to  conduct,  with  increasing  ]>u1)lic  favor,  until 
 his  death,  in  1-iSl. 
 
 Kempshall,  Everard,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Roch- 
 ester, N.  Y.,  August  9th,  1830.  He  graduated  at 
 Williams  College  in  1851,  and  was  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Buffalo,  January  15th,  1856.  He  was 
 pastor  of  Delaware  Street   Cliurch.    Buffalo,    N.    Y., 
 
KENDALL. 
 
 394 
 
 KENDALL. 
 
 1856-7;  stated  supply  at  St.  Peter's  Church,  Roch- 
 ester, 1857-8;  stated  supply  at  Batavia,  1858-61,  and 
 since  1861  has  been  pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Eliza- 
 beth, X.  J.     In  1870  he  received  the  honorary  title 
 
 EVEBARD   KEMPSHALL,  D  D. 
 
 of  D.  D.,  both  from  Williams  College,  and  the  Col- 
 lege of  Xew  Jersey.  Since  1879  he  has  been  a  Direc- 
 tor of  the  Princeton  Theological  Seminary.  Dr. 
 Kerapshall  is  a  gentleman  of  scholarly  attainments, 
 and  an  able  preacher,  and  his  ministry  has  been 
 blessed  with  success.  He  is  a  valuable  member  of 
 the  Church  courts,  in  which  he  e.xerts  a  strong  influ- 
 ence. 
 
 Kendall,  Henry,  D.  D.,  the  fifth  son  of  the  late 
 John  Kendall,  was  born  in  Volney,  N.  Y.,  August 
 24th,  1815;  united  with  the  Church  in  Volney  in  1832; 
 graduated  from  Hamilton  College  in  1840,  and  was  in 
 Auburn  Theological  Seminary  1840-41  and  1842-44. 
 Hamilton  College  bestowed  on  him  the  title  of  D.  D. 
 in  1858.  He  was  ordained  and  installed  at  Verona, 
 N.  Y.,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Utica,  in  1846;  pastor 
 of  the  church  at  that  place  from  1844-48;  was  pastor 
 in  East  Bloomfield,  N.  Y.,  1848-58,  and  at  Pittsburg, 
 Pa.,  Third  Presbyterian  Church,  from  1858  to  1861. 
 
 In  1861  Dr.  Kendall  was  elected  Secretary  of  the 
 General  Assembly's  Committee  on  Home  Missions, 
 and  one  of  the  Secretaries  of  the  Board  of  Home 
 Missions  at  the  "  Reunion,"  in  1870.  From  1855  to 
 1858  he  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of 
 Auburn  Theological  Seminary.  In  1871  he  was  made 
 a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Hamilton  Col- 
 lege, and  holds  the  position  at  the  present  time.  He 
 was  elected,  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1882,  one 
 of  the  delegates  to  represent  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 
 in  the  United  States  of  America  in  the  Third  Council 
 of  the  General  Alliance  of  the  Reformed  churches, 
 to  convene  at  Belfast,  Ireland,  in  1884.  Dr.  Kendall 
 is  a  preacher  of  decided  ability.  He  was  eminently 
 successful  in  all  the  pastoral  relations  which  he  has 
 sustained.  To  the  Home  Missionary  interest  of  the 
 Church  he  has  rendered  invaluable  service.  The 
 cause  is  dear  to  his  heart,  and  he  presents  its  claims 
 with  great  zeal,  judiciousness  and  ability,  sjiaring  no 
 effort  to  give  it  the  strong  hold  upon  the  people,  and 
 the  growing  prosperity  which,  under  his  labors,  in 
 connection  with  those  of  his  colleagues,  it  has,  under 
 the  Divine  blessing  secured.     He  has  recently  been 
 
 HENRY    KENDALL,  D.  D. 
 
 called  to  jjass  through  a  very  heavy  affliction,  in  the 
 death  of  his  son.  Rev.  Frederick  Gridley  Kendall, 
 who  died  at  sea,  in  Augu.st,  1881. 
 
 Kendall,  John  Francis,  D.D.,  the  youngest  son 
 of  the  twelve  children  of  the  late  John  Kendall,  was 
 born  in  A'olney,  N.  Y. ,  March  4th,  1832.  United  with 
 the  Church  in  East  Bloomfield,  N.  Y.,  in  May,  1850, 
 when  he  prepared  for  college;  he  graduated  from 
 Hamilton  College  in  1855.  He  was  ordained  and 
 installed  at  Baldwinsville,  N.  Y.,  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Onondaga,  August  31st,  1859,  where  he  remained 
 till  1868.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Second  Church  at 
 Columbus,  Ohio,  186.8-71,  and  was  installed  pastor 
 of  the  Churchat  LaPorte,  Ind.,  June,  1872.  AVabash 
 College  bestowed  on  him  the  title  of  D.D.,  1873. 
 He  published  "Chart  of  Scripture  Offerings,"  In 
 1871,  and  the  "Unseen  World,"  in  1879.  He 
 was  elected  Trustee  of  Wabash  College  the  same 
 year. 
 
KENNEDY. 
 
 395 
 
 KENNEDY. 
 
 Kennedy,  Rev.  James  Buyers,  is  of  good 
 Presbyterian  stoek.  >Ie  was  liorn  at  the  Gaji,  Laii- 
 cjister  county,  Pa.,  Sejiteniber  8th,  1839,  in  the  church 
 of  which  place  his  father  long  and  faithfully  filled 
 the  office  of  ruling  elder.  He  was  ordained  by  the 
 Second  Presbj'tery  of  Philadelphia,  October  15th, 
 1863.  He  had  charge  of  the  Huntington  Valley 
 Church,  Pa.,  1863-6,  and  since  1866,  has  been  pastor 
 of  the  Second  Church,  Trenton,  X.  J.,  where  his 
 faithlul  labors  among  an  appreciative  people  are 
 crowned  with  gratifying  success. 
 
 Kennedy,  James  F.,  D.D.,  son  of  Stewart  Ken- 
 nedy, JI.D.,  and  Ann  F.  Kennedy,  was  born  at  "The 
 Straw "  in  Greenwich  township,  Warren  county, 
 N.  J.,  September ^Tth,  1824.  He  graduated  at  Lafay- 
 ette College,  in  1839,  after  which  he  studied  medi- 
 cine; but  having  been  brought  into  the  Church,  during 
 a  reWval  of  religion  in  the  Falling  Spring  Chirrch  of 
 Chaml)ersburg,  Pa.  (of  which  his  father  was  an  hon- 
 ored and  useful  elder),  he  determined  to  study  for 
 the  ministry.  Graduating  at  Princeton  Seminary, 
 in  184.5,  he  received  licensure  from  the  Presbytery  of 
 Carlisle;  then  spent  a  fourth  year  at  Princeton,  as 
 a  "  Fellow  ''  of  the  Institution,  during  which  time  he 
 translated  a  Biblical  Geography,  from  tlie  German, 
 for  the  Sunday-school  Union.  He  was  ordained  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Luzerne,  December  12th,  1848; 
 pastor  of  Church  at  Berwick,  Pa.,  1848-50;  Principal 
 of  the  Chambersburg  Academy,  1851-5;  and  pastor 
 of  tlie  Church  at  Dickinson,  Cumberland  county.  Pa. , 
 18.5.5-9.  During  the  Summer  of  1856  he  lo.st  the 
 sight  of  his  right  eye,  and  the  next  jear  the  left  eye 
 also  failed,  and  he  became  entirely  blind.  From 
 1859  to  1867  he  was  teacher  of  Languages  in  the 
 Academy  at  Chambersburg,  then  teacher  of  a  private 
 school;  finally  becoming  Professor  of  Ancient  Lan- 
 guages in  Wilson  College,  from  1870  to  1876,  for 
 three  years  of  which  time  he  w;xs  Vice  President  of 
 the  College.  During  most  of  his  residence  in  Cham- 
 bersburg, he  was  stated  suppl.y,  on  alternate  Sabbaths, 
 of  the  neighboring  Church  of  Fayetteville. 
 
 Dr.  Kennedy  is  an  eminent  Oriental  scholar  and 
 a  profound  theologian.  He  has  a  wonderful  faculty 
 for  acquiring  language.  T\lien  his  sight  failed  him, 
 he  was  busy  with  his  Arabic  and  Syriac  studies. 
 Only  a  few  years  ago  he  learned  the  Anglo-Saxon. 
 As  a  preacher,  Dr.  Kennedy  is  eminently  Scriptural. 
 He  excels  in  exegesis.  He  is  clear  and  earnest,  is  an 
 animated  speaker,  and  has  a  pleasing  and  forcible 
 manner.  He  is  held  in  highest  possible  esteem  in 
 the  community,  and  is  a  confessed  power  for  good. 
 Notwithstanding  his  total  blindne-ss,  he  is  constantly 
 employed  in  preaching  and  in  daily  works  of  merc,y. 
 
 Kennedy,  Rev.  John  H.,  was  born  November 
 11th,  1801,  at  "  Herron's  Brancli,"  Franklin  county. 
 Pa.  In  November,  1818,  he  became  a  student  of 
 Jefferson  College,  Canonsburg,  Pa.  During  his 
 whole  collegiate  course  he  sustained  a  high  standard 
 as  to  talents  and  scholarship,   and   graduated  with 
 
 honor.  May,  1820.  In  October,  of  that  year,  he  en- 
 tered tlie  Theological  Seminary  of  Princeton,  where 
 he  studied  the  regular  term  of  three  years.  He  was 
 licensed  to  preach  in  October,  1822.  On  leaving  the 
 Seminary  in  1823,  he  itinerated  in  difl'erent  directions 
 about  eighteen  months.  In  November,  1825,  he  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Sixth  Presbyterian  Church, 
 PhUadelphia,  and  sustained  this  relation  until  De- 
 cember, 1829.  In  jSIay,  1830,  he  accepted  the  Pro- 
 fessorship of  llathematics  in  Jefterson  College,  and  a 
 call  from  the  congregation  of  Centre,  about  five  miles 
 distant  from  Canonsburg.  Subsequently  he  devoted 
 himself  more  exclusively,  in  his  Professorship,  to  the 
 departments  of  Natural  Philosophy  and  Chemistry. 
 He  died,  December  15th,  1840. 
 
 As  an  instructor.  Professor  Kennedy  was  thorough, 
 discriminating,  accurate  and  lucid  in  his  illustra- 
 tions. As  a  preacher,  he  was  instructive,  solemn, 
 searching,  and  forcible.  As  a  pastor  he  was  laborious 
 and  faithful.  As  a  writer  he  was  characteristically 
 lucid,  simple,  and  concise.  His  talents  were  various, 
 and  in  some  respects  of  a  high  order.  He  had  more 
 of  the  intellectual  than  the  aesthetic,  more  of  argu- 
 mentation than  poetry  in  his  composition,  more  of 
 the  instructive  than  the  pathetic.  He  was  a  man  of 
 great  benevolence  and  liberality,  and  his  soul-search- 
 ing experience,  his  conscientiousness  and  stern  in- 
 tegrity, his  self-denial,  his  steadfast  reliance  on  the 
 righteousness  of  Clu-i.st,  his  abhorrence  of  sin,  his 
 desires  and  endeavors  after  holiness,  and  his  habitual 
 aim  to  glorify  God,  gave  lucid  proof  of  sincere  piety 
 while  he  lived,  which  was  confirmed  in  his  death. 
 
 Kennedy,  Rev.  Robert,  was  born  in  Lancaster 
 county.  Pa.,  July  4th,  1778.  He  graduated  at  Dick- 
 inson College,  Carlisle,  September  20th,  1797,  the 
 best  scholar  in  his  cla.ss;  studied  theology  with  the 
 Kev.  Nathanael  Sample,  then  pastor  of  the  congrega- 
 tions of  Lanca-ster  and  Middle  Octorara,  and  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Castle,  August  20th,  1799.  He  supplied  the 
 Church  of  Upper  Octorara  half  of  the  time,  for  six 
 months.  On  the  13th  of  August,  1803,  he  was 
 installed,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle,  pastor  of  the 
 united  congregations  of  East  and  Lower  West  Cono- 
 cocheague,  known  as  Greencastle  and  Welsh  Run, 
 and  continued  to  labor  in  them  until  April  9th,  1816, 
 when,  at  his  request,  the  pastoral  relation  l)etween 
 him  and  them  was  dissolved.  In  May,  1816,  he 
 removed  to  Cumberland,  Md. ,  where  he  preached  to 
 a  small  church  and  took  the  charge  of  the  academy 
 at  that  place.  In  1820  his  church  and  the  town 
 were  visited  with  a  precious  revival  of  religion,  dur- 
 ing which  a  goodly  number  became  subjects  of  Divine 
 grace.  In  the  Spring  of  1825  he  concluded  to  return 
 to  his  former  residence.  The  Church  at  Welsh  Run 
 being  vacant — Greencastle  having  secured  the  whole 
 of  the  labors  of  a  pastor — Jlr.  Kennedy  preached  to 
 them  as  a  stated  supply,  giving  part  of  his  time  to 
 the  congregation  at  McConnelsto^vn.     He  continued 
 
KENNEDY. 
 
 396 
 
 KEB. 
 
 in  charge  of  these  two  churches  until  1833,  when  his 
 labors  were  divided  between  the  Welsh  Run  Church 
 and  some  of  the  small  towns  in  the  neighborhood. 
 As  none  of  these  congregations  could  afford  to  give 
 him  much  of  a  salary,  he  supported  his  family  by  his 
 own  exertions  and  farm.  He  died  October  31st, 
 1843. 
 
 Mr.  Kennedy  was  industrious,  plain  and  unosten- 
 tatious in  all  his  habits.  He  was  a  man  of  ^-igorous, 
 intellect,  and  a  fine  scholar,  especially  in  classical 
 literature.  He  was  one  of  the  first  advocates  of  Tem- 
 perance in  Franklin  county,  and  would  never  sell 
 any  of  his  grain  to  distillers.  As  a  preacher,  he 
 stood  high  in  a  Presbytery  in  which  he  had,  as  com- 
 peers, some  of  the  ablest  men  in  the  Presbyterian 
 Church.     "His  sermons,"  says   Dr.  Elliott,  "were 
 
 REV.   BOBEBT  KENNEDY. 
 
 full  of  solid  evangelical  matter,  well  arranged  and 
 forcibly  expressed;  were  written  in  full,  committed 
 to  memory  and  delivered  -nithout  notes.  His  style 
 was  earnest  and  persuasive,  and  he  rarely  failed  to 
 secure  the  fixed  and  sustained  attention  of  his  audi- 
 ence." His  end  was  peace.  He  was  a  faithful  .ser- 
 vant of  the  Lord,  the  light  of  whose  example  was 
 not  extinguished  l)y  his  descent  to  the  tomb. 
 
 Kennedy,  Rev.  Marion  S.,  was  born  November 
 17th,  18.54,  in  Green  county,  Tenn. ;  entered  William 
 and  Mary  College,  Va.,  October,  1875;  graduated 
 (A.  B.)  July  4th,  1875;  entered  Union  Theological 
 Seminary,  A^a.,  August,  1878,  graduating  May,  1881; 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  Columbia  Presbj'tery, 
 August  27th,  1881;  installed  pastor  of  Lewisburg 
 Church,  April  2(1,  1882. 
 
 Mr.  Kennedy  is  of  a  quiet,  unostentatious  disposi- 
 tion. Possessing  a  well-trained  and  well-balanced 
 mind,  being  a  close  and  accurate  thinker,  and  a  con- 
 .scientious  expounder  of  God's  Word,  he  has  already 
 taken  a  high  rank  among  the  young  ministers  of  the 
 South. 
 
 Kennedy,  Rev.  Samuel,  was  born  in  Scotland; 
 graduated  at  Nassau  Hall  in  1749;  was  licensed  by 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery,  May  18th,  1750,  and 
 was  installed  p.a.stor  of  Ba.skingridge,  N.  J.,  June 
 25th,  1751.  He  exercised  the  office  of  a  physician 
 and  a  teacher.  His  labors  in  his  appropriate  work 
 were  blessed  to  the  uplmilding  of  the  church  and 
 the  increase  of  believers  in  numbers,  in  sound  know- 
 ledge and  godliness.     He  died  August  31st,  1787. 
 
 Ker,  Rev.  Jacob,  was  a  grandson  of  the  well- 
 known  Walt«r  Ker,  of  Freehold,  N.  J.,  who  was 
 banished  from  Scotland  in  1685,  "  for  his  faithful 
 adherence  to  God  and  His  truth,  as  professed  by  the 
 Church  of  Scotland."  The  subject  of  this  .sketch, 
 after  graduating  at  Princeton,  acted  as  a  Tutor  from 
 1760  to  1762.  In  1763,  he  was  licensed  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  Brunswick,  and  was  ordained  bj^  the 
 same  Presbytery  in  1764.  On  the  29th  of  August, 
 in  the  same  year,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
 churches  of  Monokin  and  Wicomico,  Md.,  where  he 
 remained  until  his  death,  July  29th,  1795.  Mr.  Ker 
 was  a  man  of  fervent  piety,  and  a  good  preacher. 
 
 Ker,  Rev.  -Jacob  Walter  Eliezer,  was  born 
 at  Princess  Anne,  JId.,  December  23d,  1813;  prose- 
 cuted his  early  studies  at  Washington  Academy,  in 
 that  place,  and  studied  theology  at  Princeton  Semi- 
 nary, 183.5-38.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Lewes,  September  29th,  1837;  then  returned  to 
 Princess  Anne,  and  was  Principal  of  Washington 
 Academy  from  1838  until  1842.  He  was  ordained 
 by  West  Jersey  Presbytery,  August  16th,  1842,  and 
 on  the  same  day  was  inst.alled  as  pastor  of  Deerfield 
 Church,  in  the  bounds  of  that  Presbytery.  Here  he 
 labored  with  great  diligence  and  fidelity  for  thirteen 
 years,  when  he  was  released  ii-om  his  pastoral  charge. 
 May  1st,  1855.  After  this  he  preached  as  stated 
 supply  to  the  Church  at  Frederick  City,  Md.,  from 
 1856  to  1858.  He  next  became  pastor  of  the  Chvirch 
 at  Lewisburg,  Pa.,  where  he  was  installed  by  the 
 Presbj'tery  of  Northumberland,  November  15th,  1858, 
 and  from  which  charge  he  was  released  October  19th, 
 1860.  This  was  his  last  regular  field  of  labor.  On 
 account  of  feeble  health  he  did  not  accept  another 
 charge.  He  died  August  12th,  1879.  A\Tien  in 
 health,  Mr.  Ker  had  always  been  an  acceptable  and 
 successful  preacher.  He  was  a  kind  and  sympathetic 
 pastor,  a  courteous  gentleman,  a  warm-hearted  and 
 genial  friend. 
 
 Ker,  Rev.  Nathan,  went  to  Princeton  College, 
 from  the  congregation  of  William  Tennent,  of  Free- 
 hold, N.  J.  He  was  licen.sed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Brunswick,  in  1762,  and  ordained  August  17th, 
 1763,  and  in  1766  was  settled  as  pastor  of  the  Presby- 
 
KERB. 
 
 397 
 
 KEm  OF  HEAVEX. 
 
 terian  Church  in  Goshen,  X.  Y.,  where  he  remained 
 until  his  death,  December  14th,  1804.  Mr.  Ker  served 
 for  some  time  as  a  volunteer  chaplain  in  the  army. 
 He  was  a  man  of  well-balanced  and  cultivated  mind, 
 enlarged  and  liberal  views,  earnest  piety,  and  ex- 
 tensive influence. 
 
 Kerr,  Greorge,  LL.  D.,  the  son  of  Robert  and 
 
 Mary  (Buchanan)  Kerr,  was  born  in  county  Antrim, 
 
 Ireland,  December  18th,  1814.    His  parents  emigrated 
 
 to  the  United  States  in  1823.     He  graduated  at  Wil-  ^ 
 
 liams  College,  Mass.,  with  the  first  honor,  in  1839;  , 
 
 studied   theology   in   Union   Seminary,    New    York  | 
 
 city,  and   was  licensed  and  ordained   by  Columbia 
 
 Presbytery  in  1844.     He  began  his  labors  as  pastor 
 
 of  the  Reformed  (Protestant  Dutch)  Church,  at  Coues- 
 
 ville,  N.  Y.,  where  he  remained  until  April  1846, 
 
 and  then  took  charge  of  the  academy  at  Franklin, 
 
 N.   Y.     This  he  soon  raised  from  a  depressed  to  a 
 
 highly  prosperous  condition      Here  was  most  of  his 
 
 very  useful  labor  as  an   instructor  expended.     For 
 
 many  years  he  preached  nearly  as  much  as  if  he  had 
 
 been  a  pastor,  his  ser\-ices  being  greatly  sought  and 
 
 liighly  appreciated  by  neighboring  churches.      For 
 
 nearly  sixteen  years  he  made  Franklin  the  centre  of 
 
 his  wide-reaching  influence.     Then  he  spent  a  year 
 
 and   a  half  as  Professor  in  the  State  Agricultural 
 
 College  at  Ovid,  N.  Y. ;  then  three  years  as  Principal 
 
 at  Watertown  Academy,  N.  Y. ;  and  then  took  charge 
 
 of  the  Seminary  at  Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
 
 died,  March  27th,  1867. 
 
 Dr.  Kerr  was  a  man  of  remarkably  vigorous  and 
 active  intellect,  of  indomitable  persistence,  and  of 
 unceasing  industry.  He  was  a  large-hearted  man, 
 impulsive,  frank,  sympathetic,  tender  and  ardent  in 
 feeling.  He  was  a  Christian  of  strong  faith,  glowing 
 zeal,  and  prompt  sensibility  to  all  that  concerned 
 the  cause  of  the  beloved  Master.  He  followed  the 
 leadings  of  Providence  in  becoming  a  teacher,  when 
 his  heart  was  very  much  set  upon  becoming  a  pastor. 
 As  he  became  eminent  in  the  first  vocation,  so  he  had 
 qualities  adapted  to  make  him  eminent,  useful,  and 
 of  wide  influence  in  the  latter. 
 
 Kerr,  Rev.  James,  was  a  native  of  Scotland, 
 and  was  born  in  180.5.  He  graduated  at  the  Univer- 
 sity of  Glasgow  in  1832;  emigrated  to  the  United 
 States  in  his  twenty-tilth  year;  studied  theology  at  : 
 the  Western  Theological  Seminary;  was  licensed  to 
 preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Baltimore,  April  27th, 
 1836.  and  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Winchester,  April  22d,  1837.  He  labored  as 
 a  missionary  in  Hampshire  county,  Va.,  for  two 
 years,  and  was  successful  in  his  ministry,  planting 
 the  standard  of  the  Cro.ss  in  many  portions  of  that 
 hitherto  forsaken  country.  He  was  installed  pa-stor 
 of  the  Church  of  Cadiz,  O.,  June,  1839,  and  continued 
 in  this  relation  until  removed  by  death,  April  19th, 
 1855.  Mr.  Kerr  was  a  clear,  logical,  plain  and  inter- 
 '  esting  preacher.  He  was  a  good  presbj-ter,  and  m.ade 
 an   excellent  presiding  officer    of   an   ecclesiastical 
 
 court.  He  was  remarkably  conscientious  in  every 
 sphere  of  life.  He  was  the  author  of  a  book  entitled 
 "  3Io(le  of  Baptism,"  and  a  small  work  on  Psalmodi;, 
 both  of  which  productions  were  favorably  received 
 and  appreciated  by  their  friends,  and  much  tortured 
 by  their  enemies. 
 
 Kerr,  Hon.  John,  was  born  in  the-  vicinity  of 
 Huntingdon,  Pa.,  April  l.st,  1796.     He  lived  and  died 
 upon  the  tarm  on  which  he  was  born.     His  name 
 appears  on  the  records  of  Presbj^ery  as    the   elder 
 representing  the  congregation  of  Huntingdon,  early 
 in  the  year   1823,  when  he  was  only  twenty-seven 
 years  of  age,    and  almost  continuously  from   that 
 [time  his   name    appears   on  the  minutes  of  Pres- 
 '  bytery  as  the  elder  representing  the  congregation. 
 j  In  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  Church,  whether  its 
 I  religious  or  secular  interests,  he  always  took  a  lead- 
 ing part.     He  gave  his  time  and  money  without  stint 
 to  the  church.     As  an  elder  he  was  an  example  to  all 
 the  members  of  the  church,  in  his  punctual  and  un- 
 failing attendance  on  all  the  means  of  grace,  public, 
 social,  and  private.     Mr.  Kerr  was  appointed  one  of 
 the  Associate  Judges  of  the  county  of  Huntingdon, 
 as  is  believed,  by  a  Governor  who  was  not  of  the  same 
 party  in  politics  with  himself     It  was  a  deserved 
 compliment  to  Mr.  Kerr's  integrity  and  intelligence. 
 Kerr,  Rev.  "Williani,  was  born  in  Bart  Town- 
 ship, Lanca.ster  county,  Pa.,  in  1777;  was  educated 
 at  the  Institution  which  afterwards  became  Jeflerson 
 College,  studied  theology,  partly  under  the  Rev.  Dr. 
 Sample,  and  partly  at  Princeton,  was  settled  in  the 
 ministry  at  Donegal,  Lanc;uster  county.  Pa.,  about 
 1809,  and  died  in  1823,  in  his  forty-seventh  year. 
 Dr.  Martin  said  of  him  :     "  Few,  if  any,  stood  higher 
 in  the  estimation  of  his  brethren." 
 
 Keys  of  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven.    A  key,  in 
 Scripture,  is  a  symbol  of  authority.     The  Romanists 
 say  that  the  Pope  has  the  power  of  the  keys,  and  can 
 open  and  shut  paradise  as  he  plea-ses,  grounding  their 
 opinion  on  that  expression  of  Jesus  Christ  to  Peter, 
 "I  will  give  unto  thee  the  keys  of  the  kingdom  of 
 heaven,  and  whatsoever  thou  shaltbind  on  earth  shall 
 be  bound  in  heaven,  and  whatsoever  thou  shalt  loose 
 on  earth  shall  be  loosed  in  heaven "  (Matt,  xvi,  19). 
 But  every  one  must  .see  that  this  is  an  ab.solute  per- 
 version of  Scripture.     By  "the  keys  of  the  kingdom 
 of  heaven,"  we  are   to  understand  the  power  and 
 authority  of  exercising  government  and  discipline  in 
 the  Church,  in  A-irtue  of  which,  those  entrusted  wth 
 these  keys  have  power  to  "  bind  and  loose, ' '  by  inflict- 
 I  ing  and  removing  censures,  and  their  proceedings, 
 when  conducU'd  agreeably  to  Scripture,  are  ratified 
 in  heaven.     Presbyterians  maintain  that  these  keys 
 1  were  given  to  Peter,  as  an  apostle  and  elder,  and, 
 therefore,  the  gift  extends  to  all  the  apostles,  and 
 I  after  them  to  all  ordinary  elders,  to  the  end  of  time. 
 To  understand  our  Lord's  words,  now  under  view, 
 !  as  meaning  that  the  right  of  admitting  souls  to 
 heaven  was  to  be  placed  in  Peter's  hands,  is  prepos- 
 
KIEFFER. 
 
 398 
 
 KING. 
 
 terous.  This  office  is  the  special  prerogative  of  Christ 
 Himself  (Rev.  1,  18).  The  pa.ssage  has  to  do  -tvith 
 atlraission  to  and  rejection  from  the  membership  of 
 the  Church.  All  the  authority  it  con\eyed  was  soon 
 expre.s.sly  extended  to  all  Ihe  apostles  (See  Matt, 
 xviii,  18),  where  the  plural  number  'ye"  is  used 
 (John  XX,  23;  1  Cor.  v,  3,  5;  Eph.  ii,  20;  Rev.  xxi, 
 14). 
 
 The  .same  thing  that  is  expressed  in  the  above  pas-, 
 sage  T)y  himliiig  and  Itiositig,  is  elsewhere  expressed  by  i 
 remiitiiiff  and  rcUiiniiig  sins.  But  Christ  adtliessed  ' 
 these  words  to  all  the  apostles  :  "  Peace  be  unto 
 you;  as  the  Father  hath  sent  me,  .so  I  send  you. 
 Whosesoever  sins  ye  remit,  they  are  reniitted  unto 
 them,  and  whosesoever  sins  ye  retain,  they  are 
 retained  (.John  xx,  21,  83).  It  is  true  that  this 
 power  is  ascribed  to  the  Church:  "  Tell  it  unto  the 
 Church,"  etc.  (Matt.  18,  17);  but  by  the  C'lmrch,  in 
 this  passage,  is  to  be  understood  the  rulers  or  elders 
 of  the  Church,  and  it  should  be  observed,  their 
 decision  of  the  case  was  to  be  final.  The  idea,  that  by 
 the  words  "whatsoever  thou  shalt  bind,  etc.," 
 Peter  was  to  have  any  power  of  forgi\ing  sins,  is 
 derogatory  to  Christ's  special  office  as  our  Great  High 
 Priest.  It  is  certain  that  in  any  literal  and  authori- 
 tative sense,  such  power  was  never  exercised  by  one 
 of  the  Apostles,  and  plainly  was  never  understood 
 by  themselves  as  possessed  by  them  or  conveyed  to 
 them.  The  power  to  intrude  upon  the  relation 
 between  men  and  God  cannot  have  been  given  by 
 Christ  to  His  ministers  in  any  but  a  ministerial  or 
 deelarntire  sense — as  the  authorized  interpreters  of 
 His  Word,  while  in  the  actiiiffs  of  His  ministers,  the 
 real  nature  of  the  power  committed  to  them  is  seen 
 in  the  exercise  ot  eliureh  discipline.  Asfor  the  special 
 inspiration  the  Apo.stles  received  to  lay  down  rules 
 and  regulations  for  the  guidance  of  the  Church  on 
 di.sputed  questions,  hinding  or  forbidding  some 
 things,  and  loosing  or  allowing  other  things,  as,  for 
 example,  the  decision  of  the  Council  at  Jerusalem, 
 that  the  Gentiles  needed  not  to  be  circumcised, 
 (Actsx\-i,  19);  this  was  a  coramis.sion  specially  con- 
 fined to  themselves.  In  discharging  it  they  had  no 
 successor.  With  them  it  began  and  with  them  it 
 expired. 
 
 The  power  of  discipline,  according  to  our  Con- 
 fession, is  (Chap.  XXX,  Sec.  iv)  committed  solely  to 
 the  office-bearers  of  the  Church.  The  Church  and 
 the  State  may  take  up  the  .same  cases,  but  under  a 
 different  consideration;  it  is  only  when  ^'iewed  as 
 crimes  against  the  State  that  they  come  under  the 
 cognizance  of  civil  rulers,  and  are  to  be  punished 
 with  civil  pains;  viewed  as  .scandals  against  religious 
 society,  they  come  under  the  cognizance  of  the  rulers 
 of  the  Church,  and  can  only  be  removed  by  ecclesi- 
 astical censures. 
 
 Kieflfer,  Rev.  "William  T.  Linn,  wivs  born  in 
 Mifflinburg,  Pa.,  September  8th,  1850.  He  was  a 
 student  at  Dickinson  College  until  the  end  of  his 
 
 Sophomore  year,  when  he  entered  Franklin  and  Mar- 
 shall College,  where  he  graduated,  as  Valedictorian, 
 July  3d,  1871.  After  teaching  school  for  a  year  he 
 entered  Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  and  gradu- 
 ated, regularly,  April  27th,  1875.  In  the  Spring  of 
 1870  he  had  united  with  the  Reformed  Church  of 
 Lancaster,  but  in  May,  1873,  he  transferred  his  con- 
 nection t»  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Carlisle, 
 Pa.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle, 
 April  14th,  1875.  Almost  immediately  he  received 
 a  call  from  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Churchville, 
 Harford  county,  Md.,  where  he  was  ordained  and 
 installed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Baltimore,  Xovember 
 11th,  1875.  Here  he  continued  in  a  happy  and  pros- 
 perous pastorate  tor  eight  years.  Having  received 
 and  accepted  a  unanimous  call  to  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Mercer.sburg,  Pa.,  he  was  installed  its 
 pa-stor,  October  30th,  1883,  with  every  promise  of 
 great  usefulness  in  that  important  charge.  He  is  a 
 good  preacher,  faithful  in  pastoral  work,  and  earnestly 
 devoted  to  the  Master's  service. 
 
 Kimball,  Charles  Cotton,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Newport,  N.  H.,  1834;  graduated,  with  highest  honors, 
 from  Beloit  College,  Wis.,  1859,  and  from  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  New  York  Citj',  1862;  received 
 the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  his  Alma  Mater,  in  1878. 
 Before  accepting  a  call  to  any  church,  Dr.  Kimball 
 spent  si.'c  years  in  study,  evangelical  work,  and  travel 
 in  Europe.  In  ^868  he  was  installed  over  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Erie,  Pa.  In  1871  he  accepted 
 a  unanimous  call  to  the  Central  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Erie,  Pa.  This  church,  which  had  just  been 
 organized,  had  a  steady,  swift,  remarkable  gi'owth, 
 and  became  one  of  the  most  influential  churches  in 
 the  State.  In  1878  Dr.  Kimball  accepted  a  unanimous 
 call  to  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Kansas 
 City,  Mo.,  which  in  less  than  three  years  nearly 
 doubled  its  membership,  and  built  a  new  and  elegant 
 house  of  worship.  Finding  the  climate  injurious  to 
 the  health  of  his  family,  he  removed  to  Boston,  Mass. , 
 and  is  at  present  engaged  in  literary  and  evangelical 
 labors. 
 
 As  a  preacher.  Dr.  Kimball  is  earnest,  scholarly, 
 graphic  and  edifying.  As  a  pastor,  he  is  social,  genial 
 and  inspiriting.  He  has  unusual  gifts  for  promoting 
 the  growth  of  churches,  which,  even  when  in  his 
 hands  for  only  a  short  time,  invariably  spring  rapidly 
 into  prosperity. 
 
 King,  Rev.  Andrew,  was  born  in  North  Caro- 
 lina, was  probably  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New 
 York  in  1775,  and  on  the  11th  of  June,  1777,  was 
 ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  at  Wallkill,  N.  Y. ,  in  which  relation  he  con- 
 tinued until  his  death,  November  16th,  1815.  Mr. 
 King  was  neither  learned  nor  eloquent,  but  was 
 greatly  prospered  during  his  ministry.  He  was 
 known  as  a  "peacemaker,''  and  in  various  instances 
 was  called  on  by  the  Presbytery  to  settle  differences 
 in  congregations. 
 
KjyCr. 
 
 399 
 
 KING. 
 
 King-,  Barnabas,  D.D.,  was  born  in  New  Marl- 
 borough, Mass.,  June  2d,  1780;  graduated  at  "Wil- 
 liams College  in  1804,  and  was  licensed  October  loth, 
 1805,  by  Berkshire  Congregational  Association,  Mass. 
 On  Sabbath,  January  2,)th,  1806,  he  preached  his 
 first  sermon  in  Kockaway,  X.  J.  All  of  that  year 
 and  part  of  the  next  he  spent  at  Sparta  and  Berk- 
 shire, N.  J.,  and  in  October,  1807,  he  began  to  preach 
 half  liis  time  at  Kockaway,  the  other  half  at  Sparta. 
 He  was  installed  pastor  at  Kockaway,  December 
 27th,  1808,  and  during  that  Winter  his  labors  were 
 blessed  with  a  revival.  His  congregation  was  also 
 favored  with  precious  revivals  in  1817,  and  in  1831-2. 
 He  died  April  10th,  1862.  Dr.  King's  stj'le  of 
 preaching  was  very  simple,  but  Scriptural,  and  usu- 
 ally very  earnest.  He  was  a  model  i)astor,  to  whom 
 his  flock  was  perfectedly  devoted.  The  Rev.  Albert 
 Barnes  said,  that  "he  knew  no  minister  whose  walk 
 and  labor  and  success  had  been  so  admirable  as  those 
 of  Mr.  King,  of  Kockaway." 
 
 King,  Rev.  Charles  Barrington,  son  of  Ear- 
 rington  and  Catherine  Margarite  (Xej>bew)  King,  was 
 born  at  Baisden's  Blufl",  Mcintosh  county,  Ga..  July 
 4th,  1823.  He  was  graduated  from  Franklin  College 
 (afterwards  called  the  University  of  Georgia),  at 
 Athens,  Ga.,  A.  D.,  184.5,  and  immediately  afterwards 
 entered  Princeton  Seminary,  where  he  was  regularly 
 graduated  in  1848.  He  was  licensed  by  Cherokee 
 Presbytery,  May  9th,  1847,  and  supplied,  among  other 
 churches,  that  of  Marietta,  Ga.,  in  the  Summer  of 
 l'<48,  and  Sparta,  Ga.,  in  1849.  He  was  ordained  an 
 evangelist,  by  Hopewell  Presbytery,  at  Sladison,  Ga., 
 Jlay  29th,  1850.  From  January  1st,  1850,  to  18.54,  he 
 served,  as  stated  supply,  the  Church  at  Columbus,  Ga. ; 
 then  supplied,  during  the  Summer  of  1854,  the  First 
 Church  of  Augusta  and  the  Green  Street  Mission 
 Church  of  the  same  city,  whilst  the  yellow  fever  was 
 prcMviling  there,  until  himself  prostrated  by  that 
 disease.  He  was  afterwards  called  to  the  pastorate 
 of  the  First  Presbj-terian  Church  of  Savannah,  and 
 supplied  it  for  the  year  1855,  but  declined  its  call, 
 and  accepted  one  to  become  pastor  of  the  'WTiite  Bluflf 
 Congregational  Church,  over  which  he  wivs  installed 
 early  in  1856,  and  of  which  he  continued  to  be  pastor 
 until  his  death.  From  1855  until  the  In.stitution  was 
 closed,  during  the  civil  war,  he  was  Principal  of  the 
 Female  Department  of  Chatham  Academy  High 
 School,  in  the  city  of  Savannah;  at  the  same  time  he 
 was  performing  the  duties  of  pastor  of  White  Bluflf 
 Church.  He  died  November  a4th,  1880.  Mr.  King 
 was  a  faithful  and  zealous  preacher  of  the  gospel, 
 fond  of  the  children  and  especially  beloved  by  them; 
 gentle  in  manner,  a  loving  son,  a  devoted  husband, 
 a  scholar  of  excellent  attainments,  a  true  Christian 
 gentleman  under  all  circumstances. 
 
 King,  George  Ives,  D.  D.,  was  bom  at  Adams, 
 N.  Y.,  in  1815.  He  graduated  from  Union  College 
 in  1837.  and  from  Auburn  Theological  Seminary  in 
 1841.     After  teaching  .some  years  in  his  native  State, 
 
 and  preaching  there  and  at  Hanover,  N.  J.,  he  re- 
 moved to  Quiucy,  111.,  where  he  became  pastor  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  that  city,  in  which 
 relation  he  continued  for  twelve  years.  He  had 
 charge  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Jerseyville, 
 111.,  1868-73,  where  his  labors  were  greatly  blessed. 
 He  was  one  of  the  trustees  of  Blackburn  Universitj', 
 looked  zealously  after  its  interests,  and  was  devising 
 for  it  liberal  things.  He  loved  his  own  church,  was 
 watchful  of  her  interests  and  jealous  for  her  honor. 
 With  the  hope  of  improving  his  declining  health  he 
 ^•isited  New  Orleans,  but  the  hope  was  not  realized, 
 and  he  died  in  that  city,  JIarch  12th,  1873.  A  little 
 before  the  end,  his  wife  commenced  reading  to  him 
 the  sentence:  "Yea,  though  I  walk  through  the 
 valley  of" — and  then  waited  to  see  if  he  understood. 
 
 CEOKGE   I\-E6   KING,  D.P. 
 
 After  a  moment's  effort,  for  recollection  and  strength, 
 the  dying  man  took  it  up — "the  shadow  of " — and 
 here  his  tongue  failed,  to  be  loosened  only  in  heaven. 
 Dr.  King  was  a  man  of  mark.  The  Presbytery  of 
 Alton,  in  a  minute  adopted  April  3d,  1873,  said, 
 ' '  During  many  years'  acquaintance  we  had  learned 
 to  place  him  in  the  first  rank  in  the  ministry.  He 
 was  a  man  of  brilliant  endowments,  strong  in  his 
 con\ictions  and  tenacious  in  his  purposes.  As  a 
 .scholar,  his  attainments  were  wide  and  varied;  as  a 
 preacher,  he  was  earnest  and  eloquent,  as  a  pastor  he 
 was  watchful  and  judicious,  and  as  a  guardiau  of 
 vested  rights  he  was  wise  and  liberal.  In  our  delib- 
 erative bodies  he  was  acute  and  sound.  In  times  of 
 public  trial  he  was  fearless  and  patriotic.  Both  in 
 public  and  domestic  life  he  was  an  inspiring  and  ad- 
 mirable model,  and  as  a  believer  in  Christ  we  esteemed 
 
KING. 
 
 400 
 
 KING. 
 
 him  humble,  sincere  and  devout.  His  memory  is  to 
 us  exceedingly  precious." 
 
 For  a  minister  Dr.  King  was  wealthy.  He  pur- 
 chased land  at  an  early  day,  near  Peoria,  which 
 became  valuable.  But  his  wealth  was  well  bestowed. 
 "While  he  lived,  and  since  his  death,  in  the  hands  of 
 his  widow  and  daughters,  it  is  a  fountain  sending 
 forth  streams  to  make  glad  the  city  of  God. 
 
 King,  John,  Esq.,  was  for  many  years  a  ruling 
 elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church,  Chamber.sburg, 
 Pa.,  and  as  a  member  of  Session  his  counsel  and 
 discretion  indicated  the  soundness  of  bis  judgment. 
 Hi?  was  al.so  a  firm  and  uniform  advocate  and  supporter 
 of  the  order  and  principles  of  that  church.  Mr. 
 King,  by  his  industry  and  economy,  first  as  an  iron 
 master,  and  afterwards  as  a  merchant,  acquired  a 
 large  estate.  All  who  knew  him  were  ready  to  testify 
 to  his  unbending  integrity.  His  time,  services,  and 
 means  were  always  ready  to  minister  to  the  sick, 
 comfort  the  afflicted,  relieve  the  needy,  advance  the 
 cause  of  religion  and  morals,  and  aid  every  work  or 
 enterprise  that  was  esteemed  of  public  usefulness. 
 He  was  connected  with  nearly  all  the  religious,  lit- 
 erary, charitable,  and  business  institutions  in  C'ham- 
 bersburg,  where  much  of  his  life  was  spent.  For 
 many  years  he  was  President  of  the  C'hambersburg 
 Bank,  the  affairs  of  which  he  administered  with 
 marked  ability  and  success.    He  died,  July  8th,  183.5. 
 
 King,  Rev.  Junius  B.,  was  a  native  of  North 
 Carolina.  He  was  lineally  descended  from  some  of  the 
 noblest  worthies  and  patriots  of  the  American  Revo- 
 lution, and  brightest  ornaments  of  the  Christian 
 Church  of  that  day.  Ha\dng  early  won  the  honors 
 of  the  University  of  his  native  State,  and  having 
 enjoyed  the  advantiiges  of  a  thorough  course  of  theo- 
 locical  learning,  at  the  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
 Virginia,  he  went  to  Alabama,  as  a  licentiate,  in  the 
 year  1836,  and  was  soon  after  ordained  to  the  full 
 work  of  the  gospel  mini.stry,  and  installed  (October 
 21st,  1838)  pastor  of  the  Valley  Creek  Church.  Here 
 he  lived,  beloved  by  all,  and  here,  at  the  close  of  his 
 fourteenth  pastoral  year,  he  died  (November  22d, 
 1850),  lamented  by  all.  Possessed  of  a  clear  head,  a 
 sound  judgment,  and  of  undeviating  integrity,  and 
 con.scientious  to  a  proverb,  he  enjoyed  the  respect 
 and  confidence  of  all  who  knew  him.  Greatly  en- 
 deared to  the  people  of  his  charge,  he  was  welcomed 
 to  the  hearts  of  Christians  wherever  he  went,  and  his 
 spotless  reputation,  his  good  sense,  his  discreet  zeal, 
 and  his  pastoral  fidelity  combined  to  render  him  one 
 of  the  mo.st  efficient  and  useful  ministers  in  the  Synod. 
 
 King,  Rev.  Richard  Hall,  was  a  native  of  North 
 Carolina,  and  prosecuted  his  early  studies  under  the 
 Rev.  Dr.  James  Hall.  As  he  was  very  zealous  and 
 more  than  commonly  gifted,  he  commenced  preaching 
 at  once,  without  any  preparatory  course  of  study". 
 He  was  first  in  the  Methodist  Communion,  but  was 
 afterwards  received  into  the  Presbj'terian  Church  and 
 ministry.    In  April,  1817,  he  was  prevailed  on  to  take 
 
 charge  .of  the  churches  of  which  the  Rev.  S.  G.  Ram- 
 sey, then  near  the  close  of  life,  had  been  pastor.  He 
 was  received  into  the  Presbytery  of  Union,  from  the 
 Presbytery  of  Concord,  September  22d,  1817,  and 
 continued  to  minister  to  the  Grassy  Valley  churches 
 until  he  was  disabled  by  bodily  infirmity.  He  died. 
 May  27th,  1825.  Dr.  Foote,  in  his  Sketches  of  North 
 Carolina,  says  that  Mr.  King  was  "  esteemed  a  man 
 of  the  finest  powers  ever  trained  in  Western  Carolina. " 
 
 King,  Walter,  Esq.,  was  born  at  Norwich, 
 Conn.,  January  6th,  1786.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
 College  in  1805.  Ha\ang  studied  law  he  practiced 
 his  profession  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  until  the  liiilure  of  his 
 health,  in  1832,  compelled  him  to  retire,  and  he 
 sought  rest  and  recovery  on  a  small  farm  in  Marcy, 
 across  the  Mohawk,  on  which  he  remained  for  twenty 
 years.  He  died  July  26th,  1852.  He  was  a  ruling 
 elder  in  the  First  Church,  Utica,  for  many  years,  and 
 when  he  moved  to  Marcy  he  found  himself  in  the 
 midst  of  a  community  without  a  religious  organiza- 
 tion and  without  a  place  for  preaching  and  worship. 
 Mainly  through  his  instrumentality  an  association 
 was  formed,  consisting  of  Christians  of  .several  evan- 
 gelical denominations,  and  a  chapel  was  erected  and 
 ser\ices  statedly  held  in  it. 
 
 The  Bible  class  was  chosen  by  Mr.  King  as  his 
 particular  field  of  labor,  and,  not  satisfied  with  the 
 stores  of  knowledge  that  he  brought  into  it,  he  dili- 
 gently searched  the  Scriptures;  and  not  satisfied  with 
 studjdng  these  in  King  James'  Version,  or  with  the 
 help  of  popular  commentators,  he  took  them  up  in 
 their  original  languages,  and  supplied  himself  with 
 as  large  a  critical  apparatus  as  many  Professors  of 
 biblical  interpretation  possess.  He  also  prepared  and 
 published  ' '  The  Gospel  Harmony, ' '  based  substan- 
 tially on  Newcombe's  arrangement.  It  is  divided 
 into  lessons,  each  of  which  is  accompanied  by  ques- 
 tions. The  book  had  quite  an  extensive  ciiculation, 
 and  passed  through  .several  editions. 
 
 King,  Rev.  "William.  Montgomery,  was  born 
 in  Elbert  county,  Ga.,  October  6th,  1796,  and  died 
 at  the  residence  of  his  son,  the  Rev.  Dr.  S.  A.  King, 
 "Waco,  Texas,  June  1st,  1882.  His  father,  Hugh 
 King,  removed  to  Maurj^  county,  Tenn.,  about  the 
 year  1806.  He  was  educated  at  the  academy  of  the 
 Rev.  Dr.  Gideon  Blackburn,  at  FVanklin,  Tenn.,  and 
 was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  that  included  that  por- 
 tion of  Tennessee  with  a  part  of  north  Alabama.  Hav- 
 ingbecome  somewhat  enfeebled  in  health  by  his  course 
 of  .study,  he  traveled,  when  a  licentiate,  in  Tennessee 
 and  Mississippi,  doing  missionary  work.  He  settled 
 at  Middleton,  twelve  miles  east  of  Louisville,  teach- 
 ing school  and  supplying  two  chiirches  for  some 
 years. 
 
 Mr.  King  organized  the  JIacedonia  Church,  in 
 "Woodford  county,  and  supplied  it  for  a  number  of 
 years.  He  subsequently  removed  to  Illinois,  but 
 returned  after  a  few  years  to  the  Macedonia  Church, 
 remaining  there  till  his  removal  to  Texas,  in  January, 
 
KINGDOM  OF  GOD. 
 
 401 
 
 KINKAID. 
 
 1851.  Here  he  performed  many  years  of  active  ser- 
 vice in  preaching  and  teaching.  Daring  his  long 
 ministry  he  preached  to  churches  ■wliicli  he  had 
 organized  himself — never  building  on  another  man's 
 foundation. 
 
 For  a  number  of  years  his  health  had  been  feeble, 
 but  he  continued  to  work  in  Sabbath  schools  and  to 
 preach  at  times,  until  he  was  nearly  eighty  years  of 
 age.  He  retiiued  the  u.se  of  all  his  faculties  to  a 
 remarkable  degree — except  the  sense  of  hearing — and 
 he  was  past  fourscore  before  that  began  to  fail. 
 
 He  was  a  man  fond  of  his  church  and  of  his 
 friends,  and  devoted  to  reading  and  study — was  fond 
 of  natural  objects,  and  took  great  interest  in  anything 
 rare,  curious  and  useful.  He  was  especially  indiffer- 
 ent to  worldly  possessions  and  worldly  eclat  for  him- 
 .self,  though  he  took  great  interest  in  others'  welfare, 
 temporal  as  well  as  spiritual.  He  was  probably  as 
 much  induced  to  over-estimate  the  good  points  in 
 others  as  he  underrated  his  own  worth,  and  beyond 
 all  question  was  pious,  earnest  and  sincere. 
 
 Kingdom  of  G-od.  This  phrase  in  Scripture  is 
 of  frequent  occurrence,  and  variously  applied  to  the 
 providential,  moral  and  evangelical  government  of 
 Jehovah.  Thus  we  read  of  the  Kingdom  of  God 
 (Ps.  ciii,  19;  Dan.  iv,  3),  or  of  his  universal  empire 
 and  dominion  over  all  creatures,  in  reference  to  which 
 it  is  said,  "  Jehovah  is  a  great  God,  and  a  great 
 King  above  all  gods  "  (Ps.  xcv,  3).  "  His  throne  is 
 established  in  the  heavens,  and  His  kingdom  ruleth 
 over  all." 
 
 Again,  we  frequently  read  in  the  evangelists  of  the 
 Kingdom  of  Heaven,  a  phrase  in  which  there  is  a 
 manife.st  allusion  to  the  predictions  in  which  the  dis- 
 pensation of  the  Messiah  was  revealed  by  the  prophets 
 in  the  Old  Testament,  particularly  by  Daniel,  who 
 mentions  it  as  "a  kingdom  which  the  God  of  heaven 
 would  set  up,  and  which  should  never  be  destroyed." 
 (Dan.  ii,  44.)  The  same  prophet  also  speaks  of  it  as 
 a  kingdom  to  be  given,  with  glory  and  dominion  t>ver 
 all  people,  nations  and  languages,  to  one  like  unto 
 the  Son  of  5Ian.  (Dan.  vii,  13,  14.  See  also  Micah. 
 iv,  6,  7.)  The  Jews,  accustomed  to  this  way  of  speak- 
 ing, expected  the  kingdom  of  the  Messiah  to  resemble 
 that  of  a  temporal  king,  exercising  pow«r  on  his 
 enemies,  restoring  the  Hebrew  monarchy  and  the 
 throne  of  Da\-id  to  all  its  splendor,  sul)duing  the 
 nations,  and  rewarding  his  friends  and  faithful  ser- 
 vants, in  proportion  to  their  fidelity  and  services. 
 Hence  the  early  contests  among  the  apostles  about 
 precedency  in  His  kingdom,  and  hence  the  sons  of 
 Zebedee  desired  the  two  chief  places  in  it. 
 
 According  to  the  prophecy  of  Daniel,  this  kingdom 
 was  to  take  place  during  the  existence  of  the  Roman 
 Empire,  the  last  of  the  four  great  monarchies  that 
 had  succeeded  each  other  (Dan.  ii,  44);  and  as  it  was 
 set  up  by  the  God  of  heaven,  it  is  in  the  New  Testa- 
 ment termed  "the  kingdom  of  God,"  or  "the  king- 
 dom of  heaven."  It  w;is  typified  by  the  Jewish 
 •26 
 
 theocracy,  and  declared  to  he  at  hand  by  John  the 
 Baptist,  and  by  Christ  and  His  apostles  also,  in  the 
 days  of  His  flesh;  but  it  did  not  come  with  power 
 till  Jesus  rose  from  the  dead,  and  sat  down  on  the 
 right  hand  of  the  Majesty  on  high  (Acts  ii,  32-37). 
 Then  w<is  He  most  solemnly  inaugurated  and  pro- 
 claimed King  of  the  univense,  and  especially  of  the 
 Xcw  Testament  Church,  amidst  adoring  myriads  of 
 attendant  angels,  and  "the  spirits  of  just  men  made 
 perfect."  Then  were  fulfilled  the  words  of  Jehovah 
 by  David,  "I  have  set  my  King  upon  my  holy  hill 
 of  Zion  "  (Ps.  ii,  6).  This  is  that  spiritual,  evange- 
 lical and  eternal  empire  to  which  He  Himself  referred, 
 when  interrogated  before  Pontius  Pilate,  and  in  refer- 
 ence to  which  He  said:  "  My  Kingdom  is  not  of  this 
 world"  (John  xviii,  36-37).  His  empire,  indeed, 
 extends  to  every  creature,  for  "all  authority  is  com- 
 mitted into  his  hands,  both  in  heaven  and  on  earth," 
 and  He  is  "head  over  all  things  to  the  Church;"  but 
 His  kingdom  primarily  imports  the  gospel  Church, 
 which  is  the  subject  of  His  laws,  the  feeat  of  His  gov- 
 ernment, and  the  object  of  His  care,  and  being  sur- 
 rounded with  powerful  opposers.  He  is  represented  as 
 ruling  in  the  midst  of  His  enemies. 
 
 This  kingdom  is  not  of  a  worldly  origin,  or  nature, 
 nor  has  it  this  world  for  its  end  or  object  (Eom.  xiv, 
 17;  1  Cor.  i,  20).  It  can  neither  be  promoted  nor 
 defended  by  worldly  power,  influence,  or  carnal 
 weapons,  but  by  bearing  witness  unto  the  truth, 
 or  by  the  preaching  of  the  gospel  with  the  Holy 
 Ghost  sent  down  from  heaven  (2  Cor.  x,  4-5).  Its 
 establishment  among  men  is  progressive,  but  it  is 
 destined  at  hist  to  fill  the  whole  earth  (Dan.  ii; 
 Rev.  xi,  15).  Its  real  subjects  are  only  those  who 
 are  of  the  truth,  and  hear  Christ's  voice,  for  none 
 can  enter  it  but  such  as  are  born  from  above  (John 
 iii,  3-5;  Matt,  xviii,  3;  xix,  14;  M;xrk  x,  15),  nor  can 
 any  be  vis.ble  subjects  of  it,  but  such  as  appear  to  be 
 regenerated,  by  a  credible  profession  of  faith  and 
 obedience  (Luke  xvi,  16;  Matt,  xx,  2&-44).  Its 
 privileges  and  immunities  are  not  of  this  world,  but 
 such  as  are  spiritual  and  heavenly;  they  are  all 
 spiritual  blessings,  in  heavenly  things,  in  Christ 
 Jesus  (Eph.  i,  3).  Over  this  glorious  kingdom 
 death  has  no  power;  it  extends  as  well  to  the  future 
 iis  the  present  world,  and  though  entered  here  by 
 renewing  grace  (Col.  i,  13),  it  is  inherited  in  its  per- 
 fection in  the  world  of  glory  (Matt,  xxv,  34;  1  Cor. 
 XV,  50;  2  Peter  i,  11).  Pj-pocrites  and  false  brethren 
 may  indeed  insinuate  themselves  into  it  here,  but 
 they  will  have  no  possible  place  in  it  hereafter 
 (Matt,  xiii,  41,  47-50;  xxii,  11-14;  Luke  xiii,  28-29; 
 1  Cor.  vi,  9-10;  Gal.  v,  21;  Rev.  .xxi,  27). 
 
 Kinkaid,  Rev.  Samuel  Portei-field,  the  eldest 
 chUd  of  John  and  Jane  (Porterfield)  Kinkaid,  was 
 born  May  24th,  1827,  in  Donegal,  Butler  county.  Pa. 
 He  graduated  at  Washington  College,  Pennsylvania, 
 in  1857,  with  honor,  and  at  the  Western  Theological 
 Seminary,  in  the  Spring  of  1860.     During  his  la.st 
 
KIRK. 
 
 402 
 
 KIRKPATRICK. 
 
 year  at  tbe  seminary  he  preached  to  the  congrega- 
 tions of  Academia  and  Eockland,  in  Clarion  Presby- 
 tery, where  his  early  labors  were  attended  with  the 
 outpouring  of  God's  Spiiit  upon  that  people.  He 
 was  ordained  by  Clarion  Presbytery,  November  13th, 
 1860,  and  at  the  same  time  installed  over  the  united 
 churches  of  Academia,  Rockland  and  Richland. 
 Here  his  pastoral  labors  were  abundant  aiid  greatly 
 blessed.  In  addition  to  his  labors  as  pastor  of  the 
 three  congi-egations,  he  taught,  unassisted,  the  acad- 
 emy at  Freedom,  Venango  county.  Pa.  With  this 
 people  he  remained  for  several  years,  going  in  and 
 out  before  them  as  a  preacher,  teacher,  man  and 
 citizen,  eminent  for  his  diligence  in  his  Master's 
 work,  and  for  his  exalted  Christian  character  in 
 every  relation  of  life.  His  pastoral  relation  to  this 
 people  was  dissolved  in  the  Summer  of  1863,  and 
 immediately  thereafter  (September  15th)  he  was  in- 
 stalled over  the  churches  of  Callensburg  and  Con- 
 cord, where  he  labored  earnestly  and  faithfully  until 
 his  Master  called  him  to  a  better,  higher  and  holier 
 service.  His  death  was  very  sudden.  At  the  close 
 of  the  day  and  of  the  week  {March  24th,  1866),  hav- 
 ing made  thorough  preparation  for  the  Sabbath,  and 
 in  the  enjoyment  of  his  usual  health,  he  went  out  to 
 the  stiible  to  attend  to  his  horse,  and  continuing 
 absent  for  some  hours,  his  family  became  alarmed. 
 After  searching  for  him,  he  was  found  in  the  feeding- 
 room,  cold  in  death.  From  a  careful  examination 
 of  his  body  by  a  board  of  physicians,  and  from  all 
 the  circumstances  attending  this  sad  event,  it  was 
 satisfactorily  ascertained  that  he  came  to  his  death 
 by  the  crush  or  AicA-  of  a  horse.  Thus,  unattended 
 by  loving  companions,  and  with  no  kind  ministra- 
 tions of  earthly  friends,  but  secure  in  the  arms  of  the 
 Beloved,  he  stepped  down  to  the  Jordan  of  death. 
 
 Kirk,  Ed-ward  Norris,  D.D.,  was  born  in  New 
 York,  August  14th,  1802,  and  died  in  Boston,  March 
 27th,  1874.  He  was  graduated  at  the  College  of  New 
 Jersey,  1820,  and,  after  a  brief  study  of  law,  at 
 Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  1825.  From  1829 
 to  18.37  he  was  pa.stor  of  the  Fourth  Presbjiierian 
 Church  in  Albany,  N.  Y.  The  years  from  1837  to 
 1842  were  spent  in  Europe,  and  in  traveling  in  the 
 United  States,  in  the  interest  of  the  Foreign  Evan- 
 gelical Society,  of  which  he  was  Secretary.  From 
 1842  to  1871  he  was  pastor  of  the  Mount  Vernon 
 Chm-ch  (Congregational),  Boston,  Mass.  During  his 
 last  years  he  was  almost  entirely  blind.  Dr.  Kirk 
 was  an  eloquent  and  earnest  preacher.  He  was  one 
 of  the:first  members  of  the  Evangelical  Alliance,  and 
 a  vigorous  advocate  of  the  evangelization  of  the  Ro- 
 man Catholic  countries  of  Eirrope.  He  published 
 3Icmorial  of  Rev.  John  Chester,  D.  D.  (Albany,  1829) ; 
 Leetiires  on  Chrisfs  Parables  {New  York,  18.56);  two 
 volumes  of  sermons  (New  York,  1840,  and  Boston, 
 1860);  translations  of  Gaussen's  Theopneusty  (New 
 York,  1842) ;  Canon  of  the  Holy  Seriptures  (abridged, 
 Boston,  1862),  and  J.   F.   Astie's    Louis  Fourteenth, 
 
 and  the  Writers  of  his  Age  (Boston,  1855).  His  Lec- 
 tures on  Revivals,  edited  by  Rev.  D.  O.  Mears,  appeared 
 in  Boston,  1874. 
 
 Kirkland,  Rev.  Samuel,  was  a  student  of 
 Princeton  College,  and  was  esteemed  a  young  man 
 of  marked  ability.  After  leaWng  college  (1765)  he 
 went  on  a  missionary  expedition  to  the  Seneca  tribe 
 of  Indians,  where  his  adventures  were  a  scene  of  con- 
 stant hardship,  of  unremitting  labor,  and  often  of 
 imminent  danger.  After  being  absent  a  year  he  re- 
 turned to  bis  home  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  bringing  one 
 of  the  Seneca  chiefs  with  him.  He  was  now  ordained, 
 and  returned  to  his  mission,  where  he  spent  more 
 than  forty  years.  In  a  letter  of  Washington  to  Con- 
 gress, in  1775,  he  recognized  the  favorable  influence 
 which  this  mission  had  upon  the  interest  of  the 
 country  during  the  Revolution.  ''I  cannot  but  in- 
 timate," said  he,  "my  sense  of  the  importance  of 
 Mr.  Kirkland's  station,  and  the  great  advantages 
 which  have  and  may  result  to  the  United  Colonies 
 from  his  situation  being  made  respectable.  All  ac- 
 counts agree  that  much  of  the  favorable  disposition 
 shown  by  the  Indians  may  be  ascribed  to  his  labor 
 and  influence."  The  founding  of  Hamilton  College 
 is  due  to  the  far-seeing  generosity  of  Mr.  Kirkland. 
 It  was  through  his  influence  that  Hamilton  Oneida 
 Academy  was  founded  and  incorporated,  in  1793. 
 In  the  same  year  he  conveyed  to  its  Trustees  several 
 hundred  acres  of  land.  In  1812  this  academy  became 
 Hamilton  College,  under  a  new  charter. 
 
 Kirkpatrick,  Jacob,  D.  D.,  was  born  on  Long 
 Hill,  near  Baskingridge,  N.  J.,  August  7th,  1785.  He 
 was  educated  in  New  Jersey  College;  studied  theology 
 under  John  Woodhull,  D.  D.,  of  Freehold,  N.  J. ;  was 
 licensed,  by  New  Brunswick  Presbytery,  June  20th, 
 
 1809,  and  was  installed  by  it  pastor  of  the  United 
 First  Church  of  Am  well,  Ringoes,  N.  J.,  June  20th, 
 
 1810.  This  was  his  only  charge.  He  died  May  2d, 
 1866.  Dr.  Kirkpatrick  was  a  kind,  affectionate, 
 exemplary  Christian.  Unassuming  gentleness  and 
 retiring  modesty  were  the  constant  ornaments  of  his 
 character.  None  doubted  that  his  ruling  aim  was 
 the  salvation  of  souls,  for  this  was  e\'ident  from  the 
 tenor  of  his  life,  the  tenderness  and  pathos  of  his 
 preaching,  and  the  earnestness  with  which  he  besought 
 all  under  his  ministry  to  hear  the  Saviour's  call. 
 
 Kirkpatrick,  Rev.  John,  was  a  native  of  Meck- 
 lenburg county,  N.  C,  and  was  born  in  the  year  1787 
 He  entered  Hampden-Sidney  College,  in  1811,  and 
 graduated  with  the  highest  honors  of  the  Institution. 
 He  commenced  the  study  of  law,  but  after  his  con- 
 version, determined  to  become  a  minister  of  the 
 gospel,  and  commenced  a  cour.se  of  theology,  under 
 the  direction  of  Dr.  Moses  Hoge,  then  President  of 
 the  college  at  which  he  graduated.  'VMiilst  engaged 
 in  his  theological  studies,  in  1814,  he  was  drafted  as 
 a  recruit  for  the  array,  which  he  joined  at  Norfolk, 
 serving  six  months  as  Secretary  to  General  Porter, 
 during  which  time    he    frequently  discharged   the 
 
KIRKPATRirK. 
 
 40:} 
 
 KITTREDOE. 
 
 duties  of  chaplain.  At  the  expiration  of  his  term  of 
 service  he  resumed  his  tlieological  course,  under  Dr. 
 Hoge.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  hy  the  Hanover 
 Presbytery,  in  1814;  in  the  early  part  of  1815  engaged  j  brothers 
 temporarily  as  a  mi-ssionary  in  Hanover  county,  and 
 ■was  afterwards  settled  in  Manche.ster,  Chesterfield 
 county,  where  he  continued  about  four  years,  uniting, 
 during  a  part  of  the  time,  with  his  pastoral  work  the 
 teaching  of  a  classical  school,  and  subsequently  con- 
 ducting, with  great  .skill  aud  success,  a  school  of 
 deaf  mutes.  By  this  time  he  had  acquired  no  small 
 reputation  as  an  earnest,  eloquent  and  gifted  preacher 
 
 Saratoga  county,  N.  Y.,  November  14th,  1837.  His 
 mother  belongs  to  the  Carter  familj',  so  well  repre- 
 sented in  ecclesiastical  and  business  life  bj'  her 
 Messrs.  Robert  Carter  &  Bros.  Coming 
 West  in  early  manhood,  he  took  his  preparatory 
 course  at  Beloit  (Wis.)  College,  and  graduated  at 
 Monmouth  (111.)  CoUege  in  1864,  and  at  the  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  of  the  Northwest,  Chicago,  in  1867. 
 Licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Mon- 
 mouth, he,  for  some  months  after  graduation, 
 assisted  Rev.  Willis  Lord,  D.D.,  in  the  pastorate  of 
 the  FuUerton  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church,  Chicago. 
 
 In  1819  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Cumberland  •  He  has  tilled  successful  pastorates  of  the  churches 
 
 Church,  Cumberland  county.  Here  he  continued  to 
 labor  during  the  remainder  of  his  life,  which  j 
 terminated  February  17th,  1842.  Mr.  Kirkpatrick 
 was  universally  acknowledged  to  possess  great 
 strength  and  energy  of  character.  He  was  remark- 
 able for  his  independence  and  integrity.  As  a 
 preacher  he  had  an  uncommon  degree  of  power  over 
 the  passions  and  imaginations  of  his  hearers.  His 
 boldness  in  tl^  pulpit  and  out  of  it,  the  warmth  of 
 his  feelings  and  the  generous  openness  of  his  character 
 made  him  many  friends  and  admirers,  and  such  was 
 the  mutual  attachment  between  him  and  his  people 
 that,  though  otten  solicited  to  do  so,  he  never  would 
 con.sent  to  leave  them.  His  death  produced  general 
 regret  in  all  classes  of  the  community. 
 
 Kirkpatrick,  Rev.  'Williain,  received  license 
 from  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brun.swick,  August 
 1.5th,  1758,  and  passed  several  months  in  missionary 
 work  in  New  Jersey.  He  was  ordained  and  appointed 
 a  supply  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Trenton, 
 N.  J.,  .Inly  4th,  17.59,  where  he  preached  until  1766, 
 hut  was  never  .settled  a-s  their  pastor.  During  this 
 time  he  had  many  calls,  but  declined  them  all.  In 
 1766  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  church  in  Amwell, 
 N.  J.  In  1767  he  was  elected  a  trustee  of  Princeton 
 College,  at  which  he  had  graduated  in  1757.  He 
 died  September  8tli,  1769. 
 
 Kirkwood,  Samuel  J. ,  Ph.  D. ,  LL.  D. ,  was  born 
 in  Monroe  county,  O.,  January  29th,  1840;  graduated 
 froin  Indiana  State  University,  in  1861;  Superin- 
 tendent of  public  .schools,  Cambridge,  O.,  1861-64; 
 Bucyrus,0.,  1864-65;  Tiffin,  O.,  1865-70;  Professor  of 
 Mathematics  and  Astronomy  in  the  University  of 
 Wooster,  1870.  He  bec>ame  a  communing  member  of 
 the  Church  in  1864,  and  a  ruling  elder  in  1868; 
 member  of  the  General  Assemblies  of  1870,  1876  and 
 1883;  received  the  honorary  degrees  of  Ph.  D.  from 
 Lafayette  College,  and  LL.  D.  from  Columbian  Uni- 
 versity, in  1876.  Professor  Kirkwood  is  an  active 
 friend  of  the  public  school  system  of  Ohio,  and,  as  a 
 Christian  scientist  and  skillful  instructor,  occupies  a 
 position  of  honor  and  influence  amoiig  the  educators 
 of  the  West. 
 
 Kirkwood,  Thomas  Carter,  D.D.,  is  the  son 
 '    of  the   late  William  and   Mrs.   Margaret  N.   Kirk- 
 wood (now  Mrs.  Bunyan),  and  was  bom  in  Galway, 
 
 of  Woodstock,  111.,  Janesville  and  Fond  du  Lac, 
 Wis.,  and  when  driven  by  ill  health  to  the  mountain 
 air  of  Colorado,  became  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Colorado  Springs,  where,  with  health 
 regained,  under  the  shadow  of  the  mountain,  he  is 
 doing  a  noble  work  as  pastor  of  a  vigorous  and  grow- 
 ing church,  as  the  friend  of  the  stranger  in  search  of 
 health,  and  as  a  presbyter  on  a  most  important  mis- 
 sion field. 
 
 Dr.  Kirkwood  is  an  instructive  and  interesting 
 preacher,  a  sympathizing  pastor,  and  a  courteous  and 
 vivacious  gentleman.  To  his  attainments  as  a  col- 
 lege student,  he  has  added  extensive  stores  of  knowl- 
 ledge,  and  a  large  and  valuable  experience  with  men 
 and  aflairs.  Churches  have  grown  healthfully  under 
 his  miuistrj',  and  interesting  re  vivals,  bearing  precious 
 fruits,  have  attended  his  labors. 
 
 Kittredge,  Abbott  Eliot,  D.D.,  born  at  Rox- 
 bury,  Mass.,  July  20th,  1834;  graduated  at  Williams 
 College,  1854,  and  at  Andover,  Mass.,  Theological 
 Seminary,  1859;  ordained  pastor  Winthrop  Congrega- 
 tional Church,  Charlestown,  Mass.,  1859;  resigned  1863; 
 during  six  months  visit  at  San  Francisco,  C'al.,  in 
 1864,  occupied  Howard  Street  Presbyterian  Church; 
 January,  1865,  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Eleventh 
 Presbyterian  (now  Memorial)  Church,  New  York 
 city,  where  he  remained  until  June,  1870,  when  he 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  Third  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Chicago,  and  was  installed  as  its  pastor,  October, 
 1870,  where  he  still  labors.  His  success  and  useful- 
 ness as  a  pastor  are  attested  by  the  unexampled 
 unity,  growth  and  prosperity  of  the  churches  over 
 which  he  has  been  pastor.  Since  his  installation 
 over  the  Third  Church  in  Chicago  it  has  received 
 3430  members,  1124  of  which  have  been  upon  con- 
 fession of  faith  in  Christ,  and  the  Church  now  num- 
 bers about  2100  Communicants;  average  attendance 
 at  the  Wednesday  evening  prayer  meeting  is  over- 
 500.  His  great  administrative  ability,  untiring 
 energy,  and  great  capacity  for  labor,  combined  wdth 
 a  sympathetic  and  genial  nature,  enables  him  to  bring 
 every  feature  of  his  church  work  under  his  personal 
 supervision,  and  to  bring  himself  into  personal  rela- 
 tions with  each  member  of  his  congregation, every  one 
 of  whom  holds  him  in  the  highest  esteem.  Graceful 
 and  pleasing  in  the  pulpit,  possessing  a  peculiarly 
 
KNIGHT. 
 
 404 
 
 KXOX. 
 
 magnetic  voice  and  presence,  Dr.  Kittredge  affects  no 
 style  of  oratory,  except  to  present  the  gospel  in  its 
 simplicity  and  power,  with  an  earnestness  horn  only 
 of  his  love  for  souls,  and  with  a  freshness  which 
 makes  it  always  new.  He  not  only  preaches  to  the 
 immense  congregations  which  constantly  fill  his  own 
 house  to  overflowing,  hut,  through  the  weekly  printed 
 sermons,  to  multitudes  all  over  the  world.  Foremost 
 and  aggressive  in  every  healthy  evangelistic  and 
 moral  movement,  he  is  held  in  high  esteem  in  the 
 community  where  he  resides. 
 
 Klttredg-e,  Rev.  Josiah  Edwards,  the  young- 
 est of  four  children  of  Josiah  Kittredge,  M.  D.,  and 
 Sarah  (French)  his  wife,  was  born  in  Boston,  Mass., 
 OctolxT  12th,  1836.  He  prepared  for  college  at  Kim- 
 ball Union  Academy,  Meriden,  N.  H.,  and  Philips 
 Academy,  Andover,  Mass.;  honorably  graduated  at 
 Yale  in  1860  ;  taught  one  year,  and  studied  theology 
 four;  the  first  in  Union  Seminary,  the  others  in 
 Andover;  the  last  as  resident  graduate ;  was  licensed 
 to  preach  by  Essex  South  (Mass.)  Association,  in 
 1863.  Loss  of  health  kept  him  out  of  the  pulpit 
 nearly  three  years.  In  1866-7  he  traveled  in  Europe, 
 Egy|)t  and  Palestine,  and  in  1867-8  he  studied  at 
 Heidelberg  and  Paris.  Was  ordained  and  installed 
 in  Glastonbury,  Conn.,  March  9th,  1869.  With  his 
 family  he  traveled  and  resided  in  Europe  in  1873-6, 
 the  last  two  years  as  pastor  of  the  American  Church 
 in  Florence,  Italy.  April  18th,  1877,  he  was  installed 
 pastor  in  G«ne.seo,  X.  Y.  Two  years  afterward  he 
 became  a  member  of  the  London  Biblical  Archaeo- 
 logical Society,  and  has  been  Secretary  of  the  Chau- 
 tauqua Archaeological  Society  since  its  organization. 
 He  has  published  several  addresses  of  more  than 
 ordinary  literary  merit,  and  which  exhibit  superior 
 scholarship.  His  pastoral  charge  is  the  largest  of 
 our  churches  in  central  and  western  Xew  York  out- 
 side of  the  cities,  and  is  of  corresponding  intelligence 
 and  influence. 
 
 Knight,  Rev.  Hervey  B.,  son  of  George  and 
 Keziah  J.  Knight,  was  born  in  New  Castle,  Ohio, 
 July  20th,  1841.  He  graduated  at  Washington  College, 
 Pa.,  in  186"2,  and  at  the  Western  Theological  Semi- 
 nary, Allegheny,  Pa.,  in  1867.  He  tsiught  one  term 
 at  Elder's  Ridge  Academy,  in  1866,  where  he  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Saltsburg,  and  supplied, 
 for  a  portion  of  the  vacation,  the  nearest  churches. 
 After  lea\-ing  the  seminary,  he  became  a  Home  Mis- 
 sionary in  the  churches  of  West  Point  and  Pilot 
 Groove,  in  Iowa  Prcsbrtery,  and  labored  with  com- 
 mendable zeal.  At  the  end  of  the  first  year  he  was 
 ordained,  sine  iitulo.  At  the  end  of  the  second  year 
 he  accepted  a  unanimous  call  to  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Ottumur,  where  he  removed  in  May, 
 1869.  Mr.  Knight  was  chosen  Stated  Clerk  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  Fairfield,  May,  1869,  and  at  the  reunion 
 and  reorgardzation  of  Presbj-teries,  was  elected  Stated 
 Clerk  of  the  Presbytery  of  Iowa,  and  chairman  of  the 
 Committee  on  Home  Missions,  which  position  he  still 
 
 holds.  In  January,  1881,  he  resigned  the  pastorate 
 of  the  Ottumur  Church,  in  order  to  represent  I'arsons 
 College,  in  the  Synod  of  Iowa,  an  Institution  with 
 which  he  had  been  actively  connected  since  its  organ- 
 ization in  1875.  This  position  he  still  fills.  He  is 
 an  earnest  worker,  active  in  doing  good,  a  good 
 preacher,  esteemed  by  his  brethren,  and  has  dis- 
 charged the  duties  of  the  ofiices  mth  which  he  has 
 been  honored  ^\'ith  fidelity  and  success. 
 
 Knig-hton,  Frederick,  D.D. ,  was  born  in  Derby, 
 England,  November  15th,  1812.  He  graduated  at  the 
 College  of  New  Jersey,  in  1837,  after  which  he  was  a 
 student  of  law  and  engaged  in  teaching.  He  was 
 ordained  bj'the  Presbyteryof  West  Jersey,  November 
 1st,  1851.  He  has  been  pastor  at  Gloucester,  N.  J., 
 1851-2;  teacher  at  Camden,  1852-4;  principal  at  Bel- 
 videre,  1854-5;  pastor-elect  Oxford,  1855-73;  princi- 
 pal at  Cranbury,  1873-4;  teacher  at  Milford,  Pa., 
 1875-6,  and  teacher  and  evangelist  at  Stroud.sburg, 
 1877.  Dr.  Knighton  is  a  good  scholar,  preaches  faith- 
 fully and  forcibly,  and  his  life  work  has  been  one  of 
 qiiiet  but  real  usefulness. 
 
 Knowles,  Rev.  James  F.,  of  Ogden,  Utah,  was 
 born  at  Riverhead,  N.  Y.,  August  31st,  1837;  parents, 
 Rev.  Charles  I.  and  Vina  Sherrill  Knowles.  He  was 
 graduated  at  Union  College,  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  in 
 1868,  and  at  Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York 
 City,  in  1870.  He  was  enabled  to  enter  the  seminary 
 a  year  in  advance,  on  account  of  having  studied 
 Hebrew  while  at  college,  under  the  instruction  of  the 
 eminent  linguist,  Taylor  Lewis,  LL.  D.  He  was 
 licensed,  in  1870,  hy  the  Presbytery  of  Catskill,  N.  Y. ; 
 was  ordained,  in  1871,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Lansing. 
 He  has  been  located  as  follows:  one  year  at  Presbyte- 
 rian Chuich,  Grand  Ledge,  Michigan;  two  years  at 
 First  Presbj'teri an  Cliurch, South  Bend,  Indiana;  four 
 years  at  Presbyterian  Church,  East  Na.ssau,  N.  Y. ; 
 two  years  at  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Boi.se  City, 
 Idaho.  In  the  Spring  of  1880  he  took  charge  of  the 
 First  Presl)}'terian  Cliurch  at  Ogden,  Utah,  and  there 
 remains  for  the  present,  faithful  and  u-seful  in  his 
 work. 
 
 Knox,  Charles  Eugene,  D.D.,  was  born  in 
 Knoxboro',  N.  Y.,  December  27th,  1833;  graduated 
 from  Hamilton  College  in  1856,  and  pursued  his 
 theological  studies  at  Auburn  and  LTuit)n  Seminaries. 
 He  was  ordained  and  installed  at  Bloomtield,  N.  J., 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Newark,  June  8th,  1864;  was 
 pastor  at  Newark,  1854-73,  and  from  1873  has  been 
 President  of  the  German  Theological  School  at  New- 
 ark, in  which  capacity  he  has  rendered  very  valuable 
 ser^^ce  to  the  Church.  He  received  the  degree  of 
 D.  D.  from  Princeton  College,  in  1874.  Dr.  Knox  is  a 
 writer  of  ability,  and  in  addition  to  the  discharge  of 
 other  duties,  has  written  several  volumes.  He  has 
 published  "Year  with  St.  Paul,"  course  of  graded 
 Sunday-school  Text  Books,  five  in  number,  ' '  Love  to 
 the  End,"  "David,  the  King,"  Reports  for  German 
 Theological  School,  Sermons,  etc. 
 
"i-Ji^.K-A! 
 
 <^®^Kr   3KSJ®X, 
 
 -y^^.  ^^ 
 
KXOX. 
 
 405 
 
 KXOX. 
 
 JOHIN"    k:n^o:x. 
 
 Knox,  John,  the  great  champion  of  the  Scottish 
 Reforraatiou  (a  sketch  of  Avliom  belonfp*  to  such  a 
 volume  as  this),  was  born  in  1505,  at  Oiffonl,  in  East 
 Lothian,  and  was  educated  at  Ha<l(lin>^on  and  St. 
 Andrew's.  After  he  was  created  Master  of  Arts,  he 
 taught  philosophy,  most  probably  as  a  regent  in  one 
 of  the  colleges  of  the  University.  His  da.ss  became 
 celel)rat<'d,  and  he  was  considered  a.s  e(iualling,  if  not 
 excelling,  his  ma.ster,  in  the  subtleties  of  the  dialectic 
 art.  About  the  s;inie  time  (15;iO),  although  he  had 
 no  interest  but  what  was  procured  by  his  own  merit, 
 he  was  advanced  to  clerical  orilers,  and  ordained  a 
 priest  before  he  reached  the  age  tixcd  by  the  canons 
 of  the  Church.  At  this  time,  the  fathers  of  the 
 Christian  Church,  .Jerome  and  Augustine,  attracted 
 his  particular  attention.  By  the  writings  of  the  for- 
 mer, he  was  led  to  the  Scriptures  a.s  the  only  pure 
 fountain  of  divine  truth,  and  in.structed  in  the  utility 
 of  studying  them  in  the  original  languages.  In  the 
 works  of  the  latter  he  found  religious  sentiments  very 
 opposite  to  tho.se  taught  in  the  Koinish  Church,  who, 
 while  she  retained  his  name  as  a  sjiint  in  her  calendar, 
 had  banished  hisdoctrine,  asheretiwil,  from  herpulpit.s. 
 From  this  time  he  renounced  the  study  of  schola-stic 
 theology,  and  his  mind  was  fitted  for  improving  the 
 means  which  Providence  had  gi\en  for  leading  him 
 to  a  fuller  and  more  comprehensive  view  of  the  system 
 of  evangelical  religion. 
 
 Knox  first  betrayed  his  change  of  sentiment  in 
 certain  lectures  in  the  University  at  St.  Andrew's, 
 where  his  youthful  and  noble  countryman,  Patrick 
 Hamilton,  for  his  advoKicy  of  the  doctrines  of  re- 
 demption, had  peri.shed  in  the  fire.  His  defection 
 aroused  the  clergy  to  denounce  him  as  a  traitor,  and 
 deprive  him  of  his  priesthood.  He  escaped  death 
 only  by  timely  flight  from  the  vengeance  of  Cardinal 
 Beaton,  who  had  engaged  his  emi.s.saricstolay  hold  of 
 him.  He  found  protection  under  Douglas,  of  Langnid- 
 drie,  and  employment  as  a  Tutor.  Knox  next  appears 
 in  the  company  of  George  Wishart,  the  Scottish  school- 
 master, who,  having  received  the  doctrines  of  the 
 Reformation,  began  to  preach  them,  probably,  about 
 15.*?6.  The  sword  which  was  carried  before  the 
 preacher  after  the  attempt  to  assassinate  him  in 
 Dundee  was  borne  by  Knox.  On  the  night  when  the 
 noble  martyr  was  arrested,  at -the  Cardinal's  com- 
 mand, he  ordered  that  the  sword  be  taken  from  his 
 zealous  attendant.  Knox  begged  for  leave  to  follow 
 him,  but  Wishart  answered:  "  Xay,  return  to  your 
 baimes  "  (meaning  his  pupUs),  "  and  God  bliss  you: 
 ane  is  sufficient  for  a  sacrifice." 
 
 The  cruel  martyrdom  of  him  whom  Knox  revered 
 as  his  .spiritual  father,  and  wliom,  for  his  endearing 
 •lualities,  he  cherished  as  a  brother,  made  a  powerful 
 impression  on  the  ardent  soul  of  the  Reformer.  Knox 
 himself  wa.s  in  constant  perO  from  the  blood v  foe. 
 
 ]  We   find   him,   after   the   murder   of  the   Romanist 
 Beaton,   seeking  a  refuge   in  St.  Andrew's   Casth-, 
 '  which  the  Cardinal's  slayera  held  as  a  safe  resort 
 I  from  the  persecution  of  the  Papists.     There  an  event 
 I  befell  him  which  had  the  most  serious  bearing  upon 
 all   his  future.     Until   now,    Knox's  utterances   in 
 favor  of  Ki'l'ormed  doctrines  had  been  private,  con- 
 sisting in   Bible  expositions   to  his  pupils  and  his 
 neighbors.     He  had  ntver  undertaken  the  place  of  a 
 public   preacher,   nor  did   he  consider  his  office  as 
 priest  enough  to  justify  him  in  doing  so,  without  a 
 I  call  from  a  Christian  congregation.     He  received  this 
 1  Ciill  in  the  most  unlooked-for  manner.     Among  the 
 !  Protestants  taking  refuge  in  .St.  Andrew's  Castle  were 
 Sir  David  Lindsjiy,  of  the  Mount,  the  poet,  and  the 
 scourger  of  the  i)riestlio()<l,  Henry  Balnaves,  one  of 
 ,  those  stout  barons  who  lent  aid,  by  pen  and  sword. 
 
 I  to   the    Scotch    Reformation.      These  men  quickly 
 
 I  recognized  in  Knox's  ability  and  skill  in  gi^^ng 
 in.struction  to  his  pupils  the  germs  of  an  energy  and 
 
 I  popular  elo(]uenee  that  were  destined  to  earn  him 
 renown.  They  urged  him  to  undertake  the  preacher's 
 work.     Knox,  di.strustLng  his  own  ability,  and  entcr- 
 
 I  taining  a  lofty  idea  of  the  iniportiince  of  the  office, 
 steadfastly  declined.  At  length,  a  call  to  preach 
 having  been  given  him,  in  such  a  .solemn  and  unex- 
 pected way  as  to  assure  him  that  it  came  from  God, 
 though  he  fear<-d  and  trembled,  he  accepted  the  offuc 
 laid  upon  him.  On  the  day  appointed  he  appeared 
 in  the  pulpit;  and  took  his  ti-xt  from  Daniel  vii,  25: 
 "And  he  shall  .speak  gi cat  words  agaiii-st  the  Most 
 High,  and  .shall  wear  out  the  saints  of  the  Most  High, 
 and  think  to  change  times  and  hiws;"  a  choice  which 
 reveals  directly  his  view  of  the  Papacy,  and  the 
 confidence  with  which  he  anticipated  its  overthrow. 
 It  was  a  memorable  day  in  Scotti.sh  history  when 
 Knox  first  pn-ached  in  the  parish  church  at  St.  An- 
 drew's. Brave  men  held  their  breath  as  they  listened 
 to  his  bold  and  sweeping  xitterances.  Such  preach- 
 ing had  not  been  heard  in  Scotland  for  ages.     "Others 
 
 '  hewed  the  branches  of  the  Papistry,  but  he  struck  at 
 the  root."  Some  rejoiced  and  took  courage,  some 
 doubted,  some  hoped,  some  feared,  many  were  furious, 
 but  all  felt  that  there  was  a  new  power  in  the  worhl; 
 while  a  few  chosen  spirits  recognized  John  Knox  a.'i 
 the  ordained  champion  and  leader  of  the  revolution  tlien 
 beginning  in  Scotland. 
 
 ■  Notwithstanding  the  opposition  Knox  met  with 
 from  the  clergj',  he  every  day  grew  bolder  in  the 
 cause,  until  the  castle  of  St.  .Andrew's  surrendered  to 
 the  French,  in  July,  1547,  when  he  was  carried  with 
 the  garrison  into  France,  and  remained  a  prisoner  on 
 board  the  galleys,  until  the  latter  end  of  1549.    Being 
 
 I  then  set  at  liberty,  he  passed  over  to  England,  and 
 arriving    in   London,  was    liceased    and    appointed 
 
 ;  preacher,  first  at  Berwick,  and  afterwards  at  Kew- 
 
KNOX. 
 
 406 
 
 KNOX. 
 
 castle.  In  1552  he  was  appointed  C'liaplaiu  to 
 Edward  VI,  and  preached  before  the  king  at  West- 
 minster, who  recommended  Cranmer  to  give  him 
 the  living  of  All-hallows,  in  London,  which  Knox 
 declined,  not  choosing  to  conform  to  the  English 
 liturgy.  On  the  accession  of  Qneeu  Mary  he  went 
 to  Geneva,  and  next  to  Frankfort,  where  he  took 
 part  with  the  English  exiles,  who  opposed  the  use  of 
 the  liturgy,  but  the  other  side  prevailing,  Knox 
 returned  to  Geneva,  and  sooii  after  went  to  Scotland. 
 While  engaged  in  the  ministry,  he  received  an  invita- 
 tion to  return  to  Geneva,  with  which  he  complied, 
 and  in  his  absence  the  bishops  passed  .sentence  of 
 death  ujiou  him,  for 
 heresy,  against  which 
 he  drew  up  an  ener- 
 getic appeal.  In  1558 
 he  published  his  treat- 
 ise, entitled  "The 
 Fir.st  Blast  of  the 
 Tiumpet  against  the 
 Monstrous  Regiment 
 of  Women,"  cliiefly 
 aimed  at  the  cruel 
 government  of  Queen 
 Mary,  of  England, 
 and  at  the  attempt  of 
 the  Queen  Regent  of 
 Scotland  to  rule  with- 
 out a  parliament.  In 
 April,  1559,  he  would 
 have  ■vdsited  England, 
 but  was  prevented  by 
 the  resentment  felt  by 
 Elizabeth  at  his  late 
 treatise.  He  therefore 
 proceeded  directly  to 
 Scotland,  where  he 
 found  a  persecution 
 of  the  Protestiint-s  j  ust 
 ready  to  commence,  at 
 Stirling. 
 
 "His  appearance  at 
 Edinburgh,"  says 
 Prof  S.  J.  Wilson, 
 ' '  as  sudden  and  unex- 
 pected as  the  appearance  of  Elijah  at  Samaria,  created 
 among  his  enemies  a,s  great  a  panic  as  though  it  had 
 been  the  invasion  of  a  hostile  army.  Although  under 
 sentence  of  outlawTy,  and  liable  at  any  hour  to  be 
 arrested  and  executed,  Knox  resolved  to  stand  with 
 his  brethren  at  Stirling,  and  share  their  dangers  and 
 their  fat* ;  ' '  by  life,  by  death,  or  else  by  both,  to  glorify 
 God."  But  from  this  threatened  danger  the  Lord  pre- 
 served both  him  and  them.  Amidst  the  throes  of 
 incipient  civil  war,  and  in  verification  of  his  own 
 prediction  while  a  galley  slave,  he  returned  to  St. 
 Andrew's.  The  archbishop  peremptorily  forbade  his 
 preaching  in  the  cathedral,  and  threatened  that  in  case 
 
 OLD    i^T.    GILFS   CHVnCH.    EDINBIIRGH. 
 
 he  should  dare  to  do  so  he  would  be  shot  down  in  the 
 pulpit,  by  the  soldiers.  In  defiance  of  the  arch- 
 bishop's threat,  and  in  spite  of  the  remonstrances  of 
 his  friends,  he  yet  preached. 
 
 The  efiects  and  results  of  Knox's  preaching  at  this 
 time  were  marvelous.  In  the  three  days  at  St. 
 Andrew's — the  primal  See  of  Scotland — Popery  was 
 utterly  overthrown,  the  Reformed  worship  was  set 
 up,  images  and  pictures  were  torn  from  the  churches 
 and  monasteries  were  demolished.  Knox's  doctrine 
 was  as  fatal  to  Popish  superstition  as  the  fire  which 
 ran  along  the  ground,  in  the  plague  of  the  hail,  was 
 fatal  to  the  vegetable  gods  of  Egypt.     Wlieresoever 
 
 that  doctrine  went,  and 
 it  ran  very  swiftly, 
 Popish  power  and 
 Popish  idolatry,  with 
 all  the  paraphernalia 
 thereof,  melted  before 
 it.  In  less  than  a 
 month  after  his  tri- 
 umphal appearance  at 
 St.  Andrew's,  Knox's 
 voice  was  ringing 
 among  the  rafters  of 
 St.  Giles  and  of  the 
 \bbej'  Church,  at 
 Edi  nburgh .  Chosen 
 at  once  as  pa.stor  of  St. 
 Giles,  he  entered  upon 
 his  labors  in  that 
 church,  which  his 
 name  has  made  his- 
 toric throughout  the 
 world,  and  where  so 
 often  "his  voice,  in  an 
 hour,  put  more  life 
 into  men  than  six  hun- 
 dred trumpets  could." 
 By  the  arrival  of 
 Queen  Mary  Stuart  at 
 Edinburgh  (August, 
 1561),  our  Reformer 
 was  engaged  in  a  new 
 conflict.  The  young 
 and  beautiful  Queen 
 was  received  by  her  subjects  with  hurrahs.  But  she 
 brought  from  France  a  spirit  steeped  in  the  prejudices 
 of  the  Romish  ChurcU,  and  a  resolution,  formed  in  con- 
 cert with  the  House  of  Lorraine,  to  restore  the  old  re- 
 ligion in  her  dominions.  Kno-x  was  summoned  to  an 
 interview  with  the  Queen.  She  charged  him,  says 
 Dr.  MacCrie,  "with  stirring  up  her  subjects  against 
 her,  and  among  other  things,  upbraided  him  with 
 sedition,  by  rea.sou  of  his  book  on  women's  govern- 
 ment." He  vindicated  himself  from  the  charge  of 
 dislo^'alty.  The  conversation  then  turned  on  the 
 nice  point  of  popular  resistance  to  civil  power. 
 Knox*  maintained  that  a  ruler   might  be  resisted. 
 
KNOX. 
 
 407 
 
 KNOX. 
 
 illnstrating  by  the  case  of  a  lather  who,  through 
 madness,  tried  to  shiy  bis  cliildren.  "  Nnw,  Madame, 
 if  the  chiUireii  arise,  join  togetlier,  apprehend  the 
 father,  take  the  swonl   from  him,  bind  his   hands. 
 
 "if  ever  I  get  that  in  my  life,  I  shall  get  it  sooner 
 than  I  believe,  for  the  ignorant  Papist  cannot 
 patiently  reason,  and  the  learned  and  crafty  Papist 
 will  never  come  in  your  audience,  Madame,  to  have 
 
 and  keep  him  iu  prison  till  the  frenzy  bt;  over,  think  ;  the  ground  of  his  religion    searched   out."     During 
 
 you,    Madame,    that  the    children   do   any   wrong? 
 Even  so,   Madiimc,   is   it   with  princes  that  would 
 murder  the  children  of  God  that  are  subject  unto 
 them."     Dazed  by  the  boldness  of  this  answer,  the 
 Queen  Siit  some  time  in  silent  stupor,  and  then  said, 
 "Well,  then,  I  perceive  that  my  subjects  shall  obey 
 you,  and  not  me,  aud  will  do  what  they  please,  and 
 not  what  I  command."     "God  forbid,"  replied  the 
 Reformer,   ' '  that   ever 
 I    take    upon    me    to 
 command  any  to  obey 
 me,  or  to  set  subjects 
 at  liberty  to  do  what- 
 evcri)leases  them.   But 
 my  travail  is  that  both 
 princes    and    subjects 
 may      obey      God. 
 Queens    should    be 
 nursing     mothers     to 
 the    Church."      "But 
 you  are  not  the  Church 
 that  I  will   nourish," 
 said  the   Queeu.      "I 
 will  defend  the  Church 
 of  Rome,   ior   it  is,  I 
 think,  the  true  Church 
 of  God."     "Your  will, 
 JIadame,  is  no  reason, 
 neither    doth    your 
 t  h  c^u  g  h  t    make    the 
 Roman    harlot    to    be 
 the  true  and  immacu- 
 late   spouse    of   Jesus 
 Christ."      "My    con- 
 science is  not  so, "  said 
 the     Queen.       "  Con- 
 science,   Madame,    re- 
 quires knowledge,  and 
 I  fear  that  right  knowl- 
 
 this  interview  with  the  Queeu  and  her  attendant 
 lords,  on  being  questioned  concerning  his  contumacy, 
 Knox  answered  that  he  preached  nothing  but  truth, 
 aud  he  dared  not  preach  less.  "But,"  answered  one 
 of  the  lord.s,  "our  commands  must  be  obeyed,  on 
 pain  of  death;  silence,  or  the  gallows  is  the  alterna- 
 tive." The  spirit  of  Knox  was  roused  by  the 
 dastardly  insinuation  that  any  human  punishment 
 
 could  make  him  desert 
 the  banner  of  his 
 Saviour,  and  with  that 
 fearless,  indescribabh- 
 courage  which  disdai  ns 
 the  pomp  of  language 
 or  of  action,  he  firmly 
 replied,  "My  lords, 
 you  are  mistaken  if 
 you  think  you  can  in- 
 timi<late  me  to  do  by 
 threats  what  con- 
 science and  God  tell 
 me  I  never  shall  do, 
 for  be  it  known  unto 
 you  that  it  is  a  matter 
 <if  no  importance  to 
 me,  when  I  have 
 linished  ray  work, 
 whether  my  bones 
 shall  bleach  in  the 
 winds  of  heaven  or 
 rot  in  the  bosom  of  the 
 earth."  Knox  having 
 retired,  one  of  the 
 lords  said  to  the 
 Queen,  "We  may  let 
 him  alone,  for  we  can- 
 not punish  that  man." 
 Knox  wa-s  twice  mar- 
 ried. His  first  wife, 
 who  died  in  her  twen- 
 'So,  Madame,  did    ty-seventh     or    twenty-eighth    year,     was    Marjory 
 
 THE   HOME  OF   JOHN  KNOX,    EDINBUROH. 
 
 edge  you  have  none." 
 
 "  But  I  have  both  heard  and  read 
 
 the  Jews  who  crucified  Christ.     Have  you  heard  any  [  Bowes,  the  daughter  of  Richard  Bowes,   a  Captain 
 
 teach  but  such  as  the  Pope  and  the  Cardinals  have   of   Norman    Ca-stle,    and    a   scion    of   a   family   of 
 
 allowed  ?  You  may  be  assured  that  such  will  speak 
 nothing  to  offend  their  own  estate. "  "  You  interpret 
 the  Scriptures  in  oneway,"  said  the  Queen,  eva-sively. 
 
 distinction  in  Northumberland.  His  second  mar- 
 riage (1563),  was  to  a  lady  considerably  younger 
 than  him.self,  Margaret  Stewart,  daughter  of  Andrew 
 
 "and  they  in  another;  whom  shall  I  believe,  and  ]  Lord  Stewart  of  Ochiltree. 
 
 who  shall  be  judge?"  "You  shall  believe  God," 
 replied  Knox,  "who  plainly  speaketh  in  his  Word, 
 above  your  Majesty  and  the  most  learned  Paj^ists  of 
 all  Europe."  He  offered  to  show  that  Papal  doctrine 
 had  no  foundation  in  God's  Word.  "Well,"  said 
 she,  ' '  you  may  perchance  have  opportunity  therefor 
 sooner  than  you  think."      "Assuredly,"  said  Knox, 
 
 During  his  ministry  at  Edinburgh  our  Reformer 
 lived  not  only  a  very  laborious  life,  being  much  en- 
 grossed with  the  public  affairs  of  the  nascent  Church, 
 and  at  the  same  time  devoted  to  his  work  as  a  parish 
 minister,  to  say  nothing  of  his  continual,  and  per- 
 haps, in  his  po.sition,  unavoidable  controversies,  more 
 or  less  personal,  with  the  ecclesiastical  and  political 
 
KNOX. 
 
 408 
 
 KNOX. 
 
 factions  of  the  day,  whom  he  regarded  as  his  own 
 and  his  country's  enemies;  but  a  life  not  without  its 
 social  and  family  enjoyments.  He  had  a  fair  stipend 
 of  four  hundred  mcrks  Scots,  equal  to  about  forty- 
 four  pounds  of  English  money  of  that  day,  and  the 
 value  of  which  may  be  computed,  when  it  is  stated 
 that  the  anuiunt  was  considerably  higher  than  that 
 of  the  salaries  of  the  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Session  in 
 Scotland,  and  not  much  lower  than  those  of  the  Eng- 
 lish Judges  of  the  same  times.  Then  he  had  a 
 good  hou.se,  which  was  provided  and  kept  in  repair 
 by  the  municipality;  a  house  pre%'iously  occupied 
 by  the  Abbot  of  Dunfermline.  The  house  is  still 
 preserved,  with  little  change,  and  forms  a  memorial, 
 hitherto  the  only  memorial  of  the  great  Reformer  in 
 the  scene  of  so  many  of  his  labors.  Nor  was  he,  with 
 all  his  severity  of  temper,  a  man  indisposed,  in  those 
 days,  to  exchange  friendly  and  kindly  relations  with 
 his  neighbors,  many  of  whom,  in  every  rank,  were 
 among  his  intimate  friends,  or  to  give  way,  when  the 
 occasion  fitted  (perhaps  even  sometimes  when  it  did 
 not  fit),  to  mirth  and  humor,  of  which,  as  of  other 
 traits  of  his  character,  his  writings  furnish  abundant 
 evidence. 
 
 An  interesting  aescription  of  Knox's  appearance, 
 and  especially  of  his  style  as  a  preacher,  in  his  later 
 years,  is  fm-uishcd  in  the  Diarij  of  James  3IdviUe. 
 Melville  was  at  the  time  a  student  in  St.  Andrew's,  and 
 the  period  he  refers  to  is  the  year  1571,  when  Knox,  for 
 his  personal  securit}-,  had,  not  for  the  first  time  in  his 
 life,  taken  refuge  in  that  city.  ' '  Of  all  the  benefits  I 
 had  that  year"  (writes  Melville),  "was  the  coraingof 
 that  most  notable  prophet  and  apostle  of  our  nation, 
 Mr.  John  Knox,  to  St.  Andrew's,  who,  by  the  laction  of 
 the  Queen  occujiying  the  castle  and  town  of  Edinburgh, 
 was  compelled  to  remo\e  therefrom,  with  a  number, 
 of  the  best,  and  cho.se  to  come  to  St.  Andrew'*  .... 
 Mr.  Knox  would  sometimes  come  in  and'  repose  him 
 in  our  college-yards,  and  call  us  scholars  unto  him, 
 and  bless  us,  and  exhort  us  to  know  God  and  his 
 work  in  our  country,  and  stand  by  the  good  cau.se; 
 to  use  our  time  well  and  learn  the  good  in- 
 structions   and    follow    the    good    example   of   our 
 
 masters He  was  very  weak.     I  saw  him 
 
 every  day  of  his  doctrine  go  hulic  and  fear,  with 
 a  furring  of  martriks  about  his  neck,  a  staff  in  the 
 one  hand,  and  good,  godly  Richard  Balantyne,  his 
 servant,  holding  up  the  other  oxtar,  from  the  abbey 
 to  the  parish  church,  and  by  the  said  Richard  and 
 another  servant  lifted  up  to  the  pulpit,  where  he 
 behoved  to  lean  at  his  first  entry,  but  as  he  had  done 
 with  his  sermon,  he  was  so  active  and  vigorous  that 
 he  was  like  to  ding  that  pulpit  in  blads  and  fly  out 
 of  it." 
 
 John  Knox  died  November  24th,  1572.  In  his  last 
 illness,  his  speech  beginning  to  fail,  he  desired  his 
 wife  to  read  him  the  fifteenth  chapter  of  the  first 
 epistle  to  the  Corinthians,  "Is  not  that  a  comfort- 
 able chiipter?''  said  he.     "Oh,  what  sweet  and  salu- 
 
 tary consolation  the  Lord  has  afforded  me  from  that 
 chapter.  Now,  for  the  last  time,  I  commend  my 
 soul,  spirit  and  body  (touching  three  of  his  fingers 
 as  he  spoke  the  words)  into  Thy  hand,  O  Lord." 
 Then  he  said  to  his  wife,  "  Read  where  I  cast  my 
 first  anchor."  She  read  the  seventeenth  chapter  of 
 John's  Gospel.  He  lay  quiet  for  .some  hours.  At  ten 
 o'clock  they  read  the  evening  prayer,  from  the  "  Di- 
 rectory of  Worship. ' '  When  they  asked  him  whether 
 he  heard  the  prayers,  he  replied,  "Would  to  God 
 that  you  and  all  men  had  heard  them  as  I  have 
 heard  them.  I  praise  God  for  that  heavenly  sound." 
 About  eleven  o'clock  he  gave  a  deep  sigli  and  said, 
 "Now  it  is  come."  His  faithful  .servant,  Richard, 
 .saw  that  he  was  speechless,  and  wished  him  to  give 
 them  a  sign  that  he  died  in  peace.  Knox  raised 
 his  hand,  and  signing  twice,  expired  without  a  strug- 
 gle. He  was  buried  in  St.  Giles  Churchyard,  Edin- 
 burgh, several  lords  attending  the  funeral  services. 
 By  reason  of  changes  which  have  since  occurred,  in 
 the  middle  of  a  paved  street  in  that  cit}-,  the  passer- 
 by now  reads,  upon  a  square  stone,  this  inscription: — 
 
 .1.  K. 
 
 1572. 
 Beneath  that  spot  over  w}iicli  now  trundles  the  commerce  of  a 
 great  city,  wore  once  laid  the  remains  of  him  who  "  never  feared  the 
 face  of  man," 
 
 the  emphatic  eulogium  which  the  Earl  of  Morton 
 pronounced  whcn^he  saw  the  body  of  the  illustrious 
 dead  committed  to  the  grave. 
 
 Knox  left  many  writings  behind,  some  of  them 
 polemic,  others  practical,  the  majority  suggested  by 
 occurrences  in  his  life.  His  principal  work  was 
 "History  of  the  Reformation  of  Religion  within  the 
 Realm  of  Scotland,"  etc.,  to  the  fourth  edition  of 
 which  are  apjiended  all  his  other  works. 
 
 The  character  of  this  great  man  was  such  as  must  ever 
 command  the  respect  and  admiration  of  all  who  love 
 the  truth,  and  can  appreciate  moral  heroism.  Though 
 austere,  he  was  not  fierce  or  revengeful ;  though  de- 
 cided in  his  purposes,  and  bold,  strong  and  unflinching 
 in  action,  he  yet  overflowed  with  the  milk  of  human 
 kindness.  He  has  been  called  the  intrepid  Reformer, 
 and  that  character  he  unquestionably  deserves.  In 
 personal  intrepidity  and  popular  eloquence  he  resem- 
 bled Luther.  His  doctrinal  sentiments  were  those  of 
 Calvin,  and  like  Zuinglius,  he  felt  an  attachment  to 
 the  principles  of  religious  liberty.  His  influence  in 
 the  great  work  of  the  Reformation  was  "mighty, 
 through  God."  He  was  known  and  beloved  liy  the 
 principal  per.sons  among  the  Reformed  in  France, 
 Switzerland  and  Germany,  and  the  affectionate  vene- 
 ration in  which  his  memory  was  held  in  Scotland, 
 after  his  death,  evinced  that  the  influence  he  possessed 
 among  his  countrymen,  during  his  life,  was  not  con- 
 strained, but  founded  on  the  high  opinion  which  they 
 entertained.  Banatyne  thus  delineates  the  charact<'r 
 of  Knox:  "  In  this  manner  departed  this  man  of  God, 
 the   light    of  Scotland,  the    comfort   of  the    Chui-ch 
 
KNOX. 
 
 409 
 
 KNOX. 
 
 within  the  same,  the  mirror  of  godliness,  and  pattern 
 and  example  to  all'  true  ministers,  in  purity  of  life, 
 soundness  of  doctrine,  and  boldness  in  reproving  wick- 
 edness; one  that  cared  not  for  the  favor  of  men,  how 
 great  soever  tlicy  were.'' 
 
 Knox,  Henry  M. ,  fourtli  son  of  John  J.  and 
 Sarah  A.  Knox,  was  born  in  Augusta,  Oneida  county, 
 N.  Y.  Graduated  at  Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  New 
 York,  with  class  of  ISol.  Commenced  banking  busi- 
 ness in  Bank  of  Vernon,  New  York,  and  afterward 
 with  the  Merchants'  Bank,  'Wall  street,  New  York 
 city.  Removed,  in  1857,  to  St.  Paul,  Minn.,  and, 
 ■with  the  present  Comptroller  of  the  Currency,  en- 
 gaged in  the  banking  business.  Was  afterward 
 Cashier  of  the  First  National  Bank  of  St.  Paul.  On 
 the  establishment  of  the  State  office  of  "Public 
 E.xaminer, " '  he  was  aijpointed  by  the  Governor,  April 
 22d,  1878,  as  first  incumbent  of  the  new  ofBce,  which 
 he  still  holds,  by  reappointment.  This  office  com- 
 bines with  the  usual  duties  of  Bank  Examiner  the 
 supervision,  also,  of  the  State  and  eighty  county 
 treasuries,  and  of  the  financial  operations  of  the 
 several  public  educational,  charitable,  penal  and 
 reformatory  institutions  of  the-  State  of  Minnesota. 
 Was  chosen  ruling  elder  of  the  House  of  Hope 
 Presbyterian  Church,  St.  Paul,  in  1858,  and  is  active 
 in  many  religious  and  charitable  societies  of  the  city 
 and  State.  AVas  delegate  to  the  Pan-Presbyterian 
 Council  at  Edinboro,  in  1877,  and  has  been  several 
 times  Chairman  of  the  Mileage  Committee  of  the 
 General  As.sembl}'. 
 
 Knox,  Rev.  John,  son  of  Joseph  and  Janet 
 Knox,  was  born  July  6th,  1799,  at  Lcesburg,  Va. 
 He  was  prepared  for  college  in  his  native  town; 
 studied  theology  at  Princeton,  and  was  licensed  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Winchester,  October  18th,  1823. 
 For  several  years  after  leaving  Princeton  he  preached 
 in  the  Valley  of  Virginia,  and  in  .some  of  the  lower 
 counties.  For  eight  months,  in  1826,  he  was  stated 
 supply  to  the  Church  at  Washington,  N.  C,  then  for 
 eighteen  months  teacher  of  a  select  school  at  War- 
 renton,  N.  C.  From  April,  1829,  to  April,  1834,  he 
 served  the  churches  of  Yellow  Chapel  and  Green- 
 wich, in  Winchester  Presbytery,  and  taught  a  .select 
 school  near  Warrenton,  Va.  Removing  to  Ohio,  in 
 1834,  he  supplied  Freeport  Church  from  1836  to  1838, 
 the  Church  at  Amsterdam  from  1838  to  1840,  and 
 that  of  Deersville  from  1840  to  1843.  He  was  mainly 
 instrumental  in  gathering  a  church  at  Harlem,  and 
 supplied  it  from  1843  until  1851.  Subsequently  he 
 supplied  other  churches  occasionally,  for  short  terms. 
 Mr.  Knox  died  July  26th,  1880.  He  was  an  earnest 
 and  faithful  laborer  in  the  work  of  building  up  the 
 Kingdom  of  Christ. 
 
 Knox,  G-eneral  Jolin  Jay,  was  born  at  Cana- 
 joharie,  N.  Y.,  March  18th,  1791,  and  brought  up 
 there.  In  1811  he  removed  to  Augusta,  Oneida 
 county,  where  he  engaged  in  extensive  and  prosper- 
 ous business.     The  thrift  he  showed  imparted  itself 
 
 to  his  neighbors,  and  stUl  more,  his  honesty  and 
 honor.  Every  good  cause  found  him  a  supporter,  in 
 the  community,  particularly  the  Temperance  reform, 
 and  he  was  brought  into  prominence  in  this  latter 
 in  its  operations  throughout  the  State.  A  pillar  in 
 the  church  at  his  home,  he  gave  constantly,  as  the 
 Lord  prospered  him,  to  the  schemes  of  the  Church  at 
 large,  and  never,  until  death  removed  him  (Jauuar}- 
 31st,  1876),  was  he  ab.sent  from  the  chair  of  the 
 Oneida  County  Bible  Society,  over  which  he  was 
 chosen  to  preside,  by  annual  elections,  for  forty 
 years.  Buoyant  and  energetic,  and  shrewd,  he  was 
 simple  as  a  child,  and  as  innocent  and  pure,  attract- 
 ing universal  respect  and  confidence  and  regard  by 
 his  spotless  character  and  unblemished  life,  and  by 
 his  cordiality  of  manner  and  kindness  of  heart. 
 His  religion  pervaded  him,  and  while  kept,  by  it, 
 unspotted  from  the  world,  it  took  him  always  to  his 
 place,  and  prepared  him  for  his  part  at  social 
 exercises,  made  him  a  devout  priest  at  his  family 
 altar,  and  a  Christian  head  of  his  household,  bringing 
 up  his  children  in  the  nurture  and  admonition  of 
 the  Lord,  all  of  whom  it  was  his  privilege  and  joy 
 to  welcome  to  a  membership  of  the  Church.  General 
 Knox  was  a  Trustee  of  Hamilton  College  from  1828 
 to  1876,  for  thirty  years  chairman  of  the  Board,"  and 
 missed  but  two  of  its  ninety-eight  meetings  during 
 that  space. 
 
 Knox,  "William  E.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  1820. 
 His  birthplace  was  Knoxboro,  N.  Y.,  where  his 
 family  has  been  well  known  and  influential.  He  was 
 a  graduate  of  Hamilton  College,  and  pursued  his 
 theological  studies  at  Auburn  Theological  Seminary. 
 His  first  p;istorate  was  at  Watcrtown,  N.  Y.,  where 
 he  remained  four  years,  and  which  he  left  to  become 
 pastor  of  the  Presbj-terian  Church  in  Rome,  N.  Y. 
 Here  he  remained  for  twenty-two  years,  and  was  a 
 very  efficient  and  useful  pastor.  In  the  year  1869  he 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 Elmira,  and  there  his  ministry  was  a  most  active  and 
 fruitful  one.  He  was  a  man  of  mark  in  any  com- 
 munity in  which  he  dwelt,  a  man  of  positive  con^ic- 
 tions,  which  he  uttered  fearlessly,  and  for  which  he 
 was  always  ready  to  stand,  with  a  resoluteness  not 
 easily  shaken  by  popular  changes.  His  influence  was 
 widely  extended  and  was  always  exerted  for  good. 
 He  wrought  well  for  God  and  humanity.  As  a 
 pastor,  he  was  equal  to  all  demands ;  he  could  sympa- 
 thize, comfort,  instruct  and  encourage.  As  a  friend, 
 he  was  genial  and  cheerful,  his  speech  often  sparkling 
 with  wit.  As  a  preacher  or  writer,  he  was  always 
 found  a  keen,  able  and  uncompromising  advocate  of 
 the  right  on  all  the  moral  and  religious  issues  of  the 
 day.  He  never  failed  to  make  himself  understood 
 and  felt.  Amidst  the  discouragements  incident  to 
 declining  health.  Dr.  Knox  held  on  to  his  work 
 bravely,  and  preached  his  last  sermon  to  his  people 
 on  the  last  Sunday  of  June,  1883.  A  day  or  two 
 after  he  went  to  Blue  Mountain  Lake,  in  the  Adirou- 
 
KOLLOCK. 
 
 410 
 
 KBEBS. 
 
 (lacks,  where  he  died, on  Monday  afternoon,  September 
 17th.  His  body  was  borne  to  his  native  place  for 
 burial. 
 
 KoUock,  Rev.  Henry,  a  son  of  Shepard  Kol- 
 lock,  of  Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  spent  three  years  after 
 his  graduation  at  Princeton  College  (1794),  at  his 
 father's  house,  reviewing  his  college  studies.  He 
 wa.s  appointed  Tutor  in  the  college  in  1797,  and  in 
 1800  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  York,  still  holding  his  position  as  Tutor,  and 
 preaching  to  the  congregation  at  Princeton,  where 
 his  eloquence  made  a  profound  impression.  After 
 lea^nng  the  college,  he  became  pastor  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  in  Elizabethtown,  where  he  remained 
 for  three  years.  His  fame  was  not  confined  to  his 
 own  State.  He  received  calls  from  many  important 
 churches.  In  1803  the  trustees  of  the  college 
 appointed  him  Professor  of  Theology,  and  the  con- 
 gregation of  Princeton  invited  him  to  be  their  pastor. 
 Accordingly,  in  the  Autumn  of  that  year  he  returned 
 to  Princeton  in  the  double  character  of  professor  and 
 pastor.  But  he  was  not  permitted  to  remain  here 
 long.  After  repeated  solicitations,  he  was  prevailed 
 on  to  accept  a  call  from  the  Independent  Presby- 
 terian Church  in  Savannah,  Ga.,  and  in  1806  he 
 removed  to  his  new  field  of  labor.  In  1810  he 
 declined  a  call  to  the  presidency  of  the  University  of 
 Georgia.  While  in  Savannah  his  labors  were  abund- 
 ant, especially  among  those  ill  with  the  yellow  fever. 
 He  died  December  29th,  1819.  Dr.  James  W.  Alex- 
 ander says  of  Mr.  KoUock,  that  he  was  '"one  of  the 
 most  ornate  yet  vehement  orators  whom  our  coun- 
 trj'  liLis  produced." 
 
 KoUock,  Shepard  Kosciusko,  D.  D.,  wiis 
 born  at  Elizabeth,  X.  J.,  June  25th,  1795.  His 
 father  was  an  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  Army,  and 
 greatly  admiring  the  personal  and  military  character 
 of  the  Polish  leader  Kosciusko,  gave  his  name,  to- 
 gether with  his  own,  to  his  youngest  son.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1812,  with  high 
 honors.  After  studying  theology  with  his  brother- 
 in-law,  the  Rev.  John  McDowell,  and  his  brother, 
 Dr.  Henry  Kollock,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  the 
 gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of  South  Carolina,  in  June, 
 1814.  After  preaching  three  years  in  South  Carolina 
 and  Georgia,  he  received  a  call  to'  the  Church  in 
 Oxford,  North  Carolina,  and  was  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Orange,  May  2d,  1818,  hut  he  soon 
 after  accepted  the  appointment  of  Professor  of  Rhetoric 
 and  Logic  in  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  and 
 
 resigned  the  charge.  In  1825  he  became  pastor  of 
 the  Church  in  Norfolk,  Va.,  and  continued  in  it 
 about  ten  years;  he  then  returned  to  New  Jersey, 
 and  for  three  years  acted  as  agent  for  the  Board  of 
 Domestic  Missions.  He  then  became  pastor  of  the 
 Church  in  Burlington  till  1848,  when  he  took  charge 
 of  the  Church  in  Greenwich,  till,  woru  out  with  age 
 and  infirmity,  he  resigned  and  took  up  his  abode  in 
 Philadelphia,  in  18(i0. 
 
 •  Dr.  Kollock  was  a  successful  minister  of  the  gospel 
 in  all  his  charges,  and  a  gentleman  of  culture  of  no 
 common  order.  His  "Hinta  on  Preaching  without 
 Reading, ' '  and  ' '  Pastoral  Reminiscences; ' '  were  trans- 
 lated into  French  and  published  in  Paris.  He  also 
 contributed  several  valuable  articles  to  the  Princeton 
 Beriew. 
 
 Krebs,  John  Michael,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Hagerstown,  Md.,  May  6th,  1804  ;  graduated  at 
 Dickinson  College  in  September,  1827,  and  studied 
 theology  under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  George 
 Duffield,  D.  D.,  at  Carlisle,  Pa.  He  was  licensed  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle,  in  October,  1829,  and 
 w;vs  inst;illed  pastor  of  the  Rutge-s  Street  Church, 
 N.  Y.,  November  12th,  1830.  This  was  his  only 
 charge. 
 
 In  1837  Dr.  Krebs  was  appointed  Permanent  Clerk 
 of  the  General  Assembly,  and  retained  the  office  till 
 1845.  In  1845  he  was  Moderator  of  the  General 
 Assembly  of  the  Pre.sbyterian  Church.  He  was 
 elected  Clerk  of  the  Presbytery  and  Synod  of  New 
 York,  in  1841,  and  Director  of  the  Theological  Semi- 
 nary at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  in  1842,  and  was  appointed 
 President  of  the  Board  in  1866.  He  was  a  member 
 of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  from  its  organizar- 
 tion  till  his  death.  His  published  works  consist  of 
 about  a  dozen  occasional  sermons,  which  are  marked 
 by  great  energy,  perspicuity  and  precision. 
 
 Dr.  Krebs  was  a  man  of  rare  gifts  and  of  still 
 more  rare  and  varied  acquirements,  being  learned  not 
 only  in  theology,  but  in  the  whole  range  of  sciences, 
 and  his  learning  was  all  made  to  bear  upon  the  work 
 to  which  he  had  devoted  his  life,  that  of  the  gospel 
 ministry.  He  was  eminent  as  a  preacher  of  the  gospel, 
 and  still  more  eminent  in  the  councils  of  the  Church, 
 being  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  ecclesiastical 
 law,  and  his  acquaintance  with  the  ecclesiastical 
 history  of  the  Denomination  to  which  he  belonged. 
 He  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  highest  living  authori- 
 ties in  regard  to  Presbyterian  usages.  He  died  Sep- 
 tember 30th,  1867. 
 
LA BOB  IE 
 
 411 
 
 LAFAYETTE  iVLLEGE. 
 
 Laborie,  James,  a  French  Reformed  or  Huguenot 
 minister.  A  native  of  Cartlaillac,  in  the  province  of 
 Guienne,  France;  he  was  graduated  at  the  Academy 
 of  Geneva,  T^th  JIarcIi,  1688,  and  was  ordained  to 
 the  gospel  ministry  in  Zurich,  Switzerland,  30th 
 October,  16.88.  After  officiating  in  several  of  the 
 French  churches  in  London,  he  c;»me  to  America  in 
 1699,  and  labored  among  the  Indians,  preaching  also 
 to  the  few  Jamilies  of  French  refugees  settled  at  New 
 Oxford,  Worcester  county,  JLiss.  He  wjus  called,  10th 
 September,  1704,  to  he  the  minister  of  the  French 
 Church  in  New  York,  hut  left  in  1T06.  Afterwards 
 he  engaged  in  tin'  practice  of  medicine  and  surgery, 
 in  Fairfield  count}',  Connecticut,  where  he  died,  in 
 Stratford,  about  the  year  1731.  Elias  Nean  speaks 
 of  him  as  "  the  unfortunate  Laborie."  His  useful- 
 ness seems  to  have  been  much  hindered  by  impru- 
 dence and  wilfullness,  if  not  by  graver  faults.  As  a 
 physician,  he  seems  to  have  been  of  some  high  repute. 
 
 Lacy,  Rev.  Drury,  was  born  in  Chcsterticid 
 county,  Va.,  Uctobe»  5th,  1758.  For  several  years  he 
 taught  a  school,  and  also  was  Tutor  in  private  fami- 
 lies. At  the  age  of  about  tAventy-three  he  accepted 
 the  office  of  Tutor  in  Hampden-Sidney  College,  of 
 which  Rev.  John  Blair  Smith  was  then  President,  but 
 still  pursued  his  own  studies  privately.  He  pursued 
 his  theological  studies  under  President  Smith,  and 
 •was  licensed  by  Hanover  Presbytery  in  September, 
 1787,  and  ordained  by  the  .same  Presbytery,  in  Oc- 
 tober, 1788. 
 
 In  July,  1788,  Mr.  Smith,  finding  the  united  duties 
 of  president  and  p;istor  quite  too  laboriou.s,  asked  to  he 
 excused  from  the  former,  and  the  trustees  of  the 
 college,  whilst  desiring  him  still  to  continue  his 
 relation  to  the  Institution,  appointed  Mr.  Lacy 
 Vice-President,  devolving  upon  him  a  large  part  of 
 the  labor  and  responsibility.  The  next  year  Mr. 
 Smith  resigned  the  presidency  altogether,  and  then 
 the  whole  supervi.sion  of  the  Institution  came  upon 
 Mr.  Lacy.  His  connection  with  the  college  con- 
 tinued till  the  year  1796,  when  he  tendered  his 
 resignation,  and  retired  to  a  farm  which  he  had  pur- 
 chased in  the  immediate  neighborhood.  Here  he 
 opened  a  small  clas.sical  school,  which  he  continued 
 during  the  rest  of  his  life.  Among  his  pupils  were 
 many  who  became  eminent  men.  He  was  Moderator 
 of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
 in  the  ye;ir  1809,  and  also  served  as  Clerk  of  the 
 Hanover  Presbytery  during  a  large  part  of  his  min- 
 isterial life.  He  died,  in  the  exercise  of  the  most 
 serene  trust  in  the  mercy  of  God  through  Jesus  Christ, 
 on  the  6th  of  December,  1815. 
 
 Mr.  Lacy's  preaching  was  simple  and  natural,  and 
 sometimes  very  eloquent.  His  prayers,  especially  in 
 his  latter  years,  were  peculiarly  fervent,  and  he  seemed, 
 like  Abraham,  the  friend  of  God,  most  reverently 
 and  devoutly  speaking,  as  if  face  to  face  to  bis 
 Heavenly  Father.  He  was  uncommonly  successful 
 as  a  prcjicher  to  the  colored  people,  and  his  addresses 
 to  them  at  the  Lord's  table  were  most  simple  and 
 impressive,  and  often  highly  pathetic.  In  his  pri- 
 vate intercourse  he  was  cheerful  and  sociable,  but 
 never  lost  sight  of  what  was  due  from  him,  and  due 
 to  him,  as  a  Christian  minister.  He  excelled  in  the 
 art  of  conversing  on  the  subject  of  experimental  re- 
 ligion. A  good  old  lady  remarked  that  he  exceeded 
 any  one  she  ever  saw  at  a  sacrament  and  at  a  wed- 
 ding. When  inquired  of  if  he  thought  it  was  sinful 
 to  dance,  he  would  say,  ' '  Be  warmly  engaged  in  re- 
 ligion, and  then  you  may  dance  as  much  as  you 
 please. ' '  The  recollection  of  him  by  friends,  both  in  the 
 pulpit  and  out  of  it,  is  most  grateful  and  affectionate. 
 
 Ladd,  Rev.  Francis  Dudley,  was  born  at 
 Hallowell,  Maine ;  gra<luated  with  honor  at  Bow- 
 doin  College  in  1841;  studied  theology  at  Bangor 
 Seminary;  w;is  ordained  as  an  evangelist  by  a  Con- 
 gregational As.sociation,  May  27th,  1846,  and  iu  the 
 Autumn  of  the  .same  year  was  installed  pastor  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Silver  Lake,  Pa.  In 
 1851  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Penn  Presbyte- 
 rian Church,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  where  he  labored 
 faithfully,  earnestly,  and  steadfastly.  He  died  July 
 7th,  1862.  As  a  minister  of  Christ,  Mr.  Ladd  was 
 thoroughly  imbued  with  tlie  spirit  of  his  office, 
 and  ardently  devoted  to  his  work.  His  refinement 
 of  feeling,  gentlemanly  bearing  and  fidelity  in  duty 
 drew  from  every  one  that  knew  him  respect  as  well 
 as  affection.  His  end  was  peace.  Knowing  that  his 
 hour  w:is  come,  he  was  content  and  happy,  sinking 
 to  rest  in  the  fullness  of  perfect  faith  and  love. 
 
 Lafayette  College,  at  Easton,  Pa.,  under  the 
 control  of  the  Synod  of  Philadelphia,  was  chartered 
 in  1836,  and  fully  organized  in  1832,  with  the  usual 
 classical  course  of  study  prejiaratory  to  the  learned 
 professions.  The  Pardee  Scientific  Department  was 
 added  in  1866,  through  the  munificence  of  Jlr.  Ario 
 Pardee,  of  Hazleton,  whose  gifts  for  this  purpose 
 amount  to  nearly  $500,000. 
 
 The  college  has  seven  dormitories,  four  of  them, 
 known  as  students'  homes,  having  also  famUies  resid- 
 ing in  them,  and  providing  board  and  a  home  for  such 
 as  desire  it.  It  has  five  buildings  of  instruction  and 
 manipulation.  Pardee  Hall,  built  and  fitted  up  for 
 the  Scientific  Department,  at  a  cost  of  $250,000,  was 
 
LAFAYETTE  COLLEGE. 
 
 412 
 
 LAFA  YETTE  COLLEGE. 
 
 dedicated  in  1873.  It  was  burned  on  the  evening  of 
 June  4th,  1879,  but  was  rebuilt  on  the  same  site,  of 
 the  same  dimensions  and  external  appearance.  The 
 arrangement  of  the  interior  has  been  much  improved, 
 as  experience  with  the  former  building  suggested. 
 In  determining  what  rooms  were  needed,  and  the  best 
 arrangement  of  them,  similar  buildings  in  Eivrope,  as 
 well  as  in  this  country,  were  carefully  studied,  and 
 liberal  provision  has  been  made,  in  all  the  depart- 
 ments of  instruction,  for  every  aid  which  has  been 
 devised  for  the  most  thorough  and  attractive  teaching, 
 and  also  for  the  prosecution  of  original  researches. 
 
 The  reopening  was  celebrated  with  appropriate  cere- 
 monies, by  a  great  concour.se,  on  the  30tli  of  Novem- 
 ber, 1880.  An  assembly  so  distinguished  has  rarely 
 gathered  in  honor  of  any  educational  foundation  in 
 this  country.  His  Excellency,  Rutherford  P>.  Haj^es, 
 President  of  the  United  States,  with  members  of  his 
 
 cals,  the  reference  books  most  frequently  needed  in 
 each  study  are  kept  for  constant  u.se.  The  classes  in 
 the  first  two  years  are  kept  in  small  divisions ;  and 
 short  lessons  are  thoroughly  learned,  and  accompanied 
 by  many  exercises  of  practice  and  elementary  ex- 
 planation, often  repeated.  In  the  last  two  years 
 there  is  more  attempt  to  stimulate  general  investiga- 
 tion, and  to  communicate  advanced  thought  and 
 methods,  by  lectures,  and  by  requiring  the  prepara- 
 tion of  essays  of  research.  It  now  offers  six  courses, 
 of  four  years  each :  namely,  classical,  scientific,  en- 
 gineering, mining  and  metallurgy,  and  chemistrj^, 
 leading  to  the  degrees  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  Bachelor 
 of  Science,  Bachelor  of  Philosophy,  Civil  Engineer, 
 and  Mining  Engineer. 
 
 Partial  courses  may  also  be  taken,  and  opportuni- 
 ties are  afforded  for  post-graduate  .study.  A  three 
 years'  post-graduate  course    leads  to  the  Degree  of 
 
 I,AF.\VETTE    CoLLEtJK    (iSOUTIl),    E.\STOX,    P.i. 
 
 Cabinet,  the  General  of  the  Army,  and  the  Commis- 
 sioner of  Education,  his  Excellency,  Henry  M.  Hoyt, 
 Governor  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  the 
 State  Superintendent  of  Education,  the  Moderator  of 
 the  General  A.ssembly  of  the  PrAbyterian  Church, 
 and  the  Moderator  of  the  Synod  of  Philadelphia, 
 with  many  others  eminent  in  Church  and  State, 
 took  part  in  the  addresses  of  thanks,  and  congratu- 
 lation to  the  founder  of  the  hall  and  the  friends  of 
 the  college.  The  chemical  laboratories  and  tho.se  of 
 mining  and  metallurgy,  mechanics  and  physics  are 
 of  the  best.  The  department  of  natural  history  con- 
 fciins  the  most  complete  collection  of  the  plants  of 
 Pennsylvania  in  existence. 
 
 The  college  has  libraries  of  over  twenty  thousand 
 volumes,  and  is  especially  rich  in  the  department 
 of  Anglo-Saxon  and  early  English.  It  maintains  a 
 reading-room,  in  which,  besides  papers  and  periodi- 
 
 Doetor  of  Philo.sophy.  The  cost  of  tuition  is  from 
 f!45  to  §75  per  year.  In  1882-3  there  were  24  instruc- 
 tors and  289  students  in  the  academic  departments. 
 The  college  has  been  honorably  associated  vdxh.  the 
 progress  of  meteorological  science,  through  the  labors 
 of  Prof  J.  H.  Coffin,  ll.d.,  by  whom  the  Govern- 
 ment observations  and  the  collections  of  the  Smith- 
 sonian Institution  have  been  here  reduced  and 
 prepared  for  publication;  also,  since  the  election  of 
 Prof  F.  A.  March,  ll.d.,  18.3.5,  with  the  study  of 
 Anglo-Saxon  and  English,  in  connection  -with  com- 
 parative philology  and  history,  in  which  it  has  been 
 a  leader.  Since  1865  it  has  also  become  a  centre  of 
 scientific  and  technical  study  for  the  coal  and  iron 
 districts  of  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey.  The 
 presidents  of  the  college  have  been  as  follows:  the 
 Rev.  George  Junkin,  D.D.,  ll.d.,  1832-41,  and  again 
 in  1844-8;  the  Rev.  J.  W.   Yeomans,  D.D.,   1841-4; 
 
LAIED. 
 
 414 
 
 LANE. 
 
 the  Rev.  C.  W.  Nassau,  d.d.,  1849;  the  Rev.  D.  V. 
 McLean,  D.D.,  1850-7;  the  Rev.  G.  W.  McPhail,  D.D., 
 1857-63;  the  Rev.  AVilliam  C.  Cattell,  D.  D.,  ll.  D., 
 appoiutcd  October  15th,  1863,  and  the  present  in- 
 cumbent. Rev.  J.  H.  Mason  Knox,  D.D.,  appointed 
 in  1883. 
 
 Laird,  Francis,  D.D.,  graduated  at  Dickinson 
 College  during  the  presidency  of  Dr.  Nisbet.  He 
 became  the  pastor  of  the  churches  of  Plum  Creek 
 and  Pike  Run,  in  the  Presbj-iery  of  Redstone,  Pa., 
 in  1800,  where  he  continued  until  1831,  when 
 he  resigned  this  charge  aud  accepted  a  call  for 
 the  whole  of  his  time,  to  the  Church  of  Murry  ville. 
 Pa.  Here  he  continued  closely'  and  lovingly 
 devoted  to  the  pastoral  duties  of  his  charge, 
 till  1850,  when  he  resigned,  on  account  of  the  infirmi- 
 ties of  old  age.  He  died  April  6th,  1851.  Dr. 
 Laird  was  a  man  of  studious  habits  through  life,  well 
 learned,  especially  inclined  to  biblical  criticism,  and 
 well  qualified  for  it.  Even  to  the  last  days  of  bis 
 life,  his  supreme  delight  was  the  study  of  the  sacred 
 Scriptures  in  the  original  tongues.  When  his  eyes 
 had  become  dimmed,  so  that  he  could  no  longer  read 
 with  the  subdueil  light  of  his  room,  he  would  stand 
 out  of  doors  in  the  sun,  its  light  blazing  full  on  the 
 page  of  the  Hebrew  Bible  spread  before  him,  while 
 with  quivering  finger  he  essayed  to  follow  the  words 
 of  the  Holy  Book. 
 
 Lamar,  Rev.  Thomas  J.,  was  born  in  Jefferson 
 county.  East  Tennessee,  November  21st,  1826.  His 
 father,  William  Lamar,  was  a  farmer.  He  graduated 
 at  Maryville  College,  Blount  county.  East  Tennessee, 
 in  1848;  then  studied  theology  nearly  two  years 
 under  the  Rev.  Dr.  Anderson;  entered  Union  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  in  New  York  city,  in  1850,  and 
 completed  there  the  theological  course  in  1852.  In 
 May  of  the  same  year  he  was  licensed  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Brooklyn,  and  went  as  a  Home  Missionary  to 
 Platte  county.  Mo.,  where,  and  in  Andrew  county, 
 he  spent  five  years  preaching  and  teaching,  having 
 been  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Lexington,  Mo., 
 in  May,  1854.  In  1856  he  was  chosen,  by  the  Synod 
 of  Tennessee,  to  the  Professorship  of  Sacred  Literature 
 in  the  Theological  Department  of  Maryville  College, 
 and  entered  upon  its  duties  in  1857.  This  position 
 he  filled  acceptably  till  the  susjjension  of  the  work 
 of  the  college  hy  the  civil  war,  in  April,  1861,  during 
 the  progress  of  which  he  preached  statedly  to  the 
 Clover  Hill  and  Forest  Hill  churches,  in  that  county, 
 and,  more  or  less,  to  other  vacant  churches,  with 
 ability  and  fidelity.  At  the  clo.se  of  the  war  he  was 
 the  only  Professor  remaining  on  the  ground,  aud,  by 
 order  of  the  Synod  of  Tennes.see,  he  reopened  the 
 college  for  instruction,  in  September,  1866.  From 
 that  day  to  the  present.  Professor  Lamar,  vrith  very 
 commendable  zeal  and  gratifying  success,  has  given 
 his  time,  strength  and  life  to  the  advancement  of  the 
 interests  of  this  venerable  and  much-needed  Insti- 
 ution  of  Christian  learning. 
 
 Landis,  RobertWharton,  D.D.,  son  of  Samiu-I 
 Cahin  Landis,  a  descendant  of  the  old  Huguenot 
 familj-  of  Calvin,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  January 
 8th,  1809.  His  maternal  grandfather  was  a  German. 
 He  made  a  profession  of  religion  and  joined  the 
 Church  of  his  parents  (Baptist),  at  the  age  of  seven- 
 teen ;  joined  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  twenty; 
 was  licensed  December,  1831,  and  ordained  1832. 
 Beginning  his  studies  for  the  ministry  at  the  age 
 of  seventeen,  he  Ibund  himself  able  so  to  outstrip 
 his  fellow-students  that  the  prescribed  courses  and 
 times  of  educational  institutions  were  a  hindrance 
 rather  than  a  help.  Fifteen  months  in  an  academy 
 and  three  months  with  a  private  teacher  compo.sed  his 
 education  proper.  All  his  great  attainments  as  a 
 scholar  were  by  private  study,  while  also  engaged  in 
 lireaching,  lectiuing  and  writing  for  the  pre.ss.  His 
 labors  as  a  pastor  or  supply  extended  from  1831  to 
 1861,  and  from  1865  to  1868.  For  one  year,  1868-69,  he 
 held  a  professorship  in  Danville  Theological  Seminary. 
 His  pastorates  were,  1835,  at  Providence  and  Norris- 
 tovra.  Pa. ;  1839,  Allentown,  Pa. ;  1842,  Bethlehem, 
 N.  J. ;  1849,  Hillsdale,  N.  Y. ;  1852,  Greenville,  N.  Y. ; 
 1853,  Paterson,  N.  J. ;  1856,  lona,  Mich. ;  1860,  Som- 
 erset, K}'. ;  1867,  Wilmington,  Del.  At  each  of  these 
 places,  and  at  others  where  he  labored  for  short  periods, 
 his  preaching  was  attended  with  the  conversion  of 
 large  numbers.  He  was  distinguished  as  an  author, 
 teacher  and  preather,  and  his  name  will  stand  among 
 those  of  great  men  in  the  Church.  Dr.  Landis  died 
 at  his  residence  in  Dauville,  Ky.,  January  24th,  1883. 
 
 Lane,  Rev.  Oornelius  Rutser,  Ph.  D.,  was 
 born  at  Pluckamin,  N.  J.,  June  27th,  1820,  and  gradu- 
 ated at  Lafayette  College  in  1843,  after  which  lie  en- 
 gaged for  a  time  in  teaching.  He  studied  theology 
 at  Princeton  Seminary,  and  was  ordained  an  evan- 
 gelist by  the  Presbytery  of  Luzerne,  November  30th, 
 1848.  He  was  stated  supply  at  Tunkhannock,  Pa., 
 1848-51;  principal  of  the  academy  at  Wyoming, 
 1851-2;  agent  for  Lafayette  College,  1852;  stated 
 sui>ply  at  Warren,  1852-3;  pastor  at  Tunkhannock, 
 1853-71 ;  superintendent  of  common  schools  in  Wyom- 
 ing county,  1854-56,  1870-71.  Since  1871  he  has  been 
 Professor  in  Wilson  College,  Chambersburg,  Pa.  In 
 all  his  fields  of  labor  he  h;is  been  diligent  and  useful, 
 and  enjoyed  the  respect  of  the  community. 
 
 Lane,  Hon.  G-eorge  "William,  was  boru  ia 
 Putnam  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1818,  and  died  in  New 
 York  city,  January  1st,  1884.  At  the  age  of  fourteen 
 he  was  put  in  the  employ  of  Bettner  &  Wright, 
 provision  merchants.  New  Y'ork.  Subsequently  he 
 was  actively  engaged  in  business  life.  His  business 
 push  and  enterprise  won  him  friends,  and  in  1840  he 
 became  a  partner  of  David  Hustace,  under  the  firm 
 name  of  Hustace  &  Lane.  Mr.  Hu.stace  died  in  1841, 
 and  Mr.  Lane  became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Craig  & 
 Lane.  In  1863  Mr.  Lane  gave  his  whole  attention  to 
 the  tea  trade,  forming  the  present  firm  of  George  W. 
 Lane   &   Co.     During  Mayor  Havemeyer's  term   of 
 
LANE  SEMINABY. 
 
 415 
 
 LANE  SEMINARY. 
 
 oflBce  Mr.  Lane  was  appointed  City  Chamberlain,  a 
 position  he  did  not  resign  until  after  Mr.  Havemeyer's 
 death.  In  the  Spring  of  1883  he  was  made  cue  of  the 
 Aqueduct  Commission,  his  name  being  incorporated 
 in  the  hill  establishing  it.  In  May,  1883,  he  was 
 made  President  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce.  In 
 addition  to  minor  pul)lic  responsibilities  and  duties, 
 he  was  at  the  time  of  his  death  President  of  the 
 Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  and 
 a  Director  in  the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  the 
 Gospel  among  Seamen.  Mr.  Lane  was  a  member  of 
 the  Jladi-son  Square  Presbj'terian  congregation. 
 
 Lane  Theological  Seminary.  In  1828  Mr. 
 Ehenczer  Lane  and  his  brother,  members  of  a  Baptist 
 church  in  New  Orleans,  oflered  funds  to  aid  their 
 brethren  at  Cincinnati  in  founding  a  theological 
 school.  The  way  wa.s  not  clear  for  the  Baptists  to 
 undertake  the  work.  The  offer  was  made  to  the 
 Presbyterians,  who  accepted  it,  and  in  October,  1828, 
 formed  an  association  for  "establishing  a  seminary 
 of  learning,  the  primary  object  of  which  shall  be  to 
 educate  pious  young  men  for  the  gospel  ministry." 
 The  name  of  Mr.  Lane  was  given  to  it,  and  when  he 
 protested,  the  reply  was  that  the  Institution  was  so 
 named  in  the  charter  (1829),  and  a  change  could  not 
 readily  be  made. 
 
 In  January,  1829,  sixty  acres  of  land,  and  subse- 
 quently part  of  forty  more,  on  Walnut  Hills  (now  in 
 Cincinnati),  were  donated  to  the  Seminary  by  "Mr. 
 Elnathan  Kemper,  and  other  members  of  that 
 family  who  bear  the  honored  name  of  the  pioneer 
 Presl)yterian  preacher,  who  was  ordained  and 
 installed  as  pastor  of  the  first  Presbyterian  Church  at 
 Cincinnati,  in  1792,  and  was  sent  over  from  Kentucky 
 under  an  armed  escort,  to  protect  him  from  the  toma- 
 hawk of  the  savages."  On  this  laud  there  was 
 already  "  a  well-finished  academj',  with  a  good  frame 
 dwelling-house  by  it."  This  chissical  school  was 
 maintained  until  1834  as  a  preparatory  department 
 of  the  Seminary.  Scholarships  and  endowments  were 
 not  abundant  in  the  year  1829,  when  the  Trustees 
 "  Resolved  that  the  students  in  the  Lane  Seminary 
 be  required  to  labor  thrve  hours  daily  until  further 
 directed."  But,  then,  they  were  impartial  in  their 
 requirements,  for  October  1st,  1832,  it  w;is  "resolved, 
 that  every  teacher  in  the  Lane  Seminary  be  required 
 to  labor  as  regularly  as  possible,  and,  when  practi- 
 cable, daily."  Such  rules  are  simply  reminders  of  a 
 past  age,  when  the  attempt  w;»s  made  to  maintain 
 colleges  on  "  the  manual  labor  plan." 
 
 In  1832  the  Theological  Department  was  organized, 
 with  Dr.  Lyman  Bcecher,  of  Boston,  in  the  Chair  of 
 Theology;  Rev.  Thomas  J.  Biggs,  of  Frankford,  Pa., 
 in  that  of  Church  History,  and  Rev.  Calvin  E.  Stowe, 
 who  resigned  a  Professorship  of  Languages,  in  Dart- 
 mouth College,  to  take  that  of  Biblical  Literature,  in 
 this  Seminary.  Dr.  Beecher  expressed  the  spirit  of 
 these  founders  when  he  said :  "To  plant  Christianity 
 in  the  West  is  as  grand  an  undertaking  as  it  was  to 
 
 plant  it  in  the  Roman  Empire,  with  unspeakably 
 greater  permanence  and  power." 
 
 The  names  of  the  Professors,  deceased  and  living, 
 are:  Of  Tlwology,  Lyman  Beecher,  1832-.50;  D.  Howe 
 Allen,  1851-67;  Henry  A.  Nel-son,  1867-74;  Edward 
 
 D.  Morris,  1874.  Of  Church  History,  Thomas  J. 
 Biggs,  1832-38;  Llewellyn  J.  Evans,  1863-67;  Ed- 
 ward D.  Morris,  1867-74;  Zephaniah  M.  Humphrey, 
 1875-81;  John  DeWitt,  1882.  Of  Biblical  Litera- 
 ature  and  Excgcms,  Cahdn  E.  St4iwe,  1832-50;  George 
 
 E.  Day,  1851-66;  ElishaBallantine,  1866-67;  Llewelyn 
 J.  Evans,  1867;  Thomas  E.  Thomas,  1871-75;  Henry 
 P.  Smith,  1876.  Of  Sacred  Bhetoric,  Baxter  Dickin- 
 son 183:5-39;  D.  Howe  Allen,  1840-51;  Jonathan  B. 
 Condit,  1851-54;  Henry  Smith,  1855-79,  and  James 
 Eells,  1879.  Since  January,  1882,  Dr.  Robert  W. 
 Patterson,  of  Chicago,  has  been  Permanent  Lecturer 
 on  Apologetics  and  Christian  Evidences.  ( For  sketches 
 of  several  of  these  Professors  see  their  names  in  this 
 work.) 
 
 "The  Board  of  Ti-ustees  of  this  Institution  num- 
 bered twenty-three  at  the  first — twenty-five  is  now 
 the  limit — a  majority  of  whom  is  necessary  to  consti- 
 tute a  quorum.  It  is  what  is  called  a  close  corpora- 
 tion, and  fills  its  own  vacancies.  It  also  elects  the 
 Professors,  as  do  all  the  other  theological  seminaries 
 of  our  reunited  Church,  and  can  remove  them,  for 
 cause,  subject,  in  both  eases,  to  a  veto  from  the 
 General  As.sembly. ' ' 
 
 The  first  buildings  have  given  way  to  those  which 
 are  thus  described:  "The  new  Seminary  Hall,  erected 
 in  the  centre  of  the  campus,  by  the  liberality  of  a  few 
 friends  of  the  Seminary,  was  dedicated  December 
 18th,  1879.  It  contains  a  chapel,  three  class-rooms,  a 
 Faculty  room  and  a  gymn;isium.  It  is  heated  by 
 steam  and  properly  ventilated.  No  building  of  its 
 class  is  better  adapted  to  the  purposes  for  which  it 
 was  erected.  Smith  Library  Hall  was  erected  in 
 1863.  The  remaining  buildings  of  the  Seminary  are 
 the  hoarding  hall  and  five  dwellings,  occupied  by 
 Professors. ' ' 
 
 The  present  endowment  is  estimated  at  §465,000. 
 It  is  made  uj)  of  the  general  fund,  represented  by 
 buildings  and  grounds,  partly  devoted  to  seminary 
 use,  and  partly  rented  for  income;  by  leases  yielding 
 ground-rent,  and  by  bonds  and  mortgages  yielding 
 interest.  The  special  funds  are:  library  funds,  $9,600; 
 scholarships,  $45,000,  and  others,  $10,620. 
 
 Since  1833  Lane  has  had  760  students,  of  whom 
 442  received  diplomas,  as  graduates.  Seventy  per 
 cent,  of  them  were  giaduates  of  colleges.  Of  them 
 46  have  been,  or  are,  foreign  mis.sionaries.  It  seems 
 also  that  more  than  half  of  the  graduates  of  Lane 
 have  been,  at  some  time,  Home  Missionaries. 
 
 The  term  of  study  commences  on  the  second  Thurs- 
 day in  September,  and  continues  thirty-four  weeks, 
 closing  the  second  Thursday  in  May.  Tuition  and 
 rooms  are  free.  The  Faculty  state  that  "while  the 
 several  courses  of  studv  are  so  arranged  that  each 
 
LANSING. 
 
 416 
 
 EARNED. 
 
 Professor  gives  instruction,  during  some  portion  of 
 each  term,  to  each  of  the  three  classes;  the  first  year 
 is  devoted  especially  to  linguistic  and  Biblical  studies, 
 including  Scripture  geography  and  history;  the 
 second,  to  systematic  theology,  ecclesiastical  history 
 and  homiletics;  and  the  third  to  pastoral  theologj', 
 methods  in  mission  work,  and  chiuch  polity.  The 
 exegetical  study  of  the  Scriptures  is  continued 
 throughout  the  course. " 
 
 At  the  semi-centennial  celebration,  in  1879,  these 
 were  the  words  of  a  former  student  and  now  eminent 
 educator,  "God  bless  Lane  Seminary — be  it  ever  her 
 mission  to  help  men  to  l<now  Christ,  to  live  Chi-ist,  to 
 preach  Christ,  and  to  die  in  Christ;  for  that  is  the 
 world's  need." 
 
 Lansing,  Dirck  Cornelius,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Lansingburg,  N.  Y.,  March  3d,  1785.  He  graduated 
 from  Yale  College  in  1804.  For  more  than  fifty  years 
 he  jjreached  the  gospel  with  inimitiible  grace  of  person 
 and  speech  and  magnetic  power,  performing  revival 
 pastorates  at  Onondaga,  Auburn,  and  Utica,  N.  Y., 
 in  the  Houston  Street  Church,  New  York  city,  and 
 the  Clinton  Street  Church,  Brookljni,  incessantly 
 answering  the  summons  for  special  sermons  and  pro- 
 tracted meetings  elsewhere.  A  child  in  his  natural- 
 ness and  affectionateness,  he  was  bom  to  command, 
 and  led  sacramental  hosts. 
 
 "Dr.  Lansing,"  .said  Lems  Gaylord  Clark,  "was 
 the  first  really  lire  preacher  I  ever  heard,  and  the 
 most  electrically  eloquent  preacher  I  ever  heard, 
 Bascom  alone  excepted.  Everj'thing  spoke.  His  long, 
 slender  figure,  the  graceful  sweep  of  his  arm,  the  flash 
 of  his  black  eye,  the  winning  tones  of  his  voice,  all 
 combined  to  rivet  attention  and  compel  admiration. 
 In  gesture  he  was  excelled  only  by  Henry  Clay.  He 
 read  a  hymn  with  more  effect  than  any  minister  I 
 ever  heard.  Sometimes,  in  giving  one  out,  he  would 
 pause,  lay  the  book  on  the  pulpit  cushion,  and  com- 
 ment on  what  he  had  read.  Well  I  remember  his 
 pausing  in  this  way  at  the  verse, 
 
 *  When  I  survey  the  wondrous  cross 
 On  which  the  Prince  of  glory  died.' 
 
 His  remarks  upon  it,  though  brief,  were  a  sermon, 
 and  replete  with  tenderness  and  deep  feeling." 
 
 Br.  Lansing  was  a  Trustee  of  Auburn  Seminary, 
 1820-30  and  1835-57;  Vice-President  of  the  Board  of 
 Trustees,  1820-24;  Professor  of  Sacred  Rhetoric  and 
 Pastoral  Theology,  1821-26;  he  served  without  salary, 
 and,  as  financial  agent^  raised  large  sum^  for  the 
 seminary.  He  published  "Sermons  on  Important 
 Subjects,"  1825.  His  death  occiured  at  Walnut 
 Hills,  O.,  March  lOtli,  1857. 
 
 Lapsley,  James  "Woods,  Esq.,  was  born  at 
 Nashville,  Tenn.,  December,  1835,  and  is  the  son  of 
 Rev.  R.  A.  Lapsley,  D.D.,  and  of  his  wife,  Catharine 
 Rutherford  Walker,  the  latt«r  a  descendant  of 
 Samuel  Rutherford,  one  of  the  Scotch  members  of 
 the  Westminster  Assembly.  He  united  with  the 
 Church  in  1852,  was  made  deacon  in  1855  and  ruling 
 
 elder  in  1866.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1857, 
 but  retired  from  the  practice  in  1879,  and  settled  at 
 Vine  Hill,  Ala.,  where  he  has  been  chiefly  instru- 
 mental in  organizing  a  chuich,  and  where  he  labors 
 zealously  in  Sabbath-school  instruction  and  conduct- 
 ing religious  ser\-ices,  having  been  designated  to  such 
 work  by  his  Presbytery.  Much  of  his  time  is  given 
 to  the  religious  instruction  of  the  colored  people.  He 
 is  an  earnest,  able  and  useful  laborer  in  the  vineyard 
 of  the  Master. 
 
 His  eminent  qualifications  for  usefulness  are  called 
 into  requisition  both  by  Church  and  State.  He  is  a 
 director  of  Columbia  Seminary  and  also  a  member  of 
 the  executive  committee  of  the  Tuskaloosa  Institute 
 for  training  colored  ministers.  He  has  recently  been 
 appointed  to  in.spect  the  books  and  accovmts  of  all 
 the  public  officers  of  the  State  of  Alabama. 
 
 Lamed,  Benjamin  F.,  was  born  in  Massachu- 
 setts, and  entered  the  army  as  en.sign  in  1813;  rose  at 
 once  to  the  rank  of  first  lieutenant;  served  with  honor 
 at  the  battle  of  Fort  Erie,  and  for  his  gallant  conduct 
 was  made  a  captain.  Afterwards  he  was  made 
 PajTnaster  General,  and  served  the  country  in  that 
 capacity  for  many  years,  with  rare  fidelity.  He  was 
 elected  and  ordained  an  elder  in  August,  1833,  in  the 
 Ffrst  Presbyterian  Church  of  Detroit,  Mich. ,  where  a 
 large  part  of  his  official  life  was  spent,  and  carried 
 with  him  the  love  and  esteem  of  the  entire  communitj' 
 on  his  removal  to  Washington  City,  where  he  died, 
 September  6th,  "1862,  lamented  by  a  large  circle  of 
 friends,  civil  and  military. 
 
 Larned,  Sylvester,  Rev.,  whose  career  was 
 scarcely  less  splendid  or  less  brief  than  that  of  a 
 meteor,  was  born  iu  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  August  31st, 
 1796.  Tlie  earliest  developments  of  his  mind  con- 
 veyed no  equivocal  evidence  of  both  brilliancy  and 
 power.  In  1810  he  entered  Williams  College,  and 
 the  next  year  w;xs  transferred  to  Jliddlebury.  College, 
 where  he  graduated  in  1813,  and  on  the  occasion  de- 
 livered an  oration  on  "The  Fall  of  Poland,"  which 
 marked  the  highest  order  of  intellect,  and  elicited 
 the  most  intense  admiration.  He  was  engaged  for 
 some  time  as  a  teacher  in  Pittsfield,  with  great  popu- 
 larity and  success.  In  November,  1814,  he  entere<l 
 the  Theological  Seminary  at  I'rinceton,  where  he  was 
 quickly  marked  iis  a  young  man  of  great  power  and 
 promise,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  New  York,  April  17th,  1817.  His  first  appear- 
 ance in  the  pulpit  a.stonished  all  who  had  not  pre- 
 Wously  witnessed  the  exhibition  of  his  wonderful 
 powers. 
 
 Ou  January  22d,  1818,  he  reached  New  Orleans, 
 whither  he  consented  to  go  as  a  coadjutor  to  his 
 friend,  the  Rev.  Elias  Cornelius,  who  had  undertaken 
 a  mission  to  the  South,  partly  to  enlist  public  atten- 
 tion to  our  Indian  tribes,  and  partly  and  especially 
 to  ascerbiin  the  iiioral  condition  of  the  city  just 
 named.  Immediately  after  his  arrival  there,  Mr. 
 Larned  commenced  his  public  labors,  and  it  .seemed 
 
LA  TTA. 
 
 417 
 
 LATTA. 
 
 :is  If  the  first  sound  of  his  voice  thrilled,  not  only 
 through  the  length  and  breadth,  but  to  the  inner- 
 most heart  of  the  city.  Proiision  was  made  at  once 
 for  erecting  a  nefr  and  splendid  church,  and  the  indi- 
 viduals engaged  in  the  enterprise  presented  him  a 
 call  to  become  their  pastor,  which  he  accepted.  In 
 April  he  started  for  the  North,  principally^  to  com- 
 plete the  arrangements,  already  partially  made,  for 
 the  building  of  his  church,  and  returned  to  New 
 Orleans  the  following  December.  The  finished  build- 
 ing was  dedicated,  July  4th,  1819.  He  remained  at 
 his  po.st  during  the  sickly  season  in  the  Summer, 
 under  the  con\-ictiun  that  it  was  his  duty  to  do  so, 
 was  seized  with  the  fever,  and  died,  Augu.st  31st,  the 
 day  which  completed  his  twenty-fourth  year. 
 
 Mr.  Lamed,  in  his  whole  character,  bore  the  un- 
 equivocal stamp  of  greatness.  He  was  eminently 
 qualified,  by  both  his  intellectual  and  moral  consti- 
 tution, for  great  enterprises.  It  was  in  the  pulpit, 
 however,  that  he  earned  his  highest  laurels.  It  was 
 as  a  preacher  of  the  gospel,  that  he  towered  to  such  a 
 surprising  height.  His  voice  was  unrivaled,  in  both 
 melody  and  iiexibility,  and  accommodated  itself 
 with  perfect  accuracy  to  the  sentiment  which  he 
 uttered.  There  was  a  solemnity,  an  earnestness,  and 
 sometimes  an  all-subduing  pathos;  there  was  the  soul 
 kindling  in  the  eye  and  beaming  through  the  counte- 
 nance; there  was  a  grace  and  appropriateness  of  ge.s- 
 ticulation,  and  an  incomparable  majesty  pervading 
 the  whole  manner,  all  of  which  combined  constituted 
 him,  no  doubt,  one  of  the  first  pulpit  orators  ol'  the 
 age. 
 
 Latta,  Rev.  James,  was  born  at  Chestnut  Level, 
 Lancaster  county.  Pa.,  June  10th,  1787.  He  pursued 
 his  studies,  both  classical  and  theological,  under  his 
 brother,  John,  at  New  Castle,  Del.,  although  he  spent 
 a  short  time  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey.  He  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle  in  1809, 
 and  ordained  by  the  same,  April  3d,  1811.  His  first 
 charge  was  the  Upper  Octorara  congregation,  Chester 
 county.  Pa.,  where  he  remained  until  October  1st, 
 1850.  Soon  after,  he  built  up  a  new  church  at  Pen- 
 ningtonville,  in  the  same  county,  where  he  was  in- 
 stalled, November  11th,  18.V3.  and  which  he  continued 
 to  serve  until  June  1st.  1861.  He  died,  Jlay  30th, 
 1862. 
 
 Mr.  Latta  was  a  man  of  great  activity  and  energj-, 
 impulsive,  given  to  hospitality,  very  friendly,  social, 
 genial,  witty  and  conversable.  As  a  preacher,  his 
 sermons  were  oflT-hand  and  familiar,  but  had  many 
 striking  thoughts,  were  sound  and  solid,  and  dealt 
 plainly  with  sinners.  As  a  pastor,  he  was  faithful, 
 attentive  to  the  young,  the  sick  and  afllicted,  and  very 
 earnest  in  hunting  up  wanderers,  and  per.suading 
 people  to  attend  upon  the  means  of  grace.  He  was 
 ready  in  argument,  shrewd  in  silencing  errorists,  stood 
 up  for  the  Sabbath,  and  enforced  its  observance;  and 
 contended  earnestly  with  Romanism  and  infidelity. 
 He  was  a  warm-hearted  minister.  He  loved  his 
 27 
 
 brethren,  his  Presbytery,  his  Church,  his  country,  and 
 above  all,  he  loved  his  Saviour. 
 
 Latta,  James,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Ireland,  in  the 
 Winter  of  1732.  His  parents  migrated  to  this  country 
 when  he  was  about  six  or  seven  years  of  age.  He 
 graduated  at  the  College  of  Philadelphia  (now  the 
 University  of  Penn.sylvania),  at  the  first  Commence- 
 ment of  this  In.stitution,  and  as  a  proof  of  his  high 
 standing  there,  had  assigned  to  him,  on  that  occasion, 
 the  salutatory  oration  Ln  Latin.  He  was  Tutor  in  the 
 college  for  a  few  years,  during  which  he  studied  the- 
 ology under  the  Provost,  Kev.  Dr.  Francis  Alison, 
 and  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gosjiel,  February  15th, 
 1758,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia.  He  w;ia 
 ordained  by  the  same  Presbytery  in  October,  1759, 
 and,  by  direction  of  Synod,  spent  some  time  in  a 
 mission  to  the  then  destitute  settlements  of  Virginia 
 and  Carolina. 
 
 Mr.  Latta  was  in.stalled  pastor  of  the  congregation 
 of  Deep  Run,  in  Bucks  county,  Pa.,  in  17G1,  the 
 charge  of  which  he  resigned  in  1770.  On  the  second 
 Tuesday  of  Novemlier,  1771,  he  became  pastor  of  the 
 church  of  Chestnut  Level,  in  Lancaster  county,  Pa. 
 In  connection  with  this  pastorate,  and  to  aid  in  his 
 support,  he  established  a  school,  which  was  acquiring 
 celebrity  when  its  progress  was  arrested  by  the  break- 
 ing out  of  the  Revolutionary  war.  Subsequently, 
 the  Principal  of  a  school  in  the  bounds  of  the  con- 
 gregation having  been  suddenly  killed  by  a  stroke 
 of  lightning,  Mr.  Latta  was  constrained  to  take  charge 
 of  the  .school  for  a  few  years,  and  in  it  several  distin- 
 guished men  were  educated.  So  deep  was  his  interest 
 in  the  cause  of  American  liberty,  that  once,  in  the 
 course  of  the  war,  when  an  unusual  number  of  his 
 people  were  drafted  to  serve  in  the  militia,  with  a 
 view  to  encourage  them,  he  took  his  blanket  and 
 knapsack,  like  a  soldier,  and  actually  accompanied 
 them  on  their  campaign.  At  another  time  he  served 
 for  a  while  in  the  army,  as  a  Chaplain. 
 
 Dr.  Latta  labored  on  in  the  ministry  until  very 
 near  the  close  of  life.  He  died  January  29th,  1801. 
 As  a  teacher,  he  was  remarkably  well  qualified. 
 Without  severitj',  he  had  the  fiiculty  of  governing 
 well,  making  his  students  both  fear  and  love  him. 
 As  a  scholar,  too,  he  had  few  equals;  his  erudition 
 was  general  and  profound.  As  a  man,  he  was  truly 
 amiable  and  upright.  Possessing  a  very  affectionate 
 heart,  he  was  a  steady,  sincere  and  faithful  friend. 
 His  conversation  was  instructive  and  entertaining. 
 As  a  Christian  and  minister,  he  was  exemplary  to  a 
 remarkable  degree.  He  was  an  ornament  to  religion, 
 and  his  uniform  deportment  was  such  as  to  recom- 
 mend it  to  all  who  knew  him.  As  a  preacher,  he 
 maintained  a  high  rank.  His  naturally  strong  and' 
 penetrating  mind  was  well  furnished  by  reading  and 
 study;  his  style  of  writing  was  accurate  and  vigorous, 
 and  his  manner  in  the  pulpit  was  grave  and  im- 
 pressive. For  upwards  of  forty  years  he  latored 
 faithfullv  in  the  vinevard  of  the  Lord. 
 
LATTA. 
 
 418 
 
 LA  UGHLIN. 
 
 Latta,  Rev.  John  E'wing,  was  the  third  son  of 
 the  Rev.  Dr.  James  Lattii,  of  Chestnut  Level,  Lan- 
 caster county,  Pa.  He  received  ordination  on  the 
 13th  of  August,  1800,  and  was  tlie  pastor  during  the 
 whole  of  his  ministerial  life,  or  over  twenty-four 
 years,  of  the  united  churches  of  New  Castle  and 
 Christiana,  in  the  State  of  Delaware.  For  a  number 
 of  years  he  had  charge  of  an  academy  at  New  Castle, 
 and  several  distinguished  men  were  educated  by  him. 
 He  was  intelligent,  exemplary  and  conscientious, 
 attentive  to  the  afflicted  aud  the  anxious,  a  man  of 
 enlarged  views  and  liberal  feelings,  and  a  faithful, 
 clear  and  instructive  expounder  of  the  Word  of  God. 
 He  served  the  General  Assembly,  for  several  years,  as 
 their  Permanent  Clerk,  and  was  honored  with  other 
 important  offices  in  the  Church.  He  died  September, 
 26th,  1824.  Mr.  Latta  published  "A  Serious  and 
 Affectionate  Address  to  the  Citizens  of  the  United 
 States,  by  a  Society  lately  Established  for  the  Suji- 
 pres.sion  of  Vice  and  Immorality,"  also,  "An  Affec- 
 tionate and  Earnest  Address  of  a  Minister  to  the  People 
 under  his  Care,  on  the  Important  Subject  of  Practical 
 Religion,  with  Short  and  Easy  Catechisms  for  Chil- 
 dren, ' '  together  with  a  number  of  occasional  sermons. 
 Latta,  "William,  D.D.,  was  the  second  son  of  the 
 Rev.  James  Latta,  D.  D. ,  of  Chestnut  Level,  Lancaster 
 county,  Pa.  He  was  born  in  Bucks  county.  Pa.,  in 
 May,  1769.  In  early  life  his  attention  was  turned  to 
 agricultural  pursuits,  but  afterwards  he  resolved  to 
 obtain  a  collegiate  education.  He  graduated  at  the 
 University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  taught  for  some  time 
 in  that  Institution.  He  studied  theology  with  his 
 father,  in  connection  with  two  of  his  brothers.  He 
 was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  and 
 in  1798  he  was  ordained  and  installed,  by  the  same 
 Presbytery,  over  the  Great  Valley  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Chester  county.  Pa.  In  this  church  he  con- 
 tinued till  his  death,  which  occurred  in  February, 
 1847,  thus  ministering  to  the  same  people  for  well 
 nigh  half  a  century. 
 
 Dr.  Latta  was  an  exemplary  Christian,  an  able 
 preacher,  and  a  faithful  pastor.  He  was  a  close 
 student,  and  seldom  entered  his  pulpit  without 
 thorough  preparation.  On  all  occasions  he  zealously 
 and  fearlessly  declared  the  whole  counsel  of  God. 
 He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  Theological  Semi 
 nary  at  Princeton,  and  acted  for  many  years,  with  ! 
 great  fidelity,  as  a  Director  of  that  Institution.  He 
 was  justly  held  in  high  esteem  by  his  brethren  in 
 the  ministry,  and  during  the  troublous  times  in  the 
 Church  which  resulted  in  its  separation,  he  was 
 selected  by  his  Presbytery,  for  several  consecutive 
 years,  as  one  of  its  Commissioners  to  the  General 
 Assembly.  Dr.  Latta's  death  was  one  of  peculiar 
 privilege.  Like  that  of  the  devoted  Payson,  it  was 
 eminently  triumphant.  It  was  literally  a  translation 
 from  'glory  to  glory.'  A  Memorial  Sermon  of  him 
 was  preached  by  the  Rev.  John  McDowell,  D.  D.,  and 
 subsequently  published. 
 
 Latta,  Rev.  "William  "Wilson,  a  son  of  the 
 Rev.  Dr.  William  Latta,  was  born  iu  Chester  Valley, 
 Pa.,  July  1st,  1810.  He  graduated  at  the  College  of 
 New  Jersey  in  1831;  studied  theology  at  Princeton 
 Seminary,  and  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Castle,  in  June,  1837.  After  being  .stated  sup- 
 ply of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Waynesburg, 
 Chester  county.  Pa. ,  for  a  few  months,  he  was  chosen 
 its  pastor  in  1837,  and  continued  so  until  1858,  when 
 impaired  health  required  the  resignation  of  the 
 charge.  In  this  congregation  he  was  greatly  beloved, 
 and  his  labors  were  signally  blessed.  During  his 
 pastorate,  in  addition  to  the  steady  giowth  of  the 
 church,  it  received  large  accessions  to  its  member- 
 ship as  the  fruit  of  several  precious  revivals,  and  the 
 edifice  in  which  the  congiegation  now  worships  was 
 erected. 
 
 After  his  resignation  at  Waynesburg,  Mr.   Latta, 
 from   regard  to  health,  resided  two  Winters  in  the 
 South,    and   supplied    vacant    pulpits,    one    of  the 
 I  Winters  being  spent  in  Goldsboro,  N.  C,  where  his 
 ,  labors  were  highly  appreciated.     For  some  ten  years, 
 I  from  1867,  he  was  Principal  of  a  flourishing  Female 
 Seminary,  which  he  established  in  Walnut    street, 
 Philadelphia,  and  which  continues  to  prosper.     He 
 died  September  ,5111,  1883.      He  was  a  brother  uni- 
 versally beloved  for  his  affable,  courteous,  and  benev- 
 olent spirit,  an   earnest  and  devoted  Christian,  an 
 attractive  and  impressive  preacher,  and  by  his  puli>it, 
 his  seminary  and  his  example  of  fidelity  in  all  duty, 
 he  wielded  a  large  influence  for  the   grand  end  to 
 which  his  time  and  talents  were  consecrated. 
 
 Laughlin,  James,  Esq.,  was  born  in  Belfast, 
 Ireland,  in  1806,  and  died  in  the  city  of  Pittsburg, 
 December  18th,  1882,  where  for  many  years  he  was  an 
 honored,  exemplary  and  useful  elder  of  the  Presby- 
 bj^terian  Church.  Mr.  Laughlin  came  to  this  country, 
 and  to  that  city,  carlj'  in  life,  po.sse.ssed  of  very 
 limited  means.  He  began  his  business  life  with  the 
 intention  and  purpo.se  of  making  it  a  success.  He 
 planted  himself  on  the  sure  foundations  of  integrity, 
 honesty  and  frugality.  He  was  satisfied  with  mod- 
 erate gains,  and  was  never  tempted  to  indulge  iu 
 visionary  speculations.  For  fifty  years  or  more  he 
 remained  steadfast  in  his  vocation,  and  never  lost  his 
 allegiance  to  or  residence  in  the  city  of  his  adoption, 
 and  during  that  period,  by  the  accumulations  and 
 accretions  of  small  gains  at  first,  he  advanced  steadily 
 forward  until  he  had  secured  a  great  competency;  but 
 in  all  this  time  he  never  lost  sight  of  the  Saviour's 
 admonition  and  teaching,  "  MTiat  is  a  man  profited 
 if  he  shall  gain  the  whole  world  and  lose  his  own 
 soul?" 
 
 Mr.  Laughlin,  in  this  respect,  built  lor  himself  a 
 monument  more  enduring  than  granite.  Its  founda- 
 tion-stones were  laid  in  honor,  religion  and  benevo- 
 lence. As  wealth  increased  his  heart  opened  wider 
 and  wider  to  the  claims  which  the  gospel  presses 
 upon  true  believers.     He  was  not  niggardly  in  the 
 
LAI  Kir.. 
 
 419 
 
 L.I  11". 
 
 bestowment  of  his  gifts;  his  charities  were  nnstintcd 
 and  widespread,  and  given  witliout  grudging.  For 
 many  years  liis  affections  were  conspicuously  welded 
 to  the  interests  of  tlic  Western  Theological  Seminary. 
 For  it  he  labored,  i)rayed,  and  gave  of  his  substance, 
 and  in  the  days  of  its  perplexity  and  financial  embar- 
 rassment his  faith  never  failed  him.  His  contribu- 
 tions to  the  funds  of  this  In.stitution  amount  to  about 
 fifty  thousjind  dollars,  given  at  various  times,  and  in 
 the  most  unostenUitious  manner.  He  w;is  also  Presi- 
 dent of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Pennsylvania 
 Female  College,  from  its  foundation,  in  18G9,  and  one 
 of  its  most  liberal  patrons. 
 
 JAMC8  LACOULIN,  ESQ. 
 
 The  experience  of  Mr.  Liiughlin's  long  and  success- 
 ful business  life  furnishes  a  notable  example  to  young 
 men,  of  what  may  1m-  accomplished  by  an  admixture 
 of  religion,  an  unt;irnished  name  and  persevering 
 industry,  in  the  development  of  a  true  and  noble 
 character. 
 
 Laurie,  James,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  James  and 
 Marion  Laurie,  was  born  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland, 
 February  11th,  1778.  He  received  his  entire  educa- 
 tion, literary,  scientific  an<l  theological,  at  the  Uni- 
 versity of  Edinburgh,  and  was  licensed  to  prcjich 
 the  gospel  in  I'^OO,  it  is  believed,  by  the  As.sociate 
 Presbyterj-  of  Edinburgh.  After  preaching  for  aljout 
 two  years  as  a  probationer  in  his  native  country,  he 
 consented,  at  the  urgent  recjuest  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  John 
 M.  Ma.son,  who  was  then  in  Scotland,  to  migrate  to 
 the  United  States  and  enter  the  service  of  the  Asso- 
 ciate Reformed  Church.  A  new  congregation  of  this 
 Denomination  having  been  formed  in  Washington, 
 D.  C,  he  was  installed    its  pastor   in  June,    1803. 
 
 For  several  years  he  preached  in  the  old  Treasury 
 building,  which  w;is  burned  by  the  British  in  1814. 
 .\fter  much  persevering  labor,  in  connection  with 
 that  of  his  little  tlock,  he  had  the  pleasure,  early  in 
 1807,  to  see  a  substantial,  and  for  that  day  elegant, 
 brick  edifice  opened  for  divine  service.  It  was  the 
 .second  place  of  Protestant  worship  erected  in  the 
 metropolis.  In  that  building  he  continued  to  prejich 
 the  unsearchable  riches  of  fclhrist  during  a  period  of 
 Ibrty-si.x  years.  He  and  his  congreg;it ion  united 
 with  the  General  Assembly,  at  the  time  when  a  por- 
 tion of  the  Associate  Reformed  Churcli  formed  a 
 union  with  that  Body. 
 
 In  advanced  life  Dr.  Laurie  had  three  co-p:istors — 
 Rev.  Xinian  Baiinatyne,  ls4")-48;  Rev.  Levi  Chris- 
 tian, from  March  11th,  IX-^O,  until  the  Noveml>er 
 following;  and  Kev.  David  X.  Junkin  (afterwards 
 D.  D.),  who  was  installed  June  17th,  18.51,  and 
 continued  his  connection  with  the  church  till  Dr. 
 Laurie's  death,  which  occurred  April  If^th,  1853. 
 As  a  prciK'hcr,  Dr.  Laurie  w;us  quite  above  the  ordi- 
 nary standard.  His  discourses  might  generally  be 
 termed  mnmiv — compactly  ;irrangcd,  rich  in  thought, 
 copious  in  argument  and  illustration,  and  almost 
 invariably  exhausting  his  theme.  In  his  pastoral 
 I  duties  he  was  constant,  faithful  and  affectionate,  and 
 '  his  visitations  to  the  sick  and  distressed  were  attended 
 with  deep  sympathy  and  extraordinary  gentleness 
 and  tenderness. 
 
 I     Laverty,  Rev.  William  Willard,  was  born 
 in  Clearfield,  Pa.,  June  l.'ith,  \H-ZS.     He  graduated, 
 with   high   honor,  at  Washington   College,    Pa.,  in 
 1849.     He  was  ordained  by  the  PresbyttTy  of  Steuben- 
 1  ville,  October  .5th,  \Kii;  was  pa.stor  at  New  Cumber- 
 land,  Ohio,   1 -'.■):?-.■)() ;    pa.stor   at   Big  Spring,   lH."i4- 
 .")();  state<I  supply  at  WelLsville  and  Rist  Liverpool, 
 I  18o7-fi4;  Principal  at  Morgantown,  W.  Va.,  1864-65, 
 I  where  he  died,  Octoljer  28th,   1865.     His  labors  at 
 i  Wellsville  and  East  Liverpool  were  greatly  blessed 
 of  Goii.      During   his   mini.stry  here,   which  husted 
 .seven  years,  both  these  churches  enjoyed   precious 
 revivals.     Through  his  untiring  energy  a  heavy  debt 
 was  lifted  off  the  church  at  Wellsville,  and  thereafter 
 he  had  the  s;itisfaction  of  seeing  it  start  forward  in  a 
 1  new  career  of  prosperity.     Mr.  Laverty  w;us  emphati- 
 cally an  earnest  man.     He  devoted  himself  with 
 untiring  a.ssiduity  to  whatever  he   undertook,   and 
 loft  a  mi-mory  fragrant  with  the  odor  of  piety,  and 
 bles.sed  with  many  acts  of  sell-denial  and  la))or  in 
 the  service  of  Christ. 
 
 Law,  a  definite  commandment  impo.sed  on  intelli- 
 gent beings  by  competent  authority.  But  the  term  is 
 [  also  extended  to  inanimate  things,  and  then  it  implies 
 a  property  or  particular  mode  of  sequence.  Thus,  the 
 motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies  are  SJiid  to  be  in 
 obedience  to  certain  laws,  often  called  laws  of  nature. 
 Xo  law  can  enforce  itself  Compliance  with  it,  and 
 penalties  in  case  of  its  infraction,  depend  upon  the 
 power  of  the  lawgiver.     We  must  therefore  be  careful 
 
LAW. 
 
 420 
 
 LAW. 
 
 not  to  regard  a  law  as  something  apart  from  him  who 
 originally  established  it.  The  laws  of  nature  are  but 
 the  result  of  the  Creator's  will,  the  forms  of  His  gov- 
 ernment, which  could  not  hold  a  single  moment, 
 except  through  the  continuing  influence  of  His  au- 
 thority. 
 
 According  to  our  notion  of  law,  it  is  visible  every- 
 where, for  the  sustentation  and  well-being  of  the 
 whole  framework  of  creaiion.  It  is  thus  that  from 
 causes  flow  corresponding  eifects.  If  we  could  im- 
 agine it  otherwise,  if,  the  causes  being  the  same,  the 
 efisctswere  different,  from  machinery  so  disorganized 
 destruction  must  ensue.  Hence,  we  may  appreciate 
 the  fault  of  disobedience  to  moral  laws;  it  disiippoints 
 the  whole  purpose  of  the  creature's  being,  and  must 
 be  followed  by  rectification  or  punishment.  It  is  not 
 without  ample  ground,  then,  that  Hooker  has  said : 
 "Of  law  there  can  be  no  less  acknowledged  than  that 
 her  .seat  is  the  bosom  of  God,  her  voice  the  harmony 
 of  the  world;  all  things  in  heaven  and  earth  do  her 
 homage,  the  very  least  a.s  feeling  her  care,  and  the 
 greatest  as  not  exempted  from  her  power;  but  angels 
 and  men,  and  creatures  of  what  condition  soever, 
 though  each  in  different  sort  and  manner,  yet  all  with 
 uniform  consent,  admiring  her  as  the  mother  of  their 
 peace  and  joy." 
 
 Of  physical  laws,  our  knowledge  is  gatliered  from 
 observation  of  their  effects;  results  are  laid  together; 
 and  from  the  comparison  the  operation  of  the  regu- 
 lating law  which  governs  them  is  deduced.  From 
 some  natural  effects,  too,  certain  higher  conclusions 
 maybe  sometimes  drawn;  as  when  St.  Paul  shows 
 that  "by  the  things  that  are  made"  "the  eternal 
 power  and  Godhead "  of  the  Deity  might  be  seen 
 (Rom.  i,  20).  But  generally  moral  laws  must  be 
 known  from  God  Himself,  either  by  some  principle 
 which  He  implants  in  the  mind,  as  the  natural  con- 
 science, or  by  the  actual  revelations  which  He  makes. 
 The  word  "law"  is  occasionally  used  in  Scripture 
 in  a  large  sense,  but  more  frequently,  with  the  article 
 prefixed,  or  other  limitation,  to  express  God's  revealed 
 will,  especially  that  which  was  made  known  in  the 
 earlier  dispensation,  or  that  written  in  the  Penta- 
 teuch. Hence  "the  law"  occurs  sometimes  in  a 
 kind  of  opposition  to  that  fuller  display  of  the  dixine 
 purpose  manifested  in  Christ:  e.  g.,  "The  law  was 
 given  by  Moses;  but  grace  aud  truth  came  by  Jesus 
 Christ"  (John  i,  17;  compare  Gal.  iii,  2,  5,  18). 
 
 By  the  deeds  of  the  law  it  is  repeatedly  said  no 
 one  is  justified  in  God's  sight  (Rom.  iii,  20,  28), 
 because  they  are  imperfect,  and  do  not  reach  that 
 exact  conformity  with  the  Divine  will  which  is  neces- 
 sarily required;  in  men's  sight,  however,  they  do 
 justify,  as  evidencing  the  principle  which  is  working 
 in  the  heart,  without  which  evidence  we  cannot 
 suppose  that  the  principle  exists  (James  ii,  14-26). 
 
 The  law,  as  noted  above,  sometimes  comprehen- 
 sively signifies  the  whole  of  the  Old  Testament  reve- 
 lation, as  where,  in  John  x,  34,  a  Psalm  (Lxxxii,  6)  is 
 
 referred  to  under  the  name.  But  the  code  delivered 
 by  Moses  is  that  more  properly  so  termed,  and  it  will 
 be  now  examined.  It  is  usual  to  distribute  its  pro- 
 ^^sions  into  moral,  ceremonial,  and  political.  This 
 distinction,  indeed,  is  not  perfectly'  accurate;  a  cere- 
 monial observance,  for  examijle,  might  have  also  a 
 moral  and  political  aspect.  But  similar  objections 
 would  lie  to  every  other  mode  of  classification;  it 
 will  therefore  be  adhered  to  here. 
 
 Tlie  moral  law  includes  those  precepts  which  regu- 
 late a  man's  conduct  towards  his  Creator,  and  towards 
 his  fellow-creatures.  It  is  embodied  in  the  Ten  Com- 
 mandments, or  words  (so  they  are  called  in  the  origi- 
 nal) delivered  on  Sinai  (Exod.  xx,  1-17),  and  repeated 
 with  nosubstantial  difference  by  Moses  (Deut.  v,  6-21) ; 
 and  it  has  been  condensed  by  our  Lord  into  two  em- 
 phatic sentences,  "  Thou  shalt  love  the  Lord  thy  God^ 
 with  all  thy  heart,  and  with  all  thy  soul,  and  with 
 all  thy  mind;"  "Thou  shalt  love  thy  neighbor  as 
 thyself, ' '  ( Matt,  xxii,  37-40. )  ThL'se  are  perfect  laws ; 
 if  really  fulfilled,  they  would  constitute  a  sufficient 
 righteousness  before  God;  their  end  and  object  is 
 complete  holiness  of  heart  and  life. 
 
 The  ceremonial  law  prescribed  the  modeof  Ilelirew 
 wor.ship,  and  was,  be-sides,  constructed  with  an  elabo- 
 rate reference  to  the  great  gospel  doctrines  whioli 
 should  be  at  last  fully  revealed  to  mankind.  In  the 
 performance  of  its  rites  intelligent  devotion  would 
 be  called  forth,  &nd  men's  minds  prepared  for  future 
 development.  Suited  for  a  present  purpose,  these 
 rites  were  also  .shadows,  with  a  definite  relation  to 
 the  substance  which  was  to  supersede  them.  They 
 were  tj'pes  and  figures  of  better  things  to  come  (Gal. 
 iv,  3-5).  They  were  Connected  with  the  moral  .law 
 because,  while  th.at  demanded  undivided  reverence 
 to  God,  they  showed  how  that  reverence  might  be 
 paid ;  and  when  the  moral  law  was  broken  they 
 held  out  the  hope  of  reparation  for  the  fault.  They 
 were  connected  with  the  political  law ;  for  they 
 separated  Israel  from  other  nations,  and  with  their 
 sanctions  were,  so  to  speak,  the  framework  of  the 
 theocracy. 
 
 The  political  law  regulated  the  relations  of  man 
 to  man  in  society,  exhibiting  God  in  His  theocratical 
 aspect  as  the  legislator  and  monarch  of  Israel,  and 
 constituted  the  statutes  of  His  kingdom.  These 
 statutes  were  excellent,  but  in  the  nature  of  things 
 !  they  were  not  perfect.  Their  excellence  consisted  in 
 their  adaptation  to  the  people  to  whom  they  were 
 I  given.  Human  legislators  are  perfectly  aware  that 
 it  is  necessary  to  educate  men  up  to  a  good  system. 
 '  That  political  constitution  which  is  the  pride  and 
 blessing  of  those  who  know  how  to  use  and  enjoy  it, 
 might  inflict  the  most  fatal  evils  on  a  nation  which 
 did  not  understand  and  was  not  prepared  for  it. 
 Laws,  therefore,  are  made  suited  to  the  growth  of 
 those  for  whom  they  are  intended.  They  should  be 
 a  little  in  advance  of  the  age,  to  lead  men  gradually 
 forward;  were  they  more  than  that  little,  they  would 
 
LA  W. 
 
 421 
 
 LA  ir. 
 
 be  as  useless  as  a  musical  instrument  in  the  hands  of  Deut.  xxii,  1-7,  xxv,  4)— surely,  in  these  and  many 
 one  who  luid  never  learned  to  touch  it,  and  whose  other  particulars  which  might  be  named,  the  Mosaic 
 rude  handling  would  produce  not  harmony  but  dis-  code  gives  unniistakabli-  proof  that  it  was  no  barbar- 
 cord;  they  would  be  as  dangerous  as  a  sword  in  the  ous  head  that  devised,  no  rash  hand  that  penned  it. 
 grasp  of  a  savage,  which  he  would  use  for  mischief, 
 not  for  legitimate  defence.     God's  wisdom,  then,  is 
 
 seen  in  fitting  the  system  of  law  Hs  promulgated  to 
 the  more  rude  and  untutored  st;it«  of  the  Hebrew 
 people.  It  mitigated  many  evils,  it  contributed  to 
 reline  and  ameliorate  their  habits;  and  it  is  no  im- 
 peachment of  its  merit  to  s;iy  that  there  might  and 
 would  come  a  stiite  of  society  which  had  outgrown 
 it.  Our  Lord  distinctly  announced  this  principle 
 when  He  said  that  Moses,  for  the  hardness  of  their 
 hearts,  suffered  the  Israelites  to  put  away  their  wives 
 (Matt,  xix,  8).  The  concession  was  made  to  bar 
 greater  enormities.  So  slavery  w;us  regulat<'ii,  not 
 prohibited.  It  is  for  want  of  jH-rceiving  this  that 
 some  have  fallen  into  si-rious  error,  and  have  dared 
 
 The  law  of  Moses  had  its  peculiar  and  most  suit- 
 able position,  in  that  it  was  preparatory  to  a  better 
 covenant.  In  no  sense  did  it  contradict  the  coming 
 dispensation;  it  was  the  seed  of  the  future  tree;  it 
 Wii-s  the  elementary  introduction  to  a  more  developed 
 system.  .\nd  thus  our  Lord  declari'd  that  He  came 
 not  to  destroy  but  to  fulfill  it  (Matt,  v,  17);  to  reveal 
 that  which  it  pre-signified;  to  give  all  its  types  their 
 perfect  realization ;  to  establish  that  s|)irit  ual  kingdom 
 which  carried  to  its  liighest  glory  the  theocratic  prin- 
 ciple of  the  earlier  polity;  to  inspire  the  only  effectual 
 motive  which  could  ensure  obedience  to  its  moral 
 precepts,  and  thus  to  be  ''the  end  of  the  la%v  for 
 righteousness  toevery(me  that  believeth"  (Rom.  x,  4). 
 The  law  w;us  imperfect   onl.N   when   it  was  stretched 
 
 to  charge  God  foolishly.  They  have  forgotten  that  |  Ix-yond  its  mea.sure.  It  wius  "  weak  through  tlu' flesh  " 
 it  was  a  corrupt  world  for  which  the  legislation  was  j  (viii,  3);  and  the  fault  of  the  Jews  was  th;it  they  did 
 t<j  ^je.  not  recognize  its  true  character  as  introductory,  as 
 
 There  is  no  ground  for  attributing  inhumanity  to  leading  to  and  comi)leted  by  Christ.  It  was  when 
 the  Mosaic  code.  A  fi^w  of  its  provisions  may  be  it  was  thus  perverted  from  its  re;d  signiticjltion  that 
 noted.     It  emiwdies,  first  of  all,  the  princijjle   that    the  ajMistles  had  to  correct  the  error,  denouncing,  not 
 
 crime  must  be  regarded  not  merely  as  a  breach  of 
 human  law,  but  as  sin  against  God.  No  other  code 
 has  taught  this  high  doctrine.  Hence  the  stringency 
 of  its  enactments,  bcciiu.se  disobedience  Wiis  a  fault 
 against  the  heavenly  King.  Besides,  stringency  is  no 
 defect.  It  is  for  the  welfare  of  the  governed.  In 
 biirbarous  countries  laws  are  not  stringent,  except 
 when  some  special  interest  is  involved.  They  are 
 often  evaded;  they  may  be  tampered  with.  And  the 
 uncertainty  of  their  application  encourages  crime. 
 It  has  been  said  that  the  penalties  of  the  Mosaic  code 
 were  severe.     They  were  less  so  than  in  many  eivil- 
 
 the  law  it.self,  but  the  miserable  usi-  that  was  made 
 of  the  law.  Even  under  the  Mosaic  dispensation, 
 righteousness  was  not  obtained  by  legal  observance. 
 Hence  the  necessity  of  a  constant  repetition  of  the 
 saerifices  prescribed  (Heb.  x,  1-4).  So  that  from  the 
 elder  testament  St.  I'aul  argues  for  the  righteousness 
 of  faith  (Kom.  iv).  But  it  is  not  to  be  concluded 
 that  the  law  is  in  no  respect  now  bin<ling  upon 
 believers  in  Christ.  So  far  as  it  was  x>olitical,  indeed, 
 it  came  to  an  end  when  the  Jews  were  no  longer  a 
 state,  and  settled  people.  So  far  as  it  was  ceremonial, 
 its  .shadows  disiippeared  before  the  substantive  things 
 
 ized  countries  in  modern  times.     Tlie  punishment  of  |  which  they  betokened.     But,  in  .so  far  as  its  precepts 
 
 exhibit  the  pure  character  of  God  the  lawgiver,  they 
 are  a  moral  obligation  upon  His  servants.  His  holy 
 commandments  bec^oine  their  delight.  So  that  for 
 any  to  profess  to  belong  to  Him,  and  yet  to  disregard 
 His  revealed  wiU,  would  be  a  mon-strous  contradiction. 
 La-w,  Rev.  John  GrOrdon,  was  the  only  son  of 
 Dr.  John  S.  and  Sarah  (Gordon)  Law,  and  was  born 
 in  Columbia,  Tenn.,  September  14th,  18:!9.  He  was 
 a  student  at  Jackson  College,  Tenn.,  and  subsecjuently 
 was  under  the  tuition  of  Mr.  "Whitehall,  of  Mem- 
 
 death  was  inflicted  for  but  four  or  live  el;Ls.ses  of 
 crimes,  murder,  treason  ^ which  in  the  tlieoiracy 
 included  witchcraft,  idolatry,  etc.),  man-.stealing, 
 foul  sensuality,  and  perverse  filial  disobedience.  Less 
 severe  penalties  would  have  altogether  failed  in 
 cheeking  the  peculiar  tendencies  of  Israel  to  crime. 
 And  the  actual  punishment  w;ls  not  cruel;  there  was 
 neither  torture  nor  prolonged  suffering  inflicted. 
 But  look  at  the  positive  side  of  Hebrew  legislation. 
 Observe    its   care   for   human   life   (Deut.   xxi,  1-9; 
 
 .xxii,  8),  its  consideration  for  the  poor  (Lev.  xix,  '  phis,  Tenn.  He  graduated  at  Columbia  Theological 
 9,  10),  its  inculcation  of  charity  (Deut.  xv,  11),  its  \  Seminarj',  in  1870,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 injunction  that  no  .servant  should  go  forth  from  his  '  Presbytery  of  Memphis,  June  10th,  1869.  After 
 master  empty  (,1--H)>  its  provi.sions  for  general  '  graduating  he  went  abroad,  and  pursued  his  studies 
 relea.se  (Lev.  xxv),  its  regulation  of  pledges  (Deut.  I  for  sometime,  at  Edinboro  and  Belfast.  Returning 
 xxiv,  6,  10-12),  its  enactment  that  wages  should  be  ;  to  America,  in  1872,  he  was  ordained  and  installed 
 punctually  paid  (15),  its  protection  of  an  escaped  pastor  of  the  Presb^'terian  Church.  Walhalla,  S.  C, 
 slave  (xxHi,  15,  16),  its  setting  apart  seasons  of  in  November,  1873,  where  he  labored,  with  much 
 rejoicing  in  which  all  were  to  share  (xvi,  11),  its  success,  until  1876.  Absent  again  from  the  country, 
 exempti<.ns  from  military  service  (xx,  5-7,  xxiv,  5),  '  for  two  years,  on  his  return,  in  1878,  he  was  elected 
 its   humane  care   of   animals  (Exod.   xxiii,  10,    11;    evangelist  of  South  Carolina  Presbytery,  m  which 
 
LA  WRENCE. 
 
 422 
 
 LEAKE. 
 
 field  liis  labors  were  much  blessed,  until  January 
 1st,  1879,  when  he  was  invited  to  tike  charge  of  the 
 Circular  (Congregational)  Church  of  Charleston.  He 
 accepted  a  call  from  the  Darlington  Presbyterian 
 Church,  in  April,  1879,  and  was  installed  as  its 
 pastor  November  8th  of  that  year.  This  is  his  present 
 field  of  labor.  Mr.  Law  is  a  man  of  deep  piety,  and 
 wholly  devoted  to  the  advancement  of  Christ's  king- 
 dom. He  is  an  earnest  and  eSective  preacher.  His 
 mind  is  methodical  in  its  working,  .so  that  it  is 
 easy  to  follow  his  line  of  argument.  As  an  evan- 
 gelist his  labors  were  greatly  blessed.  .\.s  a  pastor 
 he  is  diligent  and  faitliful,  and  he  has  strength- 
 ened and  built  up  the  churches  of  wliich  he  has 
 had  charge. 
 
 Lawrence,  Rev.  Samuel,  was  born  in  Phila- 
 delphia, December  28th,  1795;  spent  some  time  in 
 Princeton  College,  which  conferred  upon  him  the  de- 
 gree of  A.  M.,  in  1823;  entered  Princeton  Seminary 
 in  1820,  remaining  there  two  years,  and  was  licen.sed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia  in  l^'i'i.  Stated 
 supply  at  Bridgeton  and  Greenwich,  X.  .T.,  18215-24; 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  Nov. 
 10th,  1824;  pastor  at  Greenwich,  1824-47;  missionary 
 in  New  Jersej-,  1847-50;  pastor  at  Milroy,  Pa.,  1850- 
 57;  stated  supply  and  missionarj'  in  Pennsylvania, 
 18.57-75.  He  died  at  Le\vistown,  Pa.,  August  30th, 
 1875,  in  the  eightieth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  gentle, 
 sympathetic  and  wise,  and  gifted  with  eminent  piety. 
 His  characteristics  as  a  preacher,  were  unpretending 
 simplicity,  love  of  souls,  faithfulness,  soundness  in 
 the  faith  and  instruct iven&ss.  His  end  was,  like  his 
 life,  peaceful. 
 
 Lawson,  Orr,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Reimersburg, 
 Clarion  county,  Pa.,  October  17th,  1831.  Gradu- 
 ating at  Jefterson  College  in  1856,  he  entered  the 
 Seminary  at  .A^Uegheny,  and  after  finishing  hLs  course, 
 was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Clarion,  April, 
 18.59,  and  entered  on  the  work  of  the  ministry  at 
 Buchanan  and  French  Creek,  Va.,  and  remained 
 there  until  the  Presbytery  of  Lexington  seceded 
 from  the  General  Assembly,  in  18G1.  He  then  re- 
 turned to  Pennsylvania,  and  soou  after  took  charge  of 
 tlie  churches  of  Sinking  Valley  and  Logan's  Valley, 
 starting  a  flourishing  academy  and  remaining  with 
 these  churches  about  si.x  years,  leaving  them  strong 
 enough  to  support  a  pastor  in  each.  He  then  ac- 
 cepted a  call  to  Sinking  Valley  for  all  his  time. 
 Here  he  remained  one  year,  the  congregation,  in  the 
 meantime,  building  a  beautiful  parsonage.  In  1869 
 he  took  charge  of  the  Church  of  Sunbury,  Pa.,  and 
 remained  a  year  and  three  months.  In  the  Spring 
 of  1870  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  O.-cford,  Pa.,  where  for  thirteen  years  he 
 had  a  sucees.sful  ministry.  He  has  been  much  blessed 
 in  his  labors,  is  instructive  and  earnest  a.s  a  preacher, 
 and  diligent  and  fiithful  in  pastoral  duty.  In  the 
 Fall  of  1883  he  accepted  the  pastorate  of  the  Second 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Pottsvillc,  Pa. 
 
 Lay  Representation.  The  right  of  the  laity 
 to  a  voice  in  the  government  of  the  Church  was  recog- 
 nized in  apostolic  times,  for  lay  elders  and  deacons 
 were  chosen  in  and  by  each  congregation,  subject  to 
 the  approval  of  the  apostles.  In  the  Apostolic  Coun- 
 cil of  Jerusalem,  the  entire  Church  participated. 
 But  witli  the  rise  of  sacerdotalism  tlie  laity  de- 
 clined in  power,  until  they  were  entirely  ignored 
 in  the  Church  councils;  indeed,  the  Council  of  Trent 
 anathematizes  the  Scripture  idea  of  the  priesthood  of 
 all  believers.  Luther  broke  the  string  which  tied 
 the  tongue  of  the  laity,  and  introduced  the  novelty 
 of  lay  representation.  In  the  Presbyterian  churches 
 thr<iughout  tlie  world  the  laity  have  representation 
 in  (11,  the  Session,  composed  of  the  pa.stor  and  the 
 elders,  both  elected  by  the  congregation;  (2),  in 
 Presbytery,  composed  of  the  ministers,  and  one  elder 
 from  each  congregation  in  a  certain  district;  (3),  in 
 Synod,  composed  of  all  the  ministers  and  one  elder 
 from  each  congregation,  in  a  larger  district  embracing 
 .several  Presbyteries;  (4),  in  General  Assembly,  com- 
 posed of  ministers  and  elders  in  equal  luimbers, 
 elected  by  Presbytery. 
 
 Lea,  Richard,  D.  D.,  was  hmn  in  Coventry, 
 England,  in  1810.  The  triumphant  death  of  his 
 father  made  a  deep  impression  upon  him,  and  early 
 in  life  he  gave  his  heart  to  God.  He  graduated  at 
 the  Western  University,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  in  1832,  anil 
 at  the  Western^  Theological  Seminar_y  in  1835.  He 
 was  installed  over  the  Lawreneeville  Presbyterian 
 Church,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Ohio,  in  1836,  and  was 
 sole  pa,stor  for  forty  years;  and  seven  years  longer 
 with  Kev.  John  McCounell  as  colleague.  His  long 
 pastorate  was  a  happy  and  successful  one.  Perfectly 
 frank  witli  his  people,  their  love  i'or  liim  was  con- 
 stant. Dr.  Lea,  in  1866,  represented  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  with  Jlr.  Alexander  Cameron,  in  the  Church 
 of  Scotland.  He  has  written  a  few  small  works,  but 
 many  articles  for  various  papers  and  periodicals.  He 
 still  resides  at  Pittsburg,  and  is  highly  esteemed  for 
 fidelity  and  excellent  Christian  character. 
 
 Leake,  Rev.  Lemuel  Fordham,  the  son  of 
 Amos  and  Nancy  (Strong)  Leake,  was  born  at  Ches- 
 ter, Morris  county,  N.  .1.,  in  1790.  He  graduated  at 
 New  Jersey  College,  in  1814,  and  spent  two  years  in 
 teaching  the  Union  Classical  School  at  Baskingridge, 
 and  after  studying  theology,  two  sessions,  at  Prince- 
 ton, and  then  (inder  the  direction  of  Kev.  Dr.  Joseph 
 Campbell,  he  was  licensed  by  Newton  Presbytery, 
 October  7th,  1818.  He  was  pastor  of  the  churches  of 
 O.xford  and  Harmony,  N.  .T.,  from  1812  to  1825,  and 
 from  that  time  until  1831  was  engaged  ^^^th  several 
 of  the  missions  connected  with  the  Church.  From 
 1831  to  1850  he  was  pastor  of  the  Old  Chartiers 
 Church,  near  Canonsburg.  Pa.,  as  successor  to  Dr. 
 JlcJIillan.  He  resigned  his  charge  to  become  Presi- 
 dent of  Franklin  College,  Ohio.  Subsequently  he 
 labored  for  several  years  at  Zelienople,  Pa.,  and  then 
 took  charge  of  an  academy  at  Waveland,  Ind.,  preach- 
 
LEAVENWORTK. 
 
 423 
 
 LEFTWICH. 
 
 ing  occasionally,  as  the  Lord  opened  the  way  for  him. 
 He  (lied,  December  1st,  1S66.  Mr.  Leake's  cla.s.sical 
 and  theological  attainments  were  of  a  high  order,  and 
 lie  was  a  writer  of  considerable  force.  His  remark- 
 able scholarship  eminently  (lualified  him  for  the 
 work  whieh  the  Lord  had  put  upon  him. 
 
 LeavenTvorth,  Rev.  Abner  Johnson,  wa.s 
 Iwrn  July  2d,  1803,  atWaterbury,  New  Haven  county, 
 Conn.  He  graduated  at  Amherst  College,  in  the  class 
 of  182.5;  studied  theology  at  Audover;  was  licensed 
 to  preach  April  22d,  1828;  supplied  the  Congregational 
 Church  in  Orange.  Conn.,  for  one  year;  was  ordained 
 jia.stor  of  Congregational  Chureli  in  Bristol,  Conn.,l)y 
 a  councU  convened  for  the  purpose,  December  16th, 
 1829,  and  continued  pastor  till  1831,  when  he  resigned, 
 and  removed  to  Charlotte,  N.  C. ,  to  become  Principal 
 of  the  Young  Ladies'  Seminary  at  that  place.  In 
 1838  he  removed  to  W.arrenton,  Va.,  where  he  was 
 engaged  in  the  cares  of  a  school,  when  eillcd,  in  the 
 year  1840,  to  the  High  Street  Presbyterian  Church,  in 
 Petersburg,  wliere  he  remained  the  p.istor  about  four 
 years.  During  this  period  a  very  memorable  awaken- 
 ing occurred  under  his  ministry,  which  extended  to 
 other  churches,  and  was  blessed  in  many  wonderful 
 and  genuine  conversions  to  God. 
 
 Resigning  in  1844,  he  was  drawn  again  toward  that 
 employment  which  seemed  to  be  the  great  Providen- 
 tial allotment  for  him,  and  to  which  he  wiis  most  en- 
 thu-siastically  devoted.  He  became,  bj'  far,  a  most 
 conspicuous  educator,  in  his  particular  field.  He  erect- 
 ed important  buildings,  and  founded  a  college  which 
 bore  his  name,  and  gathered  patronage  and  credit  from 
 many  different  regions.  He  was  distinguished  for  the 
 thoroughness  of  his  teaching,  and  loved  his  work,  not 
 chiefly  for  its  emoluments,  which  were  very  large, 
 but  from  strong  sentiments  of  interest  for  the  thor- 
 ough advancement  of  those  who  became  his  pupils. 
 
 Mr.  Leavenworth  was  an  active  founder  of  the 
 Educational  Association  of  Virginia.  He  died,  Feb- 
 ruary 12tli,  1869.  He  bequeathed  nearly  .84.500,  to  be 
 employed  ( in  its  interests)  in  the  education  of  a  foreign 
 missionary,  or  for  other  calls  connected  with  the 
 Church.  He  was  an  eminently  sound  and  able  preacher 
 of  the  Word,  singularly  gifted  in  prayer,  industrious, 
 even  in  later  years,  in  sermon  writing,  and  in  study 
 for  the  pulpit,  and  exemplified,  in  many  ways,  strong 
 tenacity  of  purpose  and  steady  adherence  to  his  work. 
 
 Leech,  Richard  Treat,  so  named  in  honor  of 
 Richard  Treat,  his  step-grandfather,  one  of  the  early 
 Professors  of  Princeton  College,  N.  J.,  was  born  at 
 Cheltenham  (the  home  of  his  ancestors),  Mont^ 
 gomery  county.  Pa.,  October  3d,  1775.  His  early 
 years  were  spent  in  that  county.  Though  his  oppor- 
 tunities for  education  were  only  such  a-s  were  fur- 
 nished by  the  schools  of  his  neighborhood,  he  was 
 subsequently  known  as  a  man  of  extensive  general 
 knowledge,  and  as  a  writer  and  speaker  of  more  than 
 ordinary  power.  In  the  years  1809  and  1810  he  was 
 elected  to  the  Legislature  of  the  State,  then  sitting 
 
 at  Lancaster.  Returning  to  his  farm  (a  portion  of 
 the  old  family  estate),  he  remained  there,  busied   in 
 
 '  building  and  improving,  until  called  to  Harrisburg, 
 by  Governor  Snyder,  in  1813,  to  fill  the  office  of  Sur- 
 veyor General  of  the  State.  He  was  re-appointed  to 
 the  same  office,  by  Governor  .Snyder,  in  181.5,  at  his 
 third  election  to  the  office  of  Chief  Magistrate  of  the 
 Commonwealth.  During  the  war  of  1812-14,  with 
 Great  Britain,  Mr.  Leech,  with  every  clerk  in  his 
 office  except  one,  joined  the  army.  The  regiment  to 
 which  thev  were  attached  lav  at  York  for  .some  weeks, 
 but  was  never  called  into  action.  Leaving  Harris- 
 burg shortly  after  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  office, 
 he  removed,  in  1818,  to  l'ittsl)urg,  and  engaged  in 
 mercantile  pursuits,  but  not  meeting  the  success  which 
 
 j  he  anticipated,  he  returned  to  the  Capital  in  1821. 
 
 !  Four  years  later,  in  1825,  he  was  chosen  an  elder 
 in  the  Church  at  Harrisburg,  and  continued  to  serve 
 the  church  till  1837,  when  he  removed  again  to 
 Pittsburg,  where  he  died,  August  26th,  1850. 
 
 Mr.  Leech  was  a  man  of  fine  abilities,  of  very 
 firm,  decided  and  honorable  character.  For  the  many 
 years  in  which  he  occupied  public  position  at  the 
 Capital  of  the  State,  he  sustained  an  untainted  reput;i- 
 tion.  In  all  his  official  relations  he  was  greatly 
 esteemed.  He  was  an  ardent  lover  of  his  country, 
 a  thorough  Christian  patriot.  In  social  life  he  was 
 an  example  of  urbane  manners,  of  warm  and  genial 
 friendship,  of  generous  hospitality,  and  he  was  every- 
 where welcomed  as  a  man  of  courteous  and  kind 
 disposition.  He  loved  the  kingdom  of  Christ,  and 
 for  its  welfare  he  gave  toils  and  prayers  and  cares. 
 Humble,  kind,  sympathizing  and  laithful,  he  was 
 loved  as  a  Christian  friend,  and  trusted  as  a  coun- 
 sellor. 
 
 Lefevre,  Rev.  Jacob  Amos,  was  born  in 
 Pennsylvania.  He  graduated  at  Pennsylvania  Col- 
 lege, in  1851.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Baltimore,  Octolier  26th,  1856,  and  has  been 
 pastor  of  the  Fourth  Church  (Franklin  Square), 
 Baltimore,  Md.,  1856.  Mr.  Lefevre  is  an  able, 
 earnest  and  effi-ctive  preacher,  a  good  pastor,  and 
 has  been  blessed  in  his  ministry. 
 
 Leftwich,  James  Turner,  D.  D.,  was  born 
 January  3d,  18.35,  at  Liberty,  Bedford  county,  Va. 
 His  lather,  Thomas  L.  Leftwich,  Esq..  was  for  many 
 years  a  ruling  elder  in  the  Presb\'terian  Church.  His 
 mother  was  the  youngest  daughter  of  Rev.  James 
 Turner,  of  Virginia,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  pulpit 
 orators  of  his  day. 
 
 Dr.  Leftwich  was  educated  partly  at  Yale  and  partly 
 at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  where  he  was  gradu- 
 ated in  the  year  18.56.  His  studies  preparatory  to 
 the  work  of  the  ministry  were  prosecuted  at  the  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  New  York  city.  From  the 
 Seminary  he  proceeded  at  once  to  Alexandria,  Va., 
 where  for  ten  years  he  was  pastor  of  the  Second  Pres- 
 byterian Church.     In   1869  he  removed  to  Atlanta, 
 
 \  Ga.,  and    took  charge  of  the  Central   Presbyterian 
 
LE  MERCIER. 
 
 42i 
 
 VESCOT. 
 
 Church.  In  1879  he  came  to  his  present  field,  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Baltimore,  Sid. 
 
 In  his  college  days  he  had  already  develoijed  quali- 
 ties that  promised  lai'ge  usefulness.  His  oratorical 
 gifts  were  of  a  rare  order.  With  a  polished  bearing, 
 a  graceful  action,  a  warm  imagination,  a  vigorous 
 logic,  an  etfective  voice,  a  felicitous  command  of  lan- 
 guage, he  attracted  wide  attention  in  the  debating 
 societies,  or  wherever  he  spoke 
 
 His  purpose  had  been  to  enter  the  Bar,  where  lie 
 must  have  reached  a  conspicuous  and  honored  place; 
 but,  becoming  a  Chri.stian,  at  Princeton,  he  resolved 
 
 JAMES  TURNER   LEFTWICH,  D.  D. 
 
 to  give  himself  to  the  gospel  ministry,  and  com- 
 menced a  course  of  severe  study,  that,  with  his  natural 
 gifts  have  fitted  him  for  such  important  service  as  a 
 pastor,  a  scholar,  a  theologian  and  a  preacher  of  the 
 Word. 
 
 Le  Mercier,  Andrew,  pastor  of  the  French 
 Reformed  or  Huguenot  Church,  in  Boston,  1715  to 
 1748.  He  was  a  native  of  Caen,  in  Normandy,  France, 
 and  entered  the  Academy  of  Geneva,  in  1712.  He 
 came  to  Bo.ston  immediately  after  graduation,  having 
 been  called  to  succeed  the  excellent  Dailli.  He  died 
 in  Boston,  31st  March,  17(54.  He  was  the  author  of 
 ■fwo  works,  "  The  Church  History  of  Geneva,  in  five 
 books,  with  a  Political  and  Geograjihical  Account  of 
 that  Republic,"  published  in  Boston,  in  1732,  and 
 "A  Treatise  Against  Detraction,"  in  ten  sections, 
 Boston,  1733. 
 
 Lenox,  James,  Esq.,  an  honored  elder  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  was  born  in  New  York  city, 
 August  19th,  ISIJO.     Alter  graduating  from  Columbia 
 
 College,  and  completing  the  study  of  law,  he  entered 
 his  father's  counting-house,  where  he  was  matured 
 by  the  experiences  of  business  life.  Upon  the  death 
 of  his  father  he  retired  from  business,  and  devoted 
 his  life  to  special  studies,  and  to  works  of  Christian 
 benevolence  and  philanthropy.  He  died  Februaiy 
 17th,  1880.  No  man  ever  lived  in  New  York  who 
 was  more  universally  esteemed,  or  whose  death  was 
 more  sincerely  regretted.  He  was  a  man  of  singnlar 
 purity  of  life,  and  of  such  high  character  and  un- 
 blemished reputation  as  to  secure  the  confidence  of 
 the  whole  community.  With  a  large  fortune  at 
 command,  he  was  the  supporter  of  every  good  work. 
 
 Tliough  liljeral  in  tlie  support  of  all  enterpri.ses 
 having  in  view  tlie  intellectual,  moral  and  spiritual 
 improvement  of  men,  Mr.  Lenox'  name  is  most 
 prominently  identified  with  the  Presbyterian  Hospital 
 in  the  City  of  New  York,  of  the  Board  of  Managers 
 of  which  he  was  the  venerable  and  beloved  President. 
 The  idea  of  this  Hospital  was  purely  his  own  con- 
 ception; he  matured  the  whole  plan  and  arrangement 
 before  he  communicated  the  thought  to  otliers;  he 
 selected  the  gentlemen  whom  he  wished  to  be  as- 
 sociated with  him  in  this  enterprise,  and,  addressing 
 a  note  to  each,  he  asked  if  they  would  consent  to 
 become  directors  of  such  an  Institution,  and  to  signify 
 their  as-sent  by  meeting  him  at  a  given  time  and 
 place,  to  effect  the  organization.  AVlien  thej'  assem- 
 bled he  unfoldetj  his  plan  in  all  its  details,  and  then 
 proposed,  in  order  to  start  the  enterprise,  to  give  tlie 
 site  on  Seventieth  street,  valued  at  two  hundred 
 thousand  dollars,  and  to  add  to  this  the  sum  of  one 
 hundred  thousand  dollars  in  money.  This  liberal 
 propo.sal  was  most  cheerfully  accepted,  and  the  work 
 was  immediately  commenced.  In  its  prosecution 
 Mr.  Lenox  added  more  than  three  hundred  thousand 
 dollars  to  the  original  donation.  Thus,  this  Hospifcil 
 is  a  monument  to  one  whose  generous  benevolence 
 was  proverbial,  and  the  record  of  whose  modest  worth 
 is  in  the  hearts  of  the  poor  and  sutfering.     , 
 
 Mr.  Lenox  adorned  every  relation  in  life  which  he 
 sustained.  His  Christian  character  was  of  the  highest 
 type.  He  lived  to  glorify  God,  and  was  an  ornament 
 to  society,  a  lile.ssing  to  tlie  world,  and  a  burning  and 
 shining  light  in  the  Church. 
 
 "  -\  shadow  fell  upon  ns  when  he  died, 
 .\nd  heart  to  heart  instinctively  confessed 
 That  C.oil  had  taken  from  ns  of  His  best." 
 
 L'Escot,  Paul,  a  French  Reformed,  or  Huguenot 
 minister,  pastor  of  the  French  Protestant  Church  in 
 Charleston,  S.  C,  1700  to  1711.  He  was  a  native  of 
 Nevers,  in  France,  and  pursued  his  studies  for  the 
 gospel  ministry  at  the  Academy  of  Geneva,  which  he 
 entered  in  l(i73.  The  elders  and  heads  of  families 
 of  the  Church  in  Charleston  having  authorized  the 
 Consistory  of  the  French  Church  in  London  to  send 
 them  a  minister,  that  liody  made  choice  of  M.  L'Escot. 
 He  proved  to  be  a  judicious  and  faithful  minister, 
 attached  to  the  discipline  a'.id  order  of  tlie  Reformed 
 
LEWIS. 
 
 425 
 
 LEYBURN. 
 
 Church,  and  by  his  firmness  seems  to  have  been 
 instrumental  in  defeating  the  eflrbrt  made  to  draw 
 the  Charleston  congregation  into  the  Anglican  ranks. 
 
 LiS'wis,  Rev.  James,  was  born  at  Hamden, 
 Delaware  county,  N.  Y..  May  28th,  1836.  After  a 
 year  and  a  half  of  preparatory  study  at  Delhi  and  a 
 half  year  of  teaching,  he  entered  Amherst  College,  in 
 1857,  and  was  graduated  in  1861.  He  completed  liis 
 theological  studies  at  the  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
 New  York  city,  in  18(is.  At  his  graduation  at  the 
 Seminary  he  was  the  organizer  and  leader  of  the 
 memorable  baud  of  nine,  from  that  one  cla.ss,  who 
 went  to  take  possession  of  adjacent  portions  of  Western 
 Missouri  and  Eastern  Kansas,  in  the  Fall  of  1868, 
 visiting  the  large  cities  on  the  way,  and  holding 
 meetings  in  the  large  churches,  and  kindling  every- 
 where a  fresh  interest  in  Home  Missions.  The  entire 
 band,  together  with  one  man  who  was  educated  on 
 the  field,  making  ten  in  all,  was  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Kansas  City,  Mo.,  in  October,  1868, 
 probably  the  largest  number  of  men  ever  ordained 
 by  any  Prcsbj-tery  at  one  time. 
 
 Soon  after  his  ordination,  Mr.  Lewis  was  installed 
 over  a  church  with  five  members,  at  Humboldt,  Kan. 
 So  vigorous  and  comprehensive  was  his  grasp  of  the 
 Home  Missionary  work  that  he  was  appointed,  ])y  the 
 General  Assembly  of  1873,  to  represent  the  Home 
 Missionary  side  of  our  Church  at  the  meeting  of  the 
 General  Assembly  of  the  Established  Church  of  Scot- 
 land. Regard  for  the  health  of  his  family  compelled 
 him  to  leave  Kansas,  and  in  187.5  he  accepted  a  call 
 to  the  Church  at  Howell,  Slich. ,  where  his  talent  for 
 leadership  and  organization  made  him  eminently 
 useful,  and  while  there  he  was  appointcil  by  President 
 Hayes,  in  1878,  as  one  of  the  Board  of  Visitors  to  the 
 Military  Academy  at  West  Point,  and  gave  the 
 address  to  the  graduating  class  there.  In  1882  he 
 wjis  allied  to  the  Central  Church  of  Joliet,  111.,  where 
 he  is  now  (1884)  in  the  midst  of  an  active  and  useful 
 pastorate. 
 
 Le"wris,  Rev.  John  Nevin,  was  born  February 
 23d,  1801),  at  Northumberland,  Saratoga  county, 
 N.  Y. ;  gi-atluated  at  Union  College,  in  1832;  studied 
 theology  at  Princeton,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  Brunswick,  April  5th,  1835.  In  the 
 following  September  he  began  to  serve  the  Church  at 
 Fairfield,  Herkimer  count}',  N.  Y.,  as  stated  supply, 
 and  continued  to  do  .so  four  j'ears.  He  was  ordained, 
 February  9th,  1837,  at  Vernon,  N.  Y.,  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Oneida.  In  May,  1839,  Jie  removed  to  Trux- 
 ton,  Cortland  county,  N.  Y. ,  and  served  the  church 
 at  that  place,  as  stated  supply,  until  May,  1843.  In 
 May,  1843,  he  removed  to  Whitney's  Point,  Broome 
 county,  N.  Y'.  Ha\nng  accepted  a  call  from  the 
 Church  at  Lisle,  in  the  same  county,  he  was  installed 
 pastor  of  that  church  by  the  Presbytery  of  Cortland, 
 August  30th,  1843.  After  a  pastorate  of  eight  years  he 
 was  released  from  that  charge,  August  12th,  1851. 
 In  the  same  vear  he  removed  to  Lodi,  Wis.,  where 
 
 he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  days.  He  soon  com- 
 menced preaching  at  Lodi  and  vicinity;  organized  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  at  Lodi,  in  1852,  and  in  1853  the 
 j  Church  at  Lowville.  Both  of  these  he  supplied  regii- 
 1  larly  for  five  years,  when  his  infirmities  so  increased 
 [  that  he  ceased  from  regular  work.  During  the  years 
 1851-8  he  was  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  and 
 Congregational  Convention,  after  which  he  was  a 
 '  member  of  the  Presbytery  of  Columbus  (N.  S. ).  Six 
 years  later  he  supplied  the  Lodi  Church  gratuit- 
 ously for  one  year.  1863—4,  as  an  aid  towards  the  com- 
 pletion of  the  church  edifice.  He  died,  April  7th, 
 1879.  Mr.  Lewis  was  a  man  of  excellent  natural 
 gifts  and  attainments.  He  was  an  eager  student, 
 and  in  regard  to  all  moral  and  doctrinal  sul>jects  had 
 strong  and  clear  convictions.  He  was  a  truly  devoted, 
 earnest  and  faithful  minister  of  the  gospel. 
 
 Leyburn,  Rev.  George  Lacon,  son  of  Mrs. 
 Elizabetli  AVinston  and  George  William  Leyburn, 
 was  born  May  21st,  1839,  in  Areopolis,  in  Southern 
 Greece.  From  his  birthplace,  in  ancient  Laconia, 
 he  derived  his  name,  Lacon.  His  parents  returned 
 to  America  during  his  childhood,  and  here  resided 
 until  he  went  to  college,  in  Bedford  county,  Va. 
 From  his  home  there  he  entered  college  in  1856, 
 at  Lexington,  Va.,  then  Wa.shington  College,  now 
 known  as  Washington  and  Lee  University.  During 
 the  winter  of  that  year  he  professed  conversion,  and 
 in  December,  1856,  united  with  the  church  nearest 
 his  home,  at  Liberty,  Bedford  county,  Va. 
 
 In  June,  1859,  he  gi-adnated  at  college,  with  first 
 honors,  getting  the  first  medal  at  Washington  College. 
 
 He  then  taught  scliool  iu  Sweet  Water,  Middle 
 Tennessee,  the  Winter  of  1859-60,  and  the  following 
 year,  1860-61,  entered  upon  his  theological  course  at 
 Union  Seminary,  New  Y'ork. 
 
 The  Fall  of  1865  he  entered  Union  Theological 
 Seminary,  Hampden-Sidney,  Va.,  and  graduated 
 there  in  1867.  He  had  been  licensed,  during  the 
 ■war,  by  Piedmont  Presbytery,  January  7th,  1864, 
 and  in  June,  1867,  he  took  charge  of  the  Loudon 
 Street  Church,  in  Winchester,  Va.  He  was  ordained 
 by  Winchester  Presbytery,  in  November  of  that  year, 
 and  installed  as  pastor  of  the  Loudon  Street  Church 
 at  the  same  time. 
 
 Mr.  Leyburn  remained  in  Winchester,  a  devoted 
 l)a,stor  to  a  devoted  people,  until  March,  1875,  when 
 he  was  Civllcd,  through  the  Executive  Committee  of 
 Foreign  Missions  of  his  Church,  and,  as  he  believed,  by 
 Providence,  to  accompany  his  parents  to  the  land  of 
 his  early  adoption,  Greece.  With  them  he  sailed,  in 
 March,  1875,  from  Norfolk,  Va.,  to  go  as  missionaries 
 to  the  classic  land  of  Greece.  Here  they  found  a 
 home  for  but  a  brief  period. 
 
 The  father  of  Rev.  George  W.  Leyburn  died  within 
 a  few  months  after  his  return  to  Greece,  and  Rev.  G. 
 L.  Leyburn  remained  only  two  years  longer.  A  long 
 spell  of  illness  following  his  father's  death,  and  some 
 subsequent  discouragements  iu  aciiuiring  the  language 
 
LEYBVRN. 
 
 426 
 
 LIBERTY  OF  CONSCIENCE. 
 
 with  sufficient  fluency  to  preach  the  fioajyl  there,  made 
 him  conscientiously  determine  to  return  to  America. 
 This  he  did  on  January  7th,  1878,  and  that  the 
 Church  might  not  lose  by  this  determination,  he 
 paid  his  own  expenses  home,  and  refunded  to  the 
 Committee,  under  their  protest,  his  outfit  money 
 and  expenses  out.  This  enabled  them  to  put  another 
 missionary  on  the  ground,  in  liis  i)lace,  and  that 
 same  year  Rev.  T.  R.  Samixson,  of  Virginia,  was  sent 
 out,  and  is  now  a  faithful  missionary  among  the 
 Greeks. 
 
 Just  after  Mr.  Leyburn's  return  to  this  country  he 
 was  called  to  Lexington,  Mo.,  to  tjike  chargi-  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  there,  in  connection  with  the 
 Southern  Presbj^terian  Church.  With  that  people  he 
 still  labors,  as  the  shepherd  of  the  flock. 
 
 Leybum,  Rev.  Q-eorge  "William,  was  born  at 
 Lexington,  Va.,  January  2d,  1809.  His  collegiate 
 cour.se  was  partly  taken  at  Washington  College,  Vir- 
 ginia (now  Washington  and  Lee  University),  in  his 
 native  town,  and  the  remainder  at  Princeton  College, 
 where  he  graduated  in  1829.  He  commenced  his 
 theological  studies  in  Princeton  Seminary,  at  the 
 same  time  filling  the  post  of  Tutor  in  the  college,  and 
 completed  them  in  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Vir- 
 iginia.  His  licensure  was  received  from  Lexington 
 Presbytery,  in  1835.  He  was  accepted  by  the 
 American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Mis- 
 sions, as  a  missionary,  and  .sailed  for  the  Turkish 
 island  of  Scio  in  the  Autumn  of  1836.  His  friend, 
 the  Rev.  Samuel  R.  Houston,  had  been  laboring  there, 
 but  by  the  time  Mr.  Leyburn  reached  the  East,  that 
 mission  had  been  transferred  to  Areopolis,  the  capital 
 of  Laconia,  the  Spartan  province  of  the  Pelo-ponnesus. 
 Here  Mr.  Leyburn  labored,  amid  many  discourage- 
 ments and  difficulties,  until,  his  health  failing  and 
 insuperable  obstacles  ha%'ing  been  thrown  in  the  way 
 by  the  government  of  Greece,  he  was  compelled, 
 reluctantly,  to  abandon  a  field  in  which  he  had 
 become  most  deeply  interested.  After  returning  to 
 this  country,  as  far  a.s  his  impaired  health  admitted, 
 he  was  always  at  work  in  some  department  of  the 
 M<aster's  ser%'ice. 
 
 In  April,  1875,  Mr.  Leyburn  joyfully  accompanied 
 his  son,  the  Rev.  G.  L.  Leyburn,  who  was  sent  by  the 
 Foreign  Missionary  Committee  of  the  Southern  Pres- 
 byterian Church  as  missionary  to  Greece.  He  imme- 
 diately entered  on  his  work  at  Athens,  and  after  a  few 
 weeks  set  off  on  a  tour  in  the  Turkish  Empire.  At 
 Salonica  (the  ancient  Thessalonica)  he  was  so  much 
 encouraged  by  the  prospects  of  usefulness,  as  to  deter- 
 mine to  settle  there.  But  what  he  had  chosen  as  his 
 field  of  labor  was  destined  to  furnish  him  a  grave. 
 He  was  taken  ill  in  returning  from  a  trip  to  Cassandra, 
 and,  after  a  short  illness,  entered  into  the  heavenly 
 rest,  August  14th,  1875,  at  the  age  of  sixty-six 
 years. 
 
 Liberty  of  Conscience.  Our  Confession  (Chap. 
 XX,  Sec.  2),  says  on  this  subject: — 
 
 I 
 
 '"  God  alone  is  Lord  of  the  coDscience,*  and  hath  left  it  free  from 
 the  doctrines  and  cummandmcuts  of  men  which  are  in  anything 
 contrary  to  hie  Word,  or  beside  it  in  mutters  of  faith  or  worship;  * 
 80  that  to  believe  such  doctrines,  or  to  obey  such  commandments  out 
 of  conscience,  is  to  betray  true  liberty  of  conscience  ;  ^  and  the  re- 
 quiring of  implicit  faith,  and  an  absolute  and  blind  obedience,  is  to 
 destroy  liberty  of  conscience  and  reason  also."  * 
 
 Here  the  doctrine  of  liberty  of  conscience  is  laid 
 down  in  most  explicit  terms.  The  conscience,  in  all 
 ■matters  of  faith  and  duty,  is  subject  to  the  authority 
 of  God  alone,  and  entirely  free  from  all  subjection  to 
 the  traditions  and  commandments  of  men.  To  be- 
 lieve any  doctrine,  or  obey  any  commandment,  con- 
 trary to  or  beside  the  word  of  God,  out  of  submission 
 to  human  authority,  is  to  betray  true  liberty  of  con- 
 science. And  be  the  power  and  authority  whose  it 
 will ;  be  it  that  of  a  magistrate  or  a  minister,  of  a 
 husband,  a  master,  or  a  parent,,that  would  require  an 
 implicit  faith  and  an  absolute  blind  obedience,  it 
 would  destroy  liberty  of  conscience. 
 
 The  rights  of  conscience  have  been  frequently  in- 
 vaded by  rulers,  both  ci\'il  and  ecclesiastical.  By 
 the  Church  of  Rome  the  statements  of  our  Confession 
 are  directly  contradicted,  both  in  doctrine  and  in 
 practice.  They  teach  that  the  Pope,  and  the  bishops 
 in  their  own  dioceses,  may,  by  their  own  authority, 
 enact  laws  which  bind  tlie  con.science,  and  which 
 cannot  be  transgressed  witliout  incurring  the  same 
 penalties  which  are  annexed  to  every  breach  of  the 
 divine  law.  And  they  have  actually  imposed  many 
 articles  of  faith,  and  enjoined  numberless  rites  and 
 ceremonies,  as  necessary  in  the  worship  of  God,  which 
 have  no  foundation  in  Scripture;  and  they  require 
 implicit  faith  in  all  their  decrees,  and  a  blind  obedi- 
 ence to  all  their  commands.  Against  the  tyrannical 
 usurpations  and  enroachiuents  of  that  Church  the  sec- 
 tion of  our  Confession  referred  to  above  is  princi- 
 pally leveled. 
 
 No  person  on  earth  can  have  authority  to  dictate  to 
 conscience ;  for  this  would  be  to  assume  a  prerogative 
 which  belongs  to  none  but  the  Supreme  Lord  and 
 Legislator.  "There  is  one  Lawgiver,  who  is  able  to 
 save  and  to  destroy  "  (James  iv,  12).  Such  a  power 
 was  prohibited  by  Jesus  Christ  among  his  followers  : 
 "The  kings  of  the  Gentiles  exercise  lordship  over 
 them,  but  ye  shall  not  be  so"  (Luke  xxii,  25).  It 
 was  disclaimed  by  the  inspired  apostles:  "Not  that 
 we  have  dominion  over  your  faith,"  said  the  apostle 
 of  the  Gentiles,  "but  are  helpers  of  your  joy"  (2 
 Cor.  i,  24). 
 
 From  the  principles  laid  down  in  this  section,  it 
 manifestly  follows,  that  a  right  of  private  judgment 
 about  matters  of  religion  belongs  to  every  man,  and 
 ought  to  be  exercised  by  every  Christian.     Christians 
 
 1  James  iv,  12:  Romans  xiv,  4. 
 
 ^  Acts  iv,  10;  V,  29;  1  Cor.  vii,  23;  Matt,  .xxiii,  8-10;  2  Cor.  i,  24; 
 Matt.  XV,  9. 
 
 '  Ccl.  ii,  20,  22,  23  ;  Gal.  i,  10 ;  ii,  4-6, 
 
 *  Rom.  X,  17;  xiv,  23;  Isa.  viii,  2i);  Acts  xvii,  U  ;  John  iv,  22; 
 Hos.  V,  11;  Eev.  xiii,  12,  IC,  17;  Jcr.  viii,  9. 
 
LIDDELL. 
 
 427 
 
 LINCOLN  UNIVERSITY 
 
 ice  of 
 
 J^OLL^M® 
 
 mmm  mm  mm 
 
 JULIANA  OF  STOIBERG 
 
 NEW  NETHERLANDS 
 
 MIC  HAE  LIU  S    AD    1688 
 
 CLASSIS    QF   AMSTERDAM. 
 
 PURITAN  FATHERS  DELFTHAVEN  AD  1620 
 
 K-nev- 
 ogical 
 heart 
 teriaa 
 e  pas- 
 k.  In 
 Castle 
 This 
 ickey, 
 ocacy. 
 •ision, 
 )dy  of 
 minted 
 •nt  in 
 of  the 
 riends 
 ■nt  or 
 ly  Dr. 
 Chair- 
 e  pur- 
 miles 
 forty 
 built, 
 .•ctory 
 .al. 
 
 ititute 
 y  1st, 
 ,  then 
 luiih, 
 ;lassic 
 istiaa 
 
 icy  of 
 tution 
 ,  good 
 Te  or- 
 vith  a 
 sions, 
 rafter 
 onged 
 r-ment 
 it  oflf. 
 umb? 
 raort- 
 iaved. 
 Ul  iu 
 iction 
 f  the 
 made 
 lions, 
 irnes, 
 \  and 
 jaign. 
 finan- 
 scale, 
 "re,  in 
 ■sily." 
 
IVIEMORV  Tablet  [  for  items  worthy  of  permanent  record. 
 
LJDDELL. 
 
 427 
 
 LINCOLN  UNIVERSITY 
 
 arc  expressly  required  to  examine  and  prove  every 
 doctrine  by  the  unerring  rule  ot"  the  Word  of  God 
 (Isu.  viii,  'iO ;  1  John  iv,  1 1.  They  ought  to  be 
 ready  to  render  a  reason  of  the  hoiH-  which  is  in  them 
 (1  Pet.  iii,  15);  and  this  none  can  do  who  receive 
 the  doctrines  and  commandments  of  men  with  im- 
 plicit faith  and  blind  ol)edience.  Wniatsoever  is 
 not  done  in  faith,  nor  accompanied  with  a  personal 
 jK'rsuasion  of  tlu'  obligation  or  lawfulness  of  it  in 
 the  sight  of  (io<l,  is  pronounced  to  be  sin  (Horn.  xiv. 
 23). 
 
 It  follows  no  less  clearly,  from  the  principles  here 
 laid  down,  that  when  lawful  superiors  command 
 what  is  contrary  to  the  Word  of  (Jod,  or  beside  it,  in 
 matters  of  faith  anil  worship,  their  commands  do  not 
 bind  the  ccmscieuce.  The  obedience  which  the  Scrip- 
 tures command  us  to  render  to  lawful  superiors, 
 whether  parents,  or  husbands,  or  magistrates,  is  not 
 unlimited;  there  are  cases  in  which  disobedience 
 iKx'oraes  a  duty.  No  one  doubts  that  the  precept, 
 "Children,  obey  your  parents  in  all  things,"  is  a 
 comman<l  to  olx-y  thorn  only  in  the  exercise  of  their 
 rightful  parental  authority,  and  imposes  no  oblig-a- 
 tion  to  implicit  and  passive  obedience.  The  ciuse  is 
 equiilly  plain  with  regard  to  the  command,  "  Wives, 
 submit  to  your  own  hu.sbands. "  And  it  cannot  be 
 questioned  that  the  obedience  due  to  magistrates  is 
 also  limited.  The  precept  "  Let  every  soul  be  sub- 
 ject to  the  higher  powers,"  must  be  understood  as  a 
 command  to  ()b:y  magistrates  only  in  the  exercise  of 
 their  rightful  authority,  and  in  all  things  lawful. 
 The  same  inspired  teachers  who  enjoined  in  such 
 general  terms  obedience  to  rulers,  them.selves  uni- 
 formly and  openly  di.sobeyed  them  whenever  their 
 commands  were  inconsistent  with  other  and  liigher 
 oblig-ations.  "We  ought  to  ob:y  (iod  ratlier  than 
 men"  (.\cts  v,  29),  was  the  principle  which  they 
 avowed,  and  on  which  they  acted.  When  the 
 Apostles  were  charged  by  the  Jewish  Council  to 
 speak  no  more  in  the  name  of  Jesus,  their  unhesitiiting 
 answer  was,  "Whether  it  be  right  in  the  sight  of 
 Gad  to  hearken  unto  you  more  than  unto  God,  judge 
 ye.  For  wc  cannot  but  speak  the  things  which  we 
 have  seen  and  heard"  (Acts  iv,  li),  20).  No  com- 
 mand to  do  anything  morally  wrong  can  be  binding 
 on  the  conscience.  I 
 
 Liddell,  Rev.  Andre'w  R.,  was  born  in  Gm- 
 nette  county,  Ga.,  April  4th,  1829.  He  graduated  at 
 Oglethorpe  University,  IS.).!,  and  at  the  Theological 
 Seminarj',  Columbia,  vS.  C,  in  May,  IH.'iH.  In  the 
 Autumn  of  XHT^S  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
 churches  of  Cuthbert  and  Fort  Gaines,  Ga.,  and 
 continued  in  this  relation  until  his  death,  which 
 occurred  XoveinbiT  2Gth,  1860.  Under  Mr.  LiddeU's 
 brief  ministrations,  a  large  number  were  added  to 
 the  church.  He  was  truly  a  "burning  and  shining 
 light. "  His  ministry  was  chariK^tcrized  by  Jiiety,  self- 
 denying  t;>il,  clearness  and  force  in  the  preservation 
 of  the  doctrines  of  grace,  and  directness  in  the  search- 
 
 ing application  which  he  made  to  the  conscience  of 
 
 his  hearers.     His  end  was  peace. 
 
 Lincoln  University.  This  well  known  benev- 
 olent enterpri.se,  for  the  cla.ssical  and  theological 
 education  of  Negroes,  had  ils  origin  in  the  large  heart 
 and  broad,  far-seeing  intelligence  of  a  Presbyterian 
 minister,  John  Miller  Dickey,  D.D.,  at  that  time  pas- 
 tor of  the  Church  ii\  Oxford,  Chester  county.  Pa.  In 
 theyoiir  1804 application  was  made  by  the  New  Castle 
 Pre-sbytery,  to  the  Legislature,  for  a  chartiT.  This 
 action  was  Uiken  at  the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Dickey, 
 and  was  carried  through  by  his  urgent  advocacy. 
 The  charter  was  granted.  Under  its  provision, 
 "  Ashmun  Institute  "  was  incorporated  in  a  body  of 
 nine  trustees,  whose  successors  were  to  be  appointed 
 by  the  Presbyti^ry.  Two  years  were  then  spent  in 
 app<>als  to  the  churches  and  benevolent  friends  of  the 
 Negro  for  the  funds  needed.  At  that  time  friends 
 were  few,  and  the  churches  generally  indilVerent  or 
 antagonistic.  Much  of  this  labor  was  done  by  Dr. 
 Dickey,  who  was  President  of  the  Board,  and  Chair- 
 man of  the  Kxecutive  Committee.  Land  for  the  j)ur- 
 po.se  was  purchased  in  Chester  county,  lour  miles 
 northeast  of  t lie  borough  of  Oxford,  and  about  forty 
 miles  southwest  of  Phihulclphia.  A  hall  was  built, 
 which  contained  dormitories  for  the  students,  rcfV'Ctory 
 and  class  rooms;  also  a  residence  for  the  Principal. 
 
 This  building  was  dedicated,  and  the  Institute 
 opened,  and  solemnly  consecrated,  on  January  1st, 
 18.')7.  The  I{ev.  Cortland  Van  Ken.s.selaer,  1). t).,  then 
 Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Kducation  of  our  Church, 
 delivered  the  address.  It  is  a  model  of  classic 
 clotiucnce,  and  expresses  a  spirit  of  broad  Christian 
 philanthropy. 
 
 For  four  years  foUownng,  under  the  Presidency  of 
 Rev.  J.  P.  Carter,  Baltimore,  Md.,  the  In.stilution 
 was  prosjierous.  Tlu-re  was  healthy  growth  and  good 
 fruit.  Three  of  the  students  of  this  jjcriod  were  or- 
 dained by  the  Prcsbytcrj-  of  New  York,  and  with  a 
 Commi.ssion*  from  the  Board  of  Foreign  Mission.s, 
 went  as  missionaries  to  Liberia,  Africa.  Shortly  after 
 this  ciime  the  civil  war.  It  was  a  period  of  prolonged 
 and  severe  trial;  for  the  In.stitut<'  had  no  endowment 
 and  the  flow  of  funds  lor  its  support  was  cut  off. 
 llow  could  its  father  and  founder  see  it  succumb  ? 
 In  this  emergency,  means  were  provided  by  a  mort- 
 gage on  his  own  home,  and  the  work  was  saved. 
 Negro  emancipation  followed,  and  with  it  a  call  in 
 trumpet  tones,  which  waked  up  numy  to  a  conviction 
 of  their  responsibility  to  God  for  the  care  of  the 
 Negro,  and  that  enlarged  provision  must  be  made 
 for  the  Christian  education  of  the  liberated  millions. 
 
 The  Hon.  William  Y..  Dodge,  Rev.  Albert  Barnes, 
 and  other  men  of  similar  spirit,  came  forward  and 
 took  place  among  the  leaders  in  the  new  campaign. 
 .V  supplementary  chart<r,  authorizing  heavier  finan- 
 cial responsibilities,  and  oi)erations  on  a  wider  scale, 
 was  secured.  By  this  action  of  the  Legislature,  in 
 186(),  Ashmun  Institute  became  "Lincoln  rnirentili/." 
 
LINCOLN  UNIVERSITY. 
 
 428 
 
 LINCOLN  UNIVERSITY. 
 
 The  Board  of  Trustees  was  increased  from  nine  to 
 twenty-oue,  with  a  provision  that  (in  the  ecclesiastical 
 changes  which  followed),  made  it  self-perpetuating. 
 The  oversight  of  the  Theological  Department  was 
 subsequently  transferred  to  the  General  Assembly  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  which  has  power  to  veto  the 
 appointment  of  Professors,  and  responsible  control  of 
 the  instruction. 
 
 To  superintend  these  movements  and  to  organize 
 Lincoln  University  on  the  basis  of  the  new  charter, 
 Rev.  I.  N.  Kendall,  D.  D.,  was,  in  18G5,  called  to  the 
 presidency,  which  he  still  holds.  There  have  been 
 associated  with  him  in  the  Faculty,  at  different 
 times,  Doctors  Lorenzo  YN'estcott,  E.  K.  Bower,  E. 
 E.  Adams,  T.  W.  Cattell,  G.  T.  Woodhull,  C.  R. 
 Gregory  and  E.  T.  Jeffers;  Revs.  J.  B.  Rendall,  C. 
 C.  Dickey  and  B.  T.  Jones.  Drs.  Westcott,  Adams, 
 Bower  and  Gregory  died,  and  Rev.  Clement  C. 
 Dickey  resigned.  Rev.  John  Miller  Dickey,  D.D.,  to 
 whom  the  Institution  owes  its  existence,  and  much  of 
 its  prosperity,  after  unwearied  labors  in  its  behalf, 
 and  holding  through  more  than  twenty  years  the 
 presidency  of  the  Board,  was,  in  the  year  1878, 
 called  to  his  reward. 
 
 In  the  year  1865,  twelve  months  before  the  new 
 charter  was  obtained,  work  was  begun  on  a  second 
 dormitory,  called  Lincoln  Hall.  It  is  constructed  of 
 brick,  and  accommodates  eighty  students.  In  1870, 
 another  structure,  one  hundred  feet  by  thirty-si.\,  was 
 built  for  students,  and  now,  after  twelve  years,  still 
 another.  There  is  also  a  stone  building,  which  con- 
 tains, besides  the  chapel,  si.x  class  rooms;  and  an 
 edifice  called  Livingstone  Hall,  which  accommodates 
 the  large  Commencement  assemblies.  Convenient 
 houses  have  also  been  provided  for  each  of  the  six 
 Professors.  This  property,  with  a  campus  of  over 
 seventy  acres,  has  cost  at  least  one  hundred  and  fifty 
 thousand  dollars.  Endowments  for  the  support  of 
 Professors,  amounting  to  about  $120,000,  and  scholar- 
 ships to  about  $40,000,  have  been  provided  by  the 
 liberality  of  friends.  These  funds,  are  all  held  and 
 securely  invested  by  the  Trustees. 
 
 The  cost  of  education  is  thus  reduced  to  about  ?l;50 
 a  year  for  the  board  and  other  college  expenses  of  a 
 student.  This  may  be  provided  for  permanently  by 
 a  scholarship  of  |2500.  An  endowment  of  $25,000 
 provides  for  the  moderate  salary  of  a  Professor. 
 The  usefulness  and  prosperity  of  the  work  would 
 be  greatly  increased  by  many  more  endo\Vmcnts 
 of  the  former  class  and  by  at  least  three  of  the 
 latter. 
 
 The  scope  and  spirit  as  well  as  the  style  and  extent 
 of  the  culture  and  training  given  in  Lincoln  Univer- 
 sity were  early  determined.  On  that  plan,  and  on  j 
 the  principles  then  adopted,  which  are  still  firmly 
 held,  this  work  has  been  developed.  Its  scope  is  to 
 provide  the  Negroes  of  this  laud  and  of  Africa  -ivith 
 thoroughly  trained  educators  of  their  own  race.  AVith 
 Christian  leaders,  teachers,  and  gospel  ministers,  its  \ 
 
 spirit  is  that  of  the  great  commission  given  by  Christ 
 to  His  Church,  "Go  ye  into  all  the  world  and  preach 
 the  gospel  to  every  creature, ' '  which  is  the  overflow- 
 
 ing of  divine  love  through  human  hearts,  and  by 
 human  lips.  The  stale  of  the  training  to  be  given 
 was  determined  on  the  principle,  that  whatever  is 
 
LINCOLN  VNIVKIiSITr. 
 
 429 
 
 LLVJlSAy. 
 
 good  for  a  v?hite  man  is  good  also  for  a  black  man  in 
 the  same  circumstances.  The  rule  is,  to  adapt  tlio 
 treatment,  the  discipline,  the  mental  and  moral  cul- 
 ture of  the  Negro  to  his  need;  to  provide  for  whatever 
 special  deficiencies  are  found  in  his  habits,  in  his 
 heart  and  mind.  Supreme  importance  is,  thcn'forc, 
 given  to  the  cultivation  of  moral  principle,  to  the 
 education  of  conscience,  utilizin;;  his  stron<;  emotional 
 nature  in  his  religious  trainin;.;.  The  Negro  is  treated 
 as  a  man;  in  this  way  he  is  taught  to  respect  himself 
 and  to  recognize  his  direct  responsibility  to  God  for 
 the  right  use  and  improvement  of  all  his  powers. 
 Lincoln  University  jjroposes,  by  these  means,  to  set 
 the  Negro  on  his  own  feet. 
 
 The  extent  of  the  covirse  is  determined  only  by  the 
 facilities  for  prei)aration  accessible  to  the  students, 
 and  by  the  means  at  the  dispos;d  of  the  University. 
 As  these  enlarge  the  curriculum  will  be  extended. 
 The  preparatory  course  in  the  Institution  wliich  at 
 first  was  three  years,  is  now  limited  to  one.  Many 
 academic's  and  colleges  in  the  Southern  States,  taught 
 by  graduates  of  the  University,  are  now  ])reparing 
 students  for  this  cla.ss,  as  well  its  for  the  college 
 course,  t^our  years  are  given  to  academical  study 
 in  the  four  college  cliis.ses.  In  the  year  1869  a  full 
 three  years'  theologicual  course  was  inaugurated,  from 
 which  the  first  cUuss  grailuated  in  1S7'2.  Teaching 
 in  the  pre|>aratory  class  is  done  by  tutors  selectc'd 
 from  the  graduati's.  Instruction  in  Khctoric  and 
 Elocution  is  supplementeil  by  two  literary  scK-ictics. 
 Lectures  on  I'olemic  and  I'astoral  Theology,  Natural 
 Science,  etc., — one  or  more  courses  annuallj' — are 
 deliveretl  by  distinguished  ministers  and  laymen. 
 Prominent  among  these  have  been  Ucv.  Albert  Barnes, 
 Drs.  Robert  Du  Bois,  William  K.  Bingham,  .lames 
 Koberts,  and  others.  Dr.  William  S.  I'lunur,  of  the 
 Presbj-terian  Church  South,  would  have  delivcTcd  a 
 course  of  lectures  on  Polemic  Theologj-,  but  death 
 prevented.  j 
 
 More  than  five  hundred  young  men  have  taken  a 
 partial  cour.se  in  Kngli.sh  studies  only,  many  of  wliom 
 are  now  employed  as  teachers  in  the  Southern  States. 
 One  hundred  and  si.\ty  students  have  graduated  from 
 the  full  college  course,  of  whom  over  a  hundred  are 
 engaged  in  professional  and  educational  labor.  One 
 hundred  have  received  license  or  ordination  as  min- 
 isters of  the  gospel.  Eight  have  gone  as  missionaries 
 to  Africa,  six  of  whom  have  laid  down  their  lives  in 
 that  work.  The  number  of  students  is  now  (1883) 
 two  Imndred  and  fifteen.  In  the  Preparatory  Class, 
 sixty-nine;  in  the  four  College  Classes,  one  hundred 
 and  twenty-eight;  in  the  Theological  Department, 
 sixteen. 
 
 The  spirit  and  style  of  the  training  in  Lincoln 
 University  may  now,  after  twenty-six  years  of  trial, 
 be  judged  by  its  results,  by  the  quality  of  its  ripened 
 fruit,  liv  the  spirit  and  work  of  the  men  it  ha.s  sent 
 '  into  the  field.  There  is  satisfactory  testimony  that 
 they  are,  as  a  rule,  successful  laborers;  that  they  are 
 
 wisely  adapting  their  teaching  and  methods  of  lalx>r 
 to  the  lowly  condition  of  their  people;  that  usually, 
 with  much  skill,  good  common  sense,  and  conse- 
 cration to  the  cause,  they  bring  their  superior  culture 
 to  aid  in  improving  the  swial,  moral  and  religious 
 condition  of  their  people,  who  find  them  to  be  sym- 
 pathizing friends,  and  confide  in  them  as  competent 
 and  trustworthy  guides.  In  a  large  number  of 
 Northern  pulpit.s  and  public  halls  the  stirring  ser- 
 mons and  ehxiucnt  addres.ses  of  Lincoln  graduates 
 have  been  hcartl  with  pleasure  and  high  approval, 
 and  they  have  frequently  awakened  entliusiastic 
 applause  on  the  floor  of  our  General  As.sembly. 
 
 The  extent  and  thoroughness  of  the  course  of 
 instruction  given  to  Negro  students  in  Lincoln  Uni- 
 versity has  been  amjily  justified,  by  the  u.se  they 
 have  made  of  it,  in  the  establishment  of  Allen  Uni- 
 versity, Columbia,  S.  C,  with  its  two  hundred  and 
 fifty  students;  of  Zion  Wesley  Institute,  Salisbury, 
 N.  C,  with  its  one  hundred  and  fifty  students,  and 
 of  the  excellent  State  Normal  School,  Holly  Springs, 
 Miss.,  and  of  other  similar  Institutions  of  high  grade, 
 also  projectc-d  and  presided  over  by  her  own  sons. 
 
 The  present  olUcers  of  instruction  and  government 
 in  Lincoln  University  are:  Rev.  Isaac  N.  Rendall, 
 D.  D.,  President,  etc.;  Rev.  E.  T.  Jeffers,  D.  D.,  John 
 C.  Baldwin  Professor  of  Theology;  Rev.  Gilbert  T. 
 Woodhull,  n.  I).,  Charles  Avery  Profcs-sor  of  Classical 
 and  Hellenistic  Greek,  etc.;  Rev.  John  B.  Rendall, 
 .V.  M.,  I.  H.  Cassedy  Professor  of  Latin,  etc.;  Rev. 
 Thomas  W.  Cattell,  ph.  n.,  Reuben  J.  Flick  Professor 
 of  Mathematics,  etc. ;  Rev.  B.  T.  Jones,  William  E. 
 Dodge  Profes.sor  of  Sacred  Rhetoric,  etc.  The  Finan- 
 cial Secretary  of  the  Institution  is  Rev.  Edward 
 Webb,  Oxford,  Pa. 
 
 Lindsay,  Thomas,  elder  in  the  church  at  St. 
 Charles,  Mo.,  was  born  in  Perth.shire,  Scotland,  A.D., 
 1771.  To  read,  to  write,  and  to  recite  the  Shorter 
 Catechism  was  the  extent  of  his  education,  when  he 
 betook  himself  to  the  trade  of  a  weaver.  At  the 
 age  of  eighti'cn  years  he  came  to  Charleston,  S.  C, 
 obtained  employment  as  a  merchant's  clerk,  and  soon, 
 l\v  his  diligence  and  Scotch  thrift,  he  w;ls  able  to  set 
 up  business  for  himself  at  Columltia,  in  the  same 
 State.  Having  been  cautioned  that  he  could  not 
 succeed  unless  he  sold  liquor  and  opened  his  store 
 on  the  Lord's  day,  he  did  neither,  but  pursued  his 
 business  in  the  fear  of  God,  and  was  very  greatly 
 prospered. 
 
 In  ]i-il(i  Mr.  Lindsay  removed  to  Mi.s.souri,  and 
 bought  a  large  tnict  of  land  in  the  near  vicinity  of 
 St.  Charles,  on  which  he  passed  the  remainder  of 
 his  days.  The  cultivation  of  his  farm  he  left  to  his 
 servants,  while  he  gave  himself  to  reading,  to  the 
 study  of  God's  Word,  and  to  noting  the  movements 
 of  the  Church  of  Christ.  He  was  especially  inter- 
 ested in  the  prophecies,  which  he  studied  with  mar- 
 velous painstaking  research,  as  is  eWdenced  by  a 
 large  manuscript  volume  on  the  Revelation,  another 
 
LINDSLEY. 
 
 430 
 
 LINDSLEY. 
 
 on  the  Old  Testament  prophecies,  particularly  those 
 relating  to  the  Jews,  and  several  volumes  of  astro- 
 nomical and  chronological  calculations.  The  St. 
 Charles  Church  wa.s  organized  in  1819.  Mr.  Lindsay 
 was  its  first  elder,  and  its  chief  supporter  as  long  a.s 
 he  lived.  Emphatically,  he  loved  the  kingdom  of 
 Christ,  and  the  House  of  the  Lord,  and  the  truth  a-s 
 it  is  in  Jesus,  and  the  children  and  .servants  of  CJod. 
 He  was  a  social  man,  of  proverbial  hospitality,  a  liberal 
 giver,  a  faithful  steward,  an  uncompromiising  advo- 
 cate and  defender  of  sound  doctrine.  Illu.strative  of 
 his  Scotch  grit  and  his  intense  earnestness  in  behalf 
 of  truth,  when  sixty-seven  years  old,  he  made  the 
 long  and  wearisome  journey,  by  stage  coach,  to 
 Philadelphia,  in  1838,  that  he  might  lift  his  voice  in 
 the  General  As.sembly  in  defence  of  Old  School  ortho- 
 doxy. Mr.  Lind.say  died  in  1843,  leaving  all  his 
 lands,  except  the  homestead,  to  the  American  Bible 
 Society,  and,  by  will,  manumitting  his  slaves  and 
 providing  for  their  transportation  to  Liberia.  He 
 lived  not  in  vain.     He  died  in  the  Lord. 
 
 Lindsley,  Aaron  L.,  D.  D.,  a  native  of  Troy, 
 N.  V. ;  prosecuted  his  studies  at  Marion  College,  and 
 
 AARON   L.  LINDSLEY,  I>.  u. 
 
 at  the  Troy  Polytechnic  Institute,  and  received  the 
 honorary  degrees.  He  left  his  profession  of  Civil 
 Engineer,  in  1842,  to  prepare  for  the  ministry.  He 
 spent  two  years  in  Union  Theological  Seminary,  and 
 a  third  at  Princeton,  to  which  another  year  of  theo- 
 logical .studies  was  added.  In  1846,  having  been  or- 
 dained by  the  Presbytery  of  New  York,  he  was  sent 
 out  by  the  General  Assembly  to  join  in  organizing 
 the  Presbytery  of  Wisconsin.     While  pastor  at  Wau- 
 
 kesha, he  made  missionary  journeys  to  every  part  of 
 the  Territory  and  Northern  Illinois.  In  six  years 
 the  Presbytery  was  divided  into  three,  and  erected 
 into  the  Synod  of  Wisconsin.  To  missionary  labors 
 were  added  eilbrts  to  found  a  college  at  AVaukesha, 
 which  is  still  on  its  career  of  usefulness,  known  as 
 Carroll  College.  The  summary  of  si.x  years'  labor  iu 
 connection  with  as-sociated  brethren  presented  a 
 .  record  of  expansion  unexampled  in  the  history  of 
 the  Presb^-terian  Church.  Excessive  labors  exacted  a 
 change,  and  in  1852  Dr.  Lindsley  found  a  Bethesda  at 
 South  Salem,  near  the  city  of  New  York.  The  church 
 grew,  under  his  ministry,  in  numbers,  usefulness  and 
 influence.  Tliere  were  several  well-defined  revivals, 
 in  one  of  which  more  than  eighty  persons  were 
 gathered  into  the  fold.  Having  declined  many  o\'er- 
 tures  to  important  charges,  he  accepted  a  repeated 
 call  to  Portland,  Oregon,  iu  1868.  His  missionary 
 zeal  found  on  the  Pacific  co;ist  a  broader  field  for 
 its  exercise.  By  journeys,  by  correspondence,  and  by 
 newspaper  articles,  many  missionaries  were  introduced 
 and  numerous  churches  founded  in  this  vast  region. 
 Dr.  Lindsle.y  introduced  schools  and  missions  into 
 Alaska;  formed  the  fir-st  church  and  built  the  first 
 Protestant  house  of  worship  in  that  Territory.  Indian 
 tribes  in  Idaho  and  Washington  Territory  have, 
 during  a  course  of  years,  felt  the  1)enefit  of  his  labors 
 on  their  behalf,  in  the  most  efficient  manner.  He 
 lends  the  whole  force  of  his  influence  in  behalf  of 
 educational  and  reformatory  measures,  and  in  sup- 
 port of  catholic  societies  and  mi.ssions  at  home  and 
 abroad. 
 
 Dr.  Lindsley's  church  has  been  distinguished  for 
 its  expansive  spirit.  It  has  been  called  ' '  The  Banner 
 Church"  of  the  Pacific  coast.  It  has  already  sent 
 off  three  colonies,  and  preparations  are  being  made 
 for  two  more. 
 
 As  a  pastor.  Dr.  Lindsley  is  indefatigable  and 
 greatly  beloved.  His  constant  hearers  characterize 
 his  discourses  as  earnest,  eloquent,  spiritual,  forcible 
 and  original,  keeping  his  congregation  abreast  of  the 
 thought  of  the  day,  and  making  Christ  and  His  sal- 
 vation ever  prominent.  He  is  placed  by  the  best 
 judges  in  the  front  rank  of  living  preachers. 
 
 Lindsley,  Philip,  D.  D. ,  was  born  December  21st, 
 1786,  near  Morristown,  N.  J.,  and  graduated  at  the 
 College  of  New  Jersey  in  September,  1804.  After 
 his  graduation  he  was  engaged  as  a  teacher  at  Morris- 
 town  and  Ba.skingridge,  until  the  Spring  of  1807, 
 at  which  time  he  was  received  as  a  candidate  for  the 
 ministry  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick.  The 
 same  year  he  became  a  Tutor  iu  the  College  of  New 
 Jersey,  where  he  remained  two  years,  teaching  Latin 
 and  Greek,  and  at  the  same  time  studj-ing  theology 
 in  connection  with  the  classics,  the  French  lan- 
 guage, etc.  The  AVinter  of  1809-10  he  spent  at  the 
 college,  devoting  himself  exclusively  to  theology, 
 under  the  direction  of  the  President,  Dr.  Samuel 
 Stanhope  Smith,  and  on  the  24th  of  April,  1810,  was 
 
LIXN. 
 
 431 
 
 LINN. 
 
 licensed,  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  to 
 preach  the  gospel.  After  several  years  spent  in  travel, 
 and  in  the  continued  study  of  theology,  he  became 
 Senior  Tutor  in  the  College  at  Princeton.  In  1813  he 
 was  transferred  from  the  Tutorship  to  the  Professor- 
 ship of  Languages,  and  at  tlie  same  time  was  chosen 
 Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Trustees.  He  also  held  the 
 offices  of  librarian  and  inspector  of  the  college  during 
 his  connection  with  the  Institution. 
 
 In  June,  1817,  Mr.  Lindsley  was  ordained,  sine 
 titulo,  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  and  in 
 Sept*'mber  following  was  elected  vice-President  of 
 tlie  College  of  New  Jersey.  After  the  resignation 
 of  Dr.  Green,  as  President  of  the  college,  in  1822,  he 
 wa-s,  for  one  year,  acting  President.  He  was  chosen 
 President  of  Cumberland  College,  Tennes.sec,  and  was 
 inaugurated  January  12th,  182o.  His  address,  deliv- 
 ered on  the  occasion,  was  published  and  very  widely 
 circulated.  It  w;is  a  noble  effort,  and  was  regarded 
 as  auspicious  of  an  eminently  u.seful  and  brilliant 
 career.  Tlie  corporate  name  of  tlie  college  was  changed, 
 the  next  year,  to  '"The  University  of  Na.shville. " 
 
 In  May,  1834,  Dr.  Lindsley  was  unanimously  elected 
 Jloderator  of  the  General  A.ssembly  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  the  United  States.  He  was  elected 
 a  member  of  the  "Royal  Society  of  Northern  Anti- 
 rjuaries, '"  at  Copenhagen,  in  1837.  In  May,  18.50,  he 
 was  elected  Professor  of  Eccle-sia.stical  Polity  and 
 Biblical  Archicology  in  the  New  Albany  Theological 
 Seminary,  and  entered  on  the  duties  of  the  Professor- 
 ship at  the  beginning  of  the  ne,\t  year.  Here  he 
 continued,  usefully  and  acceptably  employed,  until 
 April,  18.'>3,  when  he  resigned  the  office,  contrary  to 
 the  unanimous  wish  of  the  Board.  The  remaining 
 two  years  of  his  life  were  spent  chiefly  in  study, 
 devotion  and  intercourse  with  his  friends.  He  died 
 May  23d,  185.->. 
 
 As  a  man  of  learning.  Dr.  Lindsley  was  distin- 
 guished for  the  accuracy  and  thoroughness  of  his 
 classical  attainments.  His(|Ualifications  ;is  a  teacher 
 were  very  superior.  In  conversation  and  debate  he 
 was  read}' and  fluent.  Asapreacher,  hepos-sessed  many 
 admirable  qualities.  His  friendship  was  marked  Iiy 
 sincerity  and  warmth.  The  influence  which,  for  a 
 quarter  of  a  century,  he  e.\erted  :is  an  educator,  over 
 the  State  of  Tennessee  and  the  whole  Southwest,  has 
 been  wide  and  enduring. 
 
 Linn,  James,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Sherman's  Val- 
 ley, now  Perry  county,  Pa.,  September  4th,  1783. 
 He  was  graduated  at  Dickinson  College  in  1805; 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle  in  1808,  and 
 ordained  in  Bellefonte,  Pa.,  April,  1810,  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Huntingdon.  His  pastoral  charge  embraced 
 the  churches  of  Bellefonte  and  Lick  Run.  In  1839 
 he  Wiis  released  from  Lick  Run  and  retained  Bellefonte, 
 where  he  sustained  the  relation  of  pastor  until  his 
 decease,  February  23d,  1868. 
 
 In  social  life,  Dr.  Linn,  though  rather  retiring  and 
 silent,  was,  when  drawn  out,  both  vivacious  and  in- 
 
 structive. As  a  Presbyter,  he  was  one  of  the  most 
 faithful,  and  his  brethren,  in  Presbj'tery,  as  elsewhere, 
 found  him  a  wi.se  and  reliable  counsellor.  As  a  pastor, 
 he  was  kind  and  sympathizing.  As  a  preacher,  he 
 was  plain  and  instructive,  inclining  more  to  the  doc- 
 trinal and  practical  than  to  the  e.xperimental  and 
 hortatory.  No  sermon  was  ever  repeated  in  the  same 
 pulpit.  He  was  eminently  a  modest  man,  disliking 
 to  put  himself  forward  iu  any  way,  "  .seeking  not  his 
 own,"  hiding  self  in  the  Saviour  for  whom  he  lived 
 and  labored.  His  influence  is  attested  by  the  intelli- 
 gence, taste,  refinement,  moral  excellence,  and  elc\  ated 
 Christian  character  and  liberal  spirit  of  the  people  of 
 Bellefonte,  among  whom  he  labored  for  nearly  sixty 
 years.     The  estimation  in  which  he  was  held  by  his 
 
 ',  own  congregation  wius  largely  shared  by  the  whole 
 community  in  which  he  liveti.  He  was  generous  in 
 his  dealings  with  tlie  church.  When  there  was  a 
 heavy  weight  of  indebtedness  upon  it,  he  voluntarily 
 remitted  every  year  a  portion  of  his  salary  as  his  con- 
 tribution towards  the  p.ayment  of  the  debt.  When 
 under  the  infirmities  of  age,  he  tendered  his  resigna- 
 tion, and  an  a.ssist;int  was  provided.  His  salary  would 
 have  been  continued  as  before,  had  he  not  absolutely 
 declined,  under  the  altered  circumstances,  to  receive 
 more  than  .§200  per  annum,  which  was  forced  upon 
 
 j  his  acceptance.  The  tablet,  which  fitly  commemo- 
 rates  his  long  connection  with  the  Bellefonte  Church, 
 
 j  bears  this  inscription: — 
 
 " Fitithful,  wise,  meek,  piiticiif,  pure,  clerout." 
 Linn,  Rev.  John,  was  born  in  Adams  county. 
 Pa.,  in  1749;  was  fitted  for  college  by  the  Rev. 
 RolK'rt  Smith,  of  Pequea,  Lancaster  county,  Pa. ; 
 graduated  at  Nassau  Hall,  in  1773;  studied  theology 
 under. the  Rev.  Dr.  Robert  Cooper;  was  licensed  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Donegal,  in  December,  1776,  and 
 .soon  after  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the 
 congregations  in  Sherman's  Valley,  in  Cumberland 
 (now  Perry)  county,  Pa.,  where  he  remained,  labor- 
 ing, faithfully  and  efficiently,  to  the  close  of  his  min- 
 istry and  his  life,  in  1820.  Mr.  Linn  was  distin- 
 guished for  sobriety  of  mind  rather  than  versatility; 
 was  reflective  rather  than  imaginative.  He  was  a 
 .solemn  and  impressive  preacher,  uncommonh'  devoted 
 to  the  interests  of  his  flock;  and  in  his  family,  and, 
 indeed,  all  his  relations,  he  was  a  fine  example  of 
 Christian  dignity,  tenderness  and  fidelity. 
 
 Linn,  Dr.  John  Blair,  was  born  in  Shippens- 
 burg.  Pa.,  March  14tli,  1777,  and  was  a  precocious 
 boy.  He  graduated  at  Columbia  College  at  eighteen, 
 before  which  time  he  had  already  published  in  the 
 periodical  press  essays  in  prose  and  verse  and  written 
 a  play,  which  was  acted.  He  commenced  the  study  of 
 the  law  with  General  Hamilton,  but  abandoned  it  in 
 disgust.  He  then  studied  theology  with  Dr.  Romeyn, 
 a  Dutch  divine  of  Schenectady.  After  entering  the 
 ministry  his  great  popularity  secured  him  many  in- 
 vitations, but  his  choice  led  him  to  become  the  asso- 
 ciate of  Dr.  Ewing,  in  the  First  Church,  Philadelphia, 
 
LINN. 
 
 432 
 
 LirTLE. 
 
 June,  1799.  In  1802  he  suffered  from  a  sunstroke, 
 from  the  effects  of  which  he  never  entirely  recovered. 
 His  spirits  became  depressed,  and  he  died  of  hemor- 
 rhage, August  30th,  1804,  at  the  early  age  of  twenty- 
 seven. 
 
 Besides  his  early  poems,  liis  published  works  were 
 a  "  Poem  on  the  Death  of  Washington, "  a  "Poem  on 
 the  Powers  of  Genius,"  a  po.sthumous  pOem  called 
 "  Valerian,"  a  "Sermon  on  the  Death  of  Dr.  Ewing," 
 and  a  "  Reply  to  Dr.  Priestley's  Comparison  between 
 Socrates  and  Christ. ' '  The  merit  of  this  reply  gained 
 him  the  Degree  of  D.  D.  from  the  University  of 
 Pennsylvania.  Dr.  Linn's  tjistes  were  refined  and 
 poetic,  and  his  sensibilities  exquisite.  This  led  him, 
 though  warm  and  generous  in  his  nature,  to  a  moody 
 and  melancholy  state  of  mind,  and  a  morbid  dread 
 of  death,  which  was  only  held  in  check  by  a  deeji 
 sense  of  religion. 
 
 Linn,  Rev.  "William,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Ship- 
 pensburg.  Pa.,  in  1752,  and  graduated  at  Princeton 
 College,  in  1772.  Soon  after  being  licensed  he  entered 
 the  American  army  as  a  chaplain.  In  1784  he  was 
 rector  of  an  academy  in  Somerset  county,  Md.,  where 
 he  acquired  a  high  reputation  as  a  teacher  and  scholar. 
 In  1786  he  became  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  but  remained  there  only  a  few 
 mouths,  as,  in  the  November  after  his  settlement,  he 
 accepted  a  ciill  to  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  of  the  city 
 of  New  York.  He  died,  in  Albany,  in  January,  1808. 
 Dr.  Linn  enjoyed  a  high  reputation  as  a  pulpit  orator. 
 He  was  in  great  demand  on  charitjible  and  public 
 occasions.  A  number  of  his  sermons,  indicative  of  his 
 ability,  were  published. 
 
 Lippincott,  Rev.  Thomas,  was  born  in  Salem, 
 N.  J.,  February  6th,  1791.  After  spending  a  short 
 time  in  Philadelphia,  he  removed  to  Lumberland, 
 N.  Y.,  in  1814.  Here  he  married,  August  loth,  1816, 
 and  late  in  the  Fall  of  1817  he  started  for  the  West, 
 with  his  wife  and  infant  daughter.  On  December 
 1st  they  embarked  at  Pittsburg,  with  another  family, 
 on  a  Monongahela  flat-boat,  which  they  had  chartered 
 to  convey  them  dow  n  the  Ohio.  On  the  30th  of  the 
 same  month  they  landed  at  Shawneetown.  He  found 
 his  way  to  St.  Louis,  then  but  a  village,  and  engaged 
 as  clerk,  but  soon  entered  into  bnsiuess  for  himself. 
 He  took  a  stock  of  goods  to  Milton,  111.,  where  his 
 wife  established  the  first  Sabhaih-schnol  in  that  State. 
 His  next  place  of  residence  was  Edwardsville,  where, 
 certainly  for  one  year,  he  was  editor  of  the  Edwards- 
 ville Spectator,  and  during  the  six  years  in  which  the 
 paper  was  published  at  Edwardsville,  he  was  a  con- 
 stant contributor  to  its  columns.  While  in  Edwards- 
 ville, besides  his  editorial  duties,  he  was  clerk  in  the 
 Land  Office  and  Justice  of  the  Peace. 
 
 Mr.  Lippincott  was  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  at  Edwardsville.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
 October  8th,  1828,  and  ordained  October  19th,  1829. 
 His  stated  labors  were  exclusively  with  the  churches 
 in  the  bounds  of  the  Synod  of  Illinois.    He  also  acted  | 
 
 for  several  months  as  Agent  of  the  American  Sunday- 
 school  Union.  His  last  field  was  Dacoign,  in  Perry 
 county.  His  ministerial  labors  were  abundant,  ac- 
 ceptiible  and  successful.  No  man  in  the  Synod  was 
 .  more  univensally  respected  and  beloved.  He  was  the 
 first  Moderator  of  the  Presbytery  of  Alton.  He  died 
 in  April,  1869.     "It  is  difficult,"  says   Dr.   A.  T. 
 
 :  Norton,  "  to  characterize  such  a  man,  because  of  the 
 
 I 
 
 f  very  completeness  of  his  character  and  the  absence 
 
 of  great  .salient  points.  It  was  something  like  the 
 prairies  of  his  adoi)ted  State,  everywhere  rich  and 
 j  fertile,  but  destitute  of  towering  mountains,  snow- 
 crowned  and  conspicuous,  indeed,  but  cold  and 
 barren;  and  destitute,  also,  of  those  swamp-lands 
 which  lie  too  low  for  drainage  and  cultivation.  '  His 
 mental  efforts  were  always  respectable,  never  sinking 
 
 HEV,  THOMAS   LIPPINCOTT. 
 
 below  mediocrity,  seldom  soaring  far  above  it.  He 
 was  not  a  meteor,  or  a  comet,  but  rather  the  north 
 star,  steadily  shining,  clear  and  fixed.  His  moral 
 character,  also,  was  complete.  He  loved  his  neighbor 
 as  himself.  He  was  liberal  with  his  means,  almost 
 to  a  fault.  His  Christian  character,  also,  was  com- 
 plete. Christ's  atonement  was  his  only  hope,  Christ's 
 example  his  only  pattern,  Christ's  precepts  his  only 
 rule. ' ' 
 
 Little,  Rev.  Georg-e  Obadiah,  the  third  son 
 of  Rev.  Dr.  Henry  and  Su.san  Norton  (Smith)  Little, 
 was  born  in  Madison,  Ind.,  May  2d,  1839.  He 
 graduated  at  Amherst  College,  in  1860 ;  at  Lane 
 Theological  Seminary,  in  18G3;  was  licensed  to  preach 
 by  the  Presbj'tery  of  New  Albany,  in  1862,  and  sup- 
 plied the  Church  at  Veray,  Ind.,  during  his  Senior 
 year  at  the  Seminary.      After  preaching  a  year  at 
 
LITTLE. 
 
 433 
 
 LLOYD. 
 
 Birmingham,  Pa.,  he  was  called  to  the  Second  Church, 
 Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  where  he  labored  till  1871,  when 
 he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Church  in  Couuersville.  In 
 June,  1873,  before  his  installation,  he  accepted  a  call 
 to  the  Assembly's  Prcsbj-teriau  Church,  Washington, 
 D.  C,  and  was  installed  pastor,  November  9th,  1873. 
 He  is  one  of  four  brothers,  all  of  whom  are  ministers 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  Mr.  Little  has  the 
 qualities  which,  under  God,  give  success  to  the 
 preacher  and  pastor.  Originality  and  vigor  charac- 
 terize his  pulpit  ministrations.  While  retivining  ever 
 simplicity  of  style  and  purity  of  gospel  truth,  he  not 
 seldom  interests  and  impresses  by  the  unusual,  strik- 
 ing and  attractive  form  in  which  his  thought  is 
 presented.  The  ten  years  of  his  ministry  in  Wash- 
 ington, just  clo.sed,  have  resulted  in  the  steady 
 enlargement  of  his  sphere  of  influence,  and  the  growth 
 of  the  Church  in  number  and  efficiency.  He  has 
 published  various  discourses,  and  contributed  articles 
 for  religious  periodicals. 
 
 Little,  Henry,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Boscawen, 
 N.  H.,  March  30tb,  1800,  and  died  at  Madison,  Ind., 
 February  2.jth,  1882.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth, 
 N.  H.,  in  1826,  iu  which  year  sixty  of  tlie  students 
 became  Christians,  a  result  to  which  he  largely  con- 
 tributed by  his  personal  visits  and  conversation.  He 
 graduated  at  the  Theological  Seminary  in  Andover, 
 Mass.,  and  w;vs  ordained  September  24th,  1829,  at 
 Park  Street  Church,  Boston,  Ma.ss.,  with  fifteen 
 others,  all  of  whom  were  to  be  Home  or  Foreign 
 missionaries.  The  hymn  "Watchman,  What  of  the 
 Night,"  was  composed  and  set  to  music  for  that 
 occasion,  and  sung  there  for  the  fir.st  time. 
 
 For  over  a  year  after  his  ordination  he  was  in  the 
 employment  of  the  American  Education  Society,  and 
 was  very  successful  in  raising  money  and  persuading 
 young  men  to  enter  the  ministry.  In  1831  he  was 
 settled  as  pastor  over  the  Presbj^^erian  Church  at 
 Oxford,  O.,  and  during  a  pastorate  of  two  years, 
 two  hundred  and  ninety-seven  persons  united  with 
 the  church,  many  of  whom  were  students  in  Miami 
 University.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Second  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Madi.son,  Ind.,  from  1838  to  1840, 
 during  which  time  sixty  were  received  into  tlie 
 church  on  profession  of  their  faith.  But  the  most 
 important  and.  continuous  work  of  his  life — nearly 
 forty-nine  years  in  all — was  in  connection  with  the 
 general  agency  of  Home  Missions ;  from  1833  to  1861 
 in  connection  with  the  American  Home  Missionary 
 Society  ;  from  that  time  until  1869  with  the  Presby- 
 terial  C(mimittee  of  Home  Missions,  N.  S. ;  and  from 
 that  till  liis  death  with  the  Board  of  Home  Mi-ssions. 
 In  this,  his  life-work.  Dr.  Little  was  remarkably 
 successful.  First.  In  organizing  churches,  settling 
 church  difficulties  and  securing  ministers  for  destitute 
 fields.  Secondly.  In  raising  large  sums  of  money. 
 He  was  called  the  "Prince  of  Beggars,"  and  rai.sed 
 '  §50.000  for  Lane  Theological  Seminary,  and  ?10,000 
 for  the  Western  Female  Seminary,  Oxford,  Ohio,  in 
 28 
 
 addition  to  the  large  amount  collected  for  Home 
 Missions.  Thirdly.  In  saving  souls,  through  evan- 
 gelistic work.  ' '  He  was  a  fluent  and  eftective  speaker, 
 and  as  such  seemed  proof  against  fatigue.  To  preach 
 three  times  a  day,  weeks  together,  hold  inquiry  meet- 
 ings and  converse  with  any  he  met,  seemed  to  invigo- 
 rate him.  He  was  interested  and  active  in  all  that 
 pertained  to  the  welfare  of  his  State,  and  the  Indiana 
 School  Report  mentions  his  name  as  the  originator  of 
 the  first  graded  schools  in  that  State.  The  title  of 
 Doctor  of  Divinity  was  conferred  by  Wabash  College, 
 in  1865. 
 
 His  last  sickness  was  attended  with  long  and 
 severe  suffering,  but  he  endured  it  all  with  marvel- 
 ous patience  and  submission.  His  death  was  as 
 remarkable  as  his  life,  for  the  spirit  of  piety  which  he 
 exhibited  and  the  testimony  which  he  bore. 
 
 Little,  Jacob,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  New  Hamp- 
 shire, May  1st,  1795;  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
 in  1822,  and  Andover  in  1825;  preached  six  months 
 at  Hoosick,  N.  Y.,  and  about  one  year  at  Belpre, 
 Ohio;  June  1st,  1827,  he  became  pivstor  of  the  Con- 
 gregational Church  in  Granville,  Ohio,  and  continued 
 in  that  relation  until  December  1st,  1867;  removed 
 at  once  to  Warsaw,  Ind.,  and  for  a  time  was  stated 
 supply  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  that  town; 
 left  Warsaw  in  July,  1874,  to  reside  with  his  son, 
 the  Rev.  Charles  Little,  pa.stor  of  the  Presbj-terian 
 Church  in  Waba.sh,  Ind. ;  passed  to  his  rest  on  the 
 morning  of  Sabbath,  December  17th,  aged  eighty-one 
 years.  Dr.  Little's  chief  work  was  in  the  Church  at 
 Granville,  through  his  influence,  one  of  the  most  re- 
 markable churches  of  our  order.  Here  his  labors 
 were  signally  blessed.  In  1828  the  church  was 
 favored  with  a  great  re\'ival,  and  during  his  ministry 
 many  hundreds  were  added  to  it.  His  "  New  Year's 
 Sermons"  were  characteristically  full  of  facts,  and 
 were  a  Granville  in.stitution.  Several  of  them  were 
 published.  He  published  several  other  discourses, 
 and  many  delightful  and  valuable  articles  in  the  re- 
 ligious newspapers.  His  most  important  work  is 
 "The  History  of  Granville,"  published  some  years 
 ago,  in  the  Ohio  Observer,  at  Hudson.  Dr.  Little  so 
 wrought  himself  into  the  practical  work  of  a  pastor 
 and  preacher  in  a  grand  field,  and  did  and  said  so 
 many  wise  things,  that  he  will  be  affectionately  re- 
 membered. 
 
 Lloyd,  Amos  H.,  ruling  elder,  was  born  in 
 Marietta,  O.,  lived  in  Cincinnati  through  his  boy- 
 hood and  youth;  went  South  and  settled  in  Selma, 
 Ala.,  in  1835.  Died  Augu.st  12th,  1881.  Mr.  Lloyd 
 w;vs  a  scholar  in  the  first  Sunday-school  organized  iu 
 Cincinnati,  O.  Remo\-ing,  in  early  life,  to  the  small 
 village  of  Selma,  Ala.,  he  organized  the  first  Sunday- 
 school  in  the  place,  and  was  an  officer  or  teacher,  to 
 the  day  of  his  death.  He  was  installed  a  ruling 
 elder,  January  4th,  1852,  and  while  he  bad  no  chUd- 
 ren  of  his  own,  his  house  was  the  ' '  Preacher's  Home. " 
 Not  one  of  the  older  ministers  of  the  Synod  ever  came 
 
LLOYD. 
 
 434 
 
 LOCKE. 
 
 to  Selma  without  tinding  a  cordial  ■(velcome  to  his 
 hospitable  board  and  his  "Prophet's  chamber." 
 Brisk  and  lively  in  manner,  fervent  in  piety,  and 
 kind  and  courteous  to  all,  he  was  universally  be- 
 loved. Slow  to  express  an  opinion  in  difficult  and 
 delicate  cases,  he  wastirm  as  a  rock  in  his  principles, 
 when  once  settled.  He  never  missed  a  meeting  of 
 any  kind,  unless  prevented  by  some  providental  hind- 
 rance. 'Wlien  dying,  he  was  told  of  the  old  friends 
 he  would  see  in  heaven.  "Oh,  yes!"  he  answered, 
 "but  above  all,  I  will  see  Jesus." 
 
 Lloyd,  Rev.  Charles  Hooker,  was  born  in  New 
 Haven,  Conn.,  February  21st,  1833.  He  entered 
 New  York  University  in  18.")6,  where  he  remained  a 
 year  and  a  half,  but  owing  to  ill  health  he  did  not 
 graduate.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  Theological 
 Seminary  in  1862;  was  licensed  by  New  York  Pres- 
 bytery, and  was  ordained  as  an  evangelist  by  the 
 same  Presbytery,  April  29th,  1862.  He  married 
 Miss  Katie  C.  Parker,  a  daughter  of  Willard  Parker, 
 M.  D.,  of  New  York  city,  and  himself  and  wife  were 
 appointed  by  the  American  Board  of  Corami-ssioners 
 for  Foreign  Missions  to  South  Africa,  and  sailed  from 
 New  York,  June  21st,  1862.  After  a  few  months 
 spent  in  travel  in  Europe,  they  reached  Natal,  South 
 Africa,  December  11th,  1862,  and  were  cordially 
 received  by  the  missionaries.  Their  first  residence 
 was  at  Amanziutote,  from  whence,  by  a  vote  of  the 
 Mission,  in  June,  1863,  they  were  removed  to  Umvoti 
 as  their  permanent  home.  Hardly  six  months  more 
 had  passed  before  Mr.  Lloyd's  health  became  so 
 much  impaired  that,  by  the  ad\ice  of  his  physicians, 
 he  made  a  journey  of  some  months  into  the  cooler 
 hill  country  of  the  interior,  in  the  hope  of  restoring 
 his  health  and  arresting  the  di.sease  which  threatened 
 him.  But  he  learned  that  whatever  he  had  to  do 
 must  be  done  quickly.  He  returned  to  Umvoti,  and 
 labored  with  renewed  zeal,  and  threw  himself  into 
 the  work  of  missions  with  his  whole  heart,  and 
 carried  others  away  with  his  enthusiasm. 
 
 Mr.  Lloyd  died,  February  10th,  1865,  of  consump- 
 tion. In  all  his  Christian  life  he  was  personally 
 faithful  and  wise  to  win  souls,  and  many,  both  in 
 America  and  Africa,  and  some  who  went  before  him 
 to  heaven,  were  led  to  the  Sa\'iour  by  his  direct 
 entreaty.  A  short  time  before  his  decease,  he  said  to  a 
 fellow  missionary,  who  was  sitting  alone  with  him  at 
 the  fireside,  "Since  I  shall  not  live  long,  I  have  a 
 request  to  make  of  you.  Do  you  remember  there  is 
 a  little  tree  standing  about  thirty  feet  from  the  door 
 of  your  new  chapel  ?  "When  I  am  dead,  I  wish  yon 
 would  bury  me  near  where  that  tree  stands.  Mrs. 
 Lloyd  will  enclose  the  spot,  and  erect  my  tombstone 
 there,  where  all  your  Sabbath  worshipers  can  see  it 
 as  they  go  up  to  worship.  As  they  look  at  it,  may 
 be  they  will  remember  that  the  dead  man  came  to 
 preach  to  them.  Thus  I  wish,  hope  and  pray  that  my 
 grave  may  preach  the  gospel  when  I  am  gone. "  The 
 enclosure  and  the  grave  were  made,  according  to  the 
 
 good  man's  wish,  and  on  the  tombstone  are  these 
 words:  "  Weeping  may  endure  for  the  night,  but  joy 
 Cometh  in  the  morning. ' ' 
 
 Lloyd,  Rev.  John,  deserves  a  prominent  place 
 among  the  devoted  missionaries  of  the  Church.  He 
 was  born  in  Huntingdon  county.  Pa.,  October  1st, 
 1813,  and  graduated  at  Jefferson  College,  with  dis- 
 tinction, in  September,  1839.  After  teaching  two 
 years,  he  studied  theology  at  Princeton  Seminary. 
 In  the  Autumn  of  1843  he  placed  himself  under  the 
 care  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  and  the  field 
 of  labor  assigned  to  him  was  China.  During  his  last 
 session  in  the  seminary  he  was  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  New  York,  but  he  transferred  his  re- 
 lation to  the  Presbytery  of  Huntingdon,  from  which 
 also  he  received  ordination,  a  short  time  before  de- 
 parting on  his  mission. 
 
 Mr.  Lloyd  sailed  from  New  York  in  company  with 
 three  other  missionaries,  on  the  22d  of  June,  1844,  and 
 arrived  at  Macao  in  October  following.  In  November 
 he  proceeded  to  Amoy,  where  he  became  very  happily 
 associated  with  several  missionaries,  both  from  England 
 and  from  the  United  States.  He  addressed  himself 
 now,  with  great  diligence  and  success,  to  the  study  of 
 the  language,  and  soon  acquired  so  much  knowledge 
 of  it  as  to  be  able  to  enter  advantageously  upon  his 
 missionary  work.  He  died,  December  6th,  1848,  just 
 four  years,  to  a  day,  from  the  time  of  his  arrival  at 
 Amoy.  Mr.  Llpyd  pos.sessed  a  vigorous  mind,  an 
 equable  temperament,  an  amiable,  generous  spirit, 
 and  was  earnestly  devoted  to  the  best  interests  of  hia 
 fellow-men. 
 
 Locke,  Nathanael  C,  D.D.,  was  born  in  June, 
 1816,  at  Salem,  N.  J.;  graduated  at  Middlebury 
 College,  Vermont,  in  1838,  and  at  Union  Theological 
 Seminary,  New  York,  in  1844,  and  in  the  same  year 
 was  licen-sed  by  New  York  Third  Presbjtery.  Having 
 received  an  invitation  to  visit  the  Eastern  shore  of 
 Virginia,  he  labored  with  all  the  ardor  of  j'outh  and 
 the  earnestness  of  a  heart  wholly  given  to  Christ. 
 His  first  church  was  Eastville,  Northampton  county, 
 Va.  He  was  ordained  by  East  Hanover  Presbj-tery, 
 and  was  instrumental  in  gathering  around  him  many 
 influential  and  leading  families  in  that  region,  and 
 was  greatly  prospered.  At  the  organization  of  the 
 Central  Church,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1847,  he  became 
 its  pastor,  and  proved  iliithful  and  efficient,  gaining 
 the  affections  of  his  people  and  the  confidence  of  his 
 brethren.  At  the  end  of  three  years  he  took  charge 
 of  the  church  at  Hempstead,  Long  Island,  where  his 
 labors  were  blessed  with  tokens  of  God's  fiivor,  until 
 failing  health  compelled  him  to  resign,  in  1860.  He 
 died  July  21st,  1862. 
 
 Dr.  Locke  was  an  earnest  Christian.  Eminently 
 genial  and  social,  possessed  of  a  warm  and  generous 
 heart,  inspired  with  a  manly  and  open  disposition, 
 j  that  led  him  to  the  accomplishment  of  his  purposes 
 only  by  wliat  was  fair  and  honorable,  with  a  mind 
 well  stored  with  a  sincere  love  for  all  the  great  dis- 
 
LOCKRIDGE 
 
 4:J5 
 
 LOGAN. 
 
 tinctive  doctrines  of  the  gospel,  and  a  heart  that 
 meekly  embraced  them,  and  a  faith  that  made  them 
 his  own,  he  was  at  once  the  valued  companion,  the 
 affectionate  pastor  and  friend,  the  earnest  and  eloquent 
 preacher,  and  the  successful  minister  of  Christ. 
 
 Lockridge,  Rev.  Andre'w  Y.,  was  born  JIarch 
 4th,  1801,  in  Rockbridge  county,  Va.  He  graduated 
 at  Washington  College,  Virginia,  in  1827;  was  licensed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Lexington,  in  1830;  was  ordained 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Concord,  in  April,  1831;  was 
 stated  supply  and  pastor  of  Third  Creek  and  Back 
 Creek  churches,  Xorth  Carolina,  1830-45;  was  mis- 
 sionary of  Presbytery  among  the  Cherokees,  Georgia, 
 1845-60,  and  was  pastor  of  Chickamauga  Church, 
 Catoosa  county,  Ga.,  1860-71.  He  died  January 
 15th,  1876.  He  was  a  laborious,  faithful  and  useful 
 minister  of  the  gospel. 
 
 Loctwood,  Rev.  Robinson  Smiley,  was  born 
 at  Springfield,  Vt.,  August  10th,  1806.  He  graduated 
 at  Jliddlebury  College.  By  diligence  and  perse- 
 verance he  became  a  fine  cla.ssical  and  Belles  Lettres 
 scholar,  adding  to  his  collegiate  course  a  knowledge 
 of  several  of  the  modern  languages.  At  different 
 periods  of  his  early  life  he  completed  courses  of  study 
 in  all  three  of  the  learned  professions,  dii-inity,  law 
 and  medicine,  and  at  different  times  practiced  the 
 same.  His  first  pastoral  charge  was  at  JIead\-illc, 
 Pa.  As  an  educator  he  was,  at  several  times,  Pro- 
 fessor or  Principal  in  different  Institutions  of  learning. 
 From  1851  to  1858  he  resided  in  Jlount  Vernon,  O. 
 For  a  short  time  he  was  Mayor  of  that  city.  Mr. 
 Lockwood  died  at  Jlount  Vernon,  August  20th,  1876. 
 His  last  moments  were  solaced  by  sincere  and  calm 
 trust  in  the  mercy  of  his  Redeemer. 
 
 Logan,  Rev.  David  Swift,  the  son  of  Joshua 
 and  Sabrina  Logan,  was  born  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  in 
 1834.  He  graduated,  with  honor,  at  Jefferson  Col- 
 lege, in  1854;  studied  theology  at  the  Western  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Allegheny  City.  For  two  years  he 
 preached  in  the  churches  of  Xew  Philadelphia  and 
 f  IrichviUe,  Ohio,  during  which  he  performed  much 
 hard  work.  As  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Tiffin,  Ohio, 
 he  labored  with  great  zeal  and  earnestness  and  with 
 much  success.  He  died,  September  loth,  1864.  Mr. 
 Logan  was  an  earnest  and  affectionate  preacher,  and 
 a  faithful  expounder  of  Di%-ine  truth.  He  was  "a 
 workman  that  needed  not  to  be  ashamed."  He  was 
 also  an  efficient  pastor.  His  piety  was  effusive, 
 evenly,  like  a  lamp  abundantly  replenished.  He  was, 
 in  the  strictest  sense,  a  Christian  gentleman.  His 
 death  was  in  perfect  harmony  with  his  life. 
 
 Logan,  Rev.  John  Bovelle,  the  youngest  son 
 of  James  and  Elizabeth  (Vance)  Logan,  was  bom  near 
 Abingdon,  Va.,  July  23d,  1818.  He  received  his  edu- 
 cation mainly  at  the  High  School  in  Abingdon;  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Quarterly  Conference  of 
 Abingdon  Station,  Methodist  Protestant  Cluirch,  in 
 1842,  and  ordained  deacon  iu  1844.     After  preaching 
 
 eight  years  in  that  Denomination,  he  united  with 
 Holstou  Presbytery,  Synod  of  Tennessee,  of  the  then 
 New  School  Presbyterian  Church,  and  was  ordained 
 as  an  evangelist  by  this  Presbytery,  in  April,  1851. 
 His  transfer  to  the  Presbj-terian  body  was  but  return- 
 ing to  his  mother  Church,  as  he  had  been  brought  up 
 in  the  Presbyterian  faith.  His  theological  studies  were 
 not  in  connection  with  any  seminary,  but  were  directed 
 by  ministers  of  some  note  in  both  Henominations. 
 His  ministry  has  been  partly  in  Southwest  Virginia 
 and  Ea.st  Tennessee,  but  largely  in  Central  Indiana, 
 where  he  has  been  for  twentj'-two  years.  He  is,  at 
 present,  stated  supply  of  the  Seventh  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Indianapolis.  Mr.  Logan  is  earnest,  emo- 
 tional, and,  at  times,  impassioned  in  preaching.  He 
 comes  from  the  throne  of  grace  to  his  pulpit,  as  one 
 who  delights  in  communion  with  God,  and  has  great 
 power  in  prayer,  as  in  preaching  the  "Word.  His  soul 
 is  full  of  music,  and  many  attend  his  ministry  who 
 love  to  hear  him  sing,  as  well  as  preach  and  pray. 
 He  has  been  successful  in  gathering  converts  into  the 
 Church  at  Blountville,  Tenn.,  Seymour,  Kirklin, 
 Thorntown,  Indianapolis,  and  wherever  he  has 
 labored. 
 
 Logan,  Samuel  Crothers,  D.  D.,  was  bom 
 December  21st,  1823,  at  Hanover,  Ind. ;  was  gradu- 
 ated from  Hanover  College  (of  which  his  father, 
 George  Logan,  was  a  founder),  August  31st,  1846; 
 from  Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in  May,  1850, 
 and  was  licensed  by  the  First  Presbj'tery  of  New 
 York  in  February,  1850.  He  was  a  missionary  in 
 Kentucky,  Indiana  and  Jlichigan,  in  1850;  took 
 charge  of  the  mLssion  field  centering  around  Con- 
 stantine,  Mich.,  in  December,  1850,  and  organized 
 the  Church  of  Con.stantine,  with  nine  members,  and 
 a  salary  of  eighty-four  dollars  for  the  first  year.  He 
 was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Lake,  April  14th, 
 1851.  In  1854,  by  his  efforts,  the  Church  at  Con- 
 stantine  was  completed,  and  he  was  installed  pastor 
 of  the  congregation,  with  from  eight  to  twelve  preach- 
 ing places,  at  which  churches  were  afterwards  organ- 
 ized. In  May,  1857,  he  was  pastor  of  the  Fifth 
 Church,  Cincinnati,  which  in  two  years  paid  off  its 
 debt  of  eleven  thousand  dollars.  In  1859  and  1860 
 he  was  stated  supply  of  the  Seventh  Church  in  the 
 same  city.  In  1860  he  was  called  to  Valparaiso,  Ind., 
 where  he  established  the  Collegiate  Institute,  and 
 cared  for  both  church  and  school. 
 
 Dr.  Logan  wrote  the  first  paper  in  favor  of  the 
 education  of  the  Freedmen  that  passed  the  Assembly, 
 in  April,  1864,  and  secured  its  passage  at  Newark. 
 By  this  action  the  Ea-stern  and  Western  Committees 
 on  Freedmen  were  appointed  at  PhOadelphia  and 
 Indianapolis.  He  was  Secretary  of  the  Western  Com- 
 mittee, and  sent  the  first  missionaries  to  Tennessee, 
 Alabama  and  Kansas,  in  1864.  May,  1865,  he  wrote 
 the  article  consolidatiijg  the  two  committees  into 
 "  The  Assemlily  Committee  on  Freedmen,"  at  Pitts- 
 burg.    He  held  the  office  of  Secretary  from  June  1, 
 
LOGAN. 
 
 436 
 
 LOG  COLLEGE. 
 
 1865  to  July  1st,  1869,  and  organized  about  forty 
 churches  and  eighty  schools;  established  Wallingford 
 Academy,  Charleston;  Biddle  University  at  Charlotte, 
 N.  C,  and  Scotia  Seminary  at  Concord,  and  with  the 
 help  of  the  G<3verument,  raised  and  expended  $71,000 
 in  1868.  After  supplying  the  First  Pi-esbyterian 
 Church  of  Scranton,  Pa.,  for  some  mouths,  Dr. 
 Logan  became  its  pastor,  in  July,  1869,  and-  continues 
 in  this  relation  to  the  present  time.  He  is  a  staunch 
 Presbj'tcrian,  thoroughly  conversant  with  the  doc- 
 trines and  controversies  of  his  Church.  He  is  a 
 gentleman  of  great  charity,  and  an  efficient,  sympa- 
 thizing pastor.  He  hiis  a  wonderful  power  of  ex- 
 pressing clearly  and  correctly  the  doctrines  of  the 
 Church,  in  ordinary  language,  free  from  the  techni- 
 calities of  the  schools.  His  discourses  are  replete 
 with  passages  of  eloquence,  and  enlivened  with  fine 
 descriptive  powers.  As  a  citizen  he  is  of  great  influ- 
 ence where  he  resides,  outside  of  his  own  congregation, 
 and  thoroughly  interested  in  all  public  charities  and 
 measures  of  local  importance.  He  is  always  found 
 maintaining  the  ' '  purity  of  the  clergy, ' '  and  deeply 
 interested  in  measures  for  their  temporal  as  well  as 
 spiritual  welfare. 
 
 Logan,  Rev.  Thomas  D. ,  A.  M.  Parents,  John 
 T.  and  Henrietta  B.  Logan.  Was  born  in  the  city  of 
 Allegheny,  Pa.,  January  ^Oth,  18.51.  Graduated  at 
 Lafayette  College,  Pa.,  1869,  and  at  Western  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  1874.  Licen.sed  by  Presbytery  of 
 Allegheny,  1S73.  Ordained  and  instiilled  pastor  of 
 the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Meadville,  Pa., 
 January  20th,  A.  D.  1875,  over  which  he  still  pre- 
 sides. His  sermons  are  delivered  with  clearness  and 
 force,  showing  marked  ability,  both  in  preparation 
 and  delivery.  In  all  his  mini-stry  he  has  evinced 
 such  Christian  manliness  of  character,  ripe  judgment 
 and  kindliness  of  disposition,  as  to  crown  his  labors, 
 under  the  blessing  of  God,  with  gratifying  success. 
 
 Log  College.  This  was  the  first  literary  insti- 
 tution, above  common  schools,  in  the  bounds  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  America.  It  was  erected  by 
 the  Kev.  William  Tennent,  Sr.,  who,  in  1726,  became 
 pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Neshaminy,  in 
 Bucks  county.  Pa.,  about  twenty  miles  north  of  Phil- 
 adelphia, and  within  a  few  steps  of  his  own  dwelling. 
 
 The  spirit  in  which  the  institution  was  established 
 augured  well  for  its  future.  In  Ireland  and  Scotland 
 the  signs  of  prevalent  worldlineas,  foreshadowing  a 
 sad  apostasy,  were  already  apparent.  In  this  country 
 the  primitive  zeal  of  Makeraie's  compeers  was  already 
 on  the  decline.  ' '  Revivals  of  religion  were  nowhere 
 beard  of,  and  an  orthodox  creed  and  a  decent  external 
 ponduct  were  the  only  points  on  which  inquiry  was 
 made  when  persons  were  admitted  to  the  communion 
 of  the  Church."  Vital  piety  had  almost  deserted 
 the  Church.  The  sub.stance  of  preaching  was  a 
 "dead  orthodoxy,"  in  which  little  emphasis  was 
 laid  upon  regeneration,  a  change  of  heart,  or  the 
 terrors  of  the  law  against  sin.     With  such  a  state  of 
 
 things  Mr.  Tennent  had  no  sympathy.  His  warm 
 evangelical  spirit  led  him  to  strive,  with  all  his  en- 
 ergies, to  effect  a  cliange.  The  young  men  who  Ciime 
 under  his  influence  in  their  course  of  education  were 
 inspirited  to  become  his  efficient  allies. 
 
 The  humble  edifice  which  was  to  acquire  such  an 
 enviable  notoriety  was  made  of  logs,  cut  out  of  the 
 woods,  probably  from  the  very  spot  where  the  house 
 .was  erected.  It  has  long  since  disappeared,  .so  that 
 although  the  site  on  which  it  stood  is  well  known  to 
 many  in  the  vicinity,  there  is  not  a  vestige  of  it 
 remaining  on  the  ground,  and  no  appearance  which 
 would  indicate  that  a  house  ever  stood  there.  Some 
 o\^Tier  of  the  property,  never  dreaming  that  there 
 was  anything  sacred  in  the  logs  of  this  unpretending 
 building,  had  them  carried  away  and  applied  to 
 some  ignoble  purpose  on  the  farm,  where  they  rotted 
 away,  like  common  timljer.  But  that  some  small  relic 
 of  this  venerable  edifice  might  be  preserved,  the  Rev. 
 Robert  B.  Behille,  who  was  many  years  ago  the 
 Presbyterian  minister  of  the  place,  rescued  from  the 
 common  ruin  so  much  of  one  of  these  logs  as  enabled 
 him,  by  paring  off  the  decayed  parts,  to  reduce  it  to 
 something  of  the  form  of  a  walking  staff,  which,  as  a 
 token  of  respect,  and  for  safe  keeping,  he  presented 
 to  the  Rev.  Samuel  Jliller,  D.  D.,  one  of  the  oldest 
 Professors  of  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton, 
 New  Jersey. 
 
 The  site  of  thft  Log  College  is  about  a  mile  from 
 that  part  of  Neshaminy  Creek  where  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  has  long  stood.  The  ground  near  and  around 
 it  lies  handsomely  to  the  eye,  and  the  more  distant 
 prospect  Ls  very  beautiful; for, while  there  is  a  consid- 
 erable extent  of  fertile,  well  cultivated  land,  nearly 
 level,  the  view  is  bounded  to  the  north  and  west  by 
 a  range  of  hills,  which  have  a  very  pleasing  appear- 
 ance. 
 
 There  seems  to  be  no  written  record  of  the  exist- 
 ence of  such  an  edifice  as  that  we  are  descril)ing.  by 
 any  contemporary  writer,  except  in  the  journal  of 
 the  Rev.  George  Whitefield,  the  celebrated  evangelist, 
 who  traversed  this  country  several  times,  preaching 
 everywhere,  with  a  popularity  and  success  which 
 have  never  been  equaled  by  any  other.  "  The 
 place,"  says  Mr.  Whitefield,  "wherein  the  young 
 men  study  now  is,  in  contempt,  called  The  College. 
 It  is  a  log  house,  about  twenty  feet  long,  and  near 
 as  many  broad,  and,  to  me,  it  seemed  to  resemble  the 
 school  of  the  old  prophets,  for  their  habitations  were 
 mean;  and  that  they  sought  riot  great  things  for 
 themselves  is  plain  from  those  passages  of  Scripture 
 wherein  we  are  told  that  each  of  them  took  them  a 
 beam  to  build  them  a  house ;  and  that  at  the  feast  of 
 the  sons  of  the  prophets,  one  of  them  put  on  the  pot, 
 whilst  the  others  went  to  fetch  some  herbs  out  of 
 the  field.  All  that  we  can  say  of  most  of  our  univer- 
 sities is,  they  are  glorious  \vithout.  From  this 
 despised  place  seven  or  eight  worthy  ministers  of 
 Jesus  have  lately  been  sent  forth,  more  are  almost 
 
LOXG. 
 
 437 
 
 lOjXg  island  PKESBYTEEY. 
 
 ready  to  be  sent,  and  the  foundation  is  now  laying  for 
 the  instruction  of  many  others."  The  journal  from 
 which  this  extract  is  taken  was  printed  in  Philadel- 
 phia, by  Benjamin  Franklin,  the  same  year  (1739)  iu 
 which  :Mr.  Whitefiold  visited  Mr.  Tcnneiit. 
 
 Xotwitlistanding  the  name  College,  as  appears  from 
 this  testimony,  was  given  to  the  building  out  of  con- 
 tempt, by  its  enemies,  in  this,  as  in  many  other  things, 
 it  is  evident  that  what  is  lightly  e.steemed  among 
 men  is  precious  in  the  sight  of  the  Lord.  Though 
 as  poor  a  house  as  perhaps  was  ever  erected  for  the 
 purpose  of  giving  a  lil)eral  education,  it  was.  in  a 
 uolile  .sense,  a  College;  a  fountain  from  which  pro- 
 ceeded streams  of  blessings  to  the  Church.  Dr.  Archi- 
 bald Alexander  refers  to  the  Institution  as  "  of  un- 
 speakable importance  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 this  country,"  and  as  "the  germ  from  which  pro- 
 ceeded the  College  of  New  Jersey. ' '  And  the  Rev. 
 Slatthcw  Brown,  D.D.,  regarded  it  as  not  only  the 
 germ  of  Xew  Jcr.sey  College,  but  several  other  col- 
 leges which  have  been  useful  to  the  Church  and 
 State,  and  have  risen  to  high  estimation  in  the 
 country,  such  as  Jefferson,  Hampden-Sidney,  and 
 Washington  College,  in  Virginia,  all  which  were 
 founded  and  taught  originallj'  by  students  from 
 Princeton."  Thus  we  see  how  much  good  may  arise 
 from  a  small  beginning.  "'Let  this  fact,"  says  Dr. 
 Alexander,  "encourage  all  who  have  it  in  their 
 power,  to  institute  good  schools  of  useful  and  solid 
 learning,  and  to  be  liberal  in  encouraging  and  endow- 
 ing academies  and  colleges,  and  aiding  poor  scholars 
 who  possess  talents  to  acquire  a  liberal  education." 
 
 Long,  Isaac  Jasper,  D.D.,  the  fifth  son  and 
 youngest  child  of  Isjiac  and  Lettie  (Hamilton)  Long, 
 was  born  in  Anderson  District,  South  Carolina,  Fcl)- 
 ruary  23d,  1834.  He  graduated  at  Centre  Collcg(\ 
 Danville,  Ky.,  Septeml)er  16th,  1858,  with  the  second 
 honor,  in  a  class  of  twenty-seven.  Immediately  after 
 his  graduation  he  entered  the  Dan\-ille  Theological 
 Seminary.  In  1859  he  was  selected  as  one  of  the 
 joint  Principals  of  the  Preparatory  Department  of 
 Centre  College,  which  position  he  filled  till  June, 
 1860.  He-nas  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Transylvania,  at  Lebanon,  Ky.,  April  12th,  1860. 
 In  October,  1860,  he  entered  the  Theological  Semi- 
 nary at  Columbia,  S.  C,  as  a  resident  licentiate,  and 
 remained  there  a  part  of  the  following  Winter  and 
 Spring.  In  April,  1861,  he  accepted  an  in\'itation  to 
 supply  the  Concord  Church,  in  Sumter  District,  S.C, 
 where  he  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Harmony, 
 and  installed  pa.stor,  October  31st,  1861. 
 
 In  July,  1666,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  General 
 Assembly's  Committee  of  Domestic  Missions,  Dr. 
 Long  -N-isited  Arkansas,  for  the  purpose  of  collecting 
 information  and  looking  after  the  interests  of  the 
 scattered  and  feeble  churches  then  in  the  State.  Re- 
 signing his  pastoral  charge,  he  removed  to  Bates\nlle, 
 in  the  early  part  of  1867,  to  be  the  only  Presbyterian 
 minister  in  fifteen  large  counties,  without  the  promise 
 
 of  a  dollar  from  any  source,  save  the  assurance  of  a 
 few  that  they  would  do  what  they  could. 
 
 Dr.  Long  founded  an  academy  in  Bates\ille,  by 
 securing  teachers  and  boarding  them,  partly  without 
 compensation,  besides  gi\inga  part  of  his  own  time  to 
 the  work.  This  constituted  the  nucleus  around  which 
 was  formed  Arkansas  College,  organized  in  1872. 
 Dr.  Long  was  elected  its  first  President,  which  place 
 he  still  fills  (1883).  He  has  also  filled  the  Professor- 
 ship of  Ancient  Languages  and  Jloral  Science,  under 
 which  is  included  Biblical  and  Ecclesiastical  History. 
 As  a  preacher,  he  is  a  thoughtful,  deliberate  speaker, 
 a  profound  theologian  and  logician.  He  is  a  most 
 thorough  educator.      His  scholarship,  integrity  and 
 
 IS.^AC  JASPFR  LONG,  D.D. 
 
 piety  are  unquestioned.  Ilesides  his  pastoral  work  in 
 Batesville  Church,  during  all  those  years,  he  has  per- 
 formed a  vast  amount  of  missionary  labor  in  the 
 regions  around.  Dr.  Long  is  a  most  useful  citizen. 
 He  takes  an  active  and  earnest  interest  in  every  move- 
 ment that  relates  to  the  public  good,  and  is  held  in 
 high  esteem  by  the  community.  His  pa.st  record  is  one 
 of  energj-,  self-.sacrifice,  and  eminent  de\otion  to  the 
 Ma.ster's  work,  and  has  laid  the  foundation  of  enlarged 
 usefulness  in  the  jears  which  may  yet  await  him. 
 
 Long  Island — Presbsrtery  of. — 
 
 [The  following  well  written  historical  sketch  has 
 been  kindly  furnished  us  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Epher 
 Whitaker.  "We  would  have  been  plea.sed  if  it  had 
 been  a  little  shorter,  but  as  it  relates  to  a  most  inter- 
 esting portion  of  our  Church's  operations,  and  as  Dr. 
 Whitaker  .says  he  has  "condensed  it  so  as  to  put  a 
 year's  hi.story  of  the  Presbytery  into  every  forty- 
 five  words."  we  cheerfully  comply  with  his  request 
 that  it  be  "  printed  as  it  was  written."] 
 
LONG  ISLAND  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 438 
 
 LONG  ISLAND  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 In  1716  the  ministers  of  the  Presbytery  in  America  [ 
 determined  to  form  several  Presbyteries  and  a  Synod. 
 Tlie  Eev.  George  Macnish  was  pastor  of  tlie  Church 
 of  Jamaica,  L.  I.,  whose  Presbyterian  organization 
 is  the  oldest  of  all  the  Presbyterian  churches  of  the 
 country,  though  the  present  Presbyterian  churches 
 of  Southold  and  Southampton  were  organized  as 
 town  churches  at  an  earlier  date.  The  Rev.  Samuel 
 Pomeroy  w;vs  the  pastor  of  tlie  Pre.sbyterian  Church, 
 of  Newton,  L.  I.  These  two  ministers  were  instructed 
 to  do  their  best  to  induce  some  other  mini.sters  on 
 Long  Island  to  unite  with  them  in  forming  a  Pres- 
 bytery of  Long  Island.  This  was  accomplished  the 
 next  year,  when  the  Rev.  George  Pliillips,  of  Setauket 
 joined  them,  and  on  the  17th  of  April,  1717,  they 
 met  at  Southampton,  and  ordained  the  Rev.  Samuel 
 Gelston  to  be  the  pastor  of  tlie  church  in  that  town. 
 The  original  Presb^'tery  had  approved  the  call  to  him 
 by  the  Southampton  Church,  during  the  preceding 
 year. 
 
 The  churches  of  this  Pre-sbytery  had  been  long  in 
 existence  before  they  became  united  under  the  Pres- 
 bytery. Southampton  Church  was  organized  in 
 November,  1640,  and  the  others  within  twenty  years 
 thereafter.  They  ^vere  all  churches  of  Euglisli  Puri- 
 tans, and  the  ministers  were  called  and  their  .salaries 
 paid  by  the  respective  towns.  The  towns  of  Brook- 
 haven  and  Smithtown,  and  some  in  the  Manor  of  St. 
 George,  called  the  Rev.  George  Phillips,  April  30th, 
 1697.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard  College,  and 
 belonged  to  the  great  and  beneficent  JIassacliusetts 
 family  of  this  name,  being  a  son  of  the  Rev.  (rcorge 
 Phillips,  who  was  the  first  pastor  of  Watertown, 
 from  1630  to  1644.  The  Church  of  Southold,  subse- 
 quently connected  with  the  Presbytery,  was  organ- 
 ized as  a  town  church,  October  21st,  1640.  It  is  the 
 oldest  church  now  in  connection  with  the  General 
 Assembly.  Easthampton,  Bridgehampton,  Hunting- 
 ton, Hempstead  and  Mattituek  are  also  very  old 
 Puritan  town  churches.  Some  of  them  were  Pre.sby- 
 terian  from  their  origin.  The  first  minister  of  Matti- 
 tuek was  Joseph  Lamb,  a  graduate  of  Yale,  who  was 
 ordained  in  1717,  by  the  Presbytery,  an'd  two  years 
 later  the  church  united  with  it.  These  early  Long 
 Island  churches  were  never  Congregational  churches 
 of  the  modern  type  of  Congregationalism.  This 
 original  Presbytery  of  Long  I.sland  continued  twenty- 
 one  years.  It  waSj  in  1738,  united  with  other  minis- 
 ters and  churches  in  New  York  and  East  Jer.sey  to 
 form  the  Presbytery  of  New  York.  Its  records  are 
 lo.st.  Its  real  successor,  though  not  the  legal  in- 
 heritor of  its  records,  was  the  Presbytery  of  Suffolk, 
 which  was  self-organized  at  Southampton,  April  8th, 
 1747.  The  ministers  who  organized  it  were  Ebenezer 
 White,  Nathaniel  Mather,  Ebenezer  Prime,  Ebene- 
 zer Gould,  Silvanus  'White,  Samuel  Buell.  Members  j 
 of  the  churches  of  Easthampton,  Bridgehampton 
 and  Southampton,  on  the  south  side  of  the 
 island,     and    of    Mattituek     and     Cutchogue,    on , 
 
 the  north  side,  formally  united,  the  ne.xt  day,  with 
 the  ministers,  in  their  undertaking  to  bring  the 
 churches  of  Suffolk  county,  so  far  as  practicable, 
 into  Presbyterian  order.  The  three  churches  of 
 the  Hamptons  forthwith  acceded.  This  Presbytery 
 determined  at  the  same  time  that  it  would,  in 
 due  season,  send  delegates  to  the  Synod  of  New  York, 
 and  the  Eev.  Messrs.  Prime  and  Buell  were  chosen 
 for  the  purpose. 
 
 The  Presbytery  of  Sutl'olk  grew  and  prospered, 
 though  it  speedily  lost  two  of  its  members;  for  within 
 a  year  the  Rev.  Ebenezer  Gould  returned  to  his  native 
 New  England  and  the  Rev.  Nathaniel  Mather  died. 
 But  it  soon  received  under  its  care  various  churches 
 in  Suffolk  county,  and  other  parts  of  Long  Island, 
 and  even  beyond  the  island.  Its  activity  is  indicated 
 by  such  proceedings  a.s  these:  March  30th,  1748,  it 
 took  under  its  care  the  Church  of  Huntington.  June 
 l.ith,  1748,  it  ordained  and  installed  the  Rev.  .Tames 
 Browne  pastor  of  Bridgehampton,  in  place  of  the 
 reverend  and  venerable  Ebenezer  AVhite,  resigned. 
 Mr.  Browne  was  a  graduate  of  Yale.  September  21. st, 
 1748,  it  united  with  other  ministers  in  the  installation 
 of  the  Rev.  William  Throop,  of  the  First  Church  of 
 Southold.  October  19th,  1748,  it  voted  to  forego  its 
 desire  to  be  represented  in  the  Synod  of  New  York 
 by  delegates,  only  until  the  Synod's  purpose  of 
 becoming  a  delegated  body  should  be  accomplished. 
 The  next  day  it^licensed  Nehemiah  Greenman,  A.  B. , 
 of  Y'alc,  and  a  beneficiary  of  the  Rev.  Pavid  Braincrd, 
 and  directed  hiui  to  preach  at  Moriches.  December 
 20th,  1748,  it  licen.sed  Tlnmias  Paine,  A.  B.,  of  Yale, 
 and  directed  him  to  preach  at  Cutchogue.  April 
 13th,  1749,  it  licen.sed  John  Darbe,  A.  B.,  of  Yale, 
 and  directed  him  to  preach  at  Mattituek  and  Aque- 
 bogue.  August  9th,  1749,  the  Rev.  Azariah  Horton, 
 of  New  York  Presbytery,  and  the  Rev.  David  Youngs, 
 of  New  Brunswick  Presbytery,  became  members  of 
 the  Body,  according  to  its  request  and  the  vote  of  the 
 Synod.  Both  were  graduates  of  Yale  College.  Horton 
 was  the  missionary  to  the  Long  I.sland  Indians. 
 Youngs  was  the  pastor  of  Brookhaven.  Both  were 
 Soutliold  men.  The  next  day  it  licensed  Naphtali 
 Daggett,  A.  B.,  of  Yale,  and  directed  him  to  preach 
 at  Smithtown.  December  14th,  1749,  it  ordered  Mr. 
 Greenman  to  leave  Mastich  and  Fire  Place,  and  on  the 
 fourth  of  the  next  April  dismissed  him  to  the  New 
 York  Presbytery,  to  preach  at  South  Hanover  (Mad- 
 ison, N.  J. ),  to  the  newsociety  there.  Atthis  time,  Mr. 
 Jonathan  Whitakcr,  in  behalf  of  the  people  of  Basking- 
 ridge,  desired  a  candidate,  but  the  Prcsbjlery  was  not 
 able  to  .send  one.  May  22d,  1751,  Rev.  Samuel  Sackett 
 was  admitted  from  the  New  Brunswick  Presbytery. 
 On  the  18th  of  September,  17>jl,  the  Church  of  Smith- 
 town  was  organized  and  the  Rev.  Naphtali  Daggett 
 ordained  its  pastor.  He  was  afterwards  President  of 
 Yale  College.  May  27th,  1752,  it  approved  of  the 
 call  which  Mattituek  and  .'\^quebogne  gave  to  the 
 Rev.  Joseph  Park,  of  New  England,  and  on  the  10th 
 
LONG  ISLAND  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 439 
 
 LONG  ISLAND  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 of  the  next  month  organized  the  Church  of  Union 
 Parish,  Mattituck  and  Aquebogue,  and  installed  the 
 Rev.  Joseph  Park  the  pastor  thereof.    April  4th,  17.53, 
 it  dismissed  the  Rev.  Samuel  Sackett  from  the  pastoral 
 care  of  Bedford,  and  approved  Hanover's  call  to  him. 
 January  ad,  1T34,  it  ordained  Eliphalet  Ball,  A.M., 
 of  Yale,  and  installed  him  pastor  of  Bedford.     June 
 tith,  1754,  it  exhorted  those  of  its  churches  that  had 
 no  ruling  elders  to  elect  them.     October  23d,  1754,  it 
 ordained  Benjamin  Talmadge,  A.  Jl.,  of  Yale,  at  large, 
 and  approved  of  the  preaching  of  Abner  Reeve,  A.  B., 
 of  Y'ale,  a  licentiate,  at  Jloriches  and  Ketchabounuck. 
 November  6th,  1755,  the  Presbytery  incorporated  the 
 Church   of  Jloriches,   the   act   taking   place   in   the 
 Western  Meeting-house,  and  ordain<'d  tlie  Rev.  Abner 
 Reeves  to  be  the  pastor  thereof     The  Rev.  Ebenezer 
 "White,  of  Bridgehampton,  died  between   February 
 and  June,  1756,  and  about  the  same  time  the  Rev. 
 Azariah  Hort<jn  became  the  minister  of  South  Han- 
 over, New  Jersey.     On  the  1(  Ith  of  November,  1755,  the 
 Presbytery  ordained  the  Rev.  .lonatlian  Barber,  M.  1)., 
 and  the  Rev.  John  Darbe,  M.  D.,l>olh  having  received 
 the  degree  of  A.  M.  at  Yale  College.    June  14th,  175^<, 
 it  ordered  its  members,  in  succession,  to  supply  the 
 pulpit  of  Jamaica  while   its  pa-stor,  the  Rev.  Elihu 
 Spencer,  wa.s  ab.sent  as  a  chaplain  in  the  army  during 
 the  cami)aign  then  in  progress  against  the  French  and 
 the  Indians.     The  next  day  it  ordained  the  Rev.  Al>ner 
 Brush,  A.  B.,  of  Nassau  Hall,  and  among  its  candi- 
 dates  or  licentiates,  about  this   time,  were  Missrs. 
 Benjamin   Conkline,   Ezra   Horton,    Moses   Baldwin 
 and  ^\^leele^  Case,  all  of  them  graduates  of  Nassau 
 Hall.     On  the  l&th  of  November,  175S,  it  ordained 
 the  Rev.  Moses  Baldwin ;  and  on  the  3()th  of  August, 
 17.59,  the  Rev.  Sampson  Cecum,  and  ordered  him  to 
 pursue  his  ministry  at  Montauk,  and  among  the  other 
 Indians.     The  Rev.  Elihu  Spencer  became,  by  order 
 of  the  Synod,  a  member  of  the  Presbytery,  October 
 9th,  1759,  and  the  next  day  the  Presbytery  ordained 
 the  Rev.  Ezra  Reeve,  an  alumnus  of  Yale  College. 
 
 These  are  specimens  of  the  acts  of  the  Presbyterj"- 
 which  made  it  efficient  and  thrifty  anid  the  churches 
 fruitful. 
 
 The  Synod,  in  1763,  transferred  its  Westchester 
 county  ministers  and  churches  to  the  newly  self- 
 organized  Presbytery  of  Dutchess;  for  Dutchess  Pres- 
 bytery, like  Sulfolk  Presbytery,  and  others,  sprung 
 up  spontaneously,  without  any  action  of  Synod. 
 They  were  due  to  the  Anglo-Sa.xon  organizing  genius, 
 and  the  Christian  affection  and  desire  for  fraU^rnal 
 fellowship  which  ruled  them.  Many  of  the  churches 
 had  the  same  local  and  spontaneous  origin. 
 
 On  the  16th  of  June,  1703,  the  Presbytery  admitted 
 the  Rev.  Thomas  Paine,  of  Cutchogue,  to  member- 
 ship, and  received  the  Church  of  Christ  in  Cutchogue 
 under  its  care.  On  the  25th  of  October,  1763  it 
 determined  that  it  would  appoint  the  day  for  the 
 annual  fast  in  the  Spring  and  the  annual  thanks- 
 giving in  the  Autumn.     Nothing  is  more  character- 
 
 istic of  the  Presbytery  at  this  time  than  the  fre- 
 quency with  which  it  appoints  its  pastors  to  supply 
 its  vacant  churches.  June  27th,  1764,  the  Rev. 
 Benjamin  Goldsmith,  an  alumnus  of  Y'ale  College, 
 was  ordained  at  Aukabang.  In  this  year  the  Rev. 
 Jlessrs.  Darbe  and  Brush  were  transferred  to  the 
 Presbytery  of  New  Y'ork,  by  order  of  the  Synod;  at 
 the  same  time  the  Rev.  Mr.  Baldwin  was  transferred 
 to  the  Presbytery  of  Boston,  and  the  Rev.  Abner 
 Reeve  to  the  Presbytery  of  New  York. 
 
 The  Presbytery  sometimes  found  it  impracticable 
 to  maintain  order  in  here  and  there  a  church,  and 
 now  and  then  a  Tninister  was  unruly.  The  churches 
 in  need  of  pastors  were  often  advised  to  apply  to 
 other  Presbyteries  or  Associations,  and  no  preference 
 seems  to  have  been  entertained  for  the  former.  In 
 1765  a  collection  was  ordered  in  all  the  churches,  for 
 the  support  of  the  Rev.  Sampson  Occum  among  the 
 Indians;  and  on  the  30th  of  October,  in  this  year, 
 the  Presbytery  made  a  record  in  these  words : 
 "  ^^^le^eas  a  motion  is  made  by  certain  of  the  Board 
 of  the  Honorable  Correspondents  in  Connecticut  for 
 Indian  Aliairs,  to  this  Presbytery,  desiring  that  the 
 Rev.  Sampson  Occum  may  be  recommended  with 
 a  special  view  to  his  going  to  Europe,  without 
 judging  or  determining  of  the  expedience  of  Mr.  Oc- 
 cum's  going  as  aforesaid,  this  Presbytery  recom- 
 mendeth  him  :is  one  they  ordained  with  special  rela- 
 tion to  the  Indians,  and  certify  that  he  is  of  good 
 moral  life  and  of  good  standing  in  this  Presbytery, 
 and  are  entirely  willing  that  the  Board,  as  aforesaid, 
 improve  him  in  their  service  for  a  time,  as  they  may 
 think  proper." 
 
 December  4th,  1705,  the  Presbytery  ordained  the 
 Rev.  David  Rose,  a  graduate  of  Y'ale,  to  be  pastor  of 
 Moriches,  Manor  of  St.  George,  south  part  of  Brook- 
 haven  and  Winthrop's  Patent.  June  11th,  1760, 
 Elam  Potter,  A.B.,  of  Y'ale,  was  ordained  at  Shelter 
 Island.  Though  the  Presbytery  had  not  a  full  sup- 
 ply of  ministerial  service  for  its  own  wants,  yet  one 
 of  the  best  pastors  was  sent  this  year  to  preach  In  the 
 "Southern  Provinces;"  and  it  was  ordered  that 
 collections  be  made  for  the  promoting  of  Christian 
 knowledge  among  the  Indians  and  the  poor  white 
 people  upon  the  frontiers.  The  church  of  Middle- 
 town  and  the  church  of  Hempstead  were  taken  under 
 the  care  of  the  Presbytery,  November  4th,  1767,  the 
 former  being  a  new  organization.  At  this  time  a 
 licentiate  was  directed  to  supply  Shelter  Island, 
 Ketchabounuck,  Middletown  and  Hempstead.  April 
 6th,  1708,  notice  w;is  taken  of  an  order  of  Synod, 
 enjoining  the  Presbyteries  to  erect  Societies  for  the 
 Reformation  of  Manners,  and  the  ministers  of  the 
 Presbytery  were  ordered  to  erect  such  societies  in 
 their  respective  congregations  as  soon  as  possible. 
 In  these  years  the  Presbytery  habitually  appointed 
 i  three  ministers  to  attend  the  meetings  of  the  Synod  ; 
 but  in  later  years  it  appointed  two  only.  In  1770,  it 
 ,  sent  one  of  its  pastors  to  the  "  Southern  Provinces," 
 
LONG  ISLAND  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 440 
 
 LONG  ISLAND  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 and  other  pastors  were  ordered  to  supply  his  i)ulpit 
 during  his  absence.  The  Presbytery  often  directed 
 its  churches  to  apply  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bellamy,  Presi- 
 dent Daggett,  or  other  well  known  ministers  in  New 
 England,  for  candidates  to  supply  their  respective 
 pulpits. 
 
 The  Presbytery  was  prevented  from  meeting,  by 
 "  civil  war,"  during  a  period  c-ctending  from  Octt)ber 
 31st,  1775,  to  April  4th,  1784,  when  the  Moderator,, 
 the  Rev.  Samuel  Buell,  opened  his  hou.se  for  it,  in 
 Easthampton,  and  four  of  the  nine  ministers  and  one 
 ruling  elder  were  present.  During  the  nine  years  of 
 the  "  civil  war  "  Rev.  Messrs.  Prime  and  White  had 
 died;  the  Rev.  Benjamin  Talraadge  died  between  De- 
 cember, 1785,  and  April,  1786.  April  13th,  1787,  the 
 Presbytery  unanimously  voted  to  present  a  petition 
 to  the  Synod  for  a  dismi.ssion  from  that  venerable 
 body,  becau.se  of  numerous  inconveniences  resulting 
 from  its  local  situation,  and  because  it  was  supposed 
 its  churches  would  not  con.sent  to  the  plan  of  govern- 
 ment and  discipline  lately  devised  for  the  Presbyte- 
 rian churches  in  America.  On  the  same  day  the  Rev. 
 John  Storrs  and  the  church  and  congregation  under 
 his  pastoral  care,  at  Southold,  mutually  applied  to 
 this  Presbytery,  as  an  Ecclesiastical  Council,  re(juest- 
 .ing  the  dissolving  of  his  pastoral  relation  to  them, 
 and  the  request  was  granted. 
 
 The  Synod  appointed  a  committee  to  confer  with 
 the  Presbytery,  and  the  conference  took  place  at 
 Huntington,  September  6th,  1787.  The  result  was 
 that  the  Presbytery  determined  to  reconsider  its 
 purpose  to  withdraw  from  the  fellowship  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church.  On  the  8th  and  9th  of  April,  1788, 
 this  subject  was  reconsidered,  and  the  Presbytery 
 voted  to  revoke  its  petition  for  a  dismission  from 
 Synod.  At  this  time  the  ministers  present  were 
 Buell,  Wetmore,  Rose,  Hart,  WoodhuU  and  Wool- 
 worth.  The  absentees  were  Brown,  Goldsmith, 
 Williams,  Russell,  Potter  and  Occum.  The  only 
 delegates  present  from  the  churches  were  Nathan 
 Woodhull  and  Nehemiah  Smith. 
 
 Aaron  Wool  worth  was  ordained,  by  a  Council,  pastor 
 of  Bridgehampton,  August  30th,  1787.  He  forthwith 
 became  a  member  of  the  Presbytery,  and  very  prom- 
 inent and  efficient  in  its  activities.  It  adopted,  in 
 April,  1789,  for  the  first  time,  standing  rules  to  direct 
 its  proceedings.  At  the  same  meeting,  the  Rev. 
 Mes.srs.  Joshua  Hart  and  Joshua  Williams  were  ap- 
 pointed the  Commissioners  to  the  first  General  Assem- 
 bly. The  last  meeting  of  the  Presbytery  of  Suffolk 
 of  which  there  is  a  record  was  held  at  Bridgehamp- 
 ton, June  23d,  1789,  for  the  ordination  of  the  Rev. 
 David  Hale. 
 
 Its  name  was  subsequently  changed  by  the  Synod. 
 It  was  named  the  Presbytery  of  Long  Island,  and  all 
 the  churches  on  Long  Island  were  put  under  its  care. 
 The  first  meeting  of  this  Presbytery  of  Long  Island 
 was  held  in  Jamaica,  November  30th,  1790.  The 
 ministers  present  were  Noah  Wetmore,  David  Rose, 
 
 .loshua  Hart,  George  Faitonte,  Nathan  Woodhull,  and 
 Aaron  Woolworth.  The  ministers  absent  were  Sam- 
 uel Buell,  Benjamin  Goldsmith,  Elam  Potter,  Joshua 
 Williams,  Thomas  Russell,  and  Wait  Cornwell.  Four 
 elders  were  present,  namely,  Jeftrey  Smith,  Smith- 
 town;  Benjamin  Coe,  Newtown;  Uriah  Beadle,  Hemp- 
 stead; and  Daniel  Say  re,  Southampton. 
 
 The  Presbytery,  on  the  19th  of  September,  1794, 
 examined  for  the  first  time  the  records  of  some  of 
 the  church  Sessions ;  but  the  proceedings  of  the 
 Presbytery  in  conference  with  the  church  of  South- 
 ampton, November  5th  and  6th,  1795,  show,  that 
 even  in  this  church  there  was  no  Session,  and  that 
 the  church  acted  without  an  eldership  in  dealing 
 with  offenders  ;  and  that  church  and  minister  hiain- 
 biined  the  half-way  covenant.  ,Iune  8th,  1795,  it  was 
 ordered,  that  Sessional  records  be  presented  at  the 
 next  stilted  meeting.  October  16th,  1795,  a  roll  of 
 the  Presbytery,  for  the  use  of  Synod,  was  ordered  for 
 the  first  time.  November  3d,  1795,  "  the  concert  of 
 prayer,  now  existing  and  acted  upon  extensively  in 
 the  country,"  was  approved  and  commended.  April 
 19th,  1790,  the  organization  of  a  church  at  Brpokfield 
 was  reported.  April  19th,  1796,  the  Rev.  Aaron 
 Woolworth  was  elected  Stated  Clerk,  to  succeed 
 Hernu\n  Daggett,  who  had  succeeded  David  Ro.se. 
 October  12th,  1796,  the  organization  of  a  church  at 
 Fresh  Pond  was  reported.  October  13th,  1796,  the 
 order  for  the  presentation  of  Sessional  records  was 
 continued.  April  12th,  1797,  the  Church  of  Islip  and 
 Huntington  South  was  received  under  the  care  of 
 the  Presbytery.  One  Session,  that  of  Huntington, 
 presented  its  records  for  review.  June  7th,  1797,  the 
 Rev.  Joseph  Hazard  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor 
 of  the  First  Church  of  Southold,  which  was  not  then 
 a  Presbyterian  Church,  nor  under  the  care  of  the 
 Presbytery,  but  had  a-sked  this  service  from  the 
 Presbytery.  September  2(ith,  1797,  notice  was  given 
 that  a  motion  would  be  made  at  the  next  session  of 
 Synod  to  divide  Long  Island  Presbytery.  The  next 
 day  the  people  of  Patchogue  applied  for  supplies, 
 and  several  members  of  the  Presbytery  were  ordered 
 to  supply  them  with  preaching.  The  following  day 
 the  same  recjuest  was  made  by  the  congregation  of 
 Oyster  Ponds  (Orient),  with  the  same  result. 
 
 It  is  in  these  last  years  of  the  century  that  the 
 proceedings  and  the  records  begin  to  present  a  modern 
 form,  with  some  considerable  resemblance  to  the 
 characteristics  of  the  present  time.  Money,  for 
 instance,  begins  to  be  denoted  in  dollars  and  cents 
 in  1798.  The  exact  date  of  the  day  and  month  of 
 the  death  of  a  member  is  first  given,  October  10th, 
 1798,  when  it  was  recorded  that  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bnell 
 died,  .hily  19th,  1798.  October  11th,  1798,  the 
 printed  Extracts  from  the  Minutes  of  the  General 
 Assembly  were  examined  for  the  first  time.  At  this 
 date  the  supplies  for  Patchogue  were  continued, 
 according  to  the  request  of  the  people;  and  it  wa-s 
 determined  to  urge  the  petition  already  before  Synod 
 
LONG  ISLAND  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 441 
 
 LONG  ISLAND  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 for  a  division  of  the  Presbytery.  The  Rev.  David 
 Rose  died  .rauuary  1st,  1799.  Sir.  Lyman  Beeolier 
 was  taken  under  the  care  of  the  Presbytery  April 
 11th,  1799.  It  was  voted,  August  20th,  1799,  that 
 Synod  be  requested  to  defer  the  division  of  the  Pres- 
 bj-tery  for  the  present.  Committees  for  the  examina- 
 tion of  candidates  were  appointed  for  the  first  time 
 August  2'id,  1799.  Mr.  Beecher  w;is  ordained  Sep- 
 tember .">th,  1799,  and  the  next  April  chosen  one  of 
 the  Commissioners  to  the  General  A.ssembly  of  1800, 
 who  were  instructed  to  move,  in  that  body,  for  the 
 publication  thereafter  of  more  full  and  particular 
 account  of  the  labors  and  success  of  the  missionaries 
 to  the  frontiers.  The  several  ministers  were  ordered, 
 in  April,  1802,  to  take  the  best  measures  to  collect 
 money  for  n-buildinfj  the  College  of  Xew  .lersey. 
 Mr.  Nathunael  S.  Prime  was  tiiken  under  the  care  of 
 the  Presbytery  April  24th,  1805.  In  these  early 
 years  of  the  century  missions  and  a  supply  of  min- 
 isters became  prominent  in  the  proceeding  of  the 
 Presbytery,  and  .so  did  discipline  for  intemperance. 
 Mr.  Richard  Salter  .Storrs,  grandson  of  the  Southold 
 pastor,  and  the  eminent  son  and  father  of  eminent 
 ministers  of  the  s;ime  name,  wa-s  taken  under  the 
 care  of  the  Presbytery  April  l:5th,  1808.  He  preached 
 from  these  words:  "He  that  walketh  with  Avise 
 men  shall  be  wi,se."  On  the  16th  of  .Tune  he 
 was  licensed ;  and  the  record  thereof  was  made, 
 for  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  Presbytery, 
 according  to  the  re({uirement  of  the  Form  of  Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 In  1808  and  1809  the  Presbytery  was  involved  in  a 
 controversy  with  the  convention  of  Long  Island,  a 
 body  of  ministers  that  had  lulmitted  into  its  mem- 
 bership a  minister  of  the  Presbj^;ery  while  he  was  on 
 trial  under  charge  of  manifold  and  extreme  immo- 
 ralities, for  which  he  w;is  soon  condemned  as  guilty, 
 and  depo-sed  from  the  mini.stry.  The  continuance  of 
 this  man  in  the  Convention,  as  a  member,  impelled 
 the  Presbj'tery,  on  the  13th  of  April,  1809,  to  resolve, 
 "that  it  is  inconsistent  for  the  members  of  this  body 
 to  hold  ministerial  communion  with  the  Convention 
 so  long  as  they  retain  their  present  course."  The 
 prominent  members  of  the  Presbytery  manifested 
 their  spiritual  earnestness  and  their  intellectual  vigor 
 in  this  controversy;  and  not  only  the  official  docu- 
 ments, but  also  the  private  letters  of  the  Rev. 
 Mes.sri3.  George  Faitoute,  Aaron  Woolworth,  Lyman 
 Beecher  and  Jonathan  Huntting,  written  on  this  sub- 
 ject to  each  other,  attest  the  mental  force,  the  sound 
 judgment  and  the  Christian  zeal  of  these  men.  Their 
 course  w;us  more  than  justified  in  the  result.  The 
 Convention  has  long  since  passed  out  of  existence  ; 
 but,  on  the  1 8th  of  November,  1812,  it  condemned  its 
 own  former  course  iu  this  matter,  and  fellowship 
 between  it  and  the  Presbytery  was  thus  restored.  At 
 this  time  the  Presbytery  had  more  than  one-third  as 
 many  candidates  under  its  care  as  there  were  minis- 
 ters iu  it,  aud  was  energetically  providing  for  others. 
 
 October  24th,  1809,  the  Kev.  Nathanael  S.  Prime  was 
 ordained  at  Huntington. 
 
 Hitherto  the  Presbytery  had  afibrded  supplies  from 
 time  to  time,  with  great  freedom  and  liberality,  to 
 many  neighborhoods  and  vacant  churches,  with  very 
 little  or  no  pecuniary  compensation  for  traveling  ex- 
 pen.ses  and  services.  It  now  determined  that  hence- 
 forth regular  and  adecinate  compensation  should  be 
 made  for  supplies;  and  that  supplies  having  charges 
 should  pay  all  the  compensation  received,  except 
 traveling  expenses,  into  the  fund  for  the  education  of 
 candidates  for  the  ministry.  In  April,  1810,  the 
 Presbytery  determin(>d  to  print  and  circulate  pam- 
 phlets and  tracts;  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Aaron  Woolworth 
 and  the  Rev.  David  S.  Bogart  were  appointed  to 
 conduct  the  business  of  selecting,  editing,  publishing 
 and  distributing  pamphlets  and  tracts  to  promote  the 
 interests  of  religion.  In  the  Autumn  of  1809  the 
 Synod  transferred  the  churches  of  Jamaica,  Hemp- 
 stead and  Xe\rtown,  with  the  ministers,  George  Fai- 
 toute, William  P.  Kuypers,  Nathan  WoodhuU,  PetiT 
 Fish,  to  the  Presbytery  of  New  York,  and  the  bounds 
 of  tlu?  Presbytery  of  Long  Island  were  reduced  to  the 
 territory  of  Suffolk  county.  May  2d,  1810,  the  Pres- 
 bytery installed  the  Rev.  Lathrop  Thompson  pastor 
 of  the  Congregational  Church  of  Cutchogue.  The 
 Rev.  Benjamin  Goldsmith  died,  November  19th,  1810, 
 in  the  .seventy-fifth  year  of  his  age,  forty -fifth  of  his 
 ministry.  April  9th,  1811,  the  church  of  Sag  Harbor 
 was  received  into  connection  with  the  Presbytery.  It 
 was  a  church  of  spontaneous  origin.  On  the  l.")th  of 
 May,  1811,  the  Rev.  Me.s.srs.  Thomp.son  and  Huntting 
 presented  a  report,  which  was  adopted,  as  follows  : 
 "  Each  minister  of  this  Presbytery  who  is  not  inca- 
 pacitiited  by  age  shall  annually  perform  thirteen 
 days  of  missionary  labor,  in  the  month  which  the 
 Presbytery,  at  their  semi-annual  meeting,  shall 
 ajjpoint,  in  the  vacant  congregatiorLS  in  our  connec- 
 tion and  in  tho.se  of  other  Denominations  where  he 
 shall  be  regularly  invited.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of 
 each  minister  to  commence  his  tour  on  the  Monday 
 preceding  the  third  Sabbath  in  the  month,  to  preach 
 one  or  more  lectures  in  each  place  of  the  aforesaid 
 description;  to  use  his  utmost  exertions  to  promote 
 the  order  and  discipline  of  the  churches  under  our  care; 
 to  visit  schools  and  pri  vate  families  as  far  as  practicable ; 
 to  distribute  Bibles  and  religious  tracts,  and  on  the 
 Sabbath  to  administer  the  Lord's  Supper,  if  con- 
 venient, and  to  catechise  the  children  in  the  congre- 
 gation where  he  shall  preach.  Each  minister  shall, 
 in  his  tour,  defray  his  own  expenses,  and  faithfully 
 appropriate  all  the  moneys  which  he  may  receive  to 
 the  Education  Fund.  He  shall  keep  a  journal, 
 which  shall  be  exhibited  to  the  Presbytery  at  the 
 next  meeting."  This  system  of  missionary  labor 
 was  continued  for  a  considerable  time  ;  but  was 
 slightly  modified  a  year  later.  November  5th, 
 1811,  the  Presbytery  xoted  unanimously  to  admit 
 delegates  of  Congregational  churches  having  Presby- 
 
LONG  ISLAND  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 442 
 
 LONG  ISLAND  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 terian  pastors  to  seats  iu  the  Presbytery,  as  ruling 
 elders,  in  the  spirit  of  the  General  Assembly's  Plan 
 of  Union.  Such  delegates  had  previously  been  ad- 
 mitted to  seats  iu  this  Presbytery,  as  correspoudiug 
 members.  November  6th,  1811,  the  Presbytery  "Re- 
 solved, unanimously,  that  hereafter,  ardent  spirits 
 and  wine  shall  constitute  no  part  of  our  entertainment 
 in  any  of  our  public  meetings;  and  also,  -that  it  be 
 recommended  to  the  churches  not  to  treat  Christian 
 brethren  or  others  with  ardent  spirits  as  a  part  of 
 hospitality  iu  friendly  visits."  "  Dr  Woolworth  and 
 Mr.  Prime  were  appointed  a  committee  to  draft 
 a  letter  to  be  addressed  to  the  churches  on  the  subject 
 of  the  above  resolution, ' '  and  a  forcible  and  eloquent 
 letter  was  written,  and  adopted  by  the  Presbytery. 
 The  next  day  it  was  voted  to  change  the  practice  of 
 the  body  in  paying  the  expen.ses  of  its  own  commis- 
 sioners to  the  General  Assembly,  and  thereafter  to 
 pay  the  money  for  the  purpose  into  the  fund  of  the 
 General  Assembly  for  the  purpose.  April  !)th,  1812, 
 the  Church  of  Shelter  Island  asked  and  obtained  ad- 
 mission into  connection  ■\vith  the  Presbytery.  April 
 15th,  1813,  the  Presb\i:*ry,  for  the  first  time,  pre- 
 pared a  narrative  of  the  state  of  religion  in  their 
 churches.  April  19th,  181.3,  the  first  record  was  made 
 of  the  opposition  of  a  school  officer  to  catechetical 
 instruction  in  the  common  schools.  April  21st,  1819, 
 "Mr.  John  Bellows  informed  the  Presbytery  that  a 
 Presbyterian  Church  had  recently  been  formed  in  the 
 vicinity  of  the  Canoe  Place;  that  he  was  appointed 
 by  that  church,  as  an  elder,  to  make  this  report,  and 
 request  that  it  might  be  received  into  connection 
 with  this  Presb^-tery.  Resolved  that  the  above  re- 
 quest be  granted,  and  that  this  church  be  received 
 as  a  constituent  member  of  this  Body."  The  Rev. 
 Dr.  Aaron  Woolworth  died  AprU  2d,  1821,  in  the 
 fifty-eighth  year  of  his  age  and  thirty-fourth  of  his 
 mini.stry.  The  Presbytery,  April  19th,  1821,  unani- 
 mously adopted  every  chapter,  section  and  article  of 
 the  Revised  Form  of  Government,  except  the  word 
 "  Latin,"  in  Chapter  xiv.  Section  iv.  Article  i,  which 
 was  unanimously  rejected,  with  the  exception  of  one 
 member.  The  Rev.  Joshua  Hart  died  October  2d, 
 1828,  iu  the  eighty-ninth  year  of  his  age  and  fifty- 
 seventh  of  his  ministry.  The  Rev.  Messrs.  Amzi 
 Francis  and  Daniel  Beers  were  appointed,  April  21st, 
 1830,  to  draft  a  Confession  of  Faith  aud  a  form  of 
 Covenant  for  the  use  of  oirr  churches,  agreeably  to 
 the  Standards  of  the  Presbj-terian  Church.  This  draft 
 was  reported,  amended  and  adopted,  September  1st, 
 1830,  and  the  same  committee  was  directed  to  have 
 it  printed  for  the  use  of  the  churches,  and  three 
 thousand  copies  were  printed.  It  has  been  used  fifty 
 years.  The  statistical  report  this  year  gives  the  total 
 communicants  as  follows:  Brookhaven,  52;  Shelter 
 Island,  50;  Easthampton,  254;  Sag  Harbor,  131; 
 We.sthampton  and  Union  Parish,  120;  Middletown 
 and  South  Haven,  149;  Bridgehampton,  121;  Smith- 
 town,  43,  Fresh  Pond  and    Islip,   112.     The  whole 
 
 numljer  in  the  Presbytery,  1154.  The  number  added 
 during  the  year  was,  on  examination,  4;  certificates, 
 1 ;  baptisms,  26  infants.  Contributions  for  mi.ssions, 
 $92.40:  for  General  Assembly,  etc.,  .?26.90;  for  min- 
 isterial education,  !?10.00.  Ministers  14,  licentiates,  3. 
 June  15th,  1831,  the  Rev.  Messrs.  Jonathan  Hunt- 
 ting  and  Ezra  Youngs  and  Elder  William  Wells  were 
 aiipointed  to  organize  the  Franklinville  Church,  and 
 on  the  31st  of  August  they  reported  that  they  had 
 done  it.  It  was  voted  to  pay  the  expenses  of  their 
 own  commissioners,  and  to  put  the  surplus  of 
 the  collections  into  the  treasury  of  the  General 
 Assembly.  The  Rev.  Messrs.  Ithainar  Pillsbury  and 
 Ezra  King  and  Messrs.  Blydenburg  and  Laws,  elders, 
 were  appointed  a  committee  to  organize  a  church  at 
 Moriches.  This  was  done,  November  14th,  1831.  The 
 Church  at  Southold  requested,  April  18th,  1832,  to 
 be  taken  under  the  care  of  the  Presbytery,  and  the 
 request  was  granted.  The  years  1831-1833  were 
 marked  by  revivals  in  nearly  all  the  churches,  and 
 in  these  two  years  six  hundred  and  twenty-two  com- 
 municants were  added  to  them.  The  Rev.  Messrs. 
 Huntting,  Robinson  and  Fuller,  and  Elders  Hainesand 
 Case  were  appointed,  August  29th,  1832,  to  organize  a 
 Church  at  Greenport.  This  was  done,  February  7th, 
 1833.  At  the  same  time  the  Presbytery  voted  to 
 request  the  Synod  to  divide  the  Presbvtery.  This 
 request  was  gi'anted,  and  the  churches  and  ministers 
 in  the  four  western  towns  of  Suffolk  county  were 
 constituted  the  Second  Presbytery  of  Long  Island, 
 and  those  in  the  five  eastern  towns  remained  the 
 Presbytery  of  Long  Island.  On  the  17th  of  April,  1833, 
 the  latter  body  ' '  recommended  to  its  members  entire 
 abstinence  from  the  use  of  tobacco  in  all  its  forms." 
 August  28th,  1833,  the  first  step  was  taken  for  the 
 use  of  a  docket  of  business.  September  18th,  1833, 
 the  Rev.  Messrs.  Jesse  Lockwood  and  John  Stocker 
 were  ordained  as  missionaries  to  the  heathen.  April 
 16th,  1834,  the  Rev.  Daniel  M.  Lord  was  ordained  to 
 be  the  minister  of  the  Mariner-s'  Church  of  Boston. 
 His  .sermon  was  from  the  text,  "  The  sea  gave  up  the 
 dead  which  were  init. "  In  the  Autumn,  notice  was 
 made  of  the  death  of  the  Rev.  Jesse  Lockwood,  within 
 a  year  of  his  ordination,  and  the  beginning  of  his 
 labors  among  the  Indians.  The  Presbytery's  action 
 with  reference  to  the  division  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1837  was  con- 
 siderate and  clear,  both  in  April  and  August,  1838, 
 and  the  vote  of  the  Presbytery  was  two  to  one  against 
 the  division.  Two  ministers  and  two  elders  protested 
 against  the  Pre.sb>'t«ry's  action.  In  April,  1839,  to 
 preserve  its  integrity  and  to  promote  fraternal  regards 
 among  its  members,  the  Presbytery  resolved  to  send 
 no  commissioners  to  the  General  Assembly.  The 
 next  year,  it  sent  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Huntting  and 
 Elder  Hezekiah  Skidmore  to  the  General  Assembly, 
 in  the  First  Presbvterian  Church  of  Philadelphia. 
 In  August,  1840,  notice  was  taken  that  four  ministers 
 hid  withdrawn  from  the  Presbytery,  and  their  names 
 
LONG  ISLAXD  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 443 
 
 LONG  ISLAND  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 were  stricken  from  the  roll.  This  minority  was  pastor's  use.  August,  1868,  the  General  Assemblies' 
 recognized  the  previous  Autumn,  by  the  Synod  of  overture  for  reunion  was  unanimously  adopted.  The 
 Kew^York,  and  continued  as  the  Presh\-tery  of  Long  ;  next  April,  similar  action  was  taken.  August  31st, 
 Island."  They  were  soon  united  with  the  Second  I  1869,  the  Presbytery  unanimously  approved  the 
 Presbj-teryof  Long  Island,  by  the  Synod  of  New  York,  Basis  of  Reunion  adopted  by  the  General  Assemblies 
 "under  the  style  of  the  Presbytery  of  Long  Island."  that  met  iu  New  York  in  the  previous  May.  April 
 The  majority' retained  its  name,  organization  and  19th,  1870,  the  Moderator  of  the  Long  Island  Presby- 
 records,  and  formed  a  part  of  the  Synod  of  New  York  tery  of  the  other  branch  preached  the  opening  ser- 
 and  New  Jersey.  These  two  Presbyteries  of  the  mon.  The  Presbytery  unanimously  sent  an  overture 
 same  name  remained  side  by  side  for  thirty  years,    to  the  General  Assembly  in  lavor  of  the  formation  of 
 
 The  one  whose   succession  was   unbroken  was  very 
 active  for  many  subsequent  years  in  affording  aid  to 
 the  Union  Theological  Seminary.     In  April,  1846,  it 
 first  ma*le  an  assessment  on  its  churches,  in  proportion 
 to  the  number  of  their  respective  communicants,  for 
 the  expenses  of  the  General  Assembly.     The  rate  was 
 five  and  a  half  cents  for  each  communicant.     June 
 28th,  1848,  the  Church  of  Cutchogue,  according  to  its 
 unanimous  request,  was  tiken  under  the  care  of  the 
 Presbytery.      May  1st,   18.50,  at  the  request  of  the 
 Congregational  Church  of  Orient,  it  installed  one  of 
 its  members,  the  Rev.  Henry  Clark,   pastor  of  that 
 church.     April  18th,  18.54,  it  "resolved,  that  we  will 
 double  our  diligence  to  spread  before  the  people  those 
 facts   and   arguments   which    have   rendered   it   our 
 deliberate   opinion   that   the   traffic   in   intoxicating 
 liquors,  as  a  beverage,  ought  to  be  prohibited  by  law. " 
 In  this  year  it  was  deemed  necessary  to  begin  a  cor- 
 respondence  with   the  American    Home   Missionary 
 Society,  and  also  with  the  American  Seamen's  Friend 
 Society,  in  respect  to  the  principles  of  their  expendi- 
 ture, within  its  bounds,  of  funds  to  which  its  churches 
 contributed.     It  was  thenceforth  active,  with  others, 
 in  causing  the  General  Assembly  to  organize  better 
 agencies  for  missionary  work — agencies  of  the  General 
 Assembly's  own  appointment  and  under  its  own  con- 
 trol.    August  2.5th,   1863,   the  Rev.  Abraham    Luce 
 preached  a  sermon  on  what  God  had  wrought  during 
 the  half  century  of  his  ministry.     April  18th,  1865, 
 the  Presbytery  welcomed  a  committee  of  the  other 
 Presbytery  of  Long  Island,  with  an  overture  on  "a 
 movement  towards  the  union  of  the  two  great  bodies 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church,   at   some   time  not  far 
 distant."     The    chairman    of   this    committee    was 
 invited   to  preach   before   the  Presbytery,    and  the 
 invitation  was  accepted.     A  committee  was  appointed 
 "  to  attend  the  next  meeting  of  the  Long  Island  Pres- 
 bytery of  the  other  branch,"  and  to  present  frater;.al 
 .salutations.     April  19th,  1865,  the  Presbytery  being 
 in  session,  it  devoted  one  hour  "to  religioiLS  services 
 appropriate  to  the  funeral  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  late 
 President  of  the  United  States." 
 
 Reunion   was  cortsidered,  April   17th,   1866,  on  a 
 communication  from  the  Long  Island  Presbytery  of 
 
 a  Synod  of  Long  Lsland. 
 
 Reunion.— Tte  Presbytery  met  in  Southold, 
 August  16th,  1870,  by  order  of  the  Synod  of  Long 
 Island.  The  Rev.  Wm.  B.  Reeve  was  elected  Modera- 
 tor, and  the  Rev.  Epher  WHiitaker,  who  had  been  the 
 Stated  tlerk  during  the  previous  fourteen  years,  was 
 re-elected.  He  continues  in  the  same  office  now 
 (1883).  Various  committees  were  appointed  and 
 energetic  measures  were  adopted,  to  raise  the  Pres- 
 bytery's full  share  of  five  millions  of  dollars  as  a 
 thank-offering  for  the  reunion.  The  Presbytery  con- 
 sisted of  twenty-one  ministers  and  twenty-four 
 churches,  and  its  field  w:is  the  East  end  of  Long 
 Island,  as  far  West  as  the  East  side  of  Huntington, 
 Suffolk  county. 
 
 November  9th,  1870,  the  Presbytery  organized  the 
 Church  of  Port  Jefferson.  In  April,  1871,  it  was 
 reported  that  the  churches  were  giving  about  ten 
 dollars  for  each  communicant  towards  the  thank- 
 offering  of  five  millions  of  dollars.  October  18th, 
 1871,  the  Church  of  Yaphaule  was  organized.  April 
 15th,  1874,  the  Presbytery  voted  that  a  Sabbath- 
 school  Institute  must  be  held  for  half  a  day,  at  least, 
 every  six  months,  at  the  stated  meetings  of  the  body. 
 This  rule  has  been  observed  for  ten  years,  and  is 
 unrepealed.  April  14th,  1875,  the  General  Assem- 
 bly's overture  for  the  term  of  service  of  ruling  elders 
 was  approved.  On  the  same  day  it  was  voted,  that 
 any  church  member  who  sells  intoxicating  liciuors,  as 
 a  beverage,  is  subject  to  discipline.  May  17th,  1875, 
 the  Church  of  Holbrook  was  organized.  September 
 28th,  1875,  the  Church  of  Speonk  was  dissolved.  Sep- 
 tember 25th,  1877,  the  Presbytery  organized  supplies, 
 at  its  own  expense,  for  religious  .services  at  the  Suf- 
 folk County  Almshouse.  In  later  years  the  county 
 has  made  an  appropriation  for  this  purpose.  Sep- 
 tember 15th,  1880,  the  Presbytery  elected  the  Rev. 
 Epher  Whitaker,  Selah  B.  Strong,  Esq.,  Judge  Henry 
 P.  Hedges,  William  R.  Post,  E.sq. ,  qnd  the  Rev.  Wil- 
 liam H.  Littell,  trustees,  for  the  incorporation  of  the 
 Presbytery, under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  New  York; 
 directed  them  to  arrange  themselves  in  classes,  so 
 that  one  trustee  should  be  elected  each  year,  to  serve 
 five  years  thereafter;  and  also  to  elect  officers  and 
 
 the  other  branch,  and  an  overture  in  favor  of  it  was  effect  the  incorporation.  Accordingly  Selah  B.  Strong, 
 ordered  to  be  sent  to  the  General  Assembly.  August,  :  Esq.,  was  chosen  President;  the  Rev.  William  H. 
 1867,  all  the  churches  except  one  haWng  manses,  an  Littell,  Secretary;  and  the  Rev.  Epher  Whitaker, 
 effort   was    made   to    place  a    good    library   in    each 
 
 manse,  to  be  niamtained  there  perpetually,  for  the 
 
 Treasurer;  a  corporate  seal  was   procured,  and   the 
 incorporation  effected.     April   12th,  1882,  the  Rev. 
 
L00MI8. 
 
 444 
 
 LORD. 
 
 Dr.  "William  B.  Reeve  resigned  the  office  of  Treasurer 
 of  the  Presbytery,  and  the  most  grateful  acknow- 
 ledgments were  made  for  the  kindness,  courtesy, 
 faithfulness  and  efficiency  of  his  fulfillment  of  the 
 duties  of  the  office  for  the  long  period  of  twenty- 
 eight  consecutive  years.  The  Rev.  William  H.  Lit- 
 tell  was  chosen  to  succeed  him.  September  13th, 
 1883,  notice  was  taken  of  the  formation  of  "The 
 Woman's  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of 
 the  Presbytery  of  Long  Island,"  with  the  following 
 officers,  namely :  President,  Miss  Amelia  Smith,  of 
 Longwood,  Yapiiank  P.  O. ;  Vice  Presidents,  Mrs. 
 P.  R.  Reilly,  Bridgehampton  ;  Mrs  Emma  J.  Hunt- 
 ting,  Southampton ;  Miss  Mary  Hubbard  Howell, 
 Quogue ;  Corresponding  Secretary,  Mrs.  H.  M.  Whit- 
 aker,  Southold ;  Treasurer,  Miss  Sarah  J.  Adams, 
 Greenport.  This  Society  was  commended  to  the 
 churches. 
 
 Since  the  organization  of  the  Presbytery,  the  growth 
 of  Presbyterianism  on  its  field— the  part  of  Long 
 Island  settled  by  English  people — has  more  than 
 kept  pace  with  the  increase  of  population ;  and 
 throughout  the  present  nineteenth  century  the  ad- 
 vance of  our  Church  has  relatively  far  out.stripped  the 
 progress  of  the  whole  population.  At  the  beginning 
 of  this  century  there  were  fifteen  ministers  and 
 fifteen  churches,  extending  from  Easthampton  to  New- 
 town. Most  of  the  churches  were  severally  small  and 
 feeble.  Now  there  are  on  the  same  field  forty-eight 
 ministers  and  forty-five  churches.  The  population  has 
 increased  tlireefold;  the  diurches  fivefold  in  number, 
 and  even  more  in  strcngtli,  efficiency  and  excellence. 
 
 Loomls,  Harmon,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  Georgia, 
 Vt.,  October  26th,  1805,  and  graduated  at  the  Uni- 
 versity of  Vermont  in  1832.  He  pursued  his  theo- 
 logical studies  mainly  in  Andover  and  Princeton 
 seminaries,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Northwestern 
 Congregational  Association  of  Vermont,  October  10th, 
 1834.  In  1836  he  became  stated  supply  of  the  L'nion 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  New  York  city,  which  he 
 served  for  nearly  a  year.  He  was  ordained  by  a  Con- 
 gregational Council  at  Vergennes,  Vt.,  August  31st, 
 1836.  As  Chaplain  for  the  American  Seaman's 
 Friend  Society  of  New  York,  he  began  preaching, 
 January  8th,  1837,  to  seamen  in  the  city  of  New 
 Orleans,  in  which  work  he  continued  four  years. 
 From  the  beginning  of  1841  to  March,  1845,  he  was 
 stated  supply  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Mt.  Joy, 
 Pa.  From  March  1st,  1845,  until  October  1st,  1871, 
 he  was  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  American 
 Seaman's  Friend  Society  in  New  York,  and  labored 
 with  uncommon  zeal  and  success.  From  the  hitter 
 date  lie  resided  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  leading  a  retired 
 life,  and  occasionally  supplying  churclies  in  various 
 places,  as  opportunity  was  aftbrded  him.  He  was 
 also  actively  engaged  in  promoting  the  cause  of  Tem- 
 perance, and  in  various  literary  labors,  having  pub- 
 lished a  number  of  volumes  and  pamphlets.  He 
 died  January  19th,  1880. 
 
 Dr.  Loomis  was  a  man  of  sincere  and  earnest  piety, 
 of  great  zeal  and  activity  of  mind,  of  large  reading 
 and  most  industrious  habits.  His  long  and  faithful 
 labors  on  belialf  of  seamen  entitle  him  to  be  placed 
 in  the  front  rank  of  their  benefactors. 
 
 Lord,  John  Chase,  D.D.,  was  born  at  Wash- 
 ington, New  Hampshire,  August  9th,  1805.  He 
 graduated  at  Hamilton  College,  N.  Y.,  in  1825,  and 
 immediately  after  went  to  Buifalo,  where  he  studied 
 law,  and  practiced  successfully  about  two  years.  He 
 studied  theology  at  Auliurn  Seminary,  1831-3.  He 
 was  ordained  by  Buffalo  Presbytery,  September  4th, 
 1833;  was  pastor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Geneseo,  N.  Y.,  1833-5,  and  pastor  of  the  Central  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  from  its  organization, 
 1835-73.  Here  his  labors  were  largely  blessed,  more 
 than  a  thousand  members  having  been  received  into 
 the  Church  during  his  pastorate.  Dr.  Ijord  died  at 
 Buffalo,  January  21st,  1877.  He  was  Moderator  of 
 the  General  Assembly  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  in  1852. 
 He  published  "Lectures  to  Young  Men,"  "  Lectures 
 on  Civilization, ' '  etc. ,  a  volume  of  occasional  poems, 
 besides  a  great  number  of  sermons,  essays,  and  con- 
 tributions to  periodicals. 
 
 Lord,  Willis,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  was  born  at  Bridge- 
 port, Conn.,  on  the  15th  of  September,  1809.  His 
 parents,  Daniel  and  Anna  (Choate)  Lord,  were  origi- 
 nally of  Norwich.     Rev.  Benjamin  Lord,  n.D.,  for 
 
 WILLIS  LDRP,  I>  P-,  LL.D. 
 
 many  years  a  trustee  of  Yale  College,  was  his  father's 
 grandfather.  Having  graduated  at  Williams  College, 
 in  1833,  he  at  once  entered  the  Seminary  at  Princeton, 
 where  he  remained  till  the  coiupletiou  of  his  tlieo- 
 
LORD'S  PRAYER. 
 
 4-1,1 
 
 LORD'S  PRAYER. 
 
 logical  course.  His  first  pastoral  charge  was  at  New 
 Hartford,  in  his  native  State.  In  1840  he  became 
 pastor  of  the  Pciin  Stjuare  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Philadelphia,  where  he  remained  till  1850,  when  he 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  Broadway  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Cincinnati.  This  charge  he  resigned  four  years  later, 
 owing  to  impaired  health.  When  sufficiently  restored 
 to  resume  work,  he«acccpted  the  pastorate  of  the  Second 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. , left  vacant  b.y  the 
 death  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  J.  S.  Spencer,  and  there  remained 
 until  chosen,  Ijy  the  General  Assembly,  Professor  of 
 Biblical  and  Ecclesiastical  History  in  the  Seminary 
 of  the  Northwest,  at  Chicago.  Subsequently,  in 
 1867,  he  was  transferred  to  the  Chair  of  Didactic 
 and  Polemic  Theology  in  the  same  Institution. 
 
 At  the  time  when  the  University  of  Wooster  was 
 organized,  in  1870,  he  was  called  to  the  presidency, 
 and  remained  at  the  head  of  this  rapidly  growing 
 and  prosperous  Institution,  until,  in  1873,  he  was 
 compelled,  by  declining  health,  to  ask  release.  He 
 subsequently  accepted  temporary  charge  of  the  Cen- 
 tral Presbyterian  Church  of  Denver;  then,  in  1877,  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Columbus,  O.,  and 
 is  now  residing  at  College  Springs,  Colorado. 
 
 Dr.  Lord  is  a  man  of  dignified,  graceful  and 
 attractive  maimers,  e.xtensive  reading  and  accurate 
 scholarship.  He  has  the  fiiculty  of  interesting  and 
 strongly  impressing  those  with  whom  he  comes  in 
 contact  in  social  life.  His  style  in  preaching  is  clear, 
 concise  and  vigorous,  logiail  in  method,  not  lacking 
 in  ornament,  often  revealing  the  play  of  a  rich  and 
 cultured  imagination,  yet  keeping  all  subordinate  to 
 the  great  aim  of  e.Kalting  Christ  and  winning  souls. 
 His  delivery  is  earnest  and  impressive;  never  bois- 
 terous intone  or  violent  in  gesture;  deliberate,  yet 
 singularly  efiective  in  attracting  and  holding  the 
 thoughtful  attention  of  his  hearers. 
 
 In  1874  Dr.  Lord  gave  to  the  press  his  "  Christian 
 Theology  for  the  People,"  a  systematic  and  compre- 
 hensive exposition  of  Christian  doctrine,  which  has 
 been  widely  appreciated.  His  experience  as  a  teacher 
 of  theology,  his  power  of  condensation,  and  his  terse 
 and  lucid  style,  have  specially  qualified  him  for  the 
 preparation  of  this  work.  Three  years  later  he  pub- 
 lished a  smaller  work,  entitled  "The  Blessed  Hope; 
 or.  The  Glorious  Coming  of  our  Lord;  "  a  discission 
 of  questions  relating  to  the  second  advent,  which  has 
 also  had  a  wide  circulation.  In  addition  to  these, 
 many  addresses,  lectures  and  sermons  from  his  pen 
 have,  from  time  to  time,  been  given  to  the  public. 
 
 Lord's  Prayer — The.  This  Prayer  is  twice 
 given  in  the  New  Testiiment  (Matt.  \i,  9-13,  Luke 
 xi,  2-4),  in  slightly  diflering  words.  From  its  de- 
 livery to  the  present  hour  it  has  excited  the  admira- 
 tion of  the  wise  and  good  throughout  the  world;  and 
 down  through  all  these  centuries  it  has  been  the  sin- 
 gle golden  link,  running  through  the  ages,  that  has 
 ■  bound  together  in  one  the  whole  vast  company  of  the 
 prayerful.     Even  the  stupid  infidel  and  the  shallow 
 
 scofier  have  not  failed  to  perceive  its  beauty,  sublimity 
 and  comprehensi\eness.  It  is  little  in  words,  but 
 great  in  substance;  so  short  that  the  weakest  memory 
 may  retain  it,  and  yet  so  fuU  that  it  comprehends 
 all  things  which  relate  to  ourselves  or  others,  to  our 
 bodies  or  souls,  to  time  or  eternity;  proper  for  all 
 exigencies  and  occasions;  as  well  for  the  last  ages  of 
 Christianity  as  the  first,  as  well  for  the  i)ri  vate  devotions 
 of  the  closet  as  the  public  service  of  the  temple,  includ- 
 ing every  part  of  religious  worship,  supplication  and 
 intercession,  confession  and  depreciition,  resignation 
 and  thanksgiving;  adapted  to  all  periods  of  life,  to  all 
 kinds  of  character,  to  all  countries  and  capacities,  and 
 suited  to  all  conditions;  equally  proper  for  high  and 
 low,  rich  and  poor.  The  child  may  lisp  its  simple  sen- 
 tences as  soon  a-s  it  knows  how  to  pray;  it  comes  with 
 no  less  fitness  from  the  wrinkled  lips  of  age.  It  may  be 
 taken  up  and  used  alike  by  the  penitent  in  the  first 
 hour  of  his  return  to  God,  the  struggler  in  the  thick 
 of  the  spiritual  conflict,  and  the  believer  in  the  high- 
 est soarings  of  his  faith  and  love.  The  youngest,  the 
 oldest,  the  simplest,  the  wisest,  the  most  sin-stained, 
 the  most  saintly,  can  find  nothing  here  unsuitable, 
 unrea-sonable.  It  gathers  up  into  one  what  they  all 
 can  and  should  unite  in  saying  as  they  bend  in  sup- 
 plication before  God. 
 
 The  existence  of  a  progressive  sequence  in  the 
 prayer  is  seen,  even  on  a  casual  view.  At  the  outset, 
 the  suppliant  appears  lost  in  the  contemplation  of  the 
 Being  to  whom  his  spirit  ascends;  next,  he  turns  his 
 thoughts  upon  himself  and  his  own  wants.  Further, 
 it  is  not  difficult  to  recognize  a  progression  i(i  the  first 
 three  petitions,  and  in  the  three  (or  foiu-)  last.  The 
 recognition  of  the  name  of  God  is  the  basis  on  which 
 alone  the  kingdom  of  God  can  be  established;  and 
 again,  this  kingdom  is  the  sphere  in  which  the  will  of 
 God  is  fulfilled.  Further,  the  prayer  for  the  main- 
 tenance of  the  life  of  num  precedes  the  prayer  for  the 
 forgiveness  of  his  sins;  and  again,  it  is  only  when  the 
 guilt  of  the  past  is  removed  that  the  thought  is  di- 
 rected to  the  temptations  of  the  future.  The  thought^ 
 ful  reader,  who  has  derived  from  other  .sources  the 
 knowledge  of  the  Trinity,  will  also  find  a  reference 
 to  that  truth  iu  the  .scheme  of  this  prayer.  The  peti- 
 tions of  the  first  and  second  parts  refer  to  God  as 
 Creator  and  Preserver;  the  second  petition  of  either 
 part  refers  to  God  as  Redeemer;  whilst  the  third  of 
 either  part  relates  to  God  the  Holy  Spirit,  by  whom 
 the  divine  will  comes  to  be  fulfilled,  and  through 
 whose  power  temptation  is  overcome. 
 
 Evidently  it  was  not  our  Lord's  meaning  that  we 
 should  use  this  prayer  exclusively,  for  the  second  form 
 of  it,  as  already  stated,  in  Luke,  varies  considerably 
 from  that  in  Matthew.  It  was  intended  as  a  model 
 rather  than  a  mold.  Highly  appropriate  as  it  is,  both 
 in  public  and  private  devotion,  it  was  never  intended 
 to  confine  within  the  limits  of  its  few  sentences  the  free 
 spirit  of  prayer.  It  was  given  rather  as  a  specimen, 
 by  the   spirit  and  order  and   proportion   of  whose 
 
LORD'S  PRAYER. 
 
 446 
 
 LORD'S  PRAYER. 
 
 several  parts  we  should  guide  our  own  spontaneous 
 petitions,  than  as  a  rigid  and  imperishable  enclosure 
 in  which  all  our  pious  acknowledgments  and  suppli- 
 cations should  be  compressed.  It  was  intended,  not 
 so  much  as  a  sacred  formulary,  as  for  divine  instruc- 
 tion' as  to  what  petitions  are  universally  good,  uni- 
 versally necessary,  universally  acceptable,  as  well  as 
 to  inculcate  simplicity  and  brevity  in  the  expression. 
 The  example  of  our  Lord,  Himself,  of  the  apostles, 
 of  the  Church  in  all  ages,  has  taught  us  how  fuU'i 
 and  varied  are  the  utterances  of  the  human  heart  i 
 when  it  breathes  itself  out  unrestrainedly  to  God  in 
 prayer.  ' '  Where  the  Spirit  of  God  is,  there  is  liberty. ' ' 
 The  very  commencement  of  the  prayer,  Our  Father 
 which  art  in  heaven,  assumes,  in  the  suppliant,  a 
 spirit  penetrated  with  reverence  and  love;  against 
 Atlieism,  which  teaches  that  there  is  no  God.  Against 
 Pantheism,  which  teaches  that  God  is  npt  a  person, 
 but  identical  with  nature;  against  Epicurism,  which 
 teaches  that  God  cares  nothing  for  His  creation ;  against 
 Polytheism,  which  teaches  that  there  are  many  Gods, 
 and  against  Fatalism,  which  renders  the  hearing  of 
 prayer  an  impossibility ;  our  Saviour  teaches  that  our 
 one  God  is  a  personal,  living,  freely-working  God,  who 
 projects  and  executes  His  counsel,  not  without,  but 
 with  reference  to,  the  praying  man,  even  a  Father. 
 We  have  here  grouped  together  the  three  principles 
 which  settle  man'sjust  relations  to  this  and  to  the  next 
 world.  1.  The  Filial.  We  see  in  the  Most  High  a 
 Father.  This  representation  of  God,  as  a  Father  of 
 those  who  wor.ship  Hira,  teaches  us  that  He  stands  in 
 a  relation  toward  them  similar  t«  that  in  which  a 
 father  stands  to  his  children,  and  that  He  regards 
 them  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  in  which  a  father 
 regards  and  acts  towards  his  chidren,  really  loving 
 them,  and  disposed  to  bestow  on  them  everything 
 that  is  necessary  to  their  true  happiness.  2.  The 
 Fraternal.  We  come  not  with  our  private  needs  and 
 vows  alone,  but  with  those  of  our  race  and  household. 
 Our  Father.  The  renewal  of  the  parental  re-knits  the 
 fraternal  tie.  Believers,  in  all  their  prayers,  should 
 think  of  others  as  well  as  themselves.  Though  we 
 go  alone  into  the  closet,  we  are  not  accepted  there  if 
 we  go  in  selfishncsfi  and  isolation.  3.  The  Celestial. 
 Though  we  are  now  of  the  earth,  and  attached  to  it 
 by  these  mortal  and  terrene  bodies,  we  are  not 
 originally  from  it,  nor  were  we  made  to  be  eternally 
 upon  it.  We  are  of  heaven,  and  for  heaven,  for  there, 
 and  not  here,  our  Father  is,  and  where  He  is  our  true 
 home  is.  God,  though  omnipresent,  has  heaven  a.s 
 His  special  residence. 
 
 From  the  first  petition.  Hallowed  he  thy  name,  we 
 learn  that  our  first  concern  is  to  be  for  what  relates 
 to  God,  before  what  respects  ourselves.  Man's  needs 
 are  never  to  take  precedency  of  God's  rights.  The 
 first  part  of  the  Prayer  begins  with  the  riches  of  God: 
 
 Thy  name  be  hallowed; 
 
 Thy  kingdom  come; 
 
 Thy  will  be  done. 
 
 The  second  part,  on  the  contrary,  commences  with 
 the  poverty  of  man : 
 
 Us  give  daily  bread ; 
 
 Us  forgive  our  debts; 
 
 Us  lead  not  into  temptation,  but  deliver  from  evil. 
 
 By  the  name  of  God,  we  are  to  understand  His 
 revealed  character  and  attributes,  even  all  that  is 
 implied  in  the  appellation  by  which  he  is  known 
 among  men.  (See  Ex.  xxxiv,  5-7.)  The  word  hal- 
 lowed is  nearly  synonymous  with  "sanctified,"  or 
 "glorified."  God's  name  maybe  hallowed  by  us 
 in  three  ways :  1.  In  our  hearts,  by  entertaining 
 suitable  conceptions  of  Him.  2.  By  our  lips,  when 
 we  acknowledge  His  divine  perfections,  and  tell  of 
 all  His  wondrous  works.  3.  In  our  lives,  when  the 
 consideration  of  these  divine  perfections  engages  us 
 to  suitable  obedience.  This  petition  forbids  cursing 
 and  swearing,  perjury  and  blasphemy.  It  forbids 
 all  lip-service,  all  hypocritical  genuflexions,  all 
 mummeries  of  worship,  where  the  heart  is  not 
 engaged.  In  it  we  desire  that  all  atheism,  infidelity, 
 idolatry,  impiety,  superstition,  ignorance  and  false 
 religion  may  be  banished  from  the  world,  and  that 
 the  only  living  and  true  God  may  be  worshiped  and 
 honored  all  over  the  earth,  and  by  every  intelligent 
 creature.  This,  in  fact,  is  the  very  petition  which 
 the  Lord  Jesus  himself  put  up  on  another  occasion 
 (John  xii,  28). 
 
 The  second  petition  is.  Thy  kingdom  come.  The 
 plainest  and  simplest  sen.se  of  Thy  kingdom  is,  the 
 promised  kingdom  which  God  is  one  day  to  take  to 
 Him.self  over  all  the  world,  foretold  by  Daniel  and  the 
 other  prophets,  when  Satan  shall  cease  to  be  "prince 
 of  this  world,"  and  the  millennium  shall  begin. 
 This  petition  implies  an  earnest  desire  that  the  king- 
 dom of  God  may  be  set  up  in  our  own  hearts,  reduc- 
 ing all  within  us  to  entire  subjection  to  Christ,  our 
 King;  that  it  may  be  set  up  in  the  hearts  of  our  chil- 
 dren, relatives,  servants,  friends,  neighbors;  that  the 
 word  of  the  kingdom  may,  in  all  nations,  "be 
 preached  with  the  Holy  Ghost  sent  down  from 
 heaven;"  that  Christian  churches  may  be  established 
 in  every  region  of  our  earth,  and  that  "  the  kingdoms 
 of  this  world  may  become  the  kingdom  of  our  Lord 
 and  of  His  Christ, ' '  that  every  opjiosing  power  may  be 
 jjut  down,  and  God  be  all  in  all.  The  final  setting 
 up  of  this  kingdom  h;is  been  long  predicted.  (Gen. 
 iii,  15;  Rom.  viii,  22;  Rev.  xi,  15,  and  xxii,  20.)  1 
 
 The  third  petition  is.  Thy  will  be  done  in  earth,  as  it 
 is  in  heaven.  God's  will  may  be  considered  either  as 
 preceptive  or  providential.  To  the  former  reference 
 is  here  made,  for  God's  providential  will  is  done  in 
 earth  equally  as  in  heaven.  Or,  if  the  latter  is  also 
 referred  to,  that  submission,  acquiescence  and  satis- 
 faction in  it  which  angels  feel  and  express,  may  be 
 intended.  It  ought  to  be  the  prayer  and  care,  the 
 study  and  endeavor  of  every  Cliristian,  that  the  com- 
 manding will  of  God  may  be  done  by  himself,  and 
 by  all  men  on  earth,  as  it  is  by  the  saints  and  angels 
 
LORD'S  PRAYER. 
 
 A4n 
 
 LORD'S   PRAYER. 
 
 in  heaven,  with  entireness,  harmony,  cheerfulness, 
 diligence,  constaney  and  inetfable  delight.  Nor 
 should  the  knowledge  of  the  fact  that  in  this  life, 
 through  the  imperfection  of  our  nature,  we  never 
 shall  do  the  will  of  God  in  the  same  absolutely  per- 
 fect way  as  it  is  done  in  heaven,  be  regarded  as  a 
 reason  why  we  should  lower  the  object  of  our  desires, 
 or  the  aim  and  enrncstness  of  our  endeavors.  This 
 petition  is  instinct  with  the  very  life  of  missionary 
 enterprise,  and  the  Church  cannot  otfer  this  clause 
 of  the  Divine  prayer  in  the  full  spirit  of  its  power 
 without  becoming  a  missionary  church.  There  are 
 some  who  see  in  it  an  intimation  that  our  earth  is  to  : 
 be  one  part,  at  least,  of  the  final  and  glorious  abode 
 of  the  saints. 
 
 The  fourth  petition  is,  Gire  ux  this  tin;/  our  daily 
 bread.  The  bread  which  is  convenient  or  sufficient 
 for  our  daily  subsistence.  Bread  is  one  principal 
 part  of  the  things  which  are  needful  for  the  body, 
 and  here,  as  is  often  the  case,  it  is  put  for  the  whole. 
 By  the  use  of  this  word,  therefore,  we  are  taught  to 
 ask  only  things  that  are  necessary,  without  craving 
 superfluities,  and  to  refer  it  to  our  Heavenly  Father  to 
 determine  what  things  are  neeessarj',  according  to 
 our  station  in  life,  our  families,  and  various  other 
 circumstances.  We  are  taught  to  ask  "  daily  "  the 
 supply  of  the  needs  of  life.  (1)  That  we  should  not 
 have  anxious  care  for  the  future,  and  (2)  Because 
 we  are  not  warranted  to  a.sk,  even  of  the  necessaries  of 
 life,  very  large  supplies,  which  may  serve  for  weeks, 
 months,  or  years  to  come,  but  arc,  as  children,  contin- 
 ually to  exercise  the  spirit  of  entire  dependence  on, 
 and  complete  confidence  in,  our  Heavenly  Father's 
 care.  The  richer  sort  of  persons,  in  ofiering  this 
 petition,  do  in  effect  say,  "Let  the  bread  which  is 
 ours  come  to  us  this  day  sanctified  by  Thy  Almighty 
 Hand.s! ''  The  "our  "  points  to  neccs,sary  Inhn-r,  the 
 true  way  of  a.sking  and  recei\-ing,  according  to  God's 
 original  appointment  for  man,  in  Gen,  iii,  19,  inde- 
 pendently of  which  we  eat  not  our  oirn  bread  {2  Thes. 
 iii,  12;  1  Thes.  iv,  11,  12),  but  another's.  It  shows 
 that  our  food  and  raiment  must  be  of  God's 
 giving — that  is,  honestly  and  fairly  earned,  "for," 
 as  an  old  writer  remarks,  "to  him  God  gives  bread 
 who  earns  it  by  righteous  means,  but  to  him  who 
 earns  it  by  sin,  the  devil  it  is  who  giveth."  It 
 points  also  to  the  obligatory  communication  and 
 fellowship,  since  as  we  in  "our"  and  "us"  pray 
 with  and  for  one  another,  so  we  may  not  hold  anj-- 
 thing  that  we  receive  exclusively  and  covetously  for 
 ourselves  alone.  "  Break  thy  bread  to  the  hungry," 
 etc.  (Isa.  Iviii,  7;  Comp.  1  Sam.  xxv,  11.)  Our 
 Lord  does  not  bid  us  pray  merely  for  the  need  and 
 nourishment  of  the  body,  but  speaks  also  of  the 
 ireori  which  the  Father  giveth  from  heaven,  just  as 
 in  John  vi,  2T-33;   iv,  34. 
 
 The  fifth  petition  is.  Forgive  us  our  debts,  as  tee  for- 
 give our  debtors.  This  petition  immediately  follows  the 
 preceding  one,  to  show  us  that  though  we  have  daily 
 
 bread,  yet  all  is  nothing  without  forgiveness.  In 
 this  prayer  there  is  but  one  petition  for  the  body 
 (verse  11),  but  two  petitions,  thLs,  and  the  following 
 one,  for  the  soul.  Hence  observe  that  we  are  to  be 
 more  careful  for  our  souls  than  for  our  bodies — more 
 desirous  to  have  our  souls  saved  than  our  bodies  fed. 
 Sins  are  called  debts;  (1)  Because  as  a  debt  arises 
 upon  non-payment  of  that  which  is  one's  due,  so  we, 
 owing  to  God  ex.act  obedience,  and  not  paying  what 
 is  due,  come  to  be  in  debt;  (2)  Because,  as  in  case 
 of  non-payment  the  debtor  goes  to  prison;  so,  by 
 our  sins,  we  become  guilty  and  stand  exposed 
 to  God's  wrath  forever.  In  this  petition  the  follow- 
 ing things  are  supposed :  1.  That  we  are  all  sinners, 
 and,  as  such,  stiind  in  need  of  forgiveness.  2.  That 
 we  are  obliged  to  pray  every  day  for  pardon,  as  we 
 do  for  our  daily  bread,  for  our  sins  are  many  and 
 daily.  Nor  is  there  anything  in  this  view  incon- 
 sistent with  the  perfection  and  perpetuity  of  justifi- 
 cation. The  moment  a  man  believes  on  Christ,  he 
 is  as  much  justified  as  Paul  or  John,  and  cannot  be 
 more  justified  if  he  lives  to  the  age  of  Methuselah. 
 But  all  this  is  no  reason  why  he  should  not  daily 
 confess  his  sins,  and  daily  seek  fresh  application  of 
 Christ's  blood  to  his  con.science.  In  fact,  it  is  the 
 life  of  foith  to  do  so.  The  truth,  "  he  that  believeth 
 inChristshall  never  come  into  condemnation,"  instead 
 of  leading  to  the  conclusion,  "  I  need  not  pray  for  the 
 forgiveness  of  my  sin.s, "  suggests  the  strongest  encour- 
 agement to  present  such  a  petition.  3.  That  since 
 we  are  to  pray  for  pardon  of  sin,  it  is  impossible  for 
 us  ever  to  satisfy  the  justice  of  God  for  sin. 
 
 Forgive  us  our  debts.  Remit  the  penalty  of  our 
 offences,  and  hold  us  as  if  we  had  not  sinned.  As 
 we  forgive  our  debtors.  In  Luke  xi,  4,  it  is,  "for  we 
 also  forgive,"  etc.  The  word  As,  meaning  according 
 as,  lile  as,  is  not  a  note  of  equality,  but  similitude; 
 not  that  we  equal  God  in  forgiving,  but  imitate  Him. 
 It  also  h;is  in  a  measure  the  sense  of  inasmuch  as. 
 The  willingness  of  the  suppliant  is  by  no  means  a 
 ground  upon  which  God  can  bestow  on  him  forgive- 
 ness, but  rather  a  subjective  condition  without  which 
 he  has  no  boldness  to  entreat  the  forgiveness  of  his 
 own  sins.  This  condition,  or  qualification,  requires, 
 1.  That  we  forgive  cordially  (Jer.  xxxi,  34 ;  JIatt. 
 xviii,  35 ;  Eph.  iv,  2)— fully  (Ps.  ciii,  3)— often  (Isa. 
 hai,  7;  Matt,  xviii,  21).  He  who  does  not  forgive 
 i  his  neighbor's  trespasses,  when  he  uses  this  prayer, 
 i  in  effect  asks  God  not  to  forgive  him  his  trespasses, 
 and,  if  he  continues  in  his  present  temper  there  is  no 
 doubt  that  his  prayer  will  he  answered. 
 
 The  sixth  petition  is,  Lead  us  not  into  temptation,  but 
 deliver  us  from  evil.  As  the  prayer  for  daily  bread 
 raises  us  above  care  for  to-day,  and  the  prayer  for  the 
 forgiveness  of  sins  is  meant  to  quiet  us  concerning  the 
 past,  so  is  the  prayer  against  temptation  a  weapon  for 
 I  the  uncertain  future.  It  consists  of  two  parts  : 
 1.  Deprecatory;  2.  Petitionary.  The  Greek  word 
 rendered  lead  is  only  used  seven  times  in  the  New 
 
LOItD'S  PRAYER. 
 
 448 
 
 LORD'S  SUPPER. 
 
 Testament.  Excepting  in  the  Lord's  Prayer,  our 
 translators  have  always  rendered  it  "bring  into." 
 ' '  Temptation ' '  means  ' '  trial. ' '  God  never  puts  evil 
 into  our  hearts,  or  stirs  it  up  there  by  any  positive 
 influence  (.James  i,  13).  In  the  former  respect,  our 
 own  lusts  tempt  us  (.James  i,  14) ;  in  the  latter,  Satan, 
 or  wicked  men  (Matthew  iv,  3).  But  ProWdence 
 may  permit  us  to  be  brought  into  such  circum- 
 stances as  have  a  tendency  to  give  our  corruptions, 
 and  the  temptations  of  Satan  and  his  agents,  peculiar 
 advantage  against  us.  This  the  Lord  sometimes 
 does  to  prove  the  reality  or  power  of  our  grace,  the 
 sincerity  or  hypocrisy  of  our  profe.ssion,  or  the  re- 
 maining prevalency  of  sin  (Gen.  xxii,  1  ;  Job  i,  11, 
 vs.  20,  21).  "A  saint's  whole  life  (says  Austin)  is  a 
 temptation."  This  petition  asks  that  God  would 
 graciou.sly  prevent  us  from  being  brought  into  cir- 
 cumstances of  strong  temptation  ;  that  He  would  not 
 leave  us  to  struggle  with  it  in  our  own  strength ; 
 that  He  would  instruct  us  to  avoid,  and  enable  us  to 
 overcome,  our  temptations.  He  who  would  honestly 
 and  acceptably  present  this  petition  must  guard 
 against  going  into  temptation  (Gal.  vi,  1 ;  Matt. 
 xxvi,  41). 
 
 But  deliver  tis  from  ctnl.  Here  we  confess  that  evil 
 is  in  us,  and  about  us,  and  near  us,  and  on  every 
 side,  and  that  we  have  no  power  to  deliver  ourselves 
 from  it.  We  apply  to  the  strong  for  strength.  We 
 cast  our.selves  on  Him  for  protection.  In  this  peti- 
 tion we  pray  not  only  to  be  kept  from  evil,  but  also 
 that  we  may  make  progress  in  piety.  The  evil  we 
 seek  to  be  delivered  from  is,  1.  The  evil  of  our  own 
 heart.  2.  The  evil  of  Satan.  3.  The  evil  of  the 
 world.     4.  The  evil  of  God's  wTath. 
 
 For  thine  i.<i  the  kingdom,  etc.  Some  refer  this  to 
 David's  doxology,  1  Chron.  xxix,  11.  It  has  reference, 
 asa  plea,  to  the  first  three  petitions  of  the  prayer — "Thy 
 kingdom  come, ' '  for  Thine  is  the  kingdom.  Thou  hast 
 the  government  of  the  world,  and  the  protection  of  the 
 saints,  Thy  willing  subjeetsin  it.  "Thy  will  be  done," 
 for  Thine  is  the  power  to  maintain  that  kingdom,  and 
 to  make  good  all  Thy  engagements  to  Thy  people. 
 "Hallowed  be  Thy  name,"  for  Thine  is  the  glory,  as 
 the  end  of  all  that  which  is  done  for  the  saints,  in 
 answer  to  their  prayers,  for  their  praise  waiteth  for 
 Thee  (Psalm  Ixv,  1).  It  is  our  duty  to  plead  with 
 God  in  prayer,  to  fill  our  mouth  with  arguments 
 (Job  xxiii,  4),  not  to  move  God,  but  to  affect  our- 
 selves, to  encourage  our  faith,  excite  our  fervency, 
 and  e\idence  both.  The  })est  pleas  in  prayer  are 
 taken  from  God  Himself  Praising  Him  is  the  way 
 to  obtain  further  mercy,  as  it  qualifies  us  to  receive  it. 
 Some  see,  in  this  threefold  do.xology,  an  ascription  of 
 praise  to  each  of  the  persons  of  the  Trinity.  It  has 
 been  very  beautifully  said  that  "  when  the  whole 
 number  of  the  sonf  of  God  shall  have  reached  their 
 goal,  a  pure  doxology  will  arise  in  heaven.  Hallowed 
 be  the  name  of  God.  His  kingdom  is  come.  His 
 will  is  done.      He  has  forgiven  our  sins.      He  has 
 
 brought  temptation  to  an  end.  He  has  delivered  us 
 from  the  evil  one.  His  is  the  kingdom,  and  the  power, 
 and  the  glory  forever.     Amest." 
 
 Lord's  Supper.  The  institution  of  this  ordin- 
 ance by  our  Sa\iour  is  recorded  by  the  first  three 
 evangelists  (Matt,  xxvi,  26-28;  Mark  xiv,  22-24; 
 Luke  xxii,  19-20),  and  by  the  apostle  Paul,  who  de- 
 clares that  he  "  had  received  of  the  Lord  that  which 
 he  delivered  "  to  the  Church  (1  Cor.  xi.  23-26). 
 
 This  sacrament  is  to  be  observed  in  the  Church  to 
 the  end  of  the  world.  This  is  plainly  implied  in  the 
 words  of  the  apostle  Paul:  "For  as  often  as  ye  eat 
 this  bread  and  drink  this  cup,  ye  do  show  the  Lord's 
 death  till  he  eome"  (1  Cor.  xi,  26). 
 
 The  ends  and  uses  of  this  sacrament  are  various. 
 1.  It  was  instituted  to  be  a  memorial  of  the  death  of 
 Christ.  That  it  is  a  commemorative  ordinance  appears 
 from  the  Saviour's  words,  "  This  do  in  remembrance 
 of  me  ;  "  and  that  it  is  especially  a  memorial  of  His 
 death,  is  evident  from  His  words  in  distributing  the 
 elements.  While  He  gave  the  bread  to  His  disciples, 
 he  said;  "This is  my  body,  which  is  broken  for  you  ;" 
 and  of  the  cup,  he  said,  "  This  cup  is  the  New  Testa- 
 ment, in  my  blood." 
 
 The  ordinance  is  eminently  fitted  to  bring  to  our 
 remembrance  the  reality  and  the  painful  nature  of 
 the  death  of  Christ;  to  remind  us  of  the  vicarious 
 nature  of  His  death,  of  its  acceptableness  to  God  as  a 
 satisfaction  for  our  sins,  and  of  its  present  and  per- 
 petual etliciicy.  And  we  should  remember  His  death 
 with  a  lively  and  appropriating  faith;  with  ardent 
 love  to  Him  who  first  loved  ns;  with  deep  contrition 
 for  our  sins,  the  procuring  cause  of  His  death;  with 
 holy  joy  in  God;  and  with  the  warmest  gratitude  to 
 Christ,  who  gave  Himself  for  us,  an  offering  and  a 
 sacrifice  to  God  for  a  sweet-smelling  savour.  2.  This 
 sacrament  seals  the  benefits  of  Christ's  death  unto 
 true  believers.  It  seals  not  the  truth  of  Christ's 
 death,  nor  the  truth  of  their  faith;  but  it  seals  the 
 right  and  interest  of  faith,  as  the  seal  afl3xed  to  a 
 deed  seals  the  right  and  interest  of  the  person  in  the 
 property  conveyed  by  that  deed.  3.  It  promotes  the 
 spiritual  nourishment  and  growth  of  believers.  A 
 devout  participation  of  this  ordinance  is  fitted  to 
 confirm  and  invigorate  their  faith,  to  inflame  their 
 love,  to  deepen  their  godly  sorrow,  to  enliven  their 
 joy.  and  to  enlarge  and  strengthen  their  hopes  of 
 the  Saviour's  second  coming,  and  of  the  glory  then 
 to  be  revealed.  4.  It  is  a  sign  and  pledge  of  the 
 believer's  communion  with  Chri.st*  This  is  evident 
 from  the  words  of  Paul  (1  Cor.  x,  16),  "  The  cup  of 
 blessing  which  we  bless,  is  it  not  the  communion  of 
 the  blood  of  Christ?  The  bread  which  we  break,  is  it 
 not  the  communion  of  the  body  of  Christ?"  These 
 words  certainly  import  that,  in  the  Holy  Supper, 
 believers  have  communion  ■\\'ith  Christ  in  the  fruits 
 of  His  sufferings  and  death.  5.  It  is  an  emblem  of 
 the  saints'  communion  with  each  other.  All  true 
 saints  are  members  of  one   body,  and  in  the  Holy 
 
LORD'S  SUPPER. 
 
 449 
 
 LORD'S  SUPPER. 
 
 Supper  they  have  commimiou,  not  merely  with  those 
 who  sit  along  with  them  at  the  same  table,  but 
 ' '  with  all  that  in  every  place  call  on  the  name  of 
 Jesus  Clirist,"  their  common  Lord.  "We,  being 
 many,"  says  Paul,  "  are  one  bread  and  one  body;  for 
 we  are  all  partakers  of  that  one  bread"  (1  Cor.  x,  17). 
 This  ordinance  is  very  expressive  of  the  communion 
 of  saints,  and  lias  a  powerful  tendency  to  cherish  it. 
 They  meet  together  at  the  same  table,  as  brethren 
 and  children  of  the  same  family,  to  partake  of  the 
 same  spiritual  feast.  C.  In  this  ordinance  be- 
 lievers engage  themselves  to  all  the  duties  which 
 they  owe  to  Christ.  They  acknowledge  Him  as  their 
 Master,  and  engage  to  do  whatsoever  He  has  com- 
 manded them.  Persons  may  come  under  engage- 
 ments by  performing  certain  significant  actions,  as 
 well  as  by  express  words.  Submission  to  the  ordi- 
 nance of  circumcision,  under  the  former  dispensation, 
 made  a  man  "  debtor  to  the  whole  law."  Baptism, 
 in  like  manner,  under  the  Christian  dispensation, 
 involves  an  engagement  to  be  the  Lord's;  and  Chris- 
 tians, in  partaking  of  the  Lord's  Supper,  renew  this 
 engagement.  They  acknowledge  that  they  are  not 
 their  own,  but  are  bought  with  a  price,  and  bind 
 themselves  to  glorify  God  with  their  bodies  and  spirits, 
 which  are  His. 
 
 In  connection  with  what  has  been  said,  the  following 
 article  from  the  pen  of  Peter  Bayne,  A.  .M.,  on  "The 
 Sealing  of  Christ's  Testimony  bj'  his  Death,"  will  be 
 read  with  interest  and  profit: — 
 
 "The  bearing  of  Christ's  death  upon  His  testi- 
 mony to  the  Divine  origin  of  His  religion  can  be 
 briefly  stated.  His  crucifi.xion  was  an  infinitely  solemn 
 ratification  of  all  He  had  asserted.  This  will  become 
 evident  when  we  consider  two  points  in  connection 
 with  it. 
 
 "In  the  first  place.  His  death  was  manifestly  con- 
 templated by  Him  as  a  part  of  His  ministry  and 
 priesthood,  and,  as  such,  distinctly  foreseen.  Con- 
 sistently with  the  pervading  spirituality  of  His  views 
 of  His  mi-ssion.  He  regarded  His  death  as  completing 
 its  lessons,  filling  out  its  moral  significance,  and 
 crowning  its  mighty  purpose  of  wisdom  and  of  love. 
 Of  this  there  is  indubitable  proof  in  the  fact  that 
 three  evangelists  narrate  His  prediction  of  His  de- 
 cease. It  is  not  necessary,  for  our  argument,  to  sup- 
 pose that,  in  uttering  this  prediction,  He  put  in 
 exercise  a  supernatural  power  of  foreseeing  events. 
 To  an  intellectual  eye  like  Christ's,  all-embracing  in 
 its  range,  all-penetrating  in  its  clearness,  it  is  diffi- 
 cult to  know  how  much  of  the  page  of  the  future 
 would  neccssarilj'lie  bare.  The  thing  to  be  observed 
 is,  that  while  proclaiming  doctrines  of  celestial  purity 
 and  self-evidencing  truth,  and  while  distinctly  affirm- 
 ing His  supernattrral  power.  He  calmly  informed  ! 
 His  disciples  that  His  own  death  w;is  embraced  in 
 the  purpose  for  which  He  came  into  the  world!  It 
 .  was  as  if  He  had  said :  '  The  words  I  speak,  taken 
 in  conjunction  with  the  life  I  lead,  are  proof  that  I  , 
 89 
 
 come  from  God ;  the  works  I  do  are  a  further  attesta- 
 tion by  God  the  Creator  that  I  am  from  Him;  and 
 in  testimony  that  I  put  my  own  trust  in  this  witness, 
 in  testimony  that  I  believe  the  words  I  speak  to  be 
 God's  words,  and  the  works  I  do  to  be  God's  works, 
 I  shall  lay  down  my  life.'  Imagination  can  con- 
 ceive no  stronger  proof  of  sincerity. 
 
 "  In  the  second  place,  the  manner  in  whicli  Christ 
 went  to  death  was  conspicuously  in  accordance  with 
 this  view  of  His  decease  as  confirming  all  testimony 
 previously  given  by  Him  to  the  Divine  origin 
 of  His  religion.  Our  information  as  to  His  death 
 is  peculiarly  ample.  All  the  evangelists  dwell 
 upon  it.  '  The  fulfillment,  '  says  Ellicott,  '  of 
 type  and  shadow,  of  the  hopes  of  patriarchs,  of 
 the  expectations  of  prophets,  yea,  and  of  the  dim 
 longings  of  a  whole  lost  and  sinful  world,  must 
 be  declared  by  the  whole  evangelistic  company;  the 
 four  streams  that  go  forth  to  water  the  earth  must 
 here  meet  in  a  common  channel;  the  four  winds  of 
 the  Spirit  of  Life  must  here  be  united  and  one. '  And 
 in  each  of  the  narratives  of  Christ's  trial  and  cruci- 
 fixion there  is  one  broad  and  well-marked  character- 
 istic. They  all  represent  Jesus  as  preserving  a  mental 
 state  of  perfect  calmness,  a  demeanor  of-ab.solute  self- 
 pos.session.  He  cannot  but  have  known,  from  the 
 moment  of  His  arrest,  that  the  implacable  malignity 
 of  the  rulers  and  Phari.sees,  and  the  blind  fury  of  the 
 mob  they  hounded  on,  would  compass  His  death. 
 Men  say  that,  in  the  immediate  prospect  of  decease, 
 the  whole  events  of  a  past  life  flit  in  distinct  colors 
 and  vivid  outlines  before  the  mind;  and  whether  this 
 is  generally  the  ca.se  or  not,  it  is  impossible  to  read 
 the  narrative  of  the  Saxiour's  trial,  and  to  ob.serve 
 the  calmness  and  clearness  of  His  answers,  without 
 feeling  that  every  occurrence  of  His  ministry'  must 
 have  then  lain  under  the  perspicuous  glance  of  His 
 recollection.  At  that  moment,  He  must  have  been 
 distinctly  conscious  that  He  had  professed  to  raise  the 
 dead,  to  still  the  tempest,  to  create  food  for  multi- 
 tudes, to  open  the  eyes  of  those  born  blind.  In  the 
 glare  of  confronting  death,  how  completely  would  He 
 have  felt  every  plausible  sophistry  of  pious  fraud, 
 every  fond  delusion  of  imagined  power,  to  be  .shriv- 
 eled up.  But  He  never  faltered.  He  was  what  He 
 had  declared  Himself  to  be,  from  the  beginning. 
 ^\Tien  He  was  weak  as  a  lamb  in  the  hands  of  its 
 destroyer,  when  the  arm  of  His  Father  was  restrained, 
 when  no  angel  hand  was  present  to  wipe  His  blood- 
 stained brow.  His  faith  that  He  had  bid  the  winds  be 
 still,  and  the  dead  start  up  alive,  was  as  firm  as  when 
 the  multitudes  cast  their  garments  in  His  way,  and 
 hailed  Him  as  the  King  of  Israel  coming  in  the  name 
 of  the  Lord.  That  is  a  fact — a  plain,  historical  fact. 
 Four  witnesses  attest  this  attitude  of  Christ  before 
 His  accusers,  and  the  wildest  credulity  of  skepticism 
 must  shrink  fi-om  the  idea  that  four  men  have  existed 
 in  this  world  who  could  ha\e  drawn  four  sucb  pic- 
 tures a.s  that  of  Christ  in  His  trial  and  crucifixion, 
 
LOUNSBUBY. 
 
 450 
 
 TEN-MILE  CHURCHES. 
 
 if  there  had  heen  no  original  for  the  portrait,  no  actu- 
 ality for  the  occvirrence.  And  if  Christ  died  as  the 
 evangelists  represent  Him  as  dying,  can  words  he 
 found  strong  enough  to  express  the  confirmation  thus 
 afforded  to  all  He  had  previously  declared?  " 
 
 Lounsbury,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  was  horn  in 
 Florida,  N.  Y.,  October  4th,  1789;  graduated  at  Union 
 College,  N.  Y.,  with  the  highest  honors  of  his  class, 
 in  1817 ;  at  Princeton  Seminary  in  1821  ;  was  soon 
 after  licensed  by  Hudson  Presbytery,  and  entered 
 "  upon  his  JLxster's  ser\-ice  as  a  domestic  missionary 
 in  Sullivan  county,  N.  Y.  Subsequently  he  preached 
 at  Painted  Post,  now  Corning,  N.  Y.,  and  the  regions 
 round  about.  He  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Cliurch 
 at  Ovid,  N.  Y.,  September  4th,  1823.  This  was  the 
 field  of  his  life-work.  The  church  grew  under  his 
 ministry,  many  being  added  thereto.  At  the  end  of 
 twenty -six  years  he  resigned,  was  appointed  agent  for 
 the  American  Bible  Society,  and  was  very  efficient  in 
 this  toilsome  work.  Subsequently  he  preached  as  a 
 supply  for  the  churches  of  Homer,  Hector  and  Romu- 
 lus, and  also  for  two  years  in  his  old  pulpit  in  Ovid. 
 He  died  October  29th,  1867. 
 
 Dr.  Lounsbury  was  an  earnest  Christian,  a  faithful 
 minister,  a  true  and  noble  and  thoroughly  reliable 
 man.  He  was  a  man  of  strong  will  and  great  in- 
 dustry, seldom  undertaking  anything  which  he  did 
 not  carry  through  with  a  strong  hand.  He  united 
 fearless  courage  with  genuine  humility.  Though 
 outspoken,  all  who  knew  him  loved  him  none  the 
 less,  and  no  one  doubted  his  sincerity  and  heartfelt 
 diety.  For  many  year  she  was  the  Stated  Clerk  of 
 his  Presbytery — an  office  for  which  his  thorough 
 knowledge  of  the  proper  methods  of  ecclesiastical 
 business,  as  well  as  his  own  rigid  regard  for  order, 
 eminently  fitted  him. 
 
 Love,  Brotherly,  is  that  peculiar  attachment 
 among  Christians,  arising  from  their  common  faith, 
 interest,  object  and  hope.  Its  foundation  is  their 
 common  love  of  Christ,  and  truth,  and  virtue,  or 
 Christian  holiness.  Love  to  good  men  must  be  par- 
 ticularly cultivated,  for  it  is  the  command  of  Christ 
 (John  xifi,  3);  they  belong  to  the  same  Father  and 
 family  (Gkil.  v,  10);  we  hereby  give  proof  of  our  dis- 
 cipleship  (John  xiii,  3.5);  the  example  of  Christ 
 should  allure  us  to  it  (John  iii,  16);  it  is  productive 
 of  a  variety  of  pleasing  sensations,  and  prevents  a 
 thousand  evils.  This  love  should  show  itself  by 
 praying  for  our  brethren  (Eph.  vi,  18);  bearing  one 
 another's  burdens,  by  assisting  and  relieving  each 
 other  (Gal.  vi,  2);  by  forbearing  vpith  one  another 
 (Col.  iii,  13);  by  reproving  and  admonishing  in  the 
 spirit  of  meekness  (Prov.  xxvii,  5,  6);  by  establishing 
 each  other  in  the  truth ;  by  conversation,  exhortation, 
 and  stirring  up  one  another  to  the  several  duties  of 
 religion,  both  public  and  private  (Jude  20,  21;  Heb. 
 X,  24,  25). 
 
 LiQ-wer  and  Upper  Ten-Mile  Churches, 
 ■Washington   County,   Pa.     At  the  centennial 
 
 celebration  of  these  two  congregations,  August  28th, 
 1879,  the  Rev.  Dr.  J.  I.  Brownson,  who  presided  on 
 the  occasion,  in  his  introductory  address,  thus  graphi- 
 cally sketched  the  trials  and  perils  incident  to  their 
 organization  and  early  history.  ' '  These  churches,  as 
 is  well  known,  were  founded  by  the  Rev.  Thaddeus 
 Dodd,  one  of  the  four  honored  fathers  of  Western 
 Presbyterianism,  who,  under  the  old  Synod  of  New 
 York  and  Philadelphia,  organized  the  Presbytery  of 
 Redstone,  and  the  spirit  of  heroism  and  .self-sacrifice 
 in  which  they  came  into  existence  has  a  lesson  which 
 should  not  be  lost.  Of  some  twenty  families  which 
 came  from  his  own,  Morris,  coiinty,  New  Jersey,  in 
 1773,  as  we  learn  from  the  honored  son  and  successor 
 of  Mr.  Dodd,  four  founded  homes  on  the  South  fork 
 of  the  Ten-Mile,  near  the  present  town  of  Jefferson. 
 The  remainder  divided  themselves  along  the  North 
 fork,  into  two  settlements,  under  their  respective 
 leaders,  Jacob  Cook  and  Demas  Lindley,  the  latter 
 of  whom,  at  least,  was  a  descendant  of  one  of  the 
 distinguished  company  who,  in  1620,  landed  upon 
 the  coast  of  New  England,  having  previously  bound 
 themselves  together  in  a  covenant,  the  first  words  of 
 which  were,  'In  the  name  of  God,  Amen!'  The.se 
 two  settlements  had  their  centres,  respectively,  where 
 now  the  flourishing  congregations  of  Lower  and  Upper 
 Ten-Mile  worship  peacefully,  each  Lord's  day,  in 
 tasteful  and  commodious  sanctuaries,  near  the  town 
 of  Amity  and  Prbsperity.  Doubtless  the  first  visit  of 
 Thaddeus  Dodd,  in  JIarch,  1777,  and  his  final  settle- 
 ment, in  September,  1779,  were  prompted  by  earnest 
 appeals  from  his  old  New  Jersey  friends,  which  owed 
 much  of  their  efficacy  to  his  sympathy  with  them  in 
 their  destitution  of  religious  ordinances.  It  was,  at 
 least,  against  other  inducements  elsewhere,  of  greater 
 worldly  attraction,  that  he  heard  the  voice  of  the 
 Lord  in  their  call,  and  obeyed  it  jointly  for  their  and 
 the  gospel's  .sake.  They  were  poor  and  surrounded 
 with  perils,  hut  in  God's  name  he  cast  in  his  lot  among 
 them  with  an  unhesitating  devotion. 
 
 ' '  No  account  of  the  situation  a  century  ago  can  be 
 true  to  history  without  giving  prominence  to  the 
 terrors  of  savage  warfare  to  which  the  first  settlers 
 were  exposed.  Nor  could  a  place  be  foimd  in  our 
 borders  of  more  thrilling  adventure  than  just  here. 
 Indian  hostilities  had  been  stimulated  by  the  French 
 in  their  great  contest  with  Great  Britain  and  her 
 colonies  for  the  Ohio  and  its  tributaries.  And  they 
 continued  to  carry  butchery  and  alarm  into  the 
 homes  among  and  beyond  the  Alleghenies,  until  Col. 
 Bouquet's  masterly  second  expedition,  in  1763, 
 pu.shed  the  bloody  foes  back  to  the  Muskingum,  and 
 .secured  a  treaty  of  peace,  which  gave  ten  years  of 
 comparative  repose.  Those  years  witnessed  large 
 streams  of  emigration  westward,  as  well  as  the  laying 
 of  foundations  upon  which  gicat  States  have  been 
 erected.  But  the  war  of  1774,  the  year  following  the 
 occupation  of  this  soil  by  the  New  Jersey  settlers, 
 best  known  by  the  name  of  Governor  Dunmore,  of 
 
TEX-jriLE  CHURCHES. 
 
 451 
 
 TEN-MILE  CHURCHES. 
 
 Virginia,  who  conducted  it,  and  precipitated  as  it 
 was  by  the  rash  cruelties  of  white  men,  filled  the 
 country  once  more  with  fear  and  sorrow.  The  inhab- 
 itants of  this  whole  region  were  driven,  for  safety, 
 into  forts  east  of  the  Monongahela.  Happily  the  victory 
 of  General  Lewis,  at  Point  Pleasant,  on  the  Ohio, 
 brought  that  bloody  strife  to  a  close  in  the  Autumn 
 
 others  were  slain  around  them,  not  one  of  their  num- 
 ber came  to  a  bloody  death. 
 
 "Herein  my  hand  is  the  original  record,in  the  hand- 
 writing of  Mr.  Dodd  himself,  which  recites  the  for- 
 mal organization  of  the  church,  at  the  house  of  Mr. 
 Cook,  August  1.5th,  1781,  including  the  reception  of 
 members — twenty-five   in    all — and   the  election   of 
 
 of  the  same  year,  without  the  aid  of  the  arrogant  and    Deraas  Lindlej',  Jacob  Cook,  Joseph  Coe  and  Daniel 
 
 blustering  Lord  Governor,  so  safely  encamped  at  a 
 convenient  distance.  But  then,  only  two  years  later, 
 came  the  terrific  strife  of  the  Revolution,  when 
 throughout  its  whole  continuance  the  resources  of 
 the  united  colonies  were  taxed  to  their  utmost  along 
 the  seaboard,  thus  leaving  the  defenceless  inhabit- 
 ants of  the  interior  to  buSet  as  they  could  with 
 their  savage  foes,  urged  on  by  British  gold  and 
 promises. 
 
 ' '  But  it  was  in  the  Spring  of  1777,  the  very  time  of 
 Itlr.  Dodd's  first  -^isit,  that  these  Indian  hostilities 
 were  organized  along  the  whole  river  frontier,  from 
 Fort  Pitt  to  the  Kanawha.     In  their  light,  the  diffi- 
 culty of  remoWng  a  family,  and  consequent  delay  of 
 the  pastoral  settlement,  are  fully  explained.     It  was 
 one  of  the  terrible  features  of  that  organized  warfare, 
 that  the  famous  Simon   Girty,  with  his  associates, 
 JIcKee  and  Elliott,  all  escaped  Tories  from  Fort  Pitt, 
 signalized  their  zeal  against  the  cause  of  liberty  by 
 rvishing  into  a  relentless  leadership  of  the  treacherous 
 and  bloodthirsty  forest  warriors.     Occasional  feeble 
 expeditions  were  sent  forth  by  the  Government,  but 
 mainly  the  terrified  inhabitants  liad  to  build  forts 
 and  defend  themselves.     A  line  of  such  forts,  from 
 Redstone,  near  BrowusWlle,  along  Ten  MUe,  Wheel- 
 ing, and  Grave  Creek,  to  the  Ohio,  looked  out  south- 
 ward upon  an  unbroken  wilderness,  and  so  made  the 
 inhabitants  of  these  very  hills  a  vanguard  of  defence 
 for  their  more  favored  brethren  in  the  thicker  settle- 
 ments behind  them.     A  like  line  of  defences  guarded 
 the  settlements  on  the  west,  along  the  Ohio,  from  the 
 mouth  of  Grave  Creek  to  Fort  Pitt.     Of  course,  the 
 savages  were  cunning  enough  to  cross  the  river  below 
 these  lines  of  defence,  and  to  make  their  most  fre- 
 quent and  formidable  incursions  from  the  wilderness 
 through  this  exposed  southern  frontier  line.     And 
 thus  they  continued  to  come,  long  after  the  homes 
 and  churches,. only  a  few  miles  northward,  had  come 
 into  organized  security.     It  was  along  this  very  line 
 of  continual  peril  that  Dodd  and  his  devoted  people, 
 through   the   whole    period  of    the    Revolutionary 
 struggle,  spent  their  Summers  iii  Fort  Lindley,  only 
 coming  out  at  intervals,  under  guard,  to  till  the  soil 
 for  bread.     But  whether  in  Summer  confinement  or 
 in  the  comparative  freedom  of  Winter,  they  failed  not 
 to  study  God's  word  and  teach  it  to  their  children,  as 
 well  as  to  maintain  public   and   private  worship, 
 though  the  trusty  rifle  was  as  sure  an  accompaniment 
 of  their  religious  assemblies  as  the  Bible  and  the 
 '    hymn  book.     And  the  seal  of  Providence  was  put 
 upon  their   fidelity,  in  the   signal  fact  that  whilst 
 
 Axtell,  as  ruling  elders.     The  reason  for  this  delay 
 of  organization  for  two  years  after  the  settlement  of 
 Jlr.  Dodd,  is  to  be  found  in  the  same  turbulence  of 
 the  times  of  which  we  are  speaking.     Appended  to  • 
 this  very  record  is  an  explanatory  note  subsequently 
 written  by  the  same  hand.     It  is  as  follows,   viz. : 
 '  After  this  we   set  several  times  when  we   should 
 have  the  Lord's  Supper  administered,  but  could  not 
 compass  our  design,  on  account  of  the  incursions  of  the 
 savages. '      Nor  need  we  wonder  at  this  caution,  when 
 we  read  the  opening  entry  upon  the  records  of  the 
 Mother  Presbytery,    holding  its   first  meeting  one 
 month   after  this  church   organization,    as   follows, 
 viz. :  '  The  Presbj-tery  met,  according  to  the  appoint- 
 ment of  the  Revd.  Synod  of  New  York  and  Philadel- 
 phia, at  Pigeon  Creek,  as  the  circumstances  of  some 
 of  the  members,  hi/  reason  of  the  incursions  of  the  sav- 
 ages, rendered  it  impracticable  for  them  to  attend  at 
 Laurel  Hill.'     The  trouble  was  not  at  Laurel  Hill, 
 but  on  this  side  of  the  Jlonongahela,  making  it  in- 
 convenient, if  not  hazardous  to  the  members  to  go  so 
 far  from  home.     Mr.  Dodd  was  present  at  that  first 
 meeting  of  the  Presbj'tery,  and  preached  the  opening 
 sermon,  from  Job  xlii,  5,  6.    Mr.  Smith  was  the  only 
 one  of  the  four  ministers  absent.     But  as  these  occa- 
 sions of  hindrance  through  peril  passed  am-ay  with 
 the  dying  •echoes  of  the  war  for  Independence,  the 
 longed  for  communion  season  came  at  length,  on  the 
 third  Sabbath  of  May,  1783,  about  a  year  and  a  half 
 after  the  church  organization.     On  that  happy  day 
 of  May  the  sacred  Supper  was  served  in  Daniel  .Vx- 
 tell's  barn,    when,    besides   the  original    company, 
 forty-five  newborn   disciples    took  upon   themselves 
 the  vows  of  Christ,  and  bore  witness  of  his  death. 
 This  large  addition  to  the  membership  was  Ihe  fruit 
 of  a  powerful  work  of  grace  in  the  confinement  of  the 
 fort.     Great,   beyond   our  conception,  had  been  the 
 deprivations  of  those  long  years  of  discipline,   and 
 severe  as  flaming  fires  were  the  trials  of  the  infant 
 church;  but  now,  out  of  the  hot  furnace,  God  chose 
 it  for  the  mission  of  blessings,  whereof  we  both  speak  ■ 
 and  sing  to-day,  giving  to  it  his  joint  tokens  of  the 
 great  sealing  ordinance,  and  the  seal  of  the  Spirit  in 
 
 the  hearts  of  men. 
 
 **  **  **  **** 
 
 "It  only  remains  now  to  bring  this  imperfect  .sketch 
 to  a  conclusion,  by  a  reference  to  those  forms  of  trial 
 which  beset  the  fathers  and  mothers  .at  the  beginning 
 of  the  century,  in  the  more  private  experiences  of  life. 
 If  these  stand  out  less  boldly  upon  the  pages  of  his- 
 tory, they  were  in  longer  continuance,  scarcely  less  a 
 
TEN-MILE  CHURCHES. 
 
 452 
 
 LOWRIE. 
 
 burden,  which  only  faith  could  bear.  Amidst  our 
 multiplied  facilities  and  comforts,  it  is  difficult  to 
 realize  them  from  mere  testimony.  Let  us  remember 
 that  those  pioneers  were  seiKirated  from  friends,  in 
 the  depths  of  a  country  only  beginning  to  emerge 
 from  its  primeval  forests.  Lofty  mountain  ranges 
 were  behind  them,  over  which  only  military  roads 
 had  been  cut.  "Wild  beasts  and  savage  men  were 
 masters  of  the  situation.  Dwellings  were  the  rudest 
 cabins,  scarcely  attbrding  chimneys  or  windows  of 
 any  sort.  Furniture  and  dress  hardly  rose  above  the 
 lowest  conditions  of  our  present  life,  save  in  the 
 tidiness  of  thrifty  hands.  Food  was  almost  wholly 
 wrought  from  the  soil,  or  caught  from  the  forests  and 
 streams.  Physicians  were  few  and  remedies  were 
 simple.  Their  houses  of  wor.ship,  when  they  came 
 to  this  luxury,  were  as  rude  as  their  homes,  and  withal 
 knew  not  the  comforts  of  fire,  even  in  the  depths  of 
 Winter.  That  luxury  of  a  church  building  was  not 
 enjoyed  here  until  1785,  when  one  was  erected  where 
 the  Amity  Clmrch  now  stands,  followed  with  another 
 at  Prosperity  in  1792.  Their  ordinary  schools  were 
 restricted  in  appliances  and  could  only  furnish  the 
 most  elementary  instruction,  though  even  then  class- 
 ical education,  with  special  reference  to  the  ministry, 
 was  not  neglected,  of  which  Mr.  Dodd's  academy, 
 opened  on  his  own  f;irm,  in  1782,  the  first  of  its  kind 
 in  the  West,  is  a  sufiicient  illustration.  The  delay 
 to  secure  a  house  of  worship  for  six  years  after  the 
 settlement  of  the  pa.stor,  and  for  three  years  after  the 
 erection  of  the  academy,  doubtless  had  its  chief  rea- 
 son in  the  perils  already  detailed,  which  drove  the 
 people  into  forts  during  the  Summer.  Few  al.so  were 
 their  books,  beyond  the  Bible,  the  Catechism  and  the 
 volume  of  psalms  and  hymns,  whilst  an  occasional 
 stray  newspaper  was  hailed  as  a  messenger  from  a  far 
 country.  Yet  who  shall  say,  in  the  light  of  his- 
 tory, that  their  contentment  as  well  as  improvement 
 of  the  advantages  they  had,  will  not  compare 
 favorably  with  ours?  The  progress  of  change  in 
 habits  and  opinions,  as  well  as  circumstances,  may 
 fitly  appear  in  the  language  of  the  venerable  Dr. 
 Samuel  Ralston,  in  1840,  near  the  close  of  a  long  pas- 
 torate begun  at  Mingo  in  1796,  even  though  he  speaks 
 of  former  and  later  times  somewhat  after  the  manner 
 of  an  aged  man.  But  even  his  '  former  times '  are 
 a  great  advance  upon  Dodd's.  '  Our  wives  and 
 daughters, '  says  he,  '  were  industrious,  and  made 
 much  homespun,  and  we  wore  it.  And  the  old 
 people  say  that  the  preaching  and  praying  were 
 better  in  homespun  than  in  English  broadcloth.  I 
 did  not  buy  a  coat  for  thirtj'  or  thirty-five  years.  We 
 had  no  want,  but  all  the  necessaries  of  life  in  abund- 
 ance; and  if  we  had  money  to  buy  a  little  tea  and 
 cofiee  for  the  good  wife  and  for  passing  visitants,  and 
 a  little  finery  for  the  females,  we  thought  ourselves 
 weUofi'.' 
 
 "Surely,  in  the  light  of  a  century  we  can  interpret 
 the  providential  discipline  througli  which  that  first 
 
 generation  was  led.  Who  can  say,  wisely,  under  a 
 less  severe  development  of  manly  virtue  and  religious 
 principle  the  foundations  of  western  society  would 
 have  been  as  firmly  laid  ?  How  different,  too,  would 
 the  church  of  Western  Perms.ylvania,  long  denomi- 
 nated 'the  backbone,'  have  been,  without  such  an 
 ordeal  in  her  history !  The  discipline  and  the  genera- 
 tion called  to  meet  it  simplj'  answered  to  each  other, 
 in  the  purpo.se  of  God.  We  cannot  be  too  grateful 
 for  the  more  than  heroic  fidelity  of  those  witnesses 
 for  the  truth.  Nor  can  we  raise  too  high  our  memo- 
 rial to-day,  amidst  the  .same  grand  old  forests  which 
 drank  in  their  testimonies,  prayers  and  songs.  Shame 
 to  the  generation  of  the  future,  which,  fattening  upon 
 the  fruits  of  their  toils  and  sufferings,  shall  prove 
 recreant  to  the  sacred  traditions  and  numberless 
 blessings  that  God  himself  has  transmitted  to  us  from 
 their  hands.  Over  the  graves  of  Dndd  and  his  asso- 
 ciates in  struggle  and  victory,  let  us  take  anew  our' 
 vow  of  allegiance  to  Christ  and  His  cause. 
 
 "  '  The  past  is  piist !     In  faith  and  patience  taking 
 Its  lessons,  let  ns  lay  them  on  our  hearts; 
 
 The  chain's  attenuated  links  are  hreaking ! 
 Be  earnest !     Use  the  present  ere  it  parts  !'  " 
 
 Lo'WTey,  John  G.,  Esq.,  was  born  of  Presby- 
 terian stock,  in  Donegal,  Lanca.ster  county,  Pa., 
 about  the  year  1780,  from  whence  he  removed  to 
 Bellefonte,  Pa.,  probably  not  later  than  1793  or  1794, 
 where  he  resided"  for  more  than  half  a  centurj'.  As 
 a  member  of  the  communitv  in  which  he  resided,  he 
 was  greatly  influential  in  giving  tone  to  public  senti- 
 ment, and  repeatedly  held  many,  if  not  all  the  offices 
 of  honor  and  trust  in  the  town  and  county  of  his 
 adoption,  but  being  naturally  a  modest  and  unassum- 
 ing man  withal,  never  aspired  to  higher  positions. 
 
 The  records  of  the  Bellefonte  Presbyterian  Church, 
 with  which  he  connected  himself  early  in  its  organi- 
 zation, show  him  to  have  been  one  of  its  first  ruling 
 elders.  He  continued  to  act  in  this  capacity  for  many 
 years,  and  likewise  performed  the  duties  of  collector, 
 treasurer,  and  secretary  of  the  church,  as  well  as 
 superintendent  of  the  Sabbath  school  from  its  organi- 
 zation until  his  removal  to  the  AV'est.  He  was 
 equalled  by  few  and  excelled  by  none  of  his  cotem- 
 poraries,  in  an  earnest  and  faithful  devotion  of  his 
 time  and  means  to  the  welfare  of  the  church.  For 
 many  years  he  was  prominent  in  conducting  the 
 services  of  the  social  prayer  meeting,  in  which  exer- 
 cise he  was  highly  gifted,  and  by  his  regular  and 
 uniform  attendance,  impressed  upon  others  his  at- 
 tachment to  this  duty.  He  was  a  conscientious  and 
 liberal  contributor  to  the  support  and  spread  of  the 
 gospel  in  his  day.  He  was  frequently  in  attendance 
 on  the  courts  of  the  Church  as  a  member,  and  was 
 univer.sally  regarded  as  well  qualified  for  the  per- 
 formance of  his  official  duties.    He  died  in  St.  Louis. 
 
 Lo-wrie,  John  Cameron,  D.  D.,  is  the  eldest 
 .son  of  the  Hon.  Walter  Lowrie,  the  first  Correspond- 
 ing Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  whose 
 
LOWRIE. 
 
 453 
 
 LOWRIE. 
 
 memory  is  so  fragraut  in  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 He  was  born  in  Butler,  Pa.,  December  IGth,  1808;  was 
 graduated  at  Jeflerson  College  in  1829;  took  the 
 usual  three  years'  course  at  the  Western  Theological 
 Seminary;  and  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Ohio,  June  21st,  1832.  He  after- 
 wards studied  one  term  at  the  Princeton  Seminary; 
 was  ordained  as  a  missionary  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Castle,  May  2:>(1,  1833;  and  was  sent  out  by  the 
 Western  Foreign  Jlissionary  Society  to  Northern 
 India,  but,  his  health  luiling,  he  re  turned  to  America 
 in  1836. 
 
 In  1838  Dr.  Lowrie  was  made  Assistant  Secretary 
 of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  the  Western  Foreign 
 Missionary  Society  having,  in  1837,  been  merged  in 
 this  Board.     From  1845  he  was  also  minister  of  the 
 
 Forty-Second  Street  Presbyterian  Cluneh  in  New 
 York  city,  till  18.50,  when  he  was  elected  one  of  the 
 Corresponding  Secretaries  of  the  Boiird  of  Foreign 
 Mi.ssions,  which  office  he  has  continued  to  fiU,  with 
 great  ability,  diligence  and  acceptableness,  to  the 
 present  time.  He  was  honored  by  his  brethren  in 
 being  elected  Moderator  of  the  General  As.sembly  in 
 1865.  He  is  the  author  of  "Two  Years  in  Upper 
 India,"  and  a  "History  of  the  Foreign  Mis.siou.s," 
 works  of  much  interest  and  value,  besides  a  great 
 many  reports  and  sermons,  and  a  number  of  articles 
 in  the  Princeton  Rericw. 
 
 Dr.  Lowrie's  heart  is  in  the  great  work  to  which 
 ,his  life  has  been  consecrated.  He  pursues  it  with  an 
 ardor,  devotion,  and  .singleness  and  sacredness  of 
 purpose  which  commend  his  labors  to  all  who  love 
 
 the  Redeemer's  kingdom  and  long  for  its  triumph. 
 It  is  not  easy  to  estimate  the  influence  for  good  which 
 he  has,  by  his  steady,  judicious  and  sanctified  energy, 
 exerted  in  this  direction.  He  is  greatly  beloved  by 
 the  Church  which  he  represents  in  one  of  her  grand- 
 est positions,  for  liis  sterling  charactn-  and  earnest 
 and  exemplary  Christian  zeal.  His  name  must  go 
 down  with  honor  to  posterity,  tenderly  and  indis- 
 solul)ly  blended  with  the  cause  of  Foreign  Missions. 
 Lowrie,  John  Marshall,  D.  D.,  the  son  of 
 Matthew  B.  Lowrie,  was  born  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  July 
 16th,  1817;  graduated,  with  distinction,  at  Lafayette 
 College,  in  1840;  at  Princeton  Seminary,  in  1842,  and 
 was  licensed  by  Newton  Presbytery,  April  27th,  1842. 
 October  18th,  1843,  he  was  Installed  pastor  of  the 
 churches  of  Blairstown  and  Knowlton,  N.  J.,  and 
 labored  successfully  until  ill-health  compelled  him  to 
 resign,  April  1st,  1845.  From  April  27th,  1846,  until 
 April,  1850,  he  was  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Wells- 
 ville,  Ohio.  He  then  removed  to  Lancaster,  Ohio, 
 where  he  labored  successfully  until  1856,  when  he 
 removed  to  Fort  Wa.\aie,  Ind.,  being  installed  in 
 November  of  that  year,  and  in  this  field  of  usefulness 
 he  continued  with  great  fidelity,  and  earnest  devotion 
 to  his  work,  until  within  a  few  weeks  of  the  close  of 
 his  life,  September  26th,  1867.  His  death  was  one 
 of  triumph. 
 
 Dr.  Lowrie  was  a  man  of  more  than  ordinary 
 natnral  gifts,  a  clear,  vigorous  intellect,  a  sound 
 judgment,  and  a  retentive  memory.  Though  by  no 
 means  deficient  in  imagination,  the  logical  predomi- 
 nated iu  his  mind.  He  was  a  persistent  and  system- 
 atic worker.  Always  working,  always  calm,  always 
 hopeful,  he  applied  .himself  to  the  Master's  work 
 with  untiring  labor,  knowing  that  the  increase  must 
 l)e  from  God.  His  labors  were  too  abundant;  he 
 worked  beyond  his  physical  abilitj'.  His  devotion 
 to  the  spead  of  the  gospel  and  the  building  of  the 
 Church  was  the  guiding  star  of  every  action  and 
 every  thought.  Christ  and  His  Cross  were  all  Jiis 
 theme.  In  addition  to  valuable  contributions  to  the 
 periodical  press.  Dr.  Lowrie  was  the  author  of  some 
 popuhir  and  useful  volumes,  among  which  are  : 
 "Adam  and  his  Times,"  "  Esther  and  her  Times," 
 "  Hebrew  Lawgiver, "  "Week  with  Jesus,"  "Trans- 
 lated Prophet,"  and  "Prophet  Elijah." 
 
 Lowrie,  Rev.  M.  B.,  oldest  son  of  Eev.  John  M. 
 LowTie,  D.  D.,  and  Hetty  D.  Lowrie,  was  born  in 
 Warren  county,  Nev  Jersey,  April  10th,  1844.  He 
 graduated  with  honor  from  the  College  of  New  Jer- 
 sey, at  Princeton,  in  the  class  of  1863.  Taught  one 
 year  in  Valparaiso  Indiana  Collegiate  Institute.  In 
 1865  entered  Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  and 
 graduated  in  1868.  Called,  July,  1868,  to  be  pastor 
 of  the  South,  now  Wo6dside,  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Troy,  N.  Y. ;  ha\dng  been  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Fort  Wayne,  May  1st,  1867,  was-  or- 
 dained by  the  Troy  Presbj-tery,  October,  1868.  Was 
 pastor  at  Orange,  111.,  March,  1871,  and  since  Scptem- 
 
LOWRIE. 
 
 454 
 
 LOWEIE. 
 
 ber,  1872,  has  been  pastor  at  Galesburg,  111.  Mr. 
 Lowrie  is  an  enthusiastic  Hebrew  scholar,  and  has 
 been  a  sncccssful  instructor  in  the  Morgan  Park  Sum- 
 mer School,  and  of  private  cUvsses.  In  1883  he  was 
 chosen  a  Trustee  of  Knox  College.  He  is  a  scriptural 
 preacher,  a  logical  reasouer,  conservative  as  a  theolo- 
 gian, liberal  as  a  neighbor  and  friend.  He  has  been 
 pastor  of  one  of  the  strongest  churches  in  central 
 Illinois  for  eleven  years,  and  is  now  in  the  prime  of 
 bodily  \'igor  and  mental  energy. 
 "  Lo'WTie,  Hon.  "Walter,  was  born  in  Scotland,  in 
 the  city  of  Edinburgh,  December  10th,  1774.  At 
 the  age  of  eight  years  he  came,  with  his  parents,  to 
 America.  The  family  located  first  in  Huntingdon 
 county.  Pa.,  but  shortly  after  removed  to  Butler 
 county,  where  they  made  their  permanent  residence. 
 
 HON.  W.VLTER  LOWRIE. 
 
 Walter  grew  up  on  his  flxther's  farm,  enjoying  nothing 
 more  in  the  way  of  education  than  the  home  instruc- 
 tion of  Winter  nights,  with  the  addition,  perhaps,  of 
 an  occasional  quarter's  schooling,  under  the  direction 
 of  the  itinerant  teachers  of  those  early  times.  His 
 early  instruction  in  the  principles  and  practice  of 
 religion  was  of  the  most  thorough  and  accurate 
 character.  His  parents  were  both  pious,  and  Presby- 
 terians, of  that  genuine  intelligent  school  who  believe 
 in  the  Westminster  Confession  and  Catechism  as  the 
 best  expositions  of  the  truths  of  the  Bible,  and  in  the 
 covenant  obligations  which  rest  ujjon  parents  to  train 
 their  children  in  the  nurture  and  admonition  of  the 
 Lord. 
 
 His  conversion  to  God  occurred  in  his  eighteenth 
 year.     With  the  view  of  becoming  a  minister  of  the 
 
 gospel,  he  commenced  a  course  of  study  under  the 
 direction  of  the  Rev.  John  McPherrin,  the  first  Pres- 
 bj'terian  minister  in  Butler  county.  Providential 
 circumstances  hindering  the  fulfillment  of  his  purpose 
 to  enter  the  ministry,  with  the  same  determination  to 
 devote  his  life  to  the  glory  of  God,  he  entered  upon 
 other  pursuits.  His  secular  life  was  such  as  to  win 
 the  confidence  and  esteem  of  the  whole  community 
 in  which  he  lived.  Accordingly,  in  1811,  at  the  age 
 of  twenty-seven,  he  wiis  elected  as  the  representative 
 of  that  District  in  the  Senate  of  Pennsylvania.  This 
 honorable  station  he  held  for  seven  years,  during 
 which  time  he  rose  to  such  a  position  in  the  confi- 
 dence of  the  people  of  the  whole  State  that,  in  1818, 
 he  was  elected  as  the  representative  of  Pennsylvania 
 in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States.  In  this  high 
 position  he  continued  for  six  years,  enjojang  honor- 
 able prominence  among  his  fellow-members  of  that 
 distinguished  body.  His  great  integrity  won  their 
 confidence,  whilst  his  peculiar  sagacity  and  practical 
 judgment  led  them  to  seek  his  advice  and  rely  upon 
 his  opinions.  He  was  regarded  as  an  authority  upon 
 all  questions  of  political  history  and  Constitutional 
 law.  His  influence  in  the  Senate  was  not  only  that 
 of  a  statesman,  but  also  of  a  Christian.  He  had  been 
 ordained  a  ruling  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  Butler,  and  when  he  went  to  the  Capital,  be  carried 
 with  him  the  savor  of  vital  godliness.  With  other 
 pious  Senators  and  Representatives,  he  founded  the 
 Congressional  Prayer-meeting.  He  was  also  one  of 
 the  founders  of  the  Congressional  Temperance  Society, 
 and  was,  for  a  long  time,  a  member  of  the  Executive 
 Committee  of  the  American  Colonization  Society.  At 
 the  expiration  of  his  term  of  service  as  Senator,  he 
 was  elected  Secretary  of  the  Senate  of  the  United 
 States,  in  which  oflice  he  continued  for  a  period  of 
 twelve  years,  and  might,  if  he  had  chosen,  have 
 retained  it  for  life. 
 
 In  1836  he  was  elected  Corresponding  Secretary  of 
 the  Western  Foreign  Missionary  Society.  This  office 
 he  accepted,  pivssing  under  the  care  ot  the  General 
 Assembly  when  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  was 
 constituted,  in  1837.  He  continued  in  the  faithful 
 discharge  of  its  various  duties  until,  disabled  by  the 
 infirmities  of  old  age,  he  laid  it  down,  in  1868.  He 
 had  not  drawn  his  salary  for  several  years  before 
 that  date,  and  would  nut  retain  even  the  oflice,  after 
 he  felt  himself  no  longer  aljle  to  discharge  its  duties. 
 He  had  wise  and  able  counsellors  in  the  Board  and  in 
 the  Executive  Committee,  but  during  the  whole 
 thirty  years  of  his  incumbency,  he  was  himself  the 
 efficient  head  of  the  missionary  work,  and  the  con- 
 trolling power  of  its  administration. 
 
 Mr.  Lowrie  entered  into  his  rest,  December  14th, 
 1868.  Long  shall  his  vast  influence  for  good  endure, 
 and  his  precious  memory  be  blessed.  It  was  but  an 
 embodiment  of  the  opinion  of  the  whole  Cliurch  to 
 which  he  belonged,  when  the  Executive  Committee 
 of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  in  their  recognition 
 
LOWBIE. 
 
 455 
 
 LUDLOW. 
 
 of  his  decease,  resolved,  "That  we  record  our  high 
 estimate  of  the  ability  with  which  he  managed  the 
 afiau-s  of  this  Board;  of  the  indefatigable  industry 
 with  which  he  prosecuted  its  interests;  of  the  wisdom 
 with  which  he  guided  its  iiolicy  in  times  of  dilficulty ; 
 of  the  humble,  earnest,  and  prayerful  confidence  with 
 which  he  always  carried  forward  the  work;  of  the 
 persuasive  and  effective  eloquence  with  which  he 
 urged  the  claims  of  missions  upon  the  churches,  and 
 of  the  self-denial  to  which  he  submitted  in  sacrificing 
 high  secular  position,  in  consecrating  his  fortune  and 
 life,  and  giving  his  chihlren  to  be  laborers  in  the  great 
 work  of  the  world's  evangelization." 
 
 Lo-WTie,  Walter  H.,  LL.D.,  son  of  JIatthew  B. 
 and  Sarah  Lowrie,  was  born  in  Armstrong  county. 
 Pa.,  March  31st,  1807,  dtiring  the  removal  of  his 
 father's  family  from  Butler  county  to  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
 He  graduated  at  the  AVestern  University  of  Pennsyl- 
 vania, in  1826,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  iu  Pitts- 
 burg, August  4th,  1629.  On  August  20th,  1846,  he 
 was  appointed  by  Grovernor  Francis  R.  Shunk  to  the 
 Judgeship  of  the  District  Court  of  Allegheny  county. 
 Pa.,  made  vacant  by  the  elevation  of  Judge  Grier 
 to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  and 
 occupied  this  position  until  elected  to  the  Supreme 
 Couit  of  Pennsylvania,  in  October,  1851.  This  being 
 •the  fijst  election  of  Judges  in  the  Commonwealth 
 (previously  they  were  appointed  by  the  Governor), 
 the  five  then  newly  elected  to  the  Supreme  Court 
 resorted  to  the  lot  to  fix  the  term  of  office  for  each. 
 By  this.  Judge  Lowrie  was  allotted  a  twelve-year 
 term.  The  last  six  years  of  this  period  he  filled  the 
 office  of  Chief  Justice.  The  term  expired  in  Decem- 
 ber, 1863.  For  a  few  years  after  he  resumed  the 
 practice  of  law  in  Pitt.sburg.  Subsequently  he  was 
 elected  President  Judge  of  a  Judicial  District  in  the 
 western  portion  of  the  State,  which  position  he 
 retained  until  his  death. 
 
 Judge  Lowrie  served  some  years,  beginning  with 
 1836,  as  Ruling  Elder  in  the  Second  Presbj'terian 
 Church  of  Pitt.sburg  (where  his  father  had  been 
 Ruling  Elder  before  him).  He  was  a  contributor  to 
 the  Princeton  Bepertonj,  and  several  other  journals, 
 monthly  and  quarterly.  Several  communications 
 which  he  presented  to  the  American  Philosophical 
 Society,  on  the  "Origin  of  the  Tides  "  and  on  "  Cos- 
 mical  Motion,"  have  been  published  in  pamphlet 
 form.  He  is  best  known  by  his  judicial  opinions, 
 amounting  to  many  hundreds.  Many  of  them  con- 
 tain very  thorough  historical  and  philosophical  dis- 
 cussions of  complicated  judicial  questions,  pervaded 
 by  a  pirre  and  decided  tone  of  indiWdual  and  social 
 morality  and  order. 
 
 Lucky,  Rev.  George,  was  a  minister  of  Slary- 
 land,  although  a  member  of  the  Presbytery  of  Xew 
 Castle.  He  labored  and  died  at  Bethel,  Harford 
 county,  Md.,  and  for  a  large  part  of  his  time  also 
 preached  at  Centre  Church,  about  seven  miles  north 
 of  Bethel,  on  the  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  line. 
 
 He  was  born  iu  Fagg's  Manor,  Chester  county.  Pa., 
 and  brought  up  under  the  ministry  of  Mr.  Blaii'. 
 He  was  a  fine  classical  scholar,  an  intelligent 
 preacher;  in  his  manners  plain,  in  labors  unwearied; 
 in  his  piistoral  labors  from  house  to  hou.se  he  excelled. 
 Few,  very  few,  had  an  ecjual  acquaintance  with  the 
 Scriptures,  and  he  had  an  art,  possessed  by  but  few, 
 of  introducing  religious  duties  when  thrown  into 
 society  who  were  ignorant  of  them  and  had  an  aver- 
 sion from  them.  He  was  a  Calvinist,  full  grown. 
 His  name  first  appears  on  the  minutes  of  Synod  in 
 1785.      It  is  last  mentioned  in  1819. 
 
 Ludlow,  Hon.  James  R.,  a  son  of  the  Rev. 
 John  Ludlow,  d.d.,  LL. u.,  for  nearly  twenty  years 
 Provo.st  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  was  born 
 at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  May  3d,  1825.  He  graduated  with 
 distinction  at  the  University  of  Pennsvlvania,  in  1843; 
 
 nON.  JAHES  K.  LTJDLOW. 
 
 was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  June,  1846,  and  for  eleven 
 years  engaged  in  a  general  practice.  In  October, 
 1857,  he  was  elected  a  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common 
 Pleas  of  the  county  of  Philadelphia,  and  has,  at 
 each  successive  election  since,  been  re-elected  to  that 
 important  and  responsible  office. 
 
 The  whole  career  of  Judge  Ludlow  is  singularly 
 honorable.  Since  his  elevation  to  the  bench,  his 
 course  has  been  such  as  to  reflect  not  only  the 
 highest  credit  upon  himself,  but  Iu.stre  upon  the 
 judiciary  of  the  State.  He  has  always  .shown  him- 
 self a  learned  jurist  and  an  incorruptible  judge.  His 
 decisions  have  ever  been  received  with  the  greatest 
 consideration,  both  by  the  Bar  and  by  the  community 
 generally.  Gifted  with  nice  discrimination,  and  a 
 man  of  scrupulous  conscientiousness,  he  has  always 
 
LUMPKIN. 
 
 456 
 
 LITPTON. 
 
 striven  tis  utmost  to  discover  and  defend  the  right 
 in  civil  suits,  some  of  his  opinions  being,  therefore, 
 models  of  judicial  acumen  and  carefulness.  In  crim- 
 inal jurisdiction  he  has  always  manifested  marked 
 judgment,  being  stern  and  si'vere  in  his  sentences 
 when  he  deemed  the  convict's  crimes  and  the  public 
 welfare  demanded  sternness  aud  severity,  and  merci- 
 ful toward  the  erring  whom  there  was  hope  of 
 reclaiming.  In  his  private  relations  Judge  Ludlow  is 
 highly  esteemed,  as  a  gentleman  of  wide  cultui'e  and 
 true  refinement.  Simple  and  unostenfcitious  in  his 
 life,  he  yet  exerts  a  large  influence  for  good,  and  is  au 
 earnest  sui)porter  of  all  schemes  for  the  social  advance- 
 ment of  the  community.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Prince- 
 ton Presbyterian  congregation,  West  Philadelphia. 
 
 Lumpkin,  Joseph  Henry,  LL.  D.,  was  born 
 in  Oglethorpe  county,  Ga.,  December  23d,  1799. 
 Entering  the  University  of  Georgia  at  an  early  age, 
 he  pursued  his  studies  in  this  Institution  till  the 
 death  of  the  Kev.  Dr.  Finley,  its  President,  when  he 
 went  to  Nassau  Hall,  Princeton,  and  was  admitted 
 to  the  Junior  Class,  half-advanced.  Here  he  was 
 graduated  with  distinction,  a  prominent  fact  in  his 
 education  being  his  devotion  to  classiciil  learning. 
 On  returning  to  his  native  State,  he  took  great  in- 
 terest in  the  development  of  her  University,  founding 
 the  Phi  Kappa  Society  which,  for  nearly  half  a  cen- 
 tury felt  the  impress  of  his  genius.  He  studied 
 law  under  Judge  Cobb,  aud  was  admitted  to  the 
 Bar,  October,  1820.  Twenty  years  of  arduous  life  in 
 his  profession  affected  his  health,  and  lie  was  induced 
 to  go  abroad  to  find  rest  and  renewal.  Amid  the 
 scenes  of  the  Old  World  the  eager  heart  of  the 
 cla.ssic;vl  student  found  much  to  quicken  and  inspire. 
 And  the  heart,  too,  of  the  Christian  was  none  the 
 less  impressed,  for  when  asked  what  most  interested 
 him  abroad,  he  replied  :  "The  Three  Taverns,  where 
 St.  Paul  met  the  Roman  Christians,  and  the  Tomb 
 of  Virgil." 
 
 During  his  foreign  tour  the  Supreme  Court  of 
 Georgia  was  organized,  and  he  was  elected  by  the 
 Legislature,  without  opposition,  for  the  long  term. 
 To  this  high  office  he  brought  an  intellect  finely 
 trained  in  the  knowledge  and  logic  of  the  law;  nor 
 was  he  less  remarkable  for  those  strong  and  balanced 
 instincts  which  underlie  all  the  noblest  forms  of 
 mind.  In  1824-2.5  he  served  in  the  Legislature  of 
 Georgia,  but  his  singular  success  in  this  sphere 
 of  public  life  had  the  effect  to  disenchant  his  ambi- 
 tion of  politics,  so  that  he  abandoned  political  a.spira- 
 tions  forever.  He  joined  the  Presbj'terian  Church 
 in  1828,  and  for  nearly  forty  years  was  an  active 
 and  prominent  member  of  her  communion.  By  his 
 exertions,  and  those  of  General  T.  R.  R.  Cobb  and  W. 
 H.  Hull,  Esq.,  the  Lumpkin  Law  School  was  estab- 
 lished in  Athens,  Ga. ;  and  in  1860  he  was  elected 
 Chancellor  of  the  State  University,  which  he  declined 
 in  order  to  remain  on  the  Supreme  Court  Bench. 
 His  death  occurred  June  4th,  1867. 
 
 I  Happily  for  Judge  Lumpkin  in  his  various  relations 
 to  the  State  and  the  Church,  he  was  a  man  of  rare 
 endowments,  and  yet  a  man  who  was  a  laborious 
 student  all  through  his  career.  There  was  not  want- 
 ing the  keen,  quick,  comprehensive  insight  of  geniu,s, 
 and  this  was  supplemented  by  those  acquiring  jjowers 
 which  are  so  essential  to  the  great  jiu'ist.     Year  by 
 
 '  year  he  grew  to  his  profession,  as  well  as  in  it ;  and 
 year  by  year  his  heart  widened  its  reach  in  the  direc- 
 tion of  every  philanthropic  effort.  Inten.sely  sympa- 
 thetic, who  can  ever  forget  his  eloquence,  .so  lofty  in 
 tone,  so  fervid,  so  chivalric?  Men  rightly  called  him 
 "the  father  of  Temperance  in  Georgia."  One  may 
 enumerate  his  extraordinary  gilts,  his  fine  culture,  his 
 charms  of  appearance  and  manner,  his  unabused 
 popularity,  his  manifold  services  to  his  State;  and 
 yet  one  who  saw  the  flowers  of  youth  ripen  in  the 
 fruits  of  age  would  say,  "the  tjrcatmt  of  tlicxc  wan 
 chtin'li/." 
 
 Lumpkin,  Rev.  Thomas,  was  born  in  Bedford 
 county,    Va.;  studied   theology  under  the    Rev.   Dr. 
 
 [  Hoge;  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Hanover  Pres- 
 bytery ;  spent  some  time  as  a  missionary  in  Albemarle ; 
 was  settled  as  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Charlottesville, 
 Va.,  in  October,  1809,  and  died  in  great  peace  and 
 triumph,  about  six  months  afterwards.  Jlr.  Lumpkin 
 was  a  man  of  superior  abilities,  great  courage,  an<l 
 unfeigned  piety. 
 
 Lupton,  Rev".  Jonas  "W.,  .son  of  Jonah  and 
 Mary  Lupton,  was  born  near  Winchester,  Va.,  De- 
 cember 19th,  1833.  Soon  after  completing  his  studies 
 in  college,  jieculiar  circumstances,  together  with  his 
 tastes,  led  him  to  choose  agriculture  as  his  vocation. 
 In  September,  1860,  he  entered  the  Western  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  Allegheny,  Pa.,  where  he  remained 
 one  year,  and  then  covnpleted  his  theological  course 
 
 I  in  1861-2,  at  Union  Seminary,  Prince  Edward  county, 
 Va.  On  the  25th  of  April,  1862,  he  was  licensed  to 
 preach  the  gospel,  and  on  the  25th  of  April,  1864, 
 was  ordained.  His  regular  mini.stry  began  in  Win- 
 chester, Va.,  where  he  served  from  September  1st, 
 1865,  for  nearly  two  years,  as  assistant  pastor  with 
 Rev.  A.  H.  Boyd,  d.d.  March  1st,  1867,  he  entered 
 upon  his  work  aspa.stor  of  the  Leesburg  and  Catoctin 
 churches,  Va.  Thence  he  was  called  to  his  present 
 charge,  in  Clarksville,  Tenn.,  where  he  began  to  labor 
 September  1st,  1872. 
 
 Mr.  Lupton  possesses  a  rare  combination  of  quali- 
 ties, which  fit  him  for  and  have  helped  to  make  him 
 
 j  very  successful  in  his  work.  His  winning  manner, 
 manifestly  reinforced  by  large  sympathies,  gives  him 
 a  magnetic  power  which  draws  the  aSections  of  others. 
 At  the  same  time,  his  more  than  ordinary  gifts  of 
 mind,  coupled  with  unaffected  modesty,  command 
 respect  and  forbid  envy.  As  a  preacher,  he  is  clear, 
 strong,  pointed,  and  exceedingly  terse.  Few  men  can 
 say  as  much,  and  say  it  as  well,  in  a  few  words.  His 
 delivery  is  earnest  and  impressive;  his  method  is  to 
 con\ince  the  rea.son  and  awaken  the  conscience,  rather 
 
LUZERNE  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 4.-.7 
 
 LYLE. 
 
 than  appeal  to  the  emotional  nature.     As  a  i)astor, 
 visiting  among  his  people,  he  greatly  excels. 
 
 Luzerne  Presbytery,  when  it  became  consol- 
 idated, with  others,  into  the  Presbytery  of  Lacka- 
 wanna, at  the  time  of  the  Reunion,  had  had  an 
 existence  of  twenty-seven  years.  It  had  grown  from 
 four  ministers  and  eleven  churches  to  twenty-nine 
 ministers  and  thirty -two  churches,  and  had  become 
 one  of  the  most  important  bodies  in  the  Church. 
 
 As  first  organized  it  consisted  of  the  churches  of 
 Wilkesbarre,  Kingston,  Hanover  and  Lackawanna, 
 detached  from  the  Presbytery  of  Susquehanna;  Mauch 
 Chunk,  Beaver  Sleadows,  Conyngham  and  Summit 
 Hill,  dct;K'hed  from  the  Presb\-tcry  of  Ne\vton;  Ber- 
 wick and  Briar  Creek,  detached  from  the  Presbj^ry 
 of  Northumberland;  and  Port  Carbon,  detached  from 
 the  Second  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia. 
 
 The  Synodiciil  connection  of  the  Presbj'tery  was 
 with  New  Jersey. 
 
 The  development  of  the  coal  fields  caused  great 
 increase  in  the  population  of  the  region  included  in 
 this  Presbytery,  and  called  for  much  mis.sion  work  in 
 new  settlements.  Large  and  prosperous  churches 
 grew  up  in  a  decade,  and  became  among  the  most 
 liberal  in  beneficence  within  the  bounds  of  the  Church. 
 The  Presbj-tery  averaged  more  than  a  new  house  of 
 worship  each  year  during  its  existence.  Jlany  power- 
 ful revivals  of  religion  were  experienced  by  the 
 churches.  Educ;itional  institutions  were  established 
 and  maintained,  and  did  good  work  in  training  a 
 number  of  young  men  for  the  ministry  and  for 
 important  stations  in  the  Church. 
 
 Prominent  among  those  coimectcd  with  the  Pres- 
 bytery now  passed  away,  are  the  names  of  John 
 Dorrance,  Richard  Webster,  Thomas  P.  Hunt,  Nich- 
 olas Murra.v,  and  Milo  J.  Hickok.  Living  ones  well 
 known  are  Rev.  A.  A.  Hodge,  D.  u.,  LL.  l).,  Rev.  Jacob 
 Belle\-ille,  D.  D.,  Rev.  J.  D.  Mitchell,  I).  D.,  Rev.  S. 
 C.  Logan,  D.  D.,  and  Rev.  N.  G.  Parke. 
 
 The  name  "  Luzerne ' '  was  taken  from  the  county  in 
 which  the  greatest  number  of  its  churches  was  found, 
 though  its  territory  embraced  also  the  counties  of 
 Schuylkill,  Carbon,  and  a  portion  of  Columbia.  Great 
 love  was  manifested  by  the  members  for  their  eccle- 
 siastical body,  and  a  warm  bond  of  sjiupathy  existed 
 among  them. 
 
 Lyle,  Rev.  John,  the  son  of  John  and  Flora 
 (Reed)  Lyle,  was  born  in  Rockbridge  county,  Va., 
 October  20th,  1769.  He  was  a  student  at  Liberty 
 Hall,  where,  in  the  more  advanced  stage  of  his  edu- 
 cation, he  was  employed  as  a  Tutor  to  the  younger 
 cla,sses.  He  graduiited  about  the  year  1794,  and 
 immediately  after  leaving  college  he  was  employed 
 in  teaching  a  school  in  Rockbridge  county,  while  he 
 pursued  his  theological  studies  under  the  direction 
 of  the  Rev.  William  Graham.  He  was  licensed  to 
 preach  the  gospel  by  the  Lexington  Presbytery,  April 
 '21st,  1796;  during  the  succeeding  Autumn  and  AVin- 
 ter   was   a   missionary  on  the  frontier   of  Virginia 
 
 proper;  and  in  the  Summer  of  1798  was  in  Ken- 
 tucky, in  the  s;ime  Kipacity.  He  was  ordained  by 
 the  West  Lexington  Presbytery,  some  time  in  the 
 Fall  of  1799,  and  in  1800  took  charge  of  the  churches 
 of  Salem  and  Sugar  Ridge,  in  Clark  county,  where 
 he  remained  several  years  and  opened  a  school.  In 
 1805  he  was  appointed,  by  the  Synod,  to  ride  two 
 months  within  the  Ijounds  of  the  Cumberland  Pres- 
 bj-tery,  afterwards  to  sit  as  one  of  the  Commissioners 
 on  the  difficulties  of  that  body,  and  was  a  member 
 of  the  General  Assembly  when  the  subject  came  up 
 for  adjudication,  in  1809.  In  May,  1807,  he  removed 
 to  Paris,  Ky.,  where  he  established  an  aciulemy,  which 
 flourished  greatly  under  his  superintendence.  At 
 the  same  time  he  preached  to  the  ehuxehes  of  Cane 
 Ridge  and  Concord.  About  1810  he  withdrew  from 
 the  academy,  as  well  as  from  the  congregations,  and 
 soon  after  commenced  preaching  to  Mount  Pleasiint 
 Church,  near  Cynthiana,  Harrison  county.  Between 
 the  years  1815  and  1818  he  gave  up  the  labors  of  a  pas- 
 tor, and  devoted  the  rest  of  his  life  to  missionary  ser- 
 \-ice.  He  died  July  22d,  1825,  and  was  buried  in  his 
 garden,  in  a  spot  selected  by  himself,  under  the  shade 
 of  a  lavorite  tree.  Mr.  Lyle  was  a  thorougli  scholar, 
 and  an  eminent  benefactor  to  the  cause  of  education 
 in  the  West.  He  was  one  of  the  very  first  to  suggest 
 the  plan  of  circulating  the  Scriptures  by  mt^ns  of 
 colporteurs.  As  a  preacher,  he  was  ardent,  zealous 
 and  highly  evangelical.  He  was  an  earnest  and 
 vigorous  defender  of  the  order,  discipline  and  doc- 
 trines of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  ranked  among 
 the  foremost  of  his  day  in  preserWng  its  unity  and 
 prosperity,  under  trying  circumstances. 
 
 Lyle,  Rev.  Matthew,  was  born  in  what  was 
 then  Augusta  county,  in  Virginia,  but  is  now  Rock- 
 bridge, in  that  part  of  the  county  called  Timber 
 Ridge,  October  21st,  1767.  He  was  a  subject  of  the 
 great  revival  which  spread  over  so  large  a  part  of 
 Virginia  in  1789.  After  going  through  a  course  of 
 theological  study,  under  the  direction  of  the  Rev. 
 William  Graham,  he  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Lexington,  April  28th,  1792,  to  preach  the  gospel. 
 For  about  two  years  he  was  engaged  in  missionary 
 labors,  both  in  the  northeastern  and  .southwestern 
 parts  of  Virginia.  He  was  sent  several  times  into 
 I  the  Northern  Neck,  where  his  labors  were  highly  ap- 
 Ijreciated  by  the  people,  especially  in  the  county  of 
 j  Lancaster.  Having  received  a  call,  October  4th,  1794, 
 I  from  the  congregation  of  Briery,  for  one-half  his 
 labors,  and  from  the  congregation  of  Buflalo  for  the 
 other  half,  he  accepted  the  same,  and  was  ordained 
 as  pastor  of  these  two  churches  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Hanover,  shortly  after.  The  late  Rev.  Archibald 
 Alexander,  D.  D.,  of  Princeton,  was  his  colleague  in 
 Briery.  Here  he  remained,  in  the  unremitted  and 
 faithful  exercise  of  his  ministry, for  thirty-three  years. 
 His  decease  occurred  March  22d,  1827.  Mr.  Lyle  was 
 by  nature  endo^ved  with  a  sound,  discriminating 
 mind,  and  w;is  possessed  of  inflexible  firmness  and 
 
LYON. 
 
 458 
 
 LYONS. 
 
 great  energy  and  decision  of  character.  Honesty  was 
 the  very  texture  of  his  soul.  His  sermons  were  re- 
 markaiile  for  clearness,  conciseness  and  energy,  and 
 they  were  always  truly  evangelical.  In  social  inter- 
 course, he  had  a  benignity  of  manner  and  a  lively 
 pleasantness  of  remark,  which  rendered  him  an  ex- 
 ceedingly agreeable  comjjanion. 
 
 Lyon,  G-eorge  Armstrong,  D.D.,  was  born  in 
 Baltimore,  Md.,  Jlarch  1st,  1806.  He  graduated  at 
 Dickinson  College,  Pa.,  iii  1S"24.  He  was  licensed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle,  April  9th,  1828.  In 
 December  of  the  same  year  he  was  invited  to  preach 
 at  Erie,  Pa.,  in  the  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
 where  he  was  ordained  and  installed  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Erie,  September  9th,  1829.  He  continued  in 
 this  relation  until  1871,  blessed  in  his  labors,  es- 
 teemed by  the  community,  and  honored  by  his 
 lirethren,  as  an  exemplary,  faithful  and  successful 
 minister  of  the  gospel.  Dr.  Lyon  died  at  Avon, 
 N.  Y.,  March  24th,  1871. 
 
 Lyon,  James  Adair,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Wash- 
 ington county.  East  Tennessee,  April  19tb,  1814;  was 
 
 \^\^^^N*^"^^S$i!^}^V'' 
 
 JAMES  ADAIR  LYON,   D.  D. 
 
 graduated  at  Washington  College,  Tennessee,  iu  1832, 
 and  in  the  same  year  entered  the  Theological  Semi- 
 nary at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  as  a  candidate  for  the  min- 
 istry, under  the  care  of  the  New  Brunswick  Presbytery. 
 He  was  licensed  by  this  Presbytery  in  1836,  and 
 ordained  in  1837,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Holston,  Ten- 
 nessee. He  preached  in  Tennessee  until  1841,  when 
 he  became  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Columbus,  Miss. 
 In  1848  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Westminster  Church, 
 St.  Louis,  and   from  1850  to  1854  he    conducted  a 
 
 female  seminary  in  that  city.    In  1854  he  was  recalled 
 \  to  Columbus,  and  remained  in  that  charge  until  1870, 
 j  when  he  was  elected  Professor  of  IMental  and  Moral 
 Philoso])hy  in  the  University  of  Missi.ssippi,  at  Oxford. 
 Declining  health  required  him  to  resign  this  po.sition 
 in  1881.    His  life  closed  on  the  loth  day  of  May,  1882. 
 Dr.  Lyon  was,  throughout  his  life,  a  close  student 
 and  a  diligent  worker.     He  was  firm  in  his  con\'ic- 
 tions,  and  fearless  in  enunciating  them.     In  his  first 
 pastorate,  in  Mississippi,  he  was  called  to  confront 
 infidelity  in  one  of  its  strongholds.     He  proclaimed 
 the  truth  and  rebuked  sin,  often  at  the  peril  of  per- 
 sonal violence,  but  with  a  persistent  and  chivalric 
 zeal  which  ultimately  wrought  a  moral  revolution  in 
 j  the  community.     He  was  conscientious  in  every  work 
 I  in  which  he  engaged,  used  his  talents  as  a  trust  com- 
 mitted  to  him  by  God,  and  diffused  his   influence 
 through  almost  everj'  accessilile  channel.     He  was  a 
 frequent  contributor  to  the  Reviews  of  his  Cliurch ;  was 
 !  instrumental   in   obtaining  the   endowment  of  the 
 I  ' '  Perkins  Professorship ' '  in  the  theological  seminary 
 at  Columbia,  S.  C. ,  and  was  concerned  in  successfully 
 establishing  the   "Southwestern   Presbyterian   Uni- 
 versity," at  Clarksville,  Tenn.     He  repeated!}'  repre- 
 sented his  Presbytery  in  the  General  Assembly  before 
 the  late  civil  war,  and  was  Moderator  of  the  General 
 Assembly,    South,   in   18G3.     It  may  be   eminently 
 affirmed  of  Dr.  Lyon,  that  he  ' '  served  his  own  genera- 
 tion by  the  will  of  God." 
 
 Lyon,  Rev.  "William,  was  born  at  Carlisle,  Pa. 
 He  graduated  at  Dickinson  College,  in  18:!9,  studied 
 theologj^at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  and  was  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  East  Hanover,  in  1843.  He  was  pastor 
 of  Bethlehem  Church,  Va.,  1843-48;  teacher  at  Union- 
 town,  Pa.,  1849-50;  teacher  at  Richmond,  Va.,  1852- 
 53;  stated  supply  at.  Amelia  Church,  1853-54,  and 
 Agent  of  the  Bible  Society,  Richmond,  1854-()2;  in 
 all  his  spheres  of  labor  characterized  by  ability,  con- 
 scientious fidelity,  and  an  ardent  desire  to  advance 
 the  Redeemer's  kingdom. 
 
 Lyons,  Rev.  Jesse  Lorenzo,  was  the  third  of 
 nine  children  of  Deacon  Jesse  and  Malinda  (Bennet) 
 Lyons,  and  was  born  in  the  village  of  Montrose,  Sus- 
 quehanna county,  Pa.,  April  18th,  1824.  His  parents 
 were  eminent  for  godliness.  Having  graduated  at 
 Williams  College,  in  1851^  he  studied  theology  in 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York,  graduating 
 May,  1854.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Montrose,  in  April,  1854;  ordained  an 
 evangelist,  November  9th,  1854,  and  sailed  for  Syria, 
 November  19th  in  the  same  year,  as  a  missionary  of 
 the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.  He  was  married,  October,  1854,  to 
 Miss  Catharine  N.  Plumer,  of  South  Berwick,  Maine. 
 After  spending  a  year  in  Beirut  and  Mt.  Lebanon,  he 
 was  stationed  at  Tripoli,  Syria,  April  1856,  where  he 
 remained  until  the  Winter  of  1860-61,  when  he  was 
 transferred  to  the  city  of  Sidon,  where  he  labored 
 for  three  years.  During  the  massacre,  in  the  Summer 
 of  1860,  he  was  actively  engaged  in  \-isiting  the  refugee 
 
MAOCAULE. 
 
 459 
 
 MACCORKLE. 
 
 Christiiins  in  the  desolated  -s-illages  of  Northern  Leba^ 
 non  and  Baalbek,  distributing  charity  to  the  needy. 
 A  serious  illness,  in  1857,  afl'ected  his  head  and  eyes 
 to  such  an  extent  that,  lor  years,  his  writing  and  the 
 most  of  his  reading  were  done  \ij  the  aid  of  his  de- 
 voted wife. 
 
 In  the  Summer  of  1S63  Mr.  Lyons  was  obliged  to 
 return  t<?  America,  on  account  of  impaired  health, 
 and  for  five  years  was  confined  to  a  bed  of  suffering. 
 He  then  rallied  in  a  very  remarkable  manner,  and 
 has  been  engaged  as  District  Superintendent  of  the 
 American  Bible  Society,   for   Florida   and   treorgia. 
 
 since  tlie  year  1871.  His  experience  in  the  Foreign 
 Missionary  work,  his  afiability  and  knowledge  of 
 human  natuie,  and  long  experience  in  dealing  with 
 men,  make  him  acceptable  to  the  pc(ij>le  and  emi- 
 nently useful  in  the  work  in  which  he  is  now  en- 
 gaged. His  enforced  abandonment  of  the  Foreign 
 Mi.ssionary  work  Wiis  a  severe  trial  to  him,  and  a  few 
 years  since  he  offered  to  return  to  Syria,  but  his 
 health  was  not  deemed  sufficient.  Mr.  Lyons'  imcle, 
 the  Rev.  Lorenzo  Lyons,  went  to  the  Sandwich 
 Island.s,  as  a  missionary,  more  than  fifty  years  since, 
 and  is  still  laboring  there. 
 
 M 
 
 Maccaule,  Rev.  Thomas  Harris.  Nothing 
 is  known  of  the  parentage  of  Mr.  Maccaule.  He  was  ! 
 ordained  and  settled  as  pastor  of  Centre  Presbyterian 
 Church,  in  North  Carolina,  in  1776.  He  entered 
 warmly  into  the  Kevolutionary  struggle,  and  in  the 
 time  of  the  invasion  went  with  his  flock  to  the  field, 
 and  w;is  beside  Greneral  Davidson  when  he  fell. 
 Such  'was  his  reputation  in  civil  life,  that  he  Wijs 
 nominated  for  Governor,  but  lost  his  election  by  a 
 few  votes.  In  1784  he  w:is  appointed  President  of 
 Mount  Zion  College,  South  Carolina.  Besides  his 
 duties  in  the  college,  Mr.  Maccaule  had  charge  of 
 Jackson  Creek  and  Mount  Olivet  Presbyterian 
 churches,  untU  September,  1792.  He  was  popular, 
 both  as  a  preacher  and  a  man.     He  died  about  1796. 
 
 Macalester,  Charles,  merchant  and  banker, 
 was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Febniary  17th,  1798. 
 He  "received  a  liberal  education,  first  at  Grey  and 
 Wy lie's  School,  and  afterwards  at  the  University  of 
 Pennsylvania.  "WhUe  at  the  latter  Institution,  during 
 the  war  of  1813,  when  fUteen  years  of  age,  he  com- 
 manded a  company  of  forty  boys,  who  worked  for 
 two  days,  assisting  to  make  the  fortifications  upon 
 the  west  side  of  the  Schuylkill.  Early  in  life  he 
 embarked  in  mercantile  pursuits,  and,  in  1821, 
 removed  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  where  he  remained  until 
 1827,  when  he  returned  to  Philadelphia,  and  com- 
 menced business  there,  amassing  a  large  fortune. 
 He  retired  from  active  business  in  1849,  occupying 
 himself  subsequently  with  his  private  affairs,  and 
 various  trusts  and  executorships.  He  died,  December 
 9th,  1873,  regretted  by  an  unusually  wide  circle  of 
 friends  and  acixuaintances. 
 
 Mr.  Macalester  was  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the 
 Peabody  Education  Fund,  from  its  first  institution. 
 He  w;vs  also  president  of  the  St.  Andrew's  Society, 
 and  of  the  Orthopa;dic  Hospital,  a  director  (from  the 
 time  of  its  organization)  of  the  Fidelity  Insurance, 
 Trust  and  Safe  Deposit  Company,  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Hospital,  and  of  the  Insurance  Company  of  the  State 
 
 of  Pennsylvania,  of  which  latter  company  Ms  father 
 had  been  president.  In  1873  he  gave,  for  the  estab- 
 lishmeut  of  a  college  in  Minneapolis,  a  valuable 
 property,  consisting  of  a  large  building,  with  exten- 
 sive grounds  attached,  then  named  by  the  Trustees 
 the  "Macalester  College,"  and  also  confirmed  the 
 same  by  his  will. 
 
 Eminently  successful  himself  in  all  his  imdertak- 
 iugs,  Mr.  Macalester  was  always  ready  to  aid  by  his 
 advice,  and  by  active  assistance,  those  who  were 
 beginning  life's  battle  or  struggling  with  adversity. 
 Unobtrusive  in  all  he  did,  generous  in  every  sense  of 
 the  word,  he  was  universally  beloved  and  honored. 
 His  private  character  was  one  of  the  greatest  puritj', 
 unselfishness  and  loveliness;  charitable  in  all  his 
 judgment,  and  indulgent  to  the  weaknesses  and 
 faults  of  others,  no  harsh  comments  or  unkind  asper- 
 sions ever  passed  his  lijjs.  For  a  number  of  years 
 he  wiis  a  faithful  elder  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church. 
 
 Maccorkle,  Samuel  Eusebius,  D.D.,  was  born 
 in  Lancaster  county,  P.i.,  August  23d,  1746.  His 
 parents  removed  to  North  Carolina  when  he  was  quite 
 young.  After  graduating  at  Princeton  College,  in 
 1772,  he  studied  theology  with  his  maternal  uncle, 
 the  Kev.  Joseph  Jlontgomery,  and  was  licensed  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  New  York,  in  1754.  For  two  years 
 he  labored  as  a  missionary  in  Virginia,  and  in  1776 
 returned  to  North  Carolina,  and  on  the  2d  of  Au- 
 gust, 1777,  was  installed  pastor  of  the  church  at 
 Thyatira,  where  he  remained  until  his  death, 
 January  21.st,  1811.  Dr.  Maccorkle  was  an  active 
 friend  of  his  country  in  its  struggles  for  liberty,  and 
 an  earnest  champion  for  the  truth  against  the  rising 
 tide  of  French  infidelity  which  threatened  to  sweep 
 the  land.  In  1785  he  commenced  a  classical  school 
 in  his  own  house,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Zion 
 Parnassus.  Forty-five  of  his  pupils  afterwards  be- 
 came ministers.  He  was  elected  the  first  Professor 
 in  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  having  the  Chair 
 
MACCEACKEN. 
 
 460 
 
 ilACKELLAR. 
 
 of  Moral  and  Political  Philosophy.  He  was  a 
 thorough  scholar,  and  recoi\C'd  his  honorary  degree 
 from  Dartmouth,  in  1793.  A  number  of  hi.s  .sermons 
 were  published. 
 
 MacCraoken,  Henry  Mitchell,  D.  D.,  was 
 born  at  Oxford,  O.,  September  28th,  1840,  and  gradu- 
 ated at  Miami  University  in  1857.  After  teaching 
 for  a  time,  he  studied  theology  in  Xenia  Seminary, 
 O.,  and  in  Germany.  He  was  stated  supply  of  the 
 First  Church,  Toledo,  O.,  1862;  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Columbus,  November  7th,  1863;  pas- 
 tor of  Westminster  Church,  Columbus,  O.,  1863-67; 
 pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Toledo,  1868-81,  and 
 since  1881  has  been  Chancellor  of  tlie  Western  Uni- 
 versity of  Peim.sylvauia,  Pittsburg,  Pa.  Dr.  Mac- 
 Cracken  is  a  gentleman  of  studious  habits,  of  scholarlj' 
 attainments,  and  an  instructive  and  faithful  preacher. 
 He  has  translated  into  English,  and  edited,  with 
 added  lives  by  American  ^vriters,  the  "Lives  of  the 
 Leaders  of  our  Church  Universal,"  by  Dr.  Ferdinand 
 Piper,  of  Berlin,  which  has  been  issued  by  our  Board 
 of  Publication. 
 
 Mack,  William,  D.  D.,was  born  at  Flu.shing, 
 N.  Y.,  July  29th,  1807;  graduated  at  Union  College, 
 in  1831,  and  at  Princeton  Seminary,  in  1834.  He  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  York,  February 
 4th,  1834.  Dr.  Mack's  successive  fields  of  labor  were 
 as  follows  :  1.  Pa-stor  of  the  Third  Church  of  Roches- 
 ter, N.  Y.,  where  he  was  installed,  February  5th, 
 1835,  and  released,  July  22d,  1839.  2.  Stated  sup- 
 ply of  the  Second  Church  of  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  from 
 1840  to  1«43.  3.  Stated  supply  of  the  First  Church 
 of  Columbia,  Tenn.,  from  December,  1843,  to  January, 
 1858.  In  the  latter  year  he  became  a  voluntary 
 evangelist,  devoting  one-half  of  his  time  to  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Columbia,  of  which  he  was  a  member,  and 
 the  other  half  to  work  beyond  its  bounds.  In  this 
 labor  he  continued  until  very  near  the  time  of  his 
 death. 
 
 Dr.  Mack  held  the  office  of  President  of  Jackson 
 College,  at  Columbia,  Tenn.,  from  1843  to  1849,  whilst 
 also  supplying  the  First  Church  in  that  town.  He 
 was  afterwards  re-elected  President,  in  1852,  but 
 again  resigned  in  1853,  as  the  office  interfered  with 
 his  preaching  work.  For  about  a  year-  preceding  his 
 death,  by  reason  of  declining  health,  he  was  unable 
 to  preach.  He  died,  January  10th,  1879.  He  had 
 long  labored  faithfully  in  the  gospel,  preaching  in 
 difierent  portions  of  the  country,  and  died  in  a  good 
 old  age,  beloved  and  honored  wherever  he  was  known. 
 Kind,  gentle,  true,  devoted,  his  praise  is  in  all  the 
 churches. 
 
 MacKellar,  Thomas,  an  elder  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Germantown,  Pa.,  was  born 
 August  12th,  1812.  His  course  has  been  of  the  typical 
 American  sort,  so  dear  to  the  writers  of  biographies. 
 Nearly  sixty  years  ago  he  was  a  poor  boy,  beginning 
 to  make  his  way  in  New  York,  though  of  good  old 
 stock  on  both  sides.     His  father's  father  was  a  Pres- 
 
 byterian elder  in  Scotland,  as  he  is  now  at  German- 
 town,  Pa.  His  mother's  family  were  Dutch  Protest- 
 ants, and  settled  in  New  York  before  1644.  They  had 
 been  wealthy,  but  the  wealth  had  taken  to  itself 
 wings.  Being  left  an  orphan  at  eighteen  yea"rs,  with 
 younger  brothers  and  sisters  mainly  dependent  on 
 him,  he  consulted  a  Quaker  lawyer  as  to  the  feasibility 
 of  recovering  some  part  of  the  paternal  property,  and 
 received  this  wise  advice:  "Thomas,  1  hear  thee  is  an 
 industrious  lad.  Now  thee  had  better  stick  to  thy 
 work,  and  thee  will  make  a  fortune  before  thee  can 
 get  this  one."  On  this  he  acted.  Years  before  he 
 had  struck  out  for  himself,  beginning  as  a  printer,  at 
 fourteen,  and  soon  entering  the  service  of  J.  and  J. 
 Harper,  where  he  became  proof-reader,  in  his  seven- 
 teenth year.  He  was  an  omnivorous  reader,  and  car- 
 ried on  his  educiition  ;is  best  he  might. 
 
 THOMAS  MACKELLAR. 
 
 In  the  Spring  of  1833,  when  not  yet  of  age,  he  re- 
 moved to  Philadelphia,  and  entered,  as  proof-reader, 
 the  type  and  .stereotj'jje  foundry  of  Johnson  &  Smith, 
 where  he  soon  became  foreman,  and  in  1845,  a  part- 
 ner. His  zeal  and  skill  added  greatly  to  the  business 
 and  reputation  of  the  firm,  which,  in  1860,  took  the 
 name  of  SlacKellar,  Smiths  &  Jordan.  Their  specimen 
 books,  prepared  by  hiiu,  had  some  years  ago  "cost  at 
 least  $1 110,000. "  He  founded  and  long  conducted  the 
 Typographic  Adreriiser.  His  "American  Printer" 
 (1866)  is  the  most  successful  book  of  that  kind 
 extant,  having  reached  a  fourteenth  edition  in  1883. 
 His  house  is  the  largest  and  most  celebrated  type 
 foundry  in  the  world,  with  ramifications  over  the 
 civilized  surface  of  the  globe.     It  has  depots  of  sup- 
 
MACKEV. 
 
 461 
 
 MACLAREN. 
 
 and  on  one  side  is  the  inscriiJ- 
 
 to  every  creature,' 
 
 tion : 
 
 "  Rev.  James  L.  Mackf-v  ; 
 
 Missionary  at  Ccrisco,  in  AVestern  Africii,  fur  sixteen  years. 
 
 Died  at  New  London,  Pa.,  .^pril  ;!i)th,  1807, 
 
 In  his  forty-eightli  year." 
 
 Mackey,  Hon.  Jeremy,  was  born  in  Belvidere, 
 
 plies  in  every  part  of  our  country,  besides  an  agency 
 in  London  and  another  in  Australia. 
 
 Presiding  over  this  v;ist  business,  and  vpatching 
 with  loving  care  for  all  improvements  in  his  art, 
 do  not  absorb  Mr.  MacKellar"s  energies.  Historical 
 societies,  academies  of  science  and  art  associations 
 of  one  kind  and  anotlier,  find  in  liim  a  member  and 
 officer.  Especially  l>;is  he  been  active  in  philanthro-  X.  J.,  in  1809.  He  removed  to  Monroe  county.  Pa., 
 phicand  religious  work.  For  a  quarter  of  a  century  about  1833,  and  followed  the  busine.^  of  tanning.  In 
 he  was  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  Philadelphia  18G0  he  was  elected  an  A.ssociate  Judge  of  the  county, 
 Bible  Society.  He  opened  one  of  the  first  mission  i  and  .served  the  full  term.  He  then  became  Cashier  of 
 schools  in  this  city.  His  eldership  has  not  been  a  J  the  Stroudsburg  Bank,  which  greatly  pro.spcred  under 
 sinecure.  li'*'  enf^rgy  and  skill.     He  was  for  many  years  a  lead- 
 
 Active  and  successful  men  of  business  have  often  ing  elder  in  the  Presbj-terian  Church  in  Stroudsburg, 
 been  good  Christians,  but  seldom  wooers  of  the  and  g-ave'largcly  of  his  means  for  its  support.  Judge 
 Muse.  Mr.  JlacKellur  is  an  exception.  Constant  Mackey's  whole  life  w;is  characterized  by  eminent 
 occupation  and  eminent  success  in  a  very  difterent  j  purity  and  goodness.  He  was  greatly  respected  by 
 field  have  not  dampened  his  early  love  for  song,  nor  ,  the  community  in  which  he  lived  so  long.  He  died, 
 checked  his  fertility  in  producing  rhymes,  and  in  May  18th,  1883,  and  his  remains  were  laid  to  rest  in 
 this,  as  well  as  in  type-founding,  he  has  made  his  the  Stroudsburg  Cemetery,  amid  the  tearful  regrets 
 mark.     HLs  lyrics  are,   in   substance,   true   hymns,  '  of  a  large  company  of  friends. 
 
 full  of  ripe  experience  and  of  the  simplicity  and 
 fervency  of  faith,  hope  and  charity.  His  first  piece 
 was  printed  in  1833  or  '34.  For  some  time  he  wrote 
 weekly  for  Neal's  Gazette.     He  has  published  "Drop 
 
 Maclaren,  Rev.  Robert  F.,  .-^on  of  Kev.  AVm. 
 Maclaren,  D.D.,  was  born  in  the  city  of  New  York. 
 He  studied  at  Brown  University,  and  at  Union  Col- 
 lege, where  he  graduated  in   18G4.     His  theologiciil 
 
 pings  from  the  Heart,"  1844;  "Tarn's  Fortnight  course  was  largely  directed  by  his  father.  In  18T0 
 Ramble,"  1847;  "  Lines  for  the  Gentle  and  Loving,"  he  became  pastor  of  the  Presbj'terian  Church  at  Dela- 
 1853;  "Rhymes  At  ween  Times,"  1872;  "  Hymns,  !  ware,  Ohio,  where  he  accomplished  the  difficult  tii.sk 
 and  a  few  Metrical  P.salms,"  1883.  This  last  volume  '  of  harmonizing  the  O.  S.  and  N.  S.  churches  of 
 appeared  very  recently,  and  gathered  up  most  of  his  |  that  place  into  one  strong  united  church.  In  No- 
 sacred  lyrics,  written  since  1840,  with  considerable  vember,  1873,  he  became  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 additions  of  the  last  two  or  three  years.     Several  of    Church  at  Redwing,  Minn.,  where  he  remained  six 
 
 the  earlier  ones  are  more  or  less  familiar. 
 
 Mackey,  Rev.  James  Love,  was  born  in 
 Coleraine  township,  Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  January 
 26th,  1820.  He  was  fond  of  study,  made  rapid  pro- 
 giess,  and   thus  became  qualified   to   help  himself. 
 
 years;  the  church,  in  that  time,  becoming  one  of  the 
 foremost  and  most  prosperous  in  the  State.  In  1879  he 
 became  pastor  of  the  ' '  Central  Presbyterian  Church ' ' 
 in  St.  Paul,  his  present  charge. 
 
 Jlr.  Maclaren's  ministry  has  developed  harmony, 
 
 ■When  he  was  fourteen  years  old  he  opened  a  school  activity,  and  spirituality  among  Christians,  and  has 
 in  his  father's  house.  He  afterwards  fciught  public  been  attended  by  large  and  constant  accessions  of 
 school  in  the  neighborhood,  attended  Hopewell  j  converts.  His  sermons  are  prepared  with  great  care, 
 Academyand  New  London  Academy,  Pa.,  and  taught  I  and  are  delivered  with  spontaneous  earnestness, 
 in  the  latter,  and  in  the  Academy  at  Strasburg,  Lan-  j  without  the  u.se  of  a  manuscript, 
 caster  county.  Pa.  He  studied  theology  at  Princeton  !  Maclaren,  Rev.  William,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Seminary.  In  November,  1849,  he  .sailed  as  a  mis-  Perthshire,  Scotland.  "When  a  child  he  was  brought  to 
 sionary  to  Africa,  and  located  himself  at  CorLsco,  this  country'  by  his  parents,  who  settled  near  Albany, 
 where,  amidst  many  trials  of  his  firmness  and  faith  X.  Y.  He  graduated  at  Union  College  ;  studied 
 he  labored  with  great  zeal  and  success,  until  broken  theology  in  Newburgh  Semimiry;  and  was  ordained, 
 health,  to  his  deep  regret,  required  him  to  return  to  in  September,  1836,  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  York. 
 his  native  country,  in  1865.  After  a  sea.son  of  rest,  I  His  early  ministry  was  in  the  United  Presbyterian 
 his  active  mind,  too  active  for  his  Trail  body,  refusing  !  Church,  where  he  held  a  very  prominent  position  as 
 lono-er  inactivity,  he  took  charge  of  the  New  London  '  pastor  of  Franklin  Street  Church,  in  New  York  city. 
 
 Academy.  But  he  had  over-calculated  his  strength, 
 and  in  performing  the  duties  of  this  new  position 
 his  health  declined,  until  his  earthly  career  was 
 closed,  and  his  soul  went  up  to  wear  the  missionary's 
 crown.  His  grave,  in  the  New  London  Cemetery,  is 
 marked  bv  a  low  monument,  on  the  top  of  which  is 
 
 and  afterward  of  Pearl  Street  Church,  in  Fall  River. 
 In  1869  he  united  with  the  Presbj-teriau  Church, 
 and  became  a  member  of  the  Presbytery  of  Maumee. 
 In  this  new  field  he  was  eminently  successful  as  a 
 peacemaker.  He  was  called  to  several  churches  tli;it 
 were  weakened  bv  strifes  and  di\-i3ions,  and  in  every 
 
 'a  representation  of  the  Bible,  open  at  the  command,  j  case  restored  harmony  and  pro.sperity.     In  187o  he 
 "Go  ye  into  all  the  world,  and  preach  the  gospel  1  was  elected   President  of  "Ohio  Central  College." 
 
MACLEAN. 
 
 462 
 
 MAC  USD  Y. 
 
 His  residence,  at  present,  is  at  St.  Paul,  Jlimi., 
 with  his  son,  Robert  Forrest. 
 
 Dr.  Maclaren  has  never  used  manuscript  in  the 
 pulpit.  His  preachincj  is  biblical,  earnest  and  elo- 
 quent; and  in  his  pastoral  work  he  has  ever  mani- 
 fested the  greatest  prudence  and  wisdom. 
 
 Maclean,  John,  D.  D.,  LL.D,,  eldest  son  of  Dr. 
 John  Maclean,  the  first  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the 
 College  of  New  Jersey,  and  of  his  wife,  Phoibe  Bain- 
 bridge,  was  born  in  Princeton,  N.  J.,  March  3d, 
 1800;  entered  the  College  at  Princeton  in  the  Spring 
 of  1813,  and  was  admitted  to  the  fir.st  degree  in  the 
 Arts  in  the  Autumn  of  1816.  In  the  Autumn  of  1818 
 he  was  appointed  a  Tutor  in  the  College,  and  he  was 
 at  this  time  a  student  in  the  Theological  Seminary  of 
 Princeton.     In  1823  he  was  made  Teacher  of  Mathe- 
 
 JOHN  MACLEAN,  D.D. 
 
 matics  and  Natural  Philosophy,  and  in  1823  was 
 chosen  Professor  of  Mathematics.  In  1829  he  was 
 transferred  to  the  Chair  of  Ancient  Langages,  and  at 
 the  same  time  he  was  chosen  Vice-President  of  the 
 College.  In  December,  18.53,  he  was  chosen  Presi- 
 dent of  the  College,  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of 
 his  office,  June  28th,  1854.  In  December,  1857,  he 
 tendered  his  resignation,  to  take  effect  at  the  ensuing 
 commencement  in  June,  at  which  time  he  gave  up  his 
 connection  with  tlie  College,  after  a  faithful  service, 
 in  various  offices,  of  fifty  years. 
 
 Dr.  Maclean  was  several  times  a  member  of  the 
 General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and 
 took  an  active  and  prominent  part  in  its  proceedings. 
 In  1844  he  publfshed,  in  The  Preshyterian,  ten  letters 
 on  the  "Quorum  or  Elder  Question,"  which  after- 
 wards were  printed  in  pamphlet  form,  together  with 
 
 three  letters  on  the  "  Imposition  of  Hands."  He  has 
 also  given  to  the  press,  ' '  A  Lecture  on  a  Common 
 School  System  for  Nevr  Jersey  ;"  a  revision,  in 
 1831,  of  Professor  Stuart's  Prize  Essay  on  "  Temper- 
 ance;" in  1853,  two  letters  on  "The  True  Relations 
 of  the  Church  and  State  to  Schools  and  Colleges;" 
 besides  a  number  of  sermons,  and  articles  on  different 
 topics,  in  the  public  papers,  and  in  the  Princeton 
 Beineiv.  Dr.  Maclean's  life  has  been  one  of  great 
 activity  and  usefulness.  He  is  remembered  with  aflec- 
 tion  by  those  who  were,  as  students,  under  his  direc- 
 tion; and  now,  residing  on  the  classic  spot  on  which 
 he  was  born,  and  has  ever  lived,  and  waiting  for  the 
 time  of  his  departure,  he  is,  amid  the  infirmities  of 
 advanced  years,  held  in  the  highest  reverence,  and 
 esteem  by  all  who  know  him. 
 
 Macurdy,  Rev.  Elisha,  occupies  a  prominent 
 place  among  the  pioneer  ministers  of  Western  Penn- 
 .sylvania.  He  was  born  in  Carlisle,  Pa.,  October  15th, 
 1763.  His  father  removed  to  Ligonier  Valley,  West- 
 moreland county,  in  embarrassed  worldly  circum- 
 stances. At  this  time  the  son  was  about  twenty-one 
 years  of  age,  and  engaged  in  the  transportation  of 
 freight  to  and  from  Baltimore,  for  about  eighteen 
 months,  which  enabled  him  to  aid  materially  in  the 
 support  of  the  family.  After  his  conversion  he 
 became,  in  1792,  a  student  of  the  Academy  at  Can- 
 onsburg,  completing  his  literary  and  theological 
 course  in  1799;  the  latter  chiefly  under  the  direction 
 of  the  Rev.  Dr.  McMillan. 
 
 Mr.  Macurdy  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by 
 the  Presbj'terj'  of  Ohio,  June  26th,  1799.  For  some 
 time  subsequently  he  was  engaged  in  mi.ssionary 
 labor  in  the  region  bordering  on  Lake  Erie,  but  in 
 June,  1800,  he  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of 
 the  united  congregations  of  Cross  Roads  and  Three 
 Springs,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Ohio.  His  mini.stry, 
 from  its  commencement  to  its  close,  was  a  scene  of 
 the  most  self-denying  and  unremitting  labor.  He 
 had  an  important  agency  in  connection  with  the 
 great  revival  in  Western  Pennsylvania,  that  com- 
 menced about  1801-2.'  He  was  among  the  few  lead- 
 ing spirits  that  formed  the  Western  Missionary 
 Society,  designed  especially  to  diffuse  the  knowledge 
 of  the  Gospel  among  the  new  settlements  and  the 
 Indian  tribes,  and  he  engaged  personally  in  the 
 missionary  work,  frequently  leaving  his  own  imme- 
 diate charge  for  a  considerable  time,  to  break  the 
 bread  of  life  to  those  who  were  otherwise  entirely 
 destitute  of  it.  His  health  having  suflered  from 
 sickness  during  a  missionary  apijointment  at  Mau- 
 mee,  which  he  fulfilled  in  1823,  he  resigned  his 
 charge  of  the  Church  at  Three  Springs,  and  confined 
 himself  to  that  of  Cross,  Roads.  In  183.5,  by  reason 
 of  increasing  bodily  infirmities,  he  resigned  the  pas- 
 toral charge  of  the  latter  congregation,  and  in  the 
 Spring  of  1836  he  removed  to  Allegheny,  where  he 
 resided  during  the  rest  of  his  life,  still  employed,  as 
 opportunity   oflered    and    his  strength  allowed,    in 
 
MAGISTRATE. 
 
 ■}(>:? 
 
 MAG  RAW. 
 
 As  this  is  the 
 
 preaching  the  gospel.  It  was  mainly  through  his  the  praise  of  them  that  do  well." 
 agency  that  the  way  \va.s  prepared  for  the  organiza-  design  of  civil  government,  so  tliis  end  is  in  some 
 tion  of  a  church  in  the  town  of  ilanchester,  adjoining  measure  gained,  even  by  the  worst  of  governments. 
 Allegheny.  He,  also,  a-s  he  was  able,  made  frequent  But  when  this  design  is  systematically  and  noto- 
 visits  to  the  inmates  of  the  Western  Penitentiary.  I  piously  disregarded,  when  rulers  become  habitual 
 He  died,  July  22d,  1845,  having  a  complete  triumph  !  tyrants,  invading  and  overthrowing  the  liberties  and 
 in   the  last   hour,   and   on    the    day   following  his  !  privileges  of  the  nation,  the  governed  must  have  a 
 
 remains  were  conveyed  to  Cross  Roads,  the  scene  of 
 his  most  extended  laljors.  and.  in  the  midst  of  a  large 
 congregation,  committed  to  their  final  resting  place. 
 
 Jlr.  Macurdy,  as  a  preacher,  was  distinguished  for 
 directness,  earnestness,  boldness,  in  both  matter  and 
 manner.     He  never  daubed  with  untcmpered  mortar; 
 
 right  to  remedy  the  evil. 
 
 Christian  magi.strates  ought  to  maintain  pMy,  as 
 well  as  justice  and  peace.  The  Apo.stle  (2  Tim.  ii,  1) 
 exhorts  that  prayers  be  made  by  Christians  "for 
 kings,  and  for  all  that  are  in  authority;  that  we  may 
 lead  a  quiet  and  peaceable  life  in  all  godliness  and 
 
 he  never  softened  down  Ciod's  truth  for  the  sake  of  honesty."  "  What  Christians  are  here  to  pray  for,' 
 conciliating  those  who  pronounced  it  a  hard  saying,  says  Calvin,  "that  magistrates  must  be  bound  to 
 Though  plain  in  manner  and  style,  there  was  a  rich  \  promote  as  their  end;  and  this  is  not  simply  '  a  (luiet 
 vein  of  evangelical  thought  and  an  air  of  deep  sin- 
 cerity in  his  preaching,  that  were  far  more  effective 
 than  any  mere  rhetorical  exhibitions  could  have  been. 
 
 He  had  a  clear,  loud  voice,  which  was  usually  brought 
 
 into  exercise  in  the  pulpit,  under  the  influence  of '  (Ezra  vi,  8-10). 
 
 intense  feeling,  and  very  often  in  the  utterance  of  the        Christian    magistrates 
 
 most   terrible   denunciations  of  God's  AVord.      His 
 
 earnest  piety,  whicli  may  be  considered  the  leading 
 
 and  peaceable  life,'  but  '  iu  all  godliness  and  hon- 
 esty.' Rulers  are  not,  in  their  official  Ciipacity,  to 
 be  indifferent  to  fforllinens  any  more  than  to  honesty; 
 both  are  to  be  countenanced  and  promoted  by  them  " 
 
 may  lawfully,  under  the 
 New  Testament,  wage  war  \i])on  just  and  necessary 
 occasions.     War  mu.st  be  regarded  as  a  great  evil. 
 
 element  of  his  usefulness,  kept  his  heart  always  beat-    but  in  the  present  state  of  the  world  it  is  sometimes 
 ing  and  his  hand  always  bu.sy  for  the  promotion  of  nece&sary;  and  if  a  nation  were  to  adopt  and  act  upon 
 
 He  has  left 
 
 the  principle  that  war  is  absolutely  unlawful,  it 
 would  soon  become  a  prey  to  its  ambitious  neighbors. 
 Under  the  Old  Testament,  wars  were  uudertiiken  by 
 
 the  great  interests  of  Christ's  kingdom, 
 a  bright  record  of  fidelity  to  the  JIaster. 
 
 Magistrate,  The  Civil.  Some  writers  have 
 nuiintained  that  magistracy,  or  civil  government,  is  the  express  command  and  with  the  approbation  of 
 founded  in  the  social  compact.  But  this  is  a  mi.s-  God;  but  he  could  never  command  and  approve  of 
 take.  It  is  a  divine  institution.  It  is  the  will  of  what  is  morally  wrong.  In  the  New  Testament, 
 God  that  the  happiness  of  mankind  be  promoted,    too,  there   are  Various   circumstances  stated  which 
 
 countenance  the  lawfulness   of  magistrates  waging 
 
 war,  and  of  Christians  bearing    arms.     When  the 
 
 s<iUliers  inquired  of  .John  what  they  should  do,  he 
 
 '  Do  violence  to  no  man,  neither 
 
 But  government  is  indispensiible  to  their  happiness, 
 to  the  preservation  of  peace  and  order,  to  the  .safety 
 of  life,  liberty  and  property.  It  is,  indeed,  necessary 
 to  the  very  existence  of  any   considerable  number   -said   unto   them, 
 
 of  mankind  in  a  social  state.  The  deduction  nat- I  accuse  any  falsely;  "  but  he  did  not  command  them 
 urally  follows  that  it  is  the  will  of  God  that  gov- 
 ernment should  exist,  and  this  deduction  of  reason 
 is  amply  confirmed  by  the  express  declaration  of 
 an  inspired  apostle:  "There  is  no  power  but  of  God; 
 the  powers  that  be  are  ordained  of  God.  Whosoever, 
 therefore,  resisteth  the  power,  resisteth  the  ordinance 
 
 of  God"   (Rom.  xiii,  1-2).     It  is  important  to  re- 
 
 to  relinquish  their  profession,  as  unlawful;  on  the 
 contrary,  the  precept  which  he  added,  "  Be  content 
 with  your  wages,"  supposed  them  to  continue  in 
 their  situation  (Luke  iii,  14).  The  first  Gentile  con- 
 vert who  was  received  into  the  Christian  Church  was 
 a  centurion;  but  Peter,  when  he  baptized  him,  did 
 not    require   him   to  give  up  his  situation   iu  the 
 
 member,  however,  that  although  God  has  instituted  Roman  army  (Acts  x).  To  determine  the  several 
 civil  government,  vet  he  has  not  enjoined  any  one  1  ca.ses  in  which  war  may  be  justifiable  would  be  out 
 form  of  government  as  obligatory  upon  all  com-  of  place  here;  it  may,  however,  be  generally  stated, 
 munities;  he  has  left  it  free  to  the  several  countries  '  that  aggres.sive  wars,  or  such  as  are  undertaken  to 
 to  choose  that  form  which  they  think' fittest  for  gratify  views  of  ambition  or  worldly  aggrandizement, 
 themselves,  and  in  this  respect  the  apostle  Peter  cannot  be  justified;  but  that  defensive  wars,  or  those 
 calls  it  "  the  ordinance  of  man  "  (1  I'et.  ii,  1.3).  which,  as  to  the  first  occasion  of  them,  are  defensive, 
 
 Magistrates  are  appointed  for  the  promotion  of  the  though  in  their  progress  they  must  often  be  offensive, 
 public  good,  in  subordinatipn  to  the  glory  of  God.  j  are  lawful.  (.See  Confession  of  Faith,  Chap,  xxiii, 
 Magistrates  are   called  "the  ministers  of  God  for  .  Sees.  I,  II.) 
 
 good"    (Rom.   xiii,   4).      They  are    invested  with  |     Magraw,  James,    D.  D.,   was   born    in    Bart 
 
 dignity  and  power,   not  for  their  ovm  honor  and  i  towuship,  Lanciister  county.  Pa.,  January  1st,  1775. 
 
 '  advantage,  but  for  promoting  the  weltare  of  society;  ,  He  commenced  the  study  of  languages  at  a  classical 
 
 especiaUy"  for  the  punishment  of  evil  doers,  and  for  I  school  near  Strasburg,  and  completed   his  classical 
 
MAHOK. 
 
 4(!4 
 
 MAKEyilE. 
 
 and  literary  course  at  Franklin  College,  Lancaster, 
 Pa.  He  studied  theology  under  the  Rev.  Nathanael 
 Sample,  pa.stor  of  the  churches  of  Leacock  and  Jliddle 
 Octorara,  and  was  licensed  hy  the  Presbytery  of  New 
 Castle,  December  16th,  1801.  After  spending  some 
 time  as  supply  at  New  London,  Chestnut  Level,  West 
 Nottingham,  Fagg's  Manor,  Little  Britain,  Chatham,  ! 
 and  Deer  Creek,  and  as  a  missionary  in  Luzerne  j 
 county.  Pa.,  lie  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  ; 
 the  Church  of  Lower  West  Nottingham,  Md.,  April 
 4th,  1804.  At  this  time  the  church  was  compara- 
 tively feeble,  but  under  his  ministry  it  steadily 
 prospered,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  it  was  a 
 large  and  flourishing  congregation.  During  his  pas- 
 torate, about  1810,  the  Upper  West  Nottingham 
 Church  was  organized,  and  he  became  its  pastor, 
 gi\ing  it  one-third  of  his  time,  until  1821.  In  1822 
 he  became  the  pastor,  for  one-third  of  Iiis  time,  of 
 the  recently  organized  Church  of  Charlestown,  and 
 continued  to  serve  it  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
 October  20th,  1835.  The  church  .soon  afterwards  be- 
 came extinct. 
 
 Dr.  Magraw  was  of  a  kind,  genial  and  sympathetic 
 nature,  which  had  a  magnetic  intluence  in  attaching 
 to  him  friends.  He  was  endowed  with  intellectual 
 powers  far  above  tlie  ordinary  standard.  He  was 
 emphatically  a  man  of  action.  His  administrative 
 abilities  were  of  a  high  order.  As  Superintendent  of 
 the  West  Nottingham  Academy,  which  he  was  instru- 
 mental in  establishing,  he  was  most  efficient.  As  a 
 minister  of  the  gospel,  he  was  faithful,  earnest,  de- 
 voted. As  a  preacher,  he  was  able  and  impressive. 
 As  a  pastor,  he  was  diligent  in  the  discharge  of  every 
 duty.  Of  the  Church  courts  he  was  a  prominent  and 
 influential  member.  His  ministry  was  crowned  with 
 signal  success. 
 
 Mahon,  Rev.  Joseph,  is  a  native  of  Cumber- 
 land Valley,  Pa.,  so  well-known  for  its  excellent 
 type  of  Scotch-Irish  Presbyteriariism.  He  was  born 
 in  Shippensburg,  .Tune  25th,  1805;  graduated  at  Jef- 
 ferson College,  Pa.,  in  1824;  was  teacher  in  Union 
 Seminary,  Va.,  1828-30;  ordained  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  New  Brunswick,  April,  1836;  agent  of  the  Board 
 of  Education,  1831-5;  pastor  at  Lawrenceville,  N. 
 J.,  ia36-48;  agent  of  Board  of  Publication,  1850-4; 
 agent  of  Penn.sylvania  Colonization  Society,  1856-60; 
 .stated  supply  at  Petersburg  and  Irish  Grove,  111., 
 1871-2.  Mr.  Mahon  now  resides  in  his  native  place, 
 and  responds  to  all  applications  in  his  Presbytery  for 
 his  ministerial  service.  He  is  an  atfable  gentleman, 
 a  good  scholar,  an  excellent  preacher,  clear,  logical, 
 direct,  .scriptural;  and,  amidst  the  shadows  of  ad- 
 vanced age,  can  look  back  u^ion  a  life  of  usefulness 
 in  the  Master's  ser\ice. 
 
 Makemie,  Rev.  Francis  was  an  Irishman — 
 born  near  Kathmelton,  Donegal  county,  Ireland.  The 
 date  of  his  birth  is  not  known.  He  is  supposed  to 
 have  prosecuted  his  academical,  if  not  his  theological, 
 course,  at  one  of  the  Scottish  universities.     All  that 
 
 is  known  of  his  early  religious  exercises  is,  that  he 
 became  hopefully  pious  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  chietiy 
 through  the  instrumentality  of  an  excellent  school- 
 master, under  who.se  instruction  he  was  placed. 
 
 In  1680  the  Irish  Presbytery  of  Laggan  received  a 
 letter  from  Judge  William  Stevens,  a  member  of  Lord 
 Baltimore's  Council,  entreating  that  ministers  be  sent 
 to  Maryland  and  Virginia.  The  next  year  it  licensed 
 Mr.  Makemie,  and  probably  ordained  him  soon  after- 
 wards, as  an  evangelist  for  the  distant  colonies.  He 
 preached  for  a  time  in  Barbadoes.  Aliout  1684  he 
 began  his  labors  on  the  continent.  In  the  Southeast 
 corner  of  Maryland  there  were  three  or  four  "meet- 
 ing houses, ' '  and  in  the  one  at  Snow  Hill  he  organized 
 a  church.  The  brogue  of  his  kindred  was  there. 
 An  elder  and  merchant,  Adam  Spence,  had  probably 
 signed  the  Solemn  League  an<l  Covenant  in  Scotland, 
 and  a  descendant  of  his,  reciting  the  tradition  of 
 a  hundred  and  thirty  years,  thus  writes  of  Mr. 
 Makemie:  "One  generation  has  uttered  his  praises 
 in  the  ears  of  its  successor,  and  you  may,  even  yet, 
 hear  their  echo.  Parents  made  his  surname  the 
 Christian  name  of  their  children,  until,  in  the  neigh- 
 borhood of  Snow  Hill,  it  has  become  a  common  one. " 
 This  hill  was  his  base  of  missionary  operations. 
 
 The  people  were  scattered  like  sheep  in  the  wilder- 
 ness, and  a  large  portion  of  Mr.  Makemie's  labors 
 was  to  search  them  out.  Soon  after  he  had  com- 
 menced his  mirtistry  in  Maryland,  he  found  on  Eliza- 
 beth river,  in  Virginia,  "a  poor  desolate  people" 
 mourning  the  loss  of  their  "  dissenting  ministers 
 from  Ireland."  who  had  been  removed  by  death  the 
 Summer  previous.  It  was  not  long  before  quite  a 
 number  of  congregations  were  gathered  in  the  region 
 which  he  had  selected  as  his  field  of  labor.  An  itin- 
 erant missionarj',  and  in  reality  the  bishop  of  a 
 primitive  diocese,  he  journeyed  from  place  to  place, 
 sometimes  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland,  some- 
 times in  Virginia,  and  sometimes  extending  his  jour- 
 neys as  far  as  South  Carolina.  To  the  extent  of  his 
 ability  he  supplied  the  feeble  churches,  but  he 
 deeply  felt  the  need  of  others  to  assist  him.  To  ob- 
 tain these  was  an  object  of  paramount  importance, 
 and  he  spared  no  efforts  to  attain  it.  With  this  end 
 in  view,  he  corresponded  ^vith  ministers  in  London 
 and  in  Boston.  But  he  was  not  content  with  this. 
 He  broke  away,  we  may  be  sure,  at  a  great  sacrifice, 
 from  the  pressing  calls  around  him,  that  he  might 
 personally  urge  his  appeals.  He  crossed  the  ocean, 
 and  applied  to  the  Independent  and  Presbyterian 
 ministersof  London  for  aid.  He  vLsited  New  England 
 and  consulted  with  IMather.  He  was  indefatigable  in 
 efibrt,  clear-sighted  and  sagacious  in  his  views,  liberal 
 in  sentiment,  fearless  in  the  discharge  of  duty,  and 
 shrank  from  no  burden. 
 
 In  1707  Mr.  Makemie  and  his  fricud  and  fellow- 
 laborer,  the  Rev.  John  Hampton,  stopped  a  few  days 
 in  New  York,  on  their  way  to  New  England.  Lord 
 Cornburj',  the  Deputy  Governor,  who  had  no  respect 
 
MAKE3IIE. 
 
 465 
 
 MAUN. 
 
 for  the  Act  of  Toleration,  forbade  the  use  of  the  Dutch  j 
 Church  to  Mr.  JIakemie,  Tfhose  friends  scoured  him 
 a  private  house.     There  he  preached  "  in  as  public  a  , 
 manner  as  possible,  with  open  doors."    Mr.  Hampton 
 was  granted  a  church  by  the  people  of  Newtown,  on 
 Long  Island.     They  were  arrested.     In  the  presence  , 
 of  Lord   Combury,   Jlr.   Makemie   argued  that  the 
 Toleration  Act  extended  to  all  the  colonies,  and  that 
 the  license  taken  in  Virginia  was  good  in  New  York. 
 The  answer  was,  "  You  are  strolling  preachers;  you 
 shall  not   spread   your   pernicious   doctrines  here." 
 "As  to  our  doctrines,"  said  Mr.  Makemie,  with  ad- 
 mirable dignity,  "we  have  our  Confession  of  Faith, 
 which  is  known  to  the  Christian  world,  and  I  chal-  , 
 lenge  all  the  clergy  of  York  to  show  us  any  false  or 
 pernicious  doctrines  therein.     We  are  able  to  prove 
 that  its  doctrinal  articles  agree  with   those  of  the 
 Church  of  England. "     "  But  these  articles, ' '  replied 
 the  Governor,  "you  have  not  signed. "     "As  to  the 
 AHidex  of Seligion,"  s;iid  Mr.  Makemie.   "I  have  a 
 copy  in  my  pocket,  and  am  ready  at  all  times  to  sign, 
 with  ihose  except ioiif!  itpnitied  in  the  laif."    But  all  argu- 
 ment was  vain.    The  accused  were  sent  to  jail,  where 
 they  continued  nearly  two  nionths.     At  the  end  of 
 that  time  they  were  brought  before  the  Chief  Justice, 
 who  had  been  absent  at  the  time  of  their  imprison- 
 ment,  by  a  writ  of  habeas  coipu-%  and  admitted  to 
 bail,  though  no  bill  was  found  by  the  Grand  Jury 
 against  Mr.  Hampton,  as  he  had  not  preached  in  the 
 city,  and  he  was  therefore  discharged.     In  June  fol- 
 lowing, Mr.  Makemie  returned  from  Virginia  to  New 
 York,  to  stand  his  trial.     The  result  of  it  was  an 
 acquittal  by  the  jury.     But  the  court  would  not  dis- 
 charge him  from  his  recognizance  till  they  had  obliged 
 him  to  pay  all  the  fees  of  his  prosecution,  which, 
 together  with  his  expenses,  amounted  to  little  less 
 than  three  hundred  dollars.     This  injustice  was  soon 
 denounced  by  the  Legislature.     He  preached  in  the 
 French  Church,  and  narrowly  escaped  arrest  in  New 
 Jersey.     At  Boston  he  published  the  .sermon  which 
 caused  his  imprisonment.      One  of  the  texts  was: 
 "We  ought  to  obey  God  rather  than  men." 
 
 Even  after  this  Jlr.  Makemie  wa.s  not  left  unmo- 
 lested. He  narrowly  escaped  a  second  prosecution, 
 based,  if  possible,  on  even  weaker  grounds  than  the  first. 
 A  strange  intolerance  pursued  him,  as  a  chief  offender, 
 but  the  object  was  to  obstruct  the  preaching  of  all 
 Presbyterian  ministers.  The  Dutch  and  other  dis- 
 senters neither  a.sked  nor  would  receive  a  license,  yet 
 they  were  not  disturbed.  But  ahy  attempt  of  Pres- 
 byterian ministers  to  extend  their  Church  was  seriously 
 obstructed.  There  is  also  eiidence  that  New  York 
 was  not  the  only  proWnce  in  which  Mr.  Makemie 
 had  to  encounter  gross  and  severe  intolerance.  His 
 preaching,  far  and  wide,  drew  on  him  the  anger  of 
 the  Virr'inia  clergy,  and  he  was  seized  and  carried  to 
 the  Governor,  at  Williamsburg,  but  his  noble  vindica- 
 '  tion  obtained  for  him  the  Governor's  license  to  preach 
 throughout  the  Old  Dominion.  And,  as  a  result,  it 
 °30 
 
 is  thought,  of  his  argument,  the  Virginia  Legislature 
 entered,  April  15th,  1699,  the  Act  of  Toleration  on 
 their  Statute-book. 
 
 Mr.  Makemie  died  at  his  residence  in  Virginia,  in 
 the  Summer  of  1708,  leaving  a  widow  and  two 
 daughters.  He  made  liberal  bequests  to  charitable 
 objects,  and  <listributed  his  valuable  library  among 
 his  lamily  and  two  or  three  other  friends.  An 
 original  portrait  of  him  was  destroyed  in  the  biu-ning 
 of  the  house  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Balch,  of  Georgetown, 
 D.  C.  His  influence  in  the  region  in  which  he 
 chiefly  exercised  his  ministry  was  extensive  and 
 powerful.  Dr.  Miller,  upon  the  authority  of  some 
 venerable  men  of  the  generation  immediately  suc- 
 ceeding him.  sijeaks  of  him  as  a  man  of  eminent  piety 
 and  strong  intellectual  powers,  adding  to  force  of 
 talentsa  fascinatingaddress,  and  being  conspicuous  for 
 his  natural  endowments  and  his  dignity  and  faithful- 
 ness its  a  minister  of  the  gospel.  What  gives  him 
 his  grand  distinction  is,  that  he  is  generally  regarded 
 as  the  first  regular  and  thorough  Presbyterian  in  this 
 country,  and  the  father  of  the  American  Presbyterian 
 Church.     {See  Dniton,  Bev.  Eifhard.) 
 
 The  following  extract  from  an  article  by  the  Rev. 
 Robert  H.  Williams,  of  Annapolis,  Md.,  in  a  recent 
 number  of  the  Presbyterian,  is  of  interest  in  this  con- 
 nection : — 
 
 "  The  discussion  carried  on  for  some  weeks  in  our  Baltimore  pa- 
 per, as  to  which  is  the  oldest  Presbyterian  church  in  the  land,  has 
 brought  out  a  good  deal  of  interesting  material  for  a  future  history 
 of  the  Denomination.  It  is  wonderful  what  a  number  of  facts  about 
 old  churches  can  he  gathered  when  the  men  in  these  old  churches 
 set  to  work  to  obtain  them. 
 
 •■  We  ha-re  always  supposed  that  the  churches  on  the  Eastern  Shore 
 of  Maryland  were  the  oldest  in  the  land.  Then,  looking  carefully 
 into  the  history  of  Presbyterianism  on  the  Western  Shore  of  Mary- 
 land, we  found  that  .\nuap0li3  could  claim  an  earlier  date  for  her 
 Presbyterianism,  and  that  from  the  capital  of  the  State  of  Jlarylaml 
 the  ancient  people  drifted  to  the  Patapsco  river,  and  founded  the 
 church  now  known  a*  Mt.  Paran.  as  early  as  1715,  and  probably  to 
 Deer  Creek,  and  founded  the  Churchville  Church,  aa  early  as  17:i'J. 
 
 "  Now  it  is  claimed  that  the  church  at  New  Castle,  Del.,  is  nearly  as 
 old,  and  that  churches  at  Hempstead,  L.  I. .and  Windsor,  Conn., are 
 older.  Instead  of  being  two  hundred  years  old,  Presbyterianism  in 
 this  country  is  more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  old." 
 
 MaUn,  David,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
 Pa.,  January  ilst,  1805.  He  graduated  at  Hamilton 
 College,  N.  Y..  in  1833;  for  a  time  teacher  in  Auburn 
 Seminary;  studied  theology  at  Princeton,  and  was 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Cayuga,  April  25th, 
 1838.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Genoa,  N.  Y., 
 1838-4-2;  District  Secretary  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M., 
 1842-57;  Associate  Secretary  of  the  American  Tract 
 Society,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1857-9;  Principal  of  a 
 Classical  School,  Philadelphia,  1859-62;  in  the  ser- 
 vice of  the  U.  S.  Sub-Trea.sury,  New  York  city, 
 1865-68;  and  pastor  of  the  Fifteenth  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Philadelphia,  Pa..  1870-73.  Dr.  Malin  stUl 
 resides  in  Philadelphia,  without  any  pastoral  charge, 
 but  frequently  called  to  as.sist  his  brethren,  and  oc- 
 cupy vacant  pulpits.  He  is  a  gentleman  of  good 
 scholarly  attainments,  of  pleasing  address,  aninsti-uct- 
 
MALTBY. 
 
 466 
 
 MAN. 
 
 ive  jn-eacher,  and  an  able  debater.  He  is  an  active 
 and  useful  member  of  the  Presbytery  of  Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 Maltby,  Rev.  John,  graduated  at  Yale  in  1747, 
 and  was  a  Tutor  in  Xassau  Hall  from  174!)  to  1752. 
 Probably  he  studied  theology  ivith  JMr.  Bmr.  He 
 was  ordained  by  Xew  York  Presbytery  in  1753  or 
 1754,  and  was  for  a  number  of  years  the  much-loved 
 pastor  of  the  Church  on  the  Island  of  Bermuda.  lo 
 1770  Sir.  Maltby  wa-s  dismissed  to  South  Carolina 
 Presbytery,  and  is  .said  to  have  laboi-ed  in  Charleston, 
 but.  his  health  failing,  he  removed  to  Hanover,  New 
 Hampshire,  and  died  there,  in  1771. 
 
 Man.  Wlien  God  originallj"  formed  man,  it  was 
 after  his  own  image  and  in  his  likeness  (Gen.  i,  26, 
 27;  V,  1)  ;  bodily  shape  being  not  thereby  intended, 
 but  moral  qualification.  A  very  excellent  creature 
 was  man  ;  invested  witli  extensive  domiuion,  placed 
 in  a  fitting  habitation,  and  supplied  with  .sources 
 of  enjoyment  which,  had  he  kept  the  law  of  his 
 being,  would  have  ensured  his  happiness  (i,  28  ;  ii,  8). 
 Doubtless  there  would  have  been  intimate  union 
 between  him  and  his  Creator.  He  was  not  at  once 
 complete  in  knowledge,  and  he  woirld  have  learned 
 more  and  more  of  Him  whom  to  know  is  life 
 eternal,  whose  works  and  providence  would  have 
 sufficiently  illustrated  his  great  character.  And  this 
 advaueement,  aud  the  obedience  he  rendered,  would 
 have  been  delightful.  Whether  this  earth  would 
 have  been  always  man's  habitation,  or  whether  he 
 would  have  been  removed,  prepared  by  his  residence 
 and  behavior  here,  to  a  higher  sijhere,  we  cannot  tell. 
 His  condition  had  a  .short  and  sad  termination  ;  he 
 transgressed  God's  command;  and  suffering  and 
 death  were  the  consequence  of  sin.  "  God  made  man 
 upright;  but  they  have  sought  out  many  inventions" 
 (Eccles.  ■s'ii,  29).  Into  the  theological  questions  of 
 the  fall  of  man,  and  the  means  of  recovery  mercifully 
 provided  by  Jesus  Christ,  it  is  not  intended  to  enter 
 here.  But  there  are  matters  which  have  called  forth 
 much  discussion — the  antiquity  of  man  upon  the 
 earth,  aud  the  problem  whether  the  nations  have  all 
 descended  from  a  single  pair,  of  which  something 
 must  be  said.  It  ciin  be  but  brief;  the  full  discussion 
 would  demand  a  volume. 
 
 According  to  the  systems  of  chronologv'  generally 
 adopted,  even  in  their  more  lengthened  form,  the  crea- 
 tion of  man  was  not,  by  the  Jlosaic  account,  more  than 
 six  or  seven  thousand  years  ago.  But  this  period,  it  is 
 alleged,  is  not  long  enough  to  explain  the  phenomena 
 of  the  present  state  of  the  world,  more  especially  if 
 we  are  to  imagine  mankind  sprung  from  one  pair. 
 The  differences  of  type  between  different  races  must 
 have  required  immense  duration  to  establish  them 
 as  we  see  them  estabU.shed  ;  and  we  find  them  on 
 ancient  monuments  two  or  three  thousand  years  old 
 depicted  pretty  nearly  as  they  now  are.  Again,  the 
 languages  in  use,  which  can  be  traced  up  to  very  few, 
 possibly  even  to  one,  could  not,  it  is  s;ud,  have  reached 
 
 their  present  divergence,  except  in  the  cour.se  of  al- 
 most innumerable  ages.  Moreover,  relics  have  been 
 found,  implements,  the  work  of  men's  hands,  and 
 human  bones,  in  localities  and  emljcdded  in  strata 
 where  tliey  must  have  lain  from  a  date  long  prior  to 
 that  to  which  our  chronology  reaches.  Startling  con- 
 clusions have  hence  been  drawn  ;  the  more  so  because 
 some  investigators  have  left  the  Bible  testimony  en- 
 tirely out  of  their  calculation ;  they  have  reasoned 
 on  the  i)rinciples  and  from  the  data  above  referred  to, 
 and  have  not  confronted  these  witli  the  sacred  record — 
 a  proceeding  about  as  .sensible  as  if,  in  a  judicial  en- 
 quiry, probabilities  alone  were  weighed  and  obscure 
 hints  relied  on,  whilst  living  evidence,  with  much  to 
 say  for  illustration,  was  not  even  allowed  to  speak. 
 There  are  others.  Indeed,  who  have  acted  in  a  more 
 becoming  manner  ;  and  'some  of  these,  interpreting 
 Scriptm-e  passages  ditl'erently  from  the  ordinarily- 
 received  mode  of  exposition,  declare  that  the  vast 
 antiquity  of  man  and  the  distinct  varieties  of  human 
 species  are  not,  in  their  view,  opposed  to  the  great 
 doctrines  of  Revelation. 
 
 Now,  it  miLst  be  observed,  first  of  all,  that  differ- 
 ences of  type  ai-e  assumed  to  proceed  at  the  same  rate 
 through  the  long  chapter  of  the  world's  history. 
 Laying  out  of  sight  for  a  moment  the  Scripture  nar- 
 rative of  the  three  branches  into  which  mankind  were 
 divided  after  the  flood,  dift'erent  regions  being,  in 
 God's  provideilce,  assigned  for  their  habitations,  and 
 also  the  presumable  conclusion  that  he  would  speedily 
 fit  each  for  its  respective  condition  of  life,  we  may 
 well  ask  whether  all  analogy  is  not  against  a  uniform 
 rate  of  change.  Take  man,  take  auimals  generally, 
 in  their  ordinary  life.  How  rapid  and  strange  are 
 the  changes  and  developments  of  infancy  and  youth; 
 how  slow  the  alteration  in  maturer  years.  Subject 
 an  indi\'idual  to  the  influence  of  a  strange  climate; 
 its  effects  are  considerable  at  first;  but  let  him  live 
 tliTough  these;  let  his  body  be  brought,  so  to  .speak, 
 into  union  with  what  surrounds  him;  let  him  become 
 acclimatized — and  how  trifling  in  effect  comes  to  be 
 the  previously-disturbing  influence,  even  through 
 long  years.  The  vegetable  world  will  furnish  other 
 illustrations.  Under  the  guiding  hand  of  the  hus- 
 bandman changes  are  readily  produced  which  the 
 unassisted  powers  of  nature,  to  adopt  common 
 phraseology,  would  perhaps  never  accomplish. 
 Are  we  to  deny,  then,  that  the  finger  of  God  is 
 at  all  upon  his  works  ?  It  is  as  unphilosophical  as 
 it  is  dangerous,  to  reason  from  progress  under  con- 
 ditions which  we  can  understand  to  progress  under 
 conditions  of  which  we  know  literally  nothing.  And 
 well  might  the  Creator  ask  such  a  reasoner.  as  he  did 
 the  less  presumptuous  Job,  when  puzzled  only  about 
 the  anomalies  of  Providence,  "  AYhere  wast  thou  when 
 I  laid  the  foundations  of  the  earth?  declare,  if  thou 
 hast  understanding  ....  have  the  gates  of  death 
 been  opened  unto  thee?  or  ha.st  thou  seen  the  doors 
 of  the  shadow  of  death?"  (Job  xxxviii,  4,  17).     The 
 
MAN. 
 
 467 
 
 MAN. 
 
 influeuces  of  climate,  soil  and  temperature,  taken  in 
 connection  with  the  reasonuhly  greater  effects  they 
 ■would  produce  when  the  tribes  of  the  earth  were 
 only  t;iking  those  positions  which,  with  comparatively 
 little  change,  they  have  now  occupied  for  many  centu- 
 ries, are  not  insufficient  to  account  for  the  divergence 
 we  now  witness.  This  is  corroborated  by  the  contrasts 
 often  now  seen  in  the  same  family. 
 
 The  argument  from  the  variety  of  languages  is  not 
 much  more  forcible.  Languages  are  now  in  a  state 
 of  flux,  of  rapid  flux.  And  yet  in  the  civilized  parts 
 of  the  world,  where  there  is  a  standard  literature, 
 change  seems  almost  precluded.  If,  for  example,  our 
 own  tongue  has  so  altered  that  the  English  of  four 
 hundred  years  ago  is  now  well-nigh  unintelligible, 
 with  how  much  greater  ease,  with  what  accelerated 
 swiftness,  must  an  un^vritten  tongue,  floating  in  the 
 rude  conversation  of  wild  tribes,  be  modified,  enlarged, 
 contracted,  give  birth  to  fresh  and  strange  dialects. 
 Moilern  examples  are  not  wanting  to  illustrate  this. 
 In  Burmali,  it  is  said,  people  that  have  migrated  to  a 
 distance  have  lost  their  own  language  in  two  or  three 
 generations.  And  we  are  assured  that  a  dictionary 
 of  a  Central  American  tongue,  carefullj'  compiled, 
 became  nearly  useless  in  ten  years.  In  the  face  of 
 such  facts,  who  can  reason  from  the  variations  of 
 language  to  the  vast  antiquity  of  man,  more  especially 
 when  the  finger  of  God  was,  as  the  sacred  testimony 
 assures  us,  in  this  matter  also  put  forth ;  He  who  made 
 man's  mouth,  for  aderiuate  Ciiuse  disposing  that  mouth 
 rapidly  to  modify  its  utterance,  changing,  very  pos- 
 sibly, not  merely  the  words  and  syllables,  but  the 
 very  type  of  language  itself? 
 
 The  argument  taken  Irom  the  discovery  of  imple- 
 ments or  human  remains  in  positions  which  seem  to 
 indiciite  an  immense  antiquity,  is  at  first  sight  very 
 formidable.  But  there  are  many  considerations  which 
 show  that  it  is  neces.sary  to  receive  conclusions  de- 
 duced from  such  discoveries  with  extreme  caution. 
 For  instance:  something  has  been  found  deeply  im- 
 bedded in  alluvial  soil,  the  accretion  of  which  is 
 proved  to  be  now  advancing  at  a  certain  rate.  Con- 
 sidering the  rate  as  uniform,  it  is  calculated  that  so 
 many  thousand  years  must  have  elajised  since  the 
 deposits  began  to  form  over  the  substance  in  ques- 
 tion. But  who  is  to  assure  us  that  this  rate  is  uni- 
 form ?  And  c;ises  have  occurred  in  which  the  antiquitj- 
 claimed  has  been  clearly  demonstrated  to  be  errone- 
 ous. Thus,  some  pottery  in  the  Nile  deposits  was  at 
 first  imagined  by  the  explorers  to  be  13,000  years 
 old;  it  has  since  been  proved  of  modern  date.  The 
 bones,  again,  of  extinct  animals,  have  been  found  in 
 connection  with  the  traces  of  men;  it  is  assumed  that 
 men  must  have  existed  at  an  earlier  date,  to  be  con- 
 temporaneous with  the  animals.  But  why  should 
 not  the  conclusion  rather  be  that  the  animals  existed 
 ,  at  a  later  era,  to  be  contemporaneous  with  men  ?  And, 
 after  all,  does  the  juxtaposition  prove  that  the  men 
 and  the  animals  were  contemporaneous  ?     Dr.  Duns 
 
 pertinently  observes  that,  '  where  traces  of  man  are 
 met  with,  many  of  the  bones  are  broken.  The  use 
 of  bones  in  the  chase,  and  in  the  manufacture  of 
 flint  implements,  is  illustrated  by  the  habits  of  some 
 of  the  Esquimaux  tribes,  even  in  our  day.  Sir  Ed- 
 ward Belcher  informs  us  that  they  use  pieces  of  horn 
 in  the  preparation  of  their  flint  weapons.  Is  it  not  in 
 the  highest  degree  probable  that  these  bones  of  huge 
 mammals  would  be  eagerly  sought  for  by  the  tribes 
 who  have  left  traces  of  their  presence  in  giavel  heaps 
 and  in  caves  ?  Instead,  then,  of  holding  that  the 
 animals  lived  at  the  same  time  as  the  men,  it  would 
 be  much  more  in  keeping  with  the  facts  before  us  to 
 hold  that  tlie  men  had  found  these  bones  and  had 
 taken  them  to  the  places  to  which  they  resorted. 
 Other  remains  which  are  supposed  to  testify  to  the 
 great  antiquity  of  man  furnish  but  the  same  uncer- 
 tain kinds  of  proof.  When  stone  implements  are 
 found,  it  is  concluded  that  they  were  used  by  races 
 more  ancient  than  those  who  had  metallic  imple- 
 ments. But  we  know  that  mefcillic  and  flint  xitensils 
 have  been  used  together.  Certainly  the  children  of 
 Israel  in  the  mlderness  were  acquainted  with  metals; 
 and  yet  their  knives  for  the  solemn  circumcLsion, 
 when  they  had  crossed  the  Jordan,  were  of  flint  (Josh. 
 V,  2).  The  conclusions  deduced,  then,  are  conjectu- 
 ral; and  it  is  observable,  as  a  proof  of  uncertainty 
 in  the  e\-id(n(e  relied  on,  that  different  philosophers 
 compute  differently  from  the  same  premises;  nay, 
 that  the  same  philosophers  draw  at  different  times 
 different  conclusions  from  the  .same  data. 
 
 In  opposition  to  arguments  such  as  those  which 
 have  been  noticed,  we  have,  besides  the  Scripture 
 record,  to  place  the  fact  that  history  ascends  but 
 a  very  few  thousand  years.  Some  nations,  indeed, 
 claim  a  vast  antiquity;  but  when  their  annals  are 
 sifted,  the  result  is — and  it  is  very  remarkable  that 
 in  different  lands  and  among  different  nations  there 
 should  be  such  agreement — that  their  chronicles  and 
 traditions  begin  at  a  period  not  greater  than  four  or 
 five  thousand  years  ago  !  It  is  not  likely  that  men 
 existed  for  fifteen  or  twenty  thousand  years,  leaving 
 no  trace  but  a  few  bones  or  some  weapons,  and  that 
 then  they  made  a  sudden  start,  and  filled  the  earth  with 
 monuments  of  their  intelligence  and  histories  of  their 
 deeds,  to  which  we  can  with  confidence  ascend,  while 
 all  beyond  is  but  the  blackness  of  darkness,  which 
 may  be  felt.  ' '  ^VTien  we  are  asked, ' '  says  Mr.  Birks, 
 "  in  the  total  absence  of  all  historical  evidence,  in 
 direct  opposition  to  the  teaching  of  the  Scriptures, 
 and  on  the  strength  of  conjectures  on  the  date  of  two 
 or  three  skulls,  or  some  hundreds  of  rudely-shaped 
 flint-heads  in  the  valley  of  the  Somme,  to  add  ten  or 
 twenty  thousand  years  to  these  ages  of  moral  gloom 
 and  darkness,  our  heart  and  understanding,  if  not 
 perverted  and  ossified  Ijy  false  science,  recoil  instinct- 
 ively  from  the  monstrous  demand The 
 
 license  is  still   bolder  and  more  intolerable,   when 
 two  or  three  skulls  and  skeletons,  and  some  scores  of 
 
MAX. 
 
 468 
 
 .VAXGASARIAX. 
 
 rude  implemeuts,  Ibuiid  iu  districts  still  uncivilized 
 only  two  thousand  years  ago,  iDecome  the  pretext  for 
 interpolating  the  world's  history  with  three  or  four 
 hundred  generations  of  utter  barbarism  and  heathen- 
 ish darkness,  of  -which  all  trace  and  memory  has 
 long  since  passed  away.  Such  speculators  degrade 
 the  course  of  Providence  into  a  moral  chaos,  deeper 
 and  more  melancholy  than  the  natural  confusion  out 
 of  which  the  present  world  arose. 
 
 There  is  another  branch  of  entjuiry  which  comes, 
 if  some  modern  theories  be  adopted,  into  more  direct 
 collision  with  what  inspired  men  have  told  us.  The 
 plain  teaching  of  the  Scripture  is  thut  our  race,  now 
 so  multitudinous,  sprung  from  a  single  pair;  that 
 there  is,  therefore,  a  bond  of  brotherhood  between  all 
 nations;  that,  in  consequence  of  the  transgression  of 
 the  original  parents,  all  have  shared  the  same  degra- 
 dation, and  can  obtain  recovery  only  through  the  me- 
 diation of  that  divine  Person  who,  takiug  flesh,  allied 
 Himself  to  the  whole  human  race,  and  became 
 thereby  a  fit  and  adequate  Jlediator  between  God  and 
 man  (Acts  xvii,  26;  Eom.  v,  12-19). 
 
 Now  it  has  been  maintained  that  men  vary  so 
 much  in  habit,  constitution,  intellectual  power,  color, 
 bodily  conformation,  that  they  cannot  have  all  de- 
 scended from  the  same  parents.  But  there  are,  cer- 
 tainly, very  plain  and  weighty  rea.sons  for  the  descent 
 of  all  men  from  the  same  stock,  which  have  been 
 summed  up  by  Dr.  Dana.  "  The  oneness  of  species 
 is  sustained  by  the  following  considerations :  1.  The 
 fact  of  an  essential  identity  among  men  of  all  races 
 in  physical  and  mental  characteristics.  2.  The  caj)a- 
 bility  of  an  iutermixture  of  races  with  continued 
 fertile  progen.y.  The  inferior  race,  in  case  of  mixture 
 ■with  a  superior,  may  dwindle,  the  people  becoming, 
 from  their  position,  discouraged,  debased,  and  in  their 
 poverty  and  superstition  an  easy  prey  to  disease;  and 
 it  may  possibly  die  out,  as  the  weaker  weeds  disap- 
 pear among  the  strong-growing  grass ;  such  decay  is 
 hence  no  e%'ideuce  that  there  is  a  natural  limit  to  the 
 fertility  of  "  mixed  breeds, "  as  some  have  urged.  3.  ' 
 Among  mammals  the  higher  genera  have  few  species,  i 
 and  the  highest  group  next  to  man,  that  of  the  , 
 ourang-outang,  contains  only  eight;  and  these  eight  | 
 belong  to  two  genera — five  of  them  to  the  genus  Pithe- 
 cii.s  of  the  East  Indies,  and  three  to  the  higher  genus 
 Trofjlodyies  of  Africa.  Analogy  requires  that  man 
 should  here  have  pre-eminence.  If  more  than  one 
 species  be  admitted,  there  is  scarcely  a  limit  to  the 
 number  that  may  be  made." 
 
 The  capability  of  man  to  spread  himself  and  live  in 
 all  the  regions  of  the  earth  is  very  noteworthy. 
 Some  have  been  disposed  to  doubt  the  fact,  and  to 
 imagine  that  men  of  one  clime  could  not  permanently 
 establish  themselves  in  another.  There  is  a  complete 
 answer  to  this.  The  Jewish  race,  a  standing  illustra- 
 tion of  the  truth  of  prophecy,  are  a  standing  proof 
 also  of  the  capability  mentioned.  Demonstrably,  of 
 old  .seated  in  one  extremity  of  Asia,  they  are  now: 
 
 spread  over  every  continent,   accustomed   to   every 
 climate,  suited  to  every  varying  mode  of  life. 
 
 The  reader  must  be  reminded  that  philosophical 
 theories  are  frequently  changing.  Let  him  never  be 
 allured  by  any  of  them,  however  specious,  to  doubt 
 the  Bible  revelation.  That  stands  upon  proof  so 
 large  and  satisfactory  that  we  may  well  be  sure  that, 
 even  if  discoveries  we  cannot  at  present  comprehend 
 are  made,  they  will  ultimately  be  found  not  dis- 
 cordant with  God's  voice  in  His  Word.  The  humble 
 student  of  that  'Word  will  wait  for  I'uller  light,  in 
 patience  and  in  faith. 
 
 It  was  a  crowning  work  when  man  proceeded  from 
 the  creative  hand.  "Jlan,'  says  Dr.  Dana,  "was 
 the  first  being  that  was  not  finished  on  reaching  adult 
 growth,  but  was  pro\'ided  w  ith  powers  for  indefinite 
 expansion,  a  will  for  a  life  of  work,  and  boundless 
 .aspirations  to  lead  to  endless  improvement.  He  was 
 the  first  being  capable  of  an  intelligent  survey  of 
 nature  and  comprehension  of  her  laws;  the  first 
 capable  of  augmenting  his  strength  by  bending 
 nature  to  his  service,  rendering  thereby  a  weak  body 
 stronger  than  all  possible  animal  force;  the  first 
 capable  of  deri\ing  happiness  from  beauty,  truth  and 
 goodness,  of  apprehending  eternal  right,  of  looking 
 from  the  finite  toward  the  infinite,  and  communing 
 with  God,  his  !Maker.  Made  in  the  image  of  God, 
 surely  he  is  immeasurably  beyond  the  brute.  . 
 The  supremacyx)f  the  animal  in  nature,  which  had 
 continued  until  now,  here  yields,  therefore,  to  the 
 supremacj'  of  the  spiritual.  .  .  .  And  the  earth 
 subserves  her  chief  purpose  iu  nurturing  this  new 
 creation  for  a  still  more  exalted  stage,  that  of  spiritual 
 existence." 
 
 It  is  rev<?lation  which  discloses  the  last  noble 
 destiny  of  men.  Redeemed  from  the  degradation  of 
 the  fall  by  the  condescension  of  the  Son  of  God,  they 
 shall  partake  His  glory.  The  mind  cannot  now, 
 indeed,  conceive  its  splendor,  nor  can  human  tongue 
 adventure  to  describe  it.  Even  inspiration  falters 
 here.  "It  doth  not  yet  appear  what  we  shall  be ;  but 
 we  know  that  when  He  shall  appear,  we  shall  be 
 like  Him;  for  we  shall  see  Him  as  He  is"  (1  John 
 iii,  2).  How  fatal  the  ruin  of  those  who  miss,  by 
 unbelief  and  sin,  this  excellent  consummation. 
 
 Mangasarian,  Rev.  Mangasar  M.,  was  born 
 December  2sth,  1-».">S,  at  Mashgerd,  on  the  River 
 Euphrates,  in  Asia  Minor.  He  entered  college  in 
 1871,  and  graduated  in  187G  (Robert  College,  Con- 
 .stantinople).  He  began  the  study  of  theology  at 
 Maisooran,  Turkey,  and  tompleted  his  studies  at  the 
 Theological  Seminary  in  Princeton,  N.  J.,  1882. 
 The  same  year  he  was  called  to  the  Spring  Garden 
 Presbyterian  Church,  I'hiladelphia.  Jlr.  Manga- 
 sarian is  a  very  impressive  speaker.  His  Eastern 
 imagery,  added  to  his  rich,  distinct  voice,  and  great 
 fervor  in  delivery,  class  him  among  the  successful 
 ministers  of  Philadelphia.  His  sermons  are  carefully 
 written,  and  his  wonderful  memory  enables  him  to 
 
MARCH. 
 
 469 
 
 MARQUIS. 
 
 dispense  -n-ith  using  his  notes.  His  manner  of  treat- 
 ing some  of  his  subjects  is  ijuite  original;  his  words 
 are  full  of  the  gospel;  his  themes  are  Christ  and  His 
 cross;  and  the  desire  of  his  heart  is  that  sinners 
 should  he  converted.  His  familiarity  with  the  man- 
 ners and  customs  of  gosi>el  lands,  together  with  his 
 earnest,  sincere  manner,  make  him  a  pastor  beloved — 
 one  who  has  been  instrumental  in  bringing  great  pros- 
 perity to  the  church  of  which  he  has  charge.  The 
 first  year  of  his  miuLstrj'  in  this  church  was  blessed 
 by  over  one  hundred  additions  to  its  membership, 
 mostly  by  profession  of  faith. 
 
 March,  Francis  Andrew,  LL.D.,  eldest  child 
 of  Andrew  and  Nancy  Parker  Starch,  was  born  in 
 Jlillbury,  JIass.,  October  2oth,  1S2.5.  He  graduated 
 at  Amherst  College,  in  1845,  with  the  highest  honors. 
 After  practicing  law  for  a  short  time  he  taught  three 
 years  (1852-55),  in  Fredericksburg,  Va. ;  went  to 
 Easton,  Pa.,  as  tutor  in  Lafaj'ctte  College,  in  1855; 
 was  appointed  Adjunct  Professor  of  English  Litera- 
 ture, in  18.3(5;  and  Proles.sor  of  the  English  I^anguage 
 and  Comparative  Philology  in  18.58.  This  professor- 
 ship he  still  holds. 
 
 Prof.  March  published  a  "Method  of  Philological 
 St  udy  of  the  English  Language, ' '  1865 ;  "  A  Parser  and 
 Analyzer,  for  beginners,  with  diagrams  and  suggestive 
 pictures,"'  1869;  '"A  Comparative  Grammar  of  the 
 Anglo-Saxon  Language,  in  which  its  forms  are  illus- 
 trated by  those  of  the  Sanskrit,  Greek,  Latin,  Gothic, 
 Old  Saxon,  Old  Friesic,  Old  Xorse,  and  Old  High 
 German,"  1870;  and  "An  Anglo-Saxon  Header,  with 
 philological  notes,  vocabulary  and  a  brief  grammar," 
 1870.  He  has  also  contributed  a  great  number  of 
 philological  articles  to  the  leading  Reviews  in 
 America,  and  to  the  Jnhrbueh  fur  Rom.  tind  EiKjlische 
 Lileratin;  Berlin,  IS.jO,  1860,  1861.  Two  articles  from 
 his  pen,  on  Sir  William  Hamilton,  in  the  Princeton 
 Reriew,  were  thought  to  contain  the  first  elaborate 
 exposition  of  the  difficulties  in  applying  Hamilton's 
 ■\iews  to  the  facts  of  Perception,  and  attracted  appre- 
 ciative attention  and  notice  from  eminent  scholars, 
 at  home  and  abroad. 
 
 Markoe,  Francis,  from  the  Island  of  Santa 
 Cruz,  graduated  at  Princeton  CVjUege  in  1791.  His 
 ancestors  were  of  Huguenot  descent,  and  of  high 
 rank,  the  Duke  of  Sully  being  among  them.  After 
 .some  time  spent  on  his  native  island,  where  he  was, 
 by  a  remarkable  providence,  converted  to  God,  he 
 settled  in  Philadelphia  about  the  beginning  of  the 
 centuiy,  and  entered  into  mercantile  life.  Here  he 
 was  abundant  in  labor,  especially  in  the  instruction 
 of  the  ignorant,  in  which  was  his  great  delight. 
 Removing  from  Philadelphia  to  Xew  York,  he  be- 
 came an  elder  in  the  Jlercer  Street  Presbyterian 
 Church,  of  which  Dr.  Skinner  was  pastor,  and  his 
 Christian  character  shone  forth  pre-eminently.  Dr. 
 Skinner  wrote  of  him  :  "Among  contemporary Chris- 
 '  tians,  so  far  as  my  acquaintance  has  extended,  as 
 complete  and  perfect  pattern  of  holiness  as  he  was 
 
 I  have  not  seen,  nor  have  I  heard  or  read  of  mauj' 
 among  .saints  of  former  times  that  seem  to  have  more 
 adorned,  in  all  things,  the  doctrine  of  Christ."  Mr. 
 5Iarkoe  died  in  triumph,  in  New  York,  Februaiy  16th, 
 1848. 
 
 Marks,  Lafayette,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Hancock 
 county,  "West  Virginia.  His  academic  education  he 
 received  at  "Wellsville,  Ohio,  aiul  Hookstown,  Pa. 
 Two  j'ears  he  spent  at  Jefierson  College,  Canonsburg, 
 Pa. ,  aud  then  went  to  Franklin  College,  New  Athens, 
 Ohio,  where  he  graduated  in  1856.  His  theological 
 studies  he  pursued  at  the  United  Presbyterian  Semin- 
 ary, in  Allegheny  City.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Jlonongahela,  in  1859,  and  or- 
 dained and  installed  pastor  over  the  United  Presby- 
 terian congregation  of  Union,  near  Pittsburg,  in  1860, 
 where  he  remained  for  seven  years.  He  then  re- 
 signed, and  was  shortly  after  called  to  take  charge  of 
 the  North  United  Presbyterian  Church,  in  Philadel- 
 phia, where  he  remained  till  called,  in  the  Fall  of 
 1868,  to  Hanover  Street  Church,  in  "Wilmington,  Del., 
 of  which  he  is  still  pastor.  A  few  years  since,  he 
 received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  his  Alma  3Iater.  Dr. 
 JIarks  is  yet  in  his  prime,  a  sound  theologian,  an 
 earnest  and  forcible  preacher,  and  a  faithful  pa.stor. 
 
 Marquis,  Rev.  James  E.,  the  son  of  "William 
 and  Sarah  Marquis,  was  born  near  Cross  Creek, 
 "Washington  county,  Pa.,  November  20th,  1815.  He 
 was  educated  in  Jefferson  College;  studied  theology 
 in  the  "Western  Seminary,  Allegheny;  was  licensed 
 by  Washington  Presbytery  in  1844,  and  ordained  by 
 Sidney  Presbytery  in  1848.  During  the  first  ten 
 years  of  his  ministry  he  labored  in  the  churches  of 
 Kenton,  JIansfield,  Shelby,  and  Ontario,  Ohio.  In 
 1858  he  removed  to  Bloomington,  111.,  and  labored 
 one  year  a.s  a  Presbyterial  Missionary  for  the  Presby- 
 teries of  Peoria  and  Bloomington.  At  the  close  of 
 this  engagement  lie  accepted  the  united  charge  of 
 the  churches  of  Salem,  Brunswick,  and  Elmwood, 
 which  he  retained  until  his  decease,  February  22d, 
 1863.  He  was  a  faithful  and  useful  man.  His  preach- 
 ing was  ever  characterized  by  love  and  deep  earnest- 
 ness. As  a  pastor  his  highest  aim  was  to  follow  in 
 the  footsteps  of  his  Divine  Ma.ster. 
 
 Marquis,  Rev.  Thomas,  was  born  in  Opequou, 
 near  Winchester,  Va. ;  received  his  classical  educa- 
 tion at  Canonsburg  Academy;  studied  theology  with 
 Dr.  McMillan,  and  was  licen.sed  to  preach  the  gospel 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Redstone,  April  19th,  1793.  On 
 April  23d,  1794,  he  was  installed,  by  the  Presbji:ery 
 of  Ohio,  pastor  of  the  congregation  of  Cro.ss  Creek.  In 
 addition  to  his  labors  at  Cross  Creek,  he  acted  as  a 
 stated  supply  one-half  of  the  time  at  ITpper  Buffalo, 
 until  that  church  called  the  Rev.  John  Anderson  to 
 be  their  pastor,  when  his  connection  with  it  ceased. 
 He  continued,  however,  in  the  charge  of  the  Church 
 of  Cross  Creek,  until  October  3d,  1826,  which,  from 
 the  time  of  his  settlement  as  their  pastor,  included  a 
 period  of  thirty-two  years.     Several  precious  revivals 
 
MARE. 
 
 470 
 
 3TARSHALL. 
 
 occurred  during  his  ministry,  and  upwards  of  four 
 hundred  persons  were  added  to  the  Church. 
 
 Mr.  Marquis  died  peacefully  and  triumphantly,  on 
 September  27th,  18:37.  He  was  upwards  of  .seventy 
 years  of  age.  All  who  knew  hini  speak  of  hini  as  an 
 eloquent  and  imi>ressive  preacher.  The  tones  of  his 
 voice  were  exceedingly  musical.  Hence  he  was  oi'teu 
 called  "the  silver-tongued  .Marquis."  In  .the  judi- 
 catories of  the  Church  he  was  esteemed  a  wise  and 
 judicious  counsellor.  Hence,  when,  in  1804,  the 
 (jencral  Assembly  determined  to  appoint  a  committee 
 to  visit  the  Synod  of  Kentucky,  and  endeavor  to  heal 
 the  disorders  which  had  taken  jjlace  within  the 
 hounds  of  that  Synod,  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  num- 
 ber for  that  purpose.  The  A.ssembly,  in  1805,  com- 
 mended the  committee  for  the  diligence,  prudence, 
 zeal,  and  fidelity  with  which  they  apjieared  to  have 
 executed  their  commission. 
 
 Marr,  Rev.  James  Hervey,  was  born  at  Lewis- 
 burg,  Pa. ;  graduated  at  the  College  of  Xew  Jersey 
 in  1862,  and  pursued  his  theological  studies  at  Prince- 
 ton. He  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  San  Francisco,  March  21.st,  1868.  He  has 
 been  stated  supply,  Baltimore,  Md.,  1865;  Clearfield 
 and  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  1865-6;  La  Crescent,  Hokah 
 and  Browns%dlle,  Minn.,  1866;  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
 1867-9;  East  Orange,  N.  J.,  1870-78,  and  is  at  present 
 pastor  of  the  Cumberland  Street  Presbj'teriau  Church, 
 Philadelphia,  a  new  enterprise,  which  he  is  laboring 
 diligently  to  promote  and  strengthen. 
 
 Marr,  Rev.  Joseph,  son  of  William  and  Mary 
 (Barber)  Jlarr,  was  born  at  Milton,  Pa.,  March  14th, 
 1806;  spent  two  years  at  Jefferson  College;  studied 
 theology  at  Princeton  Seminary,  and  under  the  Eev. 
 Thomas  Hood,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Northumberland,  April  15th,  1834.  Mr.  Marr's 
 successive  fields  of  labor  were  as  follows:  From 
 1834-38  he  labored  as  an  evangelist  at  Williamsport 
 and  its  vicinity,  in  Northumberland  Presbytery;  from 
 1838-40  was  stated  supply  at  Buffalo,  Pa. ;  from 
 1840-42  was  a  domestic  missionary  in  Northumber- 
 land Presbytery,  the  next  ten  yeai-s,  1842-52,  were 
 spent  in  successful  labors  in  Canada  "West,  where  he 
 built  up  several  feeble  churches,  and  performed  a 
 large  amount  of  useful  missionary  service ;  the  years 
 1852-58  were  spent  at  Milton,  Pa.,  where  he  and  his 
 ^vife  conducted  a  female  seminary,  he  also  serving,  as 
 stated  supply,  tlie  Church  at  Berwick,  Pa.,  1852-54, 
 the  remainder  of  the  time  being  in  ill  health.  He 
 then  removed  to  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  where  he  had  charge 
 of  a  classical  .sdiool  1858-60;  the  years  1860-75  were 
 mainly  spent  in  Missouri,  at  Carondelet,  1861-70, 
 St.  Louis,  1870-72,  and  Kansas  City,  1872-75,  much 
 of  the  time  in  feeble  health.  In  the  latter  year 
 he  retm-ned  to  Pennsylvania,  statedly  supplied  the 
 churches  of  Williamsport  and  Clear  Spring,  Md.,  for 
 one  year  and  thenceforth  resided  at  Harrisburg,  Pa., 
 until  his  death,  June  27th,  1881.  He  was  a  nuvn  of 
 devoted  piety,  an  earnest  workman,  of  great  gentle- 
 
 ness of  spirit,  and  was  ardently  attached  to  the 
 doctrines,  polity,  and  simple  scriptiual  worship  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 Marshall,  Rev.  Alexander  Ste'wart,  son  of 
 John  and  Elizabeth  (Stewart)  JIarsliall,  ^vas  born  in 
 Wayne  township,  Armstrong  county.  Pa.,  April 
 2S)th,  1829.  He  graduated  at  Washington  College, 
 Pa.,  in  1853,  defraying  his  expenses  by  teaching.  He 
 received  his  theological  training  at  Allegheny  and 
 Princeton  seminaries.  In  June,  1855,  he  was  licensed 
 by  the  Blairstown  Presbytery.  In  April,  1856,  he 
 became  .stated  supply  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
 Marion,  Iowa,  and  April  11th,  1857,  he  was  ordained 
 and  installed  pastor  of  the  same  church,  which  he 
 has  served  ever  since. 
 
 He  was  the  last  Stated  Clerk  of  the  Cedar  Presby- 
 tery, and  at  the  union  of  the  Old  and  the  New  School 
 branches,  and  the  constitution  of  the  Synod  of  Iowa 
 North,  he  was  chosen  its  Clerk  and  Treasurer.  The.se 
 oflices  he  held  until  the  two  Synods  of  Iowa  were 
 united,  in  1882.  He  was  chosen  the  first  Moderator 
 of  the  new  Synod  of  Iowa. 
 
 When  Mr.  Marshall  commenced  his  labors  at 
 Marion,  Iowa  was  new  and  undeveloped ;  it  had  no 
 railroads,  and  it  gave  little  promise  of  the  prosperity 
 to  be  seen  now.  He  was  called  ujion  to  endure  the 
 hardships  of  the  pioneer  preachci-s;  but  he  has  seen 
 the  land  "blossom  as  the  rose,"  and  few,  if  anj', 
 have  done  more  to  shape  the  religious  thought  of  the 
 Stiite.  His  first  sermon  at  Marion,  April  20th,  1856, 
 was  preached  in  a  school-house,  to  an  audience  of 
 thirty-five.  A  church  building  was  completed  the 
 following  Spring,  and  from  that  time  the  church  has 
 been  a  power  for  good.  F'our  years  ago  Mr.  Marshall 
 wask  able  to  make  the  following  remarkable  state- 
 ment: "All  the  children  of  the  families  connected 
 with  the  church  over  thirteen  and  fourteen  years  of 
 age,  with  only  two  or  three  exceptions,  have  become 
 communicants,  and  there  is  no  one  who  has  been  a 
 regular  attendant  during  the  past  five  years  but  what 
 is  now  a  member  of  the  church."  This  one  fact 
 gi^■es  some  indication  of  his  influence  during  the 
 twenty -eight  years  of  his,  pastorate. 
 
 As  a  man  Mr.  Marshall  is  a  kind,  courteous, 
 refined  Christian  gentleman,  never  doing  anything  to 
 compi'omise  his  manhood  or  his  i)rofe.ssion ;  as  a 
 preacher  he  is  coiLservative,  evangelical  and  earnest, 
 his  well-known  sincerity  and  uprightness  of  life 
 giving  force  to  his  words;  as  a  pa.stor  he  is  "  instant 
 in  season  and  out  of  season, ' '  giving  advice  to  those  in 
 perplexity,  bringing  consolation  to  those  in  sorrow, 
 and  rejoicing  with  those  that  re;joice;  as  a  presbyter 
 he  is  wise  and  practical,  his  words  having  great 
 weight  iu  the  councils  of  the  Church;  as  a  member 
 of  the  commiinity  his  daily  life  is  an  eloquent  sermon, 
 and  he  commands  the  highest  respect. 
 
 Marshall  Matthew  Morton,  D.D.,  was  bom 
 in  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  on  the  19th  of  February, 
 1804.     He  commenced  preaching  at  the  early  age  of 
 
3IARSHALL. 
 
 471 
 
 MABTIEN. 
 
 twenty,  and  faithfally  preached  the  gospel  for  fifty 
 years.  When  he  -was  hut  a  hoy,  his  parents  moved 
 to  Tennessee,  in  which  State  he  spent  his  long  and 
 useful  life.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  w;is  called  to 
 the  pastoral  charge  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 Trenton,  Gibson  county,  Tenn.,  where  he  entered 
 upon  his  work  with  great  energy  and  efficiency.  Few 
 men  of  his  age  accoraplishrd  more  in  the  last  decade 
 of  their  lives  than  did  this  faithful  servant.  Not  con- 
 fining his  labors  to  his  immediate  charge  alone,  he 
 went  forth  among  the  waste  places,  confirming  the 
 saints  and  winning  souls  to  Christ.  By  his  untiring 
 zeal  and  assiduity,  under  the  divine  blessing,  he  was 
 instrumental  in  erecting  a  beautiful  brick  church  in 
 Union  City,  costing  some  three  or  four  tliousand  dol- 
 lars, and  it  now  stands  as  an  enduring  monument  of 
 his  usefulness.  Yielding  to  the  advice  of  his  physi- 
 cian and  friends,  he  traveled  for  his  health,  in  Vir- 
 ginia and  East  Tennessee,  telling  his  family,  as  he 
 left,  that  he  would  not  return  alive.  True  to  his 
 prediction,  he  departed  this  life,  in  ChatUmooga,  on 
 Sabbath  morning,  August  23d,  1874. 
 
 Marshall,  Rev.  Robert,  was  born  in  County 
 Down,  Ireland,  November  '27th,  17fi0,  and  in  the 
 twelfth  year  of  his  age  iiccomi^nied  his  family  to 
 Western  Pennsylvania.  He  enlisted,  at  the  age  of 
 sixteen,  as  a  private  soldier  during  the  Revolutionary 
 War,  and  was  in  si.N;  general  engagements,  one  of 
 which  was  the  hard-fought  battle  of  Monmouth, 
 where  he  narrowly  escaped  with  his  life,  a  bullet 
 grazing  his  locks.  After  his  conversion,  when  about 
 twenty-three  years  old,  he  commenced  preparation 
 for  the  ministry.  His  academical  studies  were  con- 
 ducted under  Mr.  Graham,  at  Liberty  Hall,  Va. ; 
 his  theological  course  under  Dr.  McMillan.  After 
 being  licensed  by  Redstone  Presbytery,  he  returned 
 to  Virginia,  and  labored  in  the  revival,  with  great 
 zeal  and  success.  He  was  remarkable  for  his  fidelity 
 in  visiting  and  conversing  upon  religion.  In  1791 
 he  removed  to  Kentucky,  in  the  capacity  of  a  mis- 
 sionary of  the  Synod,  and  on  the  13th  of  June,  1793, 
 was  ordained  pastor  of  Bethel  and  Blue  Spring 
 churches.  He  also  conducted  a  classical  .school,  at 
 which  many  received  their  education  who  afterwards 
 made  a  very  prominent  figure  in  the  world. 
 
 In  the  great  revival  of  1800  Mr.  Marshall  was  one 
 of  the  chief  leaders,  and  carried  away  by  the  torrent 
 of  enthusiasm  that  swept  over  Kentucky,  and  sin- 
 cerely believing  his  more  sober  brethren  to  be  wrong, 
 he  joined  with  Stone,  in  1803,  in  Yomenting  the  New- 
 light  Schism.  He  afterwards  saw  his  error,  and  in 
 1811  returned  to  the  bosom  of  the  Church.  He  took 
 an  appointment  under  the  As.sembly's  Standing  Com- 
 mittee of  Jlissions  in  1812,  and  was  soon  after  rein- 
 stated in  his  old  charge  of  Bethel,  where  he  contiuued 
 till  his  decease,  in  1833,  at  the  advanced  age  of  sev- 
 en tj'-three. 
 
 Marshall,  Rev.  Samuel  "Vance,  the  son  of 
 Rev.  Roljcrt  and  Jane  (Vance)  Marshall,  was  born 
 
 in  Fayette  county,  Ky.,  February  6th,  1798.  He 
 graduated  at  Transylvania  University  in  1821,  and 
 at  Princeton  Seminary  in  1825.  He  was  licensed  by 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery  the  same  year,  and  on 
 returning  to  Kentuck}'  he  was  ordained  by  West 
 Lexington  Presbytery,  in  18:>6.  His  first  year  of 
 ministerial  labor  was  as  a  missionary  in  South  Caro- 
 lina, then  to  North  Middleton  and  Jlount  Sterling 
 churches,  in  Bourbon  and  Montgomery  counties, 
 Ky.,  then  in  Woodford  Church,  Ky.  He  was  elected 
 Professor  of  Languages  in  Transylvania  University, 
 which  position  he  held  for  two  years,  until  his  elec- 
 tion to  the  .same  Chair  in  Oakland  College,  in  1837. 
 Here  he  spent  the  most  of  his  life.  For  some  years 
 he  was  a  teacher,  and  a  partially  voluntary  evangelist, 
 especially  among  colored  people.  He  was  a  man 
 of  strong  character  and  large  attainments,  a  good 
 preacher,  and  eminently  kind  and  social  in  his  dis- 
 position.    He  died  November  30th,  1860. 
 
 Marshall,  W.  J.,  son  of  William  J.  and  Sarah 
 Lyne  Marshall,  was  born  in  Hender.son, county.  Ky., 
 December  27th,  1827.  He  Joined  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  1842;  was  made  an  elder  in  1853;  and  has 
 been  for  a  number'  of  years  superintendent  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Sunday  school  at  Henderson.  Strong 
 in  his  con\-ictions,  steadfast  in  his  purposes,  earnest 
 and  zealous  in  behalf  of  his  church,  he  has  given  his 
 time  and  his  me:ins  liberally  to  her  upbuilding.  He 
 is  one  of  the  most  useful  and  substantial  citizens  of 
 the  county,  and  is  as  ready  in  business  as  in  church 
 matters  to  wield  his  influence  for  the  public  good. 
 The  force  of  his  solid,  practical  sense  is  felt  in  nearly 
 every  public  enterprise. 
 
 Martien,  William  Stockton,  was  born  June 
 20th,  1798,  and  belonged  to  a  family  of  Huguenot  de- 
 ■scent.  From  1828  to  1834,  he  was  engaged  in  business 
 in  Philadelphia,-  with  Jlr.  James  Russell.  In  1830, 
 in  connection  with  some  other  gentlemen,  he  engaged 
 in  the  establishment  of  the  Presbyterian,  at  a  period 
 when  such  an  enterprise  was  attended  with  great 
 difficulty,  and  from  the  year  1834  until  18G2,  con- 
 tinued to  be  its  chief  proprietor  and  publisher.  lu 
 1833  he  commenced  the  publication  of  religions  books, 
 a  business  in  which  he  was  actively  eng.aged  during 
 all  his  life.  Asamember  of  the  Executive  Committee 
 of  the  Board  of  Domestic  Jlissions,  his  earnest  devo- 
 tion and  wise  counsels  were  long  regarded  as  an 
 element  of  great  value  to  that  cause.  In  the  early 
 infancy  of  the  Board  of  Publication  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  he  extended  to  it  a  helping  hand,  and 
 from  that  time  until  his  death  he  continued  to 
 serve  the  Board  as  a  most  faithful  and  efficient 
 member. 
 
 During  the  Rev.  Dr.  William  M.  Engles'  pastorate 
 of  the  Seventh  (now  Tabernacle)  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Mr.  Martien  made  a  profession  of  religion,  April 
 18th,  1830;  was  afterwards  chosen  to  the  office  of 
 deacon  in  the  church,  and  subsequently,  in  the-  year 
 184G,  he  was  elected  and  ordained  ruling  elder,  in 
 
MABTIX. 
 
 472 
 
 MARTIX. 
 
 which  office  he  continued  to  serve  with  great  fidelity 
 until  his  death,  which  occuiTed  April  16th,  1861. 
 Mr.  Slartien  favored  tlie  largest  liberalitj'  in  plans 
 and  purposes  of  doing  good.  He  frequently  ex- 
 pressed the  sentiment,  that  when  an  application  was 
 made  to  a  Christian  from  any  worthy  soui'ce,  a  favor 
 was  conferred  upon  him  who  was  asked  to  give,  and 
 not  upon  him  who  was  to  receive. 
 
 Martin,  Professor  Benjamin  N.,  was  born  at 
 Mount  Holly,  X.  J.,  October  20th,  1^16,  and  died  in 
 New  York  city,  December  '2Tth,  1883.  He  graduated 
 at  Yale  College,  in  1837,  and  at  the  Theological 
 School  in  New  Haven.  Three  years  after  being 
 graduated  from  this  Institution  he  was  settled,  as  a 
 Congregational  minister,  over  a  church  at  Hadley, 
 Mass.,  where  he  remained  for  five  years.  His  next 
 charge  was  at  Albany,  X.  Y.,  where  he  became  the 
 pastor  of  the  Fourth  Pre.sbi|-teriau  Church.  In  1852 
 Dr.  Martin  received  the  appointment  of  Professor  of 
 Rhetoric  and  Intellectual  Philosophy  in  the  Uni- 
 versity of  the  City  of  New  Y'ork,  a  position  he  held 
 until  death.  Among  the  clergy  and  literary  circles 
 Professor  Martin  enjoyed  a  large  aoiuaintance.  He 
 was  very  popular  among  the  students,  and  gave  up 
 his  whole  time  to  the  University. 
 
 Martin,  Mrs.  Cornelia,  daughter  of  John  and 
 Eliza  Williams,  was  born  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  December 
 25th,  1818.  Her  paternal  grandparents  and  father 
 emigrated  from  Wales  to  Utica,  about  the  year  1800. 
 The  parents  and  grandparents  for  many  generations 
 were  in  the  Presbyterian  Church.  At  the  age  of 
 thirteen  she  united  with  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Utica,  under  the  pastoral  care  of  Rev. 
 Samuel  C.  Aiken.  In  1837  she  was  married  to  Mr. 
 E.  T.  Throop  Martin,  and  removed  to  New  Y'ork  city. 
 In  1841  they  returned  to  Utica,  where  she  assisted  in 
 founding  the  Westminster  Presbyterian  Church.  In 
 1852  they  removed  to  Willowbrook,  a  beautiful  coun- 
 try seat  near  Aiiburn,  N.  Y. 
 
 In  January,  1856,  Mrs.  Martin  received  through 
 Miss  Sarah  Oliphant  a  letter  from  Rev.  Dr.  Titus 
 Coan,  of  Hilo,  Sandwich  Islands,  in  which  he  ex- 
 pressed an  earnest  desire  that  a  small  vessel  be 
 secured  to  ply  among  the  Islands  of  the  Pacific 
 Ocean,  in  the  interests  of  the  missions.  The  matter 
 took  hold  upon  her  mind,  and  she  at  once  set  about 
 securing  the  vessel.  After  correspondence  with  the 
 American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Mis- 
 sions, certificates,  at  the  suggestion  of  Mr.  Ten  Eyck, 
 of  Cazenovia,  of  five  and  ten  cent  shares  of  stock, 
 were  issued,  and  an  appeal  made  to  the  Sabbath- 
 school  children;  the  result  of  which  was  the  build- 
 ing and  outfitting  of  the  mission  ship  "Morning 
 Star." 
 
 Mrs.  Martin  is  better  known,  however,  as  the 
 pioneer  leader  in  woman's  home  mission  work.  As 
 her  children  grew  up,  three  of  them  became  connected 
 with  the  army,  and  were  stationed  at  the  outposts  of 
 civilization.     Their  letters,  speaking  of  the  religious 
 
 destitutions  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  enlisted  her 
 Christian  sympathies.  These  letters  were  privately 
 circulated  among  her  friends,  who  also  became  inter- 
 ested, until,  in  1867,  this  interest  culminated  in  the 
 organization,  at  Auburn,  N.  Y'.,  of  the  "Santa  Fe 
 Missionary  Society, "  for  the  purpose  of  establishing 
 and  supporting  a  school  at  Santa  Fe,  New  Jlexico. 
 On  the  4th  of  December,  1868,  at  the  Bible  House, 
 New  York  city,  Mrs.  Martin  secured  the  organization 
 of  the  New  ilexico,  Arizona  and  Colorado  Missionary 
 Association."  to  which  the  Auburn  Society  became 
 auxiliary.  March  1st,  1870,  .she  .secured  the  organiza- 
 tion of  an  auxiliary  society,  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  which, 
 in  1871,  became  an  independent  organization,  under 
 the  name  of  the  "Ladies'  Union  5Ii.ssiou  School 
 Association,"  having,  for  its  chief  work,  the  estab- 
 lishment of  schools  in  the  Territories,  and  particuUirly 
 at  the  frontier  military  posts. 
 
 In  all  these  organizations  Mrs.  JIartin  has  been  the 
 leading  spirit,  "  the  power  behind  tlie  throne." 
 
 Martin,  Rev.  Elon,  O.,  was  born  in  Underhill, 
 Vermont,  April  18th,  1806,  and  was  licensed  to  preach 
 by  the  Northwestern  Association  of  his  native  State. 
 He  went  to  Alaljama,  as  an  agent  of  the  American 
 Sunday-school  Union,  and  was  received  under  the 
 care  of  the  Presbytery  of  South  Alabama,  February 
 27th,  1834.  He  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of 
 the  churches  of  Hopewell  and  Sandy  Ridge,  Novem- 
 ber 21st,  1835.  He  was  of  a  peculiarly  gentle  spirit. 
 With  talents  such  as  would  have  graced  any  pulpit, 
 he  chose  to  cast  his  lot  with  the  humble  poor  of  God's 
 people,  and  for  ten  years,  on  a  mere  pittance,  he  did 
 the  work  of  a  pastor,  faithful  and  true.  He  died  in 
 the  Spring  of  1845,  and  in  the  burying-ground  of 
 Sandy  Ridge  Church  sleeps  the  dust  of  her  first 
 pastor.  A  neat  monument,  erected  by  his  people, 
 who  esteemed  and  loved  him  while  lirtug,  and  hon- 
 ored him  when  dead,  marks  his  grave. 
 
 Martin,  Rev.  John,  studied  theology  with  Mr. 
 Davies,  and  was  licensed  by  Hanover  Presbytery, 
 Augu.st  25th,  1756.  He  was  widely  employed  in 
 supplying  vacancies,  and  was  called  to  Albemarle, 
 April  27th,  1757.  He  was  ordained  June  9th,  1757, 
 being  the  first  minister  of  our  Church  ordained  in 
 Virginia.  Mr.  Martin  was  engaged  in  the  Indian 
 Slission,  January  25th,  175S;  the  prospects  were  at 
 first  cheering,  but  the  Cherokees  having  joined  the 
 French  on  the  breaking  out  of  war,  the  enterprise  was 
 abandoned.     He  settled  in  South  Carolina. 
 
 Martin,  John  Wynne,  D.  D.,  was  horn  in 
 Ireland,  and  entered  the  ministry  there.  Owing  to 
 loss  of  voice  he  gave  up  preaching,  and  in  1837  be- 
 came Principal  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum  at 
 Belfast.  In  1840  he  took  charge  of  the  National  In- 
 stitution for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  at  Dublin,  Three 
 years  later,  with  recovered  voice,  he  resumed  the 
 ministry,  but  in  1846  he  again  took  control  of  the 
 Belfast  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum.  In  1853  he  came 
 to  the  United  States,  and  a  year  later  settled  in 
 
MARTIN. 
 
 473 
 
 MAEVIX. 
 
 Ohio.  In  1857  he  took  charge  of  the  Doe  Run 
 Presbyterian  Chtirch,  Chester  county,  Pa.  In  1860 
 he  became  connected  \^-ith  Lincoln  University-,  as 
 Principal  and  Professor  of  Languages ;  afterwards 
 labored  in  the  City  Mission  in  New  York,  and  then 
 became  Principal  of  the  academy  in  Beaver,  Pa. 
 For  a  number  of  years  he  resided  in  the  neighbor- 
 hood of  Norristown,  where  he  died  June  11th,  1883,  in 
 the  seventy-seventh  year  of  his  age.  Dr.  Martin  was 
 in  some  respects  eccentric,  being  often  strongly  biased 
 by  his  own  con%-ictions  of  right ;  yet  all  who  knew 
 him  were  compelled  to  acknowledge  his  ability,  his 
 sincerity,  and  his  sterlivg  purpose  to  act  always 
 conscientiously.  His  last  months  were  months  of 
 growing  weakness  and  increasing  debility.  His  piety 
 and  calm  trust  in  God  were  unquestionable.  | 
 
 Martin,  Joseph  Hamilton,  D. D.,  who  is  of 
 Scotch-Irish  descent,  was  born  in  Jefferson  county, 
 Tenn.,  August  11th,  1825;  graduated  at  East  Ten- 
 nessee University  (now  the  University  of  Tennessee), 
 in  1843,  with  the  first  honor  of  his  class,  and  at  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  New  York  city,  in  1846.  After 
 being  licensed  by  the  Fourth  Presbytery  of  New 
 York,  April  9th,  1846,  he  labored  as  a  missionary  for 
 nearly  two  years  among  the  seamen  of  New  Orleans. 
 In  August,  1848,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Church 
 in  Huntsville,  Alabama;  resigned  in  18411,  and  made 
 a  visit  to  Great  Britain  and  Ireland.  July  1st,  1851, 
 he  became  st;ited  supply  of  the  Second  Church,  Knox- 
 -ville,  Tenn.,  and  continued  so  until  1864.  On  August 
 1st,  1864,  he  took  charge  of  Bethesda  Church,  South 
 Carolina,  and  was  its  pastor  till  February  1st,  1867. 
 His  next  charge,  tor  two  years,  was  the  Church  in 
 "Wytheville,  Va.  From  that  date  he  preached  for 
 nearly  five  years  to  a  number  of  churches  in  Ten- 
 nessee. From  November  16th,  1873,  until  October 
 31st,  1882,  he  was  pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Atlanta. 
 Ga.,  where  his  labors  were  much  blessed.  At  his 
 resignation,  the  congregation  testified  their  high  es- 
 teem for  him,  and  the  Ministers'  Association  of  At- 
 lanta, in  a  series  of  resolutions  respecting  his  removal 
 from  the  place,  expressed  their  high  regard  for  him 
 as  an  able,  earnest  and  loving  brother,  and  their  warm 
 appreciation  of  the  devotion  he  had  displayed  to  the 
 cause  of  Christ.  Dr.  Martin  has  been  successful  in 
 his  pastorates,  and  during  several  of  them  new  church 
 edifices  were  erected  by  the  congregations.  He  now 
 resides  at  Orlando,  Florida.  Besides  his  work  in  the 
 ministry,  he  has  made  extensive  use  of  the  pen,  in 
 contributions  to  the  weekly  press,  in  the  composition 
 of  miscellaneous  poems,  two  of  which  have  been  pub- 
 lished in  book  form,  and  in  writing  hymns  for  various 
 Sabbath-school  song-books. 
 
 Martin,  Samuel  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Chestnut 
 Level,  Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  January  9th,  1767; 
 graduated  at  the  Universitj-  of  Penn.sylvania,  July 
 8th,  1790;  was  licensed  by  the  Presbj-tery  of  Balti- 
 'more,  in  May,  1793,  and  was  soon  after  ordained  and 
 installed  pastor  of  the  congregation  of  Slate  Kidge, 
 
 in  York  county.  Pa.  At  the  expiration  of  five  years 
 he  accepted  a  call  from  the  congregation  of  Chance- 
 ford,  for  one-half  of  his  ministerial  services.  In  1812 
 he  removed  to  Rockville.  Md.,  where  he  remained 
 about  eighteen  months,  when  he  accepted  a  unani- 
 mous call  to  return  to  Chanceford.  With  the  excep- 
 tion of  the  short  interval  just  noted,  his  whole 
 ministerial  life,  of  nearly  fifty  years,  was  spent  in  the 
 congregations  of  Slate  Ridge  and  Chanceford.  FJ)r  a 
 time,  in  connection  with  his  pastoral  duties,  he  con- 
 ducted a  classical  school,  in  which  were  educated  a 
 number  of  young  men,  some  of  whom  subsequently 
 stood  high  in  office  and  in  public  estimation.  June 
 29th,  1845,  his  spirit  a.scended  to  the  ''rest  that 
 remaineth  for  the  people  of  God." 
 
 Dr.  Martin  possessed  traits  of  character  peculiarly 
 attractive.  He  was  remarkably  free  from  worldly 
 ambition,  and  his  great  aim  was  to  be  useful.  He 
 was  a  ma.ster  in  Israel ;  one  whom  the  wisest  might 
 consult,  with  the  certainty  of  receiving  benefit  and 
 instruction.  His  ministerial  qualifications  were  of  no 
 j  common  order.  An  intimation  that  he  was  expected 
 to  preach  in  any  of  the  neighboring  congregations 
 alwaj-s  secured  a  crowded  house.  He  was  an  able 
 and  efficient  member  of  Presbytery,  and  in  the  higher 
 ecclesiastiail  courts  he  was  surpassed  by  few,  as  an 
 able  debater  and  zealous  advocate  of  the  doctrines 
 and  government  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 Martyn,  Rev.  Ashbel  Green,  son  of  Rev. 
 John  L.  and  Fanny  (Bruner)  Martyn,  was  born  at 
 Livonia,  Washington  county,  Indiana,  November 
 24th,  1849.  He  graduated  at  Wabash  College,  in  the 
 ela.ss  of  1868.  His  theological  studies  were  pursued 
 at  the  Northwest  Theological  Seminary,  at  Chicago, 
 Illinois,  and  at  Danville,  Kentucky,  under  the  tuition 
 of  Dr.  Robert  J.  Breckinridge.  He  was  licensed  to 
 preach  by  the  Presbj-tery  of  Vinton,  Iowa  (O.  S.),  in 
 April  1870;  ordained  as  pastor  at  Wilton  Junction, 
 Iowa,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Iowa  City,  on  June 
 12th,  1872;  ministered  to  the  Church  at  Malcom,Iowa, 
 as  supply,  for  four  years,  from  November,  1876;  on 
 I  January  1st,  1881,  accepted  a  call  as  pastor  at  Jledi- 
 apolis,  in  the  Presbj-tery  of  Iowa,  where  he  still 
 labors  in  a  large  and  growing  congregation.  In  the 
 3'ear  1871  he  received,  from  his  Ahna  Mater,  the 
 honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts.  He  served  the 
 Presbytery  of  Iowa  City  for  several  years  as  Perma- 
 '  nent  Clerk,  and  then  as  its  Stated  Clerk.  In  Octo- 
 ber, 1879,  he  was  chosen  Jloderator  of  the  Synod  of 
 Iowa  South,  in  its  sessions  at  Council  Blutt's.  He 
 has  represented  his  Presbytery  several  times  in  the 
 meetings  of  the  General  Assembly. 
 1  Marvin,  Rev.  Ed-ward  Payson,  was  born  in 
 Bethany,  N.  Y.,  December  12th,  1834.  He  gradu- 
 I  ated  at  Centre  College,  Kentucky,  in  1860,  and 
 studied  theologj-  at  Princeton  Seminary.  He  was 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Buffalo  city,  February 
 9th,  1864;  stated  supply  at  Black  Rock,  N.  Y.,  1862; 
 then  pastor,  1864-5;   stated  supply  of  Second  Ward 
 
JIABTE. 
 
 474 
 
 MABYVILLE  COLLEGE. 
 
 Church,  Lockijort,  N.  Y.,  1865-77;  and  stated  supply 
 of  Calvary  Church,  Lockport,  1879.  Mr.  Marvin  is  an 
 earnest  and  faithful  preacher,  ready  for  every  good 
 work,  and,  in  his  several  fields  of  labor,  ha-s  had  the 
 Divine  blessing  upon  his  ministry. 
 
 Marye,  Hon.  J.  L.,  son  of  John  L.  Jlarye  and 
 Ann  M.  Marye,  was  born  at  Bromptou,  near  Fred- 
 ericksburg, Va.,  on  the  4th  of  November,  1823.  He 
 graduated  at  the  University  of  Virginia  in  1842,  and 
 was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1845.  Since  then  has 
 continued  in  active  legal  practice  at  Fredericksburg 
 and  other  Courts  in  Virginia.  Served  as  JIayor  of 
 Fredericksburg  in  1852,  and  as  member  of  Virginia 
 Legislature  several  sessions.  "Was  Lieutenant-Cxove- 
 nor  of  Virginia  from  1870  to  1874.  Elected  elder  of 
 the  Presbj'terian  Church  of  Fredericksburg  in  1854: 
 
 HON.  J.    L.  M.^RVE. 
 
 has  been  chosen  delegate  to  four  meetings  of  the 
 Southern  General  Assembly,  1866,  1874,  1875,  1877. 
 Was  one  of  the  delegates  chosen  by  that  Assembly 
 to  attend  the  Presbyterian  Alliance  at  its  session  at 
 Philadelphia,  in  1880.  Jlr.  JIarye  has  always  been 
 noted  as  a  dignified,  genial  and  courtly  gentleman, 
 of  the  old  school,  and  for  tlie  purity  and  uprightness 
 of  his  political  character,  as  well  as  his  usefulness  in 
 the  Church.  He  has  retired  from  the  arena  of  politics, 
 but  will  never  be  released,  or  have  any  wish  to  be 
 released  irom  his  eldership.  He  is  also  well  known 
 throughout  the  State  as  an  eminent  and  clear-headed 
 lawyer. 
 
 Marsrville  College,  East  Tennessee.  This 
 institution  is  located  in  MaryviUe,  fifteen  miles  south 
 of  Knoxville,  on  the  Knoxville  and  Augusta  Railroad. 
 The  earliest  settlers  of  E;ist  Tennessee  were  Scotch- 
 
 Irish  Presbyterians,  who  began  to  occupy  this  region 
 toward  the  close  of  the  last  century.  They  brought 
 with  them  the  seeds  of  Christian  civilization,  and 
 ■  their  old  Presbyterian  foith  and  polity,  which  took 
 deep  and  firm  root.  With  these  brave  and  hardy 
 Ijioneers  there  did  not  come  an  adequate  supply  of 
 ministers.  But  among  them  was  a  young  man  named 
 Isaac  Anderson,  who  became  a  preacher,  of- apostolic 
 zeal,  proclaiming  the  gospel  with  great  power  and 
 i  effect  in  log  cabins,  barns,  and  under  the  trees  of  the 
 forest,  with  a  heart  burdened  and  grieved  in  view  of 
 the  moral  and  religious  destitution  of  the  people. 
 Thus  he  was  forced  to  the  thoughtful  consideration 
 of  this  question:  "  How  and  whence  is  this  field  to 
 be  supplied  with  an  educated  and  evangelical  minis- 
 I  try  ?  "  To  solve  this  difficult  question  he  tried  several 
 I  methods.  The  claims  of  East  Tennessee  for  help  were 
 laid  before  the  Home  Jli.ssionary  Societies  of  the  East. 
 An  effort  was  made  to  get  pious  young  men  of  the 
 North  to  come  to  East  Tennes.see,  and  live  and  study, 
 free  of  all  expense,  in  the  families  of  ministers,  and 
 thus  prepare  fur  the  ministry.  But  this  effort  was 
 unavailing. 
 
 Ea.st  Tennessee,  imbedded  in  the  mountains,  was 
 flifficult  of  access,  far  away  from  the  great  centres  of 
 commerce  and  population,  and  in  those  times  quite 
 an  isolated  community.  The  people  were  poor  and 
 the  churches  small  and  unable  to  offer  to  young 
 men  inviting  inducements.  But  the  Scotch-Irish 
 ynW  of  Dr.  Anderson  would  not  succumb  to  difficul- 
 ties and  disappointments.  He  was  at  last  driven  to 
 this  conclusion  :  That  there  is  no  possible  way  to 
 supply  East  Tennessee  with  an  educated,  evangelical 
 ministry,  but '  to  educate  natire  young  men  on  the 
 //round.  The  ministers  of  the  region  must  be  the 
 sons  of  the  soil,  trained  there  for  its  needs.  And  this 
 became  his  grand  idea.  It  was  the  thought  that  gave, 
 in  the  Autumn  of  1819,  existence  to  the  Southern  and 
 Western  Theological  Seminary,  which  was  chartered 
 in  1842,  by  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  Tennessee, 
 by  the  name  and  style  of  the  Directors  of  Mar^-vdlle 
 College,  at  Jlaryville.  The  college  is  governed  by 
 a  Board  of  thirty-six  trustees,  one-third  of  whom  are 
 appointed  annually  by  the  Synod  of  Tennessee.  And 
 to  this  Sj-nod  the  trustees  are  required  to  make  an 
 annual  report  of  the  financial  condition  and  educa- 
 tional work  of  the  college.  It  is  emphatically  a 
 Christian  Institution,  founded  by  Christian  men, 
 chiefly  for  Christ  and  His  Cluirch.  It  has  served  a 
 long  apprenticeship  to  poverty.  Its  little  fund  of 
 §16,000  was  gathered  in  small  sums,  through  forty- 
 two  years,  and  year  in  and  year  out  was  largely  sup- 
 plemented by  the  faith,  prayers,  and  self-denying 
 labors  of  Dr.  Anderson  and  tlio.se  associated  with  him 
 in  the  work  of  instruction. 
 
 Up  to  1861  scNcral  hundred  alumni  were  sent  out. 
 Of  these  at  least  one  hundred  and  fifty  went  into  the 
 mini.stry.  Hundreds  entered  other  of  the  learned 
 professions,  and  many  became  useful  and  successful 
 
3IAS0N. 
 
 476 
 
 31  A  TEES. 
 
 Christian  teachers.  During  the  war  the  work  of  the 
 college  was  suspended  for  five  years.  The  Faculty 
 was  broken  up.  The  library  w;is  badly  damaged. 
 The  college  buildings  were  destroyed.  Two-thuds 
 of  the  endowment  funds  were  lost.  In  short,  the  war 
 left  Marj^'ille  College  in  ruins,  not  worth,  in  funds 
 and  real  estate,  more  than  seven  thousand  dollars. 
 And  moreover,  all  East  Tennessee  was'  stripped, 
 impoverished  and  desolated.  In  view  of  these  facts, 
 some  of  the  best  and  oldest  friends  of  the  col- 
 lege thought  it  dead,  to  live  no  more.  But  the 
 Synod  of  Tennessee  met  iu  the  Fall  of  180.5,  and 
 resumed  organic  relations  with  the  old  General 
 Assembly;  and  feeling  that  it  could  not  hold  its 
 ground  and  extend  its  influence  without  Maryville 
 College,  it  resolved,  if  possible,  to  resuscitate  it. 
 The  only  Professor  then  remaining  on  the  ground 
 was  ordered  to  reopen  the  college,  for  instruction,  as 
 soon  as  practicable.  This  was  done  in  the  Fall  of 
 1866,  with  an  attendance  of  thirteen  students.  In  less 
 thau  three  years  two  more  Professors  were  added  to 
 the  Faculty,  and  there  was  a  large  increase  of  students. 
 
 New  grounds  and  new  buildings  became  an  im- 
 perative necessity,  and  to  secure  them,  an  appeal  was 
 made  to  the  friends  of  Christian  learning  in  the 
 North,  with  the  following  results:  1.  A  beautiful 
 college  campus  of  two  hundred  and  iifty  acres.  3. 
 A  professor's  house,  co.sting  ^3000.  3.  A  large  brick 
 building  for  college  purposes,  costing  $23,000.  4. 
 Two  handsome,  convenient  dormitories,  costing  each 
 $1'2,000.  The  total  cost  of  grounds,  buildings,  and 
 other  needful  improvements,  with  the  requisite  fur- 
 nitm-e,  is  $6.5,000,  aU paid. 
 
 The  Faculty  of  the  college  now  consists  of  five 
 Professors.  The  number  of  students  enrolled  last 
 year,  was  two  hundred  and  seventy-five.  There  is 
 now  a  good  subscription  of  §80,000  toward  $100,000, 
 which  sum  it  is  hoped  will  soon  be  raised.  Since 
 1866  there  have  been  connected  with  the  Institution 
 one  thousand  students,  some  for  a  shorter,  some  for  a 
 longer  time,  but  all  receiving  a  moral  and  religious 
 impress  and  scholastic  training  that  will  give  perma- 
 nent shape  and  tone  to  their  character  and  conduct. 
 Hundreds  have  become  efficient  teachers  in  the  public 
 schools  and  academies,  and  in  destitute  fields  of  the 
 South  and  West,  among  the  colored  peojjle,  poor 
 whites,  and  Mormons.  Fifty  students  have  taken 
 the  full  course  and  graduated.  Of  these,  twenty-nine 
 have  chosen  the  ministry.  They  are  now  widely 
 scattered.  Two,  with  their  wives,  also  educated  at 
 Mary\'ille,  have  gone  (1883)  to  the  Foreign  field,  Japan 
 and  India.  Ne.xt  Fall  another  will  go  to  India,  and 
 two  colored  young  men  to  Africa.  About  thirty 
 young  men  of  the  African  race  have  been  educated 
 and  trained  for  teachers  and  preachers,  and  are  now 
 scattered  over  eight  different  States,  working  for  the 
 good  of  their  race. 
 
 Mason,  Erskine,  D.  D.,  was  the  youngest  child 
 of  the  Rev.  John  M.  and  Anna  (Left'erts)  Mason,  and 
 
 was  born  iu  the  city  of  New  York,  April  16th,  1805. 
 Having  graduated  at  Dickinson  College,  Carlisle,  Pa., 
 of  which  his  father  was  then  President,  in  18'23,  he 
 studied  theology  for  some  time  under  the  direction 
 of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Duncan,  of  Baltimore;  and  in  the 
 Summer  of  1825  entered  the  Theological  Seminary  at 
 Princeton,  where  he  completed  his  professional  edu- 
 cation. He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Second 
 Presbytery  of  New  York,  in  1826,  and  on  the  3d  of 
 May,  1827,  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Chivrch  in  Schenectady.  He  became  pastor  of  the 
 Bleecker  Street  Presbyterian  Church,  in  New  York, 
 September  10th,  1830.  In  February,  1836,  he  ac- 
 cepted the  Professorship  of  Ecclesiastical  History  in 
 the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  and  held  it  till 
 1842.  His  death  occurred  May  14th,  1851.  AVhen 
 the  last  moment  came  he  declared,  "It  is  all  bright 
 and  clear." 
 
 Dr.  Masou  had  tlie  advantage  of  impressive  manli- 
 ness and  dignity  of  form.  His  bearing  was  courteous 
 and  kind.  He  was  of  that  happy  organization  which 
 excites  admiration  without  jealousy,  and  was  so  con- 
 siderate and  just  towards  others  that  all  were  pleased 
 to  acknowledge  what  was  due  to  himself.  He  was  a 
 strong,  substantial,  honest  man,  with  no  pretension, 
 and  without  attempt  to  appear  more  and  greater  than 
 he  was.  His  style  of  preaching  was  vigorously  intel- 
 lectual, and  yet  his  sermons  were  characterized  by 
 religious  pathos.*  A  masculine  imagination  gave  a 
 glow  and  warmth  to  all  his  appeals.  His  demonstra- 
 tions were  tremulous  with  emotion,  and  his  proofs 
 were  with  power,  because  thej'  were  so  earnest  and 
 sincere.  He  was  generally  regarded  as  a  remarkable 
 preacher.  During  his  life  he  published  a  number  of 
 discourses;  and  after  his  decease  a  selection  from  his 
 manuscript  sermons  appeared,  under  the  title  of  "A 
 Pastor's  Legacy." 
 
 Mathes,  Rev.  Alfred  Harvey,  was  burn  at 
 Greenville,  S.  C,  May  7th,  1828;  gi-aduated  at  Wash- 
 ington College,  Tenn.,  in  July,  1852;  at  Princeton 
 Seminary  in  1855,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Presbj-tery 
 of  Houston  (Tenn.),  April  28th,  1855.  He  labored 
 as  stated  supply  for  Providence  and  Rocky  Spring 
 churches  (Tenn.),  from  18.57  to  1866.  He  then  re- 
 moved to  Georgia,  and  was  stated  supply  for  the 
 Church  at  Fort  Gaines,  Ga.,  from  1866  to  1871.  He 
 also  opened,  and  for  some  time  taught,  an  academy 
 at  Fort  Gaines.  In  1873  he  removed  to  West  Florida, 
 where  he  was  instrumental  in  establishing  a  church 
 at  Freeport.  In  1876  he  settled  at  Apopka,  Florida, 
 and  was  appointed  by  Florida  Presbytery  as  evange- 
 list for  several  neighboring  counties,  and  made  exten- 
 .sive  trips  from  time  to  time.  He  organized  a  church 
 at  Apopka,  which  he  continued  to  supply  until  his 
 death,  September  4th,  1878. 
 
 Mr.  Mathes  was  most  warmly  loved  by  those  who 
 knew  him  best.  He  was  an  earnest  and  faithful  ser- 
 vant of  Christ,  always  ready  to  endure  hardness  for 
 His  sake.     He  was  noted  for  the  ])uuctual  and  un- 
 
MArrMEWS. 
 
 MATTHEWS. 
 
 flinching  performance  of  all  his  engagements  to  preach, 
 going  long  distances  even  in  the  worst  ■weather,  and 
 when  his  feeble  health  would  have  been  deemed  by 
 most  men  a  sufficient  reason  for  staying  at  home. 
 
 Matthe'ws,  John,  D.  D.,  was  boru  in  Guilford 
 county,  X.  C. ,  withiu  the  bounds  of  the  Alaniauce 
 congregation,  Jauuary  l!)th,  177"-!.  Having  served  for 
 some  time  in  mechanical  pursuits,  he  entered,  at  the  age 
 of  about  twenty,  on  a  course  of  study  in  the  school  of 
 the  Eev.  Dr.  Da\'id  Caldwell.  Licensed  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Orange,  in  March,  1801,  the  next  winter  he 
 was  sent  as  a  missionary  to  Natchez,  and  on  his  return 
 to  North  Carolina,  received  and  accepted  a  call,  in 
 April,  1803,  from  the  Nutbush  and  Gr;i.ssy  Creek 
 churches,  of  which  he  remained  pastor  until  1806, 
 when  he  was  installed  over  the  Church  in  Martins- 
 burg,  Va.  After  a  little  more  than  a  year  in  this  pjis- 
 torate,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Church  in  Shepherds- 
 town,  Va.  He  preached  as  sfcited  sujjply  to  this 
 chiu'ch,  and  that  of  Charlestown,  until  aboiit  1826  or 
 1827,  dividing  his  time  equally  between  the  two 
 places,  and  preaching  frequently,  also,  at  Harper's 
 Ferry.  He  then  gave  up  his  charge  at  Charlestown, 
 and  took  that  at  JIartinsburg  in  its  place,  dividing 
 his  time  equally  between  Martinsburg  and  Charles- 
 to%vn,  until  he  removed  to  the  West.  On  the  29th  of 
 June,  1831,  Dr.  JIatthews  was  inaugurated  Professor 
 of  Theology  in  the  theological  seminary  which  had 
 then  just  been  established  at  Hanover,  Indiana,  and 
 from  that  period  until  the  close  of  his  life,  seventeen 
 years,  his  devotion  to  the  interests  of  the  Institution 
 was  most  untiring  and  exemplary.  During  part  of 
 the  time  he  acted  as  Vice-president  of  Hanover  Col- 
 lege, and  often  supplied  vacancies  in  the  college,  in 
 the  way  of  instruction.  He  died  Jlay  19th,  1848. 
 Dr.  Matthews  possessed  talents  of  a  high  order.  His 
 reasoning  powers  were  acut«.  His  method  wa.s  easy, 
 perspicuous  and  logical.  He  was  distinguished  for 
 simplicity  and  consistency  of  character.  He  was  a 
 pattern  of  meekness,  a  discreet  man  and  eminently 
 conscientious.  While  the  general  character  of  his 
 preaching  was  expository,  or  argumentative,  yet,  on 
 some  occasions,  his  discourses  were  pathetic  and  excite 
 iug  in  a  high  degree.  In  the  judicatories  of  the 
 Church  he  was  a  wise  counsellor.  Great  confidence 
 was  placed,  byall  his  brethren,  in  his  sound  judg- 
 ment. He  was  a  clear,  vigorous  and  impressive 
 \Triter.  His  two  most  important  publications  were 
 entitled  ' '  Letters  on  the  Divine  Purpose  ' '  and  ' '  The 
 Influence  of  the  Bible."  His  life  was  one  of  deep 
 and  abiding  usefulness. 
 
 Matthe-WTS,  R.  C,  D.D.,  was  the  son  of  Kev. 
 John  Matthews,  D.D.,  formerly  a  Professor  in  the 
 Theological  Semiimry  at  New  Albany,  Indiana.  He 
 was  born  in  Shepherdstown,  Va.,  April  2d,  1822.  He 
 graduated  at  Hanover  College  in  1839.  After  this  he 
 studied  law,  and  after  being  admitted  to  the  Bar,  he 
 removed  to  Slississippi  and  engaged  in  teaching. 
 During  his  stiiy  in  the  South  he  was  converted.     He  i 
 
 then  returned,  and  entered  the  Theological  Seminary 
 at  New  Albany.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1851, 
 and  on  the  20th  of  December  following  he  preached 
 his  first  sermon,  in  Monmouth,  111.,  and  was  ordained 
 and  installed  pa.stor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Monmouth,  on  the  2d  day  of  December,  IS.'Ji. 
 This  relation  wiis  continued  up  to  the  time  of  his 
 death,  a  perioilj  of  thirty  years.  He  received  the 
 degree  of  D.D.  from  Hanover  College,  June  20th, 
 1873.  As  a  man,  Dr.  Matthews  was  manly,  honest, 
 natural  and  simple  in  all  his  mental  and  physical  ac- 
 tions. Tall  and  commanding  in  person,  and  in 
 his  address  pleasing,  he  never  t^iiled  to  attract  the 
 respect  and  esteem  of  all.  His  intellect  was  clear 
 and  strong;  his  perceptions  good;  his  heart  warm, 
 and  his  disposition  kind.  As  a  preacher  of  the  gospel, 
 he  had  few  equals  or  superiors.  He  spoke  with  ease, 
 and  in  the  fullness  of  his  heart  delivered  with  earnest- 
 nes.s  and  power  the  message  he  received  from  his 
 Lord,  and  nothing  else. 
 
 As  a  pastor.  Dr.  Matthews  was  faithful,  kind  and 
 devoted  to  his  people.  His  church  was  his  home, 
 and  his  pulpit  his  throne.  His  weekly  prayer  meet- 
 ing was  near  his  heart  and  the  place  of  his  delight. 
 Home  and  foreign  missions  were  very  dear  to  him, 
 and  the  burden  of  his  prayers.  In  the  Church  courts, 
 though  always  shrinking  from  publicity,  he  was  re- 
 garded as  a  leader  and  safe  counsellor.  His  deatli, 
 November  loth,  1881,  was  deeply  and  universally 
 lamented.  • 
 
 STANLEY  MATTHEWS,  LL.D. 
 
 Matthews,  Stanley,  LL.D.,  is  the. oldest  son 
 of  Prof  Thomas  J.  Matthews,  later  of  Miami  Univer- 
 sity, and  Isabella  Matthews,  and  was  born  in  Cincin- 
 
3IATTHEWS. 
 
 478 
 
 MATTOOX. 
 
 nati,  July  21st,  1824.  He  graduated  at  Kenyon  Col- 
 lege, Gamliier,  O.,  in  1840;  studied  law  at  Cincinnati; 
 was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  Tennessee,  at  Columbus, 
 in  1843,  and  subsequently  in  Ohio,  in  1845,  having 
 returned  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  continued  to  prac- 
 tice his  profession.  In  1851  he  was  elected  Judge  of 
 the  Court  of  Couimou  Pleas  of  Hamilton  county;  in 
 1855,  to  the  Senate  of  Ohio;  in  1857,  was  appointed 
 United  States  Attorney  for  the  Southern  District 
 of  Ohio.  In  1803  he  was  elected  Judge  of  the  Supreme 
 Bench  of  Cincinnati;  in  1877,  was  elected  to  the  Sen- 
 ate of  the  United  States,  to  fill  the  unexpired  terra 
 of  John  Sherman  ;  in  1881,  was  appointed  Associate 
 Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 
 
 In  1859,  atClendale,  near  Cincinnati,  Dr.  Matthews 
 united  with  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  that  place, 
 and  .soon  became  a  ruling  elder.  In  1864  he  was 
 appointed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Cincinnati  as  one  of 
 its  delegates  to  the  General  Assembly  of  that  year, 
 which  met  at  Newark,  N.  J. ,  and  as  one  of  the  Com- 
 mittee on  Bills  and  Overtures,  reported  the  deliver- 
 ance adopted  by  the  As.sembly  on  the  subject  of 
 slavery. 
 
 Matthews,  "William  Caldwell,  D.  D.,  was 
 born  September  23d,  1805,  in  Gran\ille  county,  N.  C. 
 He  graduated  at  Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  in  1827,  and 
 at  Princeton  Seminary  in  1830,  and  was  licensed  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Winchester,  April  20th,  1830,  and 
 was  ordained  sine  iilulo  by  the  same  Presbj-terj',  April 
 9th,  1831.  He  served  the  Church  at  JIartinsburg, 
 Va.,  as  stated  supply,  from  April  9th,  1831,  until 
 Ajjril  29th,  183fi.  He  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
 First  Church  of  Madison,  Ind. ,  December  31.st,  1837, 
 and  continued  in  this  relation  until  April  14th,  1842. 
 His  pastorate  here  Wius  very  prosperous,  and  he  was 
 highly  esteemed  and  respected  by  the  whole  com- 
 munity. His  second  pastoral  charge  w;ls  at  Win- 
 chester, Ky.,  where  he  was  installed  October  13th, 
 1843,  and  relea.sed  September  IGth,  1848.  Here  also 
 he  was  greatly  beloved  and  honored.  His  third 
 charge  was  at  Shelbyville,  Ky.,  where  he  was  in- 
 stalled November  25th,  1848,  and  labored  with  great 
 fidelity  and  success  over  twenty-two  years,  until  he 
 was  released,  March  1st,  1871.  His  fourth  and  last 
 pastorate  was  in  the  Fourth  Church  at  Louisville, 
 Ky.,  where  he  was  installed  JIarch  10th,  1871,  and 
 labored  over  eight  years,  until  rele;i,sed  June  Kith, 
 1H79,  on  account  of  feeble  health  and  increasing 
 inlirniities.  His  death  occurred  August  24th,  1880, 
 in  the  seventy-fifth  year  of  his  age. 
 
 Few  men  have  been  so  successful,  so  useful,  and  so 
 honored  in  the  ministry,  its  was  Dr.  Matthews.  In 
 his  convictions  in  regard  to  theology  and  church 
 government,  he  was  a  strict,  old-fasliioiied  Presby- 
 terian ;  devotedly  attached  to  his  Church  and  its 
 Standards,  of  which,  as  well  as  of  the  Holy  Scrip- 
 tures, he  w-as  an  able  expounder.  His  services  in 
 Church  courts  were  invaluable.  Always  an  admirable 
 preacher,  he  preached  better  and  better  to  the  very 
 
 last.  The  sermons  of  his  last  years  were  distinguished 
 for  the  fullness,  sweetness,  pathos  and  power  with 
 which  he  set  forth  the  gospel.  It  was  often  said  of 
 him,  that  his  mild  and  beaming  face  "was  as  good 
 iis  a  sermon."  He  thoroughly  enjoyed  the  respect 
 and  confidence  of  every  community  in  which  he 
 ever  dwelt. 
 
 Matthew^s,  Rev.  "W.  T.,  was  born  in  Union 
 county,  North  Carolina,  January  10th,  18.57;  gradu- 
 atErskine  College,  South  Carolina,  July  18th,  1878; 
 spent  two  years  in  Theological  Seminary  at  Columbia, 
 S.  C. ;  graduated  in  theology  at  Princeton  Seminary, 
 N.  J.,  in  May,  1881;  licensed  to  preach  the  go.spel 
 hy  Bethel  Presbyterian  Synod,  S.  C,  at  Beerslieba 
 Church,  April,  1880;  ordained  at  Olivet  Church;  by 
 same  Presbytery,  October,  1881;  installed  pastor  of 
 Olivet  and  Zion  churches,  October,  1881,  and  is  now 
 pastor  of  the  same  churches.  His  preaching  was 
 greatly  blessed  in  the  early  part  of  his  ministerial 
 labors,  in  the  addition  of  manj-  members  to  both  of 
 his  churches,  fifty-five  being  added  to  the  Zion 
 Church  at  one  meeting. 
 
 As  a  preacher,  he  is  sound,  clear,  and  forcible, 
 preaching  always  and  only  Christ,  and  Christ  cruci- 
 fied the  hope  of  a  lost  world;  his  style  is  clear  and 
 concise  in  the  exposition  of  the  Scriptures,  and  he 
 has  the  power  of  communicating  the  great  truths  of 
 the  gospel,  as  revealed  in  the  Old  and  New  Testa- 
 ment, in  a  clear,  simple,  and  plain  manner,  so  that 
 the  unlearned  can  understand  his  meaning. 
 
 As  a  pastor,  he  is  faithful,  diligent,  and  conscien- 
 tious in  the  discharge  of  every  duty,  and  has  already 
 gained  the  love  and  confidence  of  his  people  to  a 
 degree,  seldom  attained  by  one  of  his  age. 
 
 His  life  is  a  model  of  a  conscientious,  exemplary 
 Christian  gentleman.  Always  unselfish,  whenever 
 his  personal  pleasure  and  comforts  only  were  in- 
 volved; he  is  inflexible  in  questions  of  duty,  and 
 he  never  gives  offence  unless  it  is  by  his  steadfo.st 
 adhesion  to  principle.  Beginning  his  ministerial 
 work  in  1881,  with  two  feeble  churches  they  have 
 now  increased  and  grown  to  be  one  of  the  best  fields 
 in  Bethel  Presbytery. 
 
 Mattoon,  Charles  Nash,  D.D.,  was  born  in 
 Lenox,  Mass.,  in  1^12,  and  graduated  fr(ini  Middle- 
 bury  College  in  1832.  He  was  ordained  and  instixUed 
 at  Canoga,  N.  Y.,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Geneva,  July 
 6th,  1837.  He  preached  at  Aurora,  from  1841,  and 
 at  LeRoy,  from  1850.  He  was  President  of  Farmers' 
 College,  Ohio,  from  1857,  and  labored  in  the  minis- 
 try at  Kockford,  111.,  1861-2,  and  at  Monroe,  Mich., 
 1863-77;  where  he  still  resides.  His  life  has  been 
 one  of  active  and  nscfnl  .service. 
 
 Mattoon,  Stephen,  D.D.,  was  born  inChampicm, 
 N.  Y.,  May  5th,  1815,  and  graduated  at  Union  Col- 
 lege in  1842.  He  was  ordained  an  evangeli.st  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Troy,  February  11th,  1846.  He  was 
 missionary  in  Siam,  1846;  pastor  of  the  First  Church, 
 Bangkok,    1860-6;   pastor  at   Ballston  Spa,  N.    Y., 
 
MAXWELL. 
 
 479 
 
 MAXWELL. 
 
 1867-9;  stated  supply  at  New  Hope,  N.  C,  1870-71;  Quaitevly,  devoted   to  the  past  and  present  history 
 
 stilted  '  supply    of   the    Second    Chiu'ch,    Charlotte,  of  his  native  State.     His  death  occurred  ne;ir  Wil- 
 
 1871-78;  stated  supply  of  Caldwell,   Hopewell  and  lianisljurg,  Va.,  January  9th,  1857.      His  reputation 
 
 Good  Hope,  1879.     Since  1870  he  has  been  President  as  a  lawyer  and  advocate  was  very  high.    But  though 
 
 of  Biddle   University,  Charlotte,   X.  C,   and  he  is  absorbed  in  his  profession,  he  found  congenial  relax- 
 
 at  present  also  stated   supply  of  Emanuel  Church,  ation  in  literary  pursuits,  and  his  pen  was  not  idle  in 
 
 Dr.  JIattoou  is  a  gentleman  of  scholarly  attainments, 
 excellent  administrative  ability,  and  has  conducted 
 the  aflairs  of  the  Institution  of  which  he  has  charge, 
 with  success. 
 
 Maxwell,  John  Allen,  is  the  only  son  of  John 
 Allen  and  Ann  Mary  Ma.xwell,  and  was  born  in  New- 
 York  city,  December  29th,  1833.  His  studies  pre- 
 paratory to  college  were  pursued  chiefly  in  New  York, 
 and  for  a  short  time  in  Newark,  N.  J.  He  was 
 graduated  at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  Y'ork, 
 in  1857,  and  at  Union  Theological  Seminary,  in  1860. 
 In  the  Autumn  of  the  last  named  year  he  was  ordained 
 to  the  ministry,  and  installed  as  pastor  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church  of  South  Orange,  N.  J.  After  a 
 piistorate  of  more  than  ten  years,  he  resigned,  and 
 became  pa.stor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Hazle- 
 ton.  Pa.,  in  September,  1871.  From  this  field  he  was 
 called  to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Bridgeton, 
 N.  J.;  was  there  installed  in  the  Spring  of  1874,  and 
 continued  to  be  the  pastor  of  that  church  for  nearly 
 seven  years.  In  December,  1830,  he  was  called  to 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Titusville,  Pa.,  of  which 
 he  is  now  pastor.  The  several  churches  which  have 
 been  privileged  to  enjoy  the  ministrations  of  Mr. 
 JIaxwell  have  respectively  borne  testimony  to  his 
 fidelity  and  etficiency  in  pastoral  work,  and  to  his 
 ability  as  a  sermonizer.  Thoroughness  of  preparation 
 and  clearness  of  expression,  both  iu  thought  and 
 composition,  are  characteristics  of  his  sermons,  many 
 of  which  have,  by  request,  been  published.  In  addi- 
 tion to  church  work,  ilr.  Maxwell's  taleuts  have  been 
 occasionally  employed  in  the  preparation  and  delivery 
 of  popular  lectures,  and  in  contributions  to  the  local 
 and  religious  press.  By  this  means  a  larger  portion 
 of  "the  field,"  which  is  "the  world,"  has  been 
 reached,  and  richly  benefited,  through  the  scattering 
 of  seed-thoughts,  gathered  from  a  highly  cultured 
 mind. 
 
 Maxwell,  "William,  LL.  D.,  was  born  of  English 
 parentage,  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  February  27th,  1784.  He 
 graduated  at  Y'ale  College,  September,  1802;  after- 
 wards studied  law  in  Richmond,  Va.,  and  in  1808 
 
 the  cause  of  truth. 
 
 Ever  zealous  for  the  promotion  of  education,  in 
 1828  he  erected  iu  Norfolk,  at  his  own  expense,  a 
 Lyceum,  for  the  diftusiou  of  useful  knowledge,  by 
 means  of  lectures,  etc.,  thus  anticipating  the  popular 
 movement  on  that  subject.  He  was  also  active  iu 
 promoting  the  charities  of  the  day,  especially  the 
 Bible  and  Colonization  societies,  in  whose  behalf  his 
 voice  was  often  htard. 
 
 \VII.I.TAM    MAXWELL,  LL.  P. 
 
 As  a  ruling  elder  in  the  Church  in  Norfolk. at  their 
 meetings  for  prayer,  he  often  led  the  devotions  of  the 
 congregation,  enchaining  the  attention  of  all  by  his 
 lucid  and  elo(iuent  expositions  of  the  Divine  "Word, 
 which  was  his  constant  study  and  delight. 
 
 In  the  judicatories  of  the  Church  he  was  known  as 
 
 commenced  the  practice  of  law  in  Norfolk.  In  1330  an  accomplished  debater,  and  in  the  General  Assem- 
 he  was  chosen  to  represent  the  Borough  of  Nortblk  !  bly  of  1837  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  exciting 
 in  the  Legislature  of  Virginia,  and  was  elected  to    controversy  of  the  time. 
 
 the  Senate  of  Virginia  in  1832,  where  he  continued  |  "With  a  comnumding  person,  ease  and  grace  of 
 till  1838.  In  November  of  that  year  he  accepted  manner,  great  dignity  of  deportment,  a  chaste  and 
 the  presidency  of  Hampden-Sidney  College,  which  fluent  elocution,  enlivened  by  brilliant  wit,  he  was 
 he  held  till  September,  1844,  when  he  resigned  and  regarded  as  one  of  the  model  speakers  of  his  day. 
 removed  to  Eichmond.  Here,  in  1847,  he  engaged  As  a  typical  man  of  the  past  generation,  he  united 
 in  the  enterprise  of  reaving  the  Hi-storical  and  ;  the  noblest  principles  with  all  that  was  refined  and 
 Philosophical  Society  of  Virginia,  and  in  1*48  he  !  graceful  in  social  life,  adorning  whatever  he  tonched 
 established   the    ''Virginia   Historical   Rvyi.4er,"    a    with  the  charm  of  an  elegant  culture,  such  as  comes 
 
MAY  BIN. 
 
 480 
 
 M'ALLIHTER. 
 
 from  familiarity  Tvitli  the  best  classical  authors,  and 
 from  personal  association  with  the  most  cultivated 
 men,  from  the  time  he  was  a  pupil  of  Dr.  Dwight 
 and  the  friend  of  Dr.  Eice,  and  the  compatriot  of  the 
 very  hest  men  of  his  generation,  to  the  end  of  his 
 useful  life. 
 
 Maybin,  Joseph  A.,  was  the  third  sou  of  John 
 and  Anna  Joanna  (Peters)  Maybin,  and  was  born  in 
 Philadelphia,  March  6th,  1795.  At  the  age  of  eighteen 
 he  graduated,  with  high  honors,  at  Dickinson  College. 
 He  entered  upon  the  study  of  law  in  the  otfice  of 
 Hon.  Horace  Binney,  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  1816 
 was  admitted  to  the  practice  of  his  profession. 
 
 Mr.  Maybin  went  to  the  city  of  New  Orleans  in 
 1817,  where  he  has  had  a  home  for  nearly  sixty 
 years,  and  for  more  than  half  a  century  he  has  been 
 identified  with  its  educational,  legal  and  religious 
 interests.  As  the  oldest  practicing  member  of  the 
 Bar,  he  was  highly  esteemed  and  beloved  by  all  who 
 came  in  contact  with  him. 
 
 Mr.  Maybin  was  one  of  the  founders  and  lathers  of 
 the  first  Presbyterian  Church  that  had  its  beginning 
 in  New  Orleans,  in  1822,  and  of  which  he  was  elected 
 elder,  in  1827,  the  duties  of  which  office  he  so  faith- 
 fully performed  that  his  pastor.  Rev.  B.  M.  Palmer, 
 could  say  ' '  that  in  all  his  experience  he  had  never 
 seen  an  elder  who  could  approach  to  Mr.  Maybin,  in 
 the  zeal  and  patience  with  which  he  did  the  work  of 
 the  church."  He  was  much  beloved,  not  only  by 
 the  members  of  his  church,  but  also  by  those  not 
 connected  with  it,  as  his  piety  possessed  that  liberal 
 charity  that  could  embrace  all.  He  could  be  called 
 a  truly  Christian  gentleman;  dignity  and  humility 
 were  so  beautifully  blended  in  him  as  to  make  it 
 impossible  not  to  love  and  reverence  him. 
 
 Cut  off  by  partial  blindness  from  reading,  with  a 
 memory  constitutionally  strong,  he  could  draw  ujion 
 the  knowledge  which  earlier  reading  gave  him,  and 
 was  able  to  stand  up  in  the  house  of  God  and  ex- 
 pound the  Bible  or  lead  in  prayer;  for  two  years 
 before  his  death  he  supplied  the  pulpit  of  a  mission 
 connected  with  his  chuich.  His  visits  in  the  homes 
 of  the  church  will  long  be  remembered  by  old  and 
 young,  for  all  were  glad  to  see  and  hear  him. 
 
 His  earnest  wish  "to  die  in  the  harness"  was 
 granted.  On  the  14th  of  May,  1876,  he  went  to 
 preach,  as  usual,  and  coming  home  weary,  he  did  not 
 go  out  in  the  afternoon;  at  night,  he  conducted 
 family  worship,  and  after  bidding  his  children  good 
 night  retired.  "When  his  daughters  came  to  his  bed- 
 side, in  the  morning,  they  found  him  dead.  He  was 
 not,  for  God  took  him.  He  was  buried  from  the 
 church,  May  16th,  1876,  where  the  large  crowds  of 
 mourners  testified  their  love  and  esteem  for  one 
 whose  memory  will  long  be  cherished. 
 
 McAdam,  Rev.  William  T.,  w;i.«  born,  August 
 5th,  1823,  ill  Harri.sou  county,  Ohio.  He  graduated 
 at  Franklin  College,  New  Athens,  in  1842;  studied 
 theology  in  the  Associate  Reformed  Seminary,  Alle- 
 
 gheny; was  licensed  to  preach,  April  23d,  1845,  by 
 the  Second  Presbytery  of  Ohio.  After  preaching  at 
 several  points,  by  the  appointment  of  Synod,  he  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Church  of  Mercer,  Pa.,  May 
 19th,  1847,  and  continued  in  this  relation  till  Sep- 
 tember, 1853,  raising  the  church  from  nearly  a  com- 
 plete wreck  to  prosperity.  He  was  pastor  of  the 
 Stone  Street  Church,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  from  April, 
 1854,  to  February,  1857,  after  which  he  united  with  the 
 Presbytery  of  Shenango,  O.  S.  Presbyterian.  As  pas- 
 tor of  the  Church  in  Sharon,  Pa.,  1857-60,  he  did  a 
 good  work.  After  engaging  in  the  service  of  the 
 country  for  a  time,  he  went  to  Colorado  for  the  im- 
 provement of  his  health,  and  after  preaching  at  Fort 
 Collins  for  a  short  period,  without  compensation,  or- 
 ganized the  Presbyterian  Church  there.  After  three 
 years  of  gratuitous  work  he  went  to  Monmouth,  HI. , 
 where,  for  nearly  two  years,  he  preached,  part  of  the 
 time  in  vacant  churches.  In  1874  he  served  the 
 Church  in  Cherokee,  Northern  Iowa,  three  months, 
 and  at  the  expiration  of  that  year  was  installed  its 
 pastor,  where  his  labors  were  crowned  with  success. 
 He  resigned  the  charge,  April  1st,  1879.  Since  1880 
 he  has  been  Chaplain  in  the  United  States  Army,  lo- 
 cated at  Fort  Niobrara,  Nebraska. 
 
 Mr.  McAdam  possesses  very  attractive  social  quali- 
 ties. His  discourses  have  always  been  on  important 
 themes,  of  mateiual  thoroughly  Bililical,  with  logical 
 arrangement,  and  full  of  vigorous  thought.  He  is 
 highly  esteemed  by  the  congregations  of  which  he 
 has  had  charge. 
 
 McAden,  Rev.  Hugh,  was  born  of  an  humble 
 but  pious  parentage,  in  Pennsylvania.  After  gradu- 
 ating at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  in  1753,  he 
 studied  theology  with  the  Rev.  John  Blair,  and  was 
 licensed  by  New  Castle  Presbytery,  in  1755.  He 
 was  immediately  sent  on  a  missionary  tour  through 
 the  South.  Returning  to  the  North,  he  was  ordained 
 by  the  New  Castle  Presbytery,  in  1757,  and  became 
 pastor,  soon  after,  of  the  congregations  in  Duplin  and 
 New  Hanover,  North  Carolina,  where  he  remained 
 about  ten  years,  and  then  removed  to  Caswell  county, 
 finishing  his  days  there,  January  20th,  1781.  Mr. 
 McAden  was  sj'Stematic  in  study,  in  visiting  and  in 
 labor,  and  faithfully  fulfilled  hif  ministry.  He  was 
 truly  one  of  the  chief  founders  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  the  Southern  States. 
 
 McAllister,  Hon.  Hugh  N.,  was  of  Scotch-Irish 
 descent.  He  was  the  eldesf  son  of  Hon.  'William 
 McAllister  and  Sarah  Thomp.son,  and  was  born  on 
 the  farm  owned  by  his  father  and  grandfather,  in 
 Lost  Creek  Valley,  Juniata  county.  Pa.,  June  28th, 
 1809.  He  entered  the  Freshman  clasc  at  Jefferson 
 College,  in  1830,  and  stood  so  high  before  the  end  of 
 the  year  as  to  be  chosen  b.v  his  society  as  one  of  its 
 debaters,  which  honor,  however,  his  modesty  and 
 timidity  induced  him  to  decline.  He  graduated  in 
 1833,  high  in  a  class  in  which  were  many  more,  since 
 distinguished  in  the  Church  and  State.     In  1835  he 
 
iPARTHUR. 
 
 481 
 
 M'BBYDE. 
 
 vras  admitted  to  practice  iu  the  several  courts  of 
 Centre  count}'.  Pa.,  and  at  once  took  a  high  position 
 at  the  Bar.  As  a  couiLsellor  he  was  always  discreet, 
 careful  and  safe.  As  an  attorney  he  was  faithful, 
 honest  and  industrious.  As  aji  advocate  he  was 
 earnest,  zealous,  and  at  times,  impressively  eloquent. 
 He  would  embark  iu  no  man's  case  unless  thoroughly 
 impressed  with  its  justice,  and  then  he  battled  as 
 only  a  man  of  his  temperament  could  battle  for  the 
 right. 
 
 Mr.  McAllister  was  not  ambitious  of  public  posi- 
 tions. The  first  public  ofiice  he  ever  held  was  as  a 
 member  of  the  Convention  to  reform  the  State  Consti- 
 tution. He  entered  upon  this  work  with  tlie  energy 
 and  zeal  which  ever  characterized  him,  but  not  limit- 
 ing his  labor  to  his  physical  capacity  to  endure  it,  his 
 strength  gave  way  under  incessant  toil,  and  he  died 
 at  his  boarding-house  in  Philadelphia,  Jlay  5th,  1873. 
 Upon  the  announcement  of  his  death,  the  Convention 
 adjourned  until  the  following  day,  when  appropriate 
 resolutions  were  offered  and  pas.sed,  in  relation  to  the 
 sad  event,  and  glowing  eulogies  on  the  character  of 
 the  deceased  were  pronounced  by  many  members  of 
 the  Convention,  and  a  committee  of  seven  appointed 
 to  convey  the  body  to  its  home  in  Bellefonte,  and 
 attend  the  funeral.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Bellefonte 
 Bar  and  members  of  the  Bars  of  Clinton,  Clearfield 
 and  Huntingdon  counties,  suitable  resolutions  were 
 adopted,  expressive  of  their  sense  of  the  great  loss 
 which  they  had  sustained,  in  common  with  the  com- 
 munity, the  Church  and  the  State. 
 
 As  a  citizen,  Jlr.  McAllister  was  always  enterpris- 
 ing, public-spirited  and  patriotic.  He  was  one  of  the 
 projectors,  the  constant  friends  and  liberal  supporters 
 of  the  Agricultiu-al  College  of  Pennsylvania,  now  the 
 Pennsylvania  State  College.  He  was  a  friend  of  the 
 common  schools,  academies  and  seminaries,  as  well 
 ac  Sunday  schools.  He  was  an  earnest  friend  of  the 
 cause  of  temperance.  As  a  neighbor,  he  was  ever 
 considerate,  obliging  and  liberal.  As  a  man,  he  was 
 just,  upright  and  inflexibly  honest.  As  a  Christian, 
 he  was  sincere,  faithful  and  mo.st  exemplary,  liberal 
 as  a  giver  and  earnest  as  a  worker.  He  was  a  mem- 
 ber and  an  elder  in  the  Presbj-terian  Church  of  Belle- 
 fonte for  many  years,  and  in  all  his  church  relations 
 commanded  the  confidence  and  respect  of  all  who 
 knew  him.  If  not  the  originator  of  the  scheme  of 
 ministerial  sustentation,  he  was  a  very  active  friend 
 to  it.  The  crowning  glory  of  his  life  was  his  devoted, 
 consistent,  humble  walk  with  God. 
 
 McArthtir,  John,  was  a  prominent  member,  and 
 for  many  years  an  influential  and  useful  elder,  of  the 
 Tenth  Presbyterian  Church,  Philadelphia.  He  was 
 a  native  of  Scotland,  where  he  served  an  apprentice- 
 ship at  carpentering.  He  came  to  the  New  World  a 
 very  young  man,  and  entered  at  once  upon  the  pur- 
 suit of  his  trade  in  Philadelphia.  His  first  employ- 
 ment was  upon  the  Naval  Asylum,  as  a  journeyman, 
 from  which  modest  beginning  he  eventually  became 
 31 
 
 one  of  the  largest  and  most  successful  builders  of  his 
 day.  Among  the  prominent  and  old-time  buildings 
 which  he  constructed  were  the  Athenaeum,  the  Girard 
 House,  the  West  Spruce  Street  Presbyterian  Church, 
 and  the  premises  now  occupied  by  St.  George's  Hotel, 
 which  he  built  for  the  purpo.ses  of  an  academy.  He 
 died  February  16th,  1883,  at  the  age  of  eighty-three 
 years.  Mr.  McArthur  was  a  remarkable  man  in 
 appearance.  He  was  very  tall  and  slim,  and  wore 
 his  whitened  locks  down  to  his  shoulders,  a  charac- 
 teristic which  gave  him  an  extremely  venerable  look. 
 He  was  an  earnest,  old-fashioned  Presbyterian,  a'nd 
 one  of  the  most  active  and  public-spirited  elders  in 
 the  city  in  which  he  was  so  well  known  and  higlily 
 esteemed.  He  was  the  uncle  of  the  eminent  archi- 
 tect, John  McArthur,  Jr.,  next  noticed. 
 
 McArthur,  John  Jr.,  was  born  at  Bladenock,  in 
 Wigtonshire,  Scotland,  Jlay  13th,  1823.  He  came  to 
 Philadelphia  when  only  ten  years  of  age.  Here,  in 
 connection  with  the  study  of  architecture,  he  learned 
 drawing  and  designing,  for  which  he  had  always  felt 
 a  strong  taste.  So  assiduously  did  he  apply  himself 
 to  these  studies  that  he  soon  attained  extraordinary 
 skill.  And  this  skill  soon  met  with  public  recognition, 
 for,  in  1848,  he  was  awarded  the  first  premium  for  his 
 planfora  new  Houseof  Refuge,  and  was  entrusted  with 
 the  entire  charge  of  the  erection  of  the  building.  In  1 849 
 he  served  as  foreman  for  his  uncle,  noticed  above,  who 
 had  .secured  the  contract  for  the  erection  of  the  west 
 ■niug  of  the  Penn.sylvania  Hospital.  About  a  year 
 later  he  was  appointed  superintendent  on  the  east 
 wing  of  the  same  hospital.  These  successes  maj'  be 
 said  to  have  fah'ly  started  him  in  the  profession  iu 
 which  he  has  since  won  so  much  distinction,  and  of 
 which  he  is  one  of  the  acknowledged  leaders.  Monu- 
 ments to  his  finished  art  abound  in  the  city  of  his 
 residence  and  throughout  the  State  and  the  country. 
 His  fame  will  be  perpetuated  by  the  new  City  Hall 
 and  the  United  States  Post  Ofiice,  in  Philadelphia, 
 constructed  under  his  superintendence.  Not  less 
 remarkable  than  his  artistic  skill  are  his  unswerving 
 integrity  and  indomitable  energy.  The  ftrst  has 
 won  him  the  entire  confidence  of  every  client,  while 
 to  the  second  may,  in  great  measure,  be  attributed 
 his  success  in  life.  He  has  made  his  way  to  the  front 
 rank  of  a  ijrofession,  in  which  eminence  is  peculiarly 
 difficult  of  attainment,  iu  spite  of  obstacles  that 
 might  well  have  seemed  insurmountable.  Mr.  JIc- 
 Arthur  is  an  exemplary  member,  a  warm  supporter, 
 and  a  trustee,  of  the  Woodland  Avenue  Presbjiterian 
 Church,  West  Philadelphia. 
 
 McBryde,  Rev.  Dtincan  Daniel,  A.M.,  is  the 
 son  of  Daniel  and  Margaret  (McArn)  McBryde.  He 
 was  born  in  Richmond  county,  N.  C,  June  12th, 
 1827.  Having  graduated  with  distinction  at  David- 
 son College,  in  18.51,  he  entered  the  theological 
 seminary  at  Columbia,  S.  C,  where  he  completed  his 
 professional  education,  in  June,  1854.  On  Novem- 
 ber, 1853,  he  was  licensed  by  Fayette\-ille  Presby- 
 
JiVCALLA. 
 
 482 
 
 MCAVLEY. 
 
 tery,  and  was  ordained  by  the  same  Presbytery, 
 Seiitember  'id,  1854.  In  July  previous  to  bis  ordina- 
 tion he  took  charge  of  Sardis  Churdi,  and  continued 
 to  supply  its  pulpit.  In  18.1.5  he  \yas  installed  i)astor 
 of  Blutf  Church,  iu  the  same  Presbytery.  In  this  ' 
 first  and  only  charge  he  has  spent  the  strength  and 
 vigor  of  his  ministerial  life. 
 
 Gifted  -with  a  well  balanced  mind  and  an  easy 
 flow  of  language,  Jlr.  McBryde  is  a  wise  counsellor, 
 as  well  as  oneof  our  best  and  most  popular  preachers. 
 His  style  of  preaching  is  practical  and  searching. 
 Untrammeled  by  manuscript,  he  often  warms  into 
 strains  of  impassioned  eloquence,  and  his  appeals  are 
 pungent  and  solemn.  His  manner  is  easy  and  grace- 
 ful. Combining  with  these  qualities  a  moral  char- 
 acter untarnished,  he  wields  great  influence  for  good 
 in  liis  field  of  labor.  The  fact  that  he  has  spent  his 
 whole  ministerial  life  among  the  same  admiring 
 and  devoted  people,  is  sufficient  evidence,  not  only 
 of  his  gifts  and  graces,  but  of  his  devotion  to  his 
 Master's  cause. 
 
 McCalla,  Rev.  William  L.,  was  born  in  Jessa- 
 mine county,  Ky.,  November  25th,  1788.  In  1815 
 he  was  appointed  an  army  chaplain,  by  General  Jack- 
 sou.  In  1819  he  was  settled  as  pastor  of  the  Church 
 in  Augusta,  Ky.  In  1823  he  was  settled  o\er  the 
 Eighth  or  Scots'  Church,  Philadelphia,  where  his  min- 
 istry was  very  successful.  In  1835  he  felt  impelled 
 to  travel  in  Texas,  and  again  served  as  an  army  chap- 
 lain, dressing  in  clerical  costume  and  living  in  a 
 tent.  In  1837  he  returned  to  Philadelphia,  and 
 labored  successively  in  the  Fourth,  Tabernacle,  and 
 Union  churches.  In  1854  he  engaged  in  missionary 
 labor  in  St.  Louis,  among  the  boatmen,  and  after- 
 ward among  the  slaves  iu  the  South.  He  died  in 
 Louisiana,  of  congestive  chills,  October  12th,  1859, 
 in  the  seventy-first  year  of  his  age. 
 
 Mr.  McCalla  was  of  a  tall  and  commanding  person, 
 with  black  hair  and  eyes,  and  a  clarion  voice.  He 
 was  more  or  less  familiarly  acquainted  with  the 
 Hebrew,  Syriac,  Greek,  Latin,  French,  Spanish  and 
 German  languages.  He  preached  w  ithout  notes,  had 
 a  wonderful  command  of  language,  and  attained  great 
 popularity  in  the  pulpit.  But  it  was  in  debate  that 
 he  excelled.  In  polemics  he  was  a  master.  This  he 
 abundantly  exemplified  in  his  debates  with  Mr. 
 Vaughn  and  Alexander  Campbell,  Baptists,  in  Ken- 
 tucky; with  William  Lane,  an  Ariau  Baptist,  in  Mil- 
 ford;  with  John  Hughes,  afterward  Archbishop,  the 
 Koman  Catholic;  with  Abner  Knciiand,  the  atheist; 
 and  with  .loseph  Barker,  the  infidel,  which  last  after- 
 ward preached  the  taith  ho  once  labored  to  destroy. 
 In  the  long  controversy  betwi^en  the  Old  and  New 
 Scliools  lie  kept  up  liis  character  for  pugnacity,  abil- 
 ity, and  power  of  sarcasm.  He  was  proud  of  his 
 Kentucky  birth.  He  had  an  uncommon  power  of 
 .self-control,  and  could  .say  the  mo.st  diverting  or  the 
 mo.st  cutting  things,  without  changing  a  muscle.  In 
 the  fiercest  contests  he  remained  perfectly  cool.     Dr. 
 
 Miller  remarked  of  him  that  he  was  smooth  as  oil, 
 but  it  was  the  oil  of  vitriol. 
 
 Mr.  McCalla  was  a  gentlenuin  of  polished  manners, 
 and  in  social  life  wiis  a  most  agreeable  companion. 
 His  only  publications  were  :  "  A  Correct  Narrative  " 
 of  the  afliiirs  connected  with  the  trial  of  the  Rev. 
 Albert  Barnes,  a  small  collection  of  psalms  and 
 hymns,  in  French,  and  "  Travels  in  Texas." 
 
 McCarrell,  Alexander,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Hanover  township,  Washington  county.  Pa.,  Sep- 
 tember 22d,  1817;  graduated  at  Washington  College 
 in  1841,  and,  after  a  course  of  theological  training, 
 was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Washington,  in 
 April,  1845.  For  a  time  he  served  the  churches  of 
 AVolf  Run  and  Unity,  tis  stated  supply.  In  October, 
 1846,  he  commenced  to  supply  the  Church  of  Clays- 
 vUle,  Pa.,  and  having  been  greatly  prospered  in  his 
 labors,  was  installed  as  pastor  of  that  church,  Decem- 
 ber, IGth,  1852.  And  there,  after  a  ministry  of  three 
 and  a  half  decades,  peculiarly  marked  with  love, 
 tenderness,  evangelical  unction,  and  pastoral  fidelity, 
 on  April  18th,  1881,  the  Master  called  him  from  the 
 "earthly  house  of  this  tabernacle"  to  "the  house 
 not  made  with  hands,  eternal  in  the  heavens."  The 
 elements  of  Dr.  McCarrell's  strength  consisted  of  his 
 evangelical  spirit  and  earnest  devotion  to  the  work 
 of  saving  souls.  With  a  single  eye  he  aimed  to 
 "preach  the  gq,spel  with  the  Holy  Ghost  sent  down 
 from  heaven."  His  goodness  was  his  greatness.  He 
 was  the  highly  acceptable  Stated  Clerk  of  his  Presby- 
 tery for  many  years,  was  useful  as  a  member  of  the 
 courts  of  the  Church,  and  co-operated  with  his  breth- 
 ren, by  whom  he  was  greatly  beloved,  in  every  good 
 work.  He  has  left  the  record  of  a  "good  and  fiiith- 
 ful  servant." 
 
 McCarrell,  Rev.  "William  Alexander,  second 
 son  and  child  of  the  Rev.  Alexander  McCarrell,  D.  D., 
 and  Martha  (McLain)  McCarrell,  of  Claysville,  Pa., 
 was  born  August  20th,  1846,  at  Unity,  Green  county, 
 Pa.  He  graduated  at  Washington  and  Jefterson  Col- 
 lege in  1868;  at  Western  Theological  Seminary,  April, 
 1871;  and  was  licen.sed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Washington,  April,  1870.  He  supplied  the  Second 
 Church  of  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  during  the  Winter  and 
 Spring  of  1870-71,  while  at  the  seminary.  He  w;is 
 pastor-elect  and  pastor  of  the  churches  of  Cambridge 
 and  Gravel  Run,  Presbytery  of  Erie,  from  May,  1871, 
 to  May,  1875.  On  the  second  Sabbath  of  May,  1875, 
 he  accepted  the  ])astorate  of  the  Church  at  Shipjiens- 
 burg.  Pa.,  where  he  still  labors  with  zeal  and  fidelity, 
 beloved  by  his  peojile,  blessed  in  his  ministry,  and 
 esteemed  by  the  entire  community. 
 
 McCauley,  Thomas,  D.  D. ,  LL.  D. ,  was  a  native 
 of  Ireland.  He  graduated  at  Union  College,  New 
 York,  in  1804;  Wius Tutor  there  in  180.5-6,  and  Professor 
 of  Mathematics  and  Natural  Philosophy  from  1814 
 to  1822,  meanwhile  being  licensed  to  preach,  it  is 
 supposed,  by  the  Presliytery  of  Albany.  He  was 
 settled  in  New  York  city,  as  pastor  of  Rutgers  Street 
 
M'CAULEr. 
 
 483 
 
 M'CLELLAN. 
 
 Church.  He  then  removed  to  Philadelphia,  and  had 
 charge  of  what  is  now  the  Tenth  Presbyterian  Church. 
 June  2d,  1830,  he  was  elected  President  of  the  Board 
 of  Education,  which  position  he  filled  but  one  year. 
 Subsequently  he  returned  to  New  York  city,  to 
 assume  the  pastorate  of  the  Murray  Street  Presbyte- 
 rian Church.  While  thus  engaged,  he  was  elected, 
 in  1838,  to  the  Chair  of  Pastoral  Theology  and  Church 
 Government,  in  the  Union  Theological  SemLnary  of 
 that  city,  which  iiosition  he  held  until  1841.  For  a 
 year  previous  to  his  death  Dr.  JlcCauley  lived  in 
 retirement. 
 
 McCauley,  Rev.  Thomas,  was  born  in  Frank- 
 lin county.  Pa.,  February  28th,  1828.  He  graduated 
 at  New  Jersey  College,  in  1852,  and  studied  theology 
 at  Princeton  Seminary.  He  was  ordained  by  the 
 Presbj-tery  of  Long  Island,  June  5th,  1855.  He  was 
 pastor  at  Huntington,  L.  I.,  1855-63;  at  Hacketts- 
 town,  N.  J. ,  1867-8,  and  has  been  pastor  of  the  Third 
 Church,  Chester,  Pa.,  since  1878.  Mr.  McCauley  is  a 
 good  preacher,  a  diligent  pa.stor,  a  faithful  presbyter, 
 and  the  Divine  blessing  has  crowned  his  ministry 
 with  success  in  all  his  fields  of  labor. 
 
 McCay,  Rev.  David,  the  .son  of  William  and 
 Catharine  McCay,  was  born  in  Lewistown,  Pa., 
 Feliruary  17th,  1816.  He  graduated  at  Jefferson 
 College  in  1838;  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary 
 in  1841 ;  was  licensed  by  Huntingdon  Presbjrtery  in 
 the  same  year,  and  on  October  30th,  1845,  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  united  churches  of  Bethesda, 
 Concord  and  Callensburgh,  Pa.,  in  which  he  preached 
 for  about  seven  years,  with  great  success,  and  after- 
 wards, for  more  than  twenty  years  in  the  last  two 
 of  these  churches,  the  blessing  of  the  Lord  largely 
 attending  his  ministrations.  He  died  June  4th, 
 1862.  Mr.  JlcCay  possessed  an  intellect  of  a  high 
 order,  clear,  comprehensive,  logical,  and  eminently 
 practical.  His  piety  was  deep,  tranquil,  constant 
 and  heartfelt.  He  was  a  well  read  theologian,  and  a 
 thorough  Calvinist.  He  was  zealous  in  doing  good, 
 and  a  brother  beloved  by  those  who  knew  him. 
 
 McCay,  Hon.  "William,  was  born  in  Scotland, 
 but  while  yet  a  child  his  father  removed  to  Claugher, 
 County  Tyrone,  Ireland.  There  he  spent  his  youth- 
 ful days.  He  came  to  this  country  in  1801,  settled 
 in  Tuscarora  Valley,  Juniata  county  (then  Mifflin 
 county),  in  1804,  and  in  1810  removed  to  Lewistown, 
 where  he  connected  himself  with  the  Presb.yterian 
 Church,  and  was  elected  and  ordained  an  elder  in 
 said  congregation  in  1811  or  1812.  He  was  a  man 
 universally  respected  for  his  strictly  religious  char- 
 acter, conscientiousness,  iijtclligence,  and  public 
 spirit.  He  was  a  leading  spirit  in  the  church,  in  the 
 town,  and  in  the  community  generally.  As  an  elder 
 he  had  great  influence,  and  was,  in  all  matters  of 
 doctrine  or  discipline,  the  right  hand  of  the  pastor.  As 
 a  citizen,  the  town  of  Lewistown,  of  which  he  was 
 long  the  Chief  Burgess,  owed  most  of  its  public  ini- 
 jirovements  to  his  foresight,  itrudence  and  diligence. 
 
 He  was  known  and  honored  as  a  citizen  bej-ond  the 
 limits  of  the  town,  and  even  the  county  in  which  he 
 lived.  He  was  a  patriot,  and  at  the  time  of  the  War 
 of  1812  raised  a  company  for  the  service  of  the  coun- 
 try, and  received  a  military  commission  from  Gover- 
 nor Snyder,  marched  towards  the  front,  but  the  war 
 ended  before  he  was  called  to  any  active  service  as  a 
 soldier.  He  was  made  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  by 
 Governor  Heister,  a  Notary  Public  by  Governor  Wolf, 
 and  Associate  Judge  of  Jlifllin  county  by  Governor 
 Porter.  Judge  McCay  died  at  Lewistown,  December 
 13th,  1841.  He  was  the  fother  of  the  Eev.  David 
 McCay,  noticed  above. 
 
 McClean,  "William,  was  born  August  4th,  1778, 
 in  Franklin  township,  Adams  county.  Pa.  Remov- 
 ing to  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  about  the  year  1829,  he  was 
 chosen  an  elder  in  the  Presbj'terian  Chm-ch  of  that 
 place,  and  was  superintendent  of  the  Sabbath  school 
 for  some  years.  Removing  to  Harrisburg  in  1839,  he 
 served  in  the  office  of  the  Survej-or  General  of  the 
 State  for  several  years.  In  1844  he  was  elected  an 
 elder  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  that  place.  He 
 was  a  man  of  more  than  ordinary  abilities,  and  had 
 few  superiors  as  a  Christian  of  spotless  character.  He 
 was  a  man  of  strong  and  ardent  faith.  His  trials  were 
 many  and  severe.  He  met  with  reverses,  and  afflic- 
 tions, and  misfortunes;  but  his  faith  in  God  never 
 failed  him.  Se  was  benevolent.  Out  of  his  limited 
 means  he  gave  regularly  and  liberally  to  objects  of 
 Christian  charity,  especially  to  missions.  He  was  ad- 
 mirnhly  fitted  for  a  leader,  being  intelligent,  active,  a 
 fluent  talker,  a  wise  counsellor,  and  ever  prompt  in 
 duty.  Above  all  else,  he  was  a  man  of  prayer.  He 
 was  peculiarly  gifted  in  this  respect.  He  was  a  man 
 of  prayer  at  home,  in  the  morning  and  evening  devo- 
 tions of  his  family,  and  the  silence  of  midnight  was 
 often  broken  as  he  kept  vigils  before  the  mercy  seat. 
 A  good  man,  greatly  beloved  and  respected,  his  death 
 within  two  years  after  his  installation  as  elder  filled 
 the  church  with  mourning,  and  was  felt  to  be  no 
 common  bereavement.  He  had  often  expressed  the 
 desire,  if  the  Lord  willed,  to  die  a  sudden  and  pain- 
 less death.  The  wish  was  gratified.  He  fell  suddenly 
 dead,  in  market,  December  23d,  1846,  in  the  sixty- 
 ninth  year  of  his  age. 
 
 McClellan,  George  B.,  ex-Major  General  of  the 
 United  States  Armj-,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  De- 
 cember 3d,  1326,  and  is  a  son  of  the  late  eminent 
 physician  and  surgeon.  Dr.  George  McClellan.  When 
 fourteen  years  old  he  entered  the  University  of  Penn- 
 sylvania, and  shortly  afterwards  accepted  a  cadetship 
 in  the  United  States  Military  Academy,  whence  he 
 graduated  in  1846,  standing  number  two  in  his  class. 
 He  entered  the  army  July  1st  of  that  year,  and  was 
 at  once  ordered  to  Mexico,  w  here,  dm  ing  the  war,  he 
 won  distinction.  After  peace  was  declared  he  was 
 ordered  to  West  Point,  as  Director  of  Field  Labors 
 and  Instructor  of  Bayonet  Exercise.  His  next  sphere 
 of  duty  was  at   Fort   Delaware.      Subsequently  he 
 
JU'CLELLAX. 
 
 484 
 
 M'CLELLAN. 
 
 proceeded  with  the  expedition  to  explore  the  Red 
 River.  In  September,  1851,  he  proceeded  to  Texas, 
 to  survey  tlie  rivers  and  harbors  of  that  State;  and 
 in  the  Spring  of  1852  was  ordered  to  Washington 
 Territory,  where  he  explored  the  Yakima  Pass,  and 
 other  portions  of  the  Cascade  Range,  and  the  most 
 direct  route  to  Puget  Sound.     He  soon  after  this  was 
 
 ■■Ifl^^ 
 
 QEN.   GEORGE   B.    M  CLELLAN. 
 
 occupied  in  examining  the  railroad  system  of  the 
 United  States,  with  a  view  of  obtauiing  such  informa- 
 tion relative  to  construction,  equipment  and  manage- 
 ment as  might  prove  useful  in  the  successful  opera- 
 tion of  the  Pacific  Railroad.  A  secret  mission  to 
 St.  Domingo,  and  other  islands  of  the  West  Indian 
 group,  was  entrusted  to  him,  which  he  successfully 
 accomplished,  with  resulting  benefit  to  the  Gtoveru- 
 ment. 
 
 In  1854  he  was  sent  to  the  Crimea,  as  one  of  three 
 officers  to  study  the  organization  of  the  opposing 
 armies.  He  resigned  from  the  service,  January  16th, 
 1857,  removed  to  Chicago,  and  for  three  years  filled 
 tlic  positions  of  Engineer  and  Vice-President  of  the 
 Illinois  Central  Railroad  Company.  He  afterwards 
 became,  first,  the  General  Superintendent  of  the  Ohio 
 .and  Missi.ssippi  Railroad  Company,  and  two  months 
 later.  President  of  the  Eastern  Division  of  the  same 
 road,  with  his  residence  at  Cincinnati. 
 
 General  McClellan  at  present  resides  at  Orange,  N. 
 J.  He  has  contributed  various  articles  to  serial  pub- 
 lications. He  is  an  elder  of  the  I'resbyterian  Church, 
 and  was  a  member  of  the  Pan-Presbyterian  Council 
 which  met  in  Pliiladelphia  in  1880. 
 
 McClellan,  Hon.  Robert  H.,  tlie  .son  of  Col. 
 Williuiu  McClellan  and  Margaret  Kaiidals,  Wiis  born 
 
 in  Hebron,  Washington  county,  N.  Y.,  January  3d, 
 1822.  His  ancestry  was  Scotch  and  Presbj-tcrian. 
 He  graduated  at  Union  College,  Schenectady,  in  1847. 
 After  teaching  one  year  in  the  Academy  at  Argj'lc, 
 he  began  the  study  of  law  under  the  Hon.  ilartin  I. 
 To'wnsend,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  at  Albany, 
 in  1850.  The  .same  year  he  went  to  Galena,  111., 
 which  has  since  been  his  home.  Here  he  entered 
 rpon  the  practice  of  his  profession,  and  for  a  few 
 months  conducted  the  Galena  Gazette,  during  the 
 absence  of  the  editor.  He  has  always  been  a  polished 
 and  forcible  WTiter.  For  many  years  he  has  held  a 
 leading  position  at  the  Bar.  He  has  been  Attorney 
 for  the  Illinois  Central  Railway  Company  since  1852. 
 As  a  counsellor  his  opinions  carry  great  weight. '  He 
 has  twice  been  chosen  to  the  Legislature  of  Illinois. 
 He  was  a  member  of  the  House  in  1861,  and  was 
 elected  to  the  Senate  in  1876.  He  discharged  these 
 trusts  with  marked  ability  and  influence,  especially 
 as  Chairman  of  the  Revenue  and  member  of  the 
 Judiciary  Committees  of  the  latter  body.  Since  the 
 organization  of  the  National  Bank  in  Galena,  in  1865, 
 he  has  been  President  of  that  Institution,  which  he 
 has  managed  with  success. 
 
 HON.    ROBERT   H.  M'CLELLAN. 
 
 For  many  years  Mr.  McClellan  has  been  a  member 
 of  the  South  Presbyterian  Church  in  Galena,  a  wise 
 counsellor  and  a  liberal  supporter.  By  the  General 
 Assembly  of  1883  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the 
 "Board  of  Aid  for  Colleges  and  Academies."  He 
 is  a  man  of  exemplary  ])robity  in  character  and  con- 
 duct, of  decided  and  intelligent  opinions,  both  polit- 
 ical and  religious.     Hi.s  ta.stes  are  scholarly  and  cul- 
 
M'CLELLAND. 
 
 485 
 
 SrCLUEE. 
 
 tivated  by  wide  reading  in  literature,  for  which  he  ! 
 possesses  a  critical  and  discriminating  appreciation. 
 Though  somewhat  reserved  in  manner,  he  Is  yet 
 generous  and  kind-hearted.  He  has  "troops  of 
 friends "  and  wide  Influence,  both  of  which  are 
 tributes  to  his  sterling  worth  as  a  man. 
 
 McClelland,  Alexander,  D.  D.,  was  born  at 
 Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  iu  17S)4,  and  died  at  New  Bruns- 
 wick, N.  J.,  December  19th,  1S64.  He  graduated  at 
 Union  College  in  1809;  studied  theology  under  Dr.  ' 
 J.  11.  Mason;  was  licensed  by  the  Associate  Reformed 
 Presbytery  in  1815,  and  was  pastor  of  the  Rutgers 
 Street  Presbyterian  Church  from  1815  to  182'2,  when 
 he  became  Professor  of  Logic,  Metaphysics,  and 
 Belles  Lettres,  in  Dickinson  College,  C;irlisle,  Pa. 
 From  1829  to  his  death  he  taught  in  Rutgers  College, 
 New  Brunswick,  N.  J.  (as  Professor  of  Languages, 
 1829-3-3,  and  of  Evidences  of  Christianity,  1840-51), 
 and  in  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Reformed 
 Dutch  Church  in  the  same  place,  as  Professor  of 
 Oriental  Languages  and  Literature,  1832-57.  He 
 resigned  in  1857,  and  passed  his  closing  days  iu 
 scholarly  retirement. 
 
 As  a  preacher  and  a  teacher.  Dr.  McClelland  stood 
 forth  pre-eminent.  In  the  pulpit  he  proclaimed  God's 
 truth  with  eloquence,  unction  and  logical  power. 
 In  the  Professor's  chair  he  was  enthusiastic,  inspir- 
 ing, exacting  aud  thorough,  witty  and  severe.  As  a 
 teacher  of  Hebrew  he  is  remembered  for  his  fidelity 
 and  success  iu  grounding  his  pupils  in  that  language. 
 His  condensed  Hebrew  Grammar,  never  published, 
 was  a  masterpiece.  The  good  students  thanked  him 
 for  his  stimulating  method,  the  dull  ones  writhed 
 under  his  continual  exactions.  His  publications 
 were  very  few ;  among  them  were,  ' '  Manual  of  Sacred 
 Interpretation,"  New  York,  1842;  second  edition, 
 under  the  title  "Canon  and  Interpretation  of  Scrip- 
 ture," 1860.  A  volume  of  his  "Sermons,  with 
 Sketch  of  his  Life,"  was  published  in  1867. 
 
 McClintock,  Rev.  John  Calvin,  is  the  son  of 
 Rev.  John  anil  JIary  (Urr)  McClintock;  was  born 
 August  20th,  1843,  near  Carmichaels,  Greene  county. 
 Pa.;  graduated  at  ^Vashington  College,  Pa.,  class  of 
 1882,  and  at  the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  class 
 of  1865;  was  licensed  to  preach,  April,  1865,  by  Pres- 
 bytery of  Redstone,  of  which  his  father  has  been  an 
 honored  member  for  some  forty-six  years.  Moving 
 Westward  with  the  "  Star  of  Empire, ' '  he  was  called 
 to  preach  in  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Mount 
 Pleasant,  Iowa,  in  which  church  he  was  ordained  and 
 installed  pastor,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Iowa,  Septem- 
 ber, 1865.  From  this,  his  first  charge,  in  which  his 
 faithful  ministrations  were  greatly  blessed,  he  was 
 called  to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Burlington, 
 Iowa,  and  installed  pastor,  January,  1871,  by  the  same 
 Presbytery.  Here  he  abides,  by  God's  favor,  the  suc- 
 ce.ssful  and  beloved  pastor.  The  writer,  having  been 
 nearly  thirty  years  pastor  of  a  charge  adjoining  that 
 of  Mr.  McClintock's  father,  has  had  the  best  opportu- 
 
 nity to  know  of  the  model  Christian  home  from  which 
 he  has  sprung  to  his  present  position  of  eminent  use- 
 fulness. In  such  homes  the  blessed  Saviour  loves  to 
 sojourn;  and  from  the  Scriptural  order  and  faithful 
 training  of  such  He  calls  many  of  His  most  able  and 
 exemplary  ministers.  Besides  being  a  sovmd  theo- 
 logian, an  instructive  preacher,  a  vigilant  and  faith- 
 ful pastor  and  presbyter,  Mr.  McClintock  has  more 
 musical  talent  and  culture  than  is  common  to  his 
 profession,  which  enables  him  to  do  much  to  promote 
 a  high  degree  of  culture  in  the  service  of  song. 
 
 McClintock,  John  David,  D.  D.,  son  of  John 
 and  Nancy  (McKee)  McClintock,  was  born  in  Nicholas 
 county,  Ky.,  February  24th,  1836.  He  graduated 
 from  Hanover  College,  Ind.,  in  1858;  from  Princeton 
 Seminary  in  1862;  was  licensed,  July  7th  of  that 
 year,  by  Philadelphia  Central  Presbytery,  and  was 
 ordained  an  evangelist,  April  11th,  1864,  by  Elienezer 
 Presbytery.  From  November  29th,  1862,  until  August, 
 1863,  he  supplied  the  Church  of  Flemingsburg,  Ky., 
 during  the  absence  of  its  pastor  as  a  chaplain  iu  the 
 army.  In  November,  1863,  he  went  to  Cabell  county, 
 Va.,  and  supplied  the  Western  (now  Huntington) 
 Church,  doing  evangelistic  work,  until  April,  1865, 
 by  employing  one-half  of  his  Sabbaths  at  various 
 mission  points  in  West  Virginia;  in  Aijril,  1865,  he 
 took  charge,  as  stated  supply,  of  Catlettsburg  Church, 
 Ky.,  iu  connection  with  Huntington  Church;  was 
 installed  pastor  of  Huntington  Church,  June  7th, 
 1873,  and  was  released  therefrom  May  15th,  1876; 
 was  installed  pastor  of  Columbus  Church,  Miss. ,  April 
 29th,  1877,  and  continued  to  hold  that  relation  until 
 the  end  of  his  life.  He  died  December  12th,  1881. 
 His  departure  was  calm  and  jieaceful,  full  of  trust  iu 
 the  Saviour  he  had  preached.  He  was  an  able,  faithful, 
 zealous  and  poijular  minister,  quiet,  unobtrusive  and 
 gentlemanly  in  his  bearing;  an  unostentatious,  but 
 fearless  preacher  of  the  Word,  esteemed  and  loved  by 
 all  who  knew  him. 
 
 McClung,  Rev.  Samuel  Millig-an,  was  born 
 in  New  York  city,  April  17th,  1808.  He  studied 
 Theology  at  Princeton  Seminary.  He  was  ordained 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  April  20th,  1836. 
 He  was  pastor  of  Plum  Creek  and  Cross  Roads 
 churches.  Pa.,  1837-50;  pastor  of  Plum  Creek  aud 
 Parnassus,  1850-59;  New  Texas,  1859-61,  and  pastor 
 of  Cross  Roads,  1862-65.  He  died  in  Allegheny 
 county.  Pa.,  August  6th,  1869.  Mr.  McClung  was  a 
 man  of  great  geniality  and  benevolence  of  spirit. 
 His  ministry  was  an  earnest  one,  and  fruitful  of  good 
 results.  He  preached  with  plaiimess  and  power.  His 
 pastoral  duties  were  performed  with  great  fidelity, 
 and  he  was  beloved  by  the  people  among  whom  he 
 labored. 
 
 McClure,  John,  the  son  of  Charles  and  Amelia 
 McClure,  was  born  near  Carlisle,  Pa.  The  family 
 had  settled  at  an  early  day  in  the  Cumberland 
 Valley,  and  one  of  them  was  an  elder  in  the  Church 
 at  the  Meeting-house  Spring,  about  1740,  the   first 
 
drCLVSKEV. 
 
 486 
 
 M'CONNELL. 
 
 Presbyterian  congregation  west  of  the  Susquehanna 
 river. 
 
 Mr.  John  McClure  graduated  at  Dickinson  College 
 in  1802,  and  in  that  Institution  he  was  Tutor  in 
 1810.  After  his  giaduation  he  became  a  Divinity 
 student,  bat,  in  consequence  of  impaired  health,  he 
 was  constrained  to  abandon  bis  prospective  work. 
 He  was  ordained  a  ruling  elder  in  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Carlisle,  in  1825,  and  when  the 
 Second  Church  was  organized  there,  in  183:5,  he  Wiis 
 one  of  the  first  three  elders  elected.  Eminently 
 domestic  and  retiring,  he  sjient  his  life  generally  in 
 the  duties  and  enjoyments  of  his  quiet  and  happy 
 home,  ou  the  Letort,  in  the  education  of  bis  children, 
 and  in  the  supervision  of  the  Willow  Grove  Farm,  but 
 he  never  forgot  or  neglected  the  welfare  and  claims 
 of  the  Church.  Though  a  delicate  man  physically, 
 he  had  a  strong  and  cultivated  mind,  a  kind  and 
 generous  heart,  and  withal  a  firm  and  decided  will. 
 He  was  an  intelligent  Christian  gentleman  and  a 
 well-read  theologian.  The  Greek  Testament  was 
 his  valued  companion,  and  among  his  works  were 
 the  massive  and  solid  ''Institutes  of  Turretin,"  in 
 Latin,  and  other  books  of  like  character.  He  wa.s 
 a  pronounced  Presbyterian.  The  Confession  of  Faith 
 he  understood,  appreciated  and  cordially  accepted; 
 and  his  life  was  a  beautiful  confirmation  and  illus- 
 tration of  his  simjile  and  steadfast  and  practical 
 trust  in  Christ,  and  the  soul  transforming  and  elevat- 
 ing power  of  inspired  truth,  accompanied  by  the 
 etficacious  gi'ace  of  its  Divine  Author.  He  was  a 
 faithful  office-bearer  in  the  church,  which  he  trulj- 
 loved ;  and,  after  living  to  see  it  firmly  established 
 and  prosperous,  he  departed  tliis  life,  peacefully  and 
 hopefully,  March  20tb,  1841,  aged  57  years.  All  his 
 surviving  children  are  members  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  in  different  places,  and  all  are  the  worthy 
 representatives  of  a  no  less  worthy  ]>arentage. 
 
 McCluskey,  John,  D.  D.,  w;is  born  in  Great 
 Valley,  Chester  county.  Pa.,  June  17th,  1795.  He 
 graduated  at  Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  in  1822,  after 
 which  he  was  one  and  a  half  years  a  teacher  in  the 
 academy  at  Newtown,  Bucks  county.  Pa. ;  also  a 
 teacher  for  a  year  at  New  Hope,  in  the  same  county, 
 when  he  went  to  Philadelphia  and  spent  one  year  in 
 studying  theology,  under  the  guidance  of  the  Kev. 
 Ezra  Stiles  Ely,  D.  D.  Subsequently  he  was  a  student 
 in  Princeton  Seminary  for  a  year.  Licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  October  19th,  1826,  he 
 was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Church  at 
 West  Alexander,  Pa.,  October  8th,  1828,  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Washington,  and  labored  there  faitli- 
 fully,  wisely  and  successfully  for  twenty-si.K  y(^ars, 
 until,  at  his  own  request,  the  pastoral  relation  was 
 dissolved,  April  15th,  1854.  After  this  he  was  agent 
 for  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication,  for  a  year, 
 in  the  States  of  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  and 
 Illinois  ;  labored  from  1855  to  1856  as  assistant  to 
 the    Rev.  Jacob  Bellville,  pastor  of  the  Church   at 
 
 Neshaminy,  Pa.;  from  1856  to  1858,  as  stated  supply 
 of  the  same  church,  then  vacant;  and  from  April  1st, 
 1858,  to  April  1st,  1859,  as  supply  or  pastor  elect 
 with  the  church  at  Smyrna,  Del. 
 
 Dr.  McCluskey  had  always  been  deeply  interested 
 in  the  instruction  of  youth.  As  soon  as  he  settled  in 
 West  Alexander,  he  lounded  ther&  a  Church  school, 
 which  accomplished  great  good,  and  helped  to  bring 
 into  the  ministry  many  sons  of  the  families  of  that 
 place.  In  1859  he  founded  a  female  seminary  in 
 West  Philadelphia,  and  taught  it  for  five  years. 
 Then  placing  it  in  younger  hands,  he  established,  in 
 1864,  a  school  at  Hightstowu,  N.  J.,  with  a  special 
 view  to  the  education  of  chililren  of  missionaries  and 
 ministers  of  the  gospel,  free  of  charge.  About  July 
 l.st,  1870,  he  returned  to  West  Philadelphia.,  and  was 
 for  several  years  Associate  Principal  of  the  Mantua 
 Academy.  He  died,  March  31st,  1880,  in  the  eighty- 
 fifth  year  of  his  age. 
 
 As  a  preacher.  Dr.  McCluskey  was  interesting, 
 instructive,  and  often  powerful.  His  ministry,  espe- 
 cially in  his  earlier  years,  was  marked  by  fi'equent 
 revivals,  of  great  power.  His  mind  was  clear,  active 
 and  Aagorous.  As  an  educator  he  was  wise,  able 
 and  successful. 
 
 McConaughy,  David,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  was  born 
 in  Adams  county,  Pa.,  September  29th,  1775.  He 
 was  educated  under  Mr.  Dobbins,  of  Gettysburg,  and 
 graduated  in  Dickinson  College,  September,  1795. 
 He  studied  theology  with  the  Rev.  Nathan  Grier,  of 
 Brandywine,  and  was  ordained  jiastor  of  Upper  Slarsh 
 Creek  (now  Gettysburg),  and  Upper  Conewago,  Octo- 
 ber 8th,  1800.  In  1832  he  was  inaugurated  President 
 of  Washington  College.  After  eighteen  years  of  ser- 
 vice he  resigned,  in  1849.  He  died,  January  29th, 
 1852,  in  the  seventy-seventh  year  of  his  age. 
 
 Dr.  McConaughy  was  a  solid  and  thoughtful 
 preacher.  He  excelled  in  pastoral  capacity,  and  was 
 held  in  universal  esteem,  as  a  good  man.  He  spoke 
 but  little  in  the  judicatories  of  the  Church.  As  a 
 president,  he  exhibited  accurate  scholarship,  digni- 
 fied deportment,  and  paternal  care  of  his  pupils.  He 
 published  several  occasional  discourses,  and  two  vol- 
 umes of  sacred  biography,  which  were  marked  with 
 ability. 
 
 McConnell,  Rev.  Thomas  M.,  was  born  in 
 Washington  county,  Va.,  July  13th,  1851;  graduated 
 at  the  College  of  Bristol,  Tenn.,  in  1872;  si)ent  two 
 years  at  the  Theological  Seminary,  Columbia,  S.  C, 
 and  graduated  at  Union  Seminary,  Va.,  in  1875.  He 
 was  licensed  to  preach  by  Abingdon  Presbytery,  April 
 24th,  1875.  His  first  field  of  labor  embraced  Decherd 
 and  McMinnville  chirrches,  located  in  two  villages 
 in  Tennessee,  fifty  miles  apart,  but  connected  by 
 railroad.  The  membership  of  eaA  church  was 
 doubled  during  his  pastorate.  "^Tiilst  at  McMinn- 
 ville, a  house  of  worship  was  erected,  and  he  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  church  for  the  whole  of  his 
 time,  July  16th,  1876.     In  January,   1879,  he  began 
 
iVCORD. 
 
 487 
 
 M'COIiKLE. 
 
 mission  work  in  Nashville;  organized  Westminster 
 Church,  April  6th,  1879,  anil  was  installed  its  pastor 
 in  the  following  May,  in  which  relation  he  still 
 continues,  with  the  divine  hlessing  upon  his  faithful 
 labors.  During  the  past  year  he  wrote  an  exposi- 
 tion of  the  Sabbath-school  Lessons  for  the  Christmn 
 Observer. 
 
 McCord,  John  Davidson,  was  born  in  New- 
 ville,  Cumberland  county,  Pa.,  December  4th  1808. 
 He  was  the  son  of  James  JlcCord  and  Susan  DaWd- 
 son.  In  1826,  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  he  confessed 
 Christ  and  united  with  the  Big  Spring  Church.  He 
 removed  to  Pittsburg,  April,  1833,  and  began  the 
 business  which  is  still  carried  on  under  the  name  of 
 McCord  &  Co.     The  firm  has  been  one  of  the  leading 
 
 ence  to  this  state  of  things  in  his  utmost  strength. 
 From  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  "War,  and  espe- 
 cially from  the  breaking  out  of  the  Kevolutiou  in 
 France,  when  North  Carolina,  in  common  with  other 
 parts  of  the  country,  was  overrun  with  Fn  luh  inti- 
 delity,  he  again  stood  forth  the  indomitable  champion 
 of  Christianity,  not  only  preaching  but  publishing  in 
 defence  of  Divine  revelation.  He  wrote  very  minute 
 directions  respecting  his  funeral,  designating  the 
 minister  whom  he  wished  to  preach  his  funeral  sermon 
 the  text  which  he  desired  him  to  use  (Job  xix,  25), 
 the  order  of  the  funeral  procession,  the  hymns  to  be 
 sung  on  the  occ;i.sion,  and  even  the  epitaph  for  his 
 own  tombstone.  Dr.  McCorkle,  though  cheerful 
 and  plea-sant  in  the  social  circle,  or  at  the  family  tire- 
 
 business  houses  of  the  city  for  many  years.     Uniting   side,  never  indulged  in  levity.     He  seemed  never  to 
 
 with  the  first  Prcsbrterian  Church,  Rev.  Francis 
 Herron,  D.  D.,  pastor,  he  continued  a  member  of  it 
 until  after  his  removal  to  Philadelphia,  in  1867.  He 
 was  elected  to  the  ruling  eldership,  under  the  pas- 
 torate of  Rev.  W.  M.  Paxton,  d.  d.,  aud  was  also 
 superintendent  of  the  Sunday  school  for  ten  years. 
 While  in  Pittsburg  he  served  for  several  years  as  a 
 trustee  of  the  Western  Theological  Seminary.  On 
 retiring  from  business,  in  1867,  and  removing  to  Phil- 
 adelphia, he  united  with  the  AVest  Spruce  Street 
 Church,  Rev.  Dr.  W.  P.  P.reed  pastor,  and  was  elected 
 an  elder  in  it  in  1870,  an  ofiice  which  he  still 
 fills. 
 
 Mr.  McCord  was  a  memberof  the  Board  of  Domestic 
 Missions  (O.  S.)  from  1867  until  its  removal  to  New 
 York,  in  1871.  In  1868  he  became  a  member  of  the 
 Board  of  Publication,  a  position  which  he  still  fills. 
 He  has  also  for  many  years  been  a  nu'mber  of  the 
 Board  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  and  their  Treas- 
 urer from  its  commencement.  In  all  his  relations  with 
 men  as  a  business  man,  and  in  his  relations  with  the 
 Church  as  a  member  and  otficer,  and  in  connection 
 with  its  benevolent  and  religious  entcriirises,  he  has 
 borne  a  reputation  for  the  highest  integrity,  tor  dis- 
 tinguished ability,  and  for  devoted  piety. 
 
 McCorkle,  Rev.  Samuel  Eusebius,  D.  D., 
 was  born  August  23d,  1746,  near  Harris'  Ferry,  Lan- 
 caster county,  Pa.  He  was  graduated  at  the  College 
 of  New  Jersey,  in  1772;  soon  afterward  commenced 
 the  study  of  theology  under  his  maternal  uncle,  the 
 Rev.  Joseph  Montgomery  :  was  licensed  to  preach  the 
 gospel  in  the  Spring  of  1774,  and  immediately  after 
 was  appointed  by  the  Synod  to  go  southward  and 
 spend  one  year  preaching  in  that  region,  xinder  the 
 direction  of  the  Presbyteries  of  Hanover  and  Orange. 
 After  thus  spending  about  two  years  in  Virginia,  he 
 was  installed  pastor  of  the  congregation  of  Thyatira, 
 by  the  Orange  Presbytery,  August  2d,  1777.  During 
 the  Revolutionary  War,  and  especially  from  the  Sum- 
 mer of  1780,  when  the  South  became  the  theatre  of 
 conflict,  the  country  was  in  a  state  of  utter  confu- 
 'sion,  and  vice  of  almost  every  kind  prevailed  to  an 
 alarming  extent.     Mr.  McCorkle  came  out  in  refer- 
 
 forget  for  a  moment  that  he  was  a  minister  of  Jesus 
 Christ.  He  w;us  always  ready  to  preach  in  destitute 
 churches  or  regions,  but  his  delight  was  in  his  study. 
 He  had,  on  the  whole,  a  very  successful  ministry, 
 and  many  were  hopefully  converted  through  his 
 instrumentality. 
 
 McCorkle,  "William  A.,  D.  D.,  was  born  near 
 Troy,  in  Miami  county,  O.,  November  2d,  1822.  He 
 graduated  at  Wabash  College,  Ind.,  in  1850,  aud 
 studied  theology  at  Andover  and  Lane  Seminaries. 
 He  was  licen.sed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Crawfurdsville, 
 and  on  June  l!1th,  1853,  the  same  Presbytery  ordained 
 and  installed  him  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Attica,  Ind.  He  was  settled  pastor  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church  in  Marshall,  Mich.,  in  December, 
 1858.  He  accepted  a  call  to  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Detroit,  Jlich.,  in  March,  1865.  He  went 
 to  the  Third  Presbyterian  Church  of  Boston,  Mass., 
 in  May,  1871.  Finding  the  climate  too  trying  for  his 
 tamily,  he  moved  to  Princeton,  N.  J.,  to  educate  his 
 sons,  in  1873.  The  Second  Presbyterian  Church  being 
 without  a  piistor  he  was  asked  to  take  charge  of  the 
 pulpit.  He  is  now  (1883)  pastor  of  the  Presbj'terian 
 Church  of  Yi)silanti,  Mich. 
 
 Dr.  McCorklc's  ministry  was  greatly  blessed  in  his 
 first  charge,  and  has  been  fruitful  throughout.  In 
 Princeton  he  occupied  a  high  rank  in  mental  force 
 and  oratorical  power.  His  style  was  logical  and  clear. 
 His  fine  presence  commanded  any  audience.  His 
 sermons  were  on  such  an  elevated  plane  that  he  satis- 
 fied the  scholar,  and  yet  so  spiritual  that  he  as  much 
 satisfied  all  classes  of  hearers.  He  had  a  remarkable 
 ability  to  make  jiersonal  applications  of  the  truth  at 
 the  close  of  a  discourse.  Freed  from  his  manuscript, 
 these  perorations  were  the  gatherings  of  all  the 
 elements  of  power  in  the  discourse,  and  enforced 
 them  upon  the  consciences  and  hearts  of  his  hearers 
 in  the  ardor  of  his  personal  glow  and  unction.  And 
 whatever  the  theme  of  his  discourse,  he  never  forgot 
 that  he  might  never  again  stand  between  the  living 
 and  the  dead,  so  that  he  always  remembered  to  give 
 enough  of  the  i)lan  of  salvation  in  his  sernion,  and  to 
 invite  sinners  to  .Jesus  Christ. 
 
M'CORMICK. 
 
 488 
 
 M'CORMICK. 
 
 McCormick,  Hon".  Cyrus  H.,  of  Chicago,  known 
 as  the  inventor  of  the  reaping  machine,  a  leading 
 manufacturer,  and  a  stalwart  Presbyterian,  was  born 
 at  Walnut  Grove,  Rockbridge  county,  Va.,  February 
 15th,  1809.  His  ancestors  were  of  Scotch-Iri.sh  descent, 
 and  of  good  old  Presbyterian  stock.  Early  in  life  he 
 developed  inventive  genius  of  a  high  order,  and 
 showed  a  love  for  mechanical  pursuits,  which  quali- 
 fied him  for  the  great  work  which  iias  made  his  name 
 so  world-wide  in  the  annals  of  agriculture  and  human 
 progress.  In  1831  Mr.  McCormick,  in  his  twenty- 
 second  year,  invented,  and  with  his  own  hands  built 
 the  first  practical  reaping  machine  the  world  ever 
 saw,  and  demonstrated,  by  a  public  test  of  it  in  the 
 harvest  fields  of  that  year,  that  it  was  no  mere  theory. 
 But  the  world,  at  that  date,  dreamed  as  little  of  the 
 
 HON.  CVEU8   H.  M'COBMICK. 
 
 capabilities  of  the  reaping  machine  as  it  did  of  rail- 
 roads, steamboats  or  telegraphs.  The  task,  therefore, 
 which  lay  before  him,  not  only  of  manufacturing  the 
 newly  invented  machine,  with  little  capital  at  his 
 command,  but  the  greater  task  of  creating  a  market 
 for  it,  might  have  appalled  the  stoutest  heart;  but 
 Mr.  McCormick  was  equal  to  the  gigantic  under- 
 taking, and  most  magnificently  has  he  accomplished 
 it.  By  a  wonderful  gift  of  tact,  .sound  business  man- 
 agement, and  an  inflexible  adherence  to  honest  busi- 
 ness principles,  he  soon  convinced  the  agricultural 
 and  commercial  world  that  he  had  invented  an  instru- 
 ment that  was  destined  to  revolutionize  it,  and  he 
 lives  to  see  that  revolution  complete,  through  the 
 lessening  of  human  toil  and  the  cheapening  of  human 
 food,  so  that,  even  now,  the  poorest  in  the  land  are 
 eating  of  the  "  finest  of  the  wh(at;"  and,  literally. 
 
 the  wild  western  wilderness  of  our  own  and  those 
 of  other  lands  have  been  made  to  "bud  and  blossom 
 as  the  rose. ' ' 
 
 Great  as  has  been  the  distinction  achieved  by  the 
 subject  of  this  brief  sketch  in  the  Inventive,  Manu- 
 factiu'ing  and  Commercial  world,  we  are  proud  to 
 say  that  his  Christianity  has  kept  even  pace  there- 
 with, and  that  he  is  as  noted  for  his  large-hearted 
 philanthropy  and  unostentation  in  giving,  as  for  his 
 worldly  greatness.  He  has  bestowed  of  his  abund- 
 ance to  all  the  interests  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
 and  what  is  better,  he  has  given  wisely,  and  given 
 during  his  lifetime,  affording  him  the  satisfaction  of 
 seeing  with  his  own  eyes  tlie  full  accomplishment  of 
 his  purposes  in  giving.  With  a  far-reaching  sagacity, 
 which  has  so  distinguished  him  in  his  business  enter- 
 prises, he  saw  the  necessity,  many  long  years  ago,  of 
 founding  seats  of  Christian  learning  in  the  great 
 West,  where  a  sound  Presbyteriani.sm  could  get  a  - 
 firm  foothold  and  ultimately  dominate  this  wide 
 domain  of  the  West  for  Christ.  He  was,  therefore, 
 the  founder  of  the  Presbyterian  Seminary  of  the 
 Northwest  at  Chicago,  and  at  the  start  donated  One 
 Hundred  Thousand  Dollars  to  endow  a  Professorship 
 in  that  Institution,  and  during  the  long  years  of  its 
 early  struggle  for  existence,  his  purse  was  ever  open 
 to  replenish  its  empty  coffers,  until  he  has  nearly 
 trebled  his  original  donation  to  the  seminary,  and 
 now  he,  as  well  as  all  the  other  friends  of  that  school 
 of  the  prophets,  has  the  proud  satisfaction  of  seeing 
 it  on  the  high  tide  of  prosperity,  with  a  full  corps  of 
 Professors,  and  more  students  seeking  admission  to 
 its  benefits  than  its  walls  can  accommodate,  neces- 
 sitating extensive  additions,  wliich  are  now  in  pro- 
 gress. We  cannot  recount,  for  few  but  himself  know, 
 the  numberless  other  Christian  enterprises  he  has 
 aided.  We  do  know,  however,  that  many  a  struggling 
 church,  seminary  and  college  throughout  the  land 
 has  felt  the  impulse  of  new  life  and  energy  through 
 his  timely  benevolence,  which  seems  to  run  peculiarly 
 in  this  channel.  It  can  be  said  with  special  truth  of 
 Mr.  McCormick,  that  through  life  he  has  sought 
 to  provide  for  the  good  of  his  fellow-men,  and  his 
 hand  has  been  ever  ready  to  assist  in  extending  the 
 kingdom  of  our  Lord;  and  as  a  man  among  men  his 
 genial  sympathy  and  large-hearted  liberality  have 
 given  him  a  world-wide  reputation,  and  won  for  him 
 friends  in  all  parts  of  the  earth. 
 
 McCormick,  James,  .son  of  James  McCormick 
 and  Eliza  Buehler,  was  l)orn  at  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  Oc- 
 tober 31st,  1832.  After  preparation  in  the  Harrisburg 
 Academy  he  entered  Yale  College,  where  he  gradu- 
 ated in  1853.  Studj-ing  law  in  the  ofliice  of  his 
 father,  he  was  soon  after  admitted  to  the  Bar,  and 
 for  several  years  continued  in  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
 fession. At  the  death  of  his  fattier  the  care  of  a  large 
 estiite  was  mainlj'  thrown  upon  him,  and  he  aban- 
 doned the  work  of  his  ])rofessioM.  He  lias  been 
 eminently  successful  as  a  man  of  Imsiness.      But  it 
 
M'COY. 
 
 489 
 
 M'CULLAGH. 
 
 has  been  chiefly  in  the  religious  and  benevolent  work 
 of  the  times  that  he  has  been  conspicuous.  Confess- 
 ing Christ  while  a  3'oung  man,  he  entered  earnestly 
 upon  Christian  work;  connected  himself  with  the 
 Presbyterian  Church;  began  labors  in  the  Sunday 
 school,  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  and 
 such  other  charitable  enterprises  as  were  opened  to 
 him.  In  1858  he  became  an  elder  in  the  Pine  Street 
 Presbyterian  Church,  and  has  since  then  been  one  of 
 the  most  active  promoters  of  all  its  Christian  work. 
 For  years  his  large  Sunday-school  class  of  about  three 
 hundred  young  men  ha.s  been  an  agency  of  immeasur 
 able  good.  In  the  wide  operations  of  the  Young 
 Men's  Christian  Association  in  the  State  and  nation 
 he  has  been  a  tnusted  leader  and  wise  counsellor. 
 His  power  has  been  felt,  and  his  coun.sel  and  help 
 have  been  sought  (and  never  in  vain),  by  the  charit- 
 able enterprises  of  the  city.  His  wealth  has  been 
 used  freely  and  religiously  for  all  good  objects. 
 
 McCoy,  Rev.  James,  was  born  in  Bourbon 
 county,  Ky.,  September  30th,  1803.  He  was  of 
 Scotch  extraction,  his  father,  Alexander  McCoy,  being 
 a  native  of  the  eastern  highlands  of  Scotland,  and 
 his  mother,  Nancy  Campbell,  a  native  of  Argyleshire, 
 Scotland.  His  more  advanced  and  classical  education 
 was  secured  in  the  Presl)yterial  Academy  established 
 by  Rev.  William  Martin,  at  Livonia,  Ind.,  which  was 
 one  of  the  earliest  educational  institutions  opened  in 
 the  State.  He  was  licensed,  in  1839,  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Madison  (N.  S.),  and  in  1843  was  ordained 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Logansport.  His  work  during 
 his  ministry  extended  from  Floyd  county  ;i.s  lar  north 
 as  Logansport,  in  Cass  county,  and  east  to  Decatur. 
 He  subsequently  labored  in  Boon,  Marion  and  John- 
 son counties,  taking  charge,  while  laboring  in  Nobles- 
 ville,  of  a  young  ladies'  seminary,  and  later,  a  select 
 school  for  both  sexes. 
 
 He  was  suddenly  stricken  down  by  disease,  and  on 
 the  6th  of  February,  1805,  passed  into  rest.  As  a 
 Christian,  Mr.  McCoy  was  above  reproach ;  as  a  friend, 
 loving  and  tender;  as  an  ambassador  of  Christ,  he  was 
 thoroughly  imbued  with  the  responsibility  of  his 
 calling.  He  was  a  thoroughly  scriptural  preacher, 
 earnest  and  faithful,  turning  neither  to  the  right  nor 
 left,  dealing  manly  blows  for  the  truth,  making 
 terrible  assaults  upon  sin  and  wrong.  He  never 
 daubed  with  untenipered  mortar.  He  was  a  lover  of 
 souls,  deeply  in  symjiathy  with  the  M;wter,  with  a 
 heart  as  firm  as  a  rock,  but  kind  and  lovinc  as  a 
 woman's.  He  belonged  to  a  class"  of  preacher^  that 
 has  mostly  passed  away,  as  to  style  and  method,  but 
 whose  memory  is  blessed.  From  his  lips  multitudes 
 heard  the  sweet  gospel,  and  have  entered  with  him 
 into  rest,  who  were  among  the  lowly  ones.  Others 
 are  toiling  and  waiting  for  the  meeting  beyond. 
 
 McCullag-h,  Rev.  Archibald,  was  born  at  Kil- 
 darton,  Ireland,  January,  1842;  graduated  at  New 
 Jersey  College  in  1868;  .studied  theology  at  Prince- 
 ton, and  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Phila- 
 
 '  delphia.  North,  May  2d,  1871.  He  had  a  successful 
 Ija.storate  atthe  Second  Church,  Germantown,  Phila- 
 delphia, Pa.,  1871-8,  and  since  1878  has  been  pastor 
 of  the  Ross  Street  Church,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  with 
 the  Divine  blessing  uixin  his  ministry.  He  is  a  fer- 
 vent, forcible,  and  impressive  preacher. 
 
 McCullagh,  Rev.  John,  is  a  native  of  Scotland. 
 When  but  a  youth  he  connected  himself  with  the 
 I  church  of  Rev.  Thos.  Chalmers,  and  while  yet  in  his 
 teens  chose  the  8 -mday-school  work  as  his  mission  in 
 life.  He  organized  Sunday  schools  among  the  colliers 
 and  fishermen  in  Scotland,  and  subsequently  con- 
 tinued his  work  among  the  Catholic  Irish  in  Con- 
 naught. 
 
 About  fifty  years  ago,  under  the  advice  of  his 
 friends,  Drs.  Chalmers  and  Dill,  he  determined  to 
 emigrate  to  America,  hoping  to  find  a  wider  field  of 
 usefulness.  He  landed  in  New  York,  and  seeking 
 some  organization  through  which  he  could  most  effi- 
 ciently work,  he  chose  the  American  Sunday-school 
 Union,  and  straightway  entered  the  service  as  a 
 volunteer  missionary.  He  selected  Sullivan  county. 
 New  York,  as  his  first  field;  went  to  Monticello,  con- 
 nected himself  with  the  Presbyterian  Church,  under 
 Rev.  James  Adams,  D.  D.,  and  begun  his  labors 
 among  a  lot  of  home  heathen,  known  as  the  "Bark 
 Peelers."  His  next  field  of  labor  was  in  southern 
 Illinois,  then  known  as  Egypt,  on  account  of  the 
 great  moral  darkness  pervading  that  region,  and 
 some  of  the  grandest  results  of  his  life  were  accom- 
 plished there. 
 
 In  1839  he  selected  the  South  as  his  field,  and  Ken- 
 tucky as  his  home;  moved  to  Hender.son,  Ky.,  where 
 he  found  the  church  almost  extinct,  and  no  Sunday  in 
 the  State  within  seventy-five  miles.  He  immediately 
 organized  a  Sunday-school,  and  the  church  soon 
 catching  somewhat  of  his  enthusiasm,  awoke  to  new 
 life.  In  less  than  three  years,  mainly  through  the 
 instrumentality  of  Mr.  McCuUagh,  sufficient  means 
 had  been  raised  to  erect  a  handsome  brick  building, 
 and  the  church  started  on  a  career  of  prosperity 
 which  has  continued  to  the  present  time. 
 
 In  1840,  Rev.  Joseph  Huber,  General  Agent  of  the 
 American  Sunday-school  Union,  visited  Henderson, 
 and  at  the  earnest  request  of  the  Society,  through 
 Mr.  Huber,  Mr.  McCullagh  entered  regularly  into 
 their  service.  In  the  course  of  his  work  he  organized 
 schools  in  seventy-five  counties  in  Kentucky,  and  in 
 one  year,  1850,  he  organized  ninety  new  schools,  con- 
 taining 626  teachers  and  6300  .scholars.  In  1852  he 
 was  taken  out  of  the  active  missionary  work,  and 
 made  superintendent  of  missions  in  the  South. 
 
 The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  work  of  the 
 American  Sunday-school  Union  in  the  South  for  the 
 past  fifty  years,  during  most  of  which  period  Mr. 
 McCullagh  was  either  a  mi&sionary  or  superintendent : 
 13,362  Sunday  schools  organized,  numbering  84,877 
 teachers  and  707,182  scholars,  besides  aid  extended  to 
 24,588  other  schools. 
 
3P  CURDY. 
 
 490 
 
 jrnuWELL. 
 
 In  1840  Mr.  McCullagh  was  elected  and  installed  a 
 ruling  elder  in  the  Henderson  Cliurcli.  Subsequently 
 he  was  licensed  to  preach  hy  the  old  Muhlenburg 
 Presbytery.  His  public  addresses  are  original,  enter- 
 taining and  instructive  to  both  young  and  ohl,  and 
 what  is  still  better,  they  have  the  happy  etTect  of 
 enli.rting  the  co-operation  of  those  who  hear,  and 
 loosening  tlieir  purse  strings. 
 
 McCurdy,  Rev.  Irwin  Pounds,  the  eldest 
 child  of  Alexander  J.  and  Sarah  (Pounds)  McCnrdy, 
 is  of  Scotch-Irish  descent,  and  was  born  near  Liver- 
 more,  Westmoreland  county.  Pa.,  JLirch  23d,  1856. 
 After  teaching  for  several  years  and  studying  law  for 
 one  year,  he  graduated  at  the  Normal  School,  Indiana, 
 Pa.,  in  1876,  standing  first  in  his  class.  Having  spent 
 some  time  at  the  University  of  Wooster,  he  entered 
 Lafayette  College,  where  he  took  a  high  standing, 
 and  graduated  in  1880,  winning  the  Fowler  prize, 
 for  having  made  the  greatest  proficiency  in  English 
 Philology.  After  his  graduation  he  studied  theology, 
 partly  under  private  direction,  but  mainly  at  Prince- 
 ton Seminary.  In  March,  1881,  before  leaving  the 
 Seminary,  he  was  called  to  his  present  charge,  as 
 pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Frederick  City, 
 Md.,  and  having  been  licensed  to  preach  by  the  I'res- 
 bytery  of  Kittanning,  April  l~th,  1881,  he  was,  on 
 July  8th  of  the  same  year,  ordained  and  installed  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Baltimore.  Since  April,  1881,  in 
 connection  with  his  pastorate,  he  has  held  the  Professor- 
 ship of  Greek  and  Higher  Mathematics,  in  Frederick 
 Female  Seminary.  Mr.  McCurdy's  labors  in  his 
 first  charge  have  been  greatly  blessed.  He  is  distin- 
 guished for  activity  and  untiring  energy.  Asa  speaker 
 he  is  forcible,  eloquent  and  logical.  He  has  published  a 
 number  of  sjjecial  es.says  and  discourses,  among  which 
 are  a  graduating  thesis,  on  ' '  The  Successful  Teacher, ' ' 
 and  a  prize  essay,  entitled  ' '  A  Philosophical  Dis- 
 cussion of  the  Works,  Style  and  Language  of  Edgar 
 Allen  Poe." 
 
 Macdonald,  James  Madison,  D.D.,  was  born 
 at  Limerick  in  Maine,  May  22d,  1812.  He  graduated 
 at  Union  College,  with  high  honor,  in  1832,  and  at  the 
 Yale  Theological  Seminary  in  1835.  He  was  licensed 
 to  preach  August  6th,  1834;  took  charge  of  the  Third 
 Congregational  Churcl  of  Berlin,  Conn.,  April  1st, 
 1835;  was  pastor  of  the  Second  Congregational 
 Church,  New  London,  Conn.,  for  three  years  from 
 1837;  and  in  1841  acceiitcd  a  call  to  the  Presbji;eriau 
 Church  at  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  wheie  he  continued 
 t»  labor  with  great  u.sefulness  and  success  untU  1850, 
 when  he  was  installed  over  the  Fifteenth  Street 
 Church  in  New  York  city.  Three  years  later  he 
 removed  to  Princeton,  N.  J.,  and  was  installed  as 
 p;i.stor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  there,  Novem- 
 ber 1st,  1853.  At  this  post  of  duty  he  continued 
 until  his  death,  April  19th,  1876.  His  ministry  at 
 Princeton  was  greatly  honored  by  the  attending 
 power  of  the  Holy  Spirit. 
 
 Dr.   JLuilonald   was  a  man  of  untiring  industry. 
 
 He  published  a  number  of  sermons  at  various  times, 
 also  about  six  volumes.  Among  the  best  known  is 
 probably,  "  Jly  Father's  House,  or  the  Heaven  of  the 
 Bible."  His  greatest  and  most  valuable  work, 
 however,  has  appeared  since  his  decease:  "The 
 Life  and  Writings  of  St.  John."  In  a  high  degree 
 his  ministrations  were  able,  varied  and  evangelical. 
 As  a  preacher  he  was  solid,  dignified,  instructive, 
 yet  earnest  and  tender.  He  was  largely  successful 
 in  winning  souls  and  building  up  the  Church  in 
 every  field  of  labor  he  occupied.  In  the  councils  of 
 the  Church  he  was  universally  esteemed  wise, 
 prudent  and  faithful.  He  was  a  warm  friend,  a 
 pleasant  companion,  affectionate  and  kind,  and 
 greatly  beloved  by  his  people  and  his  ministerial 
 brethren.  He  departed  in  the  exercise  of  a  clear  and 
 calm  foith  in  his  Redeemer. 
 
 McDowell,  Rev  Alexander,  a  native  of  Ire- 
 land, was  licensed  by  Donegal  Presbytery,  July  30th, 
 1740.  In  the  Spring  he  was  sent  to  Virginia,  requests 
 for  him  ha\-ing  been  made  by  North  Slountain,  James 
 River,  Eockfi.sh,  Joy  Creek,  Bush  Mountain,  South 
 Branch  of  Potomac,  and  by  the  Jlarsh,  in  JIaryland. 
 He  was  ordained,  October  29th,  1741,  to  go  as  an 
 evangelist  to  Virginia,  and  in  the  Fall  he  was  directed 
 to  itinerate  in  New  Castle  Presbytery.  He  seems  to 
 have  settled  at  Nottingham,  and,  in  1743,  to  have 
 become  pastor  of  White  Clay  and  Elk  River.  The 
 Synod's  school  was  intrusted  to  him,  and  was  for 
 several  years  at  Elk,  and  fin.ally,  in  1767,  at  Newark, 
 Del.  On  the  union  Mr.  McDowell  gave  up  the  charge 
 of  Elk.  In  April,  1760,  Conococheague  asked  for 
 him.     He  died  January  12th,  1782. 
 
 McDowell,  John,  one  of  the  early  elders  of 
 Chartiers  Church,  Presbytery  of  Redstone,  during 
 the  pastorate  of  Dr.  McMillan,  was  born  September 
 23d,  1736,  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  of  Scotch  ancestry. 
 When  a  young  man  he  went  to  the  West,  about  1773. 
 In  or  at  his  log  cabin  John  McJlillan,  as  appears  in 
 his  journal,  preached  his  first  sermon  in  Chartiers 
 settlement,  August,  1775.  Sir.  McDowell  was  tall 
 and  slender  in  person,  grave  in  manner,  of  sound 
 judgment,  general  intelligence,  well  read  in  theology, 
 and  highly  esteemed  and  honored  in  his  day.  He  was 
 appointed,  in  1783,  one  of  the  "Council  of  Censors" 
 for  the  State.  Was  a  representative  in  the  Legisla- 
 ture from  1798  to  1801,  and  the  year  following  was 
 commissioned,  by  Governor  McKean,  an  Associate 
 Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  He  was  active 
 in  the  establishment  of  Canonsburg  Academy,  and 
 President  of  its  Board  of  Trustees;  was  a  trustee  of 
 Jefferson  College  from  its  organization  till  his  death, 
 August  12th,  1809. 
 
 Among  Judge  McDowell's  descendants  have  been 
 several  prominent  Presbyterian  ministers,  also  many 
 elders,  some  of  them  men  of  national  reputation. 
 Such  an  one,  pre-eminently,  was  the  Hon.  Josiah 
 Scott,  of  BucjTus,  Ohio,  for  many  years  a  Judge  of 
 the  Supreme  Court,  a  man  of  versatile  talent,  great 
 
jr DO  WELL. 
 
 491 
 
 31' DO  WELL. 
 
 ability  in  his  profession,  and  a  devoted  Cliristiau. 
 Like  many  other  eminent  men,  he  testified  openly  to 
 the  advantages  received  from  his  early  training  iu 
 the  Shorter  Catechism.  His  highest  honor  he 
 esteemed  it  to  be,  that  he  was  a  ruling  elder  in  the 
 Church,  as  had  been  bis  father  Alexander,  his  grand- 
 father Josiah,  his  great-grandlather  Abraham,  and 
 his  great-great-grandfatlur,  Hugh  Scott. 
 
 McDO'wrell,  John,  D.D. ,  was  born  in  Bedminster, 
 N.  J. ,  September  Kith,  1780.  He  graduated  at  Xassau 
 Hall,  September,  1801,  and  studied  theology  with  Dr. 
 John  Woodhull,  of  Freehold,  N.  J.  December  26th, 
 1804,  he  wa.s  installed  pa.stor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Elizabetlitown.  Frequent  and  powerful 
 revivals  occurred  under  his  ministry.  In  twenty- 
 eight  years  and  a  half  the  additions  to  the  church. 
 
 .mux  M    DUWELL,  D.  D. 
 
 on  profession  of  faith,  were  nine  hundred  and  twenty- 
 one.  But  bis  health  requiring  a  change,  he  removed 
 to  take  charge  of  the  new  Central  Church  of  Phila- 
 delphia, June  6th,  18.33.  Here  he  remained  for  twelve 
 and  a  half  years,  resigning  the  charge  November  20th, 
 1845.  In  three  weeks  he  started  a  new  church,  the 
 Spring  Garden  Church,  and  was  followed  by  one 
 hundred  and  thirty-six  of  his  former  parishioners. 
 Over  this  congregation  he  was  installed,  Februari* 
 3d,  1840,  and  in  it  he  labored  with  gratifying  success 
 until  his  death,  which  took  place  from  natural  decay, 
 February,  1863,  at  the  age  of  eighty-three.  In  1861 
 the  late  Jlr.  Sutphen  was  brought  iu  as  a  colleague, 
 to  relieve  him. 
 
 Dr.  McDowell's  life  was  so  protracted  that  he  had 
 the  opportunity  of  taking  part  iu  all  the  great  insti- 
 
 tutions of  the  Church  and  benevolent  .societies.  In 
 1820  he  was  made  Jloderator  of  the  General  Assembly. 
 From  1836  till  1840  he  served  as  Stated  Clerk. 
 
 Dr.  McDowell  was  a  plain,  practical,  systematic 
 preacher,  who  never  sacrificed  to  the  graces.  As  a 
 pa.stor,  he  was  unrivaled.  One  thousand  three  hun- 
 dred and  seventeen  per.sons  were  brought  into  the  sev- 
 eral churches  to  which  he  ministered,  on  profession 
 of  faith.  Dr.  lIcDoweirs  was  not  a  brilliant,  but  a 
 well-rounded  life,  complete  and  admirably  propor- 
 tioned. He  was  never  out  of  his  place,  and  without 
 the  slightest  pretension,  was  extensively  useful. 
 Signally  memorable  was  his  founding  a  new  and 
 prosperous  church,  at  the  age  of  sixty-five.  It  w;is  a 
 verification  of  the  promi.se,  "They  shall  still  bring 
 forth  fruit  in  old  age  "  (Ps.  xcii,  14). 
 
 Dr.  jSIcDowell's  published  works  were  a  "System 
 of  Theology,"  in  two  volumes,  a  "Bible-class  Man- 
 ual," in  two  volumes,  and  "Bible-class  Questions," 
 the  first  of  the  kind  ever  used. 
 
 McDo"weU,  ■William  Anderson,  D.  D.,  was 
 born  at  Lamiugton,  X.  J.,  in  Maj-,  1789.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Princeton  College  in  1809,  and  was  Tutor  in 
 the  college  from  November,  1810,  until  September, 
 1811.  His  theological  .studies,  commenced  under  the 
 direction  of  Dr.  John  Woodhull,  were  completed  in 
 Princeton  Seminary,  in  1813.  He  was  licensed  to 
 preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  April 
 28th,  1813,  and  installed  pa.stor  of  the  Church  of 
 Bound  Brook,  N.  J.,  on  the  22d  of  December  follow- 
 ing. This  relation  continued  until  October  19th, 
 1814,  and  on  the  l.'ith  of  the  next  December  he  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  church  at  Morristown,  N.  J. 
 Here  his  ministry  was  characterized  by  great  accept- 
 ableness  and  usefulness.  His  health  requiring  a 
 milder  climate,  he  accepted  a  call  from  a  Presbyte- 
 rian Church  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  and  was  installed 
 its  ])astor  Deceml)er  3d,  1823.  Here  he  continued,  oc- 
 cujiying  a  wide  sphere  of  ministerial  usefulness,  about 
 ten  years.  In  1832  he  was  Moderator  of  the  General 
 As.sembly.  In  1833  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of 
 the  Board  of  Domestic  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  which  position  he  retained  until  1850.  His 
 death  took  place  September  17th,  1851. 
 
 Dr.  McDowell  was  truU'  a  Christian  in  his  views 
 of  di\'ine  truth,  in  his  intercourse  with  God,  and  in 
 the  eminent  prudence,  circumspection,  and  consist- 
 ency, of  his  public  and  private  walk.  As  a  minister 
 of  the  gospel,  he  cheerfully  consecrated  himself  to 
 his  work.  His  sermons  were  well  planned,  thorr 
 oughly  digested,  solid,  and  rich  in  evangelical  in- 
 struction. His  manner  was  characterized  by  a  fervor 
 and  unction  that  gave  it  very  considerable  eft'ect. 
 As  a  pastor,  he  was  diligent  and  faithful.  Under  his 
 administration,  the  Board  of  Mi.ssions,  which  had 
 been  in  a  comparatively  low  and  cripjiled  condition, 
 assumed  a  higher  position,  the  sphere  of  its  influence 
 was  enlarged,  its  importance  was  more  fully  appreci- 
 ated by  the  Church,  and  its  efficiency  became  visible 
 
JPELHENXV. 
 
 4U-2 
 
 —r 
 
 3PELR0Y. 
 
 in  many  hundred  places  which  before  were  literally 
 spiritual  desolations. 
 
 McElhenny,  John,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Lancaster 
 District,  S.  C,  in  March,  1781.  He  was  a  graduate 
 of  Washington  College,  Lexington,  Va. ;  studied  the- 
 ology in  the  same  place,  under  Dr.  Baxter;  was  licensed 
 by  the  Lexington  Presb^-tery ;  and  in  February,  1808, 
 sent  by  that  body  to  preach  in  the  neighboring 
 mountains,  a  region  occupying  a  space  of  one  hundred 
 miles  square.  Then  he  crossed  the  Allegheuies,  and 
 before  him  lay  the  scene  of  his  future  labors  and  suc- 
 cess. At  the  end  of  the  month,  ha'\'iug  had  a  view 
 of  what  was  before  him,  he  returned  to  Lexington, 
 and  was  sent  by  his  Presbytery  to  Le-n-isburg,  as  its 
 pastor,  where  he  lived  and  died,  after  a  pastorate  of 
 sixty-three  years. 
 
 Mr.  McElhenny  entered  this  broad  field,  preaching 
 as  lie  came.  He  occupied  the  rude  structures  then 
 in  use;  preached  in  private  houses,  in  the  open  grove; 
 in  the  morning  in  one  place,  in  the  evening,  as  far 
 he  could  ride,  in  another.  There  was  not  a  minister 
 of  his  belief  in  all  that  region,  so  that,  without  coun- 
 sel from  an  earthly  source,  he  had  to  determine  in  all 
 critical  ca.ses  according  to  his  own  judgment,  and  no 
 exception  was  ever  known  to  be  taken  to  his  deci- 
 sions. In  addition  to  his  public  preaching,  he  was 
 for  many  years  the  Principal  of  the  Academy  in  that 
 place,  often  its  only  teacher.  He  had  wonderful 
 influence  over  his  pupils,  many  of  whom,  among  the 
 rest  Drs.  Plumer  and  Rulfner,  became  men  of  great 
 influence  and  usefulness.  One  great  cause  of  his  suc- 
 cess was  his  love  for  the  Master,  and  for  all  classes  of 
 nien,  especially  for  little  children,  for  whom  he  had  an 
 affection  only  equaled  by  theirs  for  him. 
 
 Dr.  McElhenny  was  tall,  straight,  and  graceful  in 
 all  his  movements.  His  fine  gray  eye  told  of  the 
 brightness  of  his  mind,  arid  nothing  escaped  its  obser- 
 vation. His  voice  was  very  pleasant,  always  reach- 
 ing the  ears  of  his  audience.  He  sometimes  wrote 
 his  sermons,  but  never  took  a  note  into  the  pulpit. 
 His  delivery  was  rapid,  but  clear  and  simple.  He 
 said  as  much  in  fifteen  minutes  as  most  men  would 
 have  done  in  double  the  time.  Dr.  McElhenny 
 exerted  a  most  extensive  and  happy  influence.  In 
 the  region  of  his  active  and  useful  labors,  now  well 
 filled  with  an  industrious  God-fearing  people,  his 
 name  is  fragrant  with  precious  memories.  He  died, 
 January  2d,  1871,  and  over  his  remains,  which  repose 
 in  the  old  churchyard,  his  grateful  people  have  erected 
 a  beautiful  monument. 
 
 McELroy,  John  M.,  D.D.,  was  born  near  Green- 
 ville, FiiVftte  county,  Ohio,  on  January  '^Ist,  1330. 
 His  parents  were  of  Scotch-Irish  and  Presbyterian 
 descent.  He  graduated  with  high  rank  as  a  scholar, 
 at  Jeflferson  College,  Pa.,  in  1851.  After  graduation 
 he  was  for  two  years  the  efficient  assistant  teacher  of 
 Rev.  Dr.  Donaldson,  in  Eldersridge  Academy,  where 
 he  was  greatly  beloved  by  the  students,  and  gave 
 direction  and  stimulus  to  the  aims  and  thoughts  of 
 
 many  young  men  who  have  been  greatly  useful  in  vari- 
 ous callings  and  some  of  whom  have  attained  emiuence. 
 
 He  studied  theology  at  Princeton,  and  was  licensed 
 to  preach  in  June,  18.55;  and  soon  after  accepted  the 
 pastorate  of  the  newly-organized  Church  at  Ottumwa, 
 Wapello  county,  Iowa,  where  he  performed  success- 
 ful ministerial  labor  for  nearly  fifteen  years.  The 
 young  mission  church  grew  vigorous,  self-sustaining, 
 and  built  a  commodious  church  -edifice.  Resigning 
 in  1869,  with  impaireel  health,  he  some  months  later 
 became  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Jefferson  county, 
 Iowa,  where  he  labored  for  thirteen  years.  Emigra- 
 tion having  depleted  this  church,  he  has  recently 
 removed  to  Ottumwa  and  taken  charge  of  the  neigh- 
 boring Church  of  Ku-kville. 
 
 Dr.  McElroy  has  exerted  a  wide  influence  for  reli- 
 gion, education  and  patriotism.  And  his  work  has 
 been  accomplished  under  the  afiliction  of  deafness 
 for  many  years.  Recently  he  had  a  glad  surprise, 
 when,  at  the  close  of  a  service  of  which  he  had  heard 
 no  word,  the  notes  of  the  closing  hymn,  borne 
 through  the  Dentaphoue,  were  distinctly  beard, 
 like  the  echoes  from  the  heavenly  choir:  ''And 
 crown  Him  Lord  of  all." 
 
 McElroy,  Joseph,  D.  D.,  was  born  near  New- 
 \ille  (then  called  Big  Spring),  Pa.,  in  1791  or  1792; 
 graduated  at  Jefferson  College,  and  studied  theology 
 under  the  direction  of  Dr.  John  M.  ^lason.  From 
 the  day  of  his  licensure  Sir.  McElroy  became,  as  a 
 preacher,  a  man  of  mark,  not  only  in  his  Denomina- 
 tion, but  in  the  whole  of  AVestern  Penn.sylvania.  In 
 181-  he  undertook  to  establish  an  Associate  Reformed 
 Church  in  Pittsburg,  and  soon  gathered  a  strong  con- 
 gregation. He  was  subsequently  called  to  the  church 
 formerly  served  by  Dr.  Mason,  the  Scotch  Church, 
 New  York,  then  located  in  Cedar  street.  This  con- 
 gregation grew  rapidly  under  his  ministry,  subse- 
 (iueutly  worshiped  in  a  church  at  the  corner  of 
 Grand  and  Crosby  streets,  and  then  removed  to  the 
 spacious  and  elegant  structure  which  it  now  occupies, 
 in  Fourteenth  street,  near  Sixth  avenue.  Here  he 
 labored  with  great  energy  and  success,  until  increas- 
 ing years  and  failing  health  constrained  him  to  seek 
 assistance  in  the  pastorate. 
 
 Dr.  McElroy  was  a  man  of  mark  and  of  great  influ- 
 ence, whilst  strength  remained.  Not  only  was  he  a 
 great  preacher  and  attractive  pastor,  but  he  was  a 
 v\ise  counsellor,  and  a  man  of  great  discernment, 
 sound  judgment  and  prudeut  discretion.  He  rarely 
 spoke  in  the  Church  courts,  but  when  he  did,  it  was 
 with  weight,  such  as  usually  secured  the  success  of 
 his  recommendations.  He  was  a  man  for  executive 
 work;  knew  men  and  how  to  measure  them,  knew 
 things  and  how  to  manage  them  discreetly.  He  was, 
 during  his  active  life,  a  member  of  most  of  our  Church 
 Boards,  and  his  counsels  were  always  sought  and 
 heeded.  His  church  was  always  amongst  the  most 
 liberal  in  our  body,  aud  his  business  tact  challenged 
 respect  in  all  affairs  of  public  interest. 
 
M'FARLAND. 
 
 493 
 
 M'GAW. 
 
 McFarland,  Mrs.  Amanda  R.,  was  born  in 
 Brooke  countj-,  W.  Va.,  on  the  Ohio  river,  and  was 
 educated  at  Dr.  Beatty's  Steubenville  Female  Sem- 
 inary. In  1857  she  married  Rev.  David  F.  McFarland, 
 and  for  the  following  five  years  assisted  her  husband 
 in  the  Presbyterian  churches  of  French  Grove,  Elm- 
 wood  and  Havana,  111.  From  1862  to  18G6  her  hus- 
 band was  in  charge  of  the  JIattoon  (El.)  Female 
 Seminary,  where  she  exhibited,  in  the  judicious 
 training  of  her  pupils,  those  traits  which  have  since 
 made  her  so  successful  in  the  training  of  Indian  girls. 
 In  1867  Mr.  McFarland  removed  to  Santa  Fe,  and 
 commenced  Presbyterian  missions  in  Xew  Jlexico. 
 In  her  new  home  Mrs.  McFarland  organized  and  con- 
 ducted a  successful  mission  school  among  Mexican 
 children.  From  1867  to  1873  she  crossed,  several 
 times,  in  a  coach,  the  plains  between  Santa  Fe  and 
 the  Missouri  Eiver.  Upon  one  trip,  for  twelve  days 
 and  nights  she  was  the  only  woman  in  the  coach,  and 
 a  portion  6i  the  way  they  were  pursued  by  wild 
 Indians.  The  health  of  her  husband  failing,  in  the 
 Fall  of  1873  thej'  removed  to  California,  and  estab- 
 lished an  academy  at  San  Diego. 
 
 In  1875  the_y  re-entered  the  mission  work,  accepts 
 ing  positions  among  the  Xez  Perces  Indians,  where 
 he  died,  Jlay  13th,  1876.  Unable  to  endure  the  lone- 
 liness of  her  position,  Mrs.  McFarland  removed  to 
 Portland,  Oregon,  January,  1877.  But  her  mission- 
 ary spirit  would  not  allow  her  to  be  contented  out  of 
 the  work.  Consequently,  upon  the  arrival  at  Port- 
 land of  her  friend.  Dr.  Jackson,  under  whom  she  had 
 labored  in  Xew  Mexico,  she  at  once  applied  for  a 
 place.  It  was  arranged  that  she  should  accompany 
 him  to  Alaska  and  take  charge  of  the  school  at  Fort 
 AVrangell. 
 
 On  the  10th  of  August,  1877,  Jlrs.  McFarland  and 
 Dr.  Sheldon  Jackson  reached  Fort  Wraugell  and 
 commenced  Presbyterian  Missions  in  Alaska.  After 
 arranging  for  the  work  he  returned  to  the  Ea.st, 
 leaving  her  in  charge  of  the  mission;  At  the  time 
 she  was  the  only  Christian  white  woman  in  the 
 place;  for  seven  months  the  only  Protestant  mission- 
 ary in  Alaska,  and  for  twelve  months  the  only  one 
 at  Fort  Wrangcll.  During  that  time  she  was  the 
 clergyman,  physician,  and  lawyer  of  the  Indians. 
 All  their  difficiilties,  political,  religious,  physical, 
 and  moral  were  brought  to  her  for  solution,  and  her 
 decisions  were  UTiiver.sally  accepted.  She  was  called 
 upon  to  preside  over  a  native  constitutional  conven- 
 tion; interfere  in  cases  of  witchcraft;  and  when  a 
 vigilance  committee  would  hang  a  white  man  for 
 murder,  she  was  sent  for  to  act  a-s  his  spiritual  ad- 
 viser. Her  fame  spread  tar  and  wide  among  the 
 tribes.  Great  chiefs  left  their  homes  and  came  long 
 distances  to  enter  the  school  of  "the  woman  who' 
 loved  their  people, ' '  or  plead  that  teachers  might  be  i 
 pent  to  their  tribes.  The  school  soon  developed  into 
 a  permanent  industrial  training  school  for  girls,  and 
 was  named  l>y   admiring  friends    "The  McFarland 
 
 Homo."      It    is   noted    for   its   Christian   influence, 
 nearly  all  the  adult  girls  becoming  Christians. 
 
 McFarland,  Francis,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  the 
 county  Tyrone,  Ireland,  .January  8th,  1788.  His 
 pious  parents  emigrated  to  "Western  Pennsylvania  in 
 1793.  Having  completed  his  collegiate  education  at 
 Jett'erson  and  AVashington  colleges,  Pa.,  he  entered 
 Princeton  Seminary  in  1818.  In  1819  he  was  licensed 
 and  spent  several  years  in  missionary  work  in  Indi- 
 ana, Missouri  and  Georgia.  He  was  ordained  while 
 supplying,  for  a  short  time,  the  recently  organized 
 First  Church  of  Brooklyn,  August  1st,  1822.  Ill 
 health  requiring  a  journey  South,  he  was  invited  to 
 the  Bethel  Church,  in  Augusta  county,  Va.  He  con- 
 tinued a  faithful  and  acceptable  pastor  and  able 
 "minister  of  the  word,"  till  invited,  in  1835,  to  take 
 charge  of  the  Board  of  Education  as  Secretary. 
 This  office  he  vacated  in  1841,  on  being  again  called 
 to  his  former  charge.  There  he  spent  his  remaining 
 years.  He  was  all  his  life  a  man  of  intirm  health, 
 affected  by  paroxysms  of  asthma,  so  that  he  seldom 
 "knew  the  luxury  of  uninterrupted  sleep."'  Xot  only 
 was  he  distinguished  for  his  tenderness  ami  symfjathy 
 as  a  pastor,  and  ability  in  the  pulpit,  but  was  eminent 
 for  his  sound,  wise  views  in  the  courts  of  the  Church. 
 He  was  often  sent  to  the  Assembly,  of  which  body 
 he  was  elected  Moderator  in  18.56,  and  he  presided 
 so  as  to  excite  marked  admiration.  Seldom  bus  any 
 Church  court  enjoyed  better  ser\ices  as  Stated  Clerk, 
 than  the  Synod  of  Virginia  during  the  unusually 
 long  period  of  his  holduig  that  office.  His  decline 
 was  protracted,  though  not  painful,  and  borne,  in  all 
 its  tediousness,  with  eminent  patience  and  Christian 
 submission.  By  more  rapid  decline  during  the  last 
 few  weeks  of  his  life,  re-attended  by  more  pain,  the 
 silver  chord  was  soon  broken,  and  his  soul  returned 
 in  peace,  to  final  rest  with  the  Lord.  October  Kith, 
 1871. 
 
 McParren,  Alexander,  was  born  in  Scotland  on 
 the  18th  of  April,  1800,  and  died  in  Detroit,  Mich., 
 August  23d,  1869.  He  was  first  connected  with  the 
 Kev.  Dr.  Robert  McC-artee's  Church  on  Canal  street, 
 Xew  York  city,  whence,  in  1832,  he  removed  to 
 Detroit,  where  he  was  ordained  elder  in  the  First 
 Preslnterian  Church,  May  22d,  1848.  Afterwards 
 he  became  an  elder  in  the  Second  (or  Fort  Street) 
 Presbyterian  Church,  and  was  so  connected  with 
 that  church  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was  a 
 book.selkT,  and  well  read  in  the  theology  of  the 
 Presbj-terian  Church,  a  rugged  and  stern  adherent 
 and  advocate  of  his  religious  faith,  but  a  man 
 of  kind  and  tender  heart  and  well  beloved  by  many 
 friends. 
 
 McG-a-w,  James  Alexander  Porter,  D.  D., 
 was  bom  at  Fairhaven,  Ohio,  February  4th,  1835. 
 In  1856  he  graduated  at  Miami  University.  He  was 
 brought  up  in  the  Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian 
 Church,  attended  the  Oxlbrd  Theological  Seminary, 
 and  was  licensed   in  April,  1857.     IHuing  his  semi- 
 
M'GEE. 
 
 494 
 
 M'GILL. 
 
 nary  course  the  South  Henderson  Church,  uear 
 Oquawka,  III.,  being  vacant,  and  being  much  inter- 
 ested in  Mr.  McGaw,  as  ha^^ng  been  brought  up 
 under  its  care,  and  also  on  account  of  his  early 
 orphanage,  and  his  intellectual  and  religious  pronii.se, 
 called  him  to  its  pastorate,  an  office  ^Yhich  he  very 
 acceptably  and  uselully  filled  until  1867,  when  he 
 resigned  to  accept  the  Vice-presidency  of  Monmouth 
 College,  111.  In  181)8  he  transferred  his  ecclesiastical 
 connection  to  the  Presbj-terian  Church,  and  on  the 
 1st  of  January,  1869,  he  entered  u]>on  the  pastorate 
 of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Urb.ana,  Ohio. 
 This  he  resigned,  July  1st,  1880,  to. accept  a  call  to 
 the  Central  Church,  Rock  Island,  111.  The  next  year 
 he  was  called  to  the  Fir.st  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Toledo,  Ohio,  and  liegau  his  labors  there  September 
 1st,  1881. 
 
 JAMES  .\LKXAXDER   PORTER  M'GAW,  p.  p. 
 
 Dr.  McGaw  is  a  substantial  man,  physically,  intel- 
 lectually and  religiously.  As  a  preacher,  he  is 
 earnest  and  clear,  and  instructive  and  evangelical. 
 Being  a  man  of  much  kindness,  and  readiness  and 
 strength  of  judgment,  and  of  courage  to  urge  his 
 convictions,  he  is  useful  and  Influential  as  a  pastor. 
 In  his  ministry  he  has  been  acceptable  and  successful. 
 
 McGee,  Rev.  ■William.  C,  the  son  of  Patrick 
 and  Mary  (Kay)  Mc(ice,  was  1)oru  in  Paterson,  N.  J., 
 Augii.st  loth,  1816.  lie  graduated  at  New  Jersey 
 College  in  1836,  and  pursued  a  full  course  of  studies 
 at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary.  He  was  licensed 
 by  New  York  Presbytery,  and  soon  after  called  to 
 Hardwick  and  Marksboro'  churches  in  New  Jersey, 
 being  ordaitied  and  installed  by  Xewton  Presbytery 
 in  1841.      Mere  he  labored  diligently,  faithfully  aud 
 
 with  success.  He  died  May  25th.  1867.  He  was 
 esteemed  by  the  churches  to  which  he  ministered,  by 
 his  co-presbj-ters  and  by  the  general  public,  as  a  good 
 and  mo.st  genial  man;  as  a  preacher,  e^irnest,  lucid 
 and  j^ractical;  as  a  neighbor,  kind  and  Sympathizing; 
 as  a  citizen,  intelligent,  public-spirited  and  loyal. 
 The  Church  in  which  he  was  trained  he  loved,  and 
 he  was  ever  ready  on  all  suitable  occasions  to  vindi- 
 cate her  faith,  her  polity  and  her  order.  In  the  dis- 
 charge of  his  high  and  responsible  calling  he  was 
 constant,  zealous  and  laborious,  literally  wearing 
 himself  ont. 
 
 McGiffert,  Rev.  Joseph  N.,  was  born  Decem- 
 ber 8th,  1829,  in  New  York  city.  His  parents  were 
 of  Scotch  descent,  and  were  Christian  people,  and  tbeir 
 son  was  instructed  as  Presbyterians  were  generally 
 accustomed  to  teach  their  children  fifty  years  ago. 
 At  the  age  of  eighteen  years  he  became  a  Christian, 
 and  united  with  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Hudson, 
 N.  Y.,  to  which  city  his  parents  had  removed.  His 
 father  was  a  thorough  classical  scholar,  aud  under 
 his  instruction  the  son  took  a  full  collegiate  course 
 of  study.  He  graduated  from  the  Auburn  Seminary, 
 in  1853,  and  was  licensed  to  preach,  and  afterwards 
 ordained,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Columbia.  For  three 
 years  he  was  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Hillsdale,  N.  Y. , 
 aud  for  the  same  length  of  time  of  the  Church  in 
 Sanquoit,  iu  the  same  State.  In  1867  he  was  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Church  in  Ashtabula,  Ohio,  now  included 
 in  Cleveland  Presbj-tery,  where,  for  sixteen  years,  he 
 has  been  the  able,  faithful,  successful  and  beloved 
 pastor.  Notwithstanding  the  constant  drain  which 
 is  made  on  our  village  churches,  under  the  ministra- 
 tion of  Mr.  McGiliert  the  Church  in  Ashtabula  has 
 grown  from  a  membership  of  ninety-two  to  two 
 hundred  and  thirty.  As  a  preacher,  he  is  decidedly 
 able  and  efl'ective,  and  as  a  pastor,  he  has  secured 
 the  love  of  his  people.  In  Presbj'tery  aud  in  Synod 
 he  ranks  among  our  best  men,  and  his  services  in  the 
 cause  of  Hume  Missions  have  been  most  valuable. 
 
 McGill,  Alexander  Taggart,  D.  D.,  LL.D., 
 was  born  at  Cauonsburg,  Pa.,  February  24th,  1807, 
 and  graduated  at  Jefferson  College,  in  182().  After  a 
 short  service  in  this  college,  as  Tutor,  he  went  to 
 Georgia;  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar, 
 receiving,  almost  immediately  afterwards,  several 
 important  appointments  from  the  Legislature  of  that 
 State.  In  1831  5Ir.  McGill  retmned  to  Pennsylvania; 
 relinquished  the  law  for  theologi,-,  the  study  of  which 
 he  pursued  in  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the 
 Associate  (now  United  Presbyterian)  Church,  then 
 located  at  Canonsburg.  In  1834  he  was  licensed  to 
 preach,  and  in  1835  he  was  ordained  and  installed,  at 
 Carlisle,  Pa.,  as  pastor  of  three  small  churches,  dis- 
 tributed through  as  many  counties,  Cumberland, 
 Periy  and  York. 
 
 In  1838  Mr.  McGill  became  discontented  with  the 
 peculiarities  of  the  CIiui<h  in  which  he  was  born  and 
 reared,  and  connected  himself  with  tlic  Old  School 
 
M'GJLL. 
 
 495 
 
 iVGINLEY. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church.  Soon  after  this  he  became 
 pastor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  in  Carlisle, 
 of  which  he  continueii  to  be  the  popular  preacher  and 
 useful  pastor  abo\it  three  years,  until  his  election  as 
 a  Professor  in  the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  at 
 Allegheny.  On  tliat  work  he  entered  with  the  great- 
 est alacrity  and  pleasure,  and  coutinned  in  it  until 
 the  toils  and  anxieties  of  the  position  told  on  his 
 health.  Ha\-ing  received  a  call  to  the  Seminary  at 
 Columbia,  S.  C,  he  accepted  it,  and  spent  the  "Winter 
 of  18o2-.S  at  Columbia.  In  l^i.■53  the  General  Assem- 
 bly elected  him  again  to  Allegheny,  where  his  family 
 had  remained,  and  he  returned  to  that  position.  In 
 18-54  hewa.s  transferred  to  the  Seminary  at  Princeton, 
 leaving  Allegheny  in  a  ijro.sperous  condition. 
 
 ALEXANDER  TAG^iART  U  GILL,   D.D.,  T.L.I). 
 
 Dr.  McGiU's  chair  at  Princeton  was  that  of  "Ec- 
 clesiastical, Homiletic  and  Pa.storal  Theologj-."  He 
 w;is  Jloderator  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church  (Old  School)  in  1848,  Permanent 
 Clerk  from  185D  to  1862,  and  Stated  Clerk  from  1862  to 
 1870.  Dr.  McGiU's  method  of  preaching  without  a 
 manuscript  or  brief  before  him,  has  been  of  great 
 advantage  to  his  popularity  as  a  speaker.  He  is  a 
 finished  scholar  and  a  superior  preacher.  With  his 
 pen,  in  the  pulpit,  and  in  the  professorships  he  has 
 filled,  he  has  rendere<l  valuable  ser\'ice  to  the  Church 
 of  his  adoption,  and  registered  his  name  high  on  the 
 record  of  her  representative  men,  both  for  the  present 
 age  and  the  generations  to  follow. 
 
 In  May,  1883,  Dr.  McGill,  in  consequence  of  im- 
 paired health  and  growing  infirmities,  resigned  his 
 professorship  at  Princeton,  and  the  Rev.  AVilliam  M. 
 Paxton,  n.n.,  was  chosen  to  take  his  jjlace.     He  was, 
 
 however,  by  the  unanimous  vote  of  the  Directors  of 
 the  Seminary,  continued  as  Emeritus  Professor,  in 
 grateful  appreciation  of  the  long  and  valuable  service 
 which  he  had  rendered  to  the  Institution. 
 
 McGill,  Rev.  Daniel,  joined  the  Presbytery  in 
 1713,  having  accepted  a  call  to  Marlborough,  where 
 he  labored  for  some  time.  In  1719  the  SjTiod  sent 
 him  to  preach  to  the  people  of  Potoraoke,  Va.,  where 
 he  spent  some  mouths,  and  put  "the  people  into 
 church  order, "  but  declined  their  call.  Mr.  McGill 
 was  called  to  Elk  River,  in  Maryland,  but  after  a 
 long  delay,  declined.  He  was  a  supply  for  short 
 periods  in  Kent,  at  Birmingham,  on  Brandywine,  at 
 Snow  Hill,  White  Clay,  Drawyers,  Conestoga,  and  Oc- 
 torara.  He  died  February  10th,  1724,  his  home  being 
 in  the  London  Tiact,  New  Castle  county,  Del.  He 
 was  a  valuable  member  of  Synod,  a  good  preacher, 
 and  a  learned  man. 
 
 McG-ill,  John,  was  born  in  northern  Chester 
 county,  Pa.,  June  10th,  1824.  His  parents  were  natives 
 of  Dumfricshire,  Scotland.  His  boyhood  was  spent 
 on  a  farm,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Churchtown,  Pa., 
 where  he  enjoyed  the  ministrations  of  Rev.  Alfred 
 N e\'in,  then  serving  his  first  pastorate.  He  exhibited 
 great  thoughtfulness,  was  fond  of  reading,  and  indus- 
 trious and  persevering  in  whatever  engaged.  As  a 
 youth,  he  was  for  a  short  time  a  student  in  Lafayette 
 College,  when  presided  over  by  Dr.  George  Junkin. 
 He  entered  upon  business  life  as  a  country  merchant, 
 at  Soirth  Hermitage,  Pa.,  and  by  his  enterprise,  apt- 
 ness and  energy,  soon  attracted  an  extensive  trade, 
 from  a  large  extent  of  country.  In  1861  he  removed 
 to  Philadelphia,  and  with  William  Wood  formed  the 
 firm  of  AVilliam  Wood  &  Co.,  manufacturers  of  cot^ 
 ton  and  woolen  fabrics,  which  has  developed  into  one 
 of  the  largest  manufacturing  interests  in  the  city.  As 
 a  prudent  business  manager,  wise  economist,  noble- 
 hearted  philanthropist  and  patriotic  citizen,  the  city 
 has  few  superiors  to  John  McGill.  He  has,  from 
 earliest  life,  been  identified  with  religion.  The 
 Church  owes  much  to  his  sagacity,  liberality  and 
 piety.  For  .some  years  he  has  been  a  ruling  elder 
 in  the  Ali-xander  Presbyterian  Church,  Philadelphia. 
 
 McG-inley,  Amos  A.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  the 
 vicinity  of  Fairfield,  Adams  county,  Pa.,  in  1778; 
 graduated  at  Dickinson  College  in  1798;  pursued  his 
 theologiciil  studies  under  the  direction  of  his  pastor, 
 the  Rev.  AVilliam  Paxton,  D.  D. ;  was  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Carlisle  in  1802,  and  was  ordained  and 
 installed  pastor  of  tlie  churches  of  L'pper  and  Lower 
 Path  A'alley,  Franklin  county.  Pa.,  in  1803,  in  which 
 churches  he  labored  the  remainder  of  his  days.  Dr. 
 JIcGinley  was  an  interesting  and  impressive  preacher. 
 His  colloquial  talents  were  of  a  high  order.  His 
 manner  was  uniformly  polite  and  courteous.  He  was 
 a  practical  man,  fei-tile  in  resources,  .skillful  in  adajjt- 
 ing  means  to  ends,  and  vfise  to  compose,  difficulties. 
 He  died  Jlay  1st.  1856.  His  removal  from  the 
 Church  militant  to  the  Church  triumphant,  was  not 
 
M'GINNIS. 
 
 4% 
 
 iVILVAJNE. 
 
 only  a  loss  to  that  portion  of  the  Church  with  which 
 he  was  more  immediately  connected,  but  also  to 
 the  Church  in  general.  In  his  Presbytery  his  loss 
 was  greatly  felt.  He  was  one  of  its  most  active  and 
 influential  members,  one  of  its  wisest  counsellors, 
 and  most  judicious;  a  firm  defender  of  the  faith,  and 
 yet  always  kind  and  courteous,  and  conciliatory;  one 
 whom  all  who  knew  him  loved  and  revered;  one 
 whose  memory  is  embalmed  with  filial  affection  in 
 many  a  heart. 
 
 McGinnis,  Rev.  James  Y.,  sou  of  George 
 McGinnis,  Esq.,  long  au  honored  elder  of  the  Presb}'- 
 terian  Church  of  Shippensburg,  Pa. ,  wixs  born  at  that 
 place,  December  8th,  1815.  He  graduated  at  Jefter- 
 son  College,  Pa.,  in  1835;  studied  theology  at  Han- 
 over, Ind.,  and  was  licen-sed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Madison,  June  27th,  1840.  On  September  14th,  1841, 
 he  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Peoria,  and 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Lcwistown,  Fulton 
 county,  m.,  where,  for  a  year  previous,  he  had 
 labored  with  great  zeal  and  success.  Two  years 
 afterwards,  with  health  much  impaired,  he  was  con- 
 strained to  return  to  his  native  place.  After  a  tem- 
 porary rest,  ha^-ing  supplied  for  a  year  the  Church  at 
 Shade  Gap,  Huntingdon  county.  Pa.,  he  became  its 
 most  admired,  devoted  pastor.  His  unwearied  labors, 
 with  their  precious  fruits,  his  wondrous  zeal,  and  .suc- 
 cess in  the  establi-shment  of  "  Jlilnwood  Academy,'' 
 his  excellent  address  to  the  literary  .societies  of  his 
 Alma  Mater,  on  Commencement  Day,  August  5th, 
 1861,  the  last  effort  of  his  devoted  life,  as  also  his  trium- 
 phant death  on  the  last  day  of  the  same  month,  are 
 all  detailed  in  his  biography,  \vritten  by  the  Rev.  D. 
 L.  Hughes. 
 
 McG-ready,  Rev.  James,  w;us  of  Scotch-Irish 
 extraction.  A\Tien  he  was  quite  young  his  parents 
 removed  to  Carolina,  and  settled  in  Guilford  county. 
 In  his  youth  he  accompanied  an  uncle  to  Pennsylvania, 
 and  after  pursuing  his  studies  under  Mr.  Smith  and 
 Dr.  McMillan,  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Redstone,  Augu-st  13th,  1788.  He  obtained  leave  to 
 travel  to  Carolina  during  the  ensuing  winter,  and  on 
 his  way  thither  passed  through  the  places  in  Virginia 
 which  had  been  visited  by  the  great  revival,  and  with 
 his  heart  warmed  by  what  he  heard  and  saw  when  he 
 reached  Guilford,  preached  the  truth  with  au  earnests 
 ness  and  power  which  broke  up  the  spiritual  apathy 
 of  the  people,  and  led  to  an  extensive  and  glorious 
 revival.  In  1796  he  removed  to  Kentucky  and  settled 
 in  Logan  county.  He  had  three  congregations, 
 JIuddy,  Red,  and  Gasper  rivers.  lu  the  latter  began 
 that  mighty  revival  which  spread  so  far  and  wide 
 through  all  the  West,  from  1800  to  1804.  Mr. 
 McGready  was  one  of  the  sons  of  Thunder,  both  in 
 matter  and  manner,  and  an  uncompromising  reprover 
 of  sin  in  every  shape.  The  effect  of  his  impassioned 
 preaching  was  visible  for  years  in  the  religious  interest 
 wliich  it  awakened.  This  distiuguislied  servant  of 
 God,  with  .some  irregularities  which  lie  lived  to  cor- 
 
 rect, pursued  his  bright  and  iLseful  career  for  many 
 years,  and  was  instrumental,  directly  or  indirectly, 
 in  the  conversion  of  many  souls.      He  died  in  1817. 
 
 McG-uffey,  "Wiliam  H.,  D.  D.,  LL.D.,  was  born 
 of  Scotch-Irish  Presbyterian  parents,  in  Western  Penn- 
 sylvania. He  was  eminentlj-  a  self-made  man,  having, 
 in  the  face  of  great  obstacles,  not  only  secured  a  regular 
 education,  but  the  highest  graduating  honors  in  Wash- 
 'ington  College,  Pa.  It  wa-s  while  there  that  the  great 
 Shepherd  gathered  him  into  His  fold,  and  called  him 
 into  His  service  in  the  ministry.  When  but  a  recent 
 graduate  he  was  appointi'd  Profe.ssor  of  Ancient  Lan- 
 guages in  the  Miami  L'nixersity,  and  soon  selected  to 
 preside  over  that  Institution.  His  preparation  for 
 licensure  was  made  by  careful  study  of  the  Scriptures 
 in  the  original  languages,  with  the  help  of  lexicons, 
 grammars,  and  other  suitable  apparatus.  Three 
 times  he  thus  read  the  Hebrew  Bible,  and  oftener  the 
 Greek  Testament.  His  preacliing  was  characterized 
 by  a  careful  analytical  exposition  of  Scripture,  corres- 
 ponding to  his  course  of  study.  Both  in  Ohio,  where, 
 when  residing  in  Cincinnati,  he  prepared  the  iridely- 
 known  series  of  school  books,  bearing  his  name,  and  in 
 Virginia,  he  was  distinguished  as  the  apostle  of  popular 
 education.  In  both  States  he  was  the  unwearied  and 
 efficient  advocate  of  a  system  of  public  schools,  and  his 
 labors  also  enured  abundantlj-  to  extend  and  deepen  the 
 interest  of  the  people  in  the  progress  of  higher  educa- 
 tion. This  effect  was  most  clearly  evinced  in  the 
 great  increase  of  the  patronage  of  the  University  of 
 Virginia,  an  Institution  which  he  brought  into  closer 
 contact  ivith  the  hearts  of  tlie  people.  His  pulpit  was 
 the  stand  of  the  lecture  room,  and  while  clearly  unfold- 
 ing the  teachings  of  moral  philosophy,  he  imbued  the 
 minds  of  his  pujjils,  as  well,  with  those  of  the  gospel, 
 on  which  he  founded  tlie  principles  of  the  science  he 
 taught.  His  end  vvas  peaceful,  and  he  departed  in 
 the  faith  and  triumphant  hope  of  the  gospel,  whose 
 teachings  he  had  long  illu.strated  in  his  life. 
 
 McHenry,  Rev.  Francis,  was  from  Ireland. 
 He  was  li<'fnsod  by  Pbiladcljihia  Presbytery  in  1737, 
 and  directed  to  supply  Amwell,  Bethlehem,  and 
 other  vacancies  in  Hunterdon  county,  N.  J.,  and  to 
 preach  every  third  Sabbath  at  Newtown,  Bucks 
 county,  Pa.  When  Mr.  Tennent,  in  October,  1738, 
 consented  to  have  an  a.ssistant,  ' '  to  preach  day 
 about"  at  Nesharainy,  Mr.  McHenry  was  sent  to 
 spend  every  third  Sabl)ath,  giving  the  rest  of  his 
 time  to  Deep  Run.  In  tlie  Spring  Xeshaminy  asked 
 for  half  of  his  time.  He  was  installed  at  Deep  Run 
 and  Xeshaminy>  March  Ifith,  1743.  In  the  Spring 
 of  1750  Jlr.  McHenry  spent  eight  weeks  as  a  mis- 
 sionary in  Virginia.     He  died  in  1757. 
 
 Mcllvalne,  Rev.  Jasper  S.,  was  eminent  for  his 
 Christian  spirit  and  consecration  to  the  work  of  the 
 Jla-ster.  As  a  missionary  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 he  was  a  number  of  the  Shantung  Mission  and  of 
 the  Presbytery  of  Pekin,  Cliina.  He  died  on  the  "^d 
 of  February,  1881,  after  an  illness   if  a   few  days. 
 
M'lLVAINE. 
 
 497 
 
 JPILWAINE. 
 
 "  He  had  no  equal  in  North  China  in  many  respects, "  i 
 •wrote  one  of  his  missionarj'  companions  after  his 
 decease,  "since  the  days  of  'William  Burns."  He 
 was  a  man  of  singular  devotedness,  and  gave  himself 
 with  unreserved  consecration  to  the  work  of  preaching 
 the  gospel  to  the  perishing  millions  of  China.  His 
 own  private  fortune,  and  his  salary,  were  freely 
 offered  to  this  work,  and  he  felt  himself  largely 
 repaid  for  all  the  sacrifices  which  he  made  by  the 
 advancement  of  the  Church  in  the  great  provinces 
 where  his  missionary  life  was  spent. 
 
 Mr.  Mcllvaine  was  a  native  of  New  Jersey,  and 
 was  educated  in  Princeton  College  and  Seminary.  He 
 went  to  China  in  1868  and  wrought  faithfully  in  the 
 missionary  work  until  called  to  his  reward.  His 
 health  was  not  always  vigorous,  hut  his  spirit  im- 
 pelled him  to  labors  which  would  have  overtaxed 
 strong  men,  and  in  the  thirteen  years  of  his  life  in 
 China  he  accomplished  a  great  work  for  the  Saviour's 
 cause.  His  companions  in  the  mission  field  mourned 
 over  his  departure  with  unaffected  sorrow. 
 
 The  following  extract  from  a  letter  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
 Elliawood,  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  Board  of 
 Foreign  Jlissions,  shows  the  estimate  put  upon  the 
 man  by  those  who  knew  his  work  most  intimately : — 
 
 "Although  he  has  died  so  young,  at  the  early  age 
 of  thirty-six  years,  yet  there  is  a  completeness  about 
 his  work  that  is  beautiful.  Some  ten  years  ago,  un- 
 attended save  by  one  Chinese  helper,  he  struck  out 
 into  the  interior,  even  against  the  remon.strances  of 
 his  brethren,  and  at  a  time  when  it  was  considered 
 hazardous  to  take  such  a  step.  He  then  laid  the 
 foundation  of  what, is  already  the  most  promising 
 station  in  North  China,  situated  in  the  centre  and 
 capital  of  perhaps  the  most  important  province  of  the 
 empire,  in  an  .intellectual  and  moral  point  of  view. 
 For  several  years  he  lived  alone,  though  subsequently 
 joined  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Crossette. 
 
 "He  has  been  singularly  self-denying,  appearing  to 
 disregard,  not  only  personal  comfort,  but  his  bodily 
 health.  But  he  has  been  permitted  to  see  the  blessed 
 fruits  of  his  work.  He  was  also  enabled  to  bear  his 
 part  in  the  glorious  work  of  distribution  in  the  famine 
 period,  helping  to  gain  that  high  vantage  ground  of 
 influence  which  has  been  so  great  a  gain  to  the 
 mission.  He  ha.s  seen  the  mission  reinforced.  As  a 
 crowning  act  he  has,  by  his  own  private  funds,  pro- 
 vided it  with  a  chapel  in  a  favorable  part  of  the  city. 
 And  after  accomplishing  all  these  ends,  and  having 
 gained  a  large  place  in  the  hearts  of  his  brethren,  and 
 having  challenged  the  respect  of  all  intelligent  men, 
 foreigners  and  natives  in  China,  by  his  scholarship 
 and  contributions  to  the  literature  of  missions,  he  has 
 laid  down  his  arijior  and  fallen  asleep,  ha\'ing  the 
 highest  assurances  of  perfect  peace  and  even  joyous 
 trust." 
 
 "  Soldier  of  Christ!  well  done; 
 /  Praise  be  tby  new  employ, 
 
 And.  while  eternal  ages  run, 
 Rest  in  thy  Saviour's  joy." 
 
 32 
 
 Mcllvaine,  Joshua  HaU,  D.  D.,  was  bom,  in 
 1815,  at  Lewes,  Del.;  graduated  at  the  College  of 
 New  Jersey,  in  1836;  entered  Princeton  Seminary  in 
 the  same  year,  and  remained  there  till  1840.  In  1844 
 he  organized  the  Westminster  Church  of  TJtica,  N.  Y., 
 and  was  its  pastor  about  five  years.  His  next  charge 
 was  the  First  Church  of  Rochester,  of  which  he  was 
 pastor  twelve  years.  In  1859  he  was  in^-ited  to  deliver 
 the  oration  before  the  two  literary  societies  of  the 
 College  of  New  Jersey,  and  chose  for  his  subject,  "  A 
 Nation's  Right  to  Worship  God,"  and  in  1860  he  was 
 elected  to  the  Chair  of  Belles  Lettres  in  that  Institu- 
 tion. This  position  he  held  untU  1870,  but,  during 
 his  professorship  he  was  constantly  engaged  in  preach- 
 ing on  the  Sabbath  in  the  neighboring  cities,  and  he 
 is  now  pastor  of  the  High  Street  Presbyterian  Church. 
 Newark,  N.  J. 
 
 Dr.  Mcllvaine  is  a  thorough  scholar,  and  an  able 
 an  earnest  preacher.  He  is  a  Fellow  of  the  American 
 Oriental  Society,  and  in  1858  delivered  a  course  of 
 lectures  on  Comparative  Philology,  the  Sanskrit 
 languages,  and  the  Arrowhead  Inscriptions,  before 
 the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  in  1870  he  gave  a 
 course  of  lectures  on  Social  Science,  in  the  University 
 of  Pennsylvania.  He  is  the  author  of  ' '  Elocution, 
 the  Sources  and  Elements  of  its  Power."  He  has 
 also  conti'ibuted  several  valuable  articles  to  the 
 Princeton  Brview. 
 
 Mcll-waine,  Richard,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Peters- 
 burg, Vn.,  May  'JOth,  \'^?A.  His  parents,  Archibald 
 Graham  and  JIartha  Dunn  Mcllwaine,  were  of 
 the  good  old  Scotch-Irish  stock.  He  graduated  at 
 Hampden-Sidney  College,  with  distinguished  honor 
 in  his  cla.ss,  in  June,  1353.  The  next  two  years  he 
 sjjent  at  the  Virginia  University.  His  theological 
 training  was  accomplished  at  the  Union  Theological 
 Seminary,  Va.,  and  at  the  college  of  the  Free  Church 
 of  Scotland  in  Edinburgh.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
 in  April,  18,57,  and  in  December,  1858,  was  ordained 
 by  Ea.st  Hanover  Presbytery,  and  installed  pastor  of 
 the  Amelia  Church,  where  he  remained  in  arduous 
 and  devoted  labor  vmtil  June,  1861.  His  next  call 
 was  to  the  Presbyterian  Chirrch  in  Farmville,  of 
 which  he  was  pastor  from  October,  1862,  until  Sep- 
 tember, 1870,  when  he  removed  to  the  city  of  Lynch- 
 burg, to  take  charge  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Cliurch 
 in  that  place.  In  July  of  1872  he  was  elected  co- 
 ordinate Secretary  and  Treasmer  of  Home  and  Foreign 
 Missions  in  the  Southern  Presbyterian  Church.  From 
 July,  1882,  to  July,  1883,  he  was  Secretary  of  Home 
 Missions,  when  he  resigned  hLs  position  to  become 
 President  of  Hampden-Sidney  College,  to  which  office 
 he  had  been  unanimously  elected  by  the  Board  of 
 Trastees,  on  April  12th,  1883.  On  the  13th  of  June 
 of  this  year,  he  was  inducted  into  office,  and  delivered 
 the  inaugural  address. 
 
 Dr.  McHwaine  is  a  man  of  most  admirable  and  at- 
 tractive qualities.  A  devoted  Christian,  the  warmest- 
 hearte<l  of  friends,  a  wise  and  sympathetic  counsellor, 
 
M'mNIS. 
 
 498 
 
 M'lXTOSH. 
 
 full  of  zeal  aud  enthusiasm  iu  liis  work,  aud  absolutelj- 
 untiring  iu  his  labors,  which  are  directed  by  the  very 
 best  common  sense,  he  wius  the  atfectiou  aud  admi- 
 ration of  all.  As  a  preacher,  his  discourses  are  de- 
 signed always  to  be  eminently  practical.  He  preaches 
 to  save  souls,  and  not  to  win  applause.  His  sermons, 
 while  not  so  eloquent  and  polished  as  those  of  less 
 efficient  ministers,  and  with  fewer  graces  in  deliverj-, 
 are  clear  expositions  of  the  truth,  instrongaud  telling' 
 words,  spoken  with  great  earnestness  aud  solemnity. 
 As  a  pastor  he  was  ever  most  careful,  diligent,  faith- 
 ful and  sjTnpathetic.  As  Secretary  of  Home  and 
 Foreign  Missions,  and  especially  iu  the  last  year  of 
 his  labors,  he  accomplished  a  great  and  enduring 
 work  for  the  Church.  As  President  of  Hampdeu- 
 Sidncy  College,  lie  entered  upon  his  new  duties  under 
 the  most  cheering  and  encouraging  auspices.  Dr. 
 Mcllwaine  was  appointed  by  the  Greueral  Assembly 
 of  1883,  a  delegate  to  the  Pan-Presbj'terian  Council 
 to  meet  in  1884,  in  Belfast,  Ireland. 
 
 McTnnis,  Richmond,  D.  D.,wa.s  born,  March 
 17th,  1817,  iu  Greene  county.  Miss.  He  graduated 
 in  his  literary  studies  at  Oakland  College,  in  1839,  aud 
 then  became  a  student  in  the  Theological  Depart- 
 ment of  the  Institution.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Clinton,  September  18th,  1840. 
 Soon  after,  he  went  to  Yazoo  City,  and  was  successful 
 in  organizing  a  church  there,  of  which  he  became 
 pastor,  continuing  to  be  so  eleven  years.  In  1854  he 
 became  the  editor  and  publisher  of  the  True  Witness, 
 at  Jackson,  and  in  connection  with  this  enterprise, 
 supplied  the  pulpit  in  that  city  for  some  two  years. 
 In  1857  he  moved  to  New  Orlearts,  and  there  con- 
 tinued the  publication  of  the  True  Witness,  which 
 gained  a  wider  circulation  and  became  an  agency  of 
 great  usefulness  to  the  Church.  In  18()6  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Central  Mississippi  employed  Dr.  Mclnnis  as 
 an  evangelist.  His  long  and  earnest  labors  in  this 
 capacity  resulted  in  great  good.  Feeble  churches 
 were  strengthened.  About  twenty-five  churches  were 
 organized,  aud  it  is  estimated  that  through  his  evan- 
 gelistic work  some  fourteen  or  fifteen  hundred  per- 
 sons were  induced  to  make  profession  of  faith  iu 
 Christ.  As  a  preacher  he  was  earnest,  sound,  clear 
 in  the  presentation  of  the  truth.  As  a  presbyter  he  was 
 punctual,  and  always  kept  pace  with  the  spirit,  work 
 aud  enterprises  of  the  body.  He  was  Stated  Clerk 
 of  Synod  for  twenty-eight  years.  He  died,  January 
 13th,  1881,  aud  the  announcement  of  his  decease  was 
 the  occasion  of  wide  and  heartfelt  .sorrow  throughout 
 the  bounds  of  the  Synod. 
 
 Mclntire,  Andrew,  sou  of  Samuel  and  Ara- 
 miuta  Mclntire,  was  born  in  New  Castle  county, 
 Del.,  A.  D.,  1786.  An  accident  which  mutilated  his 
 left  hand,  led  to  his  emijloyment,  in  early  life,  in  the 
 office  of  the  New  Ca.stle  aud  Frenchtown  Turnpike 
 Company,  at  Frenchtown,  in  connection  with  the  line 
 of  steamboats  to  Baltimore.  Here  he  rose  steadily  iu 
 position  until  he  l)ecame  the  General  Agent,  which 
 
 office  he  held  until  the  Company  decided  to  run  a 
 train  on  the  Lord's  day,  when  he  tendered  his  resig- 
 nation, much  to  the  regret  of  the  Company,  who 
 offered  to  employ  a  man  in  his  place  on  that  day. 
 In  the  Spring  of  1833  he  removed  to  his  farm  near 
 Elkton,  Md.,  where  the  remainder  of  his  life  was 
 spent  in  farming.  In  1831  he  united  with  Pencader 
 Chvu'ch.  Upon  the  organization  of  the  Elkton  Church, 
 May  3d,  1833,  he  transferred  his  membership  from 
 Pencader,  and  was  at  once  elected  an  elder  aud  a 
 trustee,  both  of  which  offices  he  held  until  his  death, 
 January,  1851,  discharging  their  duties  with  ex- 
 emplary fidelity  and  success.  Mr.  Mclntire  was  a 
 man  of  extraordinary  mental  power.  Few  men  in 
 the  community  surpassed  him  in  genuine  intelligence 
 upon  all  topics  of  public  interest.  His  lavorite  read- 
 ing aud  study  was  the  Bible  and  such  books  as  illus- 
 trated and  explained  it.  He  was  a  lover  of  good  men, 
 and  delighted  to  entertain  them.  His  religion  was 
 not  demonstrative,  but  it  was  a  deep  perennial  foun- 
 tain. To  the  eye  he  was  always  the  same,  on  the 
 week-day  or  the  Sabbath,  and  the  man  of  firm 
 princiijle,  who  needed  not  to  consult  his  feelings  as 
 to  his  duty,  but  simply  to  ask  wliat  is  duty  ?  He 
 was  noted  for  his  punctuality,  in  all  seasons  and  all 
 weather,  in  the  services  of  God's  house.  He  com- 
 manded the  unwavering  confidence  of  the  community 
 in  his  integrity:  "his  word  was  his  bond;"  men  relied 
 upon  him  instinctively,  and  no  man  had  ever  occasion 
 to  regret  his  trust. 
 
 Macintosh,  John  Samuel,  D.D.,  son  of  Joseph 
 Mason  and  Maria  (Taylor)  Macintosh,  was  born  in 
 the  city  of  Philadelphia,  September  30th,  1839.  His 
 father  died  when  he  was  quite  young.  In  his  early 
 years  he  was  a  scholar  in  the  Sabbath  school  of  the 
 First  Keformed  Presbyterian  Church  of  Philadelphia, 
 of  which  the  Eev.  Samuel  B.  Wylie,  D.D.,  was  then 
 pastor,  his  mother  being  a  communicant  in  that 
 Church.  He  was  for  some  time  a  pupil  in  the  Pre- 
 paratory Department  of  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
 vania, of  which  the  Rev.  Samuel  W.  Crawford,  D.D., 
 was  the  Principal,  and  also  in  the  cla.ssical  school  of 
 Mr.  Thomas  D.  James.  The  condition  of  his  health 
 determined  his  mother,  iu  accordance  with  the  adWce 
 of  the  late  Dr.  McClelland,  her  physician,  to  visit 
 Ireland  and  spend  a  few  years  there.  She  accordingly 
 went  to  Belfast,  and  subsequently  relinquished  the 
 plan  of  returning  to  this  country.  Her  son  success- 
 fully continued  his  studies  in  Queen's  University, 
 Belfast,  taking  scholarships  from  year  to  year,  until 
 he  had  completed  his  undergraduate  course.  From 
 Belfast  he  went  to  Glasgow,  and  there  pursued  a 
 course  of  theological  and  ethical  study,  which  he 
 subsequently  comi>leted  at  Edinburgh.  He  then 
 spent  several  years  of  study  in  Germany,  at  Erlangen, 
 Tubingen,  Halle  and  Berlin,  during  which,  besides 
 theological  aud  philosophical  studies,  he  completed 
 a  full  course  of  mediciue  aud  law.  From  Germany 
 he  went  to  Scotland,  with  the  intention  of  entering 
 
M'INTOSH. 
 
 499 
 
 M'KAY. 
 
 the  miuistrv  of  the  Free  Church  of  ScotUmd.  But 
 he  was  induced  by  the  solicitation  of  friends  to  visit 
 Ireland  and  to  supply  the  Church  of  Connor,  noted 
 for  the  revival  of  1859.  The  parish  was  a  large  one, 
 containing  about  one  thousand  families,  but  his  labors 
 were  so  acceptable  that  he  received  a  unanimous  call. 
 This  call  he  concluded  to  accept,  and  he  was  accord- 
 ingly ordained  and  installed  November  5th,  1862,  at 
 the  age  of  twenty-three  years.  Here  he  ministered 
 for  five  years,  iintil  c;illed,  in  December,  1867,  to  the 
 May  Street  Church,  Belfast,  as  the  colleague  and  suc- 
 cessor of  Dr.  Henry  Cooke,  the  most  distinguished 
 man  of  his  day  in  the  Irish  Presbj-terian  Church.  In 
 this  charge  he  labored  with  great  acceptance  and  suc- 
 cess for  more  than  thirteen  years.  In  1881  he  visited 
 this  country,  and  finally  accepted  the  call   of  the 
 
 JOHV  SAMtEL  MACINTOSH    D  D 
 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Philadelphia,  over 
 which  he  was  duly  installed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Philadelphia,  llarch  17th,  1881.  Dr.  Macintosh  has 
 had  rare  lacilities  for  literary  and  intellectual  culture, 
 and  has  industriously  improved  them.  He  devotes 
 himself,  with  great  energy,  mainly  to  the  interests  of 
 his  large  congregation,  but  is  always  ready  to  assist 
 his  brethren  and  to  help  forward  every  good  work. 
 His  ability  as  a  preacher  is  recognized  and  acknowl- 
 edged, and  his  sterling  qualities  as  a  man  have  gained 
 for  him  the  respect  and  confidence  of  the  communitj', 
 whilst  his  sympathizing  faithfulness  as  a  pastor  has 
 greatly  endeared  him  to  the  flock  of  which  he  is 
 bishop  and  overseer.  He  received  the  honorary  degree 
 of  D.  D.  from  Princeton  College  iu  1883. 
 
 Mclntyre,   Rev.  John,  was  born  in  August, 
 1750,  in  the  parish  of  Lismore  and  Appin,  Argyle- 
 shire,   Scotland.     After  being  engaged   in  business 
 some  years  he  embarked  for  the  United  States,  and 
 landed  at  Fort  Jolmson,  Brunswick  county,  N.  C, 
 November  11th,  1791.     In  his  fifty-third  year  he  felt 
 a  strong  desire  to  preach  the  gospel,  and,  having 
 laboriously  pursued   his  studies,  he  was  licensed  to 
 preach,  September  Soth,  1807,  by  the  Orange  Presby- 
 tery, and  sent  on  a  missionary  tour  to  the   Marl- 
 borough District,  S.  C.     After  laboring  for  two  years 
 as  a  licentiate  he  was  ordained  to  the  full  work  of 
 the  gospel  ministry,  July  1st,   1809.     The  field  of 
 Mr.  Mclntyre's  labors  was  mostly  in  the  county  of 
 Robeson,  N.  C.     For  nearly  thirty  years  he  supplied 
 the  four  chtirches  of  Philadelphia,  Bethel,  Lumlier- 
 bridge  and  St.  Paul's;  but  in  1832  he  relinquished 
 his  charge  of  the  Church  of  Philadelphia,  and  con- 
 fined himself  to  the  remaining  three.     He  labored 
 with  untiring  assiduity  and  very  considerable  suc- 
 cess, until  1838,  when,  by  reason  of  the  infirmities 
 of  advancing  age,  he  resigned  his  charge.     He  died 
 November  17th,  1852,  in  the  one  hundred  and  third 
 year  of  his  age.     Mr.  Mclntyre  was  pre-eminently  a 
 man  of  a  devout  spirit.     He  never  shrank  from  any 
 duty.     He  was  an  earnest  believer  in  the  doctrines 
 set  forth  in  our  Confession  of  Faith,  and  was  jealous 
 of  any  departure  from  them.     Though  he  came  into 
 the  ministry  at  so  late  a  period  iu  life,  and  under 
 many  disadvantages,  he  rendered  very  important  ser- 
 \ice  to  the   Church,   and   doubtless  Avill   be   found 
 among  those  who  have  turned  many  to  righteousness. 
 McKay,  Neill,  D.  D.,  is  descended  on  both  sides 
 from  a  race  of  sterling  Presbj'terians.     His  father, 
 grandfather  and  great-grandfather  were  ruling  elders. 
 He   was  born   in   Cumberland   county,  N.  C.   (now 
 Hamett),  February  11th,  1816;  graduated  at   Union 
 College,  N.  Y.,  in  1838;  finished  his  theological  com-se 
 at  Columbia  Seminary,  S.  C,  in  1841,  and  the  same 
 ^ear  was  licensed  and  ordained  by  Fayetteville  Pres- 
 bytery.   His  first  and  only  charge  consisted  of  Tirzah, 
 Sardis  and  Buflalo  churches,  in  the  same  Presbytery, 
 and  his  connection  with  the  last  named  continued 
 about  thirty  years;  but  he  has  supplied  a  number  of 
 other  churches,  as  their  necessities  and  his  time  would 
 permit,  and  has  been  abundant  in  ministerial  labors. 
 He  has  ever  been  warmly  attached  to  the  welfare  of 
 the  Church  of  his  natirity,  and  an  uncompromising 
 defender  of  her  faith.     He  has  been  much  devoted  to 
 the  prosperity  of  his  native  State,  a  constant   and 
 eftective  advocate;  of  education,  an  active  and  influen- 
 tial Trustee  of  the  State  University,  and  was  one  of 
 the  original  movers  in  the  establishment  of  the  Noiih 
 C<irolina  Presbyterian.     He  has  freely  labored  for  the 
 moral,    mental    and    material  advancement  of   the 
 colored  race,  and  is  ready  to  co-operate  liberally  in 
 any  possible  plans  to  this  end,  availing  himself  of 
 every  opportunity  to  preach  the  gospel  to  this  people, 
 and  to  the  poor  of  all  races,  without  charge.     Dr. 
 
M'KEE. 
 
 500 
 
 M'KENNAN. 
 
 McKay  lives  in  the  region  of  his  birth,  an  intense 
 \oith  Carolinian,  a  conspicuous  and  respected  figure 
 in  the  history  of  the  State,  a  sturdy  champion  of  all 
 her  interests,  hut  recognizing  the  fact  that  the  field 
 of  Christian  -nrork  is  the  world,  his  heart,  his  worldly 
 means  and  the  high  resources  of  his  mind  are  conse- 
 crated to  the  gospel  agency,  without  respect  to  race 
 or  country. 
 
 McKee,  Redlck,  the  youngest  child  of  John  and 
 Sarah  Eedick  ilcKee,  was  born  in  McKeesport,  Pa., 
 December  7th,  1800.  In  1817  he  united  with  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church,  Pittsburg;  the  next  year 
 he  removed  to  Wheeling,  Va.,  and  resided  there  for 
 thirty  years,  as  a  prominent  merchant,  clo.sely  identi- 
 fied with  all  its  leading  interests.  He  established 
 the  first  Sabbath  school  in  Wheeling,  and  remained 
 
 REDICK    M'KEE. 
 
 its  superintendent  for  more  than  twenty-five  years. 
 He  was  also  active  in  the  organization  of  the  Presb}'- 
 terian  Church  there,  and  was  elected  a  ruling  elder 
 in  it  in  18i3.  He  assisted  Dr.  Hallock  in  organizing 
 the  great  Americ-an  Tract  Society,  in  New  York,  in 
 1824-5.  In  1837  he  was  selected  by  the  General 
 Assembly,  as  one  of  thirty  Trustees,  for  the  location 
 and  organization  of  tlie  Western  Theological  Semi- 
 nary, at  Allegheny  city.  Pa.  In  1850  he  was  appointed, 
 by  President  Fillmore,  as  Chief  of  the  Board  of  Indian 
 Commissioners  to  California.  Retiring  from  that 
 office  three  years  later,  he  engaged  in  mercantile 
 business  in  San  Francisco,  where  he  assisted  in  the 
 organization  of  Calvary  Church,  in  1854,  and  served 
 as  an  elder  under  the  ministries  of  Rev.  Drs.  Scott, 
 Wadsworth  and  Hemphill.    In  1873  he  was  appointed 
 
 one  of  the  representative  delegates  of  the  General 
 Assembly  to  the  next  meeting  of  the  English  an<l 
 Irish  Assembly,  but  was  prevented,  by  business,  from 
 I  going  abroad. 
 
 Mr.  McKee  has,  for  some  years,  resided  in  Wasli- 
 j  ingtou  city,  and,  until  incapacitated  by  almost  total 
 loss  of  sight,  has  been  frequently  emploj-ed  Ijy  suc- 
 cessive Secretaries  of  the  Treasury,  on  confidential 
 missions  for  the  examination  of  sub-treasuries,  and 
 the  inspection  or  reorganization  of  National  Banks. 
 He  has  a  happy  blending  of  indomitable  energy,  and 
 strong  but  gentle  moral  attributes,  and  a  boundless 
 generosity.  For  more  than  sixty  years  he  has  been 
 a  man  of  mark,  an  influential  and  respected  citizen, 
 a  leader  in  good  works  wherever  his  abode  has  been, 
 and  a  noble  example  of  the  power  and  beauty  of  the 
 Christian  life. 
 
 McKennan,  James  "Wilson,  D.D.,  the  son  of 
 Colonel  William  McKenmm,  was  born  in  Washing- 
 ton, Pa.,  September  2d,  1804.  He  giaduated  in 
 Washington  College,  in  1822;  was  admitted  to  the 
 Bar,  and  practiced  his  profession  for  a  short  time  in 
 Millersburg,  Ohio.  Dedicating  himself  to  the  work 
 of  the  ministry,  he  studied  theology  with  John 
 Anderson,  D.D.,  of  Upi)er  Buftalo  Church,  Pa.;  was 
 licensed  by  Wiishington  Presbj'tery  in  1828,  and 
 ordained  and  installed  the  following  year,  as  pastor 
 over  the  churches  of  Lower  Bufialo  and  West  Liberty, 
 Pa.  Here  he  labored  until  1835,  when  he  took 
 charge  of  the  Church  in  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  where 
 his  labors  were  crowned  w  ith  nuu-ked  success,  but 
 owing  to  infirm  health,  he  had  to  resign.  After 
 spending  some  time  in  traveling,  he  took  charge  of 
 the  Church  in  Florence,  Pa.,  and  he  subsequently 
 preached  in  Elizabethtown,  Lower  Ten  Mile,  and 
 Frankfort  Springs  churches.  He  also  engaged  in 
 teaching  for  .some  time  in  "VNTieeliug  and  at  Wounds- 
 \ille,  Ya.,  and  as  rector  in  the  preparatory  depart- 
 ment and  Adjunct  Professor  of  Languages  in  Wash- 
 ington College. 
 
 In  all  the  positions  Dr.  McKennan  occupied,  as 
 well  as  in  all  the  relations  and  circumstances  of  his 
 life,  he  never  failed  to  concentrate  the  affectionate 
 confidence  and  abiding  friendship  of  all  with  whom 
 he  came  in  contact.  He  was  an  earnest  and  impressi\  e 
 preacher.  His  character  was  remarkable,  in  candor, 
 benevolence  and  meeknes.s,  in  simplicity  and  direct- 
 ness of  purpose,  in  comjjassionate  sympathy  and  in 
 the  fidelity  of  friendship,  which  was  on  the  alert  to 
 defend  the  absent  and  to  admonish  his  intimate 
 friends  of  their  faults.  In  the  strength  of  his  faith 
 and  the  fervor  of  his  zeal  as  a  Christian,  and  in  his 
 indiflerence  to  the  applause  of  men,  he  was  a  nuidel 
 for  imitation. 
 
 McKennan,  Thomas,  M.D.,  was  born  at  Wash- 
 ington, Pa.,  May  21st,  l-^2.),  and  there  he  still  resides, 
 being  now  the  senior  and  leading  physician  of  the 
 place.  The  father  of  Dr.  McKennan  was  the  Hon. 
 Thomas  M.  T.  McKennan,  one  of  the  most  lionorable 
 
UPKENNAN. 
 
 501 
 
 HrKINNEY. 
 
 men  aud  distinguished  lawj-ers  of  Pennsylvania,  and 
 a  no  less  distinguished  member  of  the  United  States 
 House  of  Representatives  during  four  and  a  half 
 terms,  and,  for  a  time,  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
 under  President  Fillmore's  administration.  A  senior 
 brother  of  the  Dr.,  the  Hon.  William  McKennan, 
 LL.D.,  is  now  Judge  of  tlie  Third  Circuit  Court 
 of  the  United  States,  embracing  in  its  jurisdiction 
 the  States  of  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  aud  Dela- 
 ware. 
 
 Dr.  McKennan  is  a  graduate  of  "Washington  Col- 
 lege, Pa. ,  of  the  class  of  1S4'2,  aud  also  of  the  Jledical 
 University  of  Pennsylvauia,  of  thecla.ss  of  1846.  He 
 made  a  profession  of  faith  in  Christ  in  the  Spring  of 
 1856,  in  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  'Washing- 
 ton, Pa.,  under  the  pa.storal  care  of  the  Kev.  James 
 I.  Brownson,  D.D.,  and  since  1859  has  been  an  effi- 
 cient ruling  elder  in  the  same  church.  He  has  fie- 
 quently  represented  his  session  in  Presbytery  and 
 Synod,  and  in  186.3  was  one  of  the  commissioners 
 of  the  Presl)ytery  of  'Washington  to  the  O.  S.  General 
 Assembly,  which  held  its  sessions  in  Peoria,  Illinois. 
 In  that  body  he  served  efficiently  on  several  com- 
 mittees, and  also  attracted  attention  upon  the  floor 
 of  the  house,  especially  by  his  clear,  sensible, 
 sympathetic  and  forcible  speech  in  behalf  of  the 
 Relief  Fund  for  disabled  ministers  and  the  families 
 of  deceased  ministers. 
 
 He  is  an  ardent  and  efficient  friend  of  education, 
 ha^^ng  for  many  years  held  the  offices  of  School 
 Director  and  Trustee  of  Washington  and  Jeflerson 
 College;  Tiustee  of  the  '^'ashington  Female  Seminary; 
 Trustee  of  the  'VN^ashington  Cemeterj'  Company ;  Man- 
 ager of  the  Presbyterian  Reform  School  at  Jlorgausa. 
 and  Director  of  the  Western  Theological  Seminary 
 at  Allegheny.  Tliough  shunning  political  life,  he 
 was  chosen  by  the  people  of  Pennsylvania  a  member 
 of  the  Electoral  College,  in  the  Presidential  election 
 of  1880,  as  his  brother  had  Ijeen  in  1860,  aud  his 
 father  in  1840  and  1848. 
 
 But  of  all  the  spheres  in  which  the  Doctor  has 
 been  called  to  act,  that  which  most  engages  his  heart 
 is  the  work  of  the  Church  and  of  Christ.  He  is 
 thoroughly  attached  to  the  doctrines  and  order  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  earnestly  devoted  to 
 its  schemes  for  the  propagation  of  the  gospel.  But 
 with  broad  charity  he  is  ready  to  cast  his  influence 
 in  tavor  of  every  wise  eftbrt  for  moral  reform  and  the 
 evangelization  of  the  world.  He  is  a  Presbyterian, 
 but  still  more  a  Christian. 
 
 McKennan,  Rev.  "William,  was  probably  a 
 native  of  Drawyers,  Del.  He  was  licensed  by  New 
 Castle  Presbytery  before  Jlay,  1752,  and  was  sent  by 
 the  S\-nod  of  Philadelphia  to  supply  North  and  South 
 Mountain,  Timber  Grove,  North  River  and  Cook's 
 Creek,  and  at  John  Hinson's  in  Virginia.  He  spent 
 ^seven  or  eight  months  in  the  South.  Before  May, 
 1756,  he  was  settled  at  Wilmington  and  Red  Clay;  he  ! 
 resigned  the  former  in  1794,  and  continued  in  charge  I 
 
 of  the  latter  till  his  death.     Dr.  Martin  says,  "he 
 was  venerable  for  his  years  aud  his  pietv." 
 
 McKinley, Daniel,  D.D.,was  born  in  Carlisle, 
 Pa.,  December  7th,  1800;  graduated  at  Dickinson 
 College,  in  1824;  studied  theology  at  Princeton ;  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle,  in  1827,  and 
 was  soon  after  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  at  Bedford,  Pa.,  which  was  gradually  strength- 
 ened under  his  ministry.  In  1H33  he  became  pastor 
 of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  in  Carlisle,  which 
 he  served  about  five  years,  and  his  labors  in  that 
 field  were  eminently  successful.  He  then  became  an 
 agent  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  and  for 
 upwards  of  three  years  served  it  with  a  vigor,  effi- 
 ciency and  success  which  told  powerfully  upon  the 
 progress  of  the  cause.  In  1841  Dr.  McKinley  was 
 chosen  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Cham- 
 bersburg,  and  continued  this  relation  for  about  nine 
 years,  during  which  he  was  eminently  faithful,  and 
 his  labors  were  greatly  blessed.  In  18.50  he  took 
 charge  of  the  Sixth  Church,  a  new  enterprise  in  Pitts- 
 burg, and  continued  there  one  year.  After  this  he 
 was  engaged  by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle  to  under- 
 take the  work  of  Church  extension  within  its  bounds, 
 and  his  labors  in  behalf  of  this  enterprise  contributed 
 greatly  to  its  success.  After  a  year  in  this  service  he 
 became  agent  and  evangelLst  of  the  Board  of  Domestic 
 Missions,  in  which  also  he  was  eminently  successful. 
 He  died,  December  7th,  18.55.  Dr.  McKinley's  life 
 was  marked  by  eminent  consecration,  zeal  and  suc- 
 cess in  his  Master's  work.  He  was,  indeed,  an  exem- 
 plary Christian,  and  most  devoted  mini.ster.  His 
 piety  made  a  deep  impression  upon  all  with  whom 
 he  had  intercourse,  and  his  efforts  to  save  souls  tilled 
 multitudes  with  thankfulness  aud  praise. 
 
 McKinney,  David,  D.  D.,  was  a  son  of  Isaac 
 and  Jane  (Fleming)  McKinney,  and  was  born  in 
 Kishacoquillas,  Mifflin  county,  Pa.,  October  22d,  1795. 
 He  graduated  at  JelTerson  College,  Canonsburg,  Pa., 
 in  1821 ;  entered  Princeton  Seminary  the  same  year, 
 and  remained  in  that  Institution  over  two  years. 
 Licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia, 
 April  22d,  1824,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Churcli 
 at  Erie,  Pa.,  April  13th,  1825,  where  he  labored  assidu- 
 ou.slyand  successfully  until  he  was  released  from  that 
 charge,  January,  1st,  1828.  Subsequently  he  removed 
 to  Meadville,  Pa.,  where  he  taught  in  Meadville 
 Academy,  and  was  a  Professor  in  Allegheny  College 
 from  October,  1828,  to  October,  1830.  Was  installed, 
 December  19th,  1834,  ])astor  over  the  churches  of 
 Sinking  Creek  and  Spring  Creek,  in  the  Presbytery  of 
 Huntingdon,  where  he  labored  until  released,  June 
 8th,  1841,  and  June  30th,  in  the  .same  year,  became 
 pastor  of  the  Church  at  Hollidaysburg,  Pa. ,  where  he 
 labored  over  eleven  years  until  released,  October  1st, 
 1852. 
 
 In  18.52  he  became  foimder  and  editor  of  The  Pres- 
 byterian Bonner,  located  in  Philadelphia.  In  1855  he 
 removed  with  his  paper  to  Pittsburg,  purchased  the 
 
M'KIXXEY. 
 
 502 
 
 31' KNIGHT. 
 
 Presbyterian  Advocate  and  merged  the  Banner  into  it.  ' 
 In  February,   1864,  he   sold  the  Banner,  and,  until 
 1868,  edited  The  Family  Treasure  (afterwards  called  ; 
 Our  Monthly),  a  popular  monthly  magazine.     From  ! 
 1866  to  1869  he  was  a  co-editor  and  proprietor  of  The 
 Northwestern  Presbyterian,  i>u)jlished  in  Chicago.     At 
 the  same  time,  in  1866,  he  was  appointed  Librarian 
 and  Trea.surer  of  the  Board  of   Colportage   of   the 
 Sj'nod  of  Pittsburg  and  Allegheny,  a  po.sitiou  he  held 
 until  1874,  and  a  part  of  which,  the  treasurer.ship,  he 
 held  until  his  decease.     He  died  Slay  28th,  1879,  in 
 the  firm  and  blessed  hope  of  the  gospel. 
 
 Dr.  JIcKinney  was  a  man  of  decided  ability,  a 
 sound  theologian,  an  eflective  preacher,  a  faithful  and 
 laborious  pastor,  a  proficient  in  all  ecclesiastical 
 affairs,  and  of  admirable  business  qualifications.  He 
 was  a  clear  thinker,  a  ready  debater,  a  vigorous 
 writer;  in  action,  bold,  earnest  and  especially  per- 
 sistent; a  faithful  defender,  an  honest  and  loving 
 servant  of  the  Church  of  Christ;  a  Presbyterian  from 
 deep  and  firm  conviction  of  its  Scriptural  doctrines 
 and  polity.  He  was  both  a  Director  and  Trustee  of 
 the  Western  Theological  Seminary  at  Allegheny,  and 
 devoted  much  time  and  labor  to  its  interests. 
 
 McKinney,  Mordecai,  Esq.,  was  born,  it  is 
 believed,  in  1796,  in  Cumberland  county,  Pa.  His 
 early  studies  were  pursued  at  Dickinson  College, 
 Carlisle,  where  he  spent  six  years,  graduating  while 
 quite  a  youth.  He  began  the  study  of  law  in  the 
 oftice  of  Judge  Duncan,  of  Carlisle,  and  having 
 removed  to  Harrisburg,  in  1817,  completed  his 
 studies  in  tlie  oflice  of  Hon.  Amos  Ellmaker,  the 
 Attorney  General  of  the  State,  and  was  admitted  to 
 the  Bar  in  May,  1817.  In  1821  he  was  appointed 
 District  Attorney  of  Union  county,  by  Attorney 
 General  Elder.  In  1827  Governor  Shultz  gave  him 
 the  appointment  of  Associate  Judge  of  Dauphin 
 county,  in  which  position  he  presided,  in  the  absence 
 of  the  President  Judge,  at  the  trial  of  several  civil 
 and  criminal  cases.  Somewhat  later,  he  turned  his 
 attention  to  the  compilation  of  law,  and  published 
 "McKinney's  Digest,"  and  several  other  works  of 
 value  to  the  profession.  Later  still  in  life,  he  pub- 
 lished a  work  of  labor,  research  and  value,  called 
 "Our  Government,"  an  explanatory  statement  of 
 the  system  of  government  in  this  country  in  its 
 various  departments,  of  the  State  and  tlie  Kation. 
 He  was  a  man  of  extended  and  accurate  knowledge 
 in  his  profes.sion,  an  honest  and  conscientious  conn-  | 
 sellor,  but  so  modest  and  retiring  that  he  shrank 
 from  the  public  contests  of  the  Bar.  He  was  highly 
 esteemed  by  his  professional  brethren.  In  1855  he 
 was  elected  an  elder  of  the  Church  at  Harrisburg,  in 
 which  ofiice  he  served  for  thirteen  years,  leaving  an 
 untarnished  record. 
 
 Mr.  McKinney  principally  wrought  his  mission  in 
 the  world  as  a  Christian.  His  life  as  a  man  and  a 
 citizen  was  completely  transfused  by  his  religion, 
 sanctified  and  elevated  Tiy  it.     He  was  modest  and 
 
 unobtrusive  in  manners,  free  from  all  guile,  a  man 
 of  sterling  honesty  and  conscientiousness.  He  was 
 remarkably  free  from  all  taint  of  selfishness  and  all 
 pride.  Spending  all  his  years  in  comparative  poverty, 
 no  more  contented,  happy  and  trusting  man  walked 
 the  .streets  of  the  city.  Asa  citizen  he  was  faithful 
 to  all  obligations,  a  friend  of  all  that  was  venerable 
 and  good,  a  defender  of  law,  and  a  supporter  of  all 
 that  tended  to  the  welfare  of  society. 
 
 Mr.  McKinney  was  distinguished  as  a  philanthro- 
 pist. He  was  an  unwavering  friend  of  the  poor. 
 Unable  to  give  of  wealth  to  their  necessities,  he  gave 
 what  is  often  far  more  acceptable — time  and  attention, 
 and  his  most  hearty  sympathy.  A  true-hearted  man, 
 like  the  old  Roman,  he  counted  nothing  foreign  to  him 
 that  was  human,  giving  in  his  genuine  unselfishness, 
 his  faithful  and  earnest  devotion  to  those  who,  by 
 many,  were  passed  by  as  the  outcasts  and  Pariahs  of 
 society.  He  knew  no  ambition  beyond  the  simple 
 doing  of  right;  and  though  so  modestand  unassuming 
 in  all  things  else,  in  this  he  was  as  brave  a  man  as 
 ever  faced  an  enemy.  He  could  not  be  turned  from 
 his  course  by  any  notions  of  policy  or  expediency. 
 There  was  a  nobleness  about  his  loyalty  to  principle; 
 to  the  cause  of  the  poor,  the  oppressed,  and  the  de- 
 spised, that  might  well  command  universal  admira- 
 tion. And  touching  as  was  the  tribute  to  his  worth, 
 when,  on  the  jiay  of  his  burial,  the  officers  of  the 
 Court  and  members  of  the  Bar,  headed  by  the  Pre- 
 siding Judge,  passed  before  his  coffin,  taking  their 
 last  silent  look,  and  giving  their  unspoken  farewell 
 to  their  old  friend  and  associate,  it  was  by  no  means 
 so  noble  and  so  impressive  a  testimony  to  his  good- 
 ness and  worth,  as  when  the  long  procession  of  parents 
 and  children  from  the  colored  population  of  the  city 
 Ijassed,  and  with  the  touching  eloquence  of  sobs  and 
 tears,  told  that  they  had  lost  their  best  earthly 
 friend. 
 
 McKnig-ht,  Rev.  Charles,  was  taken  under  the 
 care  of  New  Brunswick  Presbytery,  June  23d,  1741, 
 and  was  licensed  probably  in  the  Fall.  He  was 
 ordained  pastor  of  Staten  Island  and  Baskingridge, 
 October  12th,  1742.  He  was  installed,  October  16th, 
 1744,  at  Cranbury  and  Allentown.  Sir.  McKniglit 
 was  dismissed  from  Cranbury  in  October,  1756,  and 
 Burden's  Town  obtained  one-fourth  of  his  time  in 
 1758.  He  was  called,  Jlay  28th,  1766,  to  Middletown 
 Point  and  ShrewsV)ury,  and  in  the  Fall  Trenton 
 asked  for  him.  He  was  dismissed  from  Allentown  in 
 October,  and  accepted  the  call  to  Jliddlcto^-n  Point, 
 Shark  Kiver  and  Shrewsbury,  April  21st,  1767.  He 
 was  seized  by  the  British,  and  his  church  was  burned. 
 He  died  soon  after  his  release,  in  1778. 
 
 McKnig-ht,  "William  James,  D.  D.,  was  born 
 in  Mecklenburg  county.  North  Carolina,  December 
 24th,  1^29.  He  graduated  at  Hanover  College,  and 
 studied  theology  at  Columbia,  Princeton  and  Dan- 
 ville Seminaries.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Tiansylvania,  April,  1855;  ordained  by  the  same 
 
M'KNIGUT. 
 
 503 
 
 yPKNIGHT. 
 
 body,  April,  I860;  Professor  of  Latiu  aud  Greek  in 
 Austin  College,  Texas,  185()-.57;  Principal  of  the 
 Grammar  School  of  Centre  College,  1857-60;  Pro- 
 fessor of  Belles  Let1:res  and  Political  Economy  in  the 
 same  Institution,  1860-64;  stated  supply  of  Harmony 
 and  ilt.  Pleasant  churches,  Ky.,  1657-61;  pastor  at 
 Danville,  Ky.,  1861-70;  pastor  at  Avoudale,  Cincin- 
 nati, Oliio,  1870-73;  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church.  Springfield,  Ohio,  1873-79;  and  since  1880 
 has  had  pastoral  charge  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.  Dr.  McKnight  is  a 
 gentleman  of  winning  address,  scholarly  attainments 
 and  admirable  Christian  character.  As  a  preacher, 
 he  is  solemn,  instructive,  impressive.  He  has  been 
 much  blessed  in  his  ministry,  and  is  beloved  by  his 
 brethren. 
 
 McKnight,  Dr.  John,  was  born  near  Carlisle,  Pa., 
 October  1st,  1754.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
 1773.  His  theological  studies  were  pursued  under 
 Dr.  Cooper.  After  ministering  to  a  congregation  in 
 Virginia,  from  1775  till  1783,  he  was  settled  over 
 Lower  Marsh  Creek  Church,  in  Adams  county.  Pa. 
 December  2d,  1789,  he  was  installed  colleague  pastor 
 with  Dr.  Rodgers,  in  New  York.  In  1791  he  was 
 elected  iloderator  of  the  General  Assembly.  After 
 twenty  years'  service  in  New  York,  in  consequence  of 
 new  arrangements  made  in  the  collegiate  charge,  he 
 resigned,  April,  1809.  The  Church  of  Eocky  Spring 
 solicited  him  to  become  their  pastor,  but  as  his  health 
 was  delicate,  he  consented  to  be  a  stated  supply  onh-, 
 at  the  same  time  declining  other  flattering  invitations 
 in  the  State  of  New  York.  In  1815  he  accepted  the 
 Presidency  of  Dickinson  College,  but  finding  its  finan- 
 cial embarrassments  in  a  hopeless  condition,  resigned 
 in  a  year.  He  now  retired  to  a  farm,  and  preached 
 as  opportunity  offered,  until  his  death,  October  Slst, 
 18"23,  in  the  seventieth  year  of  his  age. 
 
 Dr.  McKnight  combined  the  dignity  of  a  clergj-- 
 man  %vith  the  urbanity  of  a  gentleman.  Asa  preacher, 
 he  was  Biblical,  didactic  and  dispassionate,  without 
 being  dirll.  He  appears  to  have  been  a  noteworthy 
 exception  to  the  rule  that  "a  prophet  is  not  without 
 honor  save  in  his  own  country."  Six  discourses  on 
 Faith  and  several  occasional  sermons  were  given  by 
 him  to  the  world. 
 
 McKnight,  Hon.  Robert,  son  of  William 
 McKnight,  merchant,  was  born  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  in 
 1820.  He  graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey, 
 in  1839.  After  the  study  of  law  in  the  office  of 
 Richard  Biddle,  Esq.,  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  of 
 Allegheny  county.  Pa.,  in  1842.  He  was  a  member 
 of  the  Common  Council  of  Pittsburg  in  the  years 
 1848,  1849,  18.50,  and  during  the  last  two  was  Presi- 
 dent of  the  Council.  He  was  elected  to  the  House 
 of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  in  1858,  and 
 in  the  Thirty-sixth  Congress  served  on  the  Committee 
 of  Elections.  He  was  re-elected  to  the  Thirty-seventh 
 'Congress,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Committee  of 
 Foreign  Aflairs.     This  committee  reported  the   bill 
 
 for  the  recognition  of  Hayti  and  Liberia,  iu  favor  of 
 which  Mr.  JlcKnight  addressed  the  House,  and 
 which  became  a  law.  For  his  services  in  behalf  of  the 
 Liberian  Republic  he  received  a  token  of  thanks 
 from  the  three  Commissioners  of  Liberia.  In  the 
 same  Congress  he  was  placed  on  a  joint  commission 
 with  two  Senators  and  two  Representatives,  Captain 
 Dupont,  IT.  S.  N.,  and  Major  General  Gareschie,  U. 
 S.  A.,  to  examine  and  report  as  to  the  compensation 
 of  all  officers  of  government,  civil  naval,  and  mili- 
 tarj'. 
 
 Mr.  McKnight  was  elected  and  ordained  ruling 
 elder  in  the  Central  Presbyterian  Church  of  Alle- 
 gheny, in  March,  1857.  He  transferred  his  member- 
 ship to  the  North  Oinrch  of  Allegheny  in  1868,  and 
 was  elected  elder  in  that  year.     He  still  serves  in 
 
 HON.  ROBERT   U  KNIGHT. 
 
 this  office  in  the  North  Church.  He  was  a  commis- 
 sioner to  the  General  As.sembly  in  Pittsburg  in  1865, 
 in  St.  Louis  in  1866,  and  in  Albany  in  1868.  In 
 1862  he  was  elected  Director  of  the  Theological  Semi- 
 nary at  Allegheny.  In  1866  he  was  appointed  on 
 the  Joint  Committee  on  Reunion  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church.  In  1868  he  was  appointed  on  the  Committee 
 on  Reunion  of  the  Old  and  New  School  aud  United 
 Presbyterian  churches.  In  1869,  with  the  Rev.  Drs. 
 Beatty  and  Sliisgrave,  he  represented  the  Assembly 
 of  his  own  Church  in  the  General  Assemblj-,  then  in 
 .session  in  the  Church  of  the  Covenant,  in  the  city  of 
 New  York.  By  the  General  Assembly  of  1869  he 
 was  appointed  on  the  committee  to  investigate  the 
 alfairs  of  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Dan^^lle,  Ky., 
 and  iu  the  discharge  of  this  duty  \nsited  Kentucky. 
 
3rLAKAHAN. 
 
 504 
 
 M'LAREN: 
 
 At  the  adjourned  meeting  of  the  General  Assembly 
 in  Pittsburg,  Mr.  McKnight  was  appointed  on  the 
 committee  to  inquire  and  report  on  the  best  means 
 of  raising  and  distributing  funds  for  the  Reunited 
 Presl)yterian  Church.  He  was  ajipoiuted  as  delegate 
 to  the  General  Assembly  at  Chicago,  in  1877;  and  at 
 the  General  Assembly  at  Saratoga,  in  1883,  was 
 appointed  as  one  of  the  Commissioners  to  the  Pan- 
 Presbyterian  Council  at  Belfast,  Ireland,  in  1884. 
 
 McLianahan,  Rev.  Samuel,  is  the  son  of  Mr. 
 James  Craig  McLanahanand  Mrs.  Sarah  McLanahan, 
 daughter  of  Dr.  Stewart  Kennedy,  of  C'hambersburg, 
 Pa.  He  was  born  in  Franklin  county,  Pa.,  a  few 
 miles  from  Greencastle,  on  the  12th  of  February, 
 1853.  He  united  with  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Greencastle  when  fifteen  years  old.  After  two  years 
 '  spent  at  the  Chambersburg  Academy  he  entered  the 
 Sophomore  Class  of  Princeton,  X.  J.,  in  1870.  There 
 he  was  graduated  in  1873,  and  delivered  the  lionorary 
 Sletaphysical  Oration  at  the  Commencement.  He 
 decided  to  study  for  the  ministry;  entered  imme- 
 diately upon  his  theological  course,  spending  two 
 years  at  Union  Seminary  and  one  year  at  Princeton, 
 N.  J.,  where  he  was  graduated  in  187G.  Having 
 been  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle,  June 
 14th,  1876,  he  accepted  an  in\'itation  to  supply  the 
 church  at  Waynesljoro,  Franklin  county,  and  began 
 to  preach  there  the  following  October.  After  six 
 months'  service  he  received  and  accepted  a  call  from 
 the  congregation,  and  on  June  19th,  1877,  was  or- 
 dained and  installed  pastor  of  the  Waynesboro 
 Church,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle. 
 
 In  December,  1879,  he  was  invited,  liy  the  com- 
 mittee which  had  in  charge  the  erection  of  a  new 
 church  on  Lafayette  Square,  Baltimore,  to  come  to 
 that  city,  and  engage  in  the  work  of  gathering  a 
 congregation  and  organizing  a  new  church.  Having 
 accepted  this  invitiition,  he  moved  to  Baltimore, 
 Febrfaary  2d,  1880.  February  23d,  1880,  the  church 
 was  organized,  and  he  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of 
 it,  and  installed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Baltimore, 
 May  4th,  1880.  The  Lafayette  Square  Church  had 
 received,  during  the  first  three  years  of  its  history, 
 two  hiuidred  and  eighty  nrembers,  and  has  now  on 
 its  roll  two  hundred  and  thirtj'-three  names.  Mr. 
 McLanahan  is  a  diligent  student,  a  forcible  and 
 popular  preacher,  and  a  successful  pastor 
 
 McLane,  James  "Woods,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Charlotte,  N.  C,  May  22d,  1801.  He  graduated  at 
 Yale  College,  in  which  he  took  a  high  stand  in  his 
 cla.ss,  in  1828 ;  studied  theology  at  Andover  Seminary, 
 and  after  being  ordained  in  1835,  remained  at  Andover 
 a  year,  prcacliing  frequently  to  vacant  congregations. 
 He  subseq\iently  became  pastor  of  the  Madison  Street 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  New  York,  and  continued  so 
 eight  years,  blessed  in  his  labors.  He  was  then 
 called  to  the  Fir.st  Presbyterian  Church  in  Williams- 
 bvirg,  Long  Island,  where  he  was  zealous  and  suc- 
 cessful until  I'liling  health  obliged  him  to  resign  the 
 
 charge.  He  died  February  26th,  1864.  Dr.  McLane 
 was  a  godly,  conscientious,  whole-souled  Christian, 
 ardently  devoted  to  the  Church.  He  was  a  sound 
 and  earnest  preacher  of  the  go.spel.  Firmly  attached 
 to  the  doctrines  of  grace,  and  abhorring  the  rational- 
 istic and  infldelizing  views  of  the  German  School  of 
 Theology,  he  resisted  its  beginnings  wherever  he  met 
 it,  and  made  open,  bold  and  uncompromising  defence 
 of  the  truth  as  it  is  in  the  word  of  God,  which  was 
 his  ultimate  arbiter  in  religious  discussions. 
 
 McLaurin,  John,  editor  of  the  North  Carolina 
 Presbyterian,  AVilmington,  N.  C,  the  organ  of  the 
 Synod  of  North  Carolina,  is  of  Scotch  extraction.  He 
 was  born  at  Wilmington,  January  7th,  1832.  On 
 January  22d,  1855,  he  .joined  the  First  Pre.sb^'terian 
 Church  in  that  city ;  was  ordained  a  ruling  elder  of 
 
 JOHN  M'lAI'RIN,  tSg. 
 
 the  same,  February  2d,  1868,  and  has  been  ever  since 
 and  is  now  an  active  member  of  its  Session.  He  is  a 
 devoted,  positive  Presbyterian,  a  good  presbyter,  an 
 active  Church  worker,  a  u.seful  citizen,  and  a  man 
 of  fine  character  and  influence.  Engaged  in  mercan- 
 tile pursuits  until  November,  1874,  Mr.  McLaurin  \ 
 became  business  manager  of  the  North  Carolina  JPres- 
 byierian,  and  in  March,  1874,  its  editor.  L'nder  his 
 energetic  and  judicious  management  the  pajier  h;i.s 
 been  a  success.  It  is  faithful  to  the  old  landmarks,  con- 
 servative, practical  and  evangelical,  and  has  steadily 
 advanced  in  worth  and  acceptability.  It  is  doing 
 good  service  for  the  cause  of  Christianity  in  general, 
 and  Presbj-terianisra  in  particular. 
 
 McLaren,  John  Finlay,  D.  D.,   \vas  born 'in 
 Manlius,  N.  Y.,  February  7th,  1803.     He  gradtuited 
 
M'LEAN. 
 
 505 
 
 3PMA8TER. 
 
 at  ITnion  College  in  18'25,  and  studied  theologj'  three 
 years  iu  Princeton  .Semiuarv.  He  was  ordained  by 
 the  Associate  Reformed  Presbytery,  Caledonia,  Janu- 
 ary ~th,  1830;  was  stated  supply  at  Geneva,  N.  Y., 
 1828,  and  pastor,  1830-45 ;  editor  of  Christian  Maga- 
 zine, 1832-43;  pastor  at  Hagcrstown,  JId.,  1845-46; 
 pastor  of  the  First  Associate  Reformed  Church,  Pitts- 
 burg, Pa.,  1846-51 ;  Agent  of  the  Board  of  Domestic 
 Missions,  1851-55;  President  of  the  Western  Uni- 
 versity of  Pennsylvania,  1855-58;  stated  supjily  of 
 Pine  Creek  Church,  1855-62;  and  stated  supply  in 
 the  Presbytery  of  Detroit,  1868-74.  During  the 
 later  years  of  his  life  he  was  a  resident  of  Princeton, 
 X.  J.,  where  he  died,  Slarch  14th,  1883,  at  the  house 
 of  hLs  son-in-law.  Dr.  A.  A.  Hodge. 
 
 Dr.  McLaren  was  a  diligent,  faithful,  and  success- 
 ful minister  of  the  gospel,  preaching  with  great  clear- 
 ness and  earnestness  the  great  doctrines  of  the  gospel. 
 He  used  the  press  also  very  efficientl}',  seeking  al- 
 ways to  impress  Scriptural  truth  on  the  minds  of  his 
 readers.  Thus  bus}"ing  himself  with  the  work  of 
 his  Master,  a  long  and  useful  life  passed  away,  and 
 clo.sed  in  peace  and  in  the  blessed  hope  of  an  im- 
 mortal life. 
 
 McLean,  Charles  Or.,  D.D.,  was  born  in  the 
 county  of  Armagh,  Ireland,  in  1787.  His  father  was 
 a  surgeon  in  the  British  army,  and  died  in  earlj' 
 manhood,  on  the  coast  of  Africa.  His  mother  after- 
 wards married  Rev.  James  Gray,  D.D.,  and  came 
 with  him  to  this  country;  Dr.  Gray  was  for  many 
 years  the  honored  pastor  of  Spruce  Street  Church, 
 Philadelphia.  Under  him  Dr.  McLean  studied  pre- 
 paratory to  entering  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
 from  which  lie  graduated.  He  was  trained  in  theologj' 
 under  the  celebrated  Dr.  John  M.  Mason,  who  was 
 his  model  as  a  preacher  and  gentleman.  For  twenty- 
 seven  years  he  had  charge  of  the  Associate  Reformed 
 Church  of  Gettysburg  Pa. ;  afterwards,  for  eight  years, 
 of  the  Reformed  Church  in  Fort  Plain,  N.  Y.  His 
 healtli  failing,  he  came,  iu  1852,  to  Indianapolis,  Ind. 
 and  founded  "The  McLean  Female  In.stitute."  He 
 died  July  4th,  1860,  leaving  the  Institution  in 
 charge  of  his  associate  and  son-in-law,  Charles  N. 
 Todd.  He  united  with  the  Indianapolis  Presbytery. 
 He  possessed  rare  pulpit  gifts,  a  wonderful  power  and 
 wealtli  of  language,  and  a  brilliant  elocution.  Always 
 preached  without  notes,  but  witli  thorough  prepara- 
 tion. He  possessed  much  discrimination,  independ- 
 ence and  originality.  In  his  puljlic  elibrts  he  was 
 remarkable  for  securing  and  holding  the  attention  of 
 his  hearers.  He  was  a  superior  reader  and  unusually 
 gifted  in  prayer.  Dr.  Slason  said  he  knew  but  few 
 who  could  compare  with  him.  He  never  had  a 
 hobby  and  never  adopted  an  opinion  because  others 
 did.  His  plans  were  practical  rather  than  specula- 
 tive. As  a  pastor  he  was  laborious  and  faithful,  ' 
 deeply  interested  in  all  the  families  of  his  flock. 
 'The  widow  and  orphan  found  in  him  a  warm  friend. 
 The  young  were  drawn  to  him.     There  was  a  seeming 
 
 playfulness  about  him,  a  blending  of  wit  and  humor 
 that  rendered  him  entertaining  and  attractive.  His 
 faith  was  remarkable;  it  kept  him  buoyant  and 
 hopeful  in  the  darkest  scenes.  He  scarcely  put  a 
 limit  to  the  power  of  prayer.  He  could  not  say 
 enough  of  the  goodness  and  mercy  of  God.  Thougli 
 for  eighteen  months  his  body  was  enfeebled  bj'  paraly- 
 sis, his  mind  was  unclouded,  and  seemed  to  beam  forth 
 with  more  than  usual  brilliancy;  he  talked  familiarly 
 of  death,  and  waited  its  approach  with  cheerful  hope. 
 
 McLean,  John,  D.  D.,  pastor  of  the  Church  at 
 Beloit,  Wis.,  was  born  in  Waterville,  N.  Y.,  Septem- 
 ber 3d,  1837.  He  graduated  from  Hamilton  College, 
 iu  1862,  and  studied  theology  at  Auburn  Seminary. 
 He  was  Tutor  in  Hamilton  College,  1865-6.  He  was 
 ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Galena,  111.,  in  1866,  and  continued  in 
 this  relation  until  1872,  from  which  date  he  has  had 
 charge  of  the  congregation  in  which  he  now  labors. 
 He  is  a  faithful  and  successful  jjreacher,  and  beloved 
 by  the  people  to  whom  he  ministers.  Dr.  McLean 
 has  published  sermons,  speeches  and  es.says. 
 
 MacMaster,  Rev.  Algernon  S.,  D.  D.,  the 
 third  son  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Gilbert  and  Jane  (Brown) 
 MacMaster,  was  born  November  17th,  1807,  iu  Mer- 
 
 RE,V.   A.  S.  MACMASTER,   D.  D. 
 
 cer,  Pa.  He  graduated  at  Union  College,  N.  Y.,  and 
 after  teaching  and  studying  theology  five  or  six 
 years,  he  was  licensed  by  the  Northern  Presbytery 
 of  the  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church.  In  1833  he 
 was  ordained  pastor  of  Galway  Church,  to  succeed 
 his  father,  and  continued  there  nntil  1838,  although 
 he  ministered  part  of  tlie  time  at  Schenectady,  in 
 connection  with  Galway.  In  1833  he  changed-  his 
 ecclesiastical   connection,    and   the  same   vear   took 
 
JPJir ASTER. 
 
 506 
 
 JIJIILLAX. 
 
 charge  of  the  Fourth  Presbyterian  Church  of  Pitts- 
 burg, where  he  ministered  four  years.  He  then 
 tilled  the  pulpit  of  the  Church  at  Westlield,  Pa.,  with 
 abundant  evidence  of  God's  ble.s.sing  during  twelve 
 years,  and  subsequently,  for  twenty-four  years,  served 
 the  Church  of  Poland,  Ohio,  where  his  ministrations 
 were  marked  ^rith  distinguished  ability  and  success. 
 He  died  in  October,  1882. 
 
 Dr.  ilacMaster  was  a  learned  and  able  theologian. 
 In  the  pulpit  he  was  "a  workman  that  needed  not 
 to  be  ashamed,  rightly  dividing  the  AVord  of  Truth."' 
 His  preaching  was  doctrinal,  practical  and  edilying. 
 His  pulpit  reading  of  the  Scriptures  was  peculiarly 
 solemn  and  impressive.  His  prayers  were  remarkable 
 for  their  earnestness,  unction  and  jjower.  As  a  pastor, 
 he  was  faithful  in  visiting  the  sick,  comforting  the 
 mourning,  and  catechising  and  instructing  the  chil- 
 dren of  the  Church.  As  a  presbyter,  he  was  thor- 
 oughly versed  in  our  Form  of  Church  Government, 
 and  always  exerted  a  strong  influence  in  Presbytery, 
 Synod,  and  in  the  General  Assembly,  where  his  voice 
 was  frequently  heard.  Dr.  ilacllaster  was  thoroughly 
 orthodox,  firm  for  the  right,  cordial  and  genial  in  his 
 friendships,  and  alwa^-s  the  true  Christian  gentleman. 
 
 MacMaster,  Erasmus  D.,  D.D.,  the  son  of 
 Rev.  Dr.  Gill^ert  and  Jane  (Brown)  Maoilaster,  was 
 born  at  Mercer,  Pa.,  February  4th,  1806;  graduated 
 at  Union  College,  in  1827;  studied  theology  under  his 
 father,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Xorthem  Presbytery 
 of  the  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church,  June  16th, 
 1829.  He  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Ballstown,  N.  Y.,  by  Albany  Presbytery 
 (having  changed  his  church  relation  i.  This  relation, 
 which  la.sted  seven  years,  was  dissolved,  April  24th, 
 1838,  by  reason  of  the  concern  he  felt  for  the  great 
 West  and  the  education  of  its  sons. 
 
 In  1838  Dr.  Macila-ster  was  elected  President  of 
 Hanover  College,  Indiana.  August  13th,  1845,  he 
 was  inaugurated  President  of  Miami  University, 
 Oxford,  Ohio,  which  position  he  resigned  in  1849. 
 Subsequently  he  was  oS'ered  the  Professorship  of 
 Systematic  Theology  in  the  Seminary  at  Xew  Albany, 
 Ind.,  which  he  accepted,  reluctantly.  He  was  elected 
 by  the  Assembly,  June  2d,  1866,  to  the  Chair  of  The- 
 ology in  the  Northwestern  Theologiail  Seminarj-,  Chi- 
 cago, HI.,  and  died  at  his  residence  in  that  city, 
 December  10th,  1866.    His  death  was  one  of  triumph. 
 
 Dr.  MacMaster  was  justly  distinguished  for  his 
 eminent  talents,  and  his  varied  and  his  extensive 
 acquirements.  As  a  preacher  and  a  theologian  he 
 was  confessedly  one  of  the  foremost  men  of  oxit 
 Church.  He  was  a  true  Christian  gentleman.  All 
 who  made  his  acquaintance  were  deeply  impressed 
 with  the  dignity,  solemnity  and  excellence  of  his 
 character,  and  with  the  uniform  kindness  of  his 
 deportment.  Among  his  most  prominent  traits  were 
 profound  humility,  a  manly  independence  of  thought 
 and  action  upon  questions  of  truth  and  duty,  decided 
 convictions  upon  all  practical  questions,  and  an  in- 
 
 flexible purpose  to  do  what  was  right,  when  he  had 
 determined  what  that  was.  But  perhaps  his  most 
 m;aked  characteristic  was  his  sympathy  with  man  as 
 man.  Such  was  his  estimate  of  the  soul,  its  future 
 capabilities  and  immortal  destiny,  that  he  made  little 
 account  of  the  accidental  dilferences  distinguishing 
 one  from  another  in  this  world.  In  his  planning  and 
 prayers  for  the  good  of  others  he  looked  upon  the 
 race  as  on  an  equality  before  God  and  in  view  of  law, 
 and  he  labored  for  the  .souls  of  men  as  lost  and  ruined, 
 but  redeemed  by  Christ,  with  a  singleness  of  purpo.se 
 and  elevation  of  aim  rarely  attained.  With  an  intense 
 yearning  he  looked  and  longed  for  the  day  when 
 civil,  intellectual  and  religious  freedom   should  be 
 
 KUASMCS    D.  MACMASTER,  D.D. 
 
 universal,  and,  if  his  aims  were  too  high  to  be  realized 
 during  his  life,  he  so  impressed  his  ^^ews  upon  hun- 
 dreds of  his  pupils  that  they  will  aid  in  their  realiza- 
 tion hereafter. 
 
 McMillan, John,  D.D.,wasbom  at  Fagg's  Manor. 
 Chester  county.  Pa.,  November  11th,  1752.  .\fter 
 being  fitted  for  college  at  Fagg's  JIanor  Academy, 
 by  Dr.  Samuel  Blair,  he  graduated  at  Nassau  Hall, 
 Princeton,  under  Dr.  Witherspoon,  in  1772.  "WTiile  at 
 college  he  was  one  day  so  impre.s.sed  by  his  solitary 
 reflections  of  truth  and  duty  that  he  became  the  sub- 
 ject of  a  sudden  conversion,  and,  in  consequence, 
 upon  graduating,  studied  theology  witli  Dr.  Robert 
 Smith,  of  Pequea.  He  was  licensed  by  New  Castle 
 Presbj-tery,  in  1774,  at  the  age  of  twenty-two,  and 
 performed  missionary  scrWce  in  5Iar}-land,  Western 
 Virginia  and  Western  Pennsylvania.  In  1775  he 
 organized  the  churches  of  Pigeon  Creek  and  Chartiers, 
 
M'MILLAN. 
 
 507 
 
 3rXAIR. 
 
 over  which  he  was  ordained  the  following  year  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Donegal.  He  was  soon  after  married, 
 and  removed  his  worldly  all  to  his  field  of  labor  on 
 pack-horses.  He  lived  in  a  log  cabin,  and  was  a 
 stranger  to  all  the  luxuries  of  life.  (For  a  representa- 
 tion of  this  hiuuble  dwelling  see  p.  508. )  He  estab- 
 lished a  school,  which  became  the  nucleus  of  Jefferson 
 College.  From  this  theological  school  Lssued  a  hundred 
 young  men,  many  of  whom  afterwards  became  dis- 
 tinguished preachers.  He  died  Xovembfer  16th,  1833, 
 aged  eighty-one. 
 
 As  a  preacher.  Dr.  McMillan  was  zeijlous  and 
 powerful.  His  style  partook  of  the  athletic  rugged- 
 ness  of  his  jierson.  Though  he  wrote  and  memorized 
 his  sermons,  he  gave  little  attention  to  the  beauties 
 of  rhetoric.  He  la.shed  with  unsparing  hand  what- 
 ever he  conceived  to  be  vices  or  weaknesses  worthy 
 of  reproof.     Widespread  and  powerful   revivals  oc- 
 
 JOHX   M  .MILLAX,  P.  P. 
 
 curred  under  his  ministry.  He  witnessed,  without 
 approval,  the  falling  and  jerking  exercises  which  de- 
 formed the  great  revival  of  1800.  His  own  people  he 
 took  care  to  indoctrinate  thoroughly.  "When  the 
 Presbytery  of  Redstone  was  attached  to  the  Synod  of 
 Virginia,Dr.  McMillan's  relations  to  his  native  Synod, 
 of  course,  ceased,  but  it  is  pleasant  to  retlect  that  the 
 early  labors  of  this  patriarch  of  Western  Pennsylvania 
 were  fostered  by  the  Synod  of  Philadelphia. 
 
 McMillan,  Rev.  Neil,  was  one  of  the  three  who 
 constituted  the  Presbytery  of  Alabama.  The  Rev. 
 Robert  Xall,  in  his  discourse  entitled  "The  Dead  of 
 the  Synod  of  Alabama,"  observes,  "  I  sui>pose  I  may 
 safely  say  that  he  was  the  first  Presbyterian  minister  to 
 femovetooirr  State."  Mr.  McMillan  came  to  that 
 region  as  early  as  1818.     For  a  series  of  years  he 
 
 ministered  to  four  churches,  Uchee  Valley  and  Ks- 
 cumbia,  in  Florida,  and  Union  and  Euphronia,  in  Mon- 
 roe county,  Ala.  As  long  as  he  lived  he  kept  these 
 churches  together,  but  after  his  death,  in  1837,  they 
 disappeared,  with  the  exception  of  Uchee  Valley, 
 from  the  Presbyterian  roll.  Presbyterj-,  in  recording 
 Mr.  JIcMillau's  death,  says,  "He came  to  this  coun- 
 try at  the  time  of  its  earliest  settlement,  and  has 
 labored  long  and  faithfully  in  the  ministry,  enduring 
 hardships,  privations,  and  sometimes  poverty  and 
 danger,  too,  from  love  to  the  cause  of  his  Heavenly 
 JIa.ster.  His  labor  is  ended,  his  warfare  accom- 
 plished, and  the  victory,  we  trust,  achieved,  and  he 
 is  now  enjoying  the  rewards  of  his  labors." 
 
 McMillan,  Rev.  'William,  was  licensed  by  the 
 Pre.sbyterj-  of  New  Castle,  September  •22d,  1724,  after 
 which  he  subscribed  a  declaration  of  his  adherence 
 to  the  Westminster  Confession,  being  the  first  who 
 is  recorded  to  have  done  so.  He  was  ordered  to  sup- 
 ply the  people  of  Virginia  during  his  abode  there. 
 It  is  probable  that  it  was  Rehoboth,  on  Pocomoke, 
 in  Coventry  parish,  ^vith  Accomac  county,  which 
 contained  "the  people  of  Virginia. " 
 
 McMordle,  Rev.  Robert,  was  ordained  by 
 Donegal  Presbytery,  in  17.54,  p;istor  of  Upper  ilarsh 
 Creek  and  Round  Hill,  and  released  from  the 
 charge  in  January,  1761.  He  accepted,  in  1762,  a 
 call  to  Hanover.  In  1768  he  joined  the  Second 
 Philadelphia  Presbytery.  They  sent  htm  the  next 
 year  South,  and  the  Synod  sent  him,  in  1772,  to 
 Virginia  and  Carolina.  In  ilay,  1777,  he  was  called 
 to  Tinkling  Spring,  Xew  Dublin,  Reedy  Creek  and 
 Fourth  Creek.  He  went  South  again  in  1784.  Mr. 
 ilcMordie  was  a  chaplain  in  the  war  of  Independence, 
 and  a  member  of  the  Order  6f  the  Cincinnati.  He 
 died  May  2  2d,  1796. 
 
 McNair,  Evander,  D.  D.,  entered  the  min- 
 istry from  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Virginia, 
 before  reaching  his  majority,  and  for  half  a  century 
 has  been  devoted  e.rclusirel)/  to  his  profession,  half 
 the  time  in  his  native  State,  North  Carolina,  the 
 other  half  in  the  Southwest.  His  field  of  labor  in 
 Carolina  covered  a  large  extent  of  country,  from  the 
 sources  of  Little  River  to  its  junction  with  the  Cape 
 Fear,  and  east  of  the  same  to  Black  River,  including 
 Bethesda,  Cj-press,  Long  Street,  Cina  Grove,  ilount 
 Pisgah,  Sardis  and  Bluff  churches,  several  of  which  he 
 organized.  He  was  looked  for  at  the  Spring  and  Fall 
 communions  of  adjacent  churches,  especially  Tirza, 
 Buffalo,  Euphronia  and  Union,  with  almost  as  much 
 certainty  as  the  pastor  of  the  same. 
 
 Here  his  influence  still  abides,  and  the  recollection 
 of  him  will  never  fade  from  the  memory  of  those  who 
 loved  him  as  friend,  counsellor  and  guide,  while  his 
 abundant  labors,  faithful  and  efficient  ministry,  will 
 remain  among  the  most  cherished  traditions  of  these 
 churches. 
 
 In  Alabama,  Te.xas  and  Arkansas  Dr.  JlcXair's 
 labors  were  signally  blessed.     His  commanding  pres- 
 
MWAIR. 
 
 508 
 
 jrXEILL. 
 
 ence,  physical  and  moral  courage,  gentlemanly  bear- 
 ing, coupled  with  his  gifts  and  graces  as  a  preacher, 
 gave  him  a  conceded  advantage  in  a  new  and  frontier 
 country.  Popular  at  home  and  abroad,  he  is  sjiecialh- 
 so  with  young  men,  even  with  the  careless,  reckless 
 and  wayward,  and  can  approach  such  on  the  subject 
 of  religion  without  embarrassment  or  ofience.  His 
 preaching  is  direct,  earnest,  awakening,  especially  in 
 times  of  revival.  His  tender  sympathj-,  in  the  home 
 of  trial,  trouble,  .sorrow  and  death,  has  endeared 
 him  to  many  who  have  enjoyed  his  pastoral  care. 
 
 McNair,  John,  D.  D.,  was  born  near  Newtown, 
 Bucks  county,  Pa.,  May  28th,  1806;  graduated  at 
 Jefferson  College,  in  1828 ;  studied  theology  at  Prince- 
 ton ;  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Philadelphia,  in  1831,  and  was  ordained  as  an  evan- 
 gelist by  the  Presbytery  of  Erie,  November  7th,  1833. 
 
 and  unaffected,  lucid  and  easily  comprehended.  As 
 a  logician  he  took  a  high  rank,  and  conse(iuent!y  was 
 an  able  debater. 
 
 McNair,  Rev.  Malcolm,  was  bom  in  Robeson 
 county,   N.   C,   August  21th,   1776.     He  was  for  a 
 while  a  member  of  Dr.  McCorkle's  school  in  Rowan, 
 but  finished  his   course,    classical  and  theological, 
 under  Dr.  Caldwell,  of  Guilford,  at  whose  school  he 
 became  hopefully  pious.     He  was  licensed  to  preach 
 the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of  Orange,  JIarch  27th, 
 1801.     Ou  June  2d,  1803,  he  was  ordained  and  in- 
 stalled pastor  of  Centre  and  Ashpole   churches,   in 
 j  Robeson    county,   and    Laurel    Hill,  in    Richmond 
 i  county,  and  in  preaching  to  these  congregations  and 
 others  in  the  neighborhood,  he  passed  his  life,  which 
 was  brought   to   a   close   August  4th,  1822.     He   is 
 i  represented  as  having  been  a  man  of  a  most  gentle 
 
 PK.    MMILLA.VS    LOG   CABI-\. 
 
 Dr.  McNair  labored  as  an  evangelist  about  eight 
 years^-oue  in  Warren,  Pa.,  one  in  Fairraount,  Phila- 
 delphia, one  in  Vincennes,  Ind,  one  in  Millbrd,  N.  J., 
 one  in  Stroudsburg,  Pa.,  and  more  than  three  in 
 Musconetcong  Valley,  N.  J.  His  first  permanent 
 settlement  was  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  where  he  labored, 
 faithfully  and  successfully,  eleven  years.  After  leav- 
 ing Lancaster  he  preached  at  Clinton,  N.  J.,  for  six  or 
 eight  j'ears.     His  death  occurred  January  27th,  18G7. 
 
 Dr.  McNair,  though  retiring  in  his  manner  and 
 deportment,  was  ever  cheerful  and  kind,  ijossessing, 
 however,  a  firmness  and  integrity  of  purpose  which 
 made  it.self  felt  in  his  expressed  opinions,  together 
 with  a  sincerity  unquestioned,  which  gave  a  high 
 tone  to  his  public  ministrations.  His  sermons  evinced 
 a  high  order  of  talent;  they  were  eloquent,  yet  plain 
 
 and  kindly  spirit,  and  an  eloquent  preacher. 
 
 McNair,  Rev.  Solomon,  was  born  near  Browns- 
 burg,  Pa.,  August  3d,  1815,  and  graduated  at  Jeffer- 
 son College  in  1840.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Donegal,  May  8th,  1846;  stated  supply  at 
 Middle  Octorara,  Pa.,  1844,  and  pastor,  1846-53.  He 
 was  pastor  at  Mansfield,  N.  J.,  1853-61;  stated  supjily 
 at  Upper  Mt.  Bethel,  Pa.,  1862-64;  stated  supply  at 
 Little  Britain,  Pa.,  1864;  pastor,  1867-73.  He  died 
 December  29th,  1873.  Mr.  McNair  was  highly 
 esteemed  by  all  who  knew  him.  He  was  a  modest 
 man,  and  of  a  retiring  disposition,  but  faithful  and 
 successful  in  his'liigh  vocation. 
 
 McNeill,  Rev.  George, was  born  in  Fayette^-ille, 
 N.  C,  September  24th,  1827,  of  Scotch  lineage.  His 
 academical  studies  were  pursued  in  the  High  School 
 
jrxisH. 
 
 509 
 
 M-  PHEETERS. 
 
 of  his  native  town,  and  his  college  education  was 
 begun  in  the  University  of  Xorth  Carolina  and  com- 
 pleted at  Delaware  College,  in  1S46.  'Wlule  a  student 
 at  the  latter  Institution  he  made  a  inil>lie  profession 
 of  faith  in  Christ,  and  consecrated  himself  to  the 
 work  of  the  ministry.  After  spending  some  time  at 
 Union  Seminary,  New  York,  he  entered  the  Middle 
 class  in  Princeton  Seminary  in  1847,  where  he  gradu- 
 ated in  1849.  Keturning  home,  he  was  licensed  by  his 
 Presbytery,  and  on  the  l-.2th  of  July,  1850,  ordained  to 
 the  full  work  of  the  ministry.  He  preached  for  .some 
 years  as  a  Domestic  Jlissionary  and  stated  supply,  at 
 Ashboro  and  Cedar  Falls.  In  consequence  of  failing 
 health  he  was  laid  aside  from  the  active  duties  of  the 
 ministry,  but  in  his  retirement  still  meditated  schemes 
 for  the  advancement  of  the  cause  of  Christ.  One  of 
 these  schemes  was  the  establishment  of  a  Presbyterian 
 newspaper,  specially  adapted  to  the  wants  of  the 
 Church  in  Xorth  Carolina.  Securing  the  approval 
 of  the  SjTiod  and  some  of  the  Presbyteries,  and  en- 
 listing other  influential  men,  a  joint  stock  company 
 was  formed,  and  the  first  number  of  the  North  Caro- 
 lina Presbyterian  issued  from  Fayetteville,  January 
 1st,  1858,  with  Eev.  George  McNeill  as  editor. 
 
 The  paper  was  ably  conducted  by  Mr.  McNeill 
 until  his  death,  August  18th,  1861.  The  announced 
 design  of  the  paper  was,  primarily,  to  advance  the 
 cause  of  Presbyterianism  in  North  Carolina,  and  this 
 design  has  been  largely  accomplished.  Mr.  McNeill 
 was  peculiarly  fitted,  by  his  readiness,  accuracy, 
 courage,  and  vigorous  style,  for  editorial  work,  and 
 the  paper,  surviving  till  the  present,  has  been  useful 
 in  arousing,  not  only  Nortli  Carolina  Presb\-terians, 
 but  the  whole  Soixthern  Church,  to  greater  diligence 
 and  faithfulness  in  the  work  of  Christ.  He  being 
 dead,  yet  speaketh,  in  the  enterprise  originated  by 
 him. 
 
 McNish,  Rev.  George,  was  a  native  of  Scotland 
 or  Ireland,  and  came  to  this  country  in  1705.  with 
 the  Kev.  Francis  Makemie.  The  Rev.  John  Hamp- 
 ton came  at  the  same  time.  They  were  no  doubt 
 induced  to  come  through  the  influence  of  Mr.  Ma- 
 kemie, who  had  already  labored  here  for  a  number 
 of  years.  In  the  Spring  of  1710  Mr.  McNish  was 
 called  as  the  eighth  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 at  Jamaica,  L.  I.  He  was  one  of  the  original  mem- 
 bers of  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  the  fir.st 
 formed  in  America.  For  a  short  time  he  labored 
 among  the  peoi^le  of  Monokin  and  "Wicomico,  in 
 Maryland,  but,  it  api^ears,  was  not  settled  as  their 
 pastor. 
 
 In  1711  Mr.  McNish  became  the  minister  of  Jamaica. 
 In  1710  he  was  the  Moderator  of  the  Presbytery. 
 He  may  be  said  to  be  the  father  of  Presbjterianism 
 in  the  State  of  New  York.  In  1716  he  was  again 
 Moderator  of  the  Presbj-tery  of  Philadelphia,  and 
 consequently  preached  the  synodical  sermon  at  the 
 lirst  meeting  of  the  Sj-nod  of  Philadelphia,  in  1717. 
 The  same  year  he  was  deputed  by  the  Synod  to  act  as 
 
 its  representative  abroad,  for  the  promotion  of  re- 
 ligion in  this  country.  This  visit,  however,  he  did 
 not  make,  but  the  appointment  and  other  important 
 service  assigned  him,  prove  that  he  was  a  leading 
 and  influential  minister,  and  enjoyed,  in  no  small 
 degree,  the  confidence  of  his  brethren.  In  lTi'.^ 
 Synod  recorded  its  "great  grief"  at  his  decease.  In 
 the  Church  Register  of  Newtown  it  is  stated  that  lie 
 died  JIarch  10th,  1722.  His  remains  were  buried  in 
 the  .Jamaica  cemetery. 
 
 McNulty,  Joseph  McCarrell,  D.  D.,  was  born 
 in  Fayetteville,  Franklin  county.  Pa.,  September 
 18th,  1827.  He  was  named  for  his  mother's  brother, 
 Rev.  Dr.  Joseph  McCarrell,  of  Newburgh,  N.  Y. 
 Graduating  from  the  Associate  Reformed  Classical 
 Institute  in  Newburgh,  he  studied  theology  in  the 
 Associate  Reformed  Seminary,  of  which  his  uncle 
 was  President,  at  the  same  place,  and  was  licensed 
 i  to  preach  by  the  First  Associate  Reformed  Presl)y- 
 tery  of  New  York,  in  May,  1851.  He  became  pastor 
 of  the  Associate  Reformed  Church  of  "West  Kortright, 
 N.  Y.,  in  September,  1852,  and  continued  so  four 
 years.  He  then  built  up  a  missionary  church  in 
 Hobart,  Delaware  county,  N.  Y.,  in  the  same  con- 
 nection. He  took  charge,  for  four  years,  of  the  Inde- 
 pendent Congregational  Church  of  Clarkson,  N.  Y., 
 in  1857.  In  1862  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  in  Montgomery,  N.  Y.,  and  in  1807,  a 
 call  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Winona,  Jlinn. 
 He  was  installed,  in  1872,  over  the  Claremont  Pres- 
 bj-terian  Church,  Jersey  City,  N.  J.  In  July,  1874, 
 he  became  pastor  of  the  Church  at  "U'oodbridge,  N.  J., 
 where  his  labors  for  nearly  nine  years  have  proved 
 eminently  successful. 
 
 Dr.  McNulty  is  a  frequent  contributor  to  the  cur- 
 rent religious  literature  of  the  day.  For  seven  years 
 he  has  prepared  a  weekly  study  of  the  International 
 Sabbath-.school  Lessons  for  the  local  press,  with  great 
 acceptance.  As  a  man,  he  is  afiable,  trank,  kind- 
 hearted  and  manly.  In  professional  and  social  life 
 he  is  endeared  to  all  by  consecration,  personal  devo- 
 tion and  sacrifice.  He  is  an  eloquent,  forcible  and 
 etfective  preacher.  An  unction  pervades  his  sermons 
 and  makes  him  "  wise  to  win  souls. "  As  a  pastor, 
 he  is  conscientious  and  faithful,  and  in  every  Chris- 
 tian enterprise  he  is  active  and  earnest. 
 
 McPheeters,  Samuel  Brown,  D.D.,  so  called 
 after  the  Rev.  Samuel  Brown,  of  New  Providence, 
 Virginia,  the  fifth  child  of  Rev.  AVilliam  McPheeters, 
 D.D.,  and  his  wife,  Margaret  Ann  Curry,  was  born  in 
 Raleigh,  N.  C. ,  September  18th,  1819.  He  graduated 
 at  the  University  of  his  native  St;ite  in  June,  1841. 
 After  his  graduation,  he  returned  home  and  began 
 the  study  of  law,  which  he  prosecuted  for  more 
 than  a  year.  Toward  the  end  of  August,  1843,  the 
 young  law  student  left  Raleigh  for  Princeton,  N.  J., 
 with,  a  \-iew  of  joining  the  Theological  Seminary 
 in  that  place.  After  his  licensure  he  was  a  preacher 
 to    the  colored    people  of   Amelia    and    Nottaway 
 
Jir  PHEETEHS. 
 
 510 
 
 M'PHEETEBS. 
 
 counties,  Va.,  1846-8,  and  was  diligent,  faithful, 
 successful  and  very  acceptable  in  his  work.  He  was 
 ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Presbtery  of  East 
 Hanover,  June  10th,  1848,  and  was  pastor-elect  at 
 Amelia,  C.  H.,  Va.,  1848-51.  Here  his  lot  was  cast 
 among  a  cultured  and  generous  people,  by  whom  he 
 was  highly  esteemed.  In  1851  he  took  charge  of  the 
 Westminster  (Pine  Street)  Church,  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
 and  continued  to  be  its  pastor  until  1863,  amid  con- 
 stantly increasing  evidences  of  his  usefulness,  and 
 constantly  repeated  tokens  of  mutual  affection 
 between  himself  and  the  people  whom  he  so  faithfully 
 served  as  an  ambassador  for  Christ.  From  1868-70, 
 he  was  pastor  of  JIulberry  Church,  Ky.,  where  he 
 was  eminently  faithful  and  greatly  beloved.  He  died 
 March  9th,  1870,  whispering  with  his  latest  breath, 
 "To  live  is  Christ,  to  die  is  gain." 
 
 SAMIT.I,  BnOWN  m'pHEETERS,   D.D. 
 
 Br.  McPheeters'  life  and  character  presented  an 
 admirable  specimen  of  well  ordered  natural  endow- 
 ments, sanctified  and  ennobled  by  grace.  He  was 
 endowed  with  a  wisdom  that  delivered  him,  consist- 
 ently, from  hasty,  foolish  and  ill-tempered  things. 
 With  a  judgment  pre-eminently  sound,  it  was  safe  at 
 all  times  to  trust  him  as  a  counsellor.  His  piety  was 
 cast  in  the  loftiest  mould,  and  yet  there  never  ap- 
 peared in  its  composition  a  shadow  of  fanaticism. 
 Everj-thing  about  liim  betokened  a  sojourner  and 
 the  pilgrim,  staff  in  hand,  waiting  only  for  the 
 morning.  As  a  preacher,  he  would  not,  in  common 
 acceptation,  be  called  eloquent.  And  yet  the  people 
 always  heard  him  gladly.  His  apt  illustrations  and 
 intense  common  sense  arrested  atti'ntion  from  the 
 start,   and    the  preacher,    rapt   in   the    fervor  of  his 
 
 earnestness,  spake  as  one  who  came  directly  from 
 the  presence  of  Ciod,  while  the  message  which  he 
 bore  was  fragi-aut  with  the  iucense  that  burns  in 
 the  Holy  Place. 
 
 McPheeters,  "William,  D.  D.,  was  born,  Sep- 
 tember 28th,  1778,  in  Augusta  county,  "Va.  He  began 
 his  classical  course  in  Staunton,  and  finished  his 
 education  at  Liberty  Hall  Academy.  In  1797  he 
 commenced  the  study  of  medicine,  at  Cvnithiana,  Ky.. 
 but  abandoned  it.  His  theological  studies  were  pur- 
 sued chiefly  under  the  Rev.  Samuel  Brown,  at  Kew 
 Providence.  He  was  licensed  to  preach,  April  19th, 
 1802,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Lexington;  in  October  fol- 
 lowing visited  the  State  of  Kentucky,  and  preached 
 in  various  places  till  about  March,  1803;  then  jjassed 
 over  to  Ohio,  preached  in  Chilicothe  and  other  places, 
 and  after  an  alisence  of  a  few  weeks,  retur:ied  to  Ken- 
 tucky, taking  charge  of  a  church  in  Danville,  also 
 opening  a  school.  After  one  year  he  returned  to 
 Cynthiana,  and  subsequently  made  a  second  visit  to 
 Chilicothe.  After  a  visit  to  Kentucky  he  returned 
 to  Virginia.  During  the  winter  of  1804  he  visited 
 the  counties  of  Greenbriar  and  Monroe,  and  subse- 
 quently took  charge,  for  six  months,  of  the  congrega- 
 tions of  Kew  Lebanon  aud  Windy  Cove.    In  December, 
 
 1805,  he   began   to   officiate   as   a  stated   supplj-  at 
 Bethel  Church;  received  a  call  from  it,  April  15th, 
 
 1806,  and  two  or  three  days  after  was  ordained  to  the 
 work  of  the  ministry.  In  June,  1810,  he  took  charge 
 of  the  Academy  and  Church  in  Raleigh,  X.  C.  His 
 connection  with  the  academy  continued  until  1826, 
 and  his  connection  with  the  church,  as  a  stated  sup- 
 ply, several  j'ears  longer.  From  February,  1836,  to 
 July,  1837,  he  had  charge  of  a  female  school  in 
 Fayetteville.  In  the  Autumn  of  1837  he  undertook 
 an  agency  under  the  direction  of  the  Board  of  Domes- 
 tic Missions  of  the  General  Assembly,  which  he  con- 
 tinued till  the  Spring  of  1839.  In  1840  he  was  cho- 
 sen President  of  Da\idson  College,  but  owing  to  ill 
 health,  declined  the  election.  He  died,  ^s'ovem^)er 
 7th,  1S42.  Dr.  McPheeters  received  nuiny  testimo- 
 nies of  high  public  regard,  aud  fulfilled  with  exem- 
 plary fidelity  every  public  trust  that  was  committed 
 to  him.  He  was  several  times  a  commissioner  to  the 
 General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  aud 
 never  failed  to  command  in  that  body  a  high  degree 
 of  respect.  He  was  for  many  years  a  faitlif'ul  aud 
 efficient  Trustee  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina. 
 He  was  an  eminently  practical,  useful  and  resiject- 
 able  man. 
 
 McPheeters,  "William  M.,  M.  D.,  second  son 
 of  the  Rev.  Dr.  William  McPheeters,  was  born  in 
 Raleigh,  N.  C,  December  3d,  1815.  He  was  educated 
 at  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  and  graduated 
 from  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of 
 Pennsylvania,  in  1840.  Having  served  a  year  as 
 resident  physician  at  Hlockley  Hospital,  Philadelphia, 
 he  moved  to  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  in  the  Fall  of  1841. 
 Soon  afteward  he  was  chosen  Professor  of  Clinical 
 
M'PHEREIN. 
 
 511 
 
 M'PHEESON. 
 
 Jledicine  .lud  Pathological  Auatoniy,  and  subse- 
 tjuently,  of  JIateria  Mi-dica  and  Therapeutics,  in  the 
 St.  Louis  Medical  College,  in  which  positious  he 
 served,  with  distinguished  ability,  for  fourteen  years. 
 At  the  close  of  the  war  he  filled  a  Professorship  in 
 the  Missouri' jMedical  College,  which  he  resigned,  in 
 1874,  to  accept  the  office  of  Medical  Director  of  the 
 St.  Louis  Life  Insurance  Company.  From  1856  to 
 1861  he  was  surgeon  of  the  United  States  Marine 
 Hospital,  at  St.  Louis,  and  for  sixteen  years  was 
 physician  in  charge  of  the  medical  wards  of  the 
 Hospital  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity  of  the  s;ime  city. 
 From  1843  to  1861  he  edited,  with  great  ability,  the 
 St.  Louis  3Iedical  and  Surgical  Journal,  and  has  been 
 President  of  the  Qity  and  State  Jledical  Associations. 
 Dr.  McPheeters  is  an  earnest  and  active  Christian. 
 
 WILLIAM    M.  M  PHEETERS,  M.  D. 
 
 Able  and  convincing  in  speech,  he  is  outspoken  and 
 fearless,  on  all  occasions,  for  the  truth.  The  son  of  a 
 minister,  and  the  brother  of  the  saintly  S.  B.  Mc- 
 Bheeters,  D.  D.,  and  thus  knowing  something  of  a 
 minister's  trials,  he  has  always  been  the  pastor's 
 symiiathizing  and  devoted  friend.  He  enjoys  the 
 unbounded  afltctiou  and  confidence  of  the  Grand 
 Avenue  Presbyterian  Churcli,  of  St.  Louis,  over  which, 
 for  many  years,  as  an  elder,  he  has  ruled  so  wisely 
 and  well. 
 
 McPherrin,  Rev.  John,  was  born  in  York  (now 
 Adams)  county.  Pa.,  Noveml)er  1.5th,  17.j7;  graduated 
 May  7th,  1788,  at  Dickinson  College,  and  studied 
 theology  under  the  direction  of  Eev..Iuhn  Clark,  pastor 
 Bethel,  Allegheny  count}',  Pa.  He  was  licensed  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Redstone,  August  2Uth,  1789,  and 
 installed  pastor  of  the  united  congregations  of  Salem 
 and   Lnity,  AVestmorelaud  county.   Pa.,  September 
 
 ■2'2d,  1791.  Here  he  labored  with  great  success  for  a 
 number  of  years.  On  June  25th,  18U0,  he  resigned 
 the  charge  at  Unity,  and  on  April  20th,  1803,  that  of 
 Salem,  and  having  accepted  a  call  from  the  united 
 congregations  of  Concord  and  Muddy  Creek,  within 
 the  bounds  of  the  Erie  Presbytery,  he  was  transferred 
 to  that  Presbytery,  Ajjril  9th,  1805.  A  few  years 
 afterwards  he  had  charge  of  Concord  and  Harmony, 
 and  still  later,  of  Butler  and  Concord.  He  is  said  to 
 have  been  the  founder  of  the  Church  in  the  town  of 
 Butler,  and  was  its  pastor  for  ten  or  twelve  years. 
 He  was  Moderator  of  the  Synod  of  Virginia  in  1799, 
 and  of  the  Sjmod  of  Pittsburg  in  1805.  He  died 
 February  10th,  1822. 
 
 Mr.  JlcPherrin  was  a  thorough  Latin  and  Greek 
 scholar,  and  for  a  number  of  years  after  he  was  settled 
 in  the  ministry,  taught  a  class  of  young  men,  most  of 
 whom  became  ministers  of  the  gospel.  He  was  an 
 able,  faithful  and  devoted  minister  of  Jesus  Christ. 
 For  some  years  before  his  death  he  appeared  to  be 
 remarkably  weaned  from  the  world;  he,  indeed,  lived 
 above  the  world.  His  whole  heart  and  soul  were 
 absorbed  in  tlie  love  of  God,  and  his  aim  was,  by  all 
 means,  to  promote  the  interests  of  the  Kcdeemer's 
 kingdom. 
 
 McPherson,  Hon.  Edward,  LL.  D.,  was  bom 
 in  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  July  31st,  1830.  He  giaduated 
 from  Pennsylvania  College  in  1848.  He  began  the 
 study  of  the  law  with  Hon.  Thaddeus  Stevens,  in 
 Lancaster,  but  from  ill  health  did  not  complete  the 
 course.  He  turned  his  attention  to  newspaper  pur- 
 suits, as  correspondent  and  editor.  In  1851  he  edited 
 the  Harrisburg  Daily  American;  in  1852-4,  the  Lan- 
 caster Independent  Whig ;  in  18.55,  the  Piitsburg  Daily 
 Times;  in  1878-80,  the  Pliiladelphia  Press.  He  was 
 elected  a  representative  in  Congress  for  his  native 
 district,  in  1858  and  1860,  to  the  Thirty-sixth  and 
 Thirty-seventh  Congi'esses.  At  the  close  of  his  con- 
 gressional service  he  was  for  eight  months  Deputy 
 Commissioner  of  Internal  Kevenue,  Treasury  Depart- 
 ment, and  was  chosen  the  Clerk  of  the  House  of 
 Representatives  of  the  United  States,  from  the  Thirty- 
 eighth  to  the  Forty-third  Congress,  inclusive,  being 
 a  continuous  service  of  twelve  years,  and  again  for 
 the  Forty-seventh  Congress,  being  a  total  service  of 
 fourteen  years  in  that  ofiice.  In  1881  he  was  ap- 
 pointed Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Engraving  and  Print- 
 ing, Trcasiuy  Department,  which  position  he  occupied 
 for  a  year  and  a  half.  Mr.  JlcPherson's  publications 
 have  been  numerous.  Among  them  are  the  "  Growth 
 of  Individualism,"  "The  Christian  Princiiile,  Its 
 Influence  upon  Government,"  "The  Family  in  its 
 Relations  to  the  State,"  " Know  Thyself,  Personally 
 and  Nationally  Considered,"  and  "Handbook  of 
 Politics  for  1872,  for  1874,  for  187(5,  for  1878,  for 
 1880,  for  1882." 
 
 McPherson,  Simon  John,  D.  D.,  i.s  the  second 
 child  of  John  Finlay  and  Jeannette  (Eraser)  McPher- 
 son, and  was  born  in  Wheatland,  Monroe  county,  N.Y., 
 
M'QVTEEN. 
 
 512 
 
 M'REE. 
 
 January  19th,  1850.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  Col- 
 lege in  1874,  with  the  first  academic  rank  in  his  class. 
 For  one  year  lie  was  Tutor  in  JIathematics  at  Princeton. 
 In  1875  he  entered  Princeton  Seminary.  In  1877  he 
 gave  the  Ma,ster's  oration.  He  was  licen.sed  to  preach 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Rochester,  in  April,  1877,  and 
 was  insfcilled,  by  the  Presbyteiy  of  Morris  and  Orange, 
 pastor  of  the  East  Orange  Presbyterian  Church,  iu  Sep- 
 tember, 1879.  Here  his  labors  were  largely  blessed. 
 In  November,  1882,  he  entered  on  the  jxastorate  of  the 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago,  111.,  in  which 
 he  still  continues.  Dr.  McPherson  has  gained  the 
 admiring  love  of  his  church  and  of  his  ministerial 
 brethren,  and  has  already  taken  rank  among  the  lead- 
 ing preachers  of  the  country.  He  speaks  entirelj' 
 without  notes,  from  most  thorough  preparation.  In 
 his  pulpit  work  he  hajipily  blends  the  teacher  and  the 
 orator.  As  a  speaker,  on  occasions,  with  his  rapid 
 earnestness  of  manner,  vigor  of  style  and  delightful 
 humor,  he  has  proved  himself  equal  to  the  best.  His 
 sermons,  frequently  published,  show  generous  scholar- 
 ship, philosophic  comprehension  of  truth,  a  rare 
 faculty  of  generalization,  originality  and  fertility  of 
 thought,  and  tine  powers  of  illustration.  His  unusual 
 abilities,  consecrated  faithfulness,  his  tact  and  wisdom 
 as  a  pastor,  his  strong  traits  and  attractive  qualities 
 as  a  man,  show  him  to  be  worthy  of  the  important 
 position  he  occupies. 
 
 McQueen,  Donald,  D.  D. ,  was  born  in  Chester- 
 field District,  South  Carolina,  June  Slst,  1810,  and 
 died  in  the  town  of  Sumter,  S.  C,  January  22d, 
 1880.  He  was  of  Scotch-Irish  descent.  After  gradu- 
 ating from  South  Carolina  College,  in  1833,  he  taught 
 for  a  time  in  the  Academy  at  Cheraw.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  the   Theological   Seminary  at  Columbia  in 
 
 1836,  and  after  supplying  the  Church  at  Sumter, 
 S.   C,  for  a  time,   was  installed,   in  the  Spring  of 
 
 1837,  pastor  of  this  church,  jointly  with  the  Concord 
 Church,  situated  a  few  miles  from  the  town.  This 
 joint  pastorate  continued  until  1853,  when  he  was 
 called  to  the  Sumter  Church  singly,  where  he  re- 
 mained till  his  death,  his  whole  ministry  of  forty- 
 three  years  being  thus  devoted,  jointly  and  singly, 
 to  this  oue  charge. 
 
 As  a  pastor.  Dr.  McQueen  was  raudi  beloved  and 
 respected.  Genial  indisposition,  cheerful  in  temper, 
 jocund  iu  spirit,  his  i^resence  was  a  sunbeam  in  every 
 circle.  At  the  same  time  there  was  no  heart  more 
 sensitive  than  bis  to  the  shadows  that  fell  from  the 
 sorrows  of  others.  He  was  ftiithful  and  untiring  in 
 his  labors.  Having  a  large  colored  membership  in 
 his  church,  he  devoted  the  Sabbath  afternoon  service 
 especially  to  their  instruction,  so  that,  for  years,  he 
 preached  three  times  each  Lord's  day.  As  a  preacher 
 he  was  plain  and  practical,  striving  only  to  present 
 the  simple  teachings  of  the  Word  of  God,  for  the 
 edification  of  believers  and  the  conversion  of  sinners. 
 He  was  greatly  blessed  in  his  work,  having  received 
 many  into  the  church  as  seals  of  his  ministry.     He 
 
 was  a  good  man,  full   of  the   Holy  Ghost,  and  of 
 feith. 
 
 McQueen,  Rev.  Martin,  .son  of  Col.  Donald  and 
 Catharine  McQueen,  was  bom  in  Robeson  county, 
 X.  C.  He  graduated,  with  distinction,  at  Davidson 
 I  College,  in  June.  1851,  and  entered  the  Theological 
 Seminary  at  Columbia,  S.  C,  in  the  Fall  of  the  same 
 year.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  Fayetteville 
 •Presbytery,  on  the  5th  of  November,  1853,  and  com- 
 pleted his  theological  course  in  June  of  the  year 
 following.  His  first  charge  was  the  temporary 
 supply  of  the  Greensboro  Church,  where  his  labors 
 were  attended  with  a  revival  of  religion  which 
 resulted  in  the  addition  of  quite  a  number  to  the 
 church.  In  April,  1855,  he  was  ordained,  and'  for 
 four  years  supplied  Harmony  and  Mizpah  churches, 
 in  Richmond  county,  and  Sharon,  Macedonia  and 
 Mt.  Carmel  churches,  in  Montgomery  county. 
 
 In  1859  he  took  charge  of  the  Second  Church  of 
 Wilmington,  where,  after  two  years  and  a  half,  his 
 labors  were  increased  by  the  additional  charge  of 
 the  First  Church,  left  vacant  by  the  Rev.  M.  B. 
 Grier,  its  pastor.  In  1864  he  accepted  a  call  to 
 become  pastor  of  Union  and  Carthage  churches,  in 
 Moore  county,  where  he  .still  continues — 1883.  During 
 this  long  continued  pastorate  Mr.  McQueen  has  been 
 abundant  in  labors,  having  supplied,  for  several 
 years,  Butialo  and  Bethesda  churches,  and  still  con- 
 tinues to  preach  to  Camron  Church,  on  the  R.  &  A.  A. 
 L.  R.  R.  He  has  thus,  for  a  long  jjeriod,  singly  and 
 alone,  cultivated  this  important  and  extensive  field, 
 and  has  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  the  work  of  the 
 Lord  greatly  prospering  in  his  hands.  Indeed,  this  is 
 his  crown  of  rejoicing,  that  God  has  owned  and  blessed 
 his  labors  wherever  he  has  preached. 
 
 Jlr.  McQueen's  large-heartedness  and  generous 
 disposition  make  him  strong  in  his  personal  attach- 
 ments, and  a  general  favorite,  especially  with  the  peo- 
 ple of  his  charge  who  are  devotedly  attached  to  him. 
 As  a  Church  officer,  he  is  conservative  and  practical, 
 a  good  debater,  and  in  the  courts  of  the  Church  is 
 prominent  and  influential.  He  has  the  gifts  and 
 qualities  which  eminently  fit  him  for  the  pastoral 
 office.  As  a  preacher,  he  ranks  deserved!}'  high.  His 
 sermons  are  lucid.  Scriptural  and  searching,  and  his 
 manner  of  delivery  is  earnest,  impressive,  and  often 
 powerful. 
 
 McRee,  James,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  North 
 Carolina,  May  10th,  1752;  was  educated  at  Princeton, 
 and  was  licensed  by  Concord  Presbytery  in  April, 
 1778,  and  immediately  settled  as  pastor  of  Steel 
 Creek  eougi'egation,  in  North  Carolina,  where  he  re- 
 mained aliout  twenty  years.  In  1798  he  left  Steel 
 Creek  and  settled  as  pastor  of  Centre  Church,  and 
 continued  its  pastor  about  thirty  years.  Dr.  McRee 
 was  dignified  in  the  pulpit,  fluent  in  his  delivery, 
 and  a  most  popular  preacher.  He  was  always  a 
 friend  of  education.  His  death  occurred  March  28th, 
 1840. 
 
M'SURELY. 
 
 513 
 
 M'  WHOBTEE. 
 
 McSurely,  William  Jasper,  D.  D.,  of  good 
 olil  Scotcb-Irioh  stock,  was  born  in  Adams  county, 
 Ohio,  September  1st,  1834.  He  graduated  from 
 Miami  University,  Ohio,  in  1856,  having  throughout 
 his  course  maintained  a  high  standing  in  his  class. 
 He  studied  theology  in  tlie  Associate  Reformed 
 Seminary  at  Oxlbrd,  finishing  his  course  at  that 
 Institution  in  1859,  after  its  removal  to  Monmouth, 
 111.  In  the  Spring  of  1859  he  entered  upon  his 
 labors  as  pastor  of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Oxford,  O.  After  a  successful  pastorate  of  more  than 
 seven  years  at  Oxford,  he  was  called  to  the  United 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Kirkwood,  111.,  where  he 
 labored  with  great  acceptance  during  the  years 
 1867-8.  Subsequently  he  supplied,  for  nearly  a  year, 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Loveland,  Ohio.  In 
 1869  he  was  called  to  the  Church  at  Hillsboro,  Ohio, 
 where  he  still  continues.  Under  his  ministry  the 
 church  has  had  a  steady  and  healthy  growth.  Pre- 
 cious seasons  of  revival  have  been  enjoyed,  resulting 
 in  the  bringing  of  many  souls  into  the  kingdom. 
 Dr.  McSurely  is  a  man  of  scholarly  attainments  and 
 pulpit  ability.  His  sermons,  written  out  with  great 
 care,  are  full  of  the  marrow  and  fatness  of  the 
 gospel,  and  are  always  interesting  and  instructive. 
 His  style  is  clear  and  sufficiently  ornate,  and  his 
 delivery  earnest  and  forcible.  In  the  prime  of  life 
 and  in  the  maturity  of  his  powers,  he  ha.s  before  him 
 the  prospect  of  many  years  of  u.sefulness  in  his  loved 
 employment  of  preaching  "  the  urLsearchable  riches 
 of  Christ." 
 
 Mc Williams,  Hon.  Jonathan,  was  born  in 
 Spruce  Creek  Valley,  Huntingdon  county,  Pa.,  in 
 1797.  In  1837  he  was  elected  a  ruling  elder  of  the 
 church  of  his  childhood,  in  which  capacity  he  served 
 them  with  fidelity  till  within  five  years  of  his  death, 
 at  which  time  he  removed  out  of  the  bounds  of  the 
 congregation,  and  resided  in  McVeytown,  Pa.  He 
 was  twice  elected  to  the  State  Legislature  from  Hunt- 
 ingdon county,  and  served  during  the  years  1842  and 
 1843.  He  was  also  elected  an  Associate  Judge  of  the 
 county.  He  enjoyed  in  the  highest  degree  the  confi- 
 dence of  the  community  among  whom  he  spent  almost 
 the  whole  of  his  life.  His  intelligence,  piety  and 
 public  spirit  commanded  the  esteem  of  all  who  knew 
 him.  He  was  a  great  reader,  collected  a  large  library 
 of  standard  works,  and  became  possessed  of  a  very 
 general  information.  His  face  was  always  set  against 
 wrong,  and  he  employed  his  pen  .frequently  in  the 
 inculcation  of  virtue  and  in  the  defence  of  Christian- 
 ity. He  early  enlisted  in  the  cause  of  Temperance, 
 and  spent  both  time  and  money  in  urging  forward  the 
 reformation,  both  by  speech  "and  by  the  press.  His 
 piety  was  marked  by  simplicity  and  humble  trust. 
 He  was  an  example  in  all  the  relations  of  life.  As  a 
 Presbyterian,  and  especially  as^a  Presbyterian  elder, 
 he  was  sincere  and  intelligent  in  his  adoption  of  the 
 doctrines  of  the  Confession  of  Faith  and  the  Cate- 
 chisms, and  tolerated  no  departure  from  them  in  those 
 33 
 
 who  professed  to   adopt  them.     Judge  McWilliams 
 died  at  McVeytown,  September  2d,  1870. 
 
 McWTiorter,  Alexander,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 New  Ca.stle  county,  Delaware,  July  15th,  1734;  after 
 graduating  in  Princeton  College,  in  1757,  studied 
 theology  with  Rev.  William  Tennont,  of  Freehold, 
 and  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Bruns- 
 wick, August  3d,  1758.  In  the  Summer  of  the  same 
 year  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Pre-sbyterian 
 Church  in  Newark,  N.  J.  In  1764  he  visited  North 
 Carolina,  by  order  of  the  Synod,  and  was  very  efficient 
 in  establishing  churches  in  that  region.  In  1775  he 
 was  ajjpointed,  by  Congress,  to  visit  North  Carolina, 
 and  use  every  effort  to  bring  over  the  enemies  of 
 independence  to  the  American  cause.  In  1778,  at  the 
 solicitation  of  General  Knox,  he  acted  as  chaplain 
 
 =;/ 
 
 /'   I''':'' 
 
 AI.EXA^DER  M  WHORTER,   D.D. 
 
 whil5  the  army  lay  at  White  Plains.  In  1779  he  left 
 Newark,  that  he  might  accept  a  situation  in  North 
 Carolina,  but  was  soon  obliged  to  fly  before  the  army 
 of  Cornwallis,  losing  almost  all  that  he  possessed. 
 Returning  to  Newark,  he  resumed  his  old  charge, 
 which  he  retained  until  the  day  of  his  death. 
 
 In  1802,  at  the  advanced  age  of  sixty-eight,  Dr. 
 McWhorter  was  agent  for  soliciting  funds  in  New 
 England,  for  rebuilding  Princeton  College,  which  had 
 just  been  destroyed  by  fire,  and  had  great  success. 
 He  was  one  of  the  leading  spirits  in  the  organization 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He  was  a  man  of  order 
 and  method,  an  accomplished  teacher,  and  among  the 
 most  successful  and  popular  preachers  of  hisday.  His 
 influence  in  Church  courts  was  very  strong.  He  died 
 in  the  triumph  of  a  rapturous  faith,  July  20th,  1807. 
 
JIEAXS  OF  GRACE. 
 
 r>M 
 
 MECKLENB  URG  DEC  'LA  UA  TJON. 
 
 Means  of  G-race,  are  the  instrumentalities  which 
 God  has  ordained  for  our  use,  to  secure  spiritual  en- 
 lightment  and  edification.  Such  are  hearing  and 
 reading  the  Scriptures,  tlie  Sacraments  of  the  Lord's 
 Supper  and  Baptism,  self-examination,  medifcition, 
 prayer,  praise.  Christian  conversation,  etc.  These 
 means  are  to  be  used  without  any  reference  to  merit, 
 solely  with  a  dependence  on  the  Di%ine  Being;  nor 
 can  we  ever  expect  happiness  in  ourselves,  nor  be 
 good  exemplars  to  others,  while  we  live  in  the  neglect 
 of  them.  It  is  in  vain  to  argue  that  the  divine  de- 
 crees super.sede  the  necessity  of  them,  since  God  h;»s 
 as  certainly  appointed  the  means  as  the  end.  Be- 
 sides, He  himself  generally  worlds  by  them,  and 
 the  more  means  He  thinks  proper  to  use,  the  more 
 He  displays  His  glorious  perfections.  Jesus  Christ, 
 when  on  earth,  used  means;  He  prayed.  He  exhorted, 
 and  did  good  by  going  from  place  to  place.  Indeed, 
 the  system  of  nature,  providence  and  giace,  are  all 
 carried  on  by  means.  The  Scriptures  abound  with 
 exhortations  to  them  (Matt,  v;  Rom.  xii),  and  none 
 but  enthusiasts  or  immoral  characters  ever  refuse  to 
 use  them. 
 
 Mebane,  Rev.  "William  Nelson,  the  son  of 
 David  and  Annie  (Curaniins)  Jlebane,  was  born  in 
 Guilford  county,  N.  C,  March  10th,  1809,  of  Scotch- 
 Irish  descent.  He  was  prepared  for  college  in  Greens- 
 boro, N.  C,  by  Kev.  William  Paisley  and  E.  W. 
 Caruthers,  D.  D.  He  was  gi'aduated  from  the  Uni- 
 versity of  Korth  Carolina  in  1833,  with  distinction. 
 He  served  as  a  Tutor  in  the  University  for  one  year, 
 and  in  1834  entered  Princeton  Seminary,  took  the 
 full  course,  and  was  graduated  in  1837.  He  w;us 
 licensed  by  Orange  Presbj'tery  in  October,  1837,  and 
 for  two  years  labored  as  a  missionary  in  Louisiana 
 and  Texas,  where  he  was  the  means  of  founding  a 
 number  of  churches.  On  his  return  to  North  Caro- 
 lina, he  was  called  to  the  Spring  G-arden  Church,  in 
 Rockingham  county,  and  was  ordained  as  an  evan- 
 gelist at  Danville,  Va.,  September  2'2d,  1839,  and  in- 
 stalled pastor  of  Spring  Garden  in  July,  1841.  He 
 was  installed  over  Madison,  a  new  church  formed  out 
 of  his  old  charge,  in  August,  18.51.  In  1859  he  w;is 
 released,  on  account  of  declining  health,  from  his 
 charge,  and  died  May  8th,  18.59,  of  pulmonary  con- 
 sumption. "SNTien  asked  concerning  his  prospect, 
 just  before  his  death,  he  replied,  "I  have  no  fear; 
 my  peace  flows  like  a  river." 
 
 Mr.  Mebane  was  a  good  preacher,  possessing  inde- 
 pendence of  thought  and  .sprightliness  of  manners. 
 For  twenty  years  he  labored  to  build  up  the  Church, 
 beginning  with  one  small  organization,  and  with  few 
 families  of  Presbj-terian  atiinities.  The  Lord  blessed 
 his  labors,  and  several  churches  were  organized  and 
 strengthed  under  his  care. 
 
 Mr.  Mebane  had  a  quick,  active,  and  at  the  same 
 time,  patient  mind.  He  never  forgot  his  sacred  call- 
 ing, and  possessed,  in  an  eminent  degree,  the  happy 
 art  of  leading  people  to  converse  freely  upon  experi- 
 
 mental and  practical  religion.  With  a  heart  full  of 
 love  to  Christ,  he  seldom  spoke  without  impressing 
 his  hearers.  As  a  pastor,  he  had  no  superior  in  the 
 Synod  of  North  Carolina. 
 
 Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Independ- 
 ence. During  the  stormy  tinu'S  of  the  Revolution, 
 while  public  .sentiment  in  North  Carolina  and  its  sister 
 colonies  was  making  rapid  strides  toward  a  bold 
 resistance  to  augmenting  oppressions,  the  people  of 
 Mecklenburg  and  vicinity,  Ix-tween  the  Yadkin  and 
 the  Catawba,  were  neither  indifterent  nor  inactive, 
 notwithstanding  their  distance  from  the  seaboard. 
 There  was  no  printing  press  in  the  ui)per  countr_\-,  and 
 as  no  regular  post  traver.sed  that  region,  a  newspaper 
 was  seldom  seen  there,  among  the  people.  They  were  in 
 the  habit  of  assembling  at  stited  places  to  hear  printed 
 handbills  from  abroad  read,  or  to  obt;iin  verbal 
 iuforniation  of  passing  events.  Charlotte  was  a  cen- 
 tral point  for  these  :us.semblages,  and  there  the  leading 
 men  in  that  section  often  met,  at  Queen's  Mu.«cum  or 
 College,  the  Faneuil  Hall  of  North  Carolina,  to  discuss 
 the  exciting  topics  of  the  day.  These  meetings  were 
 at  first  irregular,  and  without  system.  It  was  finally 
 agreed  that  Thonuis  Polk,  Colonel  of  the  militia, 
 long  a  surveyor  in  the  province,  a  man  of  great 
 excellence  of  character,  extensive  knowledge  of  th<' 
 people  around  him,  and  deservedly  jKipular  (who  was 
 also  great  uncle  to  President  Polk),  should  be  author 
 ized  to  call  a  convention  of  the  representatives  of  the 
 
 '  people,  whenever  cireumstiinces  should  appear  to 
 require  it.  It  was  also  agreed  that  such  representa- 
 tives should  consist  of  two  from  each  c;iptain's  com- 
 pany, to  be  chosen  by  the  peoi>le  of  the  .several  militia 
 districts,  and  that  their  decisions,  when  thus  legally 
 
 '  convened,  should  be  binding  upon  the  people  of 
 Mecklenburg.  This  step  was  in  accordance  with  the 
 recommendation  of  the  eleventh  article  of  the  Ameri- 
 can Association,  adopted  by  the  first  Continent;il  Con- 
 gress, and  now  generally  acted  uj)on  throughout  the 
 colonies. 
 
 In  due  time  Colonel  Polk  issued  his  notice  for  the 
 committeemen  to  assemble  in  Charlotte,  on  the  19th 
 of  May,  1775.  On  the  appointed  day  between  twenty 
 and  thirty  representiitives  of  the  people  met  in  the 
 Court  House,  in  the  centre  of  the  town,  at  the  cross- 
 ing of  the  great  streets,  and  surrounded  by  an  im- 
 mense concourse,  few  of  whom  could  enter  the  hou.se, 
 proceeded  to  organize  for  business  by  choosing  Abra- 
 ham Alexander,  a  former  member  of  the  Legislature, 
 a  magistrate,  and  ruling  elder  in  the  Sugar  Creek 
 congregation,  iii  whose  bounds  they  were  assembled, 
 as  their  chairman,  and  John  McKnitt  Alexander  and 
 Dr.  Ephraim  Brevard,  men  of  business  habits  and 
 great  popularity,  their  clerks.  Papers  were  read 
 before  the  Convention  and  the  people;  the  handbill 
 brought  by  express,  containing  the  news  of  the  bat- 
 tle of  Lexington,  Massachusetts,  on  that  day  one 
 month,  the  19th  of  April,  came  to  hand  that  day 
 and  was  read  to  the  assembly.     The  Rev.  Hezekiah 
 
^^    Jck^^^ 
 
 ^2k^/^- 
 
 ■j^yzUj'^jt^^^  ^    /7^ 
 
 u/iy^n^  ^  ^^J^^i— 
 
 y^ 
 
 -^^o 
 
 mny. 
 
 ''^^^TZCif 
 
 FAC-6UIILB  or  S10MATUBE8  UF  TUK  GOHMITTCE   WHO  FRAMCD  THR  HBCKLEN'BURQ  DKCLASATION  OF  IKDEPENDE.N'CC. 
 
 (SEE   PAGE   51G.) 
 
MECKLENB  UEG  DECLARA  TION. 
 
 516 
 
 MECKLIN. 
 
 James  Balch,  pastor  of  Poplar  Tent,  Dr.  Ephraim 
 Brevard  and  "William  Kcnnon,  Esq.,  addressed  the 
 Convention  and  the  people  at  large.  Under  the 
 excitement  produced  hy  the  wanton  bloodshed  at 
 Lexington,  and  the  addresses  of  these  gentlemen,  the 
 assembly  cried  out,  as  with  one  voice,  ' '  Let  us  be 
 independent  !  Let  us  declare  our  independence,  and 
 defend  it  with  our  lives  and  fortunes!  "  The  speak- 
 ers said,  his  Majesty's  proclamation  had  declared 
 them  out  of  the  protection  of  the  British  Crown,  and 
 they  ought,  therefore,  to  declare  themselves  out  of 
 his  protection,  and  independent  of  all  his  control. 
 
 By  this  Convention  a  Declaration  of  Independence 
 was  made.  May  31st,  1775,  thirteen  months  before  that 
 made  by  the  Federal  Congress,  in  Philadelphia,  July 
 4th,  1776.  This  document  was  sent  by  a  messenger. 
 Captain  Jack,  to  the  Continental  Congress,  then  in 
 session  in  Philadelphia,  and  placed  in  the  hands  of 
 Caswell,  Hooper,  and  Hewes,  the  delegates  in  Con- 
 gress from  Xorth  Carolina.  These  gentlemen,  per- 
 haps considering  the  movement  premature  or  too 
 radical,  did  not  make  the  action  of  the  Convention 
 public.  They  still  hoped  for  reconciliation  with  the 
 mother  country,  and  were  willing  to  avoid  any  act 
 that  might  widen  the  breach.  They  addressed  a 
 letter  to  the  people  of  Slecklenburg,  complimenting 
 them  for  their  patriotism,  recommending  the  strict 
 observance  of  order,  and  expressing  their  belief  that 
 the  whole  continent  would  soon  follow  their  example, 
 if  the  grievances  complained  of  were  not  speedily 
 redressed. 
 
 It  is  now  an  established  fact,  that  the  honor  of 
 preparing  this  Declaration  of  Independence  belongs 
 to  the  Presbyterians  of  North  Carolina.  Of  the 
 members  of  the  Convention  that  proclaimed  it.  May, 
 1775,  one  was  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  nine  were 
 elders  in  the  Church,  and  all  in  some  way  were  con- 
 nected with  the  seven  churches  and  congregations 
 that  embraced  the  whole  county  of  Mecklenburg, 
 viz. :  Sugar  Creek,  Steel  Creek,  Providence,  Hope- 
 well, Centre,  Rocky  River,  and  Poplar  Tent — all  of 
 which  were  of  Presbyterian  origin  and  constitution, 
 and  have  a  history  of  peculiar  interest. 
 
 "Who  were  these  people,"  says  Dr.  Foote,  "and 
 whence  did  they  come  ?  "  In  what  school  of  politics 
 and  religion  had  they  been  disciplined  ?  At  what 
 fountains  had  they  been  drinking  such  inspiration.s, 
 that  here  in  the  wilderness,  common  people,  in  their 
 thoughts  of  freedom  and  equalit}',  far  outstripped  the 
 most  ardent  leaders  in  the  Continental  Congress? 
 "Whence  came  these  men,  who  spoke  out  their  thoughts, 
 and  thought  as  they  spoke,  and  both  thought  and 
 spoke  inextinguishable  principles  of  freedom  of  con- 
 science and  civil  liberty  ?  That  they  were  poor  and 
 obscure  but  adds  to  their  interest,  when  it  is  known 
 that  their  deeds  in  the  Revolution  were  equal  to 
 their  principles.  Many  a  "lile"  was  given  in  Meck- 
 lenburg in  consequence  of  that  declaration,  and  much 
 of  "fortune"    was   sacrificed,    but   their    "honor" 
 
 1  came  out  safe,  even  their  great  enemy,  Tarleton,  being 
 witness.  They  did  not  get  their  ideas  of  liberty  and 
 I  law  from  Vattel,  or  Puffendorf,  or  the  tomes  of  Eng- 
 I  lish  law.  From  what  book,  then,  did  they  get  their 
 knowledge,  their  principles  of  life?  Ahead  of  their 
 own  State  in  their  political  notions,  as  a  body,  they 
 never  wavered  through  the  whole  Revolutionary 
 struggle,  and  their  descendants  possess  now  just 
 what  these  people  asserted  then,  both  in  religion  and 
 politics,  in  conscience  and  in  the  State. 
 
 To  North  Carolina  belongs  the  imperishable  honor 
 of  being  the  first  in  declaring  that  Independence 
 which  is  the  pride  and  glory  of  every  American. 
 "Honor  to  whom  honor  is  due!" 
 
 In  1851  the  Rev.  Samuel  J.  Baird,  then  a  resident 
 of  New  Castle,  Tenn. ,  addressed  a  letter  to  Mr.  James 
 P.  McRee,  a  respectable  citizen  of  Somerville,  in  the 
 same  State,  requesting  him  to  give,  in  writing,  some 
 focts  which  he  had  mentioned  in  conversation,  respect- 
 ing the  writer  of  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration.  In 
 his  reply,  Mr.  McRee,  whose  wife  was  a  daughter  of 
 Adam  Brevard  (to  whom  he  ascribes  the  authorship 
 of  the  Declaration),  and  in  whose  family  Mr.  Brevard 
 lived  for  some  years  preceding  his  death,  said: — 
 
 "Dr.  Ephraim  Brevard  was  a  delegate,  and  one  of 
 the  Committee  that  was  appointed  to  draw  up  a 
 Declaration  of  Independence,  to  be  acted  on  by  the 
 Convention.  Adam  Brevard  was  then  a  student  of 
 law,  living  with  his  brother,  the  Doctor,  who  got  him 
 to  write  out  the  Declaration.  After  it  was  adopted. 
 General  Thomas.  Polk  read  it,  at  the  court-house 
 door,  to  the  multitude  that  was  standing  outside, 
 when,  after  hearing  it,  they  raised  a  shout  and  threw 
 their  hats  into  the  air.  Some  of  their  hats  fell  on 
 the  court  hou.se,  and  they  did  not  get  some  of  them 
 oft'  tUl  the  next  day.  All  the  delegates  in  that  Con- 
 vention, and  nearly  all  the  citizens  of  that  section  of 
 country,  were  Presbyterians,  mostly  emigrants  from 
 the  North  of  Ireland.  Adam  Brevard,  whom  I  got 
 my  information  from,  told  me  that  he  took  the  "West- 
 minster Confession  of  Faith  for  his  guide.  The 
 above  I  got  Irom  Adam  Brevard,  and  it  is  confirmed 
 by  others." 
 
 The  fact  will  be  observed,  with  interest,  that  the 
 "Westminster  Standards  are  here  declared  to  have 
 been  the  model  of  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration. 
 These  Standards,  as  then  published,  included  the 
 Scotch  Covenants,  to  which  Dr.  Smyth  has,  from 
 internal  evidence,  traced  both  the  Mecklenburg  and 
 National  Declarations. 
 
 Meoklin,  Rev.  Robert  "Wilson,  was  born  in 
 South  Carolina,  October  8th,  1843.  He  graduated 
 from  LaGrange  College,  Tenn.,  in  1861,  and  after 
 studying  theology,  was  licensed  by  the  Tombeckbee 
 Presbytery,  October,  1866,  and  ordained  by  the  same, 
 October,  1867.  In  November  of  the  latter  year  he 
 was  in.stalled  pastor  of  Bethsalem  and  Lebanon 
 churches.  In  1872  he  began  to  supply  Batesville 
 and    Pleasant   Grove   churches,    and    for   five   years 
 
MERRICK. 
 
 517 
 
 MIDDLE  SPRING  CHURCH. 
 
 labored  at  inter\'als  at  Land  Spring  and  Courtland. 
 In  1877  he  ■n-as  installed  pastor,  tor  all  his  time,  of  the 
 Land  Spring  Church.  During  almost  all  this  time 
 he  has  been  engaged  in  the  arduous  labor  of  the 
 school-room,  and  besides  preaching  twice  each  Sab- 
 bath to  his  church,  he  has  organized  and  ministered 
 to  a  colored  congregation.  In  addition  to  this,  he 
 has  written,  and  has  in  press,  a  Historical  Romance, 
 giving  the  story  of  the  early  struggles  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  in  Mississippi.  Mr.  Mecklin  is  a  most 
 effective  and  impressive  preacher,  earnestly  setting 
 forth  the  truths  which  he  as  earnestly  believes.  His 
 life  has  been  blessed  with  usefulness  in  the  Miister's 
 service. 
 
 Merrick,  Major  G-eorge  "W. ,  was  the  Independ- 
 ent Republican  nominee  for  Secretary  of  Internal 
 Affairs  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1882.  He  was  born  at 
 Wellsboro',  Pa.,  in  1840.  His  father,  Israel  Merrick, 
 migrated  from  Delaware  in  1804,  when  a  lad  of  fifteen 
 years,  and  settled  in  tlie  then  unbroken  wilderness  of 
 Tioga  county.  His  son,  from  ten  years  of  age,  was 
 reared  on  a  farm,  and  by  hard  worlc  laid  the  founda- 
 tion of  a  rugged  constitution.  He  was  schooled  in 
 the  common  schools  until  he  had  advanced  to  the 
 period  of  young  manhood,  when  he  beg;in  a  course 
 of  study  at  the  Wellsboro'  Academy.  Subsequently 
 he  read  law  and  was  admitted  to  practice,  and  has 
 sinci'  followed  the  profession  with  marked  success. 
 His  home  paper,  the  Agitator,  says  of  him  :  "He  has 
 discharged  every  public  duty,  as  he  always  has  every 
 private  one,  with  scrupulous  fidelity  and  ability." 
 Major  Merrick  is  a  poor  man  and  lives  frugally;  one 
 of  the  "plain  people, ' '  to  use  his  own  language,  but 
 is  hospitable,  and  frank,  and  affable  in  manners,  and 
 has  a  contempt  for  all  shams,  and  a  burning  indigna- 
 tion against  all  forms  of  wrong.  He  is  a  strong 
 advocate  of  Temperance,  President  of  the  Board  of 
 Trustees  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  his  home,  and 
 for  manyyears  President  of  the  Board  of  Public  Educa- 
 tion. He  is  an  honored  citizen,  and  admired  by  people 
 of  all  sects  in  religion  and  every  shade  of  politics. 
 
 Merrill,  Samuel,  elder  of  the  Fourth  Presbyte- 
 rian Church,  Indianapolis,  was  born  in  Peacham,  Vt., 
 October  29th,  1792;  died  in  IndianapolLs,  Ind.,  August 
 24th,  1855.  He  entered  Dartmouth  College,  but  in  his 
 Junior  year  left,  to  teach  with  his  brother  James,  in 
 York,  Pa.,  where  he  also  studied  law.  His  associates 
 were  Thaddeus  Stevens,  John  Blanchard  and  his 
 brother  James,  all  from  Peacham.  After  three  years 
 he  came  to  Vevay,  Ind.,  and  commenced  the  practice 
 of  law.  In  1821  he  was  elected  to  'the  Legislature. 
 Before  his  term  of  two  years  expired  he  was  chosen 
 Treasurer  of  State,  removing  first  to  Corydon,  and,  in 
 1824,  to  Indianapolis.  This  office  he  held  until  1834, 
 when  he  was  chosen  President  of  the  State  Bank.  The 
 duties  of  this  office  he  discharged  with  unwearied 
 fidelity  and  -.mimpeachable  honesty,  until  1844.  He 
 subsequently  served  four  years  as  President  of  the 
 Madison  and  Indianapolis  Railroad.     Though  promi- 
 
 nent in  Christian  work  and  superintendent  of  a  Sab- 
 bath school,  he  did  not  make  a  profession  of  religion 
 until  1838,  when  he  joined  and  helped  to  form  the 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church,  November  19th.  In 
 September,  1846,  he  was  elected  an  elder,  and  served 
 until  November,  1851,  when,  with  twenty-three 
 others,  he  united  in  forming  the  Fourtli  Presbyterian 
 Church,  in  which  he  was  an  elder  from  its  organiza- 
 tion until  his  death.  He  took  great  interest  in  mis- 
 sions, and  was  a  corporate  member  of  "The  American 
 Board."  In  reading  the  3Iissio)iary  Herald  he  found 
 great  delight.  His  time,  talents  and  money  were 
 devoted  freely  to  the  public  good — to  this  the  Second 
 and  Fourth  churches  and  Waba-sh  College  can  bear 
 witness.  In  mental  culture  he  was  an  example  to  all. 
 On  an  average  he  read  two  hundred  volumes  and  the 
 entire  Bible  yearly.  Learned  in  the  Scriptures,  versa- 
 tile in  thought  and  expression,  his  words  had  great 
 weight  in  ecclesiastical  bodies.  Remarkable  for  up- 
 rightness, no  ill-gotten  wealth  disturbed  his  dying 
 hour.  His  richest  record  was  in  the  hearts  of  the 
 poor  and  in  God's  book  of  remembrance.  Almost  his 
 last  words  were  to  send  a  refreshing  drink  to  a  i)Oor 
 Irish  woman. 
 
 Middle  Spring  Church,  Cumberland  county, 
 Pa.  This  congregation,  located  about  two  miles 
 north  of  Shippensburg,  in  all  probability  came  into 
 existence  about  the  year  1740.  Antecedently  to  this 
 Middle  Spring  was  a  preaching  place,  and  wa-s 
 frequently  f;ivored  with  ministerial  service  by  neigh- 
 boring pastors,  as  well  as  by  supplies  under  appoint- 
 ment of  Presbytery,  but  not  until  that  time  was  a 
 congregation  regularly  organized.  The  earliest  records 
 of  the  congregation  now  to  be  found,  and  probably 
 the  first  ever  written,  go  back  to  1742.  The  title- 
 page  is  as  follows  :  "A  Session  Book,  for  the  use  of 
 the  Session  of  the  Congregation  of  Middle  Spring. 
 Bought  for  the  above-mentioned  use,  men.  Decem- 
 bris,  Anno  Dom.  1745.  (2  Chron.  xix,  8,  9)  "More- 
 over, in  Jerusalem  did  Jcho.shaphat  set  of  the 
 Levites,  and  of  the  priests,  and  of  the  chiefs  of  the 
 fathers  of  Israel,  for  the  judgment  of  the  Lord,  and 
 for  controversies  when  they  returned  to  Jerusalem. 
 And  he  diarged  them,  saying.  Thus  shall  ye  do,  in 
 the  fear  of  the  Lord,  faithfully  and  with  a  perfect 
 heart."  In  these  records  mention  is  made  of  the 
 following  names  of  elders  of  the  congregation  :  Allen 
 Killough,  John  McKee,  David  Herron,  John  Rey- 
 nolds, ordained  1742.  John  Finley,  William  Ander- 
 son, Robert  McComb,  ordained  1744.  John  Maclay, 
 ordained  1747. 
 
 Among  the  cases  of  discipline  recorded  in  this 
 ancient  book,  is  the  following  : — 
 
 ' '  1746.  J.  P.  was  cited  to  the  Session  for  taking 
 venison  from  an  Indian,  and  gi\'ing  him  meal  and 
 butter  for  it  on  the  Sal)bath  day. 
 
 "J.  P.  appeared,  and  acknowledged  that,  being  at 
 home  one  Sabbath  day,  lie  heard  a  gun  go  off  twice, 
 quickly  after  each  other,  and  said  he  would  go  out 
 
MIDDLE  SPRING  CHURCH. 
 
 518 
 
 JIIDDLE  SPRING  CHURCH. 
 
 and  see  who  it  was;  his  wife  dissuading  him,  he  said 
 he  would  go  and  see  if  he  could  hear  the  hoise-bell ; 
 having  gone  a  little  way  he  saw  an  Indian,  who  had 
 just  killed  a  tawn  and  dressed  it;  the  Indian  coming 
 towards  the  house  with  liini,  to  get  some  victuals, 
 ha^^ng,  he  said,  eat  nothing  that  morning,  he  saw  a 
 deer,  and  shot  it,  and  charged  and  shot  again  at 
 another,  which  ran  away;  said  P.  stood  hy  the  Indian 
 until  he  skinned  the  deer;  when  he  had  done  he  told 
 said  P.  he  might  take  it  in  if  he  wanted,  for  .he  would 
 take  no  more  with  him,  upon  •which,  said  P.  and  W. 
 K.,  who  then  had  come  to  them,  took  it  up,  and  car- 
 ried it  in;  when  he  had  given  the  Indian  his  break- 
 last,  said  Indian  asked  if  he  had  any  meal ;  he  said 
 he  had,  and  gave  him  some;  then  the  Indian  asked 
 for  butter,  and  asking  his  wife  about  it,  he  gave  the 
 
 MIDI'I.E  SPRING  CHURCH.,  PA. 
 
 Indian  some,  but  he  denies  that  he  gave  these  things 
 as  a  reward  for  the  venison,  inasmuch  as  they  had 
 made  no  bargain  about  it. 
 
 "The  Session  Judge  that  J.  P.  do  acknowledge  his 
 Breach  of  Sabbath  in  this  Matter,  and  be  rebuked 
 before  the  Session  for  his  Sin." 
 
 The  Key.  llr.  Calls,  of  Ireland,  and  the  Rev.  Mr. 
 Clarke,  of  Scotland,  each,  with  the  sanction  of  Pres- 
 bytery, served  the  congregation  of  Middle  Spring 
 about  six  months  or  a  year.  On  December  27th, 
 1742,  the  Kev.  John  Blair,  a  younger  brother  of  the 
 Rev.  Samuel  P.lair,  of  Fagg's  Manor,  Chester  county. 
 Pa.,  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Church,  in  connection 
 with  that  of  Big  Spring,  and  divided  his  time  equally 
 between  them.  Mr.  Blair  was  highly  esteemed  by 
 the  congregation  for  his  piety  and  his  learning.  As 
 a  proof  of  their  aJfectiou  for  him,  they  conveyed  to 
 
 him,  by  deed,  a  farm  belonging  to  them,  which  lay 
 near  to  the  church,  and  contained  about  two  hundred 
 and  fifty  acres.  During  his  ministry  here  he  made 
 two  visits  to  Virginia,  preaching  with  great  power  in 
 various  places,  organizing  several  new  congregations, 
 and  leaving  an  cndujiug  impression  of  his  piety  and 
 eloquence.  On  account  of  his  exposure,  in  this  fron- 
 tier settlement,  to  the  hostile  incursions  of  tlie  In- 
 dians, he  found  it  necessary,  after  a  while,  to  retreat 
 into  the  more  populous  and  civilized  part  of  the 
 colon.y.  Accordingly,  he  resigned  his  pastoral  charge.- 
 His  subsequent  career  is  elsewhere  noticed  in  this 
 volume.  At  a  Sessional  meeting,  Septeral)er  3d, 
 1744,  we  find  mention  made  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Robin- 
 son, as  being  present.  After  this,  notwithstanding 
 the  minutes  of  Session  continue  until  1748,  there  is 
 no  reference  in  them  at  all,  either  to  preaching  or  a 
 pastor.  By  reason  of  this  fact,  as  well  as  the  chasm 
 in  the  minutes  of  Presbytery,  reaching  from  1750  to 
 1759,  that  portion  of  Middle  Spring's  history  is  a 
 blanlv.  In  1760  a  call  was  given  to  the  Rev.  John 
 Carmichael,  of  New  Brunswick  Presbytery,  but  if  it 
 was  ever  proseciited,  it  was  not  accepted.  In  1765 
 Rev.  Robert  Cooper  was  chosen  overseer  of  the  flock, 
 and  continued  in  the  pastoral  relation  until  1795. 
 The  Rev.  John  Sloodey,  D.  D.,  succeeded  Dr.  Cooper, 
 in  1803,  and  continued  in  office  about  fifty  years. 
 The   pastors  of  the   church,    since  his  resignation, 
 
 have   been  the   Rev.    Messrs.    I.    N.    Hays,    
 
 i  Richardson,  and  S.  S.  Wylie.  (See  the  .sketches  of 
 all  these  brethren.) 
 
 1  The  first  place  of  worship  of  the  Middle  Spring 
 Congregation  was  a  log  building,  near  the  gate  of  the 
 graveyard,  which  was  about  thirty-live  feet  square. 
 It  was  erected  about  the  year  1738.  Soon  this  edifice, 
 in  which,  for  awhile,  there  was  preaching  only  four 
 or  five  times  a  year,  was  found  to  be  too  small  to 
 accommodate  the  people,  and  it  was  demolished,  and 
 another,  of  the  same  material,  erected  on  the  same 
 spot.  This  was  considerably  larger,  being  about 
 fift.v-eight  feet  long  and  forty-eight  feet  wide.  In  a 
 little  while  it  became  neces.sary  again  that  the  house 
 of  worship  should  have  its  capacity  extended,  and 
 this  desideratum  was  effected  by  removing  three  sides 
 of  the  building  then  in  rise,  and  embracing  a  little 
 more  space  on  either  side,  which  was  covered  with  a 
 roof,  something  in  the  form  of  a  shed.  Up  the  sides 
 of  these  additions  to  tlie  main  edifice,  and  over  the 
 roofs,  were  fixed  wooden  stejis,  by  which  access  was 
 gained  into  the  gallery.  This  arrangement  was  made 
 for  want  of  room  in  the  interior  of  the  building  for 
 the  construction  of  a  stairway.  Of  the  internal  appear- 
 ance of  this  ancient  structure  we  are  not  able  to  give 
 any  very  definite  information.  We  have  been  told, 
 however,  that  the  pulpit,  which  was  of  walniit,  was  a 
 remarkably  neat  piece  of  workmanship  for  that  day. 
 This  interesting  relic,  which,  with  other  portions  of 
 the  building,  at  the  time  it  was  torn  down,  was  pur- 
 chased by  Samuel  Cox,  Esq.,  was  converted  into  atable, 
 
MIDDLE  SPRING  CHURCH. 
 
 519 
 
 MIDDLE  SPRING  CHURCH. 
 
 which  is  yet  in  the  possession  of  his  grandson,  Mr. 
 Jolm  Cox,  now  a  resident  of  Shippcnsb\irg. 
 
 In  this  church,  for  many  years,  the  growing  con- 
 gregation worshiped,  and  during  this  time  the  grave- 
 yard was  filled  with  the  dead.  This  sacred  spot, 
 which  consists  of  about  an  acre  of  ground,  is  enclosed 
 by  a  sul)st:intial  stone  wall,  and  stands  by  the  road- 
 side, teaching  its  solemn  lessons  to  the  passer-by. 
 Among  the  epitaphs  upon  the  few  tombstones  it  con- 
 tains are  the  following: — 
 
 **  Here  lies  the  body  of  John  Reynold.^,  Esq.,  who  departed  this 
 life  on  the  twentieth  day  of  October,  1789,  aged  40  years. 
 "This  modest  stone  {-.vhat  few  vain  marbles  can) 
 May  truly  say,'  Here  lies  an  honest  man.'" 
 *'  Interred  here  is  the  body  of  Capt.  Samuel  Kearpley,  a  veteran 
 survivor  of  the  Revnlutii>n  which  procured  the   Independence  of 
 America,  who  departed  tliis  life  on  the  2-Jd  of  March,  A.  D.  1830,  in 
 the  8l8t  year  of  his  agu. 
 
 "  In  professit)n  a  Christian, 
 
 A  siiMier  intrepid, 
 
 In  body  and  mind  vigorous, 
 
 Fearless  of  man. 
 
 But  who  confessed  that  Wisdom's  beginning  is  God's  fear." 
 
 About  the  year  1781  the  old  stone  clinrch  was 
 erected,  whose  site  was  just  beside  that  of  the  present 
 building.  This  was  still  larger  than  its  predece.s.sor 
 (Ijeing  oS  by  68  feet),  and  was  necessarily  so,  by 
 reason  of  the  rapid  incretise  of  population.  Alx)ut 
 the  same  time  that  this  church  was  built,  and  which, 
 for  its  day,  was  one  of  more  than  ordinary  elegance, 
 the  graveyard,  immetliately  in  its  rear,  was  located. 
 The  spot  selected  for  the  church  edifice  was  one  of 
 peculiar  attractiveness.  The  green  slope  to  the  right, 
 the  graveyard  in  the  rear,  the  beautiful  forest,  stretch- 
 ing back  with  its  refreshing  shadows,  "the  old  mill- 
 dam,"  a  few  rods  to  the  left  of  the  road,  calmlj' 
 reflecting  the  light  of  heaven,  the  fountain  of  fresh 
 water  bubbling  up  close  by,  the  murmuring  stream, 
 which  rolls  on  under  the  thick  over-hanging  foliage, 
 and  the  "  Lower  Graveyard, "  a  little  to  the  North, 
 along  which  that  stream  flows  in  its  course,  chanting 
 its  sweet  requiem  for  the  dead — all  combine  to  make 
 the  site  one  of  rare  beauty  and  interest. 
 
 The  present  building  at  Middle  Spring,  which  was 
 erected  in  1848,  is  a  neat  brick  edifice,  one  story  high, 
 ■with  a  gallery  for  a  choir,  and  capacity  to  accom- 
 modate about  four  hundred.  Though  demanded  by 
 the  dilajjidated  condition  of  the  former  building,  it 
 was  with  deep  regret  the  necessity  was  yielded  to 
 that  called  for  the  erection  of  the  new  church. 
 Hundreds  were  in  full  sj'mpathy  with  one  of  our 
 kinsmen  (Prof.  William  M.  Ne-vin,  LL.  I). ),  whose 
 earliest  associations  were  blended  with  that  neighVjor- 
 hood,  and  who,  returning  to -it  after  the  absence 
 of  years,  published  a  poem,  in  the  following  extract 
 from  which  he  thus  graphically  and  touchingly 
 alludes  to  the  change  that  was  soon  to  occur: — 
 
 "  That  Old  Stone  Church  I     Hid  in  these  oaks  apart,  i 
 
 I  ho[)ed  Improvement  ne'er  would  it  inv.ade ; 
 But  only  Time,  with  his  slow,  hallowing  art, 
 Would  touch  it,  year  by  year,  with  softer  shade, 
 
 .\iid  crack  its  walls  no  more,  but,  interlaid, 
 Blend  them  with  moss.    Its  ancient  sombre  cost. 
 
 Dearer  to  mo  is  than  all  ait  displayed 
 In  modern  churches,  which,  by  their  contnist, 
 Make  tliis  to  stand  forlorn,  held  in  the  solemn  past. 
 
 "  Ah,  now  they  tell  me  they  will  raze  it  low. 
 
 And  build  a  lowlier,  neater  church  in.stead; 
 And  well,  no  doubt,  it  is  it  should  be.  so ; 
 
 But  me  not  joy  it  brings,  but  drearihead; 
 
 For  still  my  thoughts, like  fondest  ivy  spread. 
 In  nu'mory  green,  do  clasp  that  old  church  pill". 
 
 And  round  a  softer,  holier  light  is  shed, 
 Than  that  through  stainid  glass  on  chequered  aisle; 
 Oh,  must  it  then  be  torn,  on  me  no  more  to  smile? 
 
 "  Its  pews  of  obdurate  pine,  straight-backed  and  tall, 
 Its  gallery,  mounted  high  three  sides  around, 
 
 Its  pulpit,  goblet-formed,  half  up  the  wall, 
 The  sounding-board  above,  with  acorn  crowned. 
 And  Rouse's  Psalms,  that  erst  therein  did  sound 
 
 To  old  fugue  tunes,  to  some  the  thoughts  might  raise 
 Of  folks  antique  that  certes  there  were  found. 
 
 .\h  no!    I  wot  in  those  enchanting  days, 
 
 There  beauty  beamed,  there  swelled  the  richest  notes  of  praise. 
 
 *'  Wliat  though  no  daint,v  choir  the  gjillery  gniced. 
 And  trolled  their  tunes  in  soft,  harmonious  How, 
 
 One  pious  clerk,  tall-formed  and  sober-faced. 
 With  book  enclutched,  stood  at  liis  desk  below. 
 And  with  his  pitch  all  people's  voice  did  go. 
 
 If  not  full  blent,  certes  in  soul  sincere. 
 
 Up  from  their  hearts  their  praises  they  did  throw. 
 
 Nor  cared  they,  e'en  of  some  deaf  diime,  to  hear. 
 
 At  close,  the  voice  in  suit,  lone  quavering  in  the  rear. 
 
 "Out  from  that  pulpit's  height,  deep-bowed  and  grave. 
 
 The  man  of  (Jod  ensc<mced,  half  bust,  was  shown. 
 Weighty  and  wise,  he  did  not  thump  nor  rave. 
 
 Nor  lead  his  folks,  upwrought,  to  smile  nor  moan  ; 
 
 By  him,  slow  cixst.  the  seeds  of  truth  were  sown, 
 ■Which,  lightingon  good  soil,  took  lasting  hold, 
 
 Not  springing  eftsoons,  then  to  wilt  ere  grown. 
 But,  in  lung  time,  their  fruits  increased  were  told 
 Some  thirty,  sixty  some,  and  some  an  hundred  fold." 
 
 In  "that  old  stone  church"  there  wa.s,  for  many 
 long  years,  a  very  large  congregation,  and  out  of  it 
 came  many  men  of  mark  in  all  the  learned  professions. 
 Its  boundaries  reached  six  or  eight  miles  in  several 
 directions.  When  the  Sabbath  dawned,  every  road 
 and  avenue  might  be  seen  thronged  with  those  who 
 were  as.sembling  for  worship,  some  on  foot,  some  on 
 horseback,  and  some  in  carriages.  The  sijacious 
 house  ■was  crowded.  Even  the  galleries,  above  which 
 "the  swallow  had  built  a  nest  for  herself,  where  she 
 might  lay  her  young,"  was  filled.  Loud  throughout 
 the  surrounding  forest  might  be  heard  the  praises  of 
 God.  At  "intermission,"  the  people  gathered 
 together  in  little  circles.  Some  wandered  to  the 
 cemetery,  to  sigh  over  the  departed  loved  ones,  and 
 drop  a  tear  upon  the  sweetbriar  that  bloomed  by 
 their  graves.  Some  flocked  to  the  ' '  Spring  ' '  to 
 quaff  its  sparkling  waters.  Others  met  to  exchange 
 salutations  and  friendly  greetings.  The  interval 
 past,  the  public  ser\'ice  of  the  sanctuary  was  resumed, 
 and  in  a  little  while  a  scene  of  happy  confusion  was 
 to  be  witnes.sed;  the  old  and  middle-aged  and  young, 
 moving  oft"  to  their  homes,  comfortable,  at  least,  in 
 the  consciousness   that,   -n'hatever  other  sins  might 
 
MILLARD. 
 
 530 
 
 MILLER. 
 
 be  laid  to  their  charge,  they  had  not  neglected  the 
 iissembling  of  themselves  together  for  the  highest  and 
 holiest  of  all  purposes — the  worship  of  God. 
 
 Millard,  Rev.  David  Kirby,  son  of  John  W. 
 and  rhffibe  (Sprague)  Millard,  was  born  in  Welling- 
 ton county,  Ontario,  Canada,  September  10th,  1842; 
 was  graduated  from  Kno.x  College,  at  Toronto,  A.  D. 
 18G9;  spent  two  years  additional  in  the  theological 
 department  of  Kno.x  College;  entered  the  senior  class 
 in  Princeton  Seminary,  and  after  .spending  there  one 
 year,  1872-73,  was  regularly  graduated ;  was'licensed 
 by  the  Presbj'tery  of  New  Brunswick,  February  5th, 
 1873;  and  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Colum- 
 bia (N.  y.),  June  9th,  1873.  On  the  day  of  his 
 ordination  he  was  installed  pastor  of  Union  Church, 
 at  New  Lebanon,  N.  Y.,  and  was  released  therefrom 
 March  17th,  1874;  was  installed  pastor  at  Tecumseh, 
 Mich.,  December  19th,  1876,  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Monroe,  and  was  released  September  4th,  1878;  was 
 stated  supply  at  Worthington,  Minn.,  September  1st, 
 1878,  to  March  1st,  1880;  and  was  stated  supply  at 
 Barre  Centre,  N.  Y.,  from  May  1st,  1880,  until  his 
 death,  which  occurred  April  21st,  1881.  His  end 
 was  peaceful,  and  he  expressed  his  cordial  submission 
 to  the  divine  will  concerning  him.  He  was  an  able 
 and  faitliful  minister,  and  a  fearless  defender  of  the 
 principles  of  the  gospel. 
 
 Millard,  Nelson,  D.  D.,  tlie  youngest  son  of 
 William  and  Anna  (Loomis)  Millard,  was  born  at 
 Delhi,  Delaware  county,  N.  Y.,  October  2d,  1834. 
 At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  was  employed  for  one  year 
 as  assistant  instructor  in  Delaware  Academy.  He 
 graduated  at  Union  College  in  18.j3.  He  occupied  a 
 lea<ling  position  in  his  class,  and  was  unanimously 
 elected  Valedictorian  of  the  Philomatheau  Society  at 
 the  time  of  his  graduation.  He  was  tutor  in  the 
 college  lor  four  years,  and  was  offered  a  permanent 
 Professorship  in  Rhetoric  and  Logic,  but  having  the 
 gospel  ministry  in  view,  he  declined  the  otfer.  He 
 graduated  at  Union  Tlieological  Seminary,  New  York 
 City,  in  1860.  After  spending  a  year  and  a  half  in 
 Europe,  for  travel  and  tor  study  in  the  German  uni- 
 versities, he  became  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 at  Montclair,  N.  J.,  in  1862. 
 
 Subsequently  to  his  ministry  at  Montclair,  Dr. 
 Millard  was  pastor  at  Peekskill,  on  tlie  Hudson, 
 until,  in  1872,  he  was  called  to  the  large  and  im- 
 portant First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Syracuse,  N.  Y., 
 wlure  he  has  continued  a  very  successful  pastorate 
 until  January,  1884,  having  an  influence  upon  the 
 intellectual  and  moral  and  religious  life  of  that  city 
 which  was,  perhaps,  unexcelled  I)y  that  of  any  other 
 minister  or  public  man.  Dr.  Millard,  at  the  date 
 liust  mentioned,  accepted  a  call  to  the  Broadway 
 Ch\irch,  at  Norwich,  Conn.  He  is,  by  original 
 taste  and  tenden<-y,  esiwcially  fond  of  intellectual  | 
 pliiloso])hy.  At  the  same  time  the  controlling  pur- 
 poses of  his  life  have  been  eminently  practical,  aim-  ' 
 ing  at  constant  effectiveness  in  the  way  of  moral  and 
 
 spiritual  results.  As  a  consequence  of  the  combina- 
 tion of  these  two  tendencies,  aided  by  a  bright 
 imagination  and  a  ready  talent  for  felicitous  illus- 
 tration, his  preaching  (which  is  always  without 
 manaseript)  has  been  vigorously  intellectual,  deal- 
 ing with  principles  and  the  roots  of  doctrine,  and 
 yet  practical  and  steadily  fruitful,  and  popular 
 in  the  sense  that  "the  common  people  hear  him 
 gladly." 
 
 Miller,  Rev.  Adam,  was  born  in  Canajoharie, 
 N.  Y.,  January  13th,  1787.  He  graduated  from 
 Union  College  when  but  seventeen  years  old,  and  from 
 the  Auburn  Theological  Seminary  three  years  later. 
 At  the  age  of  twenty  years  he  began  the  work  of  the 
 ministry,  perlbrming  missionary  labors  in  the  valley 
 of  the  Mohawk  for  one  year.  In  1828  he  commenced 
 Ms  pastorate  in  Harford,  Susquehanna  county.  Pa., 
 
 REV.    ADAM    MILL£R. 
 
 which  place  he  reached  after  a  journey  on  hor.seback, 
 from  Auburn,  of  four  days.  Here,  aaul  throughout 
 Northeastern  Pennsylvania,  he  at  once  became  a 
 power  for  good.  Many  precious  revivals  attended 
 his  ministry,  and  continually  he  had  the  joy  of  wit^ 
 nessing  the  demonstration  of  the  Master's  approval 
 of  his  work.  Numerous  calls  came  to  him  to  other 
 fields,  with  increased  salary,  but  he  lielieved  that 
 duty  required  him  to  remain  where  God  had  placed 
 him. 
 
 At  the  end  of  filty  years  (October  3d,  1878),  a 
 semi-centennial  was  held  for  the  celebration  of  the 
 strange  tiict  that  Adam  Aliller  had  been  sole  pastor 
 of  the  Harford  Church  tor  half  a  century.  On  this 
 joyful  and  blessed  occasion,  the  great  Presbytery  of 
 Lackawanna  was  represented  by  a  large  delegation. 
 
MILLER. 
 
 521 
 
 MILLER. 
 
 People,  foriuerly  residents  of  Harford,  came  from 
 distant  parts,  as  pilgrims  to  a  shrine  where  reposed 
 hallowed  memories ;  and  from  New  England,  New 
 York  and  all  parts  of  Pennsylvania,  ministers,  col- 
 lege professors,  judges  and  others  came,  that  they 
 might  once  more  look  into  the  face  of  the  man  who 
 w;is  unspeakably  dear  to  them.  By  brief  addresses 
 and  other  appropriate  ways  the  time  was  most  pleas- 
 antly and  profitably  spent. 
 
 Three  years  longer  Mr.  Miller  continued  sole  pastor 
 of  that  church.  His  last  service  was  on  a  Commu- 
 nion day.  He  never  preached  and  performed  the 
 other  services  in  a  more  impressive  manner.  During 
 the  ft)llowing  week  severe  illness  came  upon 
 him,  and  his  thoughts  wandered.  He  paid  little 
 attention  to  anything  till,  on  Sunday  morning,  he 
 heard  the  tolling  of  the  old  bell,  when  he  sprang 
 from  his  bed,  saying  that  he  must  go  and  preach,  a,s 
 he  had  done  for  fifty-three  years.  Kind  arms 
 replaced  him  upon  his  1)e<l,  from  which  he  was  never 
 again  to  arise.  The  days  that  followed  he  suffered 
 inten.se  pain,  but  was  often  heard  to  whisper  :  '"Oh, 
 the  goodness  of  God  !  the  goodness  of  God  !"  Just 
 before  his  death  he  seemed  to  himself  to  be  in  a 
 meeting  of  the  Presbytery,  and  he  was  heard  to  ask 
 leave  of  absence,  saying  that  he  was  very  tired  and 
 must  go  home. 
 
 Miller,  Arnold  W.,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Charles- 
 ton, S.  C,  and  is  a  graduate  of  Charleston  College 
 and  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Columbia.  He  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  Charleston  Presbytery,  and,  in 
 1849,  was  ordained  by  Bethel  Presbytery.  His 
 first  pastorate  was  in  Chester  District,  S.  C. ;  his 
 second  in  Charlotte,  N.  C,  for  two  years;  his 
 third  in  Petersburg,  Va.,  from  whence,  in  1865,  he 
 was  recalled  to  Charlotte,  where  he  has  ever  since 
 remained,  the  faithful  and  much  loxed  pastor  of  the  ; 
 First  Church.  Under  his  ministry  the  church  has 
 grown  and  prospered  gi-eatly. 
 
 Dr.  Miller  is  one  of  the  sounde.st  theologians  and 
 ripest  scholars,  as  well  as  one  of  the  ablest  and  most 
 eloquent  preachers  in  the  Southern  Church.  He  is  a 
 laborious  student,  and  a  man  of  remarkable  courage, 
 indomitable  energy  and  devoted  piety.  Decided  in 
 his  convictions  and  loyal  to  the  truth,  he  would  not 
 for  any  consideration  betray  or  compromise  it.  His 
 preaching  is  doctrinal  and  eminently  characterized 
 by  the  constant  and  clear  presentation  of  the  media- 
 torial office  of  Christ.  His  style  is  logic^il,  clear  and 
 forcible,  and  the  brightest  ornaments  of  rhetoric  and 
 the  graces  of  oratory  are  called  into  requisition  to 
 enforce  the  truths  he  so  ably  presents.  A  distin- 
 guishing characteristic  of  his  preaching  is  his  interest 
 in  God's  ancient  people,  Israel,  and  his  reliance  upon 
 the  promises  concerning  them.  He  has  a  most 
 excellent  library,  in  which  are  some  of  the  rarest 
 theological  works.  As  a  pa.stor  he  is  welcomed 
 among  his  people  as  a  faithful  and  tender  counsellor, 
 and  the  little  children  love  him  as  a  father. 
 
 Miller,  Charles  H.,  was  a  resident  of  Hunting- 
 don, Pa.  In  1826  he  united  with  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  that  place,  under  the  ministry  of  the  Rev. 
 Jlr.  Peebles.  In  1843  he  was  set  apart  to  tlie  sacred 
 office  of  ruling  elder,  and  shortly  afterwards  elected 
 clerk  of  Session.  As  a  Christian,  his  walk  was  close 
 with  God.  As  an  officer  in  the  church,  he  discharged 
 his  duties  with  conscientious  fidelity,  and  enjoyed  the 
 confidence  and  affection  of  his  brother  officers  and 
 the  people  of  his  charge.  Naturally  unobtrusive  in 
 character  and  in  all  his  activities,  he  closely  imitated 
 liis  Divine  Master,  "whose  voice  was  not  heard  in  the 
 streets,"  wlio  was  "full  of  grace  and  truth."  The 
 ornament  which  adorned  his  soul  was  "a  meek  and 
 quiet  spirit,  which,  in  the  sight  of  God,  is  of  great 
 price.     He  died  in  peace,  November  24th,  1880. 
 
 Miller,  Rev.  E.  Smith,  was  born  near  the  town 
 of  Vernon,  Jennings  county,  Ind.,  March  l.ith,  1846. 
 He  graduated  from  Hanover  College  in  June,  1873. 
 He  was  then  chosen  Principal  of  the  Public  Schools 
 at  North  Vernon,  Ind.,  where  he  remained  two  years. 
 He  entered  Union  Theological  Seminary,  N.  Y.,  in 
 1875,  and  graduated  in  May,  1878,  and  was  soon  after 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Indianapolis. 
 In  June  of  the  same  year  he  accepted  an  in\itation  to 
 supply  the  churches  of  lola  and  Carlyle,  in  Allen 
 county,  Kansas.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Neosho,  in  October,  1878,  and  installed  pastor  of 
 the  Church  at  lola,  in  April,  1879,  where  he  has  since 
 remained,  laboring  with  great  acceptance  among  the 
 people. 
 
 His  style  as  a  preacher  is  strong,  direct  and  impres- 
 sive, with  very  little  attempt  at  rhetorical  display. 
 He  generally  uses  manuscript,  but  extemporizes  with 
 ease  and  fluency.  He  is  a  cultivated  and  excellent 
 singer,  and  is  never  embarrassed  by  the  want  of  a 
 leader  in  that  part  of  the  service.  He  is  an  earnest 
 and  most  efficient  Sabbath-school  worker,  having  had, 
 during  his  theological  course  in  New  York  city,  much 
 experience  in  that  department  of  Christian  labor. 
 
 Miller,  Rev.  John,  was  born  in  Boston,  Decem- 
 ber 4th,  1722,  and  studied  theology  with  Mr.  Webb. 
 He  began  to  labor  in  Kent  county,  Delaware,  in 
 1747,  or  1748,  and  was  ordained  at  Boston,  in  April, 
 1749.  He  took  charge  of  Duck  Creek  (now  Smyrna), 
 and  gathered  the  congregation  in  Dover.  He  joined 
 the  Old  Side  Presbytery  of  New  Castle,  after  May, 
 1756.  He  visited  Accomac  county,  and  appeared 
 before  Lancaster  Presbytery  to  represent  the  desti- 
 tution of  the  Ea.steru  shore,  and  the  prospect  of 
 building  up  our  interest,  and  they  ordained  Samuel 
 Blair,  Jr.,  and  sent  him  thither.  Mr.  Miller  died  in 
 July,  1791,  and  was  buried  at  Dover.  His  congrega- 
 tion at  Duck  Creek  built  a  handsome  clmrch  after 
 his  death,  and  tried  to  secure  the  pastoral  services 
 of  his  son.  Dr.  Samuel  Miller. 
 
 Miller,  James  Russell,  D.D.,  is  a  native  of 
 Beaver  county.  Pa.  He  giaduatcd  at  Westminster 
 College,  Pa. ,  and  pursued  his  theological  studies  in 
 
MILLER. 
 
 MILLER. 
 
 the  U.  P.  Seminary  at  Allegheny  City.  He  was 
 licensed  in  ISGO;  preached  two  years  in  the  First  U. 
 P.  Church  of  New  Wilmington,  Pa. ;  resigned  that 
 charge  to  enter  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  soon 
 after  (November,  18G9)  began  his  work  as  pastor  of 
 the  Bethany  Church,  Philadelphia,  where  he  re- 
 mained nine  years,  and  was  highly  esteemed  and 
 greatly  blessed  in  his  labors.  In  November,  1878, 
 he  accented  a  call  to  the  Broadway  Church,  Rock 
 Island,  111.,  where  success  attended  his  ministry. 
 Being  elected  to  an  editorial  chair  in  the  Sunday- 
 school  department  of  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Pub- 
 lication, he  resigned  his  pastorate  at  Rock  Island, 
 and  entered  upon  his  new  duties  in  July,  1830,  which 
 he  has  continued  to  di.seharge  with  marked  ability. 
 In  January,  1881,  he  became  pastor  of  the  Holland 
 Memorial  Mis.sion,  Philadelphia,  which  has  since 
 been  organized  into  a  church,  and  enjoyed  very  grati- 
 fying prosperity  under  his  watchful  care.    He  resigned 
 
 JA.MES  RUSSET.L  MILLER,  D.D. 
 
 this  pastorate  in  1883.  Dr.  Miller  is  a  forcible  and 
 popular  writer,  and  has  prepared  several  valuable 
 volumes  for  our  Board  of  Publication. 
 
 Miller,  Hon.  John  Q.,  an  honored  and  useful 
 elder  in  Missouri,  was  born  in  Danville,  Ky.,  1812, 
 and  died  in  18.)U.  His  education  was  pursued  at 
 Centre  College  and  Tran.>*ylvauia  Law  .School.  He 
 became  a  resident  of  Boonville,  Mo.,  in  1838,  and 
 continued  to  be  until  his  death.  His  connection  with 
 the  Presbj'terian  Church  of  that  place  was  formed  in 
 1,847,  and  he  was  ordained  ruling  elder  the  following 
 year.  Mr.  Miller  was  a  servant  of  the  people.  He 
 served  two  terms  in  the  State  Legislature,  and  was 
 
 three  times  sent  to  represent  his  district  in  the  Con- 
 gress of  the  United  States.  As  a  man  among  men  he 
 sustained  the  reputation  of  an  upright,  righteous, 
 generous-hearted  gentleman,  having  the  confidence 
 of  all.  As  a  lawyer,  he  stood  in  the  front  rank  of  his 
 profession,  possessing  a  fine  intellect  and  superior 
 powers  of  oratory.  As  a  politician,  he  was  acknow- 
 ledged to  be  a  faithful,  disinterested  se^^•ant  of  the 
 people.  His  record  is  singularly  free  from  the  stain 
 of  fraud,  bribery,  and  corruption  of  every  kind.  The 
 strong  hold  he  had  upon  public  confidence  was  main- 
 tained by  his  unblemished  character.  In  the  service 
 of  the  Church  his  characteristic  fidelity  was  con- 
 spicuous, as  elsewhere.  As  a  counsellor,  helper,  and 
 ruler,  he  occupied  a  leading  position.  He  was  often 
 a  representative  of  his  church  in  Presbytery  and 
 Synod,  an  active  Sabbath-school  worker,  a  prompt 
 and  regular  attendant  upon  the  various  services '  of 
 the  church,  often  edifying  the  people  bj'  his  coun- 
 sels, and  comforting  them  as  he  led  them  at  the 
 throne  of  grace. 
 
 It  is  to  the  praise  of  this  man  that,  immersed  as  lie 
 was  in  public  affairs,  he  "put  on  Christ,"  at  all 
 times  and  in  all  places.  Whether  in  the  National 
 Congress,  or  in  the  privacy  of  his  home,  he  acted,  not 
 as  one  claiming  to  be  his  own,  but  as  one  bought 
 with  the  precious  blood  of  the  Son  of  God.  To  him 
 every  trust  was  sacred,  and  his  accountability  to  God 
 a  solemn  fact.  A  handsome  monument,  at  Boonville, 
 erected,  in  part,  by  the  State,  bears  testimony  to  the 
 appreciation  in  which  he  is  held  by  a  grateful  peo- 
 ple. He  died,  a  comparatively  young  man,  having 
 filled  many  posts  of  public  trust,  which  he  never 
 failed  to  dignify  and  adorn;  and  he  was  in  death,  as 
 in  life,  triumphant  in  the  Christian  faith. 
 
 Miller,  Linus  Merrill,  D.  D.,  was  boru  in  Roch- 
 ester, N.  Y.,. October  13th,  1819.  Trained  up  and 
 taught  by  an  excellent  Christian  mother,  he  early 
 gave  himself  to  the  Saviour,  and  united  with  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Rochester,  at  the  age 
 of  thirteen  years.  Preparing  for  college  at  the  High 
 School  of  his  native  place,  he  entered  Hamilton  Col- 
 lege, in  1836,  from  which  he  gi'aduated,  with  honor, 
 in  1840.  In  the  Fall  of  that  year  he  entered  the 
 Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  where  he 
 completed  his  studies,  in  preparation  for  the  ministry, 
 and  putting  himself  under  the  care  of  Steuben  Pres- 
 bytery, was,  by  them,  examined  and  licensed  to 
 preach,  in  November,  1843.  In  May,  1844,  he  was 
 called  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Bath,  N.  Y., 
 and  was  ordained  and  installed  as  its  pastor,  in  Octo- 
 ber of  the  same  year.  Alter  a  service  of  seven  years 
 with  that  church,  filling  the  olfices  of  Stated  Clerk  of 
 the  Presbytery,  and  Permanent  Clerk  of  the  Sjnod 
 of  Buffalo,  he  was  called  to  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  and  was  installed  as 
 its  pastor,  June  2.5th,  1851.  Though  several  times 
 invited  to  other  desirable  fields  of  labor.  Dr.  Jliller 
 still  remains  pastor  of  this  church,  where,  for  more 
 
MILLER. 
 
 523 
 
 MILLS. 
 
 than  thirty  years,  he  has  hibored  systematically  and 
 most  faithfully,  both  as  a  preacher  and  pastor  to  his 
 people.  During  his  pastorate  the  church  has  been 
 greatly  prospered ;  its  communicants  have  more  than 
 doubled  in  number;  a  new  and  ornate  stone  church 
 edifice  has  been  erected,  and  twelve  j'oung  men  have 
 entered  the  ministry,  most  of  whom  are  now  success- 
 fully at  work  in  different  fields  of  labor.  For  more 
 than  a  quarter  of  a  century  Dr.  Jlillcr  ha.s  been  Sec- 
 retary of  the  St.  Lawrence  County  Bible  Society,  and 
 h:is  been  actively  connected  with  the  various  ecclesi- 
 lustical  and  benevolent  associations  of  the  county. 
 For  years  he  has  been  a  Trustee  of  Hamilton  College, 
 and  alter  the  reunion  of  the  O.  S.  and  X.  S.  branches 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  of  which  he  was  an  early 
 and  zealous  advocate,  he  was  chosen  Moderator  of  the 
 Synod  of  Central  New  York,  in  1873.  Dr.  Miller  is 
 an  able  and  earnest  preacher,  and  a  most  acceptable 
 and  useful  pastor;  indefatigable  in  the  work  of  his 
 ministry,  and  for  the  advancement  of  the  cau.se  of 
 Christ  both  at  home  and  abroad,  and  is  highly  appre- 
 ciated and  esteemed  by  his  brethren  in  the  ministry, 
 and  by  all  who  know  him,  as  an  able  and  taithful 
 minister,  a  wise  and  safe  counsellor,  and  a  warm- 
 hearted and  genial  frieiul. 
 
 Miller,  Samuel,  D.  D.,  .son  of  Dr.  .'Samuel  Mil- 
 ler, of  Princeton,  X.  J.,  w;i.s  l)orn  in  that  place,  Jan- 
 uary 23d,  1>>16,  and  graduated  at  New  Jersey  Col- 
 lege in  1833,  where  he  was  Tutor,  1835-6.  For  a 
 time  he  was  a  lawyer  in  Philadelphia.  He  was 
 ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of  New 
 Brunswick,  October  5th,  1844;  stated  supply  at  Mt. 
 Holly,  N.  J.,  1845;  pastor,  1850;  Principal  of  West 
 Jersey  Collegiate  Institute,  Mt.  Holly,  184.5-57; 
 stated  supply  at  Tuckerton  and  Ba.ss  River,  1858- 
 62;  and  from  1880,  was  pastor  of  the  Church  at 
 Oceanic,  X.  J.  Dr.  Miller  was  elected  a  Director 
 of  Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in  1864.  He 
 died  in  1883.  He  was  a  gentleman  of  scholarly  at- 
 tainments, calm  temperament,  retiring  disposition, 
 and  was  very  uselul  during  his  life  as  a  preacher 
 and  instructor  of  the  young. 
 
 Mills,  Hon.  Benjamin,  was  born  in  the  town 
 of  Snow  Hill,  on  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Maryland,  in 
 1774.  He  was  of  Scotch-Irish  descent  by  his  father's 
 side,  and  of  Huguenot  by  his  mother's.  While  he 
 was  quite  young,  his  parents  removed  to  Pennsyl- 
 vania. He  was  fond  of  study,  and  became  a  good 
 cliissical  scholar  and  a  proficient  in  mathematics. 
 He  first  studied  medicine,  and  practiced  his  profes- 
 sion for  a  short  time,  but  finally  giive  it  up,  and  after 
 teaching  school  for  a  time,  CQmmenced  the  study 
 of  law. 
 
 He  removed  to  Paris,  Ky.,  in  1800,  engaged  in 
 practice,  rose  rapidly  in  his  profession,  and  was 
 elected  to  the  State  Senate,  and  appointed  by  the 
 Governor,  Circuit  Judge,  which  office  he  held  for 
 five  years.  In  li^lO  he  took  his  seat  upon  the  Su- 
 preme Court  Bench.     He  united  with  the  Presby- 
 
 terian Church  in  Paris,  Ky.,  in  1820,  and  three  years 
 after  was  ordained  an  elder.  In  1828  he  resigned  his 
 seat  iipon  the  Supreme  Bench,  and  removed  to  Frank- 
 fort, where  he  resumed  the  practice  of  the  law,  and 
 had  a  very  extensive  business  all  over  the  State. 
 He  died  suddenly,  in  1831,  in  the  full  hope  of  a 
 blessed  immortality. 
 
 Two  things  were  remarkable  in  Judge  Mills;  one 
 Wiis  his  devotion  to  the  classics  in  the  original,  and 
 his  fondness  for  the  higher  mathematics;  the  other 
 was  his  realization  of  the  responsibilities  of  the 
 eldership.  Meetings  of  Presbytery  were  attended  by 
 him  as  faithfully  as  his  sessions  of  Court,  or  the  con- 
 sultations of  his  law  otfice.  He  w;is,  from  his 
 ordination  to  his  death,  .superintendent  of  the  Sab- 
 bath school.  If  the  pastor  was  absent  he  would  lead 
 the  praj-er  meeting,  and  on  the  Sabbath  he  often 
 read  a  sermon,  or  made  an  address  to  the  congrega- 
 tion. He  was  warmly  devoted  to  tlie  educational 
 interests  of  the  Church,  being  one  of  the  founders  of 
 Centre  College,  Ky.,  and  a  friend  of  the  Kenipcrs  in 
 founding  Lane  Seminary,  in  Ohio,  and  also  aicling  a 
 number  of  young  men  in  obtaining  an  education  for 
 the  ministry.  He  gave  freely  of  his  counsels  and  his 
 means  to  every  cause  that  was  designed  to  advance 
 the  interests  of  the  Church  and  promote  the  glory  of 
 the  Kedeemer. 
 
 Two  of  Judge  Mills'  sons  entered  the  ministry. 
 Rev.  Thornton  A.  Mills,  who  died  in  1867,  and  Rev. 
 B.  Mills,  of  Illinois;  and  one  of  his  daughters  became 
 the  wife  of  Rev.  E.  P.  Pratt,  d.d.,  now  pastor  at 
 Portsmouth,  Ohio. 
 
 Mills,  Benjamin,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  Paris, 
 Bourbon  county,  Kentucky,  June  2:!il,  1820.  He  is 
 the  third  .son  of  the  late  Hon.  Benjamin  Jlills,  of  the 
 Supreme  Court  of  Kentucky,  and  of  Mary  Reade, 
 daughter  of  General  Anthony  Thornton.  He  gradu- 
 ated from  Miami  University,  in  1841;  finished  his 
 theological  course  at  Lane  Seminary,  in  1844,  and  his 
 law  studies  in  Kentucky,  in  1846.  His  life  presents 
 a  mosaic  of  pastoral,  evangelistic,  missionary,  legal 
 and  militarv'  work.  He  preached  the  gospel  in  the 
 States  of  Kentucky,  Ohio,  Missouri,  Iowa,  Minnesota, 
 Illinois  and  Indiana,  having  also  been  active  in 
 planting  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Nebraska  and 
 Wj'oming  Territory.  His  law  practice  w.as  confined 
 almost  entirely  to  Kentucky.  His  military  service 
 was  against  the  Indians  in  the  X'orthwcst. 
 
 Intellectually,  Dr.  Jlills  is  posses.sed  of  strong 
 analj-tical  power,  a  most  retentive  memory  and  a 
 marked  aptitude  for  forensic  discu.ssion.  To  these  he 
 has  added  a  large  observation  and  a  careful  investi- 
 gation. Physically,  he  possesses  the  utmost  vigor, 
 linked  with  great  power  of  endurance.  In  the  thirty- 
 ninth  year  of  his  ministry  he  was  able  to  pieach 
 three  times  each  Sabbath,  with  a  ride  of  si.xteen 
 miles  between  the  .services,  and  sustain  that  amount 
 of  labor  consecutively  for  a  year.  X'otwith.standing 
 the  broad  field  o\er  which  his  life-work  has  spread, 
 
MILLS. 
 
 524 
 
 MILLS. 
 
 its  substance  has  been  sufficient  to  create  and  main- 
 tain permanent  impressions.  He  is  still  active  in 
 ministerial  -nork,  at  the  ripe  age  of  sixty-three. 
 
 Mills,  Henry,  D.D.,  the  son  of  John  and  Chloe 
 (Wines)  Jlills,  was  bom  at  Morri.stown,  N.  J.,  March 
 12th,  1T86;  graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey 
 in  1802,  and  for  two  j'ears  was  Tutor  in  his  Alma 
 Mater.  After  studying  tlicology  with  Rev.  James 
 Richards,  D.  D.,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Jersey,  and  in  1816  was 
 ordained  by  the  same  body,  and  installed  pastor  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Woodbridge,  N.  J.  He 
 remained  there,  highly  esteemed  and  eminently  useful, 
 until  1821,  when  he  was  called  t<i  tlie  Professorship 
 of  Biblical  Criticism  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at 
 Auburn,  N.  Y.,  which  was  just  then  estiiblished. 
 For  thirty-three  years  he  performed  the  duties  of  this 
 station  with  eminent  ability.  In  1854  he  resigned 
 the  office,  on  account  of  physical  infirmities,  and  was 
 made  Professor  Emeritus.     He  died  June  10th,  1867. 
 
 The  character  of  Dr.  Mills  was  one  of  rare  excel- 
 lence. His  piety  shone  as  a  habit,  rather  than  in  | 
 any  striking  manifestations  on  particular  occasions. 
 It  gave  a  uniJbrm  tone  to  his  whole  life,  and  was 
 discerned  and  felt  by  others  in  the  fi.xed  principle  and 
 purpo.se  that  regulated  him.  The  presentation  of 
 the  gospel  of  Christ  in  its  simplicity  was  his  grand 
 distinction  in  the  pulpit.  His  style  was  simple, 
 ch;i.ste,  and  direct.  He  honored  his  Master  and  the 
 Word  of  God,  in  the  matter  and  manner  of  his  preach- 
 ing. As  a  scholar  and  teacher  he  made  his  strong 
 mark  in  the  seminary.  He  loved  his  work,  and  the 
 hundreds  of  young  men  whom  he  instructed  delighted 
 to  testify  to  the  accuracy  and  thoroughness  of  his 
 teachiug.  Dr.  Mills  was  a  poet.  In  1845  he  gave  to 
 the  press  a  .small  volume,  "Hone  Gcrmnjiicir,"  "A 
 Version  of  German  Hymns, "  which  was  afterwards 
 enlarged,  and  wliioh,  as  a  "manual  for  the  clo.set," 
 has  jjroved  a  source  of  spiritual  comfort  to  many. 
 
 Mills,  Rev.  Samuel  John,  one  of  the  earliest 
 promoters  of  the  modern  movement  of  Foreign  Mis- 
 sions in  the  United  States,  was  the  son  of  a  clergy- 
 man. He  was  born  April  21st,  1783,  at  Torringford, 
 Conn.,  and  died  June  Kith,  1818,  at  sea,  oft"  the 
 coast  of  Africa.  He  entered  'Williams  College,  1806. 
 His  mind  had  been  deeply  interested  in  the  work 
 of  sending  the  gospel  to  heathen  lands,  and  while 
 a  student  at  college,  he  met  with  several  of  his  fel- 
 low-students, under  the  shadow  of  a  large  haystiick, 
 to  consult  and  pray  w  ith  them  over  this  question. 
 In  1809  he  entered  Andover  Seminary,  where,  to-  j 
 gcther  with  Newell,  Nott,  Hall  and  Jud.son,  he  held 
 consultations  on  the  subject  of  missions,  in  which 
 they  were  all  alike  interesti^d.  In  June,  1810,  MUls, 
 Judson,  Nott,  and  Newell,  presented  an  address  to 
 the  General  Association  of  Jlassachusctts  Proper,  at 
 r.radlbrd,  calling  its  attention  to  the  claims  of  the 
 licathen  world.  Between  1812  and  1815  Mills  made 
 two  tours  to  the  southwest,  as  far  as  New  Orleans, 
 
 engaged  in  di.stributing  and  selling  Bibles,  and  or- 
 ganizing Bible  Societies.  Ordained  at  Newbury- 
 port,  June  21st,'  1815,  he  spent  the  next  several  years 
 in  the  Middle  States,  and  was  connected  with  the 
 Presbyterian  Church.  The  suggestion  of  the  Ameri- 
 can Bible  Society  came  from  him,  as  well  as  the  pro- 
 ject of  the  United  Foreign  Missionary  Society,  an 
 a.s.sociation  in  which  the  Presbyterian,  Dutch  Re- 
 formed, and  Associate  Reformed  chinches  united. 
 In  1816  he  suggested  to  the  Synod  of  New  York 
 and  New  Jersey  the  plan  of  educating  negroes  for 
 cUrrylng  the  gospel  to  Africa.  In  1817  the  Coloniza- 
 tion Society,  which  had  recently  been  organized,  sent 
 him  and  the  Rev.  Jlr.  Burgess  as  their  agents  to  ex- 
 plore Sierra  Leone  and  "Western  Africa.  Mr.  Mills 
 reached  his  destination,  but  on  the  return  journey 
 died,  and,  like  Adoniram  Judson,  was  buried  in  the 
 sea.  His  name  will  always  be  indelibly  associated 
 with  the  history  of  foreign  missionary  endeavor  in 
 the  United  States,  as  one  of  those  to  whose  enthusi- 
 asm it  owed  its  first  impulse. 
 
 Mills,  Thornton  A.,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  Jndge 
 Mills,  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Kentucky,  was  born 
 in  Paris,  Ky.,  September,  1810.  He  graduated  at 
 Miami  University,  Ohio,  in  1830;  was  for  a  short 
 period  in  Lane  Theological  Seminary,  though  he 
 studied  a  full  course  privately,  and  was  licensed  by 
 Cincinnati  Presliytery  in  1833.  He  labored  for  some 
 time  in  Frankfort  and  vicinity,  Ky.,  and  in  1836  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Third  Presln-terian  Church, 
 Cincinnati,  Ohio.  'With  this  church  he  remained 
 about  twelve  years,  during  which  time  he  was  identi- 
 fied with  all  the  religious  movements  of  the  city,  and 
 wielded  an  influence  for  good,  second  to  that  of  no 
 other  pastor.  In  1848  he  purchased  The  Watchman  of 
 the  Valley,  and  made  it  a  decidedly  Presbyterian 
 paper,  continuing  to  edit  and  publish  it  under  the 
 name  Central  Watchman,  and  then  Central  Christian 
 Herald,  from  April,  1848,  to  January,  1853. 
 
 In  1853  Jlr.  Mills  was  Secretary  and  General  Agent 
 for  the  Church  Erection  Committee  of  his  branch  of 
 the  Church,  and  having  succeeded,  with  much  toil,  in 
 completing  the  §100,000  fund,  he  accepted  a  call  to 
 the  Second  Church  in  Indianapolis.  Here  he  remained 
 about  two  and  a  half  j'ears,  when,  in  1856,  he  was 
 chosen  as  general  agent  of  the  then  just  organized 
 Permanent  Committee  of  the  General  Assembly  on 
 Education  for  the  Ministry.  To  this  work  the  re- 
 mainder of  his  life  was  given,  and  iu  it,  by  his 
 sermons,  and  his  pen  in  the  various  religious  papers, 
 he  awakened  a  deep  and  abiding  interest.  He  died 
 in  June,  1867.  Dr.  Mills  was  thoroughly  a  "Western 
 man,  a  man  of  large  grasp  of  mind,  clear  and  positive 
 views  of  truth,  of  indomitable  energy  and  persever- 
 ance, and  inflexible  in  his  adherence  to  what  he  re- 
 garded as  the  right.  Thoroughly  despising  all  shams 
 and  pretences  of  others,  he  was  ever  unassuming  and 
 modest  in  his  intercourse  with  his  brethren.  He  was 
 a  valuable  stand;ud  bearer  of  our  Church,  and  yet, 
 
MINISTERIAL  EDUCATION. 
 
 525 
 
 MINISTERIAL  EDUCATION. 
 
 though  adhering  to  its  doctrines  and  usages,  he  was 
 free  from  sectarian  higotry.  Sound,  solid,  strong,  he 
 wielded  a  potent  and  permanent  influence  for  good. 
 Ministerial  Education,  Board  of.  One 
 marked  characteri.stic  of  all  Calvinistic  churches, 
 and  of  the  Pre.sbyteriau  body  in  particular,  is  an 
 eminent  regard  for  sound  doctrine.  A  clear  knowl- 
 edge of  spiritual  truth  is  held  by  them  to  be  es.sen- 
 tial  to  a  firm  faith  and  enduring  piety.  Hence  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  has,  from  the  beginning,  in- 
 sisted strongly  upon  having  a  well  educated  min- 
 istry, "apt  to  teach."  The  (lualilications  for  ordina- 
 tion required  by  its  Constitution  are  such  as  can  be 
 obtained  only  by  a  nine  years'  course  of  diligent 
 study.  And  to  enable  young  men  to  meet  this 
 demand  it  has  been  liberal  in  providing  institutions 
 of  learning,  well  equipped  with  all  means  of  instruc- 
 tion. In  this  country  the  work  of  such  provision 
 was  early  begun.  AVithin  twelve  or  iburteen  years 
 after  the  organization  of  the  first  Presbytery,  in  the 
 founding  of  Log  College,  in  1726,  by  the  Eev.  William 
 Tennent  (as  the  insufficiency  of  this  school,  together 
 with  the  issues  connected  with  it,  led  to  the  division 
 of  the  Synod  in  1741),  the  Old  Side  party  adopted 
 measures  for  founding  a  school  under  its  own  care, 
 where  all  persons  who  pleased  might  send  their  chil- 
 dren and  have  them  instructed,  gratis,  in  the  lan- 
 guages, philosophy  and  divinity,  and  which  .should 
 be  supported  by  yearly  contributions  from  every 
 congregation  in  its  connection,  until  Providence 
 should  provide  for  it  in  .some  other  way.  This  school 
 was  established  in  New  London,  Pa.,  under  the 
 superWsion  of  Mr.  Alison,  "the  first  Professor  of 
 Theology  appointed  by  our  Church."  Aft^r  it  was 
 deemed  proper  to  "  sess  "  students,  as  a  general  rule, 
 those  who  were  unable  to  be;ir  the  expenses  of  their 
 education  were  exempted  from  payment.  About  the 
 same  time  the  Eev.  Samuel  Blair,  of  the  other  party, 
 estivblished  a  .school  at  Fagg's  Manor,  from  which 
 went  forth  some  of  the  most  eminent  ministers  of  our 
 Church.  Of  these  the  most  illustrious  was  an  indigent 
 youth,  who  was  aided  by  the  first  money  ever  con- 
 tributed in  Virginia  for  the  education  of  poor  and 
 pious  youth  for  the  gospel  ministry.  This  youth 
 was  Samuel  Davies,  who  afterwards  became  Presi- 
 dent of  New  Jersey  College,  and  whose  eloquent  ser- 
 mons are  among  the  richest  contributions  to  our 
 pulpit  literature.  The  success  of  this  contribution 
 was  the  earnest  and  pledge  of  much  to  come. 
 
 Such  were  the  first  efforts  for  rai.sing  up  an  efiicient 
 ministry  in  our  Church.  They  proceeded  on  the 
 broad  policy  of  rendering  the  ministry  accessible  to 
 all  classes  at  equal  advantage,  and  of  utilizing  all 
 available  gifts  wherever  found.  The  policy  continued 
 and  proved  its  wisdom  in  the  efficiency  of  the  men 
 thus  liberally  educated.  In  1751  the  Synod  of  New 
 York  recommended  to  all  its  members  to  make  an 
 annual  collection  "for  the  support  of  young  students 
 whose  circumstances    rendered    them   incapable  to 
 
 maintain  themselves  at  learning  ;  whicli  contribu- 
 tions shall  be  at  the  disposal  of  such  respective 
 Presbyteries  where  they  are  made. ' '  Two  years  later 
 fnnds  were  obtained  in  Scotland  lor  the  endowment 
 of  scholarships  in  connection  with  the  college  of 
 New  Jersey.  In  1771  the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle 
 brought  into  the  Synod  an  overture  recommending 
 a  scheme  "for  supporting  young  men  of  piety  and 
 parts  at  learning  for  the  work  of  the  ministrj'." 
 This  scheme,  consisting  of  eight  provisions,  was 
 adopted,  but  was  prevented  from  being  carried  out 
 by  the  excitements  of  the  Revolutionary  War.  In 
 180.^  the  attention  of  the  Assembly  was  called  to  an 
 overture  from  the  pen  of  Dr.  Ashbel  Green,  urging 
 that  body  to  recommend,  perhaps  enjoin  it  upon  the 
 Presbyteries,  to  look  out  among  them  pious  youth 
 of  promising  talents,  and  endeavor  to  educate  them 
 for  the  ministry.  The  advantage  apprehended  from 
 this  scheme  was  that  each  Presbytery  would  be 
 likely  to  be  interested  in  and  do  more  for  candidates 
 within  its  own  bounds  than  it  would  do  for  those 
 belonging  to  the  Church  at  large.  This  overture  met 
 with  general  favor,  and  was  acted  rrpon  for  a  number 
 of  years  with  no  little  success.  In  1817  the  number 
 ofcandidatesreported  was  thirty-nine,  and  the  amount 
 of  the  collections,  S2a43.  Yet  the  scheme  failed  to 
 develop  the  resources  of  the  Church,  and  to  meet  the 
 growing  demand  for  laborers.  New  measures  were 
 called  for,  and  as  the  result,  in  1818  two  organizations 
 were  formed,  almost  simultaneously,  amid  various 
 strifes  and  contentions,  viz. :  "the  Education  Society 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United  States  of 
 America,"  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  November  26th; 
 "the  Education  Society  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  the  United  States,  under  the  care  of  the  General 
 Assembly,"  at  Philadelphia,  December  17th;  and 
 the  outcome  from  the  contention  between  the  two 
 was  the  organization  of  a  Board  of  Education  the 
 following  year.  The  first  of  these,  which  had  its  seat 
 in  New  York,  after  maintaining  a  nominal  relation 
 to  the  Assembly's  Board  until  1826,  entered  into 
 intimate  union  with  the  American  Education  Society 
 as  the  Presbj-terian  Branch.  The  other  became 
 auxiliary  to  the  Board.  • 
 
 The  first  meeting  of  the  Board  was  held  in  the 
 Session  room  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Philadelphia  on  the  23d  of  June,  1819,  and  elected 
 the  fol lo wi ng  officers :  President,  Robert  Ralston ;  Vice 
 Presidents,  Rev.  Ashbel  Greeji,  D.  D.,  Rev.  Andrew 
 Flinn,  D.  n.,  and  Rev.  George  C.  Potts;  Treasurer, 
 Alexander  Henry;  Corresponding  Secretary,  Rev. 
 William  Neill,  D.  n.,  and  Recording  Secretary,  John 
 M.  Scott.  For  the  first  few  years  little  was  done 
 directly  by  the  Board.  The  business  of  collecting 
 funds  and  aiding  students  was  entirely  carried  on 
 through  the  Presbyteries  and  auxiliary  bodies,  which 
 reported  to  the  Board.  But  in  1824  a  change  was 
 made,  and  the  auxiliaries  transferred  the  manage- 
 ment entirely  into  the   Board's  hands.     And  from 
 
MINISTEBIA  L  ED  VCA  TION. 
 
 526 
 
 Nlh'ACLES. 
 
 this  date  its  independent  agency  began,  and  its 
 history  has  been  one  of  advancing  through  varied 
 success.  As  the  field  of  labor  broadened,  and  expe- 
 rience brought  wisdom,  its  provisions  have  been 
 modified  from  time  to  time,  with  a  view  to  greater 
 efficiency.  Able  and  honored  men  have  been  its 
 officers'  in  the  past,  as  may  be  seen  by  the  following 
 list :  Presidents.  Robert  Ralston,  18]<)-24  ;  Rev. 
 Ashbcl  Green,  I).  D.,  1S24-29;  Rev.  .T.  J.  Jane- 
 waj',  1829-30,  Rev  Thomas  McAuley,  D.  D.,  lld., 
 1830-31;  Alexandei  Henry,  Esq.,  1831-47;  Matthew 
 Bcvan,  Esq.,  1847-49;  James  N.  Dickson,  Esq., 
 1849-62;  Rev.  Charles  Hodge,  I).  D.,  ll.d.,  1862-69. 
 CorreHponiling  Secretaries,  Rev.  William  Neill,  D.  D., 
 1819-24,  and  again  1829-31;  Rev.  E.  S.  Ely,  D.  D., 
 1824-29;  Rev.  John  Breckinridge,  n.  n.,  1831-35; 
 Rev.  Francis  McFarland,  D.u.,  183.5-1841;.  Rev.  M.  B. 
 Hope,  D.  D.,  1842-46;  Rev.  C.  Van  Rensselaer,  D.  D., 
 1846-60  (with  him  were  associated  Rev.  William 
 Chester,  D.  D.,  1851-61,  and  Rev.  James  Wood.  D.  D., 
 1854-.59);  Rev.  William  Chester,  D.  D.,  1861-65;  Rev. 
 William  Speer,  1865-76. 
 
 After  the  separation  of  1837,  the  so-called  N.  S.  body 
 conducted  its  educational  work  through  the  American 
 Education  Society,  and  also  through  various  local 
 organizations.  But,  in  1856,  an  Educational  Com- 
 mittee was  organized,  which  gradually  engrossed  the 
 whole.  Its  Corresponding  Secrefcxry  was  the  Rev. 
 Thornton  A.  Mills,  D.  i).,  wlio  .served  etticiently  until 
 his  death,  in  1867,  when  Rev.  J.  G.  Atterbury  was 
 appointed  in  his  place,  and  served  until  the  reunion, 
 in  1869.  The  Committee  was  then  united  with  the 
 Board,  under  the  executive  management  of  Dr.  Speer. 
 Since  the  reunion  the  Presidents  have  been  the  Rev. 
 Herrick  Johnson,  i).  D.,  1870-73;  Rev.  E.  R.  Beadle, 
 1873-74;  Villeroy  D.  Reed,  D.D.,  1874-79;  Rev.  T.  J. 
 Shepherd,  D.  D.,  1879-82;  Rev.  B.  L.  Agnew,  D.  D., 
 1882  to  1883,  and  Rev.  J.  F.  Dripps,  1883.  On  the 
 resignation  of  Dr.  Speer,  in  1876,  Rev.  D.  W.  Poor, 
 D.  D.,  was  elected  Corresponding  Secretary,  and  still 
 serves. 
 
 The  policy  of  the  Board  proceeds  on  the  assump- 
 tion that  the  native  abilities  and  gifts  suited  for  the 
 ministry  exist  in  all  classes  of  society;  that  the  call 
 of  God  comes  to  persons  in  all  classes  alike;  that  the 
 Church  needs  the  services  of  those  who  are  accus- 
 tomed to  hardships  and  privations,  and  that,  ha\'ing 
 put  the  conditions  of  ordination  .so  higli,  it  is  both  a 
 duty  and  an  advantiige  to  herself  to  aid  in  the  educa- 
 tion of  those  worthy  ones  who  have  not  the  means 
 to  meet  the  expense.  This  benevolent  policy  has 
 proved  its  wisdom  in  its  results.  To  it  is  the  Church 
 indi-lited,  both  for  the  high  average  standing  of  its 
 ministry  in  all  the  requisites  for  success,  and  also  for 
 the  largeness  of  the  supply.  At  the  last  count,  in 
 1881,  it  was  found  that  of  the  5086  ministers  upon 
 the  roll  of  the  Assembly  of  1881, 1791  had  been  aided 
 by  the  Board.  Of  these  835  were  settled  pastors;  406 
 stated   supplies;    61   foreign   missionaries;   27   home 
 
 missionaries,  distinctively;  60  professors  va.  colleges 
 and  seminaries;  28  teachers;  8  chaplains;  7  editors 
 of  religious  journals;  3  Secretaries  of  our  Board;  11 
 were  superintendents  of  church  work ;  9  agents,  and 
 64  were  honorably  retired.  That  is  to  say,  out  of 
 1791,  1455  were  in  regular  church  service.  This 
 may  he  called  an  honorable  record.  It  is  a  justifica- 
 tion ot  the  Board's  existence  and  an  argument  for  its 
 continuance. 
 
 The  aim  has  been  to  provide  only  a  partial  support. 
 At  present  the  maximum  of  its  scholarships  is  put 
 ■at  $150,  and  this  is  granted  only  to  those  who  come 
 recommended  bj'  their  Presbyteries  in  all  particulars, 
 and  are  well  reported  by  their  in.structors.  The 
 recommendations  are  required  to  be  renewed  every 
 j'car,  and  the  reports  from  the  colleges  and  seminaries 
 must  be  sent  in  three  times  during  the  annual  aca- 
 demic sessions.  No  person  is  paid  his  iastallment 
 unless  upon  favorable  reports.  Thus  strict  is  the 
 management  of  the  funds;  nothing  could  be  stricter. 
 
 Miracles.  Supposing  God  were  aliout  to  grant  a 
 supernatural  re\elation  of  his  will  to  nuxukind,  there 
 are  two  methods  in  which  this  knowledge  might  be 
 communicated.  It  might,  in  the  first  place,  be  given 
 to  every  human  being  in  some  way  in  which  he 
 would  recognize  it  as  Di^^ne  Revelation.  This,  how- 
 ever, would  overbear  moral  agency,  annul  the  power 
 of  choice,  and  make  virtue  and  piety  involuntary  and 
 inevitable,  and  therefore,  characteristics  not  of  self- 
 determining  individual  wills,  but  of  a  race  of  automa- 
 tons, pa.ssively  subjected  to  the  Supreme  Will. 
 
 The  second  alternative  method  is  to  commit  Dirine 
 revelation  to  individuals  chosen  for  that  purpose,  and 
 to  render  it  liable  to  those  conditions  of  investiga- 
 tion, proof  and  acceptance  or  rejection,  which  are 
 attached  to  all  other  subjects  on  which  man  is  left  to 
 exercise  his  functions  as  a  free  moral  agent.  This 
 desideratum  is  met  by  a  revelation  resting  on  evi- 
 dence adequate,  yet  not  irresistible;  within  the  reach 
 of  inquirers,  yet  not  forced  upon  them  against  their 
 will;  open  to  skepticism,  yet  with  ample  resources 
 for  converting  honest  skepticism  into  confident  belief. 
 But  in  what  must  this  evidence  consist?  We  answer, 
 in  one  word,  in  miracle;  that  is,  in  phenomena^side 
 from  the  usual  course  of  nature,  which  are  equivalent 
 to  the  direct  voice  or  the  manifest  .seal  of  God.  We 
 can  conceive  of  no  other  way  in  which  a  revelation 
 can  he  promulgated  as  such.  God  without  miracle 
 might  impart  to  the  mind  of  an  individual  man  .so 
 strong  a  persuasion  of  certain  truths  that  he  should 
 absolutely  know  them  to  be  true.  But  he  has  in 
 that  case  no  tangible,  coramuniciible  e%'idence  of 
 these  truths.  To  any  other  mind  they  are  simply 
 his  opinions,  not  God's  revelation.  If  he  proclaims 
 them.  It  must  be  on  his  own  authority,  backed  by 
 such  reasoning  as  he  can  command,  and  if  they  lie 
 beyond  the  sphere  of  consciousness,  by  no  conclusive 
 reasoning.  But  let  him  perform  such  an  act  as  none 
 can  perform  by  the  e.xercise  of  his  own  powers;  let 
 
MIRACLES. 
 
 537 
 
 MIKACLES. 
 
 him  give  sight  to  a  man  horn  blind,  or  hearing  to  one  ; 
 born  deaf;  let  him  lift  a  dinid  man  alive  from  the  bier,  | 
 or  call  lurth  from  the  sepulchre  one  who  has   lain 
 there  four  days;  then,  if  he  talks  of  duty,  God  and  j 
 heaven,  if  he  proclaims  truths  beyond  the  realm  of  ] 
 consciousness,  his  hearers   know  that  they  are  vir- 
 tually listening  to  the  voice  of  God,  that  the  Divine 
 testimony  attests  his  utterance,  and  that  his  words 
 are  absolutely  and  infallibly  true.     "In  fact,"  says 
 Dr.  Gregory,  "the  very  idea  of  a  revelation  includes 
 that  of  miracles.     A  revelation  cniinot  be  made  but  i 
 by  a  miraculous  interposition  of  Deity. ' ' 
 
 Are  miracles  possible  ?  The  best  known  and  the 
 most  frequently  repeated  objection  to  them  is  that 
 of  Hume:  "A  miracle  is  a  violation  of  the  laws 
 of  nature,  and  as  a  firm  and  unalterable  expe- 
 rience has  established  these  laws,  the  proof  against  a 
 miracle,  from  the  very  nature  of  the  fact,  is  as  entire 
 as  any  argument  from  experience  can  possibly  be 
 imagined."  This  objectiori,  however,  is  based  on  a 
 wrong  conception  of  the  nature  of  a  miracle.  It  is 
 not  "a  violation  of  the  laws  of  nature."  It  is  the 
 efi'ect  of  a  supernatural  cause,  acting  along  with  and 
 in  addition  to  the  natural  causes  constituting  the 
 system  of  the  world.  It  is  produced,  therefore,  by 
 a  different  combination  of  causes  from  that  which 
 is  at  work  in  the  production  of  natural  phenomena. 
 The  laws  of  nature  are  only  general  expressions  of 
 that  uniform  arrangement  according  to  which  the 
 same  causes  invariably  produce  the  .same  effect.  They 
 would  be  violated  by  the  production,  at  different 
 times,  of  different  effects  from  the  same  cause,  but 
 they  are  not  violated  when  different  efl'ects  are  pro- 
 duced from  different  causes.  The  experience  which 
 testifies  to  their  nnilbrmity  tells  us  only  what  effects 
 may  be  expected  to  follow  from  a  repetition  of  the 
 same  cause;  it  cannot  tvU  us  what  effects  will  follow 
 from  the  introduction  of  a  different  cause. 
 
 The  God  of  the  Bible  is  not,  as  Deism  alleges,  a 
 God  who,  after  He  had  created,  retired  to  a  place  of 
 rest;  but  He  is  the  all-pervading  life,  the  all-overrul- 
 ing power.  "  Upholding  all  things  by  the  word  of 
 his  power,"  is  the  declaration  of  Scripture,  and  the 
 words  of  the  Lord  to  the  Jews  who  supposed  the 
 Sabbath  of  God  was  an  end  of  all  his  works,  are, 
 "My  Father  worketh  hitherto."  Put  these  two 
 ideas  together—"  God  above  all, ' '  and  ' '  God  in  all ; " 
 rise  to  the  Bible's  conception  of  the  living  God;  then 
 the  idea  of  a  miracle  h;xs  nothing  in  it  olyectionable 
 or  difficult  to  our  thinking.  Miracles  then  become' 
 matters,  in  the  higher  sense,  altogether  natural. 
 
 See  now  this  view  is  confirmed  by  the  constitution 
 of  the  world,  of  nature,  as  also  of  the  human  heart! 
 How,  then,  is  nature  constituted?  Reigns  there  in 
 it  actually  the  .stiff,  iron  legalism  which  absolutely 
 excludes  the  free  ruling  and  interposition  of  God? 
 Assuredly  not.  Plan  there  is,  and  order,  certainly, 
 in  the  whole  course  of  nature,  but  no  stiff'  .sameness, 
 no  unbending  necessity.     Nature  is  by  no  means  a 
 
 mechanism,  a  nicely  defined  piece  of  clock-work, 
 which  winds  itself  up  every  day  or  every  year;  but 
 it  resemblesa  well-ordered  commonwealth,  in  which 
 laws  reign,  most  surely,  but  such  laws  as  leave  play- 
 room for  the  free-will.  And  so  nature  must  be  con- 
 stituted, if  it  is  to  be  the  dwelling  place  of  man,  of 
 man  endowed  with  free-will.  Only  when  so  consti- 
 tuted can  it  allow  in  it  the  exercise  of  a  will  that 
 chooses  among  different  possibilities,  and  controls  the 
 event  in  nature  to  the  attaining  of  its  purposes.  But 
 if  the  free  action  of  the  human  will  is  recognized, 
 and  room  is  found  for  it  inside  the  laws  of  nature, 
 why  should  just  the  Creator  be  excluded  from  such 
 free  action  and  ruling?  As  man  in  a  peculiar  way 
 combines  and  disposes  the  forces  in  nature  to  his 
 purposes,  so  that  a  result  is  produced  which  would 
 never  have  been  produced  from  the  mere  working 
 together  of  the  natural  laws,  so,  only  in  an  infinitely 
 higher  sense,  God  disposes  the  event  in  the  world  to 
 H.is  purposes. 
 
 The  human  heart,  also,  is  so  constituted  that  it 
 must  believe  in  the  world-ruling  God,  as  long  as  it 
 believes  itself.  As  soon  as  it  knows  of  a  Creator  and 
 Lord  of  the  world,  it  cannot  help  praying  to  this 
 God.  That  would  be  an  absurdity  and  a  contra- 
 diction, if  the  cour.se  of  the  world  occurs  according 
 to  unalterable  laws,  which  form  an  insurmountable 
 barrier,  even  for  God,  if  everything  proceeds  accord- 
 ing to  blind  necessity.  But  this  the  innermost  voice 
 of  our  own  nature,  of  which  we  have  the  immediate 
 assurance  it  cannot  deceive,  tells  us  that  God's  hands 
 are  not  bound  by  natural  law,  but  that  He  freely 
 rules  the  world,  and  directs  all  according  to  His 
 coim.sel.  Therefore  we  pray.  Can  that  be  delusion? 
 Can  this  prayer-impulse,  with  which  every  man,  even 
 the  denier  of  miracles,  is  involuntarily  affected  when 
 trouble  pres.ses  hard  ui^ou  the  soul,  can  it  be  decep- 
 tion, or  as  the  catching  of  a  drowning  man  at  a 
 stiavv?  No!  it  is  a  remnant  of  the  trutli  in  the 
 human  heart,  which,  when  the  earnestness  of  life 
 brushes  from  the  eyes  the  cobwebs  of  idle  theories, 
 stands  out  distinct  and  clear  before  the  spirit. 
 
 By  whom  are  the  miracles  of  the  Bible  recorded? 
 They  were  contemporaries  wlio  wrote  the  history  of 
 them.  Mo.scfi  was  the  author  of  Exodus,  and  the 
 Evangelists  published  their  accounts  at  the  time 
 when  Christianity  had  its  origin.  There  is  thus 
 contemporaneous  authority.  And  the  writers  were 
 certainly  in  a  position  to  know  the  truth.  Moses 
 was  the  leader  of  Israel,  tiking  part,  indeed,  having 
 the  command,  in  all  things  that  were  done.  The 
 Evangelists,  too,  were  some  of  them  apostles,  always 
 about  the  person'  of  Christ,  professing  to  be  eye- 
 witnesses of  what  they  told  ;  others  were  known  to 
 be  the  trusted  companions  of  the  apostles.  They  all 
 had  full  means  of  information.  And,  if  we  look  at 
 the  general  character  of  their  histories,  we  .shall  find 
 them  well  worthy  of  credit.  Many  profane  writers 
 confiim  various  particulars   recorded  in  the  Penta- 
 
MIRACLES. 
 
 528 
 
 3in:ACLES. 
 
 teiieh.     The  descriptions  of  countries,   e.  g. ,  of  the 
 cities  of  Bashan,   are  verified   hy  modern  research. 
 And,  as  to  the  evangelists,  tliere  is  that  air  of  truth- 
 fulness in  their  works  which  at  once  leads  a  reader 
 to  see  that  he  is  perusing  an  honest  histor_y.     (See 
 Holy  Scripture — Crrtlibilili/   of.)     It  ma.y  be   further 
 added  that,  if  untrue  accounts  of  things  are  put  forth 
 by  contemporaries,  there  is  every  probability  of  their 
 being  at  once  contradicted.     The  children  of  Israel 
 must  have  known   whether    they  pas-sed  dr}'-.shod 
 through  the  Red  Sea;  they  were  inclined  to  murmur 
 and  resist  Moses;  .so  that,  when  he  frequently  referred 
 to  that    event,   we    can    hardly   conceive    of  their 
 acquiescing  in  what  he  said,  if  he  had  given  a  false 
 coloring  to  an  ordinary  fact.     Moreover,  a  deep  im- 
 pression seems  to  have  been  made  on  neighboring 
 nations  (Josh,  ii,  9-11).     It  was  their  interest  to  have 
 the  falsehood,  if  falsehood  there  were,  exposed ;  and 
 yet,  so  far  as  we  can  discover,  there  was  no  attempt 
 of  this  kind.     Take,  again,  .some  of  the  remarkable 
 events  narrated  in  our  Lord's  history,  sncli  a-s  the 
 raising  of  Lazarus,  the  casting  out  of  devils,  the  cur- 
 ing of  the  sick,  the  resurrection  of  Christ  Himself 
 We  do   not  find,   generally,  the  facts   controverted, 
 but  explained  away.     Thus,  when  the  people,  sur- 
 prised at  what  they  saw  exclaimed,  "  It  was  never  so 
 .seen  in  Israel,"  the  Phari.sees  declared,  "He  casteth 
 out  devils  through  the  prince  of  the  devils"  (Matt. 
 ix,  33,  34).     The  Jewish  council,  al.so,  when  Lazarus 
 was  raised,  acknowledged,  "This  man  doeth  many 
 miracles"  (John  xi,  47);  and,  to  stifle  the  impression 
 made  upon  the  public  mind,  they  consulted  about 
 putting  Lazarus  to  death  (xii,  10,  11).     Certainly  the 
 simplest  course  would  have  been,  if  the  fact  reported 
 were  untrue,  to  expose  its  falsity,  instead  of  trying  to 
 destroy  the  evidence  of  its  truth.     Later,  in  regard 
 to  the  apostles,  there  is  the  same  confession  tliat  a 
 notable  deed  was  manifestly  done,  which  could  not 
 be  denied  (.\cts  iv,  16).     An  attempt,  to  be  sure,  was 
 made,  to  discredit  our  Lord's  resurrection;  but  the 
 shift  resorted  to  only  proved  the  difficulty  in  which  the 
 chief  priests  felt  them.selves  (Matt,  xxviii,  11-15). 
 So,  then,  neither  at  the  time  when  the  e\cnts  occurred, 
 nor  a  few  years  afterwards,  when  the  histories  were 
 published,  were  tlie  Jews  able  to  impeach  tlie  truth 
 of  the  recital.     They  had  full  opportunity  of  testing 
 the  facts;  and  they  had  certainly  the  will  to  convict, 
 if  they  could,  the  Christians  of  mistake  or  impo.sture. 
 But  we  see  that  for  a  series  of  years,  through  that 
 whole  generation,  the  facts  were  fearlessly  appealed 
 toby  Christian  teachers,  a])pcaled  to  under  just  the 
 circumstances  and  in  th(-  very  places  where  exposure 
 of  falsehood  was  mo.st  easy  (Acts  vi,  8;  viii,  6,  7,  13; 
 xiv,  3;  Rom.  xv,  19;  Heb.  ii,  4).     It  may  fairly  be 
 said,  then,  that  there  is  as  much,  nay,  that  there  is 
 more,  historical  evidence  for  these  remarkable  events 
 than  there  is  for  any  accepted  stat(;ment  of  ancient 
 authors,  for  th(^  exploits  of  Alexander  the  Great,  for  ex- 
 ample, or  for  the  invasion  of  Britain  by  Julius  Ca»ar. 
 
 Then,  too,  we  have  the  testimony  of  enemies,  with- 
 out recourse  to  the  Scriptures.  The  Jewish  rabbles, 
 in  the  Talmud,  acknowledge  these  miracles,  and 
 pretend  that  they  w  ere  lATOught  by  magic,  or  by  the 
 power  attendant  ujHm  a  certain  use  of  the  name 
 Jehovah,  called  tclmr/rammaton,  which,  they  pretend, 
 Jesus  stole  out  of  the  temple.  But  we  have  positive  tes- 
 timony also  from  heathens.  Celsus,  who  wrote  in  the 
 latter  part  of  the  second  century,  not  only  allows  the 
 principal  facts  of  the  gospel  history,  but  acknowledges 
 that  C'lirht  vrotiylit  miracles,  by  which  He  engaged 
 great  multitudes  to  adhere  to  Him  as  the  Slessiah. 
 That  these  miracles  were  really  performed,  so  far 
 from  denying,  he  tries  to  account  for,  by  a,scrib- 
 ing  them  to  magic,  which,  he  says,  Christ  learned  in 
 Egypt. 
 
 Hierocles,  President  of  Bythinia,  and  a  persecutor 
 of  Christians,  in  a  work  written  against  Christianity, 
 does  not  deny  the  miracles  of  Christ,  but  compares 
 them  with  those  which  he  pretended  had  been  ^vrought 
 a  long  time  before,  by  one  Apollonius.  of  Tyanea,  a 
 heathen,  complaining  at  the  same  time  that  Chris- 
 tians made  so  much  ado  about  the  works  of  Jesus,  as 
 to  worship  hira  for  God. 
 
 Julian,  the  Emperor,  inthe  fourth  century,  acknowl- 
 edges the  miracles  of  Christ,  and  contents  himself 
 with  trying  to  depreciate  their  importance.  "  Jesus," 
 he  says,  "did  nothing  w-orthy  of  fame,  unless  anyone 
 can  suppose  that  curing  the  lame  and  the  blind,  and 
 exorcising  demons  in  the  tillages  of  Bethsaida,  are 
 some  of  the  greatest  works."  He  acknowledges  that 
 Jesus  had  a  sovereign  power  over  impure  spirits,  and 
 that  He  walked  on  the  surface  of  the  deep. 
 
 But  then  it  is  said  that  no  testimony  ever  has  neen 
 produced,  or  can  be  produced,  strong  enough  to  coun- 
 tervail the  universal  experience  of  mankind  against 
 miraculous  interposition.  There  is  really,  however,  a 
 petilio  priiicipii  here.  The  experience  is  assumed  to 
 be  uniform  only  upon  testimony,  so  that  testimony 
 and  experience  cannot  be  thus  pitted  one  against  the 
 other.  Besides,  the  exijerienee  that  is  for  miracles  is 
 destroyed,  in  order  to  make  out  experience  against 
 miracles.  The  experience  of  the  apostles  and  their 
 contemporaries  was,  they  have  left  on  record,  that 
 miracles  had  been  witnessed  by  them.  So  that  the 
 matter  comes  to  a  question  of  testimony  at  last — 
 whether  the  testimony  of  those  who  declare  that 
 miracles  were  within  their  experience  is  to  be  over- 
 borne by  the  testimony  of  those  who  maintain  that 
 'experience  is  against  them.  And  observe,  these  tes- 
 timonies are  not  fairly  balanced  unless  the  affirmative 
 of  eye-witnesses  is  met  by  the  negative  of  eye-wit- 
 nesses too,  present  at  the  same  time,  who  could  say 
 that  no  miracle  could  have  been  performed  without 
 their  perceiving  it,  and  that  they  did  not  so  perceive 
 it.  Indeed,  the  experience  relied  on  by  an  objector 
 comes,  when  it  is  silted,  to  be  the  experience  of  a 
 single  individual,  who  disbelieves  what  others  tell 
 him  from  their  experience,  because  he  has  not  seen  it 
 
MIRACLES. 
 
 529 
 
 MIRACLES. 
 
 with  his  own  eyes,  has  not  had  experience  of  it  him- 
 self. The  legitimate  eoiiclusion  from  such  a  principle 
 would  be  the  destruction  of  all  belief  save  that  which 
 was  fprced  on  a  man  by  the  evidence  of  his  own 
 senses.  His  o^vn  experience  is  against  a  thousand 
 things  in  i very-day  life  which  he  accepts  without 
 question  upon  another's  credit,  and  acts  accordingly. 
 
 Tlie  theories  which  have  been  invented  to  discredit 
 the  testimony  we  have  for  the  occurrence  of  miracles 
 are  in  the  highest  degree  Improbable  and  unsatisfac- 
 tory. The  coarse  accusation  of  wicked  fraud  is  per- 
 liaps  now  altogether  abandoned;  at  least,  it  is  held 
 by  none  with  whom  it  could  be  at  all  worth  while  to 
 argue.  Some,  indeed,  are  still  inclined  to  impute 
 pious  fraud,  if  not  perchance  to  Jesus,  at  least  to 
 His  disciples.  It  is  in  this  way  that  they  would 
 account  for  the  alleged  resurrection  of  Lazarus.  It 
 was  to  give  credit  to  the  teacher  whose  influence  was 
 endangered,  and  was  resorted  to  with  the  commend- 
 able motive  of  furthering  his  salutary  projects  of 
 reform.  The  glaring  improbability  of  this  solution 
 need  not  be  dwelt  on.  How  could  such  a  deception 
 be  practiced  under  the  very  eyes  of  acute  and  power- 
 ful opponents?  And,  greater  marvel  still,  how,  if 
 successful  at  first,  w;is  it  that  the  mystery  did  not 
 ooze  out,  or  was  not  betrayed,  especially  when  we 
 know  that  there  were  false  brethren,  nay,  even  a 
 traitorous  apo.stle,  who  put  himself  in  confidential 
 communication  with  the  priests  and  rulers,  and  could 
 have  enabled  them  to  crush  Christianity  at  once  by 
 the  disclosure  of  the  disgraceful  secret  ?  What  a 
 reward  might  Judas  have  obtained  fi-om  the  chief 
 priests  for  such  a  disclosure! 
 
 The  miracles  of  Christ,  as  to  us  reported,  present 
 many  noticeable  features.  They  were  numerous;  a 
 multitude  more  having  been  performed  than  are 
 described  in  detail  (John  xx,  30;  xxi,  25).  They  ex- 
 hibit great  variety ;  they  were  ^vrought  almost  always 
 instantaneously,  by  a  word  of  power,  without  the  use 
 of  auxiliary  means,  sometimes  taking  their  effect  at 
 a  distance  from  the  place  in  whicli  Clirist  personally 
 was.  They  were  permanent  in  tlieir  results,  were 
 subjected  at  the  time  to  keen  investigation,  and  con- 
 vinced a  hostile  people  of  the  truth  of  them,  to  such 
 an  extent  that,  though  there  were  persons  who  con- 
 cealed or  resisted  their  convictions,  very  many  in 
 consequence  attached  themselves,  to  the  great  detri 
 ment  of  their  worldly  interests,  in  several  cases  with 
 the  sacrifice  of  their  lives,  to  tlie  person  and  doctrine 
 of  this  extraordinary  Teacher.  They  were  miracles, 
 too,  of  mercy,  with  no  dark  malignant  influence;  in- 
 tended to  relieve  human  suffering,  and  to  promote 
 the  well-being  of  those  on  whom,  or  for  whom,  they 
 were  wrought.  The  only  apparent  exceptions  were 
 the  cursing  of  the  barren  fig  tree,  with  its  consequent 
 withering  away,  and  the  allowance  of  the  de\'ils' 
 entry  into  the  herd  of  swine.  Retusons  good  may  be 
 found  for  both  these,  which  cannot  be  detailed  here. 
 And  the  power  of  working  miracles  was  conveyed  by  | 
 34 
 
 our  Lord  to  his  followers,  was  repeatedly  exercised 
 by  them,  and  was  continued  for  a  while  in  the  Church, 
 how  long,  precisely,  it  is  not  e;i.sy  to  determine. 
 
 It  is  true  that  the  evidence  of  the  miracles,  as 
 addressed  to  us,  has  a  difterent  aspect,  and  rests  on 
 different  grounds,  from  that  which  belonged  to  them 
 at  the  time  when  they  were  first  performed.  But 
 this  change  has  not  diminished  their  force  as  evi- 
 dences, though  it  has  somewhat  changed  its  direc- 
 tion. If  we  have  not  the  advantage  of  seeing  and 
 hearing  and  questioning  tho.se  who  were  eye-witnesses 
 of  the  miracles,  the  deficiency  is  fully  supplied  by  . 
 the  additional  testimony  that  has  accrued  to  us,  in 
 the  history  of  Christianity,  from  their  day  to  ours. 
 If  we  have  .stricter  conceptions  of  i)h}'sic;il  law,  and 
 of  the  uniformity  of  nature,  we  have  also  liigher  evi- 
 dence of  the  existence  of  a  purpose  wortliy  of  the 
 exercise  of  God's  .sovereign  power  over  nature.  If 
 the  progress  of  science  has  made  many  things  easy 
 of  performance  at  the  present  day,  which  would  have 
 seemed  miraculous  to  the  men  of  the  fir.st  century, 
 it  has  al.so  shown  more  clearly  how  inimitable  and 
 unapproachable  are  the  miracles  of  Christ,  in  the 
 maturity  of  science  no  less  than  in  its  infancj'.  And 
 when  it  is  objected  that  "if  miracles  were,  in  the 
 estimation  of  a  former  age,  among  the  chief  auppnris 
 of  Christianity,  they  are  at  present  among  the  main 
 difficulties  and  hindrances  to  its  a'cceptince, "  we  may 
 fairly  ask,  Wliat  is  this  Christianity,  which  might  be 
 more  easily  believed  if  it  had  no  miracles?  Is  it 
 meant  that  the  gospel  narrative,  in  general,  would  be 
 more  easy  to  believe  were  the  miracles  taken  out  of 
 it?  The  miracles  are  so  interwoven  with  tlie  narrative 
 that  the  whole  texture  would  be  destroyed  by  their 
 removal.  Or  is  it  meant,  that  the  great  central 
 fact  of  the  apostolic  preaching — the  resurrection  of 
 Christ — would  be  more  natural  and  credible  if  he 
 who  thus  marvelously  rose  from  the  dead  had  in  bis 
 lifetime  exhibited  no  signs  of  a  power  superior  to 
 that  of  his  fellow-men?  Or  is  it  meant  that  tlie 
 great  distinctive  doctrines  of  Cliristianity — sucli  as 
 those  of  the  Trinity  and  the  Incarnation — might  lie 
 more  readily  accepted  were  there  no  miracles  in  the 
 Scripture  which  contains  them?  We  can  scarcely 
 imagine  it  to  be  seriously  maintained  that  it  would 
 be  easier  to  believe  that  the  Second  Person  of  the 
 Divine  Trinity  came  on  earth  in  the  form  of  man 
 were  it  also  asserted  that,  while  on  earth,  he  gave 
 no  signs  of  a  power  beyond  that  of  ordinary  men.  . 
 In  short,  it  is  diflftcult  to  understand  on  what  ground 
 it  can  be  maintained  that  the  miracles  are  a  hind- 
 rance to  the  belief  in  Christianity,  except  on  a  ground 
 which  a.sserts  also  that  there  is  no  distinctive  Chris- 
 tianity in  which  to  believe.  It  may  with  more  truth 
 be  said,  tliat  the  miraculous  element,  which  forms 
 so  large  a  portion  of  Christianity,  has  its  peculiar 
 worth  and  service,  at  the  present  day,  as  a  protest 
 and  safeguard  against  two  forms  of  unchristian 
 thought  to  which  an  intellectual  and  cultivated  age 
 
SIITCRELL. 
 
 530 
 
 MITCHELL. 
 
 is  liable — pantheism,  the  danger  of  a  deeply  specu- 
 lative phiIosophj%  and  materialism,  the  danger  of  a 
 too  exclusive  devotion  to  jihysical  science.  Both 
 these,  in  different  ways,  tend  to  deify  nature  and  the 
 laws  of  nature,  and  to  obscure  the  belief  in  a  per- 
 sonal God  distinct  from  and  above  nature;  against 
 both  these,  so  long  as  the  Christian  religion  lasts, 
 the  miracles  of  Christ  are  a  perpetual  witness;  and 
 in  so  witnessing  they  perform  a  service  to  religion, 
 dittereut  in  kind,  but  not  less  important,  than  that 
 which  they  performed  at  the  Iwginning. " 
 
 Mitchell,  Rev.  Alexander,  was  licensed  by 
 the  First  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  in  April,  1767, 
 and  was  ordained  and  settled  as  pastor  of  the  Deep 
 Eun  Presbyterian  Church,  Bucks  county,  Pa.,  in 
 November,  17fi8.  December  14th,  1785,  he  was  in- 
 stalled pastor  of  Octorara  and  Doe  Run  congregations, 
 Penn.sylvania,  and  resigned  the  charge  of  the  former 
 in  1796.  He  still  continued  the  pastor  of  Doe  Kun, 
 where  he  remained  until  1809,  when,  by  reason  of 
 advancing  years,  he  was  unable  to  minister  to  them. 
 He  died  December  6th,  1812. 
 
 Mitchell,  Rev.  Andre-w  Dlnsmore,  son  of 
 David  and  Martha  (Dinsmore)  Mitchell,  was  born  in 
 York  county.  Pa.,  February  2d,  1824;  graduated  at 
 Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  in  1841;  spent  three  years  in 
 teaching,  1841-4;  graduated  at  Princeton  Theologi- 
 cal Seminary  in  1847,  and  was  licensed  in  April  of 
 the  same  year,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Donegal.  On 
 April  10th,  1850,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  united 
 churches  of  Paxton  and  Derry,  Dauphin  county,  Pa, 
 where  he  had  a  long  and  most  useful  pastorate  of 
 twenty-four  years,  and  was  released  therefrom,  Feb- 
 ruary 12th,  1874.  In  June,  1876,  he  was  appointed 
 a  Post  Chaplain  in  the  United  States  Arny,  and  was 
 stationed  at  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kan.sas,  until  1881, 
 when  he  was  transferred  to  Fort  Grant,  Arizona  Terri- 
 tory, where  he  died,  March  26th,  1882.  Mi .  Mitchell 
 was  an  amiable  and  warm-hearted  gentleman.  He 
 was  possessed  of  sterling  and  most  substantial  quali- 
 ties, a  delightful  companion,  a  devout  Christian,  a 
 conscientious  and  faithful  pastor  and  chaplain. 
 
 Mitchell,  Arthur,  D.  D. ,  \\  as  the  .son  of  Matthew 
 and  Susan  (Swain)  Mitchell,  and  was  born  in  Hud.son, 
 N.  Y.,  August  13tli,  1835.  He  was  graduated  at 
 Williams  College,  AVilliamstown,  Mass.,  in  1853,  and 
 was  afterwards  Tutor  in  Lafayette  College,  Pa.,  for 
 one  year.  He  spent  the  next  year  in  travel  through 
 Europe  and  the  East,  and  then  entered  Union  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  New  York  city,  from  which  he 
 was  graduated  in  1859.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
 by  the  Fourth  Presbytery  of  New  York,  in  April, 
 1859,  and  in  May  of  the  same  year  was  ordained 
 pastor  of  the  Third  Presbyterian  Church  of  Rich- 
 mond, Va.  In  October,  1861,  he  became  pastor  of  the 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church  in  Morristowu,  N.  J. 
 In  1868  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Chicago,  111.  In  1880  he  was  installed 
 pastor  of  the  First  Presbj-terian  Church  of  Cleveland, 
 
 Ohio.  Dr.  Mitchell  is  in  the  prime  of  life;  an  at- 
 tractive and  useful  preacher;  a  devoted  and  beloved 
 pa.stor;  and  inlluential  in  the  benevolent  and  mis- 
 sionary work  of  the  whole  Church.  He  has  been 
 especially  successful  in  awakening  the  interest  of  the 
 Western  churches  in  Sabbath-school  and  Foreign 
 Missionary  work,  and  one  of  his  children  is  already 
 a  missionary  in  Mexico. 
 
 Mitchell,  Elisha,  D.  D. ,  was  born  in  Washing- 
 ton, Conn.,  August  19th,  1793,  and  was  the  oldest 
 son  of  Abner  and  Phebe  Eliot  Mitchell.  His  mother 
 was  a  descendant  of  John  Eliot,  the  "  Indian  Apos- 
 tle," of  Massachusetts.  Prof.  Mitchell  was  gradu- 
 ated from  Yale  College,  and  after  finding  employment 
 in  a  female  seminary  on  Long  Island,  for  two  years, 
 he  became  tutor  in  his  Alma  Mater;  and  the  follow- 
 ing year  was  appointed  Professor  of  Mathematics  in 
 the  University  of  North  Carolina.  After  spending 
 some  time  at  Andover,  Mass.,  he  was  licensed  to 
 preach  the  gospel  by  an  Association  in  Connecticut. 
 In  January,  1818,  he  entered  on  his  work  as  Profes- 
 sor at  Chapel  Hill.  Upon  the  retirement  of  Dr.  01m- 
 stead,  he  was  transferred  to  the  Chair  of  Chemistry 
 and  Geology.  In  1821  he  was  ordaineil  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Orange,  thus  becoming  fully  identified  with 
 the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 The  sciences  taught  by  Prof.  Mitchell  were  then  in 
 their  formative  .state,  and  daily  additions  were  made 
 to  their  stores.  By  diligent  study  of  scientific  jour- 
 nals, frequent  experiments  and  exploring  tours,  vdxh 
 habits  of  close  'observation,  he  was  able  to  keep 
 abreast  of  his  department,  being  forced  to  prepare  the 
 text-books  for  some  of  the  .sciences  he  taught.  He 
 was  a  rounded,  catholic  scholar,  loving  the  classics, 
 and  familiar  with  Englisli  literature,  while  particu- 
 larly devoted  to  Geography,  History  and  the  Natural 
 Sciences.  "Go  a.sk  Dr.  Mitchell,"  was  the  usual 
 advice  at  Chapel  Hill,  when  rare  information  on 
 almost  any  subject  was  desired. 
 
 Dr.  Mitchell's  name  is  closely  but  sadly  connected 
 with  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina.  To  them  he 
 came  at  no  fewer  than  five  dillcrent  times,  to  explore 
 their  mineral  treasures,  to  examine  their  trees  and 
 flowers,  and  to  ascertain  their  heiglits.  It  was  he  that 
 first  made  known  the  fact  that  the  '  •  Black  Mountain  ' ' 
 comprised  the  highest  points  of  land  ea.stof  the  Rocky 
 Mountains,  and  that  the  peak  now  bearing  his  name 
 was  the  loftiest  of  the  group.  In  June,  1857,  he  went 
 to  determine  the  exact  height  of  the  different  peaks, 
 and  while,  without  a  guide,  he  endeavored  to  descend 
 into  a  valley,  he  w.as  overtaken  in  a  storm,  and,  losing 
 his  way,  in  the  darkness,  he  fell  over  a  precipice  and 
 was  drowned  in  a  pool  of  water  at  its  foot.  This 
 occurred  on  the  night  of  June  27th,  1857.  His  remains 
 were  not  discovered  until  after  a  search  of  many  days, 
 and  after  being  interred  in  Asheville,  N.  C,  for  a 
 year,  were  exhumed  and  buried  on  the  summit  of  Mt. 
 Mitchell,  six  thousand  seven  hundred  and  seven  feet 
 above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
 
MITCHELL. 
 
 531 
 
 MITCHELL. 
 
 As  he  rests  in  his  rock-lu-wu  toin1),  "  bel'oru  him  Iks 
 the  North  Carolina  he  loved  so  well  ami  served  so 
 faithfully.  Its  hills  and  valleys  melt  into  its  plains 
 as  they  streteh  away  to  the  shores  of  the  eastern 
 ocean,  whence  the  dawn  of  the  last  day  stealiu5;(iuietly 
 westward,  as  it  lights  the  mountain  tops  tirst.  shall 
 awake  him  earliest  to  hear  the  greeting  of  •  Well  done, 
 good  and  faithful  seriant ."  " 
 
 Itlitchell,  Jacob  Duche,  D.  D.,  was  horn  in 
 rhiUidelphi.i.  November  id,  IscMi;  graduated  at  the 
 College  of  Xew  Jersey  in  l>i27,  and  was  a  student  of 
 Princeton  Theological  Seminary  two  years  (182r>-7). 
 He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  Oneida  Presbytery, 
 (N. Y. ),  September  18th,  1829.  In  Albany  he  labored 
 about  sLx  months,  in  connection  with  Kev.  E.  N. 
 Kirk,  D.l).,  with  great  effect.  He  was  ordained  as 
 an  evangelist  at  Xew  Hartford,  N.  Y.,  November 
 17th,  1829;  received  into  the  Presbytery  of  Winchester 
 (Va.),  October  22d,  1830,  and  dismissed  from  it  to 
 West  Hanover  Presbytery,  April  8th,  1831.  While 
 in  AVlnchester  Presbytery  his  labors  were  chiefly 
 given  to  Shepherdstown,  Martinsburg,  and  Smith- 
 tield,  in  Jefferson  county,  where  he  labored  with 
 zeal  and  energy,  and  his  labors  were  greatly  ble.s.sed. 
 Ill  this  early  iieriod  of  his  ministry,  and  for  years 
 following,  when  he  labored  far  and  wide  in  Virginia 
 as  a  revival  preacher,  all  testimonies  agree  that  he 
 exhibited  a  most  extraordinary  pulpit  power.  '\Miole 
 communities  were  aroused  and  entranced  by  him. 
 His  figure,  face,  voice,  his  expressive  eye,  his  clear, 
 earnest  gospel  sermons,  all  combined  to  produce  re- 
 markable effects.  His  gift  of  prayer  was  wonderful, 
 and  his  gift  of  song  not  less  so,  and  hoth  were  used 
 frequently  and  most  skillfully. 
 
 Dr.  Mitchell  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Second 
 Church  at  Lynchburg,  Va.,  June  23d,  1832,  and  la- 
 bored there  with  great  success,  until  December  2d, 
 1835,  when  the  pastoral  relation  was  dissolved.  For 
 about  two  years  he  acted  as  Secretary  of  the  Central 
 Board  of  Foreign  >Iissions  for  Virginia  and  North 
 Carolina.  He  was  installed  pastor  of  Peak's  Church, 
 near  Liberty,  Va.,  March  16th,  1838.  Here  he  con- 
 ducted one  or  more  series  of  meetings,  which  were 
 productive  of  wonderful  results.  Large  numbers 
 were  hopefully  converted,  among  them  several  men 
 who  were  afterwards  prominent  both  in  the  Church 
 and  the  State.  This  relation  was  dissolved,  .Tune  30tb, 
 1852.  Soon  afterwards  he  was  recalled  to  the  Second 
 Church  of  Lynchburg,  installed  October  2oth,  1852, 
 and  remained  pastor  until  October  28th,  1869.  He 
 then  removed  to  Alexandria,  Va.,  and  labored  from 
 July,  1869,  to  March,  1873,  as  an  evangelist,  within 
 the  bounds  of  Chesapeake  Presbytery.  From  the 
 latter  date  until  June,  1874,  he  acted  as  General 
 Agent  for  Hampden-Sidney  College.  He  died  June 
 28th,  1877.  Just  before  he  was  seized  with  the  last 
 illness,  he  expressed  perfect  submission  to  the  Lord's 
 will,  and^ strong  assurance  of  his  readiness,  through 
 grace,  to  go  and  be  forever  with  the  Lord. 
 
 Mitchell,   Rev.   James,  was  born  at  Pequea, 
 Pa..  .January  29th,  1747.     His  parents  removed  from 
 Pennsylvania  to  Bedford   county,   Va.,   where   they 
 resided  many  years.     Of  the  circumstaiiees  of  either 
 his  chussical  or  theological  education  little  is  known, 
 though  he  was,  for  a  time,  previous  to  his  entering 
 the  ministry,  a  Tutor  in   Hampden-Sidney  College. 
 He  was  licensed   to  preach  the  gospel   by  Hanover 
 Presbytery,    in    October,  1781.      Shortly    after    his 
 licensure,  he  seems,  by  advice  of  his  Presbytery,  to 
 have  taken  a  missionary  tour  into  the  Western  Terri- 
 tories.    In  1772  he  removed  to  Kentucky,  where  he 
 exercised  his  ministry  for  a  short  time,  and  supported 
 his  family  chiefly  by  teaching  a  school.     In  1774  he 
 was  installed  pastor  of  the  churches  of  Hat  Creek  and 
 Cub  Creek,  and  preached  to  them  about  three  years. 
 In  March,  1786,  the  Church  of  the  Peaks,  in  Bedford, 
 gave  him  a  cjill,  which  he  accepted,  and  here,  with  a 
 congregation  co^  eriiig  an  indelinite  extent  of  territory 
 around   the    Peaks,  he  passed   his   long   ministirial 
 life.     He  died,  February  27th,   1841.     Mr.  Mitchell 
 often    made    missionary    excursions,   traveling    for 
 weeks  and  even  months  at  a  time,   in   the   South- 
 western counties  of  Virginia.     Wherever  he  hapiiened 
 to  be,  he  was  always  ready  to  preach, and  his  preaching 
 was  always   acceptiible   and   often    highly  effective. 
 He  was  jealous  of  all  innovations,  not  only  in  the 
 doctrines  but  the  usages  of  the  Church. 
 I     Mitchell,  James  Young,  D.  D.,  son  of  James 
 '  and  Elizabeth  Mitchell,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
 in  1834.     He  graduated  at  Union  College,  Schenectady, 
 N.Y.,  in  1854,  and  at  Princeton  Theological  Semi- 
 nary, in  1857.     A  call  received  to  the  p;istorate  of  the 
 Church  at  Phillipshurg,  N.  J.,  was  promptly  accepted, 
 and   during  the  four  and  a  half  years  of  his  labor 
 there  the '  membership   was    largely  increased,   the 
 church  edifice,  of  which  he  found  only  the  ba.sement, 
 when  he  settled,  was  finished,  and  practically  freed 
 from  debt.     In  the  early  part  of  the  year  18(i2   he 
 accepted  a  call  from  the  (now)  "  Temple  Presbyterian 
 Church,"  Philadelphia.     This  pastoral  relation  was 
 su.statned  for  fourteen  years.     Within  this  period,  not 
 only  was  the  congregation  largely  increased  in  mem- 
 bership and  spiritual  growth,  but  its   material  ad- 
 vancement was  signal.     Another  site  was  purchased, 
 and  a  new  church  building  erected  at  Franklin  and 
 Thompson  streets.     In  1876  he  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Lancaster,  Pa.,  the  field  of  his 
 present  labors.     Here,  under  his  prompt  and  success- 
 ful energy,   the    church  building   was   handsomely 
 remodeled  and  improved,  the  expense  of  this  meas- 
 ure met,  and  all  pre^-ious  financial  obligations  of  the 
 congregation  paid  oft".     During  the  succeeding  years 
 of  his  service  to  the  congregation,  it  has  steadily  in- 
 creased in  numbers  and  influence,  and   now   ranks 
 among  the  first  in  the  city. 
 
 Dr.  Mitchell  pos.sesses  rare  social  qualities.  With 
 dignity  and  affability  of  manner  he  unites  energj% 
 practical  wisdom  and  reverential  devotion.     In  his 
 
MITCHELL. 
 
 532 
 
 MODERATORS. 
 
 preaching  he  is  thoughtful,  fluent  and  direct  in  appli- 
 cation. His  clear  enunciation  and  elocutionary  powers 
 add  to  his  pulpit  popularity.  He  is  active  and  useful 
 in  Church  Judicatories,  and  was  the  Moderator  of  the 
 old  Synod  of  Philadelphia  at  its  last  session,  in  1881, 
 before  it  was  merged,  in  1882,  in  the  new  Synod  of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mitchell,  Joseph  Davis,  M.  D.,  son  of  John 
 and  Susan  (Davis)  Mitchell,  was  born  in  West  New- 
 field,  Maine,  March  10th,  1823.  He  attended  school 
 lat  the  Academy  at  South  Newmarket,  N.  H.,  and 
 later  at  North  Parsonsfield,  Maine.  After  teaching 
 a  year  he  went  to  Boston  (1844),  and  studied  medi- 
 cine in  an  office  for  one  year.  He  then  attended  the 
 Howard  University  Medical  School  for  two  years. 
 The  next  year  he  studied  homoeopathy,  and  in  1848 
 graduated  at  the  Eclectic  School  of  Medicine,  in 
 Boston,  aud  in  1850  graduated  from  the  Howard 
 University  Medical  School.  Dr.  Mitchell  settled  in 
 St.  Stephen,  N.  B.  The  severity  of  the  climate  soon 
 compelled  him  to  seek  a  warmer  one,  and  in  18.52  he 
 removed  to  Jacksonville,  Florida,  where,  with  the 
 exception  of  a  few  years'  absence  on  public  duty,  he 
 hits  continued  to  practice  his  profession  with  untiring 
 
 energy  and  great  success.  After  his  location  in 
 Jacksonville  he  was  made  a  trustee,  April  11th, 
 1855,  and  April  17th,  1856,  chosen  an  elder,  of  the 
 Presbji:erian  Church  of  that  city,  in  connection  with 
 the  Northeru  General  Assembly,  which  latter  office 
 he  has  ever  since  filled.  Dr.  Mitchell  is  a  genial  and 
 kind-hearted  gentleman,  eminent  as  a  surgeon,  pu))lic- 
 spirited  as  a  citizen,  faithful  in  the  discharge  of  his 
 duties  as  an  officer  of  the  Church,  and  justly  held  in 
 high  esteem  by  all  who  know  him,  for  his  manly, 
 consistent  and  upright  char;ictcr. 
 
 Mitchell,  Samuel  S.,  D.D.,  was  born  at  Clinton, 
 X.  Y.,  August  Kith,  18:;!);  graduated  at  New  Jersey 
 College,  in  1861 ;  studied  theology  at  Princeton,  and 
 was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle,  June  7th, 
 18G4.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Pine  Street  Church, 
 Harrisburg,  Pa.,  1864-9;  of  the  New  York  Avenue 
 Church,  "Washington,  D.  C,  1869-78;  of  the, Reformed 
 Dutch  Church,  "  Heights,"  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  1878-s(l,, 
 and  since  1881  has  been  jiastor  of  the  First  Presln-te- 
 rian  Church,  Bullalo,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Mitchell  lias  wielded 
 a  good  influence  in  the  important  positions  he  has 
 occupied.  His  pulpit  talents  are  especially  attractive, 
 and  his  ministry  Jias  been  one  of  large  success. 
 
 SUCCESSION  OF  MODERATORS  OF  THE  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  (North). 
 
 1789-1837. 
 
 A.  D.  NAME.  PRE6BVTERY.  PLACE. 
 
 1789.  *.lohn  Eodgers,  r>.  D New  York Philadelphia,  I'a. 
 
 1790.  *Kobert  Smith,  l>.  D New  Castle " 
 
 1791.  *John  Woodhull,  D.I) New  Brunswick^ "  " 
 
 1792.  *Jc)lm  King,  D.  I) Carlisle Carlisle,  " 
 
 1793.  *Jamcs  Latta,  D.  l) New  Castle Philadelphia,  " 
 
 1794.  *AI(  xander  ]Mc\Vluirter,  D.I) New  Y'ork "  " 
 
 1795.  *Juhn  McKnight,  I).  D "        "    Carlisle,  " 
 
 1796.  *Kobert  Davidson,  D.  D Carlisle Philadelphia,  " 
 
 1797.  *"\Villiam  Mackav  Tennent,  I).  D .' Pliiladelphia "  " 
 
 1798.  *Joliu  Blair  Smith,  D.  D Albany "  " 
 
 1799.  *S.  Stanhope  Smith,  D.  D.,  I.L.  D New  Brunswick  "Winchester,  Va. 
 
 1800.  *Joseph  Clark,  I).  D "  "  Philadelphia.  Pa. 
 
 1801.  *Nathaniel  Irwin Philadelphia, " 
 
 1802.  *.\zcl  Eoe,  i).  D New  Y'ork "  " 
 
 1803.  *JamesHall,  D.  D Concord "  " 
 
 1804.  *Jumes  Francis  Armstrong New  Brunswick "  " 
 
 1805.  *.Tames  Richards,  D.  D New  Y'ork "  " 
 
 1806.  *Samuel  Miller,  D.  D.,  LL.  I) "        " "  " 
 
 1807.  -^Archiliald  Alexander,  D.  D Philadelphia '. "  " 
 
 1808.  *Philip  Milledoler,  D.  D New  Y'ork "  " 
 
 1809.  *DruryLacy ...Hanover "  " 
 
 1810.  *Johu  Brodhead  Romeyn,  D.  D New  York "  " 
 
 jl811.  *EliphalctNott,  n.  d.,"li..  D Albany "  " 
 
 f  1812.  *An(lre\v- Flinn,  I).  D Harmony "  " 
 
 1813.  *Samuel  Blatclilbrd,  D.  D Columbia '. '. '.  "  " 
 
 1814.  *James  Inglis,  D.I) Baltimore "  " 
 
 1815.  *William  Neill,  D.  D Albany "  " 
 
 1816.  *James  Blythe,  D.  D We.st  Lexington  .!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!."!!!  "  " 
 
 1817.  *JonasCoe,  D.  D Columbia "  " 
 
 1818.  *Jacob  Jones  Janeway,  D.  D Philadelphia "  " 
 
 1819.  *John  Holt  Rice,  D.  D Hanover .!.!!!!!..!  "  " 
 
 1820.  *John  McDowell,  D.  D Jersey .....!!!!!!!!!!!!.."!!!!!!!!.  "  " 
 
 1821.  *William  Hill,  D.  D "Winchester .."..""!!!...!!.!!.."!  "  " 
 
 1822.  *Obadiah  Jennings,  i>.  D Steubenville "  " 
 
 1823.  *John  Chester,  D.  D Albany "  " 
 
 1824.  *Ashbel  Green,  n.  D.,  ll.  D Philadelphia '.  "  " 
 
 1825.  *Stephen  N.  Rowan,  D.  D New  Y'ork "  " 
 
 ♦Deceased. 
 
MODES  ATOMS.  533  MODERATORS. 
 
 1   B  NAME.  PEESBYTERT.  PLACE. 
 
 l'8-26.  *Thomas  McAuley,  D.  D.,  LL.  D New  York Pliilatlelphia,  Pa. 
 
 18-27.  *Fraucis  Herron,  D.  D Ohio ^^  ^^ 
 
 182H.  *Ezra  StilM  Elv,  I).  D Phihuldpbui ^^  _^ 
 
 1829.  *Beniamiii  Holt  Kkf,  D.  i) Hanover ^  ^^ 
 
 18:50.  *Ezra  Fisk,  D.  l> .....Hudson ^_  __ 
 
 1S31.  *Xath:inS.  S.  Beman,  D.  D.,  I.L.  D Troy ^^  ^^ 
 
 1832.  *JamesHnge,  li.  n Columbu.s ^_  _^ 
 
 1833.  *Wm.  Anderson  McDowell,  D.  D Charleston  Un ^^ 
 
 1834.  *Philip  Lindslev,  D.  D West  Tennessee _^ 
 
 183.5.  nVilliam  Wirt  Phillips,  D.  D New  \  ork Pittslnirs, 
 
 1836.  *lohn  Witluvspoon,  D.  D.,  I.I,.  I> Harmony " 
 
 1837.  *David  Elliott,  I-.D.,  l.h.  V Ohio Philadelphia,  Pa. 
 
 1838-1869. 
 
 1.    (0.  S.  BKAN'CH.) 
 
 A    D  NAME.  PRESBYTERY.  _  PI.AfR.^ 
 
 1838.  *William  Swan  Plumer,  n.  D.,  I.L.  n East  Hanover Philadelphia,  Pa. 
 
 18.39.  *Joshua  Lacy  Wilson,  D.  D Cincinnati |^  ^^ 
 
 1840.  nVilliam  Morrison  Engles,  D.  D Philadelphia ,  ^^ 
 
 1841.  *Robert  J.  Breckenridge,  n.  D.,  I-L.  D Baltimore "  ^ 
 
 1842.  *John  Todd  Edgar,  i).  D Xa.shville 'J 
 
 1843.  *Gardiner  Spring,  D.D.,  LI..  I> New  York " 
 
 1844.  *George  Junkin,  D.  D.,  LL.  I) Oxford Louisville,  Ky. 
 
 1845.  *Johu  Miehael  Krebs,  ]>.  i> New  York Cineiiiiiati,  O. 
 
 1846.  *Charles  Hodge,  I).  1).,  LL.  I) New  Brunswuk I  hiladelphui,  la. 
 
 1847.  Mas.  H.  ThornwcU,  D.  D.,  i.L.  D Charleston Riehmond,  \  a. 
 
 1848.  Alexander  T.  MeGill,  1).  i>.,  LL.  D Ohio Baltimore,  Md. 
 
 1849.  *Nieholas  Murray,  r>.  D Elizabethtown Pittsburg,  I  a. 
 
 18.50.  *Aaron  W.  Lelaiid,  1).  l) '. Charleston Cincinnati,  (). 
 
 1K51.     Edw.  P.  Humphrey,  D.  D.,  LL.  I) Louisville St,  Louis,  Mo. 
 
 1K53.  *John  C.  Lord,  D.  D Buftalo  City Charleston,  S.  C. 
 
 1853.  *John  Clark  Young,  D.  n Transylvania Philadelphia^  Pa. 
 
 1854.  *Henry  Augu.stus  Boardman,  D.  D Philadelphia Buflalo,  N.  \. 
 
 1855.  *Nathan  Lewis  Rice,  D.  I) St.  Louis Nashville,  lenm 
 
 1856.  *Francis  McFarland,  D.  D Lexington New  ^  ork,  N.  \. 
 
 *C'ortland  Yan  Kensselear,  l>.  i) Burlington Lexington,  Ky. 
 
 1857. 
 
 1858.     William  Anderson  Scott,  I),  v.,  LL.  D 
 
 1859. 
 1860. 
 1861'. 
 
 , , _ California New  Orlean.s,  La. 
 
 *Wmiam'  il  Breckimidge,  D.  i).' Louisville ludianaiiolis,  Ind. 
 
 *John  William  Yeomaus,  D.  D Northumberland Rochester,  N.  \. 
 
 Juo.  Chester  Backus,  D.  D.,  LL.  D Baltimore Phdadeljihui,  la. 
 
 1862.   *CharlesC.  Beattv,  I).  D.,  LL.  I) Steubenville Columbus   O 
 
 186.3.  *John  Hunter  JIorri.son,  D.  D Lodiana Peoria,  111. 
 
 1864.  *James  Wood,  i>.  D Madison Newark,  N.  .J'. 
 
 1865.  John  C-anieron  Lowrie,  D.  u New  York Pittsburg,  I  a. 
 
 1866.  Robert  Livingston  Stanton,  n.  i) Chillicothe St.  Louis,  Mo. 
 
 1867.  *Phixiea.s  Dinsmore  Gurley,  l>.  i) Potomac Cincinnati,  O. 
 
 1868.  *Geo.  W.  Musgrave,  ri.  D.,  LL.  i) Philadelphia  Central Albany,  N.  Y 
 
 1869.  *Mel.  W.  Jacobus,  v.v.,  LL.  I) Ohio , Newlork,  N.  \. 
 
 2.    (N.  S.  BK.\SCn.) 
 A.  D.  NAME.  PRE.SBYTERT.  ^","^7'^         D 
 
 1838.  *Samnel  Fisher,  D.  d Newark 1  luladelplua,  Pa. 
 
 1839.  *Baxter  Dickinson,  D.  n Cincinnati '^  _^ 
 
 1840.  *William  Wisner,  I).  D Ithaca __ 
 
 1843.  *Ansel  Doan  Eddy,  D.  1) Newark '  ^^ 
 
 1846.  *Sarauel  Hanson  Cox,  D.  D.,  LL.  D Brooklyn ^]  ^^ 
 
 1849.  *Philip  Courtlandt  Hay,  n.  D Tioga 
 
 1850.  David  H.  RidtUe,  D.  n.,  LL.  I) Pittsburg Detroit   Mich. 
 
 1851.  *Albert  Barnes Philadelphia,  4th Utica,  N^  \  . 
 
 1852.  *William  Adams,  D.  D.,  LL.  D New  York,  4th Washington    D.  C. 
 
 1853.  *Diarca  Howe  Allen,  D.  l> Cincinnati Buftalo,  N.\  . 
 
 18.54.  *ThomiisH.  Skinner,  D.  D.,  LL.  D New  York,  3d  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
 
 18.55.  *Wm.  Carpenter  Wisner,  D.  D Niagara St-  Louis,  Mo. 
 
 1856.  Laurens  P.  Hickock,  1..  n.,  LL.  D Troy  ^f"^,     'J'n' 
 
 1857.  *Samuel  Ware  Fisher,  I).  D.,  LL.  D Cincinnati Cleveland,  U. 
 
 1858.  Matthew  L.  P.  Thompson,  D.  D Bufliilo S^^,™?""/      -r.  i 
 
 1859.  Robert  Wilson  Patter.son,  D.  D Chicago Wilmington,  DeL 
 
 1860.  *Thoruton  Anthony  Mills,  i).  D Indianapolis Pittsburg,  1  a. 
 
 1861.  *Jonathau  Bailey  Condit,  D.  D Cayuga ^,F^.'^'"^''' .   ,, *  • 
 
 1862.  *George  Duftield,  D.  D Detroit ^;"f°,  ,  }'•      c 
 
 1863.  *HenryB.  Smith,  D.  D.,  ll.  D New  York,  4th Philadelphia,  Pa. 
 
 1864.  *Thomas  Brainerd,  D.  D Philadelphia,  4th l!'^^*,"!''  *\t  v 
 
 1865.  James  Boylan  Shaw,  d.  d Rochester Brooklyn.  N.  \. 
 
 *  Deceased. 
 
JIGDEEATOES. 
 
 534 
 
 MODERATOES. 
 
 A.  D.  NAME.  PRESBYTERY.  PLACE. 
 
 1866.  Samuel  Milo  Hopkins,  u.  D Cayuga St.  Loui.s,  Mo. 
 
 1867.  Henry  Addi.'^on  Xel.son,  D.  D St.  Louis Roche.ster,  N.  Y. 
 
 1868.  Jonathan  Frencli  Stearns,  D.  D Newark Harri.sburg,  Pa. 
 
 1869.  *Philemon  Hakted  Fowler,  D.  D Utica Xe\v  York;  X.  Y. 
 
 1870-1883. 
 
 A.  D.  NAME.  PRKSBYTERY.  PLATE. 
 
 1870.  J.  Trnmlnill  Baekus,  u.  D.,  LL.  D Albany Philadelphia,  Pa. 
 
 1871.  *Zeph.  Moore  Humphrej',  D.  D Philadelphia C'hieago,  111. 
 
 1872.  Samuel  J.  NiccolLs,  D.  D St.  Louis Detroit.  Mieh. 
 
 1873.  Howard  tVoshy,  D.  D.,  LL.  D New  York Baltimore,  Md. 
 
 1874.  *Sanuiel  . I.  "Wilson,  I).  D.,  LL.  D Pittsburg St.  Louis,  ilo. 
 
 1875.  Edward  David  Morris,  n.  i> .■ Cincinnati Cleveland,  (). 
 
 1876.  Henry  .Jackson  Yan  Dyke,  D.  D Brooklyn Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
 
 1877.  James  Eell.s,  D.  D .".San  Francisco Chica.go,  111. 
 
 1878.  Francis  L.  Patton,  i).  D.,  LL.  D... Chicago Pittsburg,  Pa. 
 
 1879.  Henry  Harris  Jcssup,  D.  D Lackawanna Saratoga,  N.  Y. 
 
 1880.  "VN'illiam  Jliller  Paxton.  D.  D New  York Madison,  "SYis. 
 
 1881.  Henry  Darling.  D.  D.,  LL.  D Albany Buffiilo.  X.  Y. 
 
 1882.  Herrick  Johnson.  I).  D..  LL.  D Chicago Springfield,  111. 
 
 1883.  *Edwin  Francis  Hatfield,  D.  D New  York Saratoga,  N.  Y. 
 
 SUCCESSION  OF  STATED  CLERKS. 
 1789-1837. 
 
 1789.  *George  Duffield.  n.  ii. 
 
 1790.  *Ashbel  Green,  U.  n..  LL.  D. 
 1803.  *Philip  Milledoler,  D.  D. 
 
 1806.  *Nathanicl  Ir-svln. 
 
 1807.  *Jacob  .Tones  Janewav,  p.  d. 
 1817.  *"William  Xeill.  i).  D.' 
 1825.  *Ezra  Stiles  Elv.  D.  i). 
 1836.   *John  JIcDowell,  I).  I>. 
 
 1838-1869. 
 
 1.  (0.  S.   BKANCH.) 
 
 1838.  *John  McDowell,  i).  D. 
 
 1840.  *"Wm.  Morrison  Engles,  d.  d. 
 
 1846.  "Willis  Lord,  D.  I).,  LL.  D. 
 
 18.50.  John  Levburn,  D.  D. 
 
 1862.  Alex.  T.' McGill,  D.  D.,  LL.  D. 
 
 2,  (N.  S.   BRANCH.) 
 
 *Erskine  Mason,  D.  D. 
 *Edwin  FYancis  Hatfield,  D.  D. 
 
 1870-1882. 
 
 ■*Edwin  Francis  Hatfield,  D.  D. 
 
 1838. 
 1846. 
 
 1870. 
 
 SUCCESSION  OF  PERMANENT  CLERKS. 
 1789-1837. 
 
 '^Nathaniel  Irwin. 
 
 1802 
 1807 
 1825 
 1837 
 
 *John  Ewing  Latta. 
 *John  McDowell,  D.  D. 
 *John  Michael  Krebs,  D.  D. 
 
 1838-1869. 
 
 1.    (0.  S.  BKANCH.) 
 
 1838.  *John  Michael  Krebs,  D.  D. 
 
 1845.  *Robert  Da^■idson,  D.  D. 
 1850.     Alex.  T.  JIcGill,  D.  D.,  LL.  D. 
 1862.     "ft'illiam  Edward  Scheuck,  D.  D. 
 
 ■2.    (N.  S.   BK.\NCH,) 
 
 1838.  *Eliphalet  "W.  Gilbert,  D.  D. 
 1854.     Henry  Darling,  D.  D.,  ll.  d. 
 1864.     J.  Gl'entworth  Butler,  D.  D. 
 
 1870-1882. 
 
 1870.  '*C\Tus  Dick.son,  n.  n. 
 1882.     "\Yil]i;im  Henrv  Roberts. 
 
 SUCCESSION  OF  MODERATORS  OF  THE   GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  (South). 
 
 1861-1883. 
 
 ■*■   "■  NAME.  PRESBYTERY.  pi  ^CT. 
 
 1861.  Benj.  M.  Palmer,  i>.  » New  Orleans Augusta,  Ga 
 
 1862.  John  L.  Kirkpatrick,  i).  D Concord Montgomery   Ala 
 
 1863.  *Rev.  James  A.  Lyon,  n.  D Tombeckbee Columbia  .s'c 
 
 1864.  *JohnS.  "ft'iLson,  D.  D Flint  River Charlotte   N   C 
 
 186.^.     George  Howe,  1).  n Charleston Macon    Ga 
 
 1866.  Andrew  Hart  Kerr,  D.  D Memphis Memphis   Tenn 
 
 1867.  *Thomas  Yernor  Moore,  D.  d East  Hanover Na,shville       " 
 
 1868.  John  X.  ^Vaddell,  1..  D Chickasaw Baltimore,  Md. 
 
 1869.  *Stuart  Robinson,  I).  D Louis\-illc Mobile     Via 
 
 1870.  Robert  L.  Dabney,  D.  d "West  Hanover Louisville,  Ky. 
 
 .Ua. 
 
 1871 
 1872. 
 1873 
 1874. 
 1875. 
 1876. 
 1877. 
 1878. 
 1879. 
 1880. 
 1881. 
 1882. 
 1883. 
 
 ;71.  nVilham  S.  Plumer,  l>.  i) Harmony Huntsville    U; 
 
 172.     ThonuusR.  ^Vek■h,  I),  n Arkansas Richmond,  Ya. 
 
 '-?      He^nry  Martyn  Smith,  n.  n Xew  Orleans Little  Rock,  Ark. 
 
 John  L   Girardeau,  I.,  i) Charleston Columbus,  (Ja. 
 
 Moses  D.  H"<lg<'..l;.  I' Ea,st  Hanover St.  Louis,  Mo.      " 
 
 ^'"T'c.'-n-  '""*'''  "•" "West  Hanover Savannah,  Ga. 
 
 C.  .\.  Stil  man,  D.  » Tuskaloosii New  Orleans.  La. 
 
 r      ',■'!,•>.",■" Roanoke Knoxville,  Tenn. 
 
 i"«*:i'l'''^^ ''■"""'  1,.  1, Wilmington Louisville,  Kv. 
 
 1;  1      .,'/',;  "•■'' Na,shville Charleston,  s!  C. 
 
 Robert^'.  larn.s,  l>.  n St.  Louis Staunton,  Va. 
 
 Si,     :,         o'  "•  " '^'e"*™l  Texas Atlanta,  Ga. 
 
 Theodonc  Pryor,  p.  » East  Hanover Lexington    Kv 
 
 Deceased. 
 
MOFFAT. 
 
 535 
 
 MOFFATT. 
 
 Moflfat,  James  Clement,  D.  D.,  is  a  native  of  the 
 south  of  Scotland  and  came  to  this  country  in  1833, 
 with  the  intention  of  following  his  ])rofession  as  a 
 printer,  but  soon  after  landing  he  was  introduced  to 
 Prof  JIaclean,  of  Princeton,  and  learning  Irom  him 
 that  he  was  qualified  to  enter  the  Junior  Class  in  the 
 College  of  Xew  Jersey,  his  love  of  learning  prompted 
 him  to  embrace  the  opportunity  of  receivinga  collegiate 
 education.  He  entered  tlie  Junior  Cla.ss  in  1333,  and 
 was  graduated  in  1835,  and  an  offer  being  then  made 
 to  him  to  engage  as  a  private  tutor  to  two  boys  about  to 
 study  at  Yale  College,  he  accepted  the  proposal,  and 
 had  the  privilege  of  attending  lectures  in  that  Insti- 
 tution. At  the  end  of  about  two  years  he  returned 
 to  Princeton,  a-s  Greek  Tutor,  in  which  capacity  he 
 continued  till  September,  1839,  when  he  accepted  the 
 
 JAMES   CLEMENT   UOFFAT,    D.D. 
 
 appointment  to  the  Professorship  of  Greek  and  Latin 
 in  Lafayette  College,  then  under  the  Presidency  of 
 Dr.  Junkin.  In  the  Spring  of  l^iX  he  removed,  with 
 Dr.  Junkin,  to  iliami  University,  Ohio,  where  he 
 had  been  called  to  the  department  of  Latin,  and  sub- 
 sequently Modem  Hi.story  was  added  to  his  work. 
 In  the  Spring  of  1851  he  was  licensed  to  preach  the 
 gospel,  and  from  September  of  next  year  he  taught 
 Greek  jmd  Hebrew  in  a  theological  school  which  had 
 a  short  existence  in  Cincinnati. 
 
 Having  been  elected  to  the  Professorship  of  Latin 
 and  History  at  Princeton,  he  returned  to  that  place 
 in  the  Spring  of  1853.  Upon  the  resignation  of  Dr. 
 Camahan,  and  the  election  of  Dr.  Maclean  to  the 
 presidency,  several  changes  were  made  in  the  Faculty, 
 and  Dr.  Moffat  was  transferred  to  the  Chair  of  Greek, 
 
 which  he  held  for  a  period  of  seven  years,  retaining 
 still  the  lectureship  of  History,  until  a  Profcs.sor  was 
 '  appointed  to  that  dep.artmcnt.  In  1861  Dr.  Moffat 
 was  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  to  the  Chair  of 
 Chnrch  History  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at 
 Princeton,  his  present  appointment.  He  is  the  au- 
 thor of  an  "Introduction  to  the  Study  of  .Esthetics," 
 "A  Comparative  History  of  Keligions  before  Christ," 
 a  '"History  of  the  Church  in  Scotland  nntU  the 
 Reformation,"  and  over  one  hundred  historical  arti- 
 j  cles  in  various  periodicals.  He  is  a  gentleman  of 
 excellent  spirit,  attractive  suavity  of  manner,  and 
 highly  esteemed  for  his  many  virtues.  As  a  scholar, 
 writer,  and  teacher,  he  deservedly  occupies  a  fore- 
 most rank. 
 
 Moffatt,  David  ■William,  D.  D.,  is  a  native 
 of  Xew  Jersey.  He  was  licirn  at  Morristown,  Jan- 
 uary 9th,  1835,  and  studied  theology  at  Princeton, 
 N.  J.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Madi- 
 son, April  17th,  1863;  stated  supply  at  Jefferson, 
 Ind.,  1862-3,  and  pa.stor  1863-4;  stated  supply  at 
 Vernon,  Ind.,  1864-66;  pastor  of  the  First  Church, 
 JIadison,  Ind.,  1866-70;  pa.stor  of  Bridge  Street 
 Church,  Georgetown,  D.  C,  1870-7'2;  since  which 
 date  he  has  had  pastoral  charge  of  the  First  Church, 
 Ft.  AVaync,  Ind.  He  received  the  degree  of  D.  D. 
 from  his  Alma  Mater,  in  1881.  Dr.  Moffatt  preaches 
 with  ability,  directness,  and  unction,  and  has  been 
 blessed  in  his  ministry.  He  is  faithful  in  the  dis- 
 charge of  pastoral  duty,  and  is  held  in  high  esteem 
 by  those  who  know  him. 
 
 Moffatt,  James  David,  D.  D.,  son  of  the  late 
 Rev.  John  Jlolfatt,  of  blessed  memory,  was  born  in 
 New  Lisbon,  Ohio,  IMareh  15th,  1846.  After  teach- 
 ing for  a  time,  in  the  Fall  of  1865,  he  entered  the 
 Freshman  Class  in  Washington  and  Jefferson  College, 
 at  Washington,  Pa.,  but,  under  the  imperfect  union 
 of  the  colleges  then  existing,  spent  the  last  three 
 years  of  his  course  in  Canonsburg,  and  was  honor- 
 ably graduated  in  the  class  of  1869,  at  the  time  of  the 
 con-solidation  at  Washington.  After  spending  the 
 next  two  years  as  a  student  in  the  .seminary  at  Prince- 
 ton, N.  J.,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Washington,  in  April,  1871.  Yielding  to  the 
 earnest  request  of  the  Session  of  the  Second  Church 
 of  AMieeling,  W.  Va.,  on  account  of  the  disability 
 of  tlieir  pa.stor,  his  own  beloved  father,  he  supplied 
 the  pulpit  during  that  Summer.  But  his  father  not 
 recovering,  as  was  expected,  he  was  constrained  to 
 forego  return  to  the  seminary  for  the  third  year,  and 
 to  become  co-pastor,  being  to  this  end  ordained  and 
 installed  May  8th,  1872.  In  fact,  he  discharged  the  " 
 entire  duties  of  preacher  and  pastor  until  his  father's 
 death,  December  27th,  1875,  and  then  succeeded  him, 
 abiding  in  strength  and  growing  in  ])()])ularity  and 
 u,sefulness  until,  under  a  call  which  he  could  not  re- 
 sist, he  entered  upon  the  office  of  President  of  Wash- 
 ington and  Jeffer.son  College,  Pa.,  January  4th,  1882, 
 his  inauguration,  for  special  reasons,  being  delayed 
 
MOFFATT. 
 
 536 
 
 MOXAOHAX  CHURCH. 
 
 until  June  20th,  following.  Tbe  Degree  of  Doctor 
 of  Divinity  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Hanover  Col- 
 lege and  i'rinceton  Colh-ge. 
 
 In  his  two  years  of  actual  service  as  College  Presi- 
 dent, Dr.  Motfatt  has  alri  a<ly  vindicated  the  wisdom 
 of  the  Trustees  in  their  choice.  His  fine  qualities  as 
 a  pulpit  orator  are  equaled  by  his  ability  iu  the  class- 
 room, and  by  his  dignity  and  force  as  the  head  of  the 
 Faculty.  Already  he  is  in  the  full  career  of  useful- 
 ne.s.s  a.s  the  iwcepted  and  honored  head  of  9,  college 
 
 JAMES  DAVID  MOFFATT,  D.  D. 
 
 second  to  no  other  in  our  land  in  its  relative  import- 
 ance to  the  Presbyterian  Church,  having  in  the  course 
 of  its  history  furnished  fourteen  hundred  ministers  of 
 the  gospel,  out  of  an  aggregate  of  three  thousand 
 graduates. 
 
 Moffatt,  Rev.  James  Erskine,  the  youngest 
 son  of  ,Tubn  and  Li-titia  AlullUtt,  was  born  in  the  vi- 
 cinty  of  Bloimiington,  Indiiuia,  December  3d,  1843. 
 He  received  his  collegiate  education  in  the  Indiana 
 Stiite  University  and  in  Monmouth  College,  graduat- 
 ing from  the  latter  with  honors,  in  1866.  He  was 
 graduated  from  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the 
 Northwest  in  ISfii),  and  iu  May  of  the  same  year  w;is 
 ordained  to  the  ministry,  and  installed  pa-stor  of  the 
 First  Church  in  Decatur,  Illinois.  In  the  Fall  of  187:5 
 he  became  the  jKustor  of  tlic  Church  in  Ottawa,  lUi 
 nois,  and  since  June,  1878,  he  has  been  the  pastor  of 
 the  First  Cluirch  in  Cumberland,  Maryland. 
 
 Mr.  Moffatt  is  a  man  of  modest,  frank  and  pleasing 
 address;  of  cheerful  temper;  of  warm  affections,  and 
 11  steadfiust  mind;  ju<li(ious  in  coun.sel;  prudent  in  1 
 speech;   straightforward   and    honest   in    all    things, 
 I'ossessiug  the  esteem  and   coulidence  of  his  fellow- 
 
 men,  his  pastoral  labors  are  highly  valued,  while  from 
 the  pulpit  he  exerts  a  wholesome  and  widening  influ- 
 ence through  his  varied  discour.ses,  which  are  clear, 
 thoughtful,  earnest,  and  often  forcible  presentations  of 
 the  evangel,  in  its  manifold  relations  to  the  true 
 issues  of  life. 
 
 Monaghan  Church,  Dillsburg,  Pa.,  was  organ- 
 ized about  1742.  The  founders  were  Scotch-Irish, 
 and  in  memory  of  their  former  home  in  Ulster,  the 
 Church  was  called  Monaghan.  Tlie  district  is  a 
 portion  of  the  far-famed  Cumberland  Valley,  though 
 the  village  lies  within  the  limits  of  York  county. 
 
 This  venerable  church,  being  for  mapy  years  the 
 only  church  in  aU  that  community,  exerted  more 
 than  ordinary  influence  for  good.  The  foundations 
 had  all  to  be  laid,  as  well  as  the  superstructure  built, 
 and  for  a  large  part  of  its  earlier  history  foundati(>n- 
 laying  was  its  principal  work.  It  was,  therefore,  the 
 great  conservator  of  morals  and  .spirituality,  its  pulpit 
 being  the  source  whence  emanated  the  religious  in- 
 struction ot;  the  whole  region  of  the  surrounding 
 country.  It  exerted  a  power  that  cannot  be  measured. 
 It  took  a  leading  part  in  the  educational  interests 
 of  the  day.  In  connection  ivith  the  old  church  was 
 a  room  (called  the  study)  in  which  a  secular  school 
 was  kept. 
 
 The  first  preaching  services  at  Jlonaghan  were 
 held  aliout  1742.  The  house  of  worship  first  erected, 
 and  which  w:is  located  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  dis- 
 tant from  the  present  building,  was  surrounded  by 
 a  stockade,  as  a  protection  from  the  Indians.  The 
 early  settlers  carried  their  firearms  to  church,  and 
 stationed  sentries  on  the  ramparts.  Rev.  George 
 Duffield,  a  name  still  highly  honored  in  the  church, 
 was  the  first  settled  pastor.  The  Rev.  John  SI'Dow- 
 ell,  for  some  time  Provost  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
 sylvania, was  converted  when  only  eight  years  old, 
 by  means  of  a  sermon  by  Dr.  Duffield,  from  Zech. 
 ix,  12,  "Turn  ye  to  the  stronghold,"  etc.,  in  which 
 these  defences  were  used  as  an  illustration. 
 
 Dr.  Duffield's  pastorate  closed  1772.  In  1782  a 
 new  stone  edifice  was  erected  on  the  jiresent  site. 
 From  that  year  until  1807  Rev.  Samuel  Waugh  was 
 pa.stor  of  the  two  churches.  East  Peunsboro,  now  Sil- 
 ver Spring,  and  Monaghan.  He  was  a  very  acceptable 
 preacher  ;  his  pastorate  was  the  longest  in  the  history 
 of  the  church.  From  1809  to  1815  Rev.  John  Hayes, 
 Professor  of  Languiiges  in  Dickinson  College,  was 
 pastor.  From  that  year  until  1832  the  church  was 
 served  by  stated  supplies,  chiefly  Rev.  Alexander 
 McClellan,  n.  n.,  subsequently  Professor  iu  the  Re- 
 formed Theological  Seminary  at  New  Bruns^vick, 
 N.  J.,  Rev.  Nathanael  R.  Snowden,  the  father  of  the 
 late  Hon.  J.  Ross  Snowden  of  Philadelphia,  Rev. 
 Henry  R.  Wilson,  father  of  the  Secretary  who  bears 
 his  name,  autl  presides  over  the  Board  of  Church 
 Erection,  Rev.  Nathanael  Todd,  and  Rev,  .lohn  M. 
 Krebs,  d.D.,  afterwards  of  New  York. 
 
 Rev.  A.  B.  Quay,  father  of  the  late   Secretary  of 
 
MONAGHAN  CHURCH. 
 
 537 
 
 MONFORT. 
 
 the  Commonwealth  of  Pemisylvania,  was  pastor  from  ; 
 1830  to  1838.  Rev.  Edmund  M'Kinney,  afterwards 
 missionary  to  the  Indians,  recently  deceased  at  Key- 
 port,  N.  .T.,  was  stated  supply  until  1842.  From  the 
 beginning  of  this  until  the  middle  of  1858  extends 
 the  pastorate  of  Rev.  Dr.  .7.  A.  Murray,  with  one  ex- 
 ception the  longest,  and  in  many  respects  the  most 
 memorable,  of  the  church.  Rev.  William  D.  Patter- 
 son, pastor-elect  in  1859,  died  before  iust;illation. 
 The  Rev.  John  R.  Agnew  was  stated  supply  for  about 
 a  year.  The  Rev.  John  O.  Proctor,  now  of  AVooster,  O. , 
 was  piistor  from  1863  to  1865.  Rev.  A.  W.  Hubbard, 
 now  a  misiiionary  (A.  B.  C.  F.  M.)  in  Turkey,  next 
 spent  a  brief  but  most  fruitful  pastorate  of  eighteen 
 months  -svith  this  people.  He  was  followed  by  Rev. 
 J.  Q.  A.  FuUerton,  ordained  and  in.stalled  June,  1873, 
 who  remained  six  years,  and  then  resigned  to  accept 
 a  call  to  Curwinsville,  Pa.  The  present  pastor,  Rev. 
 John  P.  Barbor,  has  rendered  an  acceptable  service 
 for  three  years  and  is  much  beloved.  It  is  notewor- 
 thy that,  though  by  the  influx  of  nationalities  other 
 than  Scotch-Irish,  and  the  removal  of  the  latter, 
 much  of  the  population  has  changed  withiu  the  last 
 forty  years,  and  though  a  Methodist  and  Lutheran 
 church  have  been  erected  hard  by,  old  Monaghan  has 
 held  its  own  in  point  of  numbers,  and  mis.sionary 
 work  has  m;Kle  commendable  progress. 
 
 The  congregation  at  Petersburg,  with  which  Mona- 
 ghan formed  a  pastoral  charge,  was  a  part  of  this 
 church,  originally,  and  the  history  of  both  is  neces- 
 sarily almost  identical. 
 
 The  stone  edifice  erected  1782,  burned  and  rebuilt 
 1813,  was,  in  1849,  replaced  by  a  brick  structure,  in 
 which  the  church  now  worships.  A  comfortable 
 brick  parsonage  was  erected  in  1874. 
 
 Among  the  children  of  the  church  were  Rev. 
 Messrs.  Thom.is  Black,  Thomas  Elcock,  of  Van  Wert, 
 Ohio;  George  L.  Shearer,  one  of  the  Secretaries  of  the 
 Ainerican  Tract  Society,  New  York;  Frederick  E. 
 Shearer,  of  San  Francisco;  Brice  B.  Blair  and 
 William  H.  Logan,  of  Millerstown,  Pa.,  all  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church;  John  Bailey,  of  the  Hunting- 
 don Bar;  and  Rev.  Messrs.  Fulton  and  Kerr  of  the 
 Methodist  and  Lutheran  churches  respectively. 
 Messrs.  Black  and  Blair  have  gone  to  their  reward. 
 
 The  recent  celeliration  (October,  1882),  of  the 
 hundredth  anniversary  of  Monaghan's  occupation  of 
 its  present  site,  was  one  of  great  interest.  The  at- 
 tendance was  very  large,  including  many  of  those 
 formerly  connected  with  the  church,  and  a  goodly 
 representation  of  ministers  from  the  Synod  of  Penn- 
 sylvania, in  session  at  the  time,  in  Harrisburg. 
 
 The  following  sadly  interesting  incident  w.as  narra- 
 ted by  a  speaker  on  Jlonday  evening,  the  details  of 
 which  were  tiiken  ft-om  an  old  copy  of  the  Carlisle 
 Herald,  the  date  of  1804.  "A  communion  ser\-ice  was 
 being  held  in  the  church,  Sabbath,  July  15th,  1804. 
 During  the  intermission  a  rain  storm  arose.  A  young 
 man  named  John  Patterson,  while  .securing  his  saddle 
 
 from  the  rain,  was  struck,  at  the  root  of  the  tree,  by 
 lightning,  and  instantly  killed.  He  had  lately  come 
 into  possession  of  an  amjile  e.stiite,  and  was  .soon  to  be 
 married,  having  already  procured  his  wedding-suit. 
 The  religious  services  proceeded  under  tlie  deeply 
 .solemn  impres.sion  that  was  ma<le. " 
 
 By  this  centennial  celebr.ation  the  memory  of  (iod's 
 dealings  with  this  people  was  (quickened,  the  blessed- 
 ness of  those  who  are  heirs  of  the  promises  of  Israel's 
 God  stood  out  in  new  light,  and  Monaglian  was 
 inspired  with  renewed  courage  and  cheer  to  move  on 
 in  the  name  of  the  Lord. 
 
 Monfort,  David,  D.D.,  the  son  of  La^\Tence  and 
 Elizabeth  (Casset)  Monfort,  was  horn  in  Adams 
 county,  Pa.,  March  7th,  1790.  He  was  educated  in 
 Transylvania  University;  graduated  at  Princeton 
 Theological  Seminary  in  1817;  was  licensed  by 
 Miami  Presbytery  in  1818,  and  soon  became  pastor  of 
 Bethel  Church,  in  O.xford  Presbytery.  Here  he  la- 
 bored for  several  years.  Subsequently  he  was  stated 
 supply  for  Terre  Haute  Church,  Indiana.  In  1830  he 
 was  stated  supply  for  Sharon  Church,  at  Wilmington, 
 Ohio.  This  lasted  for  a  single  year,  when  he  became 
 pastor  at  Franklin,  Ind.,  and  continued  to  be  so  for 
 twenty  years,  greatly  beloved  by  his  peojile.  In  1851 
 he  was  a  member  of  Whitewater  Presbytery,  and  re- 
 mained without  charge  for  a  few  years.  In  1854  he 
 took  charge  of  the  Church  of  Knightstown,  Indiana, 
 which  he  resigned  in  18.57,  when  he  removed  to 
 Macomb,  111.,  where  he  remained  until  his  death, 
 which  took  place  October  18th,  1860. 
 
 Dr.  Monfort  was  all  his  life  a  missionary  preacher, 
 until  a  year  or  two  of  his  death,  when  he  was  laid 
 aside  on  account  of  iU-health.  He  was  thoroughly 
 trained  as  a  minister,  an  able  expositor,  an  excellent 
 linguist,  an  eminent  ecclesiastic,  an  eloquent  and 
 popular  preacher,  and  many  seals  were  added  to  his 
 ministry.  He  was  the  author  of  two  sermons  on 
 baptism  and  one  on  justification,  which  appeared  in 
 a  volume  entitled  "Original  Sermons  by  Presbyte- 
 rian Divines  in  the  Mississippi  Valley."  He  also 
 contributed  largely  to  the  religious  press. 
 
 Monfort,  Francis  C,  D.D.,  was  born  September 
 1st,  1844,  at  Grcensburg,  Indiana.  He  came  of  two 
 races  of  ministers.  Both  his  grandf\ither,  liis  father, 
 and  all  the  brothers  of  his  father  and  mother,  were 
 ministers  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He  studied 
 at  Hanover  and  Waliash  Colleges,  graduating  at  the 
 latter  in  1864.  He  spent  one  year  at  the  Seminary 
 of  the  Northwest,  two  years  at  Lane  Seminary,  and 
 three  years  abroad,  at  the  universities  of  Edinboro 
 and  Berlin.  He  was  called,  in  1870,  to  the  Orchard 
 Street  Church,  Cincinnati,  where  he  remained  three 
 years,  when  the  pastoral  relation  was  dissolved,  that 
 he  might  accept  a  position  as  editor  of  the  Herald 
 and  Presbyicr,  a  position  he  still  holds.  In  1879,  the 
 First  Church,  Cincinnati,  bccomiug  vacant,  Mr.  Mon- 
 fort was  invited  to  fill  the  pulpit  for  a  few  weeks,  at 
 the  close  of  which  the  invitation  was  renewed  for  a 
 
MONFOBT. 
 
 538 
 
 MONFORT. 
 
 longer  period.     In  1881  he  was  called  to  and  accepted 
 
 the  pastorate  of  the  church,  and  has  since  that  date 
 
 FRANCIS  C.    MONFORT,  D.  D. 
 
 comhined  the  duties  ol'  jiastor  and  editor,  which  he 
 faithfully  and  acceptably  discharges. 
 
 Monfort,  Rev.  Joseph  Glass,  D.  D.,  son  of 
 Rev.  Francis  and  Sophia  (Glass)  Jlonfort,  was  born 
 in  Warren  county,  0.,  December  9th,  1810.  His 
 father,  who  was  for  many  years  pastor  at  Hamilton, 
 O.,  and  Mount  Carmel,  Ind.,  was  of  Huguenot  an- 
 cestry, and  himself  was  born  in  Adams  county.  Pa. 
 Dr.  Monfort  graduated  in  Miami  University,  Oxford, 
 O.,  in  1834.  He  pursued  his  theological  studies  in 
 1835  and  1836,  in  Indiana  Theological  Seminary,  at 
 Hanover,  Ind.  In  1836  and  1837  he,  in  connection 
 with  Dr.  W.  L.  Breckenridge,  established  and  edited 
 the  Preshi/teriaii  Herald,  in  Louisville,  Ky.  He  was 
 licensed  to  preach  iu  September,  1837,  by  the  I'res- 
 hytery  of  Oxford.  He  preached  six  months  in  Hamil- 
 ton, O.,  from  the  date  of  his  father's  resignation  of 
 that  charge.  He  received  and  accepted  a  call  from 
 Green.sburg,  Ind.,  in  1838,  and  was  ordained  and 
 installed  pastor  of  the  churches  of  Greensburg  and 
 Sand  Creek,  by  the  Presbyter,,-  of  Indianapolis,  in 
 April,  1839.  The  Church  of  Green.sburg  divided  a 
 few  weeks  before  his  cjill,  soon  after  the  Assembly 
 of  1838.  He  resigned  his  charge  in  October,  1842, 
 on  account  of  the  division.  For  two  years  after  he 
 was  agent  for  the  Theological  Seminary  at  New 
 Albany,  Ind.  In  October,  1844,  he  was  recalled  to 
 Green.shurg,  both  divisions  of  the  congregation 
 uniting  in  the  invitation.  This  call  he  accepted, 
 and  remained  pastor  at  Greensburg  until  January, 
 
 1855,  when  he  was  invited,  by  the  vote  of  the  Synod 
 of  Indiana,  and  by  a  circular  letter  signed  by  a  large 
 majority  of  the  Synods  of  Korthern  Indiana,  Cin- 
 cinnati, and  Ohio,  through  the  agency  of  Rev.  Dr. 
 E.  D.  MacMaster,  T.  E.  Thomas,  and  J.  M.  Steven- 
 son, to  become  the  editor  of  the  Prcshyicrian  of  the 
 Went,  Cincinnati,  from  which  the  Rev.  Dr.  N.  L. 
 Rice  had  recently  retired.  He  has  since  conducted 
 this  paper,  first  changing  its  name  to  I'he  Presbyter, 
 and  in  October,  1869,  uniting  with  the  New  School 
 paper  at  Cincinnati,  under  the  name  Herald  and 
 Presbyter.  He  was  Stated  Clerk  of  the  Presbytery 
 of  White  Water  from  its  erection  until  his  removal 
 to  Cincinnati. 
 
 He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  D.  it.,  from 
 Centre  College,  Kentucky,  in  18.53.  For  many  years 
 he  was  a  member  of  the  Chmch  Extension  Com- 
 mittee, and  of  the  Boards  of  Domestic  and  Foreign 
 Missions,  and  a  Trustee  of  Hanover  College,  Indiana. 
 For  several  years  he  was  a  Director  of  the  Theological 
 Seminary  of  tlie  Northwest,  and  he  is  now  a  Trustee 
 of  Lane  Theological  Seminary,  at  Walnut  Hills,  Cin- 
 cinnati, O. 
 
 For  ten  years  preceding  the  event  Dr.  Monfort 
 was  an  efficient  promoter  and  earnest  advocate,  in  his 
 paper,  of  the  reunion  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
 and  the  Preshylcr  was  tlie  first  Chui-ch  paper  that  took 
 decided  ground  for  reunion.     He  was  the  autlior  of 
 
 JOSEPH   GLASS  MONFORT,  ».  D. 
 
 the  Newark  paper  on  reunion,  which  was  signed  by 
 seventy  ministers  and  forty  ruling  elders  in  attend- 
 ance upon  the  General  Assembly  of  1866,  proposing 
 negotiations  for  reunion.     He  was  appointed  by  the 
 
MONTAGUE. 
 
 539 
 
 MONTGOMERY  CnmCH. 
 
 General  Assembly  of  1866  a  member  of  the  Joint 
 Cimiraittee  on  Reunion.  He  was  the  author  and 
 mover  of  the  supplementary  action  of  the  General 
 Assembly  in  Albany,  in  1868,  proposing  to  the  other 
 Assembly  a  change  of  the  basis,  so  as  to  make  its 
 doctrinal  theories,  the  Standards  pure  and  simple,  the 
 basis  of  reunion.  He  was  the  author  of  an  article  in 
 the  Amerirnii  and  Presbi/tcrkin  Eevieio,  which  was  sent 
 to  all  the  ministers  of  Ixrth  churches,  proposing  union 
 upon  the  Standards  alone  as  the  proper  basis. 
 
 Dr.  Jlonfort  was  treasurer  and  manager  of  the 
 finances  of  Lane  Seminary,  which  he  handled  with 
 skill  and  ability,  from  1871  to  1883,  covering  the 
 period  of  the  great  financial  panic  of  1873-75.  He 
 gave  mueli  of  his  time,  for  several  years,  to  improving 
 the  grounds,  re-grading  and  beautifying  the  campus, 
 and  in  constructing  new  buildings.  Wlien  it  beciime 
 ajiparent  that  the  reduction  of  the  rate  per  cent,  of 
 interest  would  impair  the  income  of  the  seminary,  he 
 called  in  the  funds  and  re-invested  them  in  buildiugs, 
 twenty-fovir  of  which  he  put  up  on  vacant  grounds, 
 which  have  produced  a  net  income  of  from  eight  to 
 ten  per  cent.  He  is  still,  with  his  sons,  E.  R.  Mon- 
 fort,  Esq.,  and  Rev.  F.  C.  Monfort,  editor  of  the 
 Uvriilii  ami  Preshi/tcr,  and  honored  and  esteemed  by 
 all  who  know  him,  as  a  firm  friend  and  a  wise  coun- 
 sellor. 
 
 Montague,  Daniel  Rice,  was  an  honored  and 
 useful  elder  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Christians- 
 burg,  Ya.  He  was  born  in  Cumberland  county,  Va., 
 October  16tli,  1801,  and  removed  to  the  county  in 
 which  he  died  in  1821.  He  united  with  the  Church 
 at  C'hristiansburg,  August  18th,  1831,  and  was  or- 
 dained a  ruling  elder  in  November,  1832.  During 
 the  long  period  of  forty-five  years'  service  in  this 
 c;ipacity,  he  was  faithful,  efficient,  and  increasingly 
 acceptable  in  the  church.  Tliough  a  man  full  of 
 business,  he  seemed  always  to  hold  his  time  at  the 
 disposal  of  the  church  when  called  upon  to  do  any- 
 thing for  it.  He  was  a  good  Presbyter,  and  took 
 delight  in  attending  the  meetings  of  Presbytery  and 
 Synod.  For  long  years  he  superintended  the  Sab- 
 bath school  successfully.  For  three  or  four  years 
 before  his  death,  together  with  another  elder,  he  con- 
 ducted a  Sabbath  school  in  the  country,  three  miles 
 distant  from  the  town  in  which  he  resided. 
 
 Mr.  Montague  w:us  universally  esteemed  in  the 
 community  and  county  in  which  he  lived.  For  more 
 than  twenty  .years  he  was  clerk  of  the  courts  there. 
 He  represented  the  county  in  the  Legislature  also, 
 and  no  citizen  ever  enjoyed  more  fully  the  respect 
 and  confidence  of  his  fellow-citizens.  He  was  a  man 
 of  clear  convictions,  earnest  piety,  great  decision  of 
 character,  and  justly  noted  for  his  devotion  to  duty. 
 He  died  November  9th,  1877,  in  great  peace.  Not 
 long  before  his  death  he  asked  for  his  Bible ;  he  could 
 no  longer  see,  but  gra.sped  it  with  both  hands ;  hold- 
 ing it  thus,  as  the  anchor  of  his  hope,  he  engaged  in 
 prayer.     Among  his  last  utterances  were  the  whis- 
 
 pered words,  the  same  with  which  his  departed  wife 
 testified  to  the  presence  of  the  Lord  on  the  borders  of 
 the  great  river — "Comfort,  great  comfort." 
 
 Montgomery,  Alabama,  Presbjrterian 
 Churcll  of.  The  early  population  of  the  present 
 city  of  Montgomery  comprised  a  few  staunch  mem- 
 bers of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  who,  in  emigrating, 
 had  brought  their  certificates  with  them,  and  con- 
 tinued steadfast  in  the  faith.  Indeed,  the  chief 
 founder  of  the  town,  Mr.  Andrew  De.xter,  was  a 
 Presbyterian.  Although  for  several  years  without  a 
 regularly  organized  congregation,  a  place  of  worship 
 or  pastor,  still  they  adhered  to  their  profession  of 
 faith,  awaiting  the  advent  of  the  Presbyterian  min- 
 ister, and  the  enjoyment  of  the  regular  means  of 
 grace.  No  other  professed  .servants  of  Christ  exceeded 
 them  in  their  godly  walk  and  conversation,  and  none 
 were  more  prompt  or  more  abundant  in  good  words 
 and  works. 
 
 Presbyterian  clergymen  occasionally  visited  the 
 town,  and  performed  divine  service  previous  to  the 
 erection  of  the  Independent  Church.  In  January, 
 1824,  the  Rev.  Messrs.  Sloss,  of  Cahaba,  and  Alex- 
 ander, of  Pleasant  Valley,  by  order  of  the  South 
 Alabama  Presbytery,  sojourned  for  several  days,  con- 
 ducting religious  exercLses,  which  were  commenced 
 with  a  sermon  in  the  Court  House  by  Mr.  Alexander. 
 During  their  stiiy  the  Sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper 
 was  administered  by  them  to  a  few  members  living 
 in  the  town  and  vicinity,  members  of  other  churches 
 participating.  This,  it  is  believed,  was  the  first  time 
 that  .solemn  ordinance  was  ever  observed  in  Mont- 
 gomery. 
 
 The  latter  part  of  March,  1824,  the  Rev.  Mr.  White 
 visited  the  town  and  organized  the  "Montgomery 
 Presbyterian  Congregation, ' '  there  not  being  a  suffi- 
 cient number  of  communing  members  to  constitute  a 
 church.  This  congregation- was  taken  iinder  the  care 
 of  the  Presbj^ery  of  South  Alabama,  which  was  to 
 supply  it  %vith  preaching.  A  committee  of  three  were 
 to  be  chosen  annually  to  superintend  the  aft'airs  of  the 
 Society.  The  committee  for  1824,  and  the  first  cho.sen, 
 consisted  of  Messrs.  William  Graham,  William  Sayre, 
 and  C.  D.  Connor.  The  first  divine  service,  under  the 
 direction  of  the  Committee,  was  conducted  on  Satur- 
 day, March  28th,  1824,  when  the  Rev.  Mr  White 
 preached  in  the  Court  House,  to  a  large  and  .serious 
 audience. 
 
 In  1825  the  Rev.  George  Grey  ]\IcWhorter  (father 
 of  the  late  Dr.  A.  B.  McWhorter),  occasionally  came 
 over  from  Autanga  county,  and  preached  for  the 
 Presbyterians  in  Montgomery.  This  he  continued  to 
 do  until  his  death,  in  1828.  The  Rev.  Mr.  McPhail 
 and  Rev.  Mr.  McGauhey,  also  performed  divine  ser- 
 vice here.  In  1827  the  Rev.  Samuel  L.  Watson,  of 
 South  Carolina,  preached  to  the  congregation  during 
 a  part  of  six  months,  producing  a  lasting  impression 
 for  good,  and  greatly  encouraging  the  few  faithful 
 Presbvterians. 
 
MONTGOMERY  CHURCH. 
 
 540 
 
 MONTGOMERY. 
 
 After  the  Rev.  James  Martin  had  preached  here  as 
 a  missionary  for  some  time,  he,  in  conjunction  with 
 the  Rev.  Isaac  Hadden,  of  Claiborne,  Monroe  county, 
 on  November  8th,  1829,  constituted  the  church. 
 Aiiplicatiou  wa.s  made,  November  12th,  of  that  year, 
 to  tlie  Soutli  Alal)ama  Presbytery,  to  take  the  church 
 under  its  care.  Tliis  request  was  promptly  granted, 
 and  the  church,  as  the  congregation  organized  in 
 1824  had  done,  worshiped  at  first  in  the  house 
 erected  for  all  denominations,  the  present  location  of 
 (he  First  Jlethodist  Episcopal  Church. 
 
 In  the  early  part  of  1830  an  effort  was  commenced 
 for  the  erection  of  a  house  of  worship  for  the  congre- 
 gation. In  November  of  that  year  the  Rev.  James 
 Hillhouse  visited  Montgomery,  and  preached  to 
 large  congregations  for  three  days  in  suecession. 
 The  committee  on  the  .selection  of  a  church  lot 
 purchased  the  present  location  on  the  south  side 
 of  .Vdams  street,  between  Court  and  Perry  streets. 
 The  new  building  was  commenced  in  the  Spring  of 
 18.'S0,  and  was  completed  by  the  middle  of  Novem- 
 ber, 1831.  On  Sunday,  the  twentieth  day  of  that 
 month,  it  was  consecrated  to  the  service  of  Almighty 
 God,  with  imposing  and  solemn  religions  ceremonies. 
 This  was  the  first  church  edifice  regularly  dedicated 
 in  Montgomery. 
 
 The  Session  records  of  the  church  until  August, 
 1835,  showed  a  constantly  healthy  increase  of  mem- 
 bers, and  a  gratifying  state  of  the  church.  From 
 that  period  until  October  11th,  1839,  there  appears 
 to  have  been  no  regular  records  kept.  Early  in 
 1839  the  Rev.  Aaron  B.  Jerome,  a  graduate  of  the 
 Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton,  N.  .1.,  was  en- 
 gaged as  pastor,  and  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his 
 office.  From  March  to  July  he  labored  assiduously, 
 but  the  congregation  was  soon  called  to  mourn  the 
 first  death  of  a  pastor.  He  fell  a  victim  to  the  pre- 
 vailing fever,  July  23d.  The  Rev.  David  Finley 
 became  pastor  of  the  church,  January  12th,  1840. 
 In  that  position  he  labored  faithfvdly  and  with  great 
 acceptability  until  1857,  a  period  of  seventeen  years. 
 His  death  occurred  at  Nashville,  Tenn.,  .Tanuary  2d, 
 1858. 
 
 The  Presbyterians  worshiped  in  tlie  house  dedi- 
 cated to  God  in  1831,  until  1844,  when  they  resolved 
 to  pro\'ide  for  the  necessity  which  had  been  felt  for 
 several  years.  They  resolved  to  erect  another  edifice, 
 and  one  more  suited  to  the  growth  of  the  city  and 
 their  increa.sed  congregation.  They  were  the  second 
 denomination  in  iMontgomery  to  erect  a  brick  church. 
 In  .luly,  1844,  the  old  building  was  taken  down  and 
 c(>n\  erted  into  a  lecture  room,  on  the  rear  of  their 
 lot.  This  lecture  room  was  used  as  a  house  of  wor- 
 ship dming  the  construction  of  the  new  edifice.  The 
 new  church  was  completed  early  in  1847,  at  a  cost 
 of  about  f  16,000,  and  has  ever  been  an  ornament  to 
 the  city  and  a  model  of  church  architecture.  The 
 church  was  dedicated  on  Sunday,  February  21st, 
 1847. 
 
 The  Rev.  George  H.  W.  Petrie,  D.D.,  the  present 
 excellent  pa.stor  of  this  church,  who  is  elsewhere 
 noticed  in  this  volume,  was  the  succes.sor  of  the  Rev. 
 Mr.  Finley  in  the  pastorate,  and  was  regularly  in- 
 stalled by  appointment  of  the  East  Alabama  Presby- 
 tery, on  Sunday,  May  31,  1857.  The  church  is  now 
 a  large  and  influential  one. 
 
 Montgomery,  Rev.  John,  was  bom  in  Augusta 
 county,  Va.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Hanover,  October  28th,  1778,  and  w:us  for  a  time  Tutor 
 in  Liberty  Hall,  Va.  He  was  ordained,  Aj)ril  2f)th, 
 .1780,  and  settled  as  pastor  of  Cedar  Creek  and  Opec- 
 quon  churches,  in  Virginia.  After  spending  a  few 
 years  in  these  congregations,  in  1789  he  removed  to 
 Augusta  county.  Here  he  passed  the  remainder  of 
 his  life.  Mr.  Montgomery  was  a  very  popular 
 preacher,  a  good  scholar,  and  an  amiable  man.  In 
 the  latter  part  of  his  life  his  ministry  was  interrupted 
 by  bodily  infirmities. 
 
 Montgomery,  Rev.  Joseph,  was  licensed  to 
 preach  the  gospel,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia, 
 about  1759,  and  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Lewes,  about  1761,  and  settled  as  pastor  of  the 
 Presbyterian  churches  of  New  Castle  and  Christiana 
 Bridge,  Del.  From  1784  to  1788,  Mr.  Montgomery 
 Represented  the  State  of  Penn.sylvania  in  the  Conti- 
 nental Congress. 
 
 Montgomery,  Thomas  J.,  M.  D.,  second  .son 
 of  James   and   Lydia   (Johnson)    Montgomery,  was 
 
 _„^_„_1    ,1 
 
 THOMAS  .T.   MrlNTaOMEnT,   M.  P. 
 
 born  at  Danville,  Ky.,  August  9th,  1812;  received 
 his  education  at  St.  Mary's  College;  studied  medicine 
 at  Springfiiad,  Ky. ;  graduatt'd  at  the  Louisville  Medi- 
 cal College,   1838.     He   united  with  the  Church  at 
 
MONTGOMEBT. 
 
 541 
 
 3I00DY. 
 
 Springfield,  in  1841;  elected  ruling  elder,  in  1843; 
 practiced  his  profession  and  actively  discharged  his 
 duties  as  elder  till  the  Autumn  of  1857,  when  he 
 removed  to  Pettis  count}-,  Mo.  He  Wiis  one  of  the 
 original  members  of  the  First  Church,  Pettis,  from 
 1857  to  1865,  when,  with  eleven  others,  he  helped 
 to  organize  the  First  Church  of  Sedalia,  and  became 
 an  elder  in  the  same.  In  1870  Dr.  Montgomery  w;is 
 one  of  forty-two  members  who  were  organized  into  the 
 Old  School  Presbj-terian  Church  of  Sedalia,  and 
 became,  by  election,  a  member  of  its  first  Session.  In 
 ■  1866  he  was  elected  an  Alderman  of  Sedalia;  re-elected 
 in  1869,  and  in  1871  was  chosen  Mayor  of  that  city.  For 
 several  successive  years  be  was  examiner  of  the  medi- 
 cal department  of  the  State  University,  a  professorship 
 in  which  he  declined.     He  died  May  17th,  1877. 
 
 In  his  religion  Dr.  Montgomery  w;is  calm,  firm 
 and  devout,  his  faith  was  full  and  his  hopi"  bright, 
 strong  and  comforting.  A  constant  reader  from  his 
 early  youth,  of  more  than  usual  mental  jiower  and 
 logical  acumen,  his  mind  was  stored  with  almost 
 every  variety  of  human  knowledge  and  his  convic- 
 tions on  most  subjects  clear,  mature  and  firmly 
 fixed.  He  especially  loved  to  investigate  topics  con- 
 nected with  medicine  and  theology.  His  conversa- 
 tional powers  were  wonderful  and  from  his  first 
 profession  of  religion  lie  never  failed  to  have  Bible 
 classes,  which  he  delighted  to  train  in  practical 
 religious  knowledge.  The  prayer  meeting  was  sel- 
 dom, if  ever,  missed,  and  greatly  did  he  assi.st  his 
 pastor  by  the  deep  interest  he  felt  in  and  the  charm 
 he  threw  around  this  important  department  of  God's 
 worship.  He  lived  the  life  of  an  active  Christian, 
 and  his  end  was  peace. 
 
 Montgomery,  Rev.  "William,  was  born  at  Ship- 
 pcn.sbvirg,  Pa. ,  1768.  In  his  early  youth  he  emigra- 
 ted with  his  father  to  South  Carolina.  He  received 
 a  good  education,  classical  and  theological,  and  was 
 licensed  and  ordained  in  North  Carolina.  In  1800 
 he  was  sent  by  the  Synod  of  Carolina,  with  the  Rev. 
 James  Hall  and  the  Kev.  James  Bowman,  on  a  mis- 
 sionary tour  to  the  Territory  of  Mississippi,  then 
 just  brought  under  American  jurisdiction.  This 
 journey  had  to  be  made  on  horseback,  along  the  only 
 thoroughfare  through  the  country,  called  the 
 "Natchez  Trace, "  leading  from  Nashville,  Tenn. ,  to 
 Natchez,  Miss.,  and  was  attended  with  great  danger. 
 Eeachingthe  Territory,  the  missionaries  visited  the  suc- 
 cessive settlements,  as  fiir  as  Pinckneyville,  in  Loui- 
 siana, gathering  together  the  Presbyterian  element 
 wherever  found,  and  forming  preaching  stations  which 
 subsequently  grew  into  churches.  ThLs  mission  was 
 limited  to  a  year.  On  his  return,  Mr.  Montgomery 
 became  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Lexington,  Ga.,  and 
 while  in  this  charge,  was  concerned  in  the  "  Great 
 Awakening  "  of  the  period,  and  was  a  witness  to  the 
 extraordinary  phenomenon  of  the  "jerk.s. "  In  1810 
 he  returned  to  the  Jlississippi  Territory,  with  his 
 family,  with  the  view  of  making  it  his  permanent 
 
 home.  He  held  for  a  short  tim^e  the  position  of  Presi- 
 dent of  Jefierson  College,  an  Institution  establislitd 
 by  the  Territorial  Ciovernment  at  'Washington,  the 
 capital;  then  liecame  pastor  of  the  Pine  liidge  Church, 
 in  comiectiou  with  three  others,  and  finally,  for  the 
 last  thirty-seven  years  of  his  life,  served  as  pastor  of 
 the  associated  churches  of  Ebenezer  and  Union,  in 
 Jefierson  county.  He  died  in  1848,  after  ha%-ing 
 been  fifty  years  in  the  ministry.  He  was  an  emi- 
 nently simple,  genial  and  benevolent  man,  maintain- 
 ing through  life  a  transparency  and  an  equability, 
 beautifully  likened  by  one  of  his  neighbors  to  those 
 of  the  spring  of  water  which  guslied  from  a  hill  near 
 his  forest  home,  which  poured  forth  its  clear  stream 
 tlrrough  all  seasons  of  the  year,  and  through  all  years 
 alike.  He  was  a  devout  Christian,  a  laborious  pa.s- 
 tor,  and  was  permitted  to  witness  large  accessions  to 
 the  flocks  to  whom  he  ministered.  He  was  the  fourth 
 Presl)yterian  minister  permanently  settled  in  the 
 Southwest. 
 
 Montrose  Presbytery,  Pa.,  was  set  ofl'  from 
 Susquehanna  by  the  Synod  of  New  Jersey,  October 
 18th,  1832.  It  comprised  the  territory  of  Susquehanna 
 and  Wayne  counties.  Pa.,  and  consisted  of  .seven 
 ministers,  viz.,  Ebenezer  Kingsbury,  Josepli  AYood, 
 Joel  Chapin,  Lyman  Richardson,  Daniel  Dernelle, 
 Adam  Sliller  and  Sylvester  Cooke.  Tile  Presbytery 
 had  under  its  care  eighteen  churches.  Some  of  these, 
 notably  Salem  and  Palmyra,  Great  Bend,  Mount 
 Pleasant  and  Bethany,  were  the  first  organized  in 
 Northern  Penn.sylvania.  Their  members  were  mainly 
 of  New  England  origin.  Revivals  of  religion  were 
 early  enjoyed  among  them.  "  County  Prayer  Meet- 
 ings," "Conferences  of  Churches"  and  "Protracted 
 Meetings ' '  were  accustomed  to  be  held.  Controversy 
 at  times  raged  over  the  great  doctrines  of  the  Church, 
 and  able  champions  of  the  faith  were  here  found. 
 
 From  the  Presbytery  of  Montrose  there  went,  as 
 missionary,  in  1817,  to  the  Cherokee  Indians,  Rev. 
 William  Chamberlin;  to  the  Sandwich  Islands,  in 
 1831,  Rev.  Lorenzo  Lyons;  to  Patagonia  and  Borneo, 
 in  1833,  Rev.  William  Ames;  to  the  Syrian  Mission, 
 in  1855,  Rev.  Jerre  Lorenzo  Lyons,  and  to  the  same, 
 in  1855  and  1861,  the  brothers,  Henry  H.  Jessup  and 
 Samuel  Jessup.  These  were  all  commissioned  by  the 
 American  Board.  Few  Presbyteries  can  present  a 
 better  missionary  record. 
 
 The  Presbj'tery  of  Montrose  was  associated  with  the 
 New  School  body.  It  labored  ardently  for  the  reunion, 
 and  rejoiced  heartily  when  it  was  consummated.  At 
 the  time  when  merged  into  Lackawanna  it  consisted 
 of  thirty-four  ministers,  and  had  under  its  care 
 thirty-one  churches,  and  about  three  thousand  com- 
 municants. Eminent  ministers  adorned  its  rolls. 
 Among  its  elders  one  name  will  always  be  precious, 
 that  of  Judge  Jessup. 
 
 Moody,  John,  D.  D. ,  was  a  native  of  Dauphin 
 county.  Pa.,  and  born  July  4th,  1776.  After  graduat- 
 ing at  I'rinceton  College,  in  1796,  he  .studied  theology 
 
MOORE. 
 
 542 
 
 MOORE. 
 
 under  the  direction  of  the  Kev.  James  Snodgrass. 
 Sir.  Moody  receirad  a  call,  AprU  12th,  1803,  to  be 
 Dr.  Robert  Cooper's  successor  as  pastor  of  Middle 
 Spring  Presbyterian  Church,  Cumberland  county, 
 I'u..  and,  October  .'>th,  18(t:5.  wa.s  ordained  and  instiilled 
 pastor  of  this  church,  where  he  remained  until  his 
 death,  in  ls.)T.  During  the  latter  years  of  his  life  he 
 was,  through  the  infirmity  of  age,  unable  to  perform 
 ministerial  work.  Dr.  Moody  was  an  instructive 
 preacher  and  a  laborious,  faithful  and  successful 
 pastor.  He  was  greatly  respected  and  beloved  in  the 
 community  in  which  he  .so  long  lived  and  labored. 
 
 Moore,  Charles  Beatty,  was  born  in  Little 
 Rock,  Ark.,  March  31st,  183(),  second  .son  of  Eliza- 
 beth (i.  and  Kev.  James  W.  Moore,  the  pioneer  of 
 Arkansas  Presln-terianism ;  the  first  minister  of  this 
 Denomination  that  ever  settled  or  preached  in  the 
 Territory,  and  a  man  of  great  piety  and  eminent  use- 
 fulness. Cliarles  Beatty  gradu.ated  in  the  class  of  57, 
 at  Princeton,  X.  J. ;  studied  law  under  the  Hon. 
 John  T.  .Tones,  of  Phillips  county,  and  was  admitted 
 to  the  Bar  in  185'J,  at  Clarendon,  Ark.,  at  which  place 
 he  practiced  for  several  years.  He  subsequently  settled 
 in  Little  Rock,  where  he  now  resides.  In  1872  he  was 
 made  a  ruling  elder  in  the  church  organized  by  his 
 father  in  1828,  and  is  now  ruling  elder  in  the  Second 
 Presbyterian  Church,  bmlt  up  largely  through  his 
 in.strumentality.  He  was  elected  Attorney  General  of 
 the  State  in  1880,  and  re-elected  in  1882,  the  best  evi- 
 dence possible  that  his  services  had  proven  acceptable 
 to  his  constituency. 
 
 Major  Moore  is  a  man  of  strong  convictions  of 
 duty  and  of  unswerving  integrity.  His  remarkable 
 purity  of  character  and  sincere  but  unpretentious 
 piety  has  secured  for  him  the  unbounded  confidence 
 of  the  people  of  his  native  State.  He  is,  in  his  social 
 habits,  a  most  agreeable  companion,  and  his  house  is 
 the  home  of  an  abounding  hospitality.  Though  at 
 times  appearing  somewhat  haughty  and  reserved,  he 
 is  easily  approached,  and  a  generous  friend  to  real 
 worth  in  every  station.  His  strength  consists  not  so 
 much  in  any  peculiar  brilliancy,  as  in  sound  judg- 
 ment, and  a  rounded,  full,  well  balanced  moral  and 
 mental  makc-u]);  that  sort  of  character  which  in  its 
 beneficent  results  infiniti'ly  exceeds,  and  is  fiir  more 
 to  be  adiuiri-d  than  wliatmen  call  genius. 
 
 Moore,  Rev.  John  Henry,  son  of  James  and 
 Elizabeth  L.  (Cheek)  Moore,  was  born  in  Green  county, 
 Ky.,  April  15th,  1823;  graduated  at  Centre  College 
 in  1849,  and  studied  theology  at  New  Albany,  Ind., 
 and  Princeton  seminaries.  He  was  licensed  by  Tran- 
 sylvania Presl)ytery,  ,Tune  3d,  18,")2,  and  served  the 
 First  Church  of  Hannibal,  Mo.,  from  December  1st, 
 1&52,  to  May  1st,  1853.  He  supplied  Clinton  and 
 Heyworth  churches,  111.,  from  August  2d,  1853,  to 
 October  1st,  1854;  Brazean  Church,  Mo.,  from  No- 
 vember 1st,  1854,  to  May  1st,  1857;  Atlanta  Church, 
 III.,  from  November  1st,  1857,  to  May  1st,  1859; 
 Farm  Ridge  Church,  111.,  from  June  1st,  1859,  to  June 
 
 1st,  1867.  He  was  pastor  of  North  Henderson  Church, 
 ni.,  from  November  2d,  1867,  untQ  April  5th,  1876, 
 where  he  labored  faithfully  and  succes-sfully.  Sub- 
 sequently he  had  charge  of  the  Church  of  Birming- 
 ham, Iowa,  until  his  death.  May  18th,  1880.  Mr. 
 Moore  was  an  intelligent,  earnest,  laborious  minister, 
 a  hearty  lover  of  the  doctrines  and  order  of  the 
 Presbjlerian  Church,  and  an  acceptable  iireacher. 
 He  was  greatly  loved  by  those  who  knew  him,  and 
 many  souls  were  gathered  into  his  churches  through 
 his  faitliful  labors. 
 
 .  Moore,  Samuel,  M.  D.,  was  born  at  Deerfield,  i 
 Cumberland  county,  N.  .T.,  February  8th,  1774.     His 
 father  was  an  officer  of  artillery  in  the  Revolutionary 
 Army,  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Brandywine,  and 
 was  wounded  in  the  battle  of  Germantown. 
 
 Dr.  Moore  was  a  graduate  of  the  University  of 
 Pennsylvania  (1791),  and  was  afterwards  a  Tutor  in 
 that  Institution.  He  subsequently  studied  medicine, 
 and  practiced  a  .short  time  in  Bucks  county.  Pa. 
 The  state  of  his  health  obliged  him  to  abandon  the 
 profession  and  enter  into  the  East  India  trade,  making 
 several  voyages  to  Canton  and  Calcutta.  In  1808  he 
 again  settled  in  Bucks  county,  and  in  1818  was 
 elected  to  Congre.ss  from  that  district.  He  was  t  wice 
 re-elected. 
 
 In  July,  1824,  Dr.  Moore  was  appointed,  by  Presi- 
 dent Monroe,  Director  of  the  United  States  Jlint, 
 Philadelphia.  During  his  term  of  serWce  the  Mint 
 was  transferred  from  Seventh  street  to  Chestnut 
 street,  the  necessary  appropriations  for  which  were 
 obtained  chiefly  By  his  own  influence  and  exertions. 
 The  corner-stone  of  the  new  edifice  was  laid  by  him, 
 July  4th,  1829.  Dr.  Moore  resigned  the  office  in 
 1835.  He  had  thiLs  filled  this  responsible  place  for 
 eleven  years,  under  the  administrations  of  Monroe, 
 Adams  and  Jackson.  Subsequently  he  engaged  in 
 mining  enterprises,  and  for  many  years  was  Presi- 
 dent of  the  Hazelton  Coal  Company. 
 
 He  was  a  gentleman  of  high  tone,  great  dignity, 
 decision  and  energy,  tine  administrative  ability,  and 
 a  consistent  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 Moore,  Thomas  Verner,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Newville,  Pa.,  February  1st,  1818.  He  was  educated 
 partly  at  Hanover  College,  lud.,  under  the  venerable 
 Dr.  Blythe,  and  partly  at  Dickinson  College,  Carlisle, 
 where  he  graduated  in  1838.  For  a  short  time  he 
 was  an  agent  of  the  American  Colonization  Society. 
 His  theological  studies  were  commenced  at  Princeton, 
 in  1839.  In  the  Spring  of  1842  he  was  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  Carlisle. 
 In  1845  he  resigned,  in  consequence  of  some  church 
 difficulties,  and  accepted  a  call  to  Greenca.stle.  In 
 1847  he  became  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Richmond,  Va.  .Vs  a  preacher  he  was  elo- 
 quent and  attractive.  On  account  of  delicate  health, 
 he  accepted  a  call  to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  1868,  but  remained  there  only 
 a  short   time.      He   was  Moderator  of  tlie  General 
 
MOORHEAD. 
 
 543 
 
 MOOBHEAD. 
 
 Assembly  (Southern)   in   1867,  at   Nashville,  Tenn. 
 He  died  August  5th,  1871. 
 
 Dr.  Moore  was  a  voluminous  writer.  His  published 
 works,  which  indicate  a  highly  finished  scholarship, 
 were  "Commentaries  on  the  Prophecies  of  Haggai, 
 Zechariah  and  Malachi,"  the  prophets  of  the  resto- 
 ration; "The  Last  Words  of  Jesus;"  "The  Culdee 
 Church;"  "  Evidences  of  Christianity,"  and  a  num- 
 ber of  occasional  sermons.     He  was  a  contributor  to 
 
 these  years  he  served  on  the  most  prominent  com- 
 mittees, and  made  an  enviable  record. 
 
 Of  late  years  Gen.  Moorhead  has  led  a  more  retired 
 life,  but  has,  for  all  that,  been  prominent  in  Pittsburg, 
 and  is  now  President  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
 and  Chairman  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
 Western  Pennsylvania  Hospital. 
 
 General  Moorhead  has  been  identified  with  the 
 Third  Presbyterian  Church  for  over  a  third  of  a  cen- 
 tury, for  many  years  one  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
 and  a  ruling  elder.  He  has  frequently  represented 
 the  Church  in  the  General  Assembly,  and  is  chosen 
 one  of  the  twenty  elders  to  represent  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  the  United  States  in  the  Pan-Presbyterian 
 Council  to  be  held  in  Belfast  in  1884. 
 
 Of  the  General,  the  following  is  a  truthful  outline 
 of  character,  written  by  the  Clerk  of  the  House  while 
 he  was  a  Member  of  Congress:  "  General  J.  K.  Moor- 
 head is  one  of  the  manliest  of  men.  He  never  pre- 
 varicates, equivocates,  or  shutiles  on  any  question  or 
 on  any  occasion,  and  he  h;is  the  faculty  of  saying 
 '  No, '  when  he  wants  to,  with  the  best  grace,  and 
 so  as  to  give  the  least  offence,  of  any  man  I  ever  knew. 
 Nobody  ever  had  any  doubt  as  to  where  Moorhead 
 
 THOMAS  VEHNEB  UOOBE,  D.  D. 
 
 the  ''Methodist  Quarterly  "  the  "Richmond  Eclectic 
 Slagazine, ' '  etc. ,  besides  sharing  in  the  editorship  of 
 the  ''Central  Proshi/tcrian." 
 
 Moorhead,  Gen.  James  Kennedy,  was  born 
 in  Halifax,  Dauphin  county,  Pa.  He  subsequently 
 resided  in  Huntingdon,  and  came  to  Pittsburg  in 
 1839,  when  he  became  Superintendent  of  the  Pioneer 
 Packet  Line,  which  he  established  between  Pittsburg 
 and  Philadelphia,  his  experience  in  that  direction 
 having  been  gained  while  Superintendent  of  the 
 Juniata  Di\'ision  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal,  and 
 previouslj',  as  a  contractor  for  part  of  the  work  on 
 that  canal.  In  1839  he  was  appointed  Adjutan1> 
 General  of  the  State,  and  in  the  following  year  Post^ 
 master  at  Pittsburg.  In  1846  he  was  chosen  President 
 of  the  Monongahela  Navigation  Company,  an  office 
 he  has  held  ever  .since,  much  of  that  company's  success 
 being  attributed  to  his  management.  During  his  resi- 
 dence in  Pittsburg  he  has  been  connected  with  many 
 business  enterprises  as  well  as  educational  and  charit- 
 able institutions  of  the  place.  He  was  chosen  to 
 Congress,  in  1858,  and  held  the  office  five  successive 
 terms,    in   1868  declining  a,  renomination.    During 
 
 GEN.  JAUES  KENNEDY  MOORHEAD. 
 
 stood,  and  at  home,  as  well  as  in  Congress,  his  pecu- 
 liar distinction  was  that  of  a  man  whom  '  it  would  do 
 always  to  tie  to.'  In  all  the  material  enterprises  of 
 Pittsburg,  from  the  Monongahela  Navigation,  of  which 
 he  was  the  father,  down  to  a  church  meeting,  or  a 
 meeting  for  charity,  everybody  felt  that  when  Moor- 
 head once  put  his  shoulder  to  the  wheel,  as  he  most 
 always  did,  the  thing  had  got  to  move.     He  never 
 
MOOBHEAD. 
 
 544 
 
 MORGAN. 
 
 flustered  or  blustered;  was  never  in  a  hurry;  never 
 overburdened  with  work;  never  too  busy  to  attend  to 
 the  claims  of  charity,  or  even  of  society;  but  moved 
 forward  in  all  hLs  enterprises  and  duties  with  the 
 great  power  of  a  deep  and  flowing  river;  no  noise;  no 
 fuss  and  I'l'athers;  no  nonsense  of  any  kind." 
 
 Moorhead,  Rev.  "William  "Wallace,  tenth  of 
 eleven  oliildivn  of  Judge  Samuel  and  Martha  (Bell) 
 Moorhead,  was  born  at  Blairsville,  Pa.,  February  28th, 
 1837.  He  graduated  from  Jefferson  College  in  1S60; 
 from  the  Western  Theological  Seminary  in  1863,  and 
 was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Blairsville,  April 
 9th,  18();2.  The  first  eight  years  of  his  ministry  were 
 spent  at  Camden  Mills  (now  Milan),  111.  There  he 
 was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Bureau  (now  Rock 
 River),  October  2.5tli,  1864.  He  labored  much  in 
 adjoining  churches,  and  outside  his  own  charge  He 
 was  instiilled  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Greensburg,  Pa. , 
 May  13th,  1871,  and  .still  continues  in  this  relation. 
 He  is  a  devoted  and  eflicient  presbyter.  As  a  jjastor, 
 he  is  eminently  suited  to  his  charge,  by  whom  he  is, 
 each  year,  more  and  more  beloved.  The  increase  of 
 his  congregation  made  a  necessity  for  an  enlarged 
 house  of  worship.  Doctrinally,  experimenfcilly  and 
 practically  he  preaches  an  unadulterated  gospel,  and 
 so  as  to  inform  the  judgment,  arouse  the  conscience 
 and  impress  the  heart.  ' 
 
 Morgan,  Hon.  Ed-win  Barber,  was  born  in 
 Aurora,  N.  Y.,  May  2d,  18()(i.  He  studied  at  Cayuga 
 Lake  Academy.  His  death  occurred  in  Aurora,  where 
 he  had  always  lived,  October  13th,  1881.  He  was 
 extensively  eugagcd  in  mercantile  pursuits.  He  was 
 one  of  the  original  proprietors  of  the  New  York  Times, 
 one  of  the  founders  of  the  "Wells  and  Fargo  Express 
 Company,  one  of  the  original  shareholders  of  the 
 United  States  Express  Company,  for  many  years 
 President  of  the  two  former  of  these  corporations, 
 and  Director  of  the  latter.  He  was  a  member  of 
 Congress,  1853-59.  For  over  a  quarter  of  a  centnry 
 he  wiis  President  of  the  Cayuga  Lake  Academy,  and 
 contributed  largely  to  its  support.  He  Wiis  a  member 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Aurora,  and  gave 
 very  liberally  for  its  support. 
 
 Mr.  Jlorgan  was  a  trustee  of  the  Auburn  Theologi- 
 cal Seminary  many  years.  Together  with  William 
 E.  Dodge,  each  contril)uting  one-half,  he  erected  the 
 Dodge-Morgan  Library  Buildingof  the  Auburn  Theo- 
 logical Seminary.  The  edifice,  which  has  room  for 
 holding  60,000  volumes,  cost  $40,000.  Subsequently 
 Mr.  Morgan,  in  memorj'  of  his  deceased  son,  gave 
 $75,000  toward  the  dormitory  building  of  the  institu- 
 tion, .since  called  "Morgan  H.iU. "  He  was  one  of 
 the  charter  trustees  of  Wells  College,  at  Aurora,  and 
 aft<-r\vard  President  of  its  Board  of  Trustees.  To 
 this  Institution  he  not  only  gave  his  personal  super- 
 vision for  many  years,  but  upward  of  a  quarter  of  a 
 million  of  dollars  in  gifts.  His  wife  gave  to  the  col- 
 lege the  new  Slorgan  Hall. 
 
 Besides  these  various  gifts,  Jlr.  Morgan's  benefac- 
 
 tions to  worthy  persons  and  institutions  were  almost 
 innumerable.  He  helped  many  a  young  man  to 
 acquire  an  education  and  to  start  in  business.  He 
 never  oppressed  a  man  for  debt,  and  in  several 
 instances  allowed  the  interest  on  securities  to  accumu- 
 late over  and  above  the  value  of  the  property  pledged 
 rather  than  distmi)  deserving  though  unfortunate 
 debtors.  He  not  only  gave  largely  to  wortliy  objects, 
 but  in  his  giving  he  exercised  a  discrimination  that 
 is  as  rare  as  it  is  commendable.  It  was  to  him  a 
 pleasure  to  feel  that  he  could  aid  in  forwarding  laud- 
 able enterprises  of  a  benevolent  eduwitional  nature,  "; 
 and  there  was  no  grudging  in  his  gifts.  He  gave  not 
 to  silence  importunities,  as  many  do,  but  because  he 
 was  convinced  that  his  iRuefactious  would  serve  a 
 good  purpose.  One  anecdote  out  of  many  shows  the 
 spirit  of  the  man.  A  well  known  gentleman  of 
 wealth,  residing  in  New  York,  once  comi^lained 
 to  Mr.  Morgan  that  he  found  it  difficult  to  get  proper 
 investments  for  his  money,  and  he  asked  for  a  sug- 
 gestion. "Why,"  .said  Mr.  Morgan,  "not  invest  in 
 some  worthy  charities  ?  I  have  found  them  the  best 
 investments." 
 
 Morgan,  Hon.  Edwin  D.,  whose  death  occurred 
 February  14th,  1883,  was  a  typical  American  citizen; 
 as  fine  an  example  of  the  capabilities  and  fruits  of  our 
 republican  institutions  as  the  country  has  ever  pro- 
 duced. 
 
 He  was  born  February  Sth,  1811,  on  his  father's 
 farm,  in  the  town  of  Washington,  Berkshire  county, 
 Mass.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  }te  was  a  clerk  in  his 
 uncle's  store  in  Hditford,  Conn.,  and  a  partner  before 
 he  was  of  age.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  was 
 elected  to  the  City  Council  of  Hartford.  Removing 
 to  New  York  city  in  1836,  he  engaged  in  mercantile 
 business,  and  was  very  successful.  Wealth  was 
 rapidly  accumulated.  In  1849  he  was  elected  to  the 
 Board  of  A.ssistaut  Aldermen,  and  nuide  its  President. 
 In  1850  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  and 
 became  President  2)ro  tempore.  In  1858  he  was 
 elected  Giovernor  of  the  State,  by  a  plurality  of  17,000 
 votes,  and  his  admiuLstration  of  the  State  Government 
 was  one  of  marked  economy  and  success.  Having 
 served  two  terms  ;is  Governor,  he  was,  in  1863, 
 elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  for  the  term  end- 
 ing on  March  4th,  1869,  and  served  on  a  number  of 
 important  committees  in  that  body.  In  1865  he  was 
 offered  the  office  of  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  but 
 declined  it,  as  he  did  also  the  same  position  when 
 offered  subsequently,  by  President  Arthur. 
 
 After  his  retirement  from  the  Senate,  Governor 
 Morgan  devoted  himself  largely  to  his  private  busi- 
 ncs.s,  and  to  the  philanthropic,  charitable  and  reli- 
 gious work  of  his  useful  life.  He  was  an  active 
 member  of  the  Brick  Presb3i«rian  Church,  New  York 
 city,  and  w;is  President  of  its  Board  of  Trustees. 
 His  death  was  full  of  peace.  To  his  pastor,  who 
 stood  by  bis  couch,  be  said,  "  I  am  ready  to  go  now, 
 if  it  is  God's  will,  for  it  is  better  to  be  with  him. 
 
MORGAN. 
 
 545 
 
 MORRIS. 
 
 .  .  .  I  know  that  I  have  not  been  a  good  man, 
 but  I  have  tried  to  do  God's  bidding.  I  leave  myself 
 in  His  hands,  for  there  I  am  safe."  After  a  few 
 moments  spent  in  prayer  the  dying  man  raised  him- 
 self on  his  couch  and  murmured,  "  How  sweet,  how 
 precious,  how  comfortable.     Christ,  my  Saviour." 
 
 Grovernor  Morgan  had  a  great  heart.  He  was 
 instinctively  humane.  The  welfare  of  common  people 
 was  very  precious  to  him.  If  he  never  flattered,  he 
 surely  never  forgot,  the  masses.  His  sense  of  right 
 was  simply  imperial.  Politicians  tried  again  and 
 again  to  bend  him  to  their  purposes;  reminded  him 
 of  his  obligations  to  them  for  office  and  honor;  threats 
 ened  him  ■svith  their  displeasure  and  hostility.  But 
 never  to  any  purpose.  His  sturdy  Puritan  conscience 
 stood  out  against  them  like  a  granite  clitf.     Merchant 
 
 as  he  was,  he  indignantly  refused  to  make  money  out 
 of  the  war.  One  day,  at  his  own  table,  to  liis  wife 
 he  said,  holding  up  a  bit  of  bread.  "  Xot  the  worth 
 of  this  will  I  make  out  of  tliis  war." 
 
 But  he  was  more  than  a  man  of  conscience.  He 
 was  a  devout,  consistent  Christian  believer  and  com- 
 municant. And  as  he  drew  near  the  end  of  his  busy 
 and  eventful  career,  his  heart  opened  itself  more  and 
 more  to  Christian  feeling,  Christian  purpose  and 
 Christian  work.  He  ga^e  $100,000  towards  the  land, 
 and  §100,000  to  the  buildings,  now  in  the  course  of 
 erection,  for  the  Xew  York  Union  Theological  Semi- 
 nary, and  the  library  buildings,  to  bear  his  name.  He 
 also  recently  gave  to  Williams  College  a  magnificent 
 hall  for  dormitories,  at  a  cost  of  nearly  $100,000, 
 which  will  bear  his  name.  The  Presbyterian  Hospital 
 and  the  Woman's  Hospital  were  objects  of  his  care 
 35 
 
 and  support.     The  bequests  in  his  will  for  charitable 
 and  religious  purposes  amounted  to  $795,000. 
 
 Morgan,  GKlbert,  D.D.,  was  born  in  central  Xew 
 York,  in  1791.  Of  his  early  life  but  few  reminiscences 
 are  left.  He  graduated  at  Union  College,  Schenec- 
 tady, X.  Y.,  and  studied  theology  at  Princeton. 
 Though  earnest,  evangelical  and  instructive  in  the 
 pulpit,  it  was  rather  as  a  writer  and  as  a  teacher, 
 that  he  was  most  remarkable.  In  1836  Mr.  Jlorgan 
 removed  to  Pittsburg,  Pa. ,  having  been  elected  Presi- 
 dent of  the  Western  University,  located  there.  Here 
 he  prepared,  at  the  request  of  the  Legislature,  a  . 
 report  on  Education,  which  was  adopted  bj^  that 
 State  as  a  basis  of  their  educational  .system.  Later 
 in  life  he  taught  in  Xorth  C'arolina,and  finally  settled 
 in  South  Carolina,  on  the  "  High  Hills  of  the  Santee." 
 Here,  in  a  beautiful,  salubrious  location,  retired  from 
 the  bustle  of  the  busy  world,  he  spent  seven  years  of 
 laborious  effort  in  the  cause  of  education.  The 
 daughters  of  Eastern  Carolina  can  never  forget  his 
 faithful  training;  it  was  "polished  stones  "  he  aimed 
 to  make  them.  Gentle,  courteous,  patient,  and 
 withal  so  modest,  that  perchance  the  casual  observer 
 may  not  have  suspected  his  wondrous  stores  of  know- 
 ledge. The  eminent  Tayler  Lewis,  in  a  public  docu- 
 ment, pronounced  him  "one  of  the  most  learned  men 
 in  the  country. ' ' 
 
 In  1870  the  University  of  Xew  York  conferred  upon 
 Mr.  Morgan  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Di^-inity.  He 
 died  in  Xew  York  city,  at  the  residence  of  his  son-in- 
 law,  Mr.  E.  Delafield  Smith,  being  still  a  member  of 
 Harmony  Presbytery,  Synod  of  South  Carolina. 
 
 Morris,  Ed-ward  D.,  D.D.,  the  oldest  child  of 
 Da\id  E.  and  Ann  (Le\\-is)  Morris,  was  born  in 
 Utica,  X.  Y'.,  October  31.«t,  1825.  There  he  resided, 
 occupied  during  his  j'outh  chiefly  as  a  clerk,  until  he 
 had  prepared  himself  for  admission  to  Y'ale  College 
 in  184(>.  During  his  college  course  he  was  led  to  ac- 
 cept of  the  Saviour  as  the  sinner's  friend. 
 
 He  was  graduated  at  Y'ale  in  1849.  Thence  he 
 went  to  Auburn  Theological  Seminary,  where  his 
 theological  course  was  completed  in  1852.  He  took 
 charge  of  the  Second  Presbj'terian  Church  of  Auburn, 
 and  in  June,  1852,  was  ordained  to  the  work  of  the 
 ministry  by  the  Presbytery  of  Caj'uga.  He  continued 
 laboring  successfully  in  this  pastorate  until  the  Au- 
 tumn of  1855,  when  he  was  called  to  the  Second 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Columbus,  Ohio.  Here  he 
 labored  with  fidelity  until  18G7,  when  he  was  elected 
 Professor  of  Church  Hi.story  and  Church  Polity  in 
 Lane  Theological  Seminary.  He  entered  immediately 
 upon  the  duties  of  his  professorship,  discharging 
 them  successfully  until  May,  1874,  when  he  was 
 transferred  to  the  Chair  of  Systematic  Theology. 
 This  position  he  still  retains.  He  received  the  hon- 
 orary title  of  D.  D.  from  Hamilton  College,  in  1863, 
 and  was  elected  Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly 
 which  met  at  the  city  of  Cleveland  in  1875.  Profes- 
 sor Morris  has  written  extensively  for  the  religious 
 
MORRIS. 
 
 546 
 
 MORRIS'  READING  HOUSE. 
 
 newspapers,  and  for  our  Denominational  Reviews. 
 He  has  published,  for  the  use  of  students,  a  volunje 
 of"  Outlines  iu  Theology."  He  is  understood  to  be 
 preparing  other  volumes  for  the  press. 
 
 Dr.  Morris  is  a  careful  writer,  an  earnest  and  able 
 preacher,  a  painstaking  teacher,  con.scientious  and 
 persistent  in  his  labor.  His  connection  with  Lane 
 Theological  Seminary  has  marked  a  period  of  steady 
 and  valuable  progress  in  that  Institution.  In  his 
 ministry  and  teaching  his  work  has  revealed  deep 
 underljdng  convictions,  and  unwavering-  devotion 
 to  those  convictions.  Blessed  with  a  good  share  of 
 physical  health,  he  has  crowded  the  years  full  of 
 valuable  laljor  for  the  cause  of  C'hri.st,  and  is  now  in 
 the  midst  of  a  life  of  large  usefulness. 
 
 Morris,  Herbert  "W.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Wales, 
 July  '21st,  1818,  and  received  his  education,  classical 
 and  theological,  at  London,  England ;  but  ere  he 
 had  quite  completed  his  cour.se  in  the  latter  branch, 
 obliged  to  discontinue  all  study  in  consequence  of  an 
 affection  of  his  eyesight;  came  to  America  in  1842. 
 After  a  reluctant  rest  in  this  country,  of  nearly  four 
 years,  he  presented  himself,  in  1846,  before  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Utica,  N.  Y.,  and  was  duly  examined  and 
 licensed  to  preach.  In  the  Fall  of  1847  he  became 
 the  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Martins- 
 burg,  Lewis  county,  N.  Y.,  where  he  remained  until 
 February,  1850,  when  he  was  called  to  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Little  Falls,  N.  Y.,  of  which 
 he  continued  the  pastor  something  over  ten  years. 
 From  this  place  he  removed  to  Indiana,  where  the 
 next  six  years  of  his  ministerial  labors  were  spent. 
 Early  in  the  year  1847  he  was  installed  pastor  of 
 Calvary  Presbyterian  Church,  in  the  city  of  Rochester, 
 N.  Y.,  which  position  he  held  for  ten  years,  his  labors 
 reisulting  in  doubling  the  membership  and  in  build- 
 ing a  hand.some  new  edifice.  This  charge  he  resigned 
 in  1877,  to -devote  himself  exclusively  to  literary 
 labors.  In  1850,  and  while  pastor  of  Calvary,  he 
 publi-shed  a  work  entitled  "Science  and  the  Bible," 
 which  in  a  short  period  reached  a  sale  of  fifty  thous- 
 and copies.  In  1875,  this  was  followed  by  another, 
 "Present  Conflict  of  Science  with  Religion,"  which 
 also  met  with  a  very  favorable  reception  from  the 
 public.  In  recognition  of  his  attainments  and  pro- 
 ductions, the  Univensity  of  Rochester  conferred  on 
 him,  in  1876,  the  degree  of  D.  D.  In  1880,  his  "Tes- 
 timony of  the  Ages  to  the  Truth  of  Scripture"  ap- 
 peared, a  work  of  immense  labor,  embracing  some 
 five  thou.sand  corroborations  of  the  Bible,  gathered 
 from  all  accessible  sources.  And  in  1883  a  fourth 
 volume  appeared  from  his  pen,  entitled  ' '  The  Celestial 
 Symbol,  or  the  Natural  Wonders  and  Spiritual  Teach- 
 ings of  the  Sun,"  a  production  quite  unique  in  its 
 conception,  and  which  has  already  received  many 
 high  commendations.  This  writer  is  still  hale,  and 
 laboriously  engaged  in  his  study,  hoping,  ere  he  lays 
 down  bis  jjcn,  to  make  yet  other  contriltutions  in 
 furtherance  of  the  cause  of  his  Bles.sed  Master. 
 
 Morris,  Robert  Desba,  D.  D.,  son  of  Joseph 
 and  Mary  (Overfield)  Morris,  was  born  in  Washington, 
 Mason  county,  Ky.,  August  22d,  1814.  He  graduated 
 from  Augusta  College,  Ky.,  in  1834;  entered  Princeton 
 Seminary  the  same  year,  and  having  spent  four  years 
 in  stud,v  there,  was  regularly  graduated,  in  1838;  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  April  19th, 
 1838 ;  was  ordained  by  the  Second  Presbytery  of  Phila- 
 delphia, October  23d,  1838,  and  was  the  same  day  in- 
 stalled pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Xewtown, 
 Bucks  county.  Pa.  Here  he  spent  a  useful  pastorate 
 of  eighteen  j'cars,  teaching,  for  most  of  the  time,  in  a 
 parochial  school,  which  he  founded  soon  after  his  in- 
 stallation. For  eighteen  years  he  served  as  a  Trustee 
 of  Lafayette  College.  He  resigned  his  pastoral  charge 
 in  Newtown,  April  16th,  1856,  and  removed  to  Ohio. 
 In  1859  he  became  President  of  the  Female  College 
 of  Oxford,  Ohio,  which  ofiice  he  held  until  his  de.ath. 
 He  was  thenceforward  known  chiefly  as  an  educator, 
 to  which  profession  he  gave  energetic  and  persevering 
 labor,  with  abundant  testimonies  of  the  success  of  his 
 work.  For  several  years  he  was  in  feeble  health. 
 The  last  three  months  of  his  life  he  went  out  very 
 little,  but  was  confined  to  his  bed  only  about  one 
 week.  Understanding  well  his  situation,  he  had  clear 
 views  of  his  acceptance  through  the  merits  and  media- 
 tion of  Christ.  "Oh,  religion  is  a  glorious  reality;  I 
 feel  this  more  now  than  ever  before."  "All  my  hope 
 is  in  Christ,  my  precious  Saviour. "  "Oh!  the  great, 
 great  .salvation!  cling  to  it."  These  and  many  like 
 utterances  of  trust  and  triumjih  fell  from  his  lips  dur- 
 ing the  very  last  Iiour  of  his  life.  He  died  November 
 3d,  1882. 
 
 Dr.  Morris  was  a  man  of  high  tone,  warm  in  his 
 friend.ships,  a  lover  of  good  men  and  of  the  Church  of 
 (lod,  to  which  he  gave  the  .services  of  a  loyal  .son  and 
 the  best  labors  of  his  life. 
 
 Morris'  Reading  House.  This  was  the  first 
 of  several  buildings  erected  in  the  Valley  of  Virginia 
 about  the  year  1740,  and  with  which  the  rise  of  Pres- 
 byterianLsm  in  that  region  is  inseparably  connected. 
 They  were  erected  to  accommodate  those  who  were 
 dissati.sfied  with  the  preaching  of  the  parish  incum- 
 bents, and  anxious  to  enjoj'the  privilege  of  listening, 
 on  the  Sabbath,  to  the  reading  of  instructive  and 
 devotional  works  on  religion. 
 
 "The  origin  of  this  movement,"  says  Dr.  Gillet, 
 "was  somewhat  singular.  The  people  had,  for  the 
 mo.st  part,  never  heard  or  seen  a  Presbyterian  min- 
 ister. But  reports  had  reached  them  of  re\ivals  in 
 Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey  and  New  England.  A  few 
 leaves  of  Boston's  '  Fourfold  State,'  in  the  possession 
 of  a  Scotch  woman,  fell  into  the  hands  of  a  gentle- 
 man, who  was  so  atfected  by  their  perusal  that  he 
 sent  to  England,  by  the  next  ship,  to  procure  the  entire 
 work.  The  result  of  its  perusal  was  his  conversion.  An- 
 other olitained  possession  of  'Luther  on  (ialatians.' 
 He,  in  like  manner,  was  deeply  afl'ect<d,  and  ceased 
 not  to  read  and  pray  till  he  found  peace  iu  Christ. 
 
M0RBI8'  BEADING  HOUSE. 
 
 547 
 
 MORRISON. 
 
 "These  persons,  with  two  or  three  others,  all  heads 
 of  families,  without  previous  consultation  or  confer- 
 ence, absented  themselves  at  the  same  time  from  the 
 worship  of  the  parish  church.  They  were  convinced 
 that  the  gospel  was  not  preached  by  the  parish  min- 
 ister, and  they  deemed  it  inconsistent  with  their  duty 
 to  attend  upon  his  ministrations.  Four  of  them  were 
 summoned  on  the  same  day,  and  at  the  same  place, 
 to  answer  to  the  proper  officers  for  their  delinquency. 
 For  the  first  time  they  here  learned  their  common 
 views.  Confirmed  in  them  by  this  unexpected  coin- 
 cidence, they  thenceforth  chose  to  subject  themselves 
 to  the  payment  of  the  fines  imjiosed  by  law  rather 
 than  attend  church  where  they  felt  that  they  could 
 not  be  profited. 
 
 '  ■  They  agreed,  at  first,  to  meet  every  Sabbath,  alter- 
 nately at  each  other's  houses,  to  read  and  pray.  Soon 
 their  numbers  increased.  Curiosity  attracted  some 
 and  religious  anxiety  others.  The  Scriptures  and 
 Luther  on  Galatians  were  first  read.  Afterward  a 
 volume  of  WTiitefield's  sermons  fell  into  their  hands 
 (1743).  '  My  dwelling-house,'  says  Mr.  Morris,  '  was 
 at  length  too  small  to  contain  the  people.  We  de- 
 termined to  build  a  meeting-house,  merely  for  read- 
 ing.' The  result  was  that  several  were  awakened, 
 and  gave  proof  of  genuine  conversion.  Mr.  Morris 
 was  invited  to  several  places,  some  of  them  at  a  con- 
 siderable distance,  to  read  the  sermons  which  had 
 been  so  eftective  in  his  own  neighborhood.  Thus  the 
 interest  that  had  been  awakened  .spread  abroad. 
 
 ' '  The  dignitaries  of  the  established  Church  saw  the 
 parish  churches  deserted,  and  took  the  alarm.  They 
 urged  that  indulgence  encouraged  the  evil,  and  hence 
 invoked  the  strong  arm  of  the  law  to  restrain  it.  The 
 leaders  in  the  movement  were  no  longer  regarded  as 
 individual  delinquents,  but  a  malignant  cabal,  and, 
 instead  of  being  arraigned  merely,  before  the  magis- 
 trates, they  were  cited  to  appear  before  the  Governor 
 and  Council. 
 
 "Startled  by  the  criminal  accusation  which  was 
 now  directed  against  them,  of  the  nature,  extent,  and 
 penalities  of  which  they  had  indistinct  conceptions, 
 they  had  not  even  the  name  of  a  religious  Denomina- 
 tion under  which  to  shelter  their  dissent.  At  length, 
 recollecting  that  Luther,  whose  work  occupied  so 
 much  space  in  their  public  religious  readings,  was  a 
 noted  reformer,  they  declared  themselves  Lutherans. 
 
 "But  it  so  hajipcned  that,  on  the  way  to  "VVilliam.s- 
 burg,  to  appear  before  the  Governor,  one  of  the  com- 
 pany, detained  by  a  violent  storm  at  a  house  on  the 
 road,  fell  in  with  an  old  volume  on  a  dust^covered 
 shelf,  which  he  read,  to  while  away  the  time.  Amazed 
 to  find  in  it  the  expression  of  his  own  religious  senti- 
 ments, so  ftir  as  they  had  been  definitely  formed,  he 
 ofiered  to  purchase  the  book,  but  the  owner  gave  it 
 to  him.  At  Williamsburg  he,  with  his  friends,  more 
 carefully  examined  the  work,  and  all  were  agreed 
 that  it  expressed  their  own  views.  When  they  ap- 
 peared before  the  Governor,  therefore,  they  presented 
 
 this  old  volume  as  their  creed.  The  Governor, 
 Gooch,  himself  of  Scotch  origin  and  education,  looked , 
 at  the  volume,  and  found  it  to  be  the  Confession  of 
 Faith  of  the  Presbj-terian  Church  of  Scotland.  He 
 consequently  denominated  the  men  arraigned  before 
 him  Presbyterians,  and  dismissed  them,  with  the  gen- 
 tle caution  not  to  excite  disturbance.  One  of  the 
 party  firmly  believed  that  this  leniency  on  the  part 
 of  the  Governor  and  the  Council  was  due,  in  part,  to 
 the  impression  made  by  a  violent  thunder-storm,  then 
 shaking  the  hou.se  in  which  they  were  assembled, 
 and  wrapping  everything  around  them  alternately  in 
 darkness  and  in  .sheeted  flame. " 
 
 Morrison,  Rev.  Q-eorg-e,  was  born  at  White- 
 clay  Creek  Farm,  in  New  Castle  county,  Del.,. January 
 15th,  1797,  the  oldest  of  six  children  of  Douglass 
 and  Elizabeth  (Wilson)  Morrison.  He  pursued  his 
 classical  studies  under  the  Rev.  Dr.  Russell,  Princi- 
 pal of  the  Newark  Academy,  and  pastor,  and  his 
 theological  studies  with  the  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  Martin, 
 of  Chanceford,  York  county.  Pa.,  one  of  the  eminent 
 men  of  his  generation.  His  licensure  to  preach  the 
 gospel  was  received  from  the  Presbytery  of  New- 
 Castle,  in  1822.  In  the  same  year  he  was  called  to  the 
 charge  of  the  Bethel  Church,  in  Harford  county,  Md., 
 and  about  this  time  also  purchased  a  farm  in  Balti- 
 more county,  at  Sweet  Air,  at  which  place  he  shortly 
 afterwards  established  a  classical  boarding-school, 
 which  he  conducted  in  conjunction  with  his  ministe- 
 rial labors  at  Bethel  and  other  points  in  Baltimore 
 and  Harford  counties.  After  a  successful  and  arduous 
 ministry  of  fifteen  years,  he  died,  April  19th,  1837, 
 and  his  remains  are  interred  in  the  graveyard  of  the 
 old  and  historic  church  of  Bethel.  Mr.  Morrison 
 continued  pastor  of  Bethel  Church  through  his  entire 
 ministry.  He  was  an  exemplary  and  u.scful  man. 
 His  simplicity  of  manner,  'honesty,  candor,  integrity, 
 fidelity  and  constancy  in  friendship,  opened  every 
 heart  to  receive  him  without  jealousy  or  suspicion. 
 His  visits  to  the  families  of  his  church  were  profitable 
 beyond  what  is  common.  His  discourses,  which 
 were  plain  and  Scriptural,  were  always  delivered 
 with  an  earnestness  and  warmth  which  showed 
 the  deep  sense  which  he  had  of  his  solemn  station, 
 as  .standing  up  in  Christ's  stead,  and  entreating 
 sinners  to  be  reconciled  to  God.  He  was  a  pure, 
 old  style  adherent  to  the  doctrines  and  order  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  as  stated  in  its  Standards.  He 
 knew  no  sophistry.  The  metaphysics  of  the  Bible  - 
 were  all  the  metaphysics  he  ever  studied,  and  all  his 
 pride  was  spent  in  understanding  them.  His  preach- 
 ing was  not  with  the  enticing  words  of  man's  wisdom, 
 but  in  demonstration  of  the  spirit  and  of  jjower. '' 
 
 Morrison,  Rev.  George,  the  son  and  fourth 
 child  of  Rev.  George  and  Elizabeth  (Lovell)  Morri- 
 son, was  born  at  Sweet  Air,  Baltimore  county,  Md., 
 January  30th,  1831.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  Col- 
 lege, in  1852.  In  the  Autumn  of  the  year  of  his 
 graduation,  he  e.stablished  a  classical  school  at  Sweet 
 
MORRISON. 
 
 548 
 
 MORRISON. 
 
 Air,  which  proved  to  be  a  successful  step.  In  1854  he 
 was  elected  Principal  of  the  Baltimore  City  College, 
 which  position  he  held  until  1857,  the  Board  of  School 
 Commissioners  on  the  occasion  of  his  resignation  pass- 
 ing resolutions  highly  complimentary  to  the  faithful 
 and  efficient  manner  in  which  he  performed  his 
 duties.  Afterstudyingtheology  at  the  Danville  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  he  was  licensed,  in  18G0,  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Baltimore,  to  preach  the  go.spel.  In 
 the  Autumn  of  that  year  he  accepted  the  charge  of 
 a  church  at  Cynthiana,  Ky.,  and  in  1865  resigned  it 
 to  become  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  at 
 Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  in  which  position  he  remained 
 until  1870,  and  wliilst  there,  contributed  to  the 
 '■^Herald  and  Prcshi/tcr,"  performed  considerable  mis- 
 sionary and  educational  work  for  his  Presbytery  and 
 Synod,  and  paid  off  the  debt  of  the  church  building 
 at  Terre  Haute.  In  1872  he  was  chosen  pastor  of  the 
 Bethel  Church  of  Harford  county,  Md.  In  1873  he 
 became  editor  and  one  of  the  proprietors  of  the 
 '' Presbi/fcrian  Weekly"  of  Baltimore.  In  1876  he 
 resigned  his  charge  of  the  Bethel  Church,  to  assume 
 that  of  tlio  Grove  Church,  Harford  county.  Mr. 
 Morrison  is  a  gentleman  of  great  force  of  character 
 and  marked  individuality.  As  a  preacher,  he  is 
 earne.st  and  impressive,  and  as  a  presbyter,  active 
 and  faithful. 
 
 Morrison,  Rev.  James,  was  born  in  Cabarrus 
 county,  N.  C,  in  1795.  His  parents  were  eminently 
 pious,  and  from  childhood  he  was  taught  to  "know 
 the  Scriptures."  Prepared  for  college  by  his  pastor, 
 Kev.  John  M.Wilson,  D.D.,  a  distingui.shed  teacher 
 of  a  classical  school,  he  graduated  in  the  University 
 of  Ngrth  Carolina,  at  Chapel  Hill,  in  1814.  His  ser- 
 vices were  at  once  obtained  for  the  Raleigh  Academy, 
 after  which  he  was  appointed  Tutor  in  the  University, 
 and  served  one  year.  His  theological  course  was  con- 
 ducted under  the  direction  of  Rev.  Robert  II.  Chap- 
 man, D.D.,  and  he  was  licensed  on  the  5th  of  April, 
 1817,  and  ordained  on  November  15th  following,  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Orange.  He  was  called  from  mis- 
 sionary labor  in  the  eastern  part  of  North  Carolina, 
 to  take  charge  of  New  Providence  Church,  in  Rock- 
 bridge county,  Va.,  and  was  installed  September  25th, 
 1819.  This  wa-s  his  only  charge,  and  extended  through 
 a  period  of  thirty-eight  years.  His  and  the  pa.storates 
 of  Rev.  John  Brown  and  of  Rev.  Samuel  Brown,  his 
 immediate  predecessor  and  father-in-law,  made  up  a 
 period  of  about  one  hiindri'd  year.s.  During  his  p;us- 
 torate,  over  seven  hundred  persons  were  added  to  the 
 church,  on  profession  of  faith.  His  diligence  and 
 fidelity,  united  with  affection  in  ]):ustoral  work  and 
 his  scriptural  preaching,  tlius  received  a  decided  tes- 
 timony. He  was  remarkable  for  punctual  attendance 
 in  the  Churdi  courts  and  the  meetings  of  the  Board 
 of  Trustees  of  Wa.shington  College,  of  wliich  he  was, 
 till  the  infirmities  of  age  closed  his  service,  for  nearly 
 a  generation,  an  active  member.  He  was  also,  for 
 many  years,  a  Director  of  Union  Seminary,  and  though 
 
 attendance  involved  a  ride  on  horseback  of  one  hun- 
 dred miles,  he  was  rarely  out  of  place.  Besides  the 
 service  of  the  largest  congregation  in  the  Synod,  he, 
 for  most  of  the  period  of  active  life,  conducted  suc- 
 cessfully a  classical  school.  Such  a  life  of  labor  broke 
 down  his  constitution,  so  that  from  1851  to  his  death 
 he  was  an  invalid.  In  much  intirmity  of  body,  he 
 continued  his  work  till  April,  18.57.  During  his  thir- 
 teen years  of  decline,  his  soul  was  ever  at  peace,  and 
 "I  know  whom  I  have  believed,  that  He  is  able  to 
 keep  that  I  have  committed  unto  him  till  that  day," 
 expres.sed  his  daOy  trust.  However  much  both  body 
 and  mind  were  impaired,  his  faith  and  hope  never 
 wavered,  and  thus,  November  10th,  1870,  he  entered 
 into  "the  joy  of  his  Lord."  His  children  and  cliil- 
 dren's  children  rise  up  to  call  him  blessed. 
 
 Morrison,  Rev.  James  H.,  third  son  of  Rev. 
 W.  N.  Morrison,  was  born  in  Buncombe  county,  N.  C, 
 February  2d,  1849.  He  worked  on  his  father's  farm 
 and  attended  school  alternately,  while  a  boy,  and  was 
 greatly  favored  in  enjoying  the  instructions  of  the  late 
 Colonel  Steijhen  I^ee,  in  his  Classical  and  Mathemati- 
 cal school,  near  Asheville,N.C.  After  placing  himself 
 under  the  care  of  Mecklenburg  Presbytery,  he  entered 
 Da^^dson  College,  in  1869.  He  studied  and  taught 
 school,  alternately,  until  1875,  when  he  graduated, 
 with  marks  of  honor  throughout  his  course.  After 
 spending  two  years  (1877-78)  at  Union  Theological 
 Seminary,  Virginia,  he  was  invited  to  assist  Rev.  E.  O. 
 Guerrant  in  the  wide  fields  of  Bath  and  Montgomery 
 counties,  Ky.  He. was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel 
 by  West  Lexington  Presbytery,  May  7th,  1878,  after 
 which  he  supplied  the  Owingsville  and  Springfield 
 churches,  in  Bath  county,  for  a  year,  and  the  Walnut 
 Hill  Church,  near  Lexington,  Ky.,  for  about  six 
 months.  In  May,  1879,  he  was  called  to  the  Port^ 
 land  Avenue  Church,  Louisville,  Ky.,  where  he  Wiis 
 ordained  as  pastor,  October  19th,  1X79.  Mr.  Monison 
 is  an  earnest,  able  and  successful  preacher.  His 
 labors  have  been  greatly  blessed.  During  his  present 
 pastorate  of  four  j-ears,  at  LouisAille,  more  than  one 
 hundred  and  fifty  persons  have  made  a  profession 
 of  their  faith  in  Christ,  in  his  own  church  and 
 other  churches  of  Louisville  Presbytery,  through  his 
 instrumentality. 
 
 Morrison,  John  Hunter,  D.  D.,  .son  of  James 
 and  Eleanor  (Thompson)  Morrison,  was  born  in  Wall- 
 kill  Township,  Orange  county,  N.  Y.,  June  29th, 
 1806.  Was  graduated  from  the  College  of  New  Jersey 
 in  1834,  and  from  Princeton  Seminary  in  1837;  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  York,  September 
 12tli,  1837,  and  was  ordained  by  the  same  Presby- 
 tery, October  1st,  1837.  Soon  after  his  ordination 
 he  sailed  for  India,  and  thenceforward  his  wliole 
 ministerial  life  was  spent  in  the  Foreign  Missionary 
 work,  in  connection  with  tlie  Presbyterian  Board  of 
 Foreign  Missions,  twice  making  brief  visits  to  liis 
 native  land.  During  one  of  these,  in  1863,  he  wiis 
 elected  and  served  as  Moderator  of  the  General  As- 
 
MORRISON. 
 
 549 
 
 MORSE. 
 
 sembly,  at  its  sessions  in  Peoria,  111.  It  was  at  Dr. 
 Morrison's  suggestion,  while  in  India,  that  the  first 
 week  of  January  was  set  apart  for  united  prayer  for 
 the  conversion  of  the  world  to  Christ.  He  lived  and 
 labored  successively  at  Allahabad,  Agra,  Sabathu, 
 Simla,  Ambala,  Lahore,  Rawal  Pindi  and  Dehra 
 Doon.  He  was  a  man  of  rare  devotion  to  his  work, 
 doing  the  one  thing  only,  of  living  to  advance  the 
 kingdom  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ.  Through  many 
 trials  he  stood  bravely  at  his  post,  until  his  SIa.ster 
 called  him  home.  He  died  of  Asiatic  cholera,  Sep- 
 tember 16th,  1881,  at  Dehra  Doon,  India.  His  dying 
 words  were,  "It  is  perfect  peace ;  I  know  whom  I 
 have  believed." 
 
 Morrison,  Robert  Hall,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  Wil- 
 liam and  Abigail  (McEwen)  MorrLson,  was  born  in 
 ' '  Kocky  River  Congregation, ' '  Cabarrus  county,  N.  C. , 
 September  8th,  1798.  His  grandfather,  Robert  Morri- 
 son, emigrated  from  the  Isle  of  Lewis,  Scotland,  about 
 1750,  and  settled  in  North  Carolina.  Robert  Hall, 
 the  grandson,  pursued  his  classical  studies  in  Rocky 
 River  Academy,  under  Rev.  John  Makemie  Wilson, 
 D.  D.  He  was  graduated  from  the  University  of 
 North  Carolina,  in  1818,  in  the  class  of  President 
 James  K.  Polk,  Governor  Mosely,  of  Florida,  and 
 Bishop  Green,  of  Mississippi.  After  graduating  he 
 studied  theology  under  his  pastor.  Dr.  John  M.  Wil- 
 son, and  was  received  under  care  of  Concord  Presby- 
 tery, September  1st,  1818;  licensed  by  the  same, 
 September  6th,  1820,  and  ordained,  by  the  same, 
 pastor  of  Providence  Church,  April  21st  1821,  and 
 immediately  elected  Commissioner  to  the  Assembly, 
 at  Philadelphia.  He  was  dismissed  to  Fayette^-ille 
 Presbytery,  April  3d,  1822,  and  labored  as  pastor  of 
 Fayetteville  Church  for  three  years.  About  this  time 
 the  College  of  New  Jersey  gave  him  the  degree  of 
 A.  M.  During  his  stay  in  Fayetteville  he  edited  a 
 paper — called  the  Religious  Telegraph,  perhaps.  In 
 1827  he  returned  to  Concord  Presbytery,  and  took 
 charge  of  Sugar  Creek  Church,  preaching  a  portion  of 
 his  time  in  the  neighboring  village  of  Charlotte. 
 
 In  1835  he  introduced  into  Concord  Presbytery  the 
 resolutions  that  led  to  the  establishment  of  Davidson 
 College,  and  receiving  an  appointment  as  Agent, 
 together  with  Rev.  P.  J.  Sparrow,  raised  §30,000  for 
 that  purpose.  At  the  opening  of  the  College  he  was 
 called,  as  its  first  President,  to  organize  the  Institu- 
 tion. He  began  work  there  in  February,  1837,  and 
 faithfully  and  wisely  reduced  the  enterprise  into 
 working  order,  as  a  Manual-labor  College.  The 
 manual-labor  feature  was  dropped  after  a  couple  of 
 years,  as  impracticable.  In  1838  the  University  of 
 North  Carolina  conferred  upon  him  the  honorary 
 degree  of  Doctor  of  Di^"inity.  In  1840,  in  consequence 
 of  impaired  health,  Dr.  Morrison  resigned  the  presi- 
 dency of  Davidson  College,  and  retired  to  bis  farm  in 
 Lincoln  county,  where  he  still  survives.  He  con- 
 tiaued  to  preach  at  several  neighboring  churches  until 
 1880,  when  he  ceased,  through  the  infirmities  of  age. 
 
 Dr.  Morrison  was  an  impressive,  elegant  and  in- 
 structive preacher,  loving  the  Church  and  its  Head, 
 and  laboring  for  its  advancement  as  long  as  shattered 
 nerves  would  allow.  His  influence  in  the  Church 
 was  great,  and  probably  none  but  he  could  have  suc- 
 ceeded in  carrying  into  effect  the  often  tried  enter- 
 prise of  establishing  a  good  college  in  western  North 
 Carolina.  His  piety,  zeal  for  the  glory  of  God,  elo- 
 quence, and  influence  with  public  men,  succeeded  in 
 securing  a  desirable  charter  for  the  College,  and  his 
 untiring  patience  and  acquaintance  with  affairs 
 enabled  him  to  put  the  scheme  in  successful  opera- 
 tion. 
 
 Morrison,  Rev.  "William  N. ,  now  in  the  seventy- 
 third  year  of  his  .age,  resides  in  Asheville,  N.  C,  laid 
 aside,  as  he  has  been  for  several  years,  from  the 
 active  duties  of  the  ministry,  by  the  infirmities  of 
 age  and  disease.  He  is  the  son  of  John  Morrison, 
 who  was,  for  many  years  before  his  death,  an  efficient 
 and  venerated  ruling  elder  in  Rocky  River  Church, 
 in  Cabarrus  county,  N.  C.  His  academical  course 
 was  taken  under  his  eldest  brother.  Rev.  James  Mor- 
 rLson, in  Rockbridge  county,  Va.  After  graduating 
 at  Wiishington  College,  Va.,  he  went  to  the  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  at  Princeton  in  1831,  but  his  health 
 failing  there,  he  intermitted  his  studies  for  a  time, 
 and  then  completed  them  at  Union  Seminary,  Va. 
 He  was  licensed  to  preach  Ajjril  30th,  1835;  ordained 
 by  Presbytery  of  Morgantown,  November  11th, 
 1837;  stated  supply  of  Goshen  and  New  Hope 
 churches,  N.  C,  1836-7;  pastor  of  Goshen,  1837-40; 
 stated  supply  of  New  Hope,  1837-41;  stated  supply 
 of  Swannanoa,  Reem's  Creek,  and  Flat  Creek,  1841- 
 54,  and  teacher  and  Sunday-school  missionary,  Ashe- 
 ville, 1854. 
 
 For  several  short  periods  of  time,  Mr.  Morrison 
 was  the  only  Presbyterian  minister  west  of  the  Blue 
 Ridge,  in  North  Carolina.  Very  few  of  those  who  called 
 him  and  grew  in  grace  under  his  arduous  ministry  re- 
 main, but  their  children  and  children's  children  rise 
 and  call  him  blessed.  He  has  been  a  faithful  servant 
 in  the  Lord's  vineyard.  "  The  revelation  of  the 
 '  great  day '  only, ' '  writes  a  hand  guided  by  affection, 
 ' '  will  make  known  the  toils  and  trials  through  which 
 he  and  his  family  have  passed  to  sow  the  seed  of  the 
 gospel;  but  he  will  .soon  be  called  up  higher,  to  re- 
 ceive from  Him  who  'gave  Himself  for  us,'  the 'Well 
 done,  enter  into  the  joy  of  thy  Lord,'  the  hope  of 
 which  sustains  him  under  all  the  infirmities  of  de- 
 clining years." 
 
 Morse,  Rev.  Richard  Gary,  was  born  Sep- 
 tember 19th,  1841,  in  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  graduated  at 
 Yale  College  in  1862,  and  at  both  Union  and  Prince- 
 ton Theological  Seminaries  in  1867.  October,  1867, 
 U)  December,  1869,  was  assistant  editor  of  the  Nno 
 York  Observer.  January  15th,  1869,  was  ordained  by 
 the  Third  Presbytery  of  New  York.  In  January, 
 1870,  accepted  an  inritation  of  the  International 
 Committee  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
 
MOBTON. 
 
 550 
 
 MOSELET. 
 
 tions  of  the  United  States  and  Britisli  Provinces,  to 
 act  as  Editor  and  Secretary  of  the  Committee.  Janu- 
 ary, 1870  to  1872,  was  wholly  occupied  as  editor  of 
 the  Association  Monthly,  published  by  the  Committee. 
 January^  to  September,  1872,  acted  as  Visiting  Sec- 
 retary of  the  Committee,  and  in  October,  1872,  be- 
 came the  General  Secretary  of  the  Committee.  In 
 all  these  positions  he  has  been  diligent  and  efficient. 
 In  1872,  1875,  1878,  and  1881,  he  vi.sited  Europe,  to 
 attend,  in  each  instance,  the  Triennial  meeting  of 
 the  "World's  Conference  of  the  Young  Men's  Chris- 
 tian Associations,  being  appointed,  in  1878,  the  Ameri- 
 can member  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  that 
 Conference. 
 
 Morton,  Rev.  John  Ballard,  .son  of  Elihu  and 
 Amelia  (Ballard)  Mi>rton,  wa.s  born  in  New  York 
 City,  Augu.st  3d,  1815;  was  graduated  from  the  Uni- 
 versity of  New  York,  A.  D.  1835;  studied  at  Prince- 
 ton Seminary  nearly  three  years,  1835-38,  but  was 
 not  graduated;  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  York,  October  10th,  1838;  and  was  ordained  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Miami,  at  Middletown,  Butler 
 county,  Ohio,  April  25th,  1843.  He  successively 
 labored  ;is  stated  supply  at  Portsmoutli,  Vu.,  from 
 February  to  July,  1839;  at  Middletown,  Ohio,  as 
 supply,  from  June,  1840,  until  installed  as  pastor 
 there,  April  25th,  1843;  released  for  half  his  time, 
 April  1st,  1845,  and  for  the  other  half,  March  15th, 
 1847;  Franklin,  Ohio,  stated  supply,  April  7th,  1847, 
 until  instilled  as  pa.stor,  November  17th,  1848; 
 released  September  11th,  1850;  Middletown,  Ohio 
 again,  as  stated  supply  and  teacher,  from  1852  to 
 October,  1856,  then  again  installed  as  pastor  there, 
 October  15th,  1856,  and  released  January  31st,  1865; 
 stated  supply  at  Dick's  Creek,  Ohio,  1865-66; 
 at  Monroe,  Ohio,  from  January  to  August,  1866; 
 .stated  supply  to  Springfield,  Ohio,  Si^cond  Church, 
 1867-68;  stated  supply  at  Venice,  Ohio,  1870-71; 
 stated  supply  at  Highland,  Kansas,  1872-75;  and 
 stilted  supply  at  St.  Charles,  Mo.,  from  Feliruary, 
 1875,  until  the  end  of  his  life.  He  died  March  31st, 
 1882.  His  last  days  were  marked  by  devotion  to  his 
 Master's  work,  and  faith  and  hope  in  lively  exercise. 
 As  a  man,  he  was  kind,  cheerful  and  affectionate; 
 as  a  preacher,  earnest,  evangelicjil  and  able;  as  a 
 teacher,  analj'tic  and  thorough;  as  a  writer,  clear 
 and  critical;  as  a  scholar  his  knowledge  was  wide 
 and  accurate;  as  a  Christian,  he  was  pure,  consistent, 
 and  charitul)k-. 
 
 Morton,  Rev.  Samuel  Mills,  w;ls  born  in  Law- 
 rence county,  Pa.,  April  20th,  1840.  His  father  was 
 for  many  years  a  ruling  elder  in  the  Pn^-sbyterian 
 Church.  He  graduated  at  Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  in 
 1864,  winning  the  Valedictory  in  a  cla.ss  of  thirty- 
 four  members.  After  completing  his  theological 
 course  at  the  ^V(•,stern  Theological  Seminary,  at  Alle- 
 gheny, Pa.,  he  began  his  ministry,  in  the  Autumn 
 of  1807,  by  taking  charge  of  the  North  Presbyterian 
 Church,  St.  Louis.     During  his  pastorate  the  church 
 
 was  freed  from  debt,  and  its  communicants  were 
 increased  from  one  hundred  and  forty  to  two  hun- 
 dred and  eighteen.  In  1871  he  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Urbana,  Illinois,  where 
 the  roll  of  membership  was  more  than  doubled 
 within  three  years.  He  came  to  Jacksonville,  111., 
 in  1874,  as  pastor  of  the  ^Vestminster  Presbyterian 
 Church,  where  he  h;is  remained  until  this  writing, 
 in  1883.  Recent  religious  interest  and  fresh  addi- 
 tions to  membership  bear  Avitness  to  his  ever-growing 
 influence  among  his  people.  His  theology  is  liberal, 
 yet  conservative;  his  preaching  practical  and  earnest; 
 his  delivery  fluent  and  attractive.  Mr.  ilorton  takes 
 a  prominent  part  in  social  reforms.  He  is  a  radical 
 Temperance  advocate,  but  he  displays  knowledge,  as 
 well  as  zeal,  and  shows  tolerance  toward  those  who 
 entertain  views  differing  from  his  own  concerning 
 method  and  present  expediency.  His  cordial  address, 
 his  catholic  spirit  and  his  genuine  Christian  man- 
 hood, have  made  for  him  a  multitude  of  friends  out- 
 side of  his  own  flock,  and  have  rendered  him  espe- 
 ciallj'  dear  to  his  ministerial  brethren  in  all  denomi- 
 nations. 
 
 Morton,  Rev.  W.  D.,  is  the  fourth  son  of  W.  B. 
 and  ilargaret  Morton ;  was  bom  in  Botetourt  countj', 
 Va.,  June  7th,  1843.  He  graduated  at  Hampden- 
 Sidney  College,  Va. ;  completed  his  theological  course 
 at  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Va.,  May,  1869;  was 
 licensed  to  preach  May,  1868;  took  charge  of  a  mis- 
 sionary field  in  Muhlenburg  Presbyterj-,  Ky.,  by 
 which  Presbytery  he  was  ordained  as  an  evangelist, 
 December  11th,  1870;  became  pastor  of  Morganfield 
 j  Chureh,inPaducahPresbytery,inl872;  wasappointed 
 to  the  evangelistic  work,  and  entered  on  his  work  as 
 evangelist  January  1st,  1882.  Mr.  Morton  is  a  man 
 of  robust  frame,  of  active,  \'igorous  mind,  ardent, 
 nervous  temperament;  is  a  thorough  scholar, of  varied 
 culture.  He  is  gifted  with  a  voice  of  unusual  com- 
 pass and  power.  As  a  preacher,  he  is  earnest,  ener- 
 getic, persuasive  and  instructive.  He  was  eminently 
 successful  as  a  pastor,  and  is  doing  a  noble  work  as 
 an  evangelist. 
 
 Moseley,  Henry  "W.,  M.  D.,  wasbornin  Lynch- 
 burg, Va.,  and  died  December  21st,  18 — ,  in  the  sixty- 
 eighth  year  of  his  age.  Though  a  native  of  L.^Tich- 
 burg,  he  was  reared  in  Bedford,  where  he  spent  his 
 life,  becoming  a  member  of  Peak's  Church  about  the 
 year  1828,  and  not  long  after  an  elder,  before  he  was 
 thirtj'yearsof  age,  in  which  office,  in  the  same  chmxh, 
 he  continued  till  the  day  of  his  death,  a  space  of  forty 
 years.  He  was  the  oldest  surviving  elder  in  that 
 church  of  those  who,  in  that  office,  succeeded  the 
 admirable  men,  Michael  Graham,  John  Leftwich, 
 Rufns  Thomas,  and  others  who  served  as  ruling 
 elders  under  the  Rev.  James  Turner  and  the  Rev. 
 James  Mit(-hell,  and  the  most  of  whom  were  spared 
 to  live  through  some  part  of  the  pastorate  of  the 
 Rev.  Dr.  J.  D.  Mitchell. 
 
 Dr.  Moseley  was  a  n\an  of  uncommon  fiamness  and 
 
MOSSY  CEEEK  CHURCH. 
 
 551 
 
 3I0SSr  CREEK  CHURCH. 
 
 very  clear-sighted  judgment,  and  most  devoted  and 
 laborious  in  the  pursuit  of  his  profession,  in  which 
 his  practice  was,  through  most  of  his  life,  very  ex- 
 tensive. His  name  will  long  be  remembered,  as  that 
 of  the  foithful  and  skillful  physician  always  is,  in 
 many  a  home  among  the  hills  of  Bedford.  He  was 
 a  consistent  Christian,  and  a  faithful  ruler  and  coun- 
 sellor in  the  Church.  His  end  was  peace.  A  few 
 words  spoken  to  his  pastor,  in  some  of  his  last  days, 
 expressed  his  hope  of  the  life  immortal:  "  A  great 
 sinner,  a  great  Saviour. ' ' 
 
 Mossy  Creek  Church,  Va.  On  a  grassy  knoll, 
 surrouuded  by  views  of  surpassing  beauty,  stands 
 Mossy  Creek  Church.  The  congregation  that  wor- 
 ships here  occupies  a  considerable  portion  of  that 
 interesting  region  that  renders  northwest  Augusta 
 and  southwest  Rockingham  so  noted  and  attractive 
 for  beautiful  scenery.  The  first  settled  pastor  in  the 
 region  of  the  Triple  Forks,  which  included  Mossy 
 Creek,  was  the  Rev.  John  Craig,  born  August,  1709, 
 in  the  Parish  of  Dunagor,  county  Antrim,  Ireland. 
 He  was  under  religious  impressions  at  the  age  of  five 
 or  six  years;  united  with  the  Church  at  fourteen; 
 graduated  in  1732;  and  after  much  perplexitj'  of  mind 
 as  to  what  calling  to  choose  for  life,  decided  to  study 
 medicine.  "SMiile  a  student  of  medicine  he  was 
 brought  very  low  by  severe  sickness;  but,  to  the  sur- 
 prise of  all,  he  recovered,  and  then  turned  liis  atten- 
 tion to  the  ministry.  About  that  time  he  had  a 
 dream,  setting  before  him  what  was  to  occiu-  in  his 
 subsequent  life.  He  thought  but  little  of  it  at  the 
 time;  but  when  he  came  to  America,  and  accepted 
 an  invitation  to  visit  the  Valley  of  Virginia,  in  1739, 
 this  portion  of  the  Valley  appeared  as  familiar  to 
 him  as  if  he  had  seen  it  before.  The  place  he  knew  at 
 first  sight  he  selected  for  his  home,  the  place  pointed 
 out  to  him  in  a  dream,  in  Ireland,  six  or  seven  years 
 before. 
 
 He  was  ordained  in  September,  1740.  The  ordina- 
 tion sermon  was  preached  from  these  words,  by  the 
 Rev.  Mr.  Sankey,  "And  I  will  give  you  pastors 
 according  to  mine  heart,  which  shall  feed  you  with 
 knowledge  and  understanding"  (Jer.  iii,  15).  A 
 prophecy  most  remarkably  fulfilled  down  to  the  pres- 
 ent day. 
 
 At  some  time  previous  to  the  year  1768  Mossy 
 Creek  Church  was  organized.  John  Davies,  the 
 grandfather  of  James  Davies,  Esq. ,  a  highly  esteemed 
 ruling  elder  of  the  church  at  this  time,  and  a  Sir. 
 MaKomie  united  in  a  request  to  Presbytery  for  an 
 organization  at  Mossy  Creek.  Mr.  Da\ies  lived  on 
 North  River,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Mos.sy  Creek ;  Mr. 
 MaKomie  resided  near  Stribling  Springs.  They  were  ! 
 stoutly  opposed  by  Mr.  Craig,  their  pastor,  on  the 
 ground  that  he  could  do  all  the  preaching  that  was 
 needed  between  the  mountains.  The  Presbytery 
 reluctantly  complied  with  their  request. 
 
 The  earliest  recorded  mention  of  Mossy  Creek 
 known,  occurs  in  connection  with  the  ministry  of  the 
 
 Rev.  Thomas  Jackson,  who  was  received  from  New 
 York  Presbytery,  October  6th,  1768,  during  a  meet- 
 ing of  Hanover  Presbytery  at  Buflalo,  Prince  Edward 
 county,  Va.  He  preached  his  trial  sermon  April  12th, 
 17()9,  and  was  ordained  near  Dayton,  fijst  "Wednesday 
 of  the  May  following.  Cooke's  Creek,  Linville's 
 Creek,  Peaked  Mountain  and  Mossy  Creek,  each 
 wanted  a  Sabbath  in  every  month.  He  boarded  at 
 the  house  of  ilr.  John  Davies.  Mr.  Dai-ies  was  a 
 native  of  North  Ireland,  and  for  years  had  attended 
 preaching  at  the  Stone  Church,  twelve  miles  away. 
 There  were  two  services  a  day,  and  it  was  a  matter 
 of  frequent  occurrence  that  the  last  hymn  was  read 
 and  sung  by  candle-light.  It  is  not  strange  that  he 
 should  desire  to  have  preaching  a  little  nearer  home, 
 and  was  so  willing  to  board  the  new  minister. 
 
 Pastor  Jackson  was  a  man  of  strong  prejudices, 
 and  very  candid  in  his  speech.  Coming  home  one 
 evening  from  preaching,  he  found  that  a  person 
 whom  he  did  not  fancy  was  at  Mr.  Davies' .  ' '  You 
 are  here,  are  you  ?  then  I  cannot  stop;  I  must  go 
 on." 
 
 Still  he  was  a  popular  preacher,  and  there  was 
 complaint  that  Cooke's  Creek  received  more  than  a 
 due  share,  from  her  central  location.  God  interposed 
 and  quieted  all  by  taking  the  loved  preacher  to  Him- 
 self. He  died  10th  of  May,  1773.  He  was  buried 
 at  the  old  Cooke's  CYeek  Chiuch,  and  his  grave, 
 along  with  many  others,  is  now  submerged  by  the 
 waters  of  the  Dayton  mill  pond. 
 
 The  vacancy  thus  brought  about  was  filled  in 
 October  following  by  the  Rev.  Samuel  Edmondson. 
 He  was  received  on  trial,  October  loth,  1772,  and 
 licensed  October  14th,  1773.  In  a  few  years  he 
 emigrated  to  South  Carolina. 
 
 The  next  minister  was  the  Rev.  Benjamin  Erwin, 
 who  graduated  at  Princeton,  1776 ;  received  as  candi- 
 date April  30th,  1778,  and  was  heard  on  his  trial 
 pieces  given  him  previouslj'  by  the  Rev.  William 
 Graham,  as  Mr.  Erwin  had  been  prevented  by  illness 
 from  attending  the  former  meeting  of  Pre-sbvtery. 
 On  the  20th  of  June,  1780,  he  was  ordained  at  Mossy 
 Creek,  as  pastor  of  the  united  churches  of  Mossy 
 Creek  and  Cooke's  Creek.  Under  his  ministry  the 
 Rev.  Dr.  George  A.  Baxter  was  received  into  the 
 church. 
 
 During  his  pastorate  the  Presbytery  of  Lexington 
 was  formed  by  the  Synod  at  Philadelphia,  May,  1786. 
 The  new  Presbytery  was  dfrected  to  meet  at  Timber 
 Ridge,  on  the  last  Tuesday  of  the  following  Septem- 
 ber. The  first  meeting  was  a  small  one,  only  two 
 ruling  elders  present.  It  being  so  soon  after  the  close 
 of  the  war,  church  aftafrs  were  sadlj'  disordered.  A 
 preamble  to  some  resolutions  read  thus:  "The  Pres- 
 bytery taking  into  consideration  the  present  alarming 
 state  of  religion  in  the  churches  under  our  care,  and 
 the  difficulties  to  which  ministers  are  reduced  in  the 
 discharge  of  their  ofiice  and  the  support  of  their  fami- 
 lies, unanimously  come  to  the  foUowingre.solutions. " 
 
MOSSY  CREEK  CHURCH. 
 
 552 
 
 MOSSY  CREEK  CHURCH. 
 
 By  these  resolutions  a  committee  was  to  be  ap- 
 pointed annually,  consisting  of  two  ministers  and 
 two  elders,  to  visit  each  church,  to  ascertain  the  state 
 of  religion,  and  how  the  pastor  and  people  have  met 
 their  reciprocal  duties.  The  committee  that  visited 
 Jlossy  Creek  and  Cooke's  Creek  churches  reported  at 
 Augusta  Church,  April  1787,  where  the  second  meet- 
 ing of  Presbytery  convened.  In  that  report  they 
 state:  "These  societies  furiiLshed  them  with  an  ac- 
 .  count  of  their  salary,  and  it  appears  they  do  not 
 consider  thi'mselves  bound  collectively,  but  only  as 
 individuals,  for  Mr.  Erwin^s  support;  that  Mossy 
 Creek  complained  Mr.  Erwin  didn't  catechise  as 
 often  ;is  they  could  wish."  The  Presbytery  finding 
 Mr.  Erwin's  situation  very  unpleasant,  admonished 
 the  church  to  meet  all  arrearages,  or  the  relation 
 must  be  dissolved,  and  directed  iIos.sy  Creek  to  in- 
 form them  particularly  at  the  next  meeting  respect- 
 ing Mr.  Erwin's  "catechising."  The  people  held 
 tenaciously  to  the  position  that  thej-  were  bound  as 
 individu.als,  not  as  collective  bodies,  and  having  paid 
 wliat  was  individually  subscribed,  Mr.  Erwin  had  no 
 just  claim  for  arrearages.  The  result  was,  the  arrear- 
 ages were  not  met,  and  on  April  14th,  1789,  Presby- 
 tery proceeded  to  enforce  the  threat  previouslj'  made, 
 but  left  it  to  the  parties  to  renew  the  pastoral  rela- 
 tion on  a  new  basis,  binding  the  church  as  a  collect- 
 ive body  to  meet  the  pastor's  salary  in  future.  Messrs. 
 Archibald  Scott  and  William  AVilson  were  appointed 
 a  committee  to  adjust  difficulties,  but  were  not  suc- 
 cessful. Another  committee,  consisting  of  Messrs. 
 Montgomery  and  McCue,  al.so  failed  to  accomplish 
 their  object,  and  at  the  meeting  in  Lexington,  April 
 23d,  1793,  Mr.  Erwin  tendered  his  final  resignation, 
 hy  letter,  which  was  agreed  to. 
 
 On  the  8th  of  October  follo\ving,  Mr.  Erwin  in- 
 formed the  Presbytery,  by  letter,  that  difficulties  were 
 adjusted,  and  he  and  his  congregations  desired  to 
 resume  their  former  relations,  which  was  cordially 
 approved  of  by  Presbytery. 
 
 At  New  Monmouth,  April  l9th,  1790,  Mr.  Erwin 
 applied  for  a  dissolution  of  the  pastoral  relation,  on 
 the  plea  of  ill  health.  The  commissioners  from  his 
 churches  reluctantly  gave  their  consent. 
 
 ' '  For  five  years  these  congregations  sent  up  ap- 
 plications for  supplies,  and  specially  for  some  one  to 
 visit  them  and  administer  the  sacraments.  During 
 this  period  Mr.  Erwin  resided  among  them,  preached 
 when  he  could,  was  rarely  absent  from  a  meeting  of 
 Presbytery,  and  was  a  working  member. ' ' 
 
 At  Itocky  Spring,  June  9th,  1801,  Mr.  Erwin  is 
 appointed  stjited  supply  for  his  former  congregations, 
 and  at  Timber  Kidge,  April  23d,  1805,  the  congrega- 
 tions make  special  application  for  his  .services  as 
 stated  supply.  At  the  next  meeting  Mr.  Clemens 
 Erwine,  elder  from  Mos.sy  Creek,  appeared  and  took 
 his  seat,  the  second  time  Mossy  Creek  appears  to  be 
 represented  by  an  elder,  Mr.  James  Hogshead  the 
 first,  September  18th,  1792.     On  the  23d  of  April, 
 
 1808,  Mr.  Erwin  was  permitted  to  travel  beyond  the 
 bounds  of  Pre.sby tery ,  and  ' '  recommended  affection- 
 ately to  the  chui'ches  among  which  he  may  travel." 
 November  11th,  1809,  he  was  dismissed  to  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Tran.sylvania. 
 
 "No  Ses.sional  records  have  come  down,  but  it  is 
 e%'ident  the  churches  increased  under  his  care,  and 
 assumed  more  definite  and  indeijendent  proportions 
 as  bodies  of  Christians,  and  so  far  as  there  are  any 
 intimations  of  salary,  it  was  distressingly  meagre. " 
 At  a  meeting  of  Presb3'tery,  at  Lexington,  September 
 29th,  1808,  verbal  application  was  made  for  preaching 
 bj'  the  united  congregations  of  Mossy  Creek,  Cooke's 
 Creek  and  Harri.sonburg.  The  Rev.  A.  B.  Da«d.son 
 was  licensed  the  1st  of  October,  1808,  and  in  response 
 to  this  verbal  application  he  was  directed  to  spend 
 two  Sabbaths  in  Rockingham,  and  the  rest  of  hLs 
 time  at  di.scretion,  "with  leave  to  ride  out  of  our 
 bounds. ' ' 
 
 A  call  was  placed  in  his  hands  at  the  next  meeting 
 of  Presbytery,  at  Hebron  Church,  April  22d,  1809, 
 and  on  November  11th,  1809,  he  was  ordained  and 
 installed  pastor  over  the  congregations  that  called 
 him.  Rev.  Samuel  Brown  preached  the  sermon, 
 Mark  ■sxi,  15;  Rev.  William  Calhoun  presided  and 
 gave  the  charge.  Mr.  Davidson  was  an  active  and 
 successful  pastor,  and  his  fervid  eloquence  is  remem- 
 bered to  this  day. 
 
 He  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  the  organization  of 
 the  Virginia  Tract  Societ}-,  in  1812.  By  this  Society 
 thousands  of  traats  and  hundreds  of  volumes  were 
 published.  In  selling  books  a  slight  percentage  was 
 realized,  so  as  not  to  exhaust  funds  in  hand,  and 
 allow  a  margin  for  gratuitous  distribution  where 
 needed.  In  his  politics  Mr.  Davidson  was  a  Demo- 
 crat, and  iu  his  preaching  he  threw  out  some  hints 
 of  a  political  character  that  were  highly  oftensive  to 
 Walter  Davies,  James  Davies,  Captain  Samuel  Miller 
 and  Judge  Smith,  who  were  strong  Federalists.  This 
 resulted  in  such  an  unpleasant  state  of  feeling  as  to 
 lead  Mr.  Davidson  to  ofl'er  his  resignation.  Novem- 
 ber 11th,  1814,  the  representatives  of  the  united  con- 
 gregations met  at  Mossy  Creek  and  declared  their 
 assent.  Thereupon  the  relation  was  dissolved,  and 
 the  united  churches  declared  vacant,  five  years,  to  a 
 day,  from  ihe  time  the  relation  was  first  entered  upon. 
 
 For  about  three  years  the  church  was  occasionally 
 supiilied  hy  visiting  ministers.  Rev.  John  Hendren, 
 D.  D.,  a  native  of  Lexington,  Va.,  commenced  his 
 ministerial  labors  in  the  bounds  of  Union  and  Mossy 
 Creek  congregations,  about  the  1st  of  May,  1817.  In 
 Staunton,  November  20th,  1817,  he  was  received  from 
 the  Presbytery  of  Hanover,  and  the  same  day  accepted 
 a  will  to  be  the  pastor  of  these  churches,  and  on  the 
 2d  day  of  January,  1818,  he  was  installed.  There 
 were  ninety  communicants  on  the  Mossy  Creek  regis- 
 ter when  his  ministry  commenced.  On  the  1st  of 
 October,  1818,  he  reported  13  additions  on  examina- 
 tion and  4  on  certificate,  1  suspension  and  3  deaths, 
 
MOSSr  CREEK  CHUBCH. 
 
 553 
 
 MOSSY  CBEEK  CBURCH. 
 
 total  communicants,  102.  The  following  particulars 
 concerning  the  eldership,  lUiring  his  pastorate,  have 
 been  preserved.  At  tliis  period  the  Mossy  Creek 
 Session  consisted  of  the  following  members :  Jacob  C. 
 Irvine,  Andrew  Irvine,  Andrew  Barry,  John  Black, 
 John  M.  Estill,  Robert  Jones,  William  Cunningham, 
 father  of  the  Eev.  D.  H.  Cunningham.  On  the  3d  of 
 August,  1834,  Robert  Black  and  John  Irvine  were 
 ordained  additional  elders. 
 
 Andrew  Barry  served  as  clerk  of  Session  a  few 
 years  previous  to  1825.  Upon  his  resignation,  John 
 Black  was  clerk  of  Session  until  18.38,  when  he  was 
 succeeded  by  John  Irvine.  Upon  Jlr.  Irvine's  resig- 
 nation, Robert  Black  was  appointed  clerk,  in  1843. 
 
 Dr.  Hendren's  pastorate  was  prosperous  for  many 
 years;  a  steady  increa.se  of  numbers  resulted  and 
 great  good  was  accomplished  by  his  pastoral  labors, 
 and  his  school  became  one  of  the  most  noted  classical 
 schools  of  its  day. 
 
 It  was  during  his  ministry  the  Rev.  Mr.  Jones, 
 a  distinguished  re'S'ivalist,  held  a  series  of  meetings 
 at  Mossy  Creek.  He  began  early  in  December,  1833, 
 and  continued  about  eighteen  days.  Dr.  Hendren 
 entered  heartily  into  the  work,  but  afterw:irds  regret- 
 ted the  encouragement  he  gave  Mr.  Jones.  On  the 
 22d  of  December,  fifty  persons  were  received  on  pro- 
 fession, and  on  tlie  29th  forty  more  were  admitted. 
 Of  this  large  number,  fifteen  only  were  to  be  baptized. 
 Dr.  Hendren's  relation  ceased  with  Mossy  Creek,  June 
 26th,  1835,  at  a  meeting  of  Presbytery  in  Lexing- 
 ton, Va.  The  spirit  he  evinced  in  tendering  his 
 resignation  is  worthy  of  high  commendation.  The 
 last  Sessional  report  shows  the  number  of  communi- 
 cants to  have  been  224.  The  last  report  on  reciprocal 
 duties,  signed  by  John  Black,  speaks  highly  of  Dr. 
 Hendren's  faithful  and  successful  pastoral  labors,  up 
 to  the  last. 
 
 About  the  middle  of  November,  183.5,  the  Rev. 
 Isaac  Paul,  of  West  Hanover,  visited  Mossy  Creek, 
 and  was  retained  four  months  as  stated  supply.  At 
 the  expiration  of  this  time  he  w;is  employed  for  one 
 year,  commencing  jNIareh  21st,  1836.  His  health  was 
 delicate,  and  he  labored  very  assiduously.  On  a 
 cold,  damp  day  about  the  first  of  May  he  rode  up  to 
 Rawley  Springs,  thereby  contracting  a  violent  cold, 
 of  which  he  soon  died,  at  the  home  of  James  Davies, 
 Esq.  He  was  to  have  been  buried  on  Friday,  but 
 the  interment  had  to  be  deferred  until  Saturday,  on 
 account  of  the  inclement  weather.  The  next  after- 
 noon the  bereaved  congregation  heard  the  Rev.  Dr. 
 Brown,  editor  of  the  Central  Presbyterian,  preach  his 
 first  sermon  at  Mossy  Creek.  Mr.  Paul  was  one  of 
 the  three  ministers  that  attended  Dr.  Speece's  funeral, 
 on  the  loth  of  February  before. 
 
 In  a  few  months  the  church  made  out  a  call  for 
 the  Rev.  John  A.  Van  Lear,  of  Locust  Bottom;  and 
 when  Presbytery  met  at  Union  Church,  April  27th, 
 1837,  the  call  was  accepted.  On  Saturday,  the  24th 
 of  June,   1837,   he  was   installed.     Eev.   James   C. 
 
 Wilson  preached  the  sermon;  the  Rev.  John  A.  Steel 
 gave  the  charge. 
 
 Mossy  Creek  had  now  gro\ra  to  be  an  independent, 
 self-sustaining  church.  With  but  few  exceptions  the 
 I)astoral  labors  of  Mr.  Van  Lear  were  highly  accept- 
 able. He  was  a  distinguished  member  of  Presbytery, 
 and  for  fourteen  years  served  as  Stated  Clerk.  During 
 his  pastorate  the  present  house  of  worship  was 
 erected.  The  old  building  was  near  the  northeast 
 corner  of  the  cemetery,  just  across  the  road.  The 
 new  house  was  completed  about  the  year  1849.  A 
 short  time  after  it  was  occupied  a  large  portion  of  the 
 west  end  fell  in,  one  Sabbath,  a  few  hours  after  the 
 congregation  had  dispersed. 
 
 For  two  years  Mr.  Van  Lear  was  laid  aside  most  of 
 the  time,  by  ill  health.  He  preached  but  seldom,  j-et 
 presided  at  most  of  the  Sessional  meetings.  The  Rev. 
 P.  T.  Penick  was  his  assistant  the  last  year  of  his 
 life.  The  last  meeting  of  Session  attended  by  this 
 faithful  pastor  met  at  10  o'clock,  June  9th,  1850. 
 Elders  present  were  John  Bell,  James  Da\ies,  James 
 Bell,  Bethuel  Herring  and  Robert  Black.  Four  per- 
 sons were  received  on  profes.sion  of  their  faith:  Da^'ld 
 A.  Bell,  Catharine  Rebecca  Bell,  Frances  Catharine 
 Bell,  and  Margaret  Rebecca  Bell. 
 
 Four  days  before  his  death,  August  14th,  1850,  he 
 %\TOtc  the  following  letter  to  his  brethren  of  Lex- 
 ington Presbyter  J': — 
 
 "  Dear  Bkethren  : — I  have  indeed  greatly  desired 
 that  it  might  be  permitted  me  to  meet  once  more 
 upon  earth  a  body  of  which  I  have  been  for  so  many 
 years  a  member,  in  whose  society  I  have  enjoyed  so 
 much  happiness,  and  for  which  I  cherish  the  .strong- 
 est affection.  But  such  is  not  the  will  of  God,  and  I 
 am  content.  My  days  are  nearly  numbered,  and  my 
 last  remove  is  directly  before  me.  I  record  it  to  the 
 praise  of  the  glory  of  His  grace  that  God  '  hath 
 counted  me  faithful,  putting  me  into  the  ministry. ' 
 I  have  loved  the  work.  I  have  preached,  as  I  believe, 
 in  sincerity  and  truth.  His  gospel  of  salvation.  I 
 have  tried  to  bring  others  to  a  like  precious  faith. 
 I  rejoice  that  I  have  been  enabled  to  do  this.  But 
 this  is  not  the  foundation  of  my  hope.  I  trust  in  no 
 labor  of  my  hands.  I  fly  to  the  cross  and  the  cove- 
 nant. There  is  my  only  hope.  There  I  rest  my  soul, 
 and  my  heart  hoi  peace.     This  is  my  testimony. 
 
 "  It  would  give  me  pleasure  to  .send  kind  mes.sages 
 to  you  all  by  name,  but  I  have  not  strength.  I  have 
 come  down  now  quite  to  the  banks  of  the  Jordan  of 
 death ;  but  He  who  has  passed  through  it  for  sinners  has 
 met  me  on  this  side  of  its  dark  waves,  and  all  is  well. 
 My  flesh  and  my  heart  faileth  me,  but  God  is  the 
 strength  of  my  heart,  and  my  portion  forever.  I 
 leave  you,  hoping  for  a  happy  and  eternal  reunion  in 
 that  heaven  to  which  we  have  pointed  so  many  of 
 our  fellow  men. 
 
 "  It  is  my  i>arting  prayer,  that  our  faithful,  cove- 
 nant-keeping God  may  ever  be  'n-ith  you,  bless  you, 
 keep  3'ou  in  peace  and  love   among   one  another, 
 
MOTT. 
 
 554 
 
 MOULIN ARS. 
 
 and  send  down  His  Holy  Spirit  upon  all  our  churches, 
 and  till  the  earth  with  His  glory. 
 
 "Accept,  dear  brethren,  my  final  lUrewell. 
 
 "  Yours  in  the  gospel  of  Christ,  our  Saviour." 
 John  A.  Van  Leae. 
 
 He  died  on  tlie  Ibth  of  August,  four  days  after 
 writing  his  farewell  words,  in  great  peace  of  mind. 
 On  the  22d  of  August,  at  Goshen  Church,  nestled 
 away  amoug  the  hills  of  Highland  county,  this  letter 
 was  read.  Many  were  the  tears  its  sweet  and  loving 
 words  called  forth.  His  memory  was  diily  honored 
 by  Session  and  Presbytery,  with  resolutions  of  re- 
 spect well  befitting  the  memory  of  this  good  man, 
 who  was  a  model  character  in  all  the  relations  of 
 life. 
 
 In  October,  1852,  the  Kev.  John  Pinkerton  began  his 
 ministerial  labors  here,  and  was  ordained  pastor,  No- 
 vember 5th,  1853.  The  call  was  put  into  his  hands  at 
 the  meeting  at  Bethel,  18th  of  August,  1853.  He 
 preached  his  trial  sermon  Irom  this  text,  "Now if 
 Christ  be  preached,  that  he  rose  Irom  the  dead,  how 
 say  some  among  you  that  there  is  no  resurrection  of 
 the  dead?"  1  Cor.  xv,  12.  His  ministry  was  blessed, 
 and  under  his  wise  admini.stration,  aided  and  sus- 
 tained by  the  elders  and  deacons,  Messy  Creek  took 
 a  high  position  as  a  faithtul,  working  church.  His 
 last  official  act  as  pastor  was  to  Moderate  the  Session, 
 February  5th,  1871.  On  the  31st  of  May,  1871,  it 
 plea.sed  the  Great  Head  of  the  Church  to  dissolve 
 this  pastoral  relation,  and  take  His  servant  home  to 
 rest.  The  present  pastor  of  the  Mossy  Creek  Church 
 is  the  Rev.  J.  W.  Rosebro. 
 
 Mott,  G-eorge  Scudder,  D.  D.,  is  the  son  of 
 Lawrence  S.  and  Cliristiana  (Vail)  Mott,  and  was 
 born  in  tlie  city  of  Xew  York,  November  25tli,  1829. 
 He  graduated,  with  the  fourth  honor,  at  the  Uni- 
 versity of  New  York,  in  1850,  and  at  the  Theological 
 Seminary  in  Princeton,  N.  J.,  in  May,  1853.  He 
 was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  the  city 
 of  New  York,  April,  1853,  and  in  October  of  the 
 same  year  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Second  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Rahway,  N.  J.  Here  he  labored  with 
 great  success  for  five  years,  and  then  accepted  a  call 
 to  the  church  in  Newton,  N.  J.,  where  he  remained 
 for  nine  years.  AATiile  pastor  at  Newton,  his  labors 
 were  greatly  blessed,  not  less  than  one  hundred  and 
 twenty  ])ersons  having  been  added  to  the  church  on 
 confession  of  their  foith,  at  a  great  revival  in  1865. 
 Similar  results  have  attended  his  ministry  in  Flem- 
 ingtoM,  X.  J.,  his  present  charge. 
 
 Dr.  Mott  began  writing  for  the  press  at  an  early 
 date  in  his  ministry,  his  articles  appearing  in  the  reli- 
 gious journals  and  in  the  Preshyterian  Magazine.  In 
 the  Princeton  Review  there  appeared  from  his  pen,  in 
 1863,  "  Paul's  Thorn  in  the  Flesh;"  1871,  "  Retribu- 
 tion;" 1872,  "Annihilation;"  1873,  "The  Sunday 
 School,  Pa.st,  Present  and  Future."  He  has  WTitten  a 
 numlier  of  Tracts,  both  for  the  Presbyterian  Board  of 
 Publiciition   and   for  the   American    Tract  Society. 
 
 More  than  300,000  copies  of  the  tract,  "Holding  on 
 to  Christ,"  have  been  published.  Jlis  books,  "The 
 Prodigal  Son,"  "The  Resurrection  of  the  Body," 
 and  "The  Perfect  Law,"  have  had  an  extensive 
 publication.  This  last  work  has  been  translated  into 
 Spanish  and  Portuguese.  Besides  occasional  sermons 
 and  addresses  he  has  published  a  "History  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Flemington,  N.  J.,"  and 
 ' '  The  First  Century  of  Hunterdon  County,  N.J."  Dr. 
 Mott  has  always  tiiken  an  active  part  in  the  Church 
 courts,  especially  in  matters  relating  to  the  general 
 welfare  of  the  Church.  In  1873  he  was  elected  Pro- 
 fessor of  Sacred  Rhetoric  in  Lincoln  University,  but 
 
 GEORGE  SCUDDER    MOTT,    D.  D. 
 
 declined  the  appointment.  His  degree  of  Doctor  of 
 Divinity  was  received  from  the  College  of  New 
 Jersey,  in  1876. 
 
 Moulinars,  John  Joseph  Bnimauld,  a  French 
 Reformed  or  Huguenot  minister,  called  from  Edin- 
 burgh to  be  assistant  pastor  of  the  French  Church  in 
 New  York,  as  colleague  of  Louis  Rou,  in  1718. 
 Jloulinars  was  the  son  of  a  French  pastor  who  fled, 
 at  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  to  Holland. 
 Compelled  by  Rou  to  give  up  his  position  as  assistant, 
 he  went  to  New  Rochelle,  Westchester  county,  N.  Y., 
 and  became  pa.stor  of  that  portion  of  the  French 
 colony  that  had  remained  faithful  to  the  order  and 
 discipline  of  the  Reformed  or  Calvinistic  churches, 
 when  a  part  were  influenced  to  form  an  Episcopal 
 congregation.  He  continued  to  minister  to  tliem 
 until  his  death,  October,  1741.  The  historian  Smith 
 speaks  of  him  as  "most  distinguished  for  his  pacific 
 spirit,  dull  parts  and  unblamable  life  and  conversa- 
 tion." 
 
310  UNT  PA  RAN  CHURCH. 
 
 555 
 
 MUNEOE. 
 
 Mount  Paran  Church,  near  Baltimore,  Md. 
 
 Tlie  Maryland  oorresponilent  of  the  Prcshyterian,  in 
 the  issue  of  that  paper,  January  12th,  1884,  gives  the 
 following  items  of  the  history  of  this  church :  ' '  Before 
 1717  the  church  seems  to  have  been  organized  and  a 
 church  edifice  to  have  been  built,  so  that  prior  to 
 1715,  it  may  have  been  several  years  earlier,  the 
 history  of  this  cliurch  began.  The  part  of  Baltimore 
 county  in  which  the  church  islocatedvvixs settled  several 
 years  before  this  date.  The  Puritan  colony  that  came 
 up  from  Virginia,  in  1649,  received  thousands  of  acres 
 of  land,  and  liom  the  number  of  families,  and  from 
 the  number  of  acres  received  by  each,  they  must  have 
 extended  many  miles  beyond  Annapolis,  where  they 
 first  landed.  We  read  of  one  who  had  twenty  thou- 
 sand acres,  and  of  others  who  received  hundreds  and 
 thousands  of  acres.  Durand,  the  leader  of  the  colony, 
 an  elder  iu  the  Church,  had  eight  hundred  and  fifty 
 acres  iu  one  place,  and  nine  hundred  acres  on  the 
 Fatapsco.  The  name  of  the  man,  Lawson,  from  whom 
 the  land  of  the  church  w;xs  bought,  and  the  name  of 
 Towson,  found  ou  so  many  tombstones  in  the  grave- 
 yard, correspond  with  names  found  in  this  Puritan 
 col<)n_y.  Though  called  Puritans  iu  the  early  records, 
 they  bore  also  the  name  Presbyterian,  and  many  of 
 their  descendants  have  been  the  most  devoted  and 
 prominent  defenders  the  Presbyterian  Church  has  had 
 in  Maryland." 
 
 Mowry,  Philip  Henry,  D.  D.,  son  of  Dr.  R.  B. 
 and  Ariana  Rebekah  (Riddle)  Mowry,  was  born  iu 
 Allegheny,  Pa.,  March  6th,  1837.  He  graduated  at 
 Jefferson  College  in  1858,  and  at  the  "Western  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  in  1861.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
 in  the  Spring  of  1860.  In  July,  after  leaving  the 
 Seminary,  he  was  called  to  the  Fourth  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Philadelphia,  and  was  ordained  and  installed 
 pastor  of  that  church,  October  8th,  1861.  In  Decem- 
 ber, 1863,  he  took  charge  of  Big  Spring  Church, 
 Newville,  Pa.  In  December,  1868,  he  became  pastor 
 of  the  Second  Church,  Springfield,  Ohio.  In  Decem- 
 ber, 1873,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  First  Church, 
 Chester,  Pa.,  in  which  relation  he  still  continues. 
 Dr.  Mowry  is  a  gentleman  of  finely  developed  char- 
 acter. His  spirit  is  peaceful,  his  judgment  sound, 
 his  bearing  modest,  and  his  knowledge  of  human 
 nature  thorough.  Though  somewhat  reserved  in 
 manner,  his  social  qualities  are  very  attractive.  He 
 is  a  popular,  impressive,  and  effective  preacher,  being 
 unusually  gifted  with  the  graces  of  elocution.  He 
 is  highly  esteemed,  and  his  ministry,  iu  all  his  fields 
 of  labor,  has  been  crowned  with  success.  He  has 
 been  Moderator  of  the  Synod  of  Philadelphia. 
 
 Mo"WTy,  Robert  B.,  M.  D.,  was  born  in  Pitts- 
 burg, Pa.,  December  2:!d,  1813.  He  graduated  at  the 
 Western  University  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1834.  In  the 
 Spring  of  1836,  ha\-ing  graduated  at  the  Jefferson 
 Medical  College  of  Philadelphia,  he  began  the  prac- 
 tice of  his  profession  iu  Allegheny,  where  he  has 
 resided  ever  since.     Dr.  MowTy  was  one  of  the  origi- 
 
 nal members  of  the  First  Reformed  Presbyterian 
 Church  (N.  S. ),  and  for  many  years  a  member  of  the 
 Session.  In  Janiiary,  1861,  he  transferred  his  mem- 
 bership to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Allegheny. 
 In  this  Church  he  has  been  a  ruling  elder  for  more 
 than  twenty  years.  For  a  number  of  years  he  has 
 been  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  West- 
 ern Theological  Seminary,  in  the  prosperity  of  which 
 he  takes  a  deep  and  active  interest;  a  member  of  the 
 Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Western  Pennsylvania  Uni- 
 versity; President  of  the  Allegheny  county  Mediciil 
 Society ;  President  of  the  Pennsylvania  State  Medical 
 Society  in  1876-77,  and  is  now  one  of  the  chief  pro- 
 moters of  the  new  Allegheny  Hospital. 
 
 Dr.  Mowry  holds  a  high  position  in  his  profession. 
 His  large  experience,  clear  perception,  profound  judg- 
 ment and  wide  research,  still  continued  with  achanc- 
 ing  years,  are  largely  drawn  upon  by  his  professional 
 brethren,  with  whom  he  is  frequently  called  ou  to 
 consult.  He  is  still  active  in  all  the  walks  of  life, 
 and  widely  known  and  greatly  esteemed  in  a  great 
 and  growing  community,  as  a  true  type  of  the  pro- 
 fession wliich  he  honors,  and  a  feir  example  of  the 
 sterling  and  devoted  Presbyterian  elder. 
 
 Muir,  James,  D.  D.,  was  a  native  of  Scotland;  a 
 graduate  of  Cllasgow  University,  and  was  licensed  by 
 the  Scotch  Presbytery,  in  London,  in  1779.  l\vo 
 years  later  he  was  ordained  as  an  evangelist  to  Ber- 
 muda, where  he  remained,  engaged  in  teaching  and 
 preaching,  for  nearly  eight  years.  For  some  months 
 after  his  arrival  in  this  country  he  preached  in  New 
 York,  as  a  candidate  for  the  post  of  colleague  with 
 Dr.  Rodgers,  but  as  the  congregation  were  divided 
 between  him  and  (Dr.)  Jedediah  Morse,  both  with- 
 drew, and  shortly  after  (1789),  Mr.  Muir  was  ciilled 
 to  Alexandria,  Va. 
 
 A  severe  student,  systematic  in  the  discharge  of 
 pastoral  duty,  deeply  impressed  with  the  momentous 
 responsibility  of  his  charge,  he  might  have  sat  for 
 Cowper's  well-drawn  portrait  of  a  "preacher  like 
 Paul."  A  United  States  Senator  described  him  as 
 "  a  short  man,  of  short  sermons  and  short  .sentences. ' ' 
 This  was  strictly  true.  His  discourses  were  carefully 
 and  elaborately  prepared,  and  everything  redundant 
 was  expunged.  He  preached  with  his  manuscript  in 
 his  pocket  and  his  sermon  in  his  memory,  while  fi-om 
 a  small  Bible  open  before  him  he  read  the  frequent 
 passages  of  Scripture,  which  were  as  familiar  to  him 
 as  the  alphabet.  Although  with  a  marked  Scotch 
 accent,  and  a  defect  in  his  utterance  which  interfered 
 with  his  oratory,  his  discourses  were  clear,  logical, 
 concise,  and  rich  with  divine  truth.  Dr.  Muir  con- 
 tinued pastor  of  the  church  at  Alexandria  until  his 
 death,  in  1820,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Elias  Harrison  having 
 been  co-pastor  from  March,  1818. 
 
 Munroe,  Rev.  C.  A.,  the  second  oldest  chUd  of 
 Peter  and  Isabella  Jane  (nA  Cameron)  Munroe,  was 
 born  in  Troy,  Jlontgomery  county,  N.  C,  October 
 11th,  1844.     He  was  graduated  at  Davidson  College, 
 
MUEPUY. 
 
 556 
 
 MUBRAT. 
 
 in  June,  1872.     Completed  the  theological  course  at  | 
 Union  Seminary,  Va.,  April,  187(!.     He  was  licensed  | 
 to  preach  by   the  Presbytery  of  Fayetteville,  April, 
 1876.      Alter  su])plying  the  churches  of  Lumberton  j 
 and  Rockingham  for  eifiht  months,  he  was  called  to  , 
 Crj-st;il  Springs,  Jliss.,  and  was  ordained  by  Presby- 
 tery of  Mississippi,  and  instiilled  pastor  of  Crystal 
 Springs  Church,  October  1877.     In  October,  1882,  he 
 accepted  an   invitation  to  the  Western  evangelistic 
 field  of  Concord  Presbytery,  where  he  is  at  this  date, 
 August  l.st,  18S3,  laboring.      Mr.  Jlunroe  graduated 
 with  second  honors  of  his  ela.ss.     His  mind  is  clear 
 and  logical.     His  piety  is  of  the  purest  type.     His 
 whole  character  is  tluit  of  a  noble  Christian  minister. 
 His  charity  is  that  of  the  Bible,  "  suflereth  long  and 
 is  kind."     His  prime  object  in  living  is  to  win  souls 
 for  his  Master. ' ' 
 
 Murphy,  Rev.  Murdock,  of  the  Presbytery  of 
 Georgia,  was  among  the  first  ministers  who  emigrated 
 to  Alabama.  As  early  as  l'^2:5  he  took  an  active  part 
 in  the  proceedings  of  the  I'resbytery,  though  he  did 
 not  become  a  member  until  November  10th,  1826. 
 He  was  the  tliird  Prcsbj'terian  minister  who  labored 
 in  Mobile,  and  organized  the  first  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  that  place,  now  Government  Street  Church.  He 
 Wius  a  beautiful  writer,  and  one  of  his  sermons,  on 
 Female  Bcnnolence,  was  printed  by  the  order  of  Pres- 
 bytery. He  (lied  February  8th,  1833,  and  Presbytery 
 at  its  folhjwing  meeting  reconled  his  decease  on  its 
 minutes,  as  that  of  "one  of  the  earliest,  most  es- 
 teemed and  beloved ' '  of  its  members.  He  was  held 
 in  the  highest  regard  for  his  amiable  and  exemplary 
 life,  the  simplicity  and  fervor  of  his  piety,  and  the 
 uniform  gentleness,  consistency  and  excellence  of  his 
 ministerial  and  Christian  cluracter. 
 
 Murphy,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  son  of  William  and 
 Mary  (Kollins)  Murphy,  was  born  in  Antrim  county, 
 Ireland,  Fel)ruary-  Gth,  1823,  not  far  from  the  Duneane 
 Church.  His  father  bec;irae  an  elder  of  that  church 
 under  the  pastorate  of  the  celebrated  Dr.  Henry 
 Cooke.  William  JIui-phy  came,  in  1834,  to  the  United 
 Stiites,  and  settled  in  New  Hartford,  New  York.  Dr. 
 Murphy  entered  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  in  1841, 
 and  graduated,  with  the  second  honor,  in  1845.  He 
 completed  a  three  years'  course  in  the  Theological 
 Seminary  of  the  Presbyt<Tian  Church,  Princelon,  New 
 Jersey,  in  1848;  was  licensed  by  the  I'resbj-tery  of 
 New  Brun.swick,  February  2d,  1848,  and  on  the  11th 
 of  October,  1849,  was  ordained  by  the  Second  Pres- 
 bytery of  Philadeli)hia,  and  installed  pastor  of  tlie 
 Frankford  Church,  where  he  still  continues.  The 
 honorary  degree  of  Doetor  of  Divinity  was  conferred 
 \\\wa  him  by  the  ColIeg(!  of  New  Jersey, in  1872.  He 
 has  been  a  member  of  tlie  Presbj-terian  Biiard  of  Publi- 
 cation fourteen  years,  for  some  time  Chairman  of  its 
 Missionarj'  Committee;  and  he  had  a  leading  agencj- 
 in  originating  the  Sabbath-school  work  of  that  Board. 
 In  1873,  ius  delegate  to  the  General  As,sembly  of  the 
 Church  of  Ireland,  he  addressed  that  body  on  the 
 
 subject  of  "One  Federate  Council  for  all  the  Presby- 
 terian Churches  of  the  World. ' '  The  resolution  then 
 adopted  by  that  A.s.sembly  was  the  first  in  the  series 
 of  public  movements  whi<'h  resulted  in  organizing 
 this  Grand  Council. 
 
 Dr.  Murphy  is  the  author  of  fifteen  published  ser- 
 mons, of  a  "Historj'  of  the  Frauklbrd  Presbyterian 
 Church,"  of  a  work  on  "Pastoral  Theology,"  of  a 
 tract  on  the  "Duties  of  Church  Members,"  which 
 has  had  a  wide  circulation;  and  of  "  Sketches  of  Pas- 
 toral Experience,"  in  the  Prcsbi/tcrian.  Having  a 
 weightj'  influence  in  I'resbytery,  he  has  been  among 
 the  foremost  in  important  movements,  and  has  taken 
 the  lead  in  the  organization  of  seventeen  churches, 
 all,  with  one  exception,  successful  enterprises. 
 Under  his  ministry  of  thirty-five  years,  the  Frank- 
 ford  Church  has  grown  steadily,  and  has  been  greatly 
 prospered.  An  instructive  preacher  and  a  diligent 
 pastor,  negleeting  no  part  of  a  minister's  duty,  he  has 
 been  "a  workman  that  needeth  not  to  be  ashamed." 
 
 Murphy,  Rev.  Thomas  Grier,  w;ls  born  in 
 Kent  county,  Del.,  March  2(Jth,  1817,  and  graduated 
 at  Amherst  College  in  1840,  studying  theology  at 
 Princeton  Seminary.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  Castle,  July  24th,  1844;  stated  supply 
 at  Dover,  Del.,  1843,  and  pastor  there  1844-61.  From 
 1866  to  1877  he  was  missionary  to  the  Freedmen  at 
 Amelia  C.  H.,  Va.,  where  his  labors  were  greatly 
 blessed.  He  died  near  Dover,  Del.,  January  9th, 
 1878.  He  was  a  devoted,  self-s:icrificing  minister  of 
 the  gospel,  and  had  no  greater  joy  than  in  seeing  the 
 work  of  God  prtj.spering  through  his  instrumentality. 
 
 Murray,  Rev.  John  W.,  was  born  in  Beaver 
 county,  Pa.,  .January  29th,  1301,  and  entered  .Jeft'er- 
 son  College,  in  1827.  After  a  year  or  two  he  turned 
 aside  to  the  study  of  law  i:i  his  native  county,  where 
 he  was  commissioned  as  major  of  a  battalion  of 
 volunteers,  which  title  clung  to  him  ever  afterwards. 
 Having  felt  the  power  of  renewing  grace,  he  returned 
 and  resumed  his  college  course,  probably  in  the 
 Sophomore  year,  graduating  in  18.35.  From  that 
 time  his  manly  bearing,  social  disposition,  well- 
 balanced  mind  and  godly  life  and  inlliience,  were 
 held  in  glad  renuinbrance  by  his  ehussniates.  He 
 spent  two  years  in  tlie  Western  Theological  Seminary, 
 then,  for  two  years,  had  charge  of  the  I>ebanon  Male 
 Seminary,  in  Kentucky,  after  which,  completing  his 
 course  in  Allegheny,  he  w;i8  licensed  to  preach  the 
 gospel,  October  7th,  1840.  The  following  Spring  ho 
 Wiis  called  to  the  Church  at  Sharpsburg,  .Vllegheny 
 county,  Pa.  (with  which  Pine  Creek  was  some  time 
 associated  in  the  charge),  and  was  ordained  ju.st  a 
 year  from  his  licensure.  On  Sabbatli,  Septiinber 
 12th,  1852,  in  what  proved  to  be  his  last  sermon,  he 
 dwelt  upon  the  uncertainty  of  human  life.  The 
 next  day  he  started  on  a  hasty  visit  to  the  Falls  of 
 Niagara,  and  returning,  stopped  with  a  friend  at 
 Salem,  Ohio,  on  Friday  night,  and  on  Saturday 
 morning,  September  ISth,  he  was  seized  with  cholera 
 
MURRAY. 
 
 557 
 
 MURRAY. 
 
 so  violently  as,  in  ten  short  hours,  to  stop  the  current 
 of  his  holy  life. 
 
 Murray,  Joseph  Alexander,  D.  D.,  is  the 
 youngest  sou  of  George  and  Mary  (Denny)  Murray, 
 and  was  born  in  Carlisle,  Pa.,  October  2d,  1815.  He 
 graduated  at  the  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
 August  4th,  1837;  at  the  Western  Theological  Semi- 
 nary in  the  Autumn  of  1840,  and  was  licensed  to 
 preach  the  gospel,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Ohio,  on  Oc- 
 tober 7th  of  the  same  year.  He  supplied  the  Church 
 at  Marion,  Ohio,  for  six  months,  but  finally  declined 
 a  unanimous  call  to  become  its  pastor.  April  13th, 
 1842,  he  was  ordained  and  installed,  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Carlisle,  pastor  of  the  united  congregations  of 
 Mouaghan  (Dillsburg)  and  Petersburg.  This  rela- 
 tion happily  and  iisefully  subsisted  for  about  eighteen 
 years.  During  the  pa.storate  the  present  church  edifice 
 at  Dillsburg  was  erected.  In  1858,  in  c>onsequcnce  of 
 impaired  health,  he  resigned  the  charge,  and  took  up 
 his  residence  in  his  native  place. 
 
 Dr.  Murray's  health  has  never  since  permitted  him 
 to  become  a  settled  pastor,  but  he  has  supplied 
 several  churches,  often  fills  vacant  pulpits,  and  a.ssists 
 his  brethren  as  he  is  able.  He  has  represented  his 
 Presbytery  four  times  in  the  General  Assembly.  In 
 1876  he  was  chosen  by  acclamation  Moderator  of  the 
 Synod  of  Harrisburg.  He  has  also  been  honored  with 
 membership  in  the  Numismatic  and  Antiquarian 
 Society,  Philadelphia,  in  the  Historical  Society  of 
 Pennsylvania,  and  in  the  American  Philosophical 
 Society.  He  is  Secretarj-  of  the  Hamilton  Library 
 Association,  Carlisle,  and  fills  the  position  with 
 great  efficiency  and  acceptableness.  Several  of  his 
 discourses  and  addresses  have  been  published.  He 
 has  frequently  contributed  to  some  of  the  literary, 
 historical,  and  religious  periodicals  of  our  countrj', 
 and  continues  to  do  so.  Dr.  Murray  is  a  gentleman  of 
 public  spirit,  taking  a  commendable  interest  in  enter- 
 prises for  the  general  good.  He  is  kind,  modest, 
 courteous,  and  highly  esteemed  by  his  brethren  in 
 the  community  in  which  he  lives.  As  a  v\Titer,  he 
 is  graceful  and  interesting,  and  as  a  preacher,  able, 
 earnest,  and  impressive.  In  all  his  movements  he  is 
 guided  by  conscientious  conviction  of  duty. 
 
 Murray,  Dr.  Nicholas,  was  born  in  Armagh 
 county,  Ireland,  December  25th,  1802.     At  the  age 
 of  sixteen  he  resolved  to  come  to  the  Western  world 
 to  seek  his   fortune,  and  found   a  situation  in  the 
 publishing  establishment  of  the  well-known  Harper  ^ 
 Brothers,  Xew  York.      He   had  been  brought  up  a 
 Roman  Catholic,  but  having   his  attention  arrested 
 by  the  preaching  of  Dr.  John  M,  Slason,  he  began  to  i 
 examine  for  himself,  and  the  result  was  his  conver-  I 
 sion  to  Prote-stantism.      He  was  now  persuaded  to  ' 
 study  for  the  ministry,  and  graduated  at  AVilliams 
 College,  Ma.ssachusctts,   under    Dr.   Griffin.       After 
 spending  some  time  in  the  service  of  the  American 
 Tract  Society,  he  graduated  at  Princeton  Theological 
 Seminary   in  1829,  when  he   was   licensed   by   the 
 
 Presbytery  of  Philadelphia.  He  was  ordained  and 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Wilkesbarre  Church,  Novem- 
 ber, 1829,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Susquehanna.  July 
 23d,  1833,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  First  Church, 
 Elizabethtown,  N.  J.,  where  "  his  profiting  appeared 
 to  all,"  and  where  in  the  midst  of  his  usefulness  he 
 was  smitten  with  rheumatism  of  the  heart,  and  ex- 
 pired, after  a  brief  illness,  February  11th,  1861. 
 
 Dr.  Slurray's  merits  were  familiar  to  the  Church 
 at  large.  He  was  chosen  Moderator  of  the  General 
 Assembly  in  1849.  Besides  numerous  calls  to 
 churches,  he  was  appointed  to  two  theological  pro- 
 fessorships, the  Secretaryship  of  the  Board  of  Foreign 
 Missions,  and  general  agency  of  the  American  Tract 
 Society  for  the  A'alley  of  the  Mississippi. 
 
 DR.  NICHOLAS  MURRAT. 
 
 Dr.  Murray  had  a  strong,  clear,  practical  mind, 
 and  his  style  of  preaching  was  more  instructive  than 
 imaginative.  He  was  endowed  with  a  native,  racy, 
 ready  wit,  savoring  of  his  mother  country,  which 
 sometimes  in  controversy  flashed  up  in  scathing  irony 
 and  sarca.sm. 
 
 His  publi.shed  works  are  the  celebrated  "  Kirwan 
 Letters  on  Popery, ' '  in  two  series,  originally  published 
 in  the  New  York  Observer,  "Travels  in  Europe," 
 ■ '  Home, "  "  Driftwood, "  "  Thoughts  on  Preaching 
 and  Preachers,"  and  a  posthumous  set  of  discourses 
 on  "Things  Uaseen  and  Eternal." 
 
 Murray,  Thomas  Chalmers,  was  born  at  Eliza- 
 beth, N.  J.,  February  18th,  18.50;  graduated  at  Wil- 
 liams College,  Ma.ss.,  in  1869,  and  studied  theology 
 at  Union  Seminary,  New  York  City,  and  Princeton 
 Seminary,  at  which  latter  Institution  he  graduated  in 
 
w^ 
 
 MUSGBAVE. 
 
 558 
 
 MUSGBAVE. 
 
 1872.  From  Princeton  lie  went  to  Germany,  where 
 he  studied  three  years,  1872-5,  at  the  Universities  of 
 Gottingen  and  Halle.  He  was  received  April  19th, 
 1870,  under  the  care  of  the  Presbj'tery  of  Elizabeth, 
 as  a  candidate  for  the  ministry,  hut  was  never  licensed 
 or  ordained  to  that  work.  Not  long  after  his  return 
 from  Germany,  he  was  chosen  to  be  Associate  Profes- 
 sor of  Shemitic  Languages  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  Uni- 
 versity, then  just  established  in  the  city  of  Baltimore, 
 and  in  that  j)Osition  he  continued  to  labor  with  suc- 
 cess and  growing  distinction  until  his  death,  which 
 occurred  JIarch  20th,  1879.  His  la.st  words  were:  "I 
 know  that  my  name  is  written  in  the  Lamb's  Book 
 of  Life." 
 
 Mr.  Murray  was  a  thorough  gentleman,  of  most 
 pleasing  manners,  amiable,  kind  and  affectionate  in 
 disposition,  energetic  in  the  pursuit  of  knovrledge, 
 and  an  humble,  consistent  and  devout  Christian.  His 
 abilities  were  extraordinary.  He  was  devoted  to  the 
 study  of  the  Oriental  languages,  especially  the  Hebrew, 
 Arabic  and  Aramaic,  and  he  bade  fair  to  achieve  the 
 highest  distinction  in  his  chosen  department.  At 
 the  time  of  his  death  he  was  Secretary  of  the  Ameri- 
 can Philological  Societj'.  He  left  a  wide  circle  of 
 friends  to  lament  his  depai-ture. 
 
 Musgrave,  G-eorge  "W.,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was 
 l)orn  in  Philadelphia,  (Ktober  lOtli,  1804.  He  was 
 fitted  at  the  Classical  Academy  of  the  Kev.  Samuel  B. 
 Wylie,  n.  d.,  to  enter  the  Junior  Class  of  the  College 
 of  New  Jersey,  when  his  health  failed,  and  he  con- 
 tinued his  studies  at  home.  He  studied  for  the  minis- 
 try at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary;  was  licensed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Baltimore,  in  1828,  and  ordained 
 and  installed  over  the  Third  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Baltimore,  in  July,  1830.  Here  he  labored  for  twenty- 
 two  years,  with  remarkable  success.  Three  times  his 
 church  was  enlarged  to  accommodate  the  ever-growing 
 congregations  attracted  by  his  piety  and  power.  His 
 influence  extended  beyond  his  congregation,  and  in 
 all  the  Presbyteries  and  Synods  he  came  t<5  be  recog- 
 nized as  a  leader  of  orthodoxy  and  Presbyterianism. 
 His  denominational  sermons  were  mixed  with  history, 
 argument  and  j)hilosopliy,  and  were  not  only  pub- 
 lished, at  the  request  of  those  who  heard  them,  but 
 also  re-published  by  the  Presbj'terian  Board. 
 
 Dr.  Musgrave  was  elected  a  Director  of  the  Prince- 
 ton Theological  Seminary  in  1836,  and  uninter- 
 ruptedly re-elected  during  his  life.  He  was  made  a 
 Trustee  of  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1859,  and 
 retained  the  office  until  his  decease.  He  accepted 
 the  post  of  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  I'resby- 
 terian  Board  of  Publication  in  1852,  and  left  Balti- 
 more. The  next  year  he  was  chosen  Corresijonding 
 Secretary  of  tlie  Board  of  Domestic  Missions,  and 
 retained  it  until  failing  vision  compelled  him  to 
 resign,  in  ISfjl.  Recovering  from  the  worst  symp- 
 toms, he  became  pastor  of  the  North  Tenth  Street 
 Church,  Philadelphia,  and  though  burdened  by 
 increasing  infirmities,  labored  with  his  usual  energy 
 
 and  success,  to  the  Fall  of  1868.  He  was  again  made 
 Corresponding  Secretary  of  Domestic  Jlissions,  and 
 during  his  tenure  of  office  $1,048,237  was  received 
 into  the  treasury,  and  very  many  more  missionaries 
 were  aided.  He  showed  great  administrative  abili- 
 ties, as  well  as  much  zeal  and  energy. 
 
 The  first  movements  to  heal  the  rupture  of  1837, 
 between  the  Old  and  New  School  branches  of  the 
 Church,  were  vigorously  seconded  by  Dr.  Musgrave. 
 In  the  remarkable  gathering  of  representatives  of 
 various  branches  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  con- 
 vened in  Philadelphia,  in  the  Presbyterian  National 
 Union  Convention,  of  November,  1867,  he  was  a 
 leading  spirit,  and  director  and  counsellor.  He  first 
 proposed  the  basis  of  reunion,  in  the  precise  form 
 adopted — "the  doctrinal  and  ecclesiastical  basis  of 
 
 ''■::iS!S?^^:•^•:S^^l^S^ 
 
 GEORGE  W.  MTJSGRAVE,  P.  I).  LL.  D. 
 
 our  common  standards,"  accompanied  by  the  "Con- 
 current Declarations."  This  plan  was  issued  in  a 
 circular  to  the  Presbyterians  of  the  Central  Presbytery 
 of  Philadelphia,  chosen  Sloderator  of  the  General 
 Assembly,  at  Albau}-,  N.  Y.,  Jlay,  1868,  and  member 
 and  Chairman  of  its  Committee  on  Reunion,  the  next 
 November,  the  basis  having  been  approved  by  more 
 than  the  necessary  two-thirds  of  the  Presbyteries,  he 
 saw  the  great  Union  perfected  at  Pittsburg,  at  the 
 adjourned  meeting.  He  was  at  once  made  Chairman 
 of  the  Joint  Committee  on  Reconstruction,  and  the 
 plan  he  reported  to  the  first  re-united  General  Assem- 
 bly, in  Philadelphia,  May,  1870,  was  adopted.  Sub- 
 sequently he  was  engaged  upon  business  of  Assemblies, 
 Synods,  and  Presbyteries,  Boards  and  Committees, 
 and  kno\\-n  and  esteemed  everywhere.     In  Philadel- 
 
^'A3rE. 
 
 5o9 
 
 \ASH. 
 
 phia,  the  city  of  his  residence,  he  was  active  and  use- 
 ful in  the  Church.  He  Tvas  chosen  President  of  the 
 Philadelphia  Presbyterian  Alliance,  for  evangelistic 
 ■(vork  in  the  city,  that  was  formed  in  1869,  and  retained 
 the  post  until  his  demise.  That  organization  origi- 
 nated the  Presbyterian  Hospital,  chartered  in  1871 
 and  opened  July  1st,  1872.  He  vras  President  of  its 
 Board  of  Trustees  while  he  lived,  and  in  that  capa- 
 city helped  to  secure  the  princely  donation  of  $300,- 
 000  from  John  A.  Brown,  that  assured  its  success. 
 
 Dr.  Musgrave's  commanding  influence  was  found 
 in  his  sincere  piety,  power  in  conversation,  preaching 
 and  prayer,  devotion  to  pure  Calvinism,  thorough, 
 yet  catholic  Presbyterianism,  full  knowledge  of  ec- 
 
 clesiastical law  and  practice,  faultle-ss  logical  pro- 
 cesses, mastery  of  parlimentary  law  and  usage,  in- 
 domitable energy,  that  for  years  enabled  him  to 
 triumph  over  partial  blindne.ss  and  other  infirmities, 
 and,  more  than  all,  powers  of  debate  rarely  equaled 
 and  more  rarely  excelled,  of  which  Dr.  John  Hall 
 said,  in  the  Assembly  at  Chicago,  "  we  are  all  proud 
 of  them. "  Dr.  Musgrave's  counsel  was  sought  by 
 the  lowest  and  the  highest  in  the  Presbj^erian  de- 
 nomination. He  was  eminently  a  man  of  mark, 
 with  a  range  of  influence  seldom  attained,  and  his 
 great  powers  were  all  consecrated  to  the  service  of 
 his  Redeemer.  He  entered  into  rest,  August  24th, 
 1882. 
 
 N 
 
 Name.  As  the  name  by  which  an  object  is  des- 
 ignated becomes  that  by  which  it  is  known,  and  so 
 gi-adually  comes  to  represent  or  stand  for  the  object, 
 the  word  Kame,  in  Scripture  is  often  used,  where  not 
 a  mere  designation  is  intended,  but  the  object  itself 
 as  so  designated,  and  thereby  made  known  to  ns. 
 It  is  in  this  sense  that  the  word  is  used  of  God  so 
 frequently  in  the  Bible,  in  such  phrases  as — the 
 Name  of  Jehovah,  My  Name,  the  Name  of  the  Lord 
 Jesus  Christ,  etc.  Bj'  such  jjhrases  is  to  be  under- 
 stood, not  any  appellation  by  which  the  Divine  Being, 
 in  any  of  His  manifestations,  is  designated,  nor,  as  is 
 often  said.  The  Di\-ine  Being  Himself,  as  a  Personal 
 existence,  but  properly,  the  Divine  Being  as  revealed 
 or  made  known  to  men.  The  Name  of  God  is  God 
 as  revealed.  Hence  the  earnest  desire  of  men  to 
 know  God's  name  (Gen.  xxxix,  29;  Ex.  iii,  13). 
 Hence  God  is  said  to  put  his  Name  in  a  person  or 
 place  (Ex.  xxiii,  21  ;  comp.  xxxiii,  14,  and  xl,  34 ; 
 Deut.  xii,  5;  xiv,  23),  by  which  is  meant  that  God  is 
 revealed  in  that  person  or  place.  Men  are  com- 
 manded to  put  their  trust  in  God's  name — i.  e.,  in 
 God  Himself,  as  revealed.  The  name  of  God  is  said 
 to  be  "excellent  in  all  the  earth"'  (Ps.  viii,  2) — i.  e., 
 God  is  revealed  to  us  gloriously  in  his  works.  Men 
 are  said  to  be  called  by  God's  name  (Jer.  xiv,  9),  be- 
 cause Jehovah  is  revealed  to  them,  is  in  the  midst  of 
 them.  God  saves  men  by  his  name  (Ps.  liv,  1) — i.  e., 
 by  the  manifestation  of  Himself  on  their  behalf;  and 
 many  other  similar  usages  in  the  Old  Testament. 
 In  the  New  Testament  the  phrase  name  of  Christ  is 
 similarly  employed.  Men  believe  on  his  name  (John 
 i,  12  ;  1  John  v,  13) ;  are  baptized  for  his  name  (Acts 
 xix,  5);  luive  life  through  his  name  (.John  xx,  31); 
 are  saved  by  his  name  (Acts  iv,  12);  are  justified  by 
 his  name  (1  Cor.  vi,  11);  assemble  in  his  name  (Matt, 
 xviii,  20) ;  do  miracles  by  his  name  (Mark  xvi,  17 ;  I 
 Acts  x\'i,  18),  etc. ;  where  the  due  meaning  of  the  [ 
 
 statement  can  be  obtained  only  by  regarding  the 
 phrase  as  indicating  the  Sainour  as  manifested  for 
 the  help  and  benefit  of  men.  In  the  same  way  are 
 we  to  understiind  the  baptismal  formula,  we  are 
 baptized  in,  or  for,  the  name  of  the  Father,  Son,  and 
 Holy  Ghost,  inasmuch  as  we  are  baptized  with  a  view 
 to  obtaining  the  blessings  which  God,  as  the  revealed 
 Triune  God,  is  ready  to  bestow. 
 
 Names  of  Christ — Alphabetical. — 
 
 Advocate 1  John,  ii,  1. 
 
 Bright  and  Morning  Star Eev.  xxii,  16. 
 
 Counsellor Isa.  ix,  6. 
 
 Deliverer Rom.  xi,  26. 
 
 Emanuel Isa.  vii,  14. 
 
 Friend Prov.  x\iii,  24. 
 
 Governor Matt,  ii,  6. 
 
 Hope 1  Tim.  i,  1. 
 
 Intercessor Isa.  lix,  16. 
 
 Jehovah Isa.  xii,  2. 
 
 King  of  Kings Rev.  x^ii,  14. 
 
 Lord  of  Lords Rev.  x-vii,  14. 
 
 Master Matt,  xii,  38. 
 
 Nazarene Matt,  ii,  23. 
 
 Only  Begotten 1  John,  iv,  9. 
 
 Prince  of  Peace Isa.  ix,  6. 
 
 Quickening  Spirit 1  Cor.  xv,  45. 
 
 Rock  of  Ages Isa.  (marg.)  xxii,  4. 
 
 Saviour John  iv,  42. 
 
 Teacher John  iii,  2. 
 
 Unspeakable  Gift 2  Cor.  ix,  15. 
 
 Vine John  XV,  1. 
 
 Wonderful Isa.  ix,  6. 
 
 Young  Hart Sol.  Songs,  ii,  9. 
 
 Zerubbabel Zech.  iv,  6. 
 
 Nash,  Hon.  Frederick,  LL.  D.,  was  the  son  of 
 the  Hon.  Abner  Nash,  who  was  a  member  of  the 
 Provincial  Congress  of  1775,  from  the  borough  of 
 New  Berne;  second  Republican  Governor  of  North 
 
XASH. 
 
 SfiO 
 
 NASSAU. 
 
 Oin)liii;i,  iind  a  niemb(T  of  the  Federal  Coiij^n-ss  in 
 Philadelphia,  in  178-4  or  1785.  He  was  born  February 
 9th,  1781 .  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  graduated,  with 
 distinction,  from  the  College  of  New  Jersey.  After 
 the  study  of  law  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1804, 
 among  sueh  a.s.soeiates  as  Francis  Xavier  Martin, 
 John  Stanly  and  AVilliani  Gaston,  and  was  early 
 recognized  its  tlie  comiieer  of  these  eminent  men. 
 Soon  after  c-ntoring  upon  his  profession,  he  removed 
 to  Hillsboro,  X.  C,  where  he  continued  to  reside,  to 
 the  end  of  his  life. 
 
 Mr.  Na-sh  had  many  offices  of  honor  and  trust  con- 
 ferred upon  him  by  his  fellow  citizens.  From  both 
 New  Berne  and  IIillsl)oTo  he  was  sent  to  the  Stiite 
 I.egi.slatiirc,  where  he  did  his  duty  faithfully.  In 
 1815  he  introduced  into  tlie  Legislature  a  bill  for  the 
 suppression  of  duelling,  and  supported  it  with  an 
 elonuent  speecli.  He  bec;ime  Circuit  Judge  in  1818, 
 and  served  until  182fi,  when  he  resigned  in  order  to 
 secure  the  more  lucrative  rewards  of  his  profession  as 
 a  lawyer,  as  demanded  by  the  wants  of  his  growing 
 family.  In  18:J6  he  was  ag-ain  elected  Circuit  Judge, 
 and  served  until  1844,  when  he  was  elevated  to  the 
 Supreme  Court  Bcncli,  and  in  18.53  to  the  office  of 
 Cliief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  where  he  con- 
 tinued till  life  closed.  His  judicial  character  w;is 
 marked  by  great  purity  and  ability,  and  by  courtesy 
 and  kindness,  yet  also,  when  duty  required,  by  all 
 the  sternness  and  inflexibility  of  the  judge. 
 
 In  1807  .Tudge  Nash  became  a  Trustee  of  the  Uni- 
 versity of  North  Carolina,  and  was,  through  life,  its 
 friend  and  supporter.  At  the  organization  of  the 
 Hillsboro  Cliurch,  in  181(),  he  became  a  ruling  elder 
 in  it,  and  continued  to  .serve  in  that  capacity  as  long 
 as  he  lived.  He  loved  the  little  church,  and  for  over 
 forty  yejirs  he  sustained  it  by  his  contributions,  his 
 praj'crs,  and  his  godly  walk  and  convensation.  His 
 last  public  act  was  attendance  upon  the  sessions  of 
 the  Synod  of  North  Carolina,  in  1858,  in  his  native 
 city  of  New  Berne.  1  le  died  December  4th,  1  f^'>f<,  and 
 in  his  bust  hours  exhil)ited  such  calmness  and  courage 
 as  c;m  be  in.spired  alone  by  Christian  faitli.  Cliief 
 Justice  Nash  was  one  of  Nortli  Carolina's  noblest 
 sons.  Born  in  the  midst  of  the  Revolutionary  war, 
 and  connected  with  the  most  dLstinguished  men  of 
 the  State,  he  was  familiar  with  all  the  prominent 
 jurists,  educators  and  statesmen  for  the  first  half 
 century  of  our  national  cxistc-nce.  In  Orange  I'rcs- 
 bj-tery  he  co-operated  witli  the  leading  ministers  of 
 tliat  period,  cnt<-rtaining  many  of  them  at  his  own 
 hospitable  aboile. 
 
 Nash,  Rev.  Frederick  K.,  was  born  in  Hills- 
 boro, N.  C,  February  14tli,  181;$;  pursued  hiscoUege 
 course  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  and  Wiis 
 admitted  to  the  Bar.  Yielding  to  what  he  considered 
 the  claims  of  tlie  ininistry,  be  became  a  .student  in 
 the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  at  Prince  Edward, 
 Va.,  in  18:i5;  was  li<-ensed  by  Orange  Presbytery, 
 April  2'Jd,  18^7;  on  April  llJtli,  1838,  joined  Morgan- 
 
 ton  Presbytery,  and  was  installed  pastor  of  Unity 
 Church,  November  17th,  1838.  This  relation  existed 
 until  October  2Sth,  1842.  During  the  year  1843  he 
 '  was  without  any  regular  charge.  The  two  following 
 years  he  labored  as  stated  supply  for  Rutherford  and 
 Little  Britain  churches,  in  the  bounds  of  Concord 
 Presbytery,  and  in1he  Spring  of  184G  he  Ix-gan  preach- 
 ing in  Centre  Church,  in  the  bounds  of  Fayetteville 
 Pres))ytery.  Here  he  lalmred  until  April  24th,  1847, 
 when  he  was  installed  by  Fayetteville  Pre.sbyterj". 
 In  this  charge  he  labored  untU  his  death,  which 
 •occurred  December  31st,  1861.  Mr.  Nash,  as  a  pastor,  . 
 was  kind  andfaithful.  His  preaching  was  clear,  practi- 
 cal and  pungent.  He  was  an  active  member  of  Pres- 
 bytery and  Synod,  and  a  friend  to  every  good  cause. 
 To  the  colored  portion  of  the  church  he  paid  particular 
 attentiim,  and  labored  very  sueeessfully  among  them. 
 
 Nassau,  Charles  ■William,  D.  D.,  was  born 
 in  Pliiladelphia,  April  12th,  1804.  He  graduated 
 at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  July  2(;th,  1821; 
 entered  Princeton  Seminary  in  1822,  but,  on  account 
 of  failing  health,  left  the  Institution  at  the  end  of 
 one  year,  and  pursued  his  tlieological  studies  another 
 year  under  the  guidance  of  hLs  pastor,  Dr.  E.  S.  Ely. 
 He  was  licensed  by  tlie  Pre.sb%'tery  of  Philadelphia, 
 April  23d,  1824,  and  was  ordained  by  the  same 
 body,  November  16th,  1825. 
 
 Dr.  Nassau's  successive  fields  of  labor  were  as  fol- 
 lows: 1.  Pastor  of  the  churches  of  Norristown,  Nor- 
 riton  and  Providence,  from  November  16th,  1825, 
 until  October  21st,  1828,  when,  on  account  of  throat 
 comiilaint,  lie  was  released  from  the  charge.  2.  The 
 charge  of  a  family  .school  for  boys,  at  Montgomery 
 Square,  Pa.,  from  1829  to  1833.  3.  Supply  (his 
 throat  having  recovered  sufficiently)  of  the  three 
 churches  of  which  he  had  formerly  been  pa.stor,  for 
 nine  months,  in  1832  to  1833.  4.  Professor  of  Latin 
 and  Greek  in  Marion  College,  Mo.,  from  1836  to  June 
 24th,  1838.  5.  Professor  of  Latin  and  Greek  in 
 Lafiiyette  College,  Pa.,  from  April,  1841,  to  March, 
 1840.  6.  President  of  Lafayette  College,  from  March, 
 1849,  to  September  18th,  1850.  7.  Proprietor  and 
 Principal  of  the  Female  Seminary  at  Lawrenceville, 
 N.  J.,  from  October,  1850,  to  December,  1874.  He 
 died  at  Trenton,  August  6th,  1878. 
 
 Dr.  Na.ssau  was  a  man  of  quiet  and  retiring  man- 
 ners, very  studious,  and  of  great  eiiuanimity  of 
 temper.  Yet  he  was  earnest,  energetic,  and  perse- 
 vering. He  worked  steadily  at  his  chosen  pursuits, 
 caring  little  whether  the  world  thought  of  hira  or 
 not.  He  was  always  useful,  and  respected  by  every- 
 body. He  was  also  an  eminently  devout  and  godly 
 man.  He  died  serenely,  in  the  faith  of  Christ,  will- 
 ing to  remain,  yet  desiring  rather  to  depart  and  be 
 with  Christ.  He  was  tlu;  fatlier  of  the  Rev.  Jos.  E, 
 Nas.s:iu,  II.  I).,  p.astor  of  Warsaw  Church,  N.  Y.,  and 
 the  Rev.  R.  Hamill  Nas.s:iu,  si.  !>.,  and  his  sister. 
 Miss  I.saliella  Ann  Nassau,  so  well  known  as  active 
 missiomiries  in  AVestern  Africa. 
 
NASSAU. 
 
 o(il 
 
 XATCHEZ  CHVliCU. 
 
 Nassau,  Rev.  Joseph  Eastbum,  D.D.,  oldest 
 sonofKt-v.Dr. Charles W.  aud  Hamialu  Hamill  iXassau, 
 was  born  iu  Xorristown,  Pa.,  March  Vixh,  1827.  He 
 graduated  with  honor  at  Lafayette  College,  Easton, 
 Pa.,  iu  1846,  aud  was  at  once  chosen  Tutor  iu  that 
 Institution.  Resigning  this  position  two  years  later, 
 he  became  Classiail  Professor  in  the  High  School  and 
 Female  Seminary  at  La\vrence\'ille,  Xew  Jersey.  He 
 entered  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton,  N.  J., 
 in  the  Fall  of  1849;  was  licensed  by  the  Presliytery 
 of  Xewton,  October  8th,  1851,  and  taking  the  full 
 course,  graduated  iu  the  Spring  of  1852. 
 
 In  1853  and  1854  he  was  Principal  of  a  female 
 institute  In  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.  This  position  he  re- 
 signed early  in  1855,  and  during  the  Summer  of  that 
 year  supplied,  successively,  the  Presbyterian  churches 
 in  Fagg's  Manor,  Pa.,  and  Warsaw,  N.  Y.  WTiile 
 supplying  the  latter  church  he  was  unanimously 
 chosen  pa.stor,  and  October  24th,  1855,  was  ordained 
 and  iust;illed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Genesee  River. 
 Dr.  Xa.ss;iu"s  pastorate  at  Warsaw  has  remained  un- 
 broken to  the  present  (1883),  and  been  much  blessed. 
 Under  his  ministry  the  church  has  enjoyed  several 
 rerivals,  aud  has  steadily  grown  in  numbers,  zeal  aud 
 influence.  He  received  the  honorary  degree  of  Doc- 
 tor of  Divinity,  in  1872,  from  bis  Alma  Mater, 
 Lafayette  College.  Dr.  Nassau  is  an  easy  speaker, 
 and  his  scholarly  tastes  appear  in  his  preaching, 
 which  is  clear,  logical  and  earnest.  He  is  a  diligent 
 pastor,  aud  has  always  taken  an  active  part  in  eccle- 
 siastical affairs,  as  well  as  iu  the  causes  of  Tem- 
 perance and  Education.  He  has  been  a  trustee  in 
 several  literary  institutions;  for  many  years  the 
 Stated  Clerk  of  his  Pre-sbytery;  often  Moderator  of 
 Presbj'tery;  twice  Moderator  of  Synod,  and  several 
 times  Commissioner  to  the  General  Assembly. 
 
 Nassau,  Presbytery  of.  The  Presbj-tery  of 
 Nassau,  as  at  present  constituted,  occupies  the  central 
 part  of  Long  Island,  including  within  its  jurisdiction 
 the  whole  of  Queens  county  and  the  township  of 
 Huntington,  in  Suiiblk  county.  It  was  organized  by 
 the  Synod  of  Long  Island,  after  the  Reunion,  and 
 held  its  first  meeting  in  Jamaica,  July  6th,  1870,  the 
 Moderator  being  the  Rev.  Dr.  Stead.  Of  its  original 
 members  but  five  still  continue  connected  with  it — 
 Rev.  Messrs.  P.  D.  Oakey,  Benjamin  L.  Swan,  J.  H. 
 Hopkins,  Marcus  Burr  aud  Samuel  J.  Carter.  Its 
 growth  has  been  slow,  but  steiidy.  For  the  year 
 ending  March  31st,  1883,  it  reported  as  follows; 
 Ministers,  26;  churches,  23;  church  membership, 
 2458;  Sunday-school  membership,  2984;  amount  con- 
 tributed for  all  purposes,  ^32,348. 
 
 This  Presbytery  enjoys  the  distinction  of  contain- 
 ing within  its  bounds  what  are  undimlrtedly  the  oldest 
 Presbyterian  churches  in  America.  Francis  Makemie 
 has  generally  been  considered  the  fother  of  Pre.sbrte- 
 rianism  in  this  country,  but  before  he  was  born  there 
 existed  a  Presbyterian  Church  at  Hempstead,  while 
 for  nearly  a  generation  previous  to  his  landing  in 
 36 
 
 America,  there  were  similar  organizations,  with  regu- 
 lar pastors,  at  Jamaica  and  Newtown.  The  Church 
 of  Hempstead  was  first  organized  in  1644,  possibly,  at 
 a  date  even  earlier.  In  the  year  named  its  first  regu- 
 lar pastor.  Rev.  Richard  Deuton,  entered  upon  his 
 duties,  continuiug  until  1658.  Foiu-  years  later  the 
 earliest  pastor  was  settled  at  Jamaiai,  the  Rev.  Zaeh- 
 ariah  Walker.  Rev.  John  Moore,  the  finst  minister 
 I  of  Newtown,  commenced  his  labors  about  the  .same 
 time.  Amongst  the  sulisequeut  pastors  of  these 
 churches  were  some  who  had  been  driven  from  their 
 parishes,  in  England,  by  the  Act  of  Uniformity,  in 
 1662.  The  Newtown  Church,  in  common  with  the 
 other  Presbj'terian  churches  of  the  vicinity,  suffered 
 much  during  the  troublous  times  of  the  Revolution. 
 From  1775  to  1783  it  remained  closed,  the  chiuch 
 edifice  being  first  used  as  a  .stable  by  the  British  forces, 
 and  then  demolished.  The  building  now  in  use  was 
 erected  in  1787.  The  First  Church  of  Huntington  is 
 another  of  the  very  old  churches  of  this  Presbytery, 
 dating  back  to  pre-Revolutiouary  times.  The  most 
 important  and  largest  clnu'ehes  iu  the  Presbjtery  are 
 those  of  Jamaica,  Huntington  (First),  Hempstead 
 and  Babylon. 
 
 Natchez,  Miss. ,  First  Presbsrterian  Church 
 of.  The  first  Protestant  denomination  who  a.ssumed 
 an  organized  form  iu  Natchez  were  the  Methodists. 
 Tlie  Roman  Catholics  had  preceded  them,  having  been 
 introduced  and  protected  by  the  French  and  Spanish 
 governments.  PrevioiLsly  to  1810,  the  Presbyterians 
 constituted  a  feeble  body,  composed  of  individuals 
 who  had  immigrated  from  Scotland  and  the  north  of 
 Ireland,  and  from  the  Middle  aud  Eastern  St;ites  of 
 the  L'nion.  The  earliest  mi.ssionaries  who  visited 
 Natchez  were  the  Rev.  William  Montgmnery  and  the 
 Rev.  James  Hall,  D.D.,  who  were  sent  out  by  the 
 .Synod  of  North  Carolina  to  explore  the  destitution  of 
 the  Southwest.  During  their  visit  to  Natchez,  they 
 preached  in  what,  under  the  Spanish  jurisdiction,  was 
 known  as  the  Old  Government  House,  on  the  site  of 
 which  the  Court  House  was  afterwards  erected. 
 Mr.  Montgomery  subsequently  retiu-ned  and  settled 
 in  Mississippi,  iu  the  neighborhood  of  Natchez.  He 
 was  a  man  of  a  gentle  and  benevolent  spirit,  a  sound 
 theologian,  and  a  useful  and  laborious  preacher.  He 
 died  iu  1848,  venerated  and  beloved  by  all  who  knew 
 him,  and  endeared  by  a  long  course  of  ser\"ices  to  tlie 
 churches  of  Ebenezer  and  Union,  of  which  he  was  for 
 manj'  years  pastor.  On  his  second  visit,  3Ir.  Mont- 
 gomery was  accompanied  by  the  Rev.  James  Smylie, 
 also  from  North  Carolina,  who  settled  permanently 
 in  Jlississippi,  and  was  closely  identified  with  the 
 history  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  Southwest. 
 
 In  1808  the  Rev.  Jacob  Eickhow,  a  native  of  Stateu 
 Island,  arrived  in  Natchez,  and  in  the  Fall  of  that  year 
 commenced  preaching,  under  a  temporary  engagement, 
 in  the  building  belonging  to  the  Methodists.  This 
 venerable  pioneer  of  Presbyterianism  in  the  Southwest 
 continued,  for  nearly  half  a  century,  to  labor  in  the 
 
NATCHEZ  cnvRcn. 
 
 563 
 
 XATCBEZ  CHVBCH. 
 
 field  whivh  he  had  aided  in  occupying.  Wlien  about 
 eighty  years  of  age,  he  held  a  commission  from  the 
 Board  ol'  Missions.  The  Mississippi  Presbyter}'  felt 
 it  their  privilege  to  provide  for  his  comfort  during  his 
 rt-inaining  years,  and  solicited  him  to  devote  himself 
 to  the  preparation  of  a  history  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  the  Southwest. 
 
 When  not  enjoying  the  labors  of  missionaries,  and 
 until  the  establishment  of  a  church  of  their  own, 
 many  of  the  Presbyterian  fomilies  were  accustomed 
 to  worship  at  the  Pine  Ridge  Church,  eight  miles 
 north  of  Xatchez.  This  oliureh  was  the  second  that 
 was  organized  in  Jlississipjji. 
 
 In  1810  a  subscription  was  opened  with  a  view  to 
 the  erection  of  a  Presbyterian  Church  in  Natchez. 
 At  the  head  of  the  enterprise  was  John  Henderson,  a 
 man  to  whose  influence,  perhaps,  more  tthan  that  of 
 any  other,  the  church  in  that  city  owes  its  origin 
 and  its  subsequent  prosperity.  It  was  not  until  1814 
 that  the  building  was  completed,  and  the  dedication 
 took  place  in  February,1815.  In  the  meantime  a  con- 
 gregation was  collected,  in  1811,  and  the  Rev.  William 
 Moiityomery  engaged  to  preach  to  them,  in  connection 
 with  the  congregation  at  Pine  Ridge.  In  the  early  part 
 of  the  year  1813  the  Rev.  Samuel  J.  Mills,  acting  under 
 a  commission  from  the  General  Association  of  Massa- 
 chusetts, and  the  Rev.  John  F.  Schermerhorn,  of  the 
 Dutch  Reformed  Church,  paid  a  visit  to  Xatchez, 
 and,  amongst  other  pious  labors,  established  a  "  Bible 
 Society  for  the  Benefit  of  the  Destitute  in  the  Missis- 
 sippi Territory."  On  a  subsequent  tour  through  the 
 Southern  country,  in  1815,  Mr.  Mills  was  accompanied 
 by  the  Rev.  Daniel  Smith  (spoken  of  in  the  biography 
 of  Mills,  as  "a  man  of  fervent  zeal  in  the  missionary 
 caitse"),  who  visited  Xatchez,  and  consented  to  act 
 as  a  stated  supplj'  to  the  church  for  a  year,  from 
 April  1st,  1816.  About  this  time,  also,  the  church 
 enjoyed  for  a  while  the  presence  and  labors  of  the  Rev. 
 £lias  Cornelius,  D.  D.,  then  on  his  way  to  New 
 Orleans,  who  had  called  at  Natchez,  in  order  to  see 
 and  aid  "his  friend  and  fellow  laborer,"  as  Mr. 
 Smith  is  called  in  Dr.  C's  Slemoirs.  Jlr.  Smith  cou- 
 tinued  to  serve  the  church,  as  stilted  supi)ly,  till  1819, 
 when,  on  account  of  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  for  him 
 a  requisite  support,  his  engagement  was  sutfercd  to 
 expire. 
 
 In  1817  the  church  was  duly  organized  by  enroll- 
 ing eight  persons  as  members,  and  electing  three 
 ruling  elders,  to  whom  John  Henderson  was  soon 
 added  its  a  fourth.  The  successor  of  Mr.  Smith  was 
 the  Rev.  William  Weir,  who,  in  May,  1820,  received 
 and  accepted  a  call  to  become  the  pastor  of  the 
 Xatchez  Church.  Mr.  Weir  was  a  native  of  Ireland, 
 and  at  the  time  of  his  call  was  residing  at  Nashville, 
 Tenn.  He  preached  his  first  sermon  on  the  24th  of 
 December,  1820 ;  was  installed  by  the  5f  ississippi 
 Presbytery  on  the  lUst  of  March,  1821  ;  and  died  on 
 the  25th  of  Xovember,  1822.  He  was  a  pious  and 
 devoted   minister,    and   his  early   departure   was  a 
 
 severe  affliction  to  the  infant  church, which  had  just 
 begun  to  flourish  under  his  labors.  Up  to  the  time 
 of  Mr.  Weir's  death  thirty-two  members  had  been 
 admitted  to  the  church.  It  deserves  to  be  mentioned 
 to  the  credit  of  the  congregation,  that  immediately 
 upon  the  settlement  of  Mr.  Weir  as  their  iiastor, 
 they  made  arrangements  for  the  comfort  of  himself 
 and  fomily  by  the  purcha.se  of  a  parsonage. 
 
 On  the  17th  of  May,  1823,  the  Bev.  George  Potts 
 (subsequently  Dr.  Potts,  of  the  church  in  University 
 Place,  Xew  York),  visited  Natchez  by  invitation, 
 and,  on  the  16th  of  June  following,  was  unanimously 
 elected  j^astor.  The  call  was  accepted,  and  in  De- 
 cember, 1823,  Mr.  Potts  commenced  his  labors  regu- 
 larly as  pastor.  The  number  of  members  reported 
 to  Presbytery  about  this  date  was  forty-nine.  During 
 the  period  of  Jlr.  Potts'  incumbency  of  t^he  pastoral 
 office,  nearly  thirteen  years,  the  Xatchez  Church  at- 
 tained to  a  vigorous  degree  of  matm-ity.  Its  com- 
 munion list  increased  from  forty-nine  to  one  hundred 
 and  thirty-five.  The  old  church  edifice  having  be- 
 come inconvenient  it  was  removed,  and  a  new  and 
 larger  one  was  erected.  No  special  revival  of  religion 
 had  occurred,  but  the  membership  grew  with  a  steady 
 and  cheering  increase.  To  Mr.  Potts' judicious  and 
 faithful  exertions  much  of  the  subsequent  prosperity 
 of  the  Xatchez  Church  is  to  be  attributed.  He  prob- 
 ably laid  the  foundation  of  those  habits  of  system- 
 atic benevolence  and  decorum  in  worshii)  for  which 
 the  congregation  over  which  he  so  long  presided 
 have  ever  been  honorably  distinguished. 
 
 It  was  during  Mr.  Potts'  pastorate  of  the  Church 
 at  Natchez,  that  Samuel  Postlethicaite,  Esq.,  whose 
 name  at  this  point  deserves  special  notice,  became 
 connected  with  it  as  an  elder,  serving  in  this  capacity 
 until  his  lamented  death,  in  1825,  and  contributing 
 very  powerfully  to  the  church's  prosperity.  Sir. 
 Postlethwaite's  long  residence  in  that  country,  the 
 position  he  held  in  society,  the  universal  respect  and 
 confidence  which  his  virtues  had  secured,  his  digni- 
 fied simplicity  and  gentlemanly  courtesy,  his  firmness 
 and  modest}-,  the  thoroughness  with  which  he  entered 
 upon  the  religious  life  and  duties  at  a  time  when 
 there  were  but  few  to  countenance  him,  all  these 
 made  him  an  invaluable  ally  to  the  few  steadfu.st 
 supjiorters  of  our  Denomination,  and  exerted  the 
 most  powerful  influence  upon  a  very  intelligent  conii 
 munity,  many  of  whom  were,  at  that  period,  con- 
 temptuously indifferent,  not  to  say  hostile,  to  serious 
 views  of  religion. 
 
 Constrained  by  ill  health,  in  November,  1835, 
 Mr.  Potts  announced  his  intention  of  resigning  his 
 charge,  and  removing  to  a  northern  latitude.  The 
 congregation  acquiesced  in  his  wish  with  deep  regret, 
 and  in  the  Spring  of  1836  the  church  was  again 
 left  v\ithout  a  pastor. 
 
 In  August,  1837,  the  Rev.  Samuel  (,'.  M'inchester, 
 formerly  of  the  Sixth  Church,  Spruce  street,  Phila- 
 delphia, was  presented  with  a  call,  which  was  ac- 
 
NATUBE. 
 
 563 
 
 NEILL. 
 
 cepted,  and  at  the  close  of  the  year  his  iustallation 
 took  place.  Under  Jlr.  Winchester's  ministry  the 
 church  continued  to  flourish.  In  1838  the  church 
 building  was  enlarged,  by  the  atldition  of  galleries, 
 and  assumed  the  form  in  which  it  stood  until  the 
 Summer  of  1851,  when  it  underwent  another  very 
 considerable  enlargement.  In  the  same  year  (1838) 
 a  very  neat  and  commodious  parsonage  was  pur- 
 chased, at  a  cost  of  sixteen  thousand  dollars. 
 
 In  June,  1840,  the  church  was  called  to  part  with 
 its  venerable  elder,  Mr.  John  Henderson,  a  name 
 which  cannot  be  separated  from  its  history.  (See  his 
 sketch.)  A  still  sorer  loss  befell  the  church  in  the 
 following  year,  in  the  death  of  Jlr.  Winchester,  its 
 pastor.  He  bad  attended  the  meeting  of  the  General 
 Assembly  in  May,  1841,  as  a  commissioner  from  the 
 Presbj'tery  of  Mississippi,  and  subsequently  traveled 
 for  his  health.  On  the  31st  of  August,  after  an 
 illness  which  had  excited  no  particular  appreheusion, 
 he  departed  this  life,  at  the  house  of  a  friend  in 
 New  York.  A  painful  shock  was  communicated  by 
 this  event  to  the  whole  population  of  Natchez,  to 
 whom  Mr.  Wiuchester's  talents,  social  virtues  and 
 mild  demeanor  had  strongly  endeared  him.  As  a 
 preacher,  writer,  and  advocate  of  Presbyterian  order 
 and  orthodoxy,  he  stood  in  the  front  rank.  During 
 his  ministry,  the  number  of  communicants  in  the 
 Natchez  Church  was  increased  to  two  hundred  and 
 three.  It  was  during  the  latter  part  of  ilr.  Win- 
 chester's pastorship  that  Natchez  was  visited  and 
 almost  destroj'cd  by  a  tornado.  His  own  residence 
 sustained  considerable  damage,  as  well  as  the  church. 
 This  awful  visitation  of  Pro^'idence  he  made  the 
 subject  of  an  appropriate  and  solemn  discourse  on 
 the  Sabbath. 
 
 From  the  death  of  Mr.  Winchester,  in  1841,  to 
 1843,  the  church  remained  without  a  pastor,  the 
 pulpit  being  supplied  by  ditlerent  clergymen  from  the 
 neighborhood  and  abroad.  In  June,  1843,  a  c^iU  was 
 presented  to  the  Rev.  Joseph  B.  Stratton,  then  a  licen- 
 tiate of  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  which  was 
 subsequently  accepted,  and  Mr.  Stratton  ordained  and 
 installed  in  December  of  the  same  year,  bj'  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Mississippi.  Dr.  Stratton  has  ever  since 
 been  in  charge  of  the  congregation,  growing  in  their 
 esteem,  and  in  his  u.sefulne.ss,  as  time  h;is  advanced 
 (see  his  sketch).  Under  his  able  ministry  and  watch- 
 ful care  the  church  has  continued  in  a  healthy  and 
 thriving  condition,  and  now  occupies  a  prominent 
 place  for  strength,  influence  and  importance.  Its  j 
 present  number  of  communicants  is  about  three  hun- 
 dred. 
 
 Nature.  This  word  variously  implies  the  regu- 
 lar course  of  things,  according  to  God's  ordinance 
 (Rom.  i,  26,  27) ;  habit,  feeling  of  propriety,  common 
 sense  or  general  custom  (ii,  14;  I'Cor.  xi,  14);  birth 
 or  natural  descent  (Gal.  ii,  15);  essence  (Gal.  iv,  8); 
 qualities  or  dispositions  of  the  mind,  whether  good 
 (•2  Pet.  i,  4),  or  evil  (Eph.  ii,  3). 
 
 Necessity,  Moral,  is  "that  without  which  the 
 effect  cannot  well  be,  although,  absolutely  speaking, 
 it  may.  A  man  who  is  lame  is  under  a  moral  neccs- 
 :  sity  to  use  some  help,  but  absolutely  he  may  not. 
 The  phrase  '  moral  neeesssity '  is  used  variously. 
 Sometimes  it  is  used  for  necessity  of  moral  obligation. 
 Sometimes,  by  moral  necessity  is  meant  that  sure 
 connection  of  things  that  is  a  foundation  for  infal- 
 [  lible  certainty.  In  this  sense  it  signifies  much 
 the  same  as  that  high  degree  of  probability  which  is 
 ordinarily  sufficient  to  satisfy  mankind  in  their  con- 
 duct and  behavior  in  the  world.  Sometimes,  bv 
 moral  necessity  is  meant  that  necessity  of  connection 
 and  consequence  which  arises  from  such  moral  causes 
 as  the  strength  of  inclination  or  motives,  and  the  con- 
 nection which  there  is  in  many  cases  between  them 
 and  such  certain  volitions  and  actions." 
 
 Neil,  Rev.  Williain,  son  of  William  and  Eliza- 
 beth (Tracj')  Neil,  was  born  in  Jones  county,  N.  C, 
 in  the  year  1800;  graduated  at  the  College  of  New 
 Jersey,  in  18'23;  at  Princeton  Seminary  in  1826,  and 
 was  licensed  by  the  Pre.sbytery  of  Philadelphia,  May 
 25th,  18'26.  Mr.  Neil  was  stated  sujjply  at  Murfrees- 
 boro,  N.  C,  Irom  the  date  of  his  ordination  (April 
 28th,  1827),  uutU  AprU  25th,  1835;  then  at  Ports- 
 mouth, Va.,  from  1835-40;  at  Chesterfield,  Va.,  1840- 
 45;  at  Jamoina,  near  Tallahassee,  Fla.,  1845-53; 
 then  was  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Pittsylvania  C.  H., 
 Va.,  where  he  labored  faithfully  and  successfully, 
 from  December  4th,  1853  to  October  25th,  1855. 
 After  being  stated  supply  at  Gallatin,  Sliss.,  from 
 1856  to  1866,  he  removed  to  Mobile,  Ala.,  where, 
 until  1869,  he  did  much  useful  missionary  work,  not 
 only  in  that  city,  but  also  along  the  line  of  the  JIo- 
 bile  and  Ohio  Railroad.  From  1869-76  he  resided  at 
 Franklin,  Tenn.,  suppl3'ing  the  church  in  that  town, 
 and,  at  the  same  time,  doing  much  labor  under  the 
 direction  of  the  Missionary  Committee  of  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Nashville,  He  died  January  26th,  1881.  Mr. 
 Neil  was  a  man  of  mild  and  genial  temperament,  of 
 singular  modesty,  humility  and  manliness,  a  steady, 
 industrious  laborer  in  the  Master's  vineyard,  es- 
 teemed and  honored  by  all  who  knew  him. 
 
 Neill,  "William,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Western 
 Pennsylvania,  in  1778,  amid  the  hanlships  of  frontier 
 life,  both  his  parents  being  massacred  by  the  Indians. 
 He  graduated  at  Nassau  Hall  in  1803.  He  was  or- 
 dained over  the  Church  in  Cooperstown,  N.  Y.,  in 
 1805.  In  1809  he  was  called  to  the  First  Church  of 
 Albany;  in  1816  to  the  Sixth  Church  of  Philadelphia, 
 the  .seceding  portion  from  Dr.  Ely's  Church.  In  I-^IS 
 he  wiis  chosen  Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly. 
 In  1824  he  was  made  President  of  Dickinson  College, 
 Carlisle,  Pa.  That  position  did  not  prove  a  bed  of 
 roses,  and  he  became,  in  1829,  Secretary  of  the  Board 
 of  Education.  In  1831  he  took  charge  of  the  German- 
 town  Church,  and  raised  it  to  a  flourishing  condition. 
 In  1842  he  retired  from  all  active  labors.  In  1860  he 
 departed  this  life,  aged  eighty-two  years. 
 
NELSON. 
 
 564 
 
 NELSON. 
 
 Dr.  Neill  w;is  tall,  digoified  and  very  courteous  in  | 
 manner.  A.s  a  -nriterj.his  style  was  perspicuous,  and 
 even  elegant.  Dr.  T>.  X.  JunkLn  styled  him  "the 
 venerable  and  lovely  Dr.  William  Neill."  His  pietj' 
 was  of  a  high  order.  As  a  college  functionary,  he  w;is 
 conscientious  and  faithful,  and  won  the  respect  of  the  i 
 
 WILLIAM  NEILL,  D.D. 
 
 students.  Besides  occasional  discourses,  he  published 
 an  exposition  of  the  Epistle  to  the  Ephesian.s. 
 
 Nelson,  Rev.  David,  was  born  near  Jonesbo- 
 rough,  in  East  Tennessee,  September  24th,  1793,  and 
 graduated  at  Washington  College  in  that  State.  He 
 studied  medicine,  and  had  just  entered  on  the  prac- 
 tice of  his  profession,  when,  the  war  with  Great 
 Britain  ha\'ing  commenced,  he  joined  a  Kentucky 
 regiment  as  a  surgeon,  and  proceeded  to  Canada.  On 
 his  return  from  this  expedition,  he  .settled  as  a  medi- 
 cal practitioner  in  .Tonesborough,  with  very  promis- 
 ing jirospects.  Though  he  had  in  very  early  life 
 made  a  profession  of  religion,  his  serious  impressions 
 gradually  wore  away,  and  he  became  at  length  an 
 open  advocate  of  infidelity.  But,  though  he  was 
 avowedly  infidel  in  his  opinions,  he  had  not  been  able 
 to  escape  from  all  the  influences  of  an  early  Cliris- 
 tian  education  and  profession.  One  day  he  took  up 
 Doddridge's  "  Kise  and  Progress;"  some  word  arrested 
 his  mind.  He  read  the  work,  and  like  the  look  of 
 Christ  on  Peter,  that  word  led  Nelson  to  go  out  and 
 weep  bitterly,  and  in  a  very  .short  time  he  re-entered 
 the  Church. 
 
 Dr.  Nelson  w;is  licensed  by  the  Abingdon  Presby- 
 tery, Va.,  to  preju-h  the  gospel,  in  April,  1825.  He 
 preached  for  nearly  three  years  in  different  places  in 
 
 Tennessee,  and  at  the  same  time  was  a-ssociated 
 mth  one  or  two  other  ministers  in  conducting  a 
 periodiciil  work,  published  at  Rogersville,  entitled 
 ■'The  Calvinistie  JIagazine. "  In  1828  he  becanic 
 piistor  of  the  Church  in  Danville,  Ky.,  and  about 
 this  time  traveled  somewhat  extensively  in  Ken- 
 tucky, as  agent  of  the  Americ;in  Education  Society. 
 In  1830  he  was  cliiefly  instrumental  in  establishing  a 
 college  in  Marion  county,  Mo.,  to  which  was  given 
 the  name  of  Marion  College.  In  1836  he  established, 
 in  the  neighborhood  of  Quincy,  111.,  an  Institute  for 
 the  education  of  young  men,  especially  for  missionary 
 life.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  life  a  fearful  maUulj' 
 fastened  itself  upon  him,  and  proved  an  overmatch 
 for  medical  skill.  He  died,  October  17th,  1844,  after 
 uttering,  as  his  last  words,  "  It  is  well." 
 
 Dr.  Nelson's  highest  and  most  enduring  fame,  no 
 doubt,  is  connected  with  his  work  entitled,  ' '  Cause 
 and  Cure  of  Infidelity,"  which  has  passed  through 
 many  editions,  and  has  taken  a  high  place  in  the 
 standard  religious  literature  of  the  country.  ' '  I  have 
 no  hesitation,"  says  Dr.  W.  S.  Potts,  "in  assigning 
 to  Dr.  Nelson  a  place  among  the  remarkable  men  of 
 the  age.  With  as  much  of  native  intellectual  and 
 moral  ability  as  is  often  seen  in  connection  with  our 
 fallen  humanity,  and  with  a  desire  to  serve  God  in 
 promoting  the  spiritual  welfare  of  men  that  every- 
 body saw  had  all  the  strength  of  a  ruling  passion, 
 he  combined  strongly  marked  eccentricities,  which 
 the  essential  giandeur  of  his  character  served  only  to 
 render  more  conspicuous.  But  however  these  eccen- 
 tricities might  blind  some  to  his  substantial  excel- 
 lence, and  even  interfere,  to  some  extent,  with  his 
 usefulness,  it  was  impossible  but  that  persons  of 
 intelligence  and  discernment  should  very  quickly 
 discover  his  remarkable  piety  and  power,  and  it  was 
 equally  impossible  for  any  to  be  long  in  contact  with 
 him  and  be  insensible  to  his  influence.  Hence  his 
 career  as  a  Christian  minister  was  signalized  in  an 
 unusual  degree  by  the  triumphs  of  Divine  grace,  and 
 wherever  he  went  he  seemed  to  be  constantly  gather- 
 ing jewels  to  his  immortal  crown." 
 
 Nelson,  Henry  Addison,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Amherst,  JIass.,  Octolicr  31st,  l^i-JO.  He  united  with 
 the  Congregational  Church  in  Homer,  N.  Y.,  Jlay  1st, 
 1831,  and  graduated  from  Hamilton  College  in  1840. 
 He  was  ordained  and  installed  at  Auburn  First  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Cayuga,  July 
 29th,  1846,  where  he  remained  until  1856.  He  was 
 pastor  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1856-68;  Professor  of  The- 
 ology in  Lane  Seminary,  1868-74;  and  from  1874  has 
 been  pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Geneva,  N.  Y.  Dr. 
 Nelson  h;is  published  "Seeing  Jesus,"  1869;  "Sin 
 and  Salvation,"  1881.  He  was  Moderator  of  the 
 General  Assembly  at  Rochester  in  1867.  Dr.  Nelson 
 was  blessed  with  a  pious  ancestry.  His  great  grand- 
 father, Nathanacl  Nelson,  his  grandfather,  Seth  Nel- 
 son, and  his  father,  Seth  Nelson  second,  held  the 
 office  of  deacon   in  the   Congregational    Church   in 
 
KELSON. 
 
 565 
 
 NEVJN. 
 
 Milford,  Mass.,  from  A.  D.  1748  to  A.  D.  1815.  Seth 
 Nelson  second,  having  removed  to  New  York,  was  a 
 Presbrterian  ruling  elder  during  tlie  later  years  of 
 his  lile,  in  Cortland,  N.  Y. 
 
 Nelson,  Rev.  Samuel  Kelsey,  the  eldest  child 
 of  Henry  and  Anna  (KeLsey)  Nelson,  was  born  near 
 Jonesborough,  East  Teuue.s.see,  October  9th,  1787.  He 
 graduated  at  Washington  College,  then  under  the  care 
 of  the  venerable  Dr.  Doak;  studied  theology  under 
 his  direction;  was  licensed,  in  1807,  by  the  Holston 
 Presbytery,  and  then  was  engaged  for  some  time  in 
 preaching  in  South  Carolina,  and  also  at  different 
 places  in  Tennessee.  He  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
 Church  at  Danville,  Ky.,  in  1809.  To  Mr.  Nelson,  it 
 is  understood,  belongs  the  honor  of  having  been  the 
 principal  founder  of  Centre  College,  Danville.  For 
 this  he  labored  ivith  consummate  skill  and  untiring 
 assiduity.  His  public  spirit  was  strikingly  evinced 
 in  the  interest  he  took  in  founding  and  fostering  the 
 Kentucky  Asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  which 
 also  was  situated  within  the  bounds  of  his  congrega- 
 tion, and  it  was  while  fulfilling  an  appointment  by 
 its  Board  of  Trustees,  in  the  Spring  of  18'27,  to  Talla- 
 hassee, Fla. ,  to  negotiate  some  matters  in  which  the 
 Institution  was  specially  interested,  that  he  died. 
 This  event  occurred.  May  7th,  and  the  tidings  of  it 
 were  mournfully  responded  to  in  every  circle  in 
 which  he  had  been  known.  Sir.  Nelson  was  an  inter- 
 esting and  edifying  preacher.  He  drew  his  illustra- 
 tions chiefly  from  within  the  range  of  ordinary  obser- 
 vation, and  he  never  uttered  a  sentence  that  was  not 
 level  to  the  comprehension  of  the  humblest  of  his 
 hearers.  His  manner  w;is  earnest  and  affectionate, 
 but  was  accompanied  with  very  little  action.  He 
 left  behind  him  a  highly  honored  name. 
 
 Nevin,  Alfred,  D,  D. ,  LL.  D.,  was  born  in  Ship- 
 pensburg,  Cumberland  county,  Pa.,  March  14th,  1816. 
 His  parents.  Major  David  Nevin  and  Slary  Peirce, 
 were  of  English  and  Scotch  origin,  and  descended 
 from  families  among  the  first  to  settle  in  Cumberland 
 Valley.  His  father,  a  nephew  of  Hugh  Williamson, 
 LL.  D. ,  was  a  merchant ;  served  in  the  defence  of  Bal- 
 timore in  the  war  of  1812,  and  was  a  representative 
 from  Cumberland  county  in  the  Reform  Convention, 
 1837-8,  for  remodeling  the  State  Coastitution.  He 
 commenced  his  collegiate  education  at  Dickinson 
 College,  completing  it  at  Jefferson  College,  where  he 
 graduated  in  1834.  As  a  student  of  Judge  Reed's 
 Law  School,  at  Carlisle,  he  received  the  degree  of 
 L.  B.,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1837.  Enter- 
 ing at  once  the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  he 
 graduated  there  in  1840,  and  in  April  of  the  same 
 year  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle. 
 Declining  invitations  to  several  churches  in  West- 
 ern cities,  he  took  charge,  in  May,  1840,  of  Cedar 
 Orove  Presbyterian  Church,  Lancaster  county,  Pa., 
 where  he  continued  five  years.  He  subsecjuently 
 was  pastor  of  the  G.  R.  Church,  Chaml)ersburg, 
 Pa.,  seven  years,  and   for   five   years,  of  the   then 
 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Lancaster  City,  Pa. 
 During  his  residence  in  Lancaster  he  wa.s  chosen 
 Moderator  of  the  Synod  of  Philadelphia,  at  its  meet- 
 ing in  Hollidaysburg.  In  1857  he  organized  the 
 Alexander  Church,  Philadelphia.  Resigning  this 
 charge  in  18G1,  he  began  the  publication  of  TItc 
 Stamlard,  which,  in  18G6,  on  account  of  his  impaired 
 health,  was  merged  in  the  Northwestern  Presbyterian, 
 at  Chicago.  After  a  rest,  he  published  the  Presbi/te- 
 rian  Weekly  (now  the  Baltimore  Preshi/lerian),  and  he 
 was  the  editor-in-chief  of  the  Presbyterian  Journal, 
 which  was  published  by  the  Rev.  J.  Ford  Sutton, 
 from  its  initial  number,  for  three  years. 
 
 Dr.  Ne\-in,  in  1858,  was  chosen  to  address  the 
 Alumni  of  his  Alma  Mater,  and  rendered  that  service, 
 taking  for  his  theme,  ' "  The  Responsibility  of  Ameri- 
 
 ALFRED   NEVIN,  D.  D.jLL.  D. 
 
 can  Citizenship. "  He  was,  for  years,  a  member  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Historical  Society,  a  member  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Board  of  Publication,  a  Trustee  of  Lafayette 
 College,  and  a  Director  of  the  Presbyterian  Ho.spital, 
 in  Philadelphia.  He  has  a  number  of  times  been  a 
 commissioner  to  the  General  Assembly,  and  by  its 
 appointment  has  represented  the  Prcsbj^:erian  Church 
 in  the  JIas.sachusetts  Congregational  Association,  the 
 Synod  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  and  the  General 
 Assembly  of  the  Presbj-terian  Church  of  Canada.  He 
 has  been  honored  with  election  to  membership  in  the 
 Historical  Societies  of  Pennsylvania  and  Wisconsin, 
 and  in  literary  societies  of  .several  of  the  prominent 
 colleges  of  our  country.  He  is  the  author  of  some 
 twenty  volumes.  Our  Board  has  published  from  his 
 I  pen,  "Notes  on  the  Shorter  Catechism,"  "Parables 
 
NEVIX. 
 
 566 
 
 NEVm. 
 
 iif  Jisns,"  etc.  Amongthose  issued  by  other  publish- 
 ing houses  are,  "Churches  of  the  Valley,"  "Guide 
 to  the  Oracles,"  "The  Voice  of  God,"  "Popular 
 Commentary  on  the  Gospels  and  Acts,"  "Men  of 
 Mark  of  Cumberland  Valley,  Pa.,"  "Notes  on 
 E.xodus,"  "The  Age  Question,"  and  "Infidelity 
 Rebuked — Letters  to  Col.  Robert  G.  lugersoll." 
 
 Nevin,  Ed-win  Henry,  D.D.,  wa-s  bom  in  Ship- 
 pensburg,  Cumberland  county.  Pa.,  May  9th,  1S14. 
 He  graduated  at  Jefferson  College;  studied  theology 
 at  Princeton  Seminary,  and  was  licensed  to  preach 
 by  the  First  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  in  1836.  His 
 first  pa.storal  charge  was  at  Portsmouth,  Ohio,  where 
 he  had  a  successful  ministry  for  several  years.  In 
 l:-^:;9  he  accepted  the  pastorate  of  the  Church  at  Po- 
 land, Ohio,  and  continued  in  this  relation,  with  the 
 Divine  blessing  upon  his  labors,  until  1841,  when  he 
 w;is  called  to  the  Presidency  of  Franklin  College, 
 New  Athens,  ILirrison  county,  Ohio.  'W'hile  in  this 
 position  he  raised  funds  and  secured  the  erection  of  a 
 new  college  building,  and  the  Institution  gained  a 
 wide  repute  under  his  administration.  He  was  sub- 
 sequently pastor,  at  Mt.  Vernon,  O.,  and  Cleveland, 
 O.,  and  of  several  Congregational  churches  in  New 
 England.  Al'ter  an  interval  of  rest,  necessitated  by 
 ill  health,  he  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of  St.  Paul's 
 Reformed  Church  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  and  from  thence 
 to  the  Finst  Reformed  Church  of  Philadelphia,  where 
 he  remained  several  years.  After  relinquishing  this 
 position,  he  connected  himself  with  the  Central  Pres- 
 bytery of  Pliiladelphia,  and  has  not  since  accepted  a 
 pastoral  charge. 
 
 Dr.  Nevin  is  an  eloquent  and  impressive  jireacher. 
 He  is  an  apt  and  ready  debater,  and  has  in  several 
 inst;inces  combated  error  in  public  discus.sion.  He 
 has  recently  been  elected  to  membership  in  the  '■  Vic- 
 toria Institute  or  Philo-sophical  Society  of  Great 
 Britiiin,"  of  which  the  Earl  of  Shaftesbury,  is  the 
 President.  He  is  the  author  of  "The  SILnister's 
 Handbook,"  "The  Man  of  Faith,"  "The  City  of 
 God,"  and  "Thoughts  about  Christ,"  which  have 
 been  prepared  with  care,  and  received  with  much 
 favor.  As  a  poet,  he  has  attained  considerable  recog- 
 nition, and  some  of  his  devotional  poems  have  a  place 
 in  many  of  the  hj-mnals  of  the  laud,  as  well  as  in 
 England  and  Ireland. 
 
 Nevin,  Theodore  Hugh,  fourth  son  of  John 
 Nevin,  Esij.,  was  born  in  Franklin  county.  Pa.,  in  the 
 year  Xr^Vy.  His  father  was  a  gentleman  of  piety  and  of 
 more  than  ordinary  intelligence,  a  graduate  of  Dick- 
 inson College,  of  which  for  a  time  he  served  as  trustee, 
 and  fond  of  books,  but,  in  harmony  with  his  ta-stes, 
 he  spent  his  life  in  the  noble  occupation  of  a  farmer, 
 living  for  many  years  on  his  beautiful  place  near 
 Shipjieusburg,  Pa.,  during  which  he  frequently  con- 
 tributed articles  to  some  of  the  public  journals  of  his 
 day.  The  fir.st  score  years  of  the  son's  life  were  .spent 
 on  his  father's  farm.  He  then  removed  to  Pittsburg, 
 Pa.,  where  liis  education  was  completed,  mainly  under 
 
 ;  the  private  tuition  of  his  brother,  the  Rev.  John  W. 
 Nevin,  D.D.  In  ISi'i  he  established  the  firm  of  T.  H. 
 Nevin  &  Co.,  for  the  manufacture  of  white  lead, 
 which  firm  still  exists.  In  1842  he  was  appointed 
 Treasurer  of  the  Western  Theological  Seminary  at 
 Allegheny,  Pa.,  and  still  retains  this  position,  in 
 which  he  hiis  rendered  very  valual)le  service  to  that 
 Institution.  In  1844  he  was  elected  and  ordained  a 
 ruling  elder  in  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Alle- 
 gheny, and  for  manj'  years  he  has  filled  the  same 
 office  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Sewickley.  In 
 1864  he  was  elected,  and  still  continues  to  be.  Presi- 
 dent of  the  First  National  Bank,  Allegheny,  Pa., 
 which,  under  his  judicious  and  safe  direction,  has  had 
 a  succes.sful  history.  In  1864  he  was  appointed  an 
 Inspector  of  the  'Westeru  State  Penitentiary,  and  has 
 
 THEODORE  HVGH  NEVIS. 
 
 been  the  President  of  its  Board  of  Managers  until  the 
 present  time,  devoting  to  it  an  amount  of  time  and 
 care  which  has  largely  contributed  to  the  very  s;»tis- 
 factory  condition  of  its  affairs.  Mr.  Nevin  has  for 
 many  years  resided  at  Sewickley,  of  which  he  was 
 one  of  the  early  settlers,  and  where  he  is  held  in  the 
 highest  esteem  by  the  community.  He  is  a  gentle- 
 man of  great  energy,  of  unimpeachable  integritj',  of 
 active  public  spirit,  and  of  admirable  administrative 
 ability.  His  business  career  h;xs  been  a  success.  He 
 has  filled  the  .secular  ofiices  to  which  he  has  been 
 called  with  a  fidelity  which  is  universally  acknowl- 
 edged, and  the  duties  of  all  his  relations  to  the  Church 
 have  been  discharged  with  a  consistency,  zeal  and 
 efficiency  which  have  won  him  public  confidence  and 
 regard. 
 
NEVim. 
 
 567 
 
 .VriT-  BETHEL  CHURCn. 
 
 Nevins,  "William,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Norwich, 
 Conn.,  October  13th,  1797.  Although  designed  for 
 commercial  life,  such  was  his  unquenchable  thirst 
 for  learning  that  he  was  allowed  to  enter  Yale  Col- 
 lege, where  he  graduated  in  1816.  His  theological  ; 
 studies  were  conducted  at  Princeton  Seminary.  He 
 was  settled  over  the  First  Chiirch,  Baltimore,  October 
 19th  18'20.  Dr.  Nevins  continued  in  this  charge  tiU  , 
 his  death,  September  14th,  1835,  being  just  in  the 
 prime  of  his  life,  thirty -eight  years  of  age.  i 
 
 Though  in  his  early  years  thought  volatile  in  his 
 manners  and  too  imaginative  in  his  pulpit  efforts,  he 
 gradually  sobered  down,  and  his  "  profiting  appeared 
 to  all. ' '  He  became  a  serious,  laithful,  earnest,  deep- 
 toned  gospel  preacher,  and  his  labors  were  crowned 
 mth  abundant  fruits.  He  was  a  favorite  of  "William 
 Wirt,  who  said  "he  loved  this  ^cn rf-preaching." 
 His  whole  life  was  beautifully  consistent,  and  exhib- 
 ited the  traits  of  a  lovely,  winning  and  saintly  char- 
 acter. He  attained  to  a  wonderful  self-restraint. 
 Once,  when  assailed  in  Presb3-tery,  ha^-ing  been  pro- 
 voked to  make  a  tart  reply,  he  acknowledged  to  a 
 friend  his  deep  compunction  and  humiliation,  "for 
 he   had   not    yielded   to  auger   before  for  seventeen 
 
 years." 
 
 Dr.  Nevins  left  behind  him  a  few  published  works 
 and  several  useful  tracts.  He  had  said  that  it  was 
 his  highest  ambition  to  write  a  good  tract.  Besides 
 "Occasional  Sermons,"  there  was  a  posthumous 
 volume  of  sermons  and  another  of  • '  Select  Remains. ' ' 
 His  articles  in  the  New  York  Observer,  which  gained 
 him  great  reputation,  signed  il.  S.,  the  final  letters 
 of  his  name,  were  afterwarils  collected  in  two  well- 
 known  volumes,  "Thoughts  on  Popery,"  and  "Prac- 
 tical Thoughts." 
 
 Nevius,  John  Livingston,  D.D.,  was  Iwrn  in 
 Ovid,  N.  Y.,  March  4th,  l-i-29.  He  graduated  at 
 Union  College,  in  1848;  studied  theology  at  Princeton 
 Seminarv,  and,  after  teaching  for  a  time,  was  ordained 
 an  evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Bruns\vick, 
 in  May,  1853.  He  was  missionary  in  China,  at  Ningpo, 
 1H54;  pastor,  1856-60;  missionary  in  Japan,  1861; 
 missionary  at  Tungcbow,  North  China,  1861-64; 
 United  States,  1865-71,  and  since  1871  has  been  mis- 
 sionary at  Chefoo.  Dr.  Nevius,  during  his  visit  to 
 this  country,  presented  the  claims  of  the  missionary 
 cau.se  to  the  churches,  frequently  and  forcibly.  He  is 
 earnestly  devoted  to  bis  work,  admirably  qualified 
 for  it,  and  has  the  pleasui-e  of  seeing  it  prosper  in  his 
 hands. 
 
 New  Bethel  Presbyterian  Church,  Sullivan 
 County,  Tennessee.  Amongst  the  earliest  names 
 a.ssociated  with  the  origin  of  this  church  is  that  of 
 the  Rev.  Joseph  Rhea.  He  was  a  native  of  Irehind, 
 and  arrived  in  this  country  in  1769,  landing  at  Phila- 
 delphia. To  the  Synod  meeting  in  that  city,  ilay, 
 1771,  The  Presbji;ery  of  Donegal  reported  that  he 
 had  been  received  as  a  member  of  that  body.  In  1772 
 he    removed   bis    family    to  Taneytown,   Md.,  and 
 
 became  preacher  of  the  Piney  Creek  Church,  which 
 
 W.1S  on  the  waters  of  the  Slonocacy  river.     He  visited 
 the  settlements  on  the  Holston  river,  Tennessee,  in 
 1775,  and,  it  would  seem,  again  in   1776,  when  he 
 bought  the  lands  on  Beaver  Creek,  now  owned  by 
 some  of  his  descendants.    During  these  visits  he  must 
 have  embraced  every  opportunity  of  preaching  to  the 
 settlers  in  their  wilderness  homes.     Having  bought 
 the  lands  just  mentioned,  and  idea.sed  with  the  invit- 
 ing pro.spcct  which  the  country  presented,  he  decided 
 to  bring  his  family  and  .settle  in  this  region.     He 
 returned  to  Maryland,  sold  his  property  there,  and 
 while  preparing  to  move,  died,  in  1777.     His  widow 
 and    family,  however,  carried   out  his   purpose   of 
 remo^nng  to  Holston,  and  reached  their  new  home  in 
 February,  1779.     In  this  latter  year,  or  about  this 
 time,  from  the  Piney  Creek  congregation,  in  Mary- 
 land, and  from  the  contiguous  portions  of  Pennsyl- 
 j  vania-,  from  what  is  now  Adams  comity,  then  York, 
 came  many  who   had  been  members  of  Mr.  Rhea's 
 congregation,  or  who  had  been  his  acquaintances,  and 
 I  made  their  homes  on  the  Holston  and  on  the  Wa- 
 tauga, or  passed  on  further  as  settlements  advanced. 
 I      The  tradition  is,  that  in  the  year  178'2  the  Presby- 
 j  terian  families  brought  here  through  the  influence  of 
 '  the  Rev.  Mr.  Rhea  were,  by  the  Rev.  Samuel  Doak 
 j  (elsewhere  noticed  in  this  volume),  organized  into  a 
 ,  church,  and   the   name   New   Bethel   was  probably 
 suggested  by  him  as  a  memorial  of  the  Bethel  Church 
 i  in  Virginia,  in  the  bounds  of  which  he  had  pa.ssed 
 many  of  his  early  years.     It  is  believed  that  James 
 Gregg,  Sr.,  Francis  Hodge,  Sr.,  First;  and  John  AU- 
 son,  Sr.,  First;  were  the  first  ruling  elders.    It  is  not 
 known   how   many   members   constituted    the   new 
 organization. 
 
 In  the  year  in  which  New  Bethel  was  organized 
 
 (1782)  Adam  Rankjn,  of  Scotch-Irish  parentage,  and 
 
 born  near  Greencastle,  Pa.,  was  licensed  to  preach 
 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Hanover,  and  he  immediately 
 
 visited  the   churches  of  Holston  and   Nolachucky. 
 
 He  was  a  zealot  on  the  subject  of  Psalmody.     His 
 
 opposition  to  singing  any  other  than  Rouse's  version 
 
 of  the  Psalms  seems  to  have  become  a  sort  of  mono- 
 
 !  mania.     He  received,    it  is  .said,    three   calls   from 
 
 churches  in  the  surrounding  neighborhoods,  but  de- 
 
 1  cUned  them  on  account  of  disputes  on  the  subject  of 
 
 Psalmody.     He  may  have  \'isited  and  received  a  call 
 
 from  New  Bethel.    "^Tiether  this  was  the  case  or  not, 
 
 I  it  is  known  that  his  agitition  of  this  subject  left  the 
 
 impression  of  his  visit  behind  him  for  many  years. 
 
 During  many  years  after  its  organization  the 
 church  was  reported  for  much  of  the  time  vacant. 
 The  Rev.  Jacob  Lake,  it  is  said,  began  to  supiily  the 
 church  in  1797,  and  continued  about  three  years. 
 The  Rev.  John  Cosson  was  the  next  minister,  and 
 preached  in  charge  of  New  Bethel,  as  is  supposed,  for 
 some  time,  about  the  year  1800  and  thereafter.  About 
 the  year  1811-12  the  Rev.  James  Black  became 
 probably   the   next   minister.     During   the   interval 
 
NEW  BETHEL  CHURCH. 
 
 568 
 
 NEW  BETHEL  CHURCH. 
 
 between  Mr.  Bl:ick'.s  resignation  of  the  pastorate  and 
 11^20,  the  Rev.  Samuel  Doak,  his  son,  the  Rev.  John  W. 
 Doak.  the  Rev.  .lames  (lallaher,  and  the  Rev.  Robert 
 Glenn,  -vvho  were  missionaries  under  the  appointment 
 of  the  General  As.sembly,  also  the  Rev.  Stephen  Bovell 
 and  the  Rev.  Alexander  McEwen,  are  remembered  as 
 having  occa.sionally  preached  in  the  church. 
 
 From  September,  1821  to  July,  1823,  the  Rev. 
 Andrew  C'am])bell,  a  minister  from  Ireland,  was 
 pastor  of  the  niountville  Presbyterian  Church,  ha^-ing 
 been  supply  for  the  year  jirevious  to  1821,  and  some 
 part  of  his  time  served  as  supply  of  New  Bethel 
 Church.  He  also  taught  .school  in  the  old  church 
 buikling.  In  AjMil,  1824,  Rev.  Andrew  S.  Morrison 
 became  .stated  supply  of  the  Blountyille  Church,  and 
 continued  until  1830,  some  part  of  this  time  supplying 
 the  New  Bethel  Chunth. 
 
 In  the  year  1830  the  Rev.  L.  G.  Bell  (see  bis 
 sketch)  was  pa.stor  of  Hebron  Church,  Jone,sborough, 
 and  supply  of  New  Bethel.  In  1831  the  Rev.  Theoph- 
 ilus  G.  Potts  preached  to  the  Blountville  Church  for 
 one  year,  and  was  also  the  supply  of  New  Bethel 
 Church  during  that  time.  The  pulpit  subsequently 
 ■was  fUled  as  follows :  Rev.  Daniel  Rogau,  pastor  of 
 Blountville  Church  in  1839,  was  stated  supply  of 
 New  B(dhel;  in  1840  the  Rev.  P.  Wood  supplied  the 
 ch\ireh  and  continued  to  do  so  at  this  time  about 
 two  years;  in  1842-3  the  Rev.  James  McLin  served 
 the  church  in  connection  with  the  Church  at  Eliza- 
 beth ton;  the  Rqv.  P.  Wood  again  supplied  the  church 
 for  more  than  a  year  in  1844  and  1845;  the  Rev. 
 Daniel  Rogan  succeeded  in  the  earlj'  part  of  1846, 
 thus  ha^•ing  charge  of  the  church  a  second  time  in 
 connection  with  the  Blountville  Church,  and  retain- 
 ing this  charge  up  to  near  the  close  of  1853. 
 
 About  the  time  of  the  first  period  of  Mr.  Wood's 
 ministry  the  first  enlargement  of  tJie  church  building 
 was  made.  In  the  earlj'  history  of  the  church  the 
 first  building  of  logs  was  erected.  This  was  used  for 
 many  years  as  a  school-house.  The  building  was  of 
 contracted  dimensions,  and  had  a  stone  chimney  at 
 the  e:ist  end.  The  pul])it  was  in  the  west  end,  around 
 which  the  maU^  portion  of  the  congregation  gathered. 
 The  women  and  children  occupied  the  end  near  the 
 chimney  corner. 
 
 Soon  after  the  revival  of  1838  the  increa.se  of  mem- 
 ber.ship  and  of  attendance  required  enlarged  accom- 
 modation. An  addition  of  hewn  logs  was  joined  to  the 
 west  end,  and  the  1)uilding  Wiis  thus  enlarged  per- 
 haps to  twice  its  former  capacity.  The  pulpit  was 
 now  in  the  middle  of  the  north  .side  of  the  church. 
 In  the  new  part  of  the  building,  what  would  now  be 
 considered  a  very  old  fishioned  sto\e  began  to  do 
 service  in  the  cold  wintry  days.  For  about  forty 
 years  the  biiilding  J  ust  described  answered  tlie  needs 
 and  served  the  purpose  of  the  congregation  in  its 
 public  worship.  The  ]>resi'nt  commodious  structure, 
 an  attractive  country  (thurch,  was  completed  but  two 
 or  three  years  ago. 
 
 The  Rev.  Daniel  Rogan  was  succeeded  as  pastor  of 
 New  Bethel,  January  1st,  1855,  by  the  Rev.  John  B. 
 Logan,  who  continued  in  this  relation  until  June 
 30th,  1861.  From  1862  to  1873  the  Rev.  J.  P.  Briscoe 
 supplied  the  chirrch,  in  connection  with  the  Blount- 
 \-ille  Church.  Since  that  time  the  church  was  sup- 
 plied, successively,  by  the  Rev.  John  R.  King,  the 
 Rev.  A.  S.  Doak,  the  Rev.  J.  K.  King  again,  the  Rev. 
 R.  F.  King,  and  the  Rev.  James  C.  Carson,  until,  in 
 1881,  the  Rev.  James  B.  Converse  became  pastor-elect. 
 On  August  23-26  the  church  celebrated  its  "  centen- 
 nial," on  which  occasion  the  Rev.  Samuel  Hodge, 
 D.  D.,  preached  a  very  interesting  "historical  ser- 
 mon," i'rom  wliich  we  have  gleaned  the  det;iils  here 
 presented. 
 
 In  concluding  his  sermon  Dr.  Hodge  thus  eloquently 
 referred  to  death's  doings  during  the  period  he  had 
 reviewed  : — 
 
 But  what  multitudes  have  these  liundred  years 
 consigned  to  tenancy  in  that  silent  city  of  the  dead! 
 "The  fathers,  where  are  thej'?"  From  the  silent 
 sepulchres  echo  answers,  "Here  are  they  " — all  that 
 remains  of  their  material  forms.  Here  the  aged 
 grandsire  and  matron,  bending  under  the  weight  of 
 years,  having  laid  down  their  burdens,  have  sunk 
 into  the  last  dreamless  sleep.  The  father  and  the 
 mother  in  middle  age,  or  but  little  past,  in  the  ripe- 
 ness of  their  powers,  have  gone  to  the  long  home  and 
 rest  from  their  labors.  But  the  aged  do  not  lie  there 
 alone.  In  that  cemetery,  and  it  may  be  in  distiint 
 and  perhaps  unmarked  graves,  lie  many,  very  many, 
 of  younger  years,  who  were  once  familiarly  known 
 in  the  homes  of  this  neighborhood.  The  young  man 
 in  the  strength  of  early  manhood,  with  life's  inviting 
 prospect  all  spread  before  him,  has  yielded  to  the 
 power  of  tlie  destroyer  and  been  early  gathered  1o 
 the  fathers.  The  maiden,  in  her  virgin  puritj-;  the 
 young  bride,  soon,  alas,  exchanging  the  nuptial 
 wreath  for  the  cypress  branch;  the  young  mother,  in 
 the  freshness  of  exultation  over  her  first  born,  or  her 
 newly  born,  have  each  been  called,  when  life  seemed 
 so  attractive,  from  the  homes  of  which  they  were 
 respectively  the  light,  to  the  darkness  and  silence  of 
 the  narrow  house,  leaving  behind  them  desolating 
 bereavement  and  chilling  loneliness.  Little  children 
 and  infants,  in  crowds,  after  the  sharp  suftering  of 
 the  sudden  or  more  protracted  fatal  illness,  have, 
 year  after  year,  contributed  to  the  constantly  increa.s- 
 ing  population  of  that  silent  city.  Of  many  who  lie 
 there  it  may  be  said: — 
 
 *'  Far  from  the  maiMeiiiu^  crowd's  ignnbly  strife 
 
 Their  sober  wishes  uevor  learned  to  stray  ; 
 Ahing  the  cool,  seijuestered  vale  of  life 
 
 They  kept  the  noiseless  tenor  of  their  way." 
 "Their  naine,  their  years,  spelled  hy  the  unlettered  muse. 
 
 The  place  of  fame  and  elegy  sui)ply, 
 And  many  a  holy  text  anxind  she  strews, 
 
 To  teach  the  rustic  moralist  to  die." 
 
 Yes,  the  ' '  glorious  gospel  of  the  ble.ssed  God  ' '  h;LS 
 lai<l  many  to  rest  here,  in  the  sure  and  certain  hope 
 
NEWELL. 
 
 5G9 
 
 NEW  ORLEANS  CHUBCH. 
 
 of  eternal  life ;  many  whose  highest  ambition  was  to  | 
 leave  behind  them  names  that  should  ))e  synonjmisof 
 honesty  and  uprightness,  and  who  were  sustained  in 
 the  arduous  toil  of  their  lowly  walks  of  duty  by  the  , 
 conviction  that  their  record  was  on   high.      These  ; 
 mothers,  sisters,  daughters,  wives,  have  but  exchanged 
 tlie  fading  rose  of  earthly  loves,  with  its  thorns,  for 
 the  immortelle  and  the  amaranth  of  undying  bliss. 
 These  fatheis,   Ijrothers,  sons,   husbands,   in.stead  of 
 the  sword  of  conflict,  bear  now  in  their  hands  palms  , 
 of  victory.     The  days  of  their  mourning  are  ended,  j 
 "  Henceforth' the  Lamb  which  is  in  the  midst  of  the 
 throne  shall  feed   them  and  lead  them  unto  living 
 founfciius  of  waters,  and  God  .shall  wipe  away  all 
 tears  from  their  eyes. ' 
 
 NeTWell,  William  W.,  D.D.,  was  born  at  Natick, 
 Mass.,  September  ITtli,  1S07.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
 College  in  1830,  and  took  his  theological  course  at 
 Andover.  He  was  pastor  of  a  Congiegational  Church 
 at  Brighton,  Mass.,  three  years;  of  the  Maverick  [ 
 Congregational  Church,  Boston,  four  years,  and  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Montgomery,  Orange  county, 
 N.  Y.,  thirteen  years.  In  February,  1860,  he  Wiis 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Allen  Street  Presbyterian 
 Churi'h,  Xew  York,  in  which  relation  he  continued  ; 
 for  a  number  of  years,  having  a  most  successful  min- 
 istry. Dr.  Newell  is  a  gentleman  of  gentle  heart, 
 a  clear,  comprehensive  mind,  and  thorough  devotion 
 to  principles  and  duty.  His  style  of  preaching  is  j 
 fatherly,  tender  and  devout  to  the  utmost  degree. 
 His  ministry  has  lieeu  eminently  characterized  by 
 energy,  talents  and  faith.  He  passed  .some  time  in 
 Europe  in  1858,  and  on  his  return  published  a  volume 
 of  travels,  entitled  "Continental  Sketches."  He  has 
 also  published  various  occasional  sermons. 
 
 Newkirk,  Matthew,  was  of  a  Huguenot  family, 
 from  the  South  of  Holland,  the  ancient  form  of  the 
 name  being  Van  Nieukierck.     The  family  emigrated 
 to  this  country  about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  , 
 century,  and  settled  in  New  Jersey.     His  birth  took 
 place,  May  31st,  1794,  in  Pittsgrovc,  Salem  county, 
 in  that  State.     At  the   age  of  sixteen   he  came  to  ' 
 Philadelphia,  where  he  became  clerk  and  salesman 
 in  a  dry  goods  house.     When  the  city  was  threatened  | 
 by  an  English  fleet,  and  the  "  Washington  guards"  [ 
 were  enrolled   for   its  defence,  he   attached  himself  ; 
 to  them,  and  went  into  camp  near  Wilmington,  Del. 
 (1815).     After  the  restoration  of  peace   he   entered 
 into  mercantile  business  and  soon  succeeded  in  build- 
 ing up  a  considerable  wholesale  trade.    Various  busi- 
 ness connections  were  formed  from  time  to  time  until 
 his  retirement  from  active  mercantile  life,  in  1839. 
 Mr.  Newkirk  was  a  Director  of  the   United  States 
 Bank,  with  his  friend,  the  Hon.  Nicholas  Biddle,  and 
 entered  vnth  the  mo.st  earnest  zeal  into  the  construc- 
 tion of  the  Philadelphia,  Wilmington  and  Baltimore 
 Railroad,   the  first  President  of  which  he  was,  and 
 which  may  almost  be  said  to  owe  to  him  its  verj- 
 existence,  certainly  its  completion  at  that  early  day. 
 
 A  marble  monument,  erected  in  testimony  to  his 
 success  in  this  work,  may  still  be  seen  on  the  line  of 
 the  road  at  Gray's  Ferry,  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
 Schuylkill,  below  Philadelphia.  The  Little  Schuyl- 
 kill Navigation  Railroad  and  Coal  Company  owes 
 much  of  its  present  prosperous  condition  to  his  energy 
 and  perseverance.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the 
 Cambria  Iron  Works,  at  Johnstown,  Pa.,  in  which  he 
 became  interested  about  1854. 
 
 Mr.  Newkirk's  interest  in  projects  of  social  and 
 religious  improvement  equaled  that  in  plans  of  in- 
 dustrial progress.  Throughout  life  he  was  an  earnest 
 friend  of  the  Temperance  cause.  For  years  he  acted 
 as  President  of  the  Female  Jledical  College  of  Penn- 
 sylvania. The  Polytechnic  College  of  the  State  of 
 Pennsylvania  almost  owes  its  existence  to  his  liberality 
 and  energy.  For  thirt_y-four  years  he  was  an  active 
 Trustee  of  the  College  of  New  Jersey.  In  1833  he 
 united  himself  with  the  Central  Presbyterian  Church, 
 of  which  he  was  for  many  years  a  deacon,  trustee, 
 and  ruling  elder,  as  well  as  General  Superintend- 
 ent of  the  Sabbath  school.  He  was  also  a  Trustee  of 
 the  General  Assembly  of  the  Pre.sbyterian  Church, 
 and  for  twelve  years  its  treasurer.  Official  trusts 
 in  the  Boards  of  Publication.  Eilucation  and  Domestic 
 Missions  were  also  confided  to  him,  and  the  Penn- 
 sylvania State  Sabbath  Association  elected  him  its 
 President.  Mr.  Newkirk  was  a  gentleman  of  pleas- 
 ing address  and  affable  spirit,  generous,  hosintable  and 
 useful.  He  was  greatly  respected  by  the  community 
 in  which  his  life  was  mainly  spent,  and  by  the  church 
 which  he  so  long  and  faithfully  served.  His  death 
 occurred  Jlay  31st,  1868. 
 
 New  Orleans,  La.,  First  Presbyterian 
 Ohurch.  The  first  successful  effort  to  plant  Pres- 
 byterianism  in  the  city  of  New  Orleans  originated 
 with  the  Congregationalists  of  New  England.  Near 
 the  beginning  of  the  year  1817  the  Rev.  Elias  Cor- 
 nelius was  ai^pointed,  by  the  Connecticut  Missionary 
 Society,  to  engage  in  a  missionary  tour  through  the 
 southwestern  States,  more  especially  to  visit  New  Or- 
 leans, then  containing  a  population  of  thirty  to  thirty- 
 four  thousand,  and  with  but  one  Protestant  minister, 
 the  Rev.  Dr.  Hull,  to  examine  into  its  moral  condition, 
 and,  while  preaching  the  gospel  to  many  who  seldom 
 heard  it,  to  invite  the  friends  of  the  Congregational 
 or  Presbyterian  Communion  to  establish  a  church, 
 and  secure  an  able  and  faithful  p.ostor.  Mr.  Cornelius 
 arrived  in  New  Orleans  December  30th,  1817.  On 
 his  journey  .southward  he  formed  the  ac(iuaint;ince  of 
 Mr.  Sylvester  Larned,  then  finishing  his  theological 
 studies  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  with  brilliant  promise  of 
 a  successful  career  as  a  preacher,  and  it  was  arranged 
 that  5Ir.  Larned  should  follow  him  to  New  Orleans, 
 after  his  admission  to  the  ministrj-.  Mr.  Larned  was 
 licensed  and  ordained,  July  15th,  1817,  as  an  evan- 
 gelist, by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Y^ork,  and  we  find 
 him,  after  a  brief  visit  to  his  native  home,  leaving 
 on  the  26th  of  September,   and  journeyiug  alone  to 
 
XKH'  OBLEAXS  CHURCH. 
 
 TO 
 
 XE^-  ORLEAXS  CHVBCH. 
 
 the  field  where  he  was  to  gather  the  laurels  of  an 
 unfading  reputation,  and  then  to  sauctil'y  it  by  an  early 
 death.  He  reached  his  destination,  after  innumer- 
 able delays,  on  the  2"id  of  January,  1818.  {See  Lamed, 
 Sj/h-ester. ) 
 
 On  the  8th  of  January,  1S19,  the  corner-stone  of 
 the  new  edifice  was  laid,  with  imposing  ceremonies 
 (and  in  the  presence  of  an  immense  throng),  on  the 
 selected  site,  on  St.  Charles  Street,  between  Gra^^er 
 and  Union,  and  on  the  4th  July  following  it  was 
 solemnly  dedicated  to  the  worship  of  •  Almightj" 
 God,  with  a  discourse  from  Ps.  xlviii,  9,  "We  have 
 thought  of  thy  loving  kindness,  oh,  God,  in  the 
 midst  of  thy  temple, ' '  which  will  be  found  the  fourth 
 in  the  series  of  sermons  published  in  connection  with 
 Jlr.  Larned's  Memoirs. 
 
 There  are  no  records  from  which  to  learn  the  spir- 
 itual growth  of  the  church  during  this  early  period, 
 except  that  in  one  of  his  letters  Mr.  Larned  spea)is 
 of  a  communion  season,  about  the  middle  of  July, 
 1820,  in  which  there  were  forty-two  at  the  table  of 
 the  Lord,  part  of  whom  were,  however,  Methodists. 
 Mr.  Larned's  labors  were  those  exclusively  of  an 
 evangelist ;  and  his  brief  life  was  spent  in  gathering 
 a  congregation  and  building  a  house  of  worship. 
 There  is  no  record  of  his  having  organized  a  church 
 according  to  our  ecclesiastical  canons,  by  the  elec- 
 tion and  ordination  of  ruling  elders;  and  he  himself 
 was  never  installed  into  the  pastoral  relation  by 
 ecclesiastical  authority.  It  pleased  the  Great  Head 
 of  the  Church  to  arrest  his  labors  before  they  reached 
 this  point  of  coasummation.  During  the  month  of 
 August,  1820,  the  scourge  which  has  so  often  deso- 
 lated that  city  made  its  appearance.  On  Sabbath, 
 August  27th,  he  preached  from  Phil,  i,  21,  "For 
 me  to  live  is  Christ,  and  to  die  is  gain;"  words,  alas  ! 
 prophetic  of  his  speedy  call  to  those  mansions  where 
 all  is  "gain  "  forever,  to  the  believer.  Ou the  follow- 
 ing Thursday,  August  21st,  the  very  day  on  which 
 he  completed  the  twenty-fourth  year  of  his  age,  he 
 fell  asleep  in  Jesus,  or  rather  awoke  to  the  glory  and 
 joy  of  his  Lord.  His  remains  were  consigned  to  the 
 tomb,  in  Girod  Cemetery,  with  the  Episcopal  service 
 for  the  dead,  rendered  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hull. 
 
 Mr.  Larned's  successor,  after  an  interval  of  eigh- 
 teen months,  wiis  the  Rev.  Theodore  Clapp,  a  native 
 of  Massachusetts,  and  a  graduate  of  Yale  College  and 
 of  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Andover.  He  was 
 licensed  by  a  Congregational  A.ssociation,  October, 
 1817,  and  was  led  providentially  to  Kentucky,  by  an 
 engagement  as  j)rivate  Tutor  in  a  family  residing 
 near  Lexington,  in  that  State.  During  the  Summer 
 of  1821  he  spent  a  few  weeks  at  a  watering  place  in 
 Kentucky,  and  on  the  Sabbath  preached  in  one  of 
 the  public  rooms  of  the  hotel,  to  the  assembled 
 guests.  This  apparently  casual  circumstance  led  to 
 his  settlement  in  New  Orleans.  Among  his  hearers 
 on  that  occasion  were  two  gentlemen  from  that  city, 
 trustees  of  Mr.   Larned's    church,  who,  upon  their 
 
 return  home,  caused  a  letter  to  be  written,  inviting 
 him  to  Xew  Orleans.  This  invitation,  at  first  de- 
 clined, led  to  a  visit  to  this  city,  near  the  close  of 
 February,  1822. 
 
 The  first  notice  of  the  organization  of  this  church 
 as  a  spiritual  body,  is  in  the  record  of  a  meeting 
 held  for  this  purpose  on  the  23d  of  November,  1823. 
 Prior  to  this,  the  labors  of  Mr.  Larned,  extending  over 
 a  period  of  two  years  and  seven  months,  from  January 
 22d,  1818,  to  August  31st,  1820,  and  those  of  Mr. 
 Clapp,  over  a  period  of  one  year  and  nine  months, 
 •from  March,  1822,  to  November,  1823,  were  simply 
 evangelistic.  A  congregation  had  been  gathered,  a 
 house  of  worship  built,  the  Word  and  sacraments 
 administered,  and  the  materials  collected  for  the 
 .spiritual  church  in  the  admission  of  persons  to  sealing 
 ordinances;  all  in  the  exercise  of  that  power  which 
 the  Scriptures  and  our  Presbyterian  Stiindards  assign 
 to  the  evangelist. 
 
 On  the  evening  of  November  23d,  1823,  just  sixty 
 years  ago,  at  a  meeting  Moderated  by  Rev.  Mr.  Clapp, 
 nine  males  and  fifteen  females  presented  credentials 
 of  having  been  a<lmitted  to  the  Sacrament  of  the 
 Lord's  Supper,  by  Mr.  Larned,  as  follows  :  Alfred 
 Heunen,  James  Robinson,  William  Ro.ss,  Robert  H. 
 McXair,  Jloses  Cox,  Hugh  Farrie,  Richard  Pearse, 
 John  Spittal,  John  Rollins,  Phebe  Farrie,  Catherine 
 Hearsey,  Celeste  Hearsey,  Dora  A.  Hearsey,  Margaret 
 .Vgiir,  Ann  Ross,  Eliza  Hill,  Margaret  McNair,  Sarah 
 Ann  Harper,  Ann  Da\'ison,  Stella  Mercer,  Jane  Rob- 
 inson, Eliza  Baldwin,  Mary  Porter,  Eliza  Davidson. 
 
 The.se  persons,"  twenty-four  in  all,  were  formed 
 into  a  church  by  the  adoption  of  the  Presbj-terian 
 Standards  in  doctrine,  government,  discipline  and 
 worship ;  and  by  a  petition  to  the  Presbytery  of 
 Jlississippi  to  be  e:u:olled  among  the  churches  under 
 its  care,  with  the  style  and  title  of  "The  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  the  city  and  parish  of  New 
 Orleans."  The  organization  was  completed  by  the 
 election  on  the  same  evening  of  four  persons  to  be 
 ruling  elders,  viz :  William  Ross,  Moses  Cox,  James 
 Robinson,  and  Robert  H.  McNair,  who  were  accord- 
 ingly ordained  and  installed  on  the  following  Sab- 
 bath, November  30th,  1823. 
 
 Mr.  Clapp's  ministry  was  a  troubled  one,  from 
 suspicions  entertained  of  his  doctrinal  soundness. 
 From  his  own  statements,  as  early  as  1824,  his  faith 
 was  shaken  as  to  the  doctrine  of  the  eternity  of 
 future  punishment.  He  pushed  his  investigations, 
 doubts  darkening  upon  him,  through  years,  until  at 
 length  he  was  forced  to  plant  himself  in  open  hos- 
 tility to  the  whole  Calvinistic  theology.  In  JIarch, 
 1828,  five  new  elders  were  elected — Alfred  Hennen, 
 Joseph  A.  Maybin,  William  W.  Caldwell,  Josiah 
 Crocker,  and  Fabricius  Rejniolds. 
 
 On  the  5th  of  March,  1830,  Mr.  Clapp,  on  the 
 ground  that  he  had  not  found,  and  despaired  of  find- 
 ing anj'  text  of  Holy  AViit  to  prove  unanswerably  the 
 distinguishing  tenets  of  Calvinism,  solicite<l  a  dis- 
 
XEW  ORLEANS  CHURCH. 
 
 571 
 
 NEW  ORLEANS  CHURCH. 
 
 mission  from  Presbytery  to  the  Hampshire  County 
 Association  of  Congregational  Ministers,  Mass.  This 
 dismission  was  refused  by  the  Presbytery,  because 
 they  deemed  it  inconsistent  to  dismiss,  in  good 
 staudiag,  to  another  bodj',  one  whom  they  could  no 
 longer  recognize  in  their  own,  and  they  proceeded  to 
 declare  Mr.  Clapp  uo  longer  a  member  of  their  body, 
 or  a  minister  in  the  Presbyterian  Church.  They 
 also  declared  the  pulpit  vacant.  Exception  was 
 taken  to  this  action,  and  the  case,  by  commou  con- 
 sent, was  carried  over  the  intermediate  court  imme- 
 diately to  the  General  Assembly,  which  sustained 
 the  exception,  declaring  "  that  as  Mr.  Clapp  had 
 neither  been  dismissed  nor  suspended  by  the  Presby- 
 tery, he  ought  to  be  regarded  as  a  member  of  that 
 body,  and  that  in  the  opinion  of  the  Assembly,  they 
 have  sufficient  reasons  for  proceeding  to  try  him  upon 
 the  charge  of  error  in  doctrine." 
 
 The  case  being  thus  remanded  to  the  Presbytery, 
 had  to  be  taken  up  anew.  Meanwhile  the  agitation 
 in  the  bosom  of  the  church  could  not  be  allayed.  On 
 the  13th  of  January,  1832,  lil'teen  members,  including 
 Elders  McNair  and  Caldwell,  were  dismissed,  at  their 
 request,  for  the  purpose  of  forming  another  church, 
 upon  the  priaciples  of  the  doctriae  and  discipline  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church.  This  seceding  body  wor- 
 shiped iu  a  warehouse  of  ilr.  Cornelius  Paulding, 
 opposite  Lafayette  Square,  on  the  site  covered  by  the 
 building  in  which  the  congregation  now  worships. 
 It  enjoyed  the  services  of  the  Kev.  Mr.  Harris;  but 
 the  references  to  it  are  scant,  and  after  a  brief  and 
 flickering  existence  its  elements  were  reab.sorbed  into 
 the  First  Church.  Meanwhile  the  Presbytery  con- 
 cluded its  proceedings  in  the  trial  of  Mr.  Clapp,  on 
 the  lOtli  of  January,  1833,  when  he  was  de^josed  from 
 the  office  of  the  ministry,  and  his  relations  to  the 
 church,  which  had  only  been  those  of  a  stated  supply, 
 and  not  of  an  installed  pastor,  were  finally  canceled. 
 The  roll  of  communicants,  just  before  the  secession 
 in  1832,  numbered  eighty-nine. 
 
 Presbyterianism  had  now  to  start  anew,  from  a 
 beginning  quite  as  small  as  at  first.  The  social  and 
 amiable  qualities  of  >Ir.  Clapp  endeared  him  greatly 
 as  a  man;  the  large  majority  of  his  hearers  could  not 
 aijpreciate  this  clamor  about  doctrine ;  and  many  of 
 the  truly  pious  were  slow  to  credit  the  extent  of  his 
 departure  from  the  faith,  and  were  disposed  to  sym- 
 pathize with  him  as  one  unkindly  persecuted.  The 
 few  therefore,  who  came  forth,  exactly  nine,  with  the 
 two  elders  Hennen  and  Maybin,  found  themselves  in 
 the  condition  of  scceders  who  were  houseless  in  the 
 streets.  Fortunately  a  spiritual  guide  was  immedi- 
 ately pro\'ided.  The  Rev.  Dr.  "Joel  Parker,  in  the 
 ser\dce  of  the  American  Home  Mission  Society,  being 
 in  the  city,  was  at  once  solicited  to  become  their 
 stated  supiily.  His  connection  began  January  12th, 
 1833,  and  the  little  band  worshiped,  alternately  with 
 the  organization  lormed  a  year  before  under  Mr. 
 Harris,  in  the  wareroom  on  Lafayette  Square.    These 
 
 two  wings  finally  coalesced  in  1835.  In  March,  1834, 
 Dr.  Parker  was  unanimously  chosen  pa.stor,  and  on 
 the  2Tth  of  April  was  duly  installed  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Jlississippi.  During  this  Summer  he  was 
 absent  at  the  North,  collecting  funds  for  building  a 
 new  house  of  worship.  Upon  his  return  in  the  Au- 
 tumn, worship  was  resumed  in  a  room  on  Julia 
 street,  rmtil  March  15th,  1835,  when  the  basement 
 of  the  new  building  on  Lafayette  Square  was  first 
 occupied.  This  edifice  was  erected  at  an  original 
 cost,  including  the  site,  of  $57,616.  Subsequent  im- 
 provements and  enlargements  in  1844,  with  an  addi- 
 tional purcha.se  of  ground,  amounted  to  over  $17,000 
 more,  making  the  whole  cost  of  the  church,  which 
 was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1854,  $75,000. 
 
 Dr.  Parker's  connection  with  the  church  extended 
 over  a  period  of  five  years  and  six  months,  from 
 January  12th,  1833,  to  June  14th,  1838,  at  which 
 date  he  left,  never  to  retirrn.  The  pastoral  relation 
 was  not,  however,  dissolved  till  the  Spring  of  1839. 
 During  his  pastorship  the  church  was  greatly  pro.s- 
 pered,  having  secured  a  commodious  sanctuary,  and 
 showing,  as  early  as  1836,  a  church-roll  numbering 
 one  hundred  and  forty-two  communicants.  There 
 were  two  elections  of  elders:  In  1834,  Dr.  .John  R. 
 Moore,  Frederick  R.  Southmayd  and  Truman  Par- 
 mele  being  chosen  to  that  office,  and,  in  1838,  Stephen 
 Franklin,  John  S.  Walton  and  James  Beattie, 
 
 The  next  incumbent  of  the  pulpit  was  the  Rev.  Dr. 
 John  Breckinridge,  with  whom  the  church  opened 
 negotiations  in  February,  1839.  This  gentleman  was 
 at  the  time  the  Secretary  of  the  Assembly's  Board 
 of  Foreign  Missions.  In  his  letter  to  the  church, 
 dated  Jlay,  1839,  he  consents  to  serve  it  in  conjunc- 
 tion with  his  secretaryship,  from  which  his  brethren 
 were  unwilling  to  relea.se  him,  the  Board  giving  him 
 a  dispensation  for  si.x  or  seven  months,  for  this  pur- 
 pose. These  conditions  being  accepted.  Dr.  Breckin- 
 ridge spent  the  Winter  of  1839  iu  New  Orleans,  and 
 stUl  again  the  Winter  of  1840,  till  April  of  1841.  He 
 was  called  to  the  eternal  rest  in  August  of  1841, 
 retaining  in  his  hand  the  call  of  this  church,  as  pastor- 
 elect.  His  labors  were  fragment;iry,  but  efficient; 
 and  the  church  was  left  to  mourn  over  hopes  disap- 
 pointed in  his  death. 
 
 The  attention  of  the  chui'ch  was  soon  turned  to  the 
 Rev.  Dr.  W.  A.  Scott,  of  Tuscaloosa,  Ala.,  who  was 
 installed  as  pastor  on  the  19th  of  March,  1843,  and 
 whose  jjastoral  relation  was  formally  dissolved  in 
 .September,  1855.  His  active  connection  with  the 
 church,  however,  began  and  clo.sed  earlier  than  these 
 dates.  His  term  of  service  as  pastor-elect  began  in 
 the  Fall  of  1842,  and  his  active  labors  ceased  iu  No- 
 vember, 1854,  covering  a  period  of  twelve  years.  Dr. 
 Scott's  ministry  was  exceedingly  productive,  during 
 which  vigorous  and  constant  efibrts  were  made  to 
 build  up  the  interests  of  Presbj-terianism  in  the  city. 
 
 The  church  edifice  was  burned  on  the  29th  of  Octo- 
 ber, 1854 ;  and  it  is  to  the  last  degree  creilitable  to 
 
NEW  TESTA3IENT. 
 
 572 
 
 KEWTON  rKESBYTEBY. 
 
 the  cougregation  tluit,  amidst  all  the  discouragements 
 of  a  vac;iiit  bishoiuic  aud  a  congregation  scattered,  it 
 should  have  proceeded  at  once  to  build  another,  of 
 laiger  ])roportions  and  more  finished  in  style.  In 
 1857  the  house  of  worship  now  occupied  was  finished 
 and  dedicated  to  the  worship  of  God.  Its  cost,  with 
 all  its  appointments,  was  about  $87,000. 
 
 On  the  21st  of  September,  1854,  a  call  was  made 
 out  to  the  Rev.  B.  JI.  Palmer,  D.  ».,  of  South  Caro- 
 lina, which  upt)n  being  presented  before  his  Presby- 
 terj-  and  Synod  was  defeated  by  the  relusal  of  those 
 bodies  to  place  it  in  his  hands.  The  call  was  re- 
 newed on  the  16th  of  March,  1856,  and  prevailed. 
 Dr.  Palmer's  labors  began  early  in  December  of  that 
 year,  and  on  the  28th  of  the  same  month  he  was 
 installed  by  the  Presbj-tery  of  New  Orleans.  After 
 the  lapse  of  twenty-seven  years,  he  remains  the 
 poi)ular  and  efficient  pastor  of  this  imporfciut  church, 
 in  which  his  labors  have  been  signally  blessed,  and 
 from  which  have  sprung,  in  the  course  of  its  history, 
 in  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  ten  other  Presbyterian 
 churches,  with  a  total  membership  of  about  twentj'- 
 three  hundred. 
 
 Ne'W  Testament.  The  first  printed  edition  of 
 the  Greek  New  Testament  was  that  of  Erasmus, 
 which  appeared  in  1516.  He  afterwards  published 
 other  editions  with  various  corrections;  the  fifth,  in 
 1535,  is  the  basis  of  those  still  in  common  use.  The 
 Complutensian  edition  was  not  published  till  after  the 
 first  of  Erasmus;  but  it  was  printed  previously;  it 
 bears  the  date  January  10th,  1514.  Robert  Stephen 
 printed  his  first  edition  in  1546.  His  earlier  editions 
 blend  the  Complutensian  and  Erasmian  texts;  the 
 later  ones  adhere  more  to  that  of  Erasmus,  with  some 
 .  various  readings  from  manuscripts.  In  1624  the 
 Elzevirs,  printers  at  Leyden,  put  forth  the  first  of 
 their  editions.  These  generally  follow  Stephen, 
 sometimes  adopting  alterations  from  Beza,  who  had 
 published  a  Greek  Testament  first  in  1565.  In  the 
 preface  to  the  .second  Elzevir  edition  in  1633,  it  was 
 said,  Tcxtiim  ergo  Jiahex  nti/ie  ab  omnibus  reeeptum; 
 whence  the  common  phra.se,  textus  reeeptus — "  received 
 text."  This  was,  till  of  late  years,  professedly  in 
 general  use  on  the  continent;  but  readings  from  Ste- 
 phen were  not  ivnfrequently  introduced.  It  was  in 
 England  that  the  collection  of  materials  for  the 
 thorough  re\'i.sion  of  the  sa<Tod  t<'xt  began.  Bishop 
 Walton  and  Dr.  .Tohn  Mill  being  among  the  earlier 
 laborers  in  the  field.  Many  eminent  critics  have 
 since  spared  no  amoimt  of  pains  for  the  same  object. 
 Among  these  may  be  named  Wetstein,  Gricsbach, 
 Lachmaim  and  Tischendorf,  to  whom  bibliciil  stu- 
 dents are  deeply  indebted. 
 
 Ne'wton,  Ephraim  Holland,  D.D.,  was  born 
 in  Newfane,  Vermont,  June  13th,  1787;  graduated 
 at  Middlebury  College,  Augu.st  16th,  1810,  and  at 
 Andover  Tlicological  Seminary  in  September,  1S13. 
 He  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Marlboro', 
 Vt..  March  16ili.  1M14,  where  he  continued,  for  marly 
 
 twenty  years,  a  successful  ministry.  He  became  pa.s- 
 tor  of  the  Presbyterian  Chiuch  in  Cileus  Falls,  New 
 York,  February  28th,  1833,  w  here  his  labors  were  also 
 greatly  blessed.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Cambridge,  N.  Y.,  from  1836  until  1843, 
 where,  again,  under  his  preaching,  many  were  added 
 to  the  church.  In  July,  1843,  he  took  charge  of 
 Cambridge  Washington  Aeademj-,  which  post  he 
 occupied  with  great  efficiency  and  success  until  Au- 
 gust, 1848.  In  1S60  he  returned  to  Marlboro',  and 
 preached,  as  he  was  able,  to  the  people  of  his  first 
 
 •charge.  In  1862  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
 Legislature  of  Vermont.  In  1863-4,  he  w  as  the  act- 
 ing pastor  at  Wilmington,  Vt.  He  died,  October  26th, 
 1864.     As  a  preacher,  Dr.  Newton  was  plain,  earnest, 
 
 ■  Scriptural.  As  a  Christian,  he  was  humble  and 
 trustful,  always  living  near  his  Saviour.  He  was 
 especially  active  in  all  that  concerned  the  welfare  of 
 his  people,  iu  things  both  religious  and  secular,  and  a 
 zealous  and  successful  worker  iu  benevolent  associa- 
 
 j  tions  of  the  day. 
 
 Ne'wrton  Presbytery,  N.  J.,  was  constituted  by 
 the  Synod  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  in  October, 
 1817,  out  of  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick.  The 
 geographical  line  by  which  it  was  to  be  separated 
 from  the  latter  Presbytery,  started  on  the  Delaware 
 rive\r,  a  short  distance  above  Lambertsville,  and  held  an 
 
 I  irregular  course  to  the  northeast,  through  the  counties 
 
 of  Hunterdon,  Morris  and  Sussex,  till  it  reached  the 
 I 
 j  State  line  between  New  Y'ork  and  New  Jersey.     All 
 
 I  the  territory  in  New  Jer.sey  north  and  west  of  this 
 I  line,  and  a  part  of  Northampton  and  Monroe  coun- 
 ties. Pa.,  were  included  iu  the  bounds  of  the  Presby- 
 tery. The  churches  under  its  care  within  these  limits 
 were:  Smithfield,  in  Monroe  county,  and  Upper 
 Mount  Bethel,  Lower  Mount  Bethel  and  Easton,  in 
 Northampton  county.  Pa.  In  New  Jersey,  Amwell 
 First,  Amwell  Second,  Flemington,  Pleasant  Grove, 
 Alexandria,  Kingwood,  Bethlehem,  Baskingridge, 
 Lamingtou,  Fox  Hill,  German  Vallej-,  Hackettstown, 
 Newton,  Hard  wick  (Tellow  Frame),  Marksboro, 
 Knowlton,  O.xford,  Mansfield,  Harmony  and  Green- 
 wich. The  first  meeting  was  held  in  the  Mansfield 
 (Washington)  Church,  on  the  third  Tuesday  of  No- 
 vember, 1817,  and  was  Moderated  by  Rev.  John 
 Boyd,  by  appointment  of  Sjniod.  The  ministers 
 present  were:  Da\id  Barclay,  Da\'id  Bishop,  John 
 Boyd,  Joseph  Campbell,  Jacob  R.  Castner,  Horace 
 Galpin,  Halloway  W.  Hunt,  Jacob  Kirkiiatrick 
 (elected  Clerk)  and  Joseph  L.  Shafer;  ab.scnt,  Garnett 
 A.  Hunt,  William  B.  Sloane  and  Jehiel  Talmage. 
 Elders  present,  James  Dunham,  irom  Bethlehem; 
 Thomas  Kennedy,  from  Greenwich;  Alexander  Fin- 
 ley,  from  BiLskingridge;  Ebenezer  Stilson,  from  Mans- 
 field; John  Stinson,  from  Marksboro,  and  James 
 Thompson,  from  Hackettstown. 
 
 In  1821  the  Allen  Township  Church,  Northampton 
 county,  Pa.,  was  transferred  from  the  Presbytery  of 
 Philadelphia  to  Newton.  The  Presbytery  extended  its 
 
XEW  yonic  .1  VExrE  rnvr.rn. 
 
 573 
 
 NIAGARA  PRESBYTEKY. 
 
 jurisdiction  westward,  over  the  unoccupied  coal  region 
 of  Pennsylvania.     In  183-2,  the  churches  of  Basking- 
 ridge  and  Lamington  were  transferred  to  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Elizabethtown.  By  operation  of  the  exscinding 
 Act  of  1837,  the  churches  of  Moscow  and  Caledonia, 
 in  Western  New  York,  became  attached  to  the  Pres- 
 bvterv.      In  1839.   by  the  organization   of  Earitan 
 Presbytery,   the  churches  of  Durham,   in   Pennsyl- 
 vania, and  all  south  of  the  Musconctcong  river,  in  N. 
 J.,  were  cut  off, viz.:  Amwell  First,  Amwell  Second. 
 Fl'emington,     Alex;indria,     Kingwood,     Bethlehem, 
 Pleasant  Grove,  Fox  Hill,  German  Valley,  and  such 
 other  churches  as  had  sprung  up  in  this  original  terri- 
 tory.     In  1840  the  churches  of  Durham.  German  Val- 
 ley and  Fox  Hill   were  restored  to  the  Presbj-tery. 
 Under  missionary  effort.s  in  the  coal  regions  there  had 
 sprung  up  the  churches  of  Conyngham,  Summit  Hill, 
 Beaver  Meadow  and  JIauch  Chunk,  whicli.  in  1843, 
 were  set  off  to  constitute  the  Presbytery  of  Luzerne. 
 All  the  remaining  churches  in  Pennsylvania,  west  of 
 the  Delaware,  and  south  of  Martin's  Creek,  were  set 
 off  to  the  Second  Presbjtery  of  Philadelphia  in  1851. 
 By  the  union  of  1870,  the  bounds  of  the  Presbytery 
 were  made  to  conform  to  those  of  the  counties  of 
 Sussex  and  Warren,  in  X.  J.,  including  the  churches 
 of  Slusconetcong  Valley  and  Bloomsburg,  in  Hunter- 
 don, but  which,  being  north   of  the   Musconctcong 
 mountains,  geographically,  belonged  to  W.arren.  For 
 history,  prior  to   the  formation  of  Newton  Presby- 
 tery (see  Presbytcrianism  in  Northern  New  Jersey; 
 see   also    "  FU'tieth   Anniversary  of  the  Presbytery 
 of  Ne-svton,  by   Rev.  D.   X.   Junkiu,  n.l).,   pp.  106, 
 1868,  Charles  Scribner  &  Col. 
 
 New  York  Avenue  Presby-terian  Church, 
 -Washington,  D.  C.  In  October,  1659,  the  F  Street 
 Presln-terian  Church  and  the  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church  were  practically  united.  The  name  of  "The 
 New  York  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church"  was  sub- 
 stituted for  the  two  preceding,  and  enrolled  by  the 
 Presbyterj-.  The  Rev.  Phinea.s  D.  Gurley,  n.  D.,  who 
 had  beenpa-storof  the  F  Street  Church  since  1853, 
 was  cordially  continued  pastor  of  the  new  church. 
 He  was  instrumental  in  procuring  the  building  of 
 the  present  edifice. 
 
 The  pastorate  of  Dr.  Gurley  closed  only  Avith  his 
 death,  which  occurred  September,  1868,  after  a  faith- 
 ful and  successful  ministry.  The  Rev.  Samuel  S. 
 Mitchell,  D.  D.,  entered  upon  his  duties  as  pastor, 
 March  Uth,  1869,  and  resigned  ilay  id,  1878,  to 
 accept  a  call  to  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
 
 In  June,  1878,  Rev.  John  R.  Paxton,  D.  D.,  suc- 
 ceeded to  the  pivstorate,  and  the  relation  was  dis- 
 solved February  19th,  188-3,  to  emible  him  to  accept 
 a  call  to  New  York  city. 
 
 The  Rev.  William  Alvin  Bartlett,  D.  n..  the  pres- 
 ent pastor,  was  chosen  April  17th,  188-3,  and   was 
 duly  installed  October  -34th  of  the  same  year.     (See 
 illustration  on  next  page.) 
 New  York  Observer,  was  founded  in  May.  1823. 
 
 by  Sidney  E.  and  Richajd  C.  Morse,  sons  of  Rev. 
 Jedediah  Morse,  D.  D.     Sidney  E.,  with  his  father, 
 was  the  founder  of  the  Bosioii  Recorder,  which  he  be- 
 lieved to  be  the  first  religious  and  secular  newspaper 
 ever  established      Believing  that  New  York  was  the 
 place  for  a  national  newspaper,  he  came  to  that  city 
 and  set  up  the  Obserrer.     Its  prospectus  pledged  the 
 paper  to  be  unsectarian  in  religion  and  politics,  and^ 
 it  had,  and  still  has,  its  supporters  in  various  denom- 
 inations  and  in  all    parties.      Its  circulation   being 
 chiefly  among  Presbj'terians,  it  devotes  more  space 
 to  the  news  of  those  churches  than  any  others,  but  it 
 is  sought  for  by  intelligent  persons  of  every  Chris- 
 tian name.     The  paper  was  conducted  by  the  Morses 
 until  1840,  when  the  Rev.  Samuel   Irenxus  Prime, 
 D.  D.,  was  emiJloyed   by  them  as   an  assistant,  and 
 the  chief  labor  w;ls  devolved   upon  him.     He   was 
 joined  by  his  brother,  the  Rev.  Edward  Dorr  Clriffin 
 Prime,  D.  D.,in   the  year   1853.     In    1873  the  Rev. 
 Charles  A.   Stoddard,  D.  D.,  and  in   1880,  the  Rev. 
 Wendell  Prime,  D.  D.,  became  connected  with  it,  and 
 these  four  last  named  are  now  its  editors  and  proprie- 
 tors, constituting  the  New  York  Observer  Company. 
 The  paper  is  earnest  in  the  defence  of  evangelical 
 truth;  conservative  on  all  questions  of  moral  reform; 
 strong  in  its  opposition  to  the  doctrines  and  purposes 
 of  Romanism;  zealous  in  the  promotion  of  Temper- 
 ance,  education,    religious   liberty,   and   wholesome, 
 pure  and  intelligent  civil  government.     Its  cir.ula- 
 tion  has  been  uniformly    larger  than  any  religious 
 I  paper   owned  by  private  parties,  and    its  influence 
 !  for  good  is  not  bounded  by  the  limits  of  the  United 
 i  Stat'es,  but  extends  throughout  the  English  reading 
 world.      Its   correspondence,   foreign   and   domestic, 
 includes  every  department  of  religious  and  .secular 
 intelligence,   and  the  most   eminent  persons   in  the 
 Church  and  the  State,  in  science,  art  and  letters,  are 
 among  its  contributors.     No  paper  in  the  world  has 
 a  more  steadfast  body  of  devoted  readers  and  friends, 
 and  in   moral  influence  and   usefulness,  it  aims   at 
 being  in  the  foremost  pl;we. 
 
 Niagara,  Presbytery  of.  In  the  year  1800  the 
 Presbytery  of  Albany  embraced  all  of  New  York 
 State  except  New  York  city  and  ^^cinity.  At  that 
 time  there  were  less  than  fifty  families  west  of  the 
 Genesee  River.  In  180-3  the  Presbytery  of  Columbia 
 was  set  off  on  the  south,  and  the  Presbytery  of  Oneida 
 on  the  west.  In  1805  Geneva  Presbytery  was  set  off, 
 embracing  all  the  territory  west  of  the  west  line  of 
 I  Oneida  and  Chenango  counties,  with  four  ministers 
 and  eight  churches.  The  churches  of  Lima  and 
 I  LakevUle,  organized  by  the  Rev.  Daniel  Thatcher  in 
 1795,  were  two  of  that  number.  In  1810  Onondaga 
 and  Chenango  Presbyteries  were  erected,  leaving  to 
 Geneva  Presbytery  all  the  territory  west  of  Cayuga 
 Lake,  with  eleven  ministers  and  twelve  churches. 
 The  onlv  one  west  of  Genesee  River  at  that  time  was 
 the  Caledonia  Church,  situated  in  the  "Genesee  "  or 
 "Pleasant"  Valley.     The   Rev.   Joel   Chapman,    of 
 
XKW  VOKK  AVENUE  CHURCH,  WASHINGTON,  D.  C. 
 
NIAGARA  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 575 
 
 NICCOLLS. 
 
 Geneva,  from  1800  to   1813,  was   the   fiist  minister 
 settled  in  "Western  New  York. 
 
 In  1804,  the  Rev.  William  Allen,  afterwards  Presi- 
 dent of  Bowdoin  College,  labored  as  a  missionary  in 
 "Western  New  York.  He  says  that  at  that  time, 
 "  West  of  the  Genesee  River  to  Lake  Erie,  and  from 
 Lake  Ontario  to  the  Pennsylvania  line,  there  was  no 
 meeting-house,  nor  any  known  minister,  except  him- 
 self. ' '  The  early  missionaries  of  this  Genesee  coun- 
 try were  chiefly  supjiorted  by  the  Connecticut 
 Missionarj'  Society  and  the  General  Assembly's 
 Board  of  Domestic  Missions.  The  War  of  lsl2,  in 
 vrhich  Buifalo,  Tiiscaroru,  Lewistown  and  Youngs- 
 town  were  burned,  drove  many  emigrants  eastward, 
 hut  they  returned  again,  and  population  rapidly 
 increa.sed.  In  1813  there  were  but  thirteen  churches 
 on  the  Holland  Purchase.  In  February,  1817,  the 
 Synod  of  Geneva  set  olf  from  the  Presbj'tery  of 
 Geneva,  the  Presbj^teries  of  Ontario,  Bath  and 
 Niagara.  Niagara  Presbytery  then  embraced  all  its 
 present  territory,  and  also  that  of  the  Presbyteries  of 
 Buffalo,  Rochester  and  Genesee.  In  two  years  more 
 it  embraced  twenty  ministers  and  twenty-three 
 churches.  In  1819  the  Presbyteries  of  Rochester 
 and  Genesee  were  set  off  from  Niagara.  September 
 18th,  1823,  the  Synod  set  off  the  Presbytery  of  Buffalo 
 and  left  the  Presbytery  of  Niagara  as  it  now  exists. 
 
 The  first  meeting  of  Niagara  Presbytery,  as  now 
 constituted,  was  held  at  Gasport,  January  27th,  1824. 
 The  roll  of  this  meeting  was  as  follows  :  Ministers, 
 David  M.  Smith,  of  Lewiston,  George  Colton,  of 
 Gasport.  Elders,  Titus  Fenn,  Gasport;  Abel  Tracy, 
 Gaines;  Daniel  Holmes,  Wilson;  Luther  Crocker, 
 Cambria;  Asahel  Slunger,  Lockport;  Lovel  Lewis, 
 Lewiston.  The  Rev.  D.  M.  Smith  was  elected 
 Moderator,  and  his  opening  sermon  was  from  Nehe- 
 miahii,  20  :  "  The  God  of  Heaven  he  wLU  prosper  us, 
 therefore . we,  his  servants,  will  arise  and  build." 
 At  this  time  the  Presbytery  had  within  its  hounds 
 eleven  churches,  exclusive  of  the  Church  at  Tusca- 
 rora,  and  four  ordained  ministers,  two  of  whom  had 
 charges.  Owing  to  the  newness  of  the  country  and 
 the  multiplicity  of  religious  sects,  no  one  of  these 
 churches  was  able  alone  to  support  the  gospel. 
 
 The  first  church  organized  within  the  bounds  of 
 the  Presbytery  of  Niagara  is  the  Indian  Church,  at 
 Tuscarora.  Rev.  Mr.  Holmes  was  sent  there  as  a 
 teacher  and  a  missionary,  in  1805,  and  we  first  find  a 
 church  there  in  1806,  consisting  of  seven  members. 
 Between  this  date  and  1835  all  the  other  churches 
 were  organized,  except  the  one  at  Wright's  Corners. 
 Albion  was  organized  July  22d,  1824;  Barre  Centre, 
 about  the  year  1820;  Carlton,- about  the  year  1831; 
 Halley,  January  5th,  1819;  Knowlesville,  August 
 27th,  1817;  Lewiston,  about  the  year  1817;  Lockport 
 First,  in  1822;  Lockport,  Second  Ward,  in  1832;  Lyn- 
 donville,  about  the  year  1834;  Medina,  about  the  year 
 1831;  Millville,  about  the  year  1821;  Niagara  Falls, 
 about  the  year  1824;  Porter,  about  the  year  1824;  Pen- 
 
 dleton and  Wheatfield  in  1846;  Somerset,  about  the 
 
 I  yem-  1824;  Tuscarora,  about  the  year  1805;  Wilson, 
 
 !  aboutthe  year  1819;  Wright's  Corners,  in  1872.  Gaines, 
 
 i  Gasport  and  Cambria,  once  connected  with  the  Pres- 
 
 ,  byterj',  belong  now  to  the  Congregational  Association. 
 
 The  old  churches  of  Chalmers  and  IVndlcton  were 
 
 united  to  form  the  Church  of  Pendleton  and  Wheatfield, 
 
 in  1846.   The  churches  of  Kendall,  Sliddleport,  Pekin, 
 
 and   Suspension   Bridge,  are   deceased.     Since  1874, 
 
 when  a  Semi-centenary  Sketch  was  read  before  the 
 
 Presbytery  by  the  Rev.  E.  P.  Mar\-in,  of  Lockport, 
 
 Millville   Church   has  ceased  to  exist,  and   Calvary 
 
 Church  has  been  organized. 
 
 "At  the  beginning  of  the  half  centmy,"  says  Jlr. 
 Marvin,  ' '  there  were  but  few  church  buildings,  and 
 those  were  of  small  value.  Now  our  church  build- 
 ings are  worth  about  ^200,000,  and  our  parsonages 
 about  §33,000.  All  our  churches  \iaye  sanctuaries, 
 and  all  but  five  have  parsonages,  and  tliis  property  is 
 nearly  all  free  from  debt. 
 
 ' '  The  early  pioneers  were,  of  course,  compelled  to 
 '  endure  hardness  as  good  .soldiers. '  They  leave 
 many  evidences  of  ardent  devotion  and  extraordinary 
 missionary  zeal.  They  were  men  of  tough  skins  and 
 tender  hearts.  They  organized  at  an  early  day.  Mis- 
 sionary and  Tract  Societies,  and  obtained  more  money 
 from  the  churches  for  foreign  missions  than  for  any 
 other  cause. 
 
 "  The  Presbytery  from  the  first  has  been  eouud  to 
 the  core,  and  duly  cautious  against  all  errors  in  doc- 
 trine and  practice.  Members  received  from  other 
 bodies  are  carefully  examined,  as  to  their  conformity 
 to  the  Standards  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and 
 especially  in  the  earlier  times,  members  were  watched 
 over  and  brought  to  trial  if  there  was  any  j  ust  ground 
 to  suspect  heresy.  Private  members  were  solemnly 
 warned  by  the  voice  of  Presbytery  against  such  works 
 as  those  of  '  Paine,  VoLney,  Byron,  and  Bulwer.' 
 
 ' '  The  first  revival  reported  in  Presbytery  occurred 
 at  Lewiston  in  1818.  Since  that  time  every  church 
 has  been  \-isited  repeatedly  with  '  times  of  refresh- 
 iug  from  the  presence  of  the  Lord.'  The  most 
 extensive  and  powerful  work  of  grace  occurred  in  the 
 years  of  1840  and  1841.  In  the  year  1840,  Rev.  W.  C. 
 Wisner,  then  pastor  of  the  Second  Ward  Church,  Lock- 
 port, and  Rev.  E.  B.  Sherwood,  pastor  at  Wilson,  \-isited 
 the  churches  of  Niagara  county,  by  request  of  a 
 Presbjiierial  Convention,  held  at  LjTidonville,  in 
 which  the  sentiment  prevailed,  that  it  is  better  to 
 ca,ll  in  neighboring  pastors  to  assist  each  other,  than 
 to  employ  traveling e\angclists.  The  most  extensive 
 and  powerful  revival  since  that  time  occurred  in  the 
 year  1869.  Although  in  these  works,  as  in  all  where 
 man  has  a  hand,  the  vile  has  mingled  with  the  pre- 
 cious, still  our  churches  have  been  increased  in  num- 
 bers and  improved  in  graces,  by  revivals  of  religion." 
 NiccoUs,  Samuel  J.,  D.  D.,  was  born  August 
 3d,  1838,  in  Westmoreland  county.  Pa.  He  was  the 
 only  child  of  William  Todd  and  Elizabeth   (Jack) 
 
mCCOLLS. 
 
 576 
 
 NILES. 
 
 Niccolls.  His  academic  education  commenced  at 
 Eldersridge  Academy,  and  was  completed  at  Jefferson 
 College,  from  which  Institution  he  was  graduated  in 
 1857.  In  the  Fall  of  the  same  year  he  entered  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary,  where  he  completed 
 his  theological  course  of  study  in  1860.  He  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Redstone  in  1859,  and  in  July,  1860,  was  called  to 
 the  pastorate  of  the  Falling  Spring  Church,  Chambers- 
 burg,  Pa.  He  continued  in  the  pastorate  of  this 
 church  for  four  years,  during  which  he  was  highly 
 esteemed  by  his  people  as  an  able  preacher  and  faith- 
 ful pastor,  and  the  church  greatly  prospered  under 
 his  ministry.  In  November,  1864,  he  was  called  to 
 the  pastorate  of  the  Second  Church  of  St.  Louis,  Mo., 
 
 SAMUEL  J.   HICUOLI.S,   D.  D. 
 
 and  entered  upon  his  ministry  there  in  January, 
 1865.  Here  he  still  continues,  abundantly  blessed 
 in  his  labors  and  beloved  by  his  congregation. 
 
 Dr.  Niccolls  is  an  earnest,  agreeable  and  judicious 
 man.  He  stands  in  the  front  rank  of  the  ministers 
 of  his  day.  He  grasps  a  subject  with  ^^gor,  expounds 
 it  logically,  lucidly  and  thoroughly,  and  presents  it 
 in  an  attractive  style,  and  with  a  graceful  and  im- 
 pressive delivery.  He  is  an  active  and  influential 
 member  of  Presbytery  and  S^Tiod.  He  has  been  verj' 
 useful  in  connection  with  several  of  the  Boards  of  the 
 Church,  and  in  preparing  some  of  its  Sabbath-school 
 lessons.  He  has  been  prominent  in  the  negotiation 
 between  the  Northern  and  Southern  Greneral  Assem- 
 blies for  the  restoration  of  amicable  relations,  and  as 
 one  of  the  delegates  of  the  former  body  to  the  latter, 
 in  1883,  delivered  an  address  to  it,  as  the  representa- 
 
 tive of  his  colleagues,  of  great  wisdom,  beauty  and 
 force.  Dr.  Niccolls  was  elected  Moderator  of  the 
 General  Assembly  (O.  S. ),  at  its  meeting  in  Detroit, 
 in  1872,  and  presided  over  its  deliljerations  with 
 great  dignity,  ability  and  accept;ibleness.  Whilst 
 devotedly  attached  to  his  own  church,  he  is  of  a 
 liberal  spirit,  and  no  good  cau.se  that  claims  his  aid 
 is  denied  his  .sympathy  and  co-operation. 
 
 Nicholas,  Rev.  Walter  Douglas,  was  born  at 
 Meudham,  N.  J.,  December  12th,  18.'>3.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  New  Jersey  College  in  1874,  and  at  the  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  New  York  city.  He  w:is 
 ordained  by  the  Central  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia, 
 May  10th,  1877,  was  pastor  of  the  Temple  Church, 
 Philadelphia,  1877-80,  and  since  that  time  has  been 
 pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Albany,  N.  Y.  Mr. 
 Nicholas  is  a  foithful  and  forcible  preacher,  and 
 devoted  to  his  pastoral  work.  He  wa.s  successful  in 
 Philadelphia,  and  his  labors  in  Albany  are  attended 
 with  marked  evidences  of  the  Divine  blessing. 
 
 Niles,  Henry  Ed.'ward,  D.  D.,  second  son  of 
 William  and  Sophia  (Goodrich)  Niles,  was  born  at 
 South  Hadley,  JIass.,  August  15th,  1823.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Union  College  and  at  the  Princeton  Theologi- 
 cal Seminary;  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New 
 Brunswick;  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Columbia; 
 and  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
 Valatie  (Kinderhook),  New  York,  October  24th,  1848. 
 After  a  course  of  arduous  and  very  successful  labor, 
 in  1855,  he  was  obliged,  by  broken  health,  to  cease 
 from  pastoral  duties,  and  spent  about  a  year  iu  trav- 
 eling and  recreation.  In  the  Spring  of  1856  he  under- 
 took partial  ser^-ice,  as  supply  for  the  Church  at 
 Angelica,  where  he  continued  for  about  three  years, 
 the  church  being  bles.sed  with  much  prosperity  under 
 his  ministry.  From  1859  to  1861  he  acted  as  pastor- 
 elect  of  the  North  Church,  at  St.  Louis,  JIo.  Return- 
 ing to  New  York,  he  was  called  to  the  Church  at 
 Albion,  from  whence,  in  1864,  he  was  called  to  the 
 First  Church,  at  York,  Pa.,  and  installed  its  pastor 
 by  the  Pre-sbytery  of  Harrisburg,  April  16th,  1865. 
 Here  he  found  a  wide  field  of  usefulness,  which  he 
 has  cultivated  with  great  dDigeuce  iUid  snccess. 
 Under  his  ministry,  that  church  has  steadily  in- 
 creased in  numbers,  activity  and  Christian  liberality, 
 until  it  stands  among  the  foremo.st  of  the  State. 
 
 Dr.  Niles  is  an  able  and  earne-st  preacher,  and  a 
 devoted  pastor.  He  is  well  and  favorably  known  in  • 
 the  Councils  of  our  Denomination.  He  was  elected 
 Moderator  of  the  Synod  of  Philadelphia  in  1874.  He 
 was  an  Associate  member  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Ecumenical  Council  at  Edinburgh,  in  1877.  He  has 
 for  years  been  a  useful  member  of  several  Ecclesias- 
 tical and  Educational  Boards,  and  is  the  author  of 
 various  pamphlets,  and  published  sermons  and  ad- 
 dresses. He  is  justly  esteemed  by  his  brethren  for 
 his  Christian  spirit  and  zeal. 
 
 Niles,  "William  Allen,  D.  D.,  the  only  son  of 
 Rev.  Benjamin  and   Mahlab  (Dunning)  Niles,   was 
 
XIMMO. 
 
 577 
 
 NIXON. 
 
 born  in  Binghamton,   N.  Y.,   May  29th,   1823.     He 
 graduated  at  Williams  College,  in  the  class  of  1847, 
 and  at  Auburn  Seminary  in  1850,  and  was  ordained 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Ithaca,  June  22d,   1850.     He 
 preached  at  Beaver  Dam,  Wis.,  as  a  Home  Missionary, 
 1850-53;  at  Watertown,  Wis.,  18.53-59;  at  Corning, 
 N.  Y.,   1859-72;   and   at  Horners%-ille,  N.  Y.,  1872. 
 His  son,  William  Henry  Niles,  is  a  Home  Missionary 
 in  Jacksboro,  Texas;   and  his  daughter,  Mary  We.st 
 Xiles,  M.  D.,  is  a  Missionary  Physician  in  Nanking, 
 China.     Dr.  Niles  is  an  able  sermon  izer  and  a  popu- 
 lar preacher,  much  sought  for  on  public  occasions,  ' 
 both  secular  and  religious.     He  is  a  ready  platform  ' 
 speaker,    abounding   in   sparkling  wit  and   humor. 
 He  is  also  well  known  as  a  leader  of  Sunday-school 
 Institutes,  and  as  a  writer  on  kindred  topics,  and 
 has  published  notes  on  the  Catechism  and  a  series  of 
 graded   lessons  on  Bible   study.     He   is  a  frequent 
 contributor  to  the  secular  and  religious  press,  and  \ 
 for  a  time  edited  a  Temperance  paper.     He  is  fertile  ; 
 in  expedients    for   doing   Christian   work,    and   his  : 
 ministry  has  been  attended  with  numerous  reTivals.  j 
 He  is  a   public-spirited  citizen,   a  wise  counsellor, 
 and  a  faithful  presbyter,  as  well  as  an  earnest  Chris- 
 tian. 
 
 Nimmo,  Rev.  G-ersliom  Hatton,  youngest  son 
 of  Eev.  Joseph  and  Hannah  Nimmo,  was  born  in 
 Huntington,  Long  I.sland,  March  23d,  1834;  pur- 
 sued his  preparatory  studies  with  his  father;  entered 
 Princeton  College,  August,  1854;  graduated  in  1858; 
 entered  the  Theological  Seminary  in  Princeton,  Sep- 
 tember, of  the  same  year,  and  graduated  in  April, 
 1861.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Long 
 Island;  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Church 
 of  Lewes,  Delaware,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Lewes, 
 September  26th,  1861;  was  called  from  Lewes  to 
 Hartsville,  Pa.,  and  installed  pa.stor  of  the  Church  of 
 Neshaminy,  in  Warminster,  by  the  Second  Presby- 
 tery of  Philadelphia,  May  26th,  1870,  to  which 
 church  he  still  ministers,  beloved  by  his  people 
 and  successful  in  his  work.  Sir.  Nimmo  is  a  gentle- 
 man of  excellent  spirit,  a  good  preacher,  and  faith- 
 ful in  pastoral  and  presbyterial  duties. 
 
 Nlsbet,  Dr.  Charles,  was  born  in  Haddington, 
 Scotland,  January  21,<t,  1736.  At  the  age  of  eighteen 
 he  graduated  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and 
 studied  divinity  for  six  years  more,  when  he  was 
 licensed  to  preach,  in  1760.  In  early  life  he  Wiis 
 employed  as  Tutor  in  the  i;imily  of  Lord  Leven.  After 
 an  engagement  in  Glasgow  he  was  settled  as  pastor 
 of  the  large  congregation  of  Montrose,  May  17th, 
 1764.  Like  his  friend,  Witherspoon,  he  was  bitterly 
 opposed  to  the  Moderate  party  in  the  Kirk,  and  lam- 
 pooned them  without  mercy.  He  became  no  less 
 noted  as  a  friend  of  the  American  colonies,  and 
 being  strongly  recommended  by  Dr.  Witherspoon,  he 
 accepted  an  invitation  from  John  Dickinson  and  Dr. 
 Rush,  to  become  President  of  Dickinson  College, 
 Carlisle,  Pa.  Here  he  remained  from  July  4th,  1785, 
 37 
 
 till  his  death,    January    18th,    1804,   in    the  sixtj'- 
 eighth  year  of  his  age. 
 
 Dr.  Nisbet  was  a  man  of  strong  natural  abilities, 
 but  the.se  were  so  overshadowed  by  his  e.xtcnsive 
 reading  and  prodigious  memory,  that  it  is  by  tradi- 
 tions respecting  the  latter  he  is  now  best  known.  He 
 was  called  a  walking  library.  He  could  recite  copious 
 psssages,  if  not  whole  books,  from  the  Greek,  Latin 
 and  British  cla-ssics.  A  gentleman  once  made  a 
 quotation  from  the  jEneid,  and  paused.  Dr.  Nisbet 
 exclaimed,  '"'Wliy  don't  you  go  on,  man!  The  rest 
 is  as  good  as  what  you  have  given."  But  the  other 
 being  unable  to  do  so.  Dr.  Nisbet  completed  the 
 passage  at  length.  He  was  acquainted,  more  or  less 
 familiarly,  withninelanguages,  Hebrew,  Greek,  Latin, 
 French,  Spanish,  Italian,  German  and  Low  Dutch. 
 
 His  wit  and  .sarcasm  were  not  less  remarkable  than 
 his  memory.  He  preached  mcmorilcr,  and  for  a  time 
 i  served  as  co-pastor  of  the  Carli.sle  Church,  and  his 
 '  discourses  were  lengthy.  When  the  people  com- 
 j  plained,  he  said,  that  a  long  sermon  was  a  long  afflic- 
 j  tion  to  the  ungodly,  but  consented  to  an  agreed 
 limit.  As  soon  as  the  limit  was  reached  he  would 
 stop  short,  though  in  the  middle  of  a  sentence,  and 
 say,  "  But  your  hoor  being  oot,  we  insist  no  further." 
 A  lady  who  had  imbibed  the  f;xshionable  infidel  sen- 
 timents which  prevailed  during  the  French  Revolu- 
 tion was  scoffing,  in  his  hearing  at  preaching,  and 
 at  preachers  as  lazy  and  good  for  nothing.  "  'VVTiy," 
 said  she,  "  I  could  preach  a  sermon  myself."  "Sup- 
 pose ye  try  it,"  said  Dr.  Nisbet,  "and  I'll  give  ye  a 
 te.xt:  '  It  is  better  to  dwell  in  a  corner  of  the  house- 
 top than  with  a  brawling  woman  in  a  wide  house.' 
 The  lad}'  was  incensed,  and  reproached  him  with 
 want  of  courtesy.  "Do  you  mean  me?"  said  she, 
 "Oh,  madam,"  rejoined  the  doctor,  "you  must  try 
 it  again;   you've  come  to  the  application  too  soon." 
 
 Dr.  Nisbet  was  a  man  of  vast  learning,  united  with 
 the  simplicity  of  a  cjiild  in  worldly  affairs.  But  his 
 proneness  to  express  his  opinions  without  reserve,  his 
 .siitirical  turn,  his  fixed  European  habits,  and  his 
 I  want  of  flexil)ility  to  accommodate  himself  to  the  re- 
 quirements of  his  new  position,  undoubtedly  proved 
 impediments  to  the  wide  and  beneficial  influence 
 fondly  expected  from  his  transference  to  America. 
 
 Nixon,  J.  Ho'ward,  D.  D.,  was  born  November 
 27th,  1829,  in  Kent  county,  Del. ;  graduated  with 
 honor  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  in  1851,  and 
 three  years  later  at  the  Princeton  Theological  Sem- 
 inary; was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Church  of  Cam- 
 bridge, N.  Y.,  in  June,  1856,  and  four  years  later 
 instiilled  the  pastor  of  the  First  Church  of  Indian- 
 apolis, Ind.  His  ministry  was  acceptable,  prosperous 
 and  laithful  in  both  places,  but  failing  health  com- 
 pelled him  to  resign  these  charges,  the  last  in  1868. 
 The  next  year  he  accepted  the  suptrinteudency  of 
 the  public  schools  of  Springfield,  Mo.,  and  in  1871, 
 the  presidency  of  the  Female  College  at  St.  Charles, 
 in  that  State.     He  raised  the  Institution  from  decline 
 
NIXON. 
 
 578 
 
 NOEL. 
 
 to  vigor  and  usefulness,  but  as  soon  as  he  was  able  to 
 resume  pastoral  work,  he  resigned  his  place  as  its 
 head,  and  accept<?d  (1876)  the  pastorate  of  the  Cen- 
 tral Church,  of  Wilmington,  Delaware,  which  con- 
 tinues to  flourish  under  his  wise,  active  and  faithful 
 ministry. 
 
 Nixon,  Hon.  John  Thompson,  was  born  in 
 Fairton,  N.  J.,  August  31st,  1820;  prepared  for  col- 
 lege in  Bridgeton ;  graduated  with  distinguished 
 honors  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  in  1841;  studied 
 law  two  years  under  ex-Governer  Elias  P.  Seeley, 
 then  a  year  with  the  Hon.  J.  S.  Pennybacher,  of 
 Virginia,  and  wag  admitted  to  the  Bar  of  "Virginia, 
 in  Slay,  1844.  The  ne.xt  Summer  he  returned  to  his 
 native  Sbite  and  received  his  license  to  practice  in 
 New  Jersey,  at  the  October  Term  of  the  Supreme 
 Court,  in  1845.  He  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
 Legislature  in  1848  and  again  the  ne.xt  year,  and  was 
 chosen  Speaker  of  the  House  when  he  was  twenty- 
 nine  years  of  age.  In  1858  the  First  District  of 
 New  Jersey  elected  him  a  member  of  the  Thirty- 
 sixth  Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  re-elected 
 him  to  the  Thirty-seventh  Congress  in  1800.  He  was 
 a  prominent  member  of  the  Committee  of  Commerce 
 throughout  the  four  years.  He  declined  to  serve  a 
 third  term,  though  his  course  had  been  brilliant, 
 effective,  and  eminently  satisfactory  to  the  great 
 majority  of  the  District.  In  1863  he  delivered  the 
 annual  address  before  the  two  Literary  Societies  of 
 the  College  of  New  Jersey,  on  the  theme:  "Endur- 
 ance, Individual  and  National,"  and  his  oration  was 
 both  scholarly  and  eloquent.  In  1804  he  became  one 
 of  the  trustees  of  the  college,  and  has  ever  since 
 devoted  much  time  and  attention  to  the  Institution. 
 In  1870  President  Grant  appointed  him  the  United 
 States  Judge  for  the  District  of  New  Jersey,  and  he 
 continues  to  fill  this  high  and  responsible  office,  with 
 great  ability,  learning  and  rectitude. 
 
 Judge  Nixon  prepared  the  second,  third  and  fourth 
 editions  of  the  late  Judge  L.  Q.  C.  Elmer's  Digest  of 
 the  Statute  Laws  of  the  State,  with  copious  indexes 
 and  a  complete  body  of  notes.  He  also  prepared  a 
 "  Book  of  Forms  "  for  popular  use,  admirably  adapted 
 for  their  purpose.  He  has  given  much  attention  to 
 Sabbath-school  work,  having  been  eighteen  years  a 
 superintendent  of  a  Sabbath  school.  In  the  General 
 Assembly  of  the  Church,  as  a  ruling  elder,  he  has 
 been  repeatedly  a  prominent  member.  He  was  espe- 
 cially active  in  the  Old  School  Assembly  of  1869,  in 
 promoting  the  reunion.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Gen- 
 eral As.scmbly's  committee  of  seven  ministers  and  five 
 elders,  engaged  in  ro\'ising  the  Form  of  Government 
 and  Book  of  Discijiline.  He  is  one  of  four  residuary 
 legatees  to  whom  the  late  John  C.  Green  entrusted 
 for  distribution  to  religious  and  charitable  objects  an 
 estate  of  more  tluin  seven  millions  of  dollars. 
 
 Noble,  Mason,  D.  D.,  was  born  March  18th, 
 1809,  at  Williamstown,  Mass.  He  was  graduated 
 Irom  Williams  College  in  1827;  studied  theology  in 
 
 Princeton  Seminary  in  1828;  became  a  Tutor  in 
 Williams  College,  continuing  his  theological  studies 
 under  Eev.  Drs.  Gridley,  Griffin  and  Beman;  was 
 licensed  June  14th,  1831,  by  Berkshire  Congrega- 
 tional Association,  Mass.,  and  was  ordained  by  the 
 same  Association,  February  15th,  1832.  He  was  pas- 
 tor of  the  Fourth  Presbyterian  Church  in  Washing- 
 ton, D.  C,  from  December  17th,  1832,  until  July  21st, 
 1839;  pastor  of  the  Eleventh  Church  in  New  York 
 city  from  October  14th,  1839,  until  June  9th,  1850; 
 associate  pastor  with  Rev.  Dr.  Duncan,  of  the  Inde- 
 pendent Presbyterian  Church  of  Baltimore,  5Id., 
 from  June  10th,  1850,  until  February  1st,  1851; 
 Principal  of  a  Young  Ladies'  Seminary  in  Washing- 
 ton, D.  C,  from  April  1st,  1851,  to  June  1st,  1853; 
 Chaplain  in  the  Navy  from  1853  until  1871,  when  he 
 was  placed  on  the  retired  list.  During  this  period 
 of  eighteen  years,  being  located  in  Washington  hiuch 
 of  the  time,  he,  as  far  as  possible,  served  the  Sixth 
 Church,  .as  pastor-elect.  He  also  supplied  the  First 
 Congregational  Church  of  Williamstown,  Mass.,  from 
 October  1st,  1865,  until  October  21st,  1866.  In  1X70 
 the  Sixth  Church  of  Washington  again  elected  him 
 to  be  its  pastor,  and,  without  being  installed,  he 
 thenceforward,  as  pastor-elect,  served  it  zealously, 
 faithfully  and  successfully,  until  his  death,  which 
 occurred  October  24th,  1881.  He  passed  away  sub- 
 missively and  most  pe.acefully.  Dr.  Noble's  nature 
 was  in  accord  with  his  name.  He  w:is  a  noble  man 
 in  truth;  courageous,  kind,  gentle,  firm,  true  and 
 loving.  His  prea<;hing  was  scriptural,  evangelical 
 and  unctuous. 
 
 Noel,  Rev.  E.  P.,  was  born  in  North  Carolina,  in 
 1804.  His  parents  removed  to  Anderson  county, 
 Tenn. ,  and  gave  their  son  such  an  education  ;is  that 
 portion  of  our  country  afforded.  He  studied  theology 
 in  the  Union  Tlieological  Seminary  at  Marysville, 
 Tenn.,  and  w;is  licensed  anil  ordained  by  Holston 
 Presbytery.  He  began  his  ministry  in  Jasper  county, 
 Tenn.,  in  1833;  in  1835  moved  to  Knoxville,  111., 
 where  for  two  years  he  labored  with  acceptance,  and 
 then  removed  to  Columbia,  Mo.,  then  to  Rocheport, 
 then  to  Bolivar,  Polk  countj'.  Mo. 
 
 He  was  the  first  Presbyterian  minister  who  preached 
 south  of  the  Osage.  He  organized  a  church  near 
 Bolivar,  and  one  twenty-five  miles  distant,  in  Green 
 county,  near  Springfield,  and  preached  to  these 
 charges  and  in  other  places.  The  next  year  he  found 
 two  other  ministers,  viz.,  Messrs.  Dodge  and  Jones, 
 formerly  of  the  Harmony  Indian  Mission,  who  united 
 with  him  and  formed  a  Presbytery.  He  continued  liero 
 for  more  than  two  years  longer,  suflering  all  tlie  pri- 
 vations incident  to  a  life  of  poverty  in  a  new  setth'- 
 ment.  A  man  with  less  energy,  suffering  .as  he  did, 
 from  an  ulcer  on  his  leg,  would  have  shrunk  back 
 from  the  toil  he  endured.  He  now  walked  on  crutches, 
 and  his  limb  h;ul  become  so  painful  that,  for  months 
 at  a  time,  he  could  not  obtain  a  single  night's  rest. 
 Yet  nothing  kept  him  from  his  appointments,   not 
 
NORCEOSS. 
 
 579 
 
 NORTHWEST  SEMINARY. 
 
 even  sickness  in  his  family.  He  would  start  out  in  a 
 storm  to  cross  a  prairie,  where  tlie  only  landmark 
 was  a  distant  point  of  timber,  and  that  frequently 
 hidden  from  view  by  the  driving  snow. 
 
 Mr.  Noel  next  moved  to  Ball's  Mills,  near  Fort 
 Scott,  where  he  occasionally  ijreached,  and  his  efforts 
 were  blessed  with  an  abundant  outpouring  of  the 
 Holy  Spirit.  Similar  results  followed  his  labors  at 
 Plum  Grove  Church,  in  Ray  county.  In  1850  he  re- 
 moved to  Troy,  Lincoln  county,  and  continued  here 
 in  the  faithful  discharge  of  his  ministerial  duties, 
 growing  in  usefulness  and  the  esteem  of  the  commun- 
 ity, and  in  the  affections  of  the  people  of  his  charge, 
 till  the  day  of  his  death,  which  occurred  March  Sid, 
 18C4. 
 
 Norcross,  George,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  Erie, 
 Pa. ,  and  w;ls  consecrated  from  his  birth  to  the  work 
 of  the  gospel  ministry,  by  the  prayers  and  vows  of 
 his  godly  mother.  In  1844  he  removed  with  his 
 parents  to  Monmouth,  Illinois.  After  a  careful  pre- 
 paratory course,  he  graduated  at  Monmouth  College. 
 The  Winter  of  1861-2  he  spent  in  the  Northwestern 
 Theological  Seminary  at  Chicago.  In  the  Spring  of 
 18(i2  he  was  engaged  as  a  Tutor  in  Monmouth  Col- 
 lege, and  soon  afterwards  was  elected  to  a  professor- 
 ship in  that  Institution.  This  position  he  accepted, 
 and  studied  theology  in  the  U.  P.  Seminary,  then 
 located  near  the  college.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Warren,  April  16th,  1803,  and 
 immediately  commenced  preaching  at  North  Hender- 
 son, 111.,  while  still  teaching  in  the  college.  After 
 preaching  about  .seventeen  months,  he  spent  the 
 Winter  of  1864-5  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary. 
 June  6th,  1865,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Church 
 of  North  Henderson,  111.  In  April,  1860,  he  accepted 
 a  call  to  the  Presbj-terian  Church  in  Galesburg,  111. 
 Here  he  labored  for  nearly  three  years,  when  he 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Carlisle,  Pa.,  over  which  he  was  installed  pastor. 
 May  27th,  1869,  and  in  which  his  acceptable  and  suc- 
 cessful ministry  still  continues. 
 
 Dr.  Norcross  was  a  raemljer  of  the  General  Assem- 
 bly of  1871,  in  Chicago,  and  of  the  Assembly  of  1874, 
 in  St.  Louis.  He  was  also  an  Associate  Member  of 
 the  First  General  Presbyterian  Council,  convened  at 
 Edinburgh,  Scotland,  July,  1877.  He  is  now  in  the 
 prime  of  life,  a  minister  of  popular  address  and 
 eminently  instructive.  His  church  is  large  and 
 influential. 
 
 ' '  North  Carolina  Presbyterian. ' '  This  jour- 
 nal was  started  in  1858,  in  Fayetteville,  by  a  joint 
 stock  company,  which  had  previously  obtained  the 
 endorsement  of  the  Presbyteries  and  the  Synod.  The 
 enterprise  was,  from  the  beginning,  a  financial  suc- 
 cess, and  paid  a  good  dividend  every  year.  It  was 
 managed  by  an  E.xecutive  Committee,  in  which  each 
 Presbytery  was  represented,  and  its  editors  received 
 regular  salaries.  Its  tone,  from  the  start,  reflected 
 the  aims  of  its  founders,  and  has  been  characteristic 
 
 of  the  region  of  its  birth  and  influence.  It  has  been 
 solid  and  conservative  in  its  utterances,  meeting  all 
 current  issues  with  ability.  It  has  been  able,  with- 
 out pedantry,  or  philosojihical  or  literary  assumption ; 
 sound  and  firm  in  doctrine,  without  controversial 
 aims,  and  thoroughly  Presbyterian  in  woof  and  web. 
 Its  courteous  bearing  has  commanded  the  respect  of 
 the  organs  of  other  denominations,  and,  aiming  to 
 be  a  means  of  drawing  out,  and  sy.stematizing  and 
 stimulating  the  energies  of  the  domestic  field,  it  has 
 been  a  religious  journal  of  general  interest,  and  suited 
 to  families  in  all  localities. 
 
 The  first  editors  of  the  North  Carolina  Presbyterian 
 were  the  Rev.  George  McNeill  and  Bartholomew  Ful- 
 ler, an  elder,  both  of  Fayetteville.  The  first  number 
 was  issued  in  January,  1858.  In  May  of  that  year 
 Mr.  Fuller  retired,  and  Rev.  Willis  L.  Miller,  then  of 
 Orange  Presbytery,  was  selected  to  fill  his  place.  He 
 resigned  it  in  December,  1859.  Mr.  McNeill  then  re- 
 mained in  sole  charge  until  his  failing  health  made 
 it  necessary  to  relinquish  part  of  his  labor,  and  in 
 July,  1801,  his  brother.  Rev.  James  McNeill,  was 
 elect<?d  co-editor.  Rev.  George  McNeill  died  in 
 August,  1861,  and  his  brother  conducted  the  paper 
 until  Slarch,  1865,  at  which  time  his  death  occurred. 
 
 After  a  temporary  suspension,  the  paper  was 
 revived  by  William  L.  McKay,  as  an  individual  enter- 
 prise, the  stockholders  assigning  to  him  their 
 interest  in  the  property,  on  condition  that  the  publi- 
 cation of  the  paper  in  North  Carolina  was  to  be 
 continued  and  they  to  receive  it  for  life.  Mr.  Fuller 
 again  became  its  editor,  and  afterwards  Rev.  John 
 M.  Sherwood,  then  pa.stor  of  the  Church  in  Fayette- 
 ville, bought  the  paper,  and  became  its  editor  and 
 manager  till  his  death.  After  this  the  property  was 
 sold  to  a  stock  company,  in  October,  1872,  and  Rev. 
 T.  L.  DeVeaux,  of  Florida,  was  elected  to  the  edito- 
 rial chair,  and  continued  in  charge  till  his  death  in 
 1876.  The  paper  was  then  under  charge  of  Rev. 
 Joseph  R.  Wilson,  d.d.,  pastor  of  the  First  Churchin 
 Wilmington,  until  March,  1877,  when  he  retired, 
 and  Mr.  John  McLaiuin,  an  elder  in  his  church,  was 
 elected,  and  has  remained  sole  editor,  manager  and 
 proprietor.  In  November,  1874,  the  paper  was  moved 
 to  Wilmington,  where  it  is  now  published. 
 
 Northwest,  Theological  Seminary  of.  The 
 first  attempt  to  establish  a  theological  seminary  for 
 the  Northwestern  St;vtes  was  made  by  the  Synod  of 
 Indiana  in  1830,  in  connection  with  a  college  at  Han- 
 over, Indiana,  on  the  Ohio  river.  Rev.  John  Matthews, 
 D.D.,  of  Virginia,  was  elected  Professor  of  Didactic 
 and  Polemic  Theology,  and  removed  to  that  place  in 
 the  Spring  of  that  year.  Here  for  the  next  ten  years 
 he  taught  successive  classes  of  theological  students, 
 assisted  by  Rev.  George  Bishop,  a.m.,  and  other  in- 
 .structors  chosen  from  time  to  time.  At  this  place 
 forty-five  young  men  were  thus  trained  for  the  minis- 
 try. In  the  year  1840  the  seminary  was  removed  to 
 New  Albany,  Indiana.     Its  Board  of  Dhectors,  acting 
 
NORTHWEST  SEMINARY. 
 
 580 
 
 NORTON. 
 
 under  the  direction  of  the  Synods  of  Indiana  and 
 Cincinnati,  then  associated  in  the  care  of  the  Institu- 
 tion, were  induced  to  make  this  removal,  in  consid- 
 eration of  a  donation  of  fifteen  thousand  dollars, 
 offered  by  Ellas  Ayers,  Esq.,  of  New  Albany,  on 
 condition  of  this  change  of  locality.  For  the  next 
 seventeen  years  the  seminary  was  taught  at  New 
 Albany,  by  a  Faculty  consisting  of  the  following: 
 Dr.  Matthews,  till  his  death  in  1848,  Dr.  James  Wood, 
 Dr.  Daniel  Stewart,  Dr.  Erasmus  D.  Maeljaster,  Dr. 
 Thomas  E.  Thomas,  and  Dr.  Philip  Lindslcy.  At 
 this  point,  o7ie  hundred  and  forty-seven  students 
 received  instruction. 
 
 In  1857  the  seven  Northwestern  Sj-nods  that  had 
 now  become  associated  in  the  control  of  the  seminary, 
 partly  induced  by  the  opening  of  the  new  Seminary 
 at  Danville,  Ky. ,  and  the  nearness  of  Lan6  Seminary, 
 at  Cincinnati,  and  partly  by  the  desire  to  have  a 
 seminary  in  some  locality  more  central  to  the  great 
 Northwestern  field,  took  measures  for  the  transfer  of 
 their  Institution  to  the  General  Assembly,  leaving 
 the  Assembly  free  to  choose  the  new  location.  The 
 Assembly  of  Slay,  1859,  which  met  in  the  city  of 
 Indianapolis,  accepted  this  offer  of  the  Synods,  and 
 after  a  full  discussion,  fixed  upon  Chicago,  111.,  as 
 the  proper  place.  It  was  known  to  the  Assembly 
 that  a  large  and  valuable  donation  in  land,  suitable 
 for  a  site,  could  be  obtained  at  that  place,  and  the 
 Hon.  Cyrus  H.  llcCormick,  who  attended  the  meeting 
 in  person,  offered  a  permanent  endowment,  in  cash,  of 
 one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  in  case  the  .seminary 
 should  be  established  at  Chicago.  The  Assembly 
 accordingly  appointed  a  Board  of  Directors,  chose  a 
 Faculty  of  Instruction,  and  ordered  the  opening  of 
 the  Institution  at  Chicago  in  the  Autumn  following. 
 Rev.  Nathan  L.  Rice,  D.  D.,  Rev.  Willis  Lord,  D.  D., 
 Rev.  Leroy  J.  Halsey,  D.  D.,  and  Rev.  William  M. 
 Scott,  D.D.,  were  elected  Professors  in  the  several 
 chairs,  and  were  inaugurated  soon  aftei  the  opening  of 
 the  fir.st  session  at  Chicago.  The  session  opened  in 
 September,  1859,  with  fifteen  students.  Since  that 
 time  the  Institution  has  graduated  a  class  every  year, 
 the  average  of  regular  graduates  being  between  eight 
 and  twelve  per  year. 
 
 In  1803  a  substantial  brick  and  stone  building  was 
 erected  on  the  seminary  ground,  at  a  cost  of  $16,000, 
 chiefly  from  funds  obtained  in  New  York  city.  The 
 grounds  lying  near  the  northern  limits  of  the  city, 
 and  consisting  of  twenty-five  acres,  were  donated,  in 
 two  adjaccntlots,  one  of  twenty  acres,  the  gift  of  Hon. 
 William  B.  Ogden  and  his  partner  Mr.  Sheffield,  of 
 New  Haven,  Conn.,  the  other,  of  five  acres,  donated 
 by  Messrs.  William  Sill  and  Diviney,  of  Chicago. 
 At  the  time  of  the  donation  this  land  was  valued  at 
 11000  per  acre.  At  the  time  of  the  great  fire  it  was 
 valued  at  ten  times  that  amount.  It  is  already,  or 
 soon  will  be  worth  double  this  last  estimate.  In  1875 
 another  building,  costing  .815.000,  was  erected,  con- 
 taining chapel,    library  and    recitation   rooms,    the 
 
 funds  being  contributed  by  C.  H.  McCormiek  and  C. 
 B.  Nelson,  of  Chicago,  and  Jesse  L.  Williams,  of 
 Fort  Wayne,  Ind. 
 
 Since  the  inauguration  of  the  first  Professors  at 
 Chicago  the  chairs  of  instruction  have  been  filled, 
 for  varying  periods,  by  the  following  Professors:  Rev. 
 Charles  Elliott,  D.D.,  Hebrew  Language  and  New 
 Testament  Exegesis;  Rev.  William  M.  Blackburn, 
 D.D.,  Biblical  and  Ecclesiastical  History;  Rev.  E.  D. 
 MacMaster,  D.D.,  Didactic  and  Polemic  Theology; 
 Rev.  Francis  L.  Patton,  d.d.  ,  ll.d.,  Didactic  and 
 Polemic  Theology,  and  Rev.  Robert  W.  Patterson, 
 D.D.,  Christian  Ethics  and  Apologetics. 
 
 Mr.  McCormiek,  the  original  donor  of  the  Institu- 
 tion has  at  several  times  added  other  large  donations 
 in  cash,  as  the  seminary  needed  funds,  probably  by 
 this  time  doubling  his  first  gift.  During  the  present 
 year  three  elegant  brick  and  stone  dwellings,  for  the 
 accommodation  of  the  Professors,  have  been  erected 
 on  the  .seminary  grounds,  costing  about  §30,000,  most 
 of  it  the  gift  of  Mr.  McCormiek.  The  present  Faculty- 
 consists  of  Dr.  L.  J.  Halsey,  Emeritus  Professor  of 
 Church  Government  and  the  Sacratnents ;  Dr.  Thomas 
 H.  Skinner,  Didactic  and  Polemic  Theology;  Dr. 
 Willis  G.  Craig,  Biblical  and  Ecclesiastical  History; 
 Dr.  Herrick  Johnson,  Homiletics  and  Piistoral  The- 
 ology; Dr.  David  C.  Marquis,  Greek  Exegesis  and 
 New  Testament  Literature,  and  Rev.  Edward  S. 
 Curtis,  Instructor  in  Hebrew  Language  and  Old 
 Testament  Literature. 
 
 The  library  of  the  seminary  consists  of  about  ten 
 thousand  volumes  of  choice  theological  and  miscella- 
 neous literature.  It  includes  the  old  New  Albany 
 Library,  which  came  to  the  Institution  as  a  part  of 
 its  assets  as  the  legitimate  successor.  It  w;is  decided 
 both  by  the  courts  and  by  vote  of  the  General  Assem- 
 bly, that  the  Seminary  at  Chicago  is  the  true  suc- 
 cessor of  all  the  past,  and  as  such,  the  true  Alma 
 Mater  of  all  the  Hanover  and  New  Albany  Alumni, 
 making  one  and  the  same  Institution,  through  all  its 
 changes. 
 
 Norton,  Augustus,  Theodore,  D.  D.,  son  of 
 Theodore  Norton  and  Mary  (,Tudd)  Norton,  was  born 
 in  Cornwall,  Conn.,  JIarch  28th,  1808.  He  graduated 
 at  Yale  College,  August  15th,  1832,  with  one  of  the 
 highest  honors  of  the  class.  He  taught  for  some  time 
 in  an  academy  at  Catskill,  N.  Y.,  at  the  same  time 
 reading  theology  with  Rev.  Thomas  M.  Smith.  He 
 was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Columbia,  Septem- 
 ber 17th,  18.31,  and  at  once  commenced  his  ministerial 
 labors  with  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Windham, 
 N.  Y.  Removing  to  Illinois,  hearrived  at  Naples,  Octo- 
 ber 25th,  1835,  and  remained  for  one  year,  preaching 
 at  Naples  and  Meredosia.  In  1836  he  removed  to 
 Griggsville,  and  labored  there,  at  Pittslield  and  Atlas, 
 till  April,  1838.  At  Pittsfield  he  organized  a  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  in  January,  1838,  being  the  ili'st  of 
 a  large  number  of  churches  which  he  afterwards 
 gathered.     He   then   accepted   an   invitation   to   St. 
 
NORTON. 
 
 581 
 
 NOTT. 
 
 Louis,  where,  under  his  labors,  the  Second  Presbyte- 
 rian Church  was  organized,  in  the  Fall  of  1838,  and 
 where  he  continued  for  one  year.  In  Februarj',  1839, 
 he  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of  the  First  Presbyte- 
 rian Church,  Alton,  111. ,  and  installed  Jlay  9th.  This 
 position  he  retained  for  more  than  nineteen  years, 
 during  all  of  which  period  his  relations  •nith  his 
 own  flock  and  with  all  his  evangelical  fellow-laborers 
 were  of  the  most  endearing  and  harmonious  character. 
 The  church  flourished  greatly  under  his  leadership, 
 and  became,  in  its  character  and  influence,  one  of  the 
 leading  Presbyterian  churches  in  the  State. 
 
 In  September,  18.59,  Dr.  Norton  was  appointed 
 "  District  Secretary  of  Cliurch  Extension  and  Home 
 Missions,"  for  the  West,  and  served  in  this  capacity 
 
 AUGrSTUS  THEODORE  NORTON,  D.D. 
 
 a  number  of  years.  In  May,  1845,  he  originated,  and 
 for  twenty-three  years  edited  and  published,  the 
 Presbytery  Reporter,  a  monthly  magazine,  the  list  of 
 which  he  transferred  to  the  Cincinnuti Herald  in  1868. 
 He  is  a  corporate  member  of  the  American  Board  of 
 Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions,  a  member  of  the 
 Board  of  Trustees  of  Monticello  Female  Academj-, 
 and  of  Blackburn  University.  He  is  a  gentleman  of 
 decided  ability,  thoroughly  evangelical  in  his  religious 
 views,  fearless  in  the  discharge  of  duty,  and  zealous 
 in  doing  good.  His  "History  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  the  State  of  Illinois"  is  thoroughly 
 prepared,  and  entitles  him  to  lasting  gratitude.  Dr. 
 Norton's  home  is  in  Alton. 
 
 Norton,  Rev.  Herman,  was  born  in  New  Hart- 
 ford, N.  Y.,  July  2d,  1T99;  graduated  from  Hamilton 
 College  in  1823,  and  was  ordained  by  the  Presbj-tery 
 
 of  Oneida,  February  9th,  1826.  He  labored  as  an 
 evangelist  in  revivals,  1826-30 ;  was  pastor  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  corner  of  Prince  and  Crosby 
 Streets,  New  York,  18.30-35;  pastor  at  Cincinnati, 
 O.,  1836-38;  and  supply  and  evangelist,  183S-43. 
 He  was  Secretary  of  the  American  Protestant  Society, 
 and  of  the  American  and  Foreign  Christian  Union, 
 1843-50,  residing  in  New  York.  He  died  in  that 
 city,  November  20th,  18,30.  Mr.  Norton  published 
 " The  Christian  and  Deist  in  Contrast, "  "Record  of 
 Facts  Concerning  the  Persecutiojis  at  Madeira," 
 "Signs  of  Danger  and  Promise,"  "Startling  Facts 
 for  Americiin  Protestants,"  and  some  tracts. 
 
 Nott,  Charles  DeKay,  D.  D.,  is  the  sou  of 
 Benjamin  and  Elizabeth  Cooper  Nott,  and  the  grand- 
 son of  Eliphalet  Nott,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,the  distinguished 
 President  of  Union  College  for  more  than  half  a  cen- 
 tury. He  was  born  near  Albany,  N.  Y. ,  September 
 12th,  1833;  attended  the  Albany  Academy;  entered 
 Union  College  in  1853  and  graduated  in  1854.  He 
 studied  theology  in  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
 New  York  city,  in  1856,  completing  the  usual  course 
 two  years  later  (1857-59)  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.; 
 was  ordained  and  became  pastor  of  the  First  Re- 
 formed Dutch  Church,  Mohawk,  N.  Y.,  in  1859; 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  Urbaua,  111.,  in  1866;  the 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church,  Kansas  City,  AIo.,  in 
 1869;  the  Choteau  Avenue  Presbyterian  Chiirch,  St. 
 Louis,  5Io.,  in  1871;  the  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Davenport,  Iowa,  in  1873,  and  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church,  ^Vashington,  N.  J.,  in  1881. 
 
 Dr.  Nott  has  a  genial,  sympathetic  temperament,  is 
 a  fluent  speaker,  talking  rapidly,  in  a  pleasing,  con- 
 versational stj'le.  His  sermons  are  of  a  practical, 
 rather  than  a  doctrinal  character,  more  after  the 
 method  of  James  than  of  Paul.  His  ministry,  espe- 
 cially in  Kansas  City,  was  very  successful,  enlisting 
 the  young  in  church  work,  and  attracting  crowded 
 houses,  particularly  at  the  night  services.  The 
 warmth  and  earnestness  of  his  manner  have  con- 
 tributed largely  to  the  usefulness  of  his  labors,  and 
 he  has  had  the  respect  and  atFection  of  his  brethren. 
 He  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  Union  CoUege, 
 in  1876.  He  has  not  published  any  work  of  special 
 prominence,  but  has  been  an  occasional  and  accept- 
 able contributor  to  the  leading  religious  periodicals. 
 Nott,  Eliphalet,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was  born  at 
 Ashford,  Windham  county.  Conn.,  June  25th,  1773. 
 At  sixteen  he  taught  a  school  at  Pautapang,  Lord's 
 Bridge,  and  was  there  for  two  successive  winters. 
 At  eighteen  he  took  charge  of  the  Plainfield  Academy, 
 and  at  the  same  time  pursued  his  classical  and 
 mathematical  studies,  under  the  Rev.  Dr.  Benedict. 
 On  leaving  Plauifield,  he  became  a  member  of  Brown 
 l"niversity,  and  remained  there  about  a  year.  He 
 did  not,  however,  graduate  in  course,  but  received 
 the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  in  1795.  He  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  New  London  Congregational 
 Association,    June    25th,    1796,   and  after   laboring 
 
NOTT. 
 
 582 
 
 NUNDY. 
 
 about  two  months  as  a  missionary  near  Otsego  Lake, 
 accepted  an  invitation  to  return  to  Cherry  Valley, 
 N.  Y.,  in  the  double  eapueity  of  a  preacher  and  a 
 teacher,  f  lere  he  established  a  flourishin;;  academy, 
 and  had  charge  of  it  :vs  long  as  he  remained  in  the 
 place.  After  leaving  Cherry  Valley,  he  accepted  a 
 call  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Albany,  X.  Y. 
 M'lien  the  news  of  the  duel  between  Hamilton  and 
 lUirr  reached  Albany,  Dr.  Xott  preached  a  sermon  on 
 Ilaniillon,  which  gave  him  a  wideband  busting  fame  as 
 a  ))ulpit  orator,  and  made  a  profound  impression  on 
 the  public  mind,  assisting  greatly  to  bring  odium 
 on  the  bloody  practice  of  duelling.  Soon  after,  he 
 was  elected  President  of  Union  College,  and  under 
 his  wi.se  and  energetic  administration  it  rose  from 
 its  depr(s.s<'d  condition  to  great  prosperity.  During 
 his  long  and  successful  incnmbency  upwards  of  four 
 thousand  young  men  graduated,  among  whom  were 
 many  who  subsiMjuently  occupied  distinguished  posi- 
 tions in  the  State  and  the  Church.  In  1863  he 
 presided  for  the  last  time  at  the  annual  commence- 
 ment.    He  died  January  29th,  1866. 
 
 Intellectually,  Dr.  Nott  was  a  remarkable  man, 
 many-sided,  and  superior  on  most  sides.  In  this 
 respect  he  commanded  tlie  admiration  of  all  who 
 knew  him.  He  was  a  great  financier,  and  enriched 
 himself  and  Union  College  by  his  masterly  skill 
 and  enterprise.  As  a  preacher  he  was  pre-eminent. 
 He  was  oratorical,  without  being  declamatory,  and  a 
 more  finished  or  perfect  oratory  was  never  heard  in 
 the  American  pulpit.  The  moral  impression  of  his 
 .sermons  was  always  profound.  Being  a  truly  devout 
 man,  be  was  cliaritable  and  catholic.  He  was 
 remarkably  superior  to  all  the  littlenesses  of  human 
 selfishness.  As  a  crowning  gbiry  of  bis  character 
 and  life,  he  Wius  pre-eminently  and  unre.servedly  a 
 peacemaker,  the  chief  element  in  this  excellence 
 being  bis  own  forgiving  spirit. 
 
 Nott,  Captain  Richard  T.,  was  born  at  Say- 
 brook,  Conn.,  in  .Tune,  17!)><;  giaduated  at  Yale  Col- 
 lege in  1818;  removed  to  Virginia  in  1820;  to  South 
 Carolina  in  1822,  where  he  began  the  practice  of  law. 
 He  rcMnoved  to  Alabama  in  1-<:M,  engaged  in  ))lantiug 
 in  Greene  county,  and  resided  there  until  his  death, 
 in  1869.  He  had  gifts  and  .influence  which  would, 
 if  he  had  desired,  have  raised  him  to  very  high 
 positions  in  the  State.  But  he  declined  all  these, 
 except  talking  command  of  a  company  in  the  Florida 
 War;  and  yet  such  was  bis  intelligence,high  character 
 ami  public  .spirit,  that  Ids  advice  was  widely  sought 
 and  fallowed. 
 
 in  ls:!(),  in  the  vigor  of  e;irly  manhood,  and  in  the 
 midst  of  earthly  success,  he  became  a  subject  of 
 gnicc,  and  consecrated  his  life  to  the  Saviour.  For 
 twenty-nine  years  he  wiis  a  ruling  elder  of  Beth- 
 Sidem  Church,  in  the  Presbytery  of  Tnskaloosa,  which 
 hi^  served  cheerfully  and  faithfully,  with  his  best 
 Iiowers,  time,  substiinir  and  open  and  decided  influ- 
 ence.     He  was  a  power  fur  good  in  bis  whole  region. 
 
 He  frequently  served  as  a  member  of  Presbytery  and 
 
 Synod,  and  several  times  of  the  General  Assembly, 
 in  which  capacity  he  was  eminently  useful,  by  means 
 of  his  singularly  wi.se  counsels,  his  strong  conserva- 
 tism, his  impartiality  in  judgment,  his  conciliatory 
 spirit,  his  active  labors  and  his  devotion  to  the  in- 
 terests of  the  Church.  He  was  no  sectarian,  but  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Alabama  is  largely  indebted 
 to  his  zeal  and  wisdom  through  an  important  period 
 of  its  history.  His  character  and  services  are  de- 
 serving of  an  honorable  and  lasting  record. 
 
 Nundy,  Rev.  Gopeenath,  was  born  of  respect- 
 able parents  belonging  to  the  Kayath  caste,  in  Cal- 
 cutta, India,  in  1807.  At  an  early  age  he  received,  at 
 home,  instruction  in  the  Bengalee,  his  own  vernacu- 
 lar language,  and  when  perfected  in  this,  he  was  sent 
 to  the  School  Society's  Institution  (then  recently 
 established  under  the  auspices  of  David  Hare,  Esq.), 
 to  .study  the  Englisli  language,  which  was  considered 
 the  sure  road  to  wealth  and  distinction.  He  had 
 long  been  convinced  of  the  falsehood  of  Hinduism. 
 A  lecture  delivered  by  Dr.  Du(T,  on  the  gospel  method 
 of  salvation,  roused  his  spiritual  being,  and  he  deter- 
 mined to  become  a  Christian.  Early  one  morning, 
 in  December,  1S:?2,  he  entered  Dr.  DutTs  .study,  and 
 after  silence  for  a  (juarter  of  an  hour,  during  whi<'h 
 his  countenance  expressed  some  great  mental  con- 
 flict, bursting  into  tears,  be  said  :  "  Can  I  be  saved? 
 Shall  I  have  the  privilege  of  being  Ciilled  a  son  of 
 God,  and  a  servant  of  Jesus  Christ?  Shall  I  be  ad- 
 mitted into  his.  holy  family  ?  "  He  soon  after  made 
 a  profession  of  religion,  and  was  admitted  by  Dr. 
 DutTinto  the  visible  Church  of  Christ,  by  the  rite  of 
 baptism.  In  the  year  18;!.'!  he  accompanied  Arch- 
 deacon Corrie,  afterwards  Bishop  of  Madras,  to  the 
 Xorthwest,  and  took  charge  of  an  English  school  at 
 Futtehpore,  largely  support<xl  by  Dr.  Madden,  the 
 civil  surgeon  of  that  station. 
 
 During  the  years  1837-8  a  fearful  famine  prevailed 
 in  the  northwest  jjrovinces  of  India,  and  a  large 
 numlier  of  orphans  were  collected  by  Dr.  Madden. 
 Gopeenath  was  very-  active  in  procuring  orphan  chil- 
 dren, and  afterwards  diligent  in  training  them  for 
 future  usefulness.  Dr.  Madden,  in  consequence  of 
 the  ill  health  an(^  death  of  Mrs.  Madden,  was  unable 
 to  continue  the  orphan  institution  under  their  care, 
 and  divided  them  between  the  Church  of  England's 
 Mission,  at  Benares,  and  the  Preslnterian  Board  of 
 Foreign  Missions,  at  Futtchgurb.  The  orphans  for 
 the  latter  place  were  sent  on  under  the  Ciire  of 
 Gopeenath,  who  w:vs  employed  by  the  Mi.ssion  as  an 
 iissistant.  His  services  at  this  time  were  invaluable 
 to  the  Mi.ssion,  not  only  in  consequence  of  his  previous 
 employment  and  training,  but  also  as  he  was  enabled 
 to  act  as  interpreter  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Wilson,  in  preach- 
 ing and  di.stributing  books  among  the  natives.  From 
 November,  I'^.'l'*,  to  the  time  of  his  death,  he  was  in 
 the  employment  of  tlie  Mi.ssion,  with  the  exception 
 of  about  a  vear,  in  1)S48  or  1849. 
 
OAKEy\ 
 
 583 
 
 OAKLAND  COLLEGE. 
 
 In  1844  tie  was  ordained  by  Furmkliabad  Presby- 
 tery, and  was  stationed  at  the  cantonment  of  Futteh- 
 gurb,  where  he  opened  a  school  for  boys,  and  also 
 established  a  flourishing  school  for  girls.  The  super- 
 intendence of  these  schools,  with  almost  daily  preach- 
 ing, gave  him  constant  employment,  and  made  his 
 labors  very  useful. 
 
 Futtehpore  having  become  vacant,  he  was,  at  the 
 request  of  the  AUahalxid  Mission,  transferred  to  that 
 station  in  1853,  where  he  remained  until  bis  death. 
 Uopeenath  was  never  so  happy,  or  developed  his 
 character  so  fully,  as  when  placed  in  charge  of  this 
 station  at  Futtehjiore.  He  was  abundant  in  labors, 
 and  estiiblished  .schools  for  boys  and  girls  in  the  city 
 and  the  jail,  besides  giving  instruction  for  a  time  to 
 lifty  Patwarees,  or  village  record  keepers.  In  June 
 of  1857  his  labors  were  interrupted  by  the  mutiny, 
 
 and  he  was  obliged  to  fly  to  Allahabad.  In  that 
 trying  period  he  evinced  a  spirit  not  unlike  that 
 which  animated  the  martyrs  and  confessors  of  the 
 primitive  Christians. 
 
 Gopeenath,  in  the  prospect  of  his  death,  which 
 occurred  March  14th,  1801,  .said  to  the  Kev.  J.  J. 
 Walsh,  of  Futtehgurh,  "I  am  not  afraid  to  die;  I 
 can  trust  that  Jesus  whom  I  have  so  often  preached 
 to  others."  Dr.  Dulf,  in  a  letter  referring  to  the 
 stunning  intelligence  he  had  received,  of  the  decease 
 of  "  his  greatly  beloved  son  in  the  Lord,"  the  Kev. 
 Gopeenath  Nundy,  says,  "Oh,  he  was  a  dear  one  in- 
 deed; so  simijle,  so  docile,  so  humble,  so  aflectionate, 
 so  grateful,  so  earnest,  so  disinterested,  so  intensely 
 devottid,  so  single-eyed,  so  single-minded,  so  wholly 
 absorbed  iu  labors  of  faith  and  love,  so  instant  in 
 sejisou  and  out  of  season." 
 
 o 
 
 Oakey,  Rev.  Peter  D.,  was  hnrn  in  New  Bruns- 
 wick, N.  ,1.,  in  ISK!;  graduated  at  Kutgers  College 
 iu  1841,  and  at  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Re- 
 formed (Dutch)  Church  in  1844.  The  same  year  he 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  Reformed  Church  of  Oj'ster 
 Bay,  Long  Island.  In  1847  he  took  charge  of  the 
 Middle  Reformed  Church,  Brooklyn.  In  1850  he 
 accepted  a  call  t«  the  Presbyterian  Church,  Jamaica, 
 where  he  continued,  much  beloved  by  his  people,  till 
 1870,  when,  owing  to  ill-health,  he  resigned  his 
 charge  and  opened  a  classical  boarding  school  at 
 Nesbanic,  N.  J:,  where  he  continued  until  1876. 
 The  last  three  years  ot  his  residence  there  he  served 
 the  Reformed  Church  at  Three  Bridges,  which  owes 
 its  organization  mainly  to  his  labors  and  influence. 
 While  preaching  at  Jamaica  he  organized  a  church 
 at  Sjiringfield,  from  a  part  of  his  congregation. 
 Having  recovered  his  voice,  he  accejited  a  call  from 
 this  cliurch,  where  he  is  now  laboring  acccpt;il)ly. 
 Mr.  Oakey  is  remarkably  gifted  as  an  ofl'-haud 
 speaker.  In  the  history  of  Somerset  county,  N.  J., 
 he  is  described  as  "  a  clear-headed  thinker  and  skilled 
 conversationalist."  By  his  integrity  he  has  gained 
 the  confidence  and  respect  of  the  whole  community 
 in  wliich  be  lives.  By  his  moderation,  courtesy  and 
 genial  manners  he  has  avoided  those  causes  of  oflence 
 so  incident  to  a  faithful  p;xstor's  life.  His  ministry 
 has  been  mucli  blessed.  He  has  published  a  number 
 of  interesting  addresses  and  sermons,  among  which 
 are,  "  Thales,  the  Fir.st  Ionian  School-teacher,"  "  The 
 Anti-Scriptural  Doctrines  of  Elias  Hicks,"  "Rome 
 an  Enemy  to  the  Free  Circulation  of  the  Bible," 
 "Congregationalism and  Presbyterianism Compared, ' ' 
 and  "The  History  of  the  Pri'sljyterian  Church  of 
 Springfield,  Long  Island." 
 
 Oakland  College.  In  1829,  the  want  of  an  edu- 
 cational institution,  of  the  highest  grade,  became  so 
 apparent  to  the  leading  members  of  the  Presbytery 
 of  Mississippi,  that,  at  an  interlocutory  session  of 
 Presbytery,  held  in  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  in  April  of 
 that  year,  it  was  resolved  that  an  efl!brt  should  be 
 made  to  establish  such  an  Institution  within  the 
 bouuds  and  under  the  care  of  Presbj^tery.  This 
 clfort  led  to  the  founding,  in  1830,  of  "  Oakland  Col- 
 lege," originally  called,  in  the  act  of  incorporation, 
 "The  Institution  of  Learning  under  the  care  of  the 
 Mississippi  Presbj^ry."  The  site  of  the  college  was 
 fixed  at  a  rural  spot  in  the  ^'icinity  of  Bethel  Church, 
 Claiborne  county,  about  four  miles  distant  from  the 
 town  of  Rodney,  on  the  Mississippi  river.  The  Rev. 
 Jeremiah  Chamberlain,  D.D.,  was  apiiointed  the  first 
 President.  From  his  installation,  iu  1830,  to  his 
 death,  in  1851,  Dr.  Chamberlain  devoted  the  whole 
 force  of  his  energetic  and  manj'-sided  nature  to  the 
 upbuilding  of  this  In.stitution;  and  he  was  gratified 
 by  seeing  it,  at  several  periods  in  the  course  of  his 
 administration,  attain  a  high  degree  of  success.  At 
 tlie  time  of  his  death  one  hundred  and  twenty  young 
 nu^n  had  been  graduated  from  its  halls,  and  hundreds 
 more  had  received,  in  a  partial  degree,  the  benefit  of 
 its  instructions.  In  accordance  with  the  original 
 plan,  a  theological  chair  was  introduced  in  1837, 
 under  the  direction  of  Rev.  Samuel  Beach  Jones, 
 D.I).,  which  continued  in  existence  till  1841.  During 
 its  existence  a  small  class  of  students  was  educated 
 for  the  ministry,  some  of  whom  subsequently  filled 
 important  posts  as  members  of  the  Presbytery  of 
 Mississippi. 
 
 In  the  year  1839  the  college  was  transferred  to  the 
 care  of  the  Synod  of  Mississippi,  and  remained  thus, 
 
OATH. 
 
 584 
 
 OATH. 
 
 a  Synodical  Institution,  till  the  year  1871,  when,  in 
 consequence  of  the  failure  of  its  resources  through 
 the  disastrous  effect  of  the  recent  war  and  under  the 
 ovcrwliclming  pressure  of  debt,  the  Synod  resolved 
 to  sell  the  college  buildings  to  the  State  of  Mississippi 
 for  the  ])urpose  of  founding  the  Alcorn  University 
 for  colored  young  men.  The  funds  of  all  sorts  re- 
 maining in  the  hands  of  the  trustees,  after  the  pay- 
 ment of  all  the  debts  of  the  Institution,  were  con- 
 veyed by  Synod  to  the  Presbytery  of  Mississippi,  in 
 1876,  upon  condition  that  the  Presbytery  would 
 establish  at  some  eligible  point  within  its  bounds  an 
 "Institution  of  liberal  Christian  learning."  The 
 gift  was  accepted,  and  in  pursuance  of  the  terms 
 upon  which  it  was  made,  a  charter  was  obtained  for 
 the  Chamberlain-Hunt  Academy,  and  Port  Gibson 
 was  selected  as  the  seat  of  the  Institution.  Under 
 this  form  the  germ  of  th^  enterprise  inaugurated 
 fifty-three  years  ago  by  the  Presbytery  of  Mississippi, 
 has  returned  to  its  care,  and  in  this  second  stage  of 
 its  hi.story  is  giving  evidence  of  a  vitality  which 
 promises  t«  realize  in  part,  if  not  completely,  all  the 
 ends  projected  by  the  founders  of  Oakland  College. 
 
 Oath.  A  solemn  appeal  to  the  Deity  or  some 
 superior  being,  expressed  or  implied,  in  token  of  the 
 good  faith  of  him  who  declares  or  promises  anything. 
 We  find  oaths  taken  in  patriarchal  times  (Gen.  xiv, 
 .22,  23;  -xxi,  23,  31);  regulated  by  the  Mosaic  law; 
 forbidden  when  unnecessary  in  the  New  Testament, 
 but  used  by  God  Himself  to  seal  His  promise  as  most 
 trustworthy,  and  thereby  to  end  all  disputation  (x.xii, 
 16-18;  Hch.  vi,  13-18). 
 
 Oaths  were  usual  on  occasions  of  contracts,  cove- 
 nants, agreements,  or  stipulations  (Gen.  xxiv,  2, 
 8,  9;  xxxi,  53;  Josh,  ix,  15,  19,  20;  2  Sam.  xix,  23); 
 in  making  vows  (Lev.  v,  4;  Acts  xxiii,  12,  21);  as 
 confirming  promises  (2  Kings  .xxv,  24;  Matt,  xiv,  7, 
 9);  and  in  denouncing  imprecations  (Jo.sh.  vi,  26;  1 
 Sam.  xiv,  24,  26,  28).  These  were  voluntary,  as 
 also  were  those  more  common  asseverations  when  God 
 was  called  to  witness  the  firm  purpose  of  him  that 
 expressed  it  (Ruth  i,  17;  1  Sam.  xxv,  22;  1  Kings  ii, 
 23).  But  sometimes  oaths  were  exacted,  as  by  a 
 sovereign  from  his  subjects,  or  by  a  superior  from  a 
 vassal  (xviii,  10;  2  Chron.  .xxxvi,  13;  Eccles.  viii,  2; 
 Ezek.  xvii,  16);  akin  to  which  were  the  oaths  laid 
 upon  a  people  to  obey  the  laws  of  God  or  of 
 the  land  (Ezra  x,  5;  Neh.  v,  12;  x,  29;  xiii,  29). 
 Of  the  same  nature  were  j  udicial  oaths ;  persons  on 
 trial  were  obliged  to  clear  themselves  by  an  oath, 
 and  the  whole  people,  or  all  present,  could  be  taken 
 in  oath  for  the  purpo.se  of  discovering  the  secret  per- 
 petrator of  sDUie  crime  (Exod.  xxii,  2;  Lev.  v,  i; 
 Numb.  V,  I!)).  Such  an  oath  could,  of  course,  be 
 taken  only  in  the  name  of  the  true  God,  the  (rod  of 
 Israel;  if  taken  in  the  name  of  any  other  god,  it  at 
 once  became  open  idolatry,  as  it,  ipno  facta,  was  an 
 acknowledgment  of  that  god  (Jer.  v,  7;  xii,  16; 
 Amos  viii,  14). 
 
 Perjury  and  the  non-fulfillment  of  an  oath  were 
 regarded  as  great  crimes.  According  to  the  law  he 
 who  had  given  false  witness  was  to  suffer  the  same 
 penalties  to  which  liis  injustice  had  exposed  the  man 
 against  whom  he  testified  (Deut.  xix,  16-21).  Even 
 if  any  one  had  sworn  to  his  own  detriment,  he  must 
 perform  his  oath  (Psalm  xv,  4).  This  could  not, 
 j  however,  be  held  to  justify  a  sin.  Herod  was  not 
 excused  by  his  rash  oath  for  the  Baptist's  murder 
 (Matt,  xiv,  9). 
 
 We  find  in  the  New  Testament  prohibitions  against 
 swearing  (v,  34-37;  James  v,  12).  It  cannot  be  sup- 
 posed that  it  was  intended  by  these  to  censure  every 
 kind  of  oath.  For  our  Lord  Himself  made  solemn 
 asseverations  equivalent  to  an  oath;  and  St.  Paul 
 repeatedly,  in  his  inspired  epistles,  calls  God  to  wit- 
 ness the  truth  of  what  he  was  saying.  The  intention 
 was,  as  Dr.  Alford  well  notes  upon  Matt,  iv,  34-37, 
 to  show  ' '  that  the  proper  state  of  Christians  is  to 
 require  no  oaths;  that,  when  evil  is  expelled  from 
 among  them,  every  yea  and  nay  will  be  as  decisive 
 a.s  an  oath,  every  promise  as  binding  as  a  vow." 
 
 "The  Ibrms  of  oaths, "  says  Dr.  Paley,  "like  other 
 religious  ceremonies,  have  in  all  ages  been  various, 
 consisting,  however,  for  the  most  part,  of  some  bodily 
 action,  and  of  a  prescribed  form  of  words.  Among 
 the  Jews,  the  j  uror  held  up  his  right  hand  tow.ards 
 heaven  (Ps.  cxliv,  8;  Rev.  .x,  5).  The  same  form  is 
 retained  in  Scotland  still.  Among  the  .Jews,  also, 
 an  oath  of  fidelity  was  taken  by  the  servant's  putting 
 his  hand  under  the  thigh  of  his  lord  (Gen.  xxiv,  2). 
 Among  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  the  form  varied  with 
 the  subject  and  occasion  of  the  oath;  in  private  con- 
 tracts, the  parties  took  hold  of  each  other's  hands, 
 while  they  swore  to  the  performance,  or  they  touched 
 the  altar  of  the  God  by  whose  divinity  they  .swore; 
 upon  more  solemn  occiisions,  it  wa.s  the  custom  to 
 sliiy  a  victim,  and  thi^  beast  being  struck  down,  with 
 certain  ceremonies  and  invocations,  gave  birth  to  the 
 expression, /e?-i>ppac/M)»,  and  to  our  English  phrase, 
 translated  from  this,  of  " striking  a  bargain."  The 
 form  of  oaths  In  Christikn  countries  is  also  very  dif- 
 ferent. In  our  country,  the  magistrate,  after  repeat- 
 ing to  the  witness  or  juror  the  promise  or  alliiination 
 which  the  oath  is  intended  to  confirm,  adds,  "So 
 help  jou  God."  The  energy  of  this  .sentence  resides 
 in  the  particle  .so.  So,  that  is  Jinc  lege,  upon  condition 
 of  your  speaking  the  truth,  or  performing  this  prom- 
 ise, and  not  otherwise,  may  God  help  you  !  The  wit- 
 ness or  juror,  whiLst  he  hears  the  words  of  the  oatli, 
 holds  up  his  right  hand,  or  places  it  upon  a  Bible,  .and 
 at  the  conclusion  ki.sses  the  book.  This  obscure  and 
 elliptical  form,  together  with  the  levity  .and  frequency 
 of  them,  has  brought  about  a,  general  inadvertency  to 
 the  obligation  of  oaths,  which,  both  in  a  religious  and 
 political  view,  is  much  to  be  lamented;  and  it  merits 
 public  consideration,  whether  the  requiring  of  oaths 
 upon  so  Inany  frivolous  occasions,  has  any  other  effect 
 than  to  make  such  .sanctions  cheap  in  the  minds  of 
 
OBEDIENCE. 
 
 585 
 
 OGDEN. 
 
 the  people.  Historians  have  justly  remarked,  that 
 wheu  the  reverence  for  an  oath  began  to  diminish 
 among  the  Romans,  and  the  loose  Epicurean  system, 
 which  discarded  the  belief  of  Providence,  was  intro- 
 duced, the  Roman  honor  and  prosperity  from  that 
 period  began  to  decline. 
 
 The  administration  of  oaths  suppo.ses  that  Ood  will 
 punish  false  swearing  with  more  severity  than  a 
 simple  lie  or  breaehofpromi.se,  for  which  belief  there 
 are  the  following  reasons:  1.  Perjury  is  a  sin  of  greater 
 deliberation.  2.  It  violates  a  superior  confidence. 
 3.  God  directed  the  Israelites  to  swear  by  His  name 
 (Deut.  vi,  13;  x,  20),  and  was  pleased  to  confirm  His 
 covenant  with  that  people  by  an  oath,  neither  of 
 which,  it  is  probable.  He  would  have  done  had  He 
 not  intended  to  represent  oaths  as  having  some  meaning 
 and  effect  beyond  the  obligation  of  a  bare  promi.se. 
 
 Obedience.  Compliance  with  the  requirements 
 of  law.  Even  inanimate  things  and  irrational  crea- 
 tures may  be  said  to  pay  obedience  when  they  fulfill 
 the  purpose  for  which  they  were  created,  and  are  sub- 
 servient to  divine  authority  ^Ps.  cxlviii,  6-8;  Matt, 
 viii,  27;  James  iii,  3,  4).  But  this  is  not  the  moral 
 obedieuce  which  reasonable  beings  are  to  render  to 
 those  who  have  the  just  control  of  them.  The  pure 
 angels  do  exactly  God's  commandments  (Ps.  ciii,  20), 
 and  men  ought  to  show  an  equal  obedience,  as  their 
 paramount  duty,  to  their  Creator  (1  Sara,  xv,  22). 
 Obedience  is  often  due  also  from  one  person  to  another, 
 as  from  children  to  parents  (Eph.  vi,  1);  from  wives 
 to  husbands  (v,  22;  1  Pet.  iii,  1,  6);  from  servants  to 
 masters  (Eph.  vi,  5);  from  subjects  to  rulers,  civil  and 
 others  (Rom.  xiii,  1;  Heb.  xiii,  17;  1  Pet.  ii,  13,  14). 
 Our  blessed  Lord,  having  become  man,  paid  obedience 
 to  the  law  of  God  which  was  laid  on  man.  Christ's 
 obedience  was  perfect;  He  entirely  fulfilled  His 
 Father's  commandments,  becoming  "  obedient  unto 
 death"  (Phil,  ii,  8);  His  death  being,  so  to  speak, 
 the  acme  of  His  willing  compliance  and  entire  perform- 
 ance of  the  work  given  Him  to  do.  It  is  this,  the 
 fulfillment  of  the  law  in  His  life,  which,  together 
 with  the  endurance  of  its  penalty  in  His  death,  com- 
 pletes that  work  for  the  virtue  of  which  those  who 
 believe  in  Him  are  saved.  His  obedience  unto  death, 
 then,  while  it  by  no  means  abates  the  claims  of  God's 
 law  on  men  as  a  moral  rule  of  life,  is  yet  a  moral 
 equivalent  for  the  world's  sin,  and  becomes  available 
 to  all  who  plead  it  as  the  ground  of  their  acceptance 
 with  God.  This  is  forcibly  argued  by  St.  Paul  (Rom. 
 V,  12-19). 
 
 Offence.  The  original  word  (skamlnlizo)  in  our 
 version  usually  rendered  offend^  literally  signifies  to 
 cause  to  stumble,  and  by  an  easy  metaphor,  to  occasion 
 a  fall  into  sin  (Matt,  v,  29).  It  may,  therefore,  apply 
 to  ourselves  as  well  as  to  others  (Matt,  xviii,  6-14). 
 Hence  the  noun,  skandalun,  signifies  not  only  an 
 offence,  in  our  common  use  of  that  word,  but  also  a 
 stumbling-stone,  a  trap,  a  snare,  or  whatever  impedes 
 our  path  to  heaven  (Matt,  xviii,  17;  Rom.  xiv,  13; 
 
 1  Cor.  X,  32).  Sometimes  offence  is  taken  unreason- 
 ably. Men,  as  Peter  says,  stumble  at  the  word,  being 
 disobedient.  Hence  we  read  of  the  offence  of  the  Cross 
 (Gal.  v,  11;  vi,  12).  To  positive  truth  or  duty  we 
 must  adhere,  even  at  the  hazard  of  giving  offence,  but 
 a  woe  is  on  us,  if  we  give  it  without  necessity  of  this 
 holy  nature  (Rom.  xiv,  13-21;  1  Cor.  viii,  9-13). 
 
 Offence  may  be  either  active  or  passive.  "We  may 
 give  offence  by  our  conduct,  or  we  may  receive  offence 
 from  the  conduct  of  others.  We  should  be  very  careful 
 to  avoid  giving  just  cause  of  offence,  that  we  may  not 
 prove  impediments  to  others  in  their  reception  of  the 
 truth,  in  their  progress  in  sanctification,  in  their 
 peace  of  mind,  or  in  their  general  course  toward 
 heaven.  We  should  abridge  or  deny  ourselves  in 
 some  things,  rather  than,  by  exercising  our  liberty  to 
 the  utmost  give  uneasiness  to  Christians  weaker  in 
 mind,  or  weaker  in  the  faith,  than  ourselves  (1  Cor. 
 x,  32).  On  the  other  hand,  we  should  not  take  offence 
 without  ample  cause,  but  endeavor,  by  our  exercise 
 of  charity,  and,  perhaps,  by  our  increase  of  knowl- 
 edge, to  think  favoraljly  of  what  is  dubious,  as  well 
 as  honorably  of  what  is  laudable. 
 
 It  was  foretold  of  the  Messiah,  that  he  should  be 
 "  a  stone  of  stumbling,  and  a  rock  of  offence."  Per- 
 haps predictions  of  this  kind  are  among  the  most 
 valuable  which  Providence  has  preserved  to  us,  as 
 we  see  by  them,  that  we  ought  not  to  be  discouraged 
 because  the  Jews,  the  natural  people  of  the  Messiah, 
 rejected  him,  and  still  reject  him,  since  the  very 
 offence  they  take  at  his  humiliation,  death,  etc.,  is 
 in  perfect  conformity  to,  and  fulfilment  of,  those 
 prophecies  which  foretold  that,  however  they  might 
 profess  to  wish  for  the  great  Deliverer,  yet  when  he 
 came  they  would  overlook  him,  and  stumble  at  him. 
 Our  Saviour  on  one  occasion  said,  "Woe  unto  the 
 world  because  of  offences ;  for  it  must  needs  be  that 
 offences  come,  but  woe  to  that  man  by  whom  the  of- 
 fence cometh"  (JIatt.  xWii,  7).  Of  course  He  here 
 speaks,  not  of  an  absolute,  but  of  a  relative  neces- 
 sity, proceeding  from  the  sinful  state  of  the  world. 
 The  two  facts  of  Dirine  prescience  and  human  responsi- 
 biliti/,  which  are  here  stated,  all  philosophy  is  bound 
 to  accept  as  verities,  whatever  difliculty  may  attend 
 every  effort  that  is  made  logically  to  reconcile  them. 
 As  it  consists  with  Divine  goodness  to  create  free 
 agents,  so,  consequently,  to  permit  offences,  and  the 
 justice  of  God  in  punishing  them,  cannot  reasonably 
 be  questioned,  because  He  is  no  further  concerned 
 than  in  the  creation  of  the  powers  He  bestows;  the 
 agents  themselves  only  are  chargeable  with  the 
 abuse  of  them,  the  necessity  under  which  oft'ences  lie 
 being  only  voluntary  and  moral.  There  is  no  neces- 
 sary connection  between  liberty  and  sin;  the  one, 
 indeed,  is  the  gift  of  God,  the  other,  the  free  act  of 
 man. 
 
 Ogden,  Rev.  Benjamin,  was  the  son  of  John 
 Ogden,  an  elder  in  the  church  at  Fairfield,  X.  J.,  for 
 thirty  years,  until  his  death,  in  1832.     He  was  born 
 
OGDEN. 
 
 586 
 
 OHIO,  SYSOD  OF. 
 
 in  the  township  of  Fairfield,  October  4tU,  1797.  He 
 graduated  at  Princeton  College,  in  the  class  of  1817; 
 became  a  Tutor  of  the  college;  studied  theologj'  in 
 the  Seminary  at  Princeton  for  two  years;  and  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbj-tery  of 
 Philadelphia,  in  April,  1821.  He  was  ordained  in 
 June,  1822,  at  Bensalem,  Bucks  county.  Pa.,  where  he 
 ministered  for  more  than  a  year.  In  1823  he  became 
 piustor  at  Lewes,  Del.,  where  he  faithfully  performed 
 his  pastoral  duties  more  than  three  years.  On  the 
 8tli  of  December,  182(5,  he  was  installed  pa.stor  of  the 
 larg('  and  important  Church  of  Pennington,  X.  J. 
 Here  he  pursued  bis  ministry  for  twelve  years,  with 
 great  fidelity  and  usefulne.ss.  In  1837-8  there  was  a 
 remarkable  work  of  grace  in  the  congregation.  Du- 
 ring the  pastorate  large  acce.ssions  were  made  to  the 
 membership  of  the  church,  and  the  edifice  Tvas  greatly 
 enlarged  and  improved.  Steps  were  also  taken  to 
 erect  a  charch  edifice  in  the  western  part  of  the 
 charge,  at  Titusville,  in  which  public  worship  might 
 be  held  on  Sabbath  afternoons.  This  hoiLse  was 
 built  soon  after  Mr.  Ogdeu's  pastorate  ceased.  After 
 leaving  Penningtonville  he  removed  to  Michigan, 
 and  preached  there,  in  Three  Rivers,  Nlles,  and  else- 
 where, for  some  years.  He  sub-sequently  removed  to 
 Valparaiso,  Ind.,  and  became  the  pastor  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church  in  tliat  place,  where  he  died,  Jan- 
 uary 11th,  1853,  in  the  si.xty-sixth  j'ear  of  his  age. 
 
 Ogden,  Rev.  John  "W.,  was  born  December 
 24th,  1703,  near  Hardstown,  Ky.  His  father  was  the 
 Rev.  Benjamin  Ogden,  a  minister  in  the  Methodist 
 Episcopal  Church,  who  superintended  the  earlj-  educa- 
 tion of  his  son.  During  the  war  with  Great  Britain, 
 of  1812,  he  was  in  the  army  under  General  Harrison. 
 On  leaving  the  army  he  was  licen.sed  by  the  Cural)er- 
 land  Presbyterian  Church,  and  ordained,  in  1817,  as 
 an  evangelist.  In  1*14  he  changed  his  church  rela- 
 tion, by  joining  the  Presbytery  of  Nashville.  He 
 .soon  after  entered  upon  the  work  of  a  missionary, 
 under  a  commission  from  the  Board  of  Domestic 
 Missions,  and  as  such  labored  faithfully  and  zealously. 
 Blessed  with  a  large  frame  and  vigorous  constitution, 
 he  traveled  continually,  preaching,  from  place  to  plaee 
 in  tlie  destitution  of  Presbytery.  He  was  thus  em- 
 ployed when  called  to  his  re.st,  dying  at  N.ashville, 
 Tenn.,  April  Mh,  18,-,9. 
 
 Ogden,  Jonathan,  Esq.,  w.as  born  in  Fairton, 
 N.  J.,  December  loth,  1809.  The  family  afterwards 
 removed  to  Bridgeton,  where  his  father  was  postma-s- 
 ter  more  than  twenty  years.  The  son  located  himself 
 in  Pliiladelphia  in  1831.  In  1852  he  moved  to  New 
 York  for  business  and  Brooklyn  for  a  residence,  and 
 became  a  memlxT  of  the  firm  of  Devlin  &  Co.,  then 
 and  for  several  years  thereafter  the  largest  clothing 
 house  in  the  I'nited  States.  In  ls74  Mr.  Ogden 
 retired  with  a  competence,  having  built  on  Brooklyn 
 Height.s  such  a  residence  as  he  desired.  His  fellow- 
 citizens  of  this  part  of  Brooklyn,  the  head  of  its 
 wealth,  intelligence  and  refinement,  have  repeatedly 
 
 chosen  him  to  represent  them  in  the  State  Legisla- 
 ture. He  h;is  done  it  with  eminent  ability  and 
 honor.  He  is  the  Vice  President  of  the  Long  Lsland 
 Fire  Insurance  Company-,  which  has  prospered  through 
 1  fifty  years.  He  served  the  Church  for  several  years 
 in  the  Board  of  Domestic  Jlissions,  for  eight  years  in 
 the  Board  of  Church  Erection,  being  its  Treasurer  for 
 years.  He  was  elected,  in  1854,  an  elder  of  the 
 Second  Church,  under  the  pastoral  care  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
 Ichabod  S.  Spencer.  In  1863  he  entered  the  Session 
 of  the  First  Church,  Henry  street,  and  for  the  last 
 twenty  years  has  been  a  most  eflicient  officer  of  this 
 First  Church. 
 
 Ogden,  Rev.  Thomas  Spencer,  son  of  tlie 
 Rev.  Benjamin  Ogden,  was  born  in  Pennington,  X. 
 J.,  in  1832.  He  graduated  at  the  University  of 
 Michigan,  in  1853;  at  Princeton  Theological  Semi- 
 nary iu  April,  1857,  and  was  licensed  by  New  Bruns- 
 wick Presbytery.  Having  offered  him.self  asa  foreign 
 missionary,  he  was  accepted.  He  was  ordained  Au- 
 gust 18th,  1857,  as  a  missionary  to  Africa,  by  Xew 
 Brunswick  Presbjiiery.  He  married  Miss  Phcebe  E. 
 Combs,  of  Jlillstone,  X.  J.,  and  they  sailed  from  Xew 
 York,  October  6th,  1857,  and  arrived  at  Corisco 
 Island,  January  14th,  1358.  From  his  first  arrival 
 on  the  Islanil,  he  omitted  no  opportunity  for  iireach- 
 ing  to  pass  unimproved.  In  the  churches,  in  the 
 towns,  by  the  wayside,  often  at  Ilolii,  he  urged 
 assemblies  and  individuals  to  repentance.  At  his 
 death  (May  12th,  1861),  he  was  pastor  of  the  church, 
 and  superintendent  of  the  Sabbath  school  at  Evanga- 
 simba.  To  rear  up  an  efficient  native  ministry,  and 
 to  give  to  them  the  Word  of  God  in  their  own  native 
 language,  were  the  objects  which  called  forth  Mr. 
 Ogden's  most  earnest  efforts.  He  cheerfully  .strug- 
 gled on  against  a  hostile  climate,  hapjiy,  both  to 
 toil  and  to  .suffer  in  God's  work.  He  continued  these 
 labors  when  he  should  have  been  confined  to  his  sick- 
 bed. He  fell,  as  he  believed,  at  the  post  of  duty, 
 with  the  harness  on.  His  dying  words  were:  '"Wlio 
 will  go?  Can  j'ou  go?  ^^^lo  will  go  to  preach  in 
 Africa?" 
 
 Ohio,  Sjmod  of.  By  act  of  the  Cteneral  As.sembly 
 of  issl^  tile  four  Synods  of  Cincinnati,  Cleveland, 
 Columbus  and  Toledo,  were  consolidated  to  form  the 
 Synod  of  Ohio,  ha%'ing  its  bounds  co-terminous  with 
 those  of  the  State.  These  Synods  reported  to  the 
 Assembly,  in  1881,  an  aggregate  of  five  hundred  min- 
 isters, six  hundred  and  seven  churches,  and  sixty- 
 eight  thous;ind  three  hundred  and  twenty-six  com- 
 municants. 
 
 The  original  Synod  of  Ohio  wiis  erected  by  tho 
 As.sembly  in  1814.  It  consisted  then  of  three  Pres- 
 byteries: Lanciister,  which  had  been  connected  with 
 the  Synod  of  Pittsburg;  'W.ashington  and  Miami, 
 which  had  formed  part  of  the  Synod  of  Kentucky. 
 It  had  thirty-two  mini.sters  and  seventy-eight 
 churches.  It  eml>niccd  the  whole  State,  with  the 
 exception  of  tlie  Presbytery  of  Harttonl,  whirli  liad 
 
OHIO,  SYXOD  OF. 
 
 587 
 
 OLDEST  CHRISTIAN  HVJIX. 
 
 the  churches  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State, 
 and  from  which  the  Presbytery  of  Grand  River  was 
 formed,  in  1814.  Part  of  the  Presbytery  of  AVash- 
 ington  lay  in  Kentucky,  but  in  1815  the  Ohio  river 
 was  made  the  Southern  boundary  of  the  Synod. 
 
 The  first  report  of  the  Synod  of  Ohio  to  the  As- 
 sembly, 1814,  gave  2.515  communicants,  of  wliom  269 
 had  been  added  during  the  year.  In  1817  the 
 Presbytery  of  Lancaster  was  dirided,  and  Richmond 
 formed,  with  seven  ministers. 
 
 The  leading  ministers  when  the  Synod  was  formed, 
 were  Stephen  Liudsley,  at  Marietta,  Jacob  Lindsley, 
 at  Athens,  John  Wright,  at  Bush  Creek,  James  Cul- 
 bertsou,  at  Zanesville,  Robert  G.  Wilson,  at  Chilli- 
 cothe,  James  Hoge,  at  Franklinton,  and  Joshua  L. 
 Wilson,  at  Cincinnati. 
 
 In  1821  the  Presbytery  of  Cincinnati  was  formed 
 by  the  division  of  the  Presbytery  of  Miami,  and  the 
 Presbj'teries  of  Columbus,  Chillicothe  and  Athens 
 were  erected. 
 
 By  1825  the  Synod,  now  consisting  of  seven  Presby- 
 teries, reported  a  total  of  61  ministers,  161  churches, 
 and  6494  communicants.  This  same  year  the  Synod 
 of  the  Western  Reserve  was  erected,  with  three  Presby- 
 teries, viz. :  Grand  River,  Portage  and  Huron,  having 
 32  ministers,  84  churches,  and  2791  communicants. 
 
 The  Synod  of  Cincinnati  was  erected  by  the  Assem- 
 bly in  1829.  It  took  from  the  Synod  of  Ohio  the 
 Presbyteries  of  Chillicothe,  Cincinnati  and  Miami, 
 and  also  that  part  of  the  Presbytery  of  Columbus 
 lying  in  the  counties  of  Clark,  Champagne  and  Logan, 
 and  west  of  a  line  running  due  north  from  the  north- 
 east corner  of  Logan  county  to  the  border  of  the 
 Synod  of  the  Western  Reserve. 
 
 The  Presbytery  of  Wooster  was  erected  by  the 
 Synod  of  Ohio  in  1834,  and  the  Presbytery  of  JIarion 
 in  1S35;  the  former  with  9  ministers  and  23  churches, 
 the  latter  of  8  ministers  and  18  churches. 
 
 In  1837,  the  year  of  the  exscinding  acts,  the  Synod 
 of  Ohio  had  6  Presbyteries,  69  ministers,  138  churches, 
 and  9483  communicants.  Within  the  State  besides, 
 were:  The  Sj-nod  of  the  Western  Reserve,  having 
 8  Presbyteries,  123  ministers,  142  churches,  and  8423 
 communicants ;  the  Synod  of  Cincinnati,  with  5 
 Presbyteries,  86  ministers,  113  churches,  and  842G 
 communicants ;  and  the  Presbytery  of  Steuben^-ille, 
 connected  with  the  Synod  of  Pittsburg,  having  17 
 ministers,  33  churches,  and  2750  communicants. 
 There  were,  therefore,  at  tlie  date  of  the  e.xcision 
 acts  in  1837,  in  the  territory  now  covered  by  the 
 Synod  of  Ohio,  3  Synods,  20  Presbyteries,  295  minis- 
 ters, 431  churches,  and  29,082  communicants. 
 
 The  result  of  the  disruption  may  be  best  seen,  say 
 five  vears  later,  in  1843,  when  the  elements  had  ad- 
 justed themselves  in  their  chosen  connections. 
 
 In  1838  the  Synod  of  Ohio  divided  into  two,  each 
 bearing  the  name  of  the  original  Synod.  In  1843 
 the  Old  School  Synod  h:id  5  Presbyteries,  69  minis- 
 ters   132  churches,  and   9443  communicants.     The 
 
 New  School  Synod  had  3  Presbyteries,  42  ministers, 
 64  churches  and  4113  communicants. 
 
 In  like  manner,  as  the  result  of  the  disruption, 
 the  Synod  of  Cincinnati  was  divided  into  two  Synods, 
 bearing  the  same  name,  and  having  in  1843,  respect- 
 ively, 6  Presbyteries,  67  ministers,  123  churches,  and 
 8651  communicants ;  and  3  Presbyteries,  37  minis- 
 ters, 49  churches  and  4258  communicants.  In  the 
 State  there  were  in  1843,  of  the  Old  School,  the  Synod 
 of  Ohio,  the  Synod  of  Cincinnati,  and  3  Presliyteries; 
 of  the  Synod  of  Wheeling — viz. :  Steubenville,  St. 
 Clairsville  and  New  Lisbon,  with  an  aggregate  in 
 the  3  Presbyteries,  of  41  ministers,  71  churches,  and 
 5278  communicants. 
 
 Of  the  New  School  there  were,  the  Synod  of  the 
 Western  Reserve,  with  7  Presbyteries,  126  ministers, 
 134  churches  and  9125  communicants;  the  Synod  of 
 Ohio,  with  3  Presbyteries,  42  ministers,  64  churches 
 and  4113  communicants,  and  the  Synod  of  Cincinnatij 
 with  3  Presbyteries,  37  ministers.  49  churches  and 
 42.58  communicants.  The  aggregate  of  both  was: 
 Presbyteries,  27;  ministers,  382;  churches,  573;  com- 
 munic;ints,  40,868. 
 
 In  1860  the  Synod  of  Sandusky  was  formed  by  the 
 Old  School  Assembly.  No  further  changes  occurred 
 until  the  reunion,  in  1870,  when  the  four  Synods  of 
 Cincinnati,  Cleveland,  Columbus  and  Toledo  were 
 formed,  embracing  all  the  ministers  and  churches  in 
 the  State. 
 
 In  1871  these  reported  to  the  Assembly  respect- 
 ively:— 
 
 PreiibyterU's. 
 
 Mitiislers. 
 
 Cfttirches. 
 
 Comnutnicauts 
 
 Cincinnati.... 
 Cleveland 
 
 4 
 
 -1 
 
 5 
 
 162 
 
 137 
 
 120 
 
 74 
 
 502 
 
 LIS 
 165 
 169 
 ino 
 
 605 
 
 10,146 
 17,564 
 14,624 
 
 Toledo 
 
 17 
 
 7,498 
 
 Total 
 
 58,832 
 
 In  1881  these  four  Synods  were  consolidated  into 
 the  Synod  of  Ohio.  In  1883  its  report  to  the  Assembly 
 shows:  Presbyteries,  17;  ministers,  489;  churches, 
 615;  communicants,  68,926. 
 
 Oldest  Chxistian  Hymn.  [In  Paed.,  Lib.  Ill, 
 of  Clement  of  Alexandria,  is  given  (in  Greek)  the 
 most  ancient  hj'mn  in  the  Primitive  Church.  It  is 
 then  (one  hundred  and  fifty  years  after  the  Apostles) 
 asserted  to  be  of  much  earlier  origin.  The  following 
 version  wiU  give  some  imperfect  idea  of  its  spirit.] 
 
 Shepherd  of  tender  youth  1 
 Guiding,  in  love  and  truth, 
 
 Through  devious  ways  : 
 Clirist  our  triumphant  King, 
 We  Come  Thy  name  lo  sing, 
 And  liere  our  children  bring. 
 
 To  shout  Thy  praise. 
 
 Thou  art  our  holy  Lord  ! 
 Tlie  all  subduing  Word  ! 
 
 Healer  of  strife  I 
 Thc.m  didst  Thyself  abase, 
 That  fpjm  sin's  deep  disgrace, 
 Thou  mightest  save  our  race. 
 
 And  give  us  life  I 
 
OLD  LETTERS. 
 
 588 
 
 OLD  LETTERS. 
 
 Thou  art  Wisdom's  High  Priest ! 
 Thou  bast  pretiared  the  feast 
 
 Of  holy  love: 
 And  in  our  mortal  patn, 
 None  call  on  Thee  in  vain. 
 Help  thou  dust  uot  disdain, 
 
 Help  from  above. 
 
 Ever  be  thus  our  guide  ! 
 Our  Shepherd  and  our  pride, 
 
 Our  staff  and  song  ! 
 Jssus!  Thou  Christ  and  God, 
 By  Thy  perennial  Word, 
 Lead  us  where  Thou  hast  trod, 
 
 Slake  our  faith  strong. 
 
 So  now,  and  till  wo  die, 
 Sound  we  Thy  praises  high, 
 
 AndjoyfuUy  sing. 
 Infants,  and  the  glad  throng, 
 Who  to  Thy  Church  belong", 
 Unite  and  swell  the  song, 
 
 To  Christ  our  King. 
 
 Old  Letters  of  Francis  Makemie.     Through 
 
 the  autiqiiuriun  researches  of  the  hite  Rev.  Richard 
 Webster^  of  Mauch  Chunk,  Pa.,  the  two  following 
 letters,  in  the  library  of  the  Historical  Society  of 
 Massachusetts,  were  brought  to  the  knowledge  of 
 Presbyterians.  They  were  addressed  to  Increase 
 Mather,  of  Boston,  *'  c/arwm  et  venerahile  nomen^^^  and 
 from  the  light  which  they  tlirow  upon  our  Church 
 history,  will  be  read  with  interest  by  all  who  appre- 
 ciate the  rays  of  antiquity. 
 
 Elizabeth  River,  Va.,  July  2.')th,  16S4. 
 
 Reverexd  and  Dear  Brother: — T  wrote  to  you,  though  unac- 
 quainted, by  Mr.  Lamb,  from  North  Carolina,  of  my  designs  for 
 Ashley  river.  South  Carolina,  which  I  was  forward  in  attempting, 
 that  I  engaged  in  a  voyage  and  went  to  sea  in  the  month  of  May, 
 but  God  in  his  providence  saw  fit  I  should  not  see  it  at  the  time, 
 for  wo  were  tossed  upon  the  coast  by  contrary  winds,  and  to  the  North 
 as  far  as  Delaware  Bay,  so  that,  fallingshort  in  our  provisions,  we 
 were  necessitated,  after  several  essays  to  the  South,  to  Virginia; 
 and  in  the  meanwhile  Colonel  Anthony  Lawson,  and  other  inhabit- 
 ants of  tiie  parish  of  Lynnhaven,  in  Lower  Norfolk  county  (who 
 had  a  dissenting  minister  from  Ireland,  until  the  Lord  was  pleased 
 to  remove  him  by  death,  in  August  last,  among  whom  I  preached 
 before  I  went  to  the  South,  in  coming  from  Maryland  against  their 
 earnest  importunity),  coming  so  pertinently  in  the  place  of  our 
 landing  for  water,  prevailed  with  me  to  stay  this  season,  which  the 
 more  easily  overcame  me,  considering  the  season  of  the  year,  and 
 the  little  encouragement  from  Carolina,  from  the  sure  information 
 I  have  had.  But  for  thesatisfactiou  of  my  friends  in  Ireland,  whom 
 I  design  to  he  very  cautious  in  inviting  to  any  place  in  America  I 
 have  yet  seen,  I  have  sent  one  of  our  number  to  acquaint  mo  fur- 
 ther concerning  the  place.  I  am  here  assured  of  liberty  and  other 
 encouragements,  resolving  to  submit  myself  to  the  soverign  provi- 
 dence of  God,  who  has  been  pleased  so  unexpectedly  to  drive  me 
 biick  to  this  poor  desolate  people,  among  whom  I  design  to  continue 
 till  God  in  his  providence  determines  otherwise  concerning  me. 
 
 I  have  presumed  a  second  before  I  can  hear  how  acceptable  my 
 first  has  been.  I  hope  this  will  prevent  your  writing  to  Ashley 
 river,  and  determine  your  resolution  to  direct  your  letters  to  Col. 
 Anthony  Kawson,  at  the  eastern  branch  of  Elizabeth  river.  I  expect 
 if  you  have  an  opportunity  of  writing  to  Mr.  John  Hart,*  you  will 
 acquaint  him  concerning  me,  which,  with  your  prayers,  will  oblige 
 him  who  is  your  dear  and  affectionate  brother  in  the  gospel  of  our 
 Lord  .lesus. 
 
 Francis  Makemie. 
 
 The  minister  of  Londonderry. 
 
 Elizabeth  River,  28th  July,  1685. 
 Honored  Sir: — Yours  I  received  by  Mr.  Ilallet,  with  three  books, 
 and  am  not  a  little  concerned  that  those  sent  to  Ashley  river  were 
 miscarried,  for  which  I  hope  it  will  give  no  ofTence  to  declare  my 
 willingness  to  satisfy,  for  there  is  no  reason  they  should  be  lost  to 
 you,  and  far  less  that  the  gift  should  be  ....  *  for  which  I 
 own  myself  your  debtor,  and  assure  yourself,  if  you  have  any  friend 
 in  Virginia,  tu  find  me  ready  to  receive  your  commands.  I  have 
 wrote  to  BIr.  Wandrope,  and  beg  you  would  be  pleased  to  order 
 the  safe  conveyance  thereof  unto  his  hands.  I  have  also  wrote 
 to  Mr.  Thomas  Bai  ret,  a  minister  who  lived  in  South  Carolina,  who, 
 when  he  wrote  to  me  from  Ashley  river,  was  to  take  shipping  for 
 New  England;  so  that  I  conclude  he  is  with  you.  But  if  there  be 
 no  such  man  in  the  country,  let  my  letter  be  returned. 
 I  am  yours  in  the  Lord  Jesus, 
 
 Francis  Makemie. 
 
 "  These  letters,"  says  the  Kev.  Dr.  Van  Rensselaer 
 (in  whose  Presbyterian  Magazine  they  were  pub- 
 lished), "  incidentally  prove,  or  illustrate  the  follow- 
 ing positions  : — 
 
 1.  They  assist  in  fixing  the  date  of  Francis  Make- 
 mie's  arrival  in  America.  Hitherto  the  records  of 
 Accomac  county,  Va.,  furnished  e\idence  of  the 
 earliest  period  in  which  he  was  certainly  known  to  be 
 in  America.  A  record  in  the  Accomac  County  Court 
 shows  that  he  was  on  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Virginia 
 in  1690.  It  was  surmised  that  he  was  in  the  country 
 before,  but  how  long  before  was  left  wholly  to  con- 
 jecture. Mr.  Reed,  in  his  history  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Ireland,  informs  us  that  Mr.  Makemie  was 
 from  the  neighborhood  of  Ranielton,  in  the  north  of 
 Ireland;  that  he  was  introduced  to  the  Presbytery  of 
 Lagan  as  a  candidate  in  1680,  and  that  he  was  licensed 
 in  1681.  The  Pj-esbj^terial  Jlinutes  being  deficient 
 for  several  years,  the  precise  time  of  his  ordination 
 is  unknown.  In  December,  16S0,  the  records  state 
 that  Col.  Stevens,  from  Maryland,  "  near  Virginia,'' 
 made  application  for  a  minister  to  settle  in  that 
 part  of  the  world.  The  probability  is  that  Francis 
 Makemie  c^me  to  the  Eastern  Shore  of  Maryland  in 
 1682.  His  letter  of  1634  shows  that  he  had  been  in 
 the  country  some  time,  and  had  obtained  consider- 
 able knowledge  of  it,  as  well  as  performed  consider- 
 able ministerial  work. 
 
 2.  These  letters  show  that  Presbyterian  ministers 
 had  preceded  Francis  Makemie  in  evangelical  labors 
 in  this  country,  or  at  least  were  contemporaneous 
 with  him.  "  A  dissenting  minister  from  Ireland" 
 was  laboring  near  Norfolk,  Va.,  in  1683,  and  another 
 minister  on  Ashley  river,  near  Charleston,  S.  C,  the 
 ibrmer  of  whom  was  certainly  a  Presbyterian,  and  in 
 all  pn:)l>ability  preceded  Makemie. 
 
 3.  In  the  third  place,  the  letters  afford  evidence  of 
 Makemie's  missionary  spirit.  He  labored  in  16>^3  on 
 Elizabeth  river,  before  he  "went  to  the  South." 
 The  "South  "  was  doubtless  in  North  Carolina,  from 
 whence  he  first  wrote  to  Increase  Mather,  by  "Mr. 
 Lamb,  from  North  Carolina."  After  laboring  for  a 
 time  in  North  Carolina,  he  returned  to  Elizabeth 
 river,  near  Norfolk,  and  thence  set  sail    for  Ashley 
 
 *  Illegible. 
 
Oin  PAXTANO  CHURCH. 
 
 589 
 
 OLMSTEAD. 
 
 river,  but  was  driven  back  by  a  storm.  His  great 
 aim  seems  to  have  been  to  preach  the  gospel  to  the 
 destitute,  and  to  search  out  localities  to  which  he 
 could  invite  ministers  from  Ireland.  There  is  inter- 
 nal evidence  that,  with  all  his  zeal,  he  was  a  prudent 
 man." 
 
 The  foregoing  letters  were  published  in  the  May 
 number  of  the  Magazine  (1852),  and  the  following 
 one  (presumably  from  the  late  and  lamented  Dr. 
 Hatfield),  ajipeared  in  the  November  number  of  the 
 same  monthly: — 
 
 New  York,  September  4th,  1S52. 
 
 Ma.  Editor: — In  your  remarks  on  Makemie's  Letters,  publisheil 
 in  your  May  nnmber,  you  observe  that  "these  Letters  show  that 
 Presbyterian  ministers  had  preceded  Francis  Makemie  in  evangeli- 
 cal labors  in  this  country,  or  at  least  were  contemjwranoous  with 
 him." 
 
 Allow  me  to  call  your  attention  to  a  f.ict  recorded  by  Rev.  Dr. 
 Calamy  in  his  "Non-Conformists'  Memorial,"  relative  to  tiie  Uev. 
 Matthew  Hill,  a  native  of  the  city  of  York.  Ue  graduated  M..\.,  at 
 Magdalen  College,  Cambridge,  and  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at 
 Thirsii,  a  market  town  about  twenty  miles  northwest  of  Y'ork.  lie 
 was  ejected  for  non-con- 
 formity by  the  Bartholo 
 mew  Act,  in  lGti'2,  and  w  a 
 afterwards  employed  as  a 
 chaplain  at  Gatton,  about 
 eighteen  miles  south  of 
 London.  Xo  temptations 
 though  freely  offere  1 
 could  induce  him  to  co  i 
 form.  "  Though  he  had  a 
 tender  constitution,"  it  is 
 said,  "he  determined  upo  t 
 a  voyage  to  the  West  In 
 dies.  He  embarked  with 
 little  besides  a  few  clothes 
 a  Bible,  a  Concordaitce 
 and  a  small  parcel  tf 
 MSS.  He  fixed  at  Charles 
 county,  Maryland,  i  i 
 1G69,  where  a  brighter 
 scene  began  to  open,  and 
 he  had  a  prospect  of  con 
 siderable  usefulness  in  tlie  ministry,  and  of  a  good  advantage  by 
 his  labors  in  temporal  respects.  But  new  truths  afterwards  arose, 
 which  greatly  disappointed  bis  hopes."  Ko  other  particulars  are 
 given  of  his  American  experience.  He  is  described  as  "a  man  of 
 ready  abilities,  a  good  scholar,  a  serious,  warm  and  lively  preacher, 
 and  of  a  free  and  generous  spirit." 
 
 Mr.  Hill  was,  in  all  probability,  a  Presbyterian.  Dr.  Calamy  had 
 a  copy  of  his  testimonials,  but  does  not  state  what  they  were.  Is 
 there  any  record  of  3Ir.  Hill's  labors  in  Charles  county,  Md.,  or  its 
 neighborhood  ?  Is  there  any  mode  by  which  the  matter  may  be 
 investigated  ?  If  some  of  your  readers  in  that  section  of  the  country 
 would  make  the  needful  inquiries,  it  is  not  improbable  that  some 
 information  respecting  this  pioneer  of  non-conformity  in  tliat 
 region  may  be  elicited.  E.  F.  II. 
 
 Old  Paxtang  Church.  Paxtang  Church, 
 Dauphin  county.  Pa.,  was  organized  in  17'29,  and 
 Rev.  James  Anderson,  of  Donegal,  preached  there. 
 On  the  11th  of  October,  1732,  Rev.  William  Bertram 
 accepted  a  call,  and  was  installed  in  November  fol- 
 lowing, pastor  of  Derry  and  Paxtang.  The  Rev. 
 John  Elder,  a  graduate  of  the  University  of  Edin- 
 burgh, accepted  a  call  in  1738,  and  came  with  the 
 promise  of  a  stipend  of  sixty  pounds  in  money.  The 
 Rev,  Mr.  Bertram  was  paid  "one-half  in  money,  the 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 other  half  in  hemp,  linen  yarn,  or  linen  cloth,  at 
 market  price."  The  present  church  building  was 
 erected  about  1740.  It  is  a  plain,  unpretending, 
 limestone  fabric,  erected  on  the  site  of  the  original 
 log  house.  The  building  is  not  large,  and  is  entered 
 by  two  doors.  Formerly  the  pulpit  stood  in  the 
 middle  of  the  house,  fronting  the  southerly  door. 
 It  became  a  receptacle  for  scjuirrels  and  hornets  be- 
 fore it  was  removed.  It  is  now  remodeled,  and  the 
 entire  room  neatly  furnished.  Formerly,  at  the 
 southeast  corner  of  the  church  building  was  a  log 
 house,  about  fourteen  feet  square,  long  used  by  Jlr. 
 Elder  as  his  study,  and  subsequently  as  a  school- 
 house.  From  this  building  Jlr.  Elder,  on  Sundaj-s, 
 would  march  to  his  pulpit,  his  crowd  of  hearers 
 parting  for  him  to  pass,  without  his  speaking  a  word 
 to  them,  so  dignified  was  the  sacred  office  esteemed. 
 Into  this  building  trusty  firearms  were  taken  for 
 some  years,  by  those  who  worshiped  there,  and  on 
 more  than  one  occasion  the  pastor  himself,  who  was 
 
 a  Colonel  in  the  Pro- 
 iincial  service  dur- 
 ing the  French  and 
 Indian  war,  had  his 
 own  musket  within 
 reach.  To  the  south- 
 east of  the  church  is 
 the  burial-ground, 
 surrounded  by  a 
 farm  stone  wall. 
 There  lie,  in  calm 
 repose,  men  who 
 were  prominent  in 
 the  State  before  and 
 during  the  Revolu- 
 tion. Rev.  John 
 Elder,  William 
 JIaclay,  who,  with  Robert  Morris,  of  Philadelphia, 
 represented  Pennsylvania  in  the  First  Senate  of 
 the  United  States ;  John  Harris,  the  founder  of 
 the  city  of  Harrisburg;  General  Michael  Simpson, 
 and  General  James  Crouch,  heroes  of  the  Revolution ; 
 the  McClures,  the  Fosters,  the  Gilmores,  the  Grays, 
 the  Wills,  the  Rutherfords,  the  Espys,  and  genera- 
 tions of  Scotch-Irish  settlers 
 
 Olmstead,  James  Miinson,  D.  D.,  was  born 
 at  Stillwater,  N.  Y.,  February  17th,  1794.  Entered 
 Union  College,  1816;  graduated  1819;  in  Princeton 
 Theological  Seminary,  1819-2'2;  licensed  by  Presby- 
 tery of  Troy,  18'2'2;  served  as  an  itinerant  missionary 
 in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  and  in  the  Winter  of 
 1824  in  Virginia,  to  improve  his  health ;  June,  1825, 
 ■was  ordained  and  installed  over  the  Presbyterian 
 Churches  of  Landisburg  and  Centre,  Pa. ;  1834  ac- 
 cepted a  call  to  Middle  Tuscarora  Church,  Pa.;  April 
 19th,  1837,  to  November  1st,  1849,  pastor  of  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  Flemington,  N.  J.,  resigning  be- 
 cause his  health  was  not  adequate  to  the  work  of  the 
 
 Ln    PAXTANO   CH     R    n 
 
OLMSTEAD. 
 
 590 
 
 OPECqUON  CHURCH. 
 
 cliarge.  Then  he  removed  to  Snow  Hill,  Md.,  where 
 he  preached  several  years.  In  1R54  removed  to  Philar 
 delj)hia,  wliere  he  remained  in  comparative  retire- 
 ment, although  taking  an  active  interest  in  all  the 
 movements  within  the  Church.  Died  Sabhath,  Octo- 
 ber Kith,  IHTO,  aged  seventy-six.  Mr.  Olmstead  was 
 a  man  of  decision  and  independence.  He  expressed 
 his  views  boldly.  As  a  preacher  he  was  able,  in- 
 structive, and  often  pungent,  and  a  devout  man.  Be- 
 sides sermons  and  essays,  he  was  the  author  of  several 
 religious  books  which  received  very  favorable  com- 
 mendations. 
 
 Olmstead,  Rev.  Lemuel  Gregory,  LL.  D., 
 was  born  at  JIaltaville,  Saratoga  county,  N.  Y.,  July 
 5th,  1808.  In  1831  he  was  Lecturer  on  Chemistry 
 and  Slineralogy  in  Dickinson  College,  Pa.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Union  College,  N.  Y.,  in  1834;  studied  the- 
 ology at  Princeton  Seminary  in  the  Fall  and  Winter 
 of  1834;  then  three  years  and  a  half  at  the  Western 
 Seminary,  Allegheny,  Pa.  He  was  licensed  by  Ohio 
 Presbytery  in  1837,  after  which  he  was  Principal, 
 in  succession,  of  Beaver  Academy,  Brighton  Insti- 
 tute, and  Erie  Academy,  all  in  Pennsylvania.  He 
 was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Pre.sbj'tery  of 
 Erie,  April  20th,  1848,  but  was  never  settled  as  a 
 pastor,  and  devoted  himself  miainly  to  teaching,  to 
 scientific  studies,  and  to  lecturing.  He  spent  one 
 year  in  Ohio,  as  agent  for  the  American  Colonization 
 Society;  gave  several  courses  of  instruction  in  chem- 
 istry, and  spent  about  five  years  in  Europe,  as  a 
 student,  at  two  diflerent  times.  He  died,  March 
 18th,  1880,  at  his  farm,  on  the  bank  of  the  Hudson, 
 near  Fort  Edward,  New  Y'ork,  where  he  passed  the 
 last  years  of  his  life  in  his  favorite  studies.  Though 
 a  great  sufferer  in  his  last  illness,  he  expressed  his 
 firm  faith  in  God  and  submi-ssion  to  Ilis  will.  Dr. 
 Olmstead  was  a  genial  gentleman,  an  humble  and 
 sincere  Christian,  and  attained  considerable  eminence 
 as  a  scientific  scholar  and  antiquarLan. 
 
 Opecquon  Church,  Augxista  County,  Vir- 
 ginia. About  three  miles  from  Winchester,  on  the 
 paved  road  to  Staunton,  on  the  western  side  of  the 
 road,  near  a  little  vUlage,  is  a  stone  building,  sur- 
 rounded by  a  few  venerable  oaks.  That  is  Opecquon 
 meeting-house,  and  between  it  and  the  village  is  the 
 graveyard,  in  which  lie  the  remains  of  some  of  the 
 oldest  settlers  of  the  valley.  Tliis  house  is  the  third 
 built  upon  this  sitc^  for  the  worshipers  of  the  Opecquon 
 congregation.  The  old  grove  in  which  it  stjjnds  has 
 witnessed  the  coming  and  going  of  generations,  and 
 could  thejjc  trees  spe;ik,  they  could  tell  of  remarkable 
 scenes  of  crowded  lussemblies,  of  tears,  and  groans, 
 and  outcries,  and  joyful  songs  of  faith,  and  hojie,  and 
 love,  under  the  faitlilul  pn:i<liiiigof  the  gospel.  The 
 parcel  of  land  for  tin-  burying-ground,  and  for  thesiteof 
 a  church  and  a  school-hou.se,  which  always  went  hand 
 in  hand  with  the  Scotch-Irish  emigrants,  was  given 
 by  Mr.  William  Hoge,  whose  residence  wa.s  in  the 
 immediate  neighborhood. 
 
 By  the  time  of  Braddock's  war,  the  congregation 
 
 assembling  at  this  place  for  worship  was  large,  and 
 compo.sed  of  families  of  great  moral  worth,  whose 
 descendants  have  been  thought  worthy  of  any  posts 
 of  trust,  honor  or  profit  in  the  gift  of  their  fellow- 
 citizens.  They  came  Irom  the  gap  in  the  North 
 Mountain;  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  >Mute  Posts; 
 from  the  neighborhoods  east  of  Winchester;  from 
 Cedar  Creek  and  from  beyond  Newtown.  WTiile 
 Washington  was  enciimped  in  Winchester,  this  was 
 the  only  place  of  religious  worship  in  the  vicinity  of 
 '  the  fort.  Congregations  assembled  here  when  Win- 
 chester could  scarce  show  a  cluster  of  houses.  After 
 Braddock's  war,  many  families  were  added  to  the 
 congregation. 
 
 The  first  minister  of  the  Presbyterian  order  that 
 visited  this  region  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  Mr. 
 Gelston,  who  was  appointed  to  this  mission  by  Done- 
 gal Prcsbyterj-,  in  1736.  In  1739  the  same  Presbytery 
 took  measures  to  send  Mr.  John  Thompson  as  an 
 evangelist  through  the  new  settlements  on  tlie  fron- 
 tiers of  Virginia.  Tlie  missionaries  sent  out  by  Donegal 
 and  New  Castle  Presbyteries  to  the  frontiers,  and 
 those  under  the  direction  of  the  Synod,  found  Opec- 
 quon on  their  journeys  going  and  returning.  The 
 Rev.  William  Robinson,  on  his  long-to-be-reraembered 
 tour  through  Virginia  and  Carolina,  repeatedly 
 preached  here.  On  the  di\ision  of  the  SjTJod,  which 
 I  began  in  1742,  and  continued  till  17.58,  the  people  of 
 Opecquon  generally  went  with  the  New  Side,  and  had 
 the  visits  of  missionaries  from  the  Presbytery  of  New 
 Castle  and  other  parts  of  the  SjTiod  of  New  York. 
 
 The  first  pastor  of  this  church  was  the  Rev.  John 
 Hoge,  a  relative  of  him  who  gave  this  land  for  the 
 place  of  worship  and  the  burial  of  the  dead.  He  was 
 graduated  at  Nass;iu  Hall  in  1748,  and  prepared  for 
 the  ministry  under  the  care  of  New  Castle  Presbytery. 
 Under  Mr.  Hoge,  the  churches  of  Cedar  Creek  and 
 Opecquon  were  regularly  organized.  Tradition  says 
 he  was  an  amiable  and  pious  man.  Becoming  infirm 
 the  latter  part  of  his  life,  he  gave  up  his  charge. 
 Subsequently  he  became  a  member  of  the  Presb\^ery 
 of  Donegal,  and  continued  so  until  1786;  then  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  Carl  isle  at  its  formation,  without  charge, 
 and  in  179.5  a  :neml)er  of  the  Presbytery  of  Hunting- 
 don, without  charge. 
 
 The  next  minister  was  the  Rev.  John  Montgomery, 
 from  Augusta  county,  a  graduate  of  Nas.s;vu  Hall,  who 
 was  ordained  in  1780,  and  in  1781  accepted  a  call  from 
 Winchester,  Opecquon  and  Cedar  Creek.  A  young 
 gentleman  of  fine  manners  and  pleasimt  address,  and 
 esteemed  as  a  iireacher.  He  remained  with  the  con- 
 gregation till  1789,  and  then  removed  to  the  Calf 
 Pasture. 
 
 The  third  minister  was  the  Rev.  NashLegrand,  who 
 aecejited  a  call  to  the  churches  in  1790.  His  ministry 
 was  eminently  successful;  under  his  care  Opecquon 
 saw  her  best  da3-s.  This  stone  house  was  built.  A 
 continued   revival    filled    the   church    with   devoted 
 
ORACLE. 
 
 591 
 
 OBBISON. 
 
 ■worshipers.  Being  bereaved  of  his  wife,  and  suffer- 
 ing in  health,  Mr.  Legrand  resigned  the  charge  in 
 1809.  Since  that  time  the  church  has  been  served 
 by  a  succession  of  ministers,  and  has  been  blessed 
 with  revivals. 
 
 Within  the  stone  enclosure  of  the  graveyard  of 
 Opecquon  are  buried  the  remains  of  many  of  the 
 ancient  settlers,  and  those  who  have  followed  them. 
 One  of  the  graves  which  especially  attracts  the  eye  of 
 the  visitor  is  marked  by  a  rough,  time-worn  stone 
 in  the  very  centre  of  the  graves,  the  first  with  an  in-  . 
 scription  reared  in  the  Valley  of  Virginia  to  mark 
 the  resting-place  of  an  immigrant.  The  stone  crum- 
 bled under  the  unskillful  hands  of  the  husband,  who 
 brought  it  from  a  neighboring  eminence,  and,  in  the 
 absence  of  a  proper  artist,  inscribed  the  letters  him- 
 self, to  be  a  memorial  of  his  young  and  lovely  wife. 
 Tradition  says  he  was  the  schoolmaster. 
 
 ifinllie  one  aide.)  {On  the  other  Me.) 
 
 JOHN  WILSON  TROM 
 
 INTEKED  HEBE  JKLAND 
 
 THE  BODVS  OF  July  vi  1"37 
 
 niS  2  CIIILDEK  &  CU'  Argma 
 
 WIl'E  yd  MOTHER  gH. 
 
 5IAKY  MARCUS 
 
 WHO  DYE  AGsi 
 
 THE  4th  1742 
 
 AI  ged  22  year. 
 
 On  the  side  on  which  Ireland  is  chiseled,  the  peb- 
 bles in  the  stone,  or  his  unsteady  hand,  made  large 
 indentures,  and  rendered  the  inscription  almost 
 illegible.  Here  the  stone  ha-s  stood,  a  monument  of 
 affection,  and  marked  the  grave  of  the  early  departed, 
 while  the  days  of  a  century  and  nearly  a  half  have 
 passed  away. 
 
 In  referring  to  this  cemetery,  Dr.  Foote,  in  his 
 "Sketche-s  of  Virginia"  (second  series),  from  which 
 this  sketch  is  drawn,  after  naming  many  who  sleep 
 there,  says:  "This  whole  yard  is  strewed  with  the 
 ancient  dead.  The  new-looking  monuments  mark  the 
 beginning  of  a  second  century  among  the  graves. 
 Excellence  and  beauty  lie  here.  How  gladly  would 
 we  stop  at  the  very  grave  of  V'iUiam  Hoge,  from  whom 
 have  descended  so  many  honorable  families,  and  so 
 many  ministers  of  the  gospel  ?  And  '  the  beauty  of 
 Opecquon,'  who  shall  tell  us  where  she  laid  down, 
 heart-broken,  to  rest?  To  this  yard  hundreds  and 
 hundreds  in  Virginia  and  the  far  west  will  come  to 
 seek  the  sepulchres  of  their  emigrating  ancestors. 
 At  the  Resurrection  there  will  be  joyous  meetings. " 
 
 Oracle.  This  word  is  simietimes  used  to  denote 
 the  sanctuary  of  the  tabernacle  and  of  the  temple, 
 where  the  special  presence  of  Jehovah  dwelt  (1  Kings 
 \-i,  16;  viii,  6;  2  Chron.  iv,  20;  Psal.  xxviii,  2). 
 Divine  communications  were  made  to  persons  in- 
 quiring of  the  Lord  :  hence  '  the  counsel  of  Ahitho- 
 phel'  wa.s  accounted  so  judicious,  'as  if  a  man  had 
 inquired  at  the  oracle  (or  word)  of  God'  (2  Sam. 
 x\-i  23).  In  the  New  Testament  the  revelations  of 
 God  in  His  Holy  Word  are  denominated   'oracles' 
 
 (Acts  \\\,  38;  Rom.  iii,  2;  1  Pet.  iv,  11).    They  were 
 the  true  testimony  of  Him  who  cannot  lie. 
 
 But  by  oracle  ordinarily  is  understood  that  power 
 of  utterance  ascribed  to  heathen  deities  when  inter- 
 rogated by  their  worshipers,  the  word  being  loosely 
 applied  sometimes  to  the  response  itself,  and  some- 
 times to  the  place  where  the  response  was  delivered. 
 The  Greek  oracles  were  of  chief  note.     The  mind  of 
 the  Greeks  was  specially  inquisitive  into  futurity; 
 and   the  multiplicity   of  the   gods   they   worshiped 
 would    furnish   facilities   for   communications  with 
 them.    The  most  celebrated  oracle  was  that  of  Apollo 
 at  Delphi.    Here  the  Pythiii— in  early  times  a  young 
 maiden,  later  a  woman  of  fifty,  of  low  origin  and 
 uneducated,  but  of  unsullied  moral  character — was 
 supposed  to  have  the  di%'ine   inspiration.     She  pre- 
 pared herself  by  chewing  laurel  leaves,  and  drinking 
 from  the  Castalian  fountain.     She  then  mounted  a 
 tripod,  placed  over  a  ch;»sm,  from  which  ascended  an 
 intoxicating  vapor,  which  she  received  and  under  its 
 influence  uttered  incoherent  words.     These  were  ar- 
 ranged and  interpreted  by  a  prophet  and  five  assist- 
 ants, and  formed  the  oracular  response.    Other  noted 
 oracles  were  three,  also  of  Apollo,  in  Asia  Minor,  at 
 Didyma,  Claros,  and  Patara;  that  of  Zeus  or  Jupiter 
 at  Dodona;  and  that  of  Ammou  in  Libya.     Unques- 
 tionably imposture  was  practiced;   dubious  replies 
 were  given,  which  the  superstition  of  inquirers  dis- 
 posed them  to  accept,  when  the  result  did  not  agree 
 with  the  anticipation;  and  it  is  likely  that  oracles 
 were  not  always  inaccessible  to  bribery.     But  alter 
 every  allowance  of  this  kind  the  whole  mystery  of 
 them  is  not  solved.     Some  have  imagined  that  they 
 kept  up  a  system  of  wide  espionage  for  the  sake  of 
 obtaining  information.     If  in  certain  eases  this  were 
 so,  it  could  not  have  been  effectively  carried  out  for 
 several  generations.    Is  it  too  much  to  suppose,  when 
 adoration  was  paid  to  demons  instead  of  to  the  living 
 God,  that  the  dark  power  of  evil  was  permitted  to 
 exercise  some  mysterious  influence  over  his  votaries? 
 The  Greek  oracles  decayed  or  were  extinguished  in 
 the  last  days  of  the  Roman  republic,  and  those  of 
 the  early  emperors.     In  the  time  of  Adrian,  indeed, 
 and  of  the  Antonines,  v.-\\\i.  the  convulsive  struggle 
 of  paganism,  oracles  in  some  measiue  revived,  ere 
 long  entirely  to  pass  away.    The  fact  of  their  gradual 
 extinction  is  puzzling.    May  we  suppose  that  he  who 
 had  winked  at  earlier  ignorance  (see  Acts  xvii,  30) 
 was  now  resolved,  on  the  promulgation  of  Christ's 
 gospel,  that  the  vanity  of  all  opposing  power  should 
 be  manifested,  when  he  '  commanded  all  men  every- 
 where to  repent  ?' 
 
 Orbison,  Rev.  James  Henry,  was  born  at 
 Huntingdon,  Pa.,  March  2,3d,  1826.  He  graduated 
 at  Jefferson  College  in  1846,  and  was  ordained  an 
 evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of  Huntingdon,  June 
 12th,  1850.  He  was  a  missionary  in  India,  at  Am- 
 bala'and  Rivwal  Pindi,  1859-69,  and  after  these  years 
 of  faithful  service  to  the  Saviour  whom  he  loved,  he 
 
OUDISA  rioN. 
 
 592 
 
 ORIGIN  OF  CHURCHES. 
 
 died,  at  Bellefonte,   Pa.,  April  19th,   1869,  passing 
 from  la>K)r  to  rest,  and  from  toil  to  triumph. 
 
 Ordination.  The  General  Assembly  has  made 
 the  following  deliverances  on  this  subject : — 
 
 Ordination  sine  titulo. 
 
 "The  question,  ought  ministers  to  be  ordained  sine  titulo,  i.  c_ 
 witliout  reUition  or  probable  view  had  to  a  i)articular  charge, 
 resumed,  and  after  further  deliberation,  we  judge  as  follows  : — 
 
 **  That  in  ordinary  cases,  where  churches  are  properly  regulated 
 and  organized,  it  is  a  practice  liighly  inexpedient  and  of  dangerous 
 consequences,  not  to  he  allowed  in  our  body,  except  tn  some  special 
 cases,  as  missions  to  the  Indians,  and  some  distant  places,  tliat  regu- 
 larly apply  for  ministers.  But  as  the  honor  and  reputation  of  the 
 Synod  is  much  interested  in  the  conduct  of  Presbyteries  in  such 
 special  cases,  it  is  judged  that  they  shimld  previously  apply  to  the 
 Synod  and  take  their  advice  therein,  unless  the  cases  require  such 
 haste  as  would  necessarily  prevent  the  benefit  of  such  a  mission  i* 
 delayed  to  the  next  session  of  Synod,  in  which  cases  the  Presby' 
 teries  shall  report  to  the  next  Synod  the  state  of  tlie  cases  and  the 
 reasons  of  their  conduct." — Minutes,  llfA,  p.  3;i7. 
 
 ORDINATIONS   ON    THE   SABBATH. 
 
 **The  General  .\ssembly  think  it  would  not  be  for  edification  to 
 adopt  a  uniform  rule  on  thesubjcct.  In  general,  they  think  it  not 
 expedient  that  ordinations  should  take  place  on  the  Sabbath,  yet 
 there  may  be  cases  in  which  urgent  or  peculiar  circumstances  may 
 demand  them.  The  .\ssembly,  therefore,  judge  it  best  to  leave  it  to 
 the  Presbyteries  to  act  in  this  concern  as  they  may  judge  that  their 
 duly  requires." — Minnies,  1821,  p.  7. 
 
 ORDINATION    OF   THE    BAPTIST    AND    OTHER   CHURCHES. 
 
 "  It  is  not  among  the  principles  or  usages  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  to  consider  the  ordination  of  ministers  by  other  Protestant 
 Churches  as  invalid;  on  the  contrary,  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 has  always  considered  the  ordinations  of  most  other  Protestant 
 Churches  as  valid  in  theiiiselVes,  and  not  to  bo  repeated  when  those 
 who  have  received  them  become  members  of  tlio  Presbyterian 
 Church.  Nor  is  it  perceived  that  there  is  any  sulhcient  reason  why 
 the  ordinations  in  the  Baptist  Church  should  not  bo  considered  as 
 valid,  and  be  sustained  as  such. 
 
 "  But  while  the  Presbyterian  Church  can  act  as  has  now  been 
 stated  in  regard  to  ordinations,  it  is  among  those  principles  and 
 usages  which  she  regards  as  most  sacred  and  important,  to  secure 
 for  her  churches  both  a  pious  and  a  learned  ministry';  and  she  can- 
 not admit  of  any  usage  or  exercise  any  apparent  liberality  incon- 
 sistent with  security  in  this  essential  particular.  On  the  whole 
 therefore, 
 
 *'Sesoh-ed,  That  when  applications  are  made  by  ministers  of  the 
 Baptist,  or  any  other  Protestant  Denomination,  to  be  connected  with 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  the  Presbytery  to  which  the  applications 
 are  made  shall  require  all  the  qualifications,  both  in  regard  to  piety 
 and  learning,  which  are  required  of  candidates  for  licensure  or 
 ordination  of  those  who  have  originally  belonged  to  the  Presby- 
 terian Ctiurch,  and  shall  require  the  applicants  from  oilier  denomi- 
 nations to  continue  their  study  and  jireparation  till  they  are  found, 
 on  trial  and  examination,  to  be  qualified,  in  learning  and  ability,  to 
 teach  in  the  manner  required  by  our  Standards;  but  that  when 
 found  thus  to  be  qualified,  it  shall  not  be  necessary  to  reordain  the 
 said  apjilicants,  but  only  tu  install  them  when  they  are  called  to 
 settle  in  Presbyterian  congregations."— JV/inutes,  1821,  pp.  15,  16. 
 
 Origin  of  Early  Presbjrterian  Churches. 
 "American  rresliytcriaiiism,  like  .Viiuriean  eiviliza- 
 tion,"  says  Dr.  Cillett,  "  h;ts  derived  its  distinctive 
 character  from  many  and  diverse  inlluences.  As  we 
 trace  the  course  of  its  history  we  find  it  receiving 
 tributaries  from  distant  and  varied  sources,  yet  all 
 blending  in  a  current  that  flows  in  a  channel  of  its 
 own,  and  marked  at  every  step  by  features  peculiar 
 to  itself.  Commingled  in  it,  and  made  more  or  less 
 homogeneous  by  it,  we  lind  the  elements  of  English 
 
 'dissent, '  Irish  fervor,  Scotch  persistence  and  Huguenot 
 devotion.  There  is  sctirce  a  memorable  event  in  the 
 history  of  Prot<!stantism  in  the  Old  World  that  does 
 not  a-ssist  to  elucidate  the  character  of  its  founders. 
 It  inherits  alike  the  memories  of  the  noble  men  who 
 fell  victims  to  the  bigotry  of  Alva  or  Laud,  or  endured 
 the  brutal  cruelty  of  Lauderdale  or  Jeffries.  In  the 
 annals  of  the  Genevan  Republic,  the  heroism  of  the 
 Xetherlands,  the  sufl'erings  of  the  Huguenots,  cul- 
 minating in  the  bloody  St.  Bartholomew,  the  sterling 
 conscientiousness  of  the  Puritans,  and  the  unswerving 
 loyalty  to  Christ's  crown  and  covenant  evinced  by  the 
 countrymen  of  John  Knox,  may  be  discerned  the 
 elements  of  that  training  which  shaped  the  views  and 
 characters  of  its  founders. 
 
 ' '  Thus,  without  taking  any  other  church  on  earth  as 
 its  model,  it  was  built  up  out  of  materials  drawn 
 from  sources  the  most  diverse,  and  into  a  structure 
 that  constitutes  its  own  tj'pe.  Even  here  it  was  modi- 
 fied by  local  influences;  sometimes  constrained  in  the 
 New  World  to  renew  the  struggle  which  had  become 
 too  familiar  in  the  Old,  and  to  protest  against  an 
 intolerance  which  could  not  but  revive  memories  of 
 Acts  of  Conformity,  bigoted  proscription,  or  Claver- 
 house's  Dragoons.  Yet  ere  long  it  was  left  unmolested, 
 and  in  a  field  broad  enough  to  tax  its  utmost  energies, 
 was  called  to  the  task  of  competing  witli  other  denom- 
 inations in  the  noble  work  of  evangelizing  a  young 
 and  growing  empire." 
 
 Presbyterian  churches  were  formed  in  various  parts 
 of  our  country  n'early  contemporaneously.  In  a  letter 
 written  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia  to  that  of 
 Dublin,  and  dated  1710,  it  is  said:  "In  all  Virginia 
 we  have  one  small  congregation  on  Elizabeth  river, 
 and  some  few  families  favoring  our  way  in  Kappa- 
 hannock  and  York ;  in  Maryland  four ;  in  Pennsylvania 
 five;  in  the  Jerseys  two;  which  bounds,  with  some 
 places  in  New  York,  make  up  all  the  bounds  from 
 which  we  have  any  members  from ;  and  at  present 
 some  of  these  are  vacant." 
 
 CHURCH   ON    ELIZ.\BETH    KIVER. 
 
 Of  this  church  (says  Dr.  Charles  Hodge,  in  his 
 "  History  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,"  from  which 
 we  quote  at  length),  little  is  known.  It  seems,  from 
 Commis.sary  Blair's  report  on  the  state  of  the  Church 
 in  Virginia,  that  it  existed  before  the  commence- 
 ment of  the  last  century.  From  the  fact  of  Mr. 
 Makemie's  directing,  in  his  will,  that  his  dwelling- 
 house  and  lot  ou  Elizabeth  river  sliould  be  sold,  it 
 has  been  inferred  th;it  he  resided  there  before  he 
 moved  to  the  opposite  side  of  the  Chesapeake,  and 
 that  the  church  in  question  was  gatliered  by  him. 
 If  so,  it  must  have  been  formed  before  1(!!)0,  for  at 
 that  time  Mr.  Miikemie  was  residing  on  the  eastern 
 shore.  Others  have  supposed  that  the  congregation 
 was  composed  of  a  small  company  of  Scotch  emi- 
 grants, whose  descend;ints  a're  still  to  be  found  in  the 
 neighborhood  of  Norfolk.  Though  reported  by  the 
 Presbytery,  they  seem  to  have  had  little  connection 
 
OBIGIX  OF  CHURCHES. 
 
 593 
 
 ORIGIN  OF  CHURCHES. 
 
 ■with  that  hody.  The  name  of  their  pastor,  the  Rev. 
 Mr.  Macky,  never  appears  on  the  minutes  as  a  mem- 
 ber. 
 
 UPPER   JIAELBOEOITGH,    SXOW   HILL,     REHOBOTH, 
 MONOKEN  AND  WICOMICO  CHURCHES. 
 
 It  is  not  ea.sy  to  reconcile  altogether  the  statements 
 given  in  the  Presbyterial  letter  quoted  above,  with 
 the  facts  recorded  on  the  minutes.  For  example,  it 
 is  said  there  were  four  churches  in  Maryland  in 
 connection  with  the  Presbytery  in  1710.  whereas  the 
 minutes  mention  at  least  five.  It  is  probable,  how- 
 ever, that  when  two  congregations  were  under  the 
 care  of  the  same  pastor,  they  were  not  counted 
 separately.  These  congi-egations  were  Upper  Marl- 
 borough, Snow  Hill,  Rehoboth,  Mouokeu  and  Wico- 
 mico. The  first  of  these  was  formed  by  a  company 
 of  Scotch  emigrants,  who  came  to  this  country  with 
 their  pa.stor,  Rev.  Nathanael  Taylor,  about  the  year 
 1690.  The  other  four  churches  were  in  Somerset 
 county,  on  the  eastern  shore,  and  were  the  fruits  of 
 Mr.  Makemie's  labors.  Of  this  there  can  be  no 
 reasonable  doubt,  as  his  memory  is  still  cherished 
 among  them,  and  as  there  is  neither  tradition  nor 
 record  of  any  other  Presbyterian  minister  in  that 
 district  at  the  date  of  their  formation.  Of  Snow  Hill, 
 Mr.  Spence  gives  the  following  account:  "A  tovm,  to 
 be  caUed  Snow  Hill,  was  established  in  Somerset, 
 now  Worcester  county,  by  an  act  of  the  provincial 
 legislature,  pas.sed  in  1684,  and  I  believe,"  he  adds, 
 "that  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  that  place  is  nearly 
 or  quite  as  old  as  the  town.  Snow  Hill  was  settled 
 by  English  Episcopalians  and  Scotch  and  Irish  Pres- 
 bj-terians,  and  it  is  certain  that  persons  resided  there 
 at  the  time,  or  soon  after  the  time  in  which  the 
 town  was  laid  out,  who  were  afterwards  members 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  My  ancestor,  to  whom  I 
 have  already  alluded,  was  a  ruling  elder  in  that 
 church. ' '  Of  this  flimily  of  churches  Rehoboth  is  com- 
 monly considered  to  be  the  eldest.  *  Their  first  pastor 
 was  the  Rev.  5Ir.  Slakemie,  who,  in  his  wUl,  directs 
 his  Executrix  ' '  to  make  over  and  alienate  the  lot  on 
 which  the  meeting-house  is  built,  in  as  ample  man- 
 ner, to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  shall  be  riMiuired 
 for  the  ends  and  uses  of  a  Presbyterian  congregation, 
 as  if  I  were  personally  present,  and  to  their  succes- 
 sors forever,  and  to  none  else  but  to  such  as  are  of 
 the  same  persuasion  in  matters  of  religion. "  It  may 
 be  inferred,  from  the  terms  of  this  bequest,  and  from 
 the  character  of  its  founder,  that  this  church  was 
 strictly  Presbyterian,  a  point  which,  it  is  believed, 
 
 *Macdonald's  "  History  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Jamaica, 
 
 L.  I."  labors  to  show  that  the  Jamaica  Cluirch  is  the  oldest  existing 
 
 church  of  the  Presbyterian  name  in  .\merica.    He  certainly  renders 
 
 this  highly  probable.    And  yet  the  church  is  spoken  of  by  Vesey 
 
 and  others  as  one  of  Scotch  Independents,  and  the  fact  that  it  stood 
 
 in  connection  with  no  Presbytery  until  after  Macnish  commenced 
 
 his  pastontte,  forces  us  to  regard  it  as  Independent  Presbyterian  and 
 
 not  an  integral  portion  of"  The  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United 
 
 States  "  as  already  organized  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia. 
 
 (Gillett's  History  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  Vol.  i,  p.  iv  note  i) 
 38  .  p      ,  ;. 
 
 has  never  been  disputed.  The  congregations  of  Mon- 
 I  oken  and  Wicomico  were  under  the  pastoral  care 
 of  Mr.  JlcXish,  and  were  organized  before  170.5,  the 
 date  of  his  application  to  the  Court  for  permission  to 
 preach.  It  can  hardly  be  presumed  that  these  five 
 Presbyterian  congregations  with  distinct  church  edi- 
 fices, some  of  them  within  fifteen  miles  of  each  other, 
 could,  at  so  early  a  period,  and  in  so  thinly  settled  a 
 part  of  the  country,  have  been  formed  in  a  few  years. 
 And  as  they  all  existed  prior  to  170.5,  and  as  Mr. 
 Makemie  had  resided  and  labored  in  that  district  for 
 near  twenty  years  before  that  date,  it  is  altogether 
 probable  that  several  of  them  were  formed  before 
 the  commencement  of  the  last  century.  That  they 
 were  all  Presbyterian  churches  never  has  been  ques- 
 tioned. As  early  as  1723,  as  appears  from  a  recorded 
 deed,  the  church  at  Monokeu  had  eight  elders. 
 
 CHURCHES  AT  PHILADELPHIA,  XESHAMIXY,  WELSH 
 
 TRACT,  NEW  CA.STLE,  WHITE  CLAY,  APO- 
 
 QUIXIMI  AND  LEWES. 
 
 The  Presbytery  state  in  their  letter  that  they  had 
 five  congregations  in  Pennsylvania  in  1710.  The 
 minutes,  however,  fiunish  the  names  of  the  places 
 above  named.  Welsh  Tract  is  first  mentioned  in  the 
 following  minute,  1710.  "Upon  information  that 
 David  Evans,  a  lay-person,  had  taken  upon  himself 
 publicly  to  teach  or  preach  among  the  Welsh  in  the 
 Great  Valley,  Chester  county,  it  was  unanimously 
 agreed  that  the  sttid  Evans  had  done  very  ill,  and 
 acted  irregularly,  in  thus  invading  the  work  of  the 
 ministry,  and  was  thereupon  censured."  It  may  be 
 inferred,  from  this,  that  Sir.  Evans  was  in  some  way 
 connected  with  the  Presbytery,  but  not  that  there 
 was  a  church  already  organized  among  the  Welsh. 
 ^Tiite  Clay  Creek,  New  Castle  and  Apoquinimi  were 
 as.sociated,  as  appears  from  the  following  record, 
 made  in  1709:  "Ordered,  that  Mr.  Wilson  (pastor 
 of  New  Castle)  preach  at  Apoquinimi  once  a  month 
 upon  a  week  day,  and  one  Sabbath  in  a  quarter,  till 
 the  aforesaid  meeting,  provided,  always,  that  the 
 Sabbath  day's  sermon  be  taken  from  the  White  Clay 
 Creek  people  their  time."  These  three  places  of 
 preaching,  therefore,  were  probably  numbered  as  one 
 congregation  in  the  Presbytery's  letter. 
 
 The  first  church  in  Philadelphia  is  noticed  under 
 the  heading,  Pre.'ihi/trnanis7n  in  Pliilaihlphia. 
 CHURCH  AT   NESHAMIXY. 
 
 The  congregation  at  Neshaminy  was  a  Dutch  Pres- 
 byterian Chm-ch.  Their  pastor  was  the  Rev.  Mr.  Van 
 Cleck,  from  Holland,  and  the  letter  addressed  to  them 
 by  the  Presbyter  j' is  dirrected  to  the  "  Dutch  people. " 
 That  they  were  regularly  organized  is  evident  from 
 a  minute,  recorded  in  1711,  which  states  that  Mr. 
 Van  Cleck 's  absence  from  Presbytery  was  accounted 
 for  "by  one  of  his  elders,  sent  for  that  purpose,  "g 
 
 ?  The  Rev.  D.  K.  Turner,  in  his,  "  History  of  the  Xeshaminy 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Warmck,  Hartsville,  Bucks  Countj-,''  Pa., 
 maintains  that  it  was  not  of  (?ji.-i  church  Mr.  Van  Cleck  (or  Van  Vleck, 
 as  he  names  him),  was  the  first  pastor.     He  says,  "  From  the  fact 
 
ORIGIN  OF  CHUECHES. 
 
 594 
 
 ORIGIN  OF  CSURCEES. 
 
 CHUBCHES   AT   NEW   CASTLE   AXD   LEWES. 
 
 In  the  matuisciii)t  history  of  the  Church  in  Xew 
 Castle,  it  is  stuti'd  that  the  first  accoimt  of  a  Presby- 
 terian congregation  in  that  town  is  ahout  1T04,  at 
 which  time  the  Rev.  Mr.  Wilson  was  the  pa.stor. 
 August  loth,  1707,  a  deed  for  a  lot  of  land  was  made 
 to  certain  per.sons,  in  trust,  "  for  the  use  of  the  Pres- 
 bj'ierian  congregation  in  New  Castle,  oh  which  they 
 were  to  build  a  house  for  public  wor.ship."  The 
 Church  at  Lewes  was  organized  about  the  Same  time, 
 though  no  record  goes  further  back  than  1708. 
 
 CHURCHES   AT   FREEHOLD   AND   WOODBRIDGE. 
 
 The  two  congregations  in  Jersey  were  Freehold  and 
 AVoodbridge.  The  former  was  constituted  principally 
 l)y  emigrants  from  Scotland,  about  169-2.  Their  place 
 of  worship  was  long  known  as  the  "  Scotch  Jleeting- 
 house."  "Woodbridge  was  settled  jjartly  by  the 
 Scotch  and  partly  by  emigrants  from  New  England. 
 The  congregation  is  first  mentioned  as  in  connection 
 with  the  Presbytery,  in  a  letter  dated  May,  1708.  In 
 that  letter,  which  is  addiessed  to  several  New  Eng- 
 land clerg}-men,  the  Presbj-tery  say:  "We  find  by 
 diverse  letters  which  have  passed  between  you  and 
 sundry  persons  in  Woodliridge,  that  you  are  not 
 unacquainted  with  the  confusions  and  distractions 
 arising  from  the  accession  of  Mr.  Wade  to  be  the 
 minister  of  that  town,  and  the  aversion  of  a  consider- 
 able part  of  the  people  to  the  accepting  of  him  as 
 such."  It  is  probable  that  it  was  the  Scottish  portion 
 of  the  congregation  that  was  opposed  to  5Ir.  Wade, 
 as  the  first  healing  measure  proposed  by  the  Presby- 
 tery was  that  Mr.  Boyd,  the  Scotch  clergyman  of 
 
 tlmt  the  vicinity  wiis  almust  entirely  unsettled  in  1709,  and  that  even 
 as  late  as  1720  the  inhabitants  were  few  and  scattered,  it  is  almost  cer- 
 tain that  there  could  have  been  no  church  here  at  as  early  a  date  as 
 that  (1710)  in  which  Mr.  Van  Vleck  was  received  into  the  Presby- 
 tery; besides,  hecjime  from  Holland  (Records  of  Presbyterian  Church, 
 page  .31),  and  his  people  were  "  Dutch  people."  But  from  the  deeds 
 given  for  land  sold  by  William  Penn  to  English  people,  as  early  as 
 170;!,  the  claims  under  warrants  e.xtending  back  to  1GS4,  we  gather 
 that  the  Dutch  or  Holland  people  could  not  have  resided  here.  Mr. 
 Van  Vleck  must  have  been  pastor  of  another  church,  called  by  the 
 name  of '"  yeahamiwj,'^  in  some  other  locality.  The  church  of  which 
 he  iros  the  minister  appears,  through  researches  made  by  General 
 W.  W.  H.  'Davis,  of  Doyiestown,  to  have  been  in  Southampton  Town- 
 ship, at  the  village  formerly  called  "  The  Buck,"  now  Feasterville," 
 which  had  the  name  of  "  Neshaminy  Church,"  in  early  times,  as  it 
 was  bat  two  or  three  miles  from  the  "  Neshaminy  Creek."  That 
 congregation  was  composed  of  Hollanders,  and  is  at  present,  and 
 has  been  many  years,  worshiping  at  Churchville,  where  a  new  meet- 
 ing-house wiis  erected  in  1^14,  for  the  united  congregations  of  "  the 
 Buck"  and  "the  Bear,"  which  are  associated  with  the  "  Reformed 
 Church  of  .America," lately  the  "Reformed  Dutch  Church." 
 
 In  relation  to  the  fact  that  an  eider,  Lenard  Van  Degrift,  is  said, 
 in  the  "  Records  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,"  page  17,  to  have  come 
 to  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia  with  Mr.  Van  Vleck  in  1710,  and 
 to  have  been  admitted  at  the  same  time  with  him  into  that  body, 
 Mr.  Turner  adds,  "  Lenard  Van  Degrift  was  a  resident  of  Bensalem 
 township,  and  connected  with  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Bensalem, 
 which  in  its  early  history  seems  to  have  been  under  the  same  pas- 
 toml  charge  with  the  church  at  "the  Buck,"  as  they  were  but  five  or 
 six  miles  apart,  and  he  might  naturally  have  appeared  at  Presby- 
 tery with  Mr.  Vau  Vleck,  as  the  latter  had  both  churches  under  his 
 care." 
 
 Freehold,  should  preach  every  third  Sabbath  in 
 Woodbridge;  and  Mr.  Wade's  accession  to  the  Presby- 
 tery in  1710  was  with  the  view  of  reconciling  tlie 
 disaffected  portion  of  his  people.  "Wliatever  ma^'have 
 been  the  ground  of  the  opposition,  it  came  from  the 
 majority  of  the  congregation. 
 
 OTHER   CHURCHES   IN   VARIOUS    PARTS   OF   THE 
 COUNTRY. 
 
 Besides  the  churches  in  connection  with  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Philadelphia,  there  were  several  others 
 organized  at  an  early  date  in  various  parts  of  the 
 country.  In  his  history  of  South  Carolina,  Dr.  Ram- 
 say says,  "the  Presbj-terians  formed  congrcgation-s, 
 not  only  in  Charleston,  but  in  three  of  the  mari- 
 time islands,  and  at  Wilton,  Jacksonborough,  Indian 
 land.  Port  Royal,  antl  Williamsburg."  Anil  again, 
 "the  Presbyterians  were  among  the  first  settlers, 
 and  were  always  numerous,  in  South  Carolina.  Their 
 ministers  in  the  maritime  districts  were  mostly  from 
 Scotland  and  Ireland,  men  of  good  education,  orderly 
 in  their  conduct,  and  devoted  to  the  systems  of  doc- 
 trine and  government  established  in  Scotland.  In 
 conjunction  with  them  the  Independents  or  Congre- 
 gationalists  were  formed  into  a  church  in  Charleston 
 about  the  year  1690,  and  after  being  about  forty 
 years  united,  they  separated  and  formed  diflerent 
 churches.  Rev.  Archibald  Stobs  took  charge  of  the 
 church  in  the  Autumn  of  1700,  and  the  Rev.  William 
 Livingston  in  1704."  The  Presbytery  of  Charleston, 
 he  says,  ' '  was  constituted  at  an  early  period  of  the 
 eighteenth  centtuy,  agreeably  to  the  princijiles  and 
 practice  of  tlie  church  of  Scotland."  The  distance 
 of  these  southern  churches  from  those  about  Phila- 
 delphia, and  the  difficulty  of  communication,  suffi- 
 ciently accounts  for  there  being  no  cormection  between 
 them.  A  union  did  not  take  place  until  the  year 
 1800,  when  the  Presbytery  of  Charleston  connected 
 itself  with  the  Synod  of  Carolina. 
 
 "^"hat  ' '  the  some  places  in  New  York ' '  were, 
 whence  the  Presbytery  had  members,  as  stated  in 
 ;  their  letter  of  1710,  does  not  appear  from  the  minutes. 
 No  minister,  congregation  or  elder  is  there  spoken 
 of  as  belonging  to  that  province.  There  were,  indeed, 
 Presbyterians  in  the  city  of  New  York  as  early  as 
 1707,  who  had  principally  emigrated  from  Great 
 Britain  and  Ireland,  but  they  were  so  few  that  they 
 had  neither  a  church  to  worship  in,  nor  a  minister  to 
 lead  their  wor.ship.  The  congregation  was  organized, 
 and  Mr.  Anderson  called  as  their  pastor,  in  1717. 
 The  Church  in  Jamaica  appears  to  have  become  con- 
 nected witli  the  Presbj-tery  in  1712,  that  of  Newtown 
 in  1715,  that  of  Southampton  in  1716. 
 
 Several  of  the  churches  mentioned  as  belonging  to 
 the  Presbj-tery  in  1710  were  not  in  connection  with 
 that  body  at  the  time  of  its  organization.  This  was 
 the  case  in  regard  to  Neshaminy,  tlie  Welsh  Tract 
 and  Woodbridge.  Of  the  remainder,  it  a]ipears,  from 
 the  preceding  account,  that  the  four  or  live  in  Jlary- 
 laud  were  strictlv  I'rcslivterian.     Tliose  in   IVnnsvl- 
 
ORPHAXAGE. 
 
 595 
 
 ORPHANAGE. 
 
 vania  were  all  composed  predominantly  of  Scotch 
 and  Irish  Presbyterians,  except  the  first  church  in 
 Philadelphia.  This  appears  from  the  statement  of 
 Eev.  Samuel  Blair,  in  his  "Account  of  the  Ke^-ival 
 in  New  Londonderry,"  that  "all  our  congregations 
 in  Pennsylvania,  except  two  or  three,  chiefly  are 
 made  up  of  people  from  that  kingdom,"  i.  c,  Ire- 
 land. This  was  written  in  1744,  when  the  Dutch 
 congregation  of  Neshaminy,  two  Welsh  congregations 
 in  the  Valley,  besides  the  mixed  church  in  Phila- 
 delphia, had  long  been  connected  with  the  Presby- 
 tery. The  two  or  three  exceptions,  therefore,  are 
 accounted  for;  the  remainder,  which  includes  all  the 
 original  chmx-hes  except  that  of  Philadelphia,  were, 
 according  to  Jlr.  Blair,  composed  principally  of  Irish 
 Presbyterians.  There  were  doubtless  a  good  many 
 Dutch  and  Swedes  included  in  the  congregations  in 
 the  lower  counties  on  the  Delaware,  as  they  were  the 
 earliest  and  principal  settlers  of  those  counties,  and 
 as  the  names  of  church  members  occurring  on  the 
 minutes  would  also  seem  to  intimate.  In  Jersey,  the 
 church  in  Freehold  was  the  only  one  at  first  belong- 
 ing to  the  Presbytery.  As  far  as  can  be  ascertained, 
 therefore,  the  congregations  connected  with  the  Pres- 
 bytery at  the  time  of  its  formation  were  all  strictly 
 Presbyterian,  unless  the  first  church  in  Philadelphia 
 be  considered  an  exception.  Up  to  1710  the  only 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  which  there  was  an  appre- 
 ciable number  of  New  England  men  was  \yoodbridge, 
 and  that,  unfortunately,  gave  the  Presbytery  more 
 trouble  than  all  the  rest  put  together.  This,  how- 
 ever, appears  to  have  arisen  quite  as  much,  to  say 
 the  least,  from  the  character  of  the  minister  as  from 
 that  of  the  people.  As  far,  then,  as  the  character  of 
 the  original  congregations  is  concerned,  it  would  be 
 difficult  to  find  any  Church  more  homogeneous  in  its 
 materials  than  our  own;  certainly  not  the  Church  of 
 Scotland,  and  certainly  not  the  churches  of  New 
 England.  The  former  contained,  proportionably, 
 more  members  inclined  to  Episcopacy,  and  the  latter 
 more  inclined  to  Presbyterianism,  than  were  to  be 
 found  in  our  Church  inclined  to  Congregationalism. 
 
 Orphanage,  Presbyterian,  Philadelphia. 
 On  the  12th  of  December,  1877,  a  charter  was  ob- 
 tained by  a  few  Christian  men  and  women,  to  es- 
 tablish a  home  for  orphan  children  in  Philadelphia, 
 under  the  care  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  to  be 
 called  ' '  The  Presbyterian  Orphanage  iu  the  State  of 
 Pennsylvania."  It  was  formally  opened  on  the  18th 
 of  April,  1878,  in  a  private  dwelling,  No.  1319  South 
 Broad  Street,  recei^-ing  as  its  first  inmates  the  child- 
 ren of  the  Orphanage  established  by  the  members  of 
 Bethany  Presbyterian  Church,  in  1876,  as  a  thank- 
 oflering  to  God's  great  goodness  to  them. 
 
 Mrs.  Ann  Grey  Thomas,  who  had  so  generously 
 contributed  towards  the  establishing  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Home  for  Widows  and  Single  Women,  with 
 equal  generosity'  gave  nine  acres  of  ground  adjoining 
 that  Institution  at  Kingsessing  Avenue  and  Fifty- 
 
 eighth  street,  as  a  site  for  the  erection  of  Orphanage 
 buildings.  The  plan  kno^Ti  as  the  ' '  Cottage  System, ' ' 
 which  is  common  iu  Germany,  was  adopted,  and  iu 
 1881  four  cottages  were  erected  (of  which  we  give  a 
 specimen),  and  dedicated  to  the  use  of  the  fatherless 
 little  ones  September  28th,  1882.  Each  of  the  three 
 cottages  is  complete  in  itself,  with  accommodations 
 for  a  patriarchal  family  of  twenty  children,  all  under 
 
 PRESHYTERIAX   ORPH.\NAGK. 
 
 the  care  of  a  "House  Jlother. "  The  three  families, 
 numbering  in  all  sixty  children,  attend  school  at  the 
 fourth  cottage,  which  is  fitted  up  with  kindergarten 
 appliances  for  the  younger  scholars;  but  it  is  hoped 
 that  this  temporary  arrangement  will  before  long 
 give  place  to  the  Father  Martin  Jlemorial  School- 
 house,  the  promised  gift  of  the  Sundaj'-school  chil- 
 dren. The  Orphanage  contains  at  present  (1883), 
 sixty  chOdren.  all  between  the  ages  of  three  and 
 thirteen. 
 
 This  Institution  although  entirely  dependent  on 
 the  charity  of  the  Church  (having  no  endowment 
 fund)  is  entirely  free  from  debt.  In  1882  the  re- 
 ceipts for  maintenance  were  $6735.36,  expen.ses 
 §6272.10.  There  were  also  received  towards  the 
 Building  and  Furnishing  Funds,  iu  the  same  period, 
 §15,800.19  of  which  amounts  §15,547.43  were 
 expended  for  these  pirrposes. 
 
 The  Orphanage  owns  and  has  in  conjunction  with 
 it  a  neat  and  commodious  ' '  Seaside  Home, ' '  located 
 at  Cape  May  Poiut,  N.  J.,  which  was  opened  July 
 6th,  1883.  More  than  four  hundred  women  and 
 children  enjoyed  the  sea  air  during  the  past  summer, 
 a  moderate  charge  being  made  each  boarder.  The 
 management  consists  of  a  Board  of  gentlemen  advisers 
 and  fifty-five  lady  managers.  The  officers  of  the 
 last  named  are:  First  Directress,  Mrs.  Daniel  Had- 
 dock, Jr.;  Second  Directress,  Mrs.  Samuel  Field; 
 Third  Directress,  Sirs.  Alexander  Whilldin;  Cor- 
 responding Secretarj',  Mrs.  J.  R.  Miller;  Record- 
 ing Secretary,  Miss  Josephine  Atmore;  Treasurer, 
 Mr.  Crawford  Spear;  Assistant  Treasurer,  Miss 
 E.  L.  Tenbrook.  "The  Yoimg  Ladies'  Aid  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Orphanage"  consists  of  twenty-nine 
 lady  members,  with  the  foUomng officers:  President, 
 Mrs.  J.  S.  Malone;  Vice  President,  Mrs.  Henry  S. 
 Cattell;  Secretary,  Miss  Mary  N.  Baggs;  Treasurer, 
 Miss  Anna  M.  Porter.  In  addition  to  the  contribu- 
 tions  mentioned   above,  the   Seaside  Home,  Father 
 
ORPIIAXAGK. 
 
 59G 
 
 OEPHAXAGE. 
 
 Martin  Fund  and  the  Young  Ladies'  Aid  of  the  | 
 Orphanage  received  generous  donations  during  1882, 
 from  the  Presbyterian  puhlic.  As  the  name  of  the 
 Orplianage  implies,  it  is  devoted  to  the  interest  of 
 orplians  in  the  .St;itc  of  Pennsylvania,  and  there  is  a 
 State  Auxiliary  Society,  which  promotes  the  interest  j 
 of  the  Institution  outside  of  Philadelphia. 
 
 Orphanage,  Thom-well,  locjvted  at  Clinton, 
 South  Carolina,  is  one  of  the  three  Orphan  Institu- 
 tions under  the  ciire  of  the  Southern  Presbyterian 
 Church.  It  -was  first  conceived  by  the  Session  of  the 
 Clinton  Church,  under  the  leadership  of  its  pastor 
 Kev.  William  P.  Jacobs,  in  1872.  With  only  a  fifty 
 cent  piece,  and  that  the  gift  of  an  orphan,  they  began  ; 
 work.  A  farm  of  one  hundred  and  twentj'-five  acres 
 ■was  purchased,  and  on  Slay  28th,  1874,  the  corner- 
 stone of  the  first  building  (of  stone),  a  house  of 
 seventeen  rooms,  and  known  as  the  "  Home  of  Peace," 
 ■was  laid,  in  the  presence  of  a  thousand  people.     By 
 
 accomplishing  a  great  deal,  and  the  girls  had  fciken 
 most  cheerfully  the  charge  of  all  the  household  duties, 
 including  cooking,  washing  and  ironing.  God's  Spirit 
 also  seemed  to  be  with  them.  They  have  always 
 been  thoroughly  indoctrinated  in  Pre-sbyterian  mat- 
 ters, attending  regularly  the  church  of  our  order  in 
 Clinton;  and  uniformly,  from  the  beginning,  every 
 inmate  has  sought  an  early  connection  with  the 
 Chtirch. 
 
 In  1882  the  school-room  in  the  Home  of  Peace  was 
 filled  to  overflowing,  and  it  was  resolved  to  ask  the 
 people  of  God  to  enable  us  to  erect  a  central  build- 
 ing for  educational  purposes.  On  Maj'  12th  the  cor- 
 ner-stone of  the  "  Orphans'  Seminary  "  was  laid,  and 
 on  Jul}'  28th  of  the  year  following  the  chapel  of  the 
 new  building  -was  dedicated  by  Rev.  James  H.  Thorn- 
 well,  son  of  the  distinguished  Divine  whose  name 
 the  Institution  bears.  The  house  is  a  handsome 
 three-story  structure,  with  commodious  chapel,  mu- 
 
 THORNWELL   ORPHAN 
 
 the  1st  of  October  of  the  next  year  the  house  was 
 finished  and  opened  for  the  reception  of  orphans, 
 sixteen  of  whom  were  present.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Jacobs 
 took  charge.  The  first  teacher  w.is  Mi.ss  Withcr.spoon, 
 a  lineal  descendant  of  Kev.  Dr.Witherspoon,  signer  of 
 the  Declaration  of  Independence.  Two  of  the  great 
 John  Knox's  descendants  are  among  the  inmates  of 
 this  Orphanage. 
 
 The  plan  of  the  Thornwell  Orphanage  is  that  of 
 separate  households,  which  was  found  to  work  so 
 well  by  Immauuel  Wichcm,  of  Hamburg,  CJermany. 
 In  pursuance  of  it,  on  the  isth  of  July,  1880,  the 
 corner-stone  of  a  new  building,  "Faith  Cottage," 
 for  boys,  was  laid,  and  the  house,  a  concrete  structure, 
 in  the  (^ueen  Anne  style  of  architecture,  was  opened 
 nine  months  thereafter.  Thus,  ten  thotisaud  dollars, 
 worth  of  property  had  been  acquired,  largely  aug- 
 mented in  value  by  local  circumstances,  and  this  had 
 been  the  result  of  numberless  very  small  gilts. 
 
 In  the  nuanwhile  a  farm,  workshop  and  printing 
 oftice  had   been  established,  in  which  the  boys  were 
 
 AGE,  CLINTON,  S.  <7. 
 
 seum,  library  and  a  number  of  cla.ss-rooms,  and  cost, 
 including  all  donations,  $6000,  the  supervisor  of  the 
 work  giving  his  services  without  charge.  The  school 
 was  transferred  to  this  building  October  1st,  1883, 
 when  it  was  formally  opened  by  an  address  from 
 Gov.  Hugh  S.  Thompson.  There  are  now  nearly 
 fifty  inmates  of  the  Orphanage.  .\.  small  endowTuent 
 of  $5000  has  been  collected,  and  with  the  exception 
 of  this  fund,  the  support  of  the  family  is  entirely  de- 
 pendent upon  the  gifts  of  (rod's  people.  Presby- 
 terians Xorth  and  South  ha\e  united  in  supporting 
 it,  for  the  Institution  is  not  a  local  one,  children 
 being  received  into  it  from  any  section.  Selections 
 are  made,  not  only  with  an  eye  to  the  need  of  the 
 orphans,  but  also  of  those  who  are  best  and  brightest, 
 and  afford  the  hope  that,  after  years  of  careful  train- 
 ing, they  will  become  highly  useful  members  of 
 society.  Thus  far  the  graduates  have  not  disap- 
 pointed the  hopes  cherished  for  them. 
 
 The  future  plans  of  the  Thornwell  Orphanage  in- 
 clude the  enlargement  of  the  number  of  family-houses, 
 
OEPHANS'  SEMlNittV,   CLINTON,  S.  C. 
 
OBPSASS'  HOJtE. 
 
 5d3 
 
 OSBOEX 
 
 =o  that  two  hundred  orpfaans  mar  be  provided  for 
 the  erection  of  an  IndasTrial  school,  lor  thorongh  in- 
 struction in  applied  mechanics,  and  the  increase  of 
 the  endowment  fnnd  to  a  self-supporting  basis.  All 
 will  depend  on  the  liberality  of  God's  people.  The 
 present  officers  of  the  Institution  are:  Rev.  Wm.  P. 
 Jacobs,  President;  "Wm.  B.  BeU,  Esq.,  Treasurer; 
 -Mrs.  Lncv  y.  Boyd,  Matron:  3IL^  Pattie  T.  Thorn- 
 well,  Princ-ipal  of  the  Orphans*  Seminary.  Present 
 value  of  property,  ?i5.0uO. 
 
 Orphans'  Home,  Tuskeg«e,  Alabama.  This 
 Insritntion  w^as  cttmmem;**!  daring  the  latter  part  of 
 the  war.  It  was  started  by  the  Synod  of  Alabama, 
 and  for  many  years  largely  sustained  by  ladies'  societies 
 in  Mobile,  Montgomery.  Selma.  Tuscaloosa,  and  other 
 smaller  towns  in  the  State.  A  house'  and  iarm  near 
 Tuskegee  were  bought,  and  Eev.  A.  E.  Holderby  made 
 superintendent.  Under  his  own  ministry  and  the 
 iaiihinl  prayer  and  motherly  influence  of  his  mother, 
 wiie  and  sister,  it  has  been  a  true  nurrsery  for  the 
 chnrt-h.  and  a  home  ibr  many  hundreds  of  little  waife 
 gathered  up  from  all  parts  of  the  State. 
 
 At  one  time  there  were  over  one  hundred  inmates 
 in  the  Home.  It  now  has  about  thirty  inmates. 
 These  are  collected  principally  from  homes  where 
 •here  is  no  religion  at  all.  and  without  reference  to 
 sectarian  bias.  The  pupils  are  taught  to  read  the 
 Bible,  to  commit  the  Shorter  Catechism,  and  are  all 
 pupils  of  the  Presbyterian  Sunday  school,  but  they 
 attend  public  worship  at  all  the  churches  in  the  town. 
 
 The  Home  is  under  the  management  of  an  Execu- 
 tive Committee,  appointed  by  the  Synod,  and  report* 
 are  made  from  this  committee,  from  the  Superin- 
 tendent, and  from  the  Treasurer,  at  the  annual  ses- 
 -iong  of  Synod,  and  no  subject  elicits  more  hearty  in- 
 terest. An  apportionment  is  made  for  each  church 
 in  the  .Synod,  at  each  annual  session,  and  a  report 
 made  of  the  amount  collected  in  each. 
 
 The  present  officers  are,  Eev.  J.  E.  Foster.  Tnskegee. 
 Superintendent;  Eev.  F.  B.  Webb,  Union  Springr;. 
 Chairman  of  Executive  Committee,  and  Mr.  A.  G. 
 Parrish,  City  National  Bank,  .Sebua,  Treasurer. 
 
 Orr,  Rev.  Robert  "Wilberforce,  was  bom  at 
 Clarion,  Px,  January  l^th,  1~0S;  graduated  at  Jeffer- 
 son College  in  I'-aS;  studied  theology  at  the  Western 
 Theolo^cal  Seminary,  and  was  ordained  an  evange- 
 list by  the  Presbytery  of  Bedford,  Xovember  2-2d. 
 1%37.  He  was  missonaiy  at  Singapore.  Asia.  1  •<Ti—tl : 
 Principal  at  Clarion,  Pa.,  1^-2-4;  stated  supply  at 
 Greenwood,  184.3-4;  at  Bethel  1-44;  at  Centre  1'<U, 
 and  pastor  l*45-5-2.  He  was  Professor  of  Civil  Engi- 
 neering in  Jefferson  College,  lr44;  Professor  of  Latin 
 I-iterature  in  the  same,  l*45-.5-2;  stated  supply  at 
 "  lount  Tabor  and  Mill  Creek,  1%.56;  superintendent  of 
 'omraon  schools.  Clarion  county,  l*.>4-~.  He  died  at 
 Mechanicsville,  Px,  March  3<nh,  1^57.  Mr.  Orr  was 
 an  earnest  Christian,  and  a  fine  scholar.  'Whatever 
 ser\-ice  he  nndertook  he  performed  well,  and  he  wa.s 
 mnch  esteemed  in  the  community  in  which  he  lived. 
 
 Osbom,  Rev.  Ethan,  was  bom  in  Litchfield. 
 Conn.,  August  ilst,  175?.  'While  at  College,  at 
 Dartmouth,  he  was  admitted  to  full  communion  with 
 the  Congregational  Church  there.  At  the  age  of 
 eighteen  he  enlisted,  in  the  second  year  of  the  Eevo- 
 Intionary  'War,  and  was  with  the  forces  under  the 
 immediate  command  of  Washington,  in  the  retreat- 
 through  Xew  Jersey.  After  the  study  of  theolt^y  in 
 his  native  State,  he  was  licen.sed  to  preach  in  17*6. 
 and  installed  December  3d,  1789.  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Philadelphia,  pastor  of  the  Old  Stone  Church  of 
 Fairfield,  X.  J.  At  this  time  the  congregation  was 
 scattered  throtigh  the  whole  of  Fairfield  township, 
 and  parts  of  the  adjoining  towrtshiiB  of  Downe  and 
 Deerfield.  including  a  portion  of  the  people  of  Bridge- 
 
 EETT.    ETHAX  06B0RS. 
 
 ton.    where,   as  yet,   there  was  no   church   of  any 
 denomination. 
 
 The  pastorate  of  Mr.  Osbom  was  like  his  general 
 life,  tranquil  and  marked  chiefly  by  rerivals.  His 
 preaching  was  plain,  practical,  solemn  and  earnest. 
 In  pastoral  visitation  he  was  very  fiiithfol.  In  addi- 
 tion, he  was  ac-cttstomed  to  visit  the  public  schools, 
 and  catechise  the  children  in  the  Shorter  Catechism, 
 as  well  as  the  Bible.  In  the  year  1 809  his  congregation 
 was  visited  with  a  revival  of  great  power  and  blessed 
 influenc-es.  In  1»!19  there  was  a  second  revival. 
 Again,  in  1826,  another  extensive  work  of  grace  was 
 enjoyed.  Ovct  this  large  and  widely-scattered  con- 
 gregation the  greatly-endeared  pastor  continued  to 
 labor  on  alone  till  1836,  then  in  the  seventy -eighth 
 year  of  his  age.  At  this  time  the  Eev.  David  McKee, 
 from  Kentucky,  became  co-pastor,  and  continued  .so 
 until  1~38,  and  during  this  cfj-pastorate.  there  was 
 another  precious  season. 
 
0SB0E2f. 
 
 599 
 
 OTSEGO  PBESBYTEEY. 
 
 Sir.  Osborn  eontmned  to  preside  over  the  church 
 until  1844 — fifty-four  years — ivhen  he  offered  his 
 resignation,  and  it  was  only  accepted  because  ' '  it  Tvas 
 felt  by  all  concerned  a  mournful  necessity."  The 
 Presbytery,  in  dissolving  the  pastoral  relation,  "com- 
 mended the  church  for  providing  that  their  worthy 
 and  venerable  pastor  might  continue  to  lean  upon 
 their  arm  while  he  lived  and  recline  on  their  bosom 
 when  he  died."  Dr.  'Whitaker,  in  his  Address  at  the 
 Bi-Centennial  Celebration  of  the  Old  Stone  Church, 
 September,  1880,  said:  ''  It  is  as  unnecessary  here 
 to-day,  as  it  is  impossible,  to  rehearse  the  story  of 
 Father  Osboru's  honorable  and  saintly  course  through 
 the  hundred  years  that  he  lived,  from  1758  to  1858. 
 The  singular  goodness,  beauty,  wisdom,  ujirightness, 
 fruitfulness  and  continuance  of  his  career  h;is  no 
 parallel,  perhaps,  in  the  annals  of  the  American 
 pulpit.  The  future  will  take  care  of  his  fame;  and 
 of  him  we  may  safely  say,  "the  righteous  shall  be 
 in  everlasting  remembrance." 
 
 Osborn,  Rev.  Henry  Stafford,  LL.D.,  was 
 born  iu  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  August  17th,  18-23.  He 
 graduated  at  the  University  of  Pemrsylvania,  and 
 studied  theology  iu  Union  Theological  Seminary. 
 His  fields  of  labor  have  been,  stated  supply,  Coven- 
 try, R.  I.,  1845-6;  pastor,  Hanover  Court  House,  Ya., 
 1846-9;  pastor,  Richmond,  Ya.,  1849-53;  pastor, 
 Liberty,  Ya.,  1853-8;  stated  supply,  Salem,  Ya., 
 1858-9;  pastor,  Belvidere,  X.  Jt.,  1859-66;  Professor 
 in  Lafayette  College,  Easton.  Pa.,  1866-70;  stated 
 supply,  O.vford,  Ohio,  1870-1;  Professor  in  Oxford, 
 1871-3;  stated  supply,  Oxford,  1873.  Dr.  Osborn  is 
 a  genial  gentleman,  an  interesting  and  impressive 
 preacher,  and  a  schoUvr  of  large  attainments.  He 
 has  traveled  in  foreign  countries,  and  given  to  the 
 public  some  valuable  productions  of  his  pen. 
 
 Osborn,  Rev.  Robert,  was  born  August  27th, 
 1813,  at  Cedarville,  X.  J.;  graduated  at  Jefferson 
 CoUege  in  1834,  and  at  Princeton  Theological  Semi- 
 nary in  1839.  After  being  licensed  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Philadelphia,  April  17th,  1839,  he  went  to  Yir- 
 ginia,  where  he  supplied  the  Church  at  Point  Pleasant, 
 from  October,  1839,  until  he  was  installed  as  its 
 pastor,  December  9th,  1843.  This  was  his  only  p;is- 
 torate,  and  here  he  labored  assiduously,  fliithfully 
 and  successfully,  as  pastor  and  supply,  nearly  nine- 
 teen years.  His  parish  included  four  churches  and 
 two  other  preaching  stations;  his  circuit  was  nearly 
 fifteen  miles,  and  he  was  the  only  Presbyterian 
 preacher  in  the  county.  His  churches  enjoyed  fre- 
 quent re\-ivals,  and  were  largely  increased  under  his 
 ministrations.  The  work  proving  too  great  for  his 
 strength,  he  was  rele;vsed  from  his  charge  October 
 18th,  1855,  and  after  teaching  for  some  time,  he 
 returned  to  his  mttive  place,  where  he  was  long  a 
 patient  invalid,  and  died,  J\ily  13th,  1878.  Mr. 
 Osborn  was  a  truly  pious  man,  a  good  preacher,  a 
 faithful  pastor,  of  uncommonly  pleasing  manners, 
 and  gained  the  affections  of  all  whom  he  met. 
 
 Osmond,  Samuel  McClurg,  D.D.,  was  bom 
 at  Lower  Oxford,  Pa.,  August  18th,  1825.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  iu  1850;  studied 
 theology  at  Princeton  Semimiry,  and  was  ordained  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Raritan,  Jtme  2-2tI,  1853.  He  was 
 co-pastor  of  the  First  and  Second  churches,  Amwell, 
 N.  J.,  1853-57;  sfcited  supply  at  Perry  and  Pittsfield, 
 HI.,  1857-62;  stated  supply  at  Iowa  City.  la.,  136-2, 
 pastor,  1863-78;  and  pastor  at  Lawrence,  Kas.,  1878. 
 Dr.  Osmond  is  a  faithful  and  forcible  preacher,  a 
 valuable  Presbyter,  and  his  ministry,  vmder  the  divine 
 blessing,  bas  boon  crowned  with  success. 
 
 Otsego  Presbytery,  N.  Y.  The  Presbytery  of 
 Otsego,  as  it  now  exists,  was  constituted  by  the  Synod 
 of  Utica,  June  21st,  1870,  embracing  Otsego,  Dela- 
 ware and  Chenango  counties,  exclusive  of  the  towns  of 
 Tompkins  and  Mason ville,  in  Delaware  county;  and 
 the  towns  of  SmithvUle,  Greene,  Coventry,  Aftou  and 
 Bainbridge,  in  Chenango  cotmty;  and  it  was  declared 
 the  successor  of  the  Presbyteries  of  Otsego,  Delaware 
 and  Chenango.  The  history,  therefore,  of  the  Pres- 
 bvtery  now  bearing  the  name  Otsego,  is  the  history 
 of  these  three  separate  Presbyteries  before  and  siace 
 their  union  into  one  body. 
 
 The  oldest  of  these  Presbyteries  is  Otsego.  It  was 
 formed  by  the  Synod  of  Albany,  October  6th,  1819, 
 by  a  division  of  the  Presbytery  of  Oneida,  and  con- 
 sisted of  the  following  ministers:  Andrew  Oliver,  Eli 
 F.  Cooley,  John  Smith,  John  R.  St.  John,  John 
 Ternair.  Jesse  Miner  and  Silas  Parsons:  together  with 
 the  churches  of  Springfield.  Cherry  YaUey,  Coopers- 
 town,  MUlbrd  and  Eiiton,  h'ing  on  and  south  of  the 
 great  Western  Turnpike  through  Springfield.  Its 
 first  meeting  was  held  in  Coox)erstown,  November  2d, 
 1819,  at  which  Rev.  John  Ternair  preached  the  open- 
 ing sermon  and  Rev.  Andrew  Oliver  officiated  as 
 Moderator. 
 
 Next  in  order  of  time  is  the  Presbytery  of  Chenango. 
 This  was  constituted  May  29th.  1826,  by  General 
 Assembly  (^the  ministers  composing  it  belonging  to 
 !  three  different  Synods),  and  con-sisted  of  the  following 
 !  ministers:  Edward  Andrews  and  As;i  Donaldson,  of 
 the  Presbytery  of  Otsego;  Elijah  D.  Wells,  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  Cayng-a ;  Egbert  Roosa,  of  the  Pre.sby- 
 tery  of  Columbia;  and  Ambrose  Eggleston.  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  Susquehanna.  Its  boundary  lines  were 
 the  Presbytery  of  Oneida  on  the  north,  the  Presby- 
 teries of  Otsego  and  Columbia  on  the  eii.st,  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Susquehanna  on  the  south,  and  the  Presby- 
 teries of  Cayuga  and  Onondaga  on  the  west.  Its 
 territory  was  the  counties  of  Chenango  and  Delaware, 
 with  a  part  of  Broome.  It  w:is  attached  to  the  Synod 
 of  Geneva,  and  held  its  first  meeting  at  Oxford.  June 
 29th,  1826.  Rev.  Asa  Donaldson  preached  the  opening 
 sermon,  and  was  afterwards  chosen  Moderator.  At 
 the  time  of  its  organiaition  it  had  no  chtirch  under 
 its  care. 
 
 La.st  in  order  is  the  Presbytery  of  Delaware.  .  This 
 was  constituted  by  the  Synod  of  Geneva,  October  6th, 
 
OTSEGO  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 600 
 
 OTSEGO  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 1831,  and  was  composed  of  those  ministers  and 
 churches  of  the  Presbytery  of  Chenango  east  of  the 
 Unadilla  rlTer,  and  east  of  the  Susquehanna  river 
 below  its  junction  with  the  Unadilhi,  excepting  the 
 Church  of  South  Bainbridge.  It  held  its  fiist  meeting 
 in  Franklin,  April,  10th,  1832,  at  which  Rev.  William 
 Fisher  preached  the  opening  sermon,  and  presided  as 
 Moderator.  The  ministers  forming  the  body  were 
 ■William  Fisher,  Samuel  G.  Orton,  Daniel  "Waterbury, 
 Augustus  L.  Chapin.  and  Johu  B.  Fish.  Tlie  churches 
 under  its  care  were  First,  Second  and  Third,  Tomp- 
 kins, Franklin,  Sidney,  Delhi,  Andes,  Hancock  and 
 Sandford,  to  which  were  added,  at  its  first  meeting, 
 Harpersfield,  Meredith,  Franklin,  Second,  Jefi'erson 
 and  Colchester. 
 
 These  Presbyteries  thus  organized  maintained  a 
 varying  existence.  That  of  Otsego,  drawing  to  itself 
 a  large  preponderance  of  Presbj-terian  churches,  was 
 the  most  uniform  and  stable  in  its  life.  Beginning 
 ■ivith  five  churches,  it  increased  slowly  and  steadily  to 
 twenty  in  1845,  which  number,  continuing  for  about 
 a  decade,  gradually  dropped  down  to  sixteen,  and 
 this  number  was  on  its  roll  in  1870,  and  merged  into 
 the  united  body,  and,  with  one  exception,  is  still 
 connected  with  it.  Altogether,  it  had  under  its  care 
 twenty-five  diflerent  churches. 
 
 The  Presbj'tery  of  Chenango,  being  on  ground 
 occujiied  almost  exclusively  by  Congiegational 
 churches,  formed  a  nucleus  about  which  these 
 churches  gathered,  and  to  which,  on  the  plan  of 
 union,  they  somewhat  loosely  attached  themselves, 
 and  as  a  result,  had  a  much  more  irregular  and 
 fluctuating  life.  Without  a  single  church  when  it 
 came  together  at  its  first  meeting,  it  had  in  the  short 
 l)eriod  of  five  years  twenty-six  on  its  roll.  After  the 
 division  of  the  Presbj'tery,  which  occurred  in  the  fol- 
 lowing year,  and  by  which  nine  of  its  churches  were 
 transferred  to  the  new  Presbytery  of  Delaware,  there 
 .still  remained  twenty.  This  figure,  continuing  with 
 slight  variations  for  several  years,  was  in  1849  re- 
 duced to  eleven.  This  number,  though  afterward 
 increiused  by  a  little,  was  all  that  its  roll  contained 
 in  1870.  Of  these  eleven  churches  six  came  into  the 
 united  body,  and  fom-  of  them  still  have  a  place  in 
 it,  two  of  them  nearly  extinct.  It  has  had  on  its 
 roll,  in  all,  thirty-seven  separate  churches. 
 
 The  Presbytery  of  Delaware,  a  much  larger  body  at 
 the  outset  than  either  of  the  others,  and  being  about 
 evenly  divided  in  the  elements  of  Presbyterianism 
 and  Congregationalism,  made  comparatively  but  little 
 growth;  and,  in  point  of  unilbrmity  aud  stability  in 
 the  character  of  its  life,  wa.s  about  a  mean  between 
 the  two  other  Presbj-teries.  Starting  with  nine 
 churches,  and  enlarged  to  fourteen  at  its  first  meet- 
 ing; in  the  course  of  ten  years  it  reached  its  highest 
 figure  of  twenty,  from  which  it  slowly  receded,  until 
 it  dropped  to  eleveu,  at  the  time  it  became  a  part  of 
 the  present  organization.  Of  the.se  ele\en  churches, 
 eight  came  into  the  new  organization  (three  of  them 
 
 however,  only  in  name),  four  of  which  are  still  under 
 its  care.  Its  whole  list  of  churches  is  twenty-three. 
 Not  a  few  of  the  churches  of  which  these  Pres- 
 byteries were  composed  were  of  recent  and  feeble 
 origin  at  the  time  they  were  received,  and  having 
 little  more  than  a  nominal  existence,  soon  became 
 extinct  and  were  stricken  from  the  roll.  Of  the  re- 
 mainder less  than  one-half  were  strong  in  numbers, 
 and  a  spirit  of  restlessness  pervaded  many  of  these. 
 As  a  result  of  the  comparative  weakness  of  the  larger 
 portion,  and  the  restlessness  of  the  smaller  but  .stronger 
 portion,  there  were  frequent  changes  among  the  min- 
 isters. Pastoral  relations  were  formed,  to  be  dis- 
 solved in  the  course  of  three  or  four  years,  as  often 
 terminating  at  the  expiration  of  one  and  two  years, 
 as  enduring  five  years.  The  instances  were  rare 
 when  they  continued  ten,  or  even  eight  years..  In 
 almost  all  cases,  the  reasons  assigned  by  pastors  for 
 the  dissolution  of  the  relation  were  either  insufli- 
 ciency  of  support  or  dis.satisfaction  of  the  people. 
 Notwithstanding  this  restless  condition  of  the  churches 
 and  this  frequent  change  of  the  ministers,  revivals  of 
 religion  were  abundant,  especially  in  the  earlier  his- 
 tory of  these  Presbyteries.  The  first  narrative  of 
 the  Presbytery  of  Otsego,  1819,  makes  mention  of 
 an  extensive  work  of  grace  in  the  churches  within 
 its  bounds,  as  the  rasult  of  which  107  persons 
 were  added  to  the  Church  of  Cooperstown  ;  50  to 
 Cherry  Yalley  ;  92  to  Sherbune,  and  12  to  Milford. 
 For  the  next  three  years,  1819-1822,  the  work  con- 
 tinued with  almest  unabated  interest  in  the  churches 
 of  Cherry  Valley  and  Cooperstown,  in  the  latter 
 year  reaching  and  most  powerfully  atfeeting  the 
 Church  of  Springfield,  at  which  place  150  persons 
 were  hopefully  converted.  The  membership  of  the 
 Church  in  Cherrj"  Valley  rose  from  130,  in  1819,  to 
 339,  in  1822;  that  of  Cooperstown  from  124  to  260  in  the 
 same  period  ;  and  that  of  Springfield  from  83,  in  1821, 
 to  200  the  following  year.  The  year  1831  was  one  of 
 signal  blessing  to  the  churches  covering  the  entire 
 field  of  these  Presbyteries.  The  narrative  of  Otsego 
 Pr&sbj-tery,  1832,  says:  "  In  these  refreshing  seasons 
 94  have  been  added  to  the  Church  in  Butternuts,  86 
 to  Cooperstown,  40  to  Bo^vman's  Creek,  36  to  Spring- 
 field, 32  to  Fly  and  Oak's  Creek,  32  to  Maryland,  20 
 to  Worcester,  12  to  West  Hartwick,  25  to  Westford, 
 and  25  to  Milford."  The  Presbytery  of  Chenango,  in 
 its  report  to  SjTiod,  September,  1832,  relates  as 
 follows:  "In  some  of  our  congregations  powerful 
 revivals  have  been  enjoyed,  and  in  a  few  are  still 
 going  on.  In  others  there  have  been  more  gentle  dis- 
 tillations of  the  Spirit,  and  we  know  of  none  in  which 
 there  have  not  been  more  or  less  hopeful  conversions. " 
 The  following  Sjjring  it  reports  322  additions  to  its 
 23  churches,  104  of  which  were  to  the  Church  of 
 Guilford.  The  Pr-esbytcry  of  Delaware,  in  its  first 
 report  to  General  Assembly,  April,  1832,  gives  this 
 glowing  account:  "The  past  year  has  been  one  of 
 unparalleled  interest  to  the  churches  in  this  region. 
 
OTSEGO   PSESIii'TEBY. 
 
 601 
 
 OTTERSOK. 
 
 Never  before  since  the  first  settlement  of  the  country 
 has  so  general  a  refreshing  been  experienced  from  the 
 presence  of  the  Lord.  The  additions  made  to  different 
 churches  within  our  bounds  during  the  year  have 
 varied  from  20  up  to  140.  The  aggregate  number 
 amounts  to  820,"  an  average  of  nearly  fifty  to  each  t 
 of  its  seventeen  churches.  In  the  following  year  the 
 work  continued  in  some  of  its  churches,  and  there  were 
 290  more  additions.  In  that  same  year,  the  feeble 
 churches  of  Sliddlefield,  Slilford  and  Oneonta,  in  the 
 Presbytery  of  Otsego,  were  morethan  doubled;  the  work  \ 
 in  the  latter  place  was  in  the  most  busy  season  of  the 
 year,  in  the  months  of  May  and  June.  Other  revivals  | 
 were  enjoyed  by  various  churches  in  these  Presby-  j 
 teries,  in  the  years  1834,  1836,  1843,  18.55,  1858  and  j 
 1863.  The  times  of  these  refreshings  were  the  times 
 when  candidates  for  the  ministry  came  forward  in  the 
 largest  numbers.  Of  the  92  candidates  connected 
 with  these  Presbyteries,  and  with  the  united  body, 
 65  were  received  between  the  years  1819  and  1849, 
 the  remaining  27  between  1849  and  the  present  time 
 (1883).  Of  these  candidates  18  were  received  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Otsego  alone  in  the  first  ten  years  of 
 its  history,  whereas  the  united  body  has  received 
 only  6  since  its  organization  in  1870.  Of  candidates 
 for  the  ministry — 
 
 Otsego   Presbytery            received  41,  licensed  2S,  and  ordained  14 
 
 Chenango     "                             "          30,  ''         16,  *           "          4 
 
 Delaware     "                              "          15,  "        10,  "           *'          1 
 
 The  present  organization  has"            G,  "           4,  "          "          2 
 
 Of  the  34  candidates  received,  but  not  licensed,  a 
 small  fraction  discontinued  their  studies  and  were 
 dropped;  the  remainder  were  dismissed  to  other 
 bodies.  The  whole  number  of  licentiates  taken 
 under  the  care  of  these  Presbyteries  is  71,  of  whom 
 68  were  ordained.  In  addition  to  these  the  united 
 body  has  received  12,  of  whom  it  has  ordained  eleven. 
 In  1829  the  Presbytery  of  Otsego,  hitherto  connected 
 with  the  Synod  of  Albany,  was  set  oft"  to  the  new 
 Synod  of  Utica.  In  1840  the  Presbytery  of  Delaware, 
 which,  with  that  of  Chenango,  had  been  attached  to 
 the  Synod  of  Geneva,  was  at  its  own  request  trans- 
 ferred to  the  Synod  of  Albany.  In  1853  these  Presby- 
 teries were  taken  from  the  Synods  of  Utica,  Albany 
 and  Geneva,  with  which  they  were  respectively  con- 
 nected, and  formed  into  the  Synod  of  Susquehanna, 
 which  held  its  first  meeting  in  Franklin,  in  October 
 of  the  same  year.  As.sociated  together  as  a  Synod 
 from  that  time  forward,  and  being  in  entire  harmony 
 upon  all  the  moral  questions  of  the  day,  in  regard  to 
 which  they  expressed  themselves  with  no  uncertain 
 sound,  these  three  bodies  maintained  the  most  pleas- 
 ant relations  with  each  other,  when  they  came,  at 
 last,  in  1870,  to  be  more  intimately  and  closely  united 
 by  being  merged  into  one  Presbytery,  receiving  the 
 name  of  its  oldest  and  largest  body,  Otsego.  Its 
 first  meeting  was  held  in  GUbertsrille,  September 
 13th,  1870,  and  was  opened  with  a  sermon  by  the 
 Rev.  Samuel  N.  Robinson,  who  was  afterwards  chosen 
 
 Moderator.  The  body  as  then  constituted  consisted 
 of  29  ministers  and  33  churches.     Of  these — 
 
 l.T  ministers  and  IG  churches  were  from  Otsego  Presbytery. 
 4  "         "      G  "  "        "      Chenango        " 
 
 6  *'         "8  "  '*        "      Uelaware        " 
 
 Of  the  remaining  four  ministers  and  three  chirrches, 
 resident  and  located  in  the  bounds  of  the  Presbytery, 
 one  minister  was  from  the  Presbytery  of  Blontrose, 
 one  from  the  Presbytery  of  Wellsboro,  the  other  two, 
 together  with  the  three  churches,  from  the  second 
 Presbytery  of  New  York,  O.  S.  One  church  has 
 since  been  organized  and  received,  making  thirty- 
 four  churches  in  all  that  have  been  on  the  roll. 
 Of  these,  five  have  become  extinct,  and  three  have 
 withdrawn  and  joined  the  Oneida,  Chenango  and 
 Delaware  Association,  leaving  at  present  twenty-six 
 churches,  with  the  same  number  of  ministers,  in 
 connection  with  the  Presbytery.  In  1871,  by  a  be- 
 quest of  Miss  Sarah  Downs  of  Downsville,  the  Pres- 
 bytery became  the  recipient  of  $450,  which  money, 
 according  to  the  terms  of  the  grant,  was  to  be  iLsed 
 in  educating  candidates  for  the  mini.stry,  the  greater 
 part  of  which  was  afterward  lost  by  the  financial 
 failure  of  the  trustee  to  whom  it  was  committed. 
 In  the  same  year  the  Presbytery  also  came  into  pos- 
 session of  some  $800,  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the 
 Andes  Church  property.  This  sum  has  been  largelj' 
 expended  in  aid  of  feeble  churches  within  its  bounds. 
 In  1876,  by  an  Act  of  Legislature,  the  Presbj-terj' 
 became  an  incorporated  body,  under  the  official  title 
 of  "The  Trustees  of  the  Presbytery  of  Otsego." 
 
 With  the  exception  of  four  or  five  feeble  chiirches, 
 one  of  which  is  virtually  extinct,  all  of  its  churches 
 are  statedly  supplied  with  the  preaching  of  the  Word ; 
 and  at  no  time  in  the  history  of  the  Presbytery,  from 
 1819,  have  the  relations  existing  between  the  minis- 
 ters and  the  churches  been  more  enduring  than  in 
 the  last  score  of  years.  Rev.  George  Browne  has 
 supplied  the  church  of  Hamden  twenty-eight  years. 
 Rev.  James  H.  Robinson  that  of  Delhi  First,  twenty 
 years.  Rev.  Leonard  E.  Richards  that  of  Stamford, 
 nineteen  years.  Rev.  Henry  U.  Swiunerton  that  of 
 Cherry  Valley,  fifteen  years.  Rev.  Pliny  F.  Sanborne 
 and  Rev.  Horace  H.  Allen  respectively  those  of 
 Springfield  and  Oneonta,  fourteen  years.  Rev.  Frank 
 W.  Townsend  that  of  New  Berlin,  eight  years.  Rev. 
 Frederick  A.  M.  Brown  and  Rev.  Frank  H.  Seeley 
 had  been  sixteeu  years  respectively  at  Delhi  Second 
 and  Richfield  Springs,  when  their  connection  with 
 these  churches  ceased,  last  year,  and  Rev.  Hiram  W. 
 Lee  had  been  ten  j'ears  at  Laurens,  at  the  time  of  his 
 death,  in  1882. 
 
 Otterson,  Rev.  James,  was  born  in  New  York 
 city,  October  11th,  1791.  He  was  brought  up  in  the 
 Associate  Reformed  Church.  He  graduated  at  Co- 
 lumbia College,  New  York;  studied  theology  with 
 Dr.  Mason,  and  was  ordained  by  the  Associate  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  York.  His  fields  of  labor  were  in  the 
 Associate  Reformed  Church  and  the  Reformed  Dutch 
 
OTTS. 
 
 602 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Church,  until  1845,  when  he  became  pastor  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Johnstown,  X.  Y.  His  last 
 charge  was  in  Wilmington,  Del.,  which  he  relin- 
 quished in  1863.  He  died  September  17th,  1867,  at 
 the  house  of  his  son,  James  Otterson,  Jr.,  a  promi- 
 nent member  of  the  Bar  at  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
 
 Mr.  Otterson  possessed  a  clear,  analytical  mind, 
 which  showed  tlie  effect  of  early  culture.  He  was  a 
 good  scholar,  a  sound  and  able  theologian,  and  a  very 
 instructive  and  edifying  preacher.  In  the  ecclesi- 
 astical assemblies  of  the  Church  he  had  few  superiors. 
 It  was  not  merely  as  a  parliamentarian,  as  one  skill- 
 ful in  debate,  that  he  excelled,  but  as  possessing  a 
 strong,  practical  mind,  that  could  lead  the  way 
 through  difficult  and  perplexing  questions;  that 
 could  see  the  end  to  be  reached  and  how  to  reach 
 it. 
 
 Otts,  John  M.  P.,  D.  D.,  was  horn  in  Union, 
 S.  C,  in  1838.  He  graduated  at  David.son  College, 
 N.  C,  in  1859;  at  the  Theological  Seminary,  Colum- 
 bia, S.  C,  inl86"2;  and  was  liceused  by  Bethel  Presby- 
 tery in  the  same  year.  He  took  charge  of  the  Presbj-- 
 terian  Church  in  Greensboro,  Ala.,  in  May,  1863,  and 
 was  ordained  by  Tiiskaloosa  Presbytery  in  the  Spring 
 of  1863.  He  was  called  to  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Columbia,  Tenn.,  in  May,  1866,  and  to 
 the  West  Presbyterian  Church  iu  Wilmington,  Del., 
 in  May,  1873.  In  1 878  he  was  installed  over  the  Cliam- 
 bers  Pre.sbyteriau  Church,  Philadelphia,  the  pastorate 
 of  which  he  resigned  to  return  to  his  native  South. 
 In  all  his  pastoral  charges  he  has  enjoyed  the  high 
 regard  of  his  peoi)le,  and  has  labored  with  great 
 fidelity  and  with  e^-idence  of  the  Di%Tne  blessing  on 
 his  ministry. 
 
 Dr.  Otts  is  a  ■m-iter  of  ability.  He  has  been  a 
 consUmt  and  copious  contributor  to  the  religious  and 
 
 literary  journals  and  magazines,  from  his  college  days, 
 and  has  written  several  articles  for  the  Southern 
 Presbyterian  and  Princeton  lieeictvs,  which  were  well 
 received.  His  only  book,  "  Nicodemus  with  Jesus, " 
 published  in  1867,  met  with  a  rapid  and  ready  sale, 
 but  is  now  out  of  print.  He  has  now  three  books  in 
 preparation,  to  which  he  has  devoted  ten  years  of 
 study,  and  which,  it  is  expected,  will  soon  be  ready 
 for  the  press. 
 
 Owen,  Rev.  Grifiath,  was  born  in  South  Wales, 
 G.  B.,  Slarch  1st,  1810.  He  graduated  at  Jefferson 
 College  in  1836;  studied  theology  at  Princeton  Semi- 
 nary, and  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Phila- 
 delphia, April  22d,  1840.  He  was  pastor  of  Cobocksink 
 Church,  Philadelphia,  1840-44;  of  the  Church  at 
 Uniontown,  Pa.,  1845-7;  of  South  Cliurch,  Philadel- 
 phia, 1851-55,  and  of  the  Third  Church,  Baltimore, 
 Md.,  1855-60.  Subsequently  he  was  Missionary 
 Secretary  of  the  Maryland  Sabbath-school  Union, 
 1860-71.  He  died  in  Biiltimore,  January  14th,  1871. 
 Mr.  Owen  was  an  earnest,  faithful  minister  of  the 
 go.spel,  and  labored  with  great  diligence  to  advance 
 the  Redeemer's  kingdom. 
 
 Owen,  Roger,  D.  D.,  was  born  iu  South  Wales, 
 G.  B.,  October  15th,  1813.  He  graduated  at  Jefferson 
 College,  Pa.,  in  1839;  studied  theology  at  Princeton 
 Seminary,  and  was  ordained  by  the  Presbjiery  of 
 Madison,  September  24th,  1843.  He  was  pastor  of 
 the  Fh-st  Church,  Madi.son,  Indiana,  1843-4;  pastor 
 at  Columbia,  Pa.,  1844-50;  Principal  of  the  Academy 
 at  Chestnut  Hill,  Phihidelphia,  Pa.,  1851-6;  stated 
 supply  at  Chestnut  Hill,  1851-4;  since  which  time 
 he  has  been  pastor  of  the  church  at  that  place.  Dr. 
 Owen  is  a  gentleman  of  admirable  Christian  .spirit,  a 
 close  student,  an  instructive  preacher,  an  excellent 
 pastor,  and  an  influential  presbyter. 
 
 P 
 
 Page,  Joseph  R.,  D.D.,  was  born  iu  New  Bruus-    cat  Seminary  many  years;    has   published    several 
 
 wick,  X.  J.,  August  1st,  1817.  He  united  with  the 
 Methodist  Church  when  about  sixteen  years  of  age; 
 studied  at  Friends'  School,  New  York  city;  studied 
 with  a  view  to  the  ministry  with  Rev.  Alonzo  Wel- 
 ton;  was  in  Auburn  Seminary,  1841-3,  and  received 
 the  honorary  degree  of  D.  D.  from  Hamilton  College 
 iu  1876.  He  was  ordained  at  Pl;>nuouth,  N.  Y.,  by 
 the  Oneida  Association,  February  6th,  1839;  labored 
 at  Plymouth,  1838-9;  was  pastor  in  Perry,  N.  Y., 
 1839-41,  1843-57,  1859-68,  and  had  charge  of  the 
 Congregational  Church  of  Stratford,  1857-9.  He  was 
 Financial  Agent  of  Ingham  University,  Le  Roy,  N. 
 Y. ;  located  at  East  Avon,  X.  Y.,  five  years,  and  has 
 heeu  pastor  of  the  church  at  Brighton,  X.  Y.,  since 
 1875.     He  was  a  Commissioner  of  Auburn  Theologi- 
 
 pamphlets,  and  is  correspondent  ("Wyoming")  of 
 the  New  York  Eranffelid. 
 
 Page,  "William  Noble,  D.  D.,  is  a  nati\e  of 
 Vermont.  He  was  born  in  Chelsea,  April  4th,  1837; 
 graduated  from  Hamilton  College  in  1863,  and  re- 
 ceived the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  Highland  University 
 in  1878.  He  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of 
 the  Church  at  Trumansburg,  N.  Y.,  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Ithaca,  iu  June,  1866.  This  pastorate  con- 
 tinued until  1869.  His  next  charges  were,  Jackson- 
 ville, Fla.,  1869-70;  Amenia,  X.  Y.,  1870-73.  From 
 this  date  he  has  been  the  popular,  zealous  and  useful 
 pastor  of  the  First  Presbj-terian  Church,  Leaven- 
 worth, Kansas.  As  a  presbyter  he  is  faithful  in  the 
 discharge  of  his  duty. 
 
PALMER. 
 
 603 
 
 PAL3IE11. 
 
 Palmer,  Benjamin  M.,D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  is  the 
 third  son  of  the  Rev.  Edward  Palmer,  noticed  below. 
 He  was  graduated  with  excellent  class  distinctions, 
 by  the  Universary  of  Georgia,  at  Athens,  August, 
 1838,  after  which  came  his  divinity  course  of  three 
 years  in  the  Theological  Seminary,  Columbia,  S.  C. 
 He  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  in  April,  1841, 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Charleston,  and  was  ordained 
 in  the  Autumn  of  tlie  same  year,  when  he  was 
 installed  i>;i.stor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Savannah,  Georgia. 
 
 In  January,  1843,  Dr.  Palmer  was  transferred  to 
 the  pastorate  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Columbia, 
 S.  C.  Tliis  relation  was  continued  through  fourteen 
 years,  and  in  connection  with  it  he  was  from  1853  to 
 1857  Professor  of  Cliurch  History  and  Polity  in  the 
 Theological  Seminary  in  that  city.     He  was  one  of 
 
 BKNJAMIS  M.  P.ALMER,  D.P,,  I.t..D. 
 
 several  distinguished  ministers  who,  in  l'^47,  projected 
 the  South' rn  rreshyterian  Revieic,  publislied  at  Colum- 
 bia, an  able  theological  and  philosophical  quarterly, 
 which  ha.s  held  its  steady  course  ever  since,  and  still 
 exists  with  unabated  vigor,  having  experienced  only 
 a  brief  suspension  during  the  late  civil  war.  The 
 articles  contributed  to  its  pages  by  Dr.  Palmer,  if 
 collected,  would  till  a  large  octavo. 
 
 Dr.  Palmer  became  Pastor  of  the-First  Presbyterian 
 Church.  New  Orleans,  in  December,  1856,  which  rela- 
 tion has  continued  with  marked  success  to  the  present 
 time,  with  every  prospect  of  indefinite  duration.  He 
 was  the  first  Moderator  of  the  Southern  General 
 Assembly,  organized  in  1861,  and  has  served  as  a 
 commissioner  in  ten  General  Assemblies,  three  of 
 them  being  of  the  Old  School  Presbj'terian  Church. 
 
 In  1846  he  wixs  selected  anniversary  orator  of  the 
 American  Sunday-school  Union,  and  acquittccl  liim- 
 self  on  its  platform  with  great  credit  and  .satisfaction. 
 In  1853  he  was  chosen  to  the  chair  of  Hebrew  in  tlu; 
 Theological  Seminary,  then  just  organized  at  Dan- 
 ville, Ky.  lu  1860  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of 
 Pastoral  Theology,  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at 
 Princeton,  K.  J.  In  1874  was  called  to  the  Chan- 
 cellorship of  the  Southwestern  Pre-sbj-terian  Univer- 
 sity, Clarksville,  Tcnn.,  and  in  1881  was  appointed 
 Profe.s-sor  of  Pastoral  Theology  in  the  Seminary  at 
 Columbia,  S.  C.     All  these  elections  were  declined. 
 
 Dr.  Palmer  justly  stands  in  the  front  rank  of 
 preachers.  He  has  every  element  of  intellect,  heart, 
 taste  and  attainment,  that  is  calculated  to  give  the 
 pulpit  dignity,  power,  and  usefulness.  He  is  an  able 
 theologian,  a  graceful  and  vigorous  writer,  and  an 
 impressive  .speaker.  He  is  extensively  and  favorably 
 known  as  an  educator,  and  an  advocate  of  all  Scrip- 
 tural plans  for  public  reforms  and  ameliorations,  as 
 well  as  for  his  aitholic  readiness  to  co-operate  per- 
 sonally in  all  proper  measures  to  restrain  vice,  reclaim 
 the  degraded,  and  relieve  the  destitute.  His  labors 
 among  the  sick,  the  suffering,  the  dying,  in  the  city 
 of  his  residence,  in  times  of  epidemic,  contagious  and 
 infectious  diseases,  have  exhibited  manly  self-denial 
 and  unflinching  courage,  and  greatly  endeared  him 
 to  the  community.  The  physicians  of  New  Orleans 
 will  cheerfully  testify  that  Dr.  Palmer  holds  a  high 
 rank  as  one  of  their  sympathetic,  wise,  and  active  co- 
 laborers,  in  their  endeavors  to  relieve  the  horrors  of 
 combined  pestilence,  destitution  and  ignorance,  and 
 is  always  ready  in  the  application  of  his  great 
 resources  while  combating  these  evils.  (See  illustra- 
 tion of  Dr.  Palmer's  church  on  next  page.) 
 
 Palmer,  Rev.  David  'ELenry,  was  born  in 
 Phelps,  X.  Y.,  October  15th,  1839.  He  united  with 
 the  Brick  Prcsbj-terian  Church  in  Rochester,  in  1858, 
 and  graduated  from  the  University  of  Rochester  in 
 1860.  His  theological  studies  were  pursued  at  Au- 
 burn Seminary.  He  w-as  ordained  at  Buflalo,  X.  Y., 
 by  the  Pre.sbj-tery  of  Buftalo,  Jlay  20th,  I'itSi.  His 
 fields  of  labor  have  been,  Aurelius,  1862-63;  Vir- 
 ginia City,  Xev.,  1863-64;  Columbia,  Cal.,  1864-66; 
 Pratt-sburgh,  X.  Y.,  1867-71 ;  Caledonia,  four  months; 
 Brockport,  1872-75;  Penn  Y'an,  from  1875  to  the 
 present  date.  Mr.  Palmer  is  a  faithful  pa.stor  and 
 acceptable  preacher,  and  has  had  success  in  his  min- 
 istry. He  covets  not  prominence  in  his  profession, 
 but  is  content  to  labor  with  diligence  and  fidelity  in 
 the  congregations  to  the  charge  of  which  he  is  called 
 by  the  Master. 
 
 Palmer,  Rev.  Edward,  was  born  in  the  city  of 
 Charleston,  S.  C,  December  25th,  1788,  and  died  at 
 Barnwell,  S.  C,  September  30th,  1882,  in  the  ninety- 
 fourth  year  of  his  age.  At  the  time  of  his  decea.se, 
 he  was  doubtless  the  oldest  minister  of  the  Southern 
 Presbyterian  Church.  His  father,  Mr.  Job  Palmer, 
 of  Charleston,  S.  C,  died  in  1845,  at  the  still  more 
 
FIRST  PHESBTTEBUN    CHt'RCH,  LAFAYETTE  SQUARE,  NEW    ORLEANS. 
 
 ■      / 
 
PALMER. 
 
 605 
 
 PAXTHEISil. 
 
 advanced  age  of  ninety-eight  years,  the  acknowledged 
 patriarch  of  that  city — a  "man  that  was  perfect  and 
 upright,  aud  one  that  feared  God  and  eschewed  evil. ' ' 
 The  subject  of  this  sketch  received  an  excellent  Eng- 
 lish education,  which  was  not  entirely  arrested  when, 
 at  the  age  of  fifteen  years,  he  was  taken  into  his 
 father's  office  and  business.  When  thirty-two  years 
 old,  he  acquired,  at  Phillips'  Academy,  Andover, 
 Mass.,  in  eighteen  months,  the  cla.ssical  knowledge 
 necessary  for  entrance  upon  theological  studies.  In 
 September,  1821,  he  matriculated  in  the  Seminary  at 
 Andover,  where  he  accomplished  the  three  years' 
 curriculum  of  study.  Such  was  his  proficiency  after 
 these  five  years  of  connected  study,  that,  without  his 
 knowledge,  the  Facility  of  Andover  oljtained  for  him, 
 from  Yale  College,  the  degree  of  Master  of  Arts. 
 
 Jlr.  Palmer  was  licensed  in  .Tuly,  1824,  by  a  Congre- 
 gational Association,  and  in  October  of  the  same  year, 
 wasordained,asan evangelist,  byane.rj;aWecouncil.  In 
 the  Autumn  of  1824  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Dor- 
 chester Church,  about  twenty-four  miles  from  Charles- 
 ton, by  the  Congregational  Association  which  then 
 existed  on  the  seaboard  of  South  Carolina,  but  which, 
 with  a  portion  of  Harmony  Presbytery,  was  formed,  in 
 1827,  into  the  Charleston  Union  Presbytery.  He  re- 
 mained in  this  pastorate  until  June,  1827,  a  period  of 
 two  years  and  a  half,  when  he  removed  to  a  wider 
 sphere  of  labor,  at  Walterboro,  S.  C.  In  the  Autumn 
 of  1831  he  was  induced  to  accept  a  call  from  a  Presbj'- 
 terian  Church  at  Stony  Creek,  in  Beaufort  District. 
 Here  he  remained  until  the  year  1844,  the  latter  part 
 of  the  time  being  divided  between  that  and  the  Church 
 at  Walterboro.  In  1844  he  returned  to  his  former 
 charge  at  Walterboro,  which  he  served  until  1855, 
 inclusive,  then  returned  to  Stony  Creek,  which  he 
 served  until  1861,  and  then  again  to  Walterboro, 
 which  he  served  until  1874,  when,  being  in 
 his  eighty-sixth  year,  he  was  led,  through  a  severe 
 domestic  bereavement,  to  resign  his  pastoral  office 
 entirely,  that  he  might  be  cared  for  by  his  children. 
 He  continued,  however,  to  preach  the  gospel  as 
 opportunity  oiTered,  and  there  were  few  Sabbaths  in 
 which  he  did  not  minister  from  the  pulpit  to  some 
 congregation. 
 
 Mr.  Palmer  preached  faithfully  to  three  genera- 
 tions. The  catholicity  of  his  feeling  in  religion  was 
 chief  among  his  many  Christian  virtues.  As  a 
 preacher  he  was  clear,  fervent,  evangelical  and  im- 
 pressive. At  a  time  when  the  African  race,  in  their 
 condition  of  bondage,  were  dependent  upon  the 
 ministry  of  the  Southern  Church  for  the  knowledge 
 of  the  gospel,  he  was  untiring  in  his  labors  among 
 them.  As  a  pastor,  he  was  a  model  to  his  brethren. 
 He  was  gi'eatly  venerated  and  beloved  in  every  com- 
 munity in  which  he  lived.  At  his  decease,  the 
 Charleston  Presbytery,  being  in  session  at  Walterboro, 
 held  a  memorial  service  "with  reference  to  the  death 
 of  their  lamented  Father."  Mr.  Palmer  was  the 
 father   of  the   two  distinguished   ministers    of   the 
 
 Southern  Presbyterian  Church,  Rev.  Dr.   Benjamin 
 M.  Palmer,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Edward  P.  Palmer. 
 
 Palmer,  'Williain  Albee,  son  of  Daniel  and 
 JIary  Albee  Palmer,  was  born  May  24th,  1802,  in 
 Machias,  Me.  He  became  converted  at  twenty-two, 
 and  was  deacon  of  the  Congregational  Church,  Whit- 
 neysville,  Jle.,  from  1826  to  1853.  In  1850,  during  a 
 visit  to  San  Francisco,  he  heliied  to  organize  the 
 Howard  Presbyterian  Church.  April  10th,  1853,  he 
 joined  that  Church,  and  became  an  elder,  December 
 14th,  1853,  which  position  he  held  until  his  death, 
 September  29th,  1870.  Of  a  hopeful,  cheery,  humor- 
 ous, active  temperament,  a  man  of  much  prayer  and 
 strong  faith,  he  lived  a  radical  Temperance  and  an 
 unstained  Christian  life  of  nearly  half  a  centurj',  "as 
 seeing  Him  who  is  invisible."  In  youth  a  siiilor,  he 
 often,  when  disaster  threatened  the  Church,  encour- 
 aged his  associates  by  saying,  ' '  I  have  seen  it  blow 
 harder  than  this."  He  constantly  relied  on  the 
 Holy  Spirit's  direction  and  power,  and  was  never  at 
 rest  in  soul  unless  in  some  revival  work.  For  seven- 
 teen years,  in  the  early  and  reckless  days  of  Cali- 
 fornia, he  .stood  a  pillar  and  leader  in  Howard 
 Chmch,  aud  did  much  to  give  it  its  aggressive  power 
 for  good.  D3'ing  from  a  cancer  of  the  lip,  one  of  his 
 last  expressions  was,  "I  shall  yet  praise  God  for 
 every  pain  I  bear." 
 
 Pantheism,  a  theory  which  denies  the  existence 
 of  a  personal  God  above  the  world,  of  God  as  the 
 Creator  and  Ruler  of  the  world.  It  makes  God 
 one  with  the  world.  It  says,  God  is  the  "  Uni- 
 versal," lying  at  the  basis  of  all  the  manifoldness 
 of  the  world  and  of  its  individual  phenomena; 
 the  universal  essence  which  is  in  all;  he  exists  not 
 independently  for  himself  as  self-conscious  being;  he 
 is  only  in  the  world  as  its  inner  ground  of  life,  from 
 which  evervthing  proceeds  and  to  which  everything 
 returns,  but  not  outside  of  and  above  the  world,  as 
 its  Lord  and  Creator.  All  the  phenomena  of  the 
 universe,  of  every  kind,  Pantheism  regards  as 
 merely  the  various  modes  of  one  universal,  absolute 
 substance.  The  substance  is  one,  the  modes  many; 
 the  substance  abides,  the  modes  rapidly  succeed  each 
 other;  the  substance  is  God,  the  modes  we  Ciill  things. 
 
 "Some  true  Christian  theologians,"  says  Dr.  A.  A. 
 Hodge,  "  have  taken  a  view  of  the  relation  of  God  to 
 the  world  which  comes  perilously  near,  if  it  does  not 
 coincide  with,  this  great  pantheistic  heresy.  This 
 view  is  that  God's  power  is  constantly  exerted  in 
 continually  creating  every  individual  thing  again 
 and  again,  every  fraction  of  duration;  that  created 
 things  have  no  real  being  of  their  own,  and  exist 
 only  as  thus  they  are,  each  moment,  the  product  of 
 creative  energy ;  and  hence  that  the  immediate  cause 
 of  the  state  or  action  of  any  creature  one  moment  of 
 time  is  not  its  state  or  action  the  prerious  moment, 
 but  the  direct  act  of  divine  creative  power. 
 
 "  If  this  be  so,  it  is  plain  that  God  is  the  only  real 
 agent  in  the  universe ;  that  He  is  the  immediate  cause 
 
PARK. 
 
 606 
 
 PARKER. 
 
 of  all  things,  iudutling  all  evil  passions  and  wicked 
 thoughts  and  acts;  that  consciousness  is  a  thorough 
 delusion,  and  the  free  agency  and  moral  account- 
 ability of  man  vain  imaginations." 
 
 Park,  James,  Jr.,  w;is  born  in  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
 January  11th,  1820.  In  1825  his  jjarents  removed  to 
 Allegheny,  and  here  he  continued  to  reside  until  his 
 death.  In  1837  he  entered  on  his  business  career. 
 In  1862  he  turned  his  attention  to  the  production  of 
 .steel,  in  which  he  obtained  great  celebrity.  He  was 
 the  pioneer  in  this  department,  and  his  boldness  of 
 purpose,  firmness  of  resolution,  and  superiority  to 
 rever.ses,  long  since  won  for  him  a  high  distinction. 
 The  steel  industries  of  the  Vnited  States  are  more 
 Indebted  to  him  than  to  any  other  man,  and  European 
 manufacturers  have  become  quite  familiar  with  his 
 
 J.\MKS  PARK,  Jit. 
 
 name.  The  firm  of  Park,  Brother  &  Co.,  was  among 
 the  first  in  America  to  manufacture  crucilile  cast  .steel 
 of  the  best  quality.  His  instrumentality,  however, 
 in  the  introduction  into  the  United  States  of  the 
 Bessemer  process  for  converting  j)ig  iron  into  steel, 
 was  that  in  which  his  .services  have  told  most  power- 
 fully on  the  manufacturing  interests  of  America.  He 
 was  also  the  first  to  introduce  into  this  country  the 
 Siemens  gas  furnace. 
 
 Sir.  Park  was  a  man  of  great  iniblic  sj^rit,  taking 
 a  deep  interest  in  the  ])rosperity  of  the  city  of  his 
 residence.  He  was  a  Trustee  of  the  University  of 
 Western  Penn.sylvaniii;  Chairman  of  the  Kxecutive 
 Committee  of  one  of  the  first  Law  and  (.)rder  Associ- 
 ations estiiblished  in  our  countiy;  also  Chairman  of 
 the   Constitutional  Temperance  Amendment  Associ- 
 
 ation of  Pennsylvania,  and  did  much  towards  giving 
 the  movement  the  prominence  and  promise  which  it 
 has  recently  had.  And  to  all  these  various  organiza- 
 tions he  gave  his  personal  attention,  and  contributed 
 generously. 
 
 In  1858  Mr.  Park  was  ordained  and  installed  an 
 elder  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Allegheny, 
 and  continued  so  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
 April  21st,  1883.  For  many  years  he  was  a  teacher 
 in  the  Sabbath  school,  also  a  most  faithful  trustee. 
 He  was  a  man  of  great  tenderness,  and  yet  he  discov- 
 ered much  self-possession  and  good  j  udgment  in  treat- 
 ing the  subjects  of  terrible  accidents  while  waiting 
 for  the  arrival  of  the  surgeon.  He  also  possessed 
 great  courage,  as  his  facing  the  rioters  at  the  Union 
 Depot,  in  July,  1877,  and  his  appeal  to  them,  clearly 
 showed.  He  was  punctual  to  all  appointments  for 
 meetings,  rigid  in  the  construction  and  application  of 
 rules,  and  fearless  in  the  maintenance  of  his  principles. 
 
 Parke,  Rev.  Nathan  Q-rier,  son  of  the  Rev. 
 Samuel  Parke,  of  York  County,  Pa.,  was  born  at 
 Slate  Ridge,  Pa.,  December  16th,  1820,  and  graduated 
 at  Jetferson  College,  in  1840,  after  which  he  studied 
 theology  at  Princeton  Seminary.  He  was  ordained 
 an  evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of  Luzerne,  July 
 7th,  1846.  He  was  stated  supply  at  Scranton,  Pa. ; 
 stated  supply  at  Pittston,  1844,  and  became  pastor  in 
 1847,  in  which  relation  he  still  continues.  Mr.  Parke 
 is  a  faithful  and  earnest  preacher,  and  has  been 
 blessed  in  his  ministry.  As  a  presb3'ter,  he  is  active 
 and  useful.  He  has  been  Moderator  of  the  Synod  of 
 Philadelphia,  an<l  discharged  the  duties  of  the  posi- 
 tion with  much  acceptance. 
 
 Parker,  Francis,  was  born  in  Windsor,  Vermont, 
 in  1797.  Having  obtained  a  common  business  edu- 
 cation, he  went,  at  the  age  of  twenty,  to  the  West, 
 and  after  a  .short  residence  in  Illinois,  fixed  his  home 
 in  Lincoln  County,  5Io. ,  where  he  continued  to  reside 
 until  his  death,  in  1868.  He  was  an  honored  ruling 
 elder  for  forty  years,  principally  of  the  Troy  Church, 
 having  been  ordained  aliout  1828.  The  public  esteem 
 in  which  he  was  held  is  shown  in  the  fact  that  he 
 held  the  office  of  County  Clerk  thii-ty-two  years,  and 
 that  of  Circuit  Clerk,  at  the  same  time,  for  a  jieriod 
 of  twenty-six  years.  The  last  fourteen  years  of  his 
 life  were  passed  in  retirement  from  business  and 
 devotion  to  the  cause  of  Christ.  Mr.  Parker  publicly 
 confes.sed  Christ  in  1 824,  and  united  with  the  Dardenne 
 Church,  in  St.  Charles  county,  the  year  following. 
 He  immediately  put  into  employment  his  talent  for 
 usefulness.  Having  procured  a  supply  of  religio\is 
 books,  tracts,  and  papers,  he  organized  the  first 
 Sabbath-school  in  North  Missouri,  north  of  St. 
 Charles.  To  this  sphere  of  labor  he  devoted  his 
 energies  for  thirty-seven  years,  serving  as  superintend- 
 ent and  assistant  thirty-.six  years.  His  diligence  in 
 Bible  study  was  unabating.  Besides  much  special 
 reading  of  it,  in  private  and  fiimily  devotion,  he  read 
 it  fnmi  beginning  to  end  thirtv-five  times.     Nor  was 
 
PARKER. 
 
 607 
 
 PARSONS. 
 
 he  less  devoted  to  prayer.  Through  more  than  forty 
 years  he  lived  in  the  observance  of  family  and  secret 
 prayer,  both  morning  and  night.  Neither  business 
 nor  social  claims  vrere  allowed  to  interfere  with  his 
 prompt  attention  to  every  Christian  duty  ;  and  a 
 tenth  of  his  income  wiis  gifen  to  the  Lord. 
 
 Parker,  Joel,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Bethel,  Vt., 
 August  ■27th,  1T;i9.  He  graduated  at  Hamilton  Col- 
 lege, in  1824,  and  studied  theology  at  Auburn  Semi- 
 nary. He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Third  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  February,  1827. 
 His  first  fields  of  labor  were,  Rochester,  1826-30;  Dey 
 Street  Presbyterian  Church  in  New  York,  1830-33; 
 First  Church,  New  Orleans,  1833-8;  Broadway  Taber- 
 nacle in  New  York,  1838-40.  He  was  also  President 
 and  Professor  of  Sacred  Rhetoric  in  Union  Theological 
 
 JOEL  PARKKK,   D.  D. 
 
 Seminary,  1840-2;  pastor  of  Clinton  Street  Presby- 
 terian Church  in  Philadelphia,  1842-52;  of  Bleecker 
 Street  Church,  New  York,  1852-62,  and  of  Park  Street 
 Church  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  1862-8.  He  died  in  New 
 York,  May  2d,  1873.  Dr.  Parker  was  a  forcible  and 
 faithful  preacher,  a  writer  of  much  ability,  and  very 
 successful  in  his  ministry.  He  received  the  degree 
 of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  Princeton  College,  in  1839. 
 Parker,  Rev.  John  Dempster,  Ph.D.,B.D., 
 was  born  in  Homer,  N.  Y.,  September  8th,  1831.  He 
 is  the  son  of  the  Rev.  Roswell  Parker,  who  was  a 
 man  of  great  force  of  character,  of  rare  gifts  and 
 strong  foith,  a  pioneer  minister  amidst  the  wilds  of 
 Western  New  York  and  Michigan  ;  who  preached 
 over  five  thousand  sermons  ;  passed  througli  many 
 revivals  of  religion,  and  saw  under  his  ministry  more 
 
 than  six  hundred  profess  faith  in  Christ,  of  whom  thir- 
 teen studied  for  the  ministry.  Mr.  Parker  having  re- 
 moved to  Michigan  in  1836,  his  son,  when  nineteen  years 
 of  age,  learned  telegraphy  and  the  printing  bu.siness, 
 then  took  a  regular  classical  course  in  the  University 
 of  Michigan,  and  after  spending  five  years  in  teach- 
 ing in  Indiana  and  Illinois,  studied  theology  in  the 
 Chicago  Theological  Seminary.  After  preaching  two 
 years  in  Illinois,  he  was  elected  to  the  Chair  of 
 Natural  Science  in  Lincoln  College,  Topeka,  Kansas. 
 In  a  few  years  he  resigned  this  position,  and  spent 
 two  years  as  an  editor  and  preacher.  Subsequently 
 he  was  appointed  Superintendent  of  the  Kansas  In- 
 stitution for  the  Blind,  and  during  his  administration 
 the  Institution  was  greatly  prospered.  After  his 
 withdrawal  from  this  position  he  moved  over  to 
 Kansas  City,  where  he  spent  seven  years  as  a  teacher, 
 proof-reader  and  editor,  and  as  City  Missionary  for  all 
 tlie  Protestant  churches.  In  1882  he  was  appointed 
 Post  Chaplain  in  the  United  States  Army,  and  he  was 
 detxiled  for  duty  to  Fort  McKavett,  Texas.  ■  Pro- 
 fessor Parker  is  the  founder  of  the  Kansas  Academy 
 of  Science,  and  of  the  Kansas  City  Academy  of 
 Science.  For  fourteen  years  he  has  labored  diligently 
 in  the  establishment  of  these  academies,  which  have 
 already  accomplLshed  much  for  science  in  Kansas  and 
 Missouri,  and  give  promise  of  a  larger  measure  of  use- 
 fulness. He  inherits  the  feculty  of  invention  from 
 his  father,  and  has  already  given  some  proofs  of  his 
 gifts.  He  po.ssesses  those  qualities  which,  under 
 proper  cultivation,  would  give  him  a  reputation  as  an 
 author. 
 
 Parks,  Rev.  Calvin  Miller,  was  a  son  of  a 
 merchant  in  the  city  of  New  York,  and  was  horn  in 
 that  city  Slay  29th,  1827.  At  his  father's  death  he 
 was  adopted  by  an  uncle,  a  teacher  of  a  select  school 
 in  New  York  city,  and  was  educated  for  a  teacher. 
 He  followed  this  profession  for  thirteen  years,  when 
 circnm.stances  threw  him  in  connection  with  the  law, 
 and  he  graduated  at  law  at  the  National  University, 
 and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar.  The  legal  profession  not 
 being  congenial  with  his  motive  of  life,  he  studied 
 theology,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Washing- 
 ton City  Presbytery,  and  was  sent  as  a  missionary  to 
 Utah.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Pre.sbytery  of  Utah, 
 and  continues  to  labor  in  that  field,  devoted  to  his 
 work,  and  successful  in  it. 
 
 Parsons,  Calvin,  was  born  in  the  township  of 
 Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  April  2d,  1815.  He  descended 
 from  the  first  settlers  of  the  Yalley  of  Wyoming. 
 Both  his  grandfather  and  great  grandfather  were 
 killed  in  the  battle  of  Wyoming,  July  3d,  1778.  Mr. 
 Parsons  experienced  conversion,  with  many  others, 
 under  the  preaching  of  the  Rev.  Daniel  Baker,  in 
 AVilkesbarre,  in  1839.  He  was  elected  an  elder  in 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  that  place  in  1847, 
 and  has  continued  to  serve  until  the  present  time. 
 For  many  years  he  was  the  leader  of  its  choir,  and  a 
 teacher  id  its  Sabbath-school.     The  church  has  al- 
 
PARSOXS  COLLEGE. 
 
 608 
 
 PARDONS  COLLEGE. 
 
 ways  li;i(l  his  hearty  support,  and  his  influence  as  a 
 Christian  man  has  tended  to  strengthen  tlie  cause  of 
 reli};ion  in  tlie  coniniuuity  where,  I'or  so  long  a  period, 
 ho  has  dwelt.  His  intelligent  and  expressive  face 
 ha.s  long  I)een  liimiliar  in  the  courts  of  our  Church. 
 
 As  an  educator,  and  advocate  and  supporter  of  the 
 Temperance  cause,  Mr.  Parsons  has  for  years  been 
 prominent.  He  was  elected  a  school  director  in  1846, 
 and  has  served  in  an  active  capacity  on  the  Board, 
 with  the  exception  of  a  year  or  two,  since  that  time. 
 He  has  been  known  for  years,  all  over  the  Sfate,  as  an 
 earnest  opponent  of  the  u.se  of  and  traffic  in  intoxi- 
 cating beverages.  A  number  of  times  his  name  ha-s 
 appeared  on  the  State  ticket,  as  a  prominent  candi- 
 date of  the  Prohibition  party.  He  believes  the  liquor 
 interest  a  great  curse  to   the   land.      Attention   to 
 
 1798,  and  was  the  fourth  son  of  Captain  Charles 
 Parsons,  who  was  for  six  years  au  officer  in  the  Revo- 
 lutionary War.  He  died  whUe  visiting  a  son  at  De- 
 troit, Jlichigan,  December  21st,  1855.  He  was  a 
 merchant,  and  a  man  of  most  marked  character. 
 Almost  from  his  boyhood  he  was  a  decided  Christian, 
 and  a  great  advocate  of  all  educational  enterprises. 
 Being  deeply  impres.scd  with  the  importance  of  edu- 
 cation under  Cln-istian  influence  in  this  new  State, 
 he  invested  largely  in  government  lands  in  Iowa; 
 and  in  his  will  directed  his  sons  and  executors.  Gen- 
 eral Lewis  B.  Parsons,  Jr.,  Charles  Parsons  and 
 George  Par.sons,  to  found  a  college,  to  be  under  the 
 control  of  the  Presbyterians  of  Iowa,  and  to  endow  it 
 with  this  property. 
 
 On  the  24th  day  of  February,  1875,  General  L.  B. 
 
 PARSONS  COLLEGE, 
 
 business  and  prudence  in  the  conducting  of  it,  have 
 placed  ^,\v.  Parsons  among  the  wealthy  ciipitalists  of 
 the  Northern  coal  field.  His  integrity  and  trust- 
 worthiness finds  ample  testimony  in  the  number  of 
 large  estates  confided  to  him  as  administrator,  from 
 time  to  time,  and  the  large  number  of  children  for 
 wliom  lu!  has  been  appointed  guardian  in  his  native 
 city  and  county.  He  has  always  Ijeen  abh;  to  account 
 for  every  cent  of  the  many  thous;iuds  of  dollars  pass- 
 ing through  his  hands. 
 
 Parsons  College.  This  Institution  is  located 
 at  Fairfield,  Iowa,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the 
 State,  a  very  pleasant  town,  of  active  business  enter- 
 prise, and  noted  over  the  State  for  the  ciiltun;  of  its 
 society.  The  college  owes  its  origin  to  tlie  late 
 Lewis  B.  Parsons,  Sr.,  a  citizen  of  Buflalo,  X.  Y. 
 He  was  bom  at  Williamstov>ai,   Ma-ss.,  April  ;5()th. 
 
 FAIRFIELD,   IOWA. 
 
 Parsons,  Jr.,  and  his  co-e.xecutors,  in  accordance  with 
 the  provisions  of  the  will,  and  acting  in  co-operation 
 with  a  committee  of  the  Synod  of  Iowa  South, 
 founded  the  college  at  Fairfield,  and  transferred  to  a 
 Board  of  Trustees,  whom  they  selected,  the  lega<\v. 
 This  constitutes  the  Parsons  Fund,  the  income  only 
 of  which  can  be  u.sed. 
 
 The  citizens  of  Fairlield  have  also  contrilinted 
 about  twenty-four  thousand  dollars,  which  has  been 
 exijended  in  the  iiurchase  of  a  site  and  tlu'  erection 
 of  suitable  buildings. 
 
 By  the  terms  of  the  college  charter  the  Synod  of 
 Iowa  has  the  riglit  to  veto  the  election  of  any  trustee, 
 and  also  to  api)()int,  annually,  a  committee  of  visitors. 
 
 The  college  was  opened  for  students,  and  organized, 
 on  the  8th  of  September,  1875,  with  three  profe.s,sors 
 and  thirty-six  students.     It  has  been  regarded  from 
 
PATILLO. 
 
 609 
 
 PA  TTERHOX. 
 
 the  heginning  as  the  especial  charge  of  the  Iowa 
 Synod,  and  the  hearty  good  wishes  and  helping 
 hands  of  the  Chnrch  have  been  extended  to  it;  while 
 so  broad  and  free  is  its  atmospliere,  so  free  from  any 
 petty  sectarianism,  that  about  one-half  of  all  its 
 students  have  been  from  other  denominations,  in- 
 cluding Jews  and  Catholics.  Tlie  history  of  the  col- 
 lege has  been  one  of  steady,  healthful  growth,  in 
 spite  of  great  business  depressions  in  the  early  years 
 of  its  existence.  The  number  of  students  has  in- 
 creased, and  tlie  faculty  has  been  enlarged  from  year 
 to  year,  and  a  new  building  and  other  facilities  for 
 instruction  pro'i'ided,  although  the  funds  lor  these 
 increased  expenses  have  been  contributed  in  mod- 
 erate amounts  rather  than  by  any  great  donations. 
 A  still  more  marked  growth  in  the  future  seems 
 evident. 
 
 During  the  year  ending  ,Iune  20th,  1883,  the 
 eightli  year  of  the  college,  there  were,  in  all  the 
 departments  182  students  enrolled,  of  whom  85 
 were  young  ladies,  who  are  admitted  to  all  the  classes 
 on  the  same  terms  as  young  men.  The  graduating 
 class  numbered  fifteen,  of  whom  five  were  yonng 
 ladies.  Of  the  ten  yonng  men  of  this  class,  five 
 expect  to  enter  the  ministry,  as  nine  graduates  of 
 former  classes  have  already  done. 
 
 The  college  includes  a  preparatory  department,  and 
 provides  also  instruction  in  music  and  art.  The 
 college  instruction  comprises  two  regular  courses, 
 cla.ssical  and  scientific.  The  requirements  for  ad- 
 mission are  high,  and  the  instruction  given  is  very 
 thorough  and  complete. 
 
 The  first  President  of  Parsons  College  w;is  the 
 Rev.  John  Armstrong,  D.  D. ,  a  native  of  Oxford,  Pa. , 
 and  for  many  years  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Muscatine,  Iowa.  He  was  removed  by  death  in 
 Avigust,  1879.  The  other  members  of  the  original 
 Faculty  were  Rev.  A.  G.  Wilson,  Professor  of  Greek 
 and  Latin,  and  Rector  of  the  Preparatory  Deijart- 
 ment,  and  Rev.  Albert  McCalla,  Professor  of  Mathe- 
 matics and  Science.  C.  L.  Sturns  became  Assistant 
 Professor  in  Natural  Sciences  at  the  beginning  of  the 
 second  year.  Professor  Wilson  resigned  in  1878,  to 
 accept  a  situation  elsewhere,  and  Tutor  Sturns  to 
 go  as  a  medical  missionary  to  Turkey.  Professor 
 JlcCalla  still  remains  in  the  college,  as  Professor  of 
 Physical  Sciences.  The  Rev.  E.  J.  Gillette,  D.D., 
 served  as  President  for  a  year  after  the  death  of  Dr. 
 Armstrong,  when  Rev.  T.  D.  Ewing,  D.D.,  of  Kittan- 
 ning,  Pa.,  was  elected  President.  Dr.  Ewing  still 
 occupies  this  position,  and  is  sustained  in  the  great 
 educational  work  of  the  College  by  a  large  and  able 
 Fiiculty. 
 
 Patillo,  Rev.  Henry,  w:is  born  in  Scotland,  in 
 1726.  For  a  time  he  was  clerk  in  a  counting-house, 
 in  Virginia.  Wliile  on  his  way  to  Pemisylvania,  in 
 1751,  with  a  view  to  study  for  the  ministry,  he  met 
 the  Rev.  Samuel  Davies  at  Roanoke,  went  with  bim 
 to  his  house,  and  pnr.sned  a  course  of  instruction 
 39 
 
 under  his  care.  He  was  licensed  by  Hanover  Pres- 
 bytery, September  29th,  1757. 
 
 ilr.  Patillo  was  ordained  at  Cumberland,  July 
 12th,  1758.  On  the  27th  of  September,  following,  he 
 was  installed  pa.stor  of  the  churches  of  Willis  Creek, 
 Byrd,  and  Buck  Ishmd.  Resigning  this  charge  iu 
 October,  1762,  he  spent  two  years  in  Cumberland, 
 Harris  Creek,  and  Deep  Creek.  He  then  removed  to 
 North  Carolina,  and  was  installed,  October  2d,  1765, 
 at  Hawfields,  Eno,  and  Little  River.  He  was  a  dele- 
 gate, in  1775,  to  the  Provincial  Congress.  In  1780 
 he  became  the  minister  of  Gras.sy  Creek  and  Nutbush 
 congregations,  largely  made  up  of  converts  under  the 
 ministry  of  Jlr.  Davies.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
 members  of  Orange  Presbytery,  and  presided  at  the 
 organization  of  the  Synod  of  the  Carolinas.  He 
 !  published  a  small  volume,  containing,  among  other 
 things,  his  letter  ' '  On  Predestination, ' '  to  Francis 
 Asbmy,  dated  Gran\-ille,  June  14th,  1787,  and  a 
 defence  of  his  conduct  in  admitting  to  the  Lord's 
 table  persons  holding  Arminiuu  sentiments.  He  died 
 iu  Dinwiddle  county,  Va.,  iu  1801,  aged  seventy-five. 
 To  his  originality  of  genius  and  superior  powers 
 Mr.  Patillo  added  piety,  public  spirit,  and  faithful- 
 ness in  his  ministry.  He  paid  much  attention  to  the 
 colored  people,  and  was  successful  in  doing  much 
 good  among  them. 
 
 Patterson,  Robert,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Letter- 
 kenny,  County  Donegal.  He  received  his  classical 
 education  there  and  at  Londonderry,  and  his  theo- 
 logical training  in  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the 
 Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  iu  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
 He  was  licensed  by  the  Reformed  Presbytery  of 
 Philadelphia,  May  16th,  1851,  traveled  and  preached 
 to  destitute  congregations  for  a  year;  was  ordained 
 by  the  same  Presbji:ery,  June  17th,  1852,  and  sent 
 to  visit  the  churches  nnder  the  care  of  Synod,  to 
 excite  a  greater  interest  in  missions.  Iu  1854  he  was 
 in.stalled  pa.stor  of  the  First  Reformed  Presbi,-terian 
 Church  of  Cincinnati,  O.  He  published,  whilst  there, 
 a  course  of  lectures  on  ' '  The  Fables  of  Infidelity  and 
 the  Facts  of  Faith."  In  1857  he  was  called  to  the 
 First  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago,  HI., 
 and  was  one  of  the  half  dozen  who  met  to  form  the 
 business  men's  noon  prayer  meeting  of  that  city.  After 
 a  few  years  of  public  service  to  the  country,  which 
 required  him  to  be  absent  from  his  congregation,  he 
 resumed  hislabors  among  them.  In  1866  he  connected 
 himself  with  the  Chicago  Presbytery  (O.  S.),  and  by 
 that  body  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Jefierson  Park 
 Church  in  1867.  In  1873,  heuig  unable  to  hear  the 
 rigorous  climate  of  Chicago,  he  removed  to  California. 
 In  1874  he  bcKime  pa.stor  of  the  First  Church  of  San 
 Franci-sco.  In  1878  he  was  installed  over  the  Cential 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  In  1880  he 
 returned  to  Calilbrnia,  and  ministered  to  the  Church 
 of  Brookljm,  Alameda  cotinty,  of  which  he  is  now 
 pa.stor. 
 
 Dr.    Patterson  is  an  able,   earnest   and  suceessfu! 
 
PATTERSON. 
 
 610 
 
 PATTERSON. 
 
 preacher,  and  a  vigorous  writer.  In  addition  to  the 
 ■work  already  noticed,  he  has  published  "  The  Ameri- 
 c;iu  Sabbath,"  "The  Sabbath,  Scientific,  American  j 
 and  Christian,"  "Christianity  the  only  Republican 
 Keligion,"  "Christ's  Testimony  to  the  Scriptures," 
 "  Egyi)t's  Place  in  History,"  and  over  seven  hundred 
 articles  in  reviews,  magazines  and  newspapers,  secular 
 and  religious,  in  Great  Britain  and  America.  j 
 
 Patterson,  Robert,  LL.D.,  the  fourth  Director 
 of  the  United  States  Mint  at  Philadelphia,  was  born 
 in  the  Province  of  Ulster,  Ifcland,  May  30th,  1743. 
 Although  his  opportunities  for  education  were  very 
 limited,  he  was  enabled,  principally  by  his  energies, 
 to  acquire  a  solid  foundation  of  learning,  especially 
 in  mathematics  and  physicjil  science.     He  emigrated 
 to  America  in  1768,  where  he  found  employment  as  a 
 teacher.     He  was  engaged  in  that  capacity  as  Princi- 
 pal of  the  Academy  at  Wilmington,  Del.     'Wlieu  the 
 War  of  the   Revolution  broke   out,  Mr.  Patterson, 
 while  a  mere  youth,  had  acquired  some  knowledge  of 
 the  military  art  while  acting  as  a  volunteer  for  the 
 defence  of  Ireland  against  a  threatened  French  inva- 
 sion.     Ardently  devoted  to  the  cause  of  the  Colonies, 
 he  now  tendered  his  services  as  a  military  instructor, 
 and    afterwards    entered   the   Revolutionary   Army, 
 where  he  acted  in  the  various  capacities  of  Adjutant, 
 Assistant  Surgeon,  and  Brigade  Major.    He  continued 
 in  the  service  until  after  the  evacuation  of  Philadel- 
 phia and  New  .lersey.    In  1779  he  was  elected  Profes.sor 
 of  Mathematics  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
 which    position   he   occupied   until   the   year   1814. 
 "  Arduous  as  were  his  duties  in  the  University"  (we 
 quote  from  a  memoir  by  Chief  Justice  Tilghman), 
 "  he  found  time  for  other  useful  employments.    Being 
 highly  esteemed  by  his  fellow-citizens,  he  was  elected 
 a  member  of  the  Select  Council  of  Philadelphia,  of 
 which  he  was  chosen  President  in  1799.     In  the  year 
 180.")  he  received  from  President  Jefferson,  with  whom 
 he  had  been  in  habits  of  friendship,  the  appointment 
 of  Director  of  the  Mint.     This  office  lie  filled  with 
 great  reputation,  until  his  last  illness,  when  he  re- 
 signed."  He  died  soon  after,  in  Philadelphia,  on  the 
 22d  of  July,  18-24,  in  his  eighty-second  year. 
 
 Mr.  Patterson  occupied  a  high  position  in  his 
 adopted  country,  and  was  on  terms  of  intimacy  and 
 corrcsijondence  with  many  of  its  leading  men  in 
 learning  and  science.  He  took  an  active  ])art  in  the 
 proceedings  of  the  American  Philosoijhical  Society, 
 of  which  he  finally  became  President,  and  communi- 
 cated several  scientific  papers  to  its  Transactions. 
 He  was  the  author  of  a  Treatise  on  Arithmetic,  and 
 edited  several  works  on  science.  In  manners,  Mr. 
 Patterson  was  dignified,  but  affable.  His  religious 
 convictions  were  sincere,  and  bore  fruit  in  his  daily  life. 
 He  was  long  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Chunli.  In 
 his  bodily  frame,  he  was  of  middling  height,  strongly 
 built,  and  of  a  venerable  and  dignified  appearance. 
 The  portrait  of  him  in  the  Mint  Cabinet  is  copied 
 from  the  e.'icellent  original  by  Rembrandt  Peale. 
 
 Patterson,  Robert  Maskell,  M.D.,  the  sixth 
 Director  of  the  United  States  Mint,  Philadelphia,  w;is 
 born  in  that  city,  March  23d,  1787.  His  father  was 
 Professor  Robert  Patterson,  noticed  above.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  as  a  Bachelor 
 of  Arts,  in  1804,  and  as  a  Doctor  of  Medicine,  a  few 
 years  later. 
 
 In  the  year  1809  he  visited  Europe,  ami  there  pur- 
 sued his  studies  in  medicine  and  in  the  physical  and 
 natural  sciences.  He  resided  two  years  in  Paris,  then 
 in  the  zenith  of  its  fame,  in  science  as  well  as  in 
 political  power.  In  1811  he  visited  London,  and 
 completed  his  education  as  a  chemist  under  Sir  Hum- 
 phrey T>xvj.  He  returned  to  the  United  States  in 
 the  following  year.  His  reputation  had  preceded 
 him.     In  a  few  months  after  his  arrival  he  found 
 
 KOHKKT    JtlAiSKKLl,    FATTKRSON,  M.n. 
 
 himself  Professor  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
 and  in  1814  its  Yice-Provost.  He  filled  the  chairs 
 of  Natural  Philosophy,  Chemistry,  and  Slathcmatics 
 in  this  Institution  until  18i!8,  -when  he  was  pi-rsuaded 
 to  transfer  his  u.sefulne.ss  and  fame  to  the  University 
 of  Virginia.  He  retained  this  position  for  several 
 years,  adding  greatly  to  his  rei)utatijon.  Mr.  Madison, 
 and  the  other  distinguished  men  who  were  associated 
 with  him  in  the  Board  of  Visitors,  gave  Dr.  Patterson 
 their  unresi'rved  confidence,  and  cherished  for  him 
 the  most  intimate  relations  of  personal  regard.  But 
 his  affections  looked  back  upon  his  native  city,  and 
 in  183.5,  on  the  resignation  of  Dr.  Jloorc,  he  accepted 
 the  appointment  of  Director  of  the  Mint.  In  this 
 stiition  he  continued,  discharging  its  duties  most 
 efficiently,  until  declining  health  admonished  him  to 
 .seek  relief  from  the  toils  of  office.     He  resigned  the 
 
PATTEKSUX. 
 
 611 
 
 PATTON. 
 
 Directorship  iu  July,  1851.  He  died  in  Philadelphia, 
 Sept.  5th,  1854,  iu  his  sixty-eighth  year. 
 
 Dr.  Patter.-jon  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Ameri- 
 can Philo.sophical  Society  iu  1809,  at  tlie  age  of 
 twenty-two,  the  youngest  man  ever  admitted.  In  its 
 proceedings  he  ever  took  an  active  and  leading  part. 
 In  1843  he  delivered  the  di.scourse  at  its  centennial 
 celebration.  In  1849  he  was  elected  its  President. 
 His  reputation  was  gained  as  a  lecturer  on  science, 
 for  which  his  education  and  fullness  of  learning 
 eminently  qualified  him.  In  the  different  organiza- 
 tions, scientific,  artistic  and  religious,  that  make  up 
 for  Philadelphia  her  proudest  characteristics,  Dr. 
 Patterson  was  a  leading  man.  He  was  a  member  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church.  In  private  life  he  was 
 greatly  beloved,  a  true  gentleman,  gentle  in  manners, 
 and  in  expressing  his  opinions. 
 
 Patterson  Robert  Mayne,  D.  D.,  was  born 
 July  17th,  183-i,  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Graduating 
 at  the  High  School  in  his  seventeenth  year,  he  became 
 an  official  reporter  in  the  United  States  Senate  and 
 in  Law  Courts.  After  studjing  law,  he  entered 
 Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  giaduating  in  1859. 
 He  was  pastor  of  Great  Valley  Church,  Pa.,  1859- 
 1867;  of  South  Church,  Philadelphia,  1867-80  (dur- 
 ing which  pastorate  five  hundred  and  twenty-five 
 communicants  were  added  to  the  church),  and  has 
 been  editor  of  the  Prcshyierian  Journal  since  Novem- 
 ber, 1880,  uniting  with  it  again  the  pastoral  care  of 
 his  first  charge. 
 
 His  publications  are:  "  Life  and  C'liaracter  of  Abra- 
 ham Lincoln,"  "  History  of  the  Great  Valley  Pre.sby- 
 terian  Church, "  "Our  Nat  ion,  a  Centennial  Discourse, ' ' 
 "Revival  Coun-sels,"  "  Counsels  to  a  Young  Con- 
 vert," "Total  Abstinence,"  "  Presbyterianism  in 
 Philadelphia,"  "History  of  the  Synod  of  Philadel- 
 phia, "  "  Paradise :  the  Place  and  State  of  Saved  Souls 
 between  Death  and  the  Eesurrection,"  "  Visions  of 
 Heaven  for  the  Life  on  Earth,"  and  "Elijah,  the 
 Favored  Man."  He  has  also  written  a  number  of 
 valuable  articles  for  Magazines  and  Reviews. 
 
 In  1871  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  com- 
 mittee to  examine,  approve,  and  publish  the  new 
 Digest  of  Deliverances  of  the  Assembly.  He  was  a 
 member  of  the  committee  of  seven  appointed  in  1879 
 to  prepare  a  plan  for  tlie  consolidation  of  Synods  and 
 enlargement  of  their  powers.  He  was  a  delegate  to 
 the  Conference  in  London,  in  1875,  which  agreed 
 upon  the  Constitution  of  the  Ecumenical  Presbyterian 
 Alliance.  He  read  a  paper  on  "Church  Extension 
 iu  Large  Cities"  before  the  Philadelphia  Council  of 
 1880,  and  by  appointment  of  that  Council,  was  also 
 editor  of  the  volume  containing  the  full  reports  of 
 its  proceedings.  He  was  appointed  by  tlie  Assembly 
 a  delegate  to  the  Council  in  Belfast,  in  1884. 
 
 By  appointment  of  tlie  Philadelphia  Jlinisterial 
 A.ssociation,  Dr.  Patterson  prepared,  for  the  Ter-Cen- 
 tenary  Meeting,  in  1872,  a  sketch  of  Presbyterianism 
 in  Philadelphia;  by  appointment  of  the  Synod  of 
 
 Philadelphia,  a  history  of  that  body  for  the  Centen- 
 nial year,  1876;  and  by  the  consolidated  Synod  of 
 Penn.sylvania  he  has  been  appointed  to  prepare  a 
 sketch  of  Presbyterianism  in  Peiins3'lvania,  for  the 
 fir.st  meeting  of  the  body  under  its  new  rules  of 
 delegation,  in  1884.  He  is  an  instructive  and  im- 
 pressive preacher,  a  vigorous  writer,  a  valuable 
 member  of  Church  courts,  and  highly  esteemed  by 
 his  brethren. 
 
 Patterson,  Robert  "Wilson,  D.D.,  was  born  in 
 Blount  County,  Tenn.,  January  21st,  1814.  He 
 graduated  at  Illinois  College  in  1837,  and  studied 
 theology  at  Lane  Seminary,  1837-41.  He  was  or- 
 dained and  installed  September  14th,  1842,  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Ottawa,  pastor  of  the  Second  l're.sb}'- 
 terian  Church,  Chicago,  111.,  and  continued  in  this 
 relation,  honored  and  useful,   until  1873,  when  he 
 
 ROBERT   WII.SOK   PATTERSON,   D.D. 
 
 resigned  the  charge.  He  was  Professor  of  Chiistian 
 E\'idences  and  Ethics,  in  the  Theological  Seminary 
 of  the  Northwest,  187:5-81,  and  President  of  Lake 
 Forest  University,  187(i-8.  He  was  Moderator  of  the 
 General  Assembly  (N.  S.)  at 'Wilmington,  Del.  Dr. 
 Patterson  is  a  gentleman  of  large  and  varied  attain- 
 ments ;  of  indomitable  energy,  and  has  served  tlie 
 Church  faithfully  in  the  important  positions  he  has 
 occupied. 
 
 Patton,  Francis  Landey,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  born 
 in  Warwick,  Bermuda,  January  2"Jd,  1843,  educated 
 classically  at  University  College,  Toronto,  theologi- 
 cally at  Knox  College,  Toronto  and  Princeton  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  N.J.,  graduating  in  1865;  ordained 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  New  York,  June  1st,  1865; 
 pastor  of  Eighty-fourth  Street  Presbyterian  Church, 
 
PATTON. 
 
 612 
 
 PAULL. 
 
 N.  v.,  1865-fi7;  of  Xyaok  Presbyterian  Church, 
 1867-71;  South  Prcsljyterian  Church,  Brooklyn, 
 1871-72;  pastor-elect  ami  pastor  of  Jeflferson  Park 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Chiciigo,  1874-81;  editor  of 
 Tlie  Jiilcrior,  from  1873-76;  Professor  of  Didactic  and 
 Polemic  Theology  in  the  Presbyterian  Theological 
 Seminary  of  the  Northwest,  Chicago,  from  1871-81; 
 chosen  Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  1878;  elected  Stuart  Professor 
 of  the  Relation  of  Philosophy  and  Science  to  the 
 Christian  Religion  in  Princeton  Theological  Seminary, 
 1881,  which  position  lie  now  holds  (1883). 
 
 Only  talents  of  an  exceptionally  high  order,  tem- 
 pered by  grace  and  controlled  by  sound  common 
 sense  could  justify  such  rapid  advancement  to  posts 
 of  large  responsibility.     Professor  Patton's  power  of 
 
 FR.VNCIS  LAMIKY  PATTON,  D.O.,  LI,. P. 
 
 continued  nicnt^il  work  is  noteworthy,  as  during  his 
 public  life  of  less  than  a  score  of  years  he  has  not 
 only  performed  double  work  from  pulpit,  platform 
 and  Professor's  chair,  but  in  addition  has  furnished 
 for  the  press  a  large  amount  of  well  considered  writ- 
 ing, among  which  are  found:  "  Inspiration  of  the 
 Scriptures"  (Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication); 
 "Summary  of  Christian  Doctrine"  (Presbyterian 
 Board  of  Publication).  Of  Review  Articles,  "  New- 
 man's Grammar  of  As.sent,"  "Divine  Retribution," 
 "The  Philosophy  of  Punishment,"  "Shield's  Final 
 Philosophy,"  "The  Place  of  Philosophy  in  the 
 Theological  Cinricnlum,"  "The  Dogmatic  Aspect 
 of  Pentateuchal  Criticism,"  and  "The  Education  of 
 the  Ministry:  a  Reply  to  President  Eliot;"  besides  a 
 still  larger  number  of  editorial  and   other  anony- 
 
 mous articles  in  our  best  periodicals,  here  and  in 
 Europe. 
 
 While  Professor  Patton  as  an  acute  thinker,  a 
 skillful  dialectician,  a  polished  writer  and  an  etiective 
 speaker,  has  few  equals,  his  gentleness  of  spirit,  per- 
 sonal dignity  and  unfailing  courtesy  fit  him  for 
 exerting  a  hapjiy  influence  upon  the  young  men 
 under  his  care. 
 
 His  largest  and  best  work,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  is  yet 
 to  be  done,  in  a  chair  of  his  own  choice  and  in  the 
 seminary  where  he  received  his  final  training. 
 
 Patton,  John,  D.D.,  was  born  at  Nottingham, 
 Cecil  county,  Md.,  May  18th,  1808.  He  graduated 
 at  Jeflerson  College,  Pa.,  with  honor,  in  1826,  in  a 
 class  of  twenty-four,  and  studied  theology  at  Union 
 Seminary,  Va.  In  October,  1831,  he  was  licensed  to 
 preach  by  West  Hanover  Presbytery,  and  was  or- 
 dained by  the  Presbj-tery  of  New  Castle,  December 
 25th,  1832,  and  installed  the  same  day  over  Chestnut 
 Level  and  Little  Britain  churches,  in  Lancaster 
 county,  Pa.  One  year  was  spent  by  him  at  Dover, 
 Del.,  in  resuscitating  the  church  at  that  place,  which 
 was  formerly  under  the  charge  of  Samuel  Miller, 
 D.D.,  called  to  Princeton.  He  labored  as  pastor  of 
 the  Western  Presbyterian  Church,  Philadelphia,  from 
 December  1835  to  July,  1843;  then  became  pastor  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Northumberland, 
 Pa.,  and  continued  so  till  October,  1847.  This  pa.s- 
 torate  he  resigned  to  take  charge  of  the  Philadelphia 
 Education  Society,  of  which  he  was  Secretary  for 
 some  ten  years,,  acting  at  the  same  time  as  stated 
 sujjply  of  the  Logan  Square  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 April  1st,  1865,  Dr.  Patton  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church,  iliddletown,  Del.,  and 
 remained  their  pastor  with  great  pleasure  and  success 
 for  fifteen  years,  when  he  felt  it  incumbent  on  him 
 to  resign  the  labors  and  cares  of  the  pastoral  office. 
 He  now  resides  in  Philadelphia.  Dr.  Patton  is  a  gen- 
 tleman of  aft'able  spirit,  pleasing  address,  admirably 
 balanced  character,  and  greatly  esteemed  by  all  who 
 api^reciate  true  intellectual ,  social  and  religious  worth. 
 In  the  fifty-one  years  of  his  useful  ministry,  be  has 
 preached  6266  sermons,  made  10,305  pastoral  visits, 
 conducted  3144  prayer  meetings,  addressed  529  funeral 
 a.ssemblies,  administered  565  baptisms,  performed  333 
 marriages,  and  rejoiced  over  554  hopeful  conversions, 
 in  his  several  charges. 
 
 Paul,  Rev.  John,  was  received  by  the  Standing 
 Committee  of  Donegal  Presbytery  as  a  licentiate  from 
 Ireland,  December  10th,  1735;  was  soon  after  called 
 to  Nottingham,  and  was  installed  there  on  the 
 second  Wednesday  of  October,  1736.  He  was  one 
 of  the  first  supplies  sent  to  Deer  Creek,  Md.  He 
 died  in  173!),  and  liis  tomb  remains  in  the  old  grave- 
 yard, near  the  Rising  Sun;  the  inscription,  nearly 
 obliterated,  tills  that  he  died  at  the  age  of  thirty- 
 three. 
 
 PauU,  Rev.  Alfred,  was  born  at  St.  Clairsville, 
 Ohio,  .January  17th,  1815,  and  graduated  at  Washing- 
 
PAXTOX. 
 
 613 
 
 PAl'XE. 
 
 ton  College,  Pa. ,  in  1838.  He  was  a  missionary  in  the 
 Presbj-teiy  of  Washington,  1843-4;  stilted  supply  at 
 Captiua  and  Pipe  Creek,  O.,  1844-9;  ordained  an 
 evangelist  by  tlie  Presbj-tery  of  Washington,  Ajiril 
 17th,  1850;  stated  supply  of  the  Third  Church  of 
 Wheeling,  Va.,  1849-51;  stated  supply  of  the  Fourth 
 Chuich,  Wlieeling,  1852,  and  pastor  of  it  1853-65. 
 From  1867  to  1871  he  was  pastor  of  the  Hestonville 
 (now  West  Park)  Churcli,  Pliiladelphia,  Pa.  He 
 died,  November  18th,  1872.  Mr.  Paull  was  an  emi- 
 nently pious  man,  loved  bj'his  brethren,  and  earnestly 
 devoted  to  the  Master's  work.  It  was  his  delight  to 
 preach  the  gospel,  and  he  recommended  the  truth  he 
 proclaimed,  by  his  example.      His  end  was  peace. 
 
 Paxton,  "Williara  Miller,  D.D.,  was  born  in 
 Adams  county.  Pa.,  June  7th,  1824.  He  graduated  at 
 Pennsylvania  College,  Gettysburg,  in  1843,  and  after- 
 
 WILLIAM  MILLER  PAXTON,  D.D. 
 
 wards  studied  law.  On  the  eve  of  his  admission  to  the 
 Bar  he  determined  to  study  for  the  ministry,  and 
 entered  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton, 
 graduating  in  1848.  In  the  Spring  of  the  preceding 
 year  he  had  been  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Carlisle,  and  October  4th,  1848,  he  was 
 ordained  and  Installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Cliurch  at  Grecncastle,  Franklin  county.  Pa.,  where 
 he  remained  two  years,  greatly  blessed  in  his  labors 
 and  beloved  by  his  people.  In  the  Autumn  of  1850 
 he  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Pittsburg,  as  successor  of  the  Rev. 
 Dr.  Francis  Herron,  and  was  installed  early  in  Janu- 
 ary, 1851.  In  this  important  position  the  di\-ine 
 blessing  signally  accompatued  his  ministry.     Diuiug 
 
 his  connection  with  this  church  he  associated  with 
 his  duties  a.s  pastor  those  of  Professor  of  Sacred 
 Rhetoric  in  the  Western  Theological  Seminary, 
 Allegheny,  from  1860  to  1867,  which  he  discharged 
 with  credit  to  himself  and  advantiige  to  the  Institu- 
 tion. In  1866  he  was  installed-  pastor  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  New  York  city,  where  he 
 ministered  to  a  cultivated  and  appreciative  congrega- 
 tion untU  he  was  unanimously  elected,  in  1883,  as 
 successor  of  the  Rev.  A.  T.  McGill,  D.D.,  LL.I).,  in 
 the  Chair  of  Ecclesiastical,  Homiletic  and  Pastoral 
 Theology,  in  Princeton  Theological  Semiuarj-.  Dur- 
 ing his  residence  iu  New  York,  in  addition  to  his 
 pastoral  labors,  he  filled  the  post  of  Lecturer  on 
 Sacred  Rhetoric  in  the  Union  Theological  Seminary. 
 Dr.  Paxton  is  a  gentleman  of  peculiar  blandness  of 
 manner,  and  without  the  slightest  sacrifice  of  a  most 
 Ijccoming  dignit.y,  places  himself  on  plea,sant  and 
 familiar  terms  with  all  into  intercourse  with  whom 
 he  is  brought.  He  is  a  most  agreeable  companion. 
 As  a  preacher  he  stands  iu  the  front  rank.  His 
 delivery  is  graceful,  his  style  pure  and  polished,  and 
 he  gia.sps  and  presents  with  great  force  any  subject 
 which  he  undertakes  to  expound.  His  eloquence  is 
 universally  acknowledged,  and  of  his  eminent  quali- 
 fications for  the  work  of  training  young  men  for  the 
 ministry,  to  which  he  has  been  called,  no  one  enter- 
 tains a  doubt.  Dr.  Paxton  has  published  a  "Me- 
 morial of  Rev.  Francis  Herron,  D.  D."  He  was 
 Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly  in  its  meeting  in 
 Madison,  Wis.,  in  1880.  On  the  23d  of  September, 
 1880,  he  preached  the  opening  sermon  of  the  Second 
 General  Council  of  the  Presbyterian  Alliance,  which 
 met  in  the  Academy  of  Music,  Philadelphia.  This 
 admirable  sermon  was  received  vdth  great  satisfaction, 
 and  the  insertion  of  a  part  of  it  elsewhere  in  our  col- 
 umns we  have  deemed  both  aiipro^jriate  and  deserved. 
 (See  Presbyterian  Aniniiec.) 
 
 Payne,  Rev,  Charles  Montgomery,  A.  M., 
 M.  D.,  son  of  Ruling  Elder  Dr.  C.  L.  Payne,  was 
 born  at  Lexington,  N.  C,  October  19th,  1842.  He 
 graduated,  with  first  honors,  at  Davidson  College, 
 N.  C. ;  studied  medicine  iu  the  New  Y'ork  and 
 Wa.shington  Universities;  became  an  M.  D.  in  1869, 
 and  practiced  medicine  some  time  in  the  3tates  of 
 North  Carolina  and  Georgia.  His  theological  course 
 was  taken  in  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Virginia. 
 ;  He  was  licensed  by  Orange  Presbjtcrj',  6th  of  April, 
 I  1872,  and  ordained  to  the  full  work  of  the  ministry 
 by  the  same  Presbyterj-,  17th  of  April,  1873;  served 
 I  as  stated  supply  and  pa.stor  to  Mt.  Airy,  Madison, 
 Leaks\ille  and  Wentworth  churches,  N.  C. ;  was  called 
 to  the  pastorate  of  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  AVil- 
 mington,  N.  C,  iu  1874,  and  commenced  his  labors 
 iu  that  relation  iu  November  of  that  year.  This 
 connection  has  now  reached  its  ninth  year  under  his 
 mmistrations. 
 
 Dr.  Payne  is  endowed  with  those  elements  of  char- 
 acter and  talents  which  make  up  4iud  give  him  a 
 
PECK. 
 
 614 
 
 fEEPLKS'. 
 
 fitness  for  the  gospel  miuisliy,  through  bis  untiring 
 zeal  anil  consecration  to  the  JIastcr's  work.  The 
 cause  of  Presbyterianisni  has,  in  his  field,  enlarged 
 considerably.  His  preaching  is  earnest  and  logical ; 
 he  is  a  close  and  diligent  student,  and  has  written  a 
 very  exhaustive  pamphlet  on  the  "Faith  and  Order 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church."  He  is  also  sy nodical 
 agent  for  evangelistic  labor  in  the  Sj-nod  of  North 
 Carolina.  He  has  the  full  confidence  of  his  own 
 church  and  congregation  and  his  brethren  in  the 
 ministry. 
 
 Peck,  Ed'win  J.,  elder  of  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  wius  born  October  16th, 
 1806,  near  New  Haven,  Ct.  He  suiierintended  the 
 erection  of  the  State  Hou.sc  at  Indianapolis  in  1834. 
 Erected  buildings  for  Branch  Bank  at -Madison,  Terre 
 Haute,  Lafayette  and  South  Bend.  He  filled  many 
 positions  of  trust  and  responsibility,  all  of  them  with 
 great  fidelity  and  skill.  W;is  director  of  the  Indian- 
 apolis and  Madison  R.R. ;  aided  in  starting  the  Terre 
 Haute  R.  R. ,  in  which  he  was  a  large  stockholder,  and 
 its  President  for  man}'  years.  AVas  President,  also, 
 of  the  Union  Railway  Company.  He  happily  com- 
 bined valuable  Xew  England  traits,  economy,  indus- 
 try, and  method.  These  he  exhibited  both  in  his 
 private  and  official  acts.  To  his  convictions  of  right 
 he  held  with  great  firmness.  Soon  after  its  formation 
 he  united  with  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church, 
 servi:ig  as  trustee,  sabbath-school  sujierintcndent, 
 teacher  and  ruling  elder  ;  one  of  its  most  trusted 
 advisers  and  most  generous  helpers.  He  loved  his 
 church  and  was  ever  alive  to  its  temporal  .  and 
 spiritual  interests.  The  abundant  means  with  which 
 God  had  blessed  him  ho  used  with  wisediscrimination. 
 His  acts  of  private  charity  were  numerous.  While 
 he  was  a  constant  and  liberal  giver  to  his  own  cliurch, 
 he  contributed  generously  to  support  weak  congiega- 
 tions  during  his  life.  His  active  and  useful  life 
 closed  November  6th,  1876.  His  good  deeds  surA-ive, 
 and  their  influence  will  be  perpetuated  to  coming 
 generations.  It  may  in  truth  be  said  that  no  citi- 
 zen of  Indianapolis  has  left  a  nobler  record  of  public 
 benefactions.  For  a  pastor's  library,  in  his  own 
 church,  he  gave  825,000  ;  an  equal  sum  to  the  Board 
 of  Home  Missions  ;  the  same  to  .support  missions  in 
 Indiana.  He  liberally  remembered  tlio  orphan 
 asylums,  both  white  and  colored,  the  Home  of  the 
 Friendless,  and  to  the  various  departments  of  Waliash 
 College  he  gave  §11.), 000. 
 
 Peck,  Rev.  Simeon,  son  of  Eljba  and  Margaret 
 (Taggart)  Peck,  was  born  October  IGth,  1799,  in 
 Lebanon  Township,  X.  H.  His  preparatory  educa- 
 tion was  received,  first,  at  Middlebury  .V<;ideiny,  N. 
 Y.,  second,  at  Bloomfield  Academy,  N.  Y.,  and  third, 
 for  three  years  studying  by  himself,  and  a  part  of 
 that  time  teaching  school.  He  united,  on  profession 
 of  his  faith,  with  the  Presbyterian  Cliurch  at  Alden, 
 N.  Y.,  at  about  nineteen  years  of  age.  In  the  Fall 
 of  1823  he  entered  Hamilton  College,  N.  Y.,  but  left 
 
 because  of  poor  health,  in  the  Sjiring  of  18"26,  with- 
 out graduation,  and  spent  the  Summer  of  1827  on  the 
 coast  of  Labrador,  engaged  in  the  business  of  fishing, 
 while  seeking  health.  He  entered  Princeton  Semi- 
 nary in  the  Fall  of  1827,  and  remained  nearly  three 
 years,  but  left  without  graduating;  wa.s  licen.sed  by 
 Oneida  Presbytery,  at  Utica,  N.  Y.,  June  15th,  1830; 
 and  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  Bufliilo  Presby- 
 tery, at  Carroll,  N.  Y.,  September  24th,  1834. 
 
 Mr.  Peck  never  was  an  instjilled  pastor.  His  suc- 
 cessive fields  of  labor,  as  stated  supply,  were  as  fol- 
 lows:—1,  at  Alden,  N,  Y.,  1830-31;  2,  at  PeHfield, 
 N.  Y.,  1831-32;  3,  at  Big  Flat,  N.  Y.,  1833-33;  4,  at 
 CarroU,  N.  Y.,  1834-35;  5,  at  Harbor  Creek,  Pa., 
 1835-36;  6,  at  Ebensburg,  Pa.,  1836-7;  7,  at  Mill- 
 \-ille,  N.  J.,  1839-40;  8,  at  Eden,  Caroline  and 
 Waynesburg  churches,  Ohio,  1842-46.  After  this 
 time,  in  infirm  health  and  with  a  large  family,  he 
 devoted  himself  to  farming,  residing  near  Findlay, 
 Ohio.  In  July,  1857,  he  settled  at  Florence,  near 
 Omaha,  Nebraska,  where  he  continued  to  reside 
 until  his  death,  which  occurred  at  that  place,  JIarch 
 20th,  1881.  His  last  hours  were  full  of  bright  hopes 
 of  enjoying  the  heavenly  rest.  His  life  was  full  of 
 labor  and  of  self-denial.  He  was  a  thorough  Presby- 
 terian. His  preaching  was  strong  and  pungent,  yet 
 persuasive.  His  life  was  eminently  pure  and  up- 
 right, yet  he  was  modest,  eveu  difiident.  His  piety 
 was  calm,  regular,  steady  and  self-eon.sistcnt. 
 
 Peeples,  J.  McKee,  Esq.,  was  born  at  Shaw- 
 
 .'.  M  Kr.K  PEEPLES,  ESQ. 
 
 nectown,  111.,  April  11th,  1826,  and  died  in  the 
 .same  room,  December  22d,  1879.  His  ancestry 
 were  Scotch-Irish.     Beginning  life  as  a   clerk,    he 
 
PEIRCE. 
 
 615 
 
 PESKINS. 
 
 attained  great  success  as  a  merchant  and  banker.  He 
 was  converted  and  joined  tlie  church  of  his  native  place 
 under  Father  Spilmau's  ministry,  in  1858.  Twenty- 
 one  years  of  steady  growth  made  it  evident  that  his 
 conversion  was  genuine.  He  was  ordained  a  ruling 
 elder  in  1862.  His  special  characteristics  were  a 
 sound  judgment  and  a  fervent  spirit.  During  his 
 brief  pauses  in  public  worship  his  face  would  wear 
 the  reverence  and  form  of  prayer.  A  careful  and 
 con-stant  study  of  the  Pcriptures  gave  him  great  power 
 of  exposition  and  exhortation.  His  chief  work  was 
 in  the  Sabbath  school.  In  connection  with  this,  he 
 and  his  ' '  true  yoke-fellows ' '  conducted  gospel 
 meetings,  year  by  year,  in  his  own  and  surrounding 
 counties,  in  which  many  souls  were  converted  and  a 
 great  work  was  organized.  In  the  future  he  will  be 
 remembered  as  one  who  helped  to  win  Southern  Illi- 
 nois to  Christ.  His  zeal  and  ability  were  recognized 
 by  his  election  as  ' '  President  of  the  Illinois  State  Sab- 
 bath-school Association,"  at  Gale.sburg,  in  1871.  He 
 was  a  generous  contributor  to  all  the  Boards  of  the 
 Church  and  to  the  Bible  Society.  He  also  made  many 
 special  donations,  among  which  was  §5000  contributed 
 by  himself  and  his  partner  in  business,  the  Hon.  T. 
 S.  Kidgwaj',  to  the  endowment  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Theological  Seminary  of  the  Northwest.  But  his 
 hand  and  heart  were  ever  open  wherever  money  or 
 work  promi.sed  to  glorify  God 
 
 Peirce,  Hon.  "William  S.,  was  born  at  New 
 Castle,  Del.,  September  3d,  1815.  He  belongs  to  one 
 of  the  oldest  families  in  that  State,  his  ancestors  hav- 
 ing settled  there  about  1680,  at  which  early  day  they 
 removed  from  New  England,  where  the  family  names 
 are  found  among  the  promoters  of  the  Plpuouth 
 settlement,  and  patentees  of  Bridgewater,  Massachu- 
 setts, in  the  years  1620-23.  He  received  his  prelimi- 
 nary education  in  New  Castle,  where,  besides  the 
 ordinary  branches  of  an  English  education,  he  com- 
 menced the  .study  of  Latin  and  Greek.  Vhen  he 
 came  to  Philadelphia  he  entered  the  High  School  of 
 the  Franklin  Institute,  where  he  completed  his  edu- 
 cational course.  He  then  engaged  in  mercantile 
 pursuits,  but  found  time  to  gratify  an  ardent  taste 
 for  books,  by  hoarding  up  his  leisure  moments,  and 
 devoting  them  to  reading  and  self-culture. 
 
 After  an  honor.able  mercantile  career  of  a  few  years, 
 he  abandoned  it  in  favor  of  the  legal  profession.  He 
 was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1845,  and  at  once  e^■inced 
 more  than  ordinary  abUitj-,  energy  and  perseverance. 
 In  February,  1866,  he  was  appointed  Judge  of  the 
 Court  of  Common  Pleas  for  the  City  and  County  of 
 Philadelphia,  to  fill  a  vacancy;  in  October  of  that 
 year,  was  elected  to  fill  the  same  office  for  a  term  of 
 ten  years,  and  in  1876,  as  additional  exidence  of  the 
 confidence  of  the  people  in  his  ability  and  integrity, 
 he  was  re-elected.  Judge  Peirce  is  a  very  courteous 
 and  aftable  gentleman.  His  mind  is  well  stored  with 
 information  on  literature,  arts  and  sciences.  Benevo- 
 lence is  a  very  prominent  trait  of  his  character.     He 
 
 is  fearless  in  the  discharge  of  duty.  He  is  active  in 
 movements  which  look  to  the  relief  and  elevation  of 
 suffering  humanity,  and  is  popular  as  a  speaker  in 
 their  behalf.  For  many  years  he  has  been  a  member 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 j  Peiret,  Peter,  a  French-  Reformed,  or  Huguenot 
 minister,  pastor  of  the  French  Church  in  New  York 
 
 '  from  1633  to  1704.  He  was  a  native  of  the  Comte  de 
 Foix,  in  the  south  of  France.  Like  Dailli,  whom  he 
 succeeded,  he  was  highly  esteemed  by  the  com- 
 munity, and  greatly  beloved  of  his  own  flock.  He 
 died  September   1st,   1704,   aged  sixty  years.     The 
 
 ;  inscription  upon  his  grave,  in  Trinity  Churchyard, 
 New  York,  commemorates  his  excellence:  "  Qui  ex 
 Gallia  Religionis  causa  expulsus  verbum  Dei  in  hujus 
 civitatis  Ecclesia  Gallicana  per  annos  17  cum  gcn- 
 erale  approbatione  pra;dicavit  quique  cum  vitam 
 pra;dicatiouibus  suis  conformem  duxeret." 
 
 Peppard,  Rev.  Francis,  received  ordination 
 about  1764,  from  the  Presbytery  of  New  Y'ork,  and 
 was  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
 Jlendham,  N.  J.  In  1766  he  removed  to  Orange 
 county,  N.  Y.,  and  succeeded  EnosAyres  as  jia.stor  of 
 the  church  at  Bethlehem,  having  also  charge  of  a 
 church  at  New  Windsor.  A  few  years  later  Mr.  Pep- 
 pard became  pastor  of  the  churches  at  Allen  Town- 
 ship (now  Allentown),  Pa.,  and  Hardmck,  N.  J.  He 
 died  while  in  this  charge,  in  1797. 
 
 Perkins,  Samuel  C,  son  of  Samuel  H.  Perkins, 
 was  born  in  Philadelphia,  November  14th,  1828.  He 
 graduated  at  Y'ale  College  in  the  class  of  1848;  three 
 j'cars  later  he  received  his  A.  M.  degree,  and  in  the 
 following  year  that  of  LL.B. ,  from  the  University  of 
 Pennsylvania.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  July, 
 1851,  has  continued  in  practice  ever  since,  and  his 
 ability  and  attention  to  the  interests  of  his  clients 
 have  won  him  a  high  position  and  reputation.  In 
 1857  he  was  elected  to  Common  Council  from  the 
 Seventh  AVard,  and  served  one  term.  He  was  named 
 as  one  of  the  commissioners  for  the  erection  of  new 
 public  buiklings  in  Philadelphia,  by  the  act  of  the 
 Legislature,  approved  Augu.st  5th,  1870,  and  was 
 elected  president  of  the  Commissioners  April  17th, 
 1872.  This  responsible  office,  the  duties  of  which  he 
 has  discharged  with  signal  ability  aud  fidelity,  he 
 still  occupies. 
 
 Mr.  Perkins,  at  an  early  age,  became  a  member  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  as  such  has  been  hon- 
 ored with  many  marks  of  confidence  and  esteem. 
 From  May,  1856,  to  May,  1870,  he  was  trustee  of 
 
 I  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Philadelphia.     He 
 
 I  has  been  elder  of  the  same  church  from  March  21st, 
 
 ;  1870,  until  the  present  time.  He  served  as  a  mem- 
 ber of  the  Presbyterian  Publication  Committee  from 
 September  20th,  1858,  until  June  3Utb,  1870.  From 
 May,  1870,  be  has  been  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Board  of  Publication,  and  from  June  of  the  same 
 year  President  of  the  tru-stees  of  the  same  body.     He 
 
 I  has  several  times  represented   his  Presbytery  as  a 
 
PERSEVERANCE. 
 
 616 
 
 PERSEVERANCE. 
 
 coinmLssioner  in  the  General  Assembly.  In  May, 
 187:!,  he  vv:ia  elected  Manager  of  the  American  Sun- 
 day-school Union.  Learned  and  reliable  as  a  lawyer, 
 upright  and  pulilic-spirited  as  a  citizen,  a  kindly  and 
 courteous  geutleman,  he  is  deservedly  a  prominent 
 man  in  his  native  city. 
 
 Perseverance  of  the  Saints.  The  doctrine 
 of  our  Church,  that  true  believers  cannot  fall  totally 
 or  finally  from  grace,  is  supported  by  the  following 
 arguments  :— 
 
 1.  The  decree  of  (loii  concerning  them.  -They  were 
 predestinated  to  life,  and  shall  infallibly  obtain  it,  if 
 the  purposes  of  God  are  not  changeable,  like  those  of 
 men,  and  liable  to  be  frustrated  by  opposition  which 
 He  did  not  foresee  and  could  not  prevent.  But  the 
 counsel  of  the  Lord  shall  stand,  and  He  will  do  all  His 
 pleasure.  "  He  worketh  all  thingsaccording  to  the 
 counsel  of  his  will ;' '  and  the  design  of  the  economy 
 of  Providence  and  Grace  is  to  carry  His  pnrj)o.ses  into 
 eflect.  Accordingly,  the  Scriptures  exhibit  a  chain 
 of  events  stretching  from  eternity  to  eternity,  not  one 
 of  the  links  of  which  c;in  be  broken.  "Moreover, 
 whom  he  did  predestinate,  them  he  also  called,  and 
 whom  he  called,  them  he  also  justified,  and  whom  he 
 ju.stified,  them  he  also  glorified  "  (Rom.  viii,  30). 
 
 2.  The  nature  of  the  covenant  which  God  has  made 
 with  iris  people.  It  is  not  tran.sitory,  like  the  first 
 covenant,  but  is  everla.sting,  and  hence  its  blessings 
 are  promised,  not  for  a  time,  but  forever.  "  And  I 
 will  make  an  everlasting  covenant  with  them,  that  1 
 mil  not  turn  away  from  them,  to  do  them  good,  but 
 I  will  put  my  fear  in  their  hearts,  that  they  shall  not 
 depart  from  me"  (Jer.  xxxii,  40).  To  the  same 
 purport  are  the  following  words  of  our  Saviour. 
 "And  I  will  give  unto  them  eternal  life,  and  they 
 .shall  never  perish,  neither  shall  any  man  pluck  them 
 out  of  my  hand.  My  Father,  which  gave  them  me, 
 is  greater  than  all ;  and  no  man  is  able  to  pluck  them 
 out  of  my  Father's  hand"  (.John  x,  28,  29). 
 
 3.  The  teaching  of  Paid  in  Romans  liii,  35,  37. 
 "'\^^lo  shall  separate  us  from  the  love  of  Christ? 
 Shall  tribulation,  or  distress,  or  persecution,  or  fam- 
 ine, or  nakednt'ss,  or  peril,  or  sword?  Nay,  in  all 
 these  things  we  are  more  than  conquerors,  through 
 him  that  loved  us." 
 
 4.  The  death  of  Christ.  If  Jesus,  as  the  Scriptures 
 teach,  made  sjitisfaction  on  the  cross  for  the  sins  of 
 his  people,  not  for  some  of  them  only,  but  for  them 
 all,  it  would  be  contrary  to  justice  to  subject  them 
 also  to  the  punishment.  But  if  the  .saints  may  fall 
 from  a  state  of  gr:ice,  and  perish  in  their  sins,  satis- 
 faction will  be  twice  exacted,  first,  from  the  .surety, 
 and  .secondly,  from  them. 
 
 5.  The  intercession  of  Christ.  The  jjraycr  in  the 
 seventeenth  chapter  of  John  was  evidently  oflfered 
 by  Christ  in  the  charact«T  of  the  High  Priest  and 
 Intercessor  of  the  Church,  who,  for  the  sake  of  His 
 peoi)le,  had  .sanctified  or  dedicated  Himself  to  this 
 oUicc.     Sha.ll  our  Sa\  iour  intercede  in  vain?    Shall 
 
 any  of  those  for  whom  He  shed  His  blood  fall  away 
 and  perish,  although  He  has  requested  that  their 
 faith  should  not  fail?  No;  it  is  impossible.  "Be- 
 c;iuse  I  live,"  saith  He,  "ye  shall  live  also."  "Who 
 is  he  that  condemneth?  It  is  Christ  that  died,  yea, 
 rather,  that  is  risen  again,  who  is  even  at  the  right 
 hand  of  G<)d,  who  also  maketh  intercession  for  us." 
 John  xiv,  19 ;  Rom.  viii,  34. 
 
 6.   The  inhabitation  of  the  Spirit.     ' '  And  I  will  pray 
 
 ,  the  Father,  and  he  shall  give  you  another  Comforter, 
 that  he  may  ahide  with  yiiH  forever,  even  the  Spirit  of 
 Truth,  whom  the  world  cannot  receive,  Ijecause  it 
 seeth  him  not,  neither  knoweth  him,  but  ye  know 
 him,  for  he  dwellcth  with  you  and  shall  be  in  you  " 
 (John  xiv,  16-17).     Again,  the  Spirit  is  represented 
 
 'as  an  earnest  of  our  inheritance:  "Who  hath  also 
 sealed  us  and  given  us  the  earnest  of  the  Spirit  in  our 
 hearts  "  (2  Cor.  1-22).  "Ye  were  sealed  with,  that 
 Holy  Spirit  of  promLse,  which  is  the  earnest  of  our 
 inheritiince  until  the  redemption  of  the  purchsused 
 possession  "  (Eph  i,  13-14;  compare  also  2  Cor.  v,  .5). 
 Now  an  earnest  means  nothing  more  nor  less  than  a 
 pledge.  The  Holy  Spirit  is  given  to  believers  as  a 
 first-fruits  and  pledge  of  their  ultimate  beatitude.  If 
 we  owe  a  man  a  thou.sand  dollars,  and  pay  him  fifty 
 in  pledge  of  the  remainder,  that  fifty  is  an  earnest, 
 according  to  the  Scripture  phraseology.  Now  God, 
 by  the  gift  of  his  Spirit,  has  solemnly  pledged  Him- 
 self to  save  all  believers,  and  will  He  \iolate  this 
 solemn  and  self-imposed  obligation?  "  God  is  not  a 
 man,  that  he  should  lie;  neither  the  .son  of  man,  that 
 he  should  repent;  hath  he  said  and  shall  he  not  do 
 it,  or  hath  he  spoken  and  shall  he  not  make  it  good  ?" 
 To  the  objections  which  are  often  brought  .'igainst 
 the  doctrine  of  the  perseverance  of  the  saints,  it  nuiy 
 be  replied,  (1)  It  is  absurd  to  say  that  it  is  inconsist- 
 ent %vith  man's  free  will.  As  God  does  not  make  a 
 man  come  to  Christ,  so  He  does  not  constrain  him  to 
 continue  in  Christ  irrespective  of  his  will.  God 
 graciou.sly  causes  a  man  to  persevere  in  willing.  That 
 is  the  whole  truth.  It  is  a  precious  truth,  clearly 
 revealed,  which  the  Arminian  Christian  can  no  more 
 aftbrd  to  give  up  than  the  Calvinist,  that  tiod  can 
 and  does  control  the  free  wills  of  His  people  without 
 limiting  their  liberty,  making  them  "willing  in  the 
 day  of  his  power,"  and  "working  in  them  both  to 
 will  and  to  do  of  his  good  pleasure."  (Ps.  ex,  3; 
 Phil,  ii,  13).  The  Arminians  themselves  believe  that 
 the  saints  will  be  rendered  secure  from  falling  from 
 grace  when  they  go  to  heaven,  and  yit  that  they  will 
 be  none  the  less  perfectly  free  as  to  their  wills.  If 
 the  two  are  consistent  conditions  in  heaven,  they  can 
 lie  none  the  less  so  on  earth.  (2)  This  doctrine  is  not 
 liable  to  the  charge  of  fostering  a  spirit  of  carnal 
 security,  on  the  ground  that  if  we  are  once  in  grace 
 we  cannot  lose  grace  or  be  lost,  do  what  we  please. 
 Let  it  be  observed  (a)  that  the  true  doctrine  is  not 
 that  salvation  is  certain  if  we  have  once  believed,  but 
 that  perseverance  in  holiness  is  certiiiuif  we  have  truly 
 
PEBsmxn. 
 
 61- 
 
 PETRIE. 
 
 believed,  (b)  The  certaintj",  nay,  the  probability, 
 of  an  individual's  salvatioa  is  known  to  him  only 
 through  the  fact  of  his  perseverance  in  holiness.  A 
 tendency  to  relax  watchful  effort  to  grow  in  grace, 
 because  true  Christians  will  not  be  allowed  to  fall 
 away  totally,  is  a  direct  evidence  that  we  are  not  in 
 a  gracious  state,  and  hence  that  the  threateniugs  of 
 the  law  and  the  invitations  of  the  gosixl,  and  not  the 
 perseverance  of  the  saints,  is  the  special  truth  appli- 
 cable to  OUT  case.  (c).  This  doctrine  teaches  not 
 that  persistent  effort  on  our  part  is  not  necessary  in 
 order  to  secure  perseverance  in  grace  to  the  end,  but 
 that  in  this  effort  we  are  certain  of  success,  "for  it  is 
 God  that  worketh  in  us,  both  to  will  and  to  do  of  his 
 good  pleasure  "  (Phil,  ii,  13). 
 
 Pershing,  Hon.  Cyrus  L.,  was  born  in  Youngs- 
 town,  Westmoreland  county,  Pa..  February  3d,  l.'!t2.5. 
 He  removed  to  Johnstown,  Pa.,  in  1-^30,  where  his 
 
 HON.   CTRrS   L.    PERSHING. 
 
 father  died  in  1836.  After  this,  while  attending  to 
 a  grocery  store,  he  studied  Latin,  under  the  tuition  of 
 Kev.  S.  H.  Terry,  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Johnstown,  till  his  death,  in  1841.  Sir.  Pershing 
 was  graduated  from  Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  in  1848. 
 He  read  law  with  Hon.  Jeremiah  S.  Black,  in 
 Somerset,  Pa.,  and  after  his  admission  to  the  Bar 
 practiced  his  profession  at  his  home,  Cambria  county. 
 Pa.  In  18.^6  and  18.38  he  was  the  Democratic  candi- 
 date for  Congress  in  his  district.  He  was  a  member 
 of  the  Legislature  in  1^61,  1862, 1863,  1864  and  1865. 
 During  the  whole  of  his  service  at  Harrisburg  he 
 was  a  member  of  the  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means, 
 the  Judiciary,  and  others  of  cijual  importance.     At 
 
 the  se.s.sion  of  1863,  the  only  one  in  which  the  Demo- 
 crats had  a  majority,  Mr.  Pershing  was  Chairman  of 
 the  Committee  on  Federal  Eelations,  and  at  tlie  suc- 
 ceeding session  was  the  Democratic  nominee  for 
 Speaker  of  the  House.  In  the  Legislature  he  was  an 
 acknowledged  leader,  and  enjoyed  to  a  rare  degree 
 the  confidence  and  personal  esteem  of  his  fellow 
 members,  without  distinction  of  party. 
 
 In  1867  Mr.  Pirshing  represented  his  Presbytery 
 (Blairs\  ille)  in  tlie  Union  Presbyteriim  Convention, 
 which  met  in  Kovember,  in  Dr.  "Wylie's  Church,  on 
 Broad  Street,  Philadelphia.  In  1868  he  was  placed 
 on  the  Democratic  electoral  ticket.  In  1869  he  was 
 nominated  for  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court.  In  167-2 
 he  was  elected  President  Judge  of  the  21st  Judicial 
 District  (Schuylkill  county),  which  necessitiited  his 
 removal  to  Potts\ille.  On  September  lUth,  1875, 
 Judge  Pershing  was  nominated  by  the  Democratic 
 State  Convention  as  its  candidate  for  Governor.  In 
 November,  1882,  he  was  re-elected  President  Judge 
 of  the  Courts  of  Schuylkill  county,  this  time,  as 
 before,  by  a  vote  which  represented  the  best  citizens 
 of  all  parties.  During  his  service  upon  the  Bench 
 the  trials  were  had  of  the  Molly  Maguire  conspira- 
 tors, which  attracted  the  attention  of  the  whole 
 country. 
 
 Judge  Pershing  was  for  many  years  an  elder  in  the 
 Presbj-terian  Church  of  Johnstown.  He  was  chosen 
 to  the  same  ofSce  in  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Pottsville.  He  often  appears  in  the  courts  of  the 
 Church.  He  is  one  of  the  most  correct,  conscientious 
 and  Christian  gentlemen  in  the  State,  high-minded, 
 and  the  very  soul  of  honor.  No  man  enjoys  the 
 confidence  and  esteem  of  his  fellow  citizens,  inde- 
 pendent of  either  politics  or  religion,  to  a  greater 
 degree  than  he,  and  none  have  been  more  assiduous 
 or  untiring  in  their  efforts  to  establish  and  systematize 
 educational  institutions  in  his  county.  In  the  man- 
 agement of  the  schools  of  the  county,  he  has  for  a 
 number  of  years  fciken  a  leading  and  active  part. 
 His  wisdom,  judgment,  legal  and  literary  attain- 
 ments, none  will  question;  while  he  holds  in  his  own 
 community,  aud,  in  foct,  wherever  known,  an  eni 
 viable  position  for  moral  worth  and  incorruptible 
 honesty  and  integrity. 
 
 Petrie,  George  H.  "W.,  D.  D.,  was    born    in 
 Charleston,  S.  C,  Jlay  5th,  1812;  received  his  academ- 
 ical and  collegiate  education   in  that  city,  and  was 
 graduated  in  April,  1831.     He  studied  theology  in 
 '  the  Seminary  at  C9lumbia,  and  in  1834  was  licensed 
 to  preach  by  the   Presbytery  of  Charleston  Union. 
 !  He  was  ordained,  in  April,  1835,  by  the  Harmony 
 '  Presbytery,  S.   C.     For  the  first  twenty-two  years 
 after  his  ordination  he  was  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 churches  at  WUliamsburg,  Cheraw,  and  Darlington, 
 S.  C,  and  at  JIarietta,  Ga.,  and  of  the  Huguenot 
 Church  at  Charleston,  S.  C.     In  all  these  places  he 
 greatly  endeared  himself  to  his  people.     For  the  la,st 
 [twenty-six  years  he  has  been,  and  is  at  this  time. 
 
PHELPS. 
 
 618 
 
 PHILLIPS. 
 
 pastor  of  tlie  Itcsbyteriau  CTiurob  at  Jlontgomenr, 
 Alabama.  Here,  tbrougli  his  Ion;;  jiastoratc,  he  has 
 continiud  to  maintain  a  high  place  in  the  hearts  of 
 those  to  whom  he  minist<'r.s. 
 
 Dr.  I'etrie  i.s  distinguished  for  his  urbanity  and  re- 
 finement of  manners,  and  a  pleasantry  that  ever 
 marks  his  conversation,  making  bira  a  most  agreeable 
 companion,  and  is  a  man  beloved  in  all  the  walks  of 
 life,  and  by  every  cla.ss  of  society.  His  public  minis- 
 trations are  marked  by  much  ability,  and  an  earnest 
 zeal  for  the  spiritual  welfare  of  his  charge.-  He  is 
 both  attractive  and  impressive  as  a  reader,  and  in  hi.s 
 pulpit  services  the  Scriptures  are  read  with  unusual 
 fullncas,  and  selected  with  great  appropriateness  to 
 
 OEOEGR   n.  W.  PETRIE,  D.D. 
 
 the  subji'cts  of  his  discourses.  In  his  private  iuter- 
 dourse  with  his  people  he  never  fails  to  prove  a 
 Christian  and  friend. 
 
 Phelps,  Stephen,  D.  D.,  sou  of  Myron  and 
 Adeline  Phelps,  was  lx>rn  at  Lcwistown,  111.,  Feb- 
 ruary (ith,  :s39.  He  graduated  at  Jeflerson  College, 
 Canonsburg,  Ta.,  in  1659,  and  at  the  Western  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  Allegheny,  Pa.,  in  1862.  He  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Ohio  in  ISGl, 
 and  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Mi.ssouri  liivcr  in 
 1M(>:{.  He  was  in  cliarge  of  the  Church  in  .Sioux 
 City,  Iowa,  from  June,  18(>-2,  till  October,  l.S(i4. 
 ProMi  November,  Iscil,  till  April,  1869,  he  w;is  p:istor 
 at  Waterloo,  Iowa.  .Vfter  about  a  year's  labor  at 
 Cedar  Valley,  and  a  little  interruption  of  woi'k,  on 
 account  of  impaired  health,  he  became  pastor  of  the 
 Kir.st  Presbj-terian  Church  of  Yir.ton,  Iowa,  in  Octo- 
 ber, 1R71.     He  remained  there  till  June  1st,   18ell, 
 
 when  he  resigned  the  pastorate  to  a.ssume  the  Presi- 
 dency of  Coe  College,  at  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa.  The 
 degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was  eoni'crred  on  Mr, 
 Phelps,  in  18^2,  by  Leno.x  Collegiate  In.stitute,  and 
 by  Washington  and  Jefferson  College. 
 
 Dr.  Phelps  is  a  highly  acceptable  preacher,  and 
 has  been  a  beloved  and  useful  pastor.  His  sermons 
 abound  in  illustrations.  His  preaching  is  charac- 
 terized by  unusual  vivacity  and  earnestness.  His 
 pastorate  in  Vinton  was  peculiarly  successful.  The 
 union  of  the  First  and  .Second  churches,  which  was 
 eflfected  in  1872,  was  followed  by  a  remarkable  revival, 
 in  which  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  persons  were 
 gathered  into  the  church  in  a  single  year.  S(X)n 
 after  that  a  costly  and  elegant  house  of  worship  was 
 erected.  His  success  in  the  admini.stratitm  of  the 
 affairs  of  the  college  is  already  showing  him  to  be 
 well  suitt'd  to  his  present  Ijosition. 
 
 Phillips,  James,  D.  D.,  was  Iwrn  at  Xevendon, 
 E.ssex,  England,  April  22d,  1792,  and  was  the  son  of 
 Rev.  Richard  Phillips,  a  minister  of  the  Church  of 
 England.  He  came  to  America  in  1818,  and  ojjcned 
 a  school  in  Harlem,  N.  Y.,  where  his  learning  and 
 talents  soon  .secured  a  lucrative  patronage.  He  .soon 
 became  a  member  of  a  New  York  niathematiciil  club, 
 a  correspondent  of  a  mathematical  journal,  and  tlie 
 a.ssoeiate  of  tlie  distinguished  mathematicians  of  the 
 day»  From  this  position  he  w;is  invited  to  the  (,'hair 
 of  Mathematics  in  the  University  of  Xorth  Carolina, 
 whither  he  went  in  1826.  Here  he  began  his  course 
 of  forty-one  years'  labors,  with  President  Caldwell, 
 Dr.  Mitchell,  Dr.  "Hooper,  Prof  Andrews,  the  lexi- 
 cographer, and  Prof  Hentz,  as  co-laborers.  These 
 Ciirly  jears  were  years  of  close  study  and  singular 
 devotion  to  duty  with  the  young  Professor.  He  was 
 an  inexorable  mathematical  reasonor,  recjuiring  every 
 step  to  be  fairly  made  and  supported  by  indubitable 
 proof.  He  projected  a  complete  course  of  mathe- 
 matical studies,  and  prepared  treatises  on  Algebra, 
 Geometry,  Trigonometry,  Differential  and  Integral 
 Calculus,  Conic  Sections,  and  Natural  Philosophy. 
 The  treatise  on  Conic  Sections  alone  was  published, 
 the  others  remain  in  manuscript.  He  trained  some 
 of  the  most  distinguished  mathematicians  of  the 
 South. 
 
 Dr.  Phillips  was  a  decided  Presbyterian,  not  by 
 inheritance,  but  by  intelligent  choice.  Becoming 
 seriously  inijiressed  under  the  preaching  of  Dr.  Asa 
 Nettleton,  he  profes.sed  Christ,  and  at  once  began  an 
 active  Christian  life.  He  devoted  much  time  to  the 
 study  of  thi'ology,  and  began  holding  religious  meet- 
 ings and  lecturing.  Dr.  McPheeters,  of  Raleigh,  one 
 day  told  him  that  the  Presbytery  must  cither  liceu.se 
 hini  or  discipline  him.  He  preferred  the  former 
 alternative,  and  was  licensed  by  Orange  Presbytery 
 in  September,  1833,  and  ordained  in  April,  183.">. 
 For  thirty  years  after  this  he  preached  regularly  at 
 New  Hope  Church,  a  few  miles  from  the  University. 
 In   his   latter  days  his  .sermons  were  mines  of  the 
 
PHILLIPS. 
 
 619 
 
 PIERCE. 
 
 most  precious  truth,  complete  structures,  close  logic,  ! 
 coupled  with   the  softest,    richest,  most  tremulous 
 pathos.     In  prayer  he  was  copious,  fervent,  elevated 
 and  iinutteralily  solemn. 
 
 Dr.  Phillips  read  much  in  theology,  to  the  end 
 of  his  life.  He  read  large  books  through.  At  the 
 end  of  Xeandor's  History,  Augustine  de  Civitate, 
 Ambrose,  Tlioluck,  Haldane,  Alexander,  and  many 
 others  may  be  found  his  characteristic  entry,  "  Hoc 
 volumen  perlegi."  He  read  Henrj-'s  Commentary 
 through.  1 
 
 On  the  morning  of  March  16th,  1867,  he  went  to 
 the  chapel  to  conduct  morning  prayers,  and  there, 
 behind  the  de.sk  where  he  had  officiated  for  forty 
 years,  he  breathed  out  his  spirit,  in  a  painless  death. 
 "  Scrraiit  of  (!<iil.  mil  dune  !"  \ 
 
 Phillips,  ■William  "Wirt,  D.D.,  was  born  in 
 Florida,  Montgomery  county,  X.  Y.,  September  23d, 
 1796.  He  graduated  at  Union  College  in  1813.  He 
 studied  theology  in  the  Associate  Reformed  Theolo- 
 gical Seminary  in  Xew  York,  and  in  the  Theological 
 Seminary  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  at  Xew 
 Brunswick,  X.  J.  He  was  licen.sed  to  i>reach  by  the 
 Classis  of  Xew  Brunswick,  but  shortly  after  trans- 
 ferred his  relation  to  the  Presbj-terian  Church.  In 
 April,  1818,  he  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of 
 the  Pearl  Street  Presbyterian  Church  in  New  York. 
 Here  he  continued  a  most  useful  and  acceptable  pas- 
 tor for  eight  years,  when  he  was  translated  to  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church,  then  worshiping  in  Wall  .street. 
 This  church  was,  in  due  time,  removed  to  what  was 
 then  the  upper  part  of  the  city,  and  after  the  new 
 edifice  was  built  he  continued  to  occupy  it  till  near  the 
 close  of  his  life.  Though  he  had  been  for  several  years 
 the  subject  of  a  painful  chronic  disease,  he  still  con- 
 tinued actively  engaged  in  the  duties  of  the  ministry, 
 until  within  about  four  weeks  of  his  death,  which 
 occurred  March,  '20th,  1865. 
 
 The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was  conferred 
 upon  Mr.  Phillips  by  Columbia  College  in  18-2G,  when 
 he  was  only  thirty  years  of  age.  He  was  a  Trustee 
 of  the  College  of  Xew  Jersey,  and  also  a  member  o 
 the  Council  of  the  Xew  York  University.  He  was 
 both  a  Trustee  and  a  director  of  the  Theological  Sem- 
 inary at  Princeton,  and  of  the  Board  of  Directors  he 
 was  President.  He  was  Chairman  of  the  Executive 
 Committee  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  and, 
 during  several  of  his  last  years  was  President  of 
 that  Board,  also.  He  was  often  a  memlier  of  the 
 General  Assembly,  and  in  1835  was  its  Moderator. 
 The  ser\-ices  devolved  upon  him  by  these  various 
 offices  were  numerous  and  onerous,  but  he  adapted 
 himself  to  each  with  apparently  as  deep  an  interest 
 as  if  it  had  been  the  sole  work  to  which  he  was  des- 
 ignated. 
 
 Among  the  more  prominent  of  the  faculties  of  Dr. 
 Phillips'  mind  was  a  calm  and  sound  judgment,  that 
 rarely  mistook  in  respect  to  any  matter  on  which  it 
 was  called  to  exercise  itself.     He  was  naturally  of 
 
 a  quiet  and  retiring  habit,  and  never  obtruded  him- 
 self in  any  circumstances,  while  yet  he  was  always 
 prompt  to  obey  the  call  of  duty,  even  at  the  expense 
 of  placing  himself  in  an  attitude  of  antagonism 
 towards  others.  His  religion  moulded  his  whole 
 character  and  diflu.sed  itself  over  his  whole  Ufe.  In 
 his  family  his  presence  was  constant  sunshine. 
 Among  the  people  of  his  charge  he  moved  about  as  a 
 good  angel,  intent  on  currying  blessings  in  his  train; 
 and  whether  they  were  in  sorrow  or  in  joy,  the  fitting 
 words  of  counsel  were  always  upon  his  lips.  In  the 
 pulpit  there  was  nothing  about  him  of  a  sen.sational 
 or  startling  character,  but  he  was  a  model  of  sim- 
 plicity and  fervor,  and  brought  out  the  great  truths 
 of  the  gospel  in  a  luminous  and  impressive  manner. 
 His  good  influence  was  felt,  not  only  in  every  circle 
 in  which  he  moved,  but  throughout  the  whole 
 Church,  for  Providence  placed  him  in  various  respon- 
 sible .stations,  and  few  of  his  contemporaries  had 
 more  to  do  in  taoulding  the  destinies  of  the  Denomi- 
 nation with  which  he  was  coruiected  than  himself. 
 
 Phraner,  Wilson,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Jamaica, 
 Queen's  county,  X.  Y.,  SM  of  August,  1822.  At  the 
 age  of  fifteen  he  went  to  the  city  of  New  York,  to 
 enter  upon  a  business  career,  but  soon  determined  to 
 seek  an  education,  and  at  the  age  of  eighteen  entered 
 the  Grammar  School  of  the  Univeisity  of  the  City  of 
 Xew  York.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University  in 
 1847,  and  entering  the  Union  Theological  Seminary 
 completed  the  course  of  study  pursued  in  that  Insti- 
 tution in  1850.  In  June,  1851,  Mr.  Phraner  was 
 called  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Sing  Sing,  Westchester  county,  X.  Y.,  a  pastorate 
 that  has  continued  to  the  present  time  (1883).  In 
 1878  Mr.  Phraner  received  the  honorary  degree  of 
 Doctor  of  Di\inity  from  his  Ahna  Slater,  New  York 
 University.  During  a  long  and  laborious  ministry, 
 the  congregation  which  he  has  .served  for  more  than 
 thirty-two  years  has  been  built  up,  and  provided 
 with  a  large  and  commodious  house  of  worship;  it  is 
 now  one  of  the  most  active  and  influential  churches 
 in  the  vicinity  of  the  city  of  Xew  York.  ^Yhile  thus 
 faithful  to  his  pa.storal  charge.  Dr.  Phraner  has  been 
 indefatigable  as  a  presbyter  in  tlie  service  of  the 
 Church  at  large,  and  has  taken  a  prominent  part,  es- 
 pecially since  the  reunion,  in  the  councils  of  Presby- 
 tery, SjTiod  and  General  Assemblj',  where  his  earnest 
 spirit  and  excellent  judgment  are  recognized  and 
 highly  valued.  Our  Church  has  few  ministers  more 
 devoted,  efficient,  and  successful. 
 
 Pierce,  Rev.  John  J.,  was  born  in  Vermont,  in 
 1791.  He  graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey 
 in  1820,  and  at  Princeton  Seminary  in  1823.  He  Wius 
 licensed  by  Xew  Brunswick  Presbytery,  and  entered 
 upon  the  service  of  his  Ma-ster  at  Portsmouth,  Va., 
 where  he  remained  until  1824,  when  he  left  for 
 Clarkes\-ille,  Tenn.  In  1825  he  Avas  elected  Presi- 
 dent of  an  Academy  in  Elkton,  Ky.,  and  became  a 
 member  of  Mecklenberg  Presbytery.     This  position 
 
PI£S:<OX. 
 
 6-2<» 
 
 rjLLsBVRY. 
 
 he  held  until  ISJT.  Soon  altenvard  he  ottupied 
 temporarily  the  place  of  one  of  the  Professors  in 
 Centre  College;  he  suhseijaently  returned  to  Elkton, 
 Ky.  He  lert  Elkton  and  spent  two  years  in  teaching 
 in  Illinois  and  Missouri.  On  his  return  he  took 
 charge  of  Bidgewood  Church.  Ky.,  where  he  con- 
 tinued to  labor  until  his  death,  March  l*th,  1861. 
 Mr.  Pierce  was  one  of  the  Church's  holiest  ministers, 
 a  pure-hearted,  single-minded.  God-trusting  man,  for 
 ■■^!.  :u  ""to  live  was  Christ,  and  to  die  was  gain." 
 ii-  ._id  many  trials,  bat  they  did  not  distress  him. 
 With  him  truly  patience  hail  her  perfect  work.  As 
 the  key  to  all  this  contentment,  he  remarked  to  a 
 friend,  that  in  his  early  ministry  he  heard  a  dis- 
 course from  Dr.  Archibald  Alexander,  on  the  text. 
 ■•  Seekest  thou  great  things  for  thyself"?  Seek  them 
 not."'  It  changed  the  whole  course  of  his  views  of 
 the  ministry  and  the  great  object  of  life;  it  extin- 
 d  ambition:  and  he  determined  just  to  serve 
 .  la  his  appointed  work,  never  seeking  to  gratify 
 his  own  wishes  in  self-promotion  or  interest,  calmly 
 receiving  his  allotment  from  God. 
 
 Pierson,  Arthur  Tappan,  D  JD.,  son  of  .Stephen 
 H.  and  Sally  .\nn  Pierson,  was  bom  in  the  city  of 
 New  York.  March  6th.  1*37;  received  his  prepara- 
 tory educarion  in  Xew  York  city  and  in  schools 
 of  Tarrytown  and  Sing  Sing.  X.  Y. ;  was  graduated 
 from  Hamilton  College  in  1857;  was  received  to  the 
 full  commtmion  of  the  Thirteenth  Street  Presbyterian 
 Church.  Xew  York  city,  at  the  age  of  fifteen  years; 
 pursued  his  theological  studies  at  Union  Theol<^cal 
 -.rminary,  X.  Y.;  was  lic-ensed  by  the  Third. 
 Presbytery  of  Xew  York,  April  10th,  1S60;  was 
 ordained  as  an  evangelist  by  the  same  Presbytery 
 May  l:}th,  I860;  was  installed  jKistor  of  the  Congre- 
 girional  Church  at  Bingham  ton,  X.  Y..  September. 
 1860;  was  dismissed  from  that  charge,  April,  1863; 
 was  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  W'aterford,  X.  Y.,  October  6th,  186:?;  was  re- 
 leased from  pastoral  charge  March  14th.  1869: 
 was  installed  pastor  of  the  Fort  Street  Presbyterian 
 Chnreh,  IXtroit.  Mich.,  31ay  5th,  1869;  was  dis- 
 mU-ed  September  11th.  1882;  installed  pastor  of 
 the  .Second  Presbj-terian  Church  of  Indianapolis. 
 Ind.,  Xovember  1st,,  188""2,  and  dismissed  from  that 
 charge,  June  27th,  1683.  From  Indianapolis  he 
 removed  to  Philadelphia  to  take  the  pastoral  charge 
 of  Bethany  Presbyterian  Church,  over  which  he  was 
 installed  Xovember  -iath.  l'*8.3.  In  all  his  pastoral 
 charges  Dr.  Pierson  has  acijuitted  himself  as  an  able 
 minister  of  Christ,  an  earnest  and  eloquent  preacher, 
 a  faithful,  kind  and  sjTnpathizing  pastor.  During 
 his  pastorate  in  Detroit  his  church  was  burned,  in 
 1~76.  Services  were  held  for  sixteen  months  in  the 
 Ojiera  House,  God  blessing  them  by  the  uninter- 
 rupted presence  of  His  Spirit  in  converting  power. 
 I>r.  Pierson  preaches  entirely  without  manuscript. 
 ami  in  his  preparation  for  the  pulpit  writes  only  a 
 skeleton  or  outline.     He  has  followed  this  method 
 
 exclu.sively  since  the  burning  of  his  church  in  1876. 
 -  from  conviction  that  in  this  manner  the  gospel  is 
 likely  to  be  preached  more  effectively,  even  if  with 
 less  rhetorical  elaboration  and  elegance.  Dr.  Pierson 
 has  published  no  books,  but  several  pamphlets  on 
 Foreign  ^Missions  and  kindred  topics,  besides  numer- 
 ous articles  in  reviews,  magazines,  religious  and 
 secular  papers,  on  various  topics  pertaining  to  science, 
 art,  literature,  history  and  religious  life.  He  re- 
 ceived the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Knox  College  in  1874. 
 
 Pierson,  Hamilton  "Wilcox,  D.  D.,  was  bom 
 in  Bergen,  X.  Y.,  the  son  of  a  Presbyterian  minister, 
 September  22d,  1817.  He  was  graduated  from  Union 
 College  in  1843,  and  from  Union  Theological  Semi- 
 nary (Xew  York  City\  in  1848.  His  purpose  was  to 
 go  upon  a  foreign  mission,  Africa  being  his  chosen 
 field.  But  at  this  jtmcture  he  was  attacked  by  severe 
 hemorrhages  from  the  Itings,  which  broke  up  his 
 plans.  He  took  an  agency  for  the  American  Bible 
 Society  to  the  West  Indies,  during  1849  and  18-50, 
 and  then  represented  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  iL.  as  its  agent 
 in  Xew  York.  From  1853  to  1858  he  labored  with 
 zeal  and  suc-cess  in  the  Bible  cause  in  Kentucky,  and 
 in  18.58  acc-epted  the  Presidency  of  Cumberland  Col- 
 lege, Princeton.  Ky.  After  1861.  he  again  resumed 
 a  more  open-air  life,  serving  the  American  Tract 
 ■Society,  and  the  Christian  Commission,  and  lecturing 
 as  his  health  permitted. 
 
 Dr.  Pierson"s  life  has  been  a  constant  struggle  with 
 pain  and  physical  weakness,  the  flight  of  a  bird  with 
 crippled  wing,  yet  it  has  been  full  of  useful  labors. 
 It  has  never  been  sad  or  despondent.  His  face  has 
 ever  been  towards  the  bright  and  joyous,  as  he  cheer- 
 fully toiled  for  God  and  his  fellow-men.  He  com- 
 piled and  edited  the  "American  Missioiaary  Memo- 
 rial." wrote  "Jefferson  at  Monticello,  or  the  Private 
 Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson,"'  and,  "In  the  Brn.sh,  or 
 Old-Time  Social,  Political,  and  Eeligious  Life  in  the 
 .Southwest."  He  received  the  degree  ot  Doctor  of 
 Divinity  from  Union  College,  in  1860. 
 
 Pierson,  Rev.  John,  was  bora  iu  1689,  and  gradu- 
 ated at  Yale,  in  1711.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the 
 church  at  "VYoodbridge,  April  -29111.  1717.  In  17.53  he 
 resigned  his  pastoral  charge,  and  settled  at  Mendham, 
 X.  J. ,  and  was  the  minister  there  for  ten  years.  Mr. 
 Pierson  published  a  treatise  on  the  "  Intercession  of 
 Christ;  "  and  a  sermon,  preached  before  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Xew  Y'ork,  May  8th.  1751,  on  "  Christ,  the 
 Son  of  God,  as  God,  Man,  Mediator."  He  died,  Au- 
 gust 23d,  1770. 
 
 Pillsbury,  Rev.  Ithamar,  was  bom  in  Dracutt, 
 Slass.,  August  32d,  1794:  graduated  at  Yale  CoUege 
 in  1-822;  studied  theology  in  the  city  of  Xew  York, 
 under  the  direction  of  Rev.  Drs.  Spring  and  Baldwin, 
 and  W.13  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Xew  York, 
 June  19th.  l-'ij.  For  some  time  he  laboreil  as  a  city 
 missionary  in  Xew  York  and  Boston.  He  was  supply 
 of  the  Church  of  .Smithtown.  Long  Island,  from 
 .September.  1827.  until  April.  l-:lii.  when  he  became 
 
PIXKEKTOX. 
 
 621 
 
 PITZEE. 
 
 its  pastof)  and  continued  to  be  so  until  1833.  His 
 labors  in  this  field  were  greatly  blessed.  He  was  a 
 traveling  agent  for  the  American  Sunday-i5chool 
 Union  until  Jlay  1st,  1834,  and  then  supplied  the 
 Church  at  Sag  Harbor,  X.  Y.,  for  one  year.  From 
 this  point,  Jlr.  PUlsbury  became  identified  with  the 
 West,  where  he  organized  fourteen  churches  and 
 assisted  at  the  organization  of  Beveral  others,  some  of 
 them  from  filly  to  one  hundred  miles  distant.  He 
 was  installed  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Andover,  HI., 
 April  ITth,  1841.  to  which  he  ministered  with  dili- 
 gence aud  a  good  measure  of  success,  untU  1849. 
 From  May  22d,  1S50,  he  labored  with  the  same  dUi- 
 gence  and  success  until  1><A,  when  his  pastoral 
 relation  was  di.ssolved,  that  he  might  take  charge  of 
 McDonough  College,  at  Macomb.  He  died,  April 
 20th,  186-2.  Mr.  PUlsbury  w.is  a  prudent  and  wise 
 counsellor,  a  sincere  and  constant  friend,  and  an  able 
 and  faithful  minister  of  the  Xew  Testament.  | 
 
 Pinkerton,  Rev.  Jotm,  was  bom  near  Sadsbury- 
 \Tlle,  CTiester  county,  Pa.,  in  November,  1811.  When 
 he  was  about  six  years  of  age,  the  family  changed 
 their  residence,  and  located  in  the  bounds  of  the 
 Brandywine  Manor  congregation,  of  which  the  Rev. 
 J.  N.  C.  Grier  was  pastor.  After  graduating  at  col- 
 lege and  studying  theology,  he  went  to  Eastern  Tir- 
 ginia.  In  1849  he  went  to  Union,  Maroe  county,  to 
 aid  the  Rev.  Samuel  R.  Houston  in  teaching  and 
 preaching.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Greenbrier  Pres- 
 bytery, in  October,  1849,  from  which  time  he  preached 
 regularly  every  Sabbath  at  some  one  of  the  points 
 belonging  to  Mr.  Houston's  charge,  until  called  to 
 ilossy  Creek  Church,  of  which  he  was  installed  pastor, 
 Xovemljer  5th,  1853,  retaining  this  relation  until  his 
 death,  which  occurred  May  31st,  1871. 
 
 As  a  companion,  no  one  was  more  courteous,  kind, 
 and  accommodating,  than  Mr.  Pinkerton.  As  a 
 preacher,  his  lalwrs  were  very  acceptiible  wherever 
 he  went.  His  sermons  were  wisely  constructed,  logi- 
 cal, earnest,  and  iaithfnl.  He  evidently  had  no  other 
 purpose  or  desire  but  to  declare  the  whole  counsel  of 
 God.  As  a  speaker,  he  was  attractive,  persuasive, 
 and  often  very  impressive.  As  a  pastor,  he  magni- 
 fied his  oflice.  When  on  his  death-bed,  a  ministerial 
 friend  having  asked  him  if  he  had  any  message  for 
 his  congregation,  his  rcsjwnse  was,  "Tell  them  to 
 live  near  the  Lord."' 
 
 Plnney.  Jolm  Brooke,  LL.D.,  son  of  Elijah  and 
 Margaret  (LanglordJ  Pinney,  w;is  born  in  Baltimore. 
 Md.,  December  2.5th,  1806;  was  graduated  from  the 
 rniversity  of  Georgia,  Augu.st,  1S2S;  studied  law 
 while  pursuing  his  college  course,  and  was  admitted 
 to  practice  in  the  Supreme  Court"  of  Georgia,  in  1828; 
 tanght  one  year  in  Waterboro,  S.  C. ;  entered  Prince- 
 ton Seminary  in  1829,  and  ha\-ing  completed  the  full 
 course,  was  regularly  graduated  in  1832.  He  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Xew  Brunswick,  April 
 2oth,  1832;  was  ordained  as  an  evangelist  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  October  12th,  1832,  hav- 
 
 ing been  appointed  a  Missionary  to  Africa  by  the 
 Western  Foreign  Mis.sionary  Society;  was  appointed 
 by  the  American  Colonization  Societj'  "to  act  as 
 Agent"  of  the  American  Colony  at  Liberia  "until 
 the  arrival  of  a  permanent  Agent,"  October  24th, 
 183;?;  and  was  appointed  Agent,  April  17th,  18.34. 
 
 Mr.  Pinney  remained  in  Liberia  until  18.37.  .Vfter 
 his  return,  he  was  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the 
 Penn.sylvania  Colonization  Society,  residing  in  Pitts- 
 burg and  Philadelphia,  from  1837  to  1847;  was  in- 
 stalled pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Wash- 
 ington, Pa.,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Washington,  June 
 1st,  1847,  and  released,  April  20th,  1848;  was  Corres- 
 ponding Secretary  of  the  Xew  York  State  Coloniza- 
 tion Society,  from  1848  to  1863.  In  1866  he  went  to 
 Xevada,  where  he  remained  until  1869,  engaged  in 
 mining  and  agricultural  ojterations.  A  few  years 
 later,  on  the  reorganization  of  the  Xew  York  State 
 Colonization  Society,  he  was  again  appointed  its  Cor- 
 responding Secretary,  and  continued  in  that  office 
 until  his  death.  He  was  a  man  of  almost  singular 
 devotion  to  his  work,  of  indomitable  energy  of  char- 
 acter, and  indefarigable  in  labor.  He  had  worn  him- 
 self out  long  before  his  end  came ;  but  in  the  intervals 
 of  his  struggles  with  disease  and  infirmity,  he  c-on- 
 tinned  to  do  his  utmost  to  the  last.  His  whole  lite 
 was  devoted  to  the  Xegro  race,  and  especially  to 
 African  colonization.  Seven  times  he  crossed  the 
 ocean,  to  Africa,  once  or  twice  after  the  failure  of  his 
 health,  to  promote  the  interests  of  Liberia.  He  died 
 at  his  residence,  near  Ocala,  Florida,  whither  he  had 
 gone  a  few  months  before,  on  his  seventy-seventh 
 birthday,  December  2oth,  1882.  He  was  buried  under 
 the  shade  of  the  oaks,  near  his  house,  six  black  men 
 acting  as  pall-ljearers. 
 
 Pitzer,  Alexander  "W.,  D.  D.,  was  bom  Sep- 
 tember 14th,  1834,  in  Salem,  Roanoke  county,  A'a. 
 He  studied  at  Virginia  Collegiate  Institute  (now 
 Roanoke  College);  afterwards  at  Hampden-Sidney 
 College,  where  he  graduated,  as  Valedictorian  of  his 
 class,  in  1854.  He  studied  theology  one  year  at 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  Virginia,  and  two  years 
 at  Danville,  Ky. ;  was  licensed  by  Montgomery  Pres- 
 bytery, September  5th,  1856;  preached  in  Leaven- 
 worth, Kansas,  in  1857;  was  ordained  to  be  i>astor 
 of  the  First  Church,  Leavenworth,  in  April,  1858, 
 and  remained  in  this  relation  until  1861,  when  he 
 returned  to  Virginia.  Subsequently  he  supplied  the 
 churches  of  Sparta  and  Mt.  Zion,  in  Georgia,  and 
 then  preached  at  Cave  Spring  and  Liberty,  Va.,  untU 
 the  end  of  1867,  when  he  began  to  labor  as  an  evan- 
 gelist in  Washington  City,  D.  C.  Here  he  organized 
 the  Central  Church,  May  31st,  1868,  of  which  he 
 continues  to  be  the  pastor  (18S3). 
 
 Dr.  Pitzer  has  been  Stated  Clerk  of  Chesapeake 
 Presbytery  since  1873;  President  of  the  Washington 
 Bible  Society  since  1874,  and  Professor  of  Biblical 
 Literature  and  Moral  Science  in  Howard  University 
 since  1876.     He  has  published  "  iTccc  Deus  Homo." 
 
PLUMER. 
 
 622 
 
 POLE  GREEN  CHURCH. 
 
 "  Chria  the  Teacher  of  Men,"  and  "  The  Nev  Life,  not 
 the  Hitjher  Life."  He  has  also  contributed  articles  to 
 the  Southern  Preshijterian,  Southern  and  Xorih  Ameri- 
 can Reviews,  to  the  Catholic  Presbyterian,  and  fre- 
 quently to  the  Cliurch  papers.  He  was  a  member  of 
 the  Prophetic  Conference  in  New  York  in  1878,  and 
 assisted  in  drafting  and  reported  the  doctrinal  tes- 
 timony adopted  by  the  conference.  He  has  twice 
 sat  in  the  General  Assembly,  and  bore  a  prominent 
 part  in  the  establishment  of  fraternal  relations  be- 
 tween the  Northern  and  Southern  Assemblies.  His 
 published  works  vindicate  the  character  of  his  preach- 
 ing, which  is  that  of  clear,  full,  strong  and  simple 
 statement  of  gospel  truth. 
 
 Plumer,  'William  Swan,  D.  D.,  LL.D.,  ju.stly 
 ranks  among  the  great  and  good  men  of  the  Church 
 to  which  the  labors  of  his  life  were  devoted.-  He  was 
 born  July 'JUth,  1802,  atGriersburg  (now  Darlington), 
 Beaver  county,  Pa.  After  graduating  at  AVashington 
 College,  Va.,  he  entered  Princeton  Seminary,  be- 
 coming a  member  of  the  class  matriculated  in  1824-5. 
 He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick, 
 June  14th,  1826,  and  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Orange,  May  19th,  1827. 
 
 From  September,  1826,  to  June,  1829,  he  was 
 employed  as  an  evangelist,  in  Southern  Virginia  and 
 North  Carolina.  During  this  time  he  spent  ten  months 
 and  a  half  at  Danville,  and  organized  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  there,  and  eleven  months  in  "Warrenton,  N. 
 C,  where  he  also  organized  a  Church.  In  June, 
 1829,  he  became  stated  simply  of  Briery  Church,  Va., 
 where  he  labored  sixteen  months.  He  was  pastor  of 
 the  Tabb  Street  Church,  Petersburg,  Va.,  from  July 
 10th,  1831,  until  September  19th,  1834;  pastor  of  the 
 first  Church  of  Richmond,  Va.,  from  October  19th, 
 1834,  until  November  3d,  1846;  and  pastor  of  the 
 Franklin  Street  Church,  Baltimore,  Md.,  from  April 
 28th,  1847,  until  September  10th,  1854.  His  next 
 pastoral  charge  was  that  of  the  Central  Church  at 
 Allegheny,  Pa.,  which  continued  from  .January  17th, 
 1855,  until  September  19th,  1862.  After  an  interval 
 of  three  years  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Second 
 Church  of  Potts\-ille,  Pa.,  November  19th,  1865,  and 
 continued  in  this  relation  until  January  2d,  1867.  In 
 January,  1867,  he  began  to  reside  at  Columbia,  S.  C, 
 preaching,  while  a  Professor  in  the  Seminary,  exten- 
 sively in  that  and  adjacent  States. 
 
 In  1837  Dr.  Plumer  founded,  and  for  eight  years 
 was  sole  editor  and  proprietor  of,  The  Watehmnn  of 
 the  South,  in  Kiehniond,  Va.  In  1838  he  was  largely  i 
 instrumental  in  founding  the  Institution  for  the  Blind 
 and  Deaf  and  Dumb,  in  Staunton,  Va.  In  1854  he 
 was  elected  Profes.sor  of  Didactic  and  Pa.storal  The- 
 ology in  the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  at  Alle- 
 gheny, Pa.,  which  post  he  filled  until  1862.  In  1862 
 he  wiis  elected  I'rofessor  of  Didactic  and  Polemic 
 Theology  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Columbia, 
 S.  C,  and  filled  that  chair  until  1875,  when,  at  his 
 own  suggestion,  he  was  transferred  to  the  Chair  of 
 
 Historic,  Casuistic  and  Pa.storal  Theology  in  the  same 
 Institution,  and  retained  that  position  until  l-<80, 
 when,  a  few  months  before  his  death,  the  Seminary 
 was  closed,  Irom  a  lack  of  funds. 
 
 Dr.  Plumer  was  a  very  voluminous  author.  His 
 works  amounted  to  over  twenty-five  volumes,  besides 
 a  very  large  number  of  tracts,  sermons,  leaflets,  etc. 
 In  1838  he  was  Moderator  of  the  General  As.sembly 
 (O.  S.),  and  in  1871  Jloderator  of  the  General  Assem- 
 bly (Southern).  His  life  was  one  of  great  earnestness 
 and  usefulness.  As  a  pastor,  preacher,  profes.sor, 
 author  and  Christian,  he  was  eminent.  His  fcUl  and 
 erect  form,  white  hair,  beaming  eye,  expressive  coun- 
 tenance, and  deep  and  sonorous  voice,  added  greatly 
 to  the  impressiveness  of  his  Scriptural,  instructive, 
 experimental,  searching,  and,  at  tiines,  impassioned 
 
 WiriI\M    bW\N    PH  MFR     DP 
 
 preaching.  As  he  advanced  in  ye:u-s,  his  mental 
 powers  seemed  to  brighten  and  mellow,  and  he  never 
 ceased  his  varied  and  active  labors  until  he  was 
 called  to  bid  farewell  to  earth.  He  died  in  Balti- 
 more, Md.,  October  22d,  1880,  in  the  seventy-ninth 
 year  of  his  age.  His  end  was  a  glorious  triumph  of 
 faith.  His  utterances  were  full  of  faith  in'Christ,  of 
 love  for  Him,  and  of  confident  and  joyful  hope. 
 
 Pole  Green  and  Samuel  Davies  Church. 
 In  Hanover  county,  Va.,  ten  miles  from  the  city  of 
 Richmond,  and  a  few  rods  from  the  main  road,  more 
 than  a  hundred  years  ago,  stood  Pole  Green  Church. 
 It  was  ))uilt  not  later  than  the  year  1756,  on  a  piece 
 of  land  abimt  three;  acres  in  size,  given  to  the  church 
 by  a  Mr.  Wliitlocke,  who  resided  in  the  neighborhood. 
 It  was  one  of  the  first  Presbyterian  churches  planted 
 
rOLE  GREEN  CHURCH. 
 
 623 
 
 POLE  GREEN  CHURCH. 
 
 in  the  State  of  Virginia;  Makemle  Church,  in  Acco- 
 mac  county,  it  is  said,  was  the  first. 
 
 The  origin  of  the  name,  Pole  Green,  is  not  very 
 clear.  A  small  stream,  called  Pole  Green  branch  or 
 run,  is  near  the  spot.  Pole  Green  Sjiring  and  Pole 
 Green  Hill  are  known  lociilities  near  by,  but  it  is 
 uncertain  whether  the  church  derived  its  name  from 
 one  of  these,  or  gave  its  name  to  them.  If  a  stranger, 
 unaciiuainted  with  the  history  of  this  church  and 
 the  interesting  associations  connected  with  it,  had 
 attended  preaching  there  for  the  first  time  on  a  Sab- 
 bath in  the  Summer,  fifty  years  ago,  he  would,  prob- 
 ably, have  seen  nothing  particularly  to  attract  his 
 attention  about  the  exterior  of  the  hou.se,  a  ])lain, 
 unpretending  building  of  wood,  rather  antiquated, 
 but  yet  showing  no  marks  of  decay.  He  might,  it  is 
 true,  have  remarked  the  cool,  pleasant  and  refreshing 
 shade  of  the  large  and  venerable  oak,  and  other  forest 
 trees,  in  the  churchyard,  and  a  well  beaten  path 
 leading  from  near  the  church  door  to  the  rear  of  the 
 house,  along  which  many  of  the  congregation  were 
 passing  before  the  public  services  commenced.  This 
 path  led  to  a  bold,  clear  and  cool  spring  of  water,  a 
 few  yards  from  the  church,  Pole  Green  Spring. 
 
 He  would  have  seen,  within  the  house,  as  was 
 usual  in  country  churches  built  during  the  previous 
 century,  large,  high-backed,  family  pews,  with  seats 
 facing,  and  also  with  the  backs  towards  the  preacher; 
 he  would  have  seen  a  wide,  heavy  gallery  extending 
 along  one  broad  side  and  the  two  ends  of  the  build- 
 ing, a  part  of  which  gallery  was  set  apart  exclusively 
 for  the  use  of  the  colored  people,  and  filled  to  its 
 utmost  capacity  with  that  class  of  the  population;  a 
 pulpit  on  the  side  of  the  house,  with  its  high  and 
 narrow  desk  for  the  Bible,  and  with  the  sounding 
 board  away  up  over  the  preacher's  head;  and  his 
 attention  would  have  been  drawn  and  his  curiosity 
 excited  by  seeing  on  a  board  at  the  back  of  the 
 preacher  the  large  but  not  very  arti.stically  formed 
 letters,  S.D.,  and  beneath  them  the  figures  175G,  the 
 handiwork,  it  is  said,  of  the  mechanic  who  built  the 
 house.  This  was  the  condition  of  Pole  Green  Church, 
 and  the  appearance  of  things  around  it,  fifty  years 
 ago.  It  may  not  be  uninteresting  here  to  mention, 
 that  not  more  than  half  a  mile  from  the  church  in  a 
 northwesterly  direction,  the  road  crosses  Totopotomoy 
 Creek,  and  a  short  distance  beyond  there  is  a  very 
 remarkably  steep  hill.  It  was  customary  for  all 
 persons,  except  the  aged  and  infirm,  returning  from 
 church,  to  walk  up  tliis  hill;  and  it  was  said  that 
 even  the  horses  acquired  the  habit  of  stopping  of 
 their  own  accord  at  the  foot  of  the  hill,  to  put  off 
 a  part  of  their  load.  This  was  called  Pole  Green 
 Hill. 
 
 The  Rev.  Samuel  Davies  was  the  first  settled  pastor 
 of  Pole  Green  Church,  and  the  house  there  was  built 
 for  him  to  preach  in.  When  he  came  to  the  county, 
 preaching  and  religious  meetings  were  held  by  him, 
 at  first,  in  private  houses,  Presbyterianism  being  little 
 
 known  and  but  lightly  thought  of,  the  established 
 church  in  the  country  being  that  of  the  Church  of 
 England.  Soon,  however,  by  his  great  learning  and 
 eloquence,  and  his  ardent  and  devoted  piety,  a  won- 
 derfully deep  and  marked  impression  was  made  upon 
 those  who  knew  and  heard  him,  and  it  was  not  long 
 before  a  Presbyterian  church  was  organized  at  Pole 
 Green,  embracing  as  members  many  of  the  mo.st  in- 
 telligent and  influential  individuals  in  the  commu- 
 nity. The  parents  of  the  Rev.  Wm.  S.  White,  D.  D. , 
 so  widely  known  throughout  the  Presbyterian  church, 
 were  members  of  the  congregation,  and  attended 
 regularly  the  preaching  of  Jlr.  Da\'ies,  at  Pole  Green. 
 The  letters  S.  D.  ujjon  the  pulpit,  wliich  have  been 
 mentioned  before,  were  the  initials  of  Samuel  Davies' 
 name,  and  so  long  as  they  continued  in  that  conspicu- 
 oas  place,  no  doubt,  served  to  keep  fresh  in  remem- 
 brance the  name  and  character  of  that  eminent  and 
 devoted  minister  of  the  gospel.  Strangers  and  chil- 
 dren in  the  congregation  just  old  enough  to  notice 
 such  things,  would  have  their  attention  drawn  to 
 them,  and  l)e  led  to  inquire  their  meaning,  and  who 
 S.  D.  was.  The  connection  of  Mr.  Davies  with  Pole 
 Green  Church  as  pa-stor,  lasted  but  a  few  years.  He 
 removed  to  Princeton,  N.  J.,  in  the  year  1759,  and 
 died  there  February  4th,  1761. 
 
 It  has  often  been  asked  who  succeeded  him  iis 
 pastor.  The  probability  is,  that  a  Mr.  Maccauley 
 was  the  successor  of  Mr.  Davies.  It  is  much  to  be 
 regretted  that  the  Sessional  records  of  early  years  of 
 Pole  Green  Church  caimot  be  found  ;  much  interest- 
 ing and  reliable  information  as  to  the  condition  and 
 history  of  the  church,  which  they  only  could  supply, 
 is  thus  lost.  About  the  year  1785  the  Rev.  John  D. 
 Blair  "was  introduced  into  the  ministry  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Hanover,  and  inducted  to  the  pastoral 
 charge  of  Pole  Green  Church."  About  thirty  years 
 before  his  death,  which  took  place  in  1823,  he  re- 
 moved to  the  city  of  Richmond,  but  continued  to 
 supply  the  church  in  Hanover,  until  a  short  time 
 before  his  death.  He  was  beloved,  respected,  and 
 looked  upon  as  a  good  man  by  all  who  knew  him. 
 Many  of  his  descendants  are  still  liWng  in  Richmond, 
 and  Professor  Blair,  of  Hampden-Sidney,  was  one  of 
 his  grandsons. 
 
 In  1829  Pole  Green  and  Salem  churches  were 
 united,  constituting  one  organization,  with  the  name 
 of  Pole  Green  and  Salem  Church.  Salem,  distant  five 
 miles  from  Pole  Green,  was  built  by  the  congrega- 
 tion which  worshiped  at  Hanover  Town  under  the 
 pastoral  charge  of  the  Rev.  Jesse  H.  Turner.  The 
 names  of  ministers  who  have  supplied  the  chiu-ch 
 thus  united  are  Messrs.  Smith,  Davis,  Osborn,  Adams 
 and  Hooper,  successively,  until  1863,  when  Mr. 
 Hooper  resigned  his  charge.  In  1832  there  were 
 fifty-four  members  on  the  roll  of  the  church;  in  1863, 
 one  hundred  and  seven.  About  thirty  years  ago  the 
 building  at  Pole  Green  needed  repairs.  Many  alter- 
 ations were  made  in  the  interior  of  the  house,  gi^•ing 
 
roLK. 
 
 624 
 
 POLLOCK. 
 
 to  it  :i  neat,  conifoital)le  ami  modernized  appearance. 
 Tlie  family  jjews  and  tlie  gallery  were  fciken  down, 
 and  the  pulpit,  with  its  sounding  board,  shared  the 
 same  late.  Only  one  part  of  a  plank  of  the  old  pulpit 
 in  which  Samuel  Davies  liad  fornu'rly  preached  with 
 so  much  earnestness  and  eloquence  was  saved,  and 
 is  now  in  possession  of,  and  carefully  preserved  as  a 
 highly  valued  relic  by,  one  of  the  ruling  elders  of 
 the  church.  This  is  the  only  piece,  the  only  frag- 
 ment, of  Old  Pole  Green  house  now  remaining.  In 
 1864,  during  a  sharp  and  desperate  fight  between 
 Confederate  and  Federal  forces,  the  house  was  set  on 
 fire  and  totally  eonsiinu'd.  It  has  not  been  rebuilt. 
 The  ground  remains  unoccupied  by  Presbyterians, 
 and  it  does  seem  that  it  will  not  be  long  before  the 
 name  of  Pole  Green  Church  will  cease  to  be  known, 
 except  as  belonging  to  that  which  once  was..  In  1872 
 the  churches  of  Pole  Green,  Saleni  and  Bethlehem 
 (which  had  been  supplied  since  IsU.t  by  Rev.  George 
 H.  Denny)  were  united,  xinder  the  name  of  Samuel 
 Davies  Church,  with  the  Rev.  William  X.  Scott 
 piistor. 
 
 Polk,  James  Knox,  Ex-President  of  the  United 
 States,  was  born  in  North  Carolina,  1795.  After  an 
 honoral)le  university  course  he  became  a  member  of 
 the  Tennessee  Bar,  in  1820,  and  pursued  his  profes- 
 sional career  with  such  success  that  he  was  soon 
 marked  out  by  his  countrymen  for  the  highest  ser- 
 vices at  their  command.  In  1825  he  w:is  elected  to 
 Congress,  where  he  became  conspicuous  for  firmness, 
 regularity  and  assiduitj',  and  after  sitting  in  Congress 
 fourteen  years,  two  or  three  of  which  he  was  Sjjeaker, 
 he  was  elected  President  of  the  Federal  Republic, 
 in  1844.  His  administration  was  dLstiuguished  by 
 various  important  events  bearing  on  the  fortunes  of 
 the  country.  By  the  annexation  of  Texas  and  Cali- 
 fornia he  extended  the  boundaries  of  his  country;  he 
 labored  to  organize  the  National  Treasury  on  the 
 principles  of  the  Constitution,  and  introduced  into 
 the  government  many  financial  and  commc^rcial  im- 
 provements. He  died  in  1849.  I'resident  Polk  was 
 a  warm  friend  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  of  which 
 his  now  aged  and  venerable  widow  long  has  been  and 
 still  is  an  exemplary  and  useful  member. 
 
 Pollock,  Hon.  James,  LL.  D.,  was  born  at 
 Milton,  Northumberland  county.  Pa.,  September 
 11th,  1810.  His  early  education  was  committed  to 
 the  Ciire  of  the  Rev.  David  Kirkpatrick,  who  had 
 charge  of  the  classical  academy  at  Hilton.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Princeton,  X.  J.,  Scjitimiber,  ls.!l;  in  1835  he 
 received  the  degree  of  A.  M.  in  course,  and  in  1855 
 the  lionorary  degree  of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  upon 
 him.  Jefl'er.son  College  conferred  a  like  honor  in 
 1857.  In  November,  1833,  he  was  admitted  to  the 
 Bar  ;  in  1835  appointed  District  .attorney  for  North- 
 umberland county;  from  1843  to  1849  served  as  a 
 member  of  Congress,  where  he  acted  a  conspicuous 
 I)art  ;  in  1h.")()  was  appointed  President  Judge  of  the 
 eighth  judicial    district;     and    in    1S55  was   chosen 
 
 Governor  of  Penn.sylvania  by  a  large  majority.  Bv 
 the  Act  of  the  16th  of  May,  1857,  the  main  line  of 
 the  public  works  of  the  State  was  directed  to  be  .sold. 
 On  the  25th  of  June,  following,  Governor  Pollock 
 caused  the  same  to  be  done  ;  and  on  the  31st  day  of 
 July  the  whole  line  of  the  public  works  between 
 Philadelphia  and  Pittsburg  was  transferred  to  the 
 Pennsylvania  Railroad  Company,  at  the  price  of 
 seven  millions  five  hundred  thousand  dollars.  Fol- 
 lowing this  sale,  measures  were  fcikcu  for  the  disposal 
 of  the  remaining  divisions  of  the  public  improve- 
 ments. They  had  failed  to  be  a  source  of  revenue  to 
 the  Stiite,  and  the  application  of  the  proceeds  to  the 
 payment  of  the  debt  of  the  Commonwealth  soon  led 
 to  the  removal  of  taxation  by  the  State. 
 
 HON.    JAMES  POLLOCK,   LL.  D. 
 
 In  the  Summer  of  this  year  (18.57)  a  serious  finan- 
 cial revulsion  occurred,  resulting  in  the  suspension 
 of  specie  payments  by  the  banks  of  Pennsylvania  and 
 other  States  of  the  Union,  followed  by  the  failure  of 
 many  long-established  commercial  houses  and  the 
 general  prostration  of  business.  In  order  to  release 
 the  banks  from  the  penalties  and  forfeitures  incurred 
 by  a  suspension  of  specie  payments,  Governor  Pol- 
 lock convened  the  Legislature  in  "extraordinary 
 .session  "  on  the  6th  of  October.  On  the  13th  an  act 
 was  pa.ssed  "providing  for  the  resumption  of  specie 
 payments  by  the  banks,  and  for  the  relief  of  debtors, " 
 to  go  into  immediate  effect.  This  law  had  the  desired 
 result,  and  public  confidence  being  restored,  the  dif- 
 ferent branches  of  industry  revived,  and  the  commu- 
 nity was  .saved  from  bankruptcy  and  ruin. 
 
 In  tlu!  so-caUed  Compromise  Convention,  assem- 
 bled at  Wa.shington,  in  February  and  March,  1861, 
 
POMEEOY. 
 
 625 
 
 POMEEOY. 
 
 Governor  Pollock  represented  Pennsylvania.  From 
 1861  to  1866  he  filled  the  office  of  Director  of  the 
 United  States  Jlint,  under  the  appointment  of  Presi- 
 dent Lincoln,  with  great  fidelity  and  ability.  In 
 1869  he  was  reinstated,  by  President  Grant,  in  the 
 same  position.  He  was  subsequently  Naval  Officer 
 at  Philadelphia,  under  the  appointment  of  the  Gov- 
 ernment, until  July,  1883. 
 
 Governor  Pollock  is  a  gentleman  of  genial  disposi- 
 tion, vigorous  intellect,  and  unimpeachable  character. 
 He  is  an  earnest  and  exemplary  Christian,  and  has 
 long  been  a  faithful  and  honored  elder  in  the  West 
 Arch  Street  Presbyterian  Church,  Philadelphia,  in 
 which  he  has  a  large  and  flourishing  Bible  class.  He 
 is  a  popular  and  forcible  speaker,  and  has  frequent 
 calls  to  take  part  in  literary  and  religious  cele- 
 brations, to  which  he  cheerfully  responds.  He  is 
 highly  esteemed  by  the  community,  and  e.xerts  a 
 steady  and  strong  influence,  by  aiding  every  charit- 
 able and  Christian  enterprise. 
 
 Pomeroy,  Charles  S.,  D.D.,  is  a  native  of 
 Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  the  son  of  an  elder  in  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church   in   that  city.     At  the  age  of 
 
 CHARI.es   8.  POMEROT,  D.D. 
 
 twenty  years  he  graduated  at  Columbia  College,  and 
 then  entered  mercantile  life,  in  partnership  with  his 
 father.  Three  years  later  he  was  converted  to  God, 
 and  then  pursued  a  theological  course  in  Union  Sem- 
 inary. He  was  ordained  and  installed  the  first  pa.stor 
 of  the  Eoss  street  Pre.sbj-teriau  Church,  in  Brooklyn, 
 where  he  remained  for  nine  years,  the  church  mean- 
 while having  increased  its  membership  from  forty  to 
 four  hundred.  In  1S73  he  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 40 
 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church  in  Cleveland,  where  for 
 ten  years  he  has  been  a  beloved  and  successful 
 pastor.  In  these  years  six  hundred  members  have 
 been  added  to  the  church,  and  a  new  house  of  worship 
 erected,  at  an  expense  of  $160,000. 
 
 Dr.  Pomeroy,  now  well  along  in  the  forties,  is,  in 
 person,  of  medium  height,  strongly  built,  Avith  a 
 countenance  expressive  of  Intelligence,  animation  and 
 good-will.  He  is  distinguished  for  high  scholarship 
 in  the  classics,  and  especially  in  science  and  art.  As 
 a  theologian,  he  is  eminently  evangelical,  and  in  full 
 accord  with  Presbyterian  Standards.  "While  he  thor- 
 oughly studies  the  important  questions  which  arise 
 in  regard  to  revelation  and  man's  future  destiny,  his 
 faith  is  never  shaken  in  regard  to  the  plain  teachings 
 of  God's  Word.  As  a  preacher,  he  is  characterized 
 by  thoroughness  in  preparation  and  impressive  elo- 
 quence in  delivery.  "WTiile  free  from  mere  sensation- 
 alism, there  are  few  preachers  who  .so  well  draw  and 
 hold  the  attention  of  hearers.  He  finds  the  years 
 spent  in  business  life  and  his  acquaintance  with  science 
 and  art  of  great  value  to  him  in  illustrating  gospel 
 trutlis.  In  social  life  his  manners  are  attractive  and 
 ple.ising. 
 
 Pomeroy,  Rev.  John  Jay,  son  of  Hon.  Thomas 
 Pomeroy,  was  born  in  Roxbury,  Pa.,  September  8th, 
 1834.  He  graduated  at  Lafayette  College  in  1857, 
 and  after  teaching  for  a  time,  studied  theology  at 
 Princeton  Seminary.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Lewes,  November  28th,  1861.  He  was  pas- 
 tor at  Dover,  Del.,  1861-2;  stated  supply  at  Mechan- 
 icsburg.  Pa.,  1864;  pastor  at  Upper  Octorara,  Pa., 
 1865-75,  and  since  the  latter  date  has  been  pastor  of 
 the  first  Church,  fcihway,  N.  J.  Mr.  Pomeroy  is  an 
 excellent  and  successful  preacher,  a  faithful  pastor, 
 and  a  wise  and  judicious  Presbyter.  He  is  a  gentle- 
 man of  winning  address,  and  has  enjoyed  the  confi- 
 dence and  affection  of  the  congregations  of  which  he 
 has  had  charge.  ■  He  is  the  brother  of  the  Rev. 
 Stephen  Wilson  Pomeroy,  who  ha.s  labored  with  ac- 
 ceptance and  success  at  Harrisburg,  JlcConnellsburg, 
 Green  Hill  and  Wells  Valley,  Newton  Hamilton  and 
 Mt.  Union,  Pa.,  and  since  1878,  has  been  the  popular 
 and  efficient  pastor  of  Mt.  Union  and  Shirleysburg 
 Pa. 
 
 Pomeroy,  Hon.  Joseph,  was  born  in  Lurgan 
 Township,  Franklin  county,  I'a.,  October  18th,  1804. 
 After  being  clerk  in  a  store  at  Shippcnsburg,  Pa.,  in 
 1826  he  commenced  business  on  his  own  account  at 
 Concord,  Franklin  county.  Pa.,  and  continued  the 
 I  same  for  twenty-five  years.  In  April,  1851,  he  re- 
 moved to  Academia,  Juniata  county,  where  he  had 
 previously  acquired  considerable  property,  and  where 
 he  resided  until  his  death,  conducting  a  large  busi- 
 ness in  merchandizing,  tanning,  milling  and  larming. 
 In  1867  he  was  elected  President  of  the  Juniata 
 Valley  Bank,  Mifflintown.  In  1831  he  was  elected  to 
 the  State  Legislature  as  representative  from  Franklin 
 I  county,   and  in   ISGl   Associate  Judge   of   Juniata 
 
POOR. 
 
 626 
 
 PORTEE. 
 
 county.  Judge  Pomeroy  was  a  man  of  extraordinary 
 enterprise  and  energy,  of  firm  convictions  and  great 
 tenacity  of  puq)ose,  combining  with  strong  common 
 sense  good  judgment  and  excellent  address.  He  was 
 a  member  and  a  liberal  supporter  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  at  Academia. 
 
 Poor,  Daniel  "W.,  D.D.,  son  of  the  Rev.  Daniel 
 Poor,  D.D.,  and  Susan  E.  Poor,  was  born  in  TillipaUy, 
 Ceylon,  August  21st,  1818.  He  came  to  America  in 
 1830,  fitted  for  college  at  Hopkins  Academy,  Hadley, 
 Mass.,  and  entered  Amherst  College  in  1833,  and 
 Andover  Theological  Seminary  in  1837.  He  was 
 ordained  at  Fairhaven,  Mass.,  March  1st,  1813,  and 
 remained  pastor  nntil  1849.  He  went  to  Newark, 
 N.  J.,  in  June,  1849,  and  organized  the  High  Street 
 Presbyterian  Church,  over  which  he  continued  as 
 p;istor  untU  1869.  During  this  period  he  was  largely 
 instrumental  in  building  up  German  churches  in 
 connection  with  the  Presbytery,  and  in  founding  the 
 German  Theological  School  now  at  Bloomficld.  He 
 became  one  of  the  editors  of  Lange's  Commentary.  In 
 1869  he  was  called  to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
 at  Oakland,  California,  and  continued  pastor  until 
 1872,  when  he  accepted  the  Professorship  of  Ecclesias- 
 tical History  and  Church  Government  in  the  San 
 Francisco  Theological  Seminary,  and  filled  the  Chair 
 until  1876.  That  year  he  was  elected  Corresponding 
 Secret;iry  of  the  Board  of  Education  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church,  stivtioned  at  Philadelphia,  and  has 
 remained  such  ever  since.  The  degree  of  D.D.  was 
 conferred  upon  hira  by  Princeton  College  in  1857. 
 
 Dr.  Poor  is  a  gentleman  of  genial  disposition  and 
 winning  address.  His  pulpit  ability  is  of  a  high 
 order,  his  sermons  being  scriptural,  logical,  instruct- 
 ive, clothed  in  pure  style  and  delivered  with  dignity 
 and  force.  He  is  a  writer  of  decided  abilitj-,  and  a 
 scholar  of  varied  and  large  attainments.  His  minis- 
 try h;us  biim  eminently  blessed.  Under  his  earnest 
 and  judicious  activity  the  Board  of  Education  has 
 att;vincd  a  gratifjing  degree  of  prosperity.  Through- 
 out the  Church  he  is  much  esteemed  for  his  character 
 and  usefulness. 
 
 Porter,  Rev.  Francis  H.,  of  the  Presbytery  of 
 South  Carolina,  joiued  the  I'resbytery  of  South  Ala- 
 bama in  1828.  It  is  said,  however,  that  he  visited 
 Alabama  iLS  early  as  1818,  and  held  a  two  days' 
 meeting  and  administered  the  Sacrament  of  the 
 Lord's  Supper  under  a  large  oak  of  the  agedAVilliam 
 Morrison,  and  again  in  1821,  and  held  a  similar 
 meeting  near  the  liouse  of  David  Russell,  Sr.,  long 
 one  of  the  venerable  fathers  of  the  Valley  Creek 
 Church.  To  these  meetings  parents  carried  their 
 children,  a  distiince  of  thirty  miles,  to  have  them  bap- 
 tized. It  is  also  stilted  that  during  this  visit  he 
 assisted  the  Rev.  Mr.  Brown  in  organizing  the  New 
 Hope  Church,  in  Greene  county.  He  labored  in 
 various  parts  of  the  bounds  of  Prcsbyterj',  both  as  an 
 instructor  of  youth  and  a  preacher  of  the  gospel. 
 The  I'resbytery  of  Tuskaloosii,  in  their  notice  of  Mr. 
 
 Porter's  demise,  refer  to  hini  "as  one  with  whom 
 they  had  often  taken  sweet  counsel,  on  whose  sound 
 and  enlightened  judgment,  and  in  whose  orthodo.x 
 and  Scriptural  views  on  all  important  subjects,  they 
 could  rely  with  implicit  confidence." 
 
 Porter,  Hon.  Peter  Buel,  son  of  Judge  Augu.s- 
 tus  Porter,  and  nephew  of  General  Peter  B.  Porter, 
 was  born  at  Canandaigua,  N.  Y.,  March  17th,  1806. 
 He  graduated  at  Hamilton  College  in  1826;  studied 
 law  and  commenced  practice  in  Buffalo.  His  father 
 .was  the  pioneer  citizen  of  Niagara  Falls,  and  iu 
 coimection  with  his  uncle,  a  large  land  proprietor 
 there.  In  1837  Mr.  Porter  removed  his  residence  to 
 the  wondrous  scenery  of  his  father's  home,  and  re- 
 mained there  until  his  death,  June  15th,  1871.  lu 
 1840,  and  again  in  1841,  he  represented  his  district  in 
 the  Lower  House  of  the  State  Legislature,  and  in  the 
 latter  year  was  chosen  Speaker.  Of  fine  gifts,  im- 
 proved by  the  best  of  associations  and  opportunities, 
 and  with  intellectual  tastes,  he  was  qualified  for 
 professional  and  civil  prominence,  but  preferred  the 
 seclusion  of  private  life,  and  spent  most  of  his  days 
 in  the  labors  and  deeds  of  a  useful  citizen  and 
 Christian,  surrounded,  not  by  the  display  of  am- 
 bitious and  pretentious  wealth,  but  with  the  objects 
 which  intelligence,  refinement  and  the  love  of  learn- 
 ing, literature  and  art  gather  in  the  home  of  a  true 
 gentleman.  He  was  not  only  a  church  member  and  a 
 ruling  elder,  but  a  true,  active  and  cliaritable  Chris- 
 tian. In  the  disi)osal  of  his  estate,  he  assigned  S5000 
 as  a  permanent  fund  for  the  library  of  Hamilton 
 College. 
 
 Porter,  Rev.  Samuel,  was  born  iu  Ireland, 
 June  11th,  1760,  of  pious  parents,  belonging  to  the 
 Kelbrmed  Presbj'tcrian  Church,  commonly  called 
 Covenanters.  He  emigrated  to  this  country  in  1783, 
 spending  tlie  first  winter  after  his  arrival,  in  the 
 vicinity  of  Mercersburg,  Pa.  The  next  year  he 
 removed  to  Washington  county.  Pa.,  and  united  with 
 the  Presbj^eriau  Church.  His  studies,  with  a  view 
 to  preparation  for  the  ministry,  were  prosecuted 
 under  the  direction  of  several  ministers,  and  he  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Redstone,  November  12th,  1789.  On  September  22d, 
 1790,  he  was  instilled  p:istor  of  the  congregations  of 
 Poke  Run  and  Congruity,  in  which  he  labored  till 
 April  11th,  1798,  when,  on  account  of  ill  health,  and 
 against  the  earnest  remonstrance  of  the  people,  he 
 w;us  released  from  Poke  Run,  Congruity  agreeing  to 
 take  the  whole  of  his  time.  He  continued  the  pastor 
 of  this  congregation  until  the  time  of  his  death, 
 September  23d,  1825. 
 
 Jlr.  Porter  was  held  in  high  esteem  by  his  brethren 
 of  the  ministry,  as  a  man  of  undoubted  piety  and 
 vigorous  tiilents.  He  was  a  bold,  original,  and  inde- 
 pendent thinker,  distinguished  for  his  controversial 
 talent  and  ready  wit.  He  appeared  to  i)articular 
 advantage  in  the  judicatories  of  the  Church,  in 
 which  he  exerted  a  commanding  influence.     He  was 
 
POSTURE  IN  PRAYER. 
 
 627 
 
 POTTS. 
 
 a  very  acceptable  preacher,  had  a  clear,  musical  voice, 
 and  had  great  power  over  au  audience,  sometimes 
 exciting  in  them  the  most  pleasurable  emotions,  at 
 others  melting  them  to  tears. 
 
 Posture  in  Prayer.  Standing  was  the  usual 
 posture  among  the  Jews  (1  Sara,  i,  26;  1  Kings  \'iii, 
 22;  Luke  xviii,  11),  or  l-nceling  (1  Kings  viii,  34;  2 
 Chron.  vi,  13;  Ezraix,  .'5;  Dan.  vi,  10;  Luke  xxii,  41); 
 in  both  cases  with  the  hands  lifted  up  (Ps.  xxviii, 
 2;  cxxxiv,  2;  Lam.  ii,  19;  iii,  41),  or  spread  out 
 towards  heaven  (Ezra  ix,  5;  Isa.  i,  15).  In  cases  of 
 deep  contrition  the  hands  might  be  employed  to 
 smite  on  the  breast  (Luke  x\'iii,  13) ;  under  the  bur- 
 den of  anxiety  or  grief  the  head  might  sink  on  the 
 breast  (Ps.  xxxv,  12),  or  be  buried  between  the  knees 
 (1  Kings  xviii,  42);  and  even,  under  the  influence  of 
 de«p  emotion,  the  whole  body  might  be  prostrated 
 on  the  ground  (Gen.  xxiv,  20;  Ex.  xx.xiv,  8;  Neh. 
 \'iii,  6).  Standing  in  public  prayer  is  still  the  prac- 
 tice of  the  Jews.  This  posture  was  adopted  from  the 
 synagogue  by  the  primitive  Christians,  and  is  still 
 maintained  by  the  Oriental  churches.  It  was  the 
 custom  in  the  earliest  times  of  Christianity  to  pray 
 standing,  with  the  hands  extended  and  slightly 
 raised  towards  heaven,  and  with  the  face  turned 
 towards  the  east.  Exceptions  may  no  dovibt  be  cited, 
 even  from  the  New  Testament,  but  that  this  was  the 
 most  common  attitude  is  evident  from  the  testimony 
 of  primitive  monuments,  frescoes,  sarcophagi,  sepul- 
 chral monuments,  ancient  glass,  mosaies  in  the  earliest 
 basilicas;  above  all,  the  Roman  catacombs  exhibit  the 
 faithful,  more  especially  women,  praying  in  this 
 attitude. 
 
 Each  of  the  postures  named,  standing  and  kneeling, 
 has  its  own  peculiar  appropriateness.  Either  is  a 
 seemly  and  Scriptural  method  of  bringing  the  posi- 
 tion of  the  body  into  significant  harmony  with  the 
 desire  of  the  soul.  The  custom  of  sitting  in  prayer, 
 which  has  come  to  prevail  so  extensively  in  many  of 
 the  churches  of  our  country,  is  of  comparatively 
 recent  origin.  Some  years  ago  the  Puritan  Recorder, 
 of  Boston,  said:  "As  far  as  our  observation  and  recol- 
 lection serve  us,  the  new  custom  came  in  with  the 
 new  measures"  that  were  introduced  into  New  Eng- 
 land by  Sir.  Finney.  We  never  saw  or  heard  of  a 
 New  England  congregation  sitting  in  prayer  till  we 
 saw  it  in  Boston,  at  the  time  when  Mr.  Finney  was 
 carrying  forward  his  revival  measures,  in  1831.  And 
 then  we  had  and  ever  since  have  had  the  impression 
 that  the  practice  came  in  with  him — whether  by  his 
 recommendation,  we  cannot  say."  Many  other  per- 
 sons concur  with  the  Recorder  in  the  opinion  ex- 
 pressed. 
 
 But  whatever  may  have  been  the  origin  or  the 
 object  of  the  innovation,  it  certainly  is  a  matter  for 
 regret.  It  has  not  any  warrant  in  Scripture.  True, 
 in  1  Chron.  xvii,  16,  we  are  told  that  ' '  David,  the 
 king,  came  and  mt  before  the  Lord,"  and  in  that 
 posture  gave  utterance  to  eloquent  prayer,  or  rather 
 
 thanksgiving,  which  the  sequel  of  the  chapter  con- 
 tains. It  must  be  remembered,  however,  that  there 
 is  a  mode  of  sitting  in  the  east  very  different  from 
 ours,  which  is  highly  respectful,  and  even  reverential, 
 and  in  which  the  person  first  kneels,  and  then  sits  back 
 upon  his  heels,  at  the  same  time  cro.ssing,  folding  or 
 hiding  his  hands  in  the  opposite  sleeves.  Besides, 
 the  sitting  attitude,  as  practiced  in  prayer  in  our 
 day,  is  far  less  solemn,  impressive  and  reverential 
 than  the  other  postures  already  named.  ' '  Sfcmding 
 and  kneeling,"  says  Barkitt,  "are  praying  jKj.stures, 
 but  sitting  is  a  rude  indecency,  except  in  Kises  of 
 necessity."  "  In  prayer, "  says  iJisAop  Hall,  "  I  will 
 either  stand  as  a  servant  to  my  Master,  or  kneel  as  a 
 subject  to  my  Prince."  "The  us;iges  of  our  fathers 
 in  the  house  of  God,"  said  the  good  and  wise  Dr. 
 Van  Rensselaer,  in  his  Presbyterian  Magazine,  "ought 
 to  be  retained,  for  these  four  reasons,  if  for  no  others: 
 They  are  good  usages.  They  are  characteristic  of  our 
 church.  Change  leads,  we  know  not  where.  Many 
 devout  people  are  always  annoyed  at  needless  innova- 
 tions. ' ' 
 
 Potter,  Ludlow  Day,  D.D.,  the  son  of  Major 
 Jothara  and  Phebe  Potter,  was  born  at  New  Provi- 
 dence, N.  J.,  January  3d,  1823.  He  graduated  from 
 theCollegeof  New  Jersey,  Princeton,  in  1841,  andfrom 
 the  Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in  1846.  In  1847 
 he  went  to  Indiana;  was  ordained  by  'Wniite  Water 
 Presbytery  as  an  evangelist;  served  the  Church  at 
 Brook\-ille,  Ind.,  as  supply  and  pastor,  from  1847  to 
 1853,  and  in  the  same  interval,  the  churches  of  Bath 
 and  Metamora.  In  1853  he  took  charge,  by  appoint- 
 ment of  his  Presbytery,  of  White  Water  Presbj-terial 
 Academy.  In  1856  he  joined  Rev.  J.  G.  Monfort,  D.D., 
 and  Rev.  S.  S.  Potter  in  the  charge  of  Glendale  Female 
 College,  near  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  In  18G5  he  became 
 President  and  sole  proprietor  of  this  well-known 
 In.stitution,  which  he  still  continues  to  control.  In 
 1873  the  degree"  of  D.D.,  was  conferred  on  him  by 
 Hanover  College,  Indiana.  The  work  which  Dr. 
 Potter  performed,  whether  as  pastor  of  a  church  or 
 head  of  an  Institution  of  learning,  was  characterized 
 by  great  fidelity  and  thoroughness.  Quiet  and  unob- 
 trusive in  his  manners,  he  made  friends  and  held 
 them,  by  the  solid  worth  of  character  which  they 
 discovered  in  him.  As  a  preacher,  his  sermons  were 
 thoughtful  and  instructive.  The  great  work  of  his 
 life  has  been  in  coimectiou  with  the  Glendale  College 
 for  Young  Ladies.  He  has  made  a  full  course  of 
 Bible  History,  as  well  as  Latin  and  Mathematics, 
 indispensable  in  the  securing  of  a  diploma;  and  has 
 been  remarkably  successful  in  awakening  a  thirst  for 
 knowledge  in  the  minds  of  his  pupils.  The  gradu- 
 ates of  the  College,  scattered  through  the  States  of 
 Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  hold 
 him  in  affectionate  remembrance. 
 
 Potts,  G-eorg-e,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
 March  15th,  1802.  He  graduated  at  the  University 
 of  Pennsylvania  in  1819,  the  third  in  his  class.    After 
 
POTTS. 
 
 628 
 
 POTTS. 
 
 his  graduation  he  spent  a  year  in  general  studies, 
 preparatory  to  entering  the  theological  seminary.  He 
 joined  the  Seminary  at  Princeton,  in  1820;  was  li- 
 censed to  preaeh  by  the  Prcshytery  of  Philadelphia 
 in  18'22,  and  left  the  seminary  at  the  close  of  the 
 regular  course,  in  1823.  He  ■was  installed  pastor  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Natchez,  Miss.,  at  the 
 close  of  that  year,  and  continued  there  twelve  years. 
 On  account  of  the  enervating  influence  of  the  climate 
 upon  him,  he  found  it  ncccss;iry  to  seek  a  northern 
 home.  Resigning  this  charge,  he  accepted  a  call  to 
 the  Duane  Street  Church,  New  York,  and  was  installed 
 as  pastor  in  May,  18.36.  In  1845  he  resigned  the 
 charge  of  the  church  in  Duane  street,  and  on  Novem- 
 ber 25th,  was  Installed  pastor  of  a  newly-gathered 
 church  in  University  Place.  He  continued  in  this 
 connection  till  the  close  of  his  life.  He  died,  Sep- 
 tember 15th,  1864. 
 
 Dr.  Potts  was  a  Director  of  the  Theological  Semi- 
 nary at  Princeton,  and  a  member  of  the  Council  of 
 the  New  York  University.  He  never  aspired  to  any- 
 thing in  the  way  of  authorship,  having  published 
 only  a  few  occasional  sermons  and  addresses.  As  a 
 preacher,  he  was  undoubtedly  regarded  as  one  of  the 
 most  attractive  of  his  day.  His  voice  was  full  and 
 clear;  his  utterance  di.stinct  and  impressive;  his  ges- 
 tures simple  and  graceful;  and  the  manifest  prompt- 
 ings of  nature  and  his  whole  manner  such  as  were 
 best  fitted  to  give  effect  to  the  momentous  truths  he 
 proclaimed.  There  was  in  his  preaching  a  happy 
 admixture  of  the  doctrinal  and  the  practical.  He 
 never  felt  that  he  had  done  with  any  truth  that  he 
 prcscnt<'d  until  he  had  not  only  shown  its  intel- 
 lectual hearing,  but  had  brought  it  into  contact  with 
 the  conscience  and  the  heart.  Though  his  scrmon.s 
 were  generally  written,  he  accustomed  himself,  espe- 
 cially during  his  latter  years,  to  extemporaneous 
 speaking;  and  he  has  been  heard  to  say  that  he  had 
 more  freedom  and  comfort  in  this  mode  of  preaching 
 than  any  other.  The  interests  of  his  congregation 
 seemed  always  uppermost  in  his  thoughts.  His  pas- 
 toral visits  were  a  source  of  mutual  enjoyment  to 
 him  and  his  people,  and  those  who  were  in  the  morn- 
 ing of  life  especially  shared  most  largely  in  his 
 watchful  regards.  Though  his  tastes  were  rather 
 for  a  life  of  quietude  than  bustle,  he  was  by  no 
 means  destitute  of  executive  ability,  nor  did  he 
 shrink  from  fciking  his  share  in  guiding  and  mould- 
 ing the  destinies  of  the  Church.  In  every  relation 
 he  sustained  his  pure  and  noble  .spirit  was  impress- 
 ively exemplified. 
 
 Potts,  'William  Stephens,  D.  D.,  son  of  "Wil- 
 liam and  Mary  (Gardner)  Potts,  was  born  in  North- 
 umberland county.  Pa.,  October  13th,  1802.  His  | 
 father  w;is  a  Quaker,  and  his  mother  of  Scotch  and 
 Presljyterian  descent.  When  the  .son  was  eight  years 
 old  the  family  removed  to  Trenton,  N.  J.  At  six- 
 teen he  wassent  to  Philadelphia  to  learn  the  printer's 
 trade.     He  worked  at  this  some  three  years,  during  I 
 
 ■which  time  he  became  a  professor  of  religion  and  de- 
 termined to  embrace  the  gospel  ministry.  For  this 
 he  began  his  preparatory  studies  in  1822,  under  the 
 superintendence  of  Rev.  Dr.  Ezra  Stiles  Ely.  In 
 1825  he  entered  Princeton  Theological  Seminary. 
 Intense  application  to  study  so  impaired  his  health 
 that  he  had  to  leave  the  seminar}-  in  November, 
 1827. 
 
 He  was  immediately  licensed  by  the  Pre.sb3^ery 
 of  Philadeli)hia,  and  took  a  mission  to  the  South, 
 fl-Jth  instruction  to  make  his  way  to  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
 Traveling  on  honsehack,  with  all  his  worldly  pos- 
 sessions in  his  saddle-bags,  he  pa.s.sed  through  parts  of 
 Maryland,  Virginia,  the  Carolinas,  Georgia,  Tennes- 
 see, Kentucky  and  Illinois,  till  Jlay  14th,  1828, 
 when  he  reached  St.  Louis.     That  was  than  a  town 
 
 WILLIAM   STEPHENS   POTTS,  D.  D. 
 
 of  less  than  5000  people,  probably  four-fifths  of 
 whom  were  of  French  extraction  and  Koman  Catholic 
 faith.  There,  however,  he  found  a  small  Presbyte- 
 rian church,  which  had  been  organized  by  Eev. 
 Salmon  Giddings  ten  years  before,  with  only  nine 
 members;  and  he  immediately  began  his  ministerial 
 work  in  St.  Louis  in  connection  with  that  church,  of 
 which  he  was  installed  pastor  in  October,  1828.  In 
 1832  a  powerful  revival,  lasting  for  months,  visited 
 his  charge,  resulting  in  the  addition  to  it  of  128 
 members.  In  1835  he  became  President  of  Marion 
 College,  Mo.,  which  post  he  held  till  the  Summer  of 
 1839,  when  he  received  and  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 pastorate  of  the  Second  Pnsbyt<'riau  Church  of  St. 
 Louis,  then  a  new  enterprise  with  about  sixty  mem- 
 bers, but  which  before  his  death,  thirteen  years 
 afterward,  became  a  large  and  powerful  body. 
 
POWEK. 
 
 629 
 
 PRATT. 
 
 Dr.  Potts  was  not  what  men  would  call  great  in 
 intellect,  Init  his  clear,  cool,  logical  and  well-bal- 
 anced mind  dealt  masterfully  with  whatever  came 
 before  it,  and  almost  invariably  led  him  to  wise  and 
 just  conclusions.  But  he  was  truly  great  in  his  un- 
 limited consecration  of  all  he  had  and  all  he  was  to 
 the  service  of  God.  He  was  not  a  great  preacher, 
 but  his  holy  life  preached  the  gospel  with  steady  and 
 growing  power.  His  preparations  for  the  pulpit  were 
 conscientiously  and  prayerfully  made,  with  the  single 
 and  absorbing  desire  to  win  souls  to  Christ  and  build 
 up  the  spiritual  character  of  believers.  His  discourses 
 were  never  brilliant,  but  they  frequently  blazed  with 
 earnestness.  Though  no  orator,  he  was  often  elo- 
 quent. His  constant  prayer  was  for  more  of  the 
 Holy  Spirit's  presence  and  power  in  himself  and  his 
 people.  In  the  winters  of  1842-43  and  1848-49  his 
 church  was  powerfully  revived  and  largely  increased 
 in  numbers.  La  such  seasons  his  whole  soul  was 
 aroused,  and  he  showed  extraordinary  wisdom,  en- 
 ergy and  skill  in  managing  his  church.  He  was 
 eminently  a  man  of  prayer.  Fearless,  uncompromis- 
 ing and  unswerving  devotion  to  duty  was  a  great 
 characteristic  of  his  life  in  all  his  relations.  Always 
 calm,  self-possessed  and  dignified,  he  never  dimin- 
 ished his  power  with  men  by  exhibitions  of  temper, 
 weakness,  or  arrogancy.  His  influence  in  St.  Louis 
 and  throughout  Missouri  grew  in  potency  to  the  end 
 of  his  life.  In  the  midst  of  a  series  of  special  meet- 
 ings of  his  church,  seeking  an  outpouring  of  the 
 Holy  Spirit,  his  frail  body  gave  way,  and  after  pro- 
 tracted confinement  to  his  bed  he  went  to  be  with 
 Jesus,  on  the  morning  of  Sunday,  March  28th,  1852, 
 while  the  church  bell  was  ringing  for  the  Sabbath 
 school  to  asscnilile. 
 
 Po'wer,  James,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Chestei 
 county,  Pa.,  in  1746.  He  was  one  of  the  students  of 
 Princeton  College  who  visited  President  Finley  on 
 his  death-bed,  in  Philadelphia,  and  the  affecting  scene 
 left  a  powerful  and  enduring  impression  on  his  mind. 
 He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle, 
 June  24th,  1772.  The  next  year  he  traveled  and 
 preached  in  Virginia.  In  1774  he  cro.s.sed  the  moun- 
 tains and  spent  three  months  as  a  missionary  in 
 Western  Peunsylvania,  after  which  he  returned  to 
 the  East  and  supplied  a  church  in  Maryland.  In 
 1776  he  was  ordained  and  removed  permanently  to 
 Western  Pennsylvania,  and  after  supplying  various 
 churches,  was  installed  pastor  of  Mount  Pleasant 
 and  Sewickley  churches  in  1779.  In  1787  his  connec- 
 tion with  the  Sewickley  Church  was  dissolved,  and 
 from  that  time  until  April,  1817,- he  devoted  himself 
 to  the  Mount  Plea.sant  Church,  when,  on  account  of 
 age  and  infirmity,  he  gave  np  his  charge. 
 
 Dr.  Power  in  his  conversation  and  manners  was 
 dignified  and  precise,  seldom,  if  ever,  indulging  in 
 anything  like  wit  or  levity.  And  yet  he  was  sociable, 
 and  far  from  being  morose  or  censorious.  His  voice 
 was  not  loud,   but  remarkably  clear  and   distinct. 
 
 His  enunciation  was  so  perfect,  that  the  whole  vol- 
 ume of  his  voice  was  used  in  conveying  to  his  hearers 
 the  words  he  uttered.  He  always  preached  without 
 notes,  but  his  discourses  were  clear,  methodical  and 
 evangelical.  During  the  Revolution  he  lived  in  the 
 midst  of  the  Indian  wars  and  alarms.  The  Church 
 in  which  he  preached  was  of  logs,  upon  which  no 
 plane,  hammer,  saw  nor  nail  were  used.  The  win- 
 dows were  small  openings  cut  in  adjacent  logs,  and 
 glazed  with  paper  or  white  linen,  oiled  with  hog's 
 lard  or  bear's  grease. 
 
 Such  was  one  of  our  pioneer  preachers  in  the  West. 
 To  Dr.  Power,  with  Thaddeus  Dod  and  John  Mc- 
 Millan, belongs  the  honor  of  firmly  establishing  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  the  Western  wilderness.  Dr. 
 Power  died,  at  an  advanced  age,  in  1830. 
 
 Pratt,  Eliphaz  Perkins,  D.  D.,  .son  of  David 
 and  Julia  Perkins  Pratt,  was  born  near  Athens,  Ohio, 
 Feliruary  17th,  1816.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Ohio 
 University,  after  which  he  spent  two  years  in  teach- 
 ing at  Gallatin,  Tenn.  Having  studied  theology 
 under  the  tuition  of  Rev.  Drs.  W.  H.  McGuSey,  John 
 W.  Hall,  and  Professor  Elisha  Ballantine,  he  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Dayton,  October  6th,  1841.  In  1843  he  received  a 
 call  from  the  Presbyterian  Church,  Paris,  Ky.,  where 
 he  was  ordained  in  1843,  by  the  Harmony  Presbytery, 
 and  served  as  stated  supply  ten  years,  with  much 
 success.  In  May,  1852,  he  was  installed  p:ustor  of 
 the  First  Prcsbj-tcrian  Church,  Portsmouth,  Ohio, 
 in  which  relation  he  still  continues,  faithful  to  his 
 charge. 
 
 A  revival  of  religion  has  attended  Dr.  Pratt's  min- 
 istrations of  the  gospel  in  Portsmouth,  on  an  average 
 of  once  in  two  years,  in  which  he  has  been  aided  by 
 pastors  in  the  neighborhood,  once  by  an  evangelist, 
 and  chieflj-  by  the  officers  and  members  of  his  own 
 church.  He  has  given  special  attention  to  the  spirit- 
 ual interests  of  the  children  and  youth  of  his  con- 
 gregation, and  the  results  have  been  large  accessions 
 from  their  number  to  the  Church  and  kingdom  of 
 Clirist.  During  the  thirty  years  of  his  pastorate,  not 
 only  has  the  membership  of  the  church  been  greiitly 
 increased,  but  the  congregation,  besides  large  contri- 
 butions for  religious  and  charitable  objects,  has  built 
 a  house  of  worship  for  a  second  church,  and  given  it 
 a  colony  of  about  two  hundred  members,  now  in- 
 crea.sed  to  nearly  three  hundred,  under  the  pastoral 
 care  of  the  Rev.  Heber  A.  Kctchum.  Outside  of  his 
 own  congregation.  Dr.  Pratt's  voice  and  influence 
 have  been  heard  and  felt  in  behalf  of  Education, 
 Temperance,  and  whatever  is  jiromotive  of  the  public 
 welfare  and  private  good,  having  been  ten  years  cor- 
 responding editor  of  the  Christian  Herald,  Cincinnati, 
 by  the  annual  appointment  of  the  S}^lod  of  Ohio, 
 besides  furnishing  numerous  other  contributions  to 
 the  religious  press.  He  has  also  been  honored  with 
 being  for  thirteen  years  a  Director  in  Danville  Theo- 
 logicivl  Seminary,  and  twenty  years  a  Trustee  of  the 
 
PRATT. 
 
 030 
 
 PRAYER. 
 
 Western  Female  Seminary  at  Oxford,  Lane  Theologi- 
 cal Seminary  anil  Mariettiv  College.  His  life  has  been 
 marked  by  enc-rfiy  and  usefulness. 
 
 Pratt,  Captain  Richard  H.,  the  oldest  child 
 of  Richard  and  M:iry  (llcrrick)  I'ratt,  was  born  De- 
 cember 6th,  ISIO,  in  the  town  of  Rushford,  All(!ghany 
 county,  N.  Y.  When  five  years  of  age  his  parents 
 moved  to  Logansport,  Ind.,  where  he  enjoyed  very 
 limited  school  privileges  in  the  schools  and  seminar}- 
 of  the  town,  until  April,  1S57,  when,  at  hisown  re- 
 (jucst,  he  w;ls  apprenticed  by  his  mother,  then  a 
 widow,  to  Mr.  Nicholas  Smith,  tinner.  When  the 
 war  broke  out,  with  the  consent  of  his  master,  he  en- 
 listed as  a  soldier,  and  served  in  this  e;ipacity  sev- 
 eral years. 
 
 Being  offered  an  appointment  in  the  Regular  Army 
 by  the  Hon.  Schuyler  Colfax,  then  Speaker  of  the 
 House  of  Rcprcsent;vtives,  Captain  Pratt  accepted  a 
 Second  Lieutenancy  in  the  lOth  Cavalry,  lie  joined 
 his  Company  at  Fort  Gibson,  in  June,  18GT;  was 
 made  First  Li('utenant  in  the  same  Company  .July 
 31st,  1867,  and  served  with  his  Company  against  the 
 Indians  until  the  Spring  of  1375.  During  this  time 
 he  often  had  command  of  Indian  scouts,  and  was  in 
 charge;  of  tribes  and  Indian  prisoners.  In  the  Spring 
 of  187.5  he  was  .selected  by  General  Sheridan  and 
 sent  in  charge  of  seventy-four  Cheyenne,  Arrapahoe, 
 Kiowa,  and  Comanche  prisoners,  to  Florida,  where 
 they  were  confined  in  the  old  Spanish  Fort  at  St. 
 Augustine  for  three  ye;vrs.  In  the  Spring  of  187S  the 
 prisoners  were  released,  but  twentj'-two  of  them, 
 having  a  desire  for  more  cduc;ition,were  permitted  to 
 remain  East.  Seventeen  of  them  were  entered  as 
 pupils  of  Hampton  Xornml  Institute,  Va.,  and  Cap- 
 tain Pratt  detailed  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  ilr. 
 McCr:iry,  to  bring  from  Dakota  fifty  Sioux  boys  and 
 girls,  and  to  remain  in  charge  of  them  and  the  re- 
 lea-sed  prisoners.  This  new  departure  in  Indian  edu- 
 c;vtion  attracted  the  attention  of  President  Hayes,  Sec- 
 retary of  Interior,  Mr.  Schurz,  and  Secretary  of 
 War,  Mr.  McCrarj',  and  it  was  determined  to  enlarge 
 the  work.  The  old  U.  S.  Barracks  at  Carlisle,  Pa., 
 were  selected  a.s  the  ])la<e,  and  Captain  Pratt  was  de- 
 tiiiled  and  authorized  by  Congress  to  tike  charge. 
 The  school  was  opened  in  <)itol)er,  1M79,  with  one  hun- 
 dred and  fifty-seven  ])Upils  from  tribes  in  the  Indian 
 Territory  and  DakoUi.  It  is  an  industrial  as  well  :us 
 a  literary  .school,  designed  to  prepare  the  young  In- 
 dians for  industrious  civilized  life.  Captain  Pratt 
 has  remained  at  the  head  of  it,  and  it  has  grown, 
 until  at  this  date  (Dec.  18><3)  it  numbers  four  hun- 
 dred and  thirty-five  pupils  and  represents  thirty- 
 six  diffiTcnt  tribes,  and  the  results  have  l)een  so 
 gratifying  tliat  Congress  h;us  been  encouraged  to 
 give  very  much  more  att<'ntion  to  the  subject  of 
 Indian  education  everywhere,  and  has  cstiblished 
 s<'vcral  other  s<-hools  of  the  s:imc  kind.  Captain 
 I'ratt  is  a  member  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Carlisle. 
 
 Pratt,  Rev.  Samuel  "WTaeeler,  was  born  at 
 Livonia,  N.  Y.,  Septemlxr  9th,  1838.  He  was 
 graduated  at  Williams  College,  JIass.,  in  18G0,  and 
 from  .\uburn  Theological  Seminary  in  1SG3.  He 
 was  ordained  at  Brasher  Falls,  X.  Y.,  in  July,  18G3; 
 preached  at  that  place  1^^63-7;  at  Hammonton,  N. 
 J.,  1867-71;  at  Prattsburgh,  N.  Y.,  1872-7;  and  at 
 Campbell,  N.  Y.,  1877-83.  Mr.  Pratt  is  painstaking 
 and  earnest  as  a  preacher,  commending  the  truth  to 
 the  intelligence  and  consciences  of  his  hearers.  He 
 has  proved  himself  especially  effective  as  a  worker  for 
 the  young,  and  as  a  Normal-class  instructor  in  the 
 training  of  Sunday-school  teachers.  He  is  an  exsy 
 and  graceful  writer,  and  has  employed  his  pen 
 effectively  in  writing  for  the  periodic^il  press,  both 
 secular  and  religious,  and  is  the  author  of  a  volume 
 of  special  .value  and  interest  to  parents  in  the  training 
 of  their  children,  entitled  '".A.  Summer  at  Peace 
 Cottige,  or  Talks  on  Home  Life."  Mr.  Pratt  has 
 published  also  valuable  historical  discourses  and 
 other  sermons.  Efficient  as  a  presbj-ter,  he  has  done 
 long  and  excellent  service  as  a  commissioner  to 
 Auburn  Theological  Seminary. 
 
 Prayer  has  been  well  defined  in  our  Larger  Cate- 
 chism (Q.  178),  as  "an  offering  up  of  our  desires  unto 
 God,  in  the  name  of  Christ,  by  the  help  of  His  Spirit, 
 with  confession  of  our  sins,  and  thankful  acknowl- 
 edgment of  His  mercies."  1.  Prayer  is  in  itself  a 
 becoming  acknowledgment  of  the  all-sufficiency  of 
 God,  and  of  our  dependence  upon  Him.  It  is  His  ap- 
 pointed means  for  .the  obtaining  of  both  temporal  and 
 spiritual  blessings.  He  Could  bless  His  creatures  in 
 another  way,  but  He  will  be  inquired  of  to  do  for 
 them  those  things  of  which  they  stand  in  need  (Ezck. 
 xxxvi,  37).  It  is  the  act  of  an  indigent  creature, 
 seeking  relief  from  the  fountain  of  mercy.  A  sen.se 
 of  want  excites  desire,  and  desire  is  the  very  essence 
 of  prayer.  "  One  thing  have  I  desired  of  the  Lord," 
 says  David;  "  that  will  I  seek  after. "  Prayer  with- 
 out desire  is  like  an  altar  without  a  sacrifice,  or 
 without  the  fire  from  heaven  to  consume  it.  When 
 all  our  wants  are  supplied,  prayer  will  be  converted 
 into  praise;  till  then.  Christians  must  live  by  prayer, 
 and  dwell  at  the  mercy  seat,  (iod  alone  is  able  to 
 hear  and  to  supply  their  every  want.  The  revelation 
 which  He  has  given  of  His  goodiu'.ss  lays  a  foundation 
 for  our  iusking  with  confidence  the  blessings  we  need, 
 and  I  lis  ability  encourages  us  to  hope  for  their  l>estow- 
 raent.  "O  thou  that  hearest  prayer;  unto  thee 
 .shall  all  flesh  come"  (Psalm  Ixv,  2).  2.  Prayer  is  a 
 spiritual  exercise,  and  can  only  be  performed  accept- 
 ably by  the  as.sist;ince  of  the  Holy  Spirit  (Rom.  viii, 
 2G).  "The  s:ierifice  of  the  wicked  is  an  alwmiination 
 to  the  Lord,  but  the  prayer  of  the  upright  is  his  de- 
 light." The  Holy  Spirit  is  the  great  agent  in  the 
 world  of  grace;  and  without  His  special  influence 
 there  is  no  acceptiblc  prayer.  Hence  He  is  called 
 the  Spirit  of  grace  and  of  supplication ;  for  He  it  is  that 
 enabk«  us  to  draw  nigh  unto  God,  filling  our  mouth 
 
PRAYER. 
 
 631 
 
 PRAYER. 
 
 with  arguments,  and  teaching  us  to  order  our  cause 
 before  him  (Zceh.  xii,  10).  3.  All  acceptable  prayer 
 miLst  be  offered  in  faith,  or  a  believing  frame  of  mind. 
 "  If  any  man  lack  wisdom,  let  him  a.sk  of  God,  who 
 giveth  to  all  men  liberally,  and  upbraideth  not,  and 
 it  shall  be  given  him.  But  let  him  a,sk  in  faith, 
 nothing  wavering,  for  let  not  the  wavering  man  think 
 that  he  shall  receive  anything  of  the  Lord  "  (James 
 i,  5-7).  "He  that  cometh  unto  God  must  believe 
 that  he  is,  and  that  he  is  a  rewarder  of  them 
 that  diligently  seek  him  "  (Heb.  xi,  6).  It  must  be 
 ofiered  in  the  name  of  Christ,  believing  in  Him  a.s 
 revealed  in  the  word  of  God,  placing  in  Him  all  our 
 hope  of  acceptance,  and  e.-cercising  unfeigned  confi- 
 dence in  His  atoning  sacrifice  and  prevalent  inter- 
 cession. 4.  Prayer  is  to  be  offered  for  "things 
 agreeable  to  the  will  of  God."  So  the  Apostle  says: 
 "This  is  the  confidence  that  we  have  iu  him,  that, 
 if  we  ask  anything  according  to  his  will,  he  heareth 
 us;  and  if  we  know  that  he  hear  us  whatsoever 
 we  ask,  we  know  that  we  have  the  petitions  that 
 we  desired  of  him"  (1  John  v,  14,  15).  Our 
 prayers  must  therefore  be  regulated  by  the  re- 
 vealed will  of  God,  and  come  within  the  compass 
 of  the  promises.  These  are  to  be  the  matter  and 
 the  ground  of  our  supplications.  What  God  has 
 not  particularly  promised  He  may,  nevertheless,  pos- 
 sibly bestow;  but  what  He  has  promised  He  will 
 assuredly  perform.  Of  the  good  things  promised  to 
 Israel  of  old,  not  one  failed,  but  all  came  to  pass;  and 
 in  due  time  the  same  shall  be  said  of  all  the  rest. 
 5.  All  this  must  be  accompanied  with  confession  of 
 our  sins,  and  thankful  acknowledgment  of  God's 
 mercies.  These  are  two  necessary  ingredients  in 
 acceptable  prayer.  "I  prayed,"  says  the  Prophet 
 Daniel,  "and  made  confession."  Sin  is  a  burden, 
 of  which  confession  unloads  the  soul.  "  Father," 
 said  the  returning  prodigal,  "  I  have  sinned  against 
 heaven  and  in  thy  sight."  Thanksgiving  is  also  as 
 necessary  as  confession ;  by  the  one  we  take  shame  to 
 ourselves;  by  the  other  we  give  glory  to  God.  By 
 the  one  we  abase  the  creature;  by  the  other  we 
 exalt  the  Creator.  In  petitioning  favors  from  God, 
 we  act  like  dependent  creatures ;  in  confession,  like 
 sinners;  but  in  thank,sgiving,  like  angels. 
 
 As  to  the  ulility  of  prayer,  there  is  neither  room  nor 
 reason  for  a  doubt.  It  is  itsdf  a  blessing,  for  it  is  the 
 anticipatory  will  of  God,  revealing  iu  the  mind  of  man 
 its  own  fulfillment.  It  is  the  infinite  mind  of  the 
 Spirit  working  in  the  soul  of  man  to  will  and  to  ask 
 what  it  was  the  eternal  purpose  of  the  Almighty  God 
 to  grant.  It  prepares  the  heart  for  the  reception  of 
 blessings,  by  exciting  within  it  a  sense  of  its  need  of 
 the  expressions  of  the  Divine  favor  which  it  implores, 
 and  of  the  value  of  them.  It  so  regulates  and  tran- 
 quillizes it,  and  gives  itsuch  a  balance,  self-jiossessiou, 
 fortitude  and  reliance  on  Divine  aid,  iis  to  fit  it  for 
 noble  achievements  and  high  conjunctures.  The  men 
 who  iu  this  way  are  wont  to  bold  converse  with  the 
 
 King  of  kings  are  men  who  are  pre])ared  for  the 
 rapid  incidents  and  sudden  emergencies  of  the  day. 
 They  are  the  men  who  are  carried  bravely  through 
 scenes  of  affright,  dexterously  through  scenes  of  dit- 
 ficulty,  or  triumphantly  through  scenes  of  awful 
 alternative.  When  his  friends  asked  the  great  phy- 
 sician, Boerbave,  how  he  could  possibly  go  through 
 so  much  work  from  day  to  day,  and  pass,  tranquil, 
 through  so  many  fretting  scenes,  he  told  them  that 
 his  plan  was  to  devote  the  first  hour  of  every  morn- 
 
 ■  ing  to  prajer  and  meditiition  on  the  "Word  of  God. 
 And  when  Paul,  on  board  the  foundering  ship,  played 
 such  a  gallant  part^ — the  prisoner  superseding  cen- 
 turion, captain,  pilot,  and  all — the  heroic  coolness, 
 the  veteran  sagacity,  and  sublime  composure  which 
 made  him  appear  a  sort  of  Deity,  were  the  answer  to 
 fasting  and  prayer. 
 
 Besides  this,  prayer  exerts  a  sanctifying  influence 
 upon  the  soul.  It  brings  our  wills  into  harmony 
 with  the  -nnll  of  God.  It  increases  our  abhorrence  of 
 the  evils  from  which  we  seek  deliverance.  It  keeps 
 us   mindful  of  our  sinfulness,  helplessness  and   de- 
 
 ;  pendence  on  the  Divine  bounty.  It  draws  all  the 
 Christian  graces  into  its  focus :  Charity,  followed  by 
 her  lovely  train,  her  forbearance  with  faults,  her 
 forgiveness  of  injuries,  her  pity  for  errors,  her  com- 
 passion for  wants ;  repentance,  with  her  holy  sor- 
 rows, her  pious  resolutions,  her  .self-distrust ;  failli, 
 with  her  elevated  eye;  hope,  with  lier  grasped  anchor; 
 
 !  beneficenee,  with  her  open  hand;  zeal,  looking  far  and 
 ^ide  to  serve;  and  humililij,  with  eyes  turned  inward, 
 looking  at  home ;  each  and  all  of  these  graces  prayer 
 
 I  quickens  in  the  heart,  warms  into  life,  fits  for  active 
 service  and  dismis.ses  to  its  appropriate  practice. 
 
 But  prayer  is  not  only  of  this  indirect  advantage; 
 it  also  secures  the  blessings  which  we  need.  Beyond 
 all  question,  it  leads  God  to  do  for  us  what  we  had 
 no  right  or  reason  to  expect,  if  we  had  not  earnestly 
 and  confidently  called  upon  Him.  The  speculative 
 difficulty  which  h;is  been  started  on  this  subject, 
 especially  in  relation  to  God's  unchangeableness, 
 vanishes  when  examined.  We  feel  no  hesitation  in 
 believing  that  God  hates  sin,  and  the  way  of  trans- 
 gressors, and  we  .should  feel  as  little  in  belie\-iug  that 
 He  is  pleased  with  that  which  tends  to  holiness. 
 Blasphemy,  for  example:  we  are  neither  staggered 
 nor  confused  when  it  influences  the  mind  of  God  to 
 punish  the  offender.  But  a  devotional  spirit  is  as 
 much  in  harmony  with  all  God's  character  as  a 
 blaspheming  spirit  is  hostile  to  it,  and  therefore  it  is 
 just  as  natural  that  He  should  be  pleased  with  the 
 one  as  angry  with  the  other.  It  is,  however,  the 
 atonement  that  enables  us  to  reconcile  the  influence 
 of  prayer  upon  the  mind  and  measures  of  God  with 
 His  immutability.  This  legitimated,  not  originated, 
 the  exercise  of  God's  love  and  mercy.  It  is  as  much 
 a  proof  of  His  natural  benevolence,  as  of  His  moral 
 justice.  It  did  not  render  Him  merciful,  but  it  was 
 the  only  honorable  medium  of  showing  mercj'.     It 
 
PSA  YER. 
 
 632 
 
 PR  A  TER. 
 
 had,  therefore,  a  mighty  influence  on  the  Eternal 
 Slind,  inasmuch  as  it  removed  all  moral  and  legal 
 hindrances  to  the  reign  of  grace.  Now  all  real  prayer 
 is  both  founded  on  the  Cross  of  Christ  and  the  fruit 
 of  that  Cross;  its  influence  on  the  mind  of  God  is  just 
 the  influence  of  that  atonement  itself,  for  it  is  Viat 
 which  prayer  sues  out  and  depends  on.  Thus,  by 
 ajii>reciating,  admiring,  loving  and  pleading  the 
 sacrifice  of  Clirist,  our  prayer  falls  in  with  the  Divine 
 will,  and  glory  and  purposes,  just  as  that  sacrifice 
 docs.  I-ikc  it,  they  eflect  no  change  in  the  Eternal 
 Mind,  but  they  harmonize  with  the  uuchangcable- 
 ness  of  its  purposes;  a  devotional  spirit  being  the 
 nearest  approach  to  the  spirit  in  which  Christ  glori- 
 fied God  "  in  the  highest." 
 
 In  prayer,  be  it  remembered,  we  do  not  call  upon 
 God  to  alter  the  established  order  of  His  administra- 
 tion, but  to  act  conformably  to  it.  "V\'hat  that  order 
 is  He  h;us  himself  informed  us.  "  Ask,  and  it  shall 
 be  given  you."  Now  here  is  nothing  to  be  changed; 
 no  new  inclination  to  be  excited  in  the  object  of 
 worship.  It  is  already  agreeable  to  His  character  and 
 I>uri>(>.sc  to  attend  to  the  supplications  of  men.  To 
 give  blessings,  therefore,  trhcn  they  are  a.^lccil,  which 
 would  not  have  been  given  if  ihcy  had  not  been  asked, 
 does  not  conflict  any  more  with  God's  immutal)ility 
 than  it  would  to  crown  with  His  goodness  a  cultiva- 
 ted field  which  would  have  yielded  nothing  for  the 
 nourishment  of  men  if  it  had  not  been  ploughed  and 
 sown;  for  Go<l  presides  over  Xhc  natural  as  well  as  the 
 spiritual  world.  We  must  cultivate  the  soil,  if  we 
 would  have  it  yield  a  crop;  and  we  must  send  up  our 
 prayers  to  God  if  we  would  receive  the  blessings 
 wliich  we  desire.  These  prayers  do  not  woA  any 
 change  in  Him  with  whom  "there  is  no  variable- 
 ness;" and  yet,  by  His  own  appointment,  they  must 
 necessarily  precede  the  bestowal  of  His  favors,  and 
 thus  preceding,  they  will  certainly  be  followed  with 
 the.se  results. 
 
 Tliere  are  those  who  find  a  difficulty  in  relation  to 
 ])rayer  in  the  fi.xedness  of  natural  law.  They  will 
 not  allow  that  God's  purposes,  nay,  the  machinery  of 
 the  universe,  can  be  aflected  by  the  breath  of  a  human 
 desire.  All  things  occur  in  orderly  sequence;  and  it 
 is  presumptuous,  they  think,  to  imagine  that  this  can 
 be  broken,  as  it  must  be  if  prayer  could  prevail  to 
 alter  results.  Such  a  view  has  a  show  of  humility: 
 but,  if  followed  out  to  its  ultimate  consequences,  it 
 would  leave  the  world  1x)und  in  a  miserable  fatalism, 
 under  which,  as  creatures  would  be  powerless,  moral 
 rcsptm.sibility  would  cea.se,  and  man  must  only  bear 
 as  he  might  his  inevitable  destiny.  Such  a  theory 
 implies  that  the  Crejvtor  did  not  foresee,  made  no  pro- 
 vision for,  the  cxerci.se  of  tho.se  powers  and  faculties 
 with  which  He  endowed  His  creatures;  iu  a  word,  that 
 all  the  play  of  thoughts  and  feelings  and  desires  of 
 human  agents  was  never  eount<-d  as  a  part  of  the 
 miichinery  which  the  Almighty  will  would  control, 
 and  which  He  would  use  in  the  bringing  alx)ut  of  His 
 
 great  designs.     It  really  deposes  God  trom  His  oflSce 
 of  governing. 
 
 If  it  be  allowed  that  God  created  the  ^^sible  uni- 
 verse, the  finite  must  stand  in  a  certiin  relation  to 
 the  infinite,  and  there  must  be  some  point  of  contact 
 between  the  natural  and  the  supernatural.  We  may 
 track  causation  for  a  long  distance,  but  we  must 
 come  somewhere  to  a  point  beyond  which  we  can- 
 not ascend;  you  must  acknowle<lge  at  la.st  the  touch 
 of  the  Divine  finger.  It  is  just  here  that  the  prayer 
 which  enters  the  ears  of  the  Lord  of  Sabaoth  reaches. 
 It  neither  asks  nor  expects  that  the  chain  of  cause 
 and  etfect  be  miraculously  broken;  but  it  is  taught 
 to  a-sk  and  believe  that  He  who  first  sets  cause  in 
 motion  and  links  to  it  its  orderly  etfect,  would  so  at 
 the  beginning,  by  His  gracious  influence  determine 
 the  line  of  acti(m  as  that  this  might  be  found  one  of 
 the  means  by  which  the  end  is  reached.  This  is  con- 
 trary neither  to  reason  nor  to  sound  philosophy.  The 
 uniformity  of  nature  is  not  violated;  and  yet  the  in- 
 fluence of  God's  moral  government  is  felt.  Dr. 
 Chalmers  admirably  discusses  this,  and  has  shown 
 how  the  Deity  has,  from  the  first  constitution  of 
 things,  taken  account  of  all  the  properties  of  matter 
 and  of  all  the  impulses  of  mind,  and  made  provi- 
 sion for  every  result.  His  vast  plan,  then,  may  well 
 include  answers  to  prayer,  by  no  violation  of,  but  in 
 exact  harmony  with,  and  even  by  means  of,  the  laws 
 of  nature.  Dr.  Chalmers  supposes  the  prayer  of  a  mother 
 who  dreads  the  storm,  for  her  child  upon  the  ocean: 
 "God  might  ans\\er  the  pra3"er,  not  by  unsettling  the 
 order  of  secondary  causes,  not  by  reversing  any  of 
 the  wonted  successions  that  are  known  to  take  place 
 in  the  evcr-restlcss  ever-heaving  atmosphere;  not  by 
 sensible  miracle  among  those  nearer  footsteps  which 
 the  philosopher  has  traced,  but  by  the  touch  of  an 
 immediate  hand  among  the  deep  recesses  of  materi;il- 
 ism,  which  are  beyond  the  ken  of  all  His  instruments. 
 It  is  thence  that  the  Sovereign  of  nature  might  bid 
 the  wild  uproar  of  the  elements  into  silence."  And 
 again:  "Thus  .  .  is  met  the  cry  of  a  people  under 
 famine  for  a  speedy  and  plenteous  harvest;  not  by 
 the  instant  appearance  of  the  ripened  grain  at  tlie 
 bidding  of  a  voice  from  heaven,  not  preternaturally 
 cherished  into  maturity  in  the  midst  of  storms,  but 
 ushered  onward,  by  a  grateful  succession  of  showi-r 
 and  sunshine,  to  a  prosperous  consummation.  An 
 abundant  harvest  is  granted  to  prayer,  yet  without 
 violence  either  to  the  laws  of  the  vegetable  physiology, 
 or  to  any  of  the  known  laws  by  which  the  alterations 
 of  the  weather  are  determined."  It  is  no  "subservi- 
 ent accommodation  on  the  part  of  the  Creator  to  the 
 creature.  It  is  simply  the  Creator  carrying  into 
 effect  His  own  established  proee.s.ses. " 
 
 The  t«'stimony  of  thoiLsands  might  be  addueod  in 
 supjHjrt  of  the  eflieacy  of  prayer.  Such  persons  have 
 the  evidence  of  person;il  conscioiLsness,  as  had  John 
 Newton  when  he  wTote  in  his  journal:  "About  this 
 time  I  began  to  know  that  there  is  a  God  who  hears 
 
PRA  YEB. 
 
 633 
 
 PREACHING. 
 
 and  answers  prayer."  They  are  prepared  to  say,  from  1  comes  in  from  the  prayerless  world,  and  starts  his 
 tlieii  own  experience^perhaps  almost  every  Christian  :  objections,  a  praying  man  may  not  be  able  to  discuss 
 
 is,  as  he  turns  to  some  point  in  his  history— "  Verily 
 God  hath  heard  me;  he  hath  attended  to  the  voice  of, 
 my  petition. ' '  The  greatness  of  creation  and  the  1  ittle- 
 ness  of  man,  therefore,  or  the  decree  of  God  and  the  , 
 immutability  of  natural  laws,  do  not  startle  them 
 from  their  knees  or  shake  their  confidence  in  prayer's  | 
 efficacy.  Superior  to  all  speculative  difficultie.-;,  be- 
 cause secure  in  their  experimental  knowledge,  they 
 pray  on,  and  are  happy  as  they  do  so.  And  to  see 
 the  wisdom  of  this  course,  we  have  only  to  look  at 
 a  parallel  case.  In  the  infinite  variety  of  this  uni- 
 verse, there  may  be  a  world  where  the  processes  of 
 growtb,  and  decay  and  reproduction,  so  familiar  to  us, 
 are  uttorly  unknown.  Suppose  that  the  inhabitant 
 of  such  a  world  were  transported  to  our  o\vn.  and  that 
 he  witnessed  the  husbandman's  operations  in  his  field. 
 He  might  marvel  what  he  meant.  He  might  wonder 
 why  he  cast  those  grains  of  corn  into  the  ground;  and 
 when  told  it  was  with  a  view  to  reproduce  them  a 
 hundred  fold,  the  mysterious  process  might  at  once 
 assume  the  a-spect  of  infatuation,  and  he  might  begin 
 to  remonstrate  with  the  laborer  on  this  crazy  waste 
 of  useful  corn;  and  if  this  visitor  from  Jupiter  or 
 Saturn  were  as  acute  a  metaphysician  as  many  in  our 
 world  are,  he  might  adduce  many  subtile  arguments, 
 too  subtile  perhaps  for  a  farmer  to  refute.  "Is  not 
 this  a  mad  notion  of  yours  ?  Do  you  really  mean  to 
 affirm  that  this  particle  of  corn  will  grow  into  a  hun- 
 dred more  ?  Nay,  do  you  pretend  to  say  that  you 
 will  put  into  that  hole  this  hard  and  hu.sky  atom,  and 
 come  back  in  a  few  months  and  find  it  changed  into 
 the  glossy  stems,  the  waving  leaves  and  ru.stling  ears 
 of  the  tall  wheat-stalk  ?  What  resembhince  or  what 
 adequacy  is  there  between  that  seed  and  a  sheaf  of 
 corn?  Besides,  if  a  buried  grain  is  to  grow  up  a  hun- 
 dred fold,  why  don't  you  bury  diamonds  and  guineas, 
 and  get  them  multiplied  after  the  same  proportion  ? 
 Besides,  do  you  not  know  that  all  these  matters  have 
 been  fixed  and  settled  from  everlasting?  It  has  been 
 foreordained  either  that  you  are  to  have  a  crop  next 
 Autumn,  or  that  you  are  to  have  none.    In  the  former 
 
 them  one  by  one;  he  may  not  even  understand  them. 
 "  But  this  I  know,  God  is  the  hearer  of  prayer,  and 
 verily  he  hath  heard  myself  ■'  And  like  the  former 
 who  scatters  his  seed,  heedless  of  all  that  h;is  ever 
 been  said  on  necessity,  and  causation,  and  general 
 laws,  a  wise  believer  will,  in  the  face  of  hypothetic 
 difficulties,  proceed  on  ascertained  facts,  and  amidst 
 objections  and  cavils  will  persist  to  pray,  and  continue 
 to  enjoy  the  blessings  which  prayer  procures. 
 
 Preaching.  The  preaching  of  the  Word  is  a 
 divine  ordinance,  and  appointed  to  continue  in  the 
 Church  to  the  end  of  the  world  (1  Cor.  i,  21  ;  Matt, 
 xxviii,  20).  That  the  office  of  the  ministry  is  of 
 divine  institution  and  a  distinct  office  in  the  Church, 
 appears  from  the  following  considerations  ;  1.  Pecu- 
 liar titles  are  in  scripture  given  to  the  ministers  of 
 the  gospel.  They  are  called  pastors,  teachers,  stew- 
 ards of  the  mysteries  of  God,  bishops  or  overseers  of 
 the  flock,  and  angels  of  the  churches.  2.  Peculiar 
 duties  are  assigned  to  them.  They  are  to  preach  the 
 Word ;  to  rebuke  and  to  instruct  gainsayers  (2  Tim .  i  v.  2 ; 
 ii,  25) ;  to  administer  the  sacraments  (Matt,  xxviii,  19; 
 1  Cor.  xi,  23) :  to  watch  over  the  flock,  as  those  that 
 must  give  au  account  (Heb.  xiii,  17);  to  give  attend- 
 ance to  reading,  to  exhortation,  to  doctrine  ;  to  medi- 
 t;ite  upon  these  things,  and  give  themselves  -wholly 
 to  them  (1  Tim.  ii,  13,  15).  3.  Peculiar  duties  are 
 required  of  the  people  in  reference  to  their  ministers. 
 They  are  called  to  know  and  acknowledge  them  that 
 labor  among  them,  and  are  over  them  in  the  Lord 
 (1  Thess.  V,  12);  to  esteem  them  highly  in  love  for 
 their  work's  sake  (1  Thess.  v,  13) ;  to  obey  them  that 
 have  the  rule  over  them,  and  submit  themselves 
 (Heb.  xiii,  17);  to  provide  for  their  maintenance 
 CJ-al.  vi,  6);  and  to  pray  for  them  (2  Thess.  iii,  1). 
 These  things  clearly  prove  that  the  ministry  is  a  dis- 
 tinct office  in  the  Church. 
 
 Though  all  ma\-  and  ought  to  read  the  Word  of 
 God,  yet  it  is  to  be  preached  "only  by  such  as  arc 
 sufficiently  gifted,  and  also  duly  approved  and  called 
 to  that  office  "  (The  Larger  Catechism,  Quest.  158). 
 
 case,  your  present  pains  are  needless,  for  you  will  get  I  Clnistians  should  improve  their  gifts  and  opportu- 
 your'har\-e,st  without  all  this  ado;  in  the  latter,  your    nities  in  a  private  way,  for  mutual  admonition  and 
 
 pains  are  useless;  for  nothing  will  procure  you  a  crop 
 where  it  is  not  the  purpo.se  of  Omnipotence  that 
 you  should  have  one."  Did  the  ploughman  listen 
 to  all  this  remonstrance,  he  might  be  perplexed 
 \s\th  it.  He  might  not  be  able  to  show  the  precise 
 way  in  which  seeds  exert  an  efficacy  upon  the  future 
 crop,  and  he  might  not  see  at  once  the  re;i.son  why 
 corn-grains  should  be  reproductive,  whilst  diamonds 
 and  guineas  are  not;  and  le:ust  of  all  might  he  be 
 able  to  dispose  of  the  fatalist  objection.  But  he 
 would  deem  it  enough  to  refute  all  this  mystification 
 to  say  that  he  had  never  known  a  harvest  without 
 a  seed  time,  and  that  he  had  never  so^vn  sufficiently 
 without  reaping  something.     And  so,  when  a  man 
 
 edification ;  but  none,  whatever  gifts  they  may  possess, 
 are  warranted  to  preach  the  gospel  unless  they  have 
 the  call  of  Christ  for  that  purpose.  The  apostles 
 received  their  call  immediately  from  Christ  Himself, 
 and  they  were  empowered  to  commit  that  sacred 
 trust  to  inferior  teachers;  these,  again,  were  com- 
 manded to  commit  it  to  faitliful  men  who  should  be 
 able  to  teach  others;  and  none  have  a  right  to  preach 
 the  gospel,  in  ordinary  e;ises,  but  those  who  are  thus 
 authorized  by  Christ,  through  the  medium  of  per- 
 sons already  vested  with  official  power  in  the  Church. 
 In  the  primitive  Church,  those  who  preached  the 
 Word  were  solemnly  set  apart  to  their  office  by  "  the 
 hiying  on  of  the  hands  of  the  presbytery"  (1  Tim. 
 
PREDESTINA  TION. 
 
 634 
 
 PREDESTINA  TION. 
 
 iv,  14).  A  regular  call  to  preach  the  gospel  is  neces- 
 sary, on  account  of  the  people;  for  all  the  success  of 
 a  minister's  labors  depends  on  the  blessing  of  Christ, 
 and  the  people  have  no  warrant  to  expect  this  bless- 
 ing upon  the  labors  of  those  who  are  not  the  ser- 
 vants of  Christ  (Jer.  xxiii,  32).  This  call  is  no  less 
 necessary  for  the  comfort  and  encouragement  of  min- 
 isters themselves;  for  as  the  work  of  the  ministry  is  a 
 work  of  peculiar  difficulty  and  danger,  .so  none  are 
 warranted  to  expect  Divine  support  and  protection 
 in  the  discharge  of  that  work  but  those  who  act 
 under  a  Divine  commission  (Rom.  x,  14,  15;  Acts 
 xxvi,  16, 17). 
 
 Predestination.  The  word  predestinate  is  of 
 Latin  original  ( pnetlc.il iuo),  and  signifies,  in  that 
 tongue,  to  deliberate  beforehand  with  one's  self,  how 
 one  shall  act,  and,  in  consequeuee  of  such  deliberation 
 to  form  a  settled  plan,  or  predetermine  where,  when, 
 how,  and  by  whom  anything  shall  be  done,  and  to 
 what  end  it  shall  be  done.  So  the  Greek  word  proo- 
 rizo,  which  exactly  answers  to  the  English  word  pre- 
 destinate, and  is  rendered  by  it  (Acts  iv,  28;  Rom. 
 viii,  29,  30;  1  Cor.  ii,  7;  Eph.  i,  5,  11),  signifies  to 
 resolve  what  shall  be  done,  and  before  the  thing  re- 
 solved on  is  actually  effected,  to  appoint  it  to  some 
 certain  use,  and  direct  it  to  some  determinate  end. 
 
 The  doctrine  of  predestination  is,  as  our  Confession 
 of  Faith  calls  it,  a  "  high  mystery.  It  is  one  of  the  deep 
 things  of  God,  which  our  feeble  intellect  cannot  full}' 
 comprehend.  But  though  there  are  difficulties  con- 
 nected with  it  which  we  cannot  entirely  solve,  it  is 
 beyond  all  question  to  be  found  in  the  Scriptures 
 (Matt.  XXV,  34;  Rom.  viii,  29,  30;  Eph.  i,  3,  6,  11; 
 2  Tim.  i,  9;  2  Thess.  ii,  13;  1  Pet.  i,  1,  2;  John  vi, 
 .'!7;  John  xvii,  2-24;  Rev.  xiii,  8;  xvii,  8;  Dan.  iv, 
 35;  1  Thess.  v,  19;  Matt,  xi,  26;  Exod.  iv,  21;  Prov. 
 xvi,  4;  Acts  xiii,  48).  God's  Word,  and  not  His  .secret 
 purpose,  is  the  rule  of  our  conduct.  In  reference  to  this 
 subject.  Dr.  Oweuobserves:  "  Wemust  exactly  distin- 
 guish between  man's  duty  and  God's  purpose,  there 
 being  no  connection  between  them.  The  purpose  and 
 decree  of  God  isnottheruleof  our  duty;  neither  is  the 
 performance  of  our  duty,  in  doing  what  we  are  com- 
 manded, any  declaration  of  what  is  God's  purpose  to 
 do,  or  his  decree  that  it  should  be  done.  Especially 
 is  this  to  be  .seen  and  considered  in  the  duty  of  the 
 ministers  of  the  gospel ;  in  the  dispensing  of  the  word, 
 in  exhortations,  invitations,  precepts,  and  threaten- 
 ings  committed  unto  them ;  all  which  are  perpetual 
 declaratives  of  our  duty,  and  do  manifest  the  apjjro- 
 batiou  of  the  thing  exhorted  and  invited  to,  with  the 
 truth  of  the  connection  between  one  thing  and 
 another;  but  not  of  the  eoun.sel  or  purpose  of  God  in 
 respect  of  individual  persons,  in  the  ministry  of  the 
 word.  A  minister  is  not  to  make  inquiry  after,  nor 
 to  trouble  himself  about,  those  secrets  of  the  eternal 
 mind  of  God,  viz.:  whom  He  purposeth  to  save,  and 
 whom  He  hath  sent  Chri.st  to  die  for  in  particular; 
 it  is  enough  for  them  to  search  His  revealed  will,  and  I 
 
 thence  take  their  directions,  from  whence  they  have 
 their  commissions.  Wherefore  there  is  no  conclusion 
 from  the  universal  precepts  of  the  Word,  concerning 
 the  things,  unto  God's  purpose  in  Himself  concerning 
 persons;  they  command  and  invite  all  to  repent  and 
 believe ;  but  they  know  not  in  particular  on  whom 
 God  will  bestow  repentance  unto  salvation,  nor  in 
 whom  He  will  effect  the  work  of  faith  with  power." 
 
 In  his  note  on  Romans  viii,  28,  Dr.  Alford  remarks: 
 "It  may  suffice  to  say,  that,  on  the  one  hand,  scrip- 
 ture bears  constant  testimony  to  the  fact  that  all 
 believers  are  chosen  and  called  by  God;  their  whole 
 spiritual  life,  in  its  origin,  progress  and  completion, 
 being /co))!  Him;  while,  on  the  other  hand,  its  testi- 
 mony is  no  less  precise  that  He  willeth  all  to  be 
 saved,  and  that  none  shall  perish  except  by  willful 
 rejection  of  the  truth.  So  that,  on  the  one  side,  God^s 
 sovereignty,  on  the  other,  man's  free  will,  is  plainly 
 declared  to  us.  To  receive,  believe,  and  act  on  both  these 
 is  our  duty  and  our  wisdom." 
 
 It  ought  ever  to  be  remembered  that  no  man  can 
 know  his  election  prior  to  his  conversion.  Where- 
 fore, instead  of  jir^-ing  into  the  secret  purpo.se  of  God, 
 we  ought  to  attend  to  His  revealed  will,  that  by 
 making  sure  our  vocation,  we  may  ascertain  our  elec- 
 tion. The  order  and  method  in  which  this  knowledge 
 may  be  attained  is  pointed  out  by  the  Apostle  Peter, 
 when  he  exhorts  Christians  to  "  give  all  diligence  to 
 make  their  calling  and  election  sure  "  (2  Pet.  i,  10). 
 Their  eternal  election  must  remain  a  profound  secret 
 until  it  be  discovered  to  them  by  their  effectual  calling 
 in  time;  but  when  they  have  ascertained  their  calling, 
 they  may  thence  infallibly  conclude  that  they  were 
 elected  from  eternity.  Election,  then,  gives  no  dis- 
 couragement to  any  man  in  reference  to  obeying  the 
 calls  and  embracing  the  offers  of  the  gospel.  The 
 invitations  of  the  gospel  are  not  addressed  to  men  as 
 elect,  but  as  sinners  ready  to  perish ;  all  are  under  the 
 same  obligation  to  comply  with  these  invitations, 
 and  the  encouragement  from  Christ  is  the  same  to 
 all — "Him  that  cometh  to  me,  I  will  in  no  wise  cast 
 out."  And  the  doctrine  of  election  niu.st  have  a 
 .sanctifying  and  consoling  influence  on  all  who  sin- 
 cerely obey  the  gospel.  It  is  calculated  to  inspire 
 them  with  sentiments  of  reverence  and  gratitude 
 towards  God  ;  to  humble  their  souls  in  the  dust  before 
 the  eternal  Sovereign;  to  excite  them  to  diligence  in 
 the  discharge  of  duty;  to  afford  them  strong  consola- 
 tion under  the  temptations  and  trials  of  life,  and  to 
 animate  them  with  a  lively  hope  of  eternal  glory. 
 
 It  has  been  alleged  that  the  election  or  predestina- 
 tion of  some  to  salvation  in  preference  to  others 
 (see  Rom.  viii,  29;  xi,  36;  xvi,  13;  Ejih.  i,  6;  2 
 Thes.  ii,  13),  is  inconsistent  with  the  impartiality  of 
 the  Supreme  Being.  But  this  is  a  mistaken  view  of 
 the  case.  God,  who  is  independent,  and  owes  noth- 
 ing to  Ilis  creatures,  may  give  or  withhold  His  favors 
 according  to  His  pleasure.  If  men  have  forfeited  all 
 claim  to  His  regard,  if  they  have  fallen  under  His 
 
PREDESTINA  TION. 
 
 635 
 
 PRENTISS. 
 
 wrath,  and  mii;ht  lla^•e  been  doomed  to  hopeless  so,  but  because  God  had  determined  that  the  corn- 
 misery,  there  is  not  the  shadow  of  injustice  in  the  puny  should  be  saved  by  the  skill  and  activity  of  the 
 exercise  of  His  mercy  only  to  a  portion  of  the  crimi 
 
 nals.  When  one  man  is  exempted  from  punishment, 
 no  injury  is  done  to  his  comijanious  in  condemnation, 
 ■who  are  loft  to  the  vengeance  of  the  law  because 
 they  richly  deserve  to  suffer  it  and  do  not  become 
 less  guilty  because  he  is  pardoned.  He  only  is  a 
 resijecter  of  persons  who  confers  favors  ujjou  some 
 
 sailors?  It  is  not  more  necessary  that  those  who 
 were  chosen  to  life  should  be  saved,  than  it  is  that 
 they  should  repent  and  believe. 
 
 Prentiss,  Mrs.  Elizabeth,  was  born  in  Tort- 
 land,  Me.,  October  2(!th,  1818.  Her  father  was  the 
 gifted  and  saintly  Edward  Payson.  Her  mother  and 
 only  sister  were  also  remarkable  persons.     She  early 
 
 and  withholds  them  from  others  equally  deserving;  I  showed    rare 
 
 endowments    of    mind,    united   with 
 
 not  he  who,  where  none  has  a  claim  upon  him,  dis- 
 poses of  his  gifts  in  the  free  exercise  of  the  power 
 over  them  which  naturally  belongs  to  him.  Jlay  he 
 not  do  what  he  will  with  his  own  ? 
 
 It  is  objected,  that  tlie  doctrine  of  predestination 
 supposes  men  to  be  under  the  necessity  of  siuuiu; 
 
 intense  aftections,  sj'raiiathies  and  spiritual  longings. 
 At  the  age  of  sixteen  she -wrote  for  the  YouWs  Com- 
 panion, published  in  Boston,  stories  and  verses  which 
 attracted  attention  from  their  bright  style  and  im- 
 port. After  a  superior  education,  under  the  care  of 
 her  sister,  and  in  seminaries  iu  I'ortland  and  Ipswicli, 
 
 and  consequently  makes  God  the  author  of  their  sin.  i  JIass.,  she  fciught  a  .school  in  Portland,  winning  the 
 To  this  it  may  be  replied  that  the  purpose  of  God,  :  enthusiastic  love  of  her  pupils.  From  1840  to  1843 
 with  respect  to  the  sinful  acts  of  men  is  in  no  degree  \  she  was  a  teacher  in  Richmond,  Va.  Her  letters  and 
 to  cause  the  evil,  nor  to  approve  it,  but  only  to  permit  diary  during  these  years,  show  the  depth  and  ardor 
 the  wicked  agent  to  perform  it,  and  tlien  to  overrule  of  her  Christian  experience.  Inheriting  her  father's 
 it  for  His  own  most  wise  and  holy  ends.  The  same  sensitive  and  intense  nature,  her  spiritual  life,  like 
 infinitely  perfect  and  self-consistent  decree  ordains  his,  was  marked  by  unusual  conflicts,  strength  of 
 the  moral  law  which  forbids  and  punishes  all  sin,  and    faith,  and  fervor  of  devotion. 
 
 at  the  same  time  permits  its  occurrence,  limiting  and 
 determining  the  precise  channel  to  which  it  shall  be 
 confined,  the  precise  end  to  which  it  shall  be  directed, 
 and  overruling  its  consequences  for  good.     "But  as 
 
 In  1845  she  was  married  to  Eev.  George  L.  Pren- 
 tiss, who  was  just  entering  upon  his  ministerial 
 life.  After  five  years  in  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  and  a 
 few  months  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  her  home  was  per- 
 
 for  you,  ye  thought  evil  against  rae,  but  God  meant    manently  in  New  York  city,  where  her  husband  has 
 
 it  unto  good,  to  bring  to  pass  as  it  is  this  day,  to  save 
 much  people  alive "  (Gen.  1,  2(J).  We  all  allow 
 omnipotence  to  be  an  attribute  of  Deity,  and  that  by 
 this  attribute  He  could  have  prevented  sia  from 
 entering  into  the  world,  had  He  chosen  it;  yet  we 
 see  He  did  not.  Now  He  is  no  more  the  author  of 
 sin  in  one  ease  than  in  the  other.  Two  propositions 
 are  stated  in  the  Scriptures  :  that  God  has  pre- 
 ordained all  things  which  come  to  pass,  and  that  He 
 is  not  the  author  of  sin.     These  we  may  not  be  able 
 
 been  successively  p;istor  of  the  Mercer  Street  Church 
 and  the  Church  of  the  Co\enant,  and  Professor  in  the 
 Union  Theologic;il  Seminary. 
 
 In  the  second  year  of  her  life  in  New  York,  she 
 lost  within  a  few  weeks'  time,  two  lovely  children. 
 The  traces  of  this  keen  sorrow  were  never  effaced. 
 In  her  desolatid  misery  she  wrote  "Little  Susy's 
 Six  Birthdays, "  the  first  of  a  series  of  books  for  little 
 children  which  still  hold  their  supremacy  in  thou- 
 sands of  homes.     These  little  books  were  followed. 
 
 fully  to  reconcile,  but  this  ought  not  to  weaken  our   from  year  to  year,  by  many  others,  all  having  the 
 conviction  of  their  truth.  same  aim:  to  show  the  true  Christian  life,  its  nature 
 
 It  is  a  perversion  of  the  doctrine  of  predestination  and  progress, 
 to  contend,  as  some  do,  that  it  supersedes  tlie  use  of  "Stepping  Heavenward,"  published  in  18G9,  has 
 means.  The  doctrine  embraces  means  and  ends,  fixes  had  an  extraordinary  circulation.  Nearly  70,000 
 the  means  as  surely  as  the  ends,  and  so  connects  them  copies  have  been  sold  in  this  country.  It  has  been 
 that  without  the  former  the  latter  cannot  take  place,  republished  by  half  a  dozen  English  houses,  trans- 
 If  God  has  elected  some  persons  to  eternal  life.  He  '  lated  into  French  and  German,  and  placed  by  Tauch- 
 has  chosen  them  to  it  through  faith  and  holiness  as  nitz  inhisLeipsic  collection  of  English  authors.  One 
 the  means  of  salvation.    This  is  the  doctrine  of  Scrip- ,  English  house  published  a  cheap  edition  expressly 
 
 ture,  and  any  one  who  will  assert  that  it  renders  all 
 means  unnecessary,  might  with  equal  reason  main- 
 tain that  a  man  who  has  been  a.ssured  that  by  the 
 ase  of  a  certain  medicine  his  life  will  be  prolonged, 
 may  justly  take   occasion  from  this   assurance  to 
 
 for  circulation  in  Canada  and  Australia.  Equally 
 remarkable  are  the  numberless  testimonies  to  its 
 helpfulness  to  weary  and  longing  souls. 
 
 Her  other  books,    "Only  a  Dandelion,"   "Henry 
 and  Bessie,"   "The  Flower  of  the  Family,"  "Fred 
 
 neglect  the  medicine,  and,  at  the  same  time,  expect  and  Maria  and  Me,"  "Aunt  Jane's  Hero,"  "The 
 to  live.  Paul  was  assured,  by  a  vision,  of  the  lives  |  Home  at  Greylock,"  "Urbane  and  His  Friends," 
 of  all  that  were  in  the  ship  with  him,  but  still  he  ;  Golden  Hours,"  etc.,  were  written  with  the  same 
 said  to  the  centurion,  "Except  the  .sailors  abide  in  !  spirit  and  aim,  and  have  been  very  widely  read  and 
 the  ship,  ye  cannot  be  saved."     And  why  did  he  say  |  prized. 
 
PRENTISS. 
 
 636 
 
 PBESBYTEBIAL  ACADEMY. 
 
 She  died,  after  a  short  illness,  iu  her  summer  home, 
 at  Dorset,  Vt.,  Augiist  13th,  18T8. 
 
 Xot  only  as  a  -writer  of  hooks,  but  by  her  letters  of 
 counsel  and  sympathy,  her  sacred  hymns,  her  Bible 
 readings,  her  manifold  ministries  of  consolation  to 
 the  sick  and  sorrowing,  and  by  the  influence  of  a  life 
 of  exalted  love  to  Christ  and  consecration  to  His  ser- 
 vice, she  has  left  a  beloved  and  blessed  memory. 
 
 Her  memoir,  ^vritten  by  her  husband,  entitled 
 "Life  and  Letters  of  Elizabeth  Prentiss,"  is  one  of 
 the  most  beautiful  of  religious  biographies. 
 
 Prentiss,  G-eorge  Le^wis,  D.D.,  born  at  Gor- 
 ham,  Me.,  May,  1816;  graduated  at  Bowdoin  College, 
 1835;  was  a.ssistant  in  Gorliam  Academy,  1836-7; 
 studied  theologj'  at  the  universities  of  Halle  and 
 Berlin,  in  Germany,   1839—11;  was  settled  over  the 
 
 GEORGE  LEWIS  PRENTISS,  D.P, 
 
 South  Trinitarian  Church,  New  Bedford,  JIass.,  in 
 April,  1845;  became  pastor  of  the  Mercer  Street 
 Presbyterian  Church,  New  York  city,  iu  April,  1831 ; 
 received  the  degree  of  D.  D.,  from  Bowdoin  College, 
 1854;  resigned  on  account  of  ill  health  in  the  Spring 
 of  1858  and  went  abroad  for  two  j'cars;  on  his  return 
 gathered  a  new  congregation  on  Murray  Hill  (the 
 Church  of  the  Covenant),  and  was  installed  its  pastor 
 in  the  Spring  of  18G2,  and  resigned  in  Aptil,  1873,  iu 
 order  to  accept  a  c;iU  to  the  Skinner  and  McAlpine 
 Professorship  of  Pastoral  Theology,  Church  Polity 
 and  Mission  Work  in  the  Union  Theological  Serai- 
 nary.  Later,  Pastoral  Theology  having  been  trans- 
 ferred to  the  Chair  of  Sacred  Rhetoric,  Apologetics 
 and  Christian  Ethics  were  added  to  Dr.  Prentiss' 
 chair.  Besides  numerous  sermons  and  addresses,  ho 
 has  published    ''A  Memoir    ofSargeut  S.   Prentiss" 
 
 (his  brother],  two  volumes,  1855;  new  edition,  1879; 
 '  'A  Discourse  in  Memory  of  Thomas  Harvey  Skinner, 
 D.D.,  LL.D.,"  1871;  "  The  Life  and  Letters  of  Eliza- 
 beth Prentiss"  (his  wife),  188-2;  "  The  Free  Christian 
 State,  or  the  Present  Struggle,"  1861;  "  The  National 
 Crisis,"  an  address  before  the  P.  B.  K.,  Dartmouth 
 College,  1863;  "The  Political  Crisis,"  1866;  "Our 
 National  Banner,  or  the  Dry  Eot  in  American  Poli- 
 tics;" and  a  "Tract  for  the  Times,  Touching  Civil 
 Service  Eeform,"  1877.  Dr.  PrentLss  is  a  forcible 
 and  faithful  preacher,  an  eminent  scholar,  and  held 
 in  the  highest  esteem  by  the  Church. 
 
 Presbyterial  Academy — Blair.  On  April 
 6th,  1848,  at  a  public  meeting  held  in  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Blairstown,  a  committee  was  aj)- 
 pointed  to  erect  a  building,  not  more  than  thirty-six 
 by  twenty-four  feet,  two  stories  high.  By  subsequent 
 change  of  plan  the  structure  was  raised  forty-eight 
 by  twenty-four  feet,  one  story  high,  and  was  occu- 
 pied, during  the  holidays  of  that  year,  by  the  school 
 which  had  been  organized  on  November  16th,  in  the 
 public-school  house.  The  lot  was  deeded  August 
 22d,  1848,  to  a  board  of  trustees,  and  the  school 
 placed  under  the  owe  of  the  session  of  the  Blairstown 
 Presbj-terian  Church.  The  first  Principal  was  I.  W. 
 Condit,  M.  D.  In  1849  the  enterprise  was  tendered 
 to  and  accepted  by  the  Presbytery  of  Newton,  thus 
 becoming  Blair  Presbyterial  Academy.  In  the  Au- 
 tumn of  1849,  Eev.  James  G.  Jloore  succeeded  to  the 
 Principalship.  In  the  Wiuterof  1849  the  Institution 
 received  one  huudred  dollars  in  money  and  a  valua- 
 ble library  of  one  thousand  volumes,  from  interested 
 friends  abroad.  In  1851  Mr.  Blair  donated  the  funds 
 for  a  building  sixty-four  by  twenty-six  feet,  for  a 
 boarding  department  and  Principals'  residence,  which 
 was  erected  contiguous  to  the  school  building,  and 
 took  the  name  of  Blair  Hall.  Kev.  J.  Kirby  Davis 
 became  Principal  in  1852,  and  w;is  succeeded  by  J. 
 Henry  Johnson,  A.  M.,  in  1854.  In  1855  wings  were 
 erected  to  the  original  structure,  to  accommodate  the 
 growing  necessities  of  the  school.  S.  S.  Stevens  suc- 
 ceeded to  the  Principalship  in  1861.  In  1862  the 
 boarding  department  was  enlarged  by  an  addition  to 
 the  ground  plan  of  the  building,  and  in  1863  was  en- 
 larged by  adding  a  third  story.  During  the  AVinter 
 of  1864-65  there  were  in  attendance  one  hundred  and 
 nineteen  pupils.  On  the  night  of  December  18th, 
 1867,  Blair  Hall  was  destroyed  by  fire,  but  through 
 the  munificence  of  Mr.  Blair  it  was  rebuilt  in  1868- 
 69,  upon  an  erdarged  scale,  and  the  grounds  made 
 more  capacious.  Thus  were  provided  the  present 
 accommodations  of  Blair  Hall,  consisting  of  a  building 
 one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  long  by  thirty-five  deep, 
 with  wings  forty  by  thirty  feet,  all  three  stories  high, 
 exclusive  of  basement  and  attic.  In  18C3  Mr.  Blair 
 set  apart  ?10,000,  the  interest  of  which  was  to  pay 
 the  tuition  of  five  sons  of  ministers  belonging  to  New- 
 ton Presbytery,  and  the  same  year,  at  Jlr.  Blair's 
 suggestion,  the  Presbytery  appointed  five  ministers 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  ALLIANCE. 
 
 637 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  ALLIANCE. 
 
 and  two  elders  as  a  Board  of  Directors,  which  it  has 
 continued  to  maintain.  In  1870  the  real  estate,  com- 
 prising Blair  Hall  and  seven  and  a  half  acres  of  land, 
 were  conveyed  to  a  Board  of  Trustees,  to  be  lield  in 
 trust  for  the  use  and  purpose  of  an  academy  under 
 the  control  and  management  of  the  Board  of  Directors 
 appointed  by  the  Presbytery.  In  1822  the  "Scribner 
 Library"  was  established.  Mr.  Stevens,  the  Princi- 
 pal, resigned  in  1873,  and  his  successor,  H.  D. 
 Gregory,  PH.  D. ,  was  chosen  in  1875.  In  July,  1874, 
 by  legacy  of  John  P.  Smith,  of  Bloomsburg,  N.  J., 
 and  donation  of  Mr.  Blair,  the  endowment  was  in- 
 creased from  ?10,000  to  ?25,000.  In  1876  Mr.  Blair 
 donated  an  additional  piece  of  ground,  and  an  in- 
 vested fund  of  §:!G,500  to  the  Institution.  In  1883 
 the  Principal  resigned,  and  Prof  J.  H.  Shumalvcr 
 was  elected  to  succeed  him,  and  Mr.  Blair  added 
 $100,000  to  the  endowment  fund. 
 
 Presbyterian  Alliance.  The  meeting  of  the 
 Second  General  Council  of  the  Alliance,  in  Phila- 
 delphia, September,  1880,  was  an  occ;ision  of  great 
 interest. 
 
 On  the  evening  of  the  22d  the  Governor  of  the 
 State  and  the  Slayor  of  the  city  formally  received  i 
 the  delegates  and  the  friends  who  accompanied  them, 
 in  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  on  the  corner  of  Broad 
 and  Cherry.  The  handsome  edifice,  with  its  rooms 
 already  enriched  by  numberless  paintings  and  other 
 works  of  art,  was  rendered  still  further  attractive 
 through  a  profusion  of  exotics  that  had  been  .secured 
 by  a  committee  of  ladies  from  the  churches,  co-operat- 
 ing mth  the  committee  on  entertainment,  by  whom 
 the  arrangements  for  the  reception  had  been  made. 
 It  was  crowded  to  repletion  by  those  who  were  con- 
 nected with  the  Council,  and  by  in\-ited  guests  from 
 Philadelphia  and  other  places,  among  whom  were 
 not  merely  prominent  Pre.sbyterians,  but  a  large 
 number  of  representative  men  from  the  other  re- 
 ligious Denominations  and  from  the  various  depart- 
 ments of  business,  social,  and  political  life.  The 
 concourse  was  in  every  way  a  remarkably  striking 
 one. 
 
 George  Junkin,  Esq.,  Chairman  of  the  Business 
 Committee,  in  an  exceedingly  neat  and  happy  ad- 
 dress, introduced  the  Council  en  m/M.se  to  the  Execu- 
 tives of  the  State  and  City,  who  stood  upon  tlie  plat- 
 form in  the  large  reception  room.  Governor  Hoyt 
 and  Mayor  Stokely  responded  in  hearty  speeches, 
 extending  the  welcome  of  the  State  and  City  to  the 
 guests  of  the  evening.  They  were  followed  in  brief, 
 varied  and  appropriate  addresses  by  Principal  Cairns, 
 of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland;  Dr. 
 Murkland,  of  the  Prcsb^i-terian  Church  of  the  United 
 States  (South) ;  the  Rev.  Jlr.  JIacIntosh,  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church  in  Ireland;  Gen.  George  B.  SlcClel- 
 lan.  Governor  of  Xew  Jersey,  and  an  elder  in  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
 ica; and  the  Eev.  Narayan  Sheshadri,  from  India. 
 
 At  the  close  of  the  .speeches,  which  occupied  about 
 
 an  hour,  the  members  of  the  Council  were  introduced, 
 personally  and  by  name,  to  the  Governor  and  the 
 Mayor,  and  then  to  the  crowded  concourse.  The  rest 
 of  the  evening,  until  a  late  hour,  was  spent  in  a  free 
 social  intermingling  of  the  delegates  with  each  other 
 and  with  the  guests  who  had  been  invited  to  meet 
 them.     A  band  of  music  enlivened  the  reception. 
 
 On  the  morning  of  Thursday,  the  23d,  the  dele- 
 gates and  the  resident  and  visiting  Presbj'terian 
 ministers  assembled  in  the  Chambers  Church,  at 
 Broad  and  Sansom,  and  then  marched  in  procession 
 to  the  Academy  of  JIusie,  in  which  the  opening 
 serviees  were  to  be  held.  The  procession  was  mar- 
 shaled by  Samuel  C.  Perkins,  Esq.,  with  General 
 Hartranft,  ex-Governor  of  the  State,  Col.  A.  Loudon 
 Snowden,  Col.  R.  Dale  Benson,  and  Slaj.  Samuel  B. 
 Iluey,  as  aids.  The  route  of  the  procession  was  lined 
 by  numerous  spectators,  who  gazed  with  eager  interest 
 upon  the  scene.  It  was  estimated  that  not  less  than 
 a  thousand  ministers  were  in  the  line.  They  crowded 
 the  platform  and  the  lower  portion  of  the  Academy, 
 and  the  whole  building,  even  to  its  standing  room, 
 was  occupied  by  an  audience  of  at  least  four  thous- 
 and persons. 
 
 The  morning  sessions  of  the  Alliance  were  held  in 
 Horticultural  Hall,  and  the  afternoon  and  evening 
 sessions  in  the  Academy  of  JIusic.  Great  historical 
 interest  centred  in  paintings  with  which  the  walls 
 of  the  Hall  had  been  hung.  The  Rev.  Henry  C. 
 McCook,  D.  D.,  had  designed  a  series  of  decorations 
 which  blazoned  forth  the  leading  events  and  heroes 
 in  the  histories  of  the  Presbj-terian  churches  abroad, 
 and  under  his  superintendence,  they  had  been  painted 
 on  a  series  of  canvas  which  almost  completely  covered 
 the  walls  of  the  building.  They  were  the  theme  of 
 universal  and  constant  commendation. 
 
 The  Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication,  1334  Chest- 
 nut street,  at  an  early  day  resolved  to  jdace  its 
 building  at  the  .service  of  the  members  of  the  Council 
 for  social  intercommunion,  letter-writing,  and  other 
 necessary  purposes,  to  present  each  member  with  a 
 specially  prepared  and  handsomely  bound  Descriptive 
 Catalogue  of  its  publications,  and  to  extend  them  a 
 formal  reception  in  their  large  Assemblj'  room,  on 
 Saturday  evening,  the  25th  of  September.  The  build- 
 ing w;is  decorated  with  flags  and  supplied  with  flowers 
 during  the  sessions  of  the  Council.  The  reception  on 
 the  Saturday  evening  was  largely  attended,  and  an 
 apposite  address  of  welcome  was  delivered  by  the 
 Hon.  E.  A.  Rollins,  ex-United  States  Commissioner 
 of  Internal  Revenue,  and  President  of  the  Centennial 
 National  Bank,  and  also  a  member  of  the  Board. 
 
 A  large  number  of  invitations  to  visit  public  jilaces 
 were  received  by  the  Council,  and  accepted  with 
 thanks,  though  the  Council  in  a  body  was  unable  to 
 respond  only  to  one  of  them.  On  the  Monday  after 
 the  adjournment  it  visited  Princeton,  in  a,  train 
 specially  provided  for  it,  and  was  received  by  the 
 authorities  of  the  College  of  Xew  Jersey  and  of  the 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  ALLIANCE. 
 
 638 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  ALLIANCE. 
 
 Theological  Seminary.  The  Rev.  Dr.  A.  T.  JIoGill 
 adclrc.s,se(l  the  guests  in  the  Seminary  Chapel,  and  the 
 Rev.  Dr.  James  McCosh  in  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church,  where  addresses  were  also  delivered  by  the 
 Rev.  Drs.  Main  and  Lang,  the  Rev.  Narayan  Shes-^ 
 hadri,  and  George  H.  Stuart,  Esq. 
 
 The  deepest  impression  which  from  the  first  and  to 
 the  end  wxs  made  by  the  assembled  delegates,  was 
 that  of  consecrated  intellcctu.al  power.  This  promi- 
 nent intellectuality  was  noted  with  emphasis  by  the 
 secular  press,  and  it  provoked  the  criticism,  in  more 
 than  one  quarter,  that  the  Presbyterian  ministry  is 
 the  intellectual  ministry  of  the  Denominations.  An 
 unusually  large  proportion  of  the  prepared  papers 
 read  on  the  occasion,  as  well  as  the  discussions  which 
 followed  them,  were  striliing  expressioas  of  this 
 mental  power  and  theological  culture,  "Whilst, 
 however,  the  powerfully  intellectual  tone  dominated, 
 the  devotional  spirit  was  very  pervasive.  The  half 
 hour  of  praise  and  prayer  with  which  the  sessions  of 
 every  day  were  opened  was  marked  by  a  tender 
 spirituality  that  also  swayed  the  Council  at  times 
 in  the  midst  of  the  routine  business. 
 
 And  how  suggestive  of  the  catholicity  of  Pres- 
 byterianism  was  this  grand  Assembly  !  The  white, 
 the  black,  the  copper-colored  races,  were  all  there. 
 A  North  American  Indian,  a  Brahmin  from  India, 
 and  Negroes  from  Africa  sat  with  Europeans,  and 
 made  most  effective  addresses  to  the  thousands  of 
 spectators  who  crowded  the  places  of  meeting.  The 
 delegates  came  from  all  the  continents  and  from  the 
 isles  of  the  sea.  A  grouping  of  the  list  shows  tluit 
 the  places  actu-illy  represented  were:  In  America — 
 the  United  States  and  Canada;  in  Europe — England, 
 Scotland,  Wales,  Ireland,  Belgium,  Germany,  Bo- 
 hemia, France,  Switzerland,  Italy  and  Spain;  in 
 Asia — Syria,  India,  Japan,  China  and  Ceylon;  in 
 Africa— Egypt,  Gaboon  and  Corisco,  the  Cape  of 
 G(«>d  Hope,  B:isuto  Land;  in  Australia — New  South 
 Wales,  South  Australia,  Victoria  and  T;ismania,  and 
 the  New  Hebrides,  while  papers  and  letters  were  re- 
 ceived from  other  countries,  and  from  writers  who 
 could  not  personally  be  present. 
 
 The  following  gentlemen  were  present  as  members 
 of  the  Council,  and  as  representatives  of  the  General 
 Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United 
 States  (North):  Kev. William  P.  Breed,  D.D.,  Philadel- 
 phia, Pa.;  Rev.  Charles  A.  Dickey,  i).  D.,  Philadel- 
 phia, Pa.;  Rev.  S.  I.  Prime,  D.D.,  New  York  city  ; 
 Rev.  Samuel  J.  Niccolls,  D.D.,  St.  Louis,  Mo.;  Rev. 
 John  ll^ll,  n.n..  New  York  city;  Rev.  Thomas  S. 
 Hastings,  n.D.,  New  York  city;  Rev.  Henry  A.  Nel- 
 son, D.D.,  Geneva,  N.  Y. ;  Rev.  William  Henry  Green, 
 D.D.,  H,.D..  Princeton,  N.  J.;  Rev.  Villcroy  Reed, 
 D.n.,  Camden,  N.  J.;  Rev.  James  B.  Shaw,  D.D., 
 Rochester,  N.  Y.;  Rev.  William  .M.  Paxton,  D.D.,  New 
 York  city;  Rev.  George  W.  Jlusgrave,  D.D.,LI,.D., 
 Pliihidcliihia,  Pa.;  Rev.  Thomiis  J.  Shepherd,  D.D., 
 Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  Rev.  Joseph  T.  Smith,  n.n.,  Balti- 
 
 more, Md. ;  Rev.  James  I.  Brownson,  D.  D. ,  Washing- 
 ton, Pa.;  Rev.  John  C.  Lowrie,  n.D.,  New  York  city; 
 Rev.Arthur Mitchell,  D.D.,  Chicago,  111. ;  Rev.  Thomas 
 H.  Skinner,  D.n.,  Cincinnati,  O. ;  Rev.  Arthur  Pierson, 
 D.D.,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Rev.  Aaron  L.  Lindsley,  D.n., 
 Portland,  Oreg. ;  George  Jnnkin,  Esq.,  Philadelphia, 
 Pa. ;  Robert  N.  Wil.son,  Esq.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  Hon. 
 W.  E.  Dodge,  New  York  city;  Hon.  Horace  JIaynard, 
 Postmaster  General,  U.  S.  A.,  Washington,  D.  C. ; 
 Hon.  Chaunccy  N.  Olds,  ll.d.,  Columbas,  O. ;  Hon. 
 William  Strong,  LL.  n.,  Justice  Supreme  Court, 
 ■U.  S.  A.,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Hon.  Thomas  W.  Ferry, 
 ex-President  Senate,  U.  S.  A. ;  His  Excellency,  Gen. 
 George  B.  McClellau,  LL.  D.,  Governor  of  the  State  of 
 New  Jersey,  Orange,  N.  J. ;  Prof  Stephen  Alexander, 
 LL.  D.,  Princeton,  N.  J. ;  Henry  Day,  Esq.,  New  York 
 city;  Hon.  Stanley  Matthews,  i.L.  n.,  Cincinnati,  0.; 
 Hon.  Benjamin  Harrison,  Indianapolis,  lud. ;  Hon. 
 James  Richardson,  St.  Louis,  Mo. ;  Hovey  K.  Clarke, 
 E.sq.,  Detroit,  Mich.;  Prof  Ormond  Beatty,  ll.d., 
 DanvUle,  Ky. ;  T.  Charlton  Henry,  Esq.,  Philadel- 
 phia, Pa. ;  Hon.  Josejjh  Allison,  LL.  D.,  Philadelphia, 
 Pa.;  Prof  Theodore  Dvright,  LL.  n..  New  York  city; 
 Henry  Ivi.son,  Esq.,  New  York  city;  George  S.  Drake, 
 Esq.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
 
 The  following  gentlemen  represented  the  General 
 Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United 
 States   (South):     Rev.    Joseph    B.    Stratton,    n.   n, 
 Natchez,  Miss.;   Rev.  M.  H.  Houston,  Taylors\llle, 
 Ky. ;  Rev.  Henry  JI.  Scudder,  n.  n.,  Ebeuezer,  Ky. 
 Rev.   Charles  A._  Stillman,  n.  n.,  Tuskaloosa,   Ala. 
 Rev.  John  Leighton  Wilson,  n.  n.,  Baltimore,  Md. 
 Rev.  Joseph  R.  Wilson,  D.  D.,  Wilmington,   N.  C. 
 Rev.  James  A.  Lefevre,  D.  D.,  Baltimore,  JId. ;  Rev. 
 Allen  Wright,  Choctaw  Nation;  Rev.  George  D.  Arm- 
 strong, D.  D.,  Norfolk,  Va. ;  Rev.  W.  Urwick  Murh- 
 land,  D.  D.,  Baltimore,  Md. ;  R^v.  William  E.  Boggs, 
 D.  D.,    Atlanta,  Ga. ;    Rev.   William   Brown,   D.  D., 
 Fredericksburg,   Va. ;   Rev.   Charles  H.  Read,  D.  D., 
 Richmond,    Va. ;    Rev.  Jacob   Henry    Smith,  n.  n., 
 Greensboro,  N.  C. ;  Hon.  John  L.  JIarye,  Fredericks- 
 burg, Va. ;  Judge  Thomas  Thompson,  — ,  S.  C. ; 
 
 William  P.  Webb,  Esq.,  Eutaw,  Ala.;  W.  M.  Mc- 
 Phecters,  yi.  n.,  St.  Louis,  Mo. ;  Hon.  Isaac  D.  Jones, 
 Baltimore,  Md. ;  Hon.  Thomas  A.  Hamilton,  Mobile, 
 Ala.;  Patrick  Joyce,  Esq.,  Louisville,  Ky. ;  Prof  W. 
 C.  Kerr,  North  Carolina;  D.  C.  Anderson,  Esq.,  Ala- 
 bama; Prof  C.  S.  Venable,  LL.  D.,  Charlottes^-ille, 
 Va. ;  Hon.  C.  B.  MooreJ  Little  Rock,  Ark.;  Judge 
 James  M.  Baker,  Jacksonville,  Fla. ;  J.  J.  Gresham, 
 Esq.,  Macon,  Ga. ;  A.  P.  McCormick,  Esq.,  Florida. 
 
 The  Rev.  Henry  A.  Boardman,  n.  n.,  the  senior 
 Presbyterian  pastor  in  Philadelphia,  who,  as  Chair- 
 man of  the  General  C'om:nittce  of  Arrangements,  was 
 to  deliver  the  address  of  welcome  at  the  opening  of 
 the  sessions  of  the  Alliance,  having  been  removed 
 by  death,  as  had  also  the  Rev.  Elias  R.  Beadle,  n.  D., 
 LL.D.,  his  predecessor  in  the  Chairmanship  of  the 
 General    Committee  of  Arrangements,  the  Rev.  W. 
 
PRRSBYTERIAN  ALLIANCE. 
 
 639 
 
 PBESBTTEEIAN  ALLIANCE. 
 
 P.    Breed,  D.  D.,  delivered  an  admirable  address  of 
 welcome,  by  request. 
 
 The  Rev.  William  Adams,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  who  had 
 been  appointed  to  preach  the  opening  sermon  of  the 
 Alliance,  having  also  been  called  to  his  reward,  the 
 
 But  if,  turning  from  all  these  hidings  of  His  power 
 and  glory,  we  take  the  answer  of  Xathanael:  "  Thou 
 art  the  Son  of  God;  Thou  art  the  King  of  Israel;"  or. 
 of  Peter:  "  Thou  art  the  Christ,  the  Son  of  the  living 
 God;"  or  of  Martha:  "I  believe  that  Thou  art  the 
 
 Rev.  W.  M.  Paxton,  D.  P.,  by  appointment,  rendered  Christ,  the  Son  of  God  that  should  come  into  the 
 thisservice.  FromDr.  Paxton's  excellent  sermon,  on  world;"  or  of  Thomas:  "  My  Lord  and  my  God;"  or 
 Matt,  viii,  11,  we  malce  the  following  extract,  which  of  Paul:  "In  Him  dwells  all  the  fullness  of  the  God- 
 well  deserves  the  permanent  form  which  we  give  it.  head  bodily;"  or  of  John:  "  And  the  Word  was  made 
 In  looking  back,  it  strikes  us—  flesh  and  dwelt  among  us  (and  we  beheld  His  glory, 
 
 First,  That  one  prominent  characteristic  of  the  great  \  the  glory  as  of  the  only-begotten  of  the  Father),  full 
 family'of  rresbi/tcrianchurches  isloijalty  to  the  i>crson  of  \  of  grace  and  truth  "—then  you  have  standing  out 
 Jesiis  Christ.  This  is  the  centre  from  which  all  our  |  before  your  apprehension  a  glorious  Person— God,  yet 
 theology  starts,  the  foundation  from  which  we  draw  |  man;  very  God,  yet  very  man— God  and  man  in  one 
 
 all  our  inspiration.  We  do  not  claim  this  as  a  dis- 
 tinction peculiar  to  ourselves,  but  we  point  to  it  as  a 
 characteristic  that  needs  to  be  emphasized.  Jesus 
 Christ  stands  out  before  us  as  a  great  historical  char- 
 acter. It  is  a  simple  fact  that  He  is  the  greatest  per- 
 sonage in  the  world's  history,  the  migh'tiest  force  in 
 the  world's  action,  the  grandest  influence  in  its  civili- 
 zation. Hence  the  inquiry,  Who  is  He  ?  is  the  ques- 
 tion that  is  b.ack  of  all  other  questions.  The  answer 
 to  this  by  each  indi\idual  determines  his  own  per- 
 sonal experiences  and  character.  The  answer  to 
 this  by  a  church  or  denomination  of  Christians 
 determines  the  value  of  the  religion  which  it  teaches 
 and  the  measure  and  character  of  its  efficiency  in  the 
 world. 
 
 If  you  give  the  Arian  or  Socinian  answer,  which 
 denies  His  divinity,  even  though  it  accredits  Him  as 
 the  highest  of  created  beings,  or  as  a  divinely-endowed 
 man,  you  have  a  religion  which  leaves  man  in  a  state 
 of  sin  without  a  Redeemer,  under  a  consciousness  of 
 guilt  without  an  atonement,  and  with  no  incentive 
 but  that  of  a  pure  humanitarianism  to  raise  him  to 
 something  higher  and  better. 
 
 If  you  take  the  Gnostic  answer,  which  denies  His 
 humanity,  or  the  Apollinariau  answer,  which  denies 
 Him  a  rational  spirit — the  place  of  human  intelligence 
 
 Person,  that,  by  the  mysterious  union  of  their  two 
 natures  in  one  Person,  he  might  reconcile  God  to 
 man  by  making  expiation,  and  man  to  God  by  mak- 
 ing intercession  for  him. 
 
 This  is  the  glorious  Person  to  whom  the  Presby- 
 terian heart  and  the  Presbyterian  faith  has  ever  been 
 loyal.  It  was  in  the  light  of  this  wonderful  Person 
 that  Augustine  interpreted  the  scriptures,  and  drew 
 out  that  m.arvelous  Christo-centric  system  of  theology 
 that  has  guided  the  Presbj-^erian  faith,  and  has  shed 
 its  light  of  hope  and  peace  all  down  the  ages. 
 
 It  was  this  gracious  Person  who,  enshrined  in  the 
 hearts  of  Vaudois  and  Waldenses,  enabled  them  to 
 preserve  the  light  of  truth  through  the  dark  night  of 
 the  Middle  Ages,  to  enkindle  again  the  torch  of 
 the  Reformation. 
 
 It  was  this  truth,  tlie  person  of  Jesus  Christ,  and 
 the  love  of  God  in  Him,  that  inspired  and  guided  the 
 Reformation.  It  was  heart  loyalty  to  the  person  of 
 Christ  that  enabled  John  Knox,  as  the  English  Am- 
 b.assador  testified,  "to  put  more  life  into  hLs  hearers 
 from  the  pulpit  in  one  hour  than  600  trumpets. "  It  is 
 this  truth  that  leads  the  van  of  our  doctrinal  beliefs, 
 and  all  else  follows  in  its  train.  It  has  stood  foremost 
 in  Confessions  and  symbols  of  our  churches,  age  after 
 age,  until  at  length  it  found  its  simplest  and  most 
 
 being  supplied  in  Him  by  the  eternal  Logo.s,  then  you   perfect  expression  in  the  Westminster  Catechism- 
 
 have  a  religion  which  brings  us  in  contact  with  the 
 Divine,  without  a  single  element  of  human  comfort 
 or  consolation.  We  have  no  "daysman"  to  represent 
 our  nature  in  any  form  of  mediation  between  God 
 and  man;  no  form  of  humanity  to  bear  the  burden  of 
 our  guilt ;  no  brother  or  friend  to  open  to  us  a  heart 
 of  sympathy,  or  to  soothe  the  bitterness  of  human 
 woe. 
 
 Or  if,  advancing  to  later  times,  you  take  the  answer 
 of  Schleiermacher,  or  any  of  the  more  advanced  theo- 
 
 The  only  Redeemer  of  God's  elect  is  the  Lord  Jesus 
 Christ,  who,  being  the  eternal  Son  of  God,  became 
 man,  by  taking  to  himself  a  true  body  and  a  reason- 
 able soul,  and  so  was  and  continued  to  be  God  and 
 man  in  two  distinct  natures  and  one  person  forever." 
 
 Here  is  the  person  of  a  living  Redeemer,  around 
 whom  ray  affections  may  cluster,  who  has  the  worth 
 of  divinity  to  give  value  to  His  sacrifice,  the  form  of 
 humanity  to  sufier  the  law  penalty  which  humanity 
 has  incurred — a  wealth    of  love  to   challenge  our 
 
 ries  of  philosophic  speculation  which  regard  Christ  as  '  affcctionandaraotive  to  ser-(-ice  which  binds  us  to  Him 
 the  ideal  man — the  one  man  in  whom  the  ideal  of  with  the  bands  of  a  man  and  cords  of  love.     Such  is 
 
 humanity  comes  to  its  fullest  realization — and  He  the 
 source  of  new  life  to  others  by  awakening  in  them 
 the  same  God-consciousness,  then  you  have  a  religion 
 in  which  Christ  is  lost  in  hum.anity,  and  the  glorious 
 person  of  the  God-man  Mediator  is  shrouded  in  mys- 
 tery and  lost  to  the  ^^ew  of  faith. 
 
 the  religion  that  a  proper  apprehension  of  the  person 
 of  Christ  must  ever  produce.  A  stalwart  religion, 
 that  grasps  by  fiiith  the  arm  of  a  mighty  Redeemer;  a 
 strong  love,  that  holds  Him  in  a  steadfast  embrace;  a 
 warmth  of  devotion,  that  counts  all  things  as  loss 
 I  for  Chiist,  and  a  courage  that  smiles  at  the  stake, 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  ALLIANCE. 
 
 640 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  ALLIANCE. 
 
 and  triumphs  in  a  martyr's  victory.  Obscure  the 
 glory  of  that  person  and  the  Church  sinks  into  imbe- 
 cility. 
 
 Be  assured  tliat  no  Church  can  ever  bear  an  effect- 
 ual part  in  the  connucst  of  the  world  but  a  Church 
 tliat  is  loyal  to  the  person  of  Jesus  Christ. 
 
 Second.  A  second  dhtinction  of  oitr  Presbyterian 
 churchcK  in  the  pn.'it  it  their  character  «.«  witness-bearers. 
 We  shouhl  certainly  fail  to  understand  ourselves  or  to 
 appreciate  our  mission  in  the  future  if  we  should  let 
 this  fact  drop  from  our  memories,  or  fail  of  "its  reali- 
 zation in  our  consciousness  as  we  prosecute  our  work. 
 
 "Ye  are  my  witnesses,  saith  the  Lord"  (Isaiah 
 xliii,  10).  "  Ye  shall  be  witnesses  unto  me,  both  in 
 Jerusalem  and  in  all  Judea,  and  in  Samaria  and  unto 
 the  uttermost  parts  of  the  earth "  (i,  8).  These 
 and  similar  .Scriptures  seem  from  the  beginning  to 
 have  taken  a  deep  hold  upon  the  Presbyterian  heart, 
 and  to  have  come  to  a  vivid  realization  iu  the  expe- 
 rience of  the  whole  Church.  Accordingly  the  long 
 line  of  our  past  history  is  strewn  with  testimonies, 
 confessions  and  witnesses  to  the  truths  of  God,  writ- 
 ten in  symbols,  delivered  in  pulpits,  illustrated  in 
 glorious  and  illustrious  lives,  uttered  amidst  the 
 flames  and  sealed  with  blood.  Hence,  as  we  look 
 back,  we  are  compassed  about  with  a  great  cloud  of 
 witnesses — Paul  witnessing  against  the  Judaizing 
 tendencies  of  the  carnal  heart  which  afterwards 
 effloresced  in  Romanism,  and  against  a  philosophy, 
 falsely  so  called,  which  h.is  only  now  reached  its 
 ultimate  evolution.  Augustine  witnessing  for  the 
 sovereignty  of  God  and  the  doctrines  of  Grace,  when 
 the  Pelagian  heresy  threatened  to  pale  their  glory. 
 The  Waldenses  witnessing,  midst  sword  and  tlame, 
 for  freedom  of  thought  and  the  right  of  private 
 judgment,  and  for  the  precious  doctrines  of  the 
 Cross,  when  the  light  of  these  truths  was  almost 
 extinguished  by  the  overlaying  of  vain  traditions 
 and  tin;  smothering  accretions  of  Komish  supersti- 
 tiim.  Then,  again,  wi'  have  the  witnesses  of  the  great 
 family  of  the  Presbyterian  churches  of  the  Kefornia- 
 tion  to  the  absolutes  sovereignty  of  the  Bible, 
 to  its  immediate  and  plenary  iiLspiration,  to  its 
 all-sufficiency  and  infallibility  as  the  only  and 
 authoritative  rule  of  faith  and  duty,  against  the 
 Romish  doctrine  of  tradition  as  a  coordinate  rule  of 
 faith,  and  against  the  presumptuous  claim  of  the 
 Papacy  to  be  the  infallible  teacher  of  the  true  faith 
 and  the  final  judge  of  all  controversies.  It  w;is  this 
 ■witness  that  broke  the  chain  that  bound  the  Scrip- 
 tures in  the  cloisters  of  the  Romish  mona-steries,  and 
 opened  the  truth  of  God  to  the  people.  Then  came 
 the  voices  of  witness  bearers,  like  the  sound  of  many 
 waters,  testifying  to  the  contcmts  of  Heaven's  precious 
 mcss;ige  to  man.  They  witnessed  to  a  s;ilvutiou  only 
 effected  through  the  blood  and  sacrifice  of  Jesus  Christ ; 
 not  by  human  merit,  not  by  works  of  righteou.sncss 
 which  we  have  dune,  not  by  penance  or  self  sacrifice,  as 
 the  priesthood  taught ;  nor  yet  by  the  life  of  Christ  as 
 
 a  model  for  imitation,  charming  us  to  a  better  life  and 
 lifting  us  to  the  realization  of  an  ideal  humanity,  as 
 rationalism  suggested  then  and  is  urging  now;  but  by 
 the  efficacy  of  an  atonement  which  expiates  sin  by  sat- 
 isfying the  penalty  of  the  broken  law,  and  secures  free 
 pardon  and  a  gracious  acceptance  for  fallen  man.  It 
 was  this  effective  witnessing  to  the  love  of  trod  in  the 
 atonement  of  Jesus  Christ  that  broke  the  fetters  of 
 .spiritual  despotism  and  produced  the  Reformation. 
 As  benighted  men,  who  had  trembled  under  the  idea 
 of  God  as  an  inexorable  Judge,  lifted  their  ej-es  to 
 the  face  of  a  Father  in  heaven  whom  they  felt  sure 
 loved  them,  they  adored,  worshiped  and  believed. 
 Xo  less  powerful  was  their  witness  to  the  doctrine  of 
 justification  by  faith  alone,  and  to  the  efficacy  of 
 Divine  grace  in  the  regeneration  and  sanctification  of 
 the  soul.  "We  cannot  follow  in  detail  the  long  line 
 of  witnesses.  But  among  all  these  witnesses  one  voice, 
 clear  and  strong,  falls  upon  our  ears.  It  comes  to 
 us  like  the  shout  of  a  king.  It  is  a  sound  that  made 
 thrones  rock  and  monarchs  tremble.  It  comes  from 
 the  misty  hills  of  Scotland.  It  is  the  voice  of  John 
 Knox,  witnessing  to  the  kingship  of  Jesus  Christ, 
 that  He  alone  is  the  King  and  Head  of  the  Church. 
 The  Church  is  Christ's  house,  Christ's  kingdom. 
 He  alone  has  the  right  to  fix  her  Institutions  and 
 appoint  her  Ordinances.  He  alone  is  her  Supreme 
 Head  and  Governor.  Hence  we  can  acknowledge 
 no  Pope ;  can  bow  to  no  potentate ;  and  when  a  ci^  il 
 ruler  d;ires  to  plant  his  foot  within  the  Churdi 
 to  claim  dominion  over  the  consciences  of  Christ's 
 people  and  assert  the  possession  of  a  power  which 
 the  King  of  Kings  has  not  given  him,  it  must  be 
 a  violation  of  Christ's  crown  rights  and  a  usurpation 
 of  Christ's  prerogative.  Xor  was  this  a  solitary 
 voice.  A  long  line  of  witnesses  repeated  the  testi- 
 mony. It  was  uttered  by  petitions,  by  remonstrances, 
 by  solemn  leagues  and  covenants — in  Councils,  in 
 Convocations,  in  Parliaments — and  proclaimed  by  the 
 cannon's  roar  upon  the  battle-field.  It  was  a  witness 
 that  disenthralled  Scotland  and  secured  the  chartered 
 freedom. 
 
 As  we  assemble  to-day  the  voices  of  all  these 
 witnesses  are  sounding  in  our  ears.  They  recall  our 
 history.  They  remind  us  of  our  ancestors.  They 
 shame  our  imbecility.  They  confront  us  with  these 
 blood-sealed  testimonies  of  heroic  devotion  to  Jesus 
 Christ.  They  call  us  to  repeat  the  s;ime  ^^-itness,  to 
 give  up  no  principle,  to  surrender  no  truth.  They 
 point  to  the  coming  contest,  and  c;dl  us  "to  fight  a 
 good  fight,"  "to  stand  in  the  evil  day,  and  ha\ing 
 done  all  to  stand." 
 
 Again  we  notice  that  a  third  characteristic  of  Pres- 
 bi/tcriani«m  is  its  eatholicity. 
 
 "V\'e  do  not  claim  to  be  the  catholic  Church, 
 nor  a  catholic  Church,  for  this  at  present  is  an 
 impossibility.  Xo  church  can  be  catholic  until 
 its  doctrine  and  polity  has  been  preached  and  ac- 
 crpted  throughout  the  whole  world.     Yet,  strange  to 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  ALLIANCE. 
 
 641 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  ALLIANCE. 
 
 say;  this  appellation,  catholic,  luui  bceu  appropriated  '  the  brow  of  Jesus.     Thus  it  is  that   our   system, 
 
 by  many  claimants — by  the  ancient  Arians,  by  the 
 Greek  Church,  by  the  Roman  Catholics,  and  even  by 
 the  Donatists,  the  most  narrow  and  exclusive  of  the 
 Separatists.  We  make  no  such  absurd  pretension. 
 We  are  not  catholics,  but  catholic.  We  are  not  the 
 catholic  Church,  but  a  part  of  the  great  Universal 
 Church  of  Jesus  Christ,  which  has  many  memliers, 
 who  bear  many  names.  Our  name  is  Presbyterian. 
 As  another  has  expressed  it,  "  Christian  is  our  name, 
 Presbyterian  our  surname."  We  are  Presbyterian 
 Christians— Christians,  because  we  belong  to  Christ; 
 Presbyterians,  because  we  believe  that  the  true  origi- 
 nal Apostolic  Episcopaty  was  Presbj-tery.  Our  prin- 
 cijjles  and  polity  and  methods  of  operation  are  all 
 catholic,  and  may  be  reduced  to  practice  with  a  won- 
 derful facility  under  any  circumstances  and  in 
 any  nationality.  Our  Presbyterianism,  for  example, 
 is  catholic  in  its  idea  of  the  Church. 
 
 As  defined  in  the  Westminster  Confession,  the 
 Church  "consists  of  all  those  throughout  the  world 
 who  profess  the  true  religion,  with  their  children.'' 
 Here  is  a  definition  as  wide  as  universality  itself. 
 It  unchurches  no  one,  but  comprehends  the  whole 
 world  of  believers  in  the  amplitude  of  its  charitable 
 
 whether  viewed  in  detail  or  regarded  as  a  whole,  is 
 catholic  in  all  its  features,  and  Is  capable  of  an 
 expansion  to  the  uttermost  circumference  of  our 
 humanity. 
 
 There  is  a  Persian  fable  which  tells  of  a  young 
 prince  who  brought  to  his  father  a  nutshell,  which, 
 when  opened  with  a  spring,  contained  a  little  tent,  of 
 such  ingenious  construction  that  when  spread  in  the 
 nursery  the  children  could  play  under  its  folds;  when 
 opened  in  the  council  chamber  the  king  and  his 
 counsellors  could  sit  beneath  its  canopy;  when  placed 
 in  the  court-yard  the  family  and  all  the  servants  could 
 gather  under  its  shade;  when  pitched  upon  the  plain 
 where  the  soldiers  were  encamped  the  whole  army 
 could  gather  within  its  inclosure.  It  possessed  a 
 quality  of  boundless  adaptability  and  expansiveness. 
 This  little  tent  is  the  symbol  of  our  system.  It  is  all 
 contained  within  the  nutshell  of  the  Gospel.  Open  it 
 in  the  nursery,  and  the  parents  and  children  will  sit 
 with  delight  beneath  its  folds.  Spread  it  in  the 
 court-yard,  and  the  whole  household  will  assemble 
 for  morning  and  evening  worship  beneath  its  shadow. 
 Open  it  in  the  \-illage,  and  it  becomes  a  church,  and 
 the  whole  town  worships  under  its  canopy.     Pitch  it 
 
 embrace.     Again,  our  system  is  also  catholic  in  its  upon  the  plain,  and  a  great  sacramental  army  will 
 
 polity.     It  is  not  founded,  like  Papacy  and  Prelacy,  gather  under  it.     Send  it  out  to  the  heathen  world, 
 
 upon  the  narrow  and  exclusive  model  of  the  Jewish  and  it  becomes  a  great  pavilion,  that  fills  and  covers 
 
 Temple,  but  upon  the  free,  popular   and  catholic  the  earth. 
 
 system  of  the  synagogue  worship.  Its  first  principle 
 is  the  rights  of  the  people.  Church  power  does 
 not  rest  in  the  clergy.  The  people  are  not  sub- 
 ject to  'Popes  and  Prelates,  but  have  a  right  to  a 
 substantive  part  in  the  government  of  the  Church. 
 It  affirms  the  universal  Priesthood  of  believers,  which 
 makes  them  all  equal,  also  the  parity  of  the  minis- 
 try— they  all  stand  upon  equal  footing.  Upon  this 
 basis  of  free  and  equal  rights  the  ruling  elder,  the 
 representative  of  the  people,  joins  with  the  minister 
 in  all  acts  of  judicial  authority.  These,  then,  are 
 principles  of  a  far-reaching  and  catholic  sweep.  They 
 are  capable  of  an  application  to  peojile  of  all  classes, 
 to  every  form  of  national  government  and  under  all 
 the  circumstances  in  which  human  life  is  cast. 
 
 Again,  our  Presbyterianism  is  catholic  in  the  spirit 
 of  love  with  which  we  can  co-operate  with  evan- 
 gelical Christians  of  every  name  in  works  of  faith 
 and  labors  of  love.  We  have  no  peculiarity,  no  pre- 
 i  udice,  no  hobby,  to  dig  a  chasm  of  separation  between 
 us  and  other  servants  of  our  common  JIaster.  To 
 all  who  love  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  we  can  open  our 
 hearts  with  the  warmest  affection;  to  all  who  are 
 building  the  walls  of  Zion  we  can  offer  a  helping 
 hand,  and  our  only  contest  is  who  shall  build  the 
 wall  strongest  and  highest.  We  can  recognize  the 
 ordination  of  the  Episcopalian  and  the  baptism  of 
 
 But  iu  this  endeavor  to  understand  our  mission  in 
 the  past,  we  cannot  omit  to  notice  fliat  a  fourth  char- 
 acleristie  of  our  Prcsbi/tcrianism  is  its  intimate  connec- 
 tion with  civil  liberty.  This  is  certainly  one  of  our  his- 
 toric distinctions,  but  we  have  time  only  for  a 
 passing  glance.  It  is  a  simple  fact  that  Calvinism 
 has  always  been  hated  by  infidels  and  Presbyterianism 
 by  tyrants.  King  James  I  said,  at  the  Hampton 
 Court  Conference,  ' '  Ye  are  aiming  at  a  Scots  Presby- 
 tery, which  agrees  with  monarchy  as  well  as  God  and 
 the  devil."  By  monarchy  James  doubtless  meant 
 his  own  will,  which  was  tyranny.  To  that  great- 
 hearted Presbyterian,  Jlellville,  he  said:  "There 
 never  will  be  quiet  in  this  country  till  half  a  dozen 
 of  ye  be  hanged  or  banished. "  "  Tush,  sir, "  replied 
 5Iell\-ille,  "threaten  your  courtiers  in  that  manner! 
 but,  God  be  glorified,  it  will  not  be  in  your  power  to 
 hang  or  exile  His  truth."  "  The  doctrine  "  (that  is, 
 the  doctrine  of  the  Presbj-terians) ,  said  Charles  I, 
 "  is  anti-mon-irchical."  "  I  will  say,"  he  continued, 
 "that  there  was  not  a  wiser  man  since  Solomon  than 
 he  who  said,  'No  Bishop,  no  King.'"  It  was 
 doubtless  a  wise  saying. 
 
 CivU  and  religious  liberty  are  linked  together. 
 If  there  is  liberty  iu  the  Church  there  wOl  be  liberty 
 in  the  State;  if  there  is  no  Bishop  iu  the  Church 
 there  will  be  no  tyrant  on  the  throne.     This  brings 
 
 the  Baptist.     We  can  respond  -nith  all  our  hearts  to    us  to  the  very  centre   of  truth  upon  this  subject; 
 the    "Amen"  of  the  Methodist  and  join  with  our    civil  liberty  springs  out  of  the  very  core  of  Presby- 
 brethren  in  anv  psalmody  that  puts  the  crown  upon  j  terian  doctrine  and  polity.     One  of  the  great  truths 
 41 
 
riiESnyTEUIAN  ALLIANCE. 
 
 642 
 
 VnESIi  YTEIUA  N  ALLH  XVE. 
 
 asserted  ami  estahllshed  by  the  Reformation  was 
 "tlif  kiiijj:sliiii  of  all  believers;"  they  are  all  equal 
 and  all  kiii^s.  This  is  just  the  first  priiicii)le  of  our 
 rreshyterianisin,  "the  rights  of  the  peoide."  In 
 whom  docs  C'liiirch  power  rest,  iu  the  people  or  in 
 the  clergy'  ?  Wlu-n  you  settle  tliis  question  you 
 decide  the  question  of  the  civil  liberty  of  the  nation. 
 If  you  deride  that  the  power  rests  with  the  clergy, 
 then  you  establish  a  principle  which,  by  an  inevit- 
 able analogy,  associates  Itself  with  the  princii)le  that 
 tlie  civil  power  rests  iu  kings  and  nobles. 
 
 But  if  you  settle,  as  I'resbyterians  do,  that  Church 
 power  rests  in  the  people,  in  the  C'hmch  itself,  then 
 from  this  principle  springs  the  other,  that  civil  power 
 rests  in  the  people  themselves,  and  that  all  ci\'il 
 rulers  are  the  servants  of  tlve  people. 
 
 Accordingly  Dr.  Sehaff  in  his  histoi-y  of  creeds  says 
 that  "the  inalienable  rights  of  an  American  citizen 
 are  nothing  but  the  Protesfcmt  idea  of  the  general 
 priesthood  of  believers  applied  to  the  civil  sjihere  or 
 develojied  into  the  corresponding  idea  of  the  general 
 kingship  of  free  men.  Hence  it  is  that  history  shows 
 that  from  the  underlying  principle  of  our  Presby- 
 terianism  has  sprung  the  civil  and  jMlitical  freedom 
 of  many  nations.  The  M'cstminMcr  Review,  which 
 cert;iiuly  h;us  no  leaning  toward  Presbyterianism, 
 says:  "Calvin  sowed  the  seeds  of  liberty  in  Europe, 
 and  evoked  a  moral  energy  which  Christianity  has 
 not  felt  since  the  era  of  persecution." 
 
 "The  peculiar  ethical  temperament  of  Cahdnism, " 
 it  continues,  "is  precisely  that  of  primitive  Chris- 
 tianity of  the  Catacombs  and  the  desert,  and  was 
 created  under  the  same  stimulus. "  Again  it  says, 
 "Calvinism  saved  Europe."  The  eloquent  Roman 
 Catholic  historian  Bossuet,  speaking  of  the  General 
 Synod  of  France  iu  1.559,  says:  "  A  great  social  revo- 
 lution has  been  effected.  Within  the  centre  of  the 
 French  Monarchy  Calvin  and  his  disciples  have  estab- 
 lished a  spiritual  Republic."  Macaulay  has  shown 
 that  the  great  revolution  of  1()3><,  which  gave  liberty 
 to  England,  was  in  a  great  measure  purchased  by 
 the  labors,  .sacrifices,  treasure,  and  blood  of  the 
 Pre-sbj-terians  of  Scotland.  Rut  the  most  conspicuous 
 illustration  of  this  principle  was  the  birth  of  the 
 Amcricim  Republic.  Our  national  historian.  Baa- 
 croft,  says,  "He  who  will  not  honor  the  memory 
 and  respect  the  influence  of  Calvin  knows  but  little 
 of  the  origin  of  American  liberty." 
 '  Dr.  Schafl",  the  honored  historian  of  o>ir  Creeds, 
 says:  "The  principles  of  the  Republic  of  the  United 
 States  c;in  be  traced  through  the  intervening  link  of 
 Puritanism  to  Calvinism,  which,  with  all  its  theo- 
 logical rigor,  has  been  the  chief  educator  of  manly 
 chanicter  and  promoter  of  constitutional  freedom  in 
 modern  times."  Cliief  Justice  Tilghman  says  that 
 "Tlie  framersof  the  Constitution  of  the  XTnit<d  States 
 Iwrrowed  very  much  of  the  form  of  our  Republic  from 
 th;it  form  of  Presbyterian  Cbui  rh  government  devel- 
 oped in  the  Constitution  of  the  Presbyterian  Cliurch 
 
 of  Scotland."  But  time  will  not  permit  us  to  pursue 
 the  thought.  Enough  luis  l)een  .said  to  remind  us  of 
 our  history  and  to  a.ssure  us  that  the  church  of  the 
 future,  the  churih  that  is  to  be  most  eflective  in 
 conquering  tlie  world  for  Christ,  will  be  a  church 
 that  is  loyal  to  the  great  principle  of  civil  and 
 religious  freedom. 
 
 V.  Ag-ain,  if  time  had  permitted,  I  had  thought  to 
 mention  as  another  characteristic  of  our  Presbyterian- 
 ism, its  educational  character.  Our  liistorian  Ban- 
 croft says  that  "  Calvin  was  the  father  of  pojiular 
 education,  the  inventor  of  the  system  of  free  .schools. " 
 However  this  may  be,  it  is  certain  that  home 
 education,  instruction  in  the  Bible  and  Catechism, 
 have  been  a,  characteristic  of  our  Presbyterian  fami- 
 lies, and  that  wherever  our  churches  have  gone  they 
 have  carried  with  them  the  school,  the  academy,  and 
 the  college.  From  no  quarter,  therefore,  could  a 
 pn)t<st  como  witji  more  propriety  than  from  this 
 Council,  against  the  godless  secularity  ^\liieh  charac- 
 terizes so  much  of  the  boasted  education  of  the  present 
 time. 
 
 VI.  I  had  thought,  al.so,  to  point  your  attention 
 to  the  missionary  character  of  our  whole  family  of 
 churches.  But  the  simple  mention  of  this  fact  suf- 
 fices, as  we  now  i);uss  in  conclusion  to  our  second 
 question. 
 
 What  stiouhl  he  our  iiiixsifDi  in  the  future? 
 
 The  answer  is  simple  and  brief.  "To  stand  in 
 our  lot,"  to  repeat  the  same  record,  to  follow  in  the 
 same  line,  to  cultivate  the  same  characteristics,  to 
 aim  at  the  same  distinctions.  Let  our  hearts  cleave 
 to  the  person  of  Jesus  Christ  with  a  loyal  affection 
 and  devoted  service.  Let  us,  like  our  fathers,  be  in- 
 trepid witnes.ses  for  the  truth  of  God  amid  a  crooked 
 and  perverse  generation.  Let  us  stand  fxst  by  the 
 principles  of  religious  liberty,  which  have  given  the 
 boon  of  civil  and  political  freedom  to  the  world. 
 Let  us  maintain  our  principle  of  liberty,  which  brings 
 us  into  co-operative  unity  with  other  Christians  in 
 the  whole  work  of  the  Master's  kingdom.  Let  ns 
 assert  our  catholicity  before  the  world,  that  ours  is 
 a  system  adapted  to  a  world-wide  efficiency  and 
 capable  of  a  universal  prevalence.  Let  us  cultivate 
 the  sjjirit  of  missions,  and  catching  our  inspiration 
 from  the  Cross  of  Christ,  let  us  work  on,  in  the 
 confidence  that  the  kingdoms  of  this  world  shall 
 become  the  kingdoms  of  our  Lord  and  His  Christ. 
 
 There  is  nothing  in  our  past  record  that  we  could 
 wLsh  changed — no  charaeteristies  that  we  could  iiii- 
 pro^■e  by  alteration.  Wo  need  no  changed  plans,  no 
 novel  principles,  no  new  creeds.  Our  system  con- 
 tains all  the  elements  of  efficiency  which  in  times 
 past  have  proved  to  be  the  power  of  God,  and 
 all  the  elements  of  blessing  which  have  glad- 
 dened tlie  world.  Our  polity,  as  administered 
 by  our  fathers,  has  been  a  benediction  fo  the 
 world,  and  we  need  not  fear  that  it  will  fail  of  the 
 same  result  iu  time  to  come.     This  is  an  age  of  pro- 
 
PRESBYTERIAN'  ALLIANCE. 
 
 643 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  BOARDS. 
 
 gress;  let  us  progress,  not  by  clutnging  God's  truth,  ]  up  for  their  success.  But  here,  still,  the  question 
 not  by  altering  a  system  which  has  been  baptized  by  returns:  "  How  is  tliis  to  be  effectc-d  ?  "  Only  by  the 
 unction  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  but  let  us  progress  in  all 
 
 holy  activities,  in  all  Christian  worlc,  in  our  love 
 lor  the  souls  of  men  and  in  the  intelligence  and 
 ardor  of  our  zeal  for  the  glory  of  God  and  for  the 
 cause  and  kingdom  of  Jesus  Christ.  Let  us  progress 
 in  an  intelligent  appreciation  of  the  significance  of 
 our  past  history  aud  of  the  promise  of  the  future 
 which  it  embodies.  What  God  did  in  time  past  for 
 our  fathers  is  but  the  type  and  promise  of  what  He 
 will  do  for  us  now.  The  Lord  God  of  Elijah  will  be 
 the  God  of  Elisha.  Let  us  seize  the  falling  mantle, 
 and  as  by  faith  we  smite  the  waters,  let  us  cry: 
 "Where  is  the  Lord  God  of  our  Mhers?"  We 
 should  train  our  children  in  the  memory  of  their 
 mighty  acts.  Tlie  historian  Sallust  tells  us  tliat  the 
 Eoman  mothers  trained  their  children  in  the  presence 
 of  the  busts  and  statues  of  their  ancestors.  In  like 
 manner  we  should  train  our  children  and  our  rising 
 ministry,  as  it  were,  in  the  presence  of  their  fore- 
 fathers, in  all  the  memories  of  our  past  history,  and 
 urge  them,  as  the  Roman  mothers  did,  never  to  be 
 satisfied  while  the  virtues  and  victories  of  the  past 
 were  more  numerous  or  more  glorious  than  those  of 
 the  present. 
 
 But  how  are  these  results  to  be  attained  ?  By 
 unity  of  action.  By  bringing  together  these  Presby- 
 terian bodies  from  every  part  of  the  world,  not  in  an 
 organic  union,  but  into  such  oneness  of  thought  and 
 sympathy  that  they  shall  act  in  a  co-operative  unity, 
 like  several  armies  moving  against  a  common  enemy, 
 animated  by  the'  same  spirit  and  aiming  at  the  same 
 result.  But  again  the  question  returns:  How  shall 
 this  be  done?  How  shall  this  unity  be  secured? 
 Not  by  resolutions  ;  not  by  the  decrees  of  Coun- 
 cils; not  by  ecclesiastical  pressure;  but  by  the 
 power  of  warm  Christian  affection.  The  unity 
 must  not  be  from  without,  but  from  within  ;  it 
 must  be  from  that  love  which  unites  heart  to 
 heart,  until  the  bond  encircles  the  whole  fomily. 
 The  smallest  Presbyterian  body  struggling  under 
 discouragement  in  the  most  distiint  country  must 
 be  made  to  feel  that  it  does  not  stivnd  alone,  but  is 
 linked  in  eflfective  sjonpathy  with  a  greiit  family  of 
 vigorous  churches  who  feel  for  them  and  will  act  with 
 them  iu  their  time  of  need.  No  church  must  be  per- 
 mitted to  have  a  feeliug  of  solitary  orphanage.  The 
 brethren  must  take  home  from  this  family  coimcil 
 the  salutations  of  the  churches  to  each  other,  and 
 
 presence  and  power  of  the  Holy  Ghost  in  all  our 
 churches  and  in  the  hearts  of  all  our  ministtTs 
 and  people.  "It  is  not  by  might  nor  by  power, 
 but  by  my  Spirit,  saith  the  Lord  of  Hosts."  He 
 is  the  Spirit  of  love,  who  mu.st  bind  all  our 
 hearts  iu  unity;  the  Spirit  of  truth,  who  must 
 take  the  things  of  Christ  and  show  them  unto  us;  the 
 Spirit  of  courage,  who  must  make  us  witnesses  for 
 Christ,  and  the  Spirit  of  i)Ower,who  alone  can  give  us 
 the  victory.  As  the  di.sciples  waited  at  Jerusalem  so 
 we  should  wait  here,  with  one  accord,  for  the  coming 
 of  the  Holy  Ghost,  aud  as  we  separate  carry  the  bene- 
 diction with  us  to  the  ends  of  the  earth. 
 
 Presbyterian  Board  of  Church  Erection. 
 Tlie  field  of  this  Board  is  the  United  Sfeites,  with  all 
 their  Territories.  Their  work  during  the  last  year 
 extended  from  Eastern  New  York  to  the  Pacific 
 coast,  aud  from  Alaska  to  Florida,  including  almost 
 every  nationality.  For  the  Freedmen  in  the  South 
 they  secured  during  the  year  sixteen  houses  of  wor- 
 ship, and  nearly  as  many  school-houses,  for  nearly 
 every  church  has  its  school,  taught  in  the  same  build- 
 ing. Not  less  than  ninety  churches  and  chapels  have 
 been  secured  for  these  colored  people,  by  the  help  of 
 the  Board.  In  Utah,  that  land  of  moral  darkness, 
 they  liave  erected  nineteen  more  of  these  light-houses, 
 whose  gladsome  rays  are  penetrating  the  surrounding 
 gloom  of  moral  darkness.  In  Iowa,  Kansas  and  Ne- 
 braska they  h.ave  built  fifty-one  churches.  In  all 
 they  have  aided  two  hundred  aud  fifteen  churches, 
 during  the  year,  iu  the  erection  of  houses  for  the 
 worship  of  God.  The  opening  of  these  two  hundred 
 and  fifteen  sanctuaries  has  been  the  occasion  of  un- 
 speakable joy  to  thousands  of  God's  poor  people, 
 who  for  years  past  have  not  known  what  it  w;is  to 
 have  a  Christian  home  or  the  stated  means  of  grace. 
 The  work  and  method  of  this  Board  are  as  follows: 
 1.  The  design  of  the  Board  is  to  aid  feeble  churches 
 (not  able  of  themselves)  to  secure  comfortable  but 
 uncostlyhouses  of  worship/rceo/ «/(*(.  2.  Tlie  Board 
 iu  no  c;use  gives  more  than  one-third  of  the  cost  of  the 
 building,  and  iu  but  few  c;ises  so  much  as  that.  3.  The 
 average  cost  of  the  buildings  is  $i(X)0,  and  the  average 
 of  the  Board's  grant  is  $500,  which  must  pay  the  last 
 cent  of  debt,  and  leave  the  property  aud  congregation 
 unencumbered.  4.  To  guard  the  property  against 
 alienation  and  loss  by  fire,  the  parties  receiving  aid 
 must  give  the  Board  a  first  aud  only  mortgage,  also  a 
 
 such  messages  of  love  and  sjinpathy  as  will  make  '  perpetual  policy  of  insurance  for  the  amount  received, 
 the  discouraged  lift  their  fines  from  the  dust,  and  5.  No  application  is  entertained  or  grant  made  by  the 
 thank  Grod  and  take  courage.     So,  too,  the  churches 
 
 and  brethren  laboring  in  the  great  centres  and  bear- 
 ing the  burdens  of  heavy  responsibilities  must  be 
 made  to  feel  that  in  this  strain  and  struggle  they 
 liave  the  support  of  brethren  and  churches  who  feel 
 aud  work  with  them  and  for  them,  and  that  from 
 
 the  vast  lamily  all  over  the  earth  prayers  are  going  |  (he  Board  an  annual  collection. 
 
 Board  without  the  endorsement  of  the  Presbytery 
 under  whose  care  the  church  is.  (i.  This  endorse- 
 ment must  certify  that  the  churcli  applying  has  done 
 all  it  can  to  help  itself,  and  that  the  amount  ;isked 
 for  is  ri'iiUy  needed  to  complete  the  building  free  of 
 debt.     7.   The  church  aided  must  also  promise  to  send 
 
 8.  The  Board  now 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  BOARDS. 
 
 644 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  BOARDS. 
 
 holds  S('ciirities  on  cburcbcs  for  more  than  $1,000,000, 
 protecting  property  worth  over  $3,500,000.  This 
 amount  is  yearly  increasing. 
 
 The  officers  of  the  Board  are:  Rev.  Joseph  Few- 
 smith,  D.D.,  President;  F.  G.  Burnham,  Esq.,  Vice 
 President;  Rev.  H.  R.  Wilson,  D.D.,  Corresponding 
 Secrebiry;  Rev.  Da^^d  Magie,  D.D.,  Recording  Secre- 
 tary; Rev.  H.  R.  Wilson,  Jr.,  Treasurer.  Office,  23 
 Centre  street.  New  York  city. 
 
 Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication.  The 
 germ  of  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Publicjition  was 
 planted  in  Philadelphia  in  the  year  1833.  Its  original 
 design  was  the  publication  of  tracts  and  other  small 
 works  treating  of  the  distinctive  doctrines  and  polity 
 of  the  Presbj'terian  Church.  Among  those  most 
 zealous  and  active  in  bringing  about,  an  organization 
 for  thi.s  purpo.se  were  the  Revs.  Ashbel  Green,  D.D., 
 John  McDowell,  D.D.,  C.  C.  Cuyler,  D.D.,  William 
 M.  Engles,  D.D.,  Samuel  G.  Winchester,  and  among 
 the  ruling  elders,  Soloraen  Allen,  Matthew  L.  Bevan, 
 Alexander  Symington,  Alexander  W.  Mitchell,  M.D., 
 and  Alexander  Henrj',  with  many  others  of  like 
 minds.  An  overture  was  drawn  up  and  laid  before 
 the  Synod  of  Philadelphia,  which,  on  November  21st, 
 1833,  organized  and  established  "The  Presbyterian 
 Tract  and  Sunday  School  Book  Society."  Being 
 without  funds  and  without  tracts,  during  the  first 
 year  the  Society  accomplished  little,  but  in  1835 
 issued  its  fir.st  tract.  It  was  on  the  subject  of  Bap- 
 tism, its  author  being  the  Rev.  Samuel  Miller,  d.d., 
 of  Princeton,  N.  .T.  This  was  followed  by  others, 
 until  in  1838  it  had  issued  eighteen  tracts  and  one 
 small  volume,  of  which  its  entire  issue  was  104,000 
 copies.  In  the  latter  year  (1838)  this  young  but  now 
 growing  Society  was  offered  to  the  General  A.ssembly 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  which  promptly  and 
 cordially  accepted  the  grant,  and  reorganized  the 
 Institution,  under  the  name  of  "The  A.ssembl}''s 
 Board  of  Publication  of  Tracts  and  Sunday-school 
 Books,"  which  in  1839  was  again  changed  to  the 
 present  name,  "  The  Presbyterian  Board  of  Publica- 
 tion." The  Assembly  also  enflowed  the  Board  with 
 ample  powers  to  conduct  a  work  demanded  by  the 
 wants  of  a  wide  and  rapidly  growing  Denomination. 
 The  first  small  volume  issued  by  it  was  entitled 
 "The  Way  of  Salvation,"  by  the  Rev.  Archibald 
 Alexander,  l>.  n.  The  scope  of  the  Board's  work  was 
 broadeni^d  by  the  Assembly  so  as  to  include  the  pnb- 
 ■  lication  also  "of  approved  works  in  support  of  the 
 gieat  principles  of  the  Reformation,  as  exhibited  in 
 the  doctrines  and  order  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
 and  wh:it<'ver  else  the  Assembly  may  direct,"  which, 
 permanent  or  jieriodical,  are  adapted  to  promote 
 sound  learning  and  true  religion.  The  Society's 
 P.oard  of  Managers  was  constituted  of  forty  ministers 
 and  forty  laynuMi  (afterwards  increased  to  a  total  of 
 101),  divided  into  four  classes,  appointed  by  the 
 Assembly  for  a  term  of  four  years,  one  class  to  go 
 out  of  office  each  year. 
 
 The  semi-centenary  of  the  establishment  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  this  country  in  its  complete 
 arrangements,  occurring  in  the  year  1839,  the  Assem- 
 bly appointed  the  second  Sabbath  in  December  of 
 that  year  to  be  observed,  with  religious  solemnity,  as 
 a  day  of  praise  and  prayer,  to  be  accompanied  by 
 "  gifts  "  to  this  iniimt  Board  of  Publication.  From 
 these  gifts  or  collections  the  Board  received  about 
 $40,000,  and  was  thus  provided  with  a  moderate 
 capital.  A  charter  of  incorporation  was  obtained 
 from  the  Legislature  of  Penn.sylvania  in  1847. 
 Under  judicious  and  energetic  management  the  Insti- 
 tution henceforth  prospered,  gaining  favor  with  the 
 churches  and  enjoying  the  often  expressed  confidence 
 and  approval  of  the  General  Assembly. 
 
 During  the  civil  war  of  18G1-5  this  Board  took  an 
 active  part  in  the  work  of  supplj-ing  the  soldiers  and 
 sailors  on  both  .sides  of  the  great  conflict  with  suitable 
 books  and  tracts.  At  the  opening  of  the  war  many 
 thousand  dollars'  worth  of  such  books  and  tracts  were 
 in  the  South.  The  Board  authorized  these  to  be 
 distributed  to  the  Confederate  soldiers  and  sailors. 
 Large  quantities  of  small  books  and  tracts  were  dis- 
 tributed to  the  Union  soldiers  and  sailors,  through 
 the  agency  of  the  Christian  Commission.  Over 
 300,000  copies  of  "  The  Soldier's  Pocket-Book,"  were 
 thus  distributed  gratuitously. 
 
 The  business  of  the  Board  .soon  became  so  large 
 that  a  commodious  building  became  a  necessity,  and 
 in  the  year  1848  such  a  building,  three  stories  high, 
 and  of  brick.  No,  205  (which  number  was  afterwards 
 changed  by  a  new  numbering  to  No.  821)  Chestnut 
 street,  was  purchased  and  occupied,  but  was  destroyed 
 by  fire  in  January,  1849.  The  loss  was  partly  covered 
 by  insurance,  and  the  remainder  of  it  was  made 
 up  by  generous  contributions  from  a  number  of 
 churches  and  from  a  few  liberal  gentlemen,  chiefly 
 from  New  York,  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore,  when 
 a  larger  and  much  more  commodious  building, 
 of  three  stories,  with  a  brown  stone  front,  was 
 erected.  This  was  occupied  by  the  Board  until  after 
 the  reunion  of  the  Old  and  New  School  chjirches,  in 
 1870. 
 
 As  early  as  1840  the  Board  made  the  experiment 
 of  distributing  its  books  by  colporteurs,  to  be  jjaid 
 out  of  the  income  of  the  store.  In  1847  the  present 
 system  was  adopted,  by  which  its  publications  were 
 carried  by  men  commissioned  as  colporteurs,  to  the 
 destitute,  for  gratuitious  distribution  and  for  sale. 
 The  attention  of  the  churches  was  called  to  it,  and 
 contributions  were  procured  for  the  purpose.  Great 
 success  attended  this  branch  of  the  Board's  work, 
 and  colporteurs  have  ever  since  Ijcen  kept  in  the  field. 
 They  have  accomplished,  and  are  nowaeeomi)lishing, 
 an  unspeakable  amount  of  good,  by  going  from  house 
 to  house,  holding  religious  conversation  and  prayer, 
 and  distributing,  both  by  sale  and  gift,  the  books  and 
 tracts  issued  by  the  Board.  Multitudes,  in  every  part 
 of  the  land,  but  chiefly  in  the  West,  of  the  poor, 
 
I'KL.SUVIKUIAN    LOAIil)    u¥   I'UBLIOATION,  PHILADELPHIl,. 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCHES. 
 
 646 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCHES. 
 
 the  needy,  and  those  destitute  of  religious  privileges, 
 have  thus  been  re:u;hed  and  benefited. 
 
 Meanwhile  the  New  School  Branch  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  in  1852  organized  its  '^Doctrinal  Trmd 
 Commiftce,"  wliich  title  was  changed  in  1855  to 
 " Preshi/tcrinn  Puhlirnlion  Committee."  In  1857,  by 
 the  aid  of  collections  from  the  churches  and  generous 
 contrilmtions  from  several  Philadelphia  gentlemen, 
 prominent  among  wliom  was  John  A.  Brovrn,  Esq., 
 the  property  No.  13:54  Chestnut  street,  op])Osite  the 
 United  States  Mint,  was  secured,  a  book  store  opened, 
 and  a  thriving  business  established  therein,  after 
 many  and  arduous  struggles. 
 
 At  the  reunion  of  the  two  branches  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church,  in  1870,  the.se  two  concerns,  the  Old 
 School  "Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication"  .and 
 the  New  School  "Presbyterian  Publication  Committee," 
 were  united  into  one,  under  the  former  name,  and 
 built  the  present  commodious  and  beautiful  edifice, 
 opposite  the  United  Sfcites  Mint,  on  Chestnut  street, 
 which  is  still  occupied  by  its  book  store,  its  offices, 
 and,  on  its  invitation,  by  those  of  various  other 
 branches  of  the  benevolent  work  of  the  Prcsbj'terian 
 Church.  Its  catalogue  now  contains  the  names  of 
 over  2500  of  its  own  publications,  of  which  about 
 1500  are  volumes,  the  remainder  being  tracts  and 
 pamphlets.  It  regularly  Issues  eleven  religious 
 pcriodicivls,  some  of  them  illustr.ated,  for  the  Sab- 
 bath schools,  young  people  and  families  of  the  Pres- 
 lyterian  Church,  of  which  eleven  periodicals  alone  it 
 issued  during  the  year  April  1st,  1882-8,3,  11,940,819 
 copies.  It  published  during  the  same  year,  of  the 
 volumes  on  its  catalogue,  443,750  copies. 
 
 By  direction  of  the  General  Assembly,  a  depository 
 of  the  Board's  publications  has  been  established  at 
 Chicago,  111.,  and  also  at  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  and  business 
 arrangements  have  been  made  by  which  its  issues 
 can  be  obtained,  at  Philadelphia  prices,  in  Harrisburg 
 and  Pittsburg,  Pa. ;  New  York  city,  Albany,  Syracuse 
 and  Buffalo,  N.  Y.;  Cincinnati  and  Cleveland,  Ohio; 
 Detroit,  Mich. ;  Minneapolis,  Minn. ;  Omaha,  Neb. ; 
 Denver,  Col. ;  Indianapolis,  Ind. ;  Baltimore,  JId. ; 
 Richmond,  Va. ;  Halifa.x,  N.  S. ;  London,  Out. ;  and 
 Montreal,  Quebec. 
 
 The  present  officers  of  the  Board  arc.  President, 
 Rev.  W.  P.  Breed,  D.  I). ;  Vice  Presidents,  Hon.  Joseph 
 Allison,  LL.  v.,  Rev.  Thora.is  J.  Shepherd,  D.  D., 
 Rev.  J.  A.  Henry,  D.  D. ;  Corresponding  Secretary, 
 Rev.  Williani  E.  Schenck,  D.D. ;  Editorial  Sccretiiry, 
 Rev.  John  W.  Dulles,  D.  D. ;  Secretary  of  Sabbath- 
 school  Work,  Rev.  James  A.  Worden,  d.d.  ;  Business 
 Superintendent,  John  A.  Black  ;  Recording  Clerk, 
 Kev.  Willard  .M.  Kicc,  D.D.;  Treasurer,  S.  1).  Powcl. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Second,  Cincinnati, 
 Ohio.  The  first  records  of  this  congregation  are 
 d;ited  January  29th,  1816,  though  its  organization 
 was  not  authoritatively  settled  till  1817.  It  origi- 
 nated virtually  in  a  small  colony  from  the  First  Pres- 
 byterian Church  of  the  city.     They  were  pious  and 
 
 devoted  people.  They  worshiped  for  some  two  years 
 in  such  rooms  as  they  could  find  about  the  city;  in 
 private  hou.ses,  in  school-rooms  and  the  like.  In  an 
 application  to  the  Presbj-tery  for  a  minister  to  supply 
 them,  they  offered  the  sum  of  $550  per  annum.  In 
 1817  or  1818  they  erected  a  small  frame  building  on 
 the  east  .side  of  AValnut  street,  a  little  north  of  Fifth, 
 where  they  continued  to  worship  for  al)out  twelve 
 years.  The  erection  of  this  humble  building  cost 
 them  not  a  little  trouble  and  an.xiety.  An  aged  lady 
 of  the  congregation  used  to  relate  that  at  one  time 
 they  were  stopped  in  the  work,  for  want  of  lumber; 
 they  had  not  been  able  to  lay  it  in  beforehand,  and 
 there  was  none  in  the  city  and  none  exp(>cted.  They 
 had  a  prayer  meeting  at  her  house,  and,  among  other 
 things,  prayed  earnestly  that  God  would  help  them 
 along  with  the  work.  Next  morning  some  of  the 
 members  happening  to  be  at  the  river,  saw  a  raft  of 
 lumber  afloat  which  the  men  aboard  could  not  Land, 
 for  want  of  help.  So  they  hurried  out,  helped  them 
 ashore,  and  in  return  got  a  supply  of  lumber  very 
 cheap,  and  thanked  God  for  it.  Tlie  architect  of  the 
 court  house  had  a  lot  of  window  sash  which,  through 
 some  mistake,  would  nfit  fit,  and  gave  them  to  the 
 church  at  half  price.  Tlius  it  was  that  little  church 
 was  built.  The  salary  of  Mr.  Root,  the  first  settled 
 pastor,  was  nominally  one  thousand  dollars,  but  it 
 was  fixed  at  a  time  when  the  circulating  medium 
 there  was  greatly  depreciated,  and  ultimately,  con- 
 tracts of  that  period  were  generally  settled  at  one- 
 third  discount  for  specie  ;  so  that  Jlr.  Root,  at  the 
 beginning  of  his  pastorate,  received  only  six  hundred 
 and  sixty-six  dollars  in  coin. 
 
 In  1827  the  subject  of  building  a  new  church  w.as 
 agitated.  The  site  on  Fourth  street  was  selected  as 
 peculiarly  eligible,  central,  conspicuous,  yet  retired 
 and  quiet.  There  was  then  no  business  on  that  street, 
 and  there  were  scarcely  any  buildings  on  the  square. 
 In  the  Spring  of  1828  a  contract  of  purcha,se  was 
 made  with  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  for  $5000. 
 A  building  committee  was  appointed,  consisting  of 
 Jacob  Burnet,  who,  as  Judge  Burnet,  exerted  as 
 great  an  influence  in  the  judicial  and  legislative 
 affairs  of  the  State  as  any  other  man;  JIartin  Eaum, 
 who  w;\s  a  distinguished  merchant  of  the  earliest 
 period  of  the  city,  proverbial  for  unostentatious  hon- 
 esty; John  H.  Groesbcck,  who  was  long  a  model 
 merchant  and  banker,  and  did  much  to  maint;iin  a 
 high  tone  of  mercantile  integrity  in  the  city ;  Timothy 
 S.  Goodman,  long  a  successful  merchant  and  banker, 
 and  highly  esteemed  by  all;  Jonathan  Bates  and 
 John  T.  Drake,  also  merchants,  and  men  of  sterling 
 worth,  and  highly  respected;  Henry  Starr,  a  lawj'er, 
 of  distinguished  talents  and  learning,  di.stiuguished 
 by  the  epithet,  an  honest  lawyer,  and  Nathanael 
 Wright,  a  gentleman  of  exemplary  Christian  char- 
 acter, who  survived  all  with  whom  he  was  associated 
 on  the  committee. 
 
 The  corner-.stone  of  the  edifice  wliich  it  had  been 
 
PRESBYTEEIAX  CHVRCnES. 
 
 647 
 
 PRESBYTERIAJf  CHURCHES. 
 
 decided  to  build  was  laid  May  13th,  1829,  in  the 
 presence  of  a  large  congregation,  with  appropriate 
 solemnities.  On  the  20th  of  May,  1831),  the  building 
 was  publicly  dedicated  to  the  worship  of  the  Triune 
 God.  It  was  regarded  as  an  ornament  to  the  young 
 city;  was  commended  by  the  press  as  a  work  of  art; 
 a  specimen  of  chaste  style  of  architecture,  a  Grecian 
 chapel  with  a  Doric  portico,  a  style  which  has  stood 
 the  criticism  of  two  thou.sand  years.  The  church 
 wa.s  incorporated  by  Act  of  the  Legislature,  February 
 11th,  1829.  The  first  Board  of  Trnstees,  under  the 
 charter,  was  elected  May  4th,  1829,  and  were  Jacob 
 Burnet,  Martin  Baum,  John  H.  Groesbeck,  Nathanael 
 Wright,  Timothy  S.  Goodman,  Jesse  Kimball,  and 
 .Tohn  T.  Drake.  The  city  had  a  large  clock,  with  no 
 place  to  put  it,  and  in  January,  1831,  the  use  of  the 
 tower  and  the  bell  w;us  granted  for  this  purpose. 
 
 The  original  members  of  this  church  were  eleven 
 in  number.  The  first  ruling  elders  elected  were 
 Robert  Wallace,  Daniel  Tremper,  John  Kelso  and 
 Jesse  Churchill.  It  was  some  time  before  a  pastor 
 was  settled.  For  a  con-siderable  time  the  pulpit  was 
 supplied  successively  by  the  Rev.  Samuel  Robinson, 
 the  Rev.  William  Arthur  and  the  Rev.  John  Thom- 
 son, father  of  the  distinguished  missionary  and 
 author,  who  has  spent  a  life  of  great  usefulness  in 
 Palestine.  Rev.  David  Root  was  elected  pastor  Sep- 
 tember 4th,  1819,  commenced  his  services  the  latter 
 part  of  1820,  and  continued  pastor  till  the  Spring  of 
 1832,  when  he  resigned.  The  Rev.  Lyman  Beccher, 
 who  had  been  appointed  Professor  in  Lane  Seminary, 
 In  connection  with  his  duties  in  that  Institution,  sup_ 
 plied  the  pulpit  from  Xoveraber,  18.32;  was  formally 
 elected  pastor  March  11th,  18:53,  and  so  continued  to 
 the  Fall  of  1843.  In  the  Spring  of  that  year  a  colony 
 of  thirty-six  was  dismissed  from  this  church,  for  the 
 puqjose  of  organizing  the  George  Street  Presbyterian 
 Church,  since  known  as  the  Seventh  Street  Church. 
 The  Rev.  John  P.  Cleveland  was  pastor  of  the  church 
 from  August  2d,  1843,  to  December,  1M'^  ;  the  Rev. 
 Samuel  W.  Fisher  from  October  2(ith,  1846,  to  July, 
 18.58  ;  the  Rev.  M.  Ij.  P.  Thompson  from  December 
 ].")th,  18.59,  to  May,  1865;  the  Rev.  James  L.  Robertson 
 Irom  April  3d,  1867,  to  November,  1870;  and  the 
 Rev.  Thomas  H.  Skinner  from  July  12th,  1871,  to 
 1882,  when  he  resigned  to  accept  a  professorship  in 
 the  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Northwest  at  Chi- 
 cago. Some  of.  tliese  ministers  are  more  particularly 
 noticed  elsewhere  in  this  volume. 
 
 In  1864  the  question  of  .selling  the  church  lot  on 
 Fourth  street  began  to  be  discussed  by  the  members 
 of  the  congregation.  In  October,  1866,  it  was  decided 
 that  the  lot  should  be  sold,  and  a  new  church  erected. 
 In  consequence  of  the  price  ti.\ed,  and  other  impedi- 
 ments, matters  remained  in  this  situation  until  1871. 
 In  that  year  the  trustees  were  iustruct<'d  to  proceed 
 at  once  to  sell,  without  restricting  them  as  to  price  or 
 otherwise,  and  buy  a  lot  and  build  a  new  church. 
 Tlic  ohl  cluirch  property  wa.s  sold  for  $160,000,  and 
 
 two  lots  on  Elm  street  were  bought,  for  an  aggregate 
 cost  of  $71,000.  Ou  Sunday  evening,  April  28th, 
 1872,  the  congregation  met  for  the  la.st  time  in  the 
 old  church,  and  listened  to  an  appropriate  historical 
 address  by  Elder  Nathanael  Wright,  which  was  sub- 
 sequently published.  On  May  1st  possession  was 
 given  to  the  purchaser,  and  iu  the  work  of  demolition 
 that  commenced  at  ouee  soon  disappeared  the  last 
 trace  of  the  old  home  of  the  congregation. 
 
 Thereafter,  until  the  occupation  of  the  new  chapel, 
 the  congregation  met  in  the  Cincinnati  College  Hall. 
 The  pastor's  study  was  located  in  the  same  building. 
 The  Sunday  school  found  hospitable  quarters  in  the 
 Ninth  Street  Baptist  Church,  and  the  Bible  class,  in 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church.  The  corner-stone  of 
 the  new  edifice  was  laid,  with  appropriate  services, 
 July  28th,  1873.  On  Sunday,  JIarch  8th,  1874, 
 religious  services  were  held  for  the  first  time  in  the 
 chapel  of  the  new  building,  when  Dr.  Skinner 
 preached,  on  Isaiah,  lix,  10.  Thereafter  the  congre- 
 gation met  in  the  chapel  until  January  3d,  1875, 
 when  the  first  services  were  held  iu  the  main  build- 
 ing. Dr.  Skiimer  preached  in  the  morning  on  1  Tim. 
 iii,  15,  and  in  the  evening  on  1  Peter  ii,  15,  on  both 
 occasions  to  very  large  congregations.  On  Sunday, 
 April  11th,  1875,  the  new  building  was  solemnly 
 consecrated  to  its  sacred  uses,  the  Rev.  J.  L.  Ruljert- 
 son  and  the  Rev.  Drs.  Skinner  and  H.  J.  Van  Dyke 
 taking  part  in  the  interesting  exercises.  Such  is  a 
 succinct  account  of  a  congregation  which  has  been 
 largely  blessed,  as  well  as  eminently  useful,  and  of  a 
 church  in  which  the  glorious  gospel  of  the  blessed 
 God  has  been  long  and  ably,  and  faithfully  preached. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Connecticut.  Pre.s- 
 byteriauism  has  not  been  without  right  in  Connecti- 
 cut. The  principal  friends  and  patrons  of  the  colony 
 at  the  time  of  its  settlement  were  Presbyterians,  and 
 so  were  many  of  those  who  came  over  at  an  early  day. 
 Some  of  the  first  Ininisters  of  this  colony  were  avowed 
 Presbyterians.  The  later  Puritan  emigration  brought 
 with  it  "a  lea\cn  of  Presbyterianism,"  says  Dr. 
 Bacon,  and  its  workings  are  to  be  traced  in  the  Say- 
 brook  Platform.  Under  the  system  of  church  govern- 
 ment defined  by  that  Platform  the  Consociation 
 could  be  made,  and  was  made,  to  a  great  extent,  a 
 judicial  and  authoritative  tribunal,  corresponding 
 with  the  Presbytery.  In  keeping  with  these  facts 
 the  name  Presb3'terian  has  been  applied  very  com- 
 monly to  the  churches  of  Connecticut,  and  on  more 
 tlian  one  occasion  it  has  been  affirmed,  upon  high 
 authority,  that  the  system  of  church  order  prevailing 
 among  them  was  really  Presbyterianism. 
 
 But  the  churches  in  Connecticut  that  have  been  in 
 a  stricter  and  more  usual  sense  Presbj'terian  have 
 never  been  numerous,  unless  they  have  come  into  ex- 
 Lstence  under  special  conditions. 
 
 In  ]'oluntoii'n,  Windham  county,  a  Presbyterian 
 church  was  organized  October  15th,  1723.  Its  first 
 pastor,   Samuel    Dorrance,  was  settled   in  that    year 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCHES. 
 
 648 
 
 PRESBYTERIAX  CHURCHES. 
 
 and  dismissed  in  1770.     The  church  was  reorganized 
 June  30th,  1779,  as  a  Congregational  church. 
 
 In  Milford,  New  Haven  county,  a  considerable  mi- 
 nority of  the  people  left  the  established  or  Congre- 
 gational Church  in  1741,  and  "professed  themselves 
 to  be  Presb3-teriaus  according  to  the  Church  of  Scot- 
 land." The  secession  resulted  from  the  dissatisfac- 
 tion awakened  upon  the  settlement  of  Eev.  Samuel 
 Whittlesey,  December,  1737,  who  was  regarded  as 
 unsound  in  doctrine.  The  Presbytery  of  New  Bruns- 
 wick took  the  newly  formed  congregation  under  its 
 care,  and  sent  Rev.  Samuel  Finley,  afterward  Presi- 
 dent of  Princeton  College,  to  preach  to  them.  But 
 the  congregation  had  not  obtained  recognition,  either 
 from  the  civil  or  ecclesiastical  authorities  of  the 
 colony,  as  a  religious  society,  and  for  the  offence  of 
 preaching  to  them  Mr.  Finley  was  indicted,  arrested, 
 and  sentenced  to  be  transported,  as  a  vagrant  and  a 
 disturber  of  the  public  peace,  out  of  the  colony. 
 In  1747  Job  Prudden,  a  licentiate  under  the  care  of 
 the  Presbjtery  of  New  Brunswick,  was  ordained  and 
 installed  as  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Milford.  The  people,  however,  continued  to  be 
 taxed  for  the  support  of  the  Congregational  minister. 
 The  Connecticut  law,  while  it  exempted  trom  such 
 taxation  certain  religious  societies  duly  authorized  to 
 have  worship  in  their  own  way,  refused  thus  to  ex- 
 empt seceding  Congregationalists  and  Presbyterians. 
 In  1750  they  were  released  from  this  burden,  and 
 ten  years  later  they  obtained  from  the  Legislature  an 
 incorporation  as  the  second  ecclesiastical  society  in 
 Milford,  and  their  connection  with  Presbytery  ceased. 
 "  Mr.  Prudden  was  a  laborious,  prudent,  and  faith- 
 ful pastor,  sound  in  doctrine  and  experimental  in 
 his  preaching.  His  peoi)le  were  entirely  and  univer- 
 sally sati.sfied  with  his  talents,  meekuess  and  piety." 
 He  died  June  24th,  1774. 
 
 In  3Iansficld,  Tolland  comity,  a  minority  of  the 
 church,  together  with  the  bulk  of  the  congregation, 
 under  the  ministry  of  Rev.  John  Sherman  (1797  to 
 1805),  went  over  with  him  to  Unitarianism.  A  ma- 
 jority of  the  membership  of  the  church,  however, 
 held  on  to  the  foith  as  delivered  to  the  saints,  and, 
 by  a  formal  vote,  changed  their  ecclesi;istical  organi- 
 zation from  the  Congregational  to  the  Presbyterian 
 order,  upon  the  ground  of  its  more  scriptural  char- 
 acter. This  form  of  government  continued  for  many 
 years.  The  last  ruling  elders  were  ordained  in  1833. 
 These  are  all  dead,  or  have  removed  from  the  to^vn, 
 and  committees  have  been  appointed  from  time  to 
 time,  to  act  a<:cording  to  Congregational  usages  ;  but 
 there  h;i.s  never  been  a  direct  vote  of  the  church  to 
 change  back  to  Congregationalism. 
 
 The  second  cliurch  in  Cornwall,  Litchfield  county 
 (now  the  church  in  North  Cornwall),  was  formed 
 about  or  before  the  year  1790,  by  members  seceding 
 from  the  First  Church,  and  '  'denominating  themselves 
 strict  Congregationalists  or  Separates."  Rev.  John 
 Cornwall,  their  jnustor,  was  a  member  of  the  Presby- 
 
 tery of  Mon-is  county,  and  united  with  others,  in 
 1791,  in  forming  the  As.sociated  AVest  Chester  Presby- 
 tery. The  congregation  continued  its  relations  to 
 that  Presbj-tery  until  the  j-ear  1S07,  when  its  differ- 
 ences with  the  First  Church  were  composed,  and  it 
 ;  was  dismissed  to  the  care  of  the  North  Association  of 
 Litchfield  County.  This  church  "has  been  very 
 greatly  blessed  with  revivals,  from  its  beginning  until 
 the  present  time,  and  is  now  in  a  prosperous  condi- 
 tion." 
 
 The  Presbjiierian  congregations  that  have  been 
 formed  more  recently  in  Connecticut  have  been  com- 
 posed largely  of  persons  originally  belonging  to 
 Presbyterian  churches  in  the  Jliddle  States  or  in 
 lands  across  the  sea.  Three  of  these  congregations 
 have  ceased  to  exist,  and  a  fourth  has  joined  another 
 ecclesiastical  body.  The  remaining  seven  are  now 
 in  connection  with  the  Presbytery  of  West  Chester, 
 Synod  of  New  York.  Besides  these  there  is  one 
 under  the  care  of  the  Presbytery  of  New  York,  of  the 
 United  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 The  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Thompsonville, 
 Hartford  county,  was  gathered  under  the  labors  of 
 Rev.  Joseph  Harvey,  d.d.,  and  was  organized  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  New  York,  July  oth,  1839.  Dr.  Har- 
 vey continued  to  be  its  pastor  until  April  28th,  1857. 
 He  died  in  Michigan,  February  4th,  1873,  aged  eighty- 
 six  years.  His  successors  have  been  Rev.  Carson  W. 
 Adams,  installed  December  1st,  1857,  dismissed  June 
 1st,  1868;  Rev.  Henry  F.  Lee,  installed  July  13th, 
 1869,  dismissed  December  20th,  1873;  and  Rev.  Fred- 
 erick S.  Barnum,  present  incumbent,  installed  July 
 20th,  1874.     Membership  (1883),  249. 
 
 The  Presbyterian  Church  of  Tarifville,  Hartford 
 count}',  was  constituted  by  the  Presbj-tery  of  New 
 York,  October  24th,  1844.  Its  first  and  only  pastor 
 was  Rev.  Robert  G.  Thompson.  The  pastoral  relation 
 was  dissolved  by  the  Presbytery  of  Cormecticut,  Sep- 
 tember 14th,  1853.  After  Mr.  Thompson  left,  the 
 church  was  practically  disbanded. 
 
 The  United  Presbyterian  Church  of  ThdmpxoiTvillc, 
 Hartford  count}',  was  organized  Decunibi-r  2'2d,  1S45, 
 as  the  As.sociate  Reformed  Presbyterian  (now  United 
 Presbyterian)  congregation.  On  the  first  Sabbath  of 
 September,  1845,  an  instrument  of  music  was  first 
 employed  to  assist  in  the  singing  of  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church.  Its  introduction  followed  a  somewhat 
 heated  controversy,  and  a  part  of  the  congregation, 
 with  three  elders,  withdrew  and  formed  this  church. 
 The  following  have  been  its  pastors:  Rev.  Peter 
 Gordon,  from  April,  1847,  to  March,  11,  1851;  Rev. 
 James  MacLoughliu,  from  September  12th,  1854,  to 
 July  10th,  1857;  Rev.  John  M.  Heron,  from  1858  to 
 June,  1861;  Rev.  William  B.  Sutherland,  from  July, 
 1866,  for  about  six  months;  Rev.  George  M.  Hall, 
 from  1868  to  June,  1872,  and  Rev.  C.  L.  McCracken, 
 from  October  28th,  1^173,  to  the  present  time  (18-*3). 
 It  has  now  a  membership  of  140. 
 
 The   First   Presbyterian  Church  of  Hdlfard  was 
 
PSESBYTEEIA.V  cnVECHES. 
 
 649 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  CHVRCUES. 
 
 organized  by  the  Presbytery  of  Connecticut,  Novem- 
 ber 4th,  1851.  A  congregation  had  been  gathered 
 through  the  labors  of  Rev.  James  Ely,  commissioned 
 by  the  Board  of  Domestic  Jlissions  during  the  pre- 
 vious Summer.  Eev.  Thomas  S.  Childs,  the  first 
 pastor,  -was  ordained  and  installed  June  30th,  1852. 
 The  pastoral  relation  vra.s  dissolved  Ocljober  18th, 
 1865.  He  was  succeeded  by  Kev.  J.  Asplnwall 
 Hodge,  the  present  incumbent,  who  began  his  labors 
 February  8th,  1866,  and  was  installed  May  4th,  1866. 
 During  Dr.  Hodge's  pastorate  a  new  and  commodious 
 church  has  been  built.     Membership  (1883),  263. 
 
 The  Presbyterian  Church  oi  Stimford  was  organ- 
 ized by  the  Third  Presbytery  of  New  York,  February 
 26th,  1853.  The  pastors  have  been:  Eev.  J.  Leonard 
 Corning,  April  19th,  1853,  to  October  15th,  1856; 
 Eev.  Robert  R.  Booth,  Slarch  4th,  1857,  to  Febrnary 
 18th,  1861;  Rev.  Dwight  K.  Bartlett,  April  14th, 
 1862,  to  February  22d,  1864;  Rev.  Samuel  P.  Halsey, 
 March  8th,  1865,  to  February  7th,  1867;  Rev.  Alex- 
 ander S.  Twombly,  April  30th,  1868,  to  May  1st, 
 1872;  Eev.  Evert  Van  Dyke,  April  23d,  1873,  to 
 October  1st,  1875;  and  the  present  pastor,  Eev. 
 Richard  P.  H.  Vail,  who  was  insfcilled  Jlay  11th, 
 1876.  The  church  building  was  struck  by  lightning 
 and  destroyed  by  fire,  August  7th,  1382.  Additional 
 ground  was  at  once  purchased,  and  a  stone  church  is 
 now  in  process  of  erection,  which  will  be  completed 
 early  in  1884,  at  a  cost  of  about  $85,000.  Mem- 
 bership (1883),  310. 
 
 The  Presbyterian  Church  of  Bridgeport  was  formed 
 Octolicr  16th,  1853,  when  eighty-two  persons,  having 
 withdra-ivn  from  the  Second  Cougi-egational  Church, 
 entered  into  a  cluirch  relation,  and  requested  the 
 Presbj-tery  of  New  York  to  receive  them  under  its 
 care.  They  were  so  received,  and  their  first  pastor, 
 Eev.  Nathanael  Hewit,  D.D.,  was  installed,  October 
 31st,  1853.  Eev.  Horace  G.  Hinsdale  was  installed 
 as  associate  pastor  October  28th,  1862.  Dr.  Hewit 
 died  February  3d,  1867,  in  the  seventy-ninth  year  of 
 his  age.  The  first  church  edifice  was  dedicated 
 August  8th,  1855,  and  was  destroyed  by  fire  Decem- 
 ber 9tli,  1874,  and  replaced  by  a  beautiful  stone 
 structure,  which  w;is  dedicated  October  12th,  1876. 
 Mr.  Hinsdale  resigned  his  charge  October  4th,  1877. 
 His  successor,  Eev.  Henry  A.  Davenport,  was  installed 
 February  14th,  1878.     lilembership  (1883)  231. 
 
 The  Presbyterian  Church  of  Deep  River,  Middlesex 
 county,  was  organized  July  27th,  1856,  by  the  Pres- 
 bj^ery  of  New  York.  Its  only  pastor,  Eev.  George 
 W.  ConnittjWas  released  from  the  pastorate  February 
 4th,  1862  (by  the  Presbj-tery  of  Connecticut),  and  its 
 fifteen  remaining  members  were  traiLsfcrred  to  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Hartford. 
 
 The  United  Presbyterian  Church  of  Hartford  was 
 organized  on  May  15th,  1862,  by  the  Presbj'tery  of 
 Boston.  The  introduction  of  hymns  and  an  instru- 
 ment of  music  in  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
 cau.sed    some    disatisfaction,    and    one    elder,   with 
 
 thirty-nine  communicants  withdrew,  and  with  a  few 
 others  formed  the  United  Presbyterian  Church.  Their 
 first  pastor  was  Eev.  W.  M.  Claybaugh.  He  was 
 dismissed,  March,  1865.  Rev.  John  M.  Heron  was 
 installed  January  17th,  1866,  and  was  dismissed 
 December  31st,  1867.  The  organization  was  during 
 the  next  year  given  up,  and  most  of  the  members  re- 
 turned to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 The  Presbyterian  Church  of  Darien,  Fairfield 
 county,  was  organized  by  the  Fourth  Presbytery  of 
 New  York,  November  4th,  1863.  Its  first  pastor, 
 Eev.  James  W.  Coleman,  was  ordained  and  installed 
 March  6th,  1864.  He  resigned  his  pastorate  Janu- 
 ary 4th,  1874.  The  church  continued  without  a  set- 
 tled ministry  until  July  7th,  1881,  when  the  Eev. 
 E.  P.  Cleaveland  was  ord.ained  and  installed  pastor. 
 He  was  dismissed  October  3d,  1882,  since  which 
 time  the  church  had  stated  supplies.  Membership 
 (1883),  33. 
 
 The  German  Presbyterian  Chiu-ch  of  Bridgeport 
 was  organized  in  1865,  by  the  Presbji:ery  of  Connec- 
 ticut. It  was  dismissed  a  few  years  after,  to  place 
 itself  vmder  the  care  of  the  German  Reformed 
 Church. 
 
 The  Presbyterian  Church  of  AVw  Haven  was  or- 
 ganized by  the  Presbytery  of  Westehester,  March  11th, 
 1873.  Financial  embarrassments  made  it  necessary 
 to  abandon  the  enterprise,  and  the  church  was  dis- 
 solved by  the  same  Presbj-tery,  January  19th,  1875. 
 
 The  Presbyterian  Church  of  Grecmvieh,  Fairfield 
 county,  was  organized  April  26th,  1881,  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  "Westchester;  thirty-two  persons  withdi-aw- 
 ing  from  the  Second  Congregational  Church  of  that 
 town  to  form  this  organization.  Eev.  Eollin  A. 
 Sawyer,  D.  D.,  is  its  acting  pastor.  Alembership 
 (1883),  64. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church  (First),  Indianapolis, 
 Ind.,  was  formed  July  5th,  1823,  -n-ith  a  membership 
 of  fifteen,  eight. by  letters  and  seven  on  profession. 
 The  town  was  incorporated  in  1821.  The  first  ser- 
 mon by  a  Presbyterian  minister  was  preached  by 
 Eev.  Ludwell  G.  Gaines,  a  missionary  from  Ohio,  on 
 the  21st  of  August,  1821,  under  a  large  walnut  tree. 
 Rev.  David  Proctor,  of  the  Connecticut  Missionary 
 Society,  supplied  three-fourths  of  the  time  for  one 
 year.  During  his  ministry  a  house  of  worship  was 
 built,  at  a  cost  of  $1200.  The  fir.st  pastor  was  Eev. 
 George  Bush,  from  May  5th,  1825,  to  June  22d,  1828. 
 His  successors  were  Eev.  John  E.  Jlorland,  from  Oc- 
 '  tober  27th,  1828,  to  May  15th,  1832;  Eev.  James  W. 
 JIcKenna,  from  June  11th,  1835,  to  April,  1839;  Eev. 
 P.  D.  Gurley,  from  December  1.5th,  1840,  to  Novem- 
 ber 28th,  1849;  Eev.  John  A.  MeClung,  from  Decem- 
 ber 31st,  1851,  to  September  29th,  1855;  Eev.  T.  U. 
 Cunningham,  from  May  7th,  1857,  to  Jlay,  1860; 
 Eev.  J.  H.  Nixon,  from  April  17th,  1861,  to  April 
 14th,  1869;  Rev.  R.  D.  Harper,  from  October  19th, 
 1869,  to  February  23d,  1871 ;  Eev.  J.  P.  E.  Kumler, 
 from  October  1st,  1871,  to  September  14th,  1875;  and 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCHES. 
 
 650 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCHES. 
 
 the  present  incumbent,  Eev.  M.  W.  Reed,  installed 
 October  4th,  18T7.  In  the  intervals  between  pastor- 
 ates the  church  has  generally  been  favored  with 
 stated  supplies.  Of  the  ten  pastors  only  the  last  four 
 survive.  From  its  members  eight  have  entered  the 
 ministry.  This  church  has  been  the  honored  mother 
 of  others  in  the  city.  In  1838  fifteen  of  its  members 
 united  in  forming  the  Second  Church.  Twenty-one 
 were  dismissed  in  September,  1851,  to  organize  the 
 Third  Church.  The  Seventh  and  Ninth  churches  were 
 the  results  of  Sabbath-school  efforts,  begun  and  con- 
 tinued by  its  members.  Both  of  them  were  fur- 
 nished with  comfortable  hou.ses  of  wor.ship  by  the 
 liberality  of  members  of  the  First  Church.  This 
 church  had  the  principal  agency  in  forming  the  first 
 Sabbath  school  in  this  city.  One  of  its  elders,  Dr. 
 Isaac  Coe,  is  justly  regarded  as  the  founder  of  Sab- 
 bath schools  iu  Indianapolis.  This  chiirch  has  a 
 memorable  history.  It  has  been  blessed  ^ith  a  line 
 of  faithful  and  highly  u.seful  pastors.  Jlauy  of  its 
 members  have  been  prominent  for  Christian  acti\-ity 
 and  practical  benevolence. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Southern  Illinois, 
 since  January  9th,  1829.  Since  the  erection  of  ' '  Cen- 
 tre Presbytery  of  Illinois,"  some  one  hundred  and 
 eighty  ministers  have  entered  this  field  as  pastors, 
 stated  supplies  or  evangelists.  In  the  delicate  work 
 of  selecting  some  representative  lives  to  go  on  this 
 limited  record,  we  will  observe  this  distinction:  1. 
 Some  whose  ministry  has  been  developed  on  this 
 field;  2.  Some  who  have  been  especially  useful  in 
 building  up  the  churches. 
 
 Rev.  Thomas  Lippincott  was  the  first  minister 
 ordained  by  Centre  Presbytery,  and  w;us  prominent 
 in  worth  and  usefulness.     (See  his  sketch.) 
 
 Rev.  Isaac  Bennet  was  another  licentiate  in  the 
 bounds  of  Centre  Presbytery  when  it  was  formed. 
 He  was  born  in  Bucks  county.  Pa. ;  graduated  at 
 Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  in  1827;  was  a  member  of  the 
 fir,st  class  in  the  Western  Theological  Seminary;  was 
 licensed  by  the  "Addison  Congregational  Associa- 
 tion" at  Monckton,  Vt.,  June  4th,  1829;  and  was 
 commissioned  by  the  "  Assembly's  Board  of  Domestic 
 Missions"  to  Carmi  and  Sharon,  111.,  August  3d, 
 1829.  He  was  stated  supply  of  Plea,sant  Prairie 
 Church,  1830-33;  and  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Palestine,  April,  1833.  In  the  Fall  of  1833  he  located 
 in  LawTcnce  county,  in  a  wing  of  Father  Bliss'  charge, 
 and  lure  Pisgah  Church  was  organized,  in  1835.  He 
 was  .stated  supply  at  Canton,  III.,  1851-56,  and  died 
 there  in  June,  1850.  Mr.  Bonnet  possessed  a  mind 
 of  logical  griusp  and  power,  his  thoughts  were  vigor- 
 ous, and  his  language  and  manner  plain.  The  com- 
 mon people  heard  him  gladly.  He  was  a  great  Bible 
 student,  and  the  best  .scholar  in  New  Testament 
 Greek  among  his  brethren.  In  unfolding  the  go,spel 
 he  made  mucli  and  grand  use  of  tlie  history,  pro- 
 phecy, and  types  of  the  Ohl  Testament.  Taken  all 
 in  all,  he  was  the  greatest  preacher  of  the  gospel  in 
 
 his  day  and  field.  He  was  an  active  Christian,  and 
 had  an  insatiable  fondness  for  religious  conversation. 
 As  a  missionary  he  was  an  incredible  worker.  His 
 long  and  lonely  tours  to  destitute  places,  filled  with 
 incessant  preaching,  conversation,  interviews,  on  the 
 roads  and  in  their  cabins,  •snth  all  kinds  of  people, 
 and  alwni/s  on  tlie  one  topic  that  absorbed  him,  made 
 up  his  experience  during  the  week.  By  Sabbath  he 
 was  quite  likely  to  be  back  in  his  pulpit.  Rev.  R. 
 H.  LOly,  a  contemporary  says :  ' '  He  mu.st  have 
 preached  not  less  than  one  huntlred  and  seventy  good 
 long  sermons  a  year,  for  twenty  years,  and  traveled, 
 mostly  on  horseback,  three  thousand  miles  each  year. ' ' 
 Thus  he  ran  on  the  heavenly  errand. 
 
 Under  the  ministry  of  Mr.  Bennet,  a  man  native  to 
 the  sou  and  a  product  of  Presbyterian  ordinances 
 alone,  became  a  representative  elder  —  TilOMAS 
 BrcKANAX,  Esq.  He  w;is  born  in  an  Indian  fort  in 
 Gallatin  county,  Ky.,  of  Scotch  ancestry,  and  raised 
 by  a  pious  grandmother,  who  "  fed  him  on  the  Bible 
 and  the  Shorter  Catechism."  In  1813  he  went  with 
 Governor  Shelby's  expedition  to  Canada,  and  was  in 
 the  battle  of  the  Thames.  In  April,  1819,  he  removed 
 to  Lawrence  county.  111.,  connected  with  the  Wabash 
 Presbyterian  Church,  on  profession  of  faith,  Novem- 
 ber, 1828,  and  was  elected  a  ruling  elder  in  1833. 
 "SMien  Pisgah  Church  was  organized  he  was  elected 
 elder  iu  it,  and  .served  forty-one  years.  Mr.  Buckanan 
 was  blessed  with  a  good  constitution,  and  was  a  man  of 
 strong  will  and  firm  purpose.  In  that  early  day 
 drinking  customs'prevailed.  He  became  convinced 
 that  liquors  were  injurious,  stopped  drinking  and 
 began  to  agitate  temperance  views.  This  was  long 
 before  the  "  Washingtonian  Movement."  After  his 
 conversion  he  came  to  the  front  in  all  Christian  work. 
 He  was  Sabb.ath-school  superintendent  at  Pisgah, 
 chorister,  and  leader  every  way.  But,  best  of  all,  he 
 "studied  to  be  a  workman  needing  not  to  be 
 ashamed";  studied  his  Bible  and  religious  books, 
 and  gave  diligence  to  know  the  system  of  saving 
 truth.  He  loved  the  Scriptures,  and  gloried  in  the 
 distinctive  doctrines  and  mission  of  the  Presbyt(-rian 
 Church.  And  Pisgah  "  flourished  as  a  field  tliat  the 
 Lord  hath,"  "rejoiced  even  with  joy  and  singing," 
 with  Mr.  Bennet  as  pastor  and  Mr.  Buckanan  as  the 
 matchless  organizer.  In  later  years  he  engaged  as  a 
 ' '  Colporteur  of  the  Board  of  Publ  icat  ion, ' '  and  traveled 
 entensively  in  Southern  Illinois.  AMiat  makes  his 
 character  and  life  shine  brighter  is  the  fact  that 
 naturally  he  was  choleric,  opinionated  and  harsh  in 
 temper  and  spiech.  Almost  to  the  last  the  old  fiame 
 would  sometimes  burst  out.  But  grace  had  a  great 
 triumph  in  .stcadfa-st,  loving,  "old  LTncle  Tommy." 
 He  Wiis  an  excellent  presbyter.  He  was  often  sent  to 
 the  General  A.ssembly.  In  1867  he  nominated  Dr. 
 P.  D.  Gurley,  President  Lincoln's  pastor,  for  Mode- 
 rator of  the  Asscm))ly,  and  was  one  of  the  com- 
 mittee to  escort  him  to  the  Chair.  He  died  in  great 
 peace,  November  26th,  1876,  at  liis  old   homestead, 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCHES 
 
 051 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCHES. 
 
 the   "first    house    in    the    country  raised    without 
 
 liquor." 
 
 Rev.  Josiaii  Wood  was  born  at  Cobbleshill,  N. 
 Y.,  April  7th,  1814.  He  studied  at  Hanover  College, 
 lud.,  and  Lane  Seminary,  but  did  not  gradu.ate.  He 
 was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Madison,  April 
 4th,  1843,  and  ordained  by  the  same,  October  12th, 
 1843.  He  was  piLstor  of  "  Nine  Mile  Prairie  Presby- 
 terian Church,"  111.  (Old  Du  Quoin),  November, 
 1843,  to  September,  1851.  In  view  of  the  need  of  an 
 •  evangelist  in  the  country  around,  filling  up  rapidly 
 with  new  settlers,  he  resigned  his  jjastoratc,  an<l  gave 
 himself  to  arduous  itinerant  labors.  Twice  he  took 
 charge  again  of  "Old  Du  Quoin,"  when  vacant,  and 
 when  the  '  Seminary '  needed  his  energies,  but  at  last 
 he  removed  to  Tamaroa,  in  1863,  where  he  closed  his 
 life,  June  5th,  18T0.  This  general  field  was  the  scene 
 of  his  twenty-seven  years  of  ministerial  life.  He 
 organized  some  of  the  most  important  churches  on 
 the  111.  C.  R.R.  He  was  very  successful  in  revival 
 meetings.  Under  his  ministry  "  Du  Quoin  Female 
 Seminary  "  came  into  being. 
 
 Rev.  John  Crosier  was  horn  in  Manchester,  Ohio, 
 August  29th,  1822.  He  graduated  at  Miami  Univer- 
 sity in  1848;  studied  theology  at  New  Albany  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  in  1851;  .was  licensed  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  Albany,  April  3d,  1850,  and  ordained 
 by  the  Presbj'tery  of  Palestine,  April,  1852.  He  was 
 stated  supply,  Palestine,  111. ,  1851-52 ;  Charleston, 
 Ind. ;  Iowa  City,  la.,  and  Palestine,  111.,  1852-5. 
 He  was  agent  of  the  Board  of  Domestic  Missions, 
 1855-57;  Olney,  ni.,  1857-06;  missionary  of  the  Pres- 
 bj'tery of  Saline,  1866-67;pastor,  Oxford,  Ohio,  1867- 
 69;  pastor,  North  Sangamon,  111.,  1869-81;  pastor, 
 Olney,  111.,  1881  ;  stated  supply,  St.  Croix  Falls, 
 Minn.,  1883.  Mr.  Crosier  has  assisted  in  organizing 
 churches  in  this  field,  and  performed  a  vast  amount 
 of  missionary  work.  His  talents  and  his  tempera- 
 ment qualify  him  for  this  form  of  service.  He  is 
 distinguished  for  his  sound  theology  and  his  scrip- 
 tural and  exhaustive  discussions.  His  fervent  man- 
 ner, plain  language  and  homely  and  pertLnent  illustra- 
 tions make  him  very  acceptable  to  the  average  hearer. 
 
 Rev.  Samuel  C.  Baldridge  was  born  in  Eugene, 
 Ind.,  August  6th,  1829.  He  graduated  at  Hanover 
 College  in  1849,  and  at  New  Albany  Theological 
 Seminary  in  1853.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Madison,  1853;  ordained  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Palestine,  October,  1854.  He  was  stated  supply 
 and  then  pastor  at  Wabash,  Friendsville,  1853-1882, 
 with  much  oversight  and  service  among  vacant  and 
 feeble  churches  in  the  wide  field.  "Pastor  at  Cobden, 
 111.,  1882.  The  chief  features  of  Mr.  Baldridge's 
 long  pastorate  in  this  humble  field  are,  the  organiza- 
 tion of  five  churches;  reception  of  more  than  three 
 hundred  members;  theestablishmentof  the  "  Friends- 
 ville Male  and  Female  Seminary;"  1860,  publication 
 of  the  "Sketches  of  the  Life  and  Times  of  the  Rev. 
 Stephen  Bliss  and  his  Co-Laborers,"  with  an  average 
 
 of  three  preaching  services  a  week  for  more  than 
 
 twenty-nine  years. 
 
 Rev.  Benjamin  C.  Swan  was  born  near  Camden, 
 Ohio,  November  27th,  ltir£i.  He  graduated  at  Mi- 
 ami University  in  1845,  and  studied  theology  at  the 
 Associate  Theological  Seminary,  Oxford,  O.,  Western 
 Theological  Seminary,'  and  New  Albany  Theological 
 Seminary.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Oxford,  1850,  and  ordained  by  .same  1851.  He  was 
 stated  supply  in  Oxford  Presbytery  two  years;  organ- 
 ized Presbyterian  Church,  Carthage,  111.,  and  pa.stor, 
 185:1-60;  pastor  at  Shawneetown,  1800-08;  stated 
 .supply  of  Carmi,  Enfield  and  Sharon,  1868-70;  pas- 
 tor of  Carmi,  1870-77;  stilted  supply  of  Enfield, 
 Sharon  and  McLeansboro,  1877;  stated  supply  at 
 Harrisburg,  1883.  Mr.  Swan  is  a  close  student,  and 
 entirely  devoted  to  his  work.  His  influence  over  his 
 charge  is  always  good,  and  when  he  leaves  a  field  it 
 is  strong  and  united.  He  has  shown  special  fcilent  in 
 educating  and  bringing  out  favorite  elders  into  active 
 work.  One  example  among  many  must  suffice,  that 
 of  the  Rev.  John  Mack,  m.  d.  This  useful  brother 
 was  practicing  medicine  at  Carthage,  and  was  made 
 a  ruling  elder  at  the  organization  of  the  church.  He 
 studied  and  applied  theology  in  his  dvities  as  an 
 elder,  left  his  practice,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Schuyler.  He  was  stated  supply 
 at  Equality,  ^^•ith  great  blessing  on  his  labors,  1859- 
 61;  ordained  by  Presbytery  of  Saline,  April,  1860; 
 stated  supply  and  then  pastor  at  Pisgah,  Bridgeport 
 and  Union,  with  much  growth  and  enlargement, 
 1861-70;  and  dismissed  to  Presbytery  of  Topeka. 
 His  preaching  was  eminently  sound,  fresh  and  vigor- 
 ous, and  full  of  good  fruits.  At  E(juality  his  Cal- 
 vinistic  doctrines  were  publicly  assailed.  The  licen- 
 tiate answered  at  once,  with  unexpected  force,  and 
 continued  to  preach  the  Scriptures  on  the  points  in 
 question  with  such  simplicity,  convincing  logic  and 
 good  spirit,  that  a  great  awakening  followed. 
 
 Among  the  pastors  or  stilted  supplies  who  have 
 been  especially  useful  in  more  or  less  brief  service, 
 and  whom  we  are  now  to  notice,  one  of  the  most 
 remarkable  Wiis  the  Rev.  William  Chaml)erlin.  He 
 was  born  at  Newberry,  Vt.,  February  29th,  1791; 
 led  by  singular  providences  to  Christ  in  1811;  found 
 himself  inclined  and  led  on  to  activity  in  Christ's 
 service;  had  a  year's  schooling  in  the  Acixdemy  at 
 Wilkesbiirre,  Pa.,  1816;  was  sent  by  the  A.  B.  C.  F. 
 M.,  to  the  Cherokee  Indians  in  Georgia,  1818-35,  and 
 wiis  missionary  for  Alton  Presbytery,  1840-49.  In 
 these  nine  years  he  was  traveling  almost  incessantly, 
 and  occupied  with  preaching,  conversing,  praying, 
 distributing  tracts,  and  striving  to  save  souls.  His 
 coming  was  animating  to  a  congregation.  Wherever 
 he  appeiired  something  wiis  going  to  be  done  for  God 
 and  man.  His  piety  Wiis  vitixl  and  contagious.  He 
 iussisted  in  organizing  fourteen  churches.  He  died  at 
 Alton,  March  14th,  1849,  while  iissisting  in  a  glorious 
 re^■ival. 
 
PRESBYTEKIAX  CHURCHES. 
 
 652 
 
 PRESBYTEBIAX  CHURCHES. 
 
 Rev.  Robert  C.  tr-albraith  was  horn  in  Indiana 
 county,  Pa.,  February  2(Jth,  1811.  He  graduated  at 
 JeiTerson  College  in  1834;  at  Princc^ton  Theological 
 Seminary  in  18:37;  w:vs  licensed  by  the  Presbj-tery  of 
 Iluntingdou,  l8:i(i,  and  ordained  by  the  Presbji:ery  of 
 East  Hanover  in  1844.  He  was  a  niissionaiy  in  Vir- 
 ginia, and  pa.stor  in  Baltimore,  1844-65.  In  1865, 
 pa.storat  Odin,  111.,  then  Odin  and  Flora,  each  one- 
 half  his  time;  then  Flora  and  Fairfield  half  his  time, 
 and  then  Fairfield,  1873-81.  He  was  pastor  at  Me- 
 trojiolis,  18S1,  and  at  Golconda,  1882.  In  the  Odin 
 field,  this  genial,  tireless,  loving  brother  revealed 
 his  zeal.  Tlie  new  railroads  were  iilauting  villages  in 
 the  prairies,  and  he  sowed  beside  all  waters.  With 
 him  pastoral  care  meant  visiting  the  poor,  the  sick, 
 the  stranger,  and  neglected  people  and  neighbor- 
 hoods, and  ceaseless  ministrations  every  way.  But 
 this  local  work  was  mixed  with  church  building  and 
 evangelistic  tours  far  and  near,  assisting  pastors  and 
 vacant  churches,  often  with  great  blessings.  The 
 brick  edifices  at  Odin  and  Fairfield,  and  the  church 
 and  parsonage  at  Flora,  are  relics  of  those  day!5.  Mr. 
 Galbraith  is  a  good  scholar,  an  omnivorous  reader, 
 and  uses  current  literature  freely  in  puljjit  services. 
 He  is  a  platform  preacher,  using  no  '  notes, '  at  least 
 only  a  '  brief,'  and  is, beyond  all  comparison, the  most 
 animated  speaker  and  talker  iu  the  Presbytery,  even 
 at  seventy-two  years  of  age. 
 
 These  sketches  must  not  omit  mention  of  one  of 
 the  most  eminent  ministers  of  the  Presbytery,  merely 
 as  a  preacher — the  deep-thoughted  Christian  orator, 
 the  Rev.  John  S.  Hawkins.  He  was  born  at  Cham- 
 bersburg,  Pa.,  August  8th,  1800;  graduated  at  Wa-sh- 
 ington  College,  Pa.,  1818;  at  the  Western  Theological 
 Seminary,  1827;  was  licen.sed  by  W;ishington  Presby- 
 tery, April  21st,  1825,  and  ordained  by  same,  Octo- 
 ber, 1827.  He  was  piustor  at  Connersville,  Pa.,  fifteen 
 yciirs;  stated  supply  of  Sharon  and  Carmi,  1844-50; 
 stilted  supply  at  Mount  Carmel,  18.52-56;  stilted  sup- 
 ply at  Baxter  Springs  and  at  Carbondale,  1872-82. 
 In  his  work  he  dep<-nded  almost  entirely  upon  his 
 .sermons.  Free  and  genial  with  a  favored  few,  an 
 instructive  and  courtly  guest,  his  habits  were  those 
 of  seclusion.  On  the  Sabbath  lie  would  come  forth 
 "laden  with  the  riches  of  the  gospel  of  Chri.st." 
 There  w.is  no  difference  in  his  sermons,  whether 
 prejiched  in  cjibin  or  cathedral,  to  many  or  few.  They 
 were  always  elaborate,  scriptural,  jiacked  with  truth, 
 robust,  clothed  in  language  fa.stiiliously  exact,  and 
 delivered  in  a  style  deliberate,  vigorous  and  impress- 
 ive. At  82  years  lie  "retired,"  with  his  intellectual 
 force  well  nigh  unabated,  from  the  important  Church 
 of  Carbondale. 
 
 Rev.  Benjamin  Y.  George,  lately  pastor  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  the  city  of  Cai'o,  111.,  is 
 conspicuous  as  a  Christian  gentleman,  kind,  cordial 
 and  frank.  He  is  universally  est<>emed,  excels  as  a 
 preacher,  and  is  faithful  as  a  piistor.  In  plagues  of 
 yellow  fever,  smallpox  or  cholera,  his  ])arish,  at  the 
 
 confluence  of  the  Mississippi  and  Ohio  rivers,  was 
 peculiarly  exposed,  but  in  every  ca.se  he  remained 
 with  his  people,  and  shared  their  dangers  and  duties. 
 As  a  presbyter  he  is  prudent,  clear  and  firm.  Jlr. 
 George  was  horn  January  3d,  1843,  in  Calloway 
 county,  Mo.;  graduated  at  Westminster  College  in 
 1859,  and  studied  theology  at  Princeton  Theological 
 Seminary.  He  was  stated  supply  of  the  Second 
 Church,  Newburyport,  Ma.ss.,  1863,  and  pastor  1864- 
 66;  stated  supply  at  Columbia,  Mo.,  1867-70;  Pro- 
 fessor of  the  Latin  Language  in  Westminster  College, 
 1870-73;  stated  supply  of  Webster  Street  Church, 
 St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1873-5;  stated  supply  at  Cairo,  1875- 
 78,  and  pastor,  1878-83;  pastor  of  Lewiston,  IU., 
 1883.  His  labors  have  been  blessed  with  revivals  at 
 Cairo,  Cobden,  etc. 
 
 Rev.  Evan  S.  Davies  was  stated  supply  at  Anna, 
 1872-74,  and  again,  1877-79;  stated  supply  of  "  Ply- 
 mouth Congregational  Church,"  Cobden,  1872-77. 
 This  chmch  adopted  the  Prcsbj-terian  Form  of  Gov- 
 ernment, August  12th,  1874,  and  came  under  the 
 care  of  the  Presbytery  of  Cairo.  Under  his  ministry 
 occurred  the  remarkable  revivals  of  1876-7,  by  which 
 seventy-seven  souls  were  added  to  the  church — sixty- 
 eight  by  profession  of  their  faith,  in  the  midst  of  an 
 infidel  communitj".  Mr.  Davies  was  the  man  for  this 
 field.  He  was  skilled  in  the  Natural  Sciences,  had 
 been  in  the  Faculty  of  Farmer  College,  Ohio,  and 
 stated  supply  at  Battle  Creek,  Mich.  He  was  fiimiliar 
 with  skeptical  thought.  "  Prof."  William  Denton, 
 of  Boston,  Mass.",  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  in  the 
 Horticultural  Hall,  in  the  interest  of  Atheism.  Mr. 
 Davies  met  his  challenge  with  a  close-knit  logic,  a 
 breadth  of  knowledge  and  a  vigor  that  put  Radical 
 views  at  a  discount.  The  "Horticultural  Hall"  is 
 now  the  "  Presbyterian  Church." 
 
 Presbsrterian  Church  in  Tennessee,  Early 
 History  of.  Near  the  year  1770  the  van  of  an 
 emigration,  largely  of  Scotch-Irish  Presb;s-terians,  from 
 the  Valley  of  Virginia,  from  Maryland  and  from 
 Pennsylvania,  entered  the  limits  of  the  present  State 
 of  Tennessee  by  occupying  the  country — then  sup- 
 posed to  be  in  Virginia — on  the  right  liank  of  the 
 Holston  river  and  lying  in  the  present  counties  of 
 Sullivan  and  Hawkins.  The  river  in  this  part  of  its 
 course  was  considered  the  boundary  between  Virginia 
 and  Xoith  Carolina,  as  the  line  had  not  been  estab- 
 lished .so  far  West.  About  the  same  time  (1770-71) 
 another  stream  of  emigration  from  the  country  at 
 the  eastern  ba.se  of  the  Blue  Ridge  in  North  Carolina 
 was  flowing  into  the  Valley  of  the  Watauga,  and  an- 
 other, a  few  years  later,  into  the  Nolachucky  Valley. 
 
 In  the  Autumn  of  1773,  John  McMahon,  Sr.,  estal)- 
 lished  his  family  four  miles  from  the  site  of  Jones- 
 borough,  the  oldest  town  iu  the  State  (laid  off  in 
 1779).  No  settler  was  then  known  to  be  .south  or 
 west  of  the  McMahon's,  except  one  or  two  on  the 
 Nolachucky,  twi'lve  miles  di.stant.  This  family,  by 
 subsecjiK  lit   intermarriage   with  the   Mitchells,  from 
 
PEESBrTEEIAN'  CHURCHES. 
 
 653 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  CBURCRES. 
 
 Guilford,  N.  C,  contributed  to  the  formation  of  the 
 future  Salem  Church  (1780),  and  also  contained  the 
 germ  of  the  Hebron  Church,  organized  in  1790,  quite 
 near  their  home,  and  in  1796  merged  into  the  Joues- 
 orough  Church.  From  this  family  descended  a 
 goiUy  posterity  that  helped  to  form  and  sustain 
 various  Presbyterian  churches.  It  also  furnished 
 several  ministers  of  the  gospel,  one  of  whom  was  the 
 Rev.  John  A.  Mitchell,  one  of  the  first  missionaries 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Board  to  China.  The  Eev. 
 Messrs.  Charles  Cummings  and  Joseph  Rhea  were  the 
 first  Presbyterian  ministers  to  preach  in  what  is  now 
 Tennessee.  The  former  became  pastor  of  Eb))ing 
 Sjjring  and  Sinking  Spring  congregations,  in  what  is 
 now  Washington  county,  Virginia,  in  1773.  The 
 latter,  an  emigrant  from  Ireland  in  17G9,  had  charge 
 of  the  Piney  Creek  Church,  in  Frederick  count}-,  Md. 
 In  1775  and  1776  he  visited  the  Holston  settlements 
 to  find  a  home  for  his  family  and  a  field  of  labor.  In 
 the  Autumn  of  1776  Messrs.  Cummings  and  Rhea 
 accompanied,  the  former  as  chaplain,  Colonel  Chris- 
 tian's expedition  into  the  country  of  the  Cherokee 
 Indians,  south  of  Little  Tennessee  river,  who  had, 
 by  British  agents,  been  excited  to  determined  ho.stility 
 against  the  settlers.  "WTicu  the  object  of  the  expedi- 
 tion had  been  accomplished,  Mr.  Rhea  returned  to 
 Maryland,  with  intent  to  remove  his  family  to  occupy 
 land  he  had  purchased  on  Beaver  Creek.  While 
 making  preparations,  he  died,  in  1777.  He  had,  dur- 
 ing his  visits,  by  preaching  among  the  settlers, 
 chiefly  in  the  forts,  prepared  the  way  for  one,  if  not 
 two  churches  in  the  Holston  country.  In  1779  his 
 family,  with  many  members  of  his  congregation  in 
 Maryland  and  in  York  (now  Adams  county),  Pa., 
 joined  in  the  march  of  emigration  to  the  Holston 
 settlement.  A  number  of  them,  in  the  Fork  of  the 
 Holston  and  Watauga,  became  New  Bethel  Church,  in 
 1782. 
 
 Emigration,  even  during  the  Revolutionary^  War, 
 w;is  full  and  rapid.  And  notwithstanding  the  hard- 
 ships of  wilderness  life,  sentiments  of  patriotism  filled 
 the  breasts  of  the  backwoodsmen.  Theirs  was  the  spirit 
 of  the  congregations  of  the  Rev.  Charles  Cummings. 
 Members  of  these,  with  others,  assembled  in  council  at 
 Abingdon,  January  20th,  1775,  and  said,  "We  are 
 deliberately  and  resolutely  determined  never  to  sur- 
 render any  of  our  inestimable  privileges  to  any  power 
 on  earth,  but  at  the  expense  of  our  lives."  And 
 "from  these  remote  regions"  most  effective  service 
 was  rendered,  b.jth  against  the  Indians  and  at  King's 
 Mountain,  in  the  struggle  for  liberty.  In  1773  Sam- 
 uel Doak  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Hanover, 
 on  a  call  from  the  congregations  of  Concord — -Upper 
 Concord — and  Hopewell,  north  of  the  Holston,  in 
 what  is  now  Sullivan  county,  where  Mr.  Rhcii  had 
 preached.  Mr.  Doak  remained  here  two  years.  He 
 then  removed  to  Little  Limestone,  in  (now)  Wash- 
 ington count3%  and  remained  there  more  than  thirty 
 years.     Indians  were  hostile,  but  he,  in  concert  with 
 
 Rev.  Charles  Cummings,  in  1780,  "organized"  Con- 
 cord, New  Providence  and  Carter's  Valley,  in  (now) 
 Hawkins  county;  New  Bethel,  in  (now)  Greene 
 county,  and  Salem,  at  his  new  place  of  residence. 
 The  New  Bethel  Church,  above  mentioned,  was  gath- 
 ered by  him.  In  llS'i  or  4  Providence,  in  the  edge 
 of  (now)  Greene  county,  w^as  organized,  and  the  Kev. 
 Samuel  Houston  accepted  their  ciill.  He  served  the 
 church  four  or  five  years,  and  then  returned  to  Vir- 
 ginia. At  Salem  Mr.  Doak  opened  a  classical  school, 
 chartered  in  1785  as  Martin  Academy — the  first 
 Institution  of  the  kind  ever  established  in  the  Valley 
 of  the  Jlississippi.  No  Institution  of  learning  has 
 rendered  the  South  and  West  a  more  important  .ser- 
 vice. Becoming  Washington  College  in  1795,  it  con- 
 tinued to  send  forth  trained  men  to  fill  up  the  ranks 
 of  the  ministry  and  other  professions,  as  well  as  the 
 ordinary  walks  of  life.  The  students  of  Samuel 
 Doak  were  almost  the  only  teachers  in  the  infant 
 settlements  of  the  West  and  South.  He  not  only 
 served  Salem  Church  and  conducted  Martin  Academy, 
 but  preached  far  and  near,  as  settlements  extended. 
 He,  Cummings  and  Houston,  were  still  members  of 
 the  Presbytery  of  Hanover. 
 
 The  Presbj-tery  of  Orange  properly  covered  this 
 whole  region,  but  the  AUeghenies  interposed  a  bar- 
 rier to  attendance  on  its  meetings  by  the  Western 
 brethren.  In  Slay,  1785,  Hezekiah  Balch,  a  member 
 of  Orange  Presbj-tery,  having  fciken  charge  of  Mt. 
 Bethel,  joined  with  Messrs.  Doak  and  Cummings  in  a 
 petition  to  Synod  that  a  new  Presbytery  might  be 
 formed  west  of  the  AUeghenies.  The  Presbj'tery  of 
 Abingdon  was  accordingly  erected;  separated  from 
 Hanover  by  New  river,  and  from  Orange  by  the 
 "Apalachian mountains,"  and  extending  indefinitely 
 westward.  In  Maj-,  1786  it  was  divided.  The  Cumber- 
 land mountains  bounded  Abingdon  on  the  west,  with 
 one  new  minister,  John  Cosson,  yet  without  a  field, 
 but  in  after  years  serving  Jonesborough,  Providence 
 and  New  Bethel.  The  Presbytery  of  Transylvania 
 "comprehended"  Kentucky  and  the  settlements  on 
 Cumberland  river.  The  situation  of  Abingdon  ren- 
 dered it  the  grand  route  by  which  the  pioneer  columns 
 of  the  Presbyterian  army  were  moring  on  to  occupy 
 the  inviting  country  beyond  the  mountains.  Its 
 licentiates  and  ministers,  one  and  then  another,  con- 
 tinued, for  forty  years,  to  follow  the  march  of  emigra- 
 tion. But  unfortunately,  for  many  years  after  its 
 formation  the  body  was  in  constant  ferment.  A  schism 
 in  1796  was  the  result.  Psalmody  was  discussed  with 
 much  bitterness.  The  disputes  as  to  the  use  of  Rouse  or 
 Watts  had  been  intensified,  perhaps  excited,  by  the 
 Rev.  Adam  Rankin,  in  his  visits  to  the  churches  of 
 Holston  and  Nolachucky,  in  1782.  Political  difl'er- 
 ences  also,  growing  out  of  an  effort  to  establish  the 
 State  of  Franklin  west  of  the  mountains,  distracted 
 the  Church.  In  17S6  the  Synod  instituted  inquiry 
 and  took  measures  to  settle  the  di.sputes  of  contending 
 parties.     A  satisfactory  result  seemed  to  be  reached. 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CnURCUES. 
 
 654 
 
 PRESB  YTERIA  X  CHURCHES. 
 
 But  cxoitemcnt  still  continued.  Mr.  Balch,  Ijeing  a 
 z(>al()us  Hopkiasian,  by  his  Indiscretions  provoked 
 determined  opposition.  Finally  the  matter  was 
 brought  before  the  Presbytery.  The  majority  voted 
 to  dismiss  the  ca.se.  Five  prominent  members— three 
 in  Tennessee,  Me.ssrs.  Doak,  Lake  and  James  Balch, 
 withdrew,  in  179G,  and  formed  the  Independent  Pres- 
 bytery of  Abingdon.  The  complicated  Ki-se  engaged 
 tlie  attention  of  the  Synod  of  the  Carolimis  and  of 
 the  General  Assembly,  and  both  the  seceding  mem- 
 bers and  Mr.  Balch  were  severely  disciplined.  Upon 
 the  submission  of  the  former,  the  Presbytery  of 
 Abingdon  was  constituted  as  before.  But  in  1797 
 the  Presbytery  of  Union,  embracing  Eev.  Messrs. 
 Hezekiah  Balch,  Cosson,  Henderson,  Blackburn  and 
 Carrick,  and  their  charges,  was  set  off  from  Abingdon, 
 on  the  south,  leaving  as  members  (in  Tennessee)  of 
 Abingdon,  Revs.  Messrs.  Doak  and  Lake,  at  New 
 Bethel,  and  James  Balch,  at  Sinking  Spring,  Green 
 county.  In  1794  the  Territorial  Legislature  had 
 chartered  Greenerille  College,  with  Hezekiah  Balch 
 as  President,  and  located  it  three  miles  from  Greene- 
 ville.  He  held  his  office  till  his  death,  in  1810.  He 
 was  succeeded  by  Charles  Coffin,  who  for  many  years 
 retained  this  position,  and  preached  much  to  neigh- 
 boring churches.  The  college  was  largely  patronized. 
 At  one  time  students  from  nine  different  States  and 
 Territories  were  in  attendance,  and  a  more  than 
 usual  proportion  of  them  rose  to  eminence. 
 
 In  1797,  just  before  the  erection  of  Union  Presby- 
 tery, Abingdon  Presbytery,  in  a  report  to  the  General 
 .A.ssembly,  defines  its  territory  as  "extending  in 
 length  from  the  New  river  on  the  northea.st  to  the 
 front  Urn  ou  the  Tennessee  river  on  the  southwest,  at 
 present  about  two  hundred  miles,  and  from  tlie  Bhie 
 or  Eatitcni  Kidge  of  the  Apalachian  mountains  to  the 
 Cumberland  mountains,  about  one  hundred  and  forty 
 miles  in  breadth."  A  portion  of  the  territory,  there- 
 fore, was  in  Virginia,  and  a  part  in  North  Carolina. 
 Thirty-nine  congregations  were  eimmerated — eleven 
 in  Virginia,  three  in  North  Carolina,  and  twenty-five 
 in  Tennessee.  Of  these  last,  two  were  reported  a.s 
 extinct  and  twelve  vacant.  Many  of  these  "vacant " 
 churches  were  in  after  years  supplied,  and  continue 
 to  exist,  some  as  flourishing  churches  ;  others  became 
 extinct.  Of  the  twenty-five,  only  twelve  at  the 
 present  day  are  known  by  their  original  names — viz., 
 New  Providence  (Hawkins  county),  New  Providence 
 (Maryville),  Mount  Bethel,  New  Bethel,  Providence, 
 Jone.sborough,  Salem,  Westminst<r,  Hopewell  (Dand- 
 ridge),  Concord  (Lower),  Knoxville  and  Eusebia. 
 
 In  1785  the  Hopewell  Church,  in  (now)  Dandridge, 
 Jefferson  county,  was  formed,  and  in  1788  West^ 
 minster,  in  the  same  county.  In  1788  Robert  Hen- 
 derson, lieen.scd  by  the  Presbytery  of  Abingdon,  a.s- 
 sunied  the  p.Lstoral  charge  of  these  churches,  and 
 retained  it  for  twenty  years.  In  1789  Rev.  Samuel 
 Carrick,  jiist  fnmi  Lexington  Presbytery,  Virginia, 
 preached  to  u  company  of  backwooiLsmeu,  on  a  mound 
 
 at  the  confluence  of  the  French  Broad  and  the  Holston. 
 Ne.xt  year  tlie  Fork  Church  was  there  organized,  and 
 in  1791  Mr.  Carrick  was  .settled  as  its  pastor.  Four 
 miles  from  the  Fork  the  city  of  Knoxville  was  laid 
 off,  in  1793.  Mr.  Carrick  began  to  labor  here  in  con- 
 nection with  the  Fork.  In  1794  the  Territorial 
 Legislature  established,  "  in  the  vicinity  of  Knox- 
 ville, Blount  College,"  afterwards  known  as  East 
 Tennessee  LTniversit}',  now  the  University  of  Ten- 
 nessee. Mr.  Carrick  was  the  first  President  of 
 Blount  College,  and  held  his  office  till  his  death. 
 Ten  miles  from  Knoxville  the  Gra.s.sy  Valley  Church 
 began  its  existence  in  1793.  In  1798  Rev.  Samuel  G. 
 Eam.sey,  from  the  Valley  of  Virginia,  became  its  pas- 
 tor, preaching  alternate  Sabbaths  at  Ebenezer,  his 
 home,  and  Pleasant  Forest.  In  1801  he  opened  the 
 Ebenezer  Academy,  which,  by  its  superior  excellence, 
 drew  students  for  several  years  from  a  distance. 
 After  INIr.  Carriek's  death,  in  1809,  Mr.  Ram.sey 
 preached  every  third  Sabbath  in  Knoxville,  and  by 
 his  persevering  efforts  the  first  Presbyterian  church 
 edifice  in  that  city  was  erected.  Across  the  Holston, 
 sixteen  miles  from  Knoxville,  the  New  Providence 
 Church  was  establi.shcd  on  the  site  of  the  present 
 town  of  ]\Iar>Tille,  in  1793  or  1794.  Gideon  Black- 
 burn, recently  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Abing- 
 don, joined  a  company  of  soldiers  to  protect  a  fort  on 
 that  site.  The  Cherokees  were  hostile,  and  several 
 forts  were  erected  in  the  region,  to  protect  the  set- 
 tlers. Blackburn  continued  to  preach  in  them  all. 
 He  founded  New  Providence,  served  it  and  Eusebia, 
 ten  miles  distant,  and  labored  in  all  the  country 
 around.  After  peace  was  made,  he  was  moved  to 
 undertake  the  evangelization  of  the  Indians.  In 
 1799  he  brought  the  matter  before  L'nion  Presbytery, 
 and  in  1803  to  the  General  Assembly.  Encouraged 
 by  this  body  he  entered  on  his  work  eagerly,  and 
 in  spite  of  illness  and  pecuniary  embarrassment  he 
 continued  it  in  connection  with  his  pastoral  charge 
 till  1809.  This  noteworthy  in.stance  of  per.sonal 
 missionary  enterprise  laid  the  foundation  for  the 
 subsequent  successful  mission  of  the  Americiin  Board 
 among  the  Cherokees.  In  the  prosecution  of  it,  four 
 churches  on  the  Presbyterian  model  were  organized 
 at  Brainerd,  Hightower,  Carmel  and  AVellstown, 
 and  were,  in  1824,  with  the  missionaries  laboring 
 among  them,  received  into  Union  Presbj-tery.  In 
 1799,  from  the  upper  end  of  Union,  including  ul.so 
 some  churches  in  North  Carolina,  Greenville  l'rcsl)y- 
 tery,  with  three  ministers,  Hezekiah  Balch,  Jt)hn 
 Co.sson  and  G<()rge  Newton  (in  North  Carolina),  had 
 been  established.  It  was  afterwards  joined  by  Sam- 
 uel Davis  at  Manore,  North  Carolina,  and  Stephen 
 Bovelle,  at  Sinking  Spring,  Greene  county.  Its  ex- 
 istence was  brief,  as  it  was  dissolved  by  request  of 
 its  members,  in  1804. 
 
 The  Presbytery  of  Transylvania  bad  charge  of  the 
 .settlements  on  ('nml)erland  River  till  ISK),  when  the 
 Presbytery  of  West  Tennessee  was  erected,  with  four 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCHES. 
 
 655 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  ELEMENT. 
 
 iiiombers.  In  1808  a  colony  from  South  Carolina,  ! 
 lieaded  by  Rev.  James  W.  SU'iilieusou,  bouslit  a  large 
 tract  of  land  in  (now)  Maury  county,  and  founded 
 "the  Frierson  settlement"  and  Zion  Church.  Dr. 
 Duncan  Brown  followed  Stephenson  from  South 
 Carolina,  took  charge  of  several  newly  formed 
 chiu'ches,  and  made  extensive  missionary  tours, 
 liohert  Henderson,  in  the  year  1808,  resigned  his 
 charge  at  Dandridge  and  "Westmin.ster,  and  entered 
 upon  work  in  "  Cumlx-rUuuI,''  as  the  whole  region 
 w;is  then  called.  He  labored  at  llurfrees'  Spring  and 
 Pisgah,  in  (now)  Rutherford  county;  also  at  Franklin, 
 and  preached  in  Na.shville,  laid  off  in  1784,  hut  no 
 church  edifice  in  it  when  Mr.  Henderson  \isited  it. 
 He  preached,  by  invitation,  ou  "  Proiime  Swearing," 
 when  some  of  the  most  noted  swearers  in  Tennes- 
 see, holding  high  oiScial  position,  happened  to  be 
 present.  He  did  not  shrink  from  the  responsibility 
 of  the  occasion.  In  1810  Gideon  Blackburn  left 
 Marj'ville,  to  be  succeeded  there  by  the  Rev.  Isaac 
 Anderson,  who  became  the  chief  agent  in  founding 
 The  Southern  and  Western  Theological  Seminary, 
 incorporated  as  Jlaryrille  College  in  1821,  and  re- 
 moved to  Maury  count}'.  In  1811  he  took  charge  of 
 Harpeth  Academy,  near  Franklin,  and  preached  in  a 
 range  of  fifty  miles,  at  five  different  places,  of  which 
 the  city  of  Nashville  was  one.  His  efforts  resulted 
 in  the  organization  of  a  church  at  each  place.  These 
 four  constituted  the  Xew  Presbytery.  Ministers  and 
 churches  now  rapidly  increased  throughout  middle 
 Tennessee.  In  1816  the  Presbytery  of  Shiloh  was 
 set  off  from  the  Presbytery  of  Muhlenburg,  in  Ken- 
 tucky, and  from  the  Presbytery  of  West  Tennes.see,  ou 
 the  east;  Shiloh  extended  well  nigh  to  the  southern 
 boundary  of  the  State.  Dr.  Blackburn,  having  re- 
 moved to  Louisville,  in  1823,  was  succeeded  in  Nash- 
 ville by  the  Rev.  A.  D.  Campbell,  and  he,  in  1828,  by 
 Obadiah  .Tennings.  In  1824  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 was  greatly  strengthened  by  the  acquisition  of  Dr. 
 Philip  Lindsley,  who  came  to  N;i.shville  as  President 
 of  Cumberland  College,  the  name  of  which,  in  1826, 
 was  changed  to  the  University  of  Nashville.  Here, 
 for  twenty-five  years,  he  exerted  a  T\-idespread  influ- 
 ence. In  1829  the  Presbytery  of  Western  District 
 was  organized,  with  five  ministers;  and  in  1830  the 
 first  Presbyterian  Church  in  Memphis  was  established 
 by  the  self-denying  efforts  of  the  Rev.  Samuel  M. 
 Williamson,  who  contributed  much  to  the  extension 
 of  the  Church  in  the  .southwestern  part  of  the  State. 
 A  half-century  has  now  elapsed  since  the  first 
 churches  in  the  northea-stern  corner  were  established, 
 and  with  it  closes  the  life  of  Samuel  Doak,  i>.  D.,  the 
 pioneer  and  founder,  at  Tusculum,  in  the  eighty- 
 .  second  year  of  his  age. 
 
 The  Synodical  relation  of  the  different  Presbyteries 
 was  as  follows:  At  the  formation  of  the  General 
 Assembly,  the  Presbj-tery  of  Abingdon  was  attached 
 to  the  Synod  of  the  Carolinas,  but  was,  in  1803, 
 transferred,  at  its  own  reiiuest,  to  the  Synod  of  Vir- 
 
 ginia. The  Presbytery  of  Greenville  during  its  brief 
 existence  belonged  to  the  Synod  of  the  Carolinas.  The 
 Presbytery  of  Union  was  also  thus  connected  until 
 1810,  when  it,  at  its  own  request,  was  transferred  to 
 the  Synod  of  Kentucky.  In  1817  the  Presbyteries  of 
 West  Tennessee,  Shiloh,  Mississippi  (constituted  in 
 181.5,  and  covering  a  part  of  Western  Tennessee)  and 
 Union  were,  by  a  division  of  the  Synod  of  Kentucky, 
 organized  into  the  Synod  of  Tennessee.  As  Gideon 
 Blackburn  had  visited  St.  Louis  in  1816,  and  preached 
 there  with  much  effect,  the  churches  in  the  territory 
 of  Missouri,  and  others  in  Illinois,  were,  in  1818, 
 constituted  the  Presbytery  of  Missouri,  which  was 
 attached  to  the  Synod  of  Tennessee.  The  Presbytery 
 of  French  Broad  was  erected  from  Union  in  1825,  and 
 Holston  from  Abingdon  in  1826.  In  this  year  the 
 Synod  of  West  Tennes.see  was  formed,  consisting  of 
 the  Presbj-terians  of  West  Tennessee,  Shiloh  and 
 North  ,\labama,  to  which  was  added,  in  1829,  the 
 Presbytery  of  Western  District.  In  1829  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Mississippi  became  a  part  of  the  new  S>Tiod 
 of  Mississippi  and  South  Alabama.  In  1826  the 
 Presbytery  of  Mis.souri  became  a  part  of  the  new 
 Synod  of  Indiana.  The  Presbyteries  of  Abingdon 
 (detached  now  from  Virginia),  Union,  French  Broad 
 and  Holston  were  left  to  constitute  the  Synod  of  Ten- 
 nes.see.  The  six  Presbyteries  of  Holston,  French 
 Broad,  Union,  Shiloh,  West  Tennessee  and  Western 
 District,  representing  the  strength  of  the  Church 
 within  the  bounds  of  the  State,  in  1830  contained  in 
 the  aggregate  near  one  hundred  churches  and  seventy- 
 one  ministers.  Revivals  had  at  different  times  pre- 
 vailed, notably  that  of  1800,  in  East  Tennes.see,  and 
 that  of  1827  and  1828;  in  Middle  Tennessee,  under 
 the  preaching  of  the  widely  known  evangelist,  James 
 Gallaher,  and  his  companion,  Frederick  A.  Ro.ss.  The 
 Calfinistic  Magazine,  establi.shed  in  1827,  and  con- 
 ducted by  Rev.  Messrs.  David  Nelson  Gallaher  and 
 Ross  was  also  doing  good  service  in  vindicating  the 
 doctrines  of  the  Church  and  of  Evangelical  Chris- 
 tianity. 
 Presbyterian  Element  in  otir  National  Life 
 
 and  History.  (From  an  Aihlristt  ihlininl  Ixforc 
 the  Synod  of  Central  New  York,  at  Watertoimt,  Oclolicr 
 18th,  1876,  by  Prof.  J.  IP.  Mear^,  v.  D.)  After  an 
 appropriate  introduction.  Dr.  Mears  proceeds  to 
 say:— 
 
 "It  is  past  doubt  that  the  very  existence  of  our 
 country  is  due  to  forces  set  in  motion  and  brought 
 to  play  in  history  by  the  Reformation  under  Calvin. 
 The  Puritans  in  New  England,  including  Roger 
 Williams  and  the  early  Baptists,  the  Dutch  in  New 
 York  State,  the  Covenanters  in  the  Cumberland 
 Valley,  the  Quakers  in  Eastern  Pennsylvania,  and 
 the  Huguenots  of  the  Carolinas  and  New  York,  all 
 performed  parts  of  the  first  importance  in  the  origi- 
 nal colonization  of  our  country,  and  all  drew  their 
 inspiration  more  or  less  directly  from  the  great 
 Reformer  of  Geneva. 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  ELEMENT. 
 
 656 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  ELEMENT. 
 
 "As  to  the  Puritans,  I  cannot  do  Ix-tter  than  to 
 quote  from  one  ofthe  most  illustrious  of  their  descen- 
 dants' words,  uttered  at  one  of  those  uimiversaries 
 which  New  Euglanders  observe  with  a  pride  which 
 would  1)e  sectional,  if  New  England  did  not  belong, 
 in  a  peculiar  sense,  to  the  whole  country.  '  In  the 
 rci<,'n  of  Mary,'  sjiys  JIi".  Choate,  '  a  thousand  learned 
 Englishmen  fled  from  the  stake  at  home  to  the  hap- 
 pier seats  of  Continental  Protestantism.  Of  them 
 great  numbers,  I  know  not  how  many,  came  to 
 Geneva.  There  they  awaited  the  death  of  the  Queen, 
 and  then,  sooner  or  later,  but  in  the  time  of  Elizabeth, 
 went  back  to  England.  /  a-icrihe  to  that  five  years  in 
 Geneva  an  influence  that  has  changed  the  history  of  the 
 world.  I  .seem  to  myself  to  trace  to  it  .  .  .  the 
 opening  of  another  era  of  time  and  of  liberty  .  .  . 
 a  portion,  at  least,  of  the  objects  of  the  great  civil 
 war  in  England,  the  republican  constitution  framed 
 in  the  eal)in  of  the  Maj'flower,  the  divinity  of  Jona- 
 than Edwards,  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  and  the 
 independence  of  America.  In  that  brief  season 
 Engli.sh  Puritanism  was  changed  fundamentally  and 
 forever.  .  .  .  On  the  banks  of  a  lake  lovelier 
 than  a  dream  of  fairy  land,  in  a  valley  which  might 
 have  been  hollowed  out  to  enclo.se  the  last  home  of 
 liberty,  there  smiled  an  independent,  peaceful,  law- 
 abiding  and  prosperous  commonwealth.  There  was  a 
 people  governed  by  laws  of  their  own  making.  I 
 confess  myself  to  be  of  the  opinion  of  those  who 
 trace  to  that  spot  and  to  that  time  the  republicanism 
 ofthe  Puritans. 
 
 ' '  '  There  was  a  State  without  kings  or  nobles ;  there 
 wa.s  a  church  without  a  bishop.  I  do  not  suppose 
 that  learned  men  needed  to  go  to  Geneva  to  act^uire 
 the  idea  of  a  commonwealth.  But  there  they  saw  the 
 problem  solved.  Poi)ular  government  was  possible. 
 This  experience  they  never  forgot. ' 
 
 "  It  is  not  neces.sary  to  multiply  authorities  or  to 
 look  further  for  the  genesis  of  Puritan  principles  in 
 their  bearing  upon  the  life  and  character  of  the 
 nation.  As  Presbyterians,  we  are  willing  to  concede 
 to  New  England  all  the  eminence  .she  claims  in  the 
 early  history  of  the  nation,  if  her  most  gifted  and 
 loyal  .sons  agree  to  trace  that  eminence  to  the  influ- 
 ence of  the  Genevese  Reformer  upon  the  characters 
 and  beliefs  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers. 
 
 "As  for  the  Huguenots,  their  settlements  in 
 America  antedated  all  others  iK^arlj'  half  a  century, 
 but  Spanish  bigotry  and  cruelty  trampled  them  out 
 in  blood,  anticipating  by  seven  j-cars  the  horrors  of 
 St.  Bartholomew,  by  tlie  ma.ssacre  of  the  nine  hun- 
 dred settlers  of  St.  Augustine.  Scarcely  enough  of 
 them  escaped  to  tell  the  story.  More  than  a  hundred 
 years  pa.ssed,  during  which  the  Huguenots  of  France 
 were  learning,  by  the  hard  drill  of  I'o]>ish  persecution, 
 the  incalculable  value  of  religious  and  political 
 lilxTty,  and  when,  by  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
 Nantes,  in  IG^'.'J,  they  were  .scattered  by  hundreds  of 
 thousiinds  over  the  Protest;int  world,  those  who  came 
 
 to  America  brought  the  verv'  material  which  wius 
 needed  in  the  structure  of  our  liberties,  a  something 
 which  can  be  likened  to  the  spring  and  the  fibre  of 
 finely  temiiered  steel.  The  first  child  born  in  New 
 York  State  was  of  Huguenot  parent-s;  and  such  names 
 as  John  Jay,  Henry  Latrrens,  Eliiis  Boudinot,  the 
 first  President  of  the  American  Bible  Society,  John 
 Bayard  and  Francis  Marion,  illustrate  the  prominence 
 of  this  element  in  the  early  struggles,  in  war,  diplo- 
 macy and  Clu'istiaii  beneficence,  of  our  countrymen. 
 It  was  the  son  of  a  Huguenot  that  gave  his  name  to 
 Eaneuil  Hall  and  offered  it  for  those  purposes  of  con- 
 sultation and  eloquent  appeal  which  have  secured 
 for  it  the  title  of  '  Cradle  of  Liberty. ' 
 
 ' '  The  Covenanters  are  represented  by  the  Scotch- 
 Irish,  who  did  not  leave  their  country  before  striking 
 heavy  blows  for  the  truths  of  the  Reformation  at 
 home.  The  sons  of  the  men  who,  on  thi^  7th  of 
 December,  1RS8,  .shut  the  gates  of  Derry,  and  st;irved 
 rather  than  surrender  to  the  Popish  troops  of  .lames, 
 were  trained  to  endure  the  hardships  of  frontier  life, 
 and  had  nerves  which  did  not  flinch  or  quiver,  how- 
 ever great  the  foe  before  them,  because  there  was  a 
 conscience  behind  them.  They  were  fit  material  to 
 enter  into  the  structure  of  the  new  commonwealth. 
 They  came  late,  and  yet,  twenty-si.x  years  before  the 
 Declaration  of  Independence  a  quarter  of  a  million 
 of  Ulster  County  Presbj^erians  had  landed  upon  our 
 shores. 
 
 "  JVom  what  great  struggles  and  preparatory  expe- 
 riences came  the  Presbyterians  of  the  Low  countries,  I 
 need  not  detain  you  to  tell.  History  has  no  busk 
 more  honorable  than  that  of  recording  the  contest 
 between  the  Beggars  of  Holland  and  the  Grandees  of 
 Spain.  The  conflict  for  liberty,  only  partially  suc- 
 cessful there,  had  to  be  transferred  to  the  soil  of 
 America  in  order  to  attain  a  complete  and  enduring 
 triumph.  The  first  settlers  In  New  Netherlands 
 were  thirty  families,  chiefly  Protestant  refugees  from 
 the  Belgi.an  provinces.  They  came  in  the  Spring  of 
 1C23.  '  The  settlement  of  Manhattan, '  ,s.ays  Bancroft, 
 'grew  directly  out  of  the  great  Continental  struggles 
 of  Protestantism. ' 
 
 "The  beneficent  influence  of  the  Quakers  upon  the 
 opening  scenes  of  our  Colonial  history  cannot  esisily 
 be  overrated.  George  Fox,  the  founder  of  the  sect, 
 may  fairly  be  regarded  as  an  outgrowth  of  English 
 Puritanism.  'William  Penn  received  part  of  his  col- 
 lege education  at  Saumur,  wliere  there  was  a  C.ilvin- 
 istic  Instituticm  under  the  guidance  of  .\m)Tault. 
 The  religion  and  the  philosophy  of  the  Huguenots 
 had  their  influence  with  the  founder  of  the  Keystone 
 State.  It  could  scarcely  have  been  Quakerism  which 
 reserved,  in  the  Colonial  law,  the  first  day  of  the  week 
 as  a  day  of  rest.  We,  as  a  Synod,  have  a  share  in 
 the  closing  on  the  Lord's  Day  of  the  doors  of  the 
 Centennial  Exhibiticm,  in  the  great  city  founded  by 
 AVilliani  IViiii,  li\it  I  suspect  it  would  have  been  a 
 more  diflicult  task  but  for  that  Presbvterian  clement 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  ELEMENT. 
 
 657 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  ELEMENT. 
 
 ■which  the  Quaker  legislator  imbibed  into  his  own 
 
 nature,  and  infused  into  the  laws  and  customs  of  his 
 famous  colony. 
 
 ''If  we  except  the  settlers  of  Virginia,  and  that 
 small  but  dominant  part  of  the  colonists  of  Mary- 
 land who  were  Catholics,  and  the  Lutherans  and 
 Moravians  who  came  to  Georgia  under  Oglethorpe,  we 
 shall  find  America  at  the  Revolution  little  else  than 
 a  community  of  Calvinists,  of  different  degrees  of 
 strcnuousness  in  doctrine  and  practice,  but  showing 
 the  same  general  features  of  that  system.  All  other 
 constituent  elements  of  the  population  might  be 
 omitted  without  \-itiating  a  general  estimate  of  its 
 diaracter,  but  what  would  the  united  colonies  ou  the 
 eve  of  the  Revolution  have  been,  if  suddenly  the  en- 
 tire element  due  to  the  Calvinistic  Reformation  had 
 been  withdrawn  from  the  country  ?  Conceive,  if  you 
 please,  the  lo.ss  in  mere  numbers  made  good  by  an 
 equally  sudden  multiplication  of  either  of  the  other 
 elements  then  to  be  found  in  small  numbers  in  Vir- 
 ginia, Maryland  and  Georgia,  and  it  is  impo.ssible  to 
 believe  that  under  such  auspices  a  great  free  nation 
 could  have  grown  up  on  this  continent.  In  fact,  the 
 second  supposition  is  itself  impossible,  for  it  was 
 only  the  so-called  Reformed  element  of  the  world's 
 pojmlation  that  was  then  in  siifficent  numbers,  under 
 the  colonizing  impul.se,  under  the  propelling  force  of 
 an  outraged  conscience,  which  gladly  preferred  exile 
 to  the  sacrifice  of  principle,  which  had  been  made 
 ready  by  the  special  training  of  Providence  for  the 
 very  work  of  establishing  in  a  new  world  a  new  age 
 and  a  new  order  of  things.  Without  them,  without 
 the  men  and  the  sons  of  the  men  who  had  gone 
 through  the  experiences  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Day, 
 of  Leyden  and  Harlem,  and  Derry  and  Smithfield,  we 
 may  be  verj-  sure  the  independence  of  America  would 
 never  have  been  attempted  or  achieved. 
 
 "  As  we  approach  the  critical  period  of  the  national 
 history,  the  beginning  of  the  century  which  we  are 
 now  celebrating,  the  lines  are  drawn  more  closely, 
 and  the  relations  of  the  Reformed  element  to  the  strug- 
 gle of  the  Revolution  assume  a  positive,  unmistakable 
 attitude.  Presbyterianism,  through  the  length  and 
 breadth  of  the  country,  allies  itself,  identifies  itself, 
 with  the  cause  of  free  government.  Of  the  Scotch- 
 Irish  race  in  America,  it  is  said  that  it  was,  perhaps, 
 the  only  race  of  all  that  settled  in  the  western  world 
 that  never  produced  one  Tory.  The  nearest  case  to  it 
 ever  known  was  that  of  a  man  who  wiis  brought 
 before  a  church  Session  in  Chambersburg,  and  tried 
 upon  the  charge  that  he  was  not  sincere  in  his  pro- 
 fessions of  his  attachment  to  the  cause  of  the  Revolu- 
 tion. It  is  claimed  that  General  Washingfon,  when 
 making  a  long  and  disheartening  retreat,  was  asked 
 where  he  expected  to  pause.  He  replied,  that  if  he 
 were  obliged  to  cross  every  river  and  mountain  to  the 
 limits  of  civilization,  he  would  make  his  last  stand 
 with  the  Scotch-Irishmen  of  the  frontiers,  there 
 plant  his  banner  and  .still  fight  for  freedom. 
 42 
 
 ' '  '  The  first  public  voice  in  America, '  says  Bancroft, 
 '  for  dissolving  all  connection  with  Great  Britain,  came 
 not  from  the  Purit;ms  of  New  England,  the  Dutch 
 of  New  York,  nor  the  planters  of  Virginia,  but  from 
 the  Scotch-Irish  Presbyterians.'  He  refers  to  the 
 celebrated  Declaration  of  the  county  of  Mecklenburg, 
 N.  C,  which  preceded  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
 ence more  than  a  year,  and  which  not  only  antici- 
 pated the  spirit,  but  to  a  most  remarkable  degree  the 
 very  language,  of  that  memorable  document.  Here 
 was  a  secluded  people,  not  carried  away  by  the  infec- 
 tion of  a  general  excitement,  but  led  by  the  sheer 
 force  of  conviction  and  consistency  with  principle 
 alone,  to  declare  them.selves  absolved  from  former  ties 
 of  allegiance,  and  to  organize  an  independent  govern- 
 ment, nearly  fourteen  months  before  they  were  fol- 
 lowed and  supported  by  the  united  voice  of  the 
 country.  It  is  not  ludicrous,  this  arrayal  of  a  single 
 county  against  a  great  and  proud  empire.  The  docu- 
 ment itself  shows  that  a  grand  spirit,  a  broad  human- 
 ity, dictated  the  movement.  The  Presbyterian  elder, 
 Ephraim  Brevard,  who  signed  it,  .sealed  his  fidelitj' 
 by  the  s;icrifice  of  his  life  in  the  national  cause.  The 
 document,  printed  in  Charleston,  was  spread  through 
 the  South,  and  was  forwarded  by  a  mes.senger  to  the 
 Continental  Congress.  Its  direct  influence  upon  the 
 phraseology  of  the  greater  Declaration  which  followed 
 it  has  been  denied  ;  so  be  it ;  it  only  follows  that  the 
 Presbyterian  as  well  as  the  Jeft'ersonian  document 
 flowed  from  the  same  deep  founUiin  of  popular 
 love  of  liberty  and  preparedness  for  self  government 
 which  the  Presbyterians  were  the  quickest  to  recog- 
 nize and  the  first  to  put  into  articulate  speech. 
 
 ' '  It  was  the  great  State  of  Virginia,  Jeflerson's  Stjite, 
 which,  more  than  a  year  after  the  Mecklenburg  Decla- 
 ration, and  a  few  weeks  before  the  -ith  of  July,  177(;, 
 passed  the  first  Bill  of  Rights  involving  the  princii)le 
 of  self-government  and  independence,  and  although 
 the  Act  of  the  State  was  practically  unanimous,  yet 
 it  would  scarcely  have  been  the  work  of  a  people 
 wholly  descended  from  the  cavaliers  and  adventurers 
 who  formed  the  early  colonists  of  Virginia.  'The 
 population,'  says  Bancroft,  'had  been  recruited  by 
 successive  infusions  of  Scotch-Irish  Presbyterians, 
 Huguenots,  and  the  descendants  of  Huguenots,  men 
 who  had  been  .so  attached  to  Cromwell  or  the  Re- 
 public that  they  preferred  to  emigrate  on  the  return 
 of  Charles  II,  and  other  elements.' '' 
 
 After  referring  to  the  prominent  and  influential 
 part  which  the  Rev.  John  Witherspoon,  D.  D.,  and 
 the  Rev.  George  Duffield,  n.  D.  (of  whom  sketches 
 are  elsewhere  given  in  this  volume),  acted  in  the 
 times  of  the  Revolution,  Prof.  Mcars  goes  on  to  say: 
 
 "It  is  almost  superfluous  for  me  to  attempt  to 
 explain  to  this  audience  what  it  is  in  Presbj-terianism 
 and  in  the  Reformed  churches  generally,  which 
 neces.s;irily  led  them  to  assume  the  position  of  avowed 
 and  active  adherence  to  the  Revolntionary  cause. 
 Nowhere  el.se  in  the  world  is  a  more  ardent  love  of 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  ELEMENT. 
 
 658 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  ELEMENT. 
 
 liberty  joined  to  a  more  decided  attachment  for 
 system  and  order.  Lilierty  in  law  is  the  watchword 
 of  Presbyterianism.  The  Reformation 'itself  was  a 
 direct  ajipeal  to  God,  a  personal  union  of  the  human  : 
 heart  to  its  Creator,  in  opiiosition  to  a  crushing  weight  j 
 and  an  impenetrable  barrier  of  priestly  mediators. 
 It  gave  to  every  man  personal  worth.  Every  in- 
 dividual  could  and  must  for  himself  realize  the  price- 
 less benefits  and  dignities  of  redemjjtion.  It  arose 
 at  once  both  against  the  ecclesiastical  tyranny  of  the 
 times  and  the  political  machinery  by  "which  that 
 tyranny  was  sustained.  In  pro{)ortion  as  the  religious, 
 reaction  of  the  Reformation  was  more  radical,  was  its 
 relation  to  civil  life  more  manifest.  Wherever  the 
 hierarchical  element  was  swept  clean  away,  there, 
 naturally  enough,  appeared  the  idea  of  a  popular 
 government.  The  Church  without  a  bishop  carried 
 with  it  the  State  without  a  king.  John  Calvin  was 
 'the  Reformer  who  pierced  to  the  roots.'  His  faith 
 Wiis  dreaded,  with  one  consent  and  with  instinctive 
 judgment,  by  all  the  monarcbs  of  the  world,  as  the 
 creed  of  Republicanism. 
 
 ' '  King  James  I,  born  and  reared  a  Scot,  spoke  what 
 he  knew  when  he  said,  "  A  Scots  Presbytery  agrees 
 with  monarchy  as  well  as  tlod  and  the  devil.'  Lord 
 Bacon  saj'S,  '  Discipline  by  bishops  is  fittest  for 
 monarchy  of  all  others. '  James  II  said,  '  If  there 
 is  no  despotic  power  in  the  Church,  there  can  be  no 
 desiwtic  power  in  the  State,  or,  if  there  be  liberty  in 
 the  Church,  there  will  be  liberty  in  the  State.' 
 Charles  the  Second  iirononuced  Calvinism  a  religion 
 not  fit  for  a  gentleman. 
 
 "  It  found  its  home  and  historic  centre  and  political 
 expression  in  the  Republic  of  Geneva.  But  limited 
 to  that  narrow  city,  it  must  have  perished  for  lack 
 of  development.  It  must  get  rid  of  Old  World  re- 
 strictions or  die.  It  must  realize  on  a  broader  field 
 its  God-given  impulse  and  tendency  to  become  in 
 some  true  sense  a  kingdom  of  God  on  earth.  Buf- 
 feted, trampled  upon,  disfranchised,  outlawed  at 
 home,  its  future  seemed  dark  indeed,  when  the  New 
 World,  which  Popish  enthusiasm  had  discovered  and 
 claimed,  arose  upou  the  horizon.  Rome  claimed  it. 
 Commercial  and  scientific  interests  sighted  its  fron- 
 tier and  outlined  its  shape.  But  it  waited  for  a 
 century  and  a  fjuart*>r,  substantially  unoccupied,  un- 
 til the  hour  for  the  Calvinists'  migration  had  come. 
 Calvinism  was  destined  to  live.  Its  ecclesiastical 
 and  political  characteristics  were  too  fundamentally 
 important  to  be  allowed  to  disappear.  Therefore 
 the  New  World  was  opened  and  reserved  for  them. 
 Anu;rica  was  theirs.  America  was  for  the  Calvinists 
 as  truly  as,  in  Divine  providence,  the  Calvinists  were  ' 
 for  America.  The  adherents  of  this  system  could  not 
 come  to  America  without  bringing  along  their  intense  ; 
 conviction.s,  ingrained  into  their  souls  by  a  century 
 of  persecution.  If  Great  Britain  would  not  yield 
 them  a  practical  independence,  of  neccssitj'  they 
 would  grasp  it.     If  armed  resistance  was  requisite 
 
 to  realize  their  ideal  here,  in  these  remote  part.s  of 
 the  earth,  they  unhesitatingly  would  oflcr  it. 
 
 "There  was  dignity  in  their  coming;  not  as  a  mere 
 mob  or  frightened  herd  of  fugitives  did  they  come. 
 In  place  of  the  cast-oif  yokes  of  medisevalism,  they 
 brought  grand  conceptions  of  a  moral  order  and  a 
 divine  government,  drawn  from  an  intelligent  study 
 of  Scripture  models,  and  from  the  previous  experi- 
 ence of  an  inward  self  restraint.  Tho.se  in  whom  a 
 genuine  Christian  manhood  had  taken  the  place  of 
 slavish  dependence  upon  confessionals  and  priestly 
 absolution,  were  prepared  to  frame  just  laws,  to 
 found  a  righteous  government,  and  in  their  conduct 
 to  illustrate,  as  well  as  by  their  blood,  if  necessary, 
 to  maintain  and  defend  them.  The  constitution  of 
 PhTuouth  Colony  was  written  upon  the  cover  of  a 
 Bible,  in  the  cabin  of  the  Mayflower,  and  signed 
 and  sealed  upon  the  ocean,  by  the  company  of  Pil- 
 grims. The  revolt  of  these  men  from  arbitrary 
 human  government  was  for  no  selfish  end  whatever, 
 but  in  the  name  and  for  the  glory  of  God.  There- 
 fore, in  His  name,  they  were  quick  to  re-establish 
 and  zealous  to  maintain  it. 
 
 ' '  In  fact,  the  Presbyterianism  of  these  colonists  was 
 the  verj'  form  and  mold  of  a  free  government;  the 
 safest  and  best,  in  its  main  outlines,  that  could  be 
 found.  As  the  Presbyterians  of  North  Carolina 
 anticipated  the  fact  and  form  of  the  Declaration  of 
 Independence,  so  the  Presbjterians  of  Geneva  and 
 Scotland,  in  working  out  the  plan  of  a  free  but 
 orderly  Church,  had  anticipated,  in  all  its  main 
 features,  the  political  fabric  by  which  that  indepen- 
 dence was  consolidated  into  a  grand  national  and 
 historic  reality.  In  this  Church  all  power  proceeds 
 from  the  people;  but  presbytery  is  not  democracy, 
 it  is  not  a  weak  confederation.  It  Is  a  compact  repre- 
 sentative government,  with  a  written  constitution. 
 Tlie  largest  autonomy  is  allowed  to  the  elementary 
 parts  which  is  consistent  with  the  unity  and  organic 
 life  of  the  whole.  Every  member  has  rights  which 
 the  body  is  bound  to  protect.  The  clergy  is  not  a 
 whit  better  off  in  this  respect  than  the  lait}',  and  no 
 clergyman  better  oS  than  his  brother  clergyman. 
 This  principle  of  parity  is  es.sentially  republican. 
 At  the  same  time  presbytery  is  a  government.  It  is 
 not  merely  advisory,  it  is  authoritative.  'It  is 
 designed  to  settle  and  determine  things.  It  implies, 
 as  its  correlative,  obedience.  The  submission  which 
 it  demands  is  not  the  mere  submission  which  the 
 mind  renders  to  good  advice.  .  .  .  It  is  the  sub- 
 mission due  to  those  who  are  appointed  to  rule,  and 
 who  are  entrusted  with  authority.' — Albert  Barnea' 
 Presb.  H»  Affinities,  pp.  9-10. 
 
 "  The  analogy  between  our  Republican  form  of  gov- 
 ernment and  that  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  is  so 
 striking  that  the  subject  has  become  too  trite  to  need 
 extensive  statement  here,  ^\'hen  we  consider  the 
 great  preponderance  of  the  Presbyterian  element  in 
 the  earl}'  history  of  the  country,   when   we   reflect 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  ELEMENT. 
 
 65!) 
 
 PRESli  i  TERIA  N  ELEMENT. 
 
 tliat  the  men  who  framed  our  Constitution  were 
 largely  trained  under  one  or  the  other  form  of  ehurch 
 government  allied  to  Prcsbyterianisni,  we  cannot 
 permit  ourselves  to  douljt  that  the  blended  strength 
 and  elasticity,  the  variety  and  the  symmetry,  the 
 liberty  and  the  order,  in  fact,  the  sound  republi- 
 canism of  our  Government,  were  contributions  of 
 Presbyterianism  to  our  national  life. 
 
 "But  politj-  is  only  an  outward  form,  only  valuable 
 as  the  result  of  inward  forces.  And  it  is  tlr'se  in- 
 ward forces  of  Presbj-terianism  in  which  are  the  real 
 hidings  of  its  power.  These  inward  forces  are  com- 
 prehensively described  tinder  the  single  term  Calvin- 
 ism. Calvinism  has  been  regarded  as,  in  fact,  a  doc- 
 trine of  government ;  a  method  and  form  in  which 
 the  divine  power  is  put  forth  in  the  government  of 
 the  universe.  'It  is  based  on  the  idea  that  God 
 rules;  that  he  has  a  plan;  that  the  plan  is  fixed  and 
 certain;  that  it  does  not  depend  on  the  fluctuations 
 of  the  human  will,  on  the  caprice  of  (he  human 
 heart,  or  on  contingencies  and  uncertain  and  undeter- 
 mined events  in  human  alTairs.  It  supposes  that 
 God  is  supreme;  that  he  has  authority;  that  he  has 
 a  right  to  exercise  dominion;  that  for  the  good  of  the 
 universe  that  right  should  be  exercised  and  that  in- 
 finite power  put  forth  only  in  accordance  with  a 
 plan.' — Mr.  Barnes. 
 
 '■  The  habit  of  thought  and  the  style  of  character 
 growing  out  of  this  view  of  the  univeise  have  gone 
 deeply  into  the  life  of  America.  They  have  been  as 
 pillars  of  adamant,  as  an  anchorage  among  rocks, 
 during  the  formation  and  growth  of  its  political  order. 
 This  is  by  no  means  an  exhaustive  .statement  of  the 
 vital  elements  of  Calvinism.  Joined  with  them  is 
 the  sense  of  direct  personal  responsibility  to  God, 
 and  of  the  moral  equality  of  all  men  before  Him,  of 
 the  emptiness  of  all  earthlj'  distinctions  compared 
 with  those  conferred  by  His  giace  and  Spirit,  and  of 
 the  moral  unity  of  the  race  in  Adam.  The  prevalence 
 of  these  idea.s  broke  do  wn  all  the  foundations  of  tyr- 
 anny, while  those  saved  the  liberty  from  becoming 
 the  license  of  liberated  slaves,  and  gave  it  the  checks 
 and  balances  of  right  reason  and  of  subordination  to 
 the  higher  law  of  God. 
 
 "  Presbj-terianism  is  a  system  of  clear  and  strong 
 convictions,  rather  than  a  matter  of  feeling  and  of 
 form.  It  takes  hold  of  the  man  through  his  intellect 
 and  his  conscience.  Its  grasp  upon  the  wiU,  there- 
 fore, is  clear,  strong  and  regulative.  It  -n-ill  do  noth- 
 ing without  a  sound  reason.  Its  moving  forces  are 
 applied  to  the  deepest  principles.  It  is  not  like  the 
 tempest,  which  stirs  great  waves  for  a  time  and  upon 
 the  surface,  but  like  the  tides  and  the  silent  and  deep 
 currents,  which,  day  and  night,  and  year  after  year, 
 keep  on  their  steady  course  around  the  globe. 
 
 "  Strength  of  character,  stability  and  endurance,  are 
 the  social  and  natural  outcome  of  such  a  system.  It 
 may  be  said  that  these  points  belong  constitutionally 
 
 I  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  race.  But  take  away  from  them 
 their  monarchical  Old  World  a.ssociations  and  aristo- 
 cratic repressions,  and  give  them  independence;  let 
 :  them  stand  alone;  the  race  will  then  need  an  inward, 
 self-regulative  principle.  Never  was  it  called  to 
 stand  alone  as  in  America.  It  would  not  have  at^ 
 tempted  thus  to  stand  alone,  if  it  had  not  been  con- 
 scious of  possessing  a  backbone,  such  as  Calvinism 
 .  has  given  it. 
 
 "  Calvinism  gives  toughness  and  fibre,  and  an  anvil- 
 like power  of  resistance,  which  wears  out  hammers 
 rather  than  j-ields.  Calvinism  reads  the  word  disci- 
 pline in  the  word  disaster.  Calvinism  gets  victory 
 by  the  rough  road  of  defeat.  Cahinism  teaches  and 
 practices  a  perseverance  which  springs  from  faith  in 
 a  supreme  and  righteous  God.  It  may  not  be  exactly 
 just  to  the  aesthetic  side  of  our  nature.  It  is  not 
 great  in  art.  The  Reformers  were  not  particularly 
 known  as. admirers  of  nature.  These  deep-souled 
 men  were  unmoved  by  the  sentimental  raptures  of  a 
 Rousseau,  and,  indeed,  could  scarcely  enter  into  the 
 deep  feeling  for  nature  of  the  Old  Testament  writers. 
 Luther  thought  the  leriath.tn  and  behemoth  of  the 
 Book  of  Job  were  allegorical  representations  of  the 
 devil.  But  in  that  enterprise  which  crosses  vast 
 untraveled  seas,  which  penetrates  the  unexplored 
 deptlis  of  new  continents  and  founds  commonwealths 
 while  keeping  savage  foes  at  bay  on  the  one  hand, 
 and  wresting  liberty  from  ci\ilized  foes  on  the  other, 
 it  is  without  a  rival  in  the  history  of  mankind 
 
 ' '  The  doctrine  which  is  common  to  Calvinism  and  to 
 Protestantism  generally,  that  each  indiWdual  mind 
 may  be  in  direct,  communication  with  its  Creator, 
 that  He  has  revealed  His  will  by  the  wTitten  Word  to 
 all,  must  tend  to  the  universal  diflfusion  of  learning; 
 on  the  other  hand,  the  doctrine  that  Ciod  is  a  God  of 
 order  and  plan,  mu.st  tend  to  encourage  that  higher 
 learning  which  seeks  to  discover  the  order  and  system 
 of  the  universe.  Hence  Calvinism  has  been  the  source, 
 not  only  of  the  common  school  system  as  it  exists  in 
 our  own  countrj-,  but  of  almost  every  one  of  our 
 earlier  colleges  and  universities ;  notably  Harvard, 
 Yale,  Princeton,  Union,  Bowdoin,  Dartmouth,  Rut- 
 gers, Dickinson,  Washington  and  Jefferson,  Jliddle- 
 bury,  Hampden-Sidney,  Amherst,  Lafayette  and 
 IlamOtou,  not  to  mention  more  recent  enterprises. 
 For  generations,  nearly  the  entire  cultivated  mind  of 
 the  country  was  under  its  training  and  stamped  with 
 its  peculiar  impress. 
 
 "  Thus  it  is  no  mere  sullen,  stubborn,  blind  power 
 of  endurance  and  of  resistance  which  Calvinism  has 
 contributed  to  the  country'.  Calvinism  is  not  a  cold 
 stoicism,  nor,  on  the  other  hand,  is  it  a  daring  fanati- 
 cism, which  can  give  no  account  of  itself  or  of  its 
 actions.  It  is  not  a  sort  of  baptized  Islamism,  as 
 some  have  believed  it  to  be.  It  is  not  fatalism,  the 
 doctrine  of  bigots  and  of  Oriental  dreamers.  This, 
 indeed,  has  conquered  a  name  and  created  a  despot^ 
 ism,  but  it  has  never  marked  its  course  with  free 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  HOMES. 
 
 660 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  HOMES. 
 
 schools  and  colleges.  It  is  the  Intelligent,  philosoph- 
 ical and  scriptural  dogma  of  predestination,  not  fatal- 
 ism, that  is  to  bo  associated  with  Calvinism.  It  is 
 the  doctrine  of  a  supreme,  intelligent,  inlinitely 
 wise  Ruler  of  tlie  Universe,  who  acts  with  infinite 
 I'orethought,  and  whose  purposes  are  the  best,  the 
 holiest,  the  most  beneficent  that  can  possibly  be. 
 It  is  such  a  doctrine  that  in  every  age  has  found  its 
 place  in  the  minds  of  resolute,  well-poised,  thinking, 
 men,  and  that  has  ever  tended  to  form,  train  and  de- 
 velop an  order  of  things  and  a  class  of  minds  of  exalt- 
 ed character,  in  sympathy  with  itseli'.  This  was  the 
 chief  historic  factor  in  our  country's  life  when  it 
 started  on  its  career,  a  hundred  years  ago." 
 
 Presbsrterian  Home  for  'Women,  BalUmore, 
 M(l.  In  March,  1883,  a  number  of  Presbyterians 
 of  the  city  of  Baltimore  met  to  efiect  an  organl- 
 ziition  looliing  to  the  establishment  in  their  city 
 of  a  home  for  Presbyterian  women  of  the  State  of 
 Maryland.  Contributions  to  this  object  were  re- 
 ceived in  such  amounts  a.s  to  encourage  the  originators 
 of  the  enterprise,  and  to  ensure  tlie  early  commence- 
 meut  of  the  work. 
 
 Two  adjoining  buildings  were  secured  and  fitted 
 up  for  the  purpose,  ou  North  Calvert  street,  in  a 
 beautiful  and  gro\ving  section  of  the  city,  and  on 
 January  14th,  1884,  were  opened  with  appropriate 
 dedicatory  services. 
 
 Tlie  Institution  is  intended  for  women  of  limited 
 means.  No  admission  fee  is  required,  but  three 
 dollars  per  week  is  charged  for  board.  In  this  way 
 the  Home  will  be,  in  part,  at  least,  self-supporting. 
 
 The  first  officers  of  the  Association  were:  Presi- 
 dent, Mrs.  Cyrus  Dickson;  Keeording  Secretary,  Miss 
 Courtenay;  Financial  Secretarj',  Missliamsay;  Treas- 
 urer, Mr.  Robert  Wylie,  together  with  a  number  of 
 Vice-presidents  and  managers. 
 
 An  Institution  of  this  kind  was  much  needed  in 
 Baltimore,  and  will  meet  a  long-felt  want. 
 
 Presbyterian  Home  for  Aged  "Women, 
 Ncio  York  City.  This  excellent  Institution  owes  its 
 existence  to  the  fact  that  a  few  earnest  Christian 
 ladies  of  the  Presbyterian  Churcli  could  neither  obtain 
 a  suitable  boarding  place  for  some  worthy  women  in 
 wlii>Mi  tliey  were  interested,  or  procure  admission  for 
 tlu  in  in  tlio  Institutions  then  existing  for  the  aged 
 and  helpless.  Tliey  therefore  determined  to  appeal 
 to  members  of  their  own  Church  to  aid  them  in  the 
 eiTort  to  provide  a  suitable  Home  for  these  ag('d,  help- 
 less ones  who  belonged  to  the  .siime  Church.  They 
 knew  that  most  of  the  charitable  Institutions  of  the 
 city  were  largely  aided  by  Presbyterians,  and  they 
 felt  encouraged  to  believe  tliat  an  appeal  on  behalf 
 of  thiir  own  members  wouhl  l)e  successful. 
 
 Their  appeal  wjis  most  kindly  received,  and  they 
 felt  encouraged  to  hire  a  house  and  to  commence  their 
 undertaking.  The  Home  was  organized  April,  1866, 
 and  incorporated  December  7th,  18G6.  After  a  year 
 or  two  the  managers  were  enabled  to  announce  tliat 
 
 Mr.  James  Lenox  had  generously  donated  four  lots 
 ou  Seventy-third  street,  between  JIadisonand  Fourth 
 avenues,  to  be  used  in  the  erection  of  tlie  building  of 
 a  Home,  which,  in  its  size,  .structure  and  appoint- 
 ments, should  lie  adequate  to  relieve  the  class  for  wlioiii 
 it  was  particularly  designed,  and  that  other  Christian 
 friends  had  furnished  the  money  necessary  for  the 
 erection  of  a  building.  They  at  once  commenced  the 
 erection  of  the  edifice  which  they  now  occupy.  This 
 building  was  opened  in  1870,  for  the  admission  of 
 those  who  had  already  been  cared  for,  and  for  all 
 others  who  come  under  the  rules  and  regulations  of 
 the  Institution,  and  the  enterpri.se  has  since  been 
 crowned  with  gratifying  tokens  of  the  Divine  favor. 
 
 Applicants  for  admission  to  the  Home  must  be 
 residents  of  New  York  city,  members  of  the  Presby- 
 terian or  Reformed  Dutch  Church  for  three  years, 
 and  (except  in  .special  cases)  si.xty-five  years  of  age. 
 They  mn.st  sign  an  agreement  to  pay  three  dollars  a 
 week  as  part  payment  for  their  board,  or  must  pro- 
 vide some  responsible  party  who  will  sign  such  an 
 agreement  for  them. 
 
 The  Institution  is  practically  supported  by  the 
 Presbyterian  Church.  It  had,  in  1883,  four  hundred 
 and  sixty-nine  inmates.  The  expenses  of  the  Insti- 
 tution for  the  year  closed  April  17th,  1883,  were 
 $32,743.15),  and  the  receipts  ^35,321. 46;  leaving  a 
 balance  of  $2,")78.27  in  the  treasury.  The  amount 
 received  for  the  board  of  inmates  during  the  s;ime 
 period  was  only  §6910.25. 
 
 The  Institution  is  controlled  by  a  Board  of  thirty- 
 five  lady  managers.  The  officers  are  :  First  Direc- 
 tress, Mrs.  Sheafe;  Second  Directress,  Mrs.  Taber; 
 Trea.surer,  Mi.ss  L.  P.  Halsted;  Secretary,  Jlrs.  Town- 
 send;  Financial  Secretary,  Miss  Rachel  L.  Kennedy. 
 
 Such  an  Institution  needs  no  commendation.  Old 
 age  in  its  best  estate  is  attended  with  lal)or  and 
 sorrow,  bnt  its  burden  falls  with  especial  heaviness 
 upon  the  hearts o^those  who,  in  losing  their  capacity 
 to  cope  with  the  misfortunes  of  life,  have  lost  noth- 
 ing of  their  sensibility  to  its  hardships  and  trials. 
 The  Managers  feel  assured,  as  well  tlu'y  may,  that 
 the  churches  will  deem  it  a  duty  as  well  as  a  privi- 
 lege to  sustain  the  Home,  which,  while  having  noth- 
 ing exclusive  or  sectarian  in  its  character,  proposes  to 
 relieve  the  wants  of  the  poor  in  their  own  commu- 
 nion, in  order  that  otlier  communions  be  not  unduly 
 burdened  with  the  performance  of  a  duty  which  is 
 pre-eminently  theirs,  and  in  simple  fidelity  to  that 
 instinct  of  Christian  fellowship,  and  that  injunction 
 of  Christian  obligation,  which  constrains  the  mem- 
 bers of  the  s;ime  Christian  laniily  to  provide  for  their 
 own  household. 
 
 Presby-terian  Home,  Philadelphia.  In  1871  the 
 project  of  a  "  Pn.sbyterian  Home  for  Widows  and  Sin- 
 gle Women  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,"  sprang  up 
 in  the  hearts  of  two  Christian  ladies  in  Philadelphia, 
 Mrs.  Ann  G.  Thomas,  and  Mrs.  Samuel  Field.  Jlrs. 
 Thomas,  generously  concluded  to  give  a  fine  tract  of 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  HOMES. 
 
 662 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  HOSPITALS. 
 
 ground,  more  than  five  acres  in  extent,  eligibly  situ- 
 ated at  Fifty-eighth  street  and  Woodland  avenue,  in  a 
 rural  section  of  "West  Philadelphia,  as  a  site  for  the 
 erection  of  the  Home.  This  donation  was  subject  to 
 the  condition  of  $!-20,000  being  raised  for  building 
 purposes  within  the  year  ending  September,  1872. 
 A  society  was  organized,  consisting  of  thirty  lady 
 managers,  together  with  an  ad\-isory  committee  of 
 gentlemen,  who  assumed  some  of  the  most  onerous 
 burdens. 
 
 The  erection  of  a  stone  building,  cstiniitted  to  cost 
 $40,000,  was  at  once  commenced,  which  was  com- 
 pleted in  1874,  and  formally  opened  Nov.  19th  of  that 
 year,  with  eighteen  inmates.  The  Presbyterians  of 
 Philadelphia  have  generously  contributed  to  the 
 Home,  Mrs.  Tliomas  having  supplemented  her  first  gift 
 of  six  acres  of  land  l)y  a  devise  of  nine  additional  acres 
 and  $1500,  her  aggregate  donations  being  valued  at 
 $i;i,500,  and  numerous  churches  and  individuals 
 contributing  generous  sums.  The  original  building 
 has  been  greatly  enlarged,  at  an  additional  cost,  by 
 the  addition  of  wings,  containing  at  present  over  one 
 hundred  rooms.  A  "chapel"  has  been  erected,  at  a 
 cost  of  $20,000,  and  an  "infirmary  "  is  now  in  course 
 of  completion.  These  two  buildings  are  connected 
 with  the  main  structure  by  corridors,  and  by  a  wise 
 foresight  of  tlie  architect  the  building  was  so  planned 
 that  the  additions  have  been  made  not  at  the  expen.se 
 of  the  sjTumetry  of  the  edifice.  The  structure,  as  it 
 now  stands,  is  one  of  the  most  imposing  private 
 charities  in  Pennsylvania. 
 
 The  annual  report  of  the  managers  for  1883  gives 
 the  number  of  inmates  as  ninety-four;  receipts  (for 
 the  year  ending  December  11th,  1882),  $2.5,,'302.:56 ; 
 expenditures,  $24,239.34,  leaving  a  balance  in  the 
 hands  of  the  trea.surcr  of  $1000.02.  Each  inmate 
 has  a  separate  bed-room,  and  the  Home  is  conducted 
 very  much  on  the  plan  of  a  large  hotel,  the  inmates 
 being  under  very  little  restraint,  and  ha%ang  very 
 comfortable  accommodations.  A  committee  of  tlie 
 managers  visits  the  Home  weekly. 
 
 ApiilLcants  for  admission  must  be  residents  of  the 
 State  of  Peunsjlvania;  have  been  members  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  some  one  of  its  branches  for 
 three  years;  and,  except  in  cases  of  special  infirmity, 
 have  reached  the  age  of  sixty-five  years.  They  are 
 also  rctjuirod  to  jjay  an  admission  fee,  which  is  regu- 
 lated by  the  age  of  the  applicant,  but  is  in  no  case 
 less  than  $150. 
 
 The  Institution  is  under  the  control  of  fifty-three 
 lady  managers,  with  the  following  officers  :  Presi- 
 dent, Mrs.  Samuel  Field;  Vice-Presidents,  Mrs.  D. 
 Haddock,  Jr.,  Mrs.  AlfredNe\in,  Mrs.  E.  F.  Halloway, 
 Mrs.  W.  S.  Adair  ;  Treasurer,  Mrs.  Enoch  Taylor  ; 
 Recording  Secretary,  Miss  Clara  .V.  Lindsay;  Corres- 
 ponding Secretary,  Mi.ss  S.  W.  DuBois.  The  man- 
 agers also  have  the  aid  of  a  board  of  gentlemen 
 advisers.  The  site  of  the  Home  is  a  viTy  desirable 
 one,  being  removed  from   the  noi.se  and  heat  of  the 
 
 city,  yet  being  of  easy  access  by  both  steam  and  street 
 cars.     It  is  adjacent  to  the  Presbyterian  Orphanage. 
 
 It  is  due  to  the  memorj'  of  the  late  W.  E.  Ten- 
 brook,  builder  of  this  Home,  to  state  that  he  was 
 its  dffvoted  and  generous  friend  from  its  very  incep- 
 tion, and  that  its  successful  completion  and  subse- 
 quent prosperity  were  largely  owing  to  his  quiet  but 
 earnest  interest  and  activity.  Mr.  Tenbrook  was  an 
 honored,  useful  elder  of  Clinton  .street  Immanucl 
 Church,  a  gentleman  of  admirable  Chri.stian  spirit 
 and  character,  and  abounded  in  good  works.  He  died 
 in  1882. 
 
 Presbyterian  Eye,  Ear  and  Throat  Hos- 
 pital, Baltimore,  Md.  This  special  Charity,  now 
 one  of  the  largest  special  hospitals  in  the  United 
 States,  was  opened  December  1st,  1877,  by  the 
 Presbyterians  of  Baltimore,  for  the  use  of  all  poor 
 persons  who  may  be  afflicted  with  eye,  ear  or 
 throat  fliseases,  regardless  of  color,  creed  or  nation- 
 ality. It  was  the  immediate  outgrowth  of  a  private 
 hospital  established  by  Dr.  Julian  J.  Chisolm,  in 
 1870.  When  the  work  became  too  great  to  be 
 continued  as  the  charity  of  one  individual,  it  was 
 adopted  by  the  Presbyterians  of  Baltimore,  and  is 
 now  in  very  successful  operation.  The  Hospital  is 
 under  the  control  of  a  Board  of  Governors,  composed 
 exclusively  of  Presb^yterians,  and  its  affairs  are  admin- 
 istered by  a  Board  of  Lady  Managers,  who  are  selected 
 from  the  sixteen  Presbyterian  churches  of  Baltimore. 
 W.  W.  Spence,  E.sq.,  is  the  President  of  the  Board  of 
 Governors,  and  Mrs.  Peyton  Harrison  is  President  of 
 the  Board  of  Latly  Managers.  Dr.  Julian  .7.  Chisolm 
 is  the  surgcon-in-charge,  and  is  aided  in  the  work  of 
 attending  to  the  sick  by  a  large  surgical  staff  of  able 
 physicians.  The  Hospital  has  an  out-door  depart^ 
 jnent,  or  free  dispensary,  and  an  in-door  depart- 
 ment, or  wards,  in  which  patients  are  nursed  and  fed 
 while  undergoing  treatment.  The  Hospital  is  sup- 
 ported by  contributions  from  the  members  of  the 
 Presb^'terian  churches  in  the  city  of  Baltimore. 
 Each  church  takes  charge  of  the  Hospital  for  one 
 month,  the  committee  of  ladies  from  said  church 
 visiting  the  Hospital,  inspecting  and  supervising  its 
 management,  and  collecting  money  for  its  expenses. 
 Two  weak  churches  combine,  so  that  the  sixteen 
 churches  arrange  for  the  twelve  months'  supply. 
 Patients  who  can  pay  for  board  are  charged  at  the 
 rate  of  $1.00  per  day.  Those  who  have  no  means 
 receive  the  same  careful  attention  as  those  who  pay 
 board. 
 
 Tlie  Hospital  was  started  in  a  hired  house.  IJe- 
 cently  an  extensive  property  has  been  purchased,  and 
 the  Presbyterian  Eye,  Ear  and  Throat  Charity  Hos- 
 pital has  become  one  of  the  permanent  works  of  the 
 Presbrterian  Church  of  Baltimore.  The  growth  of 
 the  Hospital  has  been  extremely  rapid.  From  l'^13 
 patients  for  the  first  year  of  opening,  the  Hospital 
 books  .show  2439  for  1879;  27.57  for  18'^0;  3145  for 
 1-^Sl;    3963   for   1882;  and    1553   for   1883,  with  an 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  HOSPITALS. 
 
 663 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  HOSPITALS. 
 
 aggregate  attendance  for  the  year  of  28,642,  or  92 
 patients  for  each  day  of  the  year  1883.  Since  the 
 Hospital  has  been  in  operation,  now  six  years, 
 18,G70  patients  have  been  treated,  and  4245  opera- 
 tions have  been  performed  for  the  relief  of  persons 
 suffering  from  serious  eye,  ear  or  throat  diseases. 
 Among  these  369  cataracts  have  been  removed;  578 
 crossed  eyes  in  children  have  been  made  straight; 
 490  cases  of  tear  drop  have  been  relieved,  133  lost 
 and  painful  eyeballs  have  been  extirpated,  to  prevent 
 loss  by  sympathy  of  the  remaining  eye,  etc.  Pres- 
 byterians numljer  one-tenth  of  tlie  applicants  at  this 
 charity.  Of  the  4553  persons  who  applied  for  treat- 
 ment in  1883,  1628  were  Methodists;  1259  Roman- 
 ists; 584  Lutherans;  449  Presbyterians;  273  Episco- 
 palians; 238  Baptists;  112  Hebrews;  3983  were  whites, 
 and  570  were  colored  patients.  All  the  money  col- 
 letted  for  this  charity  hospital  is  expended  in  charity 
 work.  The  boards  of  governors,  lady  man;1gers  and 
 the  medical  staff  give  their  services  as  a  gratuitous 
 offering  to  the  poor.  The  free  dispensary  is  open 
 every  day  from  one  to  four  o'cloclv,  and  medicines 
 are  given  free  of  charge  to  all  poor  applicants.  Over 
 12,000  packages  of  medicine  were  given  away  in 
 1883,  to  those  who  had  no  means  to  purchase  the 
 medicine  required  for  the  successful  treatment  of  the 
 diseases  witlj  which  they  were  afflicted.  Fully 
 ninety-five  per  cent,  of  all  applicants  to  this  Hospital 
 go  away  relieved. 
 
 Presbyterian  Hospital,  New  York  City. 
 This  Institution  originated  in  the  ascertained  ne- 
 cessity of  enlarged  hospital  accommodations,  to  meet 
 the  existing  and  growing  wants  of  the  sick  and  dis- 
 abled of  the  rapidly  augmenting  population  of  New 
 York,  and  being  governed  by  existing  precedents,  it 
 was  decided  tliat  the  success  of  such  an  undertaking 
 would  be  promoted  by  giving  to  it,  in  some  degree, 
 a  denominational  character.  The  recognition  of  this 
 long-felt  social  necessity  and  the  form  of  its  polity 
 eventually  found  an  earnest,  practical  response  in  the 
 beneficence  of  one  of  New  York's  most  esteemed  citi- 
 zens. 
 
 On  January  2d,  1868,  James  Lenox,  Esq.  (see  his 
 sketch),  adtlresscd  letters  to  a  nunilK-r  of  eminent 
 and  benevolent  gentlemen,  inritiug  them  to  join  with 
 him,  as  managers,  in  establishing  such  an  institution. 
 In  this  letter  he  -said  :  "I  am  authorized  to  say  that 
 a  large  and  eligibly  situated  plot  of  ground  in  this 
 city,  suitable  for  buildings,  and  funds  to  the  amount 
 of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  to  be  appropriated 
 cither  towards  the  erection  of  such  buildings,  or  some 
 other  purposes  connected  with  the  establishment  and 
 maintenance  of  a  hospital,  will  J)e  made  over  to  the 
 managers,  as  soon  as  practicable." 
 
 This  circular  letter,  with  its  munificent  proposals, 
 received  encouraging  replies.  Hence,  on  the  30th 
 of  January,  1868,  a  meeting  of  the  gentlemen 
 addres.sed  was  called  in  the  lecture  room  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church,  at  which  a  full    attendance 
 
 was  secured,  and  a  temporary  organization  effected. 
 Application  having  been  made  to  the  State  Legisla- 
 ture lor  a  diarter,  an  act  of  incorporation  to  found  a 
 Presbyterian  Hospital  in  the  city  of  New  York  vv;is 
 passed  by  that  body,  February  28th,  authorizing  the 
 institution  to  hold  real  estate  and  personal  property 
 to  an  unlimited  amount,  which,  by  the  liberal  provi- 
 sions of  the  Act,  are  exempted  from  taxation.  In 
 this  charter  the  following  gentlemen  were  pamed  as 
 a  Board  of  JIanagcrs  :  James  Brown,  Slarshall  S. 
 Bidwell,  William  A.  Booth,  Aaron  B.  Belknap,  ^Vil- 
 liam  E.  Dodge,  .James  Donaldson,  John  C.  Green, 
 "Winthrop  S.  Oilman,  Eobert  M.  Hartley,  Kichard 
 Irvin,  Edward  S.  Jaffray,  Thomas  Jeremiah,  Morris 
 K.  Jesup,  John  Taylor  Johnston,  James  Lenox, 
 David  Olj-phant,  William  Paxton,  Thomas  C.  M. 
 Paxton,  Joseph  Stuart,  Eobert  L.  Stuart,  Thomas  U. 
 Smith,  Jonathan  Sturges,  Otis  D.  Swan,  Charles  N. 
 Talbot,  Willard  Parker,  M.D.,  John  K.  Ford,  Henry 
 JI.  Tuber,  Alexander  VanRensselaer,  William  M. 
 Vermilye,  Washington  E.  Yermilyc,  A.  R.  Wetmore, 
 A.  Robertson  Walsh,  Rev.  William  M.  Paxton,  d.d., 
 as  minister  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  the 
 Rev.  WUliam  Adams,  D.D.,  as  minister  of  the  Madi- 
 son Square  Presbyterian  Church,  the  Rev.  Thomas 
 Dewitt,  D.D.,  as  senior  minister  of  the  Collegiate 
 Church  of  the  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch  Church, 
 and  the  Rev.  John  N.  SIcLeod,  d.d.,  as  minister  of 
 the  First  Reformed  Presbj-teriau  Church,  all  in  the 
 city  of  New  Y'ork. 
 
 On  the  ensuing  2Gth  of  JIareh  the  charter  was 
 maturely  considered  and  accepted  by  the  Board  of 
 Managers;  James  Lenox,  Esq.,  was  elected  President; 
 other  officers  were  chosen,  and  the  Presbyterian 
 Hospital  in  the  City  of  New  York  thenceforth  be- 
 came a  corporate  institution.  A  permanent  legal 
 status  having  thus  been  secured,  at  a  subsequent 
 meeting,  June  17th,  the  President  conveyed  iu  due 
 form,  to  the  Board  of  Managers,  for  hospital  uses,  the 
 block  of  ground  iu  the  City  of  New  Y'ork,  bounded 
 by  Seventieth  and  Seventy-first  streets,  Fourth  and 
 Madison  avenues,  and  the  sum  of  Oue  Hundred 
 Thousand  Dollars  in  money — generously  paj-ing  at 
 the  time  the  governmental  succession  tax  on  its 
 transfer,  for  benevolent  purposes,  amounting  to  Twelve 
 Thousand  Dollars. 
 
 The  work  of  constructing  an  edifice  of  a  high 
 order,  embracing  all  modern  improvements  in  hospital 
 architecture,  involved  extensive  inquiry  and  pro- 
 tracted consideration.  Recent  developments  in  medi- 
 cal science  and  hospital  hygiene  having  greatly 
 modified  former  theories,  it  was  tlie  aim  to  embody 
 in  the  plan  of  the  structure  and  its  arrangements 
 whatever  has  been  discovered  that  can  be  applied 
 for  the  alleviation  of  suffering  and  the  restoration  of 
 health.  Sunlight,  ventilation,  healthful  surroundings 
 and  interior  salubrity — these  indispensable  curative 
 agencies,  were  effectively  secured  by  the  plan  of  con- 
 struction which  was  finally  approved  and  adopted. 
 
PRESBYTElilA X  lIOHriTALS. 
 
 664 
 
 PBESBYTEKIAX  HOSPITALS. 
 
 The  formal  opening  of  the  Hospital  took  place  Octo- 
 ber 10th,  1872.  The  Dedicatory  Exercises  were  held 
 in  the  chapel  of  the  Hospital  at  1  o'clock,  p.  M.  The 
 attendance  was  large,  many  being  unable  to  gain 
 entrance  t<i  the  chapel.  After  reading  of  the  Scrip- 
 tures, and  a  prayer  by  the  Eev.  Dr.  lIcLeod,  addresses 
 were  delivered  by  the  Kev.  Drs.  Paxton  and  Adams, 
 and  by  "Willard  Parker,  si.  D.  The  President 
 announced  that  the  Hospital  was  now  open  for  the 
 reception  of  patients  of  ercry  crccil,  naflondlily  mid 
 color.  The  excrci.ses  were  concluded  with,  the  bene- 
 diction liy  the  Eev.  Dr.  McLcod. 
 
 During  tlie  year  ending  Scptemlx'r  30th,  1.S83,  1223 
 patients  were  admitted;  492  were  discharged  cured; 
 530  were  discharged  improved,  and  85  died.  Of  those 
 who  died,  22  were  in  a  dying  condition  when  ad- 
 mitted to  the  Hospital.  It  cost  to  maintain  the  Insti- 
 tution during  the  year,  §48,739.54,  while  the  income 
 was  $45,714.02.  Of  those  admitted  during  the  year, 
 608  were  Roman  Catholics.  The  Institution  is  under 
 the  control  of  a  board  of  gentlemen  managers,  with 
 the  following  officers  :  President,  George  W.  Lane ; 
 Vice  President,  John  S.  Kennedy;  Treasurer,  Robert 
 Lenox  Belknap ;  Corresponding  Secretary,  Walter 
 Edwards ;  Recording  Secretary,  Henry  M.  Tabor. 
 The  officers  of  the  Medical  board  are :  President, 
 Wm.  Dctmold,  Ji.  D. ;  Vice-President,  Alfred  C.  Post, 
 M.n. ;  Secreturj-,  Frederick  A.  Castle,  M.D. 
 
 It  is  proper  to  add,  that  the  Hospital  enterprise 
 embraces  not  only  the  Presbv'terian  churches,  but  the 
 Reformed  Dutch  and  the  Reformed  Presbyterian 
 churches,  all  the  churches,  indeed,  in  the  city,  that 
 acknowledge  Presbyterian  polity  and  doctrine.  Rest- 
 ing on  so  broad  a  basis,  as  respects  unity  of  faith, 
 irrespective  of  minf)r  differences,  there  must  be  in 
 the  future,  a.'^  there  has  been  in  the  past,  a  like  union 
 of  spirit  and  ellbrt  for  this  pre-eminently  Christian 
 undertaking,  in  which  all  have  a  coranion  interest. 
 It  is  to  the  honor  of  our  holy  religion  that  such 
 bles.sed  institutions  are  being  multii)lied  throughout 
 the  land.  The  world  is  indebted  to  Christianity  for 
 the  true  idia  of  benefiecnee.  Heathenism  built  no 
 hospitals.  T!ie  philosophies  of  the  world,  where  they 
 were  untinitured  by  Christianity,  propounded  no 
 high  law  of  self-sacrilicing  charity,  and  reared  no 
 iisylums  for  the  sick  and  sutlering.  The  ruins  of 
 ancient  cities  have  been  searched,  in  vain,  for  the  re- 
 mains of  such  institutions  of  benevolence,  or  for 
 traces  of  civilization  such  as  give  evidence  of  the 
 existence  of  this  species  of  pliilanthropic  sympathy. 
 The  world  waiti'd  for  Christianity  to  announce  this 
 higher  law,  and  its  fiiUilhuent  is  among  the  noblest 
 and  gnuulcNt  of  its  ailiievenient.s. 
 
 Presbyterian  Hospital,  in  Philaihlphia. 
 This  Institution,  situated  in  one  of  the  most  pleasant 
 and  healthy  locatiims  in  West  Phihulelphia,  sUiuds 
 as  a  handsome  monument  of  the  charity  and  large- 
 liearted  benevolence  of  Ihe  Presbyterian  citizens  of 
 the  city. 
 
 "WTien  the  Philadelphia  Presbj-terian  Alliance  was 
 formed,  on  the  19th  of  September,  1870,  for  the  pur- 
 pose of  combining  the  interests  and  energies  of  the 
 Presbyteries  in  thorough  and  .systematic  work  for 
 "the  evangelization  of  the  mas.se.s,"  the  .specitic 
 things  aimed  at  being  done  were  the  pro'i-iding  of 
 hospitals,  homes,  etc.,  for  the  care  of  the  sick  and 
 needy.  The  principal  officers  of  this  organization 
 were:  President,  Rev.  George  "\V.  JIusgrave,  D.D., 
 LL.D. ;  Secretarj-,  Rev.  Alfred  Nevin,  d.d.  ;  Treasurer, 
 J.  A.  Gardner,  Esq.  Among  the  standing  commit- 
 tees of  this  body  was  the  Hospital  Committee,  com- 
 posed of  Rev.  William  T.  Eva,  Eev.  William  O. 
 Johnstone,  Rev.  Alfred  Nevin,  D.D.,  Rev.  Matthew 
 Newkirk  and  William  McElroy,  Esq.,  to  whom  were 
 afterwards  added  Rev.  Dr.  Slusgrave  and  Fulton  W. 
 Hastings,  Esq.  About  the  close  of  the  previous  year 
 the  trustees  of  the  Charity  Hospital,  which  was 
 located  in  the  nortliwestern  part  of  the  city,  olTered 
 to  transfer  their  establishment  to  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  upon  certain  conditions;  but,  after  a  thorough 
 examination,  and  especially  in  view  of  a  more  avail- 
 able opening  presented,  the  oflTer  was  declined. 
 
 Just  then,  the  Rev.  E,  D.  Saunders,  D.D.,  exten- 
 sively and  tiivorably  known  as  the  President  of  the 
 Courtland  Saunders  Institute,  in  West  Philadelphia, 
 proposed  to  convey,  on  liberal  terms,  his  projjerty  in 
 that  section  of  the  city,  bounded  by  Filbert  street 
 and  Powelton  a\enue.  Thirty-ninth  street  and  Boudi- 
 not  street  (with  the  exception  of  a  lot  one  hundred 
 and  fifty  feet  square,  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Boudi- 
 not  street  and  Powelton  avenue),  for  the  use  of  a 
 hospital  to  be  established  and  maintained  by  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  and  tendered  his  service  as 
 agent  of  the  enterprise.  The  proposition  was  accepted 
 by  the  Alliance,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Saunders  and  Robert 
 JI.  Girviu,  M.D.,  were  requested  to  co-operate  with 
 the  Executive  Committee  in  procuring  a  charter,  and 
 on  April  1st  Dr.  Saunders  entered  officially  upon  his 
 work  as  the  agent  of  the  hospital.  On  the  3d  of 
 April,  1871,  the  charter  having  been  procured,  the 
 trustees  met  in  the  hospital  grounds  and  organized 
 by  the  election  of  officers.  By  the  terms  of  tlie  char- 
 ter. Rev.  Dr.  Mu.sgrave  w;is  President  of  the  Board, 
 e.x -officio;  William  J.  MeElroy,  E.S(i.,  was  elected 
 Secret;iry,  and  John  D.  McCord,  Estj.,  Treasurer. 
 Subsequently  the  Board,  impressed  with  the  dcjsir- 
 ablene.ss  of  the  half-acre  lot,  purchased  it.  Thus  the 
 area  of  the  property  was  e.xtended,  so  as  to  embrace 
 the  entire  square  of  ground  as  already  described, 
 making  it  one  of  the  mo-st  eomiilete  and  convenient, 
 as  well  as  beautiful  and  salubrious  locations  for  the 
 purposes  of  a  hosjiital  to  be  found  in  the  city  of  I'hila- 
 deljiliia.  The  site  is  more  than  one  hundred  feet 
 above  the  Schuylkill  river  at  Market  street  bridge, 
 and  is  on  a  level  with  the  vane  of  Christ  Church 
 steeple. 
 
 At  a  meeting  of  the  Board  held  on  the  1st  of  July, 
 1871,  the  papers  of  conveyance  were  officially  received 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  HOSPITALS. 
 
 665 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  HOSPITALS. 
 
 from  Dr.  Saunders,  by  Rev.  Dr.  JIusgrave,  on  behalf 
 of  the  Board  and  the  Presbyterian  churches  repre- 
 sented. Daniel  M.  Fox,  then  >Iayor  of  the  city,  pre- 
 sided, and  addresses  were  delivered  by  Judj;e.s  Strong 
 and  Allison,  and  several  ministers  of  the  city.  On  the 
 .21st  of  August,  If^Tl,  the  Board  were  notified  by  Mr. 
 Alexander  Brown  that  his  father,  the  late  John  A. 
 Brown,  Esq.,  of  this  city,  had  donated  to  the  Institu- 
 tion §300,000,  to  be  u.sed  as  an  endowment  fund,  from 
 which  an  annual  income  could  be  derived  of  .?18.000. 
 
 The  gentlemen  prominently  identified  with  this 
 movement,  as  named  in  the  charter,  were  George  W. 
 Musgrave,  Ephraim  D.  Saunders,  William  0.  John- 
 stone, Alfred  Xevin,  Z.  M.  Humphrey,  Alexander 
 Reed,  Richard  H.  Allen,  "William  T.  Eva,  J.  Addison 
 Henry,  JIatthew  Xewkirk,  William  Strong,  William 
 A.  Porter,  Charles  JIacalester,  Alexander  Whilldin, 
 Samuel  Field,  Jacob  A.  Gardner,  William  Montelius, 
 Fulton  W.  Hastings,  John  D.  McCord,  John  B.  Gest, 
 William  J.  McElroy,  John  Wanamaker,  James  Hogg, 
 Henry  Disston,  and  Henry  R.  Raiguel.  Those  gen- 
 tlemen composed  the  Board  of  Trustees,  and  that 
 they,  one  and  all,  took  an  active  and  earnest  interest 
 in  the  undertaking,  their  efforts  in  its  behalf  fully 
 proved. 
 
 It  is  noteworthy  that  with  a  sincere  unanimitj' 
 they  agreed  to  insert  in  their  charter  a  clause  to  the 
 effect  that  no  patients  should  be  e.xcluded  from  the 
 Institution  by  reason  of  creed,  country  or  color. 
 During  the  following  j'ear  a  number  of  needed 
 changes  and  improvements  were  made  in  the  stone 
 or  Hospital  building.  An  apothecary's  department 
 was  furnished  with  all  proper  requisites,  and  dona- 
 tions pouring  in,  helped  the  trustees  along  very 
 materially. 
 
 Some  time  afterwards  the  Ladies'  Aid  Society  was 
 formed,  and  has  continued  in  existence  ever  since. 
 The  wonderful  amount  of  good  work  which  it  did 
 in  times  that  were  trying  and  under  circumstances 
 that  were  depressing,  is  creditable  to  its  members. 
 In  1873,  a  male  surgical  pavilion  ward  w:is  erected 
 on  the  grounds,  according  to  the  plans  of  Jlr.  Joseph 
 M.  Wilson,  engineer  and  architect.  The  principles 
 of  its  arrangement  were  based  on  those  of  the  United 
 States  Temporary  Jlilitary  Hospital,  erected  during 
 the  late  war,  and  afterwards  extensively  adopted  in 
 Germany,  during  the  Franco-German  war,  and  also 
 to  a  greater  or  less  extent  made  use  of  in  some  of  the 
 later  European  permanent  constructions.  The  build- 
 ing, as  it  now  stands,  consists  of  only  one  story,  and 
 is  comprised  in  a  rectangular  space  of  32  feet  by  143 
 feet,  its  position  lengthwise  being  nearly  north  and 
 south.  It  contains  the  same  apartments  as  those  in 
 the  other  pavilion,  erected  at  a  more  recent  date.  A 
 sitting-roojn  of  30  by  16  feet,  at  the  south  end,  com- 
 municates directly  with  a  ward  room  of  30  by  88 
 feet,  the  latter  having  a  capacity  of  23  beds.  From 
 the  north  end  of  the  ward-room,  a  hall  of  six  feet  in 
 width  connects  with  an  entrance  from  the  street  at 
 
 the  north  end  of  tlie  liuilding.  On  the  west  side  of 
 this  hall  are  arranged  the  operating  room,  IIJ  by  16, 
 and  the  nurses'  room.  Hi  by  H,  the  latter  ha\-ing  a 
 large  linen  closet,  llMjy  5  feet  attached  to  it.  On 
 the  east  side  are  the  baths,  lavatories  and  water 
 closets,  and  a  special  diet  kitchen  of  IIJ  by  10 
 feet.  The  foumlations  of  the  building  are  of  stone. 
 The  floor  is  raised  to  a  level  of  five  feet  above  the 
 ground,  and  the  space  underneath  left  open  to  the 
 free  circulation  of  air  by-means  of  arches  in  the  brick 
 walls  along  the  sides  of  the  building,  the  area  of 
 ground  contained  within  being  covered  with  a  good 
 asphalt  pavement,  so  as  to  prevent  moisture  ari.sing 
 from  it.  The  ground  around  the  building  is  well 
 sloped  off,  so  as  to  drain  all  water  away  from  it. 
 The  exterior  walls  arc  of  brick,  thirteen  inches  thick 
 and  built  hollow.  The  north,  or  street  entrance  is 
 of  pressed  brick,  with  courses  of  colored  brick  and 
 Ohio  stone  dressings,  the  entrance  steps  being  of 
 granite.  The  arrangements  made  for  free  ventilation 
 are  of  the  most  elaborate  character,  and  the  building 
 is  heated  by  a  hot  water  circulating  apparatus.  It 
 .should  be  added  that  Mr.  Wilson  presented  to  the 
 Institution  the  plans  for  this  building. 
 
 On  July  1.5th,  \^'i~,  tlie  pavilion,  until  lately  used  as 
 the  women's  surgical  ward,  was  commenced,  underthe 
 supervision  of  Messrs.  Wilson,  Brothers  &  Co.,  archi- 
 tects and  engineers,  of  this  city.  The  fcusk  of  raising 
 the  necessary  funds  was  assumed  mainly  by  the  ladies 
 of  the  Presbj'terian  churches  throughout  the  city,  the 
 cost  being  about  $18,000.  The  building  is  of  fine 
 pres-sed  brick,  ornamented  with  belt  courses  of  black 
 bricks  and  encaustic  tiles,  and  with  Ohio  sandstone 
 and  green  serpentine  stone  trimmings  to  the  doors 
 and  windows.  It  is  one  story  in  height,  with  abase- 
 ment at  each  end  and  an  open  space  beneath  the  ward, 
 and  a  high,  peaked  roof,  finished  with  ornamental 
 combing.  The  building  is  147  feet  long  by  33  feet 
 wide,  and  35  feet  high  to  the  peak  of  the  gable.  At 
 each  end  are  ornamentjil  iron  porches.  The  ward 
 occupies  the  centre  of  the  building,  and  is  94  feet 
 long  by  30  feet  wide,  and  will  accommodate  28  beds. 
 At  either  end  of  the  building  are  sitting  rooms,  water- 
 closets,  bath  and  operating  rooms  ;  in  the  basement 
 under  the  sittmg  room  is  the  diet  kitchen.  All  the 
 recent  improvements  and  appliances  for  hospitals  are 
 introduced.  The  insiUe  walls  are  finished  entirely 
 with  lime  and  white  sand,  no  plaster  being  used. 
 
 The  building  is  heated  by  indirect  radiation. 
 '  There  are  twenty  steam  coils  in  the  air  space  under 
 the  ward,  one  being  placed  in  a  radiator  box  under 
 each  window.  Fresh  air,  Irom  a  large  steam  fan,  is 
 forced  through  an  underground  duit,  and  thence 
 through  the  radiator  bo.xes,  where  it  is  heated,  and 
 rises  through  registers  into  the  ward.  The  foul  air 
 is  drawn  off  through  registers,  under  each  bed,  and 
 into  a  foul  air  duct,  fifty  feet  high,  at  the  base  of 
 which  a  furnace  is  constantly  kept  buruiug,  to  create 
 a  draught.     The  walls  of  the  building  are  all  double, 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  INTEREST. 
 
 666 
 
 PRRSBYTERIAN  INTEREST. 
 
 with  an  air  chamber  between  the  inner  and  onter 
 thicknesses,  and  there  is  also  ridge  ventilation 
 in  the  roof.  In  the  old  building  the  first  floor  is 
 used  as  a  male  medical  ward.  A  small  building  to 
 the  north  of  it  is  used  as  the  drug  room,,  and  h;is 
 three  private  rooms  for  pay  patients.  During  the 
 Summer  of  1883  a  lian(l,s(>me  and  coniniodious 
 Women's  Medical  Ward  was  erinted,  and  ilcdicatcd 
 November  '2'2i\.  This  valuable  addition  to  the  build- 
 ings of  the  Institution,  with  it.s  furniture,  wa,s  the 
 munificent  gift  of  Sir.  Eobert  Lenox  Kennedy,  of 
 New  York  city. 
 
 The  annual  report  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  for  188.3 
 states  that  during  the  year  r)38  patients  were  ad- 
 mitted, of  which  331  were  males  and  207  females; 
 remaining  over  from  1882,  Gl,  making  a  total  of 
 .")!)9  treated.  Of  this  number  15.5,  or  29  per  cent., 
 were  Presbyterians,  and  119,  or  28  per  cent.,  were 
 Ivoman  Catholics.  The  average  number  of  patients 
 per  day  w;ls  59,  and  the  average  cost  of  their  main- 
 tenance $1.13J.  The  total  number  of  patients  ad- 
 mitted to  the  Hospital,  from  its  beginning  to  March 
 nth,  1883,  was  5075. 
 
 The  present  officers  of  the  Board  of  Trustt^es 
 are:  President,  Rev.  Charles  A.  Dickey,  D.i).,  1814 
 Pine  street;  Treasurer,  John  D.  McCord,  Esq.,  1334 
 Chestnut  street  (to  whom  all  remittances  of  money 
 may  be  made),  and  Secretary,  William  L.  Mactier, 
 Esq.  The  officers  of  the  Ladies'  Aid  are:  Honorary 
 P-csident,  Mrs.  Matthew  Xewkirk,  1014  Race  street; 
 Vice  Presidents,  Mrs.  M.  B.  Grier,  Ridley  Park, 
 Mrs.  George  W.  Toland,  1711  Germantown  avenue; 
 Treasurer,  Mrs.  J.  S.  Patterson,  1511  Spruce  street; 
 Secretary,  Miss  Jliller,  1230  Spruce  street. 
 
 The  Institution  has  rapidly  grown  in  public  favor. 
 It  has  been  generously  remembered  by  Christian 
 philanthropists,  both  by  direct  personal  contribu- 
 tions, and  by  legacies.  Many  of  the  churches  of  the  ' 
 Synod  of  Philadelphia  take  annual  collections  for  its 
 aid.  It  is  ailniirably  conducted  in  every  respect, 
 rellects  great  credit  on  the  Denomination  whose  name 
 it  bears,  and  jiromlses  to  be  long  a  source  and  centre 
 of  great  blessing  to  suffering  and  sorrowing  humanity. 
 Its  present  faithful  and  efficient  chaplain  is  the  Rev. 
 Francis  Hendricks. 
 
 It  is  proper  to  add  that  all  persons  may,  by  the 
 payment  to  the  Hospital  of  the  s:im  of  thirty  dollars 
 or  more  yearly,  or  the  sura  of  five  hundred  dollars  at 
 one  time,  become  members  of  the  corjjoration,  and 
 that  churches  may  secure  a  free  hid  by  tlio  annual 
 contribution  of  three  hundred  dollars.  The  form  of 
 devise  of  real  estate  is:  "I  give  and  devise  to  '77ic 
 PriKliyteriaii  Iloxpital  in  P/iila<lrlphia,'  their  sU(!i«s.sors 
 and  a.ssigns,  all  that  (here  describe  particularly  the 
 real  estate  intended  to  be  given)." 
 
 Presbsrterian  Interest  in  the  Chinese.  In 
 the  yc:ir  1''07  tlure  sailed  from  New  York,  in  an 
 .\nierican  ves.sel,  because  he  was  not  allowed  pa.s.s:iire 
 from  England  by  the  East  India  Companv,  a  Presby- 
 
 terian young  man,  into  whose  heart  God  had  put  an 
 ardent  desire  to  preach  the  go.spel  in  China.  He  was 
 Ixjrn  at  Newcastle-on-the-Tync,  where  the  naraerous 
 Scotchmen  who  hatl  crossed  the  Cheviot  Hills  from 
 their  own  .soil  had  formed  a  l*resbyterian  Church,  of 
 which  his  father  was  a  faithful  elder.  Robert  Mor-, 
 rison,  for  that  was  his  name,  w;is  welcomed  by  his 
 father's  countrymen  in  New  York,  and  they  Ibllowed 
 him  with  j)rayers  and  .sympathies  when  he  left  them 
 for  the  great  mi.ssion  field,  where  for  twenty-seven 
 years  he  labored  as  the  pioneer  of  Protestant  mis- 
 sions. 
 
 Few  symp:ithized  with  Jlorrison  in  China;  but 
 among  his  I'riends  w:vs  a  young  .Vmerican  merchant, 
 who  seeing  the  difficulties  which  confronted  mis.sion- 
 aries  from  Cireat  Britain,  determined  to  invite  some 
 to  come  out  there  from  the  United  States.  Bj-  his 
 eflbrts  the  American  Board  w:ls  induced  to  send  out 
 Rev.  E.  C.  Bridgman,  in  1329.  WHiile  he  lived,  this 
 devoted  and  generous  merchant,  Sir.  D.  W.  C.  Oly- 
 phant,  never  ceased  his  personal  elTorts,  nor  his  large 
 gifts  and  .sacrifices,  for  th<'  sending  forth  of  missionary 
 laborers  to  China.  As  a  member  of  the  Board  of 
 Foreign  Missions  in  New  York,  his  influence,  with 
 th;it  of  its  Secret;iry,  the  Hon.  Walter  Lowrie,  helped 
 greatly  to  arouse  a  thoroughly  missionarj'  interest  in 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  touching  the  people  of  China. 
 This  spirit  continues  to  this  day,  rendering  our  mis- 
 sionary work,  since  distributed  over  the  north  and 
 centre  and  south  of  the  empire,  etlicient  and  blessed. 
 
 Rev.  ilatthew  B.  Hope,  afterwards  Secretiry  of 
 our  Board  of  Education,  and  Professor  at  Princeton 
 College,  and  Messrs.  Mitchell,  Orr  and  Trav<'Ili,  were 
 sent  out  bj'  the  Araeriem  Board  (through  which  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  then  operated),  to  commence 
 labore  among  the  Chinese  emigrants  at  Singapore, 
 the  opium  war  luiving  not  yet  opened  the  ports  of  the 
 empire.  One  of  the  first  men  upon  the  grouml  after 
 that  peculiar  event,  in  1842,  was  the  beloved  Walter 
 M.  Lowrie,  whose  martyrdom  at  the  hands  of  Chinese 
 pirates,  five j-ears afterward.-;,  setaseal  tothe  Church's 
 commission,  and  rou.sed  her  to  yet  more  determined 
 zeal  to  hiusten  to  the  three  hundred  millions  of  that 
 race  ignorant  of  a  Saviour. 
 
 WHien  the  Chinese  began  to  come  to  the  New  World, 
 the  first  elTorts  to  meet  them  with  the  oft'ers  of  the 
 Word  of  Life  were  those  of  the  Presbyteri:in  Cliureh, 
 in  18.52,  and  the  seeds  of  good  which  were  thus  sown 
 by  Messrs.  Speer  and  Loomis  and  Condit  have, 
 coupled  with  the  labors  of  others,  been  multiplying 
 and  bearing  good  fruit  wherever  these  people  have 
 gone,  throughont  this  country. 
 
 In  the  luistern  States,  the  school  of  Rev.  Lyeurgns 
 Railsba<k,  which  was  begun  in  l'^(i8,  and  w;is  i-on- 
 tinned  by  Rev.  .Vrthur  Folsom,  a  mi.ssipnary  from 
 C:inton,  and  by  the  late  devoted  Sliss  (Joodrich,  was 
 the  earliest  plant.  It  w;vs  nurtnri'  I  in  New  York  by 
 social  aiil,  by  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  :inil 
 when  given  up  by  it,  was  ;issumed  by  the  Board  of 
 
PRESB  YTERIANISM. 
 
 667 
 
 PSESB  YTERIA  NIS3T. 
 
 [[omc  Missions,  and  marks  the  commencement  of 
 tiiat  extensive  interest  in  the  instruction  of  the 
 Chinese  which  is  now  manifested  hy  several  of  the 
 leading  denominations  of  the  country.  Some  of  the 
 converts  of  tliese  lalr,)rs  have  aided  the  beginnings  of 
 the  enterprises  of  others,  in  this  city  and  elsewlicre. 
 
 Thus  it  has  been  a  great  and  blessed  privilege  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  to  lead  the  way  toward  ^he 
 conquest  of  the  last  and  greatest  of  heathen  empires. 
 Those  who  love  its  name  and  its  ordinances,  in  every 
 part  of  the  land  where  the  Chinese,  scattering  abroad 
 from  the  Pacific  Coast,  are  settling  down  in  quiet  and 
 useful  employment,  should  h;vsten  to  avail  them- 
 selves of  the  opportunity  thus  given  to  impart  the 
 Truth  to  this  people.  Thus  doing,  many  of  them 
 will  bw'cmie  the  humble  and  efficient  disciples  of 
 Christ,  and  be  made  the  means  of  spre^uling  the 
 tidings  of  salvation  to  a  still  greater  number  of  their 
 race  and  nation. 
 
 P*resbyterlamsin  in  CaUfomia.  The  rush  to 
 the  Pacific  coast  w.is  great  on  the  discovery  of  gold. 
 But  the  missionaries  of  Christ  were  soon  among  them. 
 Three  missionaries  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  (Old 
 School)  arrived  there  in  l'^49.  Revs.  Albert  Williams, 
 Sylvester  Woodbridge  and  James  Wooiis,  known 
 as  the  three  lis,  pioneers  of  the  Church. 
 
 Mr.  Williams  organized  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  San  Francisco,  which  was  the  first  Protest- 
 ant Church  organized  in  San  Francisco.  Rev.  Syl- 
 vester Woodbridge  established  a  church  in  Benicia,  a 
 town  that  promised  to  be  the  capital  of  the  State,  but 
 from  various  causes  failed,  and  is  now  a  small  village, 
 .il'ter  some  j'ears  he  removed  to  San  Francisco,  and 
 became  the  editor  and  publisher  of  the  Occident,  and 
 established  the  Howard  Street  Presb\-terian  Church 
 of  San  Francisco,  and  afterwards  another  congrega- 
 tion, whose  church  is  named  after  him,  T/ie  Wood- 
 bridge  Church.  Here  he  preached  with  zeal  and 
 power  until  his  health  failed,  and  he  was  called  to 
 rest  the  e:irly  part  of  l'^S3.  Rev.  James  Woods 
 established  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Stock- 
 ton, and  has  zealously  labored  as  a  missionary  almost 
 over  the  whole  coxst,  and  been  instrumental  in  organ- 
 izing or  assisting  a  number  of  congregations.  He  is 
 still  laboring  in  the  cause.  Eev.  Albert  Williams 
 still  lives  to  labor  for  the  cause  of  Christ.  Some 
 New  School  Presbj'terian  ministers,  Baptists,  Congre- 
 gationalists,  Methodists  ajr.l  Episcopalians  were  on 
 the  field  also,  at  an  early  day. 
 
 Till-  union  of  the  Old  and  New  Branches  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  ISTO  has  been  a  great  bless- 
 ing to  the  cause  of  Pre.shyterianism.  The  Rev. 
 Thomas  Fraser,  who  h;us  spent  mahy  j'ears  as  Synod- 
 ical  Missionary,  and  whose  laljors  have  been  unceas- 
 ing and  greatly  blessed,  s;iys  the  union  of  the  two 
 branches  of  the  Church  "has  simplified  machinery, 
 le,s.sened  expenses,  consolidated  anil  reorganized  our 
 battalions,  harmonized  and  quickened  our  forces, 
 put  an  end   to  coutrover-sy,  and  raised   the  work  of 
 
 evangelization  and  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Missions 
 to  its  proper  place,  as  the  one  God-given  work  of 
 Christ's  people." 
 
 The  reports  at  hand  give  the  following  items. 
 The  Synod  of  the  Pacific  embraces  the  St;ites  of 
 California  and  Nevada.  It  consists  of  142  minis- 
 ters, 130  churches  and  9063  communicants.  Two 
 ministers,  si.x  churches  and  390  communicants  have 
 been  gained  during  the  past  year.  The  reports  give 
 13,297  memljers  in  the  Sabbath  schools,  which  is 
 784  more  than  in  the  year  preceding.  Total  annual 
 contributions  $^242, 000,  an  average  of  twenty-si.x  dol- 
 lars for  each  communicant.  Of  this  sum  about 
 nine-tenths  were  for  congregational  purposes.  Some 
 of  these  churches  are  small  and  feeble.  Almost  all 
 our  churches  owe  their  beginnings  to  the  Board  of 
 Home  Missions  and  to  assistance  from  the  E;i.st  and 
 from  the  Board  of  Church  Erection,  for  their  hou.ses 
 of  worship.  Our  people  are  widely  scattered  over 
 the  valleys  and  mountains,  and  many  of  them  com- 
 paratively poi)r.  Some  of  our  churches  are  unfortu- 
 nately in  debt,  which  is  a  great  drag  on  any 
 congregation,  and  greatly  hinders  all  church  work,  and 
 is  unfavorable  to  spiritual  growth.  There  are  (1883) 
 30  pastors,  .")1  stated  supplies,  8  evangelists,  8  profes- 
 sors or  teachers,  2  secretaries  or  agents,  3  foreign 
 mis.sionaries,  3  editors  and  22  without  charges  or 
 honorably  retired,  and  11  in  transitu,  1  home  mis- 
 sionary', 1  P.  M.  and  1  P.  Ch. 
 
 California  is  a  v;ist  field  for  missionary  work.  And 
 though  as  yet  but  few  of  our  churches  are  altogether 
 self-sustaining,  with  more  men  of  the  right  qualifica- 
 tions for  the  work,  and  more  money,  the  close  of  this 
 century  will  see  the  Presbyterian  Church  on  this 
 coast  a  great  power  for  Christ.  Sabbath-school  work 
 ,  here  is  as  elfectively  carried  on  as  in  the  other  States. 
 Very  few  of  our  young  men,  however,  are  inclined 
 to  study  for  the  ministry.  The  world  absorbs  them. 
 This  is  partly  owing  to  the  circumstances  that  sur- 
 round them,  and  partly  for  the  want  of  schools  under 
 religious  influence.  There  are  five  or  six  excellent 
 Institutions  under  the  care  of  able  ministers  or  elders 
 of  the  Presb\-terian  Church;  but  what  are  these  for 
 so  great  a  population  ?  A  vigorous  etfort  is  now  on 
 foot,  by  the  Synod,  to  establish  a  Presbj-terian  col- 
 lege, which  it  is  earnestly  hoped  will  be  successful. 
 The  Scm  Francisco  ThroJoijical  Seminary,  on  the  plan 
 ■  of  Princeton,  was  inaugurat<'d  in  1871,  under  the 
 I  care  of  the  Synod  and  of  the  General  Assemlily.  The 
 Seminar}-  building  is  a  conimodious  house,  with  well 
 furnished  rooms  and  a  valuable  library  of  over  GOOO 
 volumes  of  choice  Ixwks.  It  has  gone  on  with  its 
 work  regularly  ev«r  since  1871,  and  has  had  about 
 fifty  students.  It  is  in  great  need  of  scholarships  and 
 of  larger  endowments  for  professors.  In  bonds  and 
 property  the  Seminary  is  worth  over  one  hundred 
 thous;ind  doU.ars.  In  \<^^  Dr.  Scott  edited  and  pub- 
 lished The  Pneific  Expoftitar,  in  San  Francisco,  a 
 monthly  magazine  devoted  to  the  cause  of  education 
 
PRESBYTERIANISM. 
 
 668 
 
 CHARLESTON,  S.  C. 
 
 and  till'  interests  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  It  oh- 
 tained  (jiiite  an  extensive  eircolation,  and  reached  its 
 third  year,  but  was  discontinued  at  the  breaking  out 
 of  the  civil  war.  About  the  closing  of  the  war  The 
 Occident,  a  weekly  paper,  was  established  in  this  city 
 by  Rev.  Dr.  Eells  and  Rev.  Dr.  Woodbridge,  and  is 
 now  pul)lished  and  edited  by  Rev.  C.  A.  I'oage  &  Co. 
 
 "WTiile, "  siiys  Dr. W.  A.  Scott,  "we  are  thankfiU  ior 
 what  has  been  done,  we  regret  that  a  great  deal  more 
 h;i.s  not  been  accomplished.  We  deeply  feel  our 
 obligations  to  our  brethren  east  of  the  mountains, 
 and  fervently  desire  their  prayers  and  aid  to  help 
 us  in  doing  the  Lord'.s  work  on  this  side  of  the 
 continent.  Our  growth  as  a  Denomination  would 
 have  been  greater  than  it  is  if  we  had  had  larger 
 means  and  more  men.  The  territory  is  ample,  and 
 many  more  faithful  laborers  are  called  for.  All  the 
 Evangelical  churches  are  earnestly  at  work,  such 
 as  the  United  Presbyterians,  Cumberland  Presby- 
 terians, Methodists,  Baptists,  Congregationalists  and 
 Episcopalians.  And  so,  also,  is  the  Church  of  Rome, 
 and  quite  a  large  number  of  all  cla.s.ses  of  isms  and 
 branches  of  infidelity.  But  our  whole  continent 
 must  be  won  for  Chri.st." 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  Charleston,  S.  C  Pres- 
 byterians were  among  the  lirst  settlers  in  South  Caro- 
 lina. They  have  been  proportionably  numerous  in 
 all  periods  of  its  history;  and  during  the  latter  part 
 of  the  eighteenth  century  the  great  majority  of  emi- 
 grants were  Presbyterians.  In  the  year  1704,  when 
 there  was  but  one  Episcopal  congregation  in  the 
 whole  province,  then  numbering  towards  six  thous- 
 and white  inhabitants,  the  dissenters  had  three 
 churches  in  Charleston,  and  one  of  the  first  regular 
 churches  formed  in  the  colony  was  independent.  As 
 early,  however,  as  the  year  1690,  the  Presbyterians, 
 in  conjunction  with  the  Independents,  formed  a 
 church  in  Charleston,  which  continued  in  this  united 
 form  for  I'orty  years.  During  this  period  two  of 
 their  ministers,  the  Rev.  Messrs.  Stobo  and  Living- 
 ston, were  Presbyterians,  aiul  connected  with  the 
 Charleston  Presbytery,  which  was  formed  al)out  17-M, 
 but  was  never  in  connection  with  the  Cjeneral  As- 
 sembly. After  the  death  of  Mr.  Livingston  twelve 
 families  seceded,  and  formed  a  Presbyterian  church, 
 on  the  model  of  the  Church  of  Scotland.  Their 
 building  was  erected  in  1734,  near  the  site  of  the 
 j)resi'nt,  which  was  completed  in  1814. 
 
 CIUCIL.VK  CIUKCII. 
 The  church  fouuilcd  in  KiOO  Wius,  doubtless,  the 
 church  now  called  the  "Circular  Church."  Holmes, 
 in  his  American  Annals,  probably  alluding  to  the 
 s;ime  church,  says:  "In  1098  a  church  was  gathered 
 by  the  Rev.  John  Cotton,  son  of  the  celebrat*'!!  minis- 
 ter of  Boston,  who  died  after  the  short  ministry  of 
 about  one  year.  In  the  short  time  of  his  cont  inuancc 
 there  were  about  twenty-five  members  addi'd  to  the 
 church  (besides  those  first  incoriHirated),  and  many 
 baptized,  it  beingmuchof  a  heathenish  place  before. " 
 
 THE    HVOIEXOT   CHIRfH. 
 
 The  church  with  the  corporate  name,  "  The  French 
 Protestant  Church  of  Charleston,''  was  founded  by 
 French  Protestant  Christians,  who,  ha\Tng  left  France 
 to  avoid  the  persecutions  which  followed  the  Revoca- 
 tion of  the  Edict  of  Xantes.  in  KiHo,  .sought  civil  and 
 religious  liberty  in  South  Carolina.  Its  tenets  are 
 contained  in  the  articles  entitled  "  Confrmsion  dc  Foi, 
 fnite  (I'un  commun  acioril  pur  hs  Kglincx  rcformt'eii  du 
 lioynume  de  France."  And  its  government  and  dis- 
 cipline were,  as  far  as  local  circumstances  permitted, 
 in  accordance  with  the  principles  laid  down  and  ex- 
 plained in  the  book  entitled  "  Le  dixcipline  Ecclesias- 
 tiquc  des  Fgli/irti  E^form^es  dc  France."  Its  worship 
 was  liturgical.  The  book  used,  as  fiir  b;ick  as  memory 
 extends,  is  an  edition  in  (juarto,  entitled  "  Ln  Litur- 
 gie  ou  hi  Maniere  de  Cch'hrerie  Service  Divin,  que  eat 
 etablie  dan.s  le.s  Kyli-ies  de  la  Prineipaute  de  Xettfchatcl 
 ei  Vallnngin.  Neconde  edition.  Revue  el  corrigei,  a 
 Neufchatel,  chez  Jonas  Gallandre  ct  Compagnie,  1737." 
 The  psalmody  of  the  church  was  conducted  accord- 
 ing to  the  book  entitled  Les  Pmumes  de  David,  mix 
 en  rime  Francoi.se,  par  Clement  Marot,  et  Theodore 
 de  Bezc ;  in  which  book  the  Psalms  are  set  to 
 music. 
 
 But  the  worship  of  the  church,  lor  a  long  time 
 subject  to  interruptions,  in  consequence  of  the  neces- 
 sity of  procuring  ministers  Irom  Europe,  had  for 
 years  been  suspended,  partly  for  the  reason  just 
 stated,  but  chietiy  on  account  of  a  gradual  dispersion 
 of  the  fiimiliesof  members  among  churches  in  which 
 the  services  w,ere  conducted  in  English.  This,  being 
 the  language  of  the  country,  had  become  the  language 
 of  the  descendants  of  the  French.  A  corresponding 
 change  in  the  services  of  the  church  was  not  made 
 in  due  time.  Its  necessity,  slowly  admitted,  even- 
 tually led  to  measures  for  effecting  a  translation  of 
 the  Liturgies  into  English;  which  work  having  been 
 accomplished,  an  edition  was  printed,  by  order  of 
 the  Corporation,  in  1836. 
 
 The  property  of  the  church,  an  ancient  endowment 
 from  the  Lords  Proprietors  of  the  then  Province  of 
 Carolina,  had  in  the  meantime  been  preserved  and 
 improved.  A  new  and  more  commodious  house  of 
 worship,  on  the  original  site,  and  partly  ou  the 
 foundation  of  the  former  house,  was  commenced  in 
 1844,  completed  in  1845,  and  d<'dicatedto  the  service 
 of  God  on  the  11th  of  May,  in  the  latter  year. 
 
 Thus  provided  with  means,  with  a  jmre  and  scrip- 
 tural liturgy  in  a  language  familiar  to  us,  ami  with  a 
 convenient  edifice,  this  anc'ient  church  again. g-athered 
 a  congregation  deeply  interested  in  its  history  and 
 prospects,  to  whom  divine  worship  and  sacred  instruc- 
 tion, according  to  the  forms  and  principles  of  its 
 founders,  have  been  regularly  aflbrded.  For  many 
 years  the  Rev.  Dr.  Petrie  was  pastor  of  this  church. 
 It  is  now  under  the  pastoral  care  of  Charles  S. 
 Vedd<'r,  I). li.  Both  these  gentlemen's  sketches  will 
 be  Ibund  elsewhere  in  this  volume. 
 
PRESB  YTERIANISM. 
 
 669 
 
 CHARLESTON,  S.  C. 
 
 THE   FIBST   CHUKCH. 
 
 The  First  Presbyterian  Churdi  was  organlzefl  in 
 1731,  the  members  of  our  Denomination  having  until 
 that  time  remained  united  with  the  Independent  or 
 "  Circular  Chureh."  Tlie  First  Presbyterian  Church 
 was  supplied  with  ministers  from  the  Church  of 
 Scotland,  and  has  never  been  in  connection  with  our 
 own  General  Assembly  until  very  recently.  In  1882 
 it  was  received  into  Charleston  Presbytery,  and  thus 
 into  organic  union  with  the  General  Assembly.  Its 
 present  convenient  and  tasteful  edifice  was  erected  in 
 1814,  and  the  church,  under  the  ministrations  of  its 
 pa-stor,  the  Kev.  Wm.  T.  Thompson,  continues  to 
 prosper. 
 
 SECOND   CHURCH. 
 
 The  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  was  formed  in 
 1809.  It  grew  out  of  the  necessity  of  providing  new 
 accommodations  to  meet  the  religious  wants  of  the 
 city,  the  old  Scotch  Church  being  filled  to  overflow- 
 ing. This  edifice  was  finished  in  1811,  at  an  expense 
 of  $100,000  and  upwards.  It  is  a  beautiful  and 
 spacious  edifice.  Without  being  offensively  decorated 
 its  style  of  architecture  is  airy,  ta.steful  and  elegant. 
 Itg  first  pastor  was  the  Rev.  Andrew  Flinn,  D.D., 
 who  was  called  in  1809,  and  died  in  1820.  Dr. 
 Flinn  w5s  celebrated  for  his  eloquence.  He  was 
 Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly  in  1812.  Dr. 
 Flinn  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Artemas  Boies,  called 
 In  1820,  and  who  left  in  182,'?.  The  Rev.  Thomas 
 Charlton  Henry,  D.D.,  was  called  in  1824  and  died  in 
 October,  1827.  His  fervor  and  eloquence  contributed 
 to  make  his  ministry  very  successful.  In  May,  1829, 
 the  Rev.  William  Ashmead  was  installed  pastor, 
 who  died  while  absent  in  Philadelphia,  in  December 
 of  the  same  year.  The  Rev.  Thomas  Smyth,  D.D., 
 w.is  called  in  1832,  and  continued  in  this  relation 
 until  his  death  in  1873.  Under  the  ministry  of  Dr. 
 Smyth  the  church  attained  a  high  degree  of  prosperity, 
 both  spiritual  and  temporal,  and  few  pastors  have 
 done  so  efficient  service  in  the  kingdom  of  Christ  in 
 the  various  forms  of  usefulness  opening  to  the  minis- 
 terial office.  The  present  pastor  is  the  Rev.  G.  R. 
 Brackett,  D.D.,  whose  sketch  will  be  found  in  its 
 proper  place. 
 
 THE   THIRD    PRE.SBYTERI.\X   CHVRCH. 
 
 In  1814  a  secession  from  the  Scotch  Chureh,  then 
 under  the  pastoral  care  of  Rev.  Dr.  Buchan,  erected 
 a  church  building  in  Archdale  .street,  which  was 
 called  The  SI.  ^Inrfrcic'.f  Pirxbi/trrian  Church.  But 
 financial  and  other  troubles  led  to  the  abandonment 
 of  the  enterprise,  and  the  sale  of  their  property  some 
 nine  years  after.  Their  building  and  cemetery  lot 
 subsequently  came  into  possession  of  the  Third  Pres- 
 bi/ierian  Church,  which  was  organized  in  1823.  The 
 Rev.  William  A.  JIcDowell  was  called  from  Slorris- 
 town.  New  Jersey,  to  become  its  first  pastor.  He 
 removed  to  Philadelphia  in  1833.  After  a  vacancy 
 of  three  years.  Rev.  William  C.  Dana  (afterwards 
 D.  D.)  was  installed  by  the  Charleston  Union  Pres- 
 
 bytery. This,  his  only  pastoral  charge,  he  served  for 
 forty-six  years.  During  a  large  part  of  its  history 
 "this  church  and  its  pastor  remained  in  a  st;ite  of 
 isolation  from  the  Synod."  In  1848  a  new  church 
 bui-lding  was  erected  on  Meeting  street,  and  the  con- 
 gregation assumed,  as  their  corporate  name,  the  title 
 The  Central  Presbyterian  Church.  The  WextminMer 
 Chureh  now  (1883)  owns  and  occupies  this  building. 
 
 GLEBE   STREET   C'HlRcn. 
 
 The  Zion  Glebe  Street  (now  the  Westminster) 
 Church,  originated  in  a  rerinil  of  relii/ion  with  which 
 the  Seconil  Church  w:ts  ble,s,sed  in  1.-<4G.  As  the  rc- 
 .sult  of  this  gracious  baptism,  the  Session  of  that 
 church,  under  the  lead  of  its  jjastor,  ^letermined,  in 
 the  Spring  of  1847,  to  set  on  foot  a  movement  for  the 
 establishment  of  another  Presbj'terian  church  in  the 
 city.  This  movement  was  placed  under  the  charge 
 of  the  Rev.  .\bner  A.  Portner.  The  church  was  or- 
 ganized by  tlie  Cliarleston  Presbytery,  May  16tli. 
 1847,  thirty-four  persons  being  enrolled  as  members, 
 twenty-.seven  of  whom  were  from  the  Second  Church. 
 A  chureh  edifice  was  liiiished  and  occupied  in  the 
 Spring  of  1848.  It  was  built  on  Glelje  land,  belong- 
 ing to  St.  Philip's  (Episcopal)  Chureh,  for  which  an 
 annual  ground-rent  of  one  hundred  and  forty  dollars 
 was  paid.  But  in  1856  the  fee-simple  ownership  was 
 secured.  In  1858  improvements  were  completed. 
 The  Lecture  and  Sunday-school  rooms,  and  the 
 pastor's  study,  were  added,  making  a  most  valuable 
 contribution  to  the  conitbrt,  convenience  and  beauty 
 of  the  building. 
 
 Eight  pastors  have  served  this  church.  Dr.  A.  A. 
 Porter  was  installed  in  November,  1848,  and  renuiined 
 until  February,  1851.  Dr.  J.  H.  Thornwell  accepted 
 a  call  in  the  Fall  of  this  year,  and  entered  upon  the 
 work,  but  during  the  Summer  of  1852  he  was  elected 
 to  the  Presidency  of  the  South  Carolina  University 
 at  Columbia.  After  an  interval,  during  which  the 
 pulpit  was  supplied  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Smythe,  of 
 Alabama,  the  Rev.  J.  L.  Kirkpatrick,  D.  D.,  became 
 pastor,  and  continued  so  for  eight  years.  The  Rev. 
 A.  Pickens  Smith  was  installed  as  Dr.  Kirkpatrick's 
 successor  in  November,  1860.  In  April,  1866,  the 
 Glebe  Street  Church  united  with  the  Zion  Presby- 
 terian Church  (which  had  been  organized  in  1850), 
 under  the  name  of  the  Zion  Presbyterian  Church. 
 Tlie  first  p:ustor  of  the  Zion  Church  was  the  Rev. 
 John  B.  Adger,  D.  D.  He  was  followed,  after  an 
 interval  of  .some  months,  during  which  the  Rev. 
 Ferdinand  Jacobs,  D.  D.,  supplied  the  pulpit,  by 
 the  Rev.  Dr.  Girardeau.  In  April,  1866,  Dr.  J.  L. 
 Girardeau  became  the  pastor  of  the  church  created 
 by  the  union  of  the  Glebe  Street  and  the  Zion 
 churches.  At  the  first  meeting  of  the  joint  Session 
 of  these  two  churches,  it  was  resolved  to  carry  out 
 the  purpose  for  which  Zion  Church  was  originally 
 organized,  \nz:  the  religious  instruction  of  the  colored 
 people.  With  this  end  in  view,  an  associate  pastor, 
 in  the   person  of  the   Rev.  J.  B.  Mack,  D.  D.,  was 
 
PRESS  YTERIA  Xisyf. 
 
 670 
 
 colon  AVO. 
 
 called,  in  Scpt<-ml)er,  ]Hfi7.     Tliis  arr.ingemcnt  con- 1 
 timied,  with  great  iulvantage  to  the  eliurch,  for  two 
 years.     The   present  pastor,    the   Kev.  W.   F.   Jun- 
 kin,  D.  D.,  has  sustained  this  relation  sinee  1876. 
 
 At  a  meeting  of  the  Cliarleston  I'rcsbytery,  about 
 two  years  sinee,  that  body,  by  a  unanimous  vote, 
 eoiubined  into  one  the  Ziun  Church  (GIrhe  Strict)  and 
 tlie  Third  or  CcntrnI  I'rcsliytcrian  Church  of  Charle.ston. 
 That  aetion  was  t;iken  at  the  reiiuest  of  the  two  con- 
 grc;pitions  intL-rested.  The  Central  C'hureli  having 
 beeome  vacant  l)y  the  death,  in  1881,  of  its  venerable 
 and  beloved  piistor,  Kev.  W.  C.  Dana,  n.  D.,  i)roi)osed  \ 
 to  the  Glebe  Street  Chureh  to  unite  with  it.  This 
 projx)sal  was  agreed  to,  and  tlie  two  churches  Ijecame 
 one.  The  congregation  selected  as  the  permanent 
 n.ime  of  the  church,  The  Wcntminstcr  Prcxbi/tcrian 
 Church,  Charleston,  S.  C.  Tlie  building  (QMxi  Street ) 
 was  sold,  and  it  was  deeidid  that  thereafter  public 
 worship  should  be  held  in  the  Central  Church  build- 
 ing in  Jleeting  street,  until  such  time  as  "  tlu'  way 
 shall  be  clear"  to  carry  out  one  of  the  conditions  of 
 the  union,  viz.:  "to  erect,  from  the  proceeds  of  the 
 sale  of  both  buildings,  a  new  church  edifice,  some- 
 where in  the  western  part  of  the  city." 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  Colorado.  Colorado  wa,s 
 orgiuiized  as  a  Territory  in  l-lil;  admitted  into  the 
 Union,  with  the  rights  and  powers  of  a  State,  in  187(); 
 h:us  an  area  of  lO.'i.ODO  .square  mile.s,  nearly  eijual  to 
 that  of  New  England  and  New  York  together;  a 
 population  of  about  300,000;  and  for  grandeur  of 
 scenery,  salubrity  of  climate,  capability  of  soil,  when 
 irrigated,  and  variety  and  abundance  of  mineral  re- 
 sources, can  .scarcely  be  excelled. 
 
 Until  the  year  18."i!),  this  vast  region  was  merely  a 
 part  of  the  great  American  desert — the  haunt  of  wild 
 be:i.sts  and  of  the  still  more  dreaded  Inilians.  In  the 
 Spring  of  thtit  year  began  the  first  rush  from  the 
 E;ust  and  South  to  Pike's  Peak.  The  great  mass 
 came  fired  with  visions  of  silver  and  gold.  Some 
 Ciime  impelled  by  nobler  reasons — the  love  of  souls 
 and  the  desire  to  win  the  plains  and  the  mountains 
 for  Christ.  The  pioneer  of  Presbyterianism  in  Colo- 
 rado was  the  Kev.  Lewis  Hamilton,  then  of  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  St.  .Joseph,  a  good  man  and  divoted  to  the 
 Master.  He  rearhed  Dinver  on  Saturday,  June  11th, 
 and  the  ne.xt  day  held  religions  services  in  a  hall  on 
 Ferry  street.  Among  his  hearers  on  tliat  occ;i.sion 
 was  Horace  Greeley,  who  suggested  to  Sir.  Hamilton 
 to  follow  the  surgingcrowd  into  the  mountains.  The 
 then  eliief  .seat  of  the  mining  excitement  and  activity 
 was  the  region  around  Central  City.  Thither,  there- 
 fore, Mr.  Hamilton  ma<le  bis  way,  and  on  June  2Sth, 
 preached  to  a  largeiiuui  interested  audience  under  the 
 .shade  of  the  mountain  ]iines.  Other  faithful  men 
 soon  joined  lilm,  and,  at  different  points  in  the 
 region,  wrouglit  earnestly  in  the  work  of  the  go.spcl. 
 Precious  sjiiritual  results  were  gained,  but  for  a  time 
 the  whole  condition  of  things  seemed  uncertain  and 
 unsettled.     The  way  was  not  oi>en  for  complete  and 
 
 permanent  chureh  organization!;.  At  length,  how- 
 ever, this  work  began.  The  First  Church  in  Denver 
 was  organized  in  Deeemlier,  ISGl,  by  Kev.  A.  S.  Bil- 
 lingsley;  the  Church  in  Central  City,  in  January, 
 1862,  bj'  the  Rev.  L.  Hamilton;  tlie  Church  in  Black 
 Hawk,  in  Februarj',  1863,  by  E-v.  G.  W.  Warner; 
 the  Church  in  Boulder  Valley,  in  September,  1863, 
 by  Rev.  A.  R.  Day;  the  Church  in  Upper  St.  Urian, 
 in  October,  186!),  by  Rev.  A.  R.  Day;  and  the  Chureh 
 in  Idaho  Springs,  in  March,  1870,  by  Kev.  Sheldon 
 Jackson.  At  about  this  last  date,  the  Rev.  Mr. 
 Jackson  was  also  instrumental  in  the  formation  of 
 churches  in  Pueblo,  Colorado  City,  Golden  City  and 
 Georgeto\>'n. 
 
 Early  in  the  Spring  of  1869,  by  the  concurrent 
 action  of  the  Presbyteries  of  Missouri  River,  Fort 
 Dodge,  and  DesMoines,  the  Kev.  Sheldon  Jackson 
 (now  Dr.  Jack.son)  was  appoint<'d  SuiK'rintendent  of 
 Missions,  for  central  and  western  Iowa,  Nebnuska, 
 Dakot;i,  Montana,  Utah  and  Wyoming.  In  July  of 
 the  .same  year  the  Board  of  Domestic  Missions  enlarged 
 this  immense  field  of  the  Superintendent,  so  as  to  in- 
 clude Colorado.  Dr.  .Taekson  filled  this  important  pcsi- 
 tion  (some  geographical  changes  occurring)  wnth  great 
 diligence  and  sueees.s,  until  1880,  when  he  w;is  suc- 
 (•eeded,  in  the  Colorado  portion  of  it,  by  tile  present 
 efficient  Synodicjil  Jlissionary,  the  Kev.  John  G. 
 Reid. 
 
 The  Pre.sbj-tery  of  Colorado  was  organized  by  direc- 
 tion of  the  General  .Vs.s('mbly  of  the  Church  in  Feb- 
 ruary, 1870.  In  the  following  May  it  reported  to 
 the  General  Assembly,  Jliuisters,  9;  churches,  10; 
 communicants,  2:56 ;  Sunday-.school  seholars,  708 ; 
 collections  for  all  ehnreli  ]>urposes,  S'77.">0.  Ten  years 
 later,  in  1880,  the  Presbytery  reported  to  the  A.s.sem- 
 bly.  Ministers,  37  ;  churche-s,  42  ;  communicants, 
 20.36  ;  Sunday-school  scholars,  3298  ;  collections  for 
 all  church  purpo.ses,  $38,088. 
 
 By  this  time  it  bec;ime  apparent  that  the  interests 
 of  our  Church  work  in  Colorado  would  be  promoted 
 by  a  division  of  the  original  Preslij-tery  into  two. 
 Under  the  direction,  therefore,  of  the  General  As.sem- 
 bly,  the  Presbytery  of  Colorado  was  dis.solvedO<'tol)cr, 
 1880  ;  and,  in  aecordaiiee  with  its  reiiuest,  it  was 
 succeeded  by  the  duly  organized  Presln-terles  of 
 Denver  and  Pueblo.  The  geographical  line  between 
 them,  as  fixed  by  the  General  A.ssembly,  is  the  39th 
 degree  of  north  latitude,  which  very  nejirly  divides 
 the  State  into  lialvcs. 
 
 The  work  among  the  Mexiciiii-s,  in  Southern  Col- 
 orado, was  first  brought  to  the  notice  of  Presby- 
 tery by  the  Rev.  A.  M.  Darley,  in  1878.  Since  then 
 six  churches  have  iK'en  organized  among  tliat  p'ople, 
 and  an  hundred  and  fifty  members  gathered  into  their 
 communion. 
 
 At  the  present  time  (1883)  there  are  in  the  State, 
 Prcsbj-teries,  2  ;  ministers,  45  ;  churches,  .54  ;  Sun- 
 day-scliool  scholars,  4000,  and  coinmuniciints,  3000. 
 From  the  nature  of  the  maiu  industries  here,  those 
 
PRESB-YTERIA  NIflW. 
 
 671 
 
 JXDIAXA. 
 
 data  which  involve  the  future  are  perhaps  slightly 
 less  CL-rtain  than  in  some  other  States,  hut  to  intelli- 
 geut  and  thouj;htrul  men  the  whole  outlook  is  hig 
 with  promise. 
 
 Presb3rterianism  in  Indiana.  [The  following 
 article,  hy  Rev.  J.  F.  Tuttle,  D.  n.,  contains  addi- 
 tional items  to  those  cmhraeed  in  Indiana,  Synod  of.} 
 The  settlements  in  Indiana  previous  to  nii.ssionary 
 work  hegan  at  Vinceimes — French — in  1710.  Ameri- 
 cans settled  there  in  179.3.  Other  .settlements  fol- 
 lowed. In  1800  the  Territory  w;us  organized.  In 
 1804  Peter  C'art\vright — Methodist — preached  the 
 first  sermon  in  Indiana,  and  in  the  Spring  of  180.5 
 that  great  preacher  and  pastor,  Dr.  Thomas  Cleland, 
 preached  the  first  Presbyterian  sermon  in  the  Terri- 
 tory. 
 
 In  1806  Rev.  Robert  B.  Robert-son  organized  the 
 first  Presbyterian  Church — "the  Indiana  Church" 
 — neiir  Vincennes.  Then  from  that  date  to  1824 
 sprang  into  life  the  (■hurches  in  their  order — Charles- 
 town,  Washington,  Madison,  Salem,  New  Albany,  1 
 Livonia,  Blue  River,  Pisgah,  Bloomington,  Hanover, 
 Evansville,  Indianapolis,  Crawfordsvillc,  Franklin, 
 Columbus  and  several  others. 
 
 Some  of  these  early  churches  are  still  prominent 
 and  vigorous,  and  new  ones  of  the  same  sort  have 
 also  come. 
 
 In  1834  these  churches  and  the  ministers  of  Indiaiia 
 belonged  to  the  I'resbytery  of  Tran.sylvania,  a  part 
 of  the  Sj-nod  of  Kentucky.  In  that  year — 1824 — the 
 Presbytery  of  Salem  was  formed,  and  in  182.5  this 
 was  divided  into  three  Pre.sbj'teries  of  Salem, 
 Madison  and  Wabash,  including  14  ministers,  43 
 churches,  and  1.500  communicants.  In  October,  1826, 
 the  Synod  of  Indiana  was  organized,  and  so  warm 
 was  the  zeal  of  its  members  that  souls  were  converted 
 during  the  meeting.  It  was  a  revival  meeting,  and 
 that,  for  several  years,  was  not  an  unusual  incident 
 of  meetings,  both  of  Synods  and  Presbyteries. 
 
 The  missionary  zeal  of  ministers  and  churches  was 
 shown  in  the  freiinency  of  Pr&sbytc^rial  meetings  to 
 license  and  ordain  ministers.  Such  men  as  Dickey, 
 of  Washington,  Johnson,  of  Madi.son,  Martin,  of 
 Livonia,  Crowe,  of  Hanover,  James  Thompson,  of 
 Crawfordsvillc,  Carnahan,  of  Dayton,  Post,  of  Logans- 
 port,  Ross,  of  Ft.  Wayne,  and  others  as  good,  traveled 
 long  distances,  winter  and  summer,  on  this  oflkial 
 work  and  in  special  services,  especially  communion, 
 of  which  a  great-deal  was  then  made,  and  ought  to  he, 
 in  our  own.  day. 
 
 There  were  remarkable  men  who  then  itinerated 
 the  vast  wilds  of  In<liana,  on  evangelical  missions. 
 Besides  those  named,  wo  find  such  as  Saranel  T.  Scott, 
 Thomas  C.  Searle,  D.  C.  Banks,  Baynard  R.  Hall, 
 Charles  C.  Beatty,  .Tames  McGrady,  David  C.  Proctor, 
 G.  Lowry,  John  Thomson,  .senior,  and  his  son,  John 
 S.  Thomson,  and  others. 
 
 They  were  noble  pioneers,  and  they  did  noble 
 work.     They  were  evangelists  on  hoi-seback.     The 
 
 cabin,  the  school-hoii.se,  the  "templed  woods,"  were 
 the  plac;'s  in  which  they  preached  Christ  to  people 
 in  the  wilderness.  There  were  some  plain  churches, 
 but  these  men  preached  where  they  could  find  people. 
 The  missionary  journeys  of  Charles  C.  Beatty,  the 
 patriarch  of  Steuhenville,  John  M.  Dickey,  John 
 F.  <^rowe,  and  James  H.  Johnston,  of  Hanover  and 
 region,  James  Thompson,  of  Crawfordville,  Ross,  of 
 Ft.  Wayne,  Carnahan,  of  Daj-ton,  and  Post,  of  "the 
 Mouth  of  Eel,"  as  Logansport  ■was  then  called, 
 are  very  inspiring.  The  records  show  remarkable 
 results. 
 
 It  is  no  invidious  remark  that  the  work  of  Dr. 
 Henry  Little,  of  Sladison,  in  all  parts  of  Indiana, 
 has  no  superior  in  the  annals  of  Home  Missions  in 
 this  State.  He  could  endure  more  fatigue  than  the 
 horse  he  bestrode.  He  was  a  wonder  on  horseback,  in 
 getting  to  out  of  the  way  places  to  preach  to  hungry 
 people. 
 
 For  several  years  the'camp-meeting  was  very  efiect- 
 ive.  The  Jlount  Tabor  camp-ground  near  New  Al- 
 bany has  had  a  most  remarkable  history.  There  are 
 others  which,  as  Poplar  Spring  and  Crawfordville, 
 have  become  as  holy  ground,  by  the  baptisms  of  the 
 Spirit  there  felt. 
 
 In  close  connection  with  these  statements  must  be 
 mentioned  the  founding  of  Hanover  College,  in  1827, 
 and  of  Wabash  College,  in  1832.  Also  the  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  for  several  years  doing  its  work  at 
 Hanover,  then  at  New  Albany,  and  finally  trans- 
 planted as  the  germ  of  the  Northwestern  Theological 
 Seminar}' at  Chicago.  All  these  Institutions havedone 
 a  vast  work  in  educating  home  talent  for  homework. 
 Indeed,  the  rolls  of  our  Synod,  at  first  one,  then  in 
 1838  two,  then  four,  by  the  division  of  the  two,  and 
 now  again  one,  by  the  reductive  order  of  the  General 
 Assembly,  are  full  of  proof  of  what  has  beeu  done 
 by  these  Institutions,  planted  and  nurtured  hy 
 Christian  men  and  money.  Their  power  has  been 
 grand  all  over  Indiana,  and  far  lieyond  in  this  land 
 and  the  distant  parts  of  the  world. 
 
 It  has  been  and  it  is  still  a  Church  of  revivals. 
 
 The  results  have,  in  many  respects,  been  vast.     We 
 
 need  a  revival  like  that  which  attended  the  labors 
 
 of   Dickey,    Crowe,    Johnston,    Martin,    Thompson, 
 
 and  their  brothers  in  the  early  times. 
 
 I     Presbjrterianism  in  Maryland.      The  early 
 
 1  history  of  rresbvtorianisni  in  this  country  is  involved 
 
 in  obscurity.     We  have  been  accustomed  to   think 
 
 that  it  had  its  beginning  on  the  eastern  shore  of 
 
 Maryland,  about  the  year  1683.     But  Jamaica,  L.  I., 
 
 I  New  Castle,   Del.,  and   Annapolis,    Md.,   claim  an 
 
 j  ejirlicr  date. 
 
 The  record  is  that  Puritans,  who  had  tarried  for  a 
 
 time  in  Virginia,  came  and  settled  in  Annapolis  and 
 
 the  country  around,  as  early  as  1G49.     Persons  hold- 
 
 j  ing  various  theologic;il  \-iews  were  called  I'uritans  at 
 
 that  time.  Neal  says,  "  .\ri  were  Puritans  with  King 
 
 ;  James,  who  jtood  by  the  laws  of  the  land  in  opposi- 
 
PKESB  YTERIA  XISM. 
 
 672 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 tion  to  his  arbitrary  government,  though  otherwise 
 "never  so  good  Churchmen. " 
 
 Dr.  C.  Hodge  says,  "  The  word  Puritan  lias  in  his- 
 tory ii  much  wider  sense  than  that  assigned  to  it  in 
 modern  usiige.  In  English  history  the  designation 
 Puritan  was  applied  to  all  those  who,  under  the 
 reign  of  Elizabeth  and  Charles  I,  were  desirous  of  a 
 further  reformation  of  the  Church.  Many  prelates, 
 and  thousands  of  Episcopalians  and  Presbyterians 
 were  included  in  that  cla.ss. 
 
 There  were  Church  of  England  Puritans,  and  Inde- 
 pendent Puritans,  and  Presbyterian  Puritans.  If 
 these  who  came  to  Annapolis  bad  been  Church  of 
 England  Puritans,  they  would  not  have  been  perse- 
 cuted, and  finally  driven  out  of  Virginia.  The  Inde- 
 pendent Puritiins  did  not  favor  a  regular  ministry,  or 
 allow  elders  to  assist  in  the  government  of  the  church. 
 These  persons  were  favorable  to  both,  for  while  they 
 were  in  Virginia  they  sent  to  New  England  for  minis- 
 ters, and  after  they  had  arrivejl  at  their  new  home  on 
 the  Severn  River,  an  elder,  by  the  name  of  Durand, 
 was  the  most  conspicuous  character. 
 
 They  had  no  ecclesiastical  connection  with  the 
 Cliurch  in  New  England,  and  asked  for  ministers 
 from  there,  not  because  they  had  a  claim  upon  the 
 people  of  New  England,  but  because  of  their  urgent 
 need.  The  Church  there  seemed  to  be  indifferent  to 
 their  wants;  but,  after  a  time  agreed  to  send  three  of 
 their  ministers  "  who  might  most  easily  be  spared." 
 Alter  that  there  seems  to  have  been  no  further  cor- 
 respondence between  this  colony  and  the  Church  in 
 New  England,  and  for  that  reason  we  judge  that  they 
 dilT<Ted  somewhat  iu  their  doctrine  or  Church  polity. 
 
 Besides,  Robinson,  who  led  a  party  out  of  England 
 into  an  exile  of  twelve  years  in  Holland,  intended 
 to  join  this  company  who  came  to  Annapolis.  Rob- 
 inson, in  gi\  ing  an  account  of  their  views,  declared 
 that  tluy  fully  agreed  with  the  Church  of  Holland. 
 Holland  and  Scotland  were  in  accord  at  that  period, 
 as  they  have  been  since,  and  English  Puritanism  was 
 largely  of  the  same  tj^je. 
 
 The  people  who  settled  Annapolis  and  the  country 
 around  were  isolated,  and,  of  cour.se,  bad  no  connec- 
 tion and  no  correspondence  with  other  religious 
 bodies.  Who  ministered  to  them  after  they  c:ime  to 
 Annapolis,  and  with  what  regularity  their  services 
 were  held,  we  have  no  means  of  learning;  but  the 
 ruins  of  their  church  are  to  be  seen  not  far  from  An- 
 napolis, and  tomb.stones  bearing  the  date  of  the  death 
 of  their  people  some  time  prior  to  1700. 
 
 As  three  minist<rs  were  sent  from  New  England, 
 who,  on  iui'ount  of  the  persecuting  .spirit  of  the 
 Church  of  England  in  Virginia,  bad  to  return  with- 
 out rendering  any  .service,  and  as  these  people,  in  less 
 than  si.K  years  after  coming  to  Jlaryland,  gained  con- 
 trol of  the  whole  State,  we  judge  that  they  were  a 
 large  and  Influential  body  of  people.  To  accommo- 
 date these,  on  their  arrival,  reiiuired  a  large  extent 
 of  territory.     From  the  land  records  of  the  State  we 
 
 learn  that  some  of  these  received  thousands  of  acres, 
 one  as  many  as  twenty  tlu)us;ind  acres.  Kefore  1700 
 lands  remote  from  Annapolis  were  oecui)i(d  by  this 
 people  and  their  descendants.  The  early  churches 
 of  JIarlborough  and  Bladeiisburg,  we  have  no  doubt, 
 were  formed  largelj'  bj'  the.se  people.  Elder  Durand, 
 already  mentioned,  the  land  record  tells  us,  had  nine 
 hundred  acres  on  the  Patapsco  river.  It  is  not  at  all 
 improbable  that  the  lands  on  this  river  were  occupied 
 some  jears  before  we  hear  of  the  Patapsco  Church, 
 which  is  now  known  as  the  Mt.  Paran  Church.  That 
 church  had  been  in  existence  some  time  before  they 
 made  application  to  London  merchants  to  send  them 
 a  minister;  and  Rev.  Thomas  ReJ^lolds,  of  England, 
 had  been  contributing  to  its  support,  it  is  likely,  long 
 before  Rev.  Hugh  Conn  had  been  set  over  it  as  pastor 
 by  the  newly  organized  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia. 
 Tow.son,  Lawson  and  Lyon  are  some  of  the  names 
 that  have  been  perpetuated  in  this  ancient  churcli. 
 
 And  it  is  not  at  all  improbable  that,  pushing  their 
 adventurous  way  still  further  north,  the  choice  lands 
 on  Deer  creek,  near  the  Susquehanna,  were  settled  by 
 this  people  long  before  we  hear  of  the  Deor  Creek 
 Church,  which  was  fully  organized  before  A\"Tiitefield 
 came  into  Maryland,  In  1739.  Archer,  Preston,  War- 
 ren, Lloyd,  are  some  of  the  names  perpetuated  in  this 
 church,  now  known  as  the  Churclnille  Church. 
 
 Here,  then,  we  see  how  this  earliest  branch  of  Pres- 
 byterianism  iu  this  land  flowed  on  and  mingled  with 
 that  branch  that  began  to  flow  thirty-four  yeai-s  later 
 from  the  Eastern  Shore,  where  Makemie  had  ser\'ed 
 .several  churches.  The  Scotch  and  Iri.sh  of  the  east- 
 ern shore  mingled  with  the  English  of  the  western 
 shore  of  Maryland,  and  that  Church  thus  formed  has 
 gone  on,  embracing  not  only  these  nationalities,  but 
 others,  until  it  has  become  a  Church  for  all  people, 
 and  embraces  in  it  people  in  all  parts  of  the  earth. 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  New^  England,  except- 
 ing the  State  of  Connecticut.  It  is  an  interest- 
 ing fact  that  as  eiirly  as  16.34,  when  the  territory  along 
 the  banks  of  the  Merrimac  river  was  being  taken  up 
 by  colonists,  Presbyterians  in  Scotland,  being  assured 
 by  letters  that  they  might  exercise  their  church 
 government  in  New  England,  sent  over  agents  to 
 lociite  a  place  for  settlement.  They  started,  but  on 
 account  of  the  roughness  of  the  voyage  returned 
 home  without  re;u;hing  this  continent.  Rev.  John 
 Livingstone  then  wrote  Governor  Winthrop,  and  in 
 September  the  Court  assigned  them  the  territory 
 where  the  city  of  Newbury])ort  is  now  located.  The 
 originator  of  the  projict  and  its  most  i)ersevering 
 hel])er  was  Rev.  .John  Blair,  a  name  famous  among 
 the  ministry  of  that  day.  He  secured  the  Ijuilding 
 of  a  ship  for  the  use  of  this  projected  colony,  of 
 which  he  was  part  owner,  and  which  was  called  the 
 ' '  Eagle  Wing. ' '  On  September  9th,  1636,  they  loosed 
 from  Loch  Fergus,  in  all  one  hundred  and  forty  per- 
 sons. Among  them  were  Blair  and  Livingstone  and 
 others  of  note.     The  .ship  soon  after  grounded  on  the 
 
PREHliYTEEIANISM. 
 
 673 
 
 NEW  ENGLAND. 
 
 coast  of  Scotland.     The  leaders  being  undaunted, 
 
 they  started  a-jaiii.  Oft"  the  coast  of  Xewfouiunand 
 tliey  encouutered  a  hurricane,  tlie  sliip  sprung  aleak, 
 and  tliey  finally  decided  to  gi\e  up  the  voyage.  A.s 
 Mather  says,  "meeting  with  manifold  crosses,  being 
 hall-seas  through,  they  gave  overtheir  intendments." 
 Had  this  colony  succeeded,  the  ri.se  of  Presbj-terianism 
 in  this  country  would  have  dated  in  Xew  England. 
 
 The  earliest  successful  organization  of  a  Presby- 
 terian church  in  this  section  was  that  of  the  Hugue- 
 nots, in  Boston,  who  were  orgaiiizeil  in  l(j!)6  and  con- 
 tinued until  17()1,  amid  many  ol)staeles  and  persecu- 
 tions, on  account  of  the  intolerance  of  the  colonists. 
 In  1718  there  was  a  Scotch-Irish  emigration  fiom 
 Londonderry,  Ireland,  who  founded  the  town  of 
 Londonderry,  N.  H.  They  organized  a  Presbyterian 
 Church,  probably  in  1719,  with  Rev.  James  McGegor, 
 who  came  over  with  them,  as  pastor.  In  1723  they 
 liuilt  a  manse,  and  a  meeting  house  the  next  year. 
 At  the  Spring  communion  of  17:^3  there  were  present 
 two  hundred  and  thirty  members,  and  two  years  later 
 they  had  four  .schools  within  their  bounds,  and  nine 
 years  from  the  time  of  their  settlement  paid  one-six- 
 teenth of  the  State  ta.\.  This  organization  still  con- 
 tinues. A  volume  containing  the  history  of  London- 
 <lerry  and  Derry,  embracing  a  full  history  of  this 
 church,  was  published  by  Rev.  E.  L.  Parker,  one  of 
 its  pa.stors,  in  Irt.il. 
 
 Some  time  about  1727,  the  Federal  Street  Church 
 (then  Long  Lane),  in  Boston,  was  formed  with  Rev. 
 J[r.  Morehead,  from  Ireland,  as  pastor.  It  continued 
 until  1786,  when  it  pa.ssed  over  to  Congregationalism. 
 In  1746  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Newbury- 
 port  was  fully  organized,  and  the  first  meeting  hou.se 
 built,  .services  having  been  held  for  two  years  previ- 
 ous. The  second  house  of  worship  was  built  ten 
 years  afterward,  and  it  was  considered  one  of  the 
 largest  in  Xew  P^ngland.  This  church  was  the  result 
 of  Whitefield's  labors  in  this  town.  The  first  pastor 
 was  Rev.  Jonathan  Parsons,  of  Lj-me,  Conn.,  with 
 ^vhom  Whitefield  had  special  intimacy,  and  at  whose 
 bouse  he  died  in  1770.  At  his  own  request,  Whitc- 
 lield  was  buried  under  the  puljjit  of  this  Church, 
 where  his  remains  still  repose. 
 
 The  church  at  Londonderry,  N.  H.,  sent  out,  from 
 time  to  time,  colonies  which  have  formed  prosperous 
 cliurehes.  The  first  Cfllony  organized  the  Church  at 
 \Vin<lham,  in  1747.  A  second  colony  settled  at  Bed- 
 ford in  1737,  and'in  1757  organized  the  church  there. 
 .\nother  colony  went  to  Antrim  and,  in  177.5,  formed 
 a  congregation  which  was  organized  into  a  church  in 
 177^*.  The  Rev.  W.  B.  Cochran,  its  present  pa.stor, 
 lias  published  a  volume  containing  a  full  and  valu- 
 able history  of  this  church. 
 
 From  174.1  to  17!)1  Presbyterian  churches  e.xLsted 
 in  the  State  of  Maine,  among  the  immigrants  who 
 came  out  from  Ireland  and  Scotland.  At  George- 
 town, New  Castle,  Brunswick,  Boothbay,  Bristol, 
 To])shew,  Warren,  Cray,  Canaan.  Turner  and  other 
 43 
 
 places,  churches  were  formed,  but  they  have  become 
 extinct,  or  gone  over  to  Congreg-ationalism,  so  that 
 there  is  no  church  of  our  denomination  now  exi.sting 
 in  that  State. 
 
 It  is  stated,  on  good  authority,  that  from  1768  to 
 1793  there  were  seventy  organized  Presbyterian 
 churches  in  New  England.  Most  of  these  have  gone 
 over  to  independency.  0«-ing  to  the  prevalence  of 
 Congregationalism  and  the  unity  of  feeling  which 
 has  existed  between  that  Denomination  and  our- 
 ■selves,  no  aggressive  efibrts  have  been  made  to  spread 
 Presbyterianism  in  this  part  of  our  country.  The 
 churches  of  recent  years  have  been  mostly  confined 
 to  organizations  among  the  Scotch-Irish,  in  the  cities 
 and  manufacturing  centres. 
 
 The  Presbytery  of  Boston,  which  comprises  all  the 
 churches  in  connection  with  the  General  A.ssembly  in 
 the  New  England  States,  except  Connecticut,  consists 
 of  eighteen  churches,  located  as  follows:  Seven  in 
 New  Hampshire,  one  in  Vermont,  one  in  Rhode 
 Island  and  nine  iu  Massachusetts.  The  whole  num- 
 ber of  communicants  is  2875.  Within  a  few  years 
 a  large  immigration  of  Scotch-Irish  from  the  Old 
 Country,  the  Provinces  and  Nova  Scotia,  has  come 
 to  the  manufacturing  centres  of  New  England,  who 
 desire  the  forms  of  church  government  in  which 
 they  have  been  trained,  which  is  opening  a  new  and 
 important  field  lor  Presbyterian  enlargement  in  this 
 section. 
 
 In  addition  to  the  above  enumeration  the  United 
 Presbyterians  have  ten  churches  in  New  England, 
 viz. :  six  in  Massachusetts,  one  iu  Rhode  Island,  and 
 three  in  Vermont,  with  a  totil  membership  of  12(i(l. 
 The  Relbrmed  Presbyterians  have  seven  churches, 
 two  located  in  the  city  of  Boston,  and  fi\e  in  the 
 State  of  Vermont,  with  a  total  membership  of  610. 
 Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  Presbyterianism  in  New 
 England  has  not  spread  as  in  other  sections  of  our 
 country,  but  has.  been  confined  to  localities,  and 
 mainly  among  the  de.scendants  of  the  Scotch.  The 
 Puritans  and  their  descendants  were  independents. 
 In  doctrine  and  worship,  however,  they  were  so  allied 
 to  the  Standards  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  that  they 
 have  absorlied  the  American  Presbyterian  element 
 which  has  located  in  this  section  of  the  country. 
 Many  of  the  Congregational  churches  have  enjoyed 
 the  ministry  of  pronounced  Presbyterians,  and  their 
 colleges  and  seminaries  have  sought  instructors  from 
 her  ranks.  Difiering  only  iu  Cluireh  polity,  there 
 has  not  hitherto  been  a  necessity  for  making  aggressive 
 effort  in  a  field  so  well  supplied  with  religious  privi- 
 leges. 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  New  York  City.  The 
 first  movement  which  led  to  the  organizati(ni  of  a 
 Presbyterian  congregation  in  New  York,  Wiis  in 
 January,  1707.  Prior  to  that  period  a  few  Presbyte- 
 rians had  a.ssembled  for  worship  in  a  private  house, 
 being  without  a  minister.  Two  ministers  of  the 
 faith,  named  Francis  Makemie  and  John  Hampton, 
 
PRESB  YTERIA  XISM. 
 
 674 
 
 NORTHERX  NEW  JERSEY. 
 
 from  the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland,  now  visited 
 New  York  on  their  waj'  to  Boston,  and  ;ipplicatiou 
 was  made  to  the  Coasistory  of  the  Dutch  Chunh  lor 
 the  use  of  their  place  of  worship,  that  these  clergy-  j 
 men  might  xireach.  Permission  was  given  hy  the  j 
 Consistory,  but  that  of  Lord  Cornbury,  the  Governor  i 
 of  the  province,  was  also  requisite,  and  it  was  refused. 
 Mr.  Makcniie,  however,  preached  in  a  private 
 house  in  Pearl  street,  and  baptized  a  child.  The  j 
 performance  of  these  ministrations,  without  a  license 
 from  the  Governor,  resulted  in  the  arrest  of  both  Sir. 
 Makcmie  and  his  companion,  who  were  brought 
 before  his  lordship,  and  by  his  order  thrown  into 
 prison.  After  two  months  of  confinement  they  were 
 brought  before  the  Chief  Justice  by  a  writ  of  habeas 
 corpus,  and  Mr.  Hampton,  not  having  preached,  was 
 discharged,  and  Mr.  JIakemie  admitted  to  hail.  The 
 latter  returned  from  Virginia,  in  June,  to  answer  his 
 prosecution  before  a  civil  court,  where  he  was  acquitted 
 by  a. jury,  but  was  obliged  to  pay  costs  to  the  amount 
 of  £83,  7s.,  6d. 
 
 In  1717,  John  Xicholl,  Patrick  McKnight,  Gilbert 
 Livingston,  and  Thomas  Smith,  with  a  few  others, 
 organized  a  congregation,  and  called  as  their  minister 
 the  Rev.  .Tames  Anderson,  a  native  of  Scotland,  but 
 at  the  time  a  member  of  the  Presbytery  of  Philadel- 
 phia. Worship  was  held  in  the  City  Hall,  at  the  cor- 
 ner of  Na-ssau  and  Wall  streets,  the  use  of  which  was 
 granted  by  the  corporation  of  the  City.  In  1718  a 
 lot  w:us  purchased  in  Wall  street,  and  in  the  following 
 year  a  church  edifice  Wiis  erected.  Money  was  col- 
 lected in  Connecticut  and  in  Scotland  for  the  new 
 enterprise.  In  1730  application  was  made  for  a 
 charter,  the  granting  of  which  was  successfully  op- 
 posed by  the  vestry  of  Trinity  Church  at  this  time, 
 and  at  other  i)eriods,  for  more  than  half  a  century. 
 Having  no  pro.spect  of  obtaining  a  charter  by  which 
 they  might  enjoy,  as  an  incorporate  body,  a  right  to 
 their  church  and  cemetery,  and  alarmed  by  what  had 
 occurred  at  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  where  the  property 
 of  the  Presbyterians  had  been  actually  taken  from 
 thenr  hy  the  Episcopalians,  they  invest«'d  the  fee  of 
 their  church  and  ground  in  the  General  Assembly  of 
 the  church  of  Scotland.  Subsequent  to  the  Kevolu- 
 tion  the  property  was  re-conveyed  to  the  trustees  of 
 the  church.  The  church  w;us  enlarged  in  1748.  The 
 following  inscripti<m  was  placed  in  the  wall,  over  the 
 magistrate's  pew:  "Under  the  auspices  of  George 
 II,  King  of  Great  Britain,  Patron  of  the  Church  and 
 Defender  of  the  Faith."  Rev.  David  Host  wick  was 
 called  to  the  church  in  17.5(),  and  early  in  his  ministry 
 a  portion  of  the  members  seceded  and  formed  the 
 First  Aasociate  Reformed  Churgh,  in  Cedar  street, 
 now  the  Scotch  Presbyterian  Church,  in  Grand  street. 
 In  176.'i,  the  Rev.  .Tohn  Rodgers  was  installed,  when 
 the  chunh  was  revived,  ]>r(>spercd,  and  greatly  in. 
 creased.  A  lot  w;is  obtained  from  the  corporation,  on 
 the  corner  of  Xass;vu  and  Beekman  streets,  on  which  a 
 new  building  was  erected,  and  dedicated  in  Jan.,  1768. 
 
 Most  of  the  members  of  the  First  Church  and 
 their  ministers  went  into  exile  during  the  Revolu- 
 tion. On  their  return,  they  found  their  churches  liad 
 been  desecrated  and  left  in  an  injured  and  ruinous 
 state.  The  parsonage  house  belonging  to  the  church 
 had  been  burned.  The  vestry  of  Trinity  Church,  now 
 unsolicited,  offered  the  Presbyterians  the  use  of  St. 
 Paul's  and  St.  George's  churches  until  their  own 
 might  be  repaired.  At  a  later  period,  a  lot  of  ground 
 on  Robinson  street  was  donated  for  the  use  of  the 
 Presbyterian  senior  minister.  In  fact,  the  Episcopa- 
 lians in  a  minuriti),  as  they  were  after  the  war,  were 
 a  very  dilferent  people  than  when  in  a  majority.  The 
 Brick  Church  was  re  opened  in  June,  1784,  and  the 
 Church  in  Wall  street  in  the  following  year.  In  1798 
 a  third  Presbyterian  church  was  opened  in  Rutger 
 street,  in  later  days  under  the  charge  of  Dr.  Krcbs. 
 In  1807  a  colony  from  the  Wall  Street  Church  and 
 from  the  Brick  Church,  with  others  who  were  unable 
 to  obtain  pews  in  either,  purcha.sed  ground  and 
 built  the  Cedar  Street  Church.  The  churches  were 
 separated,  and  became  independent  of  each  other 
 in  1809,  each  having  their  own  pastor,  except  that 
 Dr.  Rodgers  continued  his  pastoral  relations  to  the 
 First  and  Brick  churches.  During  1809-10,  the  Wall 
 Street  Church  was  rebuilt,  the  old  materials  being 
 used  for  building  another  church  in  Spring  street,  in 
 part.  A  separation  of  the  Wall  Street  and  Brick 
 churches  was  effected  by  mutual  consent.  Dr.  Rod- 
 gers died  in  May,  1811,  leaving  Dr.  Miller,  wlio  be- 
 came a  colleague  in  1792,  sole  pastor,  which  he 
 retained  until  1813,  when  he  became  one  of  the  Pro- 
 fe,s.sors  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary.  In  1815 
 Rev.  Philip  M.  Whelpley  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 church,  but  was  removed  by  death,  in  July,  1824. 
 He  was  succeeded  by  Dr.  Phillips,  in  January  1826. 
 In  1834  the  church  was  partially  destroyed  by  fire, 
 but  was  immediately  rebuilt  and  reopened,  in  1835. 
 In  May,  1844,  the  building  was  vacated  and  removed 
 to  Jersey  City,  and  appro])riated  to  the  purpose  for 
 which  it  was  originally  built.  The  corner-stone  of  a 
 new  edifice,  to  be  erected  on  the  corner  of  Fifth  Ave- 
 nue and  Eleventh  and  Twelfth  streets,  was  laid  in 
 September  of  the  siime  year,  and  the  first  service  Wiis 
 held  January  11th,  1846.  The  church  is  constructed 
 of  brown  free-.stone,  and  is  one  of  the  most  imjiosing 
 in  New  York,  and  the  congregation  is  among  the 
 most  wealthy.      [Src  Ilrirl:  Clninh,  nml  Hull,  John.) 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  Northern  New  Jersey. 
 The  counties  of  Sus.scx  and  Warren  may  be  appro- 
 priately designated  as  Northern  New  Jer.sey,  becau.se 
 of  natural  boundaries.  As  near  as  can  be  jiscertained 
 churches  have  been  organized  in  this  region  as  fol- 
 lows, viz. :  AYa.shington,  First  (originally  Mansfield 
 Woodhouse,  andsubse(|uently  Mansfield.  First),  1730; 
 Greenwich,  17:!"*;  IIaik(tt.stown(kno\vnalsoas  Lower 
 Ilardwick  and  Independence),  1739;  Oxford,  First 
 (originally  Oxford),  1749;  Yellow  Frame  (originally 
 Hardwick,  or  I'pper Ilardwick),  1750;  Newton,  17.')7; 
 
PRESB  YTERIA  NISM. 
 
 675 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Sparta,  1787;  Knowlton,  1800;  Harmony,  1807,  and 
 Marksboro',  1814;  all  of  which  were  organized  by 
 tlie  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick.  "Wantage,  First, 
 1817;  North  Hariliston,  1819,  and  Branchvillc,  1820; 
 by  the  Presl)ytery  of  Newark.  Stillwater,  1822; 
 Danville,  1831,  and  Belvidere,  First,  1834;  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Ne^vton.  Wantage,  Second,  1835;  by 
 Presbj'tery  of  Newark.  Mensconeteong  Valley,  1837; 
 by  Presbj-tery  of  Newton.  Stanhope,  1838;  by  Pres- 
 b\-tery  of  Rockaway.  (?)  Blairstown,  1840;  l)y  Pres- 
 bj-tery  of  Newton.  Belvidere,  Second,  1840;  by 
 Philadelphia,  Fourth.  Stewartsville,  1850;  Pliillips- 
 burg,  1853;  Swartswood,  1853;  Hope,  1854,  and 
 JIansfield,  Second,  1855;  by  Presbytery  of  Newton. 
 Lafayette,  1857;  by  Presbytery  of  Rockaway.  Blooms- 
 burg,  1857;  Andover,  1858;  Asbury,  1860;  O.xford, 
 Second,  1863;  Montana,  1869;  Delaware,  1871,  and 
 Papakating,  1A82,  by  Presbytery  of  Newton.  In  the 
 early  history  of  the  region  it  was  cu.stomary  for  two  or 
 three  churches  to  be  united  under  one  pastor;  .so  that 
 the  names  of  ministers  often  appear,  in  the  histories 
 of  the  churches,  as  being  in  different  charges  at  the 
 same  time.  Aside  from  the  numerous  supplies  sent 
 out  by  the  Pre-sbytery  of  New  Brunsmck,  we  find, 
 as  the  earliest  pastors  in  the  region,  the  names  of 
 John  Rosbrugli,  at  Greenwich,  JIansfield,  Wood- 
 house  and  Oxford,  from  17()4  to  1769;  Joseph  Ti-eat, 
 at  Greenwich,  from  1775  to  1797;  Wm.  B.  Sloane,  at 
 Greenwich  and  Mansfield,  Irom  1798  to  1815,  and  at 
 Greenwich  alone  till  1834;  Francis  Peppard,  at  Up- 
 per and  Lower  Hard  wick,  i.  c.  Yellow  Frame  and 
 Hackettstown,  from  1773  to  1783;  Ira  Condict,  at 
 Upper  Hardwick  and  Newton,  from  1787  to  1793; 
 John  Boyd,  in  the  same  charge,  from  1803  to  1811; 
 Peter  Wilson,  at  Hackettstown  and  Mansfield,  from 
 1786  to  1796;  David  Barclay,  at  Knowlton,  in  con- 
 nection witli  Oxford  and  Lower  Jlount  Bethel,  Irom 
 1805  to  1811;  Jo.seph  Campbell,  at  Hackettstown  and 
 Pleasant  Grove,  from  1809  to  1832,  and  at  the  former 
 place  alone  till  1838.  The  later  history  of  the  region 
 is  identified  with  that  of  the  Presbytery  of  Newton, 
 which  see;  also,  for  fiu-ther  details,  see  "Fiftieth 
 Anniversary  of  the  Organization  of  the  Presbytery  of 
 Newton,  by  Rev.  D.  X.  Junkin,  d.d. 
 Presbyterianism  in  Pennsylvania. 
 
 pnn,.vi)Ki,riiiA. 
 To  the  Rev.  Francis  JIakeraie  is  usually  accorded 
 the  honor  of  being  the  first  Presbyterian  minister  in 
 this  country.  A  native  of  Donegal  county,  Ireland, 
 educated  at  one  of  the  Scottish  universities,  he  was 
 licensed  and  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  La^can 
 witli  a  view  to  his  coming  to  America  in  response  to 
 an  appeal  for  ministerial  help  which  had  been  .sent  to 
 that  body  from  Maryland.  Shortly  after  his  ordina- 
 tion, the  date  of  which  is  not  known,  he  came  to  this 
 country  and  settled  in  Maryland  in  1683,  where  he 
 organized  the  Church  in  Snow  Hill,  the  first  Presby- 
 terian church  in  America.  Several  other  congrega- 
 tions were  gathered  in  that  region.     Mr.   Makemie 
 
 went  from  place  to  place  as  an  itinerant  mi.ssionary, 
 extending  his  journeys  into  the  neighboring  colony  of 
 Virginia  and  as  tar  as  South  Carolina. 
 
 In  1C92  he  visited  Philadelphia,  and  it  is  probable 
 that  Presbj-terians  were  gathered  together  and  organ- 
 ized as  a  congregation  at  that  time.  Their  first  place 
 of  worship  w;is  a  frame  building  on  the  northwest 
 corner  of  Second  and  Chestnut  streets,  known  as 
 "the  Barbadoes  Warehouse."  It  belonged  to  the 
 Barbadoes  Trading  Company,  and  had  been  used  by 
 them  as  a  place  for  the  storage  and  sale  of  merchan- 
 dise, but  had  been  abandoned  on  account  of  reverses 
 which  came  upon  the  company. 
 
 In  the  Autumn  of  1698  Mr.  Jedediah  Andrews,  a 
 licentiate  from  Mas.sachusetts,  a  graduate  of  Harvard 
 CoUege,  began  to  preach  to  them.  He  was  ordained 
 and  installed  their  pastor  in  the  Autumn  of  1701, 
 the  year  in  which  Philadelphia  received  its  charter 
 as  a  city,  and  Edward  Shippen  became  its  mayor. 
 The  place  then  contained  500  houses  and  a  popula- 
 tion of  5000. 
 
 In  1704  the  congregation  erected  its  first  church 
 building,  on  the  south  side  of  High  (Market)  street, 
 corner  of  Bank  street.  It  was  surrounded  by  large 
 buttonwood  trees,  from  which  it  came  to  be  known 
 :xs  the  Buttonwood  Churdi.  It  was  enlarged  in  1729, 
 rebuilt  in  1793,  and  finally  abandoned,  on  account  of 
 the  encroachments  of  business,  in  1820,  after  it  had 
 been  occupied  one  hundred  and  sixteen  years.  The 
 congregation  then  removed  to  the  church  edifice  it 
 still  occupies,  on  Washington  Square.  In  this  first 
 frame  church  the  first  American  Pre.sbytery  was 
 organized,  in  1705  or  1706.  The  first  leaf  of  the 
 records  hiis  been  lost  and  the  precise  date  is  therefore 
 unknown. 
 
 The  growth  of  Presbyterianism  in  Pliiladelphia 
 was  very  slow  during  the  first  half  century  of  its  ex- 
 istence. The  growth  of  the  city  during  the  same 
 period  was  by  no  means  rapid.  In  1750  Fourth  street 
 was  its  western  limit;  it  contained  only  2076  houses 
 and  15,000  inhabitants.  Presbyterianism  received 
 a  new  impulse  towards  the  middle  of  the  century, 
 from  the  immigration  of  many  Presbyterian  families, 
 and  also  from  the  labors  of  the  Rev.  George  White- 
 field.  Under  his  preaching  large  congregations  were 
 assembled  and  many  converts  were  made.  The  re- 
 vival was  also  accompanied  with  serious  di.scussions. 
 These  discussions,  together  with  the  growth  of  the 
 city,  led  to  the  formation,  in  1743,  of  the  Second  ■ 
 Church,  which  had  for  its  place  of  worship  the  "NMiite- 
 field  Academy,  on  Fourth  street,  south  of  Arch,  and 
 the  celebrated  GUbert  Tennent  for  its  tLr.st  pastor. 
 Its  first  chiu-ch  edifice  was  erected  and  occupied  in 
 1750,  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Third  and  Arch 
 streets;  enlarged  and  reconstructed  in  1809.  In  1837 
 the  congregation  removed  to  north  Seventh  street, 
 below  Arch,  and  in  1872  it  took  pos.session  of  its 
 present  building,  corner  of  Walnut  and  Twenty-first 
 streets. 
 
PRESB  YTEEIA  NIS}T. 
 
 676 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 The  third  congregation  was  organized  in  1762, 
 though  it  continued  in  connection  with  the  First 
 Church  until  1771,  when  the  Rev.  George  Duffield 
 became  its  pastor.  The  Fourth  Church  was  not 
 formed  until  1799.  Thus,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
 present  century,  there  were  in  Philadelphia  four 
 churches  in  connection  with  the  General  Assembly 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  In  this  city,  during 
 that  centur}-,  were  formed  its  first  Presbytery,  in  1705 
 or  170(i,  its  first  Synod,  in  1717,  and  its  first  General 
 Assembly,  in  1789.  It  had  shown  a  determined  pa- 
 triotism during  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  its  minis- 
 ters and  people  giving  an  undivided  support  to  the 
 cause  of  freedom  against  the  encroachments  of  British 
 tyramiy  and  oppression.  But  while  the  city  had 
 made  great  advances  in  population  and  wealth,  Pres- 
 bj^terianisni  had  not  made  a  corresiionding  advance. 
 It  began  the  present  century  with  only  four  churches 
 and  less  than  500  communicants  in  a  population  of 
 70,218. 
 
 With  the  beginning  of  the  present  century  it 
 entered  upon  a  more  prosperous  era,  and  from  that 
 time  its  progress  has  been  very  remarkable,  as  the 
 following  table,  compiled  from  official  sources,  will 
 show  : — 
 
 Tears.        CIiitrche«.         Communicants.       City  Pupulatian.  Batiu. 
 
 ISUIl 4  600  70,287  1  to  140 
 
 1810 6  1,058  00,287  1  to    91 
 
 1820 14  2,843  110,325  1  to    42 
 
 1830 ..21  4,970  107,325  1  to    34 
 
 1840 33  7,090  258,037  1  to    34 
 
 1850 37  10,908  408,702  1  to    37 
 
 18G0 CO  15,510  505,529  1  to  -30 
 
 1870 GO  18,007  674,022  1  to    30 
 
 1883 83  27,747  840,988  1  to    30 
 
 Thus  it  appears  that  while  the  population  of  the 
 city  is  only  twelve  times  as  large  as  in  1800,  the 
 Presbj'terian  communion  rolls  are  55.5  times  as  large, 
 or  that  the  Church  has  grown  in  numbers  nearly  five 
 times  as  fast  as  the  City.  It  will  be  aliserved,  also, 
 that  during  the  j)eriod  of  separation  between  the 
 "Old  and  New  Schools"  (1837-1870),  the  rate  of 
 advance  was  materially  retarded,  and  that  the 
 reunion  so  happily  effected  in  1870  gave  it  a  new 
 impulse.  If  to  the  eighty-three  churches  and  27,747 
 communicants  of  this  Denomination  we  add  the 
 29  churches  and  15,000  communicants  of  other 
 Presbyterian  bodies,  we  will  have  an  aggregate  of 
 112  and  42,7-17  communicants,  or  one  to  every 
 twenty  of  the  population.  From  these  data  we 
 safely  estimate  the  whole  Presbyterian  poi)ulation  as 
 210,000,  or  one-fifth  of  the  entire  population  of  the 
 city. 
 
 The  growth  of  the  benevolence  of  the  Church  is 
 even  greater.  The  amount  contributed  tor  benevo- 
 lent causes,  to  the  General  Assembly,  on  whose 
 records  we  rely  for  our  statistics  until  1807,  when  the 
 entire  Presbj-tcry  of  Pliiladeli)liia,  which  consisted  of 
 twenty  churches,  four  of  which  were  in  the  city, 
 reported    oidy  5i871,    is    stated    to    l)e  as    follows: 
 
 In  1825  the  amount  was  $1048;  in  1853,  $40,503;  in 
 1860,  $79,377;  in  1870,  $190,170;  in  1883,  $223,484, 
 or  256  times  as  much  as  in  1807,  and  three  times  as 
 much  as  in  1800. 
 
 The  amount  expended  for  congregational  purposes 
 has  also  largely  increased.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
 century  the  salaries  of  the  pastors  were  small  and 
 irregularly  paid ;  not  unfrequently  they  felt  very 
 seriously  the  lack  of  means  to  meet  current  expen.ses. 
 A  few  thousand  dollars  covered  all  that  was  paid  for 
 Church  purposes.  At  the  General  Assembly  in  May 
 last  our  Philadelphia  churches  reported  $405,965 
 raised  and  expended  for  congregational  purposes. 
 Add  to  this  the  $223,484  contributed  for  the  support 
 of  the  missionary  and  benevolent  operations  of  the 
 Church,  and  we  have  an  aggregate  of  $629,449  rai.sed 
 and  expended  ])y  Philadelphia  Presbyterians  for 
 their  denominational  work  during  the  year  ending 
 the  first  of  April  last,  whilst  they  have  been,  as  always 
 in  preceding  years,  among  the  foremo.st  of  the  sup- 
 porters of  the  Bible,  Tract  and  Sunday-school 
 societies,  and  other  union  associations  for  benevolent 
 work. 
 
 In  1800  there  were  but  three  church  buildings  ; 
 now  there  are  ninety-three.  In  1800  the  entire 
 value  of  the  church  property  did  not  exceed  $40,000; 
 now  it  is  worth  not  less  than  $2,500,000.  Add  to 
 this  the  twenty  church  edifices  of  the  other  branches, 
 and  you  have  one  hundred  and  eleven  Presbj'terian 
 places  of  worship,  and  church  property  amounting  in 
 value  to  not  less.than  $2,750,000. 
 
 These  churches  are,  in  the  main,  well  equipped  for 
 work,  with  faithful,  earnest,  laborious  pa.stors,  and 
 active,  intelligent  helpers  among  the  laymen.  Sev- 
 eral that  have  been  without  pastors  have  very  recently 
 settled  men,  from  whose  labors  great  results  are 
 expected.  The  Sabbath  schools  are  large  and  flotir- 
 ishing,  with  a  membership  of  33,674. 
 
 Besides  co-operating  with  other  Christian  people 
 in  union  benevolent  work,  Presbyterians  have,  during 
 the  last  fifteen  years,  established,  and  to  some  good 
 extent  endowed,  three  institutions  of  their  own  :  the 
 Presbyterian  Hospital,  the  Presbyterian  Home  for 
 Women,  and  the  Presbyterian  Orphanage. 
 
 Philadelphia  is  also  the  home  of  three  of  the  Boards 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church  :  the  Board  of  Publica- 
 tion, the  Board  of  Education  and  the  Board  of  Minis- 
 terial Relief  Here  also  is  the  Presbyterian  Histor- 
 ical Society,  with  its  large  and  valuable  library, 
 collected  mainly  through  the  long-continued  and  per- 
 severing labors  of  the  late  Samuel  Agnew,  to  which, 
 however,  valuable  additions  have  been  made  since 
 his  lamented  death.  The  interests  of  Presbyterian- 
 isni  are  also  supported  by  three  weekly  denomina- 
 tional papers,  ably  conducted  and  widely  circulated. 
 On  all  sides  the  outlook  lor  the  future  is  encouraging 
 and  hopeful,  and  it  is  confidently  expected  the  future 
 growth  will  be  even  more  rax)id  and  satisfactory  than 
 the  past. 
 
PRESS  YTERIANISM. 
 
 677 
 
 PENNSYLVAXIA. 
 
 INTEEIOB  OF  THE  STATE. 
 The  increase  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  through 
 the  interior  of  the  State,  on  to  the  Susquehanna,  as 
 in  Philadelphia,  was  not  greatly  disproportioned  to 
 that  of  the  popukition.  As  immigration  pushed  its 
 way  towards  tlie  AVest,  felling  the  forests,  bridging 
 the  streams,  plowing  the  fields  and  crowding  the  rich 
 piustures  with  grazing  folds,  the  blue  liag  floated  over 
 the  advancing  tide,  and  ministers  increased  in  num- 
 ber, churches  were  planted,  and  presbj-teries  were 
 formed.  With  the  impetus  given  to  industrial  and 
 commercial  enterprise,  Presbyteriauism  kept  pace. 
 With  such  noble  men  as  Anderson,  Bertram,  Latta, 
 Bojd,  Irwin,  Grier,  Smith,  Carmichael,  Foster, 
 McFar(juhar,  Mitchell,  Blair,  Craighead,  Finley, 
 Sample,  Cathc.art,  Snodgrass  and  others,  the  cause 
 was  carried  forward  in  steady  line  and  solid  progress. 
 Prominent  among  the  churches  which  sprang  iuto 
 existence,  was  the  Church  in  Abington,  which  was 
 organized  in  1714,  by  the  Kev.  Malachi  Jones,  and  of 
 which  the  Rev.  Dr.  William  Tennent  was  pastor  for 
 twenty-nine  years  ;  the  Church  in  Xew  London,  of 
 which  Dr.  Francis  Allison  was  one  of  the  first  pas- 
 tors, having,  in  connection  with  his  pastorate,  the 
 charge  of  an  academy,  at  which  many  young  men 
 were  trained  for  usefulness  and  distinction  in  the 
 various  vocations  of  life;  the  Church  of  tipper  Octo- 
 riira,  which  has  been  blessed  with  a  succes.sion  of 
 faithful  pastors  during  all  its  long  history,  and 
 which,  in  addition  to  the  local  influence  it  \\a&  ex- 
 erted for  good,  has  sent  out  a  number  of  able  minis- 
 isters  and  several  devoted  missionaries;  the  Church 
 at  Brandywine  JIanor,  which  has  been  blessed  with 
 the  faithful  labors  of  Carmichael  and  the  Griers 
 (father  and  son),  and  from  which,  also,  many  have 
 gone  forth  to  the  work  of  the  ministry,  to  do  noble 
 service  for  the  Master;  the  Church  at  Pequea,  which 
 was  for  forty-two  years  the  pastoral  charge  of  that 
 able  theologian  and  protbu;id  casuist,  Dr.  Robert 
 Smith,  whose  school,  whicli  he  established,  ao(iuired 
 a  great  reputation,  but  who  is  better  known  to  pos- 
 terity as  the  father  of  those  two  great  lights  of  the 
 Church,  Dr.  Samuel  Stanhope  Smith,  of  Princeton 
 College,  and  Dr.  John  Blair  Smith,  of  Union  Col- 
 lege, both  of  whom  succeeded  their  father  in  the 
 Moderator's  chair  in  the  General  Assembly;  the 
 Church  at  Chestnut  Level,  which  was  long  under 
 the  care  of  that  able  divine,  the  Rev.  .Tames  Latta, 
 D.D.,  Moderator  of  the  General  As.sembly  in  179:5,  and 
 father  of  four  sons  who  entered  the  ministry,  the 
 Revs.  William,  Francis,  James  and  John  E.  Latta, 
 the  last  of  whom  was  for  a  considerable  time  perma- 
 nent clerk  of  the  General  Assembly ;  Donegal  Church, 
 located  in  one  of  the  most  important  Scotch-Irish 
 settlements  in  the  county  of  Lancaster,  upon  the 
 banks  of  the  "Sheca.ssalungo"  creek,  in  171-1,  and 
 invested  with  peculiar  historic  interest;  Old  Deny 
 Church,  Paxtang  Church  and  Old  Hanover  Church, 
 around  which   cluster  many  sacred   memories,  and 
 
 notices  of  which  will  be  found  in  their  apppropriat<! 
 place  in  this  volume. 
 
 With  all  the  advantages  they  possessed  east  of  the 
 Suscjuehanna,  the  enterprising  and  energetic  Scotch- 
 Irish  were  not  satisfied,  and  hence  they  pu.shed  their 
 way  further  westward,  crossing  that  river,  at  Peixtan, 
 Peshtiink,  or  Paxton,  and  entering  what  was  then 
 called  "Kittochtinny  Valley,"  or  "North  Valley," 
 but  is  now  known  as  Cumberland  Valley.  The.se 
 immigrations  began  about  1730.  In  1740  the  number 
 of  settlers  reached  several  thou.sands;  in  174!)  the 
 number  of  taxables  was  1807,  and  in  1751  it  had 
 considerably  increased.  The  history  of  this  peoi)lc  is 
 replete  with  interest.  They  were,  in  general,  plain 
 in  their  style  of  living.  Their  houses,  says  Dr. 
 Creigh,  were  but  log  cabins,  in  dimensions  from  20  to 
 2.5  feet,  by  28  and  30  feet,  with  oiled  paper,  in  most 
 cases,  instead  of  glass,  in  their  windows,  chimneys 
 built  of  sticks  of  wood  pla.stered,  benches  made  of 
 logs  split  in  two  parts  and  hewed  down  to  a  proper 
 thickness,  supported  by  four  legs.  Around  the  walls 
 were  driven  in  wooden  pegs,  on  which  were  hung 
 the  garments  of  the  inmates.  Another  set  of  Jiegs 
 upheld  the  rifle,  the  pouch  and  the  powder-horn. 
 And  here,  too,  was  the  little  shelf  on  which  rested 
 the  meagre  library.  And  this  one  apartment  of  the 
 cabin  was  u.sed  for  parlor,  family-room,  chamber, 
 nursery  and  kitchen. 
 
 Their  clothing  was  of  the  simplest  kind.  The 
 materials  of  which  it  was  made  were  mainly  wool  and 
 flax,  all  of  which  was  prepared  by  their  own  hands. 
 The  men's  ordinary  wear  was  a  loo.se  wamus  or 
 hunting-shirt,  made  of  woolen,  with  trousers  of  the 
 same  material  or  purely  of  linen,  and  moccasins,  made 
 of  deer  skin.  Their  finer  wear  was  a  coat  of  home- 
 spun, and  a  waistcoat,  ^vith  breeches,  often  made  of 
 buckskin,  with  knee  buckles,  long  stockings,  .shoes 
 and  shoe  buckles,  with  cocked  hats.  The  women's 
 ordinary  wear  was  a  short  gown  and  petticoat  made 
 of  linsey-woolsey,  a  sun  bonnet  or  hood.  Their  finer 
 costume  was  often  of  silk  and  of  other  material 
 equally  costly,  with  a  bonnet,  made  of  material  to 
 correspond,  and  a  kerchief  of  white  around  the  neck 
 and  covering  the  upper  part  of  the  breast.  Five  or 
 six  yards  were  amply  sufficient  for  a  dress. 
 
 Their  food  was  ecjually  plain.  Hog  and  hominy 
 and  potatoes,  with  mush  and  milk,  were  their  stand- 
 ing fare.  The  amount  of  wheat  which  they  raLsed 
 was  but  small,  and  then,  when  they  had  it,  there  was 
 great  difficulty  in  getting  it  ground  for  family  use, 
 there  being  no  flouring  mills  within  the  limits  of 
 their  settlement  at  this  time.  And  then,  again,  it 
 was,  for  them,  the  best  medium  of  exchange  by  which 
 to  procure  salt  and  iron,  and  other  articles  equally 
 important.  As  for  coflee  and  tea,  if  the  old  folks 
 could  aftbrd  to  have  either  of  them  once  a  week,  on 
 the  Lord's  day,  they  were  .satisfied,  while  to  the 
 younger  members  of  the  family  they  were  coutra- 
 baud. 
 
PRESB  YTERIANISM. 
 
 678 
 
 PENSSYLVASIA. 
 
 Their  sonrces  of  knowledge,  too,  were  very  limited. 
 Books  were  very  scarce  and  high-priced,  and  hence 
 the  only  ones  they  could  afford  to  own  were  the 
 Bible,  the  Confession  of  F^iith,  the  Psalm  Book,  Pil- 
 grim's Progress,  Fourfold  State,  Saints'  Rest,  and 
 such  like.  But  these  they  read,  they  studied,  they 
 made  themselves  familiar  with,  and  thus  they  be- 
 cjinie  theologians,  and  were  might}'  in  the  Scrip- 
 tnres.  They  had  a  great  care,  too,  that  their  children 
 should  be  instructed;  and  so,  whenever  a  settlement 
 was  formed  a  school  was  e.st;iblished,  in  which  were 
 taught  spelling,  reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  geogra- 
 }ihy,  and  in  some  ca-ses,  surveying. 
 
 B\it,  in  thus  speaking  of  their  domestic  life,  we 
 must  not  overlook  the  family  altar.  Most  of  them 
 being  jiioiLs,  and  all  of  them  having  the  highest  re- 
 gard for  religion,  no  family  was  complete  in  its  ar- 
 rangements without  the  familj'  altar.  To  this  they 
 had  been  trained  in  the  land  of  their  nativity,  and 
 in  the  land  of  their  adoption  they  could  not  neglect 
 it.  And  some  of  their  most  jjrecious  seasons  were 
 when,  as  a  family,  they  were  engaged  in  this  delight- 
 ful service.  And  such  a  scene  as  this,  described  by 
 Bums  in  his  "Cotter's  Saturday  Night,"  is  ju.st  as 
 true  of  the  settlers  of  these  parts  as  it  was  true  of 
 those  in  Scotland  at  the  time  it  was  written. 
 
 In  organizing  their  churches  in  those  early  times, 
 and  in  erecting  their  church  buildings,  great  care 
 was  taken  lest  the  limits  of  one  congregation  should 
 encroach  on  those  of  another.  Hence,  when  applica- 
 tion was  made  to  tlie  Presln'tery  for  the  organization 
 of  a  new  congregation,  or  the  erection  of  a  new  church 
 building,  the  Presbytery  would  appoint  what  was 
 called  a  ''perambulating  committee,"  who  would 
 measure  the  distance  of  ten  miles  from  the  nearest 
 hou.se  of  worshij).  And  this  usage  continued  until 
 the  unfortunate  division  in  1711,  which  rent  the 
 Church  in  twain. 
 
 The  fii-stdnireh  buildings  of  this  people  were  plain 
 log  structures,  which  were  litted  up  with  benches  to 
 accommodate  the  worshipers  ;  they  were  without  fire- 
 places or  stoves,  and  it  was  no  uncommon  thing  for 
 both  the  pastor  and  the  male  members  of  the  con- 
 gregation to  bring  their  rifles  with  them  to  the  place 
 of  worshi]),  to  1)e  ])rci)ared  for  any  attack  which 
 might  be  made  by  the  Indians.  True,  these  plain 
 structures  in  the  eiuirse  of  time  g-ave  place  to  edifices 
 of  a  iM'tter  architecture,  yet  even  thfse  were  without 
 ornamentation,  and  the  ser\-ices  in  them  were  of 
 the  simplest  and  nuist  unpretending  character.  One 
 of  our  kinsmen  (Profe.s.sor  AVilliam  M.  Nevin,  i.i,.  D., 
 of  Franklin  and  Marshall  College),  who.se  boyhood 
 Wits  identifu'd  with  one  of  the.se  venerable  liuiklings 
 (Middle  S])ring\  has  given  a  faithful  and  touching 
 description  of  it,  which  is  ecpially  applicable  to  all 
 the  rest.      (.SVc  Middle  Spriiii/  Cliurch.) 
 
 The  pastors  in  lh<>  churclus  in  this  region — Upper 
 West  Conacocheague,  Welsh  Kun,  Falling  Spring, 
 Rocky  Spring,   Middle  Spring,   Big  Spring,  Carlisle 
 
 and  Silvers'  Spring — were,  as  their  several  sketches 
 indicate,  men  of  fervent  piety,  intellectual  culture, 
 great  force  of  character,  and  earnest  zeal,  and  they 
 have  left  an  influence  for  good  which  mu.st  be  felt  to 
 the  lat<'st  generations. 
 
 Lingering  no  longer  on  the  beautiful  Cumberland 
 Valley,  with  itshand.some  towns,  rich  and  productive 
 farms,  and  intelligent,  industrious,  thrifty  and  law- 
 abiding  population,  except  to  say  that,  as  the  result 
 of  its  Scotch-Irish  Presbyterianism,  no  district  of  our 
 broad  and  blessed  country  has  furnished  more  repre- 
 sentative men  in  all  the  walks  of  life — men  di.stin- 
 gui.shed  for  their  ability,  integrity,  patrioti.sn\  and 
 influenc*^ — we  turn  briefly  to  other  directions. 
 
 The  picturesque  Juniatii  Valley,  under  the  lalwrs 
 of  the  faithful  missionaries  by  whom  it  was  visited 
 from  time  to  time,  and  the  earnest,  able  and  diligent 
 pastors  with  which  it  was  favored — such  as  Linn, 
 Wilson,  MeKimiey,  Peebles,  Woods  and  Gibson- 
 soon  Ijegan  to  blo.ssom  as  the  rose,  and  became  one  of 
 tlie  strongholds  of  Presbyterianism.  I'nder  the  cul- 
 ture of  such  devoted  men  of  God,  it  is  no  wonder 
 that  this  attractive  region  is  so  famous  lor  its  men  of 
 intellect  and  probity,  as  well  as  for  its  general  pros- 
 perity, and  that  the  spiritual  soil  was  so  grandly  im- 
 proved, that  now  Huntingdon  Presbytery,  covering 
 t<>rritorially  the  seven  prosperous  counties  of  Blair, 
 Huntingdon,  Mifflin,  Juniata,  Bedford,  Centre  and 
 Clearfield,  has  on  its  roll  the  names  of  5.5  ministei's 
 and  69  churches,  numbers  9274  communicants,  and 
 in  the  number  of<its  churches  is  the  third  Pre.sbytery 
 in  size  in  the  United  States. 
 
 BEYOXD   THE  ALLEGHESIES. 
 
 In  1766  we  find  Mr.  Beatt}',  in  conjunction  with 
 Mr.  Duffield,  performing  his  Western  mission.  At 
 Fort  Pitt  (Pittsburg)  he  was  invited  by  M<' Lagan, 
 Chaplain  to  the  Forty-.second  Kegiment,  topnach  to 
 the  garrison,  while  Mr.  Duflkld  preached  tothepeoph', 
 who  lived  "  in  some  kind  of  a  town  withoiit  the 
 fort."  The  missionaries,  on  their  return,  reported 
 "that  they  found  on  the  frontiers  numbers  of  people 
 earnestly  desirous  of  forming  themselves  into  congre- 
 gations, and  declaring  their  willingness  to  exert  their 
 utmost  in  order  to  have  the  gospel  among  them," 
 but  their  circumstances  were  "  exceedingly  distres.s- 
 ing  and  neees-sitous, "  in  conseiiuence  of  calamities 
 inflicted  by  the  war. 
 
 It  is  impossible  to  determine  how  far  the  measures 
 of  the  Synoil  for  mission  labor  in  Western  Pennsyl- 
 vania were  carried  out  with  each  successive  year,  but 
 they  were  regularly  made  at  each  annual  meeting, 
 and  in  sonu'  cases,  at  least,  were  successful.  The 
 war  of  the  Kevolution,  however,  int<rrupted  the 
 further  jirosecution  of  the  plan,  and  yet  before  its 
 close  (17S1)  Redstone  Presbytery  had  been  organized 
 on  the  field. 
 
 The  Rev.  W.  F.  Itamiltun  gives  the  following 
 graphic  description  nf  tin-  fust  meeting  of  this  Pres- 
 bytery:— 
 
PRESBYTERIANISM. 
 
 679 
 
 PENNSYL  VANIA. 
 
 ' '  Of  the  three  ministers,  the  oldest  is  James  Power. 
 He  is  thirty-five,  of  fair  complexion,  medium  height, 
 erect  and  rather  slender  in  person,  noticeably  neat, 
 though  plain  in  dress,  courteous  and  e:isy  in  his  man- 
 ners, but  not  lacking  gravity,  rather  combining  afF;v- 
 bility  and  dignity  in  due  proportion.  Next  in  age  is 
 Thaddeus  Dodd,  four  years  younger.  He  is  consider- 
 ably taller  than  Mr.  Power,  but  e<iually  slender.  His 
 dress  hangs  more  loosely.  He  h:ia  a  sallow  com- 
 l)Iexion,  black  hair  and  black  eyes,  keen,  piercing, 
 but  not  unkindly.  His  whole  general  appearance  is 
 in  contrast  with  that  of  llr.  Power,  and  by  no  means 
 gives  such  promise  of  longevity.  The  other  minister, 
 still  younger,  is  John  JIcMillan,  not  yet  turned  of 
 twenty-nine.  In  complexion  he  is  neither  fair  nor 
 sallow,  but  swarthy.     His  features  are  rough  hewn. 
 
 Scott,  of  Pigeon  Creek,  is  one  year  yotinger,  as  is  also 
 John  Neel,  from  Jit.  Plea-sant.  They  are  good  speci- 
 mens of  the  better  da.ss  of  early  settlers.  I're.sbytery 
 is  opened  with  a  .sermon  by  Mr.  Dodd,  from  the  words, 
 '  I  have  heard  of  thee  by  the  hearing  of  the  ear,  but 
 now  mine  eye  seeth  thee.  Wherefore  I  abhor  my.self 
 in  dust  and  a-shes. '  Presumably  a  plain,  searching 
 gospel  sermon,  good  alike  for  ministers  and  elders 
 and  people,  good  for  all,  young  and  old,  who  have 
 gathered  to  hear  it.  Mr.  McMillan  is  then  elected 
 Sloderator,  and  Mr.  Power  clerk.  There  is  but  little 
 business  demanding  attention,  and  .so  more  time  fo\ 
 prayer  and  conference.  Another  session  is  held  the 
 next  morning,  then  they  adjourn.  They  are  ghul 
 they  have.seen  each  othei-s'  faces,  they  are  proud  to  be 
 an  independent  Presbytery,  and  ha\-lng  pressed  each 
 
 A   rrONEER'S   HOME. 
 
 in  some  eyes  homely,  certainly  ma'^culine.  His  man- 
 ner is  blunt,  abrupt,  impatient  of  formality.  His 
 look  stern,  almost  harsh,  were  it  not  attempered  by 
 benevolence.  His  person  nearly  if  not  quite  six  feet 
 high,  \vith  head  and  neck  inclining  forward,  giving 
 already  slight  promise  of  corpulence,  setting  olf  to 
 good  advantage  the  cocked  hat  and  broad-skirt  coat 
 with  doublet,  and  the  breeches"  with  knee  buckles, 
 which  constituted  the  conventional  costume  of  the  day. 
 If  there  is  either  of  the  three  that  Would  be  adjudged 
 at  once  a  man  of  commanding  energy  and  force  of 
 character,  a  man  of  superior  executive  ability,  it  is 
 certainly  McMillan.  Of  the  three  elders  the  first 
 noticed,  perhaps,  is  Demas  Lindley,  from  Ten  Mile, 
 a  man  of  stalwart  frame  and  great  phj-sical  strength, 
 yet  one  who  sits  ;us  a  child  at  Jesus'  feet.  He  is  in 
 the  vigor  of  manhood,  aged  forty-eight.      Patrick 
 
 others'  hands  with  a  parting  grasp,  they  are  ready  to 
 return  to  their  homes." 
 
 Such  was  the  Presbytery,  and  such  were  the 
 churches,  by  which  Presbyterianism  w:us  established 
 in  Western  Penn.sylvania.  They  were  tlie  advance 
 guard,  not  only  of  Christianity,  but  of  civilization 
 and  learning.  Population,  cities,  colleges,  agricul- 
 ture, mauutiicturcs,  and  churches  of  all  denomina- 
 tions, have  since  that  time  crossed  the  Mi.ssis,sippi, 
 leaped  the  Rocky  mountains,  descended  to  the  shores 
 of  the  Pacific,  and  crossed  that  ocean  to  the  Sand- 
 wich Islands,  Japan,  Siara,  China,  India  and  Persia. 
 Little  did  the  three  ministers  and  three  elders  who 
 met  at  Pigeon  Creek  on  the  morning  of  September 
 19th,  ITSl,  understand  the  breadth  and  d.i)th  of  the 
 foundation  they  were  laying,  or  the  vast  proportions 
 of  the  great  work  they  were  inaugurating. 
 
PKESB  YTEBIA  XIS3I. 
 
 680 
 
 WESTERX  PESKA\ 
 
 Here,  again,  as  in  Comberland  Valley,  a  very  i 
 primitive  state  of  society  was  tluit  which  greeted  the 
 eye  and  shaped  the  experience  of  the  first  pxstors  of  \ 
 the  I'rcsbytery.  The  jxTsons  tliat  compos«'d  their 
 conf^regjitions  wire  by  no  means  dressed  in  accord- 
 ance with  the  fxsliioiis  of  our  present  cities.  In  nine 
 CiLsi-s  out  of  ten,  a  blanket  or  a  coverlet  served  as  a 
 suljstitute  for  a  gre^it  coat  in  winter  weather,  and  the  j 
 worshiper  was  not  ashamed  to  wear  it.  Deer  skin 
 was  a  substitute  for  cloth  for  men  and  boys.  Every- 
 '  thing  tliat  was  not  brought  from  a  distance  of  more 
 than  a  liundred  miles  acro.ss  the  mountains  had  to  be 
 niaruifactured  by  patient  industry  and  primitive 
 agencies.  The  best  dwelling  of  the  settler  was  for 
 many  years  a  log  cabin,  and  its  furniture  was  of  the 
 simiilest  description.  Hitc  and  there  a  fort  told  the 
 story  of  danger  from  Indian  inv;vsion,  and  suggested 
 the  hazards  by  day  aud  night  to  which  the  inhabit- 
 ants were  exposed. 
 
 Until  1790,  it  is  not  known  that  a  church  edifice  or 
 hou.se  of  worship  w;is  erected  in  the  region.  Meet- 
 ings were  held  in  the  sluidy  groves,  or,  for  greater 
 security,  within  the  walls  of  the  forts.  They  were 
 attended  sometimes  from  a  disUmce  of  twelve  or  six- 
 teen miles,  and  he  was  fortunate  whose  residence 
 enabled  him,  by  a  walk  of  not  more  than  five  or  six, 
 to  enjoy  the  regular  ordinances  of  Sabbath  worship. 
 In  many  Ciuses,  every  man  Kjme  armed.  The  guns 
 were  stuked,  and  a  sentinel  wits  appointed  to  souud 
 the  signal  of  alarm  in  cuse  of  danger  from  Indian 
 attack.  The  perils  from  this  source  did  not  ceiise  till 
 Waj'ne's  victory,  in  1794. 
 
 The  toils  and  hardships  of  the  ministers  were 
 excessive.  They  not  only  shared  the  lot  of  their  ' 
 people  in  respect  to  food,  clothing,  and  hxlging,  but 
 in  their  extended  journeyings  from  place  to  place  to 
 preach,  a<lminister  the  ordinances,  and  visit  their 
 scattered  sheep  in  the  wilderness,  were  exposed  to 
 peculiar  hazards.  Often  did  they  have  to  travel  a 
 distance  of  from  fifteen  to  fifty  miles  in  order  to  dis- 
 charge their  parochial  duties,  so  extended  were  the 
 fields  which  they  were  c;illed  to  occupy.  They  were 
 indeed  bishops,  in  the  primitive  sense,  and  each  had 
 his  dioi'ese.  For  days  togetlier  they  were  absent 
 from  their  families.  In  some  places  there  were  no 
 roads,  or  only  those  of  the  worst  description.  A 
 blind  path,  but  seldom  used,  must  be  followed, 
 when  every  neighlM>rhood  road  to  a  mill  or  a  smith's 
 shop,  being  much  more  distinct,  would  be  almost 
 sure  to  mislead  tlu'm.  Guide-boards  there  were 
 none.  Bridges  had  not  yet  been  built,  and  fording 
 places  were  not  always  eiLsy  to  be  discovered.  Yet, 
 braving  all  pi'rils,  exjxisi'd  to  heat  and  cold,  plod- 
 ding through  the  mud  or  facing  the  .storm,  they 
 di.seharged  their  duty,  brave  in  a  heroism  not  less 
 noble  that  it  wxs  oKscure,  not  le.ss  admirable  that  it 
 wxs  the  fruit  of  Christian  faith  and  pastoral  fidelity. 
 A  notable  exami)le  of  this  we  have  in  the  c^use  of  the 
 Kcv,  George  Hill,  gnuidfather  of  the   Kuv.  George 
 
 Hill,  D.  n.,  now  at  Blairsville,  who,  having,  while 
 pastor  of  Donegal,  Ligonier,  and  Fairfield,  to  cross 
 the  Conemaugh  in  going  to  one  of  his  places  of 
 preaching,  w:is  known,  in  times  of  high  water,  to 
 swim  the  river  on  horseback,  preach  in  his  wet" 
 clothes,  recross  the  river  and  return  to  his  own 
 house,  a  distance  of  ten  miles,  the  same  day. 
 
 The  support  of  the  clergj-man  in  this  region  wsts 
 by  no  means  ample,  yet  two  and  .sometimes  three 
 congregations  were  united  to  secure  it.  Even  then 
 he  might  be  necessitated  to  eke  out  his  salary  by  cul- 
 tivating a  farm,  or  unite  thrift  with  charity  in  the 
 work  of  instruction.  There  w:is  indeed  ample  wealth 
 around  him — such  ;us  it  was — but  it  was  the  riches  of 
 a  fertile  soil,  and  the  verdure  of  hill  and  valley;  it 
 was  nature  herself,  with  her  mines  and  acres  waiting 
 for  the  hand  of  indiL^try  to  coin  them  into  shajM-  and 
 imprint  upon  them  the  image  and  superscription  of 
 civilization  and  cultnrc. 
 
 But  a  richer  .soil  than  that  of  the  hills  and  valleys 
 was  that  wliieh  the  laltorer  in  the  Lord's  vineyanl 
 was  called  to  cultivat<'.  His  parishioners  were  by  no 
 means  the  luiseellaneous  driftwood  which  emigration 
 usually  floats  olT  from  older  communities  to  new  set- 
 tlements. Among  them  were  men  of  culture,  and  a 
 large  proportion  of  them  were  characterized  by  stern 
 religious  principle.  They  were  men  whose  energy 
 and  vigor  were  developed  by  the  circumstjinccs  of 
 their  lot,  and  who,  in  grappling  with  the  forest,  and 
 repelling  or  guarding  against  s;ivage  attack,  were 
 made  more  .sitg-.icjous,  fearless  and  self-reliant.  Tliey 
 were  men  of  pure  principles  and  exalted  ambition — 
 men  whose  descendants  now  generally  (ktuiiv  the 
 places  of  honor,  trust  and  responsibility  in  the  com- 
 munity. 
 
 At  this  point  a  notice  of  the  Old  Presbytery  of 
 Erie,  erected  by  the  Synoil  of  Virginia  in  ISOl,  is 
 called  for.  It  embraced  all  the  churches  and 
 settlements  north  and  northwest  of  the  Ohio  and 
 Allegheny  rivers.  It  extended  from  Bejiver,  Ta., 
 on  the  Ohio  river,  on  the  south,  to  Lake  Erie, 
 on  the  north,  and  from  the  Allegheny  river,  on 
 the  e;ist,  to  Canfield,  O.,  on  the  west,  embracing  the 
 whole  of  what  is  now  the  Synod  of  Allegheny,  with 
 portions  of  the  Synods  of  Wheeling,  Buffalo  and 
 Pittsburg.  The  field  was  alnji>st  wholly  uncultivated 
 by  ministerial  labor.  The  population  was  mainly 
 Presbyterian.  They  had  brought  with  them  a  few 
 lKM»ks  from  the  East.  Tho  Bible,  the  Westmin.ster 
 Confession,  the  Hymn  Book,  and  some  works  on 
 practical  religion;  these  were  their  spiritual  i>abuluni 
 during  the  intervals  of  their  lalwr  and  toil.  They 
 often  njet  together  on  the  Sablwth  and  held  wluU 
 they  c;il led  "Society  Meetings."  The  exercises  con- 
 sisted of  singing,  pniyer,  and  reading  a  .sermon 
 from  Burder  or  some  other  standard  work.  But  the 
 parents  felt  that,  much  as  they  deliglited  in  those 
 social  meetings,  they  needed  the  mini.ster  of  Christ. 
 Their  children  had  many  uf  them  been  baptized  in 
 
PBESB  YTERIA  XlSif. 
 
 681 
 
 IFESTERy  PEXX'A. 
 
 their  infancy,  but  were  now  growing  up,  and  they 
 felt  the  deepest  interest  in  their  spiritual  welfare. 
 Says  the  Rev.  John  Mun.son,  "They  .s;iw  the 
 importiuce  of  having  the  standard  of  the  gospel 
 planted  at  the  oonimeneement  of  their  new  settle- 
 ment. In  all  their  meetings  for  prayer  they  eurnestlj- 
 sought  the  Lord  that  lie  would  send  them  a  godl}' 
 man,  to  break  to  them  the  bread  of  life,  and  be  the 
 instrument  of  laying  the  foundation  of  a  rLsing 
 church  in  the  wilderness.  Their  prayers  were  heard, 
 and  thus  God  in  a  -short  time  s<'lcctcd  out  of  the.se 
 and  <itlicr  families  materials  for  the  organiaition  of  a 
 church.'' 
 
 Tliis  remark  hius  reference  to  the  settlement  in 
 Beaver  county.  Pa.,  which  afterwards  coiLstitutcil 
 the  congregation  of  Mount  l'lea.sant;  but  was  al.so 
 characteristic  of  other  portions  of  the  territory  con- 
 stituting the  Presbytery  of  Erie.  There  wius,  there- 
 fore, an  eager  call  for  lalwrers,  that  went  up  with  an 
 c'arncstne.ss  almost  Macedonian,  and  w;is  resi)onded 
 to  by  many  of  the  ministers  in  the  older  scttlement-s 
 with  a  zeal  and  self-denial  well-nigh  a])ostoliciil. 
 The  people  had  no  great  inducement.s  to  oiler;  cer- 
 tainly very  few  of  a  tt^niporal  kind.  There  w;is 
 labor  and  self-denial,  with  little  in  the  way  of  salary 
 or  worldly  fame.  But  there  were  opportunities  for 
 doing  good,  seldom  exceeded.  There  w;is  the  way 
 opening  for  planting  the  church  in  the  wilderness, 
 and  of  gathering  immortal  souls  into  its  safe  and 
 pe:K'eful  inclosure. 
 
 And  so  the  early  fathers  of  the  Presbytery  of  Erie 
 girded  themselvi-.s  for  the  work  and  the  warfare,  and 
 went  forth  with  manly  hearts,  to  lalK)r  as  best  they 
 might  in  the  Lord's  cause. 
 
 These  fathers  were  a  hard}-  set  of  men,  modeled 
 after  a  ty])e  peculiar  to  their  day,  and  eminently 
 adapted  to  the  performance  of  the  great  work  to 
 which  they  were  called.  They  h.ad  been  educated 
 mainly  in  the  West.  Of  the  first  twenty-eight  on 
 the  roll,  embracing  a  period  of  twenty  years  of  its 
 history,  twenty-three  were  educated  at  Canonsburg, 
 and  at  the  academies  that  sprung  up  and  were  fos- 
 tered under  the  influence  of  the  Presbytery.  And 
 of  the  siiine  twenty-eight,  twenty-two  pursued  their 
 theological  studies  in  the  West,  and  no  less  than 
 eighteen  at  Dr.  McMillan's  log  e^diin.  These  men 
 had  been  inured  to  lalxir.  .Vlmost  every  one  of  them 
 had  been  accustomed  to  tlic  work  of  sulKluing  the 
 forest,  and  of  cultivating  the  soil  from  childhood. 
 Even  during  his  studies  at  Canonsburg,  Kobert  Lee 
 was  engaged  in  clearing  land  from  forest  trees,  and 
 in  order  not  to  trench  upon  the  {lours  of  study  and 
 recitation,  had  labored  at  rolling  logs  and  kindling 
 fires  at  night.  As  a  genend  thing,  then,  they  came 
 to  the  duties  of  the  ministry  with  physical  constitu- 
 tions matured  and  indurated  by  labor  and  exercise. 
 They  were  enabled  at  once  to  endure  the  hardships 
 and  privations  that  were  peculiar  to  frontier  lite. 
 Not  oidy  did  they  make  long  and  fatiguing  jouriK-ys 
 
 in  the  work  of  organizing  and  supplying  churches  in 
 remote  places,  but  were  obliged  also  to  lalM)r  with 
 their  hands  in  securing  a  sujiport.  This  may  al.so 
 account  for  the  longevity  that  characterized  these 
 e;irly  fathers.  They  were  enter])rising  men,  too. 
 They  saw  the  field  spreading  before  tliiin,  with  its 
 lalx)rs  and  its  promises;  they  had  girded  themselves 
 for  the  work,  and  neither  lalwr  nor  peril  a]>palled 
 them.  Whether  they  set  out  for  the  shore  of  Lake 
 Erie,  or  plunged  into  the  wilderness  seeking  the  red 
 man  of  the  forest  in  his  wild  haunts,  it  m.ittcred  not. 
 It  was  the  Lord's  work.  It  w:is  for  this  they  had 
 entered  the  service ;  and  they  took  the  lal)ors  and 
 the  privations  as  matters  of  course. 
 
 If  tiny  lacked  the  polish  anil  accomplLshed  edu- 
 cation that  pert;iin  to  more  modern  times,  they  po.s- 
 scssed  that  furniture  that  better  fitted  them  for  the 
 then  rude  contact  with  Nature,  and  with  the  hardy 
 Rice  of  pioneers  that  were  felling  the  mighty  forests 
 and  oi>cning  up  tlie  pathway  for  the  progress  of 
 Empire  in  its  mighty  Western  march. 
 
 The  foUo\ving  extract  from  the  admirable  historical 
 di.scoursc,  delivered  by  the  late  and  lamente<l  Kev. 
 .S.  J.  Wilson,  D.n.,  LL.  D.,at  the  Centennial  Celebra- 
 tion of  the  Presbytery  of  Redstone,  at  Uuiontown, 
 Pa.,  September  21st  and  22d,  1881,  is  too  appropriiito 
 to  our  purpose  not  to  be  transferred  to  our  columns: — 
 "To  the  Christian  historian  no  tlieme  can  be  more 
 interesting  and  edifying  than  the  study  of  the  provi- 
 dential preparations  for  the  planting  and  growth  of 
 Presbytcrianism  on  these  shores,  the  formation  and 
 con.servation  of  this  laud,  'a  place  of  broad  rivers 
 and  streams;'  the  preparation  of  a. seed  with  which  to 
 plant  and  the  conjunction  of  influences  favorable  to 
 the  increase  of  that  which  w;vs  planted;  God  threshed 
 the  nations,  and  winnowed  the  threshings,  and  sifted 
 the  winnowed  grain  for  the  linestof  the  wheat;  and  in 
 no  spirit  of  boasting,  but  according  to  the  calm  judg- 
 ment of  history,  let  it  be  put  on  record,  with  deep  and 
 humble  gratitude,  that  the  choict-stof  this  seed  wheat 
 was  Scotch-Irish  Presbytcrianism.  As  surely  as 
 Jehovah  raised  up  a  chosen  people,  and  educated 
 them  in  a  peculiar  manner,  that  they  might  be  fitted 
 to  become  citizens  of  the  promised  land,  .so  surely  did 
 he  prepare  our  Scotch-Irish  ancestors,  by  a  discipline 
 which  Wius  large,  severe,  peculiar,  that  they  might  be 
 fitted  for  this  special  field  and  mi.'vsion.  For  the 
 winnowed  wheit.  there  was  ready  a  fitting  field,  and 
 through  the  varicil  ordinances  of  Providence,  sun- 
 shine and  storm,  it  grows  to  a  prolific  harvest.  No 
 less  distinctly  is  the  hand  of  Providence  discerned  in 
 the  details  of  the  history  than  in  its  general  outlines. 
 Not  only  was  a  people  prepared  for  their  heritage, 
 but  this  people  had  a,s.signed  to  them  a  position  which, 
 :vs  a  strategic  point,  was  .as  much  a  key  to  the  p<).s.se.s- 
 sion  of  this  land  as  Jericho  was  the  key  to  the  eon- 
 rjuest  of  Canaan.  Tlie  divine  purjKise,  and  the  means 
 by  which  and  the  times  at  wliicli  this  purpose  is  to 
 be  fulfilled,  agree,  the  one  to  the  other.     A  iieople 
 
PRESB  YTERIAXISM. 
 
 682 
 
 WESTEIi.V  PEXy'A. 
 
 fitted,  found  a  fitting  land,  at  fitting  time  for  the  pos- 
 session of  tliat  land.  The  intricate  parts  of  the  ac- 
 coniplisliment  of  the  great  plan  fell  together  as 
 noiselessly  as  the  stone  and  timl)ers  of  Solomon's 
 Temple. 
 
 "W'henorg-.tnized,  the  Presbytery  of  Redstone  occu- 
 pied the  piiket  lini-  of  I'resbyterianism  on  this  conti- 
 nent; a  vaii;;u:iril  tlinnvn  across  thc^  Alli'ghcMies  to 
 s<>curc  out  [Mists  and  to  had  tlie  ailvaiicini;  columns  of 
 the  Sacramental  Host,  through  hardships  and  perils, 
 to  take  possession  in  the  name  of  the  Lord.  This 
 little  band,  consisting  originally  of  four  ministers — 
 nestling  at  the  foot  of  the  Allegheuie.s — commanded 
 the  most  importantstratcgical  point.s,  ecclesiastically, 
 on  the  continent.  On  the  head  waters  of  the  Ohio  it 
 comman<led  the  great  natural  highway  of  the  nation 
 southward  and  westward;  while  on  the  north  it 
 touched  the  great  chain  of  lakes.  Its  charter  and 
 commis.sion  the  Almighty  wrote  legibly,  in  cliaraeters 
 formed  of  rivers  and  lakes  and  mountains  and  oceans. 
 To  the  vanguard  of  the  atlvancing  columns  the  line 
 of  eon<|uest  is  clearly  defined.  It  must  be  from  ocean 
 to  ocean,  one  wing  resting  on  the  Lakes,  the  other  on 
 the  Gulf  "With  a  sublime  tiiith  this  little  band  read 
 the  commissi(m,  and  never  once  faltered  in  the  pres- 
 ence of  the  gigantic  enterprise. 
 
 "  Xot  to  speak  of  other  branches  of  the  Presbyterian 
 family,  there  are  now  under  our  General  A.ssembly 
 more  than  a  score  of  Synods  west  of  the  Alleghenies, 
 where  a  century  ago  there  was  but  one  Presbytery 
 consisting  of  four  ministers.  Not  only  ha.s  there 
 been  growth,  but  a  growth  such  a.s  the  fath<rs  of  a 
 hundred  years  ago  nomore  entertaiued  a  hope  of  than 
 they  had  in  expectation  the  steam  engine  and  the 
 electric  telegrapli,  and  the  steam  printing  press. 
 
 "  Presbyterianism,adivineinstitution,instinct  with 
 organizing  and  expanding  vitality,  in  such  a  field,  at 
 such  a  crisis,  would,  according  to  the  laws  and  forces 
 of  its  being,  grow,  and  growing,  would  diffuse  a  thous- 
 and ()uickening  influences  along  every  fibre  of  the 
 body  politic.  Uy  it.s  constitution  vital  I'resbyterian- 
 ism mtist  grow;  by  it.s  growth  it  d<inonstral(s  it.s 
 vitidity;  and  its  growth  is  thediffusion  of  a  tliou.sand 
 benign  influences  through  all  the  channels  of  intel- 
 lectual, social  and  spiritual  life.  Let  us,  therefore, 
 gratefully  and  reverently,  study  the  forces  and  poten- 
 cies which  this  type  of  Western  Pre.sbyteriani.sni  car- 
 ried within  itself,  whichcau.scd  it  to  grow,  and  which 
 made  its  growth  an  inestimable  blessing  to  the  nations 
 of  the  earth.  Among  these  potencies  and  forces  1 
 mention: — 
 
 I.    ITS   OI«l.\XIZ.\TI()X. 
 
 "  Presbyt<-riani8m  in  the  West  a  century  ago, 
 although  small  numerically  in  its  beginnings,  and 
 one  of  the  weak  things  as  the  world  counts  weakness, 
 yet  was  not  crude  in  its  principles  nor  inchoate  in  its 
 elements  and  form,  but  was  a  clearly  deliued  and 
 thoroughly  di'veloped  system.  It  had  a  mind,  a 
 purpo.se,   a  consciousness,    an   orguoization   and   an 
 
 individuality.  It  did  not  come  into  the  New  World 
 passive  and  plastic,  to  be  detennined  in  its  chanicter 
 and  history  by  force  of  circumstances  or  by  the  acci- 
 dents of  its  environment,  but  Ciime  with  positive 
 opinions,  deep  and  strong  convictions  of  truth  and 
 duty,  and  with  clear  conceptions  of  its  missiim,  to 
 mould  and  determine  the  character  of  the  new  world. 
 Its  form  of  government  \va.s  drawn  dire<-tly  from 
 the  Word  of  (Jod,  and  was  simjile  and  efficient.  It 
 worked  as  sncce-ssfnlly  in  the  churches  and  the  Pres- 
 bytery in  these  western  forests,  as  it  did  in  the 
 cities  of  Calvin  and  Knox.  There  was  no  uncer- 
 tainty as  to  modes  of  procedure,  im  groi)ing  in 
 the  dark.  It  understood  if. self  and  its  mi.ssion.  It 
 develoiied  from  a  power  that  Wiw  within,  and  a<-cord- 
 ing  to  the  law  of  its  inner  life.  An  acorn  ])lanted  at 
 the  foot  of  the  .Vlleghenies  is  not  In  doubt  as  to  the 
 form  it  is  to  assume.  In  Druidical  groves  and  in 
 Amerium  forests  oaks  grow  according  to  iinier  life. 
 The  seed  of  Prcsbyterianism  here  was  the  8;ime  as 
 the  seed  of  Prcsbyterianism  in  Geneva  or  Edinburgh. 
 This  Prc.sbyteriani.sm,  therefore,  had  the  strength  and 
 efl'ectiveness  which  come  from  compactness  of  organi- 
 zation and  singleness  of  purpose. 
 
 "  In  addition  to  this,  the  organizjition,  l>eing  Scrip- 
 tural, was  simple  in  its  workings.  There  w;us  no  cum- 
 brous or  expensive  machinery.  All  the  force  was  made 
 available.  None  Wiis  wasted  in  u.sele.ss  friction. 
 The  Presbyterian  pa.stor  was  Bi.shop  without  the 
 leave  of  the  Bishop  of  London  or  of  the  Archbishop 
 of  Canterbury;  Ik;  did  not  have  to  wait  until  he 
 coidd  be  assured  that  consecrating  grace  had  come 
 down  to  him  in  an  unbroken  line  from  the  .\i>ostles. 
 In  the  forest,  without  vestraent.s,  altar  or  ritual,  he 
 ofliciated  as  a  minister  of  Christ,  an  office  which 
 needs  no  meretricious  trappings  to  give  it  dignity  or 
 .solemnity. 
 
 II.    ITS  DISTINCTIVE  DOCTKINES. 
 
 "  Within  this  organiz;»tion — as  the  soul  within  the 
 body — imparting  to  its  life  vigor,  health,  symmetry 
 and  aggressiveness,  was  a  system  of  doctrines  whiiCh 
 were  distinctive  and  shaqdy  defined;  doctrines 
 which,  although  popular,  commended  themselves  to 
 men's  con.sciences,  and  took  hold  of  the  deei)cst 
 intuitions  and  convictions  of  the  human  soul.  These 
 apostles  of  Prcsbyterianism  on  these  shores  (in 
 .Vmerica)  carried  with  them  the  Westminster  Confes- 
 ,sion  of  Faifb,  and  the  Larger  and  Shorter  catechi.sms 
 which  con.stitute  the  most  admirable  summary  of 
 Scriptural  truth  that  has  ever  been  )iroduced.  .\s  a 
 .system  of  doctrine  the  Westminster  Confession  is  the 
 mo.st  comi>lcte  and  coini>rcliensive  of  all  the  confes- 
 .sionsof  Christendom.  It  is  at  once  Scriptnr.d,  pro- 
 found, comprehensive,  logical  and  precise,  and  he 
 who  has  mastered  it  has  been  brought  face  to  face 
 with  the  dia'pest  and  highest  problems  that  emerge 
 in  theolog.v,  and  has  had  ))resented  to  him  the  lijiht 
 which  the  Word  of  God  sheds  upon  thesi'  ]iroblem.s. 
 In  the  Shorter  Catechism  this  system  of  theologj-  is 
 
rEESBYTERIANISil. 
 
 683 
 
 WESTERN  PEXX'A. 
 
 condensed  into  a  series  of  the  most  wonderful  defini- 
 tions that  tile  tluoloj^ical  fjonius  of  the  Church  luis  , 
 ever  produced.  Here  these  {;reat  doctrines  art^  con- 
 densed, crystallized,  until  every  point  heanis  with 
 light  as  clear  as  the  flash  of  a  diamond.  The.se 
 pioneer  Presbyterian  ministers  were  ignorant  of  many 
 things  which  are  deemed  essential  now-a-days  to  a 
 wide  and  varied  scholarshi]),  but  they  knew 
 thoroughly  the  Kible  and  the  doctrines  contained  in  it 
 ,  as  they  are  fornuilatcd  in  the  Westminster  Confi'ssion 
 and  Catechisms — the  doctrines  in  definitions  wliich 
 are  e.Kact,  sharp,  precise,  analytical.  Coiiseciuentlj' 
 there  was  no  ambiguity  in  their  preaching.  Tlie 
 trumpet  in  their  hands  and  at  their  lips  gave  no  un- 
 certivin  sound.  Their  preaching  was  Scriptural,  after 
 the  Calvinistic  type,  and  their  style  took  its  form  and 
 its  coloring  from  the  nervous  Anglo-.Sa.\on  of  the 
 Engli.sh  Bible. 
 
 "  These  doctrines,  clearly  iiiiprehended  l)y  tlieunder- 
 standing  and   authenticated    l)y   jirofound   Christian 
 exiM-rience,  formed   the  subject  matter  of  preaching 
 in  those  days,  and  they  were  preached  with  positive, 
 downright  conviction,  and  with  an  earnestness  and 
 an  unction  which  are  only  born  of  that  spiritual  tra- 
 vail  whereby  a   soul   Ix'Comes  acquainted  with  the 
 trnth  experimentally.     Swift  and  straight,  and  with 
 resistless  force,  these  doctrines  were  launelud  into  the 
 hearts  and  up(ni  consciences  grew,  and  tlie  wide  pul- 
 pit in  tlies(!  western  forests  became  a  centre  of  power 
 such  as  the  Church  has  .seldom  known  since  the  days 
 of  the  Apostles.  These  solemn  doctrines,  preached  with 
 awful  earnestness  and  enforci^l  by  the  tremendous  .sane, 
 tions  of  eternal  rewards  and  punishments,  took  hold 
 of  the  hearts  of  men  with  demonstrations  of  the  Spirit 
 and  with  power;  souls  were  converted,  natures  renewed, 
 human  characters  revolutionized,    and   men's  lives, 
 throbbing  with  new,  strange  forces  and  enthusiasms, 
 were  lifted  to  higher  levels  of  thought  and  action. 
 There  w;us  infused  into  the  young  life  of  the  nation 
 that  healthful,   vigorous  religious  spirit  which  luis 
 enabled  it  thus  fitr  to  resist  the  death-de;ding  mi;vsma 
 of  atheism  and   materialism.     Here  again   we  dis- 
 cover how  excellently  fitted  to  the  acconi]dishment 
 of  the  pvirpose  were  the  means  and   agencies  which 
 were  \ised.     The  religious   int<Test  begotten   by  the 
 use  of  these   instrumentalities  was  not  a  transient 
 flush  of  excitement   which    pa.s.sed   away    like   the 
 morning  cloud  or  the  earthy  dew,  but  deepened  into 
 a  consistent  and  growing  Christian  life  and  character. 
 The  truth  thus  preached,  and  thus  by  faith  ivcceptcd, 
 enlightened  the  mind,   swayed    the  con.science,  en- 
 li.sted  the  alTections,  and  enkindle<l  an  un<|uenchable 
 zeal   for  Christ.     As   believers   and   converts  multi- 
 plied, their  conimcm  confession  found  expression,  and 
 their  love  found  appropriate  exercise,  in  the  worslii]> 
 and  serviceof  the  l^e.sbyt<rian  Clinrch.    This  Cliurch, 
 therefore,  was  not  an  artilicial  structure,  fashioned 
 according  to  man's  device,  but  wius  an  org-.uii.sm  de- 
 veloping from  an  inner  life;  not  an  association  or  in- 
 
 .stitntion  inspired  and  sustained  by  superficial  excite- 
 ment and  sens;itions.  but  a  spiritual  IhhIv,  feeding 
 upon  the  Word  of  (iod  and  growing  thcnby.  The 
 preaching  of  the  gospel  was  accompanied  with  mighty 
 power  ui)on  the  hearts  and  the  lives  of  nun;  the 
 truth  tinder  the  demonstration  of  the  Spirit  touching 
 and  sounding  every  note  in  the  g-jmnt  of  feeling, 
 from  the  deepest,  bitterest  conviction  of  sin,  np  to 
 the  mostecstaticrapturesofspiritualjoy  and  triumph. 
 Hut  this  feeling  was  tlie  result  of  tlie  truth  ap]>re- 
 hended  by  faith,  and  not  the  product  of  any  artili- 
 cial excitement.  The  deep,  suppressed  feelings  wliich 
 attended  the  'falling  exerci.ses'  were  not  produced 
 by  im))a.ssioned  appeals  to  the  emotions  or  to  the 
 imagination,  but  by  the  (juiet  force  of  the  truth. 
 Cliurchcs  which  were  thus  founded  and  thus  built 
 up.  had  in  them  a  solidity  and  strength  which  made 
 them  :us  towers,  bulwarks  and  palaces  of  Zion.  In 
 these  Western  forests,  a  hundred  years  ago,  sneh 
 towers,  bulwarks  and  palaces  were  reared,  and  here 
 they  continue  unto  this  day. 
 
 "With  sucli  spiritual  food  and  such  experimental 
 discipline,  no  wonder  there  were  giants  in  those  days. 
 Instead  of  dabbling  in  muddy  puddles  of  material- 
 ism, to  discover  their  genealogical  descent  from  the 
 tadpole,  their  thinking  was  along  the  line  of  the 
 inlinit<s  and  in  mind,  heart  and  character,  they  were 
 great  and  noble.  For  these  inliuite.stn-tchesof  thought 
 did  not  lose  themselves  in  regions  of  .speculative  clouds 
 and  mists,  but  following  closely  the  line  of  the  divine 
 thought  and  purpose;  although  their  range  w:us  from 
 eternity  to  eternity,  they  were  human  still,  and  true 
 to  human  interests,  instinct  with  human  syiupatliy, 
 and  were  them.selves  the  proof  and  the  earnest  of  the 
 glory  and  immortality  of  man.  And  this  conducts 
 us  naturally  to  another  of  those  vital  working  forces 
 of  Presbj-teriaiiism,  viz.: — 
 
 III.  ITS  HKI.IKKS  .\St)  TE.VCIIIXCiS  COXCERXIXC 
 THE  IXFIXITE  WOKTII  Ol- TIIK  llfMAX  Sorl-,  .\.XD 
 THE  DIOXITY  OV  M.VX  .\S  M.VX. 
 
 "Calvinism  exalts  God,  invests  Him  with  infinite 
 majesty  and  absolute  sovereignty,  and  at  the  same 
 time  it  honors  and  dignifies  man  ;ls  created  in  the 
 image  of  God.  The  motto  of  Sir  William  Hamilton 
 in  his  lecture  room  was:  '  On  earth  there  is  nothing 
 great  but  man.  In  man  there  is  nothing  great  but 
 mind.'  .\nd  this  sentiment  he  did  not  derive  from 
 philosophy  or  philosojihers,  ancient  or  modern,  but 
 from  the  Oilvinistic  theology  of  his  native  Scotland. 
 These  beliefs  concerning  the  worth  of  the  .soul  have 
 not  been  dejjd  doctrines  in  the  Calvinistic  system, 
 but  have  been  an  integral  jart  of  the  effective  form- 
 ative power  of  that  sy.steni,  and  in  their  practical  in- 
 lluence,  li;ive  imparted  to  the  history  of  Presbj-te- 
 rianism  some  of  its  most  characterLstic  features;  as 
 for  instance, 
 
 "  /.     It.i  inlcrent  in  and  Us  wrriVc  tn  Ihr  Cause  nf  Edu- 
 cation.— In  history,  Presbyterianism  :iud  intelligence 
 I  have  gone  .side  by  side,  hand  in  hand,  and  this  is 
 
PRESB  YTEEIA  NISM. 
 
 684 
 
 WESTERN  PEXX'A. 
 
 not  an  accident  to  be  noted  simply,  1)ut  it  belongs 
 to  the  philosophy  of  the  history.  Her  interest  in  edu- 
 Ciition  does  not  arise  from  any  utilitarian  motives, 
 nor  primary  social  or  aesthetic  consideration,  but 
 abides  in  and  perennially  .springs  out  of  the  estimate 
 of  the  inliuite  worth  of  the  soul.  Consequently  her 
 interest  in  this  subject  is  exhaustless.  When  Pres- 
 byteriauism  ceases  to  educate  man  for  man's  sake, 
 mind  for  mind's  sake,  slie  will  have  forfeited  her 
 birthright,  and  Ichabod  shall  be  blazoned  on  all  her 
 palaces;  her  .spirit  shall  have  departed,  and  the  car- 
 cass shall  ))e  cjist  out  to  the  dogs  and  vultures. 
 
 "  ilo.ses,  the  typical  Presbrterian  of  Old  Testiiment 
 times,  educated  at  the  court  of  the  Pharaohs,  under- 
 stood and  carried  forward  the  mo.st  stupendous  edu- 
 cational enterprise  ever  committed  to'  any  one  man. 
 At  bottom  his  work  was  educational ;  none  the  less 
 but  all  the  more  truly  e<lucational  because  it  con- 
 templated and  embraced  the  whole  man,  body,  soul 
 and  intellect,  and  the  whole  nation,  in  all  its  re- 
 lations, civil,  social  and  religious.  The  educational 
 impulse  communicated  by  the  learned  sou  of  Pha- 
 raoh's daughter  has  never  been  lost.  John  Calvin 
 began  his  labors  at  Greneva  as  a  teacher.  To  Geneva 
 John  Knox  went  as  a  student.  Presbyterianisni 
 cannot  take  root  in  the  shallow  soil  of  ignorance. 
 The  history  of  Presbyterianism  in  any  region  is 
 largely  also  an  educational  history  of  tliat  region. 
 Tlio  pioneers  of  American  Presbyterianism,  true  to 
 the  traditions  of  the  past,  coming  down  in  unhrokcn 
 line  IVoin  Moses,  brought  the  lamp  of  learning  with 
 them  into  the  wilderness.  They  did  not  wait  until 
 the  terrors  of  Indian  wars  were  past;  until  forests 
 were  felled  and  the  land  cultivated,  and  the  safe, 
 guards  and  comforts  of  civilization  were  secured,  but 
 in  the  presence  of  these  dangers  and  in  the  midst  of 
 these  discouragements,  established  schools  tmd  col- 
 leges. 
 
 ' '  Wlien  .some  competent  pen  shall  have  given  worthy 
 treatment  to  this  theme,  it  will  be  confessed  by  all 
 that  a  more  heroic  chapter  of  hi.story  has  never  been 
 emieted  than  that  which  records  the  labors  and 
 achievements  of  those  early  Presbyterian.?  in  the 
 cause  of  sound  education.  And  there  is  no  more 
 glorious  leaf  in  the  annals  of  our  American  Presby- 
 terianism than  that  on  which  is  written  the  history 
 of  her  early  educational  institutions.  The  teimnts 
 of  tlie  old  log  college  on  the  banks  of  the  Xesluuniny; 
 Hlairat  Kagg's  Manor;  Finley,  at  Xottingham,  Md. ; 
 Dodd,  on  Ten  Mile  Creek;  Joseph  Smith,  at  Upper 
 P.ullalo;  Dr.  McMillan,  on  the  Chartiers;  Patillo, 
 Hall,  Wallis,  McCorkle  and  McCaule,  in  North  Caro- 
 lina, and  Doak,  in  Tennessee — these  were  nnuster 
 workmen  in  laying  the  foundations  of  Americ;in 
 civilization.  They  laid  these  foundations  in  sound 
 learning  and  Calvinistic  theology.  Amid  the  sore 
 l)rivations  of  their  honu\s  in  the  backwoods,  these 
 hiroic  men  devoted  their  time  and  their  strength  to 
 tin:  training  of  young  men  for  the  ministry,  for,  with 
 
 prophetic  vision,  they  foresaw  that  future  success, 
 and  extension  and  permanency  of  the  Church,  de- 
 pended, under  (iod,  on  an  educated  ministry.  The 
 skilled  Syrian  laborers  of  David  and  Hiram  in  Leba- 
 non did  not  make  more  etfieient  i)reparatiou  for  the 
 Temple  of  Solomon  than  did  those  self-denying 
 laborers  in  the  forests  of  America  for  the  spiritual 
 temple  which  now  fills  the  land.  In  view  not  only 
 of  the  history  which  has  been  en:u;ted,  but  in  view 
 of  the  profound  motives  by  which  the  history  was 
 prom]ited,  as  well  as  the  dangers  and  privations  in 
 the  midst  of  which  the  work  was  done,  and  also  in 
 view  of  the  immeasurable  influences  of  the  work 
 as  done — the  shades  of  these  rude  log  colleges  have 
 more  glorious  associations  than  belong  to  the  classic 
 academy  of  Plato  or  the  lyeeum  of  Aristotle. 
 
 "  Another  of  these  distinctive  features  of  this  Pres- 
 byterianism, resulting  from  its  beliefs  and  teachings 
 concerning  the  infinite  worth  of  the  soul  and  the 
 dignity  of  man  as  num.  was 
 
 "77.  Fnmili/  lidigioii. — These  men  carried  the 
 Church  with  them.  The  Church  was  in  every  house. 
 The  family  altar  was  set  up  at  every  fireside;  and  this 
 was  so  not  becaiLse  of  any  tradition  or  cust«mi,  or  for 
 sake  of  a  decent  conformity  to  an  established  order, 
 but  the  living  practice  sprang  out  of  the  i>rof<)und 
 convictions  concerning  the  human  soul  and  Iiuuian 
 destiny. 
 
 "Temporal  interests  were  not  neglected,  but  they 
 were  held  rigidly  in  subordination  to  the  immortal 
 interests  of  the  soul.  The  soul  was  the  pearl  of  great 
 price,  and  its  salvation  and  development  was  the 
 consideration  of  greatest  importance.  Character  was 
 of  greater  value  than  riches.  Hence  family  religion 
 with  them  meant  family  instruction.  There  was  a 
 school  in  every  house.  The  church  and  the  school  in 
 the  house  meant  discipline,  obedience  to  parents  and 
 rulers,  subordination  to  authority.  Each  house  thus 
 became  a  church,  a  school,  a  gymnasium  for  the 
 development  of  these  truest  and  noblest  virtues;  and 
 thus  each  house  became  a  bulwark  of  strength  and  a 
 tower  of  defence. 
 
 "  Another  of  these  distinctive  features  of  Presby- 
 terianism resulting  from  its  belief  concerning  the 
 dignity  of  man  as  man,  w:us 
 
 "III.  Its  Loi/aUji  to  Vic  Principles  of  Constitutional 
 Lihcrtji. — Modeled  after  the  I.sraelitish  Common- 
 wealth, Presbyterianism  is  republican  in  its  form 
 and  spirit.  In  its  heroic  struggles  in  the  c;ju.se  of 
 freedom,  and  its  resistance  to  tjTants  and  tyranny, 
 its  record  is  as  changeless  as  the  course  of  the  sun  in 
 the  heavens.  James  of  England,  who  encountered 
 this  dauntless  and  indomitable  spirit,  tersely  ex- 
 pressed his  judgment  of  it  in  the  adage,  'No  bishop, 
 no  king;'  and  in  the  opinion  that  '  Presbytery 
 agreeth  as  well  with  monarchy  as  (Iod  with  the 
 devil;'  which  being  interpreted  according  to  the 
 history  of  the  period  means,  that  with  Presbyterian 
 bishops  there  can  be  no  tyranuical  kings,  and  that 
 
PRESB  YTERIA  XI^M. 
 
 6a-> 
 
 WESTERN  PEXX'A. 
 
 rrcsbyterianism  is  absolutely  inconsistent  with  des- 
 potism of  all  sorts.  The  record  of  rresbyterianism 
 in  this  respect  is  consistent  thron^hout,  IVoni  the 
 time  of  the  emancipation  of  the  Israelites  of  V.tiyi^t 
 under  Sloses  to  the  present  day  and  hour.  Nor  is  it 
 an  accident  that  this  is  so;  nor  is  it  enouf;!!  to  Siiy 
 that  I'resbyterianism  sympathizes  with  human  rights, 
 or  that  it  has  a  liberal  spirit  or  liberal  tendencies; 
 nor  is  it  enouKh  to  sjiy  that  it  resembles  the  repub- 
 licanism of  the  Israelitish  Commonwealth.  This 
 feature  and  potency  of  l'rcsbyt<Tianism  lies  deeper 
 than  any  of  these  statenu-nts.  With  rrcsbyterian- 
 ism, and  its  conception  of  man,  there  can  be  no  des- 
 potism in  Church  or  State;  for,  aecordiuR  to  this 
 conception,  each  soul  is  of  inlinite  value  and  dignity, 
 and  no  prelate  or  king  can  be  lord  over  another  man's 
 conscience. 
 
 •'  With  this  untarni.shed  record,  and  with  the  moral 
 momentum  gained  by  struggles  and  sacrifices  for  the 
 objects,  and  in  the  Sitme  direction  for  generations, 
 these  men  who.se  .services  we  commemorate  to-day 
 came  into  the  New  World,  and  into  tliese  then  remote 
 parts  of  the  New  World.  When  the  crisis  came  not 
 a  man  of  them  sullied  the  jiivst  record.  They  did  not 
 require  political  instruction  a.s  to  what  tliey  ought  to 
 do.  Their  instincts  led  them  aright,  and  no  amount 
 of  .sophistry  or  of  logical  chicanery  could  confuse 
 tliem  in  their  apprehensions  of  the  crisis,  and  of  the 
 issues  involved  in  it.  Vnswayed,  undazzled,  they 
 maintained  the  siife  middle  groinid  between  despotism 
 on  till-  one  hand  and  athci.stical  anarchy  on  thcotlier, 
 advocating,  at  all  haz;irds,  at  all  times,  and  by  all 
 means,  liberty  without  license,  authority  without 
 tyranny.  For  the  views  and  practices  which  now 
 prevail  .so  largely  throughout  the  nations,  the  world 
 is  more  indebted  to  the  principles  of  Pre.sbj'terianism 
 as  taught  and  witnes.sed  unto,  even  unto  death,  by 
 representative  Presbyterians,  tlian  to  any  single  in- 
 lluence  in  bi.story.  These  principles  emanating  from 
 the  rei>ublic  of  Cleneva,  consecrated  by  the  holiest 
 bloixl  of  Scotland,  .sheltered  and  defended  by  more 
 than  .'spartan  heroism  and  endurance  in  the  forests  of 
 America,  now  underlie  the  institutions  of  every  free 
 government  on  the  face  of  the  whole  earth. 
 
 "  Without  fjtnaticism,  -without  extreme  or  distorted 
 views,  more  than  by  any  single  man,  the  true  princi- 
 ]il(-s  of  religions  liberty  were  taught  in  this  country 
 by  Francis  Jlakemie,  tlie  father  of  I'resbyteriani.sni 
 in  the  United  States.  False  to  every  ])rinciple  of 
 their  creed,  and  dead  to  every  inspiring  memory  of 
 their  history  would  the  Presbyterians  of  this  country 
 have  been  if  they  liad  not  stood  asa-tower  of  defence 
 for  hnman  freedon\. 
 
 "  Another  of  the  iMrteucies  of  this  Preshyterianism 
 was 
 
 IV.    ITS    FAITH    IX     THE   IXSPIK.\TIOX,    POWER    AN'I) 
 SfFFU'lKXCV    OF    THE    IIOI.Y    SC'KIITfKES. 
 
 ■'  IJesnlting  from  this,  through  Scriptural  preaching, 
 we  have  iusa  distinctive  feature  of  this  Presby  terianism. 
 
 "  /.  Mighty  Revivals  of  Religion. — Not  only  was  the 
 early  history  of  Presbyterianisni  on  this  continent 
 characterized,  distinguisln-d,  empluisized,  by  revivals 
 of  marvelous  jK)wer  and  of  boundless  influence,  but 
 the  story  of  those  revivals,  in  their  antecedents,  pro- 
 gress an<l  conse(iuents,  is  substantially  tlie  history  of 
 Presbyterianisni  for  that  time  in  this  region,  and 
 thus  it  established  its  legitimate  descent  iu  the 
 glorious  line  of  succession  which  can  be  traced  back 
 to  the  times  of  the  Ai>ostles  through  a  series  of 
 n-vivals.  The  revivals  lure  began  in  the  midst  of  the 
 imminent  and  the  pressing  dangers  of  Indian  warfare 
 and  by  the  use  of  the  simi)lest  means.  They  liegan 
 too,  at  one  of  the  most  momentous  crises  of  the  history 
 of  the  nation,  when  French  inlidelity  of  the  boldest 
 and  baldest  sort  thrcatene<l  to  deluge  the  land  and 
 submerge  the  last  remains  of  Christian  faith.  The 
 tremendous  issue  trembled  in  the  balance.  During 
 the  Revolutionary  War,  on  the  borders  of  Western 
 Pennsylvania,  in  a  rude  fort  into  which  h;id  been 
 tlriven  the  scattered  families  of  a  sparse  population, 
 and  iu  which  they  were  besieged  by  bloody  sav;iges, 
 through  the  modest,  earnest  conversations  of  one  lay- 
 man, the  mighty  work  began  w  hieh  forever  settled  on 
 these  the  issues  as  between  the  Gospel  and  French 
 infidelity.  During  the  decade  of  the  last  century 
 corresponding  to  the  present  decade  of  this  century 
 there  was  almost  a  continuous  ellusion  of  the  Holy 
 Ghost,  in  marvelous  power,  \\]k)i\  the  churches  in 
 Western  Pcnn.sylvania.  In  the  latter  part  of  that 
 decade  the  work  began  on  tlie  other  side  of  the  Blue 
 Ridge,  in  a  prayer  meeting  held  in  tlie  forest  by  four 
 .students  of  Hampdeii-Sidiu-y  College,  which  spread 
 through  Virginia,  North  Carolina  and  Kentucky. 
 
 ' '  As  another  result  of  this  faith  iu  the  sufSciency  of 
 Holy  Scripture  we  have, 
 
 "J/.  Tlie  Spirit  of  Misxion-t.—ihc  first  act  of  the 
 SjTiod  of  Pittsburg  after  its  org-anizittion  w-;is  to  con- 
 stitute itself  into  the  Western  Missionary  Society. 
 The  power  of  genuine  revivals  and  the  spirit  of  mis- 
 sions are  identical.  The  gospel  is  iireaclu-d  to  every 
 creature,  and  it  is  the  divinely  ordaiiu-d  means  for 
 the  s;ilvation  of  men.  It  is  the  sovereign  remedy  for 
 I  the  ills  of  humanity,  and  fitted  to  all  times  and  to  all 
 j  nations,  liy  such  faith  as  this  were  these  our  fore- 
 fathers actuated  and  in.spired,  and  so  iu  accordance 
 w-^ith  the  truth  of  history,  as  also  in  accordance 
 witli  tlu-  philosopliy  of  that  history,  the  theatre  of 
 the  gnat  historical  re\ ivals  in  Western  Pennsylvania 
 was  also  the  birthplace  of  the  I'.oard  of  Foreign 
 Missions  in  our  Church,  the  Western  Foreign  Mission- 
 ary Societies  being  org-anized  ju.st  fifty  years  ago. 
 The  parts  of  this  great  history  harmonize." 
 
 Returning  now  to  the  statistics  of  our  sketch;  at 
 this  date  (1883)  Penasylvania,  with  an  area  of 
 4(),()00  .scjuare  miles,  has  on  the  roll  of  its  Presby- 
 teries 8.V>  mini.sters,  931  c-hurches  and  133,669  coni- 
 munic-ants.  It  also  has  3.">96  ruling  elders,  VXi  candi- 
 dates for  the  ministry,  and  147,r>(J3  Sabbath-sehool 
 
PSESB  YTESIANISM. 
 
 686 
 
 PITTSBURG. 
 
 members.  It  these  churches  and  ministers  -were  dis- 
 tributed equally  over  it,  there  would  be  au  average, 
 throughout  the  eutire  SUite,  of  one  Presbyterian 
 church,  with  one  Imnilred  communing  members,  to 
 every  six  sijuare  miles  of  territory,  and  one  Presby- 
 terian minister  to  every  seven  and  a  half  square  miles 
 of  territory. 
 
 Such  are  some  of  the  facts  and  figures  which  the 
 branch  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Pennsylvania 
 belonging  to  "The  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United 
 States  of  America ' '  is  able,  under  God,  to  report.  It 
 is  the  largest  of  the  denominations  in  the  Stiite,  and 
 to  deny  or  d<)ul)t  that  it  has  done  as  much,  at  least, 
 as  any  other  to  make  the  old  Keystone  whiit  it  is  to- 
 day, in  strength  and  beauty,  and  is  surpassed  by  no 
 other  in  its  learning,  loyalty,  catholic  spirit,  practical 
 benevolence,  exemplary  living,  regard  for  the  Sabbath 
 and  other  institutions  of  Christianity,  devotion  to 
 moral  reforms,  and  efforts  for  the  world's  restoration 
 to  allegiance  to  its  Maker,  would  be  to  show  an  ignor- 
 ance of  past  history  and  present  statistics  which  no 
 one  caring  much  for  his  reputation  for  general  in- 
 formation, woiiUl  be  willing  publicly  to  acknowledge. 
 
 It  may  be  a<ldiMl  that  the  Synod  of  Pemisylvania, 
 which  was  organized  in  the  Capital  of  the  State, 
 October  19th,  1882,  by  order  of  the  General  As- 
 sembly, and  by  the  consolidation  of  the  Synods  of 
 Philadelphia,  Harrisburg,  Erie  and  Pittsburg,  is  a 
 larger  body  than  any  other  Pre.sbyterian  organization 
 in  the  Knglish-speaking  world,  the  larger  Assembly 
 of  the  Church,  and  the  .Vssemblies  of  Scotland  only 
 excei)t<-cl.  May  its  iuiiuence  upon  the  generations 
 to  follow  be  worthy  of  its  high  and  holy  mission, 
 and  of  its  illustrious  predecessors,  which  did  so  grand 
 a  work,  and  htive  left  so  precious  and  promising  a 
 heritiige  ! 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  flfty 
 years  ago.  Half  a  century  ago  Pittsburg  had 
 given  promise  of  great  commercial  and  niannfac- 
 turiiig  iini)ort;ince.  It  h;id  been  readily  seen  that 
 its  abundant  .supplies  of  coal  would  make  it  a  great 
 niaiuir:icturing  centre,  and  that  the  broad  and  beauti- 
 ful Ohio,  with  its  tributaries,  would  secure  a  market 
 for  all  the  products  of  its  artisans.  No  one  who  had 
 looked  at  the  map  of  tho  continent  could  be  at  a  loss 
 to  undi^rstmd  why  the  French  had  selected  it,  as 
 much  as  .seventy-live  years  before,  as  the  site  of  Fort 
 Duquesne.  They  had  evidently  regarded  it  as  the 
 key  to  the  West.  They  knew  that,  having  the  con- 
 trol of  the  headwatirs  of  the  Ohio,  they  could  main- 
 tain their  claim  to  all  territory  between  the  Fort  and 
 the  Mississippi. 
 
 In  lrt32  the  Unitirian  Church  ( Uev.  S.  G.  Bullfinch, 
 pastor),  was  on  the  northc:tst  corner  of  Smithfield 
 street  and  Virgin  alley.  Saint  Patrick's  Catholic 
 Church,  Kev.  Charles  15.  McGuire,  pastor,  w;us  on 
 Liberty  street,  about  two  hundred  feet  west  of  the 
 Union  Depot.  It  was  prol)ably  built  in  1810,  and 
 enlarged  in  18i").     The  Trinity  Protestant  Episcopal 
 
 Church,  Rev.  (Jeorge  Upfold,  D.  D.,  pastor;  the  Smith- 
 field  Methodist  Episcopal  Church;  the  Smithfield 
 German  Church,  Rev.  David  Kemmerer,  pastor;  the 
 Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  built  in  1803,  Rev. 
 John  Bl;u-k,  D.  n.,  p;ustor;  were  on  the  grounds  re- 
 spectively which  they  now  occupy.  The  A.s.sociate 
 Reformed  Church,  lve\'.  Joseph  R.  Kerr,  pastor;  now 
 the  Second  United  Presltyterian  Church,  and  the 
 Associate  Church,  Rev.  Robert  Bruce,  D.  D.,  pastor, 
 now  the  First  United  Presbyterian  Church,  have  not 
 removed  from  their  original  locations. 
 
 At  the  date  of  which  we  write,  there  were  but 
 three  Presbyterian  churches  in  Pittsburg. 
 
 The  First  Presbyterian  Church  was  located  on  the 
 corner  of  Wood  street  and  Sixth  avenue,  where  it 
 now  stands.  (See  illustration,  p.  238.)  Rev.  Franics 
 Herron,  n.  n.,  then  in  the  strength  and  vigor  of  his 
 manhood,  wiis  its  pastor.  Consisting  of  four  hundred 
 and  twenty-nine  communicants,  it  had  all  the  prestige 
 of  its  early  occupation  of  the  ground.  In  1784  it  had 
 requested  supplies  from  the  Presbytery  of  Redst<me, 
 and  in  August,  1786,  a  log  house  of  worship  was  in 
 Ijroccss  of  erection.  It  had  therefore  been  in  existence 
 nearly  half  a  century,  an<l  had  attracted  to  itself  much 
 of  the  intelligence,  wealth  and  social  influence  of  the 
 city.  Rev.  Samuel  Barr  had  been  the  first  who  st;itedly 
 ministered  to  it,  a  call  for  his  services  having  been 
 presented  in  December,  1785,  and  he  continued  to 
 serve  it  till  .lune,  1789.  Rev.  Robert  Steel  succeeded 
 him,  his  labors  extending  from  1800  till  his  death, 
 March,  1810.      . 
 
 It  was  in  this  church  that  the  Synod  of  Pittsburg 
 had  been  organized,  in  1802,  and  here  it  had  met  for 
 more  than  two-thirds  of  the  time  in  the  first  thirty 
 years  of  its  existence.  During  this  period,  when  not 
 meeting  in  Pittsburg,  it  had  been  entertained  by  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Wiushington,  Pa. 
 
 In  June,  1803,  the  congregation  of  the  Second 
 Pre.sbyt<'rian  Church  had  petitioned  the  Presbyt«'ry 
 of  Redstone  to  be  organizi'd,  Imt  I'or  a  time  this  was 
 delayed.  In  1X05  their  recjucst  had  been  grant<d,  and 
 they  were  reported  to  Synod  as  able  to  sustain  a  jias- 
 tor.  Rev.  Nathanael  R.  Snowden,  who  w;is  with  them 
 only  for  a  few  months,  fulfdled  the  duties  of  pastor 
 from  May  till  December  9th,  1805.  He  was  succeeded 
 by  Rev.  John  Hoggs,  who  remained  from  October 
 20th,  1807,  till  Decembt^r  3d  of  the  same  year.  Rev. 
 Thomas  Hunt  continued  from  December  27th,  Iso!), 
 till  July,  1818,  and  w:us  succeeded  by  Rev.  Elislia  P. 
 Swift,  who  was  p:ustor  from  November  '1th,  181")^  till 
 March  3d,  1S33.  The  next  was  Rev.  Joseph  W. 
 Blj'the,  whose  ministry  extended  from  February  5th, 
 1834,  till  Jvily  2Gth,  183(),  and  was  followed  by  that 
 of  Rev.  Robert  Dunlap,  who  labored  from  June  25th, 
 1837,  till  his  death,  March  21st,  1^47.  Rev.  "William 
 D.  Howard,  l>.  I).,  was  p;istor  from  May  IGth,  18-1!), 
 till  September  22d,  lM7fi,  the  date  of  his  death.  He 
 was  suceeede<l  by  Rev.  W.  S.  Stites,  .May  13th,  1877, 
 who  resigned,  October  22d,  1879. 
 
PRESS  YTEBIANIS3T. 
 
 687 
 
 PITTSBURG. 
 
 The  original  location  of  tins  cliurch  w;i8  on  lots 
 \os.  65,  07,  ()9,  71,  73,  75,  Diamond  street,  or  Dia- 
 mond alley,  as  it  was  then  allied.  The  I'rontaj^e  on 
 Diamond  street  was  120  leet,  and  the  di-ptli  was  110 
 I'eet.  Two  of  the  lots  are  now  eovered  liy  the  Uix-ra 
 House,  and  the  remainin;;  lour  liy  the  ma<'hine  shops 
 of  Marshall  Brothers.  The  ground  not  eovered  by 
 the  ehurch  building  had  been  u.sed  for  the  burial  of 
 the  dead,  and,  at  tlie  period  of  which  we  write,  w;is 
 tjuite  crowded  with  graves.  Access  was  lijul  by  enter- 
 ing the  gate  on  Diamond  street,  turning  ca.st  and 
 passing  around  the  end  of  the  church  nearest  to 
 Smithfield  street. 
 
 During  the  piistorate  of  Ri-v.  Elisliii  P.  Swift,  an 
 incident  occurred  in  these  grounds,  making  a  very  un- 
 iLsual  sequel  to  a  funeral.  The  pastor  had  attended  the 
 burial  of  a  very  estimable  lady  member  of  his  church. 
 The  coffin  had  been  deposited  in  the  grave,  the  friends 
 and  himself  had  retired,  and  the  se.\ton  was  engaged 
 in  filling  the  grave.  Suddenly  he  Wiis  arrested  in 
 his  work  by  three  distinct  raps,  as  though  coming 
 from  the  coffin  below.  He  wait<d  a  moment  and 
 then  resumed  his  work,  when  the  knocks  were  re- 
 peated, with  as  much  of  distinctness  and  em]>hasis  as 
 before.  It  is  hardly  ncce.s.s;iry  to  tra<-e  the  hurried 
 movements  of  the  excited  sexton,  but  when  the  pas- 
 tor, who  lived  not  tar  away,  and  who  had  been  .sent 
 for,  came  into  the  graveyard,  the  coffin  had  been 
 raised,  the  lid  had  been  removed,  and  the  physician 
 who  had  been  called  was  examining  the  body.  He 
 st;it<'d  that  he  found  no  signs  of  life,  and  it  was 
 agreed  that  the  mysterious  knockings  were  probably 
 occ;isioned  by  the  sudden  ;ind  xinei[ual  cliilling  of 
 the  wood  of  which  the  coffin  w;us  made,  for  the  day 
 was  intiMisely  hot,  and  the  precious  burden  had  been 
 carried  for  some  dist;iuce,  as  w:us  common  then,  on  u 
 bier.  And  besides,  the  rough  boxes  for  the  reception 
 of  coffins,  regarded  ;us  indisp<'n.sable  now,  were  un- 
 known then. 
 
 The  breadth  of  the  church  building  was  somewhat 
 greater  than  its  length.  It  had  three  diM)r3  opening 
 into  the  aisles  of  the  auditorium.  The  middle  and 
 the  cross  aisles  were  quite  spacious,  tallies  being  used 
 in  the  observance  of  the  Lord's  Supper.  The  hymns 
 on  .s;icramcntal  occasions  were  generally  selected  I'rom 
 the  third  book  of  Watts'  Psalms  and  Hymns,  this 
 portion  of  the  volume  having  been  devoted  to  the 
 hymns  most  suitable  for  communion  services. 
 
 The  galleries  were  quite  c:ii>acious,  extending 
 around  three  sides  of  the  building.  It  was  evident, 
 from  their  construction,  that  the  a<'eomniodations  of 
 a  choir  had  not  been  contemplated,  for  the  space 
 in  the  centre  of  the  front  g-allery,  had  been  <ievoted 
 to  an  aisle,  and  the  choir  occupied  tlie  block  of  pews 
 to  the  e;ust  of  this  aisle,  the  seats  being,  in  no  rcsjK'ct, 
 dilferent  from  those  in  thootlier  parts  of  the  gallery. 
 When  the  choir  rose  to  sing  there  was,  conse<iuently, 
 »  one-sidcness  in  their  location. 
 
 Jlr.  Benjamin  C.  C'ritchlow,  who  wiis  then  in  course 
 
 of  preparation  for  the  ministry,  waa  leader  of  the 
 music.  Jliss  Sarah  Lowrie,  Sliss  liacliel  Thompson, 
 Jliss  Elizji  Sem|>le  (now  Mrs.  Hair  I,  Miss  llarg-aret 
 .Semple,  Miss  Kuniee  Hatch  (now  Mrs.  C'ritchlow), 
 and  Jlr.  John  M.  Lowrie,  were  among  the  members 
 of  the  choir. 
 
 The  windows  on  cither  side  of  the  pulpit  were  very 
 broad,  making  it  difficult  to  keep  the  Venetian  blinds 
 with  which  they  were  provided  in  good  working 
 condition.  The  pulpit  was  supplied,  in  the  first  in- 
 st;iuce,  with  projecting  candelabras,  each  sust;iining 
 three  candles  and  ornamented  w  ith  ))end;int  prisms. 
 None  but  spermaceti  caudles  were  ased.  But  about 
 the  time  of  which  we  write  two  a-stral  lanijis  were 
 substituted,  which  were  suspended  from  the  sound- 
 ing board  projecting  over  the  pulpit. 
 
 During  the  pitstorate  of  Kev.  Joseph  W.  Blythe  an 
 amusing  incident  occurred,  by  which  the  length  of 
 .  his  sermon  was  somewhat  abridged.  The  first  pew 
 j  on  the  right  of  the  pulpit  was  occupied  by  ilr.  AVil- 
 liam  Hartuiwe,  a  venerable  ruling  elder.  It  w:»s  hLs 
 custom,  when  overtaken  by  drowsiness  during  the 
 sermon,  to  resist  its  supervening  power  I)y  rising  and 
 st;inding  for  several  minutes.  On  this  occasion  his 
 elTort  in  rising  happened  to  be  coincident  with  the 
 termination  of  one  of  the  pa.stor's  most  earnest  and 
 glowing  paragraplis.  The  cadences  of  the  speaker 
 and  the  movements  of  tlie  elder  in  his  conspicuous 
 position  produced  a  result  which  wius  quite  unex- 
 pected, for  the  impression  was  instant  tluit  the 
 sermon  had  been  finished,  and  the  whole  congrega- 
 tion, by  a  simult;uieous  movement,  rose  to  their  feet. 
 Mr.  Blythe  gazed  at  his  people,  for  a  moment,  with  a 
 look  of  astonishment,  for  almost  a  third  of  his  ser- 
 mon remained  undelivered,  and  then,  accepting  the 
 situation,  he  led  them  in  the  closing  prayer.  A  few 
 of  the  more  ob.servant  in  the  congregation  thought 
 they  discovered  some  abruptness  in  the  termimition 
 of  the  sermon,  but  the  large  proportion  were  ignorant 
 of  the  iKirt  they  themselves  had  played,  in  abridging 
 the  services  of  the  morning. 
 
 The  lecture  room  w;is  hK-ated  on  tlie  west  side  of 
 the  main  building,  and  extended  from  the  line  of  the 
 church  property  on  Diamond  street,  about  sixty  feet 
 back.  One  of  the  windows  in  the  .southwest  corner 
 of  the  auditorinm  w;is  covered  by  this  lecture  room, 
 and  when  the  latter  w;is  crowded,  the  sash  of  this 
 window  was  often  rai.sed,  and  some  fifteen  or  twentj' 
 !  additional  pei-sons  could  be  a<'commodat»-d. 
 
 In  1S32  the  church  numbered  three  hundred  and 
 eighty-five  communicants,  and  its  hours  of  ser\  ice 
 were,  10.:50  ,\..M.  and  3  P.M.  The  evening  of  the 
 S;ibbath,  however,  Wiis  often  improved  by  a  third  ser- 
 vice, of  a  more  social  nature,  in  the  lecture  room. 
 
 Mr.  John  Torode  was  superintendent  of  the  Sab- 
 bath school;  Miss  Eliza  Scniple,  Miss  Marg-aret  Sem- 
 ple, Miss  Itichel  Thompson,  Mi.s3  Jane  Lowrie,  Mr. 
 John  McCurdy,  Mr.  James  M.  Davis,  and  Mr.  Kol>- 
 ert  Davis,  were  among  the  teachers. 
 
PRESB  VTEIilA  XIS.V. 
 
 6H8 
 
 PITTSBURG. 
 
 Mr.  Samuel  Thompson  was  superintendent  of  the 
 colored  Sabbath  school,  which  met  in  tlie  gallery  of 
 the  auditorium.  Mis.s  Eunice  Hatch  was  one  who 
 assisted  in  this  department. 
 
 A  member  of  the  congregation  whose  venerable 
 appearance  would  at  once  impress  the  stranger  was 
 Rev.  Joseph  Patterson.  He  was  licensed  by  the 
 Presbyti-ry  of  Kcdstone,  August,  1788,  and  in  April, 
 1789,  he  accei)tcd  a  call  from  the  united  congregations 
 of  I?accoon  and  Montour's  Run.  In  twelve  years  the 
 latter  had  grown  so  as  to 
 require  the  whole  time  of 
 a  pastor,  and  he  resigned 
 that  part  of  his  charge,  but 
 continued  to  minister  to 
 the  Church  of  Raccoon  for 
 twenty-seven  years  and  a 
 half.  Tlie  intirmitics  of 
 age  compelling  him  to  re- 
 linquish the  active  duties 
 of  the  mini.stry,  he  re- 
 moved to  Pittsburg,  and 
 for  fourteen  years  preced- 
 ing his  deatli  he  was  a  wor- 
 shiper with  the  Second 
 Presliyterian  Cluirch.  He 
 would  sometimes  assist  in 
 sacramentiil  services,  and 
 at  long  intervals  he  would 
 preach,  his  tott<Ting  step 
 and  his  fervent  piety  mak- 
 ing his  words  tenderly  im- 
 pressive. His  place  of 
 sitting  ordinarily  w;is  in 
 the  first  pew  on  the  right 
 of  the  puljjit,  a  cushioned 
 chair  having  been  placed 
 for  him  in  the  end  nearest 
 the  wall. 
 
 Rev.  Elisha  1*.  Swift 
 commemorated  the  lal)ors 
 of  this  eminently  godly 
 man  in  a  discourse,  which 
 was  })ublished  in  the  Chris- 
 tian Herald.  The  larger  por- 
 tion has  been  preserved  by 
 Rev.  Joseph  Smith,  D.D., 
 page  38(5  of  "t)ld  Redstone." 
 
 The  wife  of  Mr.  Patterson,  a  .saintly  wi>man,  who 
 survived  hini  lor  several  years,  .sat  in  the;  end  of  the 
 pew  nearest  tlie  aisle.  With  left  lian<l  raised  to  aid 
 her  hearing,  which  had  been  ini]>aired,  she  sat,  the 
 very  picture  of  devout  attention. 
 
 The  third  church  to  which  we  have  referred  as 
 having  an  organized  existence  in  1 833  was  the  Fir.st 
 Church  of  tlie  Northern  Liberties,  for  such  was  the 
 designati<mof  that  portion  of  the  city  Ka.st  of  Eleventh 
 street.  The  cimnli  was  the  result  of  a  mission  work 
 liy   Rev.  .Vllan   D.   Campbell,  n.D.,  and  was  about  a 
 
 THIIID    CHURCH,  IMTTSBURO,  PA. 
 
 year  old.  Though  it  has  had  earnest  and  laborious 
 pastors,  and  though  there  have  been  periods  when  its 
 congregations  have  filled  the  house,  its  decline  and 
 ultimate  e.Ktinction  was  foreseen,  for  the  Presbyterian 
 clement  w;is  retiring  from  tliat  part  of  the  city,  and 
 the  Roman  Catholic  was  moving  in  and  settling 
 around  the  two  large  chiirchis  established  near  by. 
 "\Mien,  therefore,  the  change  of  locations  did  not 
 improve  its  prospects,  the  I'reshytery  of  Pittsburg 
 dissolved  it.  At  the  date  to  which  these  reminis- 
 cences carry  us  back  the 
 Third  Presbyterian  Church 
 had  not  been  organized. 
 Rut  the  growth  of  tlie  popu- 
 lation and  other  inlluences 
 were  preparing  for  the 
 movement,  which  took 
 form  in  JIarch,1833.  In  due 
 time  the  stiitely  and  beauti- 
 ful structure,  in  which  it 
 worshiped  for  so  many 
 years  (until  its  destruc- 
 tion by  fire),  on  the  corner 
 of  Third  avenue  and  Ferry 
 street,  was  reared,  and  its 
 de(lic;ition  was  regarded  as 
 marking  the  introduction 
 of  higher  architectural 
 fciste.  Its  bell,  one  of  the 
 sweetest  ever  cast,  could 
 be  heard  through  the  two 
 cities.  To  intelligent  Chris- 
 tian people  the  chief  at- 
 traction was,  of  course, 
 the  evangelical  and  bil- 
 cnted  young  pastor,  Rev. 
 I)a\  id  H.  Riddle.  But  to 
 those  more  aifected  by 
 material  things,  there  were 
 tliiee  objects  in  the  audi- 
 torium which  they  were 
 specially  curious  to  .see. 
 
 One  of  these  was  the 
 organ,  the  first  introduced 
 into  any  Presbyterian 
 church  in  this  region. 
 Previous  to  this  there 
 had  been  one  in  Trinity  Episcopal  Church,  and  jx-r- 
 haps,  one  in  St.  Patrick's  Roman  Catholic  Church. 
 The  small  reed  organs,  now  so  common,  were  un- 
 known. 
 
 .Another  attnu'tion  was  the  chandelier.  It  was  of 
 Japan  work,  in  the  shape  of  an  inverted  cone,  some 
 eight  or  U:n  feet  in  diameter  at  the  top.  It  was  sup.- 
 plied  with  three  rows  of  lamps,  eiuh  having  a  reflec- 
 t<ir,  and  the  chimney  of  eaeli,  passing  through  the 
 reflector  and  the  surface  of  the  cone,  conducted  the 
 heat  into  the  s])ace  above  the  auditorium.  The  large 
 circular  o])eiiiiig    in    the   ci'iling,    was  covered   by  a 
 
PREfiB  YTERIA  NISM. 
 
 6H9 
 
 SOUTHERN  ILLIXOIS. 
 
 movable  floor,  and  when  the  hour  of  evening  service 
 
 arrived,  this  w:i8  removed,  and  tlie  cliandclier,  with 
 each  lamp  regulated,  w;ls  let  down  by  puUies,  until 
 its  top  was  even  with  the  (-eilin};.  It  eomph-tely 
 illuminated  the  whole  auditorium,  and  for  a  time, 
 no  pulpit  lamps  were  used. 
 
 The  third  attraction  was  the  expensive  and  elegivnt 
 decoration  of  the  wall  back  of  the  pulpit.  It  corres- 
 ponded in  breadth  to  the  length  of  the  sofa,  and  con- 
 sisted of  very  elaborate  drapery,  of  crimson  velvet, 
 with  graceful  loopings  and  heavy  folds,  the  fringes 
 and  tas.sels  to  correspond. 
 
 The  congregation  was  disturbed  for  some  weeks 
 after  the  dedication,  by  the  departure,  in  tlie  midst 
 of  the  sermon,  of  those  who  had  been  attracted  by 
 mere  curiosity,  and  Dr.  Kiddle  would  sometimes 
 say  that  if  there  were  any  who  could  not  remain 
 till  the  clo.se,  an  opportunity  would  be  given  them 
 to  retire,  before  he  began  to  preach. 
 
 A  portion  of  the  ba.senunt  of  the  Third  Church 
 was  \ised  for  educational  purposes,  the  entrance  to  it 
 being  from  Ferry  street,  through  the  narrow  yard  in 
 the  rear  of  the  building.  Here  Mr.  George  L. 
 Crosby  conducted  a  large  and  excellent  school  for 
 young  men,  ha\iug  Mr.  Young  for  an  assistant, 
 now  better  known  as  Rev.  Alexander  Young,  D.n., 
 Professor  of  Diihictic  Theology  in  the  United  Presby- 
 terian Seminary  of  Allegheny. 
 
 In  1832,  besides  these  city  churches,  there  were 
 quite  a  number  within  seven  miles  of  the  city. 
 There  was  Pisgah,  Concord,  Beulah,  East  Liberty, 
 Pine  Creek,  Sharpsburg,  Hilands  and  .Vllegheny. 
 
 There,  too,  was  the  Western  Theological  .Seminary, 
 with  Rev.  Luther  Halsey,  D.D.,  and  Rev.  John  W. 
 Ne^^n,  D.D.,  then  a  licentiate,  a.s  its  professors. 
 
 Beside  the  pastors  and  professors  already  men- 
 tioned, there  were  quite  a  number  of  ministers  who 
 were  residents  of  Pittsburg  and  Allegheny.  John 
 Andrews,  Jaseph  Stockton,  Robert  Patterson,  John 
 Joyce,  Job  V.  Halsey,  and  Samuel  C.  Jennings, 
 would  \>::  often  met. 
 
 The  Presljyterians  also  had  their  weekly  religious 
 news|)aper — The  Christian  Herald,  edited  by  Rev. 
 Samuel  C.  Jennings,  D.  n.,  and  having  its  succession 
 in  The  Presbyterian  Banner. 
 
 If  they  had  no  denominational  ])ublishing  hou.se, 
 they  had  something  almost  as  good.  They  had  Mr. 
 Luke  Loomis  manifesting  his  tact  and  judgment,  in 
 republishing  St ihdard  religious  works,  such  as  "The 
 Balm  of  Gilead,"  "Willison's  Communicants'  Cate- 
 chism," "The  .Vfilicted  Man's  Companion,"  and, 
 ' '  Looking  unto  Jesus. ' ' 
 
 These  statements  may  suggest  reminiseence.s,  Ixitli 
 pleasing  and  profitable,  to  some  who  still  linger, 
 while  they  may  also  add  to  the  definite  knowledge 
 for  which  those  will  be  seeking,  who  are  living  tifty 
 years  hence. 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  Southern  Illinois.  The 
 first  Presbytery  iu  the  State  was  the  "Centre  Pres- 
 44 
 
 bytery  of  niinois."      It  was  erected  by  the  Synod 
 
 of  Indiana.  Its  first  meeting  was  held  January  !)th, 
 lS2!t.  It  was  constituted  with  seven  ministers  and 
 twenty-one  churches,  and  embraced  the  State.  In 
 May,  18:n,  it  was  divided  by  the  General  Assembly. 
 About  one-third  of  the  Southern  part  of  the  State 
 w;i8  formed  into  the  Presbytery  of  Kaakawkia,  cm- 
 bracing  seven  ministers  and  seventeen  churches. 
 The  rest  of  the  State  was  diWded  into  Sangamon 
 Presbytery  on  the  east,  and  Illinois  Pre.sbj'tery  on 
 the  west.  These  three  Presbyteries  were  constituted 
 into  the  Synod  of  Illinois.  In  ls;j3  the  Presbyt<Ty 
 of  Kaskaskia  w:is  diminished  by  the  erection  of 
 Palestine  Presbytery,  which  took  some  ministers 
 and  churches  on  the  northeast  side.  In  1836  it  Wiis 
 further  diminished  by  the  erection  of  Alton  Presby- 
 tery on  the  west.  In  IS-W  the  Presbytery  of  IlilLs- 
 boro  was  erected,  taking  more  of  the  territory  on  the 
 north,  and  the  Presbytery  of  Saline  on  the  south- 
 e:ist.  In  l^TO  the  Prcsbj-tery  of  Cairo  w;is  estal)- 
 lished,  embracing  the  original  territory  of  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Kaskaskia,  except  a  tier  of  counties  on 
 the  north,  and  a  part  of  Alton  Presbytery  on  the 
 west. 
 
 The  Rev.  Stephen  Blim,  a.m.,  was  the  first  settled 
 Presbj-teriau  minister  in  Illinois.  He  wiis  born  at 
 Lebanon,  N.  II.,  March  27th,  1787,  graduated  at  Mid- 
 dlebury  College,  Vermont,  iu  1812;  studied  theology 
 with  Dr.  Samuel  Wood,  Koscawen,  X.  H. ;  taught  at 
 Milton  and  then  at  Utica,  X.  V.,  until  1818,  when 
 he  went  to  Southern  Illinois,  for  the  climate,  in  com- 
 pany with  George  Jlay,  al.so  a  graduate  of  Middlebury 
 College  iu  1814.  They  organized  the  first  Sabbath- 
 school  in  the  State  in  their  cabin,  April  11th,  181!),  and 
 observed  the  "  Monthly  Concert  of  Prayer"  for  the 
 conversion  of  the  world.  At  the  organiaition  of  the 
 Waba.sh  Presbyterian  Church  these  brethren  were 
 elected  ruling  elders,  JIarch  5th,  1822.  Mr.  Bliss 
 was  licensed  by.  the  "  Hopkintou  Congregational 
 .\s.sociation"  in  August,  1822.  He  began  his  public 
 ministry  August  3d,  1823,  and  was  elected  to  the 
 State  Senate  in  November,  1824.  He  was  ordained 
 by  Salem  Presbytery,  August  4th,  1825,  and  died 
 December  6th,  1847.  Mr.  Bliss  org-anized  Bethel 
 Church,  Coles  county  (Oakland),  August,  1831;  Shi- 
 loh.  May,  1833;  Pisgah,  1835;  Mt.  Carmel,  1839.  He 
 was  a  good  preacher,  clear,  wise  and  faithful.  He 
 was  revered  everywhere  for  his  dignity,  wisdom, 
 judgment,  piety  and  uprightness.  A  genial  Christian 
 gentleman,  of  the  finest  New  England  tj-pe 
 
 Tlie  Rev.  Benjamin  Franklin  Spilman  was  the  first 
 pastor,  and  one  of  the  fathers  of  Presbyterianism,  in 
 the  State.  (See  hiseketch).  While  pastor  of  the  Shaw- 
 nectown  Churi'h,  his  Session  was  constituted  of  men 
 than  whom  no  laynu>n  in  the  State  are  more  favor- 
 ably known.  One  of  this  noble  group  of  elders,  and 
 who.se  service  is  finished  and  glorified  by  the  hand  of 
 death,  was  J.  MeKee  Peeples,  Esq.      [See  his sketeh.) 
 
 The  Rev.  John  Brick  was  an  Englishman.     He  was 
 
PBESBYTERIJLSISil. 
 
 69U 
 
 INFLUENCE  ON  NATION. 
 
 prepared  for  the  ministry  in  the  "  Countess  of  Hunt- 
 ington's Connection."  He  was  located  at  Jackson- 
 ville, 111.,  in  1825;  organized  the  "  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Jacksonville,"  June  20th,  1827;  was  a 
 zealous  missionary,  and  accomplished  abiding  good. 
 He  was  a  powerful  man  physiciilly,  walked  in  his 
 tours;  was  unmarried;  of  an  honest,  determined 
 spirit,  and  spoke  ^rith  a  strong  brogue.  He  was 
 frozen  to  death  in  attempting  to  cross  a  prairie,  in 
 llarch,  1837. 
 
 Rev.  Juhn  Matthews  was  born  in  Beaver  county. 
 Pa.,  February  7th,  1777.  He  graduaU^d  at  Jefferson 
 College,  Pa.,  and  studied  theology  with  Dr.  John 
 McMillan.  He  was  pastor  in  Erie  Presbytery, 
 1810-17,  and  resigned  to  become  an  itinerant  mis- 
 sionary. He  was  a  member  of  the  Presbytery  of  St. 
 Louis  at  its  organization,  December  18th,  1817.  He 
 was  stated  supply  at  Apple  Creek  Chuich,  Mo., 
 1825-28;  at  Kaskaskia  and  Pleasant  Eidge,  1828-34; 
 and  for  brief  terms  to  churches  in  Illinois,  Ohio, 
 Pennsylvania  and  Missouri,  1834-.51.  He  resided  at 
 Steel's  Mills,  1851-01 ;  and  died  May  12th,  1861.  He 
 was  in  the  Presbyterian  ministry  tU'ty-one  years,  and 
 was  one  of  the  Fathers.  He  was  in  the  organization 
 of  the  Presbytery  of  Missouri,  December  18th,  1817, 
 Centre  Presbytery  of  Illinois,  January  9th,  1829; 
 Presj-tery  of  Kaskaskia,  March  4th,  1831;  and  the 
 Synod  of  Illinois,  September,  1831 ;  and  preached  the 
 opening  sermon  at  each.  He  was  very  active  as  a 
 missionary,  \-isiting  the  destitute,  organizing  churches 
 and  supplying  vacancies. 
 
 Rev.  Solomon  Snnly  was  born  at  HoUis,  N.  H., 
 September,  1796.  He  graduivted  at  Middlebury  Col- 
 lege, and  completed  his  theological  studies  at 
 Andover,  in  1827.  He  was  licensed,  and  probably 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Londonderry,  and 
 commissioned  by  the  American  Home  Slissionan,- 
 Society  to  Illinois.  He  was  stated  supply  at  Kas- 
 ka.skia,  1827;  at  Shoal  Creek  and  Greenville,  1828-31; 
 missionary  in  Illinois  with  brief  charges  and  failing 
 health  until  1835,  when  he  returned  to  the  East,  and 
 preached  with  much  success  at  South  AVelllieet  and 
 Eastham,  Mass.  He  died  at  Eastham,  October  2d, 
 1842.  Unlike  his  coadjutors,  his  worthy  life  was 
 brief,  his  sun  going  down  at  noon. 
 
 Rev.  Thomas  A.  Spilnum  Wivs  born  in  Garard  county, 
 Ky.,  in  October,  1797.  He  studied  with  his  brother, 
 Kev.  B.  F.  Spilman,  and  aft<rwards  with  Rev.  W. 
 K.  Stewart,  in  his  academy  at  Elkton,  Ky.  He  was 
 lic(^nsed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Muhlenberg  in  1827, 
 and  joined  his  brother  in  missionary  labors  in  .south- 
 eastern Illinois.  He  was  ordained  by  Salem  Pres- 
 bytery, and  Wius  stated  supply  at  Hillsborough  about 
 182!)— 12;  at  Carlyle,  and  then  Union  and  West  Union 
 Churches,  1843-52.  He  died  February  12th,  1858. 
 He  was  a  close  student  and  a  faithful  pastor.  He 
 retained  his  charges  unusually  long  for  those  times. 
 
 Rev.  John  Millot  EIUk,  the  tireless  evangelist,  p;»s- 
 tor,  organizer,  was  one  of  the  grandest  sons  that  the 
 
 East  ever  gave  to  the  West  in  her  need.  Here  he 
 grandly  fulfilled  the  promise  of  his  early  ministry. 
 He  seemed  to  rouse  men  wherever  he  addre.ssed 
 them.  He  Wiis  electrical  with  a  dead-earne.st  pur- 
 IK)se,  and  so,  vehement,  absorbed,  irresistible,  whether 
 as  pa-stor,  evangeli.st,  or  missionary.  He  h;is  left  his 
 shining  impress  upon  the  West,  which  must  abide 
 forever  by  the  influences  he  set  at  work.  (See  his 
 sketch). 
 
 Such  is  a  glimpse  of  the  men  of  God  who  began 
 the  work  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Illinois,  and 
 who  by  their  fidelity  in  toil  and  trial  have  .s(^t  an 
 example  as  worthy  of  admiration  as  it  is  deserving 
 of  imit^itlon. 
 
 Presbsrterianism. — Its  part  in  Moulding-  the 
 Nation.  The  Rev.  Sylvester  F.  Scovel,  piustor  of  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  in  an  ex- 
 cellent address  on  this  subject,  says :  "  Our  faces  are 
 toward  the  future,  and  we  are  now  in  the  atmosphere 
 of  duty.  What  an  ambitious  thought  is  conveyed 
 in  the  subject  assigned  !  The  nation  is  scattered  over 
 an  area  of  vast  magnitude;  is  composed  of  50, (KM), 000, 
 plus  immigration  and  natural  increa.se ;  is  utterly 
 heterogeneous;  is  largely  influenced  in  sections  by 
 Roman  Catholicism,  by  organized  skepticism,  and  still 
 more  largely  by  worldliness,  indiflcreuce  and  im- 
 morality. Presbyterianism,  on  the  other  hand,  is  a 
 matter  of  one-fiftieth  of  the  nation's  bulk — is  but  a 
 little  'flock  of  kids,'  while  the  nation  fills  'the 
 land.' 
 
 "  Nevertheless,  our  part  in  moulding  the  nation  is 
 a  thought  we  must  think.  LTneonscious  influence  we 
 cannot  avoid.  God  is  certainly  making  use  of  ns  as 
 one  force  in  the  general  scheme  of  the  world's  redemp- 
 tion. Our  responsibility  for  whatever  measure  of 
 power  we  are  endowed  with  is  one  of  our  own  cardi- 
 nal principles.  And  we  are  led  to  the  thought  by 
 genuine  love  to  our  fellow-men,  and  genuine  convic- 
 tion of  the  system  we  professs.  Therefore,  since  we 
 must,  our  care  ought  to  be  to  think  soberly  and 
 righteously,  and  to  some  purpose. 
 
 "  I.  Have  we  anj-thing  to  do  with  the  nation  at  all  ? 
 Many  answer  in  the  negative,  emphasizing  the  npirilii- 
 ality  of  Christ's  kingdom,  pointing  to  our  work  for 
 individuals,  and  prophesying  innumerable  troubles 
 in  connection  with  any  supposed  national  mission. 
 We  answer  affirmatively,  because  (1)  national  life  is 
 one  of  the  greatest  factors  in  God's  plan  of  the  world's 
 conquest ;  because  (2)  God  has  not  commanded  his 
 people  to  live  in  a  separate  nationality,  but  the  reverse, 
 having  sent  them  into  the  world,  not  of  the  world, 
 but/or  the  world  ;  because  (3)  the  word  of  (iod  h;is 
 its  distinct  politics  (in  the  larger  sense  of  tliat  abused 
 word)  free  as  to  form,  moral  as  to  direction,  religions 
 as  to  sjinction  ;  becau.se  (4)  the  state  of  the  national 
 life  stands  in  closest  connection  with  the  most  spiritual 
 works  the  Church  is  c;illed  upon  to  perform. 
 
 "II.  To  what  department  of  national  life  ought 
 our   conscious  purpose  and  active  eflfort  to  be   di- 
 
PRESn  VTEni.l  YISM. 
 
 mn 
 
 'TRUE  BLUE." 
 
 rected?  I  Negatively,  not  (1)  to  material  pros- 
 perity (tliougli  indirectly  assuming  it);  not  (2)  to 
 party  politics  as  such  (being  amenable  to  a  higher 
 law  than  platforms) ;  not  (3)  to  any  scramblers  for 
 office.  But  II.  Positively  to  the  moral  life  of  the 
 nation,  and  to  this  directly  and  exclusively.  Here- 
 under we  must  labor  for  (1)  justice  to  all  nationali- 
 ties; for  (2)  the  rights  of  all  clxsses;  (3)  to  teach  the 
 duties  of  all  men  to  all  other  men;  (1)  to  inllueuce 
 the  general  methods  of  political  life  which  have  moral 
 results;  (.">)  to  provide  ad<ujiuite  and  tirmly-grouuded 
 moral  legi.slatiou  (with  due  regard  to  the  doctrine  and 
 to  the  limits  of  individual  lilx'rty);  (G)  to  maintain 
 an  edueatiou  Christian  in  spirit  and  intent  (both  in 
 public  aud  private  institutions);  and  (7)  to  secure 
 such  acknowledgment  of  our  national  relation  to 
 tiod  and  His  law  ius  shall  provide  a  logical  and  iudLs- 
 putable  bjLsis  for  Christian  morals  in  our  laws,  and 
 essential  Christian  educjitiou  in  our  schools. 
 
 "III.  What  reasonable  hoi>e  have  we  that  we  can 
 in  anj'  appreciable  degree  mould  the  national  life  in 
 this  general  direction  ?     Answer: — 
 
 "  1.  We  work  with  God. 
 
 "2.  We  work  with  moral  forces  which  lie  closest  to 
 life  and  life  moulds. 
 
 ' '  3.  We  have  our  Bible — the  grandest  of  popular 
 moral  forces — and  our  Standards;  a  clear,  tried  and 
 clleetive  method  of  making  the  Bible  regnant  over 
 men. 
 
 "4.  We  have  our  history,  concerning  which,  when 
 all  Just  concessions  are  made,  the  real  claim  st;inds  as 
 lirm  as  the  granite  of  the  everlasting  hills,  that  in 
 other  lands  first  and  most  effective  of  all  influences  ; 
 aud  in  our  own  land,  without  fleck  or  flaw,  aud  first 
 aud  most  effective  against  the  early  dangers  of  Church 
 and  St;ite  combinations,  Presbvterianism  has  been  a 
 tower  of  strength  to  liberty,  both  in  securing  aud 
 limiting  it. 
 
 '".">.  We  have  also  our  organization,  growing  out  of 
 the  popular  heart  ;  adapted  to  secure  a  knowledge 
 and  sympathy  with  the  moral  demands  of  populai" 
 life  ;  possessing  flexibility  in  its  instrumentiilities  ; 
 ])repared  tor  immediate  execution  and  constant 
 etifieiency. 
 
 "fi.  Finally,  we  have  our  experience.  This  way  is 
 no  new  way.  Our  Church  lixs  ever  stood  beside  the 
 government,  helps  to  educate  the  freedmen;  aids 
 the  Indians  to  citizenship;  legislates  in  favor  of  the 
 Sabbath;  encourages  temperance,  both  as  law  and 
 practice,  and  frowns  ui>on  sinful  amusements  and 
 all  sources  of  popular  corruption. 
 
 "  IV.  WHiat  are  the  conditions  of  our  efficiency  in 
 moulding  the  nation  ? 
 
 "1.  Keeping  up  our  spiritual  life  to  the  highest 
 point,  in  conversion,  edilieation  and  extension.  2. 
 Comprehension  of  our  duties  in  the  direction  out- 
 lined. 3  Knowledge  of  our  dangers,  with  deliv- 
 erance from  i)ride  and  presumption  concerning  them. 
 4     Faith  in  God.     5.     The  old-fashioned  severity  of 
 
 con.science.      6.     Willingness  to  sacrifice  taste  and 
 
 inclinations.  7.  Patient  study  of  our  past  by  our 
 young  people  of  both  sexes.  8.  Learning  by  our 
 mistakes  to  avoid  isolation,  narrowness  aud  quarrels 
 alx)ut  little  things.  9.  Eclectic  common-sense, 
 joined  with  principled   conservati.sm." 
 
 Presbyterianism — "True  Blue."  ^\^lat  Is 
 the  oriijin  of  "  true  blue  "  in  this  connection  ?  Some 
 .s:»y  the  term  is  Uikeu  from  the  Scriptures,  and  point 
 to  NumlH^rs  xv,  38:  "  SjKuik  unto  the  children  of 
 Lsrael,  and  bid  them  th;it  they  make  thenx  fringes  in 
 the  borders  of  their  g.irnients  throughout  their  gen- 
 erations, and  that  they  put  upon  the  fringe  of  their 
 borders  a  riband  of  blue.  And  it  shall  be  unto  you 
 for  a  fringe,  that  ye  may  look  u{>on  it,  and  remember 
 all  the  commandments  of  the  Lord,  and  do  them." 
 .Vnother  tlu'ory  is  that  the  Scotch  Covenanters  ius- 
 sumed  blue  ribbons  as  their  colors,  and  wore  them  as 
 sc^irfs,  or  in  their  bonnets,  in  opiM)silion  to  the  scarlet 
 badge  of  Charles  I.  Other  anti<iuarians  trace  the 
 Scotch  blue  up  to  the  aboriginal  ra<'es  on  the  island 
 of  Great  Britain.  Cais;ir  thus  de-seribes  the  Britons 
 of  his  day:  "  .\11  the  Britons  dye  thcnutelees  with 
 wood,  which  proiluees a  ccru/eaji or  Wu« color."  (Lib. 
 V.  14,  de  B.  G.)  Other  inquirers  satisfy  thems<dves 
 with  the  fact  that  blue  predoraLuates  in  the  tartans 
 of  the  most  ancient  and  gallant  clans,  while  it  enters 
 as  a  constituent  color  more  or  less  into  all.  Hence 
 "true  blue"  IxH^me  symbolic  of  Scoteh  j>atriotism 
 and  national  reuowu: — 
 
 '*  It's  guid  to  be  upright  and  wise, 
 It'd  guid  to  1)'J  houest  and  true  ; 
 It's  guid  to  BUltport  Caledonians  cause. 
 And  bido  by  the  bonneU  o'  blue.*^ 
 
 Without  entering  deeper  into  the  origin  of  our 
 clannish  blue,  we  will  content  ourselves  with  assum- 
 ing that  blue  characterized  the  Scotch  tartan  from 
 time  immemorial,  like  red  the  dress  of  the  Southern 
 Knglishers,  and  that  in  the  civil  wars  of  the  st'ven- 
 teeuth  century  "a  true  blue  Presbj'terian "  w;i8 
 sjTionymous  with  a  Scotehman  who  fought  for  liberty 
 and  his  Church.  VrTiat  .is  the  meaning  of  the  word 
 now-a-days  ? 
 
 •V  True-blue  Presbyterian  is  a  Christian  who  lores 
 the  old-fn.ihiom'd  Bible  doclrinex  in  the  Confession  of 
 Faith.  He  lays  much  stress  on  God's  sovereignty 
 and  the  doctrines  of  grace.  The  Word  of  God,  in  its 
 simple,  spiritual  meaning,  :us  explained  in  the  Con- 
 fession of  Faith,  not  for  "  siibstanee  of  doctrine,"  but 
 for  true  d(K-trine,  is  dear  to  his  heart.  The  fathers 
 acro.ss  the  waters,  with  Calvin  and  Knox  at  their 
 head,  were  thorough  believers  in  all  the  distinct  doc- 
 trines of  grace.  So  were  our  own  gre;it  ancestors, 
 Slakemie,  the  Tennents,  Dickin.sou,  and  Da\ies. 
 "As  to  our  doctrines,"  replied  Francis  Makeraie, 
 when  :irraigned  by  the  High-Chureli  Governor  of  New 
 York,  in  1707,  "we  have  our  Confession  of  Faith, 
 I  irAioA  is  known  to  the  Christian  world.  In  that  com- 
 I  pend  of  Bible  truth  the  real  Presbyterian  believes,  as 
 
PBESB  YTERIANIHil. 
 
 69-2 
 
 "  TRUE  BLUE.' 
 
 containing  the  Iwst  human  interpretation  of  the  Di- 
 vine will. 
 
 He  is  also  a  utrict  friend  of  the  Snhbath  and  of  Ditine 
 ordinance!!.  The  Lord's  day  is  dull  and  wearisome  to 
 a  worldling;,  but  it  is  a  day  of  sober  meditation  and 
 of  spiritual  delight  to  those  who  have  faith  in  Divine 
 teachings.  Sobriety  and  joy  are  not  inconsistent 
 terms.  May-poles,  feasting,  and  dancing,  whifh 
 agreed  with  the  taste  of  King  Charles'  Christians, 
 were  the  horror  of  those  of  Covenanters'  .stock,  whilst 
 attendance  on  the  house  of  God,  and  a  reverence  for 
 its  ministrations  and  ordinances,  were  the  joy  of  the 
 latter,  and  will  be  of  their  descendants,  from  genera-  I 
 tion  to  generation.  | 
 
 A  true-blue  Presbyterian  ej-alU  the  covenant  of  grace 
 in  the  training  of  his  children.  He  dedicates  them  to 
 God  from  birth,  seeks  in  their  behalf  the  ordinance 
 of  baptism,  brings  them  up  in  the  nurture  and  admo-  '. 
 nition  of  the  Lord,  engages  with  them  in  family 
 worship,  instructs  them  in  the  Bible  and  Shorter 
 Catechism,  disciplines  them  on  the  principles  of 
 Solomon,  is  careful  in  the  selection  of  their  books 
 and  companions,  sends  them  to  a  parochial  o-  reli- 
 gious school,  provides  for  them  an  honest  calling, 
 and  in  every  way  endciivors  to  act  upon  the  truth, 
 "train  up  a  child  in  the  way  he  should  go,  and 
 when  he  is  old  he  will  not  depart  from  it." 
 
 A  thorough  Presbyterian  is  a  eonscrratire  in  Church 
 and  Slate.  Theologiciil  novelties,  telegraphed  from 
 former  ages,  do  not  secure  his  credence.  Extrava- 
 gances of  doctrinal  st;itement  he  disrelishes.  He 
 does  not  approve  of  new  measures,  boisterous  excite- 
 ments, and  man's  devices  in  Church  affairs.  A  true 
 friend  of  revivals,  like  Dickinson  and  Alexander,  he 
 is  unwilling  to  hazard  the  permanent  interests  of 
 religion  for  doubtful  issues,  but  prefers  in  all  things  ' 
 the  good  old  paths.  In  the  State,  as  a  citizen,  he  is 
 never  cjirried  away  by  the  dreamland  theories  of 
 reformers  and  infidels.  He  is  never  fo\ind  advocating 
 the  abolition  of  capital  punishment,  resisting  the  law 
 of  the  land,  affording  new  facilities  for  divorces, 
 encouraging  agrarianism  in  any  shape.  Conservatism, 
 as  opposed  to  extravagance,  is  the  law  of  his  life,  the 
 first  and  second  nature  of  the  inner  man. 
 
 .V  thorough  Presb\'torian /ores  his  own  Church.  "WTiy 
 should  h(!  not?  Has  he  not  been  nurtured  by  her 
 care  ?  docs  she  not  hold  forth  the  truth  ?  are  not  her 
 methods  founded  on  the  Scriptures  ?  The  form  of 
 church  goFcrnment  is  no  trivial  and  unimportant  matter. 
 Sessions,  Presbyteries,  Synods  and  General  Assem- 
 blies are  ramparts,  which  he  may  go  round  about  and 
 admire.  His  mode  of  worship,  simple,  Scriptural, 
 God-ward,  uncontaminated  by  the  pomp  and  circum- 
 stance of  artificial  forms,  is  dear  to  his  inmost  soul. 
 The  more  simple,  the  better  for  him.  His  heart  is 
 with  his  Church,  which  Christ  has  honored  with 
 blessings,  and  will  honor,  even  with  lif<>,  forevermore. 
 
 The  thorough  Presbyterian  aims  at  extending  the 
 knmeledge  of  the  truth,  as  he  understands  it,  anwng  all 
 
 nations.  As  he  loves  his  Church,  so  he  desires  to  see 
 her  excellence  perpetuated  and  extended.  He  prizes 
 her  institutions.  These  institutions  of  his  Church 
 he  patronizes,  on  the  ground  that  it  is  the  Cliurch's 
 duty  to  do  her  own  work,  and  that  no  church  is 
 better  able  to  attend  to  her  own  affairs  than  his  own. 
 He  is  no  idle  religionist,  asleep  over  the  wants  and 
 woes  of  his  fellow-men.  With  an  enterprise  as 
 energetic  as  his  doctrines,  and  with  a  sense  of  resijon- 
 sibility  stimulatL-d  by  the  sovereignty  of  his  King, 
 he  aims  at  communicating  the  Word  of  Life  in  its 
 purest  form  to  the  millions  of  mankind. 
 
 Tlie  thorough  Presbyterian,  notwithstanding  his 
 uncompromising  ecclesia-stical  principles,  has  a  sec- 
 tarianism that  is  tolerant  and  magnanimous.  He  does 
 not  unchurch  other  Evangelical  denominations,  nor 
 does  he,  on  the  other  hand,  seek  to  co-»)perate  with 
 other  sects  on  conditions  which  compromit  his  own 
 principles,  and  in  unions  which  often  end  in  aliena- 
 tion and  strife.  All  his  views  of  truth  cherish  charity 
 towards  others,  and  practically  other  denominations 
 find  that,  notwithstanding  his  peculiarities,  they  can 
 live  with  him  as  peaceably,  if  not  more  so,  than  with 
 those  whose  professions  of  brotherly  love  may  exceed 
 his.  He  kilows  that  no  church  a-ssists  more  than  his 
 o^vn,  beyond  its  own  limits,  in  relieving  the  wants  of 
 the  poor  and  needy,  and  in  substantial  acts  of  general 
 and  public  benevolence.  His  sectarianism  is  an  hon- 
 est and  a  manly  one,  without  croakings  or  conceal- 
 ments, and  bearing  fruits  of  which  he  is  not  ashamed, 
 either  before  God  or  man. 
 
 Finally,  the  true  Presbyterian,  after  aiming  at 
 and  striving  after  a  life  of  holiness,  which  acknowl- 
 edges its  imperfections  at  the  best,  wishes  to  die 
 tru-iting  alone  in  the  imjjutcd  righteousness  of  the  Lord 
 .Tesus  Christ.  Presbj'terianism  brings  Christ  promi- 
 nently to  view,  not  by  the  abstractions  of  pliilosophj- 
 which  the  common  people  cannot  understand,  but  by 
 a  tender,  personal  union,  through  a  living  faith, 
 which  may  be  realized  in  every  pious  heart.  Such  a 
 system,  in  its  relation  to  holiness  produces  two 
 effects:  it  directly  prompts  to  holiness,  and  it 
 produces  a  consciousness  of  coming  short  of  perfection. 
 Perfect  sanctification  is  the  reward  of  the  glorified, 
 and  this  the  believer  pants  for,  and  hojies  for,  only  as 
 Christ  saves  him  here  from  his  sins,  and  gives  him 
 iulmission  to  heaven  through  His  own  blood  and 
 righteousne.s.s.  On  a  djing  bed  the  religious  experi- 
 ence of  a  sincere  Presbyterian  will  be  found  to  ni;ig- 
 nify  Christ  and  His  cros.s.  His  life  having  been  '"by 
 the  faith  of  the  Sou  of  God,  who  loved  him  and  gave 
 Himself  for  him,''  his  death  testifies  to  the  consistent 
 desire  to  "be  found  in  Him,  not  having  his  own 
 righteousness,  which  is  of  the  law,  but  that  which  is 
 through  the  faith  of  Christ,  the  righteousness  which 
 is  of  God  by  faith." 
 
 These  remarks  on  the  characteristics  of  a  consistent 
 and  loj-al  Presbyterian  are  not  offered  in  the  spirit 
 of  "we are  the  Church,"  but  simply  as  descriptive  of 
 
PRESBYTERIASISX. 
 
 693 
 
 WHAT  IT  18. 
 
 one  of   the  many  shades  of   doctiHnal   belief    and 
 practice  which  prevail  in  the  Christian  world. 
 
 Presbyterianism— Wliat  It  Is.  The  Doctri- 
 nal Creed  of  Presbyterians  is  sometimes  called  Aa- 
 gnstinian.  Without  explanation,  this  would  be  a 
 defective  and  misleading  definition.  While  Angus- 
 tine  formulated  and  defended  some  of  the  cardinal 
 doctrines  of  revelation  in  a  manner  which  has  com- 
 manded the  a.ssent  and  admiration  of  all  lieformed 
 Churches,  they  hare,  with  almost  equal  unanimity, 
 rejected  his  expositions  of  others. 
 
 So,  too,  while  the  Calvinistic  faith  is  jostly  called 
 CilvinLstic,  Presbyterians  (Sulliun  addictus  jurare  in 
 verba  magintri)  do  not  receive  all  of  Calvin's  teachings 
 without  qualification,  nor  do  they  regard  him  as  the 
 inventor  or  originator  of  their  doctrinal  system,  al- 
 though they  do  recognize  in  him  one  of  the  clearest, . 
 most  logical  and  evangelical  of  all  the  writers  who 
 have  ever  systematized  doctrinal  truth. 
 
 There  is  a  wonderful  harmony  in  all  that  is  sub- 
 stantial and  vital  in  the  Creeds  of  the  Reformed 
 churches  ;  such  as  the  Gallican,  the  Second  Helvetic, 
 and  Belgic  Confessions,  and  the  Canons  of  the  Synod 
 of  Dort;  but  the  ablest  and  most  comprehensive  state- 
 ment of  Presbj-terian  doctrine  is  to  be  found  in  the 
 Westminster  Confession  and  Catechisms.  These,  for 
 the  most  part,  are  the  Standards  of  English-speaking 
 Presbyterians  throughout  the  world. 
 
 KADICAI,   PEISCIPLES. 
 
 I.  Since  the  Church  is  the  kingdom  of  Christ,  and 
 HLs  divinity  the  foundation  on  which  it  is  built,  it  is 
 bound  to  receive  His  doctrines  as  its  faith,  and  to 
 execute  His  will  as  its  law.  Hence,  no  officer  or 
 court  of  the  Church  can  justly  claim  any  other 
 authority  than  that  of  executing  the  revealed  will  of 
 its  Divine  Head,  nor  can  either  enforce  anything  but 
 obedience  to  His  requirements. 
 
 Of  course,  this  docs  not  contradict  the  principle 
 either  that  just  inferences  are  not  binding,  or  that 
 the  laws  of  Christ  may  not  be  so  applied  as  to  meet 
 ever-varying  circumstances,  or  that  in  executing  His 
 work  the  Church  may  not  make  such  arrangements 
 as  are  necessary  and  proper  in  carrying  that  law  into 
 effect. 
 
 All  this  is  well  expressed  in  onr  Confession  of  Faith 
 when  it  is  said  that  "  there  are  some  circnmstances 
 concerning  the  worship  of  God  and  the  government 
 of  His  Church  common  to  human  actions  and  societies, 
 which  are  to  be-  ordered  by  the  light  of  nature  and 
 Christian  prudence,  according  to  the  general  rules  of 
 the  Word,  which  are  always  to  be  observed."  The 
 hours  for  religious  service;  the  number  to  be  held  on 
 the  Sabbath  and  during  the  week;  postnre  in  prayer; 
 the  appointment  of  days  of  humiliation  and  thanks- 
 giving; the  seasons  for  ecclesiastical  meetings;  ques- 
 tions relating  to  hvmnology  ;  methods  of  securing 
 contributions  for  pious  u.ses;  the  conduct  of  Sunday 
 schools;  catechetical  instruction,  etc. ;  all  these  may 
 be  regulated  by  Christian  prudence,  experience  and 
 
 '  common  sense;  bat  this  discretionary  power  does  not 
 {  extend  to  the  enactment  or  enforcement  of  any  new 
 '  rule  of  faith  or  duty. 
 
 II.  The  Word  of  God  is  the  Constitution  of  the 
 Church.  It  is  "the  only  rule  to  direct  us  how  we 
 may  glorify  and  enjoy  Him. ' '  The  traditions  of  men, 
 the  teachings  of  the  Fathers,  the  creeds  of  the  Primi- 
 tive Church,  have  no  authority  except  as  they  are  in 
 accordance  with  the  inspired  Word.  N'othing  is  to  be 
 received  as  revealed  or  commanded  by  Christ  which 
 cannot  be  found  in  that  record,  and  when  we  have 
 ascertained  the  Canon  of  Scripture,  then  we  have 
 ascertained  the  only  records  to  be  relied  on  as  of  in- 
 fallible authority. 
 
 GEXEEIC   .\XD   DISTIXCrn-E    PEIXCIPI.ES. 
 
 We  nse  the  terms  Generic  and  Distinctive,  because 
 
 .  some  of  the  principles  which  Presbyterians  hold 
 dear,  and  which  are  essential  to  the  government  of 
 their  Church,  are  held  by  other  denominations, 
 wholly  or  in  part,  while  others  differentiate  it  from 
 all  other  ecclesiastical  organizations.  The  former  of 
 these  we  call  Generic;  the  latter,  Distinctive. 
 
 I.  Prcsbrterianism,  as  the  word  implies,  is  a  sys- 
 tem of  Church  government  by  Pre^yierirji.  Presbvters 
 are  either  teaching  or  ruling  ciders.  The  former  are 
 called  Ministers  of  the  Word,  because  they  preach  as 
 well  as  rule;  the  latter  are  commissioned  to  govern, 
 and  hence  their  name.  This  is  well  expressed  by  the 
 Westminster  divines,  when  they  say :  "As  there 
 were  in  the   Jewish  Church   elders  of  the  people, 
 
 I  joined  with  the  priests  and  Levites  in  the  govern- 
 ment of  the  Church,  so  Christ  .  .  .  hath  furnished 
 some  in  His  Church,  besides  the  Minis-ters  of  the 
 Word,  with  gifts  for  government,  and  with  commis- 
 sion to  execute  the  same  when  called  thereunto,  who 
 are  to  join  with  the  minister  in  the  government  of 
 
 I  the  Church,  which  ofScers  Reformed  churches  com- 
 monly call  elders." 
 
 I  2.  Presbyterianism  recognizes  but  tiro  orders  of 
 church  oficer) — elders  and  deacons.  The  first  has  al- 
 ready been  considered;  of  the  second,  our  Standards 
 thusspeak:  "The  duties  of  this  office  especially  re- 
 late to  the  care  of  the  poor,  to  the  collection  and  dis- 
 tribution of  the  offering  of  the  people  for  pioos  oses, 
 nnder  the  direction  of  the  Session.  To  the  deacons 
 also  may  be  properly  committed  the  management  of 
 the  temporal  affairs  of  the  Church." 
 
 I  3.  In  maintaining  what  is  called  the  "parity  of  the 
 clergy,"  Presbyterians  occupy  common  ground  with 
 some  other  Evangelical  churches,  and  hence  that 
 alone  does  not  constitute  a  distinctive  principle,  but 
 the  recognition  of  the  ruling  elder  as  holding  an  of- 
 fice designated  by  the  very  term  which  the  Scriptures 
 apply  to  the  teaching  elder,  and  the  recognition  of 
 the  fact  that  both  are  entitled  to  equal  authority  in 
 all  the  courts  of  the  Church,  is  a  distinctive  principle 
 of  Presbyterianism,  and  one  which  is  steadily  gaining 
 favor  in  other  commnnions,  and  gradually  assimilat- 
 ing them  to  r^esbyterian  usages. 
 
PRESBYTERIANISM. 
 
 694 
 
 WHAT  IT  IS. 
 
 1 1  is  not  the  parity  of  the  ministers  alone,  but  the 
 parity  of  tlie  presbyters,  which  is  asserted— their 
 co-ordinate  authority  in  all  things  relating  to  the 
 government  of  the  Church.  This  position  is  sus- 
 tained by  references  to  many  passages  of  Scripture  in 
 which  the  words  Bishop  (Episcopos)  and  Elder  {I'res- 
 butcros)  are  vised  interchangeably  as  equivalents,  with 
 reference  not  only  to  the  same  person,  but  to  the  same 
 ofiBce. 
 
 4.  Presbyterians  insist  that  in  the  Primitive 
 Cliurch,  as  described  in  the  New  Testament,  there 
 w:is  no  higher  Order  distinct  from  this,  much  less  none" 
 dominating  over  it;  when  every  town  and  parish  had 
 its  Bishop;  when  in  every  land  where  Christianity 
 had  been  planted,  bishops  were  as  numerous  as  the 
 churches;  and  when,  even  in  Italy,  there  were  thirty- 
 five  bishops  in  the  narrow  territory  between  the  Tiber 
 and  the  Tuscan  Sea. 
 
 Presbyterians  admit  that  in  the  course  of  time  the 
 word  ' '  Bishop' '  assumed  a  very  different  meaning, 
 and  when  it  could  be  no  longer  said,  as  Vice-Princi- 
 pal Hatch  declares  in  his  "Bampton  Lectures," 
 that  "  The  early  Bishop  stood  to  his  Presbj-ters  in 
 the  relation  of  a  chairman  to  the  ordinary  members 
 of  a  committee, ' '  or,  as  Presbyterians  would  say,  as 
 the  Moderator  to  the  members  of  a  Church  Session  or 
 Presbytery  over  which  he  presides.  Without  mak 
 ing  any  reflection  on  the  polity  of  others,  Presbyte- 
 rians have  reason  to  be  gratified  at  the  frequent 
 admissions  made  by  others  as  to  the  Scriptural 
 character  of  their  own,  and  they  have  special 
 occasion  to  a<lmire  the  candor  with  which  men 
 eminent  for  learning  and  piety,  and  loyal  to  their 
 own  system  of  Church  government,  such  as  Usher 
 and  AVliatelcy,  Hallara  and  Macaulay,  Dean  How- 
 .son  and  Dr.  Jacob,  Dean  Stanley  and  Canon 
 Farrar,  Sir  Peter  King  and  Bishop  Lightfoot,  have 
 expre.s.sed  themselves  with  regard  to  the  constitution 
 of  the  Primitive  Church,  echoing  back  the  voice  of 
 .Teronie  from  the  fourth  century,  when  he  says:  "A 
 Pre.sbj'tcr  is  the  same,  therefore,  as  a  Bishop:  and 
 Ix-fore  there  arose  preferences  in  religion,  and  it  was 
 said  among  the  people,  'I  am  of  Paul,  I  of  Apollos, 
 I  of  Ccphius, '  the  churches  were  governed  by  a  com- 
 mon council  of  Presl)\-ters If  it  be  supposed 
 
 this  is  not  the  sen.se  of  the  Scriptures,  but  my  own 
 opinion,  that  Bishops  and  Presbyters  are  one,  and 
 that  one  is  the  name  of  age  and  the  other  of  office, 
 read  ag:iin  the  words  of  the  Apostle  to  the  Philip- 
 pians.  .  .  .  Th6se  things  are  recorded  that  we  may 
 show  that  the  ancient  Presbyters  were  the  same  as 
 the  Bishops,  but  by  little  and  little,  that  the  roots 
 of  dis,scnsinn  might  be  torn  up,  the  whole  trouble 
 was  devolved  on  one." 
 
 V.  A  distinctive  principle  of  Prcsbyterianism  is 
 that  ot  free  representnlirc  goremment;  a  gorernment  of 
 imrlianinilar;/  enurts enmpomit  of  Prcnhi/Urs;  Pr^.sbyters 
 who  rule  only,  and  Presbyters  who  rule  and  also 
 "  laluir    in   word  and    doctrine."     This  corresponds 
 
 virtually  to  the  two  Houses  composing  State  Legis- 
 latures, each  acting  as  a  check  upon  the  other.  To 
 commit  the  government  of  the  church  exclusively  to 
 ministers,  might  lead  to  spiritual  despotism;  so,  if 
 exclusively  in  the  hands  of  elders,  too  much  license 
 might  ensue;  but  the  co-ordinate  jurisdiction  of  the 
 two  gives  the  best  combination  for  securing  the 
 Church  against  ecclesiastical  tjTanny  on  the  one  hand, 
 and  popular  pa.ssion  on  the  other. 
 
 VI.  The  last  distinctive  feature  of  Prcsbyterianism 
 to  be  mentioned  in  this  enumeration  is  the  unity  tchieh 
 is  secured  bi/  the  syntrm  of  representative  axKemblieA.  It 
 is  thus  forcibly  stated  by  Dr.  Thornwell :  "The 
 government  of  the  Church  is  not  intrusted  to  individ- 
 uals, nor  to  the  mass  of  believers,  but  to  councils. 
 Every  judicial  and  legi.slative  function  is  performed 
 
 [  by  coiuts  alone.  Government  is  not  administered  by 
 a  .single  individual;  that  would  be  monarchy;  nor  by 
 
 '  a  privileged  cla.ss;  that  would  l)e  oligarchy;  nor  im- 
 mediately by  the  people ;  that  would  be  democracy  ; 
 but  it  is  administered  by  representative  assemblies. 
 
 I  These  constitute  a  bond  which  brings  all  th'e  parts 
 together  into  unity,  and  gives  to  the  Church  the 
 property  of  indefinite   expansibility."     "A  single 
 
 [  congregation  is  governed  by  the  Parochial  Presbytery ; 
 several  associated  congregations  by  the  Classical  Pres- 
 b3-tery  ;  the  whole  Church  by  a  Presbytery  of  repre- 
 sentative Presbj'ters  from  all  its  bounds, "  the  G<'neral 
 Assembly.  ' '  This  principle  of  representation  is 
 capable  of  embodying  any  number  of  believers. 
 WTiole  continents  may  be  made  one  body.  There  is 
 but  one  Clmrch,  a  set  of  congregtitions  bound  together 
 by  the  ne.nis  of  one  parliament.  Each  congregation 
 has  every  element  of  the  Uui\  ersal  Church,  and  the 
 Universal  Church  has  no  attribute  which  may  not  be 
 found  in  one  congregation.  There  is  no  org-.inic  dif- 
 ference between  the  Church  Session  and  the  largest 
 General  Assembly."  "  Only  two  churches  on  earth 
 realize  this  idea  of  Chnrch  nnitj',  Rome  and  our  own. 
 
 I  But  these  are  the  poles  apart  as  to  the  system  by 
 which  they  realize  it.  Rome,  with  her  infallible 
 Pope  at  the  head,  and  with  graded  authorities  extend- 
 ing over  the  whole  earth,  one  class  subservient  to 
 another,  secures  a  terrible  unity,  bending  all  abjectly 
 to  one  throne.  Our  system,  on  the  other  hand, 
 secures  unity  with  the  most  perfect  freedom." 
 
 COBOLLARIES. 
 
 I.  Presbyterians,  in  accepting  the  statement  of  their 
 Shorter  Catechism  that  "  the  Word  of  (iod  contained 
 in  the  Scriptures  of  the  Old  and  New  Testaments  is 
 the  only  rule  given  to  direct  us  how  we  may  glorify 
 and  enjoy  Him,"  and  that  they  teach  "  what  man  is 
 to  believe  concerning  tJod,  and  what  duly  (Jod  re- 
 quires of  man,"  regard  the  Bible  as  a  boak  fur  the 
 world,  and  for  all  generations  to  the  end  of  time:  that 
 '  the  sy.stcm  of  doctrine  and  duty  contained  in  it  is  a 
 fixed  and  final  system,  and  not  one  introductory  to  a 
 higher;  that  it  is  one  needing  no  addition;  one  never 
 to  become  obsolete,  never  to  be  supplemented   by 
 
PRESB  YTERIA  NISM. 
 
 6a5 
 
 WHAT  IT  IS. 
 
 another  revelation.  They  believe  that  wliilc  the 
 canon  of  Scripture  is  complete,  that  the  prinriplin 
 contained  in  it  admit  of  cndh'ss  evolution  and  expan- 
 sion, with  infinite  capa<-ity  for  adaptation  to  all  the 
 varying  conditions  of  human  life,  and  that  therefore 
 the  Bible  will  be  suflicient  for  all  the  new  forms  of 
 civilization  which  may  arise;  sufficient  for  all  the 
 new  ethical  problems  that  may  demand  eolation; 
 sufficient  to  antagonize  all  the  new  forms  of  error 
 that  may  menace  humanity;  sufficient  to  lead  on  the 
 race  to  the  highest  spiritual  development  of  which  it 
 is  capable.  They  do  not  ailniit,  therefore,  that  "  the 
 old  view  of  the  Bible  is  fading  from  their  visi(m,"  or 
 that  there  is  any  need  "to  enlarge  the  sphere  of 
 divine  revelation  by  adding  to  the  Bible  the  revela- 
 tion of  Nature,  and  of  man's  reason  and  moral  con- 
 sciotisness, "  or  that  "  religion  has  nnieh  to  ho]M-,  and 
 the  old  theology  much  to  fear,  from  scientific  dis- 
 closures. ' ' 
 
 II.  The  Presbyterian  polity  is  one  that  furni.she.s  the 
 best  security  for  the  pmlntinn  of  the  riijhtu  of  all  the  mem- 
 bers of  the  Household  of  Fnith,  with  its  ascending  series 
 of  courts,  each  larger  than  the  one  above  it,  thus  jiledg- 
 ing  to  each  individual  memlR-r  the  protection  fur- 
 nished by  the  impartial  expression  of  the  matured 
 judgment  and  sense  of  justice  of  the  entire  body. 
 A  local  prejudice  might  work  injustice  to  an  aggrieved 
 member  who  sought  vindic;ifion  from  his  Cliurch 
 Session,  but  it  would  be  his  privilege  to  api«'al  to  the 
 Pre.sbytery,  and,  if  need  be,  to  the  Synod  and  General 
 Assembly;  so  that  in  each  court  tlie  a.ssuran<e  would 
 become  greater  that  no  loe;il  prej  udiee  could  alVert  the 
 decision  of  the  body  representing  the  entire  Church. 
 And  what  is  still  more  important,  all  questions  re- 
 lating to  the  coastitution  and  to  the  work  of  the 
 Church  nuiy  be  subjected  to  the  s:ime  review  and 
 control,  so  that  the  deliberate  judgment  of  the  whole 
 body  may  be  secured  in  all  matt»TS  affecting  its  in- 
 tercst-s,  whether  in  domestic  or  missionary  fields. 
 
 III.  The  organic  structure  of  I'resbyterianism  is 
 admirably  adapted  to  give  it  stahilili/  anil  enlanjement. 
 The  minister  to  labor  in  word  and  do<'trine,  the 
 ruling  elder  to  co-operate  with  him  in  all  that  per- 
 tains to  spiritual  government  and  instruction,  the 
 deacon  to  have  oversight  of  the  t<-mporal  interests  of 
 the  Church;  each  working  in  his  own  a])propriate 
 sphere,  and  all  acting  in  unison,  with  reference  to  a 
 common  end  ;  all  this  forms  a  combination,  for  sta- 
 bility and  for  efficiency  not  to  be  surpa.s.scd.  And 
 the  adaptation  of  this  org-aniziition  to  bring  under 
 cultivation  outlying  fields  hitherto  unoccupied  and 
 destitute,  is  equally  evident.  -Ml  that  is  re(iuisite  is 
 for  the  minister,  in  the  discharge  of  his  high  commi.s- 
 sion,  to  go  forth pnxlaiming  the  Me.s.s;ige  of  Salvation 
 through  Christ,  in  deix-ndenee  upon  the  jxiwi-r  of  the 
 Spirit ;  and,  as  he  sows  the  g(M>d  .seed,  and  (lod  gives 
 the  increase,  he  has  authority  to  gather  those  from 
 without  into  the  household  of  faith,  and  to  complete 
 the  organization  of  a  new  church  by  ordaining  such  , 
 
 elders  and  deacons  as  the  people  may  select.  And 
 the  body  thus  constituted  is  a  church,  prepared  not 
 only  for  its  special  work  in  the  field  where  it  has  a 
 local  habitation  and  a  name,  but  prepjired  also  to 
 affiliate  witli  other  churches  which  have  iM'en  org-.in- 
 ized  in  like  manner,  until  they  form  a  Presbytery  ; 
 and  when  churches  continue  to  multii)ly,  new  I'res- 
 bytcrics  constitute  the  Synod,  and  when  Syno<l3 
 liecome  sufficiently  numerous,  they  form  a  General 
 .Assembly.  Distinct  churches  thus  organized  have  all 
 the  corporate  efficiency  which  b«'longs  to  the  inde- 
 pendent or  congregational  system,  with  the  addi- 
 tional a<lvantage  of  being  connected  by  a  bond  of 
 union  which  enables  them  to  co-operate  ius  a  unit, 
 each  developing  its  own  .spiritual  life,  and  yet  all 
 assimilated,  by  a  common  standard  of  doctrine  and 
 di.scipline,  into  one  IkmIv,  compacted  together,  yet 
 acting  freely  through  all  its  memlH-rs,  stable  in 
 .structure,  flexible  in  administration,  conservative  in 
 principle,  aggressive  in  work,  thoroughly  furni.shcd 
 with  every  instrumentality  for  the  extension  of  its 
 Ijoundaries,  whether  in  the  home  or  in  the  foreign 
 field. 
 
 IV.  Prcsbyterianisrii  illustrates  more  than  the  mere 
 logical  connection  which  exists  between  relii/iuiis  and 
 eiril  liberty.  It  could  be  e;tsy  to  show  how  the  system 
 gives  development  to  the  sense  of  individual  respon- 
 sibility, and  to  a  manly  spirit  of  personal  independ- 
 ence, but  it  needs  no  argument  to  show  that  the 
 spirit  which  wifl  not  brook  s;icerdotal  tyranny  in  the 
 Church  will  not  submit  to  civil  despotism  in  the 
 State.  While  there  are  systems  of  faith  and  forms 
 of  government  which  enchain  and  enfeeble  the 
 underst;iuding  by  suppressing  free  inquiry  and  com- 
 mitting both  thought  and  coiLscience  to  the  keeping 
 of  .spiritual  ruUrs,  the  tendency  of  the  Presbyte- 
 rian system  h;Ls  always  been  ju.st  the  reverse  of 
 this.  The  saddest  and  yet  the  brightest  pages  of 
 Presbyterian  ecclesiastical  history  are  tho.se  which 
 recount  the  .struggles  of  our  fathers  in  behalf  of 
 the  Siiered  rights  of  conscience.  It  is  needless  to 
 IMjrtray  the  practical  power  of  these  principles, 
 ;is  they  have  been  so  often  illustrated  in  heroic 
 conflicts  for  the  right  and  the  true,  whether  in  the 
 glens  of  Scotland  or  at  the  ftMJt  of  the  heath-clad 
 Grampians,  forever  a.s.soeiated  with  the  story  of  con- 
 flict for  Chrisfs  Crown  and  Covenant;  or  in  the 
 plains  of  Holland,  made  immortal  by  the  reef 
 Republic  which  sprang  from  them ;  or  on  the  northern 
 coast  of  Ireland,  where  men  determined  to  maintain 
 their  rights  held  out  to  the  bitter  end;  or  in  the 
 secluded  valleys  of  the  Loire;  or  on  the  banks  of  the 
 fkironne,  from  which  men  of  unconquerable  courage 
 went  everywhere  to  .seek  the  lilM-rty  for  which  they 
 battled  in  vain  at  home;  or  in  Switzerland,  among 
 the  great  Alpine  barriers  which  have  so  often  been 
 the  fortresses  both  of  faith  and  of  freedom. 
 
 V.  Presbyterianism  is  characterized  also  by  its 
 catholicitij.    While  it  asserts  that  the  Scriptures  reveal 
 
PRESB  YTERIA  NISM. 
 
 696 
 
 Wn.i  T  IT  IS. 
 
 a  system  of  Church  government  as  well  as  of  doctrine, 
 it  by  no  means  makes  the  former  of  equal  importance 
 with  the  latter.  Much  less  in  claiming  a  polity  of 
 Divine  ordering  do  they  unchurch  those  who  hold 
 different  views  of  ecclesiastical  government.  This 
 principle  is  distinctly  recognized  in  their  Standards, 
 wherein  it  is  declared,  "The  visible  unity  of  the 
 body  of  Christ,  though  obscured,  is  not  destroyed  by 
 its  diWsion  into  different  denominations  of  professing 
 Christians,  but  all  those  who  maintiiin  tlie  Word  and 
 Sacraments  in  their  fundamental  integrity  are  to  be 
 recognized  as  true  branches  of  tlie  Church  of  Christ. " 
 
 ' '  The  visible  Church  consists  of  all  those  throughotit 
 the  world  who  profess  the  true  religion,  together  with 
 their  children,  and  is  the  Kingdom  of  the  Lord  Jesus 
 Oirist,  the  house  and  flimily  of  God."  "The  Com- 
 munion of  Saints  is  to  be  extended  to  all  those  who, 
 in  every  place,  call  upon  the  nanu- of  the  Lord  Jesus." 
 
 The  We.stminster  Assembly  of  IHvines  was  held  in 
 1643,  but  in  the  "Book  of  Discipline  of  the  Kirk  of 
 Scotland,"  in  1581,  it  is  declared,  "Besides  these 
 assemblies  there  is  another  more  general  kind  of 
 Assembly  of  the  Church  of  Christ  in  the  world, 
 representing  tlie  Universal  Church,  which  is  the  body 
 of  Chri.st."  There  is  nothing  in  the  system  of  Pres- 
 byterians which  warrants  intolerance  or  exclusive 
 claims  to  covenant  mercy.  They  recognize  all  who 
 are  united  by  faith  to  Christ  as  members  of  His 
 mystical  body.  Tliey  admit  that  as  one  wlio  "  holds 
 the  Head  "  may  be  a  true  Christian,  notwithstanding 
 a  defective  creed,  so  a  church  may  be  a  church  of 
 Christ,  notwithstanding  a  .  defective  organization. 
 They  do  not  deny  that  the  ordination  of  ministers 
 may  be  valid  even  when  it  is  irregular.  They  re- 
 ceive ministers  of  other  Evangelical  churches  into 
 their  own  without  requiring  a  second  ordination,  just 
 !is  the  Church  of  England  (before  the  days  of  Laud) 
 received  ministers  from  the  Presbyterian  churches 
 of  the  continent  for  a  hundred  years  after  the  Re- 
 formation. 
 
 The  Presbyterian  is  not  a  broad  Church  in  the 
 sense  of  sacrificing  any  cardinal  principle  for  the 
 sake  of  conciliating  those  to  wliom  it  is  unpalatable; 
 but  it  is  broad  enougli  to  recognize  the  fact  tliat  a 
 true  Christian  unity  niay  exist  where  there  is  little 
 outward  uniformity,  and  tliat  this  unity  not  only 
 may,  but  must,  exist  among  all  whose  lives  are  hid 
 with  Christ  in  God.  Chcrisliiug  such  sentiments  as 
 these,  they  can,  therefore,  without  doing  any  violence 
 to  their  principles  or  preferences,  in  the  mo.st  cordial 
 way,  unite  with  Christians  of  other  names  in  the 
 publicaticm  and  circulation  of  tlie  Scriptures;  they 
 can  laI)or  with  others  in  the  jiromotion  of  genuine 
 revivals  of  religion;  they  can  invite  others  to  the 
 Sacrament  table,  and  sit  at  theirs,  and  thus,  while 
 ever  ready  to  defend  their  orthodox  creed  and  Scrip- 
 tural form  of  government,  they  demonstrate  their 
 regard  for  the  rommnnion  of  saints,  by  extending  the 
 hand  of  fellowship  to  raini.sters  of  other  denomina- 
 
 tions,  by  laboring  with  them  in  every  good  word 
 
 and  work,  and  in  rejoicing  in  the  success  of  all  who 
 are  toiling  to  advance  the  Kingdom  of  Truth  aud 
 Righteousness  in  the  world. 
 
 The  following  extract  from  an  article  by  the  Rev. 
 W.  P.  Breed,  D.D.,  of  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  on  the  same 
 subject  which  the  Rev.  Dr.  Sloses  D.  Hoge,  of  Rich- 
 mond, Va.,  has  so  ably  presented,  and  in  which  he 
 hopes  a  Manual  of  Presbyterianism  may  be  written, 
 may  be  appropriately  added  to  what  Dr.  Hoge  has 
 said.  Though  covering  somewhat  the  same  ground, 
 it  has  some  different  jioints  which  cannot  fail  to  be  of 
 interest  and  profit  to  the  reader : — • 
 
 "1.  Presbyterianism  in  Polity. — A  presbyter  is  an 
 elder;  and  a  church  in  which  a  body  of  elders  forms 
 an  active  and  efficient  governing  force  is,  in  so  far 
 forth,  a  Presbyterian  church.  And  no  intelligent 
 Bible  student  needs  to  be  informed  that  such  an 
 eldership  has  existed  in  the  Cliurch,  at  least  from 
 the  time  when  tliat  Church  was  held  in  Egyptian 
 bondage.  Out  of  the  burning  bush  came  the  com- 
 mand, 'Go,  call  the  elders.'  And  from  this  time  we 
 read  of  these  elders,  in  Leviticus,  Numbers,  Deuter- 
 onomy, Joshua,  Judges,  Samuel  and  Kings,  down  to 
 the  exile.  From  exile  they  returned  with  the  people. 
 Among  the  first  antagonists  of  Jesus  were  '  the 
 elders.'  Tlie  apostles  ordained  elders  in  every  city. 
 These  elders  continued,  as  we  believe,  among  the  Wal- 
 denses  down  to  the  time  of  the  Reformation.  With  a 
 single  exception,  they  then  reappeared  in  every  great 
 body  of  believers.  Thus,  through  all  the  changes  in 
 the  Church,  the  eldership  has  been  our  pillar  of  cloud 
 by  day  and  of  fire  by  night.  Moses  passes  away, 
 and  Joshua;  the  rule  of  tlie  Judges  and  the  Kings 
 comes  to  an  end;  with  Malachi,  the  heroic  race  of  the 
 old  prophets  expires;  and  at  last,  )>riest,  Levite,  tab- 
 ernacle, temple,  altar,  sacrifice,  and  the  holy  city 
 it.sclf,  are  all  abolislied,  while  the  eldership,  modified 
 as  to  some  of  its  functions,  yet  the  same  i  n  its  essential 
 character,  still  remains,  aud  will  remain  to  the  end 
 of  time,  as  the  one,  enduring,  ruling  office  in  the 
 Church  of  God.  And  in  heaven,  with  the  four  living 
 creatures  who  represent  the  whole  body  of  the  re- 
 deemed, the  four-and-twenty  elders  represent  the 
 ministry  and  government  of  the  Church. 
 
 "  The  New  Testament  elders  include  those  who 
 bear  rule  only,  and  tho.se  who  both  preach  and  rule, 
 I  (1  Tim.  V.  17).      As  rulers,  all  are  on  a  footing  of 
 j  perfect  equality;  and  the  preaching  elders  are  all  of 
 ■  equal   rank  and  authority.     Neander  writes,  '  It  is 
 j  certain  tluit  every  church  was  governed  by  a  union 
 of  tlie  cViers  or  overseers  chosen  from  among  them- 
 selves, and  we  find  among  them  no  individual  dis- 
 tinguished above  the  rest. '     And  Dr.  .lohn  RejTiolds, 
 second  to  no  ecclesiastic  of  the  Church  of  England 
 in  his  time,  replying  to  an  offensive  sermon  of  Ban- 
 croft, wrote  as  follows:     '  .Vll  who  have  for  five  hun- 
 dred years  past,  endeavored  the  reformation  of  the 
 Church,  have  taught  that  all  pastors,  whether  they 
 
PRESB  YTERIANISM. 
 
 697 
 
 WB AT  IT  IS. 
 
 be  bishops  or  priests,  are  invested  with  equal  author- 
 ity and  power.' 
 
 "But  the  Bride  of  Christ  is  one,  not  many.  And 
 organization  is  a  Prcsl)ytfriun  in.stinct.  A  score  of 
 Presbyterians  in  contiguity  in  the  heart  of  Asia  will 
 as  surely  organize  themselves,  by  the  election  of  a 
 board  of  ruling  elders,  as  the  sun  will  rise  in  the 
 morning.  Half-a-dozen  Presbj'tt'rian  churches,  find 
 them  where  j'ou  may,  will  inevitably  form  themselves 
 into  a  Presbytery,  and  the  Presbyteries  into  a  Synod, 
 and  the  Synods  into  a  General  Assembly.  A  member 
 of  a  Presbyterian  church,  tried  and  censured  by  a 
 church  Session,  may  appeal  to  the  Pre.sbytery,  thence 
 to  the  Synod,  and  thence  again  to  the  General  Assem- 
 bly. It  is,  as  the  writer  believes,  the  inhen'ut  and 
 inalienable  right  of  every  member  of  a  Presbyterian 
 church,  even  the  poorest  and  humblest,  to  have  his 
 or  her  case  finally  adjudicated  upon  by  the  whole 
 Church  in  General  Assembly  convened,  or  by  a  com- 
 mission, the  representative  of  the  Assembly,  and  thus 
 also  the  representative  of  the  Church. 
 
 "'The  radicjil  principles  of  Presbyterian  Church 
 government  and  discipline  are:  That  the  several  dif- 
 ferent congregations  of  believers,  taken  collectively, 
 constitute  one  Church  of  Christ,  emphatically  called 
 the  Church;  that  a  larger  part  of  the  Church,  or  a 
 representation  of  it,  should  govern  a  smaller,  or 
 determine  matters  of  controversy  which  arise  therein; 
 that,  in  like  manner,  a  representation  of  the  whole 
 should  govern  and  determine  in  regard  to  every  part, 
 and  to  all  the  parts  united;  that  is,  that  a  majority 
 shall  govern;  and  consequently,  that  appeals  may  he 
 c;irricd  from  lower  to  higher  judicatories,  till  they 
 be  finally  decided  by  the  collected  wisdom  and  united 
 voice  of  the  whole  Church. '  (See  note  under  Chapter 
 XII,  of  the  '  Form  of  Government  of  the  Presb^'te- 
 rian  Church  in  the  United  States  of  America.') 
 
 "  The  power  exercised  by  the  eldership  is  that  of 
 the  church  which  it  represents,  and  for  which  it  acts. 
 For  the  purposes  of  their  appointment,  the  elders  are 
 the  church.  Their  acts  are,  within  their  .sphere,  the 
 iicts  of  the  church.  This  power  includes,  1.  That 
 of  ordination,  the  power  to  say  who  seem  to  possess 
 the  qualifications  necessary  for  the  discharge  of  the 
 duties  of  the  eldership,  and  to  authorize  their  en- 
 trance into  office.  Timothy  was  ordained  by  the 
 laying  on  of  the  hands  of  the  Presbytery;  Paul,  as 
 an  elder,  laying  on  his  hands  with  the  rest  (1  Tim. 
 iv,  11;  2  Tim.i,  (>).  2.  The  power  to  embody  the 
 chief  doctrines  of  Scripture,  as  seen  in  the  light 
 which  the  Holy  Ghost  has  given  them,  in  a  Confes- 
 sion of  Faith;  3.  To  prepare  and  issue  a  directory  of 
 worship;  4.  To  establish  constitutional  rules  in  ac- 
 cordance with  which  the  power  vested  in  the  church 
 shall  reach  its  objects;  and,  5,  To  prescribe  the  terms 
 upon  which  applicants  may  enter,  and  members  re- 
 main in  the  communion  of  the  church. 
 
 "This,  then,  is  Presbvterianism,  a.s  a  system  of 
 Church  government.     Its  core  is  the  eldership— the 
 
 whole  eldership  Iwing  the  organ  for  the  exercise  of  the 
 power  of  tlie  church,  and  a  portion  of  it,  specially 
 ordained  thereto,  being  api)ointed  to  dis<'hargc  the 
 duties  of  the  piil])it  and  the  pastoral  office;  as  rulers, 
 all  elihrs  being  on  a  footing  of  perfect  e(iuality,  and 
 as  ministers,  all  on  a  like  level  of  perfect  ecjuality. 
 There  is  no  primus  intrr  pnrc.i — no  first  among  e((uals 
 — but  all  are  parm  in  Chrinto  prima — ;ill  ecjuals  in 
 Chi'ist,  who  is  the  first.  The  whole  Church  is  com- 
 pacted into  unity  by  a  system  of  courts — lower,  higher 
 and  highest — the  lowest  being  subordinate  to  the  next 
 Iiigher,  and  all  to  the  highest.  '  Here,'  writes  Alex- 
 ander Henderson,  one  of  the  framers  of  the  Scotch 
 Solemn  League  and  Covenant,  and  Scotch  Coninii.s- 
 sioner  to  the  Westminster  Assemlily,  '  Here  is  su- 
 periority without  tyranny,  parity  without  confusion 
 and  disorder,  and  subjection  without  slavery.' 
 
 ' '  Of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  the  United  States,  the  late  distinguished 
 Roman  Catholic,  Archbishop  Hughes,  wrote  as  fol- 
 lows:— '  Though  it  is  my  privilege  to  reg-.ird  the 
 authority  exercised  by  the  General  Assembly  as  usur- 
 pation, still,  I  must  say,  with  every  man  acquainted 
 with  the  mode  in  which  it  is  organized,  that,  for  the 
 purposes  of  papular  and  politic.il  government,  its 
 structure  is  little  inferior  to  that  of  Congress  itself. 
 It  acts  on  the  principle  of  a  radiating  centre,  and  is 
 without  equal  or  rival  among  the  other  denomina- 
 tions of  the  country. ' 
 
 "2.  Prcuhytcrianism  in  doetrine. — As  the  venerable 
 Dr.  Samuel  llillcr  well  says, '  Presbyterian  ism  lias  gen- 
 erally been  distinguished  for  the  stress  it  has  laid  ujhju 
 sound  doctrine.'  Its  symbol  is  the  ojjcn  Bible.  Its 
 watchword  is,  'to  the  law  and  to  the  testimony.' 
 It  has  been  wont  to  lend  an  att<ntiv(!  ear  to  the  voice 
 of  the  Spirit  as  uttered  in  the  Word  (Ezck.  iii,  17; 
 3  Tim.  i,  13;  1  Tim.  iv,  6).  May  the  day  never  come 
 when,  on  this  point,  it  shall  allow  itself  to  utter  an 
 uncertain  sound! 
 
 "The  system  of  doctrine  with  which  it  is  most 
 closely  allied  is  that  which  men  call  (,'alvinism.  Of 
 this  syst<'m,  as  embodied  in  the  Westminster  Con- 
 fe.s.sion,  the  able  and  candid  Dr.  Curry,  of  the  Metho- 
 dist Church,  writes:  'It  is  the  clearest  and  most 
 comprehensive  system  of  doctrine  ever  formed — a 
 comprehensive  embodiment  of  nearly  all  the  precious 
 truths  of  the  Gospel.  Some  of  the  best  fruits  of 
 Christian  life,  and  the  noblest  specimens  of  Christian 
 character,  liave  been  exhibited  among  those  who  have 
 been,  at  least  in  theory,  Calvinists.'  And  the  words 
 of  the  historian  Fronde  have  become  quite  familiar: 
 '\\'TienaU  else  h:i3  failed,  .  .  .  Calvinism  h:is  ever 
 borne  an  indexible  front  to  illusion  and  mendacity, 
 and  h;us  preferred  rather  to  l)e  ground  to  powder, 
 like  flint,  than  to  bend  before  violence,  or  melt  under 
 enervating  temptation.' 
 
 "This  system,  as  we  understand  it,  embraces  the 
 following  points — (1)  Tbesovereignty  of  an  infinitely 
 wise  and  holy  God,  who  created   the  worlds  after  a 
 
PRESB  TTERIA  XTSJf. 
 
 698 
 
 WRA  T  IT  IS. 
 
 plan  of  perfect  wisdom,  and  who  retains  absolute 
 control  over  them,  even  to  the  smallest  atom  and  to 
 the  most  insignificant  event;  (2)  the  condition  of 
 man  by  nature,  not  that  of  weakness  or  sickness,  but 
 that  of  death,  and  therefore  of  doom  to  burial  in 
 everlasting  darkness;  (3)  the  purjwse  of  infinite 
 goodness  to  rescue  from  that  death  a  multitude  which 
 no  man  can  number;  (4)  for  this  end,  to  give  the 
 Son  of  God,  very  God  of  very  God  and  perfect  man, 
 made  of  a  woman,  made  under  the  law,  to  live  a 
 life  of  perfect  obedience,  and  die  the  death  of  the 
 cross,  and  by  this  life  and  this  death  to  furnish  a  com- 
 plete satisfaction  to  Divine  law  and  justice,  and  to 
 effect  a  reconcilement  to  God  of  those  for  whom  the 
 obedience  was  rendered  and  the  death  endured;  (5) 
 the  gift  of  the  Holy  Spirit  to  apply  to  the  heart  this 
 purchased  redemption,  to  regenerate  the  soul,  and 
 enable  and  persuade  it  to  embrace  Jesus  Christ  as 
 Tie  is  offered  in  the  Gospel;  (6)  justification  by 
 faith,  pardon  and  acceptimce  on  account  of  the 
 righteousness  of  Christ  imputed  to  the  sinner,  and 
 received  by  faith  alone;  (7)  the  sure  perseverance  to 
 the  end  of  all  the  justified. 
 
 ' '  From  some  cause  or  other,  Presbyterianism  in 
 government  h:i.s  ever  shown  a  strong  affinity  for  Cal- 
 vinism in  doctrine.  Mr.  Barnes  finds  tlie  secret  of 
 this  affinity  in  tlie  oneness  of  principle  that  underlies 
 the  two;  the  principle  of  regularity,  of  government, 
 of  order;  the  idea  that  things  arc,  and  should  be  fixed 
 and  sfcible,  that  the  affairs  of  the  universe,  of  society, 
 of  individuals,  should  be  guided  by  settled  princi- 
 ples, and  not  left  to  chance  and  hap-liazard.  Calvin- 
 ism recognizes  the  truth  th:it  (iod  works  through 
 decree,  and  towards  a  predestined  end.  Thus  Pres- 
 byterian government  and  Calvinistic  doctrine  are 
 twin  children  of  the  same  great  ideas  of  order,  rule, 
 regularity;  and  hence,  with  rare  exceptions,  they  are 
 found  together. 
 
 "3.  Pmibylerianism  in  wnnhip. — The  genius  of  Pres- 
 byterianism repudiates  a  fi.xed  and  imperative  liturgy  ; 
 for,  not  only  do  the  infinitely  varied  and  ever  rac- 
 ing needs  of  man  defy  attempts  to  reduce  them  to 
 programme,  but,  as  history  unmistakably  testifies, 
 such  liturgies  tend^though,  in  the  e.\perience  of 
 many  excellent  Christians,  true  piety  counteracts  the 
 tendency — yet  they  do  tend  strongly  toward  what  is 
 known  as  'Ritualism;'  and  Ritualism,  again,  tends 
 strongly  to  substitute  the  things  which  the  eye  hath 
 seen  and  the  ear  hath  heard,  for  the  things  which  the 
 eye  hath  not  seen  and  the  ear  hath  nnl  heard;  further, 
 it  tends  to  discharge  both  braiu  and  heart  from  par- 
 ticipation in  the  worship  of  God,  to  reduce  worship 
 to  mere  formal  rite  and  circniony,  and  to  ri'place  the 
 preaching  of  the  Word  of  God's  inspiration  with  the  \ 
 reading  and  saying  'Amen'  to  prayers  of  man's 
 comiM>sition. 
 
 "Presbyterianism  makes  it  a  chief  duty  of  the 
 Church,  by  preaching,  to  place  and  keep  revealed 
 truth  iH'fore  the  minds  of  the  jH'oplc.     The  command 
 
 I  which  Jesns  left  with  His  disciples,  as  the  clouds 
 
 j  received  Him  out  of  their  sight,  wa-s.  Go,  preach  the 
 Gospel.  The  apostle  says,  Christ  sent  me  not  to 
 administer  sacraments,  but  to  preach,  and  he  writes 
 to  Timothy,  '  I  charge  thee  In^fore  Ci<)d  and  the  Lord 
 Jesus  Christ  .  .  .  preach  the  word;'  and  preaching 
 has  a  direct  bearing  upon  worship.  True  preaching 
 and  hearing  are  worship. 
 
 "True  worship  is  the  response  of  the  heart  to  truth 
 perceived  by  the  mind.  The  heart  is  the  bell. 
 Truth  is  the  tongue  of  the  bell,  and  the  perceiving 
 inind  is  the  force  that  brings  the  tongue  of  the  bell 
 against  its  sides.  It  is  the  perceived  majesty  of  God 
 that  fills  with  awe,  the  perccired  justice  of  God  that 
 
 '  fills  the  sinner  with  dread,  the  perceived  goodness  of 
 God  that  fills  with  grateful  love.  And  Presbj'te- 
 rianism  lays  it  upon  the  minister  to  spend  large 
 portions  of  every  week  in  filling  his  mind,  by  study 
 and  prayer,  with  some  great,  commanding  truth  of 
 God's  holy  Word;  to  come  into  the  pulpit  on  the 
 Sabbath  day,  and,  under  the  stimulus  imparted  by 
 these  truths  thus  pondered  and  prayed  over,  to  lead 
 the  people  in  their  devotions;  and  the  people  are  to 
 corae  to  the  House  of  God  from  their  closets,  where 
 they  have  prayed  for  their  pastor,  that  the  good 
 Spirit  may  rest  upon  him  as  a  Spirit  of  grace  and 
 supplication,  and  may  give  him  insight  into  their 
 wants  and  woes,  their  yearnings,  their  discourage- 
 ments, the  spiritual  and  other  necessities  of  them- 
 selves and  their  households,  so  that  he  may  gather 
 them  up  in  his  y)irit,  and  bear  them  on  his  heart 
 before  the  throne  of  heavenly  grace.  When  the 
 people  listen  in  this  spirit  to  the  gospel  me,s.sage,  the 
 truth  goes  into  mind  and  heart,  and  becomes  food 
 for  their  devotions.  And  this  service,  when  the 
 ideal  is  at  all  realized — ^as  in  millions  of  instances  it 
 
 j  is  realized — is  social  devotion  in  its  loftiest  style. 
 "4.   Prenhyierianium  in.  hixfonj. — This  is  a  subject 
 with  which  Prcsbjterians  should  be  very  familiar. 
 That  Presbx-terianism,  wherever  its  rolln'all  is  an- 
 swered by  more  than  aeorpor-al'sgiiard,  should  make 
 
 !  itself  felt  in  the  course  of  events,  is  a  simple  matter 
 of  necessity.  Accustomed  as  Presbyterians  are  to  the 
 exercise  of  the  rightof  private  judgment;  constituted 
 as  they  are  into  a  series  of  representjitive  govern- 
 ments, the  people  being  the  depositiiry,  and  their 
 chosen  representatives  being  the  organ  of  church 
 power,  it  would  be  very  strange  if  they  sat  quietly  by 
 and  took  no  part  in  the  great  movements  that  so 
 largely  involve  the  interests  of  Christ's  kingdom 
 among  nu'u.  There  have  been  times  in  which  Pres- 
 byterians were  constrained  simply  to  testify  and 
 endure.  liut  there  have  also  bcin  times,  in  many  a 
 land,  where  there  was  found  other  work  to  be  done. 
 "  When  Francis II,  Catherine  de  Medici,  Cliarles  IX 
 and  the  Gui.ses  undertook  the  extirpation  of  the  best 
 half  of  the  French  population,  Presbyterians  were  not 
 the  men  to  come  forward,  and,  quietly  laying  their 
 heads  upon  the  block,  to  ask  the  privilege  of  having 
 
PRESBYTERIAN 
 
 JOURNAL. 
 
 them  taken  off.  When  every  right  of  man  was  men- 
 aced, the  Huguenots  found  a  Coligny  to  orgauize  and 
 lead  them;  and  from  that  hour,  through  all  tlie  hor- 
 rors of  the  St.  Bartholomew  ma.s«uTe,  on  through 
 the  awful  years  of  the  Dragr>nna<les,  l're.sl)yteriani.sm 
 testified  and  fought,  bled  and  died  for  the  good  old 
 cause.  And  it  is  enough  to  make  man  thank  God 
 that  he  is  a  man,  to  read  the  story  of  Presbyterian 
 heroism  in  the  NetherlamLs  during  the  awful  days 
 of  Philip  and  Alva. 
 
 "  The  very  name  of  Scotland  calls  up  a  host  of  thrill- 
 ing associations.  More  tlian  onec  the  patriotic  activ- 
 ity of  t!ie  General  As.seml>ly  s;ived  the  Reformation 
 in  Britain,  and  once,  at  lea-st,  Presbyterianisiu  s;ived 
 con.stitutional  lil)crty  for  mankind.  Wlien  Weut- 
 worth  could  write  to  his  ma.st<;r  from  Ireland,  '  In 
 this  island  the  king  is  as  alwolute  as  any  prince 
 in  the  whole  world  could  Iw;'  when  Land  could 
 report  to  his  royal  chief  that,  thanks  to  the  Court 
 of  High  Commission  and  his  omnipresent  spies,  no 
 conventicle  could  be  held  in  the  realm  without 
 his  cogniziince;  when  Charle-s,  with  his  Star-Cham- 
 ber,  held  the  St;»te  where  L;iud  held  tlie  Church, 
 and  only  one  Mordecai  sat  in  the  gate  to  disturb  th<- 
 peace  of  the  despots  and  break  tlie  monotony  of 
 despotism — then  it  w:is  that  Presbyterianisiu  in 
 Scotland  spoiled  the  whole  well-laid  scheme!  Then 
 came  the  wild  outburst  at  St.  Giles'  Church  in 
 Edinburgh,  followed  by  the  sublime  scene  in  Grey- 
 friars  Churchyard,  wliere  men  signeil  the  Cove- 
 nant with  their  own  blood — scenes  and  acts  which, 
 in  their  remote  consiMjuences,  took  off  the  heads 
 of  Wentworth,  Laud,  and  Charles,  and  secured 
 liberty  for  mankind! 
 
 "  Carlyle  s;»ys,  '  The  tumult  in  the  High  Church  at 
 Edinburgh  spread  into  a  univer.siil  b.ittle,  a  struggle 
 over  all  these  realms;  there  c;ime  out,  after  fifty  years" 
 struggling,  what  we  call  the  glorious  Revolution,  a 
 Habeas  Corpus  Act,  free  Parliaments,  and  much 
 else.'  Macauley  writes,  'To  this  step" — that  is,  the 
 attempt  to  enslave  Scotland — •  our  country  owes  its  , 
 freedom.'  And  Hallara  writes,  'In  its  ultimate  re- 
 sults, it  preserved  the  liberties,  and  overthrew  the 
 monarchy  of  England.' 
 
 "While  persecution  was  developing  Presbyterian 
 heroism  in  Scotland,  it  was  peopling  the  wilds  of 
 Ainerica  with  Presbyterians;  and  at  the  first  blast  of 
 the  trump.-t  of  in;lep?ndonce,  they  sprang  to  arms, 
 every  man  of  them,  to  lay  down  tho.so  arms  ag-ain 
 only  when  indeiwudence  lia<l  been  secured.  Mr. 
 Bancroft  truly  says,  'The  first  voice  publicly  raised 
 in  America  to  dis.solvo  all  coiuiection  with  Great 
 Britain  came,  not  from  the  Puritans  of  New  Eng- 
 land, not  from  the  Dutch  of  New  York,  not  from  the 
 planters  of  Virgini:v,  but  from  the  Scotch  and  Irish 
 Presbyterians.'  In  the  Congress  of  the  Declaration, 
 there  was  just  one  clergyman,  and  he  was  a  Presby- 
 terian; and  when  the  :«,ssembly  wavered,  liisehMHient 
 voice  proved  a  heavy  weight  in  the  scale  of  decision. 
 
 "Nor  should  our  Presbyterian  Manual  lack  vivid 
 portraits  of  the  eliaraeters  which  have  Ix'en  formed 
 in  its  nursery  and  have  illu-strated  the  brilliant 
 pages  of  Presbyterian  history.  There  should  appear 
 that  scene  in  the  old  B;ustile — ji  venerable  man  in 
 cliain.s,  King  Henry  111  stmding  near,  his  courtiers 
 all  around,  while  the  king  e.vclaims :  '  Kccant,  or  I 
 shall  be  compelled  to  give  you  up  to  your  enemies; 
 thi-se  two  girls  here  are  to  be  burned  to-morrow.' 
 'Sire,'  replied  Palissy,  the  potter,  'listen  to  nic, 
 and  I  will  teach  thee  to  t;dk  like  a  king.  /  cannot  be 
 ioinjiilliil  to  do  u-nxiij !'  And  Kno.x  should  be  there, 
 in  many  a  crisis  of  his  eventful  life;  as  when  on  trial 
 before  the  C^uceii  uixm  a  charge  of  trc;uson,  and 
 reminded  that  he  w;is  not  there  to  preach,  exclaim- 
 ing, 'I  am  here  to  speak  the  truth,  and  speak  the 
 truth  I  will,  impugn  it  whoso  list.'  Melville,  too, 
 should  be  depicted  there,  sent  to  remonstrate  with 
 King  James  against  some  of  his  many  outrages, 
 catching  the  monarch  by  his  robes,  and  exclaiming, 
 'Thou  God's  silly  vas.s;il,  there  are  two  kings  and 
 kingdoms  inScotlanil — King  James  and  King  Christ 
 Jesus,  whose  subject  King  James  is,  and  of  whose 
 kingdom  he  is  not  king,  lord,  nor  head,  but  a 
 member. ' 
 
 "  Nor  should  women  be  omitted  from  the  record ;  as, 
 for  example,  Charlotte  de  Laval,  sitting  by  her  hus- 
 band, the  greit  Admiral  Coligny,  on  the  balcony  of 
 their  cjustle,  and  asking,  '  Husband,  why  do  you  not 
 openly  avow  your  faith,  as  your  brother  Andelot 
 has  done?'  'Sound  your  own  .soul,'  was  his  reply; 
 'are  you  prepared  to  be  cha.sed  into  exile  with  your 
 children,  and  to  .see  your  husband  hunted  to  the 
 death?  I  will  give  you  three  weeks  to  consider,  and 
 then  I  will  t;ike  your  advice.'  She  looked  at  him 
 a  moment  through  her  tears,  and  said,  '  Husband, 
 the  three  weeks  are  ended;  do  your  duty,  and  leave 
 us  to  Go<l ! '  And  he  did !  There,  too,  should  be 
 seen  Jlrs.  Welsh,  the  daughter  of  Knox,  pleading 
 with  King  James  to  allow  her  dying  husband  to  re- 
 turn to  Scotland,  and  breathe  once  more  his  native 
 air.  'He  may,  if  he  will  conform.'  is  the  brntal 
 reply.  G.athcring  up  the  corners  of  her  apron  she 
 answers,  '  Your  Majesty,  I  will  sooner  keep  his  head 
 here!' 
 
 "We  are  thoroughly  persua«led  that  a  more  familiar 
 acquaintiince  with  the  nature  of  our  polity,  the  his- 
 tory of  our  Church,  the  services  it  luis  rendered  to  all 
 the  best  interests  of  man,  and  the  characters  that 
 have  glorified  its  cjireer,  would  fill  especially  our 
 younger  people  with  a  new  enthiLsixsni  for  all  that 
 ]«Ttains  to  its  name,  its  interests,  and  its  growth  in 
 the  world." 
 
 Presbyterian  Journal,  The,  was  established  in 
 Philadelphia,  in  1876,  by  Rev.  J.  Ford  Sutton, 
 D.D.,  with  the  Rev.  Alfred  Nevin,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  as 
 its  editor-in-chief  It  began  as  a  single  four-paged 
 sheet,  and  was  designed  to  1«;  thy  low-priced  family 
 p;iper  of  our  Church.      In  1*S0  its  publishers,   The 
 
PRESBYTERIAN 
 
 700 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 Presbyterian  Journal  Company,  became  the  oflScial 
 
 publishers  of  the  volume  containing  the  papers  and 
 proceedings  of  the  Second  General  Council  of  the 
 Ecumenical  Presbj-terian  Alliance,  which  met  that 
 year  in  Philadelphia.  One  of  the  editors  of  the 
 Council  volume,  Kev.  R.  M.  Patterson,  D.D.,  imme- 
 diately following  that,  became  also  editor  of  the 
 paper.  Its  circulation  is  extended  and  extending. 
 It  gives  promptly  and  fully  Church  news  from  all 
 quarters;  makes  a  specialty  of  reading  for  mothers 
 and  children;  of  the  Sunday-school  lessons,' and  of 
 the  mission  work;  has  contributions  from  the  best 
 I)ens  in  the  Church;  freely  discusses  in  its  editorial 
 and  other  columns  the  questions  of  the  day,  and  is 
 choice  in  its  selections  for  the  devotional  life.  Its 
 platform  is  conservative,  orthodo.x,  Ciitholic  Preshy- 
 terianism,  but  favoring  free  discussion  hy  progressives, 
 in  the  conviction  that  the  old  truths  will  be  strength- 
 ened thereby.  Dr.  Patterson  is  a  -ivriter  of  acknow- 
 ledged ability;  and  whilst  not  opposed,  hy  any 
 means,  to  a  free  and  full  expression  of  opinion  by 
 correspondents  through  the  Journal,  on  the  great 
 theological  and  ecclesiastical  questions  of  the  day 
 hii.s  always  firmly  but  courteously,  adhered  to  "the 
 old  paths." 
 
 Presbsrterian  Literature,  Diflfusion  of. 
 Literature  is  thought  made  visible,  tangible,  port- 
 able. It  is  a  chief  medium  of  contact  between  mind 
 and  mind.  As  such  it  ranks  among  the  most  potent 
 of  moral  forces.  For  mind  is  a  sensitive  plant  that 
 feels  and  often  thrills  under  and  is  soraetimea  per- 
 manently moditied  by  the  touch  of  a  single  thought. 
 Into  the  mind  of  one  tottering  on  the  brink  of  moral 
 ruin,  the  thought  of  what  he  is  losing,  of  what  may 
 yet  be  po.ssil)le  for  him  to  achieve,  hits  come  like  the 
 touch  of  an  angel's  finger  to  save  him  and  revolu- 
 tionize his  life.  And  one  thought  is  often  as  potent 
 to  slay  as  another  is  to  .save. 
 
 And  when  a  thought  has  done,  or  at  least  begun 
 its  work  in  the  mind  that  gave  it  birth,  it  may  go 
 forth  and  repeat  that  work  in  other  minds,  and  set 
 up  a  new  series  of  mind-moulding  thinkings  that 
 shall  never  end.  That  thought  mny  modify  opinion, 
 may  change  the  creed,  may  introduce  a  new  and 
 powerful  element  into  the  dominant  aim,  motive  and 
 purpose,  and  thus  determine  the  conduct,  and  thus 
 the  destiny. 
 
 The  power  of  written  or  printed  thought  marks 
 almost  the  whole  pathway  of  religious  progress. 
 The  moulding  influence  on  the  world's  history  of 
 those  ten  mighty  words — the  decalogue — overpasses 
 the  reach  of  the  imagination.  Under  the  reading  of 
 a  f<'W  sentences  of  the  hiiok  recovered  from  the  rub- 
 bish in  the  ti'mi)le  cloisters  at  Jerusalem,  the  king 
 rent  his  clothes  in  anguish  of  heart.  And  the  read- 
 ing of  that  I5of)k  in  the  ears  of  the  people  issued  in  a 
 religious  awakening  that  shook  the  land  from  D.an  to 
 Beersheba.  To  thjs  power  the  Reformation  owed  its 
 rapid  progress  and  sweeping  success.     Tracts  from 
 
 Wyclif 's  pen  stole  from  hand  to  hand  into  countless 
 homes,  and  the  theses  of  Luther  swept  Europe  like  an 
 American  prairie  fire. 
 
 And  never  before  has  the  power  of  printed  thought 
 been  so  great,  nor  so  extensive  as  it  is  in  our  day. 
 The  avidity  for  the  printed  page  is  almost  universal, 
 and  it  is  insatiable.  Book-hunger  is  one  of  the  pre- 
 dominant traits  of  the  time.  Owing  to  the  facilities 
 for  education,  almost  everybody  can  read,  and  the 
 all-pervading  excitements  of  the  thiy  secure  the  actual 
 perusal  of  pages  that  no  man  can  number. 
 
 ■And  of  printing  pages  to  feed  this  book-hunger 
 there  is  no  end.  Like  tree-leaves  are  book-leaves 
 for  multitude.  They  are  thrust  in  at  the  door;  they 
 are  thrown  in  at  the  window;  they  are  piled  into  the 
 lap  in  the  railway  car;  they  reach  us  in  every  form,  in 
 the  bound  volume,  in  the  review,  in  the  magazine,  in 
 the  newspapers,  the  daily,  the  semi-weekly,  the 
 weekly;  hundreds  of  them,  thousands  of  them,  mil- 
 lions of  them. 
 
 The  number  of  hooks  in  the  libraries  of  the  world 
 reaches  even  to  hundreds  of  millions,  and  the  clang 
 of  the  press,  as  it  adds  to  the  number,  ceases  not  day 
 nor  night.  The  annual  issue  of  newspajiers  in  the 
 United  States  alone  numbers  some  si.x  hundred  mil- 
 lions. 
 
 The  moulding  effect  of  this  book  power  on  the 
 public  mind  and  heart,  conscience,  character  and 
 conduct,  is  immeasurable,  if  even  it  be  not  incon- 
 ceivable. 
 
 The  general  character  of  this  omnipresent  page 
 forms,  therelbre,  a  very  important  element  in  the 
 question  as  to  the  need  of  a  Presbyterian  literature. 
 
 Unquestionably  the  newspaper  press  of  our  day  is 
 the  medium  of  a  vast  amount  of  excellent  writing, 
 of  valuable  information,  and  the  instrument  of  pow- 
 erful, intellectual  quickening.  And  the  number  of 
 newspapers  is  not  small  which  not  only  abstain 
 from  what  might  offend  devout  feeling,  l)ut  which 
 expend  large  effort  to  procure  and  publish  religious 
 intelligence. 
 
 On  the  other  hand,  the  number  of  them  whose 
 mor.al  influence  is  as  deadly  as  extensive  is  by  no 
 means  insignificant.  In  fact,  newspaper  and  maga- 
 zine literature  ranges  in  moral  character  through  all 
 gradations,  from  the  sublime  heights  of  a  jiure  Chris- 
 tian morality  and  lofty  integrity  of  principle,  down 
 through  non-religion,  irreligiou,  skepticism,  infidelity, 
 atheism,  coar.se  vulg-arity  and  obscenity.  Of  many  a 
 newspaper  the  following,  from  the  ])en  of  another, 
 will  be  recognized  as  anything  but  an  untruthful 
 portrait: — 
 
 "  It  has  va.stly  more  power  to  occupy  than  to  guide, 
 to  distrait  and  agitate  than  to  settle  and  inlbrm  the 
 public  mind.  It  is  only  made  to  sell,  without  the 
 \  responsibility  of  books  and  treatises,  which  are  ex- 
 posed if  they  do  not  add  something  solid  to  our 
 information  or  our  edification.  H  collects,  with  pre- 
 ,  ternatural  industry,  news — good,   bad,  indifferent — 
 
PRESBYTERIAN 
 
 701 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 from  all  the  winds  of  heaven,  and  pours  it  as  from  a 
 rayii;nl-iuouthL(l  watorinj;-j><)t  ui)oa  the  cvei-thirsty 
 attention  of  the  American  people.    It  h;is  become  the 
 only  reading  of  millions — their  pulpit,  library  and 
 gallery  of  art.     It  helps  to  make  restless,  smart,  I 
 curious,  superficial  people;  to  keep  up  a  perijctual 
 buzz  and  fuss  about  politics;  to  drag  crime,  suicide  j 
 and  robbery  before  the  minds  of  tlie  whole  nation. 
 It  sometimes  devotes  itself  for  months  to  the  detailed 
 following  of  hateful  c;uses  of  vice  and  lilthine.'is,  cor- 
 rupting a  whole  generation  of  youth  by  their  lasciv-  , 
 ions  confessions. "  | 
 
 Not  less  varied  iu  character  are  the  more  permanent 
 issues  of  the  book-press.  It  sends  forth  volumes  of 
 priceless  value;  and,  as  we  are  assured,  within  two 
 years,  it  has  put  into  circulation,  in  New  England 
 alone,  .some  20,000  copies  of  "  Paine's  Age  of  Reason." 
 
 Iu  the  presence  of  facts  like  tliese  we  are  ready 
 for  the  question,  "What  are  the  marked  features 
 of  a  Presbyterian  literature?"  To  this  we  reply, 
 a  Presbyterian  literature  is  the  emlxxliment  and  ex- 
 pression of  the  thoughts  that  make  up  the  Presby- 
 terian system.     It  is,  therefore, 
 
 1.  First  of  all,  pre-eminently  a  theistic  literatuYe. 
 As  the  sun  is  the  centre  of  the  solar  system,  so  God 
 is  the  centre  of  the  Presbyterian  system.  As  the 
 planets  receive  their  hues  from  irradiated  sunshine, 
 so  all  the  parts  of  the  Presbyterian  system  receive 
 their  hues  from  irradiated  Uod-shine.  Uod  is  the 
 beginning,  the  continuance,  the  end  of  all;  God  iu 
 finite,  eternal  and  unchangable  in  his  being,  wisdom, 
 power,  holiness,  justice,  goodness  and  truth.  Of 
 Him,  through  Him,  to  Hira  are  all  things,  to  whom 
 be  glory  evermore.  The  glory  of  God  is  a  reason  in- 
 finitely sulficient  for  any  decree,  any  act  of  His. 
 The  highest  service  to  which  the  creature  is  compe- 
 tent is  to  show  forth  the  glory  of  God.  The  inscrip- 
 tion on  the  banner  of  Presbyterianism  reads:  "  It 
 is  enough  for  one  universe  if  God  bo  glorified." 
 Man  made  in  the  image  of  God,  man  made  a  little 
 lower  than  the  angels,  man  in  all  his  greatness,  and 
 on  earth  there  is  nothing  grejit  but  man,  man's  chief 
 end  is  to  glorify  God  and  enjoy  Him  forever. 
 
 It  is  also  the  will  and  active  power  of  God  that 
 makes  the  world  go  round.  It  is  God's  eternal  de- 
 cree that  we  .see  embodying  itself  in  the  events  of 
 time.  Historic  phenomena  are  merely  the  dust  of 
 God's  chariot  wheels,  as  he  drives  on  to  his  predes- 
 tinated goal.  Napoleon  the  First  fancied  himself  the 
 child  of  destiny,  and  that  thought  in  his  heart  ([uad- 
 rupled  his  power.  The  Presbyt«rian  does  not  fancy, 
 but  knows  th:it  he  is  a  child  of  destiny,  and  that 
 when  he  is  working  upon  a  heaven-assigned  tiusk,  he 
 is  simply  weaving  his  free  thought  and  action  in 
 with  the  eternal  decree  of  God;  and  this  knowledge 
 puts  the  shout  of  victory  on  his  lips  when  he  fires  his 
 first  gun. 
 
 With  this  ennobling  idea  of  God,  his  greatness,  his 
 goodness,  his  unlimited  power,  his  unrestricted  pres- 
 
 ence and  his  universal  providences — a  God  "of  purer 
 
 eyes  than  to  behold  evil,  and  that  cannot  look  upon 
 iniquity" — Presbyterian  literature  palpitates  from 
 title-page  to  finis. 
 
 2.  Presbyterian  literatnre  is  also  emphatically 
 Chrixtoloyiriil. 
 
 It  is  full  of  ChrLst — Christ,  the  eternal  and  co-equal 
 Son  of  God,  very  God  of  very  God ;  in  execution  of 
 the  eternal  decree  for  the  8;ilvation  of  countless  mil- 
 lions, becoming  man,  rendering  a  perfect  oljedience 
 to  the  law,  setting  bi-fore  men  an  exampli'  of  absolute 
 perfection,  bearing  tlie  sin  of  his  people  iu  his  own 
 body  on  the  tree,  rising  again  from  the  dead  and 
 ascending  to  heaven,  and  there  ever  living  to  inter- 
 cede for  those  whose  sins  he  bori^ 
 
 3.  Presbyterian  literature  asserts  a  clean-cut, 
 distinctive  anthropology. 
 
 It  holds  before  the  fiice  of  man  the  mirror  of 
 God's  word,  and  shows  man  to  himself  as  he  is  por- 
 trayed by  the  Spirit  of  God,  as  fallen  in  Adam,  as 
 crippled  in  the  fall;  and  not  merely  crippled;  but 
 smitten  with  diseiuse — "the  whole  head  sick,  the 
 whole  heart  faint;''  and  not  only  disea-sed,  but  slain — 
 dead  in  trespasses  and  sins,  and  hoi>elessly  and  for- 
 ever de;ul,  but  for  the  operation  upon  his  nature  of 
 the  new-creating,  life-giving  power  of  the  Holy  Ghost. 
 
 4.  Presbyterian  literature  presents  a  bold  Bibli- 
 cal eschalologi/. 
 
 Man  must  die  and  be  rai.sed  ag;iin  from  the  dead; 
 appear  before  God  in  a  final  judgment,  there  to  give 
 an  account  of  all  the  deeds  done  in  the  body,  and 
 thence  to  pass  either  into  life  eternal  or  into  punish- 
 ment everlasting. 
 
 5.  And  Presbyterian  literature  has  its  well  out- 
 lined, clearly  defined  system  of  polity. 
 
 This  polity  involves  tho.se  great  principles  of  repre- 
 sentation, of  transfer  of  obligation,  of  vicarious 
 action  and  endurance  whi<'h  pervade  the  whole  king- 
 dom of  God,  as  that  kingdom  touches  the  race  of  man. 
 These  principles  bind  the  Father  of  the  race  and  all 
 his  posterity  into  an  organized  uuity.  They  pervade 
 the  individual  family.  They  are  resistlcssly  forcing 
 themselves  into  recognition  in  the  Stite.  They  are 
 working  with  the  jwwer  of  destiny  to  mould  politicid 
 org.iniz:itions  the  world  over  into  representiitive  and 
 constitutional  forms. 
 
 These  are  anuing  the  vitd,  controlling  ideas  that 
 interlace,  pervade  an<l  throb  in  a  truly  Presbyterian 
 lit<-rature. 
 
 Further,  these  ideas  have  realized  themselves  in 
 biography  and  history.  They  have  shown,  in  the 
 sphere  of  practical  life,  their  competency  to  build  up 
 character,  to  inspire  man  with  aims  as  lofty,  to  equip 
 him  for  achievements  as  daring,  to  nerve  him  for 
 endurance  as  protracted  and  crucial,  as  the  imagina- 
 tion can  well  conceive. 
 
 I      To  go  no  further  back  in  time,  they  have  left  foot- 
 prints of  superlative  g'.ory  in  the  valleys  of  Pied- 
 ,  mout,  in  the  cities  and  ou  the  plains  of  France, 
 
PRESBYTERIAX 
 
 LITEli.lTURE. 
 
 among  the  dunes  and  canals  of  the  Netherlands,  and 
 all  over  Britain.  These  principles  sjKike  on  the 
 tongue  of  the  aged  Palissey  the  potter.  When  King 
 Henry  said  to  him  as  he  lay  chaiued  to  the  floor  of 
 the  Bastile,  "If  you  do  not  recant,  I  shall  be  com- 
 pelled to  give  j-ou  over  to  the  flames,"  he  replied, 
 "Sire,  listen  to  me,  and  I  will  teach  thee  to  talk  like 
 a  king;  I  ciumot  be  compelled  to  do  wrong."  They 
 spake  by  the  lips  of  Kno.x  that  day  when,  issuing 
 from  the  presence  of  that  wicked  iK-auty,  the  Queen 
 of  Scot.s,  he  overheard  the  courtiers  whisper,  "He 
 is  not  afraiJ;"  he  replied,  "I  have  looked  many  an 
 angry  man  in  the  face,  and  have  not  been  overmuch 
 afraid;  why  should  the  tears  of  a  pretty  gentlewoman 
 afray  me?" 
 
 And  thou.sands  of  times  they  spake  also  in  the 
 words  and  acts  of  woman.  France  was  trembling 
 with  the  agitation  produced  by  an  oppression  no 
 longer  tolerable.  All  eyes  looked  for  a  leader. 
 Coligny  hesitated,  for  never  did  he  draw  sword  on  a 
 Frenchman,  but  with  a  shudder.  In  the  meantime, 
 the  cause  was  in  imminent  peril.  Charlotte  de  Laval, 
 his  wife,  upbraided  hira  with  his  hesitation.  "To 
 be  prudent  in  man's  esteem,"  said  she,  "  is  not  to  be 
 wise  in  that  of  God, who  has  given  you  the  science  of 
 a  general  that  you  might  use  it  for  the  good  of  his 
 children."  "  But,"  heasked,  "could  you  hear  of  the 
 defeat  of  the  army  under  the  lead  of  your  husband, 
 and  not  murmur  against  hira  and  against  God  ?"  "I 
 could,"  sheanswered.  "  But,"  he  continued,  "  think 
 of  the  anxieties,  the  privations,  the  bereavements, 
 the  woes  that  may  come,  not  only  on  others,  but  on 
 you  and  yours.  Meditate  on  the.se  things  for  three 
 weeks,  and  then  I  will  abide  by  your  decision." 
 Fixing  her  tear-moistened  eye  upon  him,  she  an- 
 swered, '■  Husband,  the  three  weeks  are  up;  do  j-our 
 duty,  and  leave  the  rest  to  God.  I  summon  you  in 
 God's  name  not  to  defraud  us  any  more,  or  I  will 
 witness  against  you  at  His  judgment. " 
 
 They  spake  also  in  the  eyes,  the  heart,  and  by  the 
 lips  of  Jeanne  d'AIbret.  AVhen  word  reached  her 
 that  her  husband  h;»l  apostatized  and  given  orders 
 that  her  boy  Henry  should  be  committed  to  the  tui- 
 tion of  liome,  and  that  she  should  follow  his  base 
 example,  she  caught  up  her  boy  Henry  in  her  arms 
 and  exclaimed,  "  Ha<l  I  my  child  in  one  hand,  and 
 my  kingdom  in  the  other,  sooner  than  go  to  mass,  I 
 would  throw  them  both  to  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  so 
 that  they  might  lie  no  hindrance  to  me  in  the  way  of 
 duty." 
 
 These,  now,  are  some  of  the  elements  of  a  Presby- 
 terian literature — these  idexs,  the.se  principles,  and 
 the.se  emlx)diments  of  them  in  character  and  in  his- 
 toric :ict.s. 
 
 Can  now  the  ijuestion  be  even  raised,  cui  bono? 
 What  good  is  to  be  expected  from  confronting  the 
 general  mind  with  these  ideas  and  these  examples? 
 from  ]>ouring  such  a  literature  into  the  great  deluge 
 of  printed   thought  that  tills  all   the  valleys,  and 
 
 rises  more  than  fifteen  cubits  above  the  tops  of  the 
 highest  mountains? 
 
 The  question  as  to  the  actual  practical  effect  on 
 men  of  these  thoughts,  ideas,  principles,  has  found 
 repeated  a'hd  efiective  response  in  the  verdict  of 
 keen-eyed  observers  of  many  whose  affinities  are 
 other  than  Prcsbj'terian. 
 
 Of  the  system  which  forms  the  embodiment  of 
 the.se  ideas,  Prof  Dorncr,  of  Berlin,  has  said: — 
 
 "In  its  manly,  resolute  temper;  its  energy  of 
 action,  which  al.so  expres.ses  itself  in  strength  and 
 energy  of  thinking;  its  zealous  breathing  of  soul  for 
 the  increase  of  God's  kingdom;  its  willing  self-sur- 
 render, and  its  fortitude  of  pursuit  in  great  and  bold 
 designs  for  the  furtherance  of  C'hri.st's  reign;  it  is 
 the.se  qualities  that  I  admire  in  Presbj-terianism." 
 
 Of  this  system  Mr.  Gladstone  writes: — 
 
 "It  has  given  Presbyterian  communions  the  ad- 
 vantages which  in  civil  order  belong  to  local  self 
 government  and  representative  institutions — orderly 
 habits  of  mind,  respect  for  adversaries,  and  some  of 
 the  elements  of  judicial  temper;  the  development  of 
 a  genuine  individuality,  together  with  the  discour- 
 agement of  mere  arbitrary  will  and  of  all  eccentric 
 tendency;  the  sense  of  a  common  life  and  thedi.sposi- 
 tion  energetically  to  defend  it;  the  love  of  law,  com- 
 bined with  the  love  of  freedom ;  last,  but  not  lea.st, 
 the  habit  of  usiug  the  faculty  of  speech  with  the 
 direct  and  immediate  view  to  persuasion." 
 
 The  Edinhurgh  Review  not  long  since  gave  the  fol- 
 lowing verdict  upon  this  system  : — 
 
 "The  high  intelligence  which  has  long  distin- 
 guished aiul  still  dLstinguLshes  the  lower  cl;vs.ses  of 
 Scotland,"  it  says,  "may  largely  be  attributed  to 
 the  Prcsbj-terian  form  of  church  government,  espe- 
 cially taken  in  connection  with  the  Calvinistic  creed. 
 The  apprehension  of  that  creed  caimot  fail  to  stimu- 
 late the  mind;  the  working  of  that  form  of  govern- 
 ment 'has  accustomed  Scotchmen  of  every  rank  to 
 look  upon  it  :xs  a  duty  and  a  right  to  exercise  their 
 judgments  on  questions  involving  directly  or  indi- 
 rectly the  most  irai>ort;iut  subjectsof  human  thought. 
 Tho  Presbyterian  polity  has  also  tended  to  foster  that 
 lilx'rality  of  opinion  in  .secular  politics  which  prevails 
 among  the  middle  and  lower  classes  in  Scotland. 
 Such  must  of  necessity  be  the  influence  of  a  church 
 strictly  democratic  in  its  constitution,  recognizing 
 within  itself  no  distinctions  of  persons,  no  grades  or 
 rank  of  oflicc." 
 
 The  Kev.  Dr.  Curry,  an  able  ami,  fair-minded 
 leader  in  the  great  Methodist  Church  in  Americ;i, 
 lias  written  of  the  Westminster  Confession  that  it 
 "  is  the  clearest  and  most  comprehensive  .systt'm  of 
 doctrine  e%er  framed.  It  is  not  only  a  wonderful 
 monument  of  the  intellectual  greatne-ss  of  its  framers, 
 but  also  a  comprehensive  embodiment  of  nearly  all 
 the  precious  truths  of  the  gospel.  We  concede,"  he 
 saj-s,  "to  the  Calvinistic  churches  the  honor  of  hav- 
 ing all  along  directed  the  best  thinking  of  the  conn- 
 
PRESBYTERIAN 
 
 703 
 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 try.  Some  of  the  best  fruits  of  Christian  life,"  he 
 adds,  ' '  have  been  exhibited  among  those  who  have 
 been,  at  least  in  theory,  Calvinists. " 
 
 Ralph  Waldo  Emerson  heaves  a  piU^ous  sigh  over 
 the  laek  of  Calvinism  in  the  brain  and  heart  of  our 
 day:—     • 
 
 "Our  later  generation  appears  nngirt,  frivolous, 
 compared  with  the  religions  of  the  last  or  Calvinistie 
 age.  There  was  in  the  last  century  a  serious  habitual 
 reference  to  the  spiritual  world  running  through 
 letters,  diaries  and  conversation,  yi-s,  and  into  wills 
 and  legal  instruments,  compared  with  which  our 
 liberality  looks  a  little  foppish  and  dapiK-r.  The 
 religion  seventy  years  ago  was  an  iron  Ix'lt  to  the 
 mind,  giving  it  concentration  and  fon^e.  A  rude 
 people  were  kept  respectabh^  by  the  determination  of 
 thought  on  the  eternal  world.  Now  men  fall  abroad, 
 want  polarity,  suffer  in  character  and  intellect." 
 
 And  how  familiar  have  become  the  ringing  sen- 
 tences of  the  historian  Froude: — 
 
 "  ^\'hen  all  else  h;is  failed;  when  patriotism  has 
 covered  its  face,  and  human  courage  has  broken 
 down;  when  intellect  has  yielded,  as  Giblwn  says, 
 '  with  a  smile  or  a  sigh, '  content  to  philosophize  in  the 
 closet,  and  abrojid  worship  with  the  vulg;»r;  when 
 emotion  and  sentiment  and  tender  imaginative  piety 
 have  become  the  handmaids  of  superstition,  and  have 
 dreamt  themselves  into  forgetful  ness  that  there  is  any 
 dilTerence  between  lies  and  truth,  the  slavish  form  of 
 belief  called  Calvinism,  in  one  or  other  of  its  many 
 forms,  has  borne  ever  an  inflexible  front  to  illusion 
 and  mendacity,  and  has  preferred  to  Ix-  ground  to 
 powder  like  flint,  rather  than  beud  before  violence, 
 or  melt  under  enervating  temptation." 
 
 Now  the  question  before  us  is  as  to  the  desirable- 
 ness, importance,  duty  and  necessity  of  making  a 
 way  into  the  general  deluge  of  printed  thought  for 
 the  ideas  that  have  made  such  assertion  of  themselves 
 among  men. 
 
 We  are  by  no  means  to  forget  that  the  general 
 Evangelical  press  is  doing  a  vast  and  excellent  work. 
 If,  however,  in  the  Presbyterian  system  there  are 
 not  distinguishing  aud  jHiwerful  elements  of  thought 
 aud  doctrine,  tlien  the  existence  of  that  system  is  an 
 impertinence  But  if  its  constituent  ideas,  thoughts 
 and  doctrines  impart  to  it  a  special  and  distinctive 
 character,  and  if  this  system,  bearing  this  chiiractcr, 
 has  stamped  itself  on  the  best  life  of  the  world,  this 
 very  fact  makes  it  imiKTative  on  the  thirty  or  forty 
 millions  of  those  who  hold  this  system  to  keep  the 
 mind  of  the  world  ever  confronted  with  these  thoughts 
 and  principles. 
 
 Not  that  we  are  to  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that 
 there  is  a  const;int,  large,  and  elTective  outlay  of 
 t;ilent  in  the  publicjition  of  I'resbj-terian  newspapers 
 and  magazines.  One  of  those  magazines,  which,  if 
 not  a  formal  organ  of  this  Council,  is  at  lea.st  a  child 
 of  this  Council: — I  mean  The  Catholic  PrcabyttTian 
 — mouth  by  month  brings  the  reader  face  to  face,  as 
 
 no  other  within  the  reach  of  our  knowledge  does, 
 with  the  ctnidition  ami  prospects  of  the  Presbyterian 
 1  churches  of  the  world — the  struggles  of  smaller 
 Presbyterian  t)odies  liere  and  there,  in  the  griat 
 awakening  of  sym|>athies,  evoking  prayers,  and  in 
 many  ways  exciting  and  fostering  a  healthful,  re- 
 ligious, Presbyterian  enthusiasm.  It  embodies  a  kind 
 of  Presbyterian  literature  we  should  like  to  see 
 diffuse<l  a  hundred  times  more  widely. 
 
 But  aside  from  all  that  is  or  can  be  done  by  Pres- 
 byterian new.spapers  and  magazines,  we  a-ssert  the 
 duty  of  orgiinizing  and  operating  agencies  for  the 
 thrusting  in  earnestly,  coiLstiintly,  profusely,  among 
 the  thinkings  of  men  the  great  ideas  that  jiervade  a 
 true  Presbyterian  literature. 
 
 The  legitimate  aim  of  such  a  literature,  be  it 
 remembered,  is,  omitting  no  doctrine  of  the  Word  of 
 God,  embracing  all  those  ideas  which  Christians  hold 
 in  common,  to  present  these  common  ideas  in  their 
 logical  and  neces.sary  connection  with  those  other 
 great  truths  which  distinguish  Presbyterian  from 
 other  systems  of  polity  and  doctrine.  One  of  the 
 necessary  results  of  this  Council  is  a  weighty  con- 
 tribution to  such  a  literature.  We  do  not  hesitate  to 
 aflirm  that  the  volume  of  Proceedings  of  the  Ediu- 
 burgh  Council  contains  a  lx>dy  of  Presbyterian  thought 
 ,  of  which  no  church  need  to  be  ashamed.  It  is  super- 
 fluoiLS  to  affirm  that  the  Presbyteri;in  element  in  the 
 I  theological  an<l  ecclesiiustical  literature  of  the  world 
 j  holds  no  second  pla»:e,  whether  for  Biblical  soundness 
 or  for  intellectual  power. 
 
 And  the  aim  of  this  paper  is  to  make  clear  the  duty 
 of  the  thirty  millions  of  Presbyterians  in  the  world 
 to  organize  agencies  in  their  several  local  centres,  for 
 the  pUicing  of  her  literature  within  reach  of  every 
 reading  person.  This  involves  the  idea  of  aggression, 
 of  proiKigandism.  There  must  be  no  waiting  for  men 
 to  api)ly  for  these  books,  any  more  than  there  must 
 be  a  waiting  for  men  to  come  in  quest  of  the  gospel. 
 The  command  is,  go — go  into  all  the  world;  and  the 
 duty  of  Presbyterians  is  to  go,  in  the  persons  of  com- 
 missioned agents,  from  door  to  door,  aud  ijom  town 
 to  town,  and  from  province  to  province,  and  present 
 these  volumes,  induce  their  reception  and  perusal, 
 pray  with  the  recipient,  and  thus  get  the  thoughts 
 enclosed  in  them  deep  into  the  minds  and  hearts  of 
 men. 
 
 It  would  be  both  interesting  and  instructive  to 
 recite  the  story  of  such  efforts  in  the  Protestant 
 Church  since  God  gave  the  printing-press  to  the 
 world.  It  would  be  both  instructive  and  interesting 
 to  reijort  the  statistics  of  such  work  done  by  the 
 various  churches  represented  in  this  body.  But  sta- 
 tistics of  vast  movements  outreach  the  apprehension, 
 and  fail  to  produce  definite  practical  impression.  Let 
 it  suffice  to  call  attention  to  the  doings  of  one  only  of 
 these  various  branches. 
 
 The  branch  of  which  we  speak  pos.sesi4cs  an  organ- 
 ized agency  for  the  publication  and   ditfusion   of   a 
 
PMJESBrTEEIAX 
 
 TM 
 
 JWSS/OAS. 
 
 liteiaiare  iaAoed  vith  Pre^meiian  ideas.  Beftre 
 &e  oiSHBxatiaa  of  this  Board,  tbe  kadins  poMisfans 
 •f  FUIadelplua  veire  iiapixtiiBed  to  repnbl^i  two 
 BnlBsk  TolBBtes  of  a  Presbyteziaa  dharact^.  and  not 
 oae  of  tfaoB  eiwld  be  iboiid  vho  was  wiDii^  to  take 
 &e  peenaiaiT-  lisk.  Thee  vciy  volmses  haT«  now 
 lieea  pobli^ied  br  this  Board,  and  tens  of  tboosands 
 of  th^  kkTe  beea  sold.  It  pots  into  the  hands  of 
 the  paMic»flge  thaa  500.000  Tolg»es  eyerr  year.  It 
 hs  seat  eat  more  thaa  100,000  (opies  of.  the  "West- 
 Bitter  CoofesEtaa  of  Faith  f  some  3.O0O,C'OO  copies 
 of  the  "  SIkortcr  CMedu^  ;"  nearij  ^O0l).i>  •)  copses 
 of  ^e  '-CUM's  GttecU^  f '  Bearir  20.000  copies 
 of  BoEtoD's  '-  Fontftld  Stite  f  Bore  than  30,000 
 copiesof  AVraniier's  "  Hd^icfiB Experience  :"  aeariy 
 10.000  o^aes  of  Dic^JBaoa's  "Fii«  Points  of  Calvtn- 
 iat  f  meaiiT-aOLOOOeopiesaf  Fidier's  "  CatecMan:" 
 »wr  thaa  30.000  copies  of  I^irchild's  "  Great  Sap- 
 per f  neaiir-  10.000  eofies  of  "  The  Christian's 
 Great  Interest :'"  benreen  1-5, Oi»  and  2iX0i»  copies 
 of  llattbew?'  "  Di-rine  Pnipose :"'  from  12.000  to 
 latOOOa^iesof  Shav's  '*  Exposition  of  the  Confesa<» 
 of  Faith.''  And  as  tiiese  TolnBcsaie  jfrmampnt  and 
 last  lor  years,  Oras  Bost  be  nov  im  the  -variDos 
 ftBiIies  of  this  land  aome  5,000,000  copies  of  tiie 
 pahlicatium  of  this  one  ageney  alone;  and  it  ad^  to 
 Oat  Homber,  as  I  have  stated,  Bore  thaa  300,000 
 'ntoBcs  a  Tear.  It  keqs  fnna  aevaitj  to  one  han- 
 dnd  jguUt  in  the  field,  gaiag  fivn  door  to  door  to 
 sen  or  ^Te  avay  these  volaaies.  1£,  now,  the  wfarie 
 dnrtj  iiTliMig  of  Pieabj  terians  ia  the  vorid  are 
 work  Hke  that  of  ths  one  branch,  vhiefa 
 little  aver  one-half  BiTliiai  of  eamiBiim- 
 ,  Aen  Acre  go  into  the  hands  of  the  reading 
 year  to  year  conadetably  Boe  than 
 3S,00Q,00O  Tidankes  of  hrain-stinintating;  heart-stir- 
 ring truths;  then,  ia  the  coarse  of  tea  years,  there 
 maid  beia  the  hands  of  the  readiag  world  a  good 
 deal  iMiie  thaa  300,000,000  of  tiieseToIaBes.  | 
 
 ITe  h>a  the  ensteaee  of  tiiis  AlKaarr  and  tiie 
 ;  of  this  Conaol  as  another  great  ^eat  fiv  the 
 of  a  grHMJan  Presbyterian 
 litaataifc.  {B^er  read  m  tkt  Stnui  Gemerml  Ckmmea 
 tf  Oe  ■Tn^jTriiaa  JUhmtee,  wawirf  ml  JVladOflUm, 
 Seflemifr,  IdSOL) 
 
 Presbyterian  TWrHParmB  in  tlie  Pacxflc 
 NortlrwBSt.  The  goEpd  vas  intiadneed  early  in 
 the  aettlenent  of  the  tenitoty  of  the  United  States 
 tfcimgfc  nhidt  the  Colombia  rirer  rtnis. 
 
 At  Astona,  September  19th,  1S46,  the  fiist  Ptes^- 
 teriaa  Chordt  on  the  whole  Rnfic  coast  was  oi^n- 
 iaed.  This  CDngwgation  also  bnilt  the  first  hoose  of 
 woeship. 
 
 The  PieJijleiy  of  Oregoo,  embracing  the  area 
 betatta  the  Bodcy  aionntainB  aad  the  P^eifie  Oeean, 
 and  an  the  tenitoiy  north  of  Ke^ada  aad  Cdifiaaia. 
 was  erguiized  in  1^1,  the  me^beia  being  Bex. 
 Meaos.  E.  B.  Geary,  Lewis  ThoaipsoB  aad  Robot 
 Bobe.    These  bretfarea  had  a  very  eztenare  area  to 
 
 tiaTeise  ia  -risiti^  aa  aggregate  population  which 
 was  aboat  equal  to  any  well-settled  county  in  the 
 Atlantic  States. 
 
 The  hmg  and  dangeroos  joomey  across  the  plains 
 retarded  the  growth  of  population,  and  the  discovery 
 of  gold  in  Otlifoniia  not  only  sn^pended  it.  "bat  drew 
 away  a  porrictti  of  the  inhabitants  to  the  gold  fields. 
 After  the  Civil  War  a  steady  flow  of  immigration  set 
 in.  and  it  has  eoatinned.  with  increasing  Tolume.  to 
 the  present  time. 
 
 In  1570.  at  the  reunion  of  both  Ivancbes  of  the 
 Chnivh.  the  Presbytery  of  Oregon  was  composed  of 
 fourteen  churches  and  twelve  members,  as  follows: 
 Jcjm  H.  Keasoner.  Henry  H.  Spalding.  Edward  E. 
 Geary,  \\infam  J.  Montieth.  George  F.  Whitworth. 
 Mcees  A.  Williams.  A.  I_  Lindsley.  Eobert  Bobe, 
 Joseph  A.  TTinro  Geiwge  W.  Sloan.  Anthony  Simp- 
 son, Joibn  R.  Thompson.  The  Presbytery  undertook 
 to  readi  aQ  parts  of  its  widely-extended  field.  The 
 sopoxiaca  of  the  work  was  placed  in  the  hands 
 of  an  executive  omnmittee.  An  extensive  corre- 
 spiRidence  with  ministeis  and  laymen,  touching 
 varioos  idaees  eligible  for  settlement,  was  carried  on. 
 Haayartides  were  finnished  to  the  newspapers,  both 
 secular  iod.  religioos.  An  acquaintance  w:e  made 
 and  kept  up  with  promising  missionary  localities. 
 From  time  to  time  these  were  supplied  and  others 
 developed.  This  often  required  peis(Mial  visitation. 
 The  work  was  made  mndh  mcae  laboarioos  beeaase 
 no  Presbyterial  or  itinerant  misaiHary  could  be 
 obtained.  In  l'^6  the  growth  was  expressed  as  fol- 
 lows, ia  figures:  io  ministers,  32  churches. 
 
 Colporteor  work  was  prosecuted  under  the  aus{Mces 
 of  the  Araerieaa  Tract  Society,  Presbyterian  Board 
 of  P(LUuati<M,  American  Khle  Society  and  American 
 Sanday-sdMxd  Unioa,  in  all  which  this  Presbytery 
 participated. 
 
 OBGAXEZATIOX  OF  THE  STXOD  OF  THE  COLUltBIA. 
 
 In  1?T6.  the  Synod  of  the  Colombia  was  organized 
 by  dividing  the  Presbytery  of  Oregon  into  three, 
 entitled  Paget  Sound.  South  Oi^im  and  Oregon,  leav- 
 ii^  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  last-named  the  territories 
 of  Idaho  and  Alaaka  with  the  intention  of  or^inizing 
 Presbyteries  in  each  at  nodistantday.  The  executive 
 committee  which  had  qpoated  so  efficiently  ia  pro- 
 ducii^  the  pro^ierity  that  justified  this  great  step 
 was  adopted  by  the  Synod  aad  emtinued  its  wotfc. 
 The  Presbytery  of  Idaho  was  erected  in  1*7?.  and 
 the  Presbytery  of  South  Oregon  was  consolidated 
 with  the  Presbytery  of  Oregon  in  1*^.  The  {hos- 
 perity  of  the  work  in  Alaska  now  demands  the  erec- 
 tioQ  of  a  Presbytery  in  the  Toritory,  and  steps  have 
 already  been  taken  to  effect  an  osganization.  In 
 -\l»il,  I'^rS,  the  number  of  cfanrcbes  was  aixty-^hiee, 
 of  ministas  nfty-^wo.  licentiates  five  aad  Presbyte- 
 ries fear. 
 
 xismass  axoxg  ABORicnrES. 
 
 The  miatiuB  among  the  Pnyallup  Indians  was 
 begna  ia  1?71,  by  the  appointment  of  the  Bev.  G. 
 
PBESBTTEBUy 
 
 -do 
 
 SABBATH  SCBOOLS. 
 
 W.  .Sloan,  a.-^  teacher  and  hi$  wife  as  matron.  After 
 a  few  Tears  their  work  was  terminated  by  the  death 
 of  Mrs.  .Sloan.  But  the  seed  they  had  planted  in 
 due  time  sprang  np.  and  the  Eev.  \L  G.  Mann 
 became  Mr.  .Sloan's  sncceasor  early  in  lr76.  His 
 labors  were  remarkably  blessed.  A  work  of  grace 
 continued  until  nearly  the  whole  tribe  were  Ixooght 
 into  the  communion  of  the  Church.  The  Payallnps 
 afford  a  decisiTC  proof  of  the  efficacy  of  vital  Chris- 
 tianity to  implant  and  stimolate  the  cardinal  virtaes. 
 
 The  mission  to  the  Walla  "Walla  Tndiana  was 
 begun  in  1-S~,  by  Marcus  'Whitman,  JCD.,  and  his 
 wife,  and  was  terminated  in  I S47  by  the  massacre  of 
 the  mi^on  family,  including  the  Dr.  and  his  wife,  a 
 terrible  calamity,  which  led  to  the  first  war  with  the 
 Indians  in  this  re^on. 
 
 The  mission  to  the  Xez  Perces,  under  Eev.  H.  H. 
 .Spalding  and  his  wife,  began  in  1^36.  and  was  sus- 
 pended at  the  time  of  the  masacre  of  Dr.  ■Whitman. 
 
 The  mission  to  the  Spokane  Indians  began  under 
 Ber.  Messrs.  C.  Eels  and  E.  'Walker,  and  their  wdves, 
 in  1S$?.     It  was  abandoned  in  1~48. 
 
 These  missions  were  under  the  directioo  of  the 
 A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  with  whom  the  Presbyterians  co- 
 operated. 
 
 Twelve  years  after  Eev.  Mr.  Spalding  returned  to 
 his  work  among  the  Xez  Perces.  He  found  that 
 many  of  them  had  kept  np  religions  worship,  and 
 their  knowledge  of  reading  and  writing,  but  be  was 
 not  allowed  to  femain  long  among  them. 
 
 On  a.ssnming  the  care  of  the  Xez  Perces.  in  l?n. 
 the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Foreign  Mi^ons  sent  Mr. 
 Spalding  bock  to  his  beloved  people,  among  whom  be 
 labored  with  great  diligence  and  self-denial,  until 
 August,  1*T-1.  when  he  died.  The  work  has  been 
 successfully  carried  on.  and  a  number  of  natives  have 
 been  trained  for  the  ministry,  chiefly  under  the  tuition  j 
 of  Miss  Sue  I_  McBeih.  These  men  are  engaged  in 
 missionary  work  among  Indians  of  their  own  and 
 neighboring  tribes.  One  of  them  is  the  pEBtor  amoi^ 
 Joseph's  band  in  the  Indian  TerritiHy. 
 
 Among  the  Spokanes  Mr.  .Spalding  resumed  mis- 
 sionary labors,  and  a  considerable  number  have  given 
 evidence  of  being  Christians. 
 
 Among  the  Umatilla  Indians  we  have  gathered  a 
 church  under  the  teaching  oi  Miss  McBeth's  students. 
 Attempts  have  been  persistently  made  to  estaUish 
 schools  among  the  tribes  and  bands  who  ar«  called 
 Moses'  Indians.  But  their  unsettled  c<mditi<m  has 
 mistrated  all  our  efforts. 
 
 The  sum  is  this,  that  a  part  of  the  tribes  under  the 
 care  of  the  Synod  of  the  Columbia  are  already  settled 
 upon  homesteads,  as  while  families  are:  others  are  in 
 the  transition  state,  awaiting  the  final  action  of  the 
 Government.  It  is  sal'e  to  say  that  no  work,  either  in 
 Christian  or  heathen  lands,  can  show  bener  results 
 than  are  found  among  the^^e  Indiana,  considerii^  the 
 period  which  they  have  been  tmdo'  oar  infloaice — 
 about  twelve  vears. 
 45 
 
 mssioss  IS  «t  t^^» 
 
 The  latestBuasion  to  the  Aborigines  is  in  »7a^-» 
 which  was  'began  in  l?T.5-€,  throo^  the  agency  of 
 British  Colombia  Christians,  eniawuaged  by  os,  and 
 fCRmally  assumed  in  1~T7,  when  the  first  misoDaiies 
 entered  the  field.  During  the  Sc^Jowing  year,  the 
 Presbyterian  Board  o(  Home  MIsaoas  having  takoi 
 charge,  the  enterprise  was  reinfiimd  and  the  wock 
 enlarged.  And  in  1?T9  the  first  Americaii  diarch 
 w^  organized,  and  ahoose  of  wordiip  erected  at  Fort 
 Wrangel,  under  the  directicm  of  the  Presbytery  of 
 Oregon,  to  whose  jurisdiction  the  oitire  TenitarT 
 belongs.  Since  then  the  misEion  satioos  have  been 
 increased,  and  the  workhassopro^eiedas  tojasdfy 
 the  f<»ination  of  a  Presbytery. 
 
 An  extended  history  of  the  Alaska  misaoos  remaiiB 
 to  be  written.  A  concise  and  aeemate  arm^tn^  aC 
 their  (Rigin  has  already  appeared,  entitled,  "SketAes 
 of  Alaska.''  which  onbiaces  reports  made  to  the 
 .Synod  of  the  Colnmlria,  and  to  tiie  Board  of  Hooe 
 MisaoQS.  by  the  dhaiiman  of  the  execotive  committee 
 a(  Synod,  with  whom  the  misskas  <«igiiiated. 
 
 EDCCAIIOS. 
 
 Tlie  traditioaal  policy  ai  the  Piesbytenan  Cbmdi 
 and  its  inheiait  tendencies  early  im^XU^  the  Pres- 
 bytery to  make  provisaoo  for  soand  and  comprehen- 
 sive  education.  In  £Mt,  one  of  the  pioneeis,  Bev. 
 £.  B-  Geary,  left  a  pcxmiai^  and  expanding  cbar;^ 
 at  the  East  lor  the  parpose  of  founding  a  college  in 
 connection  with  the  misaooary  work.  In  doe  tinte 
 the  Collegiate  Institute  at  Albany.  Oegon.  was  diar- 
 tered,  a  ^ndoos  and  eligible  sie  wjb  obtained,  a 
 laiy  andsniiahlf  TmTIHiitgeTwtiMi  imA  lai  m^-^i{rtltil-m^ 
 sdiool  condoeted,  with  inereasii^  nsefnlitess,  to  the 
 piesoit  time.  An  efiort  is  now  beii^  made  to  secnre 
 an  endowment,  which  is  indispsisabie  to  its  sneteas. 
 
 The  Presbytery  of  Paget  Soand  has  engaged  in  a 
 ■^milar  .undertaking,  by  the  pardiase  at  an  Eligible 
 site.  It  is  encountering  the  dimcnlties  wliidi  are  in- 
 cident to  such  entapris«s  in  all  new  settlemaits. 
 
 The  Picsbyiery  of  Idaho  is  maki^a  vigoroos  eSm 
 to  fonitd  an  institmioa  of  learaii^  at  Waiisbory, 
 W.  T. 
 
 Presbyrerian  Sabbath  Schools.  Tee  T>r:;- 
 gioQS  instruction  of  the  young  is  a  duty  devo^vii^ 
 upon  the  ministry  and  upon  the  eldership  at  oar 
 church,  as  w^eH  as  upon  the  parent  at  the  head  of  his 
 &mily.  This  follows  obvioady  from  the  i»A  that 
 "  children  bom  within  the  pale  of  the  viaUe  Chorch. 
 and  defeated  to  God  in  baptism,  are  under  the  in- 
 specti<Hi  and  govonmeat  of  the  Church  "  Direettrj 
 for  Won/kif,  Chap.  ii.  1  .  And  it  is  snSdently 
 conceded  in  the  interest  which  ias  generally  been 
 maniiested  by  the  ovraseers  of  our  churches  in  the 
 great  Sabbatlnschool  raterprisie.  to  whid  the  youth 
 of  oar  own  and  of  otbo-denomiiatiaBsaie  so  largely 
 indebted. 
 
 'With  dae  apfceeiation  of  the  good  eSwtcd  by  oar 
 pKsent  Sabfaatb-scbool  system,  we  ventore  to  make  a 
 
PEESBYrESIAX 
 
 706 
 
 SABBATH  SCHOOLS. 
 
 few  suggestions,  the  adoption  of  which,  in  our  opinion,  ' 
 would  niuterially  enhance  the  efficiency  and  value  of 
 a  dci)artment  of  Christian  effort  so  eminently  calcu- 
 lated to  accomplish  important  results.  | 
 
 1.  The  instructions  of  the  Sabhath  school  should 
 never  be  regarded  as  a  sufficient  substitute  for  reli- 
 gious instruction  at  home,  nor  should  attendance  at 
 the  school  be  required  so  as  to  interfere  with  the  in- 
 terests of  family  religion.  The  two  duties  are  per- 
 fectly distinct,  and  they  may  both  be  attended  to, 
 ordinarily,  without  damage  to  the  interests  of  either. 
 If,  however,  unavoidable  circumstances  bring  these 
 departments  of  instruction  intoconflict,  let  the  claims 
 of  family  religion  always  prevail,  how  great  soever 
 the  sacrifice  on  the  part  of  the  Sabbath  school. 
 
 2.  The  influence  of  our  Sabbath  schools  should 
 be  fully  exerted  for  the  purpose  of  increasing  our 
 own  congregations.  It  cannot  be  denied  tluit  we  do 
 good  when  we  train  children  and  youth  in  our  schools 
 for  membership  in  other  denominations,  and  for  this 
 good  work  there  is  much  due  to  us,  as  the  favor- 
 though  often  done  by  us,  has  been  seldom  recipro- 
 cated But  we  iiLsist  we  should  efl'ect  greater  work, 
 could  we  retain  all  our  Sabbath  scholars  a-s  perma, 
 nent  members  of  our  own  congregations,  that  they 
 may  be  further  benefited  under  the  ministrations 
 of  the  gospel,  and  be  i)repared,  when  occasion  shall 
 ser\-e,  to  render  a.ssistauce  as  teachers  iu  the  Sabbath 
 school. 
 
 To  effect  this  end,  our  schools  niust  he  made  thoroiujiily 
 Presbyterian.  We  propose  this  course,  not  with  the 
 view  of  jiroselyting  the  children  in  our  schools  whose 
 parents  do  not  belong  to  our  Church,  hut  in  fidelity  iu 
 our  own  children,  the  lambs  of  our  Hock,  wliom 
 assuredly  we  ought  to  endeavor  to  retain  within  their 
 own  fold.  The  voice  of  the  Good  Shepherd  is  dis- 
 tinctly heard  within  our  borders,  as  elsewhere;  here 
 are  tlie  green  pastures  no  less  abundant;  and  living 
 waters  flow  through  all  our  coasts,  as  free  and  clear 
 as  gushed  of  old  from  Horeb's  smitten  rock. 
 
 The  only  objection  of  any  weight  that  can  be  urged 
 agaiust  this  suggestion  is,  that,  l)y  imparting  au  early 
 .sectarian  bias,  our  children  will  be  deprived  of  the 
 privilege  of  judging  for  tlKMUselves  in  matters  of  reli- 
 gion when  they  come  to  years  of  maturity.  We  can- 
 didly admit  the  force  of  the  objection;  but  we  urge, 
 iu  ju.stification,  the  law  of  necessary,  indisjnnsable  self- 
 defence.  If  we  do  not  give  ovir  children  a  decided 
 inclination  to  what  wo  believe  to  be  the  truth  in  reli- 
 gion, there  are  multitudes  ready  to  biiusthem  iu  some 
 other  direction  upon  that  subject.  Above  all,  the 
 world  will  not  scruijh;  to  hias  them  to  the  waj's  of 
 folly  and  vice,  if  they  be  allowed  to  pass  from  the 
 Sabbath  school  without  minds  as  clear  and  decided 
 iu  favor  of  the  truth  as  our  instructions  and  iulluence 
 can  render  them.  Our  children,  moreover,  should  be 
 instructed  and  interested  in  the  missionary  and  other 
 b'nevolent  opcratious  of  our  Church.  They  may  be 
 thus  trained  to  a  cousisteiit  aiul  svstematic  benevo- 
 
 lence in  the  cause  of  Christ,  without  which  the  most 
 eloquent  api)cals  from  the  pulpit  often  prove  un- 
 availing. 
 
 The  faithful  training  in  the  doctrines,  principles 
 and  operations  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  which  we 
 recommend  to  be  introduced  into  all  our  regularly- 
 organized  Sabbath  sch<X)ls,  comprehends  every  Scrip- 
 tural eftbrt  for  the  Siilvation  of  the  scholar,  and 
 secures  the  highest  spiritual  interest  of  both  .scholar 
 and  teacher.  It  embraces  thorough  stud3'  of  the 
 Word  of  God,  and  requires  constant  approach  to  the 
 throne  of  grace.  While,  therefore,  by  adopting  this 
 suggestion,  our  Sabbath  schools  would  become  more 
 denominational,  it  is  not  to  be  apprehended  that  they 
 would  become,  in  any  degree,  less  spiritual  and  ecan- 
 gelical. 
 
 To  accomplish  the  proposed  change  in  the  character 
 of  our  Sabbath  schools,  it  will  be  necessary  to  discon- 
 tinue the  use  of  all  hooks  of  in.tlruetion  from  which  are 
 ejceluded  the  distinctive  I'iews  of  Preshyterianism.  The 
 publications  from  which  all  denominational  views 
 are  excluded,  so  extensively  used  at  present,  though 
 in  many  respects  excellent,  are  especially  suited  for 
 temporary  use  on  missionary  ground,  or  in  mixed 
 schools,  in  which  .several  denomiuations  are  as,so- 
 ciated  with  equal  authority  to  teach,  and  who  have 
 agreed,  for  the  time,  to  teach  nothing  oftensive  to  the 
 parties  so  united.  There  is  no  such  union,  however, 
 iu  a  Sabbath  school  attached  to  a  fully  established 
 Presbyterian  congregation,  and  in  such  a  school  there 
 are  no  sectarian  preferences  to  be  respected  but  our 
 own.  Except,  therefore,  in  the  case  of  "union  schools 
 proper,"  neither  expediency  nor  necessity  requires 
 the  continued  use  of  such  books  of  instruction.  For 
 we  have  all  the  books  our  schools  need,  on  sale  by 
 the  Board  of  Publication.  These  books,  moreover, 
 have  the  sanction  of  our  Church,  and  the  introduc- 
 tion of  them  into  our  schools  is  required,  both  by  the 
 general  obligation  to  sustain  her  institutions,  and  by 
 the  best  interests  of  the  schools  them.selves. 
 
 The  objections  to  MH-Prc.sb.\'terian  class-books  lie 
 with  nearly  eciual  weight  agaiust  Sabbath-school 
 libraries  of  the  same  description;  they  do  not  meet 
 all  the  wants  of  our  schools.  So  important  an  educa- 
 tional instrumentality  as  the  religious  reading  of  our 
 youth  should  neither  lie  unemployed,  nor  be  aban- 
 doned to  a  negative  influence.  From  books  read,  as 
 well  as  from  living  example,  and  from  oral  instruc- 
 tion, a  deep  impression  of  good  or  of  evil  is  often 
 received  upon  the  mind,  and  tlicuce  transmitted  to 
 the  external  life.  As  upon  the  quality  of  the  aliment 
 received  and  a.ssimilated  depend  the  health  and 
 physical  development  of  the  animal,  .so  upon  the 
 character  of  the  mental  food  depend  the  life  and 
 vigor  of  the  spiritual  being.  If  wo  desire,  in  the 
 education  of  our  children,  to  secure  the  full  develop- 
 ment of  Christian  character  according  to  the  model 
 of  Presbyterianism,  we  must  place  in  their  hands  a 
 liltriilurc  adapted  to  that  end.      I'.ut  a  .Sabbath  library, 
 
PRESBYTERIANS, 
 
 •ivn 
 
 SCOTCH-IRISH. 
 
 from  which  all  discu&sion  of  the  history,  genius  and 
 tendency  of  Prcshytcriauism  is  omitted,  cannot  accom- 
 plish tlie  oljject  desired.  Libraries  of  this  general 
 character  may  be  well  adapted  to  the  purpose  for 
 which  they  are  designed;  namely,  the  providing  of  a 
 juvenile  religious  literature  which,  all  dimimiitntional 
 views  being  excluded,  shall  exlul)it  only  the  principles 
 which  are  cimimon  to  all  evangelical  denominations. 
 "Without,  therefore,  ijuistioning  the  suitableness  of 
 such  publications  for  the  j)urpose  intended,  we  must, 
 nevertheless,  regard  them  as  insufficient  to  supply  all 
 the  wants  of  Presbj-terian  .Sabbath  schools. 
 
 If  it  be  thought  desirable  to  supply  our  Sabbath 
 schools  with  libraries  of  this  general  character,  we 
 think  it  well;  but  no  Pi-e.sbyteriau  Sabbath  school 
 should  delay  to  procure  the  library  which  has  lieeu 
 provided  for  the  purpose  now  under  consideration  by 
 the  Board  of  Publication.  The  c;italogue  published 
 alTords  evidence  how  much  h;LS  been  done  by  this 
 euterpri.se,  in  furnishing  for  our  youth  and  our 
 Church  a  Presbyterian  literature.  We  would  greatly 
 rejoice  to  see  this  Board  receive  the  universal  counte- 
 nance and  patronage  of  our  ministers  and  people,  for 
 upon  its  labors  must  we  mainly  depend  for  the  true 
 histori/  of  our  prineiples,  and  the  faithful  hiuyniphi/  of 
 those  who,  aetimj  oat  those  prineiples,  hare  adorned  the 
 profession  of  the  gospel,  and  thus  to  provide  the  cor- 
 rective for  the  injustice  which  imr  .system  h;us  received 
 from  nearly  all  who  have  profes.sed  to  write  history 
 for  the  instruction  or  entertainment  of  the  young. 
 Not  to  mention  the  flood  of  pestilential  issues  from 
 the  corrupt  secular  press  which,  by  the  constancy  of 
 the  inundation,  tends  to  sweep  away  all  faith  and  all 
 morality  in  many  of  the  secular  schools  which  are 
 patronized  by  Presbyterian  parents,  authors  are  used 
 as  text-books  in  history  in  which,  if  Calvinism  is  at 
 all  alluded  to,  it  is  mentioned  ^'ith  derision  and  con- 
 tempt, or  held  forth  to  the  youthful  mind  in  horrid 
 c;iric;iture.  This  fact,  though  properly  belonging  to 
 the  subject  of  "Books  for  Parochial  Schools,"  is 
 mentioned  hero  as  a  reason  for  providing  our  children 
 a  literatiue  that  shall  exhibit  the  faith  of  their  fath- 
 ers in  its  true  light. 
 
 3.  "We  regard  the  care  and  management  of  Sabbath 
 schools  as  an  imiJorUmt  and  interesting  j>art  of  the 
 oversight  committed  to  the  p;i^ors  and  eldership. 
 Although  there  is  generally  an  individual  who  hokls 
 the  place  of  superintendent  of  the  Sabbath  school, 
 yet  the  existence  of  such  an  office  does  not  preclude, 
 but  rather  invites,  the  attention  and  counsel  of  the 
 p:vstor  and  session.  The  pastor  of  the  church  should 
 be  emphaticjilly  the  pastor  of  the  -Sabbath  school, 
 ever  manifesting  an  interest  in  its  progress  and 
 spiritual  welfare.  Every  teacher  ami  child  in  the 
 school  should  be  well  acijuainted  with  their  minister 
 as  their  spiritual  guide  and  friend.  They  will  thus 
 be  encouraged  to  seek  his  counsel,  and  to  yield  them- 
 selves to  an  influence  which  they  must  perceive  to 
 he  exercised  for  the  great  purpose  of  bringing  them 
 
 to  Christ,  and  of  promoting  their  experimental 
 acquaintance  with  divine  things.  This  pastoral 
 attention  to  the  Sabbath  school  will,  by  the  divine 
 blessing,  secure  accessions  to  the  church  of  the  most 
 valuable  cluiracter,  and  when  the  members  of  a 
 school  so  watcheil  over  are,  in  providence,  separated 
 from  each  other,  pursuing  their  respective  avoc:itions 
 in  the  world,  they  will  remember,  to  the  latest  period 
 of  life,  the  delightful  and  profitable  Sabbath  hours 
 .spent  in  imparting  and  receiving  instruction  in  the 
 things  which  make  wi.se  unto  salvation. — J.  i>.  c. 
 Presbsrterians  in  the  TJnited  States :  (1883 J 
 
 .lfirit«-  yt*-m- 
 
 Churclten.  ttra,  ben. 
 
 Prt'sbyterian  Cluirch ii,HjS  5,218  G00,695 
 
 PrcBbyttTiuu  Cliuich  (South) 2,010  1,070  127,017 
 
 Cuinbcrliina  Cliurch 2,'>91  1,439  113,750 
 
 CuiiibLTlitud  Church,  Colored 5U  50  5,000 
 
 iDitccl  Church 839  730  85,443 
 
 Welsh  Oilvinistic  Church 137  100  11,000 
 
 Kcforniwl  (Synod) llS  107  10,322 
 
 Rofunucd  (Generftl  Sj-nod) 40  30  C,700 
 
 Associated  Keformcd  :5ynoil  of  South 110  90  C,510 
 
 Total 11.783        8,834        9UC.437 
 
 Presbyterians,  Scotch-Irish,  in  Cumberland 
 Valley,  Pa.  At  the  celebration  of  the  centennial  of 
 Silvers  Spring  Church,  iu  Cumberland  county,  .Vugu.st 
 llith,  1883,  Col.  A.  Louden  Snowden,  of  I'hiladel- 
 phia,  who  was  born  within  the  bounds  of  that  church, 
 and  attended  divine  service  there  in  his  youth  and 
 earlier  manhood,  paid  the  following  glowing  and  just 
 tribute  to  the  pioneer  settlers  of  that  region: — 
 
 '■  From  1753  until  17.58,  this  rich  valley,  now  made 
 attractive  by  beautiful  homes,  fertile  farms,  prosper- 
 ous villages  and  a  teeming  population  of  industrious, 
 intelligent  and  happy  i)eopl<',  was  the  theatre  of  con- 
 stiint  alarms  and  cruel  blood.shed.  Without  provoca- 
 tion and  without  mmh  warning,  there  was  precipi- 
 tated upon  the  early  settlers  all  the  horrors  of  an 
 Indian  war.  Under  its  blasting  influence  the  lands 
 were  scarcely  tilled,  the  plow  rested  and  rusted  idly 
 in  the  furrow,  and  tlure  was  but  little  return  to  the 
 husbandmen.  Each  neighborlmod  l"urnished  its  ijuota 
 of  men  called  to  del"end  the  frontiers,  which  were 
 marked  by  the  then  limits  of  Cumberland  county. 
 On  every  hand  w;is  sulferiug  and  distress.  Men 
 were  shot  down  as  they  toiled  in  the  fields,  and 
 women  and  children  were  carried  into  captivity  by 
 the  remorseless  foe.  Jlinisters  of  the  gospel  of  jieace 
 laid  aside  their  robes  of  office,  and  became  leaders  of 
 their  people  in  .scenes  of  blood,  rendered  uece.s-Siiry  to 
 defend  their  lumu-s  and  firesides.  It  was  well  for 
 the  counties  and  towns  of  Eastern  Pennsylvania,  as 
 it  was  for  Christian  civilizjition,  that  this  valley  had 
 been  settled  by  the  ."scotch-Irish,  upon  whose  intelli- 
 gence and  courage  their  immunity  from  danger  rested. 
 Very  eliMjuently  and  truthfully  h:is  Dr.  SIcGill  re- 
 ferred to  their  services,  in  a  recent  address,  when  he 
 said : — 
 
 '■'The   rich  and  beautiful  Cumberland  "V'allev  Ikt- 
 
'PRESBYTERIAN,''  THE. 
 
 708 
 
 •■  PRESBYTERIAX,"  THE. 
 
 came  the  bloodiest  battle  ground  we  have  ever  had 
 since  the  beginning  ol'  our  civilization.  These  Scotch- 
 IrLsh  Presbj-tcrians  had  been  suflered  to  pour  their 
 streams  of  immigration  into  that  valley  in  order  that 
 they  might  st;ind  as  guardsmen  for  a  nation  through 
 nearly  the  whole  of  a  century. ' 
 
 "  If  there  is  any  accident  of  birth  of  which  yon 
 and  I  or  any  man  can  be  justly  proud,  it  is  that  in 
 his  veins  there  flows  the  same  blood  that  sustained 
 these  men  in  all  their  trials,  made  them  either  mar- 
 tyrs, or  conquerors  over  obst;icles  and  every  foe,  and 
 that  constituted  them  the  natural  leaders  of  the 
 people  in  the  march  of  civilization  on  this  continent. 
 They  came  not  here  as  paupers,  or  redemptiouists 
 from  the  tyranny  of  other  lauds,  seeking  to  eke  out 
 an  existence  in  a  new  country.  Oil  the  contrary  they 
 came  as  free  men,  with  au  honest  and  honorable 
 ancestry  behind  them  and  with  noble  purposes  and 
 high  aims  before  them.  lu  the  survival  of  the 
 fittest  they  were  the  men  best  fitted  by  every  train- 
 ing and  culture  to  assist  in  rescuing  this  land  from 
 the  savage,  and  in  laying  the  fouudation  of  a  new 
 State  whose  destiny  they  mould  and  whose  people 
 they  lead.  They  generally  came  with  means  to  buy 
 lautls  and  build  homes  thereon,  but  more  than  this, 
 the}-  brought  the  means  of  education  and  spiritual 
 comfort  with  them.  The  schoolmaster  and  the  par- 
 son came  with  the  emigrant.  Thus  were  education 
 and  Christianity,  both  essential  to  the  up-building 
 and  maintenance  of  free  institutions,  planted  in  this 
 valley  and  elsewhere  by  the  race  to  which  I  refer. 
 They  resembled  the  Puritan  in  the  loftiness  and 
 earnestness  of  their  purpose,  and  in  their  sympathy 
 with  moral  and  intellectual  culture,  but  unlike  the 
 Puritan,  they  united  with  these  a  generous  and 
 lilK-ral  spirit,  which  recognized  and  tolerated  the 
 right  of  others  to  have  the  Siime  freedom  of  thought 
 and  action  that  they  claimed  for  themselves.  Neither 
 did  they  feed  upon  the  wormwood  of  life  as  chastise- 
 ment to  their  souls,  but  cultivated  social  intercourse, 
 enjoyments  and  recreations.  They  took  the  good 
 things  of  this  life  while  preparing  for  those  of  the 
 hereafter.  This  much  can  be  said  in  truth  of  the 
 men  who  inhabited  this  neighborhood,  owned  and 
 tilled  its  farms,  laid  the  foundation  of  this  venerable 
 church,  and  whose  descendants  are  scattered  broad- 
 cast over  our  land,  and  who  are  not  the  least  honored 
 of  tin-  pi(>i)le  among  whom  they  dwell." 
 
 '•Presbyterian,"  The.  The  plan  for  the  es- 
 tablishment of  this  well-known  journal  originated 
 with  a  small  company  of  ch-ric;il  and  lay  gentlemen 
 in  Philadi  Iphia.  To  set  tlie  machine  in  motion,  a 
 subscriptiim  of  one  hundred  dollars  each  was  com- 
 menced among  friends  who  favored  the  enterprise, 
 which  .so  far  met  with  success  as  to  justify  a  contract 
 for  the  pulilication  for  the  first  year.  The  contract 
 was  made  with  Enssell  and  Martien,  then  young  and 
 enterprising  printers.  According  to  the  written  agree- 
 ment, the  publishers  were  to  issue,  in  good  style, 
 
 two  thousand  copies,  at  a  cost  of  sixty-five  dollars 
 per  week,  including  all  expenses,  and  its  distribu- 
 tion. This  contract  was  signed  by  the  other  party, 
 through  their  "Committee  of  Superintendence,"  who 
 were  Ashbel  Cireen,  Matthew  L.  Bevan,  Henry  Mc- 
 Keen,  Joshua  T.  Kussell,  William  il.  Englcs,  Fur- 
 man  Learning,  and  John  W.  Grier  (father  of  the 
 present  senior  editor). 
 
 The  first  number  of  the  Presbyterian  appeared  Feb- 
 ruary Kith,  1S31,  under  the  editorial  management  of 
 the  Rev.  John  Burtt.  Jlr.  Burtt  retired  from  his 
 post,  November  21st,  1832,  after  filling  it  less  than 
 two  years.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  Kev.  Dr.  James 
 W.  Alexander.  The  first  number  of  the  paper  issued 
 under  his  management  was  dated  November  28th, 
 1832,  and  after  continuing  about  one  year  he  retired, 
 January  9th,  1834.  At  that  date  the  Presbi/terian 
 had  embarnissed  the  publishers  with  a  debt  of  some 
 thovLsauds  of  dollars.  The  firm  of  Russell  &  Martien 
 was  dis-solved,  by  mutual  consent.  May  1st,  1834, 
 Mr.  Martien  continuing  to  carry  on  the  business. 
 The  patronage  extended  to  the  enterprise,  however, 
 not  being  sufiicient  to  meet  its  heavy  expen.ses,  the 
 question  of  its  abandonment  was  seriously  considered. 
 At  this  point  the  Rev.  Dr.  William  JI.  Engles  sug- 
 gested to  Mr.  JIartien,  who  was  one  of  his  parishioners, 
 that  if  he  would  continue  the  issue  of  the  paper  six 
 mouths  longer,  he  would  edit  it  during  that  time 
 gratuitously.  The  experiment  was  .so  far  successful 
 its  to  encourage  the  hope  of  resuscitation.  At  the 
 expiration  of  this  time  Dr.  Engles  was  providentially 
 enabled  to  devote  the  whole  of  his  time  to  this  work. 
 On  his  permanent  connection  with  the  paper  he 
 obtained  from  some  friends  in  New  York  a  moderate 
 compcns;ition  for  his  labors  the  first  year,  after  which 
 time  the  constantly  exiianding  circulation  of  the 
 paiier  rendered  it  self-siistaining. 
 
 To  prevent  any  contingency  which  might  result 
 from  a  failure  of  Dr.  Engles'  health,  at  his  sugges- 
 tion Mr.  Martien  sold  out  one-half  interest  to  the 
 Rev.  John  Leyburn,  l).  T>.,  who  was  also  to  be  an  as- 
 sociate editor.  This  occitrred  in  March,  1852.  Dr. 
 Leyburn  sold  his  interest  to  Mr.  Alfred  Martien, 
 who  had  succeeded  his  father  as  publisher,  August 
 7th,  1.81)1,  and  returned  to  Virginia.  In  the  same 
 year  and  month,  the  Rev.  M.  E.  Grier,  who  had  re- 
 signed his  pastoral  charge  in  Wilmington,  X.  C,  w:is 
 associated  in  the  editorial  management  of  the  Presby- 
 '  terian. 
 
 Soon  after  the  death  of  Dr.  Engles,  the  conduct  of 
 the  paper  fell  to  the  hand  of  the  present  senior  editor, 
 who,  with  some  strong  helpers,  carried  it  on  during 
 the  years  wlien  the  discussions  arising  out  of  the 
 proposed  union  of  the  Presbyterian  churches  were 
 most  earnest.  After  the  reunion  the  Rev.  Dr.  K.  E. 
 -Vdams  w;us  for  a  short  time  editor  of  the  paper. 
 But  his  health  was  precarious  then,  and  iu  a  little 
 more  than  a  year  he  was  forced  to  desist  from  the 
 ,  labor  of  w^riting,  and  his  death  soon  followed.     Then 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  THEOJIY. 
 
 709 
 
 PRESBYTERY. 
 
 the  Presbyterian  again  returned  to  the  hands  of  Dr. 
 Grier,  and  continued  there  until  1873,  when  the  in- 
 terest of  Jlr.  Alfred  Jlartien  in  the  paper  was  pur- 
 chased by  the  Kev.  Dr.  S.  A.  Mntehniore,  who  thus 
 became  proprietor  and  editor,  and  so  remains  unto 
 the  present  time,  with   Dr.  Grier  as  :ussociate  editor. 
 
 The  Presbyltrian.  throughout  its  history,  h;is  exerted 
 a  potent  influence  for  good.  Occupying,  as  it  hius  for 
 yeiirs,  a  conspicuous  part,  it  h.us  always  Iwen  an  un- 
 flinching advocate  of  the  doctrines  of  the  Church, 
 neither  diluting  nor  compromising  them.  It  h;us  been 
 a  steady  and  hearty  co-operator  in  the  original  est;ih- 
 lishnu'ut,  as  well  as  a  defender  of  the  I'.oards  of  the 
 Church,  affording  them  every  facility  for  lieing  heard 
 and  known.  It  has  never  failed  to  sustain  the  theo- 
 logical seminaries — not  with  local  partialities,  bnt 
 with  the  most  comprehensive  regard  to  the  general 
 benefits  they  have  conferred  on  the  Church  at  large. 
 It  has  been  the  instrument  of  collecting  thousands  of 
 dollars  for  general  cliaritable  purposes,  as  well  as 
 those  of  a  denominational  kind.  As  far  its  it  has 
 reached,  it  has  been  an  encouragement  to  jKustors, 
 and  an  advocate  for  their  generous  support.  It  has 
 enlisted  the  best  talents  in  tlie  Churih,  and  has  thus 
 been  useful  in  cjisting  light  on  almost  every  (juestion 
 which  has  called  forth  discussion;  nor  h:us  it  e\rT 
 lost  sight  of  the  power  it  could  exert  in  promoting 
 practical  godliness  among  its  numerous  reiiders. 
 
 Presbyterian  Theory  of  Church  Govern- 
 ment. Passing  over  Era.stianism,  which  teaches 
 that  the  Church  is  only  one  form  of  the  .State,  and 
 Quakerism,  which  does  not  provide  for  the  external 
 organization  of  the  Church,  t!n-re  are  only  the  four 
 following  radical  diflerent  theories  on  the  subject  of 
 Church  Polity. 
 
 1.  The  PopLsh  theory,  which  a-ssumes  tliat  there  is 
 a  visible  head  of  the  church  upon  earth,  and  that  this 
 dignity  is  assigned  to  the  bishop  of  liome;  that  he  is 
 properly  the  only  bishop  by  Divine  right,  the  whole 
 Episcopate  being  vested  in  him,  and  from  him  all 
 other  bishoi)s  derive  tlieir  authority;  that  he  has  do- 
 minion over  the  whole  Christian  world;  that  all 
 Cliristiaus  are  bound  to  submit  to  him,  and  that 
 those  who  relu.se  to  do  so  are  heretics,  and  are  exposed 
 to  eternal  damnation,  anil  that  he  pos.sesses  tliis  su- 
 preme and  uncontrolled  power  :is  the  successor  of 
 Peter,  who  was  bishop  of  Kome,  and  at  his  death, 
 left  all  his  authority  and  prerogatives  to  his  succes- 
 .sors  in  that  See. . 
 
 2.  The  Prelatical  theory  a.ssumes  the  i>erpetuity 
 of  the  aiMJstleship  as  the  governing  power  in  the 
 Church,  which,  therefon-,  consists  of  those  who  pro- 
 fess the  true  religion,  and  are  subject  to  apostle- 
 bishops.  This  is  the  Anglican  or  High  Church  form 
 of  this  theory.  In  its  Low  Church  form,  the  Prelati- 
 cal theory  simply  teache-s  that  there  w;i3  originally  a 
 threefold  order  in  tlie  ministry,  and  that  there  should 
 be  now.  But  it  does  not  allirm  that  mode  of  organi- 
 zation to  be  essential. 
 
 3.  The  Independent  or  Congregational  theory  includes 
 two  principles:  first,  that  tlie  governing  and  execu- 
 tive i)ower  in  the  Church  is  in  the  brotherhood,  and 
 secondly,  that  tlie  Church  organization  is  complete 
 in  each  worshiping  assembly,  which  is  independent 
 of  every  other. 
 
 4.  The  fourth  theory  is  the  Presbyterian.  .  .  . 
 The  three  great  negations  of  Presbyteriauism — that 
 is,  the  three  great  errors  which  it  denies  are:  1.  That 
 all  Church  power  vests  in  the  clergy.  2.  That  the 
 apo.stolic  office  is  jicrpetual.  3.  That  each  individual 
 congregation  is  indei)endent.  Tlie  affirmative  state- 
 ment of  these  jiriuciples  is:  1.  That  t!u!  people  have 
 a  right  to  a  sulistantive  part  in  the  governmen't  Of 
 the  Church.  2.  That  prcslivters,  who  minister  in 
 word  and  doctrine  are  the  liigliest  permanent  officers 
 of  the  Church,  and  all  belong  to  the  .same  order. 
 3.  That  the  outward  and  visible  Church  is,  or  should 
 be,  one,  in  the  seiLse  that  a  smaller  part  is  subject  to 
 a  larger,  and  :\  larger  to  the  whole.  It  is  not  holding 
 one  of  the,se  princililes  that  makes  a  man  a  Presby- 
 terian, but  his  holding  them  all.  (Dr.  Chnrles  Hnrlge, 
 in  "^^'hat  is  Presbyterianisiu  ?" — Presbi/terian  Board 
 of  Publication). 
 
 Christ  has,  in  fact,  vested  all  eccle-siastical  jiower 
 in  the  Church  as  a  whole,  none  of  its  members  being 
 excluded;  yet  not  in  the  Church  as  a  mob,  but  as  an 
 organized  body,  consisting  of  members,  their  repre- 
 I  sent;itives,  ruling  elders,  and  ministers  or  bishops. 
 Elders  or  bishops  were  ordained  by  the  ajiostlcs,  have 
 always  continued  in  tlie  Church,  and  were  designed 
 to  be  periietuated  iis  the  highest  cla.ss  of  officers  in 
 the  Church  (1  Tim.  iii,  1 ;  Eph.  iv,  11,  12).  All  Church 
 power  vests,  then,  jointly  in  the  lay  and  clerical  ele- 
 ment, in  tlie  ministers  together  with  the  people. 
 
 "Huling  Elders"  (continues  Dr.  Hodge,  in  the  ad- 
 dress just  referred  to)  "are  properly  the  representa- 
 tives of  the  people,  chascn  by  them  for  the  purpose  of 
 exercising  government  and  discipline  in  conjunction 
 with  pastors  or  ministers."  "The  powers,  therefore, 
 exercised  by  our  ruling  elders  are  powers  which  be- 
 long to  the  l;iy  members  of  the  Church."  "They 
 are  chosen  by  them  to  act  in  their  n:ime  in  the  gov- 
 ernment of  the  Cluirch.  A  representative  is  one 
 chosen  by  others  to  do  in  their  name  what  they  are 
 entitled  to  do  in  their  own  persons,  or  rather  to  ex- 
 ercise the  powers  which  radically  inhere  in  those  for 
 whom  they  act.  The  members  of  a  State  Legislature 
 or  of  Congress,  for  exainiile,  can  exercise  only  those 
 powere  which  are  inherent  in  the  peo])le.'' 
 
 Presbytery  of  Des  Moines.  The  present  ter- 
 ritoiy  ot'  tliis  bctdy  i-uiliraces  the  following  counties 
 in  Iowa,  viz.:  Dallas,  Polk,  Ja.sper,  JIakaska,  Mar- 
 ion, Warren,  Madison,  Clark,  Lucas,  Monroe,  Appa- 
 noose, Wayne  and  Decjitur.  It  is  the  successor  of 
 the  Presbyteries  of  the  same  name,  of  the  late  Old 
 and  Kew  Schools,  also  the  Presbj-tery  of  Chariton, 
 New  School.  The  Old  School  Presln-tery  of  Des 
 Jloiues  w:is  constituted  by  the  action  of  the  Svnod 
 
PRESBYTERY. 
 
 710 
 
 GENESEE. 
 
 of  Illinois,  October  14th,  ia51,  in  session  at  Chicago,  | 
 with  territorial  limits  as  follows:  Beginning  at  the 
 southwest  corner  of  Lee  county,  thence  north  on  the 
 •west  line  of  said  county  to  the  southwest  conier  of  i 
 Henry  county,  thence  north  along  the  line  of  said 
 county  to  the  west  line  of  Louisa  county,  thence 
 north  to  the  Iowa  river;  to  embrace  all  that  portion 
 of  the  State  of  Iowa  west  and  south  of  the  Presby- 
 teries of  Iiiwa  and  Cedar,  which,  at  its  organization, 
 consisted  of  the  follo^ring  ministers,  viz. :  The  Eev. 
 L.  G.  Bell,  the  pioneer  of  Presbyterianism  in  Iowa, 
 Rev.  R.  S.  Dinsmore,  Rev.  Robert  McGuigan,  Eev.  • 
 Daniel  Heider,  and  the  Rev.  S.  C.  McCune,  and  the 
 following  churches:  Washington,  Crawfordsville  and 
 Brighton,  in  T\'ashington  county;  Fairfield,  Liberty- 
 ville  and  Shiloh,  in  Jcflorson  county;  Union  and 
 Kcosagua,  in  Van  Buren  county;  Ft.  Des  Moines,  in 
 Polk  county;  Albia,  in  Jlonroe  county;  Dutch  Creek, 
 in  Keokuk  county,  and  Eddyville,  in  Wappello 
 county.  The  first  meeting  was  held  in  Fairfield, 
 Tuesday,  Xovember  4th,  1851,  and  the  opening  ser- 
 mon was  preached  by  the  Rev.  L.  G.  Bell,  after- 
 wards usually  called  Father  Bell. 
 
 The  fornu-r  New  School  Presbytery  of  Des  Moines 
 was  constituted  by  the  Synod  of  Illinois,  X.  S., 
 September,  18.52,  with  the  following  boundaries, 
 viz.:  On  the  south,  west  and  north,  by  the  State  line, 
 on  the  east  and  northeast  by  the  county  of  Van  Bu- 
 ren and  the  Des  Moines  iver.  It  embraces  the  fol- 
 lowing ministers:  the  Rev.  Thompson  Bird,  the  Eev. 
 John  C.  Ewing,  the  Eev.  James  H.  Shields,  and  the 
 Eev.  Asa  Martin;  and  the  following  churches:  Troy, 
 Bloonifield,  and  Shunem,  in  Davis  county;  Central 
 DesJIoines,  in  Polk  county;  First  Three  Eivers,  in 
 Warren  county;  I'nion,  in  Api)anoose  county,  and 
 Gideon,  in  Decatur  county.  The  Prcsbj-tery  was 
 formally  constituted  at  Keokuk,  during  the  sessions  of 
 Synod,  the  Rev.  John  C.  Ewing  acting  as  Moderator. 
 The  Presbytery  of  Chariton,  erected  from  part  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  Des  Moines,  N.  S.,  by  the  Si.-nod  of 
 Iowa,  X.  S.,  held  its  first  meeting  in  Centreville, 
 Iowa,  April  .5th,  1860. 
 
 The  existing  Presbi.'tery  of  Des  Moines,  which  is 
 the  legal  successor  of  the  three  above  named  Pres- 
 byteries, with  territory  as  already  indicated,  con- 
 sists of  29  ministers  and  54  churches;  of  these,  46 
 have  houses  of  worship;  42  have  Sabbath  schools  with 
 an  aggregate  attendance  of  3776;  and  church  mem- 
 bership of  :il:{l;  additions  last  year,  343.  The 
 sum  of  its  iK'nevolent  contributions  for  the  same 
 time,  $3790;  and  for  (leneral  Asseraljly  and  Congre- 
 gational purposes  $39,M6().  The  larger  part  of  its 
 churches  are  of  recent  origin,  and  feeble.  The  part 
 of  the  State  of  Iowa,  oc'cupied  by  the  Presbytery  has 
 but  recently  been  settled,  but  with  the  facilities  now 
 posses.sed  for  evangelistic  work  much  is  expected, 
 from  the  faithful  efforts  which  its  ministers  and 
 churcliis  ex]>ect  to  put  forth  for  the  Master  in  the 
 imnu'diate  I'uture. 
 
 With  regard  to  educational  work  done  by  the  Pres- 
 byteries of  the  pa.st  it  maybe  remarked  tliat  Father 
 Bell  maintiiined  a  school  in  Fairfield,  which  may  be 
 regarded  as  having  prepared  the  way  for  Parsons  Col- 
 lege, whieh  is  doing  a  noble  work  on  the  same  ground 
 for  the  Presbyterian  Church  and  State  of  Iowa.  The 
 New  School  Presbjrtery  of  Des  Sloines  sustained  an 
 academy  at  Troy,  Iowa,  which  was  useful  in  its  day. 
 
 Presbytery  of  Genesee.  The  Synod  of  Geneva, 
 February  17th,  1-lil,  provided  for  the  organization  of 
 several  presbyteries,  among  them  the  Prciiliytcry  of 
 Genesee,  Avhich  was  directed  to  meet  in  Moscow,  X.  Y., 
 on  the  second  Tuesday  of  the  following  April,  at 
 eleven  o'clock,  A.  M.,  to  be  opened  with  a  sermon  by 
 Rev  Ephraira  Chapin,  or,  in  case  of  his  absence,  by 
 the  senior  minister  present. 
 
 In  accordance  with  this  direction  the  Presbytery 
 of  Genesee  met  at  the  time  and  place  specified,  and 
 Rev.  E.  Chapin  opened  the  meeting  with  a  sermon, 
 and  occupied  the  chair  until  an  organization  was 
 efiected,  by  the  choice  of  Rev.  Alexander  Dcrwon, 
 Moderator,  and  licentiate  Xorris  Bull,  Stated  Clerk. 
 Reviewing  the  records  of  Presbytery,  October  5th, 
 1820,  the  Synod  of  Geneva  took  exception  to  the 
 appointment  of  Mr.  Bull  as  Stated  Clerk,  since  he 
 was  only  a  correspondent  and  not  anu'nable  to  Pres- 
 bj-tery.  Wlien,  subsequently,  he  became  a  member 
 of  that  body,  Dr.  Bull  was  for  years  its  Stated  Clerk. 
 
 At  the  organization  there  were  five  ministers,  viz., 
 Rev.  Slessrs.  Alexander  Derwou,  Elihu  Mason,  Silas 
 Hubbard,  Calvin  Colton  and  Ephraira  Cliapin,  with 
 two  licentiates  sitting  as  correspondents,  viz.,  Edward 
 Andrews  and  Xorris  Bull,  and  seven  ruling  elders, 
 viz.,  Amos  Kingslcy,  of  Batavia;  Dr.  JabczWard.  of 
 Perry;  John  Munger,  of  Warsaw;  Archibald  Gillies, 
 of  Caledonia;  Abraham  Camp,  of  Sit.  Slorris;  Felix 
 Tracey,  of  JIoscow,  and  Samuel  Pcrcival,  of  Gaines- 
 ville. 
 
 The  first  regular  meeting  subsequent  to  the  organi- 
 zation was  held  in  Warsaw,  X.  Y.,  August  31st,  1819; 
 at  which  there  was  a  larger  attendance,  especially  of 
 ruling  elders,  who  outnumbered  the  ministers  two  to 
 one.  Rules  for  the  guidance  of  the  body  were  then 
 adopted.  And  from  that  time  to  the  present  the 
 minutes  of  proceedings  fill  nearly  five  closely  written 
 volumes,  containing  matter  of  ecclesi;ustical  intere.st 
 pertaining  to  the  growth  and  changes  of  churches, 
 I  and  to  the  life  and  pastoral  work  of  a  long  roll  of 
 clergynu-n,  many  of  whom  have  been,  or  still  are, 
 distinguished  in  the  history  of  the  Church;  such  as 
 Samuel  T.  Mills,  Hugh  Wallis,  Xorris  Bull,  Elihu 
 Mason,  (Jilbert  Crawford,  D.  C.  Houghton,  Lewis 
 Checseman,  .Samuel  H.  Cox  and  Is;iac  O.  Fillmore, 
 among  the  dead,  and  Samuel  H.  Gridley,  James  B. 
 Shaw,  Gabriel  S.  Corwin,  E.  X.  Slanly,  Joseph  R. 
 Page,  Charles  H.  Taylor,  John  Wickes,  Edwjird  B. 
 Walsworth,  Joseph  E.  Xa.s.s;iu.  Dugald  I).  McCall, 
 T.  Morcy  Hodgman,  William  Swan,  C.  H.  Dibble 
 and  W.  W.  Totheroh,  among  the  living. 
 
PRESBYTERY. 
 
 711 
 
 NEW  BRUNSWICK,  iV.  J. 
 
 The  records  disclose  a  biisy  and  earnest  ecclesias- 
 tical life,  and  are  made  up  of  the  usual  round  of 
 statistics  and  proceedings,  much  of  which  is  chiefly  of 
 local  interest.  There  are  noted  ministerial  changes, 
 church  narratives,  ordinations,  installations,  public 
 services,  various  reports  and  deliverances  on  matters 
 of  current  importiiuce,  and  tedious  trials,  some  of 
 which  aroused  animosities  and  required  Synodical  , 
 review  and  overruling. 
 
 The  first  narrative  of  religion,  under  date  of  Febru- 
 ary 3d,  1820,  deplores  the  destitution  of  the  stilted 
 ministration  of  the  Word  in  many  of  the  congrega-  1 
 tious,  and  the  neglect,  in  places,  of  the  catecheticiil 
 iastructiou  of  the  young  pcoi)le,  but  makes  grateful 
 mention  of  such  cheering  tokens  as  the  better  observ- 
 ance of  the  Lord's  day,  the  establishment  of  Sabbath 
 schools,  a  growing  attachment  to  Presbyterian  Stand- 
 ards, the  starting  of  the  streams  of  Ix'nelicence,  and  a 
 general  religious  advance. 
 
 At  a  meeting  held  in  Batavia,  July  6th,  1820,  this 
 Presbytery  chose  three  commissioners,  who,  with 
 like  representatives  from  other  Presbyteries,  formed 
 a  Board  of  Commissioners  for  establishing  the  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  at  Auburn,  N.  Y. 
 
 lu  1821  the  SjTiod  of  Geneva  w:us  divided  by  act  of  [ 
 the  General   Assembly,   and    the  Synod  of  Genesee 
 was  erected,  to  which  the  Pre-sbytery  of  Genesee  was 
 naturally  assigned. 
 
 From  the  first,  and  continually,  this  Presbytery 
 testified,  in  no  doubtful  terms  and  by  practical  meas- 
 ures, nyrtf'H-s?  Sabbath  breaking,  Intomi)erance,  Slavery, 
 Free  Slasonry,  theatre-going,  dancing  and  kindred 
 forms  of  worldly  conformity,  and  in  faror  of  revivals, 
 family  worship,  foreign  mi.ssions,  the  monthly  con- 
 ceit, presbyterial  order  and  the  freedom  of  the  slave. 
 As  the  years  went  on  churches  multiplied  and  the 
 work  of  the  Presbytery  increased. 
 
 From  time  to  time,  it  would  seem  that  the  pre- 
 vailing tj-pe  of  the  body  varied,  undergoing  some 
 change  with  the  retirement  of  important  members 
 and  trusted  leaders,  and  the  acce.ssion  of  constituents 
 of  another  class;  so  that  Presbytery  was  constrained 
 to  fcike  a  decided  stand  for  sound  doctrine  and  order. 
 In  1834  it  put  on  record  it.s  testimony  iigiiinst  laxity 
 iu  faith  and  practice,  and  began  more  c;irefully  to 
 examine  applicants  for  membership.  The  decade 
 from  1830  to  1S40  w;is  a  period  of  ingathering,  yet  it 
 was  a  time  of  trouble  and  strife.  Presbytery  had,  in 
 rapid  succession,  several  distracting  trials,  and  was, 
 at  times,  betrayed  into  irregularities.  In  the  main 
 this  Presbytery  was  made  up  of  intelligent,  devoted 
 men,  anxious  to  fullill  their  high  calling,  sift  out 
 what  w;is  wrong  iu  belief  and  methods,  and  push  on 
 the  work  of  the  Church  with  vigor. 
 
 At  the  division  of  1S37-8  this  Presb\-tory  lx>longed 
 to  the  exscinded  Synod  of  Genesee;  and  this  relation 
 was  continued  by  a  large  ra^ority,  though  through- 
 out the  Presbytery  and  the  Synod  there  was  an 
 inliueutial  minority  of  ministers  and  churches  that 
 
 adhered  to  the  General  Assembly,  and  so  felt  con- 
 strained to  withdraw  from  their  late  Prcsbj-torial  and 
 Synodical  relations.  These  stormy  years  left  their 
 impress  upon  the  Presbytery  of  Genesee  for  a  long 
 while.  Kccognizing  the  new  Assembly,  this  Presby- 
 tery continued  to  lift  up  its  voice  for  the  Standards 
 and  for  the  legitimate  work  of  the  Church.  When 
 the  two  branches  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  bigan 
 to  graviUite  towards  union,  that  consummation  was 
 heartily  and  unanimously  welcomed  and  aided  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Genesee. 
 
 In  the  reconstruction  of  1370  the  Synod  of  Western 
 Xew  York  combined  all  the  Presbyterian  ministers 
 and  churches  iu  the  two  counties  of  Genesee  and 
 Wyoming,  and  so  formed  the  new  Presbytery  of 
 Genesee.  And  the  wisdom  of  this  reunion  has  ap- 
 peared in  the  unbroken  harmony  and  prosperity  that 
 have  since  prevailed.  Churches  have  grown,  Ix'en  re- 
 vived and  l>econie  more  homogeneous,  pastorates  have 
 increased.  Sabbath  schools  prospered,  and  the  stream 
 of  systematic  beneficence  been  steadily  enlarged. 
 
 The  Presbytery  of  Genesee  now  ha-s  a  roll  of  twen- 
 ty-four ministers  and  twenty-three  churches. 
 
 Presbytery  of  New  Bruns-wick,  N.  J.  The 
 following  comijarisiin,  made  a  few  years  since,  of 
 some  of  the  princii)al  churches  within  the  bounds  of 
 this  Presbytery  more  than  fourscore  years  ago  with 
 what  those  same  cluirches,  within  the  same  Presby- 
 tery at  this  time,  or  in  some  other,  were  then,  will 
 show  what  advance  in  numerical  strength  h;Ls  been 
 made  during  that  ])criod  : — 
 
 At  the  begiuning  of  tliis  century  Dr.  Samuel  S. 
 Smith  was  i)ast()r  of  the  Princeton  Church,  as  well  as 
 President  of  the  College.  That  church  then  had  but 
 si.vty-five  communicants,  whereas,  there  are  now 
 connected  with  our  Church  in  that  towu  seven  hun- 
 dred and  twenty-nine. 
 
 Freehold,  now  the  Tennent  Church,  which  has 
 always  been  comparatively  flourishing  since  the  days 
 of  the  Tennents,  then  h:ul  two  hunilred  and  thirty- 
 two  members,  whereas,  that  and  the  other  Presby- 
 terian churches  in  the  territory  once  co\ered  by  the 
 Tennent  Church,  have  eight  hundred  and  thirty-two 
 meml)ers. 
 
 Trenton  Citj-  and  Maidenhead,  now  Lawrenceville, 
 were  a  united  charge  under  the  pastoral  aire  of  the 
 Rev.  James  T.  Armstrong,  and  had  but  seventy-two 
 communicants.  Now  the  Trenton  churches,  together 
 \vith  that  of  Lawrenceville,  have  sixteen  hundred  and 
 twenty  eight. 
 
 Trenton  First  Church,  :»s  the  Ewing  Church  was 
 called,  till  within  the  last  few  years  w;is  united  with 
 Pennington,  and  undtr  the  pastoral  care  of  the  Kev. 
 Joseph  Hue.  The  year  before  the  time  we  contem- 
 plate, this  united  charge  had  reported  only  sLxty- 
 eightcommunic;int,s,  but  a  glorious  revival  had  added 
 one  hundred  to  that  number,  so  that  the  two  had  one 
 hundred  and  sixty-«>ight  communicants.  Xow  they 
 have  five  hundred  and  eighty-six. 
 
PRESBYTERY. 
 
 712 
 
 REDSTOXE. 
 
 Joseph  Clark  was  then  pastor  of  our  Church  in 
 New  Brunsmck,  and  reported  only  seventy-five  mem- 
 bers. Now  our  two  cluuches  in  that  city  report  five 
 hundred  and  ninety-two. 
 
 Arawell  and  Flemingtou,  under  the  pastoral  care 
 of  Thomas  Grant,  reported  forty-one  members.  Now 
 the  churches  occupying  the  ground  once  covered  by 
 that  united  charge  report  eight  hundred  and  thirty- 
 two.  We  are  not  sure  but  more  Presbyterian  churches 
 ought  to  be  included  within  the  bounds  of  what  was 
 once  that  united  charge. 
 
 Allentown  and  Hamilton  Stiuare,  as  it  is  now 
 called,  under  the  pastoral  care  of  the  Eev.  John 
 Cornell,  reported  but  seventy-six  members.  Now 
 those  two  churches,  and  others  that  have  gone  out 
 mainly  from  Allentown,  report  five  hundred  and 
 fifty-seven. 
 
 To  mention  but  one  other  church,  to  illustrate  the 
 point  we  have  in  view,  Cranlmry  then  had  but  one 
 hundred  and  eighty-nine  members.  Now  the  Cran- 
 ))ury  churches,  and  those  that  have  largely  gone  out 
 from  them,  report  twelve  hundred  and  seventy-one. 
 
 And  so  we  might  go  on  and  speak  of  the  other 
 churches  in  connection  with  the  Presbytery  of  New 
 Brnuswick  at  the  beginning  of  the  present  century; 
 but  enough  to  show,  if  we  may  take  these  churches 
 as  a  specimen  of  the  whole,  the  absolute  increase 
 between  that  time  alud  the  present. 
 
 It  will  be  seen  that  we  have  taken  churches  that 
 were,  and  still  are,  strictly  in  the  country,  as  well  as 
 those  around  which  towns  and  cities  have  grown  up, 
 and  these  give  us  seven  thousand  and  twenty-seven 
 communicants,  in  the  place  of  nine  hundred  and 
 eighteen  which  were  reported  eighty  odd  years  ago. 
 In  other  words,  we  number  more  than  seven  and  six- 
 tenths  a-s  many  members  now  as  we  did  then.  It 
 only  remains  to  be  seen  whether  our  population  has 
 increa.sed  in  the  same  ratio.  If  it  has,  we  have  only 
 held  our  own.  We  have  not  even  done  that  if  our 
 population  h;vs  increa-sed  more  rapidly  in  proportion 
 than  the  number  of  our  church  members. 
 
 What,  then,  are  the  facts  with  reference  to  our 
 population  ?  We  have  no  data  by  which  we  can  tell, 
 to  a  certainty,  what  icn.s  the  exact  number  of  people 
 in  many  of  these  widely  .scattered  parishes,  or  what 
 it  iH  now  ;  but,  taking  these  parishes  as  a  fair  repre- 
 sentation of  the  SUite,  it  is  not  difficult  to  ascertain 
 the  rate  at  which  our  population  h:vs  increased. 
 
 In  the  year  ISOO,  New  Jersey  had  a  population  of 
 two  hundred  and  eleven  thousand  nine  hundred  and 
 forty-nine.  In  1830,  she  had  one  million  one  hun- 
 dred and  thirty-one  thousand  one  hundred  and 
 sixteen,  or  less  than  live  and  four-tenths  times  as 
 many  as  she  had  fourscore  years  earlier. 
 
 It  will  thus  be  seen  that  our  branch  of  the  Church 
 has  not  only  gained  absolutely  with  great  rapidity  in 
 the  parts  of  the  State  conteiajjlated,  but  relatively  it 
 has  increased  much  more  rapidly  than  our  jiopulation 
 has.     The  s;ime  is  probably  true  throughout  the  entire 
 
 State,  in  which,  as  late  as  the  year  1810,  we  find  but 
 forty-three  Presbj^terian  pastors  and  eleven  vacant 
 churches. 
 
 Presbytery  of  Redstone.  From  1740  to  1760 
 there  were  gre;it  revivals  in  different  parts  of  the  old 
 thirteen  Colonies  which  then  comprised  this  country. 
 In  these,  \\'hitefield,  the  Tennents,  the  Blairs,  and 
 many  other  godly  and  able  ministers  of  the  gosj>el 
 labored  earnestly  and  actively.  These  outpourings 
 of  the  Holy  Spirit  prepared  the  people  who  were 
 about  to  remove  from  the  old  settlements  to  the  fron- 
 tiers in  the  West  and  Southwest  for  carrying  the 
 Church  and  its  institutions  with  them,  and  were  the 
 means  of  raising  up  devoted  ministers  of  the  gospel 
 to  accompany  them.  A  steady  movement  of  pojiula- 
 tion  from  Virginia  and  the  Carolinas  into  what  after- 
 wards became  the  States  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee 
 began,  and  continued  for  many  years.  But  that  por- 
 tion of  the  great  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  in  which 
 the  Indians  first  gave  place  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  race 
 was  western  Pennsylvania.  After  the  treaty  of  peace 
 at  the  close  of  the  Seven  Years'  war,  signed  at  Fon- 
 tainebleau,  November  3d,  1762,  great  numbers  of 
 people  from  eastern  Pennsylvania,  Slarylaud,  Vir- 
 ginia, Scotland,  and  the  north  of  Ireland,  turned  their 
 attention  to  the  district  now  comprised  within  the 
 counties  of  Westmoreland,  Washington,  Greene,  Fay- 
 ette, Allegheny  and  Indiana.  And  within  the  ensuing 
 fifteen  years  extensive  settlements  were  formed. 
 Many  of  these  immigrants  had  been  reared  in  the 
 Presbyterian  Church;  not  a  few  of  them  were  from 
 the  midst  of  precious  revivals,  and  some  of  them  were 
 eminent  as  Christians.  Conseriuently,  they  at  once 
 desired  to  have  the  Church  and  its  ordinances;  and 
 ministers  of  superior  character  soon  began  to  preach 
 the  gospel  to  them,  to  visit  from  house  to  house,  and 
 to  share  in  all  the  hardships  and  dangers  incident  to 
 the  times  in  that  exposed  region. 
 
 But  it  was  not  xmtil  17S1  that  a  Presbytery  was 
 organized.  '  'At  a  meeting  of  the  Synod  of  New  York 
 and  Philadelphia,  held  on  the  16th  of  May,  1781,  the 
 Rev.  Messrs.  Joseph  Smith,  John  JIcMillan.  James 
 Power  and  Thaddens  Do.dd,  having  requested  to  be 
 erected  into  a  separate  Presbytery,  to  be  known  by 
 the  name  of  the  Presbytery  of  Redstone,  the  Synod 
 1  granted  their  request,  and  appointed  their  first  mei't- 
 ing  to  be  held  at  Laurel  Hill,  the  third  Wednesday 
 of  September  next,  at  11  o'clock  A.  M."  The  name 
 "Redstone"  seems  to  have  been  adopted  from  the 
 fact  that  "  Redstone  Settlement"  then,  and  for  many 
 years  afterwards,  was  used  to  designate  most  of  the 
 country  west  of  the  Alleghenies,  whether  claimed  by 
 Pennsylvania  or  Virginia.  The  "settlement"  de- 
 rived its  name  from  Redstone  creek,  which  enters 
 the  Monongahela  river,  below  Brownsville,  near 
 where  "Redstone  Old  Fort"  stood,  and  the  applica- 
 tion of  this  name  is  thus  explained  in  the  "American 
 Pioneer,"  vol.  ii,  p.  .^."):  "The  hills  around  alxiunded 
 with  bituminous  coal,  and  along  the  water-courses, 
 
PRESBYTERY. 
 
 713 
 
 PRESTOX. 
 
 where  the  earth  had  heen  washed  off,  the  coal  was 
 left  exposed.  The  inflammability  of  that  mineral 
 must  have  been  known  to  the  iulial)it;iut.s  at  that 
 e;irly  period,  for,  when  those  exposures  happened, 
 fire  had  been  communicated,  and  an  ignition  of  the 
 coal  tiiken  place,  and  prolxibly  continued  to  burn 
 until  the  compactness  and  solidity  of  the  lx>dy,  and 
 want  of  air,  caused  its  extinguishment.  These  fires, 
 in  their  course,  came  in  contact  with  the  surrounding 
 earth  and  stone,  and  g:ive  them  a  red  appearance; 
 indeed,  so  completely  burned  were  they,  that  when 
 pulverized  they  have  been  substituted  for  Spani.sh 
 brown  In  painting.  Many  of  the  nii  fcn»A-.<  are  now 
 Wsible;  the  most  prominent  one,  perliaps,  is  that  near 
 the  junction  of  a  creek  with  the  Monongahela  river, 
 a  short  distance  below  the  fortification,  and  which 
 bears  the  name  of  Rrilaloiie — doubtless  from  the  red 
 appearance  of  the  stone  near  its  mouth." 
 
 On  Wednesday,  September  19th,  1781,  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Redstone,  according  to  the  appointment  of 
 Synod,  met  at  Pigeon  Creek,  one  of  the  oldest  con- 
 gregations in  Washington  county,  as  the  circumstances 
 of  some  of  the  members,  by  reason  of  the  incursions 
 of  the  savages,  rendered  it  impracticable  for  them  to 
 attend  at  Laurel  Hill.  I'M  post  preces  gttUrunt,  the 
 Rev.  Messrs.  John  McMillan,  James  Power  and  Thad- 
 deus  Dodd ;  Elders  John  Neil,  Demas  Lindley  and 
 Patrick  Scott.     Absent,  the  Rev.  Joseph  Smith. 
 
 "The  time  at  which  the  Presbj-tery  was  organized, 
 was  in  the  closing  year  of  the  Revolution — but  a 
 month  before  the  surrender  at  Yorktown.  It  was  the 
 period  of  the  nation's  genesis.  The  Articles  of  Con- 
 federation had  been  adopted  only  in  the  preceding 
 Spring.  The  auom.-ilous  regime  of  the  Continent;!! 
 Congress  was  merging  into  the  scarce  less  anomalous 
 regime  of  the  Confederation.  The  ch-ios  of  the  former 
 commingled  with  the  chaos  of  the  latter.  It  was  ac- 
 cordingly an  era  of  uncertainty,  distrust,  financial 
 disorder.  Currency  was  depreciated  as  never  before 
 or  since.  Travelers  cirried  Iheir  money  in  saddle- 
 bags instead  of  pocket-books.  According  to  a  statute 
 of  the  Ohio  county  court,  in  17^0,  a  traveler  stopping 
 at  an  ordinary  paid  for  his  dinner  $(i,  for  a  gidlou  of 
 corn  $■">,  for  lodging,  with  clean  sheets,  $'i,  for  a  half- 
 pint  of  whisky  §I3,  and  if  it  had  sugar  in  it,  §-2  extra. 
 It  w:i3  also  the  period  of  intcr-State  conflict.  The 
 settlement  of  the  boundary  controversy  in  this  region. 
 thou''h  arranged  for,  was  not  yet  consummated.  Men 
 were  still  wondering  whether  they  were  Virginians 
 or  Peunsylvaniaus.  West  Pennsylvania  was  still 
 practically  a  province,  called  so  in  the  deeds,  though 
 East  Pennsylvania  was  a  State.  It  was  also  the  pi-riod 
 of  county  organiaition.  Virginui's  threefold  p;irti- 
 tion  held  with  respect  to  Monong:ilia  and  Ohio,  hut 
 You^hiogania  had  died,  an  infant  of  day.s.  Under 
 Pennsylvania,  Westmoreland  h;id  Ixx-n  erccteil  in  '73, 
 W:ishin<non  in  'SI.  Not  until  afterward  was  Fayette 
 erected,  in  "?3.  .\llegheny  in  '?'■<,  and  Greene  in  "96. 
 It  was  also,  to  some  extent,  the  period  of  warfare 
 
 with  the  Indians.  Though  the  seat  of  this  was  west 
 of  the  Ohio,  there  was  still  exposure  to  depredation 
 and  massacre.  Hence  the  change  in  the  place  of  the 
 meeting  of  Presbj-tery.  already  noted.  The  ministers 
 and  elders  liWng  most  westward  were  not  willing  to 
 go  so  far  from  their  homes,  exposed  as  they  were. 
 The  s;ime  cau.se  hindered  a  meeting  at  Sewickley  the 
 Spring  following.  In  Jlay,  '-'■2,  the  frightful  murder 
 of  the  Corbley  family,  on  Whitely  creek,  took  place, 
 and  in  July,  '82,  the  burning  of  Hannas  town  fol- 
 lowed." {For  the  organization  of  thin  Pregbyteri/. 
 >ie€  Prf.ibtfterianism  in  Pt-ntist/lrania.) 
 
 I*restly,  Rev.  "William  H.,  was  l»om  in  Pitt.s- 
 burg,  I'a..  and  is  of  Irish  parenUige.  He  w:is  edu- 
 cated at  Western  Pennsylvania  University.  Pittsburg. 
 Pa.;  at  Woodward  College,  Cincinnati.  O..  and  at 
 Miami  University,  Oxford,  O. ;  graduating  at  the  last 
 I  named  Institution  in  1*.>2;  studied  theology  at  the 
 !  Western  Theological  Seminary,  Oxford,  Ohio;  was 
 licensed  by  the  First  presbytery  of  Ohio,  in  connec- 
 tion with  the  Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian 
 Church;  and  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Big 
 Spring,  of  the  same  Church,  in  l*w,  while  supplying 
 the  Church  at  Pottsville,  Pa;  was  installed  pastor  of 
 the  Associate  Reformed  Presbj-terian  Church,  Chilli- 
 cothe,  O.,  November,  K>6.  In  l-'eS,  this  church, 
 IKistor  and  people,  unanimously  united  with  the 
 Presbytery  of  ChUlicothe,  O.  S.  After  a  pastorate 
 of  eighteen  and  a  half  years  he  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 Chtirch  at  Tuscola.  111.,  and  was  in.stalled  pastor, 
 February,  1875.  In  Septemlier,  1876,  he  was  called 
 to  his  present  charge,  Decatur,  111.  Mr.  Prestly  is 
 a  forcible  and  faithful  preacher,  diligent  in  pastoral 
 duty,  and  the  divine  blessing  has  .accompanied  his 
 ministry  in  his  several  fields  of  lalnir. 
 j  Preston,  Rev.  Charles  Finney,  was  one  of 
 the  Church's  noble  and  devoted  missionaries  He 
 was  bom  at  Antwerp,  N.  Y.,  July  26th,  1829.  He 
 graduated  at  Union  College  in  1850,  and  at  Princeton 
 Seminary  in  18.53.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Allxiny,  June  15th,  18.53,  and  was  ordained 
 .IS  an  evangelist  by  the  same  Presbytery,  November 
 14th,  18,53.  Ha\nng  been  commissioned  by  the  Pres- 
 byterian Board  of  Foreign  Missions  as  a  mis.sionary 
 to  China,  he  sailed  from  New  York,  in  c-ompauy  with 
 Dr.  J.  G.  Kerr  and  his  wife,  Novemln^r  28th.  18.5.3, 
 and  landed  in  Hong  Kong,  May  12th,  1<54.  He 
 immediately  went  to  Canton  and  began  the  study  of 
 the  Cliinese  language.  In  October,  18.56,  war  broke 
 out  between  England  and  China,  at  Canton,  and 
 Mr.  Preston,  with  the  other  missionarii-s,  took  refuge 
 at  Macao,  where  they  remained  until  Novemljer, 
 1858. 
 
 During  this  time  Sir.  Preston  began  to  preach  in 
 the  Chinese  tongue,  and  on  his  return  to  Canton  he 
 entered  with  zeal  upon  his  life  work — pre.aching  tite 
 gospel  to  the  heathen  of  the  great  city  of  Canton. 
 In  order  to  reach  as  many  people  :»s  possible,  after 
 much  difficulty  in  securing  a  lot,  he  built  a  chapel 
 
PRESTON. 
 
 714 
 
 PRIME. 
 
 on  one  of  the  great  thoroughfares  of  the  city,  raising  | 
 the  money  by  personal  efforts  from  English,  Ameri- 
 can and  Chinese  friends,  and  contributing  liberally 
 to  it  from  his  own  funds.  This  chai>el  was  dedicated 
 in  December,  18(>-2,  and  from  that  day  until  his  last 
 illness,  it  was  his  chdlij  work  to  preach  to  the  crowds 
 who  turned  in  from  the  busy  street  to  hear  him. 
 The  street  on  which  the  chapel  was  built  was  much 
 frequented  by  literary  men  and  merchants  from  all 
 parts  of  the  pro\"ince  of  Canton,  and  there  was  no 
 other  place  in  the  city  where  .so  many  educated  and 
 intelligent  iktsous  heard  the  gospel.  But  Jlr.  Pres- 
 ton's popularity  as  a  preacher  and  the  excellent  situa- 
 tion of  the  chapel  drew  large  numbers  of  all  cla.sses. 
 He  probably  proclaimed  the  gospel  to  a  larger  number 
 of  heathen  than  any  other  missionary  in  China. 
 
 In  1872  the  Second  Presbyterian  (native)  Church  of 
 Canton  wa.s  organized,  and  Mr.  Preston  became  at 
 once  its  stated  supplj',  which  position  he  held  until 
 his  death.  For  many  years  he  also  preached  regu- 
 larly in  the  chapel  of  the  Jledical  Missionary  Society's 
 Hospital,  which  adjoined  his  residence.  He  expended 
 *  much  literary  labor  ujion  the  translation  of  the  New 
 Testament  into  the  Canton  vernacular;  he  prepared  a 
 hymn-book  in  Chinese,  rnd  wrote  many  valuable 
 articles  and  treatises,  besides  giving  theological  in- 
 struction to  young  men  employed  as  native  evan- 
 gelists. 
 
 Mr.  Preston's  life  was  a  wonderfully  busy  and 
 useful  one.  But  it  was  too  busy  to  last  long  without 
 rest.  After  numerous  impressive  warnings  of  this 
 foct,  he  at  last  was  engaged  in  making  arrangements 
 to  bring  his  family  to  the  United  States,  in  the  midst 
 of  which  his  strength  rapidly  failed,  and  he  died  at 
 Hong  Kong,  July  17th,  1877,  aged  48  years. 
 
 Mr.  Preston  was  a  genial  and  kind  man,  happy  in 
 his  work,  earnest  and  diligent  in  study,  having  extra- 
 ordinary facility  and  accuracy  in  speaking  the  Chinese 
 language,  zealous,  prayerful,  devoted.  His  name 
 will  always  have  a  high  place  among  those  who  are 
 planting  jiure  Christianity  in  the  populous  empire  of 
 China. 
 
 Preston,  John,  is  a  name  intimately  and  honor- 
 ably identilied  with  "Tinkling  Spring  Cliurch," 
 Virginia  l^see  the  sketch).  Mr.  Preston  was  a  .ship- 
 master in  Dublin.  He  was  not  successful  in  his  busi- 
 ness in  Ireland,  particularly  on  account  of  his  reli- 
 gious opinions.  With  Colonel  James  Patton,  a  man 
 of  property,  the  commander  and  o\vner  of  a  merchant 
 ship  (whoso  sister  he  married),  he  came  from 
 Donegal  to  Virginia,  and  resided  for  a  time  at  Spring 
 Hill,  afterwards  occupied  by  Dr.  Waddell.  About 
 the  year  171:5  he  purcha.sed  and  occnpied  a  tract 
 near  Staunton,  some  years  since  occupied  by  General 
 Baldwin.  Here  he  soon  died,  leaving  a  widow  and 
 five  children,  all  born  in  Ireland  but  one.  His  eldest 
 daughter  married  Robert  Breckenridge,  of  Botetourt, 
 the  gi-andfather  of  those  ministers,  Robert,  John, 
 and  William,  whose  acts  have  been  inwoven  with 
 
 the  history  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  since  about 
 1830.  The  second  married  Rev.  John  Brown,  pastor 
 of  New  Providence  and  Timlter  Ridge,  whose  de- 
 scendants have  been  famous  in  Kentucky.  The  third 
 child,  William,  was  the  father  of  a  numerous  family, 
 male  and  female,  that  have  not  been  unknown  in 
 Virginia.  The  fourth  married  Francis  Smith,  and 
 the  fifth  John  Howard,  and  their  descendants  are 
 numerous  in  Kentucky  and  the  southwestern  States 
 
 Devoutly  attached  to  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
 famed  for  its  vigorous  contests  for  liberty  in  Scot- 
 land and  Ireland,  and  America,  a  firm  believer  in  the 
 
 Calvinistic  creed,  long  and  w^ell  tried  as  the  creed  to 
 
 .  .  .       .  .      ( 
 
 Ijear  up  men  m  great  emergencies,  conscientious  m 
 
 his  personal  religion,  estimating  the  gospel  and  its 
 advantages  to  man,  a  mortal  and  immortal  creature, 
 as  beyond  all  price,  devoutly  thanking  God,  before 
 his  death,  that  an  orthodox  minister  was  connected 
 with  his  family;  the  pastor  of  a  congregation  in  the 
 wilderness,  though  cut  off  in  a  few  j-ears,  he  im- 
 pressed a  character  that  has  been  handed  down  from 
 generation  to  generation,  by  his  descendants,  for  a 
 centiuy  and  nearly  a  half,  that  speaks,  beyond  all 
 argumentation  or  praise,  the  value  of  the  principles 
 on  which  the  early  settlers  of  the  Valley  built  up 
 their  society.  The  traces  of  the  labors  of  his  son-in- 
 law,  the  first  minister  of  New  Providence,  reninin 
 until  this  daj";  and  among  his  descendants  may  be 
 found  persons  in  all  the  varied  stations  of  honest  and 
 honorable  societj',  the  mountain  farmer,  the  minister 
 of  the  gospel,  the  lawyer,  the  Governor. 
 
 On  a  monument  in  Tinkling  Spring  burying-ground 
 is  the  following  inscription  (north  side):  "This 
 monument  is  erected  by  the  members  of  the  Preston 
 family,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1855  (west  side),  To 
 commemorate  the  virtues  of  John  Preston,  who  was 
 buried  here  in  the  year  1747  (south  side).  To  attest 
 the  filial  piety  of  his  descendants  in  the  third  and 
 fourth  generations,  of  many  names,  and  scattered 
 through  many  States  (east  side),  And,  more  than  all, 
 to  record  the  fiiithfnlness  and  mercy  of  God  to  the 
 seed  of  the  righteous." 
 
 Prime,  Rev.  Ebenezer,  was  born  July  21st,  O. 
 S. ,  1700,  and  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1718.  The 
 next  year  he  was  preaching  at  Huntington,  L.  I.,  as  an 
 assistant  to  the  pastor,  Rev.  Eliphalet  Jones.  Four 
 years  afterwards  he  was  ordained  as  colleague  of  Mr. 
 Jones,  who  continued  as  p;istor  till  June  5tli,  1731, 
 when  he  died,  in  the  91st  year  of  his  age.  Mr.  Prime 
 continued  to  be  the  pastor  of  the  church  until  his 
 death,  September  25th,  1779,  in  the  80th  year  of  his 
 age.  He  was  eminently  devotional  in  his  spirit, 
 earnest  and  successful  in  his  work.  He  and  his 
 people  greatly  enjoyed  the  revivals  which  took  place 
 in  his  day,  esjiecially  that  in  1741.  Several  of  his 
 discourses  were  published,  and  are  preserved  by  his 
 descendants.  He  wrote  four  thousand  .sermons  with 
 his  o^vu  hand.  One  of  his  published  discourses  was 
 addressed  to  the  soltliers  about  to  leave  to  ptuticipate 
 
PEIJIE. 
 
 715 
 
 PRIME. 
 
 in  the  Freiuh  war  ;  ami  it  was  dclivfrc-d  May  Ttli, 
 1759. 
 
 Prime,  Edward  Dorr  Grifan,  D.  D.,  was 
 bom  at  Cambridge,  N.  Y.,  November  2(1,  1814.  He 
 graduated  at  Union  College,  in  1S32,  and  at  Prince- 
 ti)n  Seminary,  in  18.38,  and  wa.s  piistor  of  a  Presby- 
 terian cliureh  at  Scot(-htown,  N.  Y. ,  from  1839  to 
 1851.  He  became  associate  editor  of  the  New  Vorlc 
 Observer  in  1853;  was  foreign  correspondent  of  the 
 same  and  chaplain  at  Rome  in  1854-5 ;  resumed 
 his  editorship  in  1855,  and  became  one  of  the  pro- 
 prietors in  1865.  In  1866-70  he  visited  California, 
 Japan,  China,  India,  Egj-pt  and  the  Holy  Land,  and 
 on  his  return  published  "Around  theAVurld;  Sketches 
 of  Travel  Through  Many  Lands  and  Over  JIan\-  Seas. ' ' 
 He  has  al.so  written  ''Forty  Years  in  the  Turkish 
 Empire;  or,  Jlemoirs  of  Eev.  "William  Goodell,  I).  D., 
 Jlissionary  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,"  1875.  He  received 
 the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  Jeifcr.sou  College. 
 
 Prime,  Nathanael  Scudder,  D.  D.,  giandsou 
 of  Ebenezer  Prime,  was  born  in  Huntingdon,  L.  I., 
 April  Slst,  1785.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  Col- 
 lege in  1804,  and  October  lOtk,  1805,  he  was  licensed 
 to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Long  Island.  Having 
 labored  with  great  usefulness  and  success  at  Sag 
 Harbor,  he  preached  for  some  time  at  Fresh  Pond 
 and  Smithtown.  In  1812  he  removed  to  the  Northern 
 part  of  New  York,  and  preaching  for  a  few  months  at 
 Milton,  he  was  called,  in  1813,  to  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Cambridge,  'Washington  countj-.  His  pas- 
 torate of  seventeen  years  was  signalized  by  his  power- 
 ful influence  through  the  whole  region,  in  the  several 
 departments  of  learning,  lienevolence  and  religion. 
 He  was  Principal  of  the  Academy  in  that  phice,  and  in 
 1830  removed  to  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y.,  where  he  preached 
 two  years,  and  was  Principal  also  of  the  Acaderaj- 
 and  Female  Seminary.  In  1835  he  est;iblished  a  Fe- 
 male Seminary  in  Ncwburgh,  N.  Y.,  where  he  re- 
 sided eight  years.  He  was  not  settled  in  the  ministry 
 again,  but  being  a  powerful  preacherhis  services  wen' 
 in  great  demand,  and  he  continued  to  i)reach  until 
 liis  death  at  Mamaroneek,  N.  Y.,  March  27th,  1856. 
 The  degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by 
 Princeton  College  in  1848.  Dr.  Prime  was  the  au- 
 thor of  a  work  on  baptism  (1818),  and  a  history  of 
 Long  Island  (1845),  and  many  occasional  discourses. 
 So  early  as  1817  he  delivered  a  sermon  before  the 
 Presbytery  of  Long  Island,  on  the  erils  of  Intemper- 
 ance which  w;is.publi.shed;  one  of  the  earliest  Tem- 
 perance discourses. 
 
 Prime,  Samuel  Irenseus,  D.D. ,  son  of  Nathanael 
 Scudder,  was  born  at  Ballston,  N.  Y.,  November  4th, 
 1812;  graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1829;  studied 
 theology  at  Princeton,  and  was  first  .settled  in 
 the  ministry  at  Ballston  Sjia,  in  1835.  In  1837  he 
 went  to  JIatteawan,  N.  Y.,  where  he  was  pa-stor 
 three  years,  and  his  health  liiiling,  he  resigned  and 
 became  the  editor  of  the  Sew  York  Olmrnr,  in  1840. 
 In    1849   he    was   Secretary   of  the  American  Bible 
 
 Society,  and  in  18.50  he  was  one  of  the  editors  of  the 
 PrcshyUrian ;  but  he  resumed  the  editorship  of  the 
 iVcw  York  Observer,  which  he  has  continued  ever 
 since.  His  published  works  are  numerous.  Among 
 them  are  "  Travels  in  Europe  and  theExst"  (18.").">); 
 "Letters  from  Switzerland"  (1860);  and  "The 
 Alhambra  and  the  Kremlin  "  (1873).  He  has  also 
 published  "Tlie  Old  White  Meeting  HoiLse;  or, 
 Remini.scenccs  of  a  Country  Congregation"  (1845); 
 "Life  in  New  York  "  (1845) ;  "Annals  of  the  English 
 Bible, ' '  an  abridgment  and  continuation  of  the  work  of 
 Anderson  (1849);  "Thoughts  on  the  Death  of  Little 
 Children  "  (1850) ;  "The  Powerof  Prayer,"  a  sketch  of 
 the  Fulton  street  pra,vcr-meeting  (1859),  translated 
 into  several  languages,  followed  by  a  volume,  entitled, 
 'Five  Years  of  Prayer"  (1864);  and  another  en- 
 titled,   "Fifteen   Years  of   Prayer"    (1872);   "The 
 
 SAMUEL  1REN£US  PBIME,    D.D. 
 
 Bible  in  the  Levant"  (1859);  "  Memou-s  of  Eev. 
 Nicholas  Murray  "  (1862);  "Under  the  Trees,"  and 
 "Life  of  S.  F.  B.  Morse"  (1874).  He  received  the 
 degiee  of  D.D.  from  Hampden-Sidncy  College,  Va. 
 On  the  13th  day  of  October,  1883,  he  preached  his 
 semi-centennial  sermon  in  the  same  place,  Bedford, 
 N.  Y.,  where  he  preached  his  first  sermon  in  1833. 
 He  is  now  (1884)  the  oldest  in  service  of  the  secular 
 or  religious  editors  in  the  city  of  New  York.  Dr. 
 Prime  has  often  represented  the  Presbytery  of  New 
 York  in  the  General  Assembly,  and  has  fciken  a  lead- 
 ing part  in  all  the  great  discussions  of  the  day. 
 
 Prime,  Rev.  "Wendell,  D.  D.,  sou  of  Samuel 
 Irenieus,  was  ])orn  at  Jlatteawan,  X.  Y.,  August  3d, 
 1837,  and  was  graduated  at  Columbia  College,  New 
 York  city,  in    1856.      After  studying   theology'  one 
 
PBIXCETOX  COLLEGE. 
 
 717 
 
 PBIXCETOX  COLLEGE. 
 
 year  at  Union  Seminary,  Virginia,  he  studied  two 
 years  and  graduated  at  I'rineftou  Theological  Semi- 
 nary. He  wius  lieensed  by  the  l're,sl)ytery  of  New 
 York,  in  1860,  and  ordained  piustor  of  Westmiaster 
 Church,  Detroit,  Mich.,  in  the  following  year.  In  the 
 year  1866  he  re.sigued  hi.s  charge  and  was  settled  as 
 pa.stor  of  Union  Church,  Xewburgh,  X.  Y.,  in  lf<61», 
 where  he  remained  until  the  close  of  187.'>,  when  he 
 became  a-ssociated  with  his  father  as  one  of  the 
 editors  and  proprietors  of  the  Siir  Ymk  Ohsrrrir.  He 
 received  the  degree  of  I).  D.  liom  Union  College, 
 X.  Y.,  in  the  year  li^O. 
 
 Prime,  "William  Cowper,  son  of  Xathanael 
 Scudder  I'rime,  was  born  in  Cambridge,  X.  Y.,  October 
 31st,  1825.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  College  in 
 1843,  and  studied  law  in  Xew  York,  where  he  entered 
 on  its  practice.  In  lx(il  he  became  one  of  the  editors 
 and  proprietors  of  the  Juiirnal  of  Comnurce.  He  has 
 made  large  attainments  in  art  studies,  and  is  an 
 authority  in  numismatics  and  jiorcelain,  on  which 
 subjects  he  ha.s  jmblished  works  which  are  st;indard 
 books.  He  is  superintendent  of  the  Art  Department 
 in  Princeton  College. 
 
 The  Prime  family,  five  of  whom  have  been  Pre.sby- 
 terian  ministers  in  five  generations,  is  a  striking  ex- 
 ample of  the  power  of  parental  example,  instruction 
 and  fidelity.  The  son  of  Ebenezer  Prime,  the  first  of 
 the  foregoing  series,  was  a  physicianof  great  learning, 
 an  accomplished  author,  an<l  a  poet  of  the  Revolu- 
 tion; graduated  at  Princeton  College,  in  17.11;  went 
 abroad,  and  studied  medicine  in  Edinburgh  and 
 Paris  and  took  his  nudical  degrees  in  Leydcn  Univer- 
 sity, Holland,  in  1704.  He  practiced  in  the  city  of 
 Xew  York  and  at  Huntington,  L.  I.,  where  he  died, 
 October  31st,  1791. 
 
 In  these  five  generations  there  have  been  about 
 a  hundred  volumes  written  in  the  family  and  pub- 
 lished, all  of  a  useful  character,  and  ther<'  has  not 
 been  in  the  succession  an  intidel  nor  a  jirodigal. 
 
 Princeton  College.  N.  J.  Early  settlement  along 
 the.Vtlantic  coast,  Irnm  New  Englan<l  to  Virginia, was 
 made  by  well  educated  people  ;  in  the  north  English 
 Puritans,  in  the  .south  Episcopalians  and  Presbyterians 
 from  England,  Scotland  and  Ireland,  and  in  the  middle 
 English  Quakers  and  Dutch  Presbyterians.  Among 
 the  Puritans  were  many  who  preferred  the  Presbyterian 
 to  the  Congregational  order,  and  migrating  .south- 
 ward, beyond  Xew  England  jurisdiction,  oigauizcd 
 their  congregations  according  to  that  choice.  Thus 
 were  planted  a  number  of  iliscoiuiccted  Presbvteri;ui 
 churches  on  Long  Island  and  Eiust  .lersey,  with  an 
 inore:iscd  teu<lency  southward.  -Among  the  Presby- 
 terian colonists  of  Maryland  and  Delaware,  coming 
 directly  from  Ireland  and  Scotland,  org.mic  union  of 
 churches  w.as  recognized  .-ls  desirable,  from  the  first. 
 In  their  progress  northward  they  mi't  the  progress 
 proceeding  from  the  op|>osite  direction  in  New  .lersey, 
 and  in  170.'^  or  I7(H>  formed  their  first  Presbytery,  in 
 Phihwlelphia.     .Subseiiueut  Presbyterian  increase  ex- 
 
 tended chiefly  by  a  broad  belt  of  conntrj-  from  Xew 
 York,  a<-ross  Xew  Jersey,  to  Philadelphia  and  the 
 neighboring  south.  In  1716  it  was  found  expedient 
 to  add  to  the  number  of  Presbyteries  and  unite  all 
 under  the  higher  judicatory  of  a  Synod.  Increase  of 
 numbers  was  greatly  accelerated  by  the  revival  com- 
 menced in  173!)  and  continued  through  the  next  seven 
 years.  Of  that  religious  movement  the  princip:il 
 .scene  was  central  New  .Jersey,  covered  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Xew  Urunswiek. 
 
 The  first  ministers  ol'  the  gospel  were  educated 
 abroad.  Hut  it  soon  became  an  urgent  concern  to 
 have  instruction  for  their  successors  provided  within 
 the  colonies.  .M;is.saehu.sett.s  Inid  put  her  college  in 
 oper..tion  as  early  as  eighteen  years  from  her  own 
 settlement,  and  Yale  College  had  been  constituted  for 
 Connecticut  in  1701.  But  those  were  Congregational, 
 and  too  far  away.  The  Presbyterians  of  Xew  Jersey, 
 Pennsylvania,  Delaware  and  Maryland  felt  the  need 
 of  a  college  among  themselves.  Some  of  the  pastors 
 attempted  to  supply  the  lack  for  the  ministry  in  a 
 temporary  way,  by  conducting  classiciil  and  theological 
 instruction  in  their  own  hoiLses.  Of  those  attempts 
 the  most  successful  was  that  of  the  Itev.  William 
 Tennent,  at  Xeshaminy,  called  the  Log  College.  For 
 twenty  years,  from  1726,  that  humble  enterpri.se  con- 
 tinued to  send  out  zealous  and  valuable  ministers  of 
 the  gospel,  and  esiK'cially  leaders  in  the  revival.  But 
 it  couUI  not  give  satisfaction.  Measures  were  proiK>sed 
 in  Synod  for  erecting  a  fully  equipped  college,  for  not 
 only  ministerial  instruction,  but  the  whole  breadth 
 of  the  public  demand.  Ditficulties  lay  in  the  way. 
 The  advocates  of  the  Log  College  opposed  what  threat- 
 ened to  be  a  rival,  and  the  Syno<l,  from  1741  to  1745, 
 was  agitated  by  a  controversy,  dividing  it  into  two. 
 The  Synod  of  Philadelphia  set  up  an  academy,  and 
 proceeded  no  further.  The  Synod  of  Xew  York  did 
 nothing  on  the  subject.  In  1746  William  Tennent 
 dieil,  anil  the  Log  Cidlege  came  to  an  end.  A  few 
 members  of  the  Synod  of  Xew  York,  whose  pastoral 
 charges  were  all,  except  one,  in  Xew  Jersey,  sue- 
 ciedc'd  in  obtaining  from  the  colonial  Governor  and 
 Council  a  charter,  by  which  the  College  of  Xew  Jersey 
 commenced  its  existence  on  the  22d  of  October,  1746. 
 It  was  0])cned  in  the  fourth  week  of  May.  1747,  under 
 the  presidency  of  the  Kev.  .lonathan  Dickinson,  min- 
 ister of  the  First  Presliyterian  Chur<h  at  EliziilK-th- 
 town,  and,  it  is  believed,  in  connection  with  a  schcM)] 
 to  fit  young  men  for  the  ministry,  already  conducted 
 in  his  own  house* 
 
 Thus  the  Presbyterian  College  was  founded,  not  by 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  but  simply  by  lour  Presby- 
 terian ministers,  Jonathan  Dickinson,  John  Piers<.)n, 
 Ebenezer  Pemberton  and  Aaron  Burr,  who,  with 
 eight  other  gentlemen,  were  its  trastees.  Two  years 
 afterwards  a  new  charter,  with  enlarged  privileges, 
 was  voluntiirilv  granted    by  Jomithan  Belcher,   His 
 
 •  R.'itaeld.    HUt.  of  Eliab«tb,  p.  349.     Macl<«ii,  1, 116. 
 
PlilXCETOX  COLLEGE. 
 
 ns 
 
 PEIXCETOX  COLLEGE. 
 
 Migesty's  Governor  of  New  Jersey,  and  passed  the 
 great  seal  of  the  province  on  the  1-lth  of  September, 
 174-i.  All  the  four  ministers  concerned  in  procuring 
 the  first  charter,  with  Governor  Belcher,  who  granted 
 the  second,  were  Ne^^•  England  men,  thus  making  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  America  as  much  indebted, 
 for  education,  to  the  Knglish  Puritans,  :us,  for  organic 
 completeness,  to  the  sons  of  Scottish  Covenanters. 
 
 After  the  Declaration  of  Independence  the  grants 
 of  the  second  charter  were  recognized  and  confirmed 
 by  the  Legislature  of  the  State,  in  an  act  passed 
 March  13th,  17S0. 
 
 Mr.  Dickinson  died  on  the  7th  of  October,  1747. 
 The  cla-sses  were  removed  to  Newark,  and  the  presi- 
 dential duties  devolved  uiiou  the  Kev.  Aaron  Burr, 
 mini.ster  of  the  Presbj-teriau  Church  in  that  city, 
 where  he  had  j)reviously  conducted  a  classical  school, 
 together  with  his  pastoral  work.  He  was  formally 
 inaugurated  President  at  the  first  Commencement, 
 next  year.  For  that  ceremonial,  the  third  Wednes- 
 day of  May,  1748,  had  been  selected,  but  to  gratify 
 Governor  Belcher,  who  wished  to  present  his  im- 
 proved charter  at  the  same  time,  it  was  postimned 
 until  the  9th  of  November.  A  class  of  young  men, 
 having  been  so  well  advanced  previously  in  the 
 schools  of  Dickinson  and  Burr,  were  already  prepared 
 to  receive  their  first  degree. 
 
 Nine  years  the  college  remained  at  Newark.  But 
 Princeton  had  early  been  selected  as  the  permanent 
 site  for  it,  by  Governor  Belcher.  A  large  building 
 for  the  accommodation  of  students  and  a  house  for 
 the    President  ha\iug    been  erected   there,  and  in 
 
 TUB  president's   HOUSE,  PEINCF.TuN,  N.  J.,  17i5. 
 
 habitable  condition,  by  the  Autumn  of  1756,  the 
 President,  with  his  assistants  and  seventy  students 
 proceeded  to  occupy  them.  Next  year  measures 
 were  adopted  in  the  two  Synods  which  resulted  in 
 the  restoration  of  complete  concord,  and  the  college 
 w;is  encouraged  with  hope  in  the  patronage  of  a 
 united  Church. 
 
 .\t  the  first  Comineuceracnt  in  Princeton,  May,  1757, 
 twenty-two  young  men  were  prepared  to  receive  their 
 first  degree.  So  far,  out  of  one  hundred  and  fourteen 
 graduates,  sixty-two  had  entered  the  ministry.    That 
 
 same  year  Governor  Belcher  died,  on  the  31st  of 
 August,  and  President  Burr,  ou  the  24th  of  September, 
 four  days  before  the  annual  Commencement.  After 
 the  close  of  the  exercises,  September  2Uth,  the  Trus- 
 tees elected  to  the  vacant  presidency  the  Kev. 
 .Jonathan  Edwards,  then  minister  of  the  Church  at 
 Stockbridge,  Mass;ichu.setts. 
 
 The  Grammar  School  still  continued  in  College  by 
 Mr.  Burr,  aided  by  two  tutors,  was  retained  by  order 
 of  the  Trustees,  after  his  death. 
 
 Edwards  came  to  Princeton  in  January,  17.58,  and 
 was  regularly  constituted  President,  at  a  meeting  of 
 the  Trustees,  on  the  Ifith  of  February,  when  he  w:us 
 also  invested  with  the  care  of  the  Grammar  School,  its 
 masters  and  ushers,  and  with  a  right  to  the  profits 
 accruing  from  it.  The  President's  salarj'  was  to  be 
 two  bundled  pounds  a  year,  \vith  the  use  of  the 
 hotise,  and  his  firewood  from  the  college  grounds. 
 He  entered  upon  his  duties  with  great  promise  of 
 success.  The  Senior  class  were  charmed  with  their 
 new  instructor.  It  was  doomed  to  be  only  a  begin- 
 ning. Alarmed  l)y  prevalence  of  smallpox  in  the 
 neighborhood,  his  ph3-sician  and  friends  urged  the 
 President  to  submit  to  the  mitigative  of  inoculation. 
 The  precaution  proved  unfortunate;  and  Jonathan 
 Edwards  died  on  the  22d  of  March,  17.58,  in  the  fifty- 
 fifth  year  of  his  age.  A  vacancy  then  occurred  in 
 the  presidency,  of  about  a  year  and  four  months, 
 supplied  by  temporary  assistants.  It  was  terminated 
 by  tlie  election  of  the  Eev.  Samuel  Davies,  of  Vir- 
 ginia, who  entered  upon  his  duties  on  the  2(!th  of 
 July,  1759.  A  preacher  of  great  power  and  popu- 
 larity, the  new  President  evinced  himself  also  skillful 
 to  govern  and  a  successful  instructor.  But  his  term 
 of  office  was  also  brief.  He  died  February  4th,  17G1, 
 in  the  thirtj'-eighth  year  of  his  age.  Samuel  FLnlcy 
 was  elected  on  the  30th  of  September,  the  s;ime  year, 
 and  died  on  the  17th  of  July,  17G6.  Within  her  first 
 twenty  years  the  college  had  seen  more  than  half  the 
 presidents  of  her  first  century. 
 
 The  next  choice  was  from  abroad,  '\\nien  Sir. 
 Davies  was  in  Scotland  soliciting  contributions  for 
 the  college,  he  mentioned  in  one  of  his  letters  a 
 young  mini.ster  of  much  promise,  byname  "Weather- 
 spoon  or  Witherspoon, "  whose  book,  called  "Eccle- 
 siastical Characteristics,  a  Satire  upon  the  Moderates 
 in  the  Church  of  Scotland,"  was  creating  a  sensation. 
 That  young  minister  had  now  established  a  reputation 
 broader  than  the  "Characteristics,"  and  at  middle 
 age  Ijecame  the  sixth  President  of  the  College  at 
 Princeton.  His  longterm  of  twenty-four  years,  from 
 1768,  was  crowned  with  important  events,  in  most  of 
 which  he  took  an  active  part.  In  the  qtiestions  of 
 .sfcitesmanship  whereby  the  colonies  were  alienated 
 from  the  mother  country,  in  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
 pendence, in  the  deliberations  of  the  Kevolutionary 
 Congress,  and  in  those  which  formed  the  United 
 States  Constitution,  he  was  etTectively  concerned. 
 The  college  also  passed  through  the  destructive  occu- 
 
PRINCETON  COLLEGE. 
 
 719 
 
 PRINCETON  COLLEGE. 
 
 pation  of  annies,  the  derangement  and  partial  suspen- 
 sion of  studies  during  the  lu;it  of  the  war,  and  the 
 meetings  of  C'ougiess  at  the  end  of  it.  During  the 
 war,  the  number  of  students  w;ls  greatly  diminished. 
 In  the  years  1775  and  177G  the  graduziting  cla.s.ses 
 numl>ered  each  twenty-seven,  that  of  next  year  only 
 seven,  that  of  1778  only  five,  and  those  of  the  succeed- 
 ing three  years  only  8i.>c  each.  With  the  return  of 
 peace  the  cla.ssessuecessivel ;  rose  toward  the  standard 
 of  former  years,  and  some,  in  the  last  ten  years  of 
 Dr.  Withersp(H)n,  exceeded  it.  The  eminence  of  her 
 President  in  public  affairs,  both  ecclesiastical  and 
 civil,  through  all  that  agitating  and  momentous 
 epoch,  conferred  upon  the  College  of  New  Jersey  a 
 character  of  nationality.  A  hope  of  stronger  backing 
 was  also  furnished  in  the  enlargement  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church,  and  the  crowning  of  its  organization 
 by  the  General  Assembly  in  17>*8. 
 
 Dr.  Witherspoon  died  on  the  loth  of  November, 
 
 President  in  that  year.     Improvement  now  followed 
 
 improvement  boldly,  and  yet  with  prudence,  for  the 
 only  reliance  was  that  the  effort  would  be  patronized 
 by  the  Church  and  an  intelligent  public.  For  the 
 next  five  and  twenty  years  Drs.  Maclean  and  Carnahan 
 acted,  in  all  college  matters,  as  one  man.  The 
 originating  enterprise  of  the  Vice-President  w:i.s 
 always  respectfully  considered  and  sustained  by  his 
 superior.  And  the  administration  was  adorned  by  the 
 talents  of  men  whom  it  brought  into  ofliee.  Through 
 the  greater  part  of  its  first  cent  ury  the  College  of  New 
 Jersey  struggled  under  poverty.  Until  1771  its 
 Faculty  consisted  of  only  the  President  and  two, 
 sometimes  three  Tutors.  In  17f)S  a  Professor  of  The- 
 ology w;is  appointed  and  entered  upon  his  duties,  but 
 thinking  his  salary  too  great  a,  burden  upon  the  funds 
 of  the  Institution,  resigned  next  year.  From  1771, 
 through  the  Kevolutionary  war,  the  President  had  the 
 assist;ince  of  one  Professor,  and  from  1779  to  1783 
 
 ^Si;^: 
 
 ^^^^^^^f^^P^-'iJ.f 
 
 #. 
 
 THE  PRF-SIDEST^S  HOUSE, 
 
 1794,  and  on  the  6th  of  May,  1795,  Dr.  Samuel 
 Stanhope  Smith  was  elected  to  succeed  him.  He 
 had  Ix'en  Vice-President  several  years  before.  Eight ; 
 years  of  depression  followed.  Application  for  pecu- ; 
 niary  aid  was  made  to  the  Legislature  of  the  State. 
 .V  temporary  grant  w;is  voted,  but  met  with  such 
 public  disapproval  that  it  h:is  never  been  repeated. 
 The  college,  in  her  poverty,  w:us  spared  her  inde- 
 pendence. Xassiiu  Hall  was  burned  in  March,  180-2. 
 Funds  were  collected  by  private  donation,  whereby 
 the  building  was  restored,  and  two  others  were 
 erected  for  lectures,  recitations  and  library. 
 
 Upon  the  retirement  of  Dr.  Smith,  in  1812,  Dr.  ^ 
 Ashl)el  Green  succeeded,  and  after  ten  agitated  years  j 
 resi"ned  leaving  things  about  as  he  found  them. 
 The  first  six  years  of  Dr.  James  Carnahan,  who  was 
 inaugurated  in  .\ugust,  182:?.  were  years  of  discour- 
 a"emcnt.  With  1829  a  new  era  in  the  history  of  the 
 college  hegan.  It  w:is  due  chiefly  to  the  enterprise 
 of  Prof  Maclean,  then  a  young  man,  made  Vice- 
 
 PRINCETON,  N.  J.,  1883. 
 
 of  two.  But  from  the  latter  date,  for  two  years,  he 
 had  none,  and  from  1785,  for  fifteen  years,  only  one. 
 In  1803  a  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages  was  added, 
 next  year  a  Professor  of  Theology,  and  in  1804,  a 
 Profe.s.sor  of  Mathematics  and  Astronomy.  But  after 
 1803  the  number  of  Professors  was  ag-aiu  reduced  to 
 one.  From  1813  to  1829  there  were  only  two.  In 
 1830  six  departments  were  adili'd,  or  separated,  and 
 filled  with  men  of  mark;  two  more  in  1832;  again  two 
 in  1834,  one  in  l-*46,  and  two  in  l-'47.  By  resigna- 
 tion and  death,  the  number  at  the  retirement  of  Dr. 
 Carnahan,  in  1854,  wa.s  reduced  to  seven,  and  until 
 18G9  did  not  rise  to  more  than  eight,  with  four  lec- 
 turers. Dr.  Maclean  w.is  maile  President  in  1854, 
 but  enterprise  was  retarded  for  a  time,  by  the  lack 
 of  pecuniary  means,  a  second  burning  of  Xa.ss:iu 
 Kail,  in  18.55,  and  the  embarrassment  of  the  civil 
 war . 
 
 .\t  the  end  of  fourteen  years  Dr.  Ma<-lean  resigned. 
 But  other  friends  of  the  cause  had  already  appre- 
 
PEIXCETOX  COLLEGE. 
 
 r20 
 
 PEIXCETOX- S  OLD  CE3IETERY. 
 
 bended  the  demands  of  the  higher  education,  and 
 resolved  that  the  College  of  New  Jersey  should  be 
 equipped  with  the  iiu-aus  to  supply  them.  Among 
 the  first  to  step  forward  in  that  c-ause  were  the  Hon. 
 William  Heurj-  Greeu.  Chancellor  of  the  State  of  New 
 Jeasey,  his  brother,  .lohn  C.  Green,  aud  the  Governor, 
 Charles  S.  Olden.  For  the  first  time  in  a  career  of  a 
 hondred  and  twenty  years  the  college  saw  money 
 available  for  the  realization  of  her  designs.  A  man 
 of  Europe.on  reputation  was  called  to  the  presidency. 
 Dr.  il'Cosh  arrived  iu  1S68,  and  since  then  there  has 
 been  no  relaxation  of  effort  for  the  expansion  of  exist- 
 ing departments  and  the  creating  of  new. 
 
 Theology  was  taught  in  the  College  of  Xew  Jersey 
 from  the  first,  as  educiition  for  the  ministry  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  wtis  the  primary  motive  for  its 
 institution.  The  first  Presidents  were  also  Professors 
 of  Theology.  And  the  first  Professor,  in  addition  to 
 the  President,  was  a  Profe.ssor  of  Theology.  After 
 his  resignation,  the  duty  fell  b;xck  to  the  President, 
 latterly  sometimes  delegated  by  him  to  the  Vice- 
 President,  until  iilter  the  institution  of  the  Theological 
 Seminary.  Iu  1"?11,  when  the  Trustees  still  had  in 
 contemplation  to  procure  an  endowment  for  a  Pro- 
 fessorship of  Theology,  the  General  Assembly  was 
 agitating  the  e.xpediency  of  establishing  a  separate 
 theological  school.  On  the  25th  of  June,  1611, 
 through  their  respective  committees,  an  agreement  was 
 entered  into  between  the  Trustees  and  the  Assembly, 
 that  a  Professor  of  Theology  should  not  be  appointed 
 iu  College,  provided  that  the  Seminary,  which  the 
 Assembly  proposed  to  erect,  were  permanently  estab- 
 lished at  Princeton.  Next  year  the  .Seminary  went 
 into  operation,  and  the  Theological  Professorship  in 
 College  was  discontinued. 
 
 In  sectilar  studies,  after  the  classical  1  i  terature  of 
 the  Greek  and  Latin  languages,  the  highest  estima- 
 tion has  always  been  extended  to  Mathematics  aud 
 Natural  Philosophy.  As  early  a.s  1T71,  when  but 
 jioorly  able  to  atlbrd  it,  the  College  instituted  a  pro- 
 fessorship of  that  department,  which  continued  to  lie 
 fiUed  until  the  expansion  of  all  the  departments, 
 after  18'29.  It  was  then  divided  into  several  profes- 
 sorships, and  ultimately,  in  1673,  gave  ri.se  to  the 
 .School  of  .Science,  as  a  separate  institution,  additional 
 to  the  College,  under  a  common  government,  and 
 co-operative  with  it.  "'  There  are  now  sc'ven  instruc- 
 tors of  Natural  History,  four  of  Chemistry,  three 
 of  Engineering,  and  four  of  Physical  Science.*'  A 
 ."k-hool  of  Art  has  also  been  lately  endowed.  A 
 Post-graduate  department  has  been  added  and  largely 
 attended.  And  a  School  of  Philosophy  is  in  process 
 of  con.struction,  to  be  conducted  under  three  Profes- 
 sors and  the  general  direttion  of  President  McCosh. 
 
 In  voluntarj-  prosecution  of  literature  aud  general 
 culture,  the  students  early  formed  themselves  into 
 .societies.  The  Well-meaning  Club  began  it.s  history 
 in  176.5.  and  that  whieli  took  the  name  of  Plain-<leal- 
 ing,  in  1766.     Subse<iuently  they  reorganized  under 
 
 the  names  of  the  American  Whig  and  Cliosophic 
 societies,  in  1769  and  177(1.  resptrtively.  under  which 
 names  they  continue  to  this  day. 
 
 Org;iniz;ition  has  also  1)een  provided  for  Christian 
 influence  in  college.  James  Braiuerd  Taylor,  of  tlie 
 class  of  X'^'id.  Peter  I.  Giilick.  and  two  or  tlu-ee  others, 
 instituted  the  "  Philadelphian  .Society."  for  mutual 
 .spiritual  profit.  It  met  once  a  week,  one  hour  at 
 evening,  in  the  room  of  some  one  of  the  members. 
 An  open  meeting,  to  which  all  their  fellow  students 
 were  in^^ted.  or,  at  le;ist.  free  to  come,  was  held  for 
 pr.iyer  and  exhortation,  every  Sundixy  morning,  in 
 the  Junior  recitation  room.  Meetings  were  also  ap- 
 pointed, subsefjuently.  for  other  days  in  the  week, 
 at  evening,  and  iu  the  same  place.  When  the  old 
 recitation  rooms  were  alxindoned.  the  Phil.idelphian 
 Society  was  assigned  to  different  apartments,  accord- 
 ing to  convenience,  until,  by  the  bequest  of  one  of 
 the  members,  HamUtou  Murray,  a  ^■ictira  of  the  Ville 
 de  Ha\Te  calamity,  their  present  beautiful  little  Hall 
 was  erected,  with  special  adaptation  to  the  purposes 
 of  the  fraternity. 
 
 Princeton's  Old  Cemetery.  In  the  northern 
 outskirts  of  the  town  of  Princeton,  N.  J.,  not  five 
 hundred  yards  fix)m  that  time-honored  structure, 
 Nassau  Hall,  is  the  old  cemetery,  well  known  :is  the 
 ■'Westminster  Abbey  of  America.''  There  is  no 
 display  of  pomp  or  show  in  this  time-honored  place  of 
 the  dead.  Some  who  are  scarcely  known  to  the  world 
 have  monuments  reared  over  their  graves.  But  it  is 
 noticeable  that  the  greatest  men  h:»ve  the  humblest 
 graves.  Here  we  find  heroes,  philosophers  and  theo- 
 logians; men  who  have  achieved  renown  in  the 
 nation's  history;  men  who  have  penetrated  the  pro- 
 foundest  depths  of  thought,  and  scaled  the  sublimest 
 heights  of  rea.son.  The  storms  of  more  than  a  cen- 
 tury have  diriimed  and  blackened  the  chiseled  marble 
 and  nearly  obliterated  many  of  the  names.  S<K)n  the 
 art  preservative  of  aU  arts  will  have  to  point  out  the 
 hist  resting  place  of  the  illustrious  dead.  Historj- 
 will  never  cea.se  to  tell  its  story,  though  time  may 
 dim  tlie  crumbling  headstone,  and  forever  obliterate 
 the  names  engraved  tliereon.  As  long  as  America  is 
 kno>vn  iu  the  annals  of  time.  s<>  hmg  will  the  names 
 of  Burr,  Edwards,  Withersjioon  aud  .Stockton,  be 
 known  and  remembered. 
 
 Entering  the  g;ite  from  Witherspoon  street,  and 
 proceeding  down  the  walk  a  few  feet,  we  come  to  the 
 grave  of  John  Berrien.  The  small  t;iblet  over  this 
 grave  is  so  dingj'  that  the  in.scription  ujwn  it  can 
 hardly  l)e  re;id.  He  w:vs  one  of  the  Justices  of  the 
 Supreme  Court  of  the  Province  of  New  Jersey,  "who 
 died,  much  lamented,  on  the  '2iA  day  of  April,  A.  D. 
 1772,  a;t.  sixty-one  years."  Passing  on  down  the 
 path  we  next  come  to  the  monumcut  of  the  B;iy:u'd 
 family.  In  this  enclosure  are  buried  Judge  Biiyard 
 and  Gener.il  ( Jeorge  Da-shiel  Bayard,  who  died  D»-eem- 
 Ih-T  llth,  H62.  .V  sliort  distiince  from  the  Bayar<l  lot 
 is  the  Stockton  enclosure,  which  is  surrounded  by  a 
 
PRIXCETOX'S  OLD  CEilETERV. 
 
 21 
 
 PRIXCETOX'S  OLD  CEMETEEl'. 
 
 high  hedge  of  evergreens.  On  entering  this  small 
 enclosure  we  find  a  dozen  or  more  headstones,  most 
 of  which  aie  black  and  dingy  with  age.  Here  are 
 buried  Kichard  Stockton.  I.L.  I).,  his  children,  his 
 grand  and  great-grandchihlren  and  other  kindre<l. 
 THE  COI-LEOE   BfBIAL   LOT. 
 
 .\djoining  the  Stockton  lot  is  a  plot  alwut  si.\ty 
 feet  in  length  and  twenty-five  in  width,  endossed  by 
 an  iron  railing  abont  three  feet  high.  This  is  the  old 
 college  burial  lot,  and  here  are  buried  the  former 
 Presidents  of  the  College  of  Xew  Jersey.  The  graves 
 are  nearly  uniform,  and  are  each  covered  with  a  hori- 
 zontal tablet  resting  on  si.v  upright  jxwts  or  slabs  of 
 marble.  The  inscriptions  are  mostly  in  I^itin,  which 
 is  indwipherable  on  some  of  the  tablets.  On  ap- 
 proaching these  lowly  graves  one  would  hardly  be- 
 lieve that  l)eneath  the  tnrf  were  the  mouldering  forms 
 of  some  of  the  countrj-'s  wisest  and  most  di.stingnished 
 sons.  Men  whose  names  are  written  on  the  magna 
 charta  of  our  liberty,  and  mi-n  who  have  purchased 
 that  liberty  Avith  their  own  blood. 
 
 The  tirst  grave  of  the  row,  beginning  from  the 
 centre  of  the  cemetery,  is  that  of  the  elder  Aaron 
 BvuT.  who  wiis  President  of  the  College  of  Xew  Jer- 
 sey in  its  infant  days.  He  was  President  for  several 
 years,  and  died  at  the  early  age  of  forty-two.  The 
 College  is  his  monument,  for  no  man  ever  labored 
 more  ardently  than  he  in  shaping  for  it  the  prosperity 
 it  now  enjoys.  The  hou.se  he  built  for  his  residence 
 while  President  of  the  College  is  still  .standing,  and 
 until  recently  has  been  the  home  of  his  successors. 
 He  died  SeptemlK-r  i-lth,  1757.  He  desired  an  inex- 
 pensive funeral,  and  his  lowly  gr;»ve  is  a  fitting  com- 
 pliance with  his  last  %vish.  On  the  little  blackened 
 tablet  which  rests  over  his  tomb  is  a  commemorative 
 inscription  in  Latin,  which  is  scarcely  legible.  I 
 
 Next  to  the  grave  of  President  Burr  is  that  of  his  | 
 illustrious  father-in-law,  Jouathan  Edwiirds,  also 
 President  of  the  College  and  the  iuimwliate  sticws- 
 sorof  the  pre<i-ding.  He  died,  March  ".J-Jd,  17.5'^,  only 
 a  few  months  after  his  election.  The  inscription  is 
 aist)  in  Latin,  and  is  now  nearly  ctfaced.  The  tablet 
 over  his  grave  h:is  been  very  much  disfigured  by 
 ruthless  relic  hunters,  who  have  broken  off  the  c-or- 
 ners  as  relics.  Several  years  ago  President  Cama- 
 han  wrote  an  eloquent  appeal  against  the  desecration 
 of  these  tombs,  and  had  it  framed  and  placed  at  the 
 head  of  one  of  the  mutilated  headstones.  President 
 Edw.-irds  was  the  great  champion  of  Prcsbyterianism 
 in  his  day.  He  did  much  to  remove  the  kirriers  to 
 truth  and  in  g-aining  a  s;ife  footing  for  ])hilosophic 
 thought.  Much  of  the  success  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  is  attributed  to  his  ardent  zeal  aud  efforts, 
 and  those  who  cherish  its  ri.se  and  progress  must  not 
 forget  the  repose  of  its  founder.  If  we  c^n  trust  the 
 records  of  the  past  his  sleep  is  but  the  brilliant  morn- 
 ing of  which  death  is  the  silvery  daybreak. 
 
 The  third  grave  is  that  of  President  S;imuel  Davies. 
 the  successor  of  President  Edwanls,  who  died  Febru- 
 46 
 
 ary  4th,  1761.  His  grave  is  like  that  of  his  predeces- 
 sor. The  ne.xt  Ls  the  grave  of  President  Finley.  who 
 died  July  17th,  17C6.  The  fifth  grave  is  that  of 
 President  "Withersixjon,  who  died  Xovember  17th, 
 1794.  He  wa.s  a  signer  of  the  I)eclaration  of  Inde- 
 pendence and  also  one  of  the  founders  of  Prcsbyteri- 
 anism in  this  cotmtry.  Like  the  present  President, 
 Dr.  McCosh,  he  came  from  Scotland.  The  sixth 
 grave  is  that  of  President  Smith,  who  died  August 
 •26th,  l'^19.  This  gnive,  unlike  the  rest,  has  two 
 slabs  over  it.  The  upper  one  is  sustained  by  six 
 marble  posts.  On  the  upper  one  there  is  an  inst-rip- 
 lion  in  Latin,  to  the  President,  and  on  the  lower  one 
 is  an  inscription  to  Ann,  his  wife,  daughter  of  Dr. 
 Witherspoon,  who  died  in  1S17,  a-t.  69  years.  Xextto 
 President  Smith's  grave  is  that  of  "Walter  Slinto  and 
 his  wife  Mary.  Then  comes  the  tomb  of  I'resident 
 Green,  who  died  ilay  19th,  1^8.  The  last  in  the 
 row  is  the  grave  of  President  Camah;in.  The  row  is 
 now  complete,  and  the  future  presidents  of  the  time- 
 honored  College  of  Xew  Jersey  must  seek  repose  in 
 some  other  spot. 
 
 Leaving  what  is  known  as  the  Old  Cemetery,  we 
 cross  ovir  into  the  new,  where,  ne;ir  the  entrance 
 from  Wiggins  street,  in  a  small  enclosure,  are  the 
 graves  of  the  Alexanders.  Here  are  buried  the  ven- 
 erated Dr.  Archibald  Alexander,  and  his  three  sons, 
 Joseph  Addison,  James  'Waddell  and  WUliam  C. 
 -Mcxander.  Dr.  Archilwld  Alexander  was  the  first 
 instructor  of  theologj-  in  the  Seminary  of  Princeton. 
 Many,  no  doubt,  will  remember  his  old  text-book, 
 Tnrretin's  "Tlicologia  Elenchitica,"  with  its  "St;»tus 
 Quesrionis."  But  the  grave  that  seems  to  possess  a 
 peculiar  interest  for  the  visitor  is  that  of  Joseph 
 AddLson  .Vlexander,  who  was  perhaps  the  profoundest 
 scholar  and  one  of  the  greatest  philologists  of  modem 
 times.  He  was  modest  and  una.ssnming  in  life  and 
 abhorred  any  pretensions  to  ostentation,  and  in  death 
 wished  to  be  reniembered  as  such.  The  beautiful 
 little  snow-white  tablet  that  marks  his  l;jst  resting- 
 place  is  a  fitting  monument  to  the  memory  of  Joseph 
 .\ddison  .\Iexander.  His  name  holds  a  sacrc<l  plac-e 
 in  the  annals  of  Princeton,  and  his  memory  is  revered 
 by  all  who  knew  him.  Dr.  Charles  Hodge,  in  si>eak- 
 ing  of  the  great  and  goo<l  Dr.  .Samuel  Miller,  whose 
 mortal  remains  also  slumber  in  this  cemetery,  and 
 the  two  .\lex.inders,  Archib;ild  and  Joseph  Addison, 
 said :  " '  They  are  one  gahuxy .  They  are  like  the  three 
 stars  in  the  Ir-U  of  Orion,  still  shining  upon  us  from 
 on  high.  Their  lu.stre  lan  never  be  dimmed  by  the 
 exhalations  of  the  e:irth." 
 
 Just  across  the  walk  from  the  Alexanders,  under  a 
 large  pine  tree,  are  the  graves  of  the  Hodges.  Two 
 graves  are  more  notic-eable  than  the  others,  from 
 having  larger  monuments  than  the  rest.  These  are 
 the  graves  of  Charles  Hodge  and  his  wife.  The 
 marble  ttblets  are  :»s  white  iis  snow — fitting  emblems 
 of  the  characters  of  the  depiirte<l.  The  principles 
 of  Dr.  HiHlge"s  ■■  .Svstematic  Theology  "  enter  largely 
 
PKIXCETOX  SEMIXABV. 
 
 PRIXCETOX  SEyflXAKV. 
 
 into  Princeton's  curriculum.  Dr.  Charles  Hodge  has 
 gone  to  his  rest,  but  as  long  as  IMnceton  is  known  in 
 history,  and  as  long  as  Presbyteriauisni  is  known  in 
 the  Christian  Church,  so  long  will  his  name  be  known 
 and  Rvorcd  auioii;,:  the  gcmnitious  t>f  mankind. 
 
 Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  N.  J.,  the 
 first  of  all  IVeslmoriiin  theologic:il  schools,  was 
 founded  by  the  Geuer;U  Assembly  in  l#li.  The  Col- 
 lege of  Xcw  Jersey,  in  I'riutvtou,  had  In'en  foundtnl 
 in  174T,  ;is  a  successor  to  Tennent's  Log  College,  at 
 Xeshamiuy,  Pa.,  to  prepare  a  le;irned  ministry  for 
 the  I*resbyterian  Church.  The  presidents  of  the 
 College  or  a  theological  Tutor  had  trained  theologi- 
 cal students  from  the  litst.  And  in  ISli  the  Ubm- 
 ries  aud  rooms  of  the  College  were  freely  put  at  the 
 disposal  of  the  officers  aud  students  of  the  new 
 Seminary. 
 
 The  Seminary  has  from  the  beginning  been 
 governed  by  a  Board  of  Directors  consisting  of  twenty- 
 one  Presbyterian  ministers  and  nine  elders.  These 
 were  elected  by  the  General  Assembly,  one-third  of 
 each  cUiss  every  ye;ir  until  1"*70,  when  the  Assembly 
 relinquished  this  election  to  the  Board  itsell",  with 
 power  to  a)>point  professors  and  in  all  respects  govern 
 the  Seminary,  subjec't  to  the  veto  of  the  General 
 Assembly  itself,  in  the  case  of  the  apjxiintment  of  an 
 obnoxious  professor. 
 
 In  1^24  the  Institution  was  cluirtered  by  the 
 Legislature  of  Xew  Jersey  incorporating  a  Boartl  of 
 Trustees,  twenty-one  in  number,  twelve  of  whom 
 must  l>e  citizens  of  that  State,  who  are  custodians  of 
 all  the  pn>perty  of  the  Institution,  real  and  i>eison:U. 
 and  are  empoweretl  to  till  up  their  own  vacancies 
 and  report  anuually  to  the  General  Assembly.  The 
 princip,il  founders  of  the  Seminary  were  Kev.  Drs. 
 Ashbel  Green,  John  B.  Romeyn,  James  Richards. 
 Samuel  Blatchford,  Philip  >Iilledoler,  John  M"Dowel, 
 Siimuel  Miller  and  Archib;ild  Alexander. 
 
 Rev.  An-hibald  Alexander,  D.D.,  w:»s  inaugurated 
 ,is  Professor  of  Didactic,  Polemic  and  Px-storal  The- 
 ology, .Vugust  12th,  1812,  and  the  Semin;iry  ojx-uetl 
 with  thrive  students.  In  May,  the  next  ye;ir,  the 
 numlH'r  of  students  increa-stnl  to  fourteen,  Kev. 
 Samuel  Miller,  D.D.,  p;istor  of  the  First  Presbyteri.an 
 Church  of  the  City  of  Xew  York,  w:vs  inaugurated  ;»s 
 Professor  of  EirlesiasticsL  History  and  Church  Gov- 
 ernment .S«>ptember  29th  1^13.  These  were  the  first 
 professors  of  this  Seminary,  and  their  eminent  talents 
 ,'\nd  s;»nctified  lives  have  formed  the  character  of  this 
 school  of  the  prophets,  and  determined  its  after  life. 
 
 Dr.  .Vrchibald  Alexander  w;is  a  laborious  and  suc- 
 cesstul  scholar  :  but,  alnive  all,  he  w;is  a  simple, 
 childlike  Christian,  dwelling  in  the  most  intimate 
 communion  with  God.  He  ^vas  a  genius  rather  tlian 
 a  man  of  talent,  though  he  was  both,  inasmuch  as 
 his  eUxjuence  w:v3  imtst  singularly  mitund,  luid  his 
 intuitive  knowle«lge  of  the  human  heart,  and  his 
 power  of  dealing  with  individuals,  and  of  holding  up 
 a  glass  to  sanctified  human  nature  iu  all  its  subtlest 
 
 exercises,  has  caused  him  to  be  called  by  many, 
 besides  Ex-President  Thejxlore  \Vool.<ey ,  • '  The  Shakes- 
 peare of  the  Christian  Churt'h."  He  organized  the 
 Seminary,  formed  its  curriculum  during  its  earliest 
 
 I  years,  and  presided  over  its  administration  uutil  his 
 dece;i.'<«',  Octolx'r,  ISol. 
 
 Dr.  Miller,  ojually  learned  and  holy,  more  gnu-e- 
 ful  and  symmetrical,  but  less  origiiuil  or  ellecrive  in 
 impressing  himself  on  his  jnipils  than  his  senior  col- 
 league, workinl  with  Dr.  .\lexander  until  his  death, 
 in  January,  18.t0,  in  the  most  beautiful  fellowship  and 
 
 ■  harmony  of  counsel  and  action.  They  formed  a 
 perfect  co-ixulnership,  the  more  perfect  and  effective 
 liecause  of  the  diflerence  of  their  natural  and  acquired 
 cluiracteristic-s. 
 
 I  In  l-^iO  Mr.  Charles  Hodge  was  chosen  by  Dr. 
 Alexander  as  an  Instructor,  to  act  as  his  ixssi-stant  in 
 teaching  Hebrew.  In  1S22  Mr.  Htnlge  w:is  installed 
 full  professor  of '■  Oriental  and  Biblical  Literature," 
 and  in  1S40  was,  as  Dr,  Alexander's  successor,  trans- 
 ferred to  the  chair  of  "Exegetical  and  Didactic 
 Theology."     His  life  as  a  teacher  continued  longer 
 
 I  than  either  of  his  colleagues,  fifty-eight  ye:irs,  to  his 
 death,  in  June,  IjTO,  leaving  behind  it,  as  his  monu- 
 ment, the  "Way  of  Life,"  his  "Commentaries  on 
 Romans,  Ephesians,  and  1st  and  2d  Corinthian.s," 
 the  Biblical  Kepertorg  and  Princeton  Rcrictr.  of  which  he 
 was  chief  editor  for  forty  years,  and  his  "Systematic 
 Theology."  in  three  large  volumes. 
 
 Dr.  Joseph  Addison  Alexander  became  Dr.  Hodge's 
 Assistant  in  tl\e  IK'jvirtment  of  Oriental  Literature 
 in  1?34,  and  w.-is  electeil  Associate  Professor  in  1>3.'>, 
 was  iustalKnl  iu  KJ"*,  and  became  sole  professor  of 
 the  same  iu  1  -40,  when  Dr.  Ho*lge  was  translerreil  to 
 thech.iirof  "Didactic  Theologj-."'  He  was  a  pro<lig.v 
 of  encycloptedic  learning,  of  eloquemvand  of  literary 
 skill,  the  object  of  his  students'  enthusiastic  admira- 
 tion, and  the  glory  of  his  Seminary  and  of  the  whole 
 
 !  Church. 
 
 Drs.  John  Breckinridge  and  James  W.  Alexander 
 were  Professors  in  the  Seminary,  each  for  a  short 
 period, 
 
 I  As  all  of  these  Professors  are  biographically  treated 
 separately,  in  this  Encycloixwlia,  the  history  of  the 
 Seminary  and  the  pn^jessive  development  of  its 
 curriculum  c-innot  be  set  forth  to  better  ad\-ant;«ge 
 than  by  a  chronological  list  of  all  the  I^fessors  to  the 
 present  time,  with  the  titles  of  their  respective  chairs. 
 
 1812  Archibald  Alexander,  n.r>.,  ISol 
 
 Didactic  aDil  Polpuiic  Th«oln&rT. 
 1 840      ra^tonil  ai»l  Pulemic  ThwKigjr. 
 
 1813  .S:imuel  Miller,  D.n.,  ll.  p.,  Is'h) 
 
 Ecvlesiatitical  Hutorr  and  Chuivh  GownuneDt 
 1849     Emrhius  Pi\ife««L>r. 
 
 11*20     Cli.-u-les  Hodge,  r.I>.,  LL.  n.,  1I8TS 
 
 liutructor  in  Oriootal  aDd  Biblical  Utf  ralnrp. 
 1822      Pn>f«<c*,«r  of  Oriental  and  Biblicm]  Literature. 
 1840     Exe^tical  am)  Didactic  The^>l.>|7. 
 1854      Exe^tioal,  Diiiaclic  and  IVlemic  Tbeulogr, 
 
PSJXCETOX  SEJIIXARy. 
 
 723 
 
 PHIXCETOX  SKMIXASy. 
 
 Ekct'd 
 
 1833  Joseph  Addisou  Alexander,  n.n., 
 
 Iiwtnurtor  Oric-iilal  uiiJ  Uibljcal  Li(«>nitur«. 
 
 183o  Ass.H-iuto  Tnif.  of  Oriontal  auU  lliblicJil  Lilenlure. 
 
 1840  Orli'iital  and  BiUical  Literaturi>. 
 
 1851  Bitilical  and  Ecclesiasticul  Litenttun*. 
 
 18o9  U»-lleiiijitic  aud  Xew  Tt'stameut  Literature. 
 
 AM 
 lt<«0 
 
 1836 
 1849 
 
 Rtngntd 
 
 1838 
 
 Tastural  Tlii-olagy. 
 
 James  Waddel  Alexander,  n.n.,  1851 
 
 £ccleeiastiaU  History  and  Churvli  Govt-rlUQont. 
 
 1851     William  Henry  Green,  n.n.,  i.i..  i>.. 
 
 Biblical  and  (JriL-utal  Literature. 
 1859      Oriental  and  Old  Testiuuoiit  Literature. 
 
 1854     Alexander  T.  M'Gill,  n.n..  LI.,  n., 
 
 rojtonil  TluHdogy,  Church  Go%-erume«t  and  the 
 Compo^itiun  and  Delivery  of  Sennou<f. 
 
 1859  Church  History  and  Practical  TheoU'sy. 
 18b0      Ecclesiastical  History  and  Church  Government. 
 
 1881  Ecdesiiistical.  Hinjiletic  and  Pastoral  Theology. 
 1883      Emeritus  Professor. 
 
 1860  Casper  AVistar  Hodge,  n.n.. 
 
 New  Testament  Literuture  and  Ilildical  Grwk. 
 1879      New  Testament  Lilemture  and  Exe^sis. 
 
 1861  James  Clement  Moftat,  n.n., 
 Helena  Profe!jA.>r  of  Church  History. 
 
 1871     Charles  Augustus  Aiken,  n.n., 
 
 .Vrchiltald  Alexander  Professor  of  Christian  Ethics 
 and  .\pologetic8. 
 
 1882  .\rclitlHild  .Vlexander  Prc^fessor  of  Chistian  Ethics 
 
 and  Hebrew  Literature. 
 
 1877     Archibald  Alexander  Hodge,  n.n.,  LL.  n., 
 
 Associate  Professor  of  Exegetical.  Pidactic  and  Po- 
 lemic Tlieok'gy. 
 
 1879  Charles  Hodge  Professor  of  Didactic  and   Polemic 
 
 Theology. 
 
 1880  Francis  Lander  Patton,  D.D.,  LL.  n., 
 Stuart  Pr«-»fes3or  of  the  Relations  of  Philosophy  and 
 
 Science  to  the  Christian  Religion. 
 
 1883  AVilliam  Miller  Taxton,  n.n..  ll.  n.. 
 
 Ecclesiastical,  Uomiletic  and  Pastotal  Theology. 
 
 Each  Professor  at  his  installation  is  re(|uired  .sol- 
 emnly to  repeat  ami  to  sign  a  formula  deelaring  that 
 he,  in  the  presence  of  God,  ex  aiiimo,  adopts  the  Con- 
 fession and  Catechism  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  as 
 the  confession  of  his  own  personal  faith,  and  that  . 
 he  "  solemnly  promises  and  engages  not  to  inculcate, 
 teach,  or  insinuate  anything  that  shall  appear  to  him 
 (me)  to  contradict  or  contravene,  directly  or  impli-  ■ 
 cdly,  anything  taught  in  s;iid  Confession  of  Faith  or 
 Cati>chism.'' 
 
 The  Seminary  opened  with  three  students.  By  the 
 May  of  next  ye;ir  the  number  had  increased  to  14. 
 In  the  chiss  of  1813-14  there  were  18.  In  the  class 
 of  1815-16  there  were  23.  In  the  class  of  1816-17 
 there  were  27.  The  grand  roll -presented  in  the 
 "General  Catalogue"  of  Princeton  Semin.ary,  pub- 
 lished 18'Jl,  embraces  the  names  of  34(>4  students, 
 educated  in  150  dilTerent  schools  and  collegi's.  Of 
 these,  171  are  represented  .as  dead,  and  '2'2'Xi  as  li\-ing. 
 The  average  number  of  students  matriculated  each 
 year  throughout  the  seventy  years  of  the  Si'ininary's 
 history  is  49.5.     The  average  numlH-r  matriculated 
 
 daring  the  last  ten  years  -was  51.9.  The  largest  num- 
 ber matriculated  in  any  one  year  was  95,  in  ls.^8, 
 after  the  great  revival  of  1857.  The  other  highest 
 numbers  were  76  in  1831;  77  in  18!J2.  The  present 
 number  in  the  .Seminary  is  140. 
 
 The  luimlH'r  of  foreign  missi(maries  who  have  Ikvu 
 students  in  the  Seminary  appears  to  lie  210,  or  alK>nt 
 6.10  JKT  cent,  of  all  the  tnatriculant.s.  This  is  a 
 Larger  nnmlHr  than  has  gone  Ibrth  from  any  other 
 American  Theological  tk-mimu-y. 
 
 Their  geographical  distribation  over  the  world  is  .xs 
 follows: — 
 
 India S6  ■ 
 
 China 4*1 
 
 American  Indiatts 'S^ 
 
 Africa  iWcst  Africa  19) Jl 
 
 Syria 11 
 
 Turkey 8 
 
 Sandwich  Islands 8 
 
 Siam 8 
 
 Perttia 7 
 
 JuiHin G 
 
 Varioua  Countries li 
 
 Total.. 
 
 ilU 
 
 The  old  Seminary  building,  a  well-built  anil  ail- 
 mirable  .structure,  for  that  age,  was  linished  in  l-l(i. 
 It  is  of  gr.iy  sandstone,  one  hundred  and  tUty  feet 
 long  and  fifty  feet  witle,  and  four  stories  high.  It 
 stands  on  the  eminence  ujwn  which  the  British  army 
 formed  on  the  morning  of  the  Rittle  of  Princeton, 
 parallel  to  and  two  hundred  and  twenty-live  feet  back 
 from  the  new  turnpike  ojH-ned  a  few  years  after  the 
 Revolution.  A  large,  .sijuare,  brick  l*rofe.s.sor's  house, 
 at  the  eastern  end,  nearest  the  village,  w;is  built  for 
 Dr.  Alexander,  in  1819,  and  a  precisely  similar  one 
 was  built  for  Dr.  Hodge,  in  1824.  These  continued 
 the  only  Seminary  buildings  until  the  Chajxl  w:us 
 erected,  in  1833,  the  fii-st  Lenox  Library,  in  1843,  and 
 the  Kefectory,  in  1847.  In  the  meantime  all  the 
 public  offices  of  the  Institution,  as  well  ;vs  the  lodg- 
 ing and  boarding  of  the  students,  were  accommodated 
 in  the  old  Seminary  building,  while  the  numlH-r  of 
 students  fell  seldom  1h-1ow  one  hundred  and  forty, 
 and  at  times  amounted  to  one  hundred  and  sixty. 
 
 In  1''64  "  Hrown  Hall"  was  built  by  the  ninniti- 
 cent  generosity  of  Mrs.  Cieorge  lirown,  of  Bixltinuire. 
 It  is  a  dormitory,  as  long  and  high  and  large  as  the 
 old  Seminary,  parallel  to  it,  and  about  one  thousjtnd 
 feet  southward,  and  like  it,  of  line  gray  .sjtndstone, 
 Stuart  Hall  was  built  in  1876,  as  the  gift  of  Rol)ert 
 L.  and  .\lexander  Stuart,  of  Xew  York  city.  It  is  a 
 noble  .s;ind.stone  buililing  of  three  .stories,  containing 
 eleg-ant  accomnuidations  forcla.ss  rooms,  oratory  read- 
 ing r«H>nis,  museum,  etc.  In  1^*78  Mr.  James  Lenox, 
 of  New  York,  crowned  his  long  series  of  beneficent 
 gifts  by  the  erection  of  a  new  and  admirably  ajv 
 pointed  library  building,  and  two  new  Profes.sors' 
 houses.  The  Seminary  is  at  present  furnished  with 
 eight  Profcs.sors'  houses,  which  in  eleg.ince  and  con- 
 venience greatly  surpass  those  provided  for  Profensors 
 in  any  similar  Institution  in  America.  The  Semi- 
 nary now  pos.sesses  a  body  of  real  estate  which  h.as 
 cost  over  }!:j.')0.00(l,  with  an  endownuent  which  hiis 
 iK-conie  exceedingly  deficient  for  the  supply  of  its 
 annual  necessities,  tlirough  the  shrinkage  of  interest 
 upon  its  investments  since  1874.     Its  principjil  bene- 
 
PlliyCETOX  SEJIISAEY. 
 
 724 
 
 PRISCETOX  SE3IIXAKY. 
 
 factors  iu  the  past  have  heen  James  Lenox,  Escj. ,  of 
 Xew  York,  and  tlie  Misses  Lenox,  John  C.  Green 
 and  Robert  L.  and  Alexander  Stuart,  of  New  York; 
 Mrs.  Cieorge  Brown,  of  Baltimore,  and  Levi  P.  Stone, 
 of  New  Jersey. 
 
 The  large  part  of  the  real  estate  of  the  Seminary, 
 given  by  James  Leno.^c  and  Kobert  L.  and  Alexander 
 Stuart,  is  guarded  from  perversion,  by  stringent  con- 
 ditions and  doctrinal  definitions.  In  the  case  of  the 
 gift  of  the  Stuarts  the  deed  provides  as  follows: — 
 
 "Provided  alwaj-s,  nevertheless,  and  upon  condi- 
 tion that,  if  at  any  time  or  times,  hereafter,  the 
 said  parties  of  the  second  part,  or  their  successors. 
 
 doctrines  are  now  understood  and  explained  by 
 the  aforesaid  General  Assembly,  shall  cea.se  to  be 
 taught  and  inculcated  in  the  s;iid  Seminary,  then, 
 and  iu  either  of  such  ca.ses,  the  grant  and  convey- 
 ance hereby  made  .shall  cea.se,  and  become  null 
 and  void,  and  the  said  premi.ses  shall  therefore 
 revert  to  the  said  Robert  L.  Stuart  and  Alexander 
 Stuart,  their  heirs  and  assigns,  a.s  in  their  first 
 and  former  estate. ' ' 
 
 The  library  of  the  Seminary  ha.s  grown  slowly, 
 and  is  yet  very  ina<lefiuate  to  the  real  needs  of  such 
 an  Institution.  It  embraces  about  forty  thousiuid 
 volumes  and  eight  thousand  pamphlets,  collected  by 
 
 rillNCETO.N    TlIF.uLoiiiCAL    PFMIN.MIY. 
 
 shall  pass  from  under  the  supervision  and  control  of 
 the  tieneral  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
 in  the  United  Slates  of  America,  and  its  su(cr.s.sors ; 
 and  if  at  any  time  or  times  the  leading  doctrines 
 diclared  by  the  Confession  of  Faith  and  Catechism 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  such  as  the  doctrine  of 
 Universal  and  Total  Depravity,  the  doctrine  of  Elec- 
 tion, the  doctrine  of  the  Atonement,  the  doctrine  of 
 the  Imputation  of  Adam's  sin  to  all  his  posterity, 
 and  of  the  Imputation  of  Chri.st's  righteousness  to 
 all  His  people  for  their  justification,  the  doctrine  of 
 Human  Inability  and  the  doctrine  of  the  Xecessity 
 of  the  Infiuence  of  the  Holy  Sjiirit  in  the  regenera- 
 tion, conversion  and  sanctitication  of  sinners,  as  these 
 
 Rev.  William  B.  Sprague,  of  Albany,  an  ab.sohitely 
 uni(iue  collection  of  tin;  contemporaneous  sources  of 
 
 I  hi.story.  The  whole  <'ollection  was  i>riginally  called 
 the  Green  Library,  because  of  the  large  contribu- 
 tions made  to  it  at  the  start  by  the  distinguished 
 founder  of  the  Seminary,  Dr.  .Vshbel  Green.  Subse- 
 quently it  has  embraced  the  private  collections  of 
 Rev.  Drs.  John  Breckinridge,  Xesbit,  Addison  Alex- 
 ander, and  John  JI.  Krebs,  of  Dr.  Collins,  a(id  the 
 Alumni  aiul  Society  of  Imiuiry  libraries,  together 
 with  a  large  collection  of  works  on  the  I'.aptist  con- 
 troversy, made  by  Samuel  Agnew,  Esij.,  of  Philadel- 
 phia, presented    by  his  son.      Handsome  gilts  have 
 
 ,  also  been  made  b}' James  Lenox,  \l.  I.,  and  .Vle.\ander 
 
PRIOLEA  r. 
 
 725 
 
 PROGRESS  OF  CHRISTIAXITy. 
 
 Stuart,  Levi  P.  Stone,  K.  L.  Kennedy,  William  A. 
 Whci'loik  and  others.  , 
 
 The  uscl'iilno.ss  of  this  library,  alike  to  Professors 
 and  studciits,  has  been  multiplii-d  many  fold  by  the 
 able,  skilled  and  assiduous  services  of  the  present 
 admirably  qualified  librarian,  Kev.  'William  H.  Kob- 
 erts,  D.D.  [ 
 
 Prioleau,  Ellas,  a  French  Keforraed  or  Hngnenot 
 minister,  lirst  pastor  of  the  French  Protestant 
 Chureh  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  \H>*(i  to  1689.  He  was 
 a  native  of  Pons,  in  the  province  of  Saintonge, 
 France,  and  was  the  son  and  grandson  of  French 
 Protestant  pastoi-s.  Elias  was  enrolled  as  a  student 
 of  theology  in  the  Academy  of  Geneva  in  \(i~2,  and  in 
 1()S3  succeeded  his  father  in  the  pastorate  in  his 
 native  town  of  Pons.  Three  years  later  his  church 
 was  destroyed,  its  congregiition  dispersed,  and  he 
 fled  with  some  of  his  people  to  America.  Prioleau 
 was  a  devoted  minister  of  the  gospel.  He  died  in 
 1699,  and  w;»s  buried  on  his  farm,  upon  Ulack  river, 
 S.  C.  j 
 
 Proctor,  Rev.  John  Officer,  is  a  native  of 
 Cumlxrland  Valley,  Pa.  llir  was  Imrn  at  Carlisle, 
 October  :i(lth,  I-'IS,  and  graduated  at  Dickinson  Col- 
 lege in  I'^'.iS);  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Carlisle,  May  29th,  1844;  he  was  stated 
 supply  at  Williamsport  and  Hancock,  JId.,  1843-53; 
 pastor  at  Gerrardstown  and  Tuscarora,  Va.,  1353-61; 
 pa.stor  at  Dillsburg  and  Petersburg,  Pa.,  1862-65; 
 stilted  supply  at  Buck  Creek,  l8().">-66;  pa.stor  at 
 Lexington  and  lielleville,  O.,  1S66-73;  stated  supply 
 at  IJelh^villeand  I'tica,  1873-75;  at  Piketon,  l'!<76-77: 
 and  at  Chippi'wa.  Since  l-'78  he  li:is  resided  at 
 Wooster,  O.,  in  the  cajiacity  of  an  evangelist.  He 
 is  an  humble,  good  man,  diligent  in  doing  good,  faith- 
 ful in  his  ministry,  and  esteemed  by  his  brethren. 
 
 Progress  of  Christianity.  Every  reader  of 
 the  New  Testament  knows  that  at  the  ascension  of 
 Christ  his  followers  numbered,  at  most,  only  a  few 
 hundreds.  At  the  end  of  the  fust  century  nominal 
 Christians  were  estimated  at  only  .500,0110;  at  the  end 
 of  the  seventh  century,  at  2.').000.000;  at  the  end  of 
 the  fourteenth  century,  at  ISO.OOO.OOO;  at  the  end  of 
 the  seventeenth  century,  at  155.000.000;  at  the  end 
 of  the  eighteenth  century  at  200,000. 0(M(;  and  in  1880 
 at  410,000,000.  In  A.  D.,  1500,  100.000,000  of  peo- 
 j)le  were  subject  to  Christian  government;  in  A.  D., 
 1876,  685,459.0(K).  | 
 
 In  the  year-  1800,  thei'e  were  in  the  Evangelical 
 chiinhes  of  the  United  States  3O.'!0  congregations. 
 2651  ordained  ministers,  .-.ud  364,  ■^72  communicants. 
 In  the  year  1'^.50  there  were  43.072  churches.  25..").55 
 mini.sters,  and  3.529.988  communicant.s.  In  the  year 
 1870,  70,148  churches,  47,609  ministers  and  6,67.3,963 
 communicants.  In  1880,  97.090  churches,  69,870 
 ministers  and  10.065,396  communicants.  The  ratio 
 of  the  cotnmunicants  of  our  Evangelical  churches  to 
 the  entire  pojjulation  of  the  Vnited  States  at  these  dif- 
 ferent dates  was,  in  1800,  one  to  everv  14. .50  inhabit- 
 
 ants; in  1850,  one  to  every  6.57  inhabitants;  in  1870, 
 one  to  every  5.78:  and  in  1880,  one  to  everj-  5  inhali- 
 itants.  This  last,  of  course,  is  one  communicant  to 
 every  2.5  or  3  non-Koman  Catholic  adult  men  and 
 women.  From  l-iOO  to  Isso  the  jxipulatiim  of  the 
 nation  increased  9,46  fold:  while  in  the  same  time 
 the  Evangelical  communicants  increa-sed  27..52  fold. 
 From  18.50  to  1880  the  ]iopulatiou  increased  116  i>er 
 cent.,  and  the  Evangelical  communicants  increased 
 184  iK'r  cent. 
 
 In  this  statement  the  (!.3(i7.330  Homan  Catholics 
 who  do,  not  report  communicants  as  distinct  from  the 
 general  m;iss  of  ailherents,  are  not  included.  But 
 they  aeci'ptand  profess  the  historical  truths  of  Chris- 
 tianity, and  express  their  faith  in  the  .Xjiostles' 
 Creed.  They  have  increa.sed  more  than  four  hundred 
 licr  cent,  in  the  last  thirty  years.  The  addition  of 
 the  Roman  Catholics  increa.ses  the  superior  nitio  of 
 the  inerea.se  of  those  who  make  a  jwrsoual  acknowledg- 
 ment of  the  truth  of  Christianity  over  that  of  the 
 general  population  one  hundred  jK'r  cent. 
 
 But  what  of  the  denominations  which  claim  to  be 
 liberal,  and  have  little  or  no  regard  for  distinguish- 
 ing dix'trines,  and  .set  less  value  upon  supernatural 
 revelation?  The  Unitarians  in  18.50  claimed  246 
 parishes,  and  in  1880,  335,  an  increase  of  only  thirty- 
 five  i)er  cent,  in  thirty  years,  while  in  the  .same 
 IK'riod  the  Evangelical  churches  increa.se<l  2.50  \ivx 
 cent.  In  18.50  there  were  1069  Uuiversalist  chnrches, 
 but  only  9.56  in  I-'-'O,  showing  :in  actual  loss  of  113 
 in  thirty  years.  The  number  of  Christian  (  Unitarian 
 li:iptist)  has  fallen  from  1500  parishes  in  l-i40  to  12iKt 
 in  18-10. 
 
 The  helpers  to  the  churches  in  the  work  of  evan- 
 gelization— the  Sabbath  .schools.  Young  Men's  Chris- 
 tian Associations,  and  the  Bible  and  Publication 
 Societies  and  Boards — must  be  taken  into  account. 
 Sunday  schools  are  hardly  one  hundred  years  old. 
 In  KiO  there  were  less  than  2,000.000  Sunday- 
 school  teaehersand  pujjils  in  the  world:  in  18,xo  there 
 wire  14.000,01X1,  8,000.0(M|  in  .\merica.  and  6.tMM),(KK) 
 ill  EnrojK'.  In  1>'>3,  there  were  2428  Young  Men's 
 Christian  Associations  in  the  world:  840  in  Xorth 
 .Vniirica;  388  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland:  64  in 
 France;  3:1.5  in  Holland,  etc.  The  va.st  amount  of 
 Christian  work  done  by  these  is  well  known.  The 
 issues  of  the  Bible  and  Tract  Societies,  and  the  vari- 
 ous Bo;irds  of  Publication  are  immense.  Compiired 
 with  them  the  lHM>ks  published  in  the  inter<.-st  of 
 inlidelity  and  erroneous  systems  of  religion  are  as 
 nothing.  And  while  religion  in  colleges  has  not  the 
 prominence  desired,  yet  it  is  far  in  adv:ince  of  former 
 times.  Out  of  33.000  students  in  them,  there  are 
 92.50  i)rofessing  Christians.  In  HI 3  there  were  only 
 two  or  three  students  in  Princi-tou  C'oUege  who  pro- 
 fesse<l  to  l»e  pious  men;  in  18-i3  there  are  270.  out  of 
 a  total  of  578.  In  179.5  only  four  or  five  students  in 
 Yale  College  were  members  of  the  Church:  in  \-*^'i 
 there  are  290.  out  of  a  total  of  611:  in  Williams.  147 
 
PROPHECY. 
 
 726 
 
 PROPHECY. 
 
 out  of  248;  in  Amherst,  233  out  of  352;  and  in  many 
 other  colleges,  esiwcially  the  smaller  ones,  the  pro- 
 portion is  still  larger. 
 
 The  Evangelical  churches  are  extending  their 
 limits  and  making  new  acquisitions  in  all  directions, 
 ■with  an  activity  and  benevolence  which  shows  their 
 confidence  in  the  success  of  the  gosjiel  of  Jesus  Christ. 
 The  entire  sum  collected  by  them  in  the  United 
 States  for  Home  Missions  from  1820  to  1829  was 
 ^233,826;  but  from  l-iGO  to  1869  it  amounted  to 
 $21,01."),719;  and  from  1870  to  1880  to  $31,272,1.54. 
 The  work  of  Foreign  Missions  is  a  characteristic . 
 enterprise  of  the  present  century.  Professor  Chriest- 
 lieb  has  estimated  that  in  1800  the  total  sum  annually 
 contributed  in  all  Christendom  to  Protestant  missions 
 amounted  to  §250,000.  In  1850  tlie  income  of  the 
 mi.ssion  Boards  in  England  and  America  was 
 82,959,541.  In  1872  the  amount  was  $7,874,155. 
 The  reports  from  all  the  missions  cannot  be  obtaine<l; 
 so  that,  from  the  nature  of  the  ca.se,  our  carefully 
 collected  reports  fall  below  and  can  never  equal  the 
 real  facts  of  the  c^ise.  Protestant  mis.sion  societies  in 
 Europe  and  America  reported  in  A.  D.  1830:  mis-  ' 
 sions  122;  ordained  missionaries  656;  lay  helpers  \ 
 1236;  communicants  70,289;  scholars  80,656.  In  | 
 A.  D.  1850:  Missions  178;  ordained  missionaries 
 1(!72;  lay  helpers  4056;  communicants  210,957; 
 scholars  147,939.  In  A.  D.  1880:  Mi.s.sions  504; 
 ordained  missionaries  6690;  lay  heljiers  33,852;  com- 
 municants 857,3:i2  (148  missions  not  reporting); 
 scholars  447,602,  with  hearers  and  adherents  esti- 
 mated from  the  actual  rejwrts  of  the  missions,  ' 
 amounting  to  2,000,000.  Thus  we  see  that  labors 
 and  expenditures  in  heathen  lands  have  brought ' 
 large  returns. 
 
 The  facts  tlius  jircsented  are  a  conii)lete  refutation 
 of  the  a.s.sertion  that  tlie  Evangelical  churches  arc 
 retrograding  or  even  standing  still,  and  a  denionstra-  ' 
 tion  of  the  great  advances  mu<le  towards  bringing  the 
 whole  world  under  the  dominion  of  Christ.  But  the 
 progress  already  made  should  be  the  strongest  in- 
 ducement for  the  cultivation  of  a  higher  personal 
 piety,  greater  activity  in  all  Christian  work,  and  ! 
 an  enlarged  benevolence.  We  mu.st  not  rest  sat^ 
 istied  with  wliat  lias  been  done;  greater  con(iuests 
 are  yet  to  be  made.  Those  who  have  Ix-en  predicting 
 the  decline  of  the  ortliodox  Church,  or  who  assert 
 that  this  hius  actu:iUy  taken  iiUiee,  have  good  reason 
 to  hide  their  faces  for  shame.  "Surely,  there  is  no 
 enchantment  against  Jacob,  neither  is  there  any  j 
 divination  against  Israel;  according  to  this  time  it 
 shall  be  said  of  Jacob  anil  of  Israel.  What  hath  Go<l 
 wrought !" 
 
 Prophecy.  Prophecy  is  not  only  the  predicting 
 (il  luture  events;  it  hail  the  larger  ollice  of  receiving 
 and  communicating  generally  the  w  ill  and  purpose's 
 of  tiod.  It  was  revehition,  in  fact;  the  dealing  of 
 the  Creiitor  with  his  creatures,  disclosing  his  high 
 pleasure  for  the  interests  of  truth  and  righteoiLsness  , 
 
 in  the  government  of  the  world,  occupied  with  both 
 the  past  and  the  present,  and  laying  open  the  future 
 only  so  far  as  was  required  for  the  accomplishment 
 of  its  great  object.  So  that  we  find  in  Scripture 
 prophecy  instructions,  warnings,  rebukes,  as  largely 
 as  predictions  of  things  to  come. 
 
 In  regard  to  predictions  of  future  events,  there 
 are  two  particulars  which  must  be  noted.  They  bear 
 a  certiiin  relation  to  the  mode  in  which  the  images 
 of  the  future  were  presented  to  the  prophet's  mind, 
 but  a  more  immediate  one  to  the  mode  in  which  thc\v 
 were  placed  on  record.  Thus,  first,  the  way  in  which 
 remote  events  are  presented  is  remarkable.  The 
 prophet  stands  like  a  watchman  on  some  high  hill  or 
 lofty  tower,  scanning  the  distant  horizon,  and  tells 
 what  meets  his  gaze.  To  one  who  so  looks  out  the 
 far  and  the  near  lie  apparently  in  contact;  the  fore- 
 ground has  a  distincter  outline,  and  its  colors  are 
 more  viWd;  but  a  multitude  of  things  are  blended 
 together,  and  the  haze  through  which  the  distant 
 objects  are  seen  obscures  their  figure  and  relative  pro- 
 portions. The  prophet  describing  what  is  so  placed 
 before  him  describes  as  he  sees,  and  therefore  not  in 
 historical  or  chronological  order;  so  that  it  is  hard, 
 before  the  accomplishment,  to  distinguish  which  of 
 the  events  is  near  at  hand  and  which  more  remote. 
 This  is  called  the  ' '  perspective ' '  character  of  prophecy, 
 and  illustrates  the  j  uxtaposition  in  the  prophetic  writ- 
 ings of  utterances  to  be  immediately  fulfilled  with 
 those  before  the  fulfillment  of  which  ages  must  roll  by. 
 An  example  may  be  given  from  Zech.  ix.  First — the 
 prophet  sees  the  triumphant  march  of  Alexander 
 (1-8) ;  he  then  beholds  Messiah  in  the  distant  future 
 (9-10),  and  afterwards  reverts  to  the  age  of  the  Mac- 
 Ciibees  (11-17).  On  the  same  principle  our  Lord's 
 discourse  (Matt,  xxiv)  may  be  interpreted:  a.s  also 
 those  pa.s.sages  in  wliich  the  apo.stles  seem  to  dcseril)e 
 the  final  close  of  all  things  as  to  occur  in  their  days. 
 
 The  other  point  which  was  to  be  noted  is  the  re- 
 production of  p;ist  events.  There  is  anorganic  unity 
 in  God's  plans,  the  earlier  being  the  type  of  the  latti'r, 
 and  the  latter  exhibiting,  only  with  higher  combi- 
 nations and  in  a  more  perfect  form,  that  which  had 
 appeared  belbre.  It  was  convenient,  then,  to 
 describe  the  future  in  language  borrowed  from  the 
 pa.st.  Thus  Messiah  is  said  to  renew  the  rule  of 
 David  ;  the  fin;d  triumphs  of  the  Church  are  colored 
 with  the  im;igery  of  the  fdl  of  Babylon;  and  the  full 
 bles.sedness  of  God's  people  is  represented  as  a  return 
 trom  captiwty  into  the  peaceful  pos.session  of  the  land 
 of  Cauium.  We  see  here  how  futile  the  objection  is 
 that  the  prophet's  eye  cannot  reach  to  the  far-distant 
 future,  nor  his  tong\ie  desiTibe  enemies  or  empires 
 not  in  his  time  in  existence.  He  is  furnished  from 
 the  p:ust  with  an  alphabet  for  the  future.  And  it  is 
 not  always  past  events  which  are  so  ns<'d.  Events 
 may  have  not  yet  occurred,  which,  when  they  do 
 occur,  shall  be  the  ground  and  the  t.vi>e  of  others 
 similar,    yet    greater,    to  occur  thereatter.     This   in 
 
PROl'HEVY. 
 
 727 
 
 PROPHECY. 
 
 what  is  tfnued  the  double  sense  of  prophecy  ;  and  it ' 
 is  impossible  to  shut  our  eyes  to  the  fact  of  it.  The 
 return  of  small  caravans  of  exiles  from  Babylon, 
 under  the  edicts  of  the  Persian  kinjpi,  who  re-peoplcd 
 their  cities,  and  rebuilt  their  temple  iu  fear,  viussals 
 to  a  foreign  liege  lord,  cannot  e.\haust  the  magniti- 
 cent  predictions  of  the  ransomed  of  the  Lord  coming 
 to  Zion  with  songs  and  everlasting  joy  upon  their  hea<ls 
 (Lsii.  x.v.w,  10).  There  \va.s  joy,  indeed,  when  the 
 foundation  of  the  new  tem])le  was  laid,  but  there  w;i.s 
 weeping  too  (Ezra  iii,  11-1:5);  and  not  then  were  the 
 walls  of  restored  .lerusidem  .s;ilvation,  nor  her  gates 
 prai.se  (Isa.  Ix,  IH).  The  prophecy  had  an  accom- 
 plishment in  Zerubbabel,  but  a  fuller  one  in  Mes.siah; 
 and  it  is  traveling  onward  still,  with  Jlcssiah's  ex- 
 tending kingdom,  not  to  be  satisfied  till  the  Kcdeenier 
 King  shall  manifestly  reign  amid  the  splendors  of 
 the  Xew  Jerus;jlem.  There  is  no  real  ground  for  ob- 
 jecting to  this;  for  why  should  not  the  near  event  be 
 bror.ght  forward  as  a  pledge  of  what  lies  far  beyond '! 
 The  princi]ile  is  admitted  in  regard  to  tyiH-s;  for  the 
 tj'jHcal  rite  had  its  instruction  and  its  value  for  those 
 who  joined  in  it,  while  at  the  same  time  it  pointed  to 
 some  greater  ol)jeet;  why,  then,  should  it  be  denied 
 in  prophecy  ?  No  element  of  uncertainty  is  intro- 
 duced. "The  double  sense  of  prophecy,"  .says  Mr. 
 Davison,  "is  of  all  things  the  most  remote  from  fraud 
 and  equivocation,  and  has  its  gr<iund  of  rea-son  i)er- 
 fectly  clear.  For  what  is  it  ?  Xot  the  convenient 
 latitude  of  two  unconnected  senses,  wide  of  each 
 other  and  gi\ing  room  to  a  fallacious  ambiguity;  but 
 the  combination  of  two  related,  analogous  and  har- 
 monizing, though  disparate  subjects,  each  clear  and 
 definite  in  itself;  implying  a  twolbld  truth  in  the  pre- 
 science, and  creating  an  aggravated  difficult;/,  and 
 thereby  an  accumulated  proof  in  the  completion.  For 
 a  ciuse  in  point,  to  justify  the  predictions  concerning 
 the  king<lom  of  David  in  their  double  force,  it  must 
 be  .shown  of  them,  that  they  hold  in  each  of  their 
 relations,  and  in  each  were  fuUilled.  So  that  the 
 double  sense  of  prophecy  in  its  true  idea  is  a  check 
 upon  the  i)retences  of  vague  and  unappropriated  pre- 
 dictions, rather  than  a  door  to  admit  them.  It  may 
 be  added  that  it  is  by  no  means  intended  to  assert 
 that  prophecy  has  always  a  double  sense.  Many 
 predictions,  e.  </.,  Mic.  v,  2,  point  to  one  single  event 
 by  which  alone  they  are  perfectly  fulfilled.  Ami  in 
 all  ca.ses  it  is  wide  enough  of  the  cheating  ambiguity 
 of  heathen  responses  which  were  made  to  answer 
 equally  well  to  two  op])osite  events.  The  double 
 sense  is  api)licable  only  where  through  one  event 
 another  is  foreshadowed;  for  Scrijiture  has  no  other 
 meaning  in  ad<liti<m  to  the  simple  meaning  of  its 
 words.  But  yet  under  this  it  again  has  the  same, 
 only  lying  somewhat  more  deeply  imbedded. 
 
 That  there  is  great  difficulty  in  the  interpretation 
 of  prophecy  the  fact  that  interpretations  are  so  dis- 
 cordant sutliciently  proves.  Yet  it  is  not  impossiljle 
 to  clear  away  many  difficulties,  if  we  are  dis|)osi'd  to 
 
 use  the  necessary  means.  By  diligent  reading  and 
 meditation,  comparing  .Scripture  with  Scripture,  the 
 writings  of  the  Uld  Testauuiit  with  tho.se  of  the 
 New,  and  pre-eminently  by  earnest  prayer  for  the 
 guidauce  of  God's  Spirit,  a  great  knowledge  may  be 
 obtiiincd  of  the  meaning  and  object  of  prophecy.  \ 
 complete  system  of  rules  cannot  here  be  given;  it  must 
 suffice  to  ix)int  out  some  general  principles.  And  if 
 these  be  thoroughly  apprehended  the  application  of 
 them  in  detail  w  ill  not  be  hard.  They  Involve  the 
 plinii»olvi/!i,  the  hialurival  nhitioiis,  and  the  duvtriiud 
 type  of  pro])hecy. 
 
 1.  It  must  be  the  first  business  to  arrive  at  the  ju.st 
 understanding  of  the  words  and  sentences  in  which 
 the  prophetic  declarations  are  conveyed.  In  many 
 respects  prophecy  has  a  language  of  its  own.  Sym- 
 bolic terms  are  employed  (which  must  be  consistent 
 through  the  same  prophecy);  as  when  a  beast  denotes 
 a  power,  and  a  camllestick  a  Christian  church.  These 
 must  be  carefully  noted,  that  it  may  l>e  undcrstWMl 
 whether  the  expressions  are  to  be  construed  liter-ally 
 or  ligurativcly.  The  figurative  and,  :ls  .some  would 
 say,  hyperbolic  character  of  prophetic  siH'cch  is  not 
 Ciipricious,  not  just  to  be  a.scribed  to  the  cast  of  the 
 Orient;il  mind,  but  is  definite  in  its  measure,  and  re- 
 sults from  the  principles  already  laid  down  of  pro- 
 phetic communication  by  vision,  and  the  clothing  of 
 the  future  in  forms  taken  I'rom  the  past.  And  .so  the 
 pa.st  is  freciuently  u.sed  in  .speaking  of  the  future,  and 
 described  as  done  when  it  is  to  be  done,  beciiuse  the 
 prophet  looking  on  with  prescient  eye  l)elield  it  within 
 his  horizon.  Hence,  too,  the  succession  of  events  in 
 relation  to  each  other,  rather  than  as  arranged  ac- 
 cording to  chronological  order.  Xor  must  the  poetical 
 ciust  of  prophetic  diction  lie  overlooked — not  poeticjil 
 simply  and  altogether;  it  had  too  definite  a  l)eiu-ing 
 upon  till-  practie;il  life  of  men,  but  yet  too  elevated 
 in  thought  and  tone  to  sink  into  bare  prose.  These 
 various  characteristics  must  be  diligently  studied  and 
 clearly  apprehended  by  him  w1k>  would  interpret 
 prophecy  aright.  Careful  examination,  therefore, 
 there  should  be,  the  comparison  of  one  part  of  Scrip- 
 ture with  another,  the  laying  over  again.st  the  pre- 
 diction of  the  fulfillment  it  h:us  received,  if  it  should 
 have  already  been  fulfilled,  guided  by  the  declarations 
 of  our  Lord  and  his  apostles,  who  pour  a  flood  of 
 light  upon  the  utterances  of  the  ancient  st>ers.  .\nd, 
 it  may  be  added  here,  separate  proi)heeies  must  as 
 far  as  )>ossible  be  accurately  distinguished,  tlii'  ordi- 
 nary division  into  chapters  occiisioually  breaking  uji 
 a  single  prophecy. 
 
 2.  The  historical  relations  must  also  lx> ascertained; 
 under  what  circumstances  a  proi)hecy  was  delivered, 
 by  whont  and  on  what  occasion.  The  condition  of 
 the  covenant  people  among  whom  the  prophet  stoo<l, 
 the  events  on  which  he  Wiis  commissioned  to  speak, 
 the  sins  he  was  to  reprove,  the  judgments  that  were 
 ini)«-nding,  the  fears  he  was  to  scwthe,  and  the 
 )H)sition   of  surrounding  nations  whose   deeds  and 
 
PROPHECY. 
 
 728 
 
 PROPHECY. 
 
 whose  history  had  an  influence  on  God's  Church  and 
 people,  should  be  scrutinized;  else  an  interpretei- 
 might  readily  apply  to  one  time  or  event  the  predic- 
 tions which  were  clearly  directed  to  another.  The 
 historical  portions  of  the  Scripture  should  be  paral- 
 leled with  those  that  are  prophetil^al. 
 
 3.  And  then  there  is  the  doctrinal  aspect  to  be 
 known.  This  is  biised  on  the  covenant  relationship 
 of  (iod  to  Israel.  Sin  is  viewed  both  as  treason  to  a 
 sovereign,  and  as  unfaithfulness  to  a  husband.  The 
 desperate  guilt  of  it,  and  the  greatness  of  the  mercy 
 that  remits  it,  are  thus  most  largely  illustrated.  And 
 prophecy,  iu  accordance  with  this  type,  while  denounc- 
 ing sin  and  predicting  judgment,  runs  on  to  the  fulfill- 
 ment of  the  divine  purpose,  the  highest  developmeut 
 of  the  covenant  relation,  when  the  faithless  spouse, 
 polluted  no  more,  shall  be  reinstated  in  the  love  she 
 had  outraged;  when  the  rebellious  subjects,  dis- 
 loyalty purged  out  forever,  shall  be  gathered  in 
 peace  and  prosperity  beneath  the  beneficent  sceptre 
 of  the  universal  King. 
 
 These  observations  are  but  outlines;  they  may 
 serve,  howevei:,  to  point  out  the  true  mode  of  pro- 
 phetic interpretation.  It  is  necessary  now  to  direct 
 attention  to  the  accomplishment  of  prophecy. 
 
 To  examine  this  with  any  fullness  would  require 
 a  far  greater  space  than  c^jn  be  here  allowed.  For 
 volumes  have  been  filled  with  the  mere  list  of  the 
 predictions  which  have  been  accomplished.  To  such 
 volumes  the  reader  must  be  directed.  And  to  pick 
 out  a  few  of  those  on  which  especially  the  seal  of 
 fact  has  been  placed  is  to  occupy  a  disadvantageous 
 position.  For  it  is  easily  forgotten,  when  particular 
 examples  are  discussed,  and  perhaps  objections  are 
 urged  against  them,  that  the  subject  has  really  a  far 
 wider  sweep.  The  accomplishment  of  a  single  pre- 
 diction may  be  noteworthy  ;  but  it  is  in  its  connected 
 chain,  it  is  in  its  accumulated  evidence,  that  the 
 supernatural  character  of  prophecy  is  really  seen. 
 Particular  ca.ses,  taken  .severally,  may,  if  not  actually 
 paralleled,  be  likened  to  the  lucky  guesses,  the  .saga- 
 cious anticipations,  the  strange  coincidences  which 
 from  time  to  time  exhil)it  themselves  in  history,  and 
 which  are  eagerly  laid  hold  of  by  those  who  are  glad 
 to  produce  any  show  of  argument  against  the  authority 
 of  the  divine  Word. 
 
 I5ut  prophetic  evidence  "does  not,"  says  Dr.  Fair- 
 bairn,  "consist  so  much  in  the  verifications  given 
 to  a  few  remarkable  predictions,  as  in  the  estab- 
 lishment of  an  entire  series,  closely  related  to  each 
 other,  and  forming  an  united  and  comprehensive 
 whole.  This  is  pecnliarly  the  case  in  respect  to  the 
 prophecies  which  relate  to  the  person  and  kingdom 
 of  Messiah,  which,  more  than  any  others,  form  a  pro- 
 longed and  connected  series."  We  have  trains, 
 therefore,  of  accomplishment,  each  valuable  in  it.self, 
 but  how  much  more  valuable  and  weighty  when 
 they  are  found  all  miiting  in  one  point.  Their 
 united  force,  so  brouglit  together,  each   receiving  as 
 
 it  adds,  is  infinitely  greater  than  the  mere  sum  of  so 
 many  dift'crent  unconnected  events. 
 
 Perhajjs  it  will  be  be.st,  in  the  space  here  allotted, 
 to  point  out  some  of  those  general  features  which 
 distinguish  prophetic  accomplishment,  leaving  it 
 to  the  reader  to  examine  lor  himself  more  minutely 
 the  details.  Prophecies  have  been  variously  classed. 
 The  simplest  and  commonest  arrangement  is :  1. 
 Those  relating  to  nations  in  the  neighborhood  of 
 Israel.  2.  Those  which  respect  the  Hebrew  nation. 
 3.  Those  referring  to  Messiah.  4.  Those  which 
 predict  the  destruction  of  Jenvsalem. 
 
 I.  The  nations  in  contact  with  Israel,  and  from 
 time  to  time  their  coiKjuerors  or  opjjressors,  are 
 threatened.  Edomaud  Tyre  and  Babylon  and  Egj'pt 
 have  their  future  delineated,  their  fate  distinctly 
 announced.  Now  there  is  a  marvelous  diversity  per- 
 ceptible. Sagacious  men,  looking  at  the  natural 
 causes  which  tend  to  the  ruin  of  States,  or  the  local 
 reasons  why  one  should  exalt  itself  alx)ve  its  neigh- 
 bors, have  often  been  able  to  anticipate  the  aggrand- 
 izement of  the  first,  the  misfortune  of  the  other.  But 
 observe  the  distinguishing  peculiarity  of  .Scripture 
 prophecy.  Edom  should  cea.se  to  be  a  people  (  Ezek. 
 xxT,  12-14;  Obad.  xWii);  Tyre  .should  be  brought 
 low,  should  in  a  great  measure  recover,  but  should 
 ultimately  be  a  mere  desolate  rock,  a  place  on 
 which  fishermen  were  to  spread  their  nets  (Isa.  xxiii; 
 Ezek.  xx^^,  13,  14);  Babylon  was  to  be  no  more  in- 
 habited (Isa.  xiii,  19-22);  Egypt  was  to  be  humbled 
 yet  not  destroyed^  the  nation  would  survive,  but  he 
 the  b.isest  of  the  kingdoms  (Ezek.  xxix,  !.">).  Xow 
 the  course  of  event.s  has  shown  the  extraor<linary 
 truthfulness  of  these  prophecies.  The  Idumeans 
 literally  ceased  to  be  a  people;  so  thoroughly  sub- 
 dvied  by  John  Hyrcanus  as  to  be  obliged  to  conform 
 to  the  law  of  Moses,  and  to  be,  to  the  entire  loss  of 
 their  nationality,  absorbed  by  the  Jews.  In  this  is  a 
 more  comi)Iete  fulfillment  of  prediction  than  in  the 
 desolate  ruins  of  the  country  which  once  was  theirs — 
 ruins  which  belonged  to  a  later  age.  Tyre,  again,  is 
 little  more  than  a  fishing  \illage  now;  and  the  ]>lains 
 of  Babylcmia  lie  waste,  their  teeming  population  gone: 
 while  Egypt,  still  a  bu.sy  land,  has,  for  two  thousanil 
 years,  lost  its  independence,  and,  "a  b.ase  kingdom." 
 has  borne  a  foreign  yoke.  Now  it  maybe  .asked,  llnw 
 could  natural  sagacity  have  calculated  these  results? 
 What  (|uick-sighted  eye  of  man  could  have  foreseen 
 the  dift'crent  fates  of  Babylonia  and  of  Egy]>t? — the 
 total  subversion  in  the  one  ca.se,  perpetual  (Upression 
 in  the  other  ? 
 
 II.  The  prophecies  in  rcgiird  to  the  Hebrew  nation 
 have  the  .same  specialty.  It  was  not  extinction  iis 
 against  Babylon  that  was  predicted;  it  was  not  sub- 
 jugation .as  for  Egypt,  but  a  .scattering  throughout 
 the  earth  without  absorption  by  the  nations  among 
 whom  they  sliould  be  mingled;  the  national  existence 
 and  identity  being  .still  preserved.  The  predictions 
 of  the   Pentateuch  (Lev.    xxvi:  Deut.    xxvi.   xxix), 
 
PROPHECY. 
 
 729 
 
 PROPHECY. 
 
 draw  the  accurate  outline  of  this,  to  which  the  dec- 
 
 hirdtions  of  lator  prophets  ftivu  additional  tody  and 
 coloring.  The  I'lillilliuent  is  a  patent  I'ait.  '•  Every 
 attempt,"  sjiys  Dr.  Lee  {On  Jliniih.i;  an  Examinalion 
 of  the  Remarks  of  Mr.  Baden  Powell,  etc.,  p.  42^,  "to 
 explain  it  by  natural  cau-ses  has  merely  served  to  ac- 
 count lor  the  ercnl  itself,  but  not  for  its  coincidence 
 with  what  had  been  foretold  many  hundred  years 
 before. "  The  prelenialiiral  character  of  the  fact  consist.s 
 altogether  in  the  correspondence  and  coincidence  be- 
 tween ancient  predictions  and  the  j)resent  condition 
 of  the  Jewish  people — a  condition  which  one  scarcely 
 knows  how  distinctly  to  express,  but  in  the  words  of 
 the  prophetic  account  of  it.  given,  too,  by  the  legis- 
 lator of  the  Commonwealth  wlio.sc  dissolntion  he  is 
 directed  to  foreshow:  "  Thou  shalt  iK'conie  an  a.ston- 
 ishment,  a  proverb,  and  a  byword,  among  all  nations, 
 whither  the  Lord  shall  lead  thee  "  (I)eut.  x.wiii,  37). 
 Supernatural  foresight  there  must  have  been,  then, 
 in  the  old  prophets.  Now  let  us  see  it-s  bearing  on 
 Christianity. 
 
 III.  There  is  the  same  noticeable  peculiarity  in 
 the  prophetical  ])roraise  of  the  Messiah.  It  is  (juite 
 diflerentfrom  what  natural  or  national  prepo.ssessious 
 would  have  imagined.  We  might  suppose  the  dim 
 ideal  of  a  future  conqueror  and  king,  with  an  antici- 
 pation that  the  destiny  of  Israel  would  have  its 
 highest  prosperity  under  his  sway.  .\nd  proj)hcey 
 accordingly  describes  the  glories  which  should  en- 
 compass One  whose  throne  should  be  established  in 
 righteousness,  and  whose  rule  should  comprehend 
 the  kings  of  the  earth.  But  along  with  such  a 
 description  there  runs  continually  a  darker  augury; 
 from  the  very  tirst  intimation  of  a  .Seed  of  the  woman, 
 the  bruising  of  his  heel  is  prognosticated  (Gen.  iii.  15), 
 and  there  is  the  constant  witness  to  my.sterious  blood- 
 .shedding,  and  forshadowings  of  unutterable  sorrow- 
 to  be  endured  and  .shame  and  rejection  and  death: 
 so  that  those  who  most  an.xiously  looked  for  the 
 fultillmint  of  the  nation's,  of  the  world's  hope,  were 
 most  reluctant  to  ;i(lmit  that  such  hitiiiiliation  could 
 touch  the  promi.sed  One;  and  even  in  the  anticipation 
 of  his  reign  they  had  shaped  out  a  far  ditl'erent 
 sovereignty,  unconscious  of  the  great  principle  on 
 which  future  spiritual  glories  are  delineated  in  lan- 
 guage taken  from  the  earthly  fortunes  of  their  royal 
 house.  Now  here  is  a  whole  system  of  prophetic  de- 
 claration, foretelling  what  human  thought  would  have 
 been  le:i.st  likely  to  conceive,  while  the  fulfdhnentcamc 
 in  a  form  so  marvelously  strange  as  to  contradict  all 
 foregone  conclusions. and  yet  so  satisfactory  as  to  engage 
 men  for  the  truth  of  it  to  resign  all  they  would  naturally 
 covet,  and  seal  their  belief  of  it  with  their  blood. 
 The  accomplishment  of  prophecy  in  the  birth,  the 
 rejection,  the  death,  the  resurrection  of  Christ,  is 
 complete.  And.  though  he  did  not  sway  a  worldly 
 sceptre,  yet  his  kingdom  was  not  the  less  real:  it 
 was  that  wondrous  rule  over  the  hearts  of  men.  that 
 sovereignty,  that  more  than  imperial  i)ower,  which 
 
 gathered  him  a  people  from  every  nation  of  the 
 
 world.  The  prophetic  description  of  his  kingdom  is 
 receiving  daily  fresh  accomplishment;  the  stone  cut 
 out  without  hands  is  breaking  and  subduing  other 
 powers;  and  things  are  tending  to  that  perfect  con- 
 summation, when  the  pride  and  pomp  of  earthly 
 kings  shall  have  jjassed  away,  and  the  universe  shall 
 become  the  one  wide  dominion  of  the  King  of  kings 
 and  Lord  of  lords. 
 
 I\'.  Our  Lord's  own    prophecy  was  of  the  .same 
 
 1  type.  While  his  enemies  were  proudly  presuming 
 on  some  worldly,  material  deliverance,  and  while  his 
 followers  expected  him  to  restore  the  kingdom  to 
 Israel,  his  eye  looked  sadly  on  to  the  time  when  the 
 holy  hou.se  of  JeriLsalem  should  be  desolate  (Matt, 
 xxiii,  37,  38;  Luke  xix,  41-44).  "To  foresee  such 
 results,"says  Dr.  Fairbairn,"  results  in  many  respects 
 opposed  to  the  intentions,  and  the  general  policy  of 
 the  Koni:ins,  who  were  the  chief  instruments  in  ef- 
 fecting it,  and  with  such  a  tone  of  assurance  announce 
 them  so  long  before  hand.  w;is  not  to  speak  in  the 
 manner  of  men;  and  no  one  who  looks  calmly  into 
 the  circumstances  can  ever  find  an  explanation  that 
 will  be  satisfactory  to  his  own   mind,  by  the  help 
 
 I  merely  of  some  unusual  degree  of  shrewdness  on  the 
 
 I  part  of  Jesus,  or  of  a  certain  peculiar  combination  of 
 
 I  circumstances  in  Providence." 
 
 The   weight   of  ])rop.liecy  as  an   evidence   of  the 
 
 I  truth  of  the  religion  of  the  Bible  may  be  in  scmie 
 
 1  degree  estimated  by  what  has  been  said.  It  stands 
 alone.  No  other  claim  to  supernatural  foreknowl- 
 edge can  be  put  in  comjjarison  with  it.  .\nd  no 
 pett,v  objection  to  this  or  that  detail,  no  fancied  dis- 
 covery that  here  or  there  fulUllment  has  not  answered 
 
 j  to  prediction,  can  be  admitted  to  shake  evidence 
 of  such  a  comprehensive  character. 
 
 It  is  true  that  there  are  prophecies  which  have  not 
 received  fultiUment.  The  prediction  uttered  by 
 .lonah  against  Nineveh  is  an  example  (Jonah  iii). 
 But  the  explauation  is  very  easy.  God  has  a  purjiose 
 to  perform.  And  he  uses  those  means  which  are 
 best  adajited  to  lead  to  it.  Forexample,  He  "  willeth 
 not  the  death  of  a  sinner."     And  it  is  against  men 
 
 i  as  sinners  that  his  threatenings  are  directed.  So 
 that,  if  they  turn  from  the  error  of  their  wa.v,  God's 
 purpose  is  .accomplished,  his  mercy  is  exhibited.  "If 
 that  nation,"  He  distinctly  says,  "against  wlumi  I 
 have  pronounced,  turn  from  their  e\il.  I  will  repent 
 of  the  evil  that  I  thought  to  do  unto  them  "  (Jer. 
 xviii,  8).  This  sufficiently  vindicates  from  the 
 charge  of  changeableiu'ss. 
 
 Little  can  here  Ix;  added.  But  it  is  submitted  to 
 the  candid  reader  that,  after  all  the  deductions  which 
 reasonably  can  be  made,  after  every  allowance  that 
 can  l)c  fiiirly  claimed,  prophecy,  as  exercised  among 
 the  chosen  people  and  recorded  in  their  sjicrcd  Ixxiks, 
 stands  widely  distinguished  from  and  far  alxjve  the 
 |)retensions  of  any  ordinary  sages.  It  is  a  moral 
 wonder  that  cannot  \ye  paralleled  elsewhere.    If.  then, 
 
•  PROTESTAXT.- 
 
 730 
 
 PRYOR. 
 
 effects  have  their  adequate  causes,  surely  the  con- 
 clusion to  be  arrived  at  here  is  that  '"holy  men  of 
 old  spake."  not  according  to  their  own  notions,  not 
 as  evincing  mere  bilmun  sagacity,  but  " "  as  they  were 
 moved  by  the  Holy  Ghost"  \i  Pet.  i.  211.  And  we 
 must  take  this  not  as  an  isolated  proof  that  the  Bible 
 is  from  Oo»l.  but  as  one  among  several  as  weighty 
 departments  of  eWdence,  all  converging  to  the  same 
 point,  to  have  an  adequate  notion  of  the  force  of 
 proof  that  is  thus  supplied. 
 
 "  Protestant" — Origin  of  the  Term.  Luther 
 was  ex-commuiiicated  by  Leo  X.  and  c-ondemned  by 
 an  edict  of  the  Imperial  Diet  of  Worms,  held  by  the 
 Emperor.  Charles  V,  in  15-21,  for  hining  written 
 ag-.iinst  the  abuses  and  errors  of  the  Roman  Church, 
 and  especially  for  publishing  his  ninety-fifth  thesis 
 against  the  traffic  in  Pap;il  indulgences,  then  exten- 
 sively carried  on  in  Germany  by  John  Tetzel,  a  Do- 
 minican friar. 
 
 Frederick  the  Wise,  Elector  of  Saxony,  protected 
 Luther  in  his  struggle  with  Rome,  and  at  his  death, 
 in  15-26,  his  brother,  John,  "  The  Constant,"  engaged 
 still  more  actively  in  the  catise  of  the  Reformation. 
 A  Diet  was  assembletl  at  Spires,  in  1.526.  for  the  pur- 
 pose of  imposing  a  restraint  upon  the  zeal  and  power 
 of  the  Reformed  Confederacy.  But  the  Diet  decided 
 that  each  Prince  should  luive  the  liberty  to  pursue 
 his  own  course  in  ecclesiasticjl  matters,  until  a  gen- 
 eral council  could  pronounce  upon  the  exisring  di- 
 visions In  the  Church.  This  decree  had  the  effect  of 
 giving  a  new  impulse  to  the  Reformation. 
 
 At  this  crisis.  Pope  Clement  VII  and  the  Emi)eror 
 resolved  to  call  the  famous  Diet  at  Spires,  iu  1529. 
 at  which  all  the  chief  Princes  and  Deputies  were 
 present.  The  combined  influence  of  the  Papal  and 
 Imperial  power  succeeded  iu  revoking  the  decisions  of 
 the  former  Diet  of  1526,  and  in  pronouncing  unlawful 
 every  change  in  thedoctrineordisciplineof  the  Roman 
 Church,  until  s;»nctioned  by  a  genenU  council. 
 
 The  Reformers,  indigmint  at  this  invasion  of  their 
 religious  liberties,  solemly  united  in  a  public  protest 
 against  the  decree  of  the  Diet,  on  theWth  of  April.  1529. 
 at  the  same  time  appealing  to  a  gener.d  coimcU  for 
 the  truth  of  their  position.  In  this  protest,  six 
 Princes  of  the  Empire  united,  and  the  Deputies  of 
 fourteen  imperial  cities  and  towns.  This  ever-mem- 
 orable transaction  w;is  the  origin  of  the  term  Protegt- 
 nnl,  which  is  now  tlie  biulge  of  the  Christian  Church, 
 as  distinguished  from  Babylonian  Rome.  John  "  The 
 Constant,"  Elector  of  Saxony,  was  the  first  to  sign 
 this  protest.  The  following  are  the  cUiims  contained 
 in  the  famous  prote-st  of  the  Reformers: — 
 
 '■  Liberty  of  coxsciexce;  the  sovereign 
 power  of  prinx'es  i>f  protectisg  their  subjects 
 .\g.vix".st  all  .\rbitr.\ry  dictation  i.v  matter.s 
 of  f.vith;  repfdiatiox  of  the  slpreme  .au- 
 THORITY OF  THE  Pope:  .\n"d  the  right  to  de- 
 clare THE   Holy  Siriptures  to   be  the  only 
 
 RULE  AXD  safe  GUIDE  OF   ALL  CHRISTIANS." 
 
 For  these  they  appealed  to  a  general  council,  and 
 to  all  impartial  judges,  concluding  in  the  following 
 expressive  and  appropriate  terms: — 
 
 ■  ■  W"e  protest  publicly,  before  God,  our  only  Creator, 
 Preserver.  Redeemer  and  .S;i viour.  who.  as  the  Searcher 
 of  all  our  hearts,  judgeth  righteously;  and  we  also 
 protest  before  all  the  world,  that  both  for  ourselves 
 and  for  all  our  connexions  and  subjects,  we  do  not 
 consent  to,  nor  agree  with,  any  resolurions  and  acts 
 contained  in  the  last  decree  of  .Spires  above  referred 
 to.  which,  in  the  great  concern  of  Religion,  are  con- 
 trary to  God  and  to  His  Holy  Word,  inj  nrious  to  our 
 souls'  salvation,  and  also  in  direct  opposition  to  the 
 dictates  of  our  conscience,  as  well  as  to  a  decree  issued 
 by  a  previous  imperial  Diet  of  Spires;  and  we  hereby 
 solemnly  declare  that,  from  reasons  already  assigned, 
 and  from  other  weighty  considerations,  we  regard  all 
 such  resolurions  or  acts  as  null  and  roirf." 
 
 Thus  may  the  edicts  of  Rome  be  ever  regarded  by 
 Christians  and  freemen,  and  Protestantism  be  per- 
 petuated till  Antichrist  be  no  more  ! 
 
 I'roudflt,  Rev.  Alexander,  was  bom  in  Xew 
 York  city.  April  16th,  1S39.  He  graduated  at  Rut- 
 gers College  in  1S.>^,  and  pursued  his  theological 
 studies  at  Xew  Brunswick  and  Princeton  seminaries. 
 He  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  First  Presby- 
 tery of  Xew  York,  September,  1862.  His  first  pas- 
 toral charge  was  Fislerville  (Clayton),  Xew  Jersey, 
 1866-T8.  Since  1S7S  he  has  been  pastor  of  the 
 Church  at  Hackettstown.  X.  J.  He  is  a  successful 
 preacher,  and  acrive  iu  every  good  work.  He  man- 
 ifests great  interest  in  the  Sabbath-school  cause,  and 
 is  beloved  by  his  brethren  and  the  people  among 
 whom  he  labors. 
 
 Pryor,  Theodorick,  D.  D.,  was  bom  at  Anns- 
 ville,  Dinwiddle  county,  Va.,  January  9th,  1805,  of 
 a  worthy  ancestry.  His  early  education  was  prose- 
 cuted in  an  academy  in  Dinwiddle  county,  Va.  In 
 June,  1823,  be  entered  Hampden-Sidney  College, 
 Virginia,  and  graduated  in  .Septemljer.  1826,  with  the 
 highest  grade  of  distinction.  He  then  entered  the 
 University  of  Virginia,  and  prosecuted  the  study  of 
 law  for  a  year.  After  marrying,  and  spending  two 
 years  in  the  practice  of  law.  on  the  death  of  his  wife 
 he  entered  Union  Theologic.il  .Seminary,  in  Virginia, 
 January  9th,  1831,  but  owing  to  the  Ulne.ss  of  Dr.  John 
 H.  Rice.  Professor  of  Theologv-.  he  left  in  July,  and 
 entered  the  Seminary  in  Princeton,  whence  he  re- 
 turned to  L'nion  in  the  Fall  of  1831,  Dr.  Cieorge  A. 
 Baxter  ha\"lng  succeeded,  at  that  time,  to  the  chair  of 
 Theology.  In  April,  1832,  he  was  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  East  Hanover,  meeting  in  Portsmouth. 
 Va.  He  at  once  entered  on  his  duties  as  a  licentiate. 
 in  the  county  of  Xottoway,  occupying,  till  the  Fall, 
 the  pulpit  of  the  pastor.  Rev.  Wm.  S.  White,  who 
 h.ad  been  allied  to  another  field  of  laljor.  In  Sep- 
 tember. 1^52.  Rev.  Mr.  (afterwards  Dr.  i  White  hav- 
 ing resigniil  the  ch.-irge  of  the  church.  Mr.  Pryor 
 >va3  called  to  succeed  him,  and  in  Xovember  follow- 
 
rvBLir  woiisiiii'. 
 
 731 
 
 PIXIUHMKXT.  FVTLKE. 
 
 ing  was  duly  ordained  and  installed  pastor  by  East 
 Hanover  Pri-sbytery.  Alter  serving  this  churcli  witli 
 great  aLteiit;iiKe  and  success  till  l""):!,  lie  accepted  a 
 call  to  the  Third  Presbyterian  Church  in  lialtiniore, 
 and  was  received  on  dismission  from  hiist  llanover 
 Presbytery  and  instiilled  pastor  in  the  Fall  of  that 
 year.  He  remained,  however,  only  one  year,  and  in 
 September,  1854,  to  the  regret  of  his  charge  and  his 
 ministerial  brethren  in  Biiltimore,  he  resigned  his 
 charge,  and  returning  to  Virginia,  accepted  a  call  to 
 the  .Second  Church  in  Petersburg,  and  was  reguhirly 
 installed  pastor,  in  a  few  weeks  after  lea\  ing  Balti- 
 more. He  continued  his  labors  there  till  .May,  \KiV.i, 
 when,  at  the  recjuest  of  the  E;ust  Hanover  Presbytery 
 he  bcKime  chaplain  in  the  army  of  Northern  Virginia. 
 
 Dr.  Pryor's  labors  in  Petersburg  had  been  greatly  I 
 blessed.  On  Utkiug  charge  of  the  Second  Church,  he 
 found  a  small  membership  and  a  very  thin  congrega- 
 tion. The  church  building  was  too  near  that  of  the 
 long  establi.shi(l  and  flourishing  Tabb  Street  Chunh. 
 At  his  suggestion  that  building  was  sohl  and  a  better 
 site  selected  on  \V;ushington  street,  wlu^re  a  building 
 costing  $:50,00()  was  erected  aiwl  dedicated,  in  June, 
 1861.  The  roll  of  communiftints  had  been  doubled 
 and  the  congregation  trebled  in  numbers.  For  a  time 
 he  was  chaplain.  After  the  war  closed  he  returned 
 as  soon  as  possible  to  the  ordinary  work  of  the  min- 
 istry, taking  charge,  for  nearly  two  years,  of  a  small 
 church  in  Brunswick  county,  Va.  In  the  Fall  of  H(i7 
 he  accepted  a  call  to  his  lirst  and  tenderly  beloved 
 charge,  the  Church  of  Xottoway,  in  which  he  is  still 
 laboring  with  the  assiduity  and  untiring  energy  of  a 
 man  of  fifty,  instead  of  seventy-eight.  Dr.  Pryor  has 
 been  frequently  invited  to  larger  and,  on  many  ac- 
 counts, far  more  desirable  fields  of  labor,  such  as 
 Tinkling  Spring,  Augusta  county;  College  Church,  at 
 Hampden-Sidney,  and  the  Village  Church  at  Charlott«- 
 C.  H.  Besides  these  in  Virginia  he  has  beeu  invited 
 to  Hopkins\-ille,  Ky.,  and  (lalvcston,  Te.vas. 
 
 His  tield  of  labor  in  Xottoway  has  been  enlarged  by 
 his  etTorts,  two  new  churches  built,  one  i>urch;used 
 and  repaired,  and  efforts  are  now  in  progress  towards 
 the  erection  of  another.  Five  or  six  hundred  persons 
 have  been  received  into  the  communion  of  the  church 
 under  his  labors.  He  has  ever  been  a  regular  attend- 
 ant on  all  dSclesiastical  courts,  and  his  participation 
 in  their  proceedings  is  always  welcomed  by  his 
 brethren.  He  preached  his  .semi-centenary  sermon  , 
 last  November.  During  this  long  and  laborious  min- 
 istry he  has,  with  unwavering  fidelity,  proclaimed 
 the  Calvinism  of  the  Cross.  His  present  ordinary 
 week's  work  is  three  or  four  sermons.  His  greatest  ^ 
 delight  is  to  preach,  and  with  Dr.  Payson  he  can  Siiy, 
 •'I  sometimes  weary  in,  but  never  weary  of  the  ser-  : 
 vice  of  the  Lord.'' 
 
 Public  "Worship.    This  is  at  once  a  solemn  duty 
 and  a  precious  privilege.     Under  the  former  dispen- 1 
 sation,  all  the  males  of  God's  chosen  jK-ople  were  en- 
 joined "  to  appear  three  times  iu  the  year  Ix-fore  the 
 
 Lord  "  (Exod.  xxiii,  17).  But  all  their  worship  of 
 a  public  nature  was  not  confined  to  the  temple,  or  to 
 the  celebration  of  the  sacred  feasts;  they  had  syna- 
 gogues erected  throughout  th«?  land,  iu  which  they 
 iUvsembled,  at  Icivst  tui  the  Sabbath  days,  for  the  ser- 
 vice of  the  Lord  ( .\cts  xv,  21 ).  Jesus  Christ,  while  he 
 was  on  earth,  not  only  went  up  to  Jeru.salem  at  the 
 celebration  of  the  great  feasts,  but  also  atten<le<l  reg- 
 ularly to  the  service  of  the  synagogue  on  the  Sabbath 
 days  (Luke  iv,  16).  His  example  lays  a  strong  ob- 
 lig:itiou  upon  those  who  profiss  to  be  his  followers, 
 to  Ije  regular  and  conscientious  in  their  attendance 
 upon  the  public  worship  of  God.  The  primitive 
 Christians  did  not  satisfy  themselves  with  worship- 
 ing God  in  secret  and  in  their  families,  but  whenever 
 they  had  an  opjiortunity  they  assembled  together 
 for  public  worship  (.\ets  ii,  46).  Some  of  the 
 cpistU'S  of  Paul  arc  commanded  to  be  read  in  the 
 churches.  The  singing  of  ps;ilms,  hymns  and  spirit- 
 ual .songs  is  enjoined  as  an  act  of  solemn  worshi]> 
 to  the  Lord,  and  Paul  cautions  the  Hebrews  that 
 they  "  forsake  not  the  ;us.sembling  of  themselves  to- 
 gether." The  practice  of  the  primitive  age  is  also 
 manifest  from  thoepLstlesof  Paul.  The  Lord's  Sup- 
 per was  celebrated  by  the  body  of  believers  collect- 
 ively, and  this  apostle  prescribes  to  the  Corinthians 
 regulations  for  the  exercise  of  prayer  and  ])rophesy- 
 ings,  '■  when  they  come  together  in  the  church,"  the 
 a.ssembly. 
 
 Public  worship  is  of  great  utility.  1.  It  gives 
 Cliristians  an  opportunity  of  openly  professing  their 
 faith  in  and  love  to  Christ.  '2.  It  preserves  a  sense 
 of  religion  iu  the  mind,  without  which  society  could 
 not  well  exist.  3.  It  enlivens  devotion  and  promotes 
 zeal.  4.  It  is  the  means  of  receiving  instruction  and 
 consolation.  God  is  eminently  honored  by  the  .social 
 worship  of  his  people,  and  he  delights  to  honor  the 
 ordinances  of  his  public  worship  by  making  them 
 means  of  grace.  Most  commonly  it  is  by  means  of 
 these  ordinances  that  sinners  are  awakened  and  con- 
 verted, and  that  s;iints  are  editied  and  comforted. 
 
 Public  worship  should  l)e,  1.  .Solemn,  not  light 
 and  trilling  I  Ps.  Ix.xxix,  7);  ii.  Simple,  not  pomjKJUs 
 and  ceremonial  (Isa.  Ixii,  2);  3.  Cheerful,  and  not 
 with  forbidding  aspect  (Ps.  e);  4.  Sincere,  and  not 
 In-pocritical  (Isa.  i,  12  ;  JIatt.  xxiii,  13  ;  John  iv,  24); 
 5.  Scripturally  pure,  aud  not  superstitious  (Isa.  Ivii, 
 15). 
 
 Pumry,  Rev.  Samuel,  was  born  in  Northamp- 
 ton. Mass..  Siptcniher  Kith,  W^~.  and  graduated  at 
 Yale,  in  1705.  He  accepted  a  ca\\  to  a  cougreg.ition 
 in  Newtown,  on  Loi)g  Island,  in  HO-',  and  wiis  or- 
 d'ained,  November  30th,  1709,  In  1715  he  was 
 received  as  a  meml>er  of  Presbytery.  He  died,  June 
 30th,  1744,  "leaving  his  congregation,"  says  the 
 church  record,  '"to  bewail  an  un.speakable  loss." 
 
 Ptmishment,  Future,  of  the  Finally  Im- 
 penitent. The  .Siriptures  describe  it  in  forcible 
 language.     They  speak — and  it  is  to  be  observed  that 
 
PUKISHMEXT.  FCTrHK. 
 
 732 
 
 PVRriAXCE. 
 
 the  words  are  frequently  those  of  Christ  himself — of 
 "everlasting  fire,''  of  "  everlastiuK  jiuuishment,"  of 
 a  worm  that  "dieth  not,"'  of  a  fire  that  "is  not 
 quenched  "  {Matt,  xviii,  8;  xxv,  41,  46;  Mark  ix,  43-48; 
 2  Thess.  i,  !);  Rev.  xiv,  10, 11 ;  xx,  10).  The  statement, 
 too,  that  "it  had  been  good  for"  the  traitor  "  if  he 
 had  not  been  born  ''  is  difficult  enouj^h  to  reconcile 
 with  any  notion  of  the  final  salvation  of  all  the 
 human  race.  A  great  deal  of  ingenuity  has  been 
 exercised  in  the  endeavor  to  e.xiilain  the  expressions 
 just  cited  as  meaning  but  a  long  time,  some  great, 
 indefinite  period.  But  it  is  rei>lied  that  the  words 
 are  the  same  which  describe  the  happiness  of  the 
 saved  and  the  misery  of  the  lo.st.  If  the  one  be  not 
 endless,  why  should  the  other  be  ?  And  we  may  go 
 yet  higher.  If  we  hence  doubt  the  eternity  of 
 punishment,  we  mast  beware  that  we  do  not  also 
 raise  a  doubt  of  the  eternity  of  the  (li\iue  Son  of 
 God. 
 
 If  we  are  to  take  the  Scripture  only  as  our  guide, 
 interpreting  its  declarations  in  their  obvious  sense, 
 we  can  hardly  avoid  the  conclusion  that  the  punish- 
 ment of  the  lost  is  everlasting,  not  annihilation — ever- 
 la.sting  non-existence  is  a  contradiction  in  terms — but 
 puni.shmi-nt.  And  the  question  will  extend  further 
 than  to  men;  for  the  wicked,  we  are  told,  are  to  share 
 the  fiery  beds  of  the  devil  and  his  angels.  The  same 
 arguments,  too,  against  the  eternal  sufi'cring  of  human 
 beings  will  apply  against  the  eternal  suffering  of  fallen 
 angels.  These  arguments  are  mainly  taken  from 
 the  supposed  benevolence  of  the  Deity,  incapacitat- 
 ing Hira  from  inflicting  an  endless  penalty  on  His 
 creatures.  But  men  must  take  care  not  to  confound 
 benevolence  with  license,  and  must  not  be  more  con- 
 cerned lor  the  happiness  of  sinners  than  for  the 
 righteousness  of  (iod.  It  is  maintained  that  God  can- 
 not be  pleased  with  the  sull'erings  of  any,  and  must, 
 therefore,  put  an  end  to  them;  and  again,  that  as  He 
 dislikes  sin,  he  will  surely  not  leave  any  portion  of 
 his  dominions  infected  with  it.  But  such  arguments 
 appear  to  go  too  far.  They  might  be  urged  against 
 the  allowance  of  any  suft'ering.  against  the  jjccwh/ ex- 
 istence of  sin,  and  it  might  be  asked,  "  'Wiiy  does 
 He,  the  infinitely  kind,  not  spread  joy  at  once 
 into  tlie  heart  of  every  sentient  creature  ?  Why  does 
 not  He,  the  holiest,  by  the  exertion  of  His  infinite 
 power,  eradicate  every  trace  of  rebellion  against  His 
 sway?"  The  question  might  go  higher:  "Why  did 
 He  ever  permit  sin  and  sutVcring  to  break  in  itpon 
 thetiniver.se?"  The  plain  an.swer  i.s,  "  AVe  cimnot 
 tell."  We  can  reason  upward  a  few  steps;  but  we 
 must  .soon  stop  and  confess  tliat  (Jod's  waysare  higher 
 than  our  ways,  and  His  tlioughts  than  our  thoughts 
 (Isa.  Iv,  9);  "he  givcth  not  account  of  any  of  his 
 matters"  (Job  xxxiii,  13).  We  are  not  in  a  posi- 
 tion to  judge;  we  do  not  see  far  enough;  we  cannot 
 account  for  much  of  what  we  do  see.  And  therefore 
 we  are  bound  on  such  a  subject  as  this  simply  to  re- 
 ceive what  (iod  lias  l)een  pleased  to  re\eal   in  His 
 
 Word.  And  if  anything  we  find  there  be  astonish- 
 ing to  us,  it  is  our  wisdom  to  conclude  that  the 
 Judge  of  all  the  earth  will  do  right,  and  that  every 
 attribute  of  His  glorious  being.  His  holiness.  His 
 wisdom.  His  truth.  His  mercy,  will  be  exalted  to 
 the  highest  pitch  in  the  sight  of  all  the  universe. 
 His  very  enemies  shall  acknowledge  the  righteous- 
 ness of  the  hand  that  subjects  them,  as  well  as  the 
 saved  exult  in  the  love  which  has  redeemed  them. 
 On  high  matters  like  these  we  are  to  be  humble. 
 
 It  is  also  to  be  considered  that  punishment  is  the 
 natural  eonseiiuence  of  sin,  and  so  long  as  a  soul  is 
 not  purified  it  must  suffer;  it  ctinnot  behold  the 
 favorable  countenance  of  the  holy  God;  it  cannot  be 
 meet  comi)any  for  the  saints  nuide  iKMlect.  Before  it 
 can  pass  into  heavenly  mansions,  a  vast  change  must 
 have  been  ^vrought.  And  what  should  work  that 
 change?  If  the  suflering  of  nutn  were  a  means  of 
 purifying  him,  why  should  there  have  been  the 
 precious  blood-.shedding  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ? 
 Closely  is  this  matter  connected  with  the  doctrine  of' 
 the  atonement;  and  he  that  imagines  that  by  penal 
 sutferiug  righteousness  will  be  attained,  that  after 
 this  life  is  ended  a  hope  is  still  held  out  for  men's 
 return  to  (Jod,  contradicts  most  certainly  the  Scrip- 
 ture warning  that  after  willful  sin  "  there  remaineth 
 no  more  sacrifice  tor  sins  "  (Hcb.  x,  ■2()),  and  devises  a 
 fresh  state  of  probation,  where  opportimity  once  lost 
 may  be  regained.  Surely,  then,  so  long  as  God 
 remains  changeless  in  His  detestation  of  eVil,  so  long 
 as  the  sinner  remains  unchanged  in  his  state  of  sin, 
 the  sentence  must  hold,  of  departure  from  the  Lord's 
 presence:  the  ungodly  one's  dwelling  must  be  in  that 
 outer  darkness,  lietween  which  and  the  light  of  ever- 
 lasting life  a  gulf  is  fixed  that  is  impassal>le  ( Luke 
 xvi,  26). 
 
 Let  it  not  be  said  that  they  who  so  read  the  Scrip- 
 ture delight  in  prophesying  evil.  Gladly  would  they 
 rather,  as  knowing  the  terrors  of  the  Lord,  persuade 
 men  while  yet  there  is  the  fullest  opportunity,  the 
 freest  invitation,  to  flee  from  the  wrath  to  come. 
 Doubtless,  it  nuiy  be  added,  tlie  joy  of  any  one's  s:il- 
 vation  is  enhanced  by  the  thought  of  tiiiat  it  is  from 
 which  he  is  delivered,      {liih.  Kiioirhth/e.) 
 
 Purviance,  Rev.  George  Dugan,  was   born 
 
 ,   Md., .  Is],"),  and  was  a  son  of 
 
 Judge  Purviance,  who  long  was  an  eminent  and 
 honored  Judge  in  Baltimore.  He  graduated  at  St. 
 Mary's  College,  in  1S32,  and  had  his  theological 
 training  at  Princeton  Seminary.  He  was  ordained 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Ballimore,  in  ISIiit.  and  was 
 pa.stor  of  the  Fourth  Church  of  Baltimore,  from  ls:5!) 
 to  18.'>5,  alter  which  he  resided  in  that  city,  in  infirm 
 health,  until  his  death,  Ajiril  ~th,  1873.  Mr.  Pur- 
 viance was  a  cultivated  and  genial  gentleman.  He 
 preached  the  gospel  in  its  simplicity,  and  with  an 
 evident  and  earnest  desire  that  it  might  aceomidish 
 its  design  through  his  ministry.  His  Christi;in  char- 
 acter was  calm,  .steailv  and  consistent. 
 
PCKVIAXCE. 
 
 rxi 
 
 QVAJil£S. 
 
 Purviance,  James,  D.  D.,  wiis  bora  at  Balti- 
 more, Mil.,  Febrnarj- imli,  IsoT.  He  w.is  edurated  at 
 St.  Mary  s  College,  Md.,  and  at  the  Uuited  Stiites  Mili- 
 tary Aeademy,  West  Point.  He  suhseiiueutly  studied 
 law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  Baltimore. 
 Under  the  ministry  ot"  the  late  Dr.  Xevius  he  under- 
 went that  change  in  his  eonvictiou  whieh  resulted  in 
 his  profession  of  his  laith  as  a  Christian,  his  adoption 
 of  the  ministry  as  his  wiling.  He  graduated  at  Prinoe- 
 toni^minary  in  lSa,>,and  was licenst>d  in  the  s;ime  year 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  B;iltimore.  Choosing  the  Soutli- 
 we.st  as  his  lield,  he  Wits  ordaineil  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Louisiana  in  l-i:ii;,  and  for  sever.il  years  supplie*! 
 the  ehureh  at  Baton  Rouge.     In  1*-10  he  l>ec;ime  jkis- 
 
 torof  the  Carmel  Church,  iu  Adams  county,  Miss., 
 ami  in  1854  accepte<l  the  otHee  of  President  of  Oak- 
 land College,  to  which  he  ha<l  been  elected.  In  this 
 Jiosition  he  distinguished  himself  by  his  eminent 
 .■j«lministrative  ability.  In  18(jO,  he  was  compelled, 
 by  the  severity  of  chronic  di.sorders,  to  retire  to  private 
 life.  He  made  Natchez  his  home,  and  engaging  as 
 his  health  allowed,  iu  assisting  his  daughters  in  con- 
 ducting a  Female  Academy,  there  tramjuilly  closed 
 his  life,  .July  Uth,  1871. 
 
 Dr.  Purviance  was  a  thoroughly  honorable  and 
 upright  man,  generous  in  his  sentiments,  free  from 
 guile  and  intolerant  of  it  in  others,  a  devoted  Pres- 
 byterian, and  a  staunch  advocate  of  orthodoxy. 
 
 Q 
 
 Quarles,  Col.  James,  was  an  honored  elder  in 
 Miss,)uri.  His  was  a  ./.  >•/</<</  Christian  character. 
 Everywhere,  and  at  all  times,  he  stood  fearlessly  up 
 
 COL.   JAHCS  vl"ARI.F.S. 
 
 for  his  Miister.  Though  his  public  profession  of 
 Christ  did  not  occur  until  he  was  iu  middle  life,  that 
 event  marked  a  decided  period  in  his  career.  Every 
 Christian  duty  was  promptly  taken  up  and  con- 
 scientiously discharged.  Henceforth,  the  morning 
 and  evening  s;>crilice  burne<l  upon  his  family  altar. 
 His  first  connection  was  with  the  noon\ille  Church, 
 and  al"terwards  with  the  Union  Church,  iu  Cooper 
 
 county,  in  Imth  of  which  he  was  a  ruling  elder.  His 
 lavorite  sphere  of  lalwr  was  in  the  Sjibbath  school, 
 uiHjn  which  he  set  a  high  estimate  as  an  instrumen- 
 tiility  for  gootl.  Into  this  work  he  entered  with  all 
 !  the  enthusia.sm  of  a  uatunilly  ardent  aiul  atlectiouate 
 nature.  The  churches  of  Boonville  and  Union,  and 
 the  Central  Church,  of  St.  Louis,  were  blessed  by 
 his  earnest  labors,  whiih  were  always  abundant. 
 
 The  beauty  and  strength  of  Col.  yuarles'  character 
 were  augmented  by  the  s;u-red  reg.u-d  he  always 
 maintained  for  divine  institutions.  "  The  law  of  the 
 Lord  "  was  the  supreme  rule  of  his  life.  With  rigid 
 strictness  he  observed  the  Lord's  day,  and  required 
 the  sjmie  of  his  children  and  servants.  He  set  his 
 face  like  a  flint  against  corrupting  worldly  amuse- 
 ments of  every  lorm,  and  to  the  cause  of  TemiK-rance 
 he  g-ave  his  heart  and  inlluenee.  What.soever  thinir? 
 are  true,  just,  pure  and  lovely,  I'ouud  in  him  an  ojh-u 
 and  avowed  advocate.  He  has  left  the  legacy  of  a 
 devoted  and  exemplary  life.  He  w.ts  born  in  Vir- 
 ginia, 18n!);  went  to  JIis.souri,  1830;  was  ordained  an 
 elder.  1S4(I;  and  died,  l-'r4. 
 
 Quarles,  J.  A.,  D.  D.,  son  of  Col.  .Tames  and 
 Mrs.  .Sarah  Quarles,  was  born  near  Boonville,  Mo., 
 April  3ittli,  ls;i7.  His  educational  course  was  pur- 
 sued first  under  Prof  F.  T.  Kemi)er.  of  Missouri:  then 
 for  two  years  in  the  University  of  Virginia;  for  a 
 similar  period  in  the  Seminary  at  Princeton,  and 
 terminated  with  his  graduation  at  Westminster  Col- 
 lege, Mo.,  in  18.^8.  He  was  licensed  by  the  lYesby- 
 tery  of  Slissouri,  April  9th,  ]><.j9,  and  in.stalled  pas- 
 tor of  the  Church  of  Glo-sgow,  February  I5tli,  I860. 
 After  ser^-ing  this  church  for  seven  years,  he  w:is 
 called  to  Lexington,  .Mo.,  where  he  remained  nearlj- 
 eight  years,  and  then  took  charge  of  the  High  Street 
 Church,  St.  Louis.  For  the  last  six  years  his  work 
 has  iH-en  that  of  an  educator.  This  work  was  Itegun 
 while  yet  he  was  at  Lexingtou,  and  by  his  election  to 
 
QUARREL. 
 
 734 
 
 QCESTIOXS. 
 
 the  Presidency  of  Elizabeth  Aull  Female  Seminary. 
 It  was  resumed  in  1877,  by  his  re-election  to  the 
 Presidency  of  the  siime  Institution,  and  has  lieen 
 continued  to  the  jiresent  time. 
 
 As  a  minister  Dr.  Quarle.s  is  greatly  beloved,  and 
 has  been  signally  blessed.  His  labors  in  all  his 
 pastorates  were  crowned  with  abundant  fruit.  His 
 preaching  is  of  that  strongly  argumentative  type,  com- 
 bined at  times  with  earnestness  and  intensity  of 
 appeal,  that  never  fails  to  .stir  profoundly.  As  a 
 scliolar,  hi.s  attainments  are  varied,  though  chiefly  in 
 the  line  of  metaphy.sies:  as  an  educator  he  occupies 
 a  high  rank ;  and  as  an  ecclesiastic,  few  have  a  more 
 com))rehensive  grasp  of  Church  law  and  polity.  His 
 latest  authorship  is  the  ''Life  of  Professor  F.  T. 
 Kemper,"  of  Boimville,  Mo. 
 
 Quarrel,  a  brawl  or  contest.  Solomon  compares 
 him  who  meddles  with  the  quarrels  of  people  un- 
 known to  one  who  takes  a  dog  by  the  ears,  and  .so 
 rashly  exposes  himself  to  be  bitten  (Prov.  .x.\vi,  17). 
 If  we  would  honor  our  God  in  our  Christian  jiath,  we 
 miust  take  time,  at  every  step,  for  prayer,  and  for  the 
 exercise  of  a  sound  judgment.  EI.se  we  shall  often 
 rush  on,  unbidden,  to  our  lo.ss.  Many,  even  with 
 Christian  intentions,  are  too  fond  of  miihllhig  with 
 strife  not  belonging  to  them.  They  con-stitute  them- 
 selves too  readily  judges  of  their  neighbor's  conduct. 
 Neutrality  is  often  the  plain  dictate  of  prudence. 
 Uncalled  i'or  interference  seldom  avails  with  the  con- 
 tending parties,  while  the  well-meaning  mediator 
 involves  him.self  in  the  strife  to  his  own  mischief 
 Our  blessed  .Ma.ster  reads  us  a  lesson  of  godly  wisdom. 
 He  healed  the  contentions  in  His  own  family.  But 
 when  called  to  meddle  u'ith  xtrife  belonging  not  to  Him, 
 He  gave  answer,  ' '  Who  made  me  a  j  udge  or  a  divider 
 over  you?"  (Matt,  xviii,  1-6;  xx,  24-28,  with  Luke 
 xii,  13,  14.) 
 
 Must  we  then  "sutfcr  sin  upon  our  brother?" 
 (Lev.  .xix,  17).  Certainly  not.  Hut  we  .should  ponder 
 carefully  tlu;  most  effectual  mod(^  of  restraining  his 
 sin.  We  do  not  forget  the  special  "  blessing  to  the 
 peacemakers  ' '  ( Matt,  v,  9).  But  the  true  peacemaker, 
 while  he  deplores  the  utrife,  well  knows  that  inter- 
 ference in  the  moment  of  irritation  will  kindle  rather 
 than  extinguish  the  fire.  Self-control,  however,  with 
 him  is  not  indifference.  He  commits  the  matter  to 
 Him  whose  strengthand  wisdom  he  so  greatly  needs. 
 He  will  seize  the  first  moment  for  favorable  remon- 
 strance, "and  a  word  s[)oken  in  due  seiuson,  how 
 good  is  it?''  (Prov.  xv,  23).  Indeed,  the  common 
 int<'rcourse  of  life  much  requires  that  "wisdom, 
 which  dwelleth  with  prudence"  (Prov.  viii,  12). 
 "Who  is  a  wise  man,  and  endued  with  knowledge 
 among  you  ?  Let  him  show,  out  of  a  good  conversa- 
 tion, his  works,  with  meekness  of  wisdom  "  (James 
 iii,  13). 
 
 Quay,  Rev.  Anderson  Beaton,  was  born  at 
 
 Cliarleston.  I'a.,  .May  2M.  IHIIJ,  and  ordained  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle,  in  October,  1831.     He 
 
 was  pastor  of  the  united  churches  of  Monaghan  and 
 Pet*;rsburg,  Pa.,  1831-39;  of  the  Church  at  Beaver, 
 Pa.,  1841-44;  and  of  the  aiureh  at  Indiana.  Pa., 
 ISiii-m.  Subsequently  lie  was  agent  of  the  Coloniza- 
 tion Society,  1 S,")! -.■>().  He  died,  September  •22i\,  iSoS. 
 Mr.  Quay  was  the  father  of  the  Hon.  M.  S.  Quay, 
 Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania 
 under  the  administration  of  Governor  Hoyt.  He  was 
 an  earnest,  impressive,  and  faithful  preacher,  and  was 
 firm  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties.  On  one  occasion, 
 whilst  pastor  of  Monaghan,  an  announcement  was 
 handed  to  him  in  the  pulpit  for  an  anti-Teiuiieraiice 
 meeting,  to  be  liehl  in  the  church.  Mr.  Quay  read 
 the  announcement,  but  declared  "  that  no  such  meet- 
 ing should  be  held  in  this  church;  that  if  the  church 
 were  given  forsucli  a  purpose,  he  would  take  his  little 
 family  by  the  hand  and  leave  the  town."  The  meet- 
 ing was  held,  but  held  outside  of  the  church,  a  lawyer 
 from  York  being  employed  to  speak  on  the  occasion. 
 For  the  sake  of  conciliating  those  in  the  church  who 
 refused  to  allow  any  "  abridgement  of  their  rights." 
 temperance  meetings,  too,  were  held  outside  of  the 
 churcli,  in  the  gravi  yard. 
 
 Questions  in  Reading  The  New  Testament. 
 In  the  study  of  the  New  Testament,  and  of  the  gos- 
 pels especially,  we  need  to  inquire  and  compare. 
 The  inspired  writings  are  infinitely  rich  in  truth, 
 and  each  verse  is  so  connected  with  the  rest  that  an 
 intelligent  inquirer  may  easily  extend  iiis  investiga- 
 tions from  one  p.-i.s.sage  over  the  whole  of  Scripture. 
 Without  attempting  to  exhaust  topics  of  inquiry, 
 we  mention  the  following  : — 
 
 A.  What  itniiliigie.-i  between  sensible  and  spiritual 
 things  may  be  here  traced  ? 
 
 a.  What  prophecy  is  here  aeeompViKhed  ?  where 
 found  ?  when  written  ?  what  rule  of  interpre- 
 tation is  illustrated  ? 
 
 B.  What  hic.ining  is  here  sought  or  acknowledged,  or 
 promised,  and  why? 
 
 C.  What  ciintom  is  here  referred  to  ? 
 
 c.  What  trait  of  ehamclir  is  here  given?  good  or 
 bad?  belonging  to  our  natural  or  our  renewed 
 state?  what  advantages  are  connected  with  it? 
 
 D.  Wiat  doctrine  is  here  taught  ?  how  illustrated  ? 
 what  its  practical  influence  ? 
 
 d.  What  ditli/  is  here  enforced,  and  how?  from 
 what  motives  ? 
 
 I).  What  difficult ji  is  here  found  in  history  or  doctrine? 
 how  explaiiiiil  ? 
 
 E.  What  ernngelieni  or  other  r.Tprrirncci^  here  recorded? 
 
 <•.  What  example  is  here  placed  before  us  ?  of  sin 
 or  of  holiness?  lessons? 
 
 F.  VTliiit  facta  are  here  related?  what  doctrine  or 
 duty  do  they  illustrate?  do  you  commend  or  blame 
 them,  and  why  ? 
 
 (r.    Wliat  is  the  geographical  position  of  this  country, 
 
 or  place  ?  and  what  its  history  ? 
 //.   What  facts  of  natural  hi^lorg  or  of  general  history 
 
 are  here  referred  to  or  illu.strated? 
 
QUICK. 
 
 735 
 
 QUOTATIONS. 
 
 I.  What  institution  or  ordinance  is  here  mentioned  ? 
 (HI  whom  l)in(ling?  what  its  (k'sigij?  what  its  con- 
 nection with  otliiT  institutions':" 
 
 1.  What  instrucliona  may  be  gathered  from  this 
 tact,  or  parable,  or  miracle? 
 K.  What  knowledge  of  human   nature,   or   want   of 
 
 knowledge,  is  here  displayed  ? 
 L.  What  liifli/  expressions  of  devotional  fervor  ? 
 
 /.  What   Leritieal   institute  is  here   mentioned? 
 why  appointed? 
 M.  Wliat    miracle    is     here     recorded  ?    by     whom 
 wrought?     in     whose     name?      what    were     its 
 results?     what  taught? 
 X.  Wliat  is  worthy  of  notice  in  this  name  ? 
 I'.  What  prohibition  is  here  given?    is  it  word,  or 
 thought,  or  deed  it  condemns  ? 
 2>.    What  is   the   meaning  of  the  parable  here 
 given?     what  truth  as  to  God,  Christ,  man, 
 "  the  kingdom,"  is  tjiught  ? 
 P.  What  jiram/sc  is  here  given?     to  whom  ? 
 A'.   What  prophecy  is  here  recorded  f    is  it  fulfilled  ? 
 
 how  ?    when  ? 
 S.  What  sin  is  here  exposed  ? 
 
 s.  What  sect  is  here  introduced?    mention  its 
 tenets. 
 T.  Wh;it  ti/pe  is  here  traced  ? 
 
 t.   What  threnteninij .'     when  inflicted  ? 
 U.  What  unjuMifiable  action  of  a  good  man  ?     what 
 
 unusual  excellence  in  one  not  pious? 
 W.  What   woe   is   here   denounced?     what    wnrnimj 
 
 given?    against  whom,  and  why? 
 X.  What  is  here  taught  of  the  work,  character,  per- 
 son of  Christ  ? 
 X.  What  sublimity  of  thought  or  of  language  is 
 here  ?    what  inference  follows  ? 
 Quick,  Rev.  James,  was  born  at  l\oyal  Oak, 
 Mich.,    .\ngust  -^Ctli,    l-<-i!).     He   graduated    at   the 
 University  of  Michigan  in  l'*.">4,  and  studied  theology 
 at  Union   Theological     Seminary,    New    York   city. 
 1854-6,    and    wa.s   ordained    .\pril    VM\,    18.-i7.      He 
 was   Home  Missionary,   Illinois,   lM.")(i-7;  Missionary 
 at  PanditoriiK),  Jaflbrd,  Ceylon,  India,  1858-68;  W. 
 C,  Hirminghara,  Mich.,  18()<)-71;  stated  supply  at 
 Reading,  .Mich.,  1871-2;  stilted  supply  at  Blisstield, 
 Mieh.,  1>I7.!-I;  and  stated  sujjply  at  liryan.  O.,  1874. 
 Quietness,  in  a  moral  sense,  is  opposed  to  dis- 
 orderly motion,  to  turbulency,  to  contention,  to  prag- 
 matical curiosity,  to  all  exorbitant  behavior  whereby 
 the  right  of  others  is  infringed,  their  peace  disturbed, 
 their  just  interest  or  welfare  in  any  way  prejudiced. 
 It  is  a  calm,  ste^idy,  regular  w.ay  of  jtroeeeding  within 
 the  bounds  and  measures  prescTtbed  by  reason,  jus- 
 tice, charity,  modesty  and  sobriety.     It  is  of  such 
 importance  that  we  tind  it  enjoined  in  Scripture,  and 
 
 we  are  commanded  to  study  and  pursue  it  with  the 
 greatest  diligence  and  care  (1  Thes.s;  iv,  11). 
 
 An  old  and  eminent  divine  justly  olxserves  on  this 
 subject:    1.  That  quietness  is  just  and  equal.     2.   It 
 
 i  indicites  humility,  modesty  and  sobriety  of  mind. 
 '.i.  It  is  beneficial  to  the  world,  preserving  the  general 
 
 I  order  of  things.  4.  It  preserves  concord  and  amity. 
 .5.  It  begets  tranquillity  and  pe:ice.  (i.  It  is  a  decent 
 and  lovely  thing,  indicating  a  good  di.sposition,  and 
 producing  good  effects.  7.  It  adorneth  any  profi-s- 
 sion,  bringing  credit  and  respect  thereto.  8.  It  is  a 
 safe  practice,  keeping  us  from  needful  encumbr.iiice.s 
 and  haziirds.  whereas,  pragmatical ne.ss,  interfering 
 with  the  business  and  concerns  of  others,  olYen  raises 
 dissensions,  involves  in  guilt,  injures  others,  shows 
 our  vanity  and  pride,  and  cxjotscs  to  c(mtinual  trouble 
 and  d;inger. 
 
 Quillin,  Rev.  Ezekiel,  w:vs  born  in  Scott  county, 
 V:i.,  M:iy  lidlh,  180^.  He  entered  the  Union  Theo- 
 logic;il  Seminary,  New  York  city,  in  18il.  He  was 
 ord:iined  by  the  Presbytery  of  Kedstone,  October, 
 1838,  and  \v:is  pastor  at  Clarksburg,  Va.,  183'<-.52; 
 stated  supply  at  French  Creek,  18.V2;  at  Wellsburg, 
 1852-8;  stated  supply  at  Ipava,  111.,  1858,  pastor 
 18f;!). 
 
 Quotations  from  the  NeTW  Testament,  in 
 the  Fathers.  We  h:i\e  in  the  fifth  century  the 
 writings  of  Theodoret  of  Cyprus,  in  .SjTia,  on  the 
 Kpistlcs  of  Paul,  an<l  on  most  of  the  (Jld  Testament. 
 Still  earlier,  Cyril  of  .\lc.\andria  wrote  on  the  Pro- 
 phets, and  on  .lohn.  In  the  fouith  century  Chrys- 
 ostoni  wrote  commentaries  on  the  whole  of  the  New 
 Testament.  To  the  same  century  belongs,  aLso,  the 
 writings  of  Gregory  of  XyssMi.  In  the  second  and 
 third  centuries  we  have  the  WTitings  of  Origen  and 
 Tlu'ophilus.  of  Antioch  ;  fragments  of  each  remain 
 (though  of  the  second  in  Latin  only),  and  are  often 
 quoted  by  later  writers.  In  the  second  century  we 
 have  the  writings,  also,  of  Iren:en.s,  and  of  Clement 
 of  .■VIexandria.  Not  less  import;uit  are  the  writings 
 of  .Jerome,  who  wrote  commentaries  on  Scripture,  in 
 the  fourth  century.  To  the  same  century  belong,  also, 
 the  voluminous  writings  of  Augustine. 
 
 These  are  a  few  only  of  the  authors  of  the  early 
 age  of  the  Christian  Church.  In  not  less  than  one 
 hundred  ami  eighty  ecclesi;istical  writers  (whose 
 works  are  still  extant)  are  (|uotations  from  the  New 
 Testament  introduced;  and  .so  numerous  are  they, 
 that  from  the  works  of  tho.se  who  nourished  before 
 the  seventh  century,  the  whole  text  of  the  New 
 Testament  (it  h.isjustly  been  s:iid)  might  have  been 
 recovered,  even  if  the  originals  had  since  perished. 
 The  experiment  was  tried  by  Dr.  Bentley,  and  he 
 
 !  confirms  this  .statement. 
 
RADCLIFFE. 
 
 736 
 
 HALSTUX. 
 
 R 
 
 Radcliffe,  Wallace,  D.  D.,w;i-!  bom  in  Pitts-  l-<4.5;  gathered  and  organized  the  church  at  Cousho- 
 burg,  Pa.,  Augast  Kith,  1842;  graduated  at  Jeflferson  hocken,  near  Philadelphia,  in  1845-6;  and  founded 
 College,  in  1862,  and  had  his  theological  training  in  Oakland  Female  Institute  at  Xorristown,  Pa.,  Octo- 
 the  United  Presbyterian  Seminary  at  Allegheny,  and  ber  SOth,  184,5,  continuing  at  its  head  until  June 
 the  Seminary  at  Princeton.  He  was  ordained  bj'  the  16th,  1874,  when  he  closed  its  doors,  beiug  broken 
 Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  August  2-*th,  1866,  and  down  with  overwork.  Recruited,  however,  by  three 
 was  pastor  of  the  Woodland  Presbyterian  Church,  years  rest,  he  re-opened  the  Institute,  September 
 Philadelphia.  Pa.,  l-<66-70.  He  was  stated  supply  11th,  1877,  and  continued  in  charge  of  it  until  his 
 of  the  First  Church,  Reading,  Pa.,  in  1871,  and  since  death.  From  alxjut  1-^74  he  served  for  s?veral  years 
 1872  has  been  its  i);istor,  being  blessed  in  his  labors  as  chaplain  in  the  Montgomery  County  Prison,  and 
 among  an  attached  and  appreciative  people.  Dr.  by  his  careful  and  faithful  iierformance  of  the  duties 
 Radcliile  is  a  gentlem.-in  of  winning  address,  an  excel-  of  that  office  accomplished  great  good.  For  many 
 lent  preacher,  and  a  faithful  Presbyter.  His  sermons  years  he  was  also  an  active  and  useful  member  of  the 
 are  prepared  with  great  cure,  delivered  with  dignity  Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication.  He  died,  strong 
 and  solemnity,  and  are  both  instructive  and  impres-  j  in  the  laith  and  hupc  of  the  gospel,  November  10th, 
 sive.  He  was  chosen  by  his  brethren  a  Moderator  of  1880.  in  the  sixty-tifth  year  of  his  age. 
 the  Synod  of  Philadelphia.  Dr.  Ralston  was  a  man  of  great  kindness  of  heart 
 
 Raffensperger,  Rev.  Edwin  Bo'wman,  was  i  and  great  generosity  of  character,  and  was  highly  re- 
 born in  Eiist  Berlin,  Pa.,  January  20th.  1824.  He  |  spected  and  loved  by  all  who  knew  him.  He  pos- 
 graduated  at  New  Jersey  College  in  1849,  and  studied  [  se.s.sed  dignity,  energy,  and  indomitable  perseverance, 
 theology  at  Princeton  Seminary.  He  was  ordained  His  tastes  were  literary  and  scientific,  and  liis  attain- 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Sidney,  May  4th,  18.53;  w;is  ments.  especially  in  Natural  History  and  Chemistry, 
 stated  supply  at  Urbana,  O.,  18.52;  pastor  18.53-54;    were  far  beyond  the  ordinary  range.   In  some  depart- 
 
 pastor  at  Bellefontaine,  l'<54-59 ;  pastor  of  First 
 Church,  Toledo,  l-i.5i)-69;  Financial  .Secretary  \V. 
 C,  1869-70;  pastor  of  Westminster  Church,  Cleve- 
 land, 1870-73;  pastor  at  Cuml)erland,  Mil.,  l'<74-77; 
 and  is  at  pre,sent  pastor  of  the  Church  at  JIarion, 
 
 ments  he  was  a<raan  of  extraordinary  and  widely 
 acknowledged  learning.  Above  all,  lie  was  a  most 
 diligent  and  thorough  student  of  the  Bible.  A  great 
 number  of  young  ladies,  in  successive  years,  came 
 under  his  training,  and  his  influe  nee  upon  them  was 
 
 O.,  which  is  prospering  under  his  labors.    Mr.  Raffen-    most  decided  and  salut;iry. 
 
 sperger  is  an  able  preacher,  a  vigorous  writer,  and       Ralslxjn,  Robert,  Esq.,  first  President  of   the 
 has  been  bles.sed  in  his  ministry.  Presbyterian  Buanl  of   Kducation,  after   its  organi- 
 
 Ralston,  James  Grier,  D.  D.,  LL.D.,  was  zation  under  the  care  of  the  General  .Assembly,  was 
 born  in  Chester  county,  Pa.,  Ueceuibcr  2'^th.  1815;  born  at  Little  Brandywinc,  Chester  county.  Pa.,  in 
 graduated  at  Washington  College,  Pa.,  in  1838,  and  1761.  At  an  early  age  he  embarked  in  mercantile 
 after  studying  theology  for  three  years,  w;is  licensed  pursuits,  and  by  diligence  and  commercial  integrity 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle,  April  14th,  1841.  speedily  built  up  an  extensive  East  India  trade, 
 As  a  licentiate  he  supplied  the  church  of  Florence,  from  which,  in  the  course  of  years,  he  amassed 
 Wa-shington  county,  Pa.,  in  the  Summer  of  1841,  and  what  was  in  those  days  considered  a  princely  fortune, 
 that  of  Newark,  Del.,  during  the  Winter  of  1841-2.  \  He  was  for  a  long  time  an  esteemed  ruling  elder  in 
 .\fter  leaving  Princeton  Seminary,  he  accepted  a  com- I  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Philadelphia. 
 mi.s.sion  as  missionary  to  the  Winnebago  Imlians,  I  It  was  largely  through  his  inllucncc  and  liberality 
 then  on  their  reservation  in  Wisconsin.  Before  that  the  Widows'  and  Orphans'  .Vslyum  and  the 
 reaching  Pittsburg,   he  had  a  violent    hemorrhage  ,  Mariners'  Church  of  Pliiladdiihia  were  established. 
 
 of  the  lungs,  and  was  a.ssured  by  physicians  that 
 lie  could  not  endure  the  Winters  of  AVisconsin.  After 
 three  subsequent  attempts  to  settle  us  a  p;istor,  he 
 
 He  was  the  father  of  the  Philadelphia  Bible  Society, 
 the  first  of  tlie  kind  on  this  continent. 
 
 His  generosity  and  Christian  hospit.ality   largely 
 
 was  also  obliged  to  abandon  regular  pulpit  services,    interested  him  in  the  relief  of  young  men  preparing 
 He  taught  in  Florence  .Vcademy  during  the  Winter  |  for  the  gospel  ministry.     Years  iK'fore  there  was  an 
 
 of  l'^37-'*,  anil  was  Principal  of  the  Female  Seminary 
 at  Oxford,  Chester  county,  Pa.,  from  October,  1841, 
 
 organization  for  concerted  aid    to  worthy,   indigent 
 and  pious  youth,  Mr.  Ralston  operated  privately  and 
 
 to  September,  184.5.     He  was  ordained  an  evangelist  ,  with  a  few  other  individuals,  in  fostering  this  coin- 
 by  the   Presbytery  of  New  Castle,  December  17tli,    mendable  beneficenc?.     When   the  General    .\s.sem- 
 
RALSTON. 
 
 737 
 
 RAMSEY. 
 
 bly's  Board  of  Education  was  erected  out  of  the  pre- 
 vious iiieoliirent  fleraeiitj*,  he  w;i3  dec-ply  interested 
 in  the  transition  from  voluntary  to  etclesi:»stic;il  con- 
 trol, and  was  elected  the  first  President  of  the  Board 
 of  Education,  June  23d,  1819,  which  otfico  he  held 
 until  June  23d,  1824. 
 
 Dr.  Ashbel  Greeu  said  of  him:  "His  piety  wius 
 eminent  and  ardent,  yet  of  thi;  humblest  kind  tliat 
 I  have  ever  known;  and  his  liberality  in  contribut- 
 ing to  every  pious,  charitable  and  benevolent  design 
 h;i3  probably,  Uiking  his  whole  life  into  view,  been 
 greater  than  that  of  any  other  man  in  Philadelphia. 
 He  has  sometinn^s  been  c;illed  the  Thornton  of  Amer- 
 ica. But  besides  his  donations  in  money,  his  active 
 personal  exertions  in  promoting  all  charitable,  benev- 
 olent and  pious  undertiikings  and  enterprises  has 
 been  extraordinary  and  incessant,  probal)ly  of  more 
 value  than  all  his  pecuniary  contributions.  Take 
 him  for  all  in  all,  I  have  often  thouglit  and  .said  tluit 
 he  was  tlio  best  man  I  have  ever  known."  He  died 
 on  Thursday  morning,  August  llth,  1836,  in  the 
 seveuty-lifth  year  of  his  age,  an  eminent  philan- 
 thropist and  a  high-toned  Christian  merchant. 
 
 Ralston,  Samuel,  D.D.,  w:i3  born  in  Ireland, 
 county  of  Donegal,  17.)(i.  He  received  the  rudiments 
 of  a  classical  education  in  the  neighborhood  of  his 
 birthplace,  completed  his  studies  at  the  University 
 of  Gla.sgow,  and  migrated  to  Amcricji  in  1794.  In 
 1796  he  was  Killed  to  the  p;istoral  care  of  the  united 
 congregations  of  Mingo  Creek  and  Williamsport  (now 
 Jlonongahela  City,  Pa. ),  where  he  remained  duiing  the 
 residue  of  his  lilc — pastor  of  the  latter  branch  thirty- 
 five  years,  and  of  the  former  forty  years.  He  died 
 on  the  2oth  of  September,  18,")!,  at  the  age  of  ninety- 
 five  years.  On  the  day  of  his  death  he  looked  out 
 once  more  on  the  visible  and  miliUmt  Church  that  he 
 had  loved  .so  much,  and  watclied  with  so  great  solici- 
 tude, re;uling  with  fresh  intere,sta  late  number  of  the 
 Prcihyterian.  Then,  as  tlie  struggle  c;ime  on,  he 
 calmly  felt  his  own  pulse,  found  it  sinking  away, 
 and  exclaimed,  without  faltering  or  agitation,  "  I  am 
 ready;  I  am  a  sinner  siived  by  grace.  Tell  my 
 brethren,  tell  the  congregation,  that  I  die  in  the 
 faith  I  so  long  preached.  I  die  relying  upon  the 
 meritorious  righteousness  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ. 
 What  a  blessing  to  have  such  a  roi:k!" 
 
 The  principal  productions  of  Dr.  Rilston's  pen 
 were,  a  Ijook  on  "  Baptism,''  comprising  a  review  of 
 Alexander  Campbell's  debate  with  ilr.  Walker,  and 
 letters  in  reply  to  his  atUick  \\\wn  this  review,  a 
 little  work  of  remarkable  force  and  erudition,  and 
 "A  Brief  Examination  of  the  Principal  Prophecies 
 of  Daniel  and  John,"  written  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
 si.x,  in  which  there  is  a  display  of  power  to  observe 
 and  generalize  and  investigate  profoundly,  which 
 very  few  in  the  vigor  of  their  prime  ever  atUiin. 
 
 His  piety  WM  of  a  tyi)e  corresponding  with  the 
 solid  attributes  of  his  luidersUinding.  It  w;us  remark- 
 ably free  from  irregular  impulse  ;iud  distressing  varia- 
 
 tion. Tender  and  hnmble,  and  self-abasing,  it  was 
 yet  almost  uniformly  serene  and  cheerful.  Few  men 
 exhibit  a  more  delicjitc  and  lively  appreciation  of 
 God's  favor  in  the  smallest  mercies  of  his  providence 
 or  grace.  As  a  preacher,  he  was  eminently  didactic 
 and  distinctive,  clear,  copious  and  profound  in  the 
 exposition  and  defence  of  saving  truth.  And  yet, 
 like  every  man  of  truly  gifteil  mind,  he  was  full  of 
 strong  emotion,  which  led  him  to  e;irnest  and  solemn 
 appeals  of  a  practiciil  kind.  He  was  truly  aitholic 
 in  his  feelings,  and  utterly  remote  from  bigotry  and 
 rancor.  As  an  ecclesiastic  he  was  among  the  most 
 regular  and  usei'ul  members  of  the  Presbytery  and 
 the  SjTiod.  He  possessed  pre-eminently  that  triple 
 element  of  Christian  courage — the  spirit  of  power, 
 and  of  love,  and  of  a  sound  mind.  Ardent  as  were 
 his  feelings  constitutionally,  and  rea<ly  :is  they  were 
 to  be  ze;ilously  alTected  in  every  good  thing,  he  was 
 exceedingly  discreet,  and  sober,  and  well-balanced  in 
 his  estimation  of  a  popular  rage  or  a  fanatiuil  excite- 
 ment. He  was  a  man  whose  power  was  felt  wherever 
 he  was. 
 
 Ralston,  Rev.  "W.  'W.,  is  the  second  son  of 
 Samuel  and  Margaret  (Buclianan)  Italston.  He  was 
 born,  JIarch  31st,  18;J5,  near  Youngstown,  Ohio.  He 
 w;is  graduated  in  1862,  at  Jefferson  College,  and  in 
 1865,  at  the  Theological  Seminary  in  Princeton,  N.  J. 
 In  1864  he  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New 
 Brunswick.  Having  received  a  c;ill,  during  his  last 
 year  in  the  seminary,  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Congregation  of  Churchville,  -Md.,  he  was,  im- 
 mediat<'ly  after  the  completion  of  his  theologiail 
 course,  ordained  and  installetl  in  that  place,  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Baltimore.  During  hts  ministry  he 
 has  filled  the  jjastorate  of  the  congregation  of  Church- 
 ville, Md.,  186.5-67;  Uniontown,  Fayette  county.  Pa., 
 1867-72;  Xenia,  Ohio,  1872-7.'>;  Bridgewater,  Pa., 
 IS'iV-SS.  He  is,  at  the  time  of  the  writing  of  this 
 sketch,  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Hayesville,  Ohio. 
 
 Mr.  lialston  is  thorough  in  his  scholarship;  clear  in 
 his  knowledge  of  the  Scriptures  in  general,  anil  of 
 any  particular  subject  he  undertakes  to  treat;  decided 
 in  his  theoIogic;il  opinions;  plain,  forcible  and  earn- 
 est in  his  preijching.  He  always  commands  the 
 attention  and  respect  of  his  hearers.  In  every  con- 
 gregation that  he  has  served  he  has  left  abundant 
 evidence  of  his  fidelity  and  success  as  a  pastor  and 
 preacher. 
 
 Ramsey,  James  Beverlin,  D.  D.,  was  born 
 near  Elkton,  Cecil  county,  .Maryland,  May  2()th,  1814. 
 Though  his  iKirents  were  poor,  they  were  rich  in  liiith. 
 His  mother,  widowed  at  an  early  age,  devoted  herself 
 to  his  training  when  a  child,  and  after  his  entering 
 the  Seminary  at  Princeton  she  accompiinied  him 
 there,  and  continued  to  reside  with  him,  the  object 
 of  his  most  tender  and  reverential  devotion.  By  a 
 regular  course  of  three  years  in  the  seminary,  and 
 then  further  prosecution  of  study  for  a  year,  lie 
 entered  the   ministry  with  a  most   unusually  well- 
 
BAMSET. 
 
 738 
 
 RASDOWn. 
 
 cultivated  mind.  His  modesty  was  only  equaled  by 
 his  hunililc  and  devoted  piety.  He  consecrated  him- 
 self to  the  work  of  a  missionary  among  the  Indians. 
 Failure  of  health  and  prostration  of  his  whole  system 
 compelled  liini  to  return,  and  it  w;us  only  after  five 
 years  of  abstinence  from  profes-sional  duties,  part  of 
 which  he  spent  in  teaching,  that  he  resumed  the 
 labors  of  preaching  and  settled  as  pastor  of  New 
 Monmouth  Church,  near  Lexington,  Va.  In  1858  he 
 became  pa.stor  of  the  First  Church,  in  Lynchburg. 
 Both  in  pastoral  work  and  in  the  duties  of  the  pulpit, 
 he  was  an  e.Karaple  of  unremitting  diligence  and 
 sound,  Scriptural  teaching.  Indeed,  he  was  "mighty 
 in  the  Scriptures."  Growing  infirmities  compelled 
 him,  with  the  frequently  postponed  consent  of  his 
 attai-hed  people,  to  resign  his  pastoral  charge,  in  April, 
 1870,  after  twelve  years'  eminently  successful  work. 
 Unwilling  to  be  idle,  he  took  charge  of  a  female 
 school,  hut  his  earthly  work  soon  closed.  He  entered, 
 in  peace  and  joy,  on  his  everlasting  rest,  July  23d, 
 1-<71.  The  eminent  characteristic  of  his  piety  was 
 ' '  love  to  Christ ' '  and  gratitude  for  His  mercy  to  him- 
 self a  ' '  sinner  saved  by  grace. ' ' 
 
 Ramsey,  Bev.  Samuel  Graham,  of  Scotch- 
 Irish  ancestry,  was  a  son  of  Reynolds  and  Naomi 
 (Alexander)  Ramsey,  and  was  born  October  20th, 
 1771,  at  Marsh  Creek,  York  (now  Adams)  county, 
 Pa.  After  completing  his  collegiate  course  at 
 Liberty  Hall,  now  Washington  College,  Va.,  he 
 studied  theology  under  the  Rev.  William  Graham, 
 and  AprU  20th,  179.>,  was  licensed  to  preach  the 
 gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of  Lexington.  For  a  short 
 time  he  traveled  in  Virginia,  and  preached  in 
 several  different  churches.  He  afterwards  extended 
 his  missionary  tour  to  the  "  Southwestern  Territory," 
 since  the  State  of  Tennessee.  About  1798  he  became 
 piistor  of  the  Grassy  Valley  congregation,  preaching 
 on  alternate  Sabbaths  at  Ebenczer  and  Pleasant 
 Fount.  On  account  of  his  impaired  health,  he 
 resigned  this  charge  iu  1803.  His  health  having 
 subse(iuently  improved,  he  preached  to  the  people  of 
 Grassy  Valley  congregation  nearly  ten  years.  He 
 died  July  6th,  1817.  Ebenezer  and  Pleasant  Fount 
 congregations  increased  and  flourished  under  Mr. 
 R;imsey's  ministry.  Diu-ing  his  engagements  with 
 the  people  of  his  charge,  for  a  time  he  preached 
 occasionally  to  the  congregation  iu  Knoxville,  and 
 was  a  great  favorite  with  that  people.  During  the 
 suspension  of  his  ministeri:il  functions  at  different 
 periods,  on  account  of  existing  or  apprehended 
 hemorrhages,  ho  taught  a  classical  school.  Among 
 his  scholars  were  always  found  some  poor  and  pious 
 young  men,  who  were  aiming  at  the  ministry,  and 
 who  were  not  only  instructed,  but  boarded  iu  his 
 house  gnituitously.  As  a  preacher  he  was  plain, 
 practical,  pathetic,  instructive  and  powerfully  per- 
 su.isive. 
 
 Ramsey,  Rev.  William,  was  born  in  Lancaster 
 county.  Pa.,  and  graduated  at  Nassau  Hall  in  17.3-1. 
 
 He  was  licensed  by  the  Association  of  the  Eastern 
 District  of  Fairfield  county,  Conn.,  w;is  received  by 
 Abingdon  Presbytery,  May  11th,  H.lfi,  and  was 
 ordained  and  installed  at  Fairfield,  in  Cohanzy,  De- 
 cember 1st,  17.56.  He  died  Noveml>er  oth,  1771,  aged 
 thirty-nine.  He  lies  buried  in  "the  old  New  Eug- 
 landtown"  graveyard,  with  this  inscription  on  his 
 tomb:  "Beneath  this  stone  lie  interred  the  remains 
 of  the  Rev.  William  Ramsey,  M.  A.,  for  sixteen  years 
 a  faithful  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  this 
 place,  who.se  superior  genius  and  native  eloquence 
 shone  so  conspicuously  in  the  pulpit  as  to  command 
 the  attention  and  gain  the  esteem  of  all  his  hearers. 
 In  every  situation  of  life  he  discharged  his  duty 
 1  faithfully.  He  lived  greatly  respected,  and  died 
 universally  lamented. ' ' 
 
 Randolph,  Hon.  Theodore  F.,  was  bom  in 
 New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  June  24th,  1826.  He  obtained 
 his  education  at   Rutgers   College,   and  afterwards 
 
 HON.   THEODORE   F.    R.\NDOI,rH. 
 
 devoted  himself  to  merc;intile  pursuits,  mining, 
 agriculture,  etc.,  in  all  of  which  he  was  eminently 
 suc(C!S.sful.  He  represented  his  As.sembly  district  in 
 the  House,  and  his  county,  Middlesex,  successively, 
 :is  Senator,  for  two  terras  in  the  State  legi.slature.  In 
 1868  he  was  elected  Governor  of  the  State,  and  served 
 the  term  of  three  years.  On  the  occasion  of  a  threat- 
 ened riot  in  Jersey  City,  on  the  anniversary  of  the 
 battle  of  the  Boyne,  July,  1871,  between  rival  reli- 
 gious sects,  he  displayed  great  firmness,  and  by  his 
 prompt  action  not  only  averted  a  collision,  but  also 
 vindiciited  the  .Vmcrican  right  to  the  largest  liberty 
 and  expression  of  opinion.  In  \<io  he  was  elected 
 to  the  United  States  Si'nate.  Here  lie  served  with 
 credit  on  such  committees  as  mines  and  mining,  to 
 
•  RANKIN. 
 
 739 
 
 RANKIN. 
 
 which  his  large  study  of  the  sabjects  involved  and 
 an  intimate  technical  and  practical  knowledge  of  the 
 same  were  made  contributory,  on  military  affairs,  to 
 which  his  mind  and  tastes  were  somewhat  congenial, 
 and  on  commerce,  in  which  New  Jersey  is  so  largely 
 interested.  Senator  ftindolpli  died  November  7th, 
 188.1.  For  more  than  thirty  years  he  was  a  resident 
 of  Morristown.  He  was  a  consistent  member  of  tlie 
 Presbyterian  Church,  and  it  has  been  found  since 
 his  death  that  lie  had  given  away  over  a  tenth  of  his 
 income  in  unostentatious  charity. 
 
 Bankin,  Rev.  John,  was  licensed  to  preach  the 
 gospel  in  1775.  Supplying,  for  a  time,  the  churches 
 of  Bucliingham  and  Blackwater,  Del.,  yet  extending 
 liis  labors  to  the  vacant  churches  of  Fishing  Creek 
 and  Vienna,  he  received  from  the  former  a  call  to 
 settle  with  tliem,  with  which  he  comiilied  in  1778. 
 Fomiorethan  twenty  years,  his  ministry  was  cllicient 
 and  successful.  He  had  great  diliicultics  to  meet. 
 Tlie  distractions  of  the  times,  political  and  martial 
 strife,  and  tlie  suflerings  and  hardshii)s  inflicted  liy 
 the  war,  constituted  but  a  portion  of  his  obstacles. 
 Wicked  men  walked  abroad  iu  the  unrestrained 
 indulgence  of  every  lust,  infidelity  was  rife,  strange 
 .sectiirists  were  diffusing  their  erroneous  and  even 
 poi.sonous  .s<>ntiments  over  the  leugth  and  breadth  of 
 the  I'euiusula,  and  at  no  time,  perhaps,  ha<l  the 
 prospects  of  religion  been  more  dark  or  dubious. 
 
 But  Mr.  Rjvnkin  devoted  himself  to  his  work,  and 
 his  labors  were  not  in  vain.  A  well-trained  and  able 
 theologian,  a  fervid  and  zealous  preacher,  with  a 
 ready  utterance  and  a  manifest  sincerity  which  com- 
 manded confidence,  he  was  attentively  listened  to 
 wherever  he  went.  Few  men  have  enjoyed  grc;»ter 
 popularity,  and  fewer  still  have  turned  it  to  bett<-r 
 account.  With  unremitting  energy  he  visited  the 
 waste  places,  and  preached  to  the  destitute  wherever 
 he  could  find  them.  His  own  church  was  remark- 
 ably blessed.  It  w;>s  not  long  before  the  old  frame 
 building  in  which  he  entered  upon  his  work  had  to 
 he  pulled  down,  to  accommodate  his  incrciusing  con- 
 greg-ation,  and  a .st;itely  and  commodious  brick  edifice 
 was  erected,  which,  after  withst;indiiig  the  storms  of 
 more  than  seventy  winters,  was  unroofed  and  dilapi- 
 date<l  by  the  tempest  of  .lanuary,  18.">7.  Mr.  Ituikin 
 diid  in  1798,  and  left  behind  him  a  hallowed  memory. 
 The  obituary  record  of  the  Presbytery  pronounced 
 that  in  him  "the  Church  ha*l  lost  a  zealous  .advocate, 
 the  Presbytery  a  worthy  member,  and  his  country  a 
 warm  patriot." 
 
 Rankin,  John  Chambers,  D.D.,  is  a  native  of 
 the  South.  He  w;is  born  ilay-18th,  181(>,  near 
 Greensboro,  North  Carolina.  After  taking  a  p:irtial 
 course  in  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  at 
 Chapel  Hill,  he  studied  theology  for  three  years  at 
 Princeton  Seminary.  Before  le^iving  the  Seminary 
 be  was  accepted  as  a  missionary  of  the  Presbyt<'riaii 
 Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  but  prior  to  embarking, 
 siwnt  nearly  one  year  in  visiting  the  churches  of  the  I 
 
 West,  as  an  agent.  In  August,  1840,  he  sailed  for 
 India.  After  reaching  his  destination  he  soon 
 acquired  such  a  knowledge  of  the  native  language  as 
 to  spe;ik  and  write  it  with  fluency.  Besides  some 
 minor  contributions  to  the  native  press,  he  wrote  and 
 publislud  ill  the  I'rdie  language,  in  184.5,  an  extended 
 reply  to  a  learned  and  formidable  Mohammeilan 
 book  against  Christianity,  in  the  meantime  teaching 
 and  preaching  among  the  heathen  with  much  e;imest- 
 ne.s.s  and  efliciency.  In  the  nii(Lst  of  these  labors, 
 after  spending  five  years  on  the  plains  of  India,  his 
 health  failed,  and  he  was  compelled  to  resort  to  the 
 Himalaya  Mountains,  in  the  hope  of  restoration,  and 
 finding  but  little  benefit  from  a  residence  there  of 
 eighteen  months,  he  returned  to  this  country  in  1848. 
 In  the  autumn  of  18.")1  his  health  was  sulTiciently 
 restored  to  .justify  him  in  taking  a  pastoral  charge, 
 and  in  September  he  was  installed  over  the  Church  in 
 Baskingridge,  N.  .1.,  where  he  is  still  earnestly  and 
 successfully  devoU-d  to  his  work.  Dr.  Kankin  is  the 
 author  of  .several  interesting  articles  in  the  Princeton 
 Review. 
 
 Rankin, 'William,  M.  D.,  occupied  the  po.sition 
 of  ruling  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Ship- 
 pensburg.  Pa.,  for  many  years,  and  discharged  its 
 duties  in  a  most  faithful,  con.s(i<'ntious  and  accept- 
 able manner.  Oft<'n,  in  visiting  his  patients,  when 
 he  found  that  earthly  skill  could  not  avail,  he  pointed 
 them  to  the  (Jreat  Physician,  and  sought  His  consol- 
 ing and  sustaining  aid  in  their  behalf  Dr.  K^inkin 
 was  born  at  Potter's  Mills,  Centre  county.  Pa.,  OetolxT 
 9th,  179.').  He  graduated  at  Washington  College,  Pa., 
 in  1814;  at  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University 
 of  Pennsylvania,  in  1819;  practiced  his  profession  for 
 two  years  in  Campbellstown,  Franklin  county.  Pa., 
 after  which  he  removed  to  Shippensburg,  where  he 
 had  an  extensive,  laborious  and  successful  practice 
 for  more  than  half  a  century.  He  died  July  15th, 
 1872. 
 
 As  a  physician.  Dr.  Riinkin  occupied  a  high  posi- 
 tion. His  professional  brethren  had  the  highest 
 respect  for  his  skill  and  attainments.  His  reputation 
 re;iclied  far  beyond  the  wide  local  range  of  liis  ordi- 
 nary ))raetice.  He  was  generous,  sympathizing  and 
 I'lninently  pacific  in  his  disposition,  and,  whilst  pecu- 
 liarly attentive  to  his  own  sphere  of  busine-«,  was 
 yet  deeply  iiit<rested  in  the  welfare  of  his  friends  and 
 neighljors,  and  in  the  prosperity  of  the  community  in 
 which  he  lived.  In  the  tender  relations  of  husband 
 and  father  he  was  excelled  by  none.  As  a  Christian, 
 he  was  consistent,  useful  and  exemplary.  So  highly 
 esteemed  w;\s  he  in  the  town  in  which  he  lived  that 
 all  the  places  of  business  were  closed  whilst  his 
 mortal  remains  weri'  iMirne  to  the  grave. 
 
 Rankin,  Rev.  William  Alexander,  was  born 
 at  Shippensburg,  Pa.,  December  .'{Oth,  18-«).  He 
 graduated  at  .blferson  College  in  1848,  studied  the- 
 ology at  Princeton  Seminary,  and  was  ordained  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Donegal,    December  11th,   ia51. 
 
EAPIDAN  CHURCH. 
 
 740 
 
 BAY. 
 
 He  was  pastor  at  Marietta,  Pa.,  1851-4;  pastor  elect 
 at  Bridesburg,  1854;  sUited  supply  at  Church vUle 
 and  Bel  Air,  Md.,  185-l-();  stated  supply  at  Middle- 
 town,  Del.,  185G-8;  at  Hanover  Street  Church,  Wil- 
 mington, at  Newark  and  at  Warren,  Pa.,  in  18G6, 
 becoming  pastor  at  Warren  in  18G8,  and  continuing 
 in  this  relation  until  1881.  Mr.  Rankin  is  a  forcible 
 and  faithful  preacher,  a  graceful  writer,  a  good  pres- 
 byter, and  has  been  blessed  in  his  ministry. 
 
 Rapidan  Presbjrterian  Church,  Culpeper 
 county,  Va.  The  Church  now  known  by  this  name, 
 and  belonging  to  the  Presbytery  of  Cliesapeake  (of 
 the  Southern  Assembly),  was  authorized  to  be  organ- 
 ized by  the  Presbytery  of  Eappahanock,  October 
 20th,  1867.  Up  to  this  date  the  members  of  this  or- 
 ganization were  enrolled  with  those  of  Bethesda,  the 
 mother  church  at  Culpeper,  C.  H.,  now  known  as  the 
 Church  at  Culpeper.  The  Rev.  I.  I.  Royall,  of  ble.s,sed 
 memory,  residing  in  the  upper  part  of  Fauquier 
 county,  preached  for  .several  years  as  stated  sujjply 
 to  the  congregation  located  around  Culpeper,  C.  H., 
 and  to  the  congregation  which  worshiped  at  a  free 
 church  on  the  Cedar  Run,  in  the  county  of  Culpeper. 
 This  Wivs  the  place  of  worship  for  this  congregation, 
 now  comprising  members  of  Rapidan  Church,  until, 
 through  the  efforts  of  Mr.  Royall,  a  house  of  worshiii 
 was  built  on  the  north  side  of  Rapidan  river,  in  the 
 county  of  Orange,  and  which  is  still  standing.  In 
 this  edifice  the  Rtipidan  Church  was  organized. 
 The  Rev.  Mr.  Royall  preached  as  stated  supply  to 
 the  congregation  for  several  years,  riding  from  his 
 home  in  Fauquier,  a  distance  of  twinty-live  miles. 
 A  few  years  before  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1856, 
 he  made  an  arrangement,  by  consent  of  Presbytery, 
 and  of  the  churches  interested,  with  Rev.  A.  D.  Pol- 
 lock, I). o.,  of  Warrenton,  to  preach  as  stated  supply 
 to  these  congregations.  Dr.  Pollock  continued  to 
 preach  to  this  church  until  his  health  failed,  in  the 
 Spring  of  1872.  He  wassueceeded  ;us  stated  supply  by 
 the  Rev.  W.  W.  Reese,  who  served  in  this  capacity 
 until  the  Church  at  Culpeper  called  for  his  entire 
 services.  Mr.  Reese  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev. 
 Joseph  Washburn,  now  of  Savannah,  Ga.,  and  he, 
 by  the  Rev.  I.  P.  Stridor,  who  is  now  the  pastor. 
 The  Rev.  I.  C.  PainU^r,  also  served  tlie  church,  very 
 faithfully  and  acceptably  for  about  a  year.  This 
 congregation  liiis  changed  its  house  of  ^^■orship  to  a 
 new  edifice,  <.Tceted  at  Mitchell's  Station,  in  the 
 county  of  Culpeper. 
 
 Ray,  Rev.  Edward  Chittenden,  son  of  Ed- 
 ward and  Hannah  (Chittenden)  Ray,  was  born  in  the 
 city  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  October  12th,  1849.  He 
 graduated  from  Hamilton  College  in  1870.  He  en- 
 tered at  once  upon  the  study  of  divinity  in  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  and  sub.se(iu<  iitly  piirsued  his 
 studies  at  the  Seminary  at  Rochestir,  finishiug  liis 
 prol'essional  education  at  Aul)urn  Theological  Sem- 
 inary, where  he  was  graduated  in  1873.  He  was 
 ordained  June    lUlh,   1874,   by  the    Presbytery   of 
 
 Utica,  and  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  that  place.  In  1876  he  became  pastor  of 
 the  Third  Presbyterian  Church  in  Elizabeth,  N.  J., 
 where  he  remained  until  June,  1881,  when  he  ac- 
 cepted a  call  to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Hyde  Park,  Illinois,  where  he  now  (1883)  resides. 
 He  was  a  Commissioner  to  the  General  Assembly,  iu 
 1880,  from  the  Presbytery  of  Elizabeth,  and  in  1883, 
 from  the  Presbytery  of  Chicago;  and  he  is  a  member 
 of  the  General  Assembly's  Committee  on  Systematic 
 Beneficence. 
 
 Mr.  Riiy  is  one  of  the  promising  young  men  of  the 
 time.  He  is  a  ready  and  eloquent  speaker.  His 
 preaching  is  earnest  and  aggressive,  characterized  by 
 the  force  and  clearness  which  convince  and  the 
 warmth  and  fervor  which  persuade.  He  is  very 
 much  interested  in  the  young,  and  has  strong,  prac- 
 tical ideas  in  relation  to  the  thorough  teaching  of  the 
 Bible  as  the  great  hope  of  the  Church.  Perhaps, 
 however,  his  most  notable  characteristic,  as  a  minis- 
 ter, is  his  power  to  organize  and  set  to  work,  in  the 
 interests  of  the  Church,  the  people  of  his  congrega- 
 tion. The  results  attending  his  labors  hitherto  have 
 been  so  marked,  that  even  at  the  opening  of  his 
 career,  it  seems  not  unwarrantable  to  predict  for  him 
 a  ministry  of  unusual  ability  and  success. 
 
 Ray,  James  M. ,  elder  First  Church,  Indianapolis. 
 Ind.     Was  born  in  Caldwell,  N.  J.,  in  1800.     When 
 
 JAMES  H.   RAT. 
 
 young  he  came  West.  In  1818  he  was  Deputy  Clerk  in 
 Lawreneeburg,  Ind.  Subsequently  he  held  the  same 
 office  in  Counersville.  Early  iu  1821  he  came  to  the 
 spot  where  Indianapolis  stands,  and  was  clerk  at  the 
 
RAYMOND. 
 
 741 
 
 READ. 
 
 first  sale  of  lots.     Elected  Oerk  of  Marion  county  in 
 \»i\>,  he  held  this  office  and  that  of  Recorder  till  he  was 
 made  Cashier  of  the  State  Bank,  refciiuing  that  posi- 
 tion while  the  bank  existed.     In  all  enterprises  for 
 the  good  of  the  city  and  State,  Mr.  Ray  was  promi- 
 nent; in  locating  the  Capitol  here,  building  the  State 
 House,   securing    State    Institutions  for    Deaf  and 
 Dumb,    Blind    and    Insane,    Female    Reformatory, 
 Home  for  Friendless,  in  starting  first  railroad,  bank,' 
 gas  company,  cemetery,  the  Benevolent,  Temperance, 
 Female  Bible  Societies,  etc.     He  helped  to  organize 
 the  first  Sabbath  school  in  this  community,  and  for 
 more  than  twenty  years  was  superintendent  of  the 
 one  connected  with  the  First  Presbj-tcrian  Church. 
 In  th  at  church  he  was  an  elder  for  over  fifty  years 
 active  in  effort,  wise  in  counsel,  and  liberal  in  its 
 support.     His  lo\e  for  the  church  and  Sabbath  school 
 never  abated.     He  aimed  to  make  the  latter  a  nursery 
 of  the  church.     ' '  He  carried  the  children  and  youth 
 in  his  heart."     By  wise  investments  he  acquired 
 riches,  which  he  used  for  his  Master's  cause  and  the 
 good  of  others.     The  needy  and  suffering  never  had 
 a  warmer  friend.     ' '  His  full  heart  kept  his  full  hand 
 open."     Friends  and  strangers  were  welcome  to  his 
 home.     Reverses  came  and  his  wealth  disappeared, 
 but  he  murmured  not.     Rising  superior  to  his  losses 
 he  kissed  the  rod  that  smote  him,  for  it  was  in  the 
 hand  of  his  Father.     Not  only  was  he  submissive, 
 but  cheerful  and  even  joyous  in  his  trials.     The 
 promises  of  God  and  presence  of   Christ  were  his 
 staff.      "SVhen,    through    bodily    infirmities,    active 
 duties  were  laid  aside,  he  gave  the  blessings  of  lo\-ing 
 words  and  fervent  prayers.     As  the  eye  grew  dim  and 
 strength  tailed  his  faith  incre;ised  till  his  departure, 
 Feljruary  22d,  1882. 
 
 Raymond,  Rsv.  George  Lansing-,  was  born 
 in  Chicago,  111.,  September  3d,  1839;  graduated  from 
 Williams  College  in  1862,  and  studied  theology  at 
 Auburn  and  Princeton  seminaries.  He  was  ordained 
 and  installed  pastor  at  Darby,  Pa.,  by  the  Third 
 Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  April  28th,  1870,  and 
 continued  in  this  relation,  laboring  faithfully,  until 
 1874.  He  was  Professor  of  Oratory  in  Williams  Col- 
 lege, 1874-81 ;  and  was  elected  Professor  of  Rhetoric 
 in  Princeton  College,  1881.  Prof.  Raymond  has  pub- 
 lished "Colony  Ballad.s,"  "Ideals  made  Real,"  and 
 "The  Orator's  Manual." 
 
 Rea,  John,  D.D.,  the  son  of  Joseph  and  Isabel 
 Rea,  w:^a  born  in  the  village  of  Tally,  Ireland,  in 
 1772,  and  emigrated  to  the  United  States  when 
 eighteen  years  of  age.  He  graduated  with  honor  at 
 Jefferson  College,  when  it  was  only  a  small  school, 
 kept  in  a  log  cabin  near  Canonsbnrg,  Pa.;  studied 
 theology  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  John  McMillan, 
 and  was  licensed  by  Ohio  Presbytery,  June,  1803.' 
 After  some  three  months'  itinerating  in  the  wilder- 
 ness of  Eastern  Ohio,  among  Indian  camps,  he  was  ' 
 api>ointed  to  supply  the  newly  organized  churches  of 
 Beechsprings  and  Crabapple,  both,  at  that  time,  on 
 
 the  confines  of  civilization.  He  was  called  to  these 
 churches  in  180.5,  and  installed  their  pastor  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Ohio.  Soon  afterwards  he  found  that 
 Beeeh.springs  needed  all  his  labor;  and  so  untiring 
 and  devoted  was  he  that,  besides  constantly  minis- 
 tering to  his  own  large  congregation,  he  found  time 
 to  be  instrumental  in  raising  up  some  six  or  seven 
 separate  societies,  that  went  out  as  colonies  from  the 
 mother  church,  and  are  now  self-sustaining  and 
 prominent  congregations. 
 
 Dr.  Rea  died  February  12th,  18.55,  at  Union  Vale, 
 Ohio,  among  the  people  with  whom  he  first  settled, 
 greatly  and  deservedly  beloved  and  esteemed  as  a 
 citizen.  Christian  and  faithful  preacher  of  "Christ 
 and  him  crucified."  AVTiatever  else  he  omitted,  he 
 never  neglected  due  preparation  for  the  pulpit.  His 
 sermons  evinced  research,  invention  and  original 
 thought.  It  might  be  truly  said  of  him  that  he 
 was  everywhere  a  living  example  of  a  Christian 
 minister;  he  taught  both  by  precept  and  daily  walk. 
 Read,  Charles  Henry,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Redding,  Conn.,  November  12th,  1811.     He  gradu- 
 
 CHARt.ES   HRNRY    BEAD,    l».  P. 
 
 atcd  at  Yale  College  in  1832,  and  for  a  time  was  in 
 business  in  Troy,  N.  Y.  He  studied  theology  at 
 Princeton  Seminary,  and  was  ordained  by  the  Fourth 
 Presbytery  of  New  Y'ork,  December  9th,  1843.  From 
 1843  to  1849  he  was  pastor  of  Pearl  Street  Church, 
 New  Y'ork  city.  From  that  date  he  has  been  p;istor 
 of  the  United  (Grace)  Church,  Richmond,  Va.  Dr. 
 Read  is  an  aftable  and  agreeable  gentleman.  He  is  a 
 vigorous  writer,  and  an  instructive  and  impressive 
 preacher.      His    long   pastorate    at    Richmond    fur- 
 
REAti. 
 
 742 
 
 REASON. 
 
 nishes  the  best  evidence  that  he  has  those  ministerial 
 elements  which  are  adapted  to  permanence  of  posi- 
 tion and  success  of  labor.  He  w;is  a  meml>er  of  the 
 Second  General  Council  of  the  Prcsljyterian  Alliance 
 which  met  in  Phihulclphia  in  18.S0,  and  n^ad  an  able 
 paper  on  "Ruling  Elders"  before  that  distinguished 
 body. 
 
 Read,  Thomas,  D.D.,  was  born  in  March,  1746, 
 in  the  tlicu  province  of  JIaryland,  but  within  the 
 present  limits  of  Chester  county,  Pa.  He  was  edu- 
 cated at  the  old  Ac;idemy  of  Philadelphia,  and  after 
 graduating  there,  in  1~G4,  became  a  Tutor  in  the 
 Classical  Academy  of  Newark,  to  the  Presidency  of 
 which  institntion  he  was  subsequently  cliosen. 
 Licen-scd  to  preacli  in  1708,  ho  was  a  supply  for 
 Drawyer's  Creek  Church,  in  Delaware,  of  which,  in 
 1772,  he  w;vs  inst.vlled  pastor,  and  in  which  his 
 labors  were  marked  with  manifest  tokens  of  the 
 Divine  favor.  In  1798  he  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church,  Del.,  his  pastoral  rela- 
 tion to  which  he  resigned  in  1817,  the  church  having 
 greatly  increased  in  both  numbers  and  moral  influ- 
 ence under  his  ministry.  After  this^  lie  preached  by 
 ■  request,  as  often  as  his  health  permitted,  to  the  First 
 Presbyt(;rian  Church  in  Wilmington,  which  had  long 
 been  without  a  pastor.  He  died  in  great  peace,  June 
 14th,  1823. 
 
 Dr.  Read  was  greatly  respected  and  beloved  in  the 
 region  in  which  he  lived.  In  the  war  of  the  Involu- 
 tion lie  showed  himself  an  earnest,  active  patriot. 
 Early  in  1770,  he,  and  forty  or  fifty  others,  his  neigh- 
 bors and  pari.shioncrs,  fitted  themselves  out,  shoul- 
 dered their  muskets,  and  marched  to  Philadelphia, 
 where  their  proffered  service  would  have  been  gladly 
 accepted,  had  not  the  success  of  the  American  arms 
 at  Trenton  and  Princeton  rendered  it  unnecessary 
 that  they  should  be  enrolled. 
 
 Dr.  Read,  as  a  preacher,  was  plain,  instructive  and 
 impressive,  making  it  liis  olyeet,  evidently,  not  to 
 gain  popular  applau.se,  but  to  win  souls  to  Christ. 
 And  his  every  day  deportment  \v;ls  a  fine  illustration 
 of  the  truths  wlii<h  he  preached;  his  example  and 
 his  instructions  both  pointed  in  the  same  direction. 
 
 Reaser,  Joseph  G-eorge,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Union  county,  Pa.,  November  2d,  1825.  He  gra<lu- 
 atcd  with  honor,  at  Jefferson  College,  in  1848.  He 
 taught  for  a  time  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  at  the  same  time 
 pursuing  his  theological  studies  under  the  directi(m 
 of  the  Rev.  Drs.  James  Wood  and  W.  L.  Breckenridge. 
 Ho  was  licensed  to  ])reaeh  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Cosliocton,  Octol)cr  2d,  18,"i0,  and  installed  pastor  of 
 the  Chnrc'h  of  Canfield,  Ohio,  June  23d,  18.52.  In 
 1853  he  w:is  appointed  to  the  Cliair  of  "  Hebrew  and 
 Oriental  Bibliciil  Literature"  in  the  new  theological 
 seminary  at  Danville,  Ky.,  which  jiosition  he  o<:cupied 
 with  marked  ability  for  four  ycare.  He  then  became 
 President  of  Harrodsburg  Female  College  for  two 
 ye;»rs.  Renioving  to  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  he  estal)- 
 lished  a  school,  organized  a  church,  and  remained  its 
 
 pastor  for  sixteen  years.  From  Leavenworth  he  was 
 called  to  a  Professorship  in  Highland  University, 
 thence  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  is  now  pastor  of  the 
 Westminster  Church. 
 
 Dr.  Reaser's  life  h;is  been  one  of  success,  whether 
 in  church,  school,  college,  or  seminary.  He  is  a 
 genial  companion,  popular  as  a  citizen,  and  influen- 
 tial in  society  and  among  his  brethren.  His  .scholar- 
 ship is  varied  and  sj'mmetrical,  and  quite  extensive 
 in  the  direction  of  classical  and  English  literature. 
 As  a  preacher,  he  is  Scriptural,  solid,  instructive  and 
 logiail.  His  ready  utterance  and  clear  judgment 
 make  him  a  valuable  member  in  Church  Courts.  He 
 h;is  been  for  years  a  very  acceptable  correspondent  of 
 several  papers.  Some  of  his  publications  are:  "The 
 Children  of  the  Church,"  "New  Testament  View," 
 a  tract  on  Infant  Baptism,  and  a  "Reply  to  Bishop 
 Ryan." 
 
 Reason,  Use  of,  in  Religion.  That  it  is  the 
 right  and  the  duty  of  all  men  to  exercise  their  reason 
 in  inquiries  ccmcerning  religion,  is  a  truth  so  mani- 
 fest, that  it  may  be  presumed  there  are  none  who  will 
 be  disposed  to  call  it  in  question.  Without  reason 
 there  can  be  no  religion;  for,  in  every  step  which  we 
 take,  in  examining  the  evidences  of  revelation,  in 
 interpreting  its  meaning,  or  in  assenting  to  its  doc- 
 trines, the  exercise  of  this  faculty  is  indispens;ible. 
 
 At  the  same  time,  it  is  undeniable,  that  for  any  one 
 to  insist  upon  a  revelation  which  his  reason  could 
 fully  m;ister  in  all  its  elements,  which  would  not  only 
 tell  us  that  such  and  such  things  are,  but  also  explain 
 how  till'!)  arc,  is  making  an  unwarrantable  demand. 
 It  is  nothing  less  than  to  declare  no  revelation  to  be 
 necessary  at  all,  for  if  Reason  could  follow  such  a 
 revelation,  why  might  she  not  have  risen  herself  to 
 the  same  region  to  which  she  has  shown  herself  able 
 to  follow,  and  in  such  a  case,  which  is  clearly  pos- 
 sible, of  cour.se  there  would  be  no  necessity  at  all  for 
 the  revelation,  for  all  the  topics  on  which  it  could 
 undcrt;ike  to  give  light  were  previously  within  Rea- 
 son's reach. 
 
 The  first  use  of  reason  in  matters  of  religion  is  to 
 examine  the  evidences  of  revelation.  For,  the  more 
 entire  the  submission  which  we  consider  iis  due  to 
 every  thing  that  is  revealed,  wo  have  the  more  need 
 to  be  satisfied  that  anj'  system  which  professes  to  be 
 a  divine  revelation  does  really  come  from  God. 
 
 After  the  exercise  of  reiuson  has  est;iblisli<(l  in  our 
 minds  a  firm  belief  that  Christianity  is  of  divine 
 original,  the  second  use  of  reiison  is  to  learn  what  are 
 the  truths  revealed.  As  these  truths  are  not,  in  our 
 days  commuuiciitcd  to  any  by  immediate  inspiration, 
 the  knowledge  of  them  is  to  be  acquired  only  from 
 books  transmitted  to  us  with  .satisfying  evidence  that 
 tliey  were  writt<'n  above  eighteen  hundred  years  ago, 
 in  a  remote  country  and  foreign  language,  under  the 
 direction  of  the  Spirit  of  God.  In  order  to  attain 
 the  nuaning  of  these  books  we  must  study  the  lan- 
 guages  in  wliiih  they  were  written;  and   we  must 
 
REASON. 
 
 743 
 
 REASON. 
 
 study  also  the  manners  of  the  times,  and  tlie  state  Many  such  minds  have  appeared  in  this  honorable 
 of  the  countries,  in  which  the  writers  lived;  because  controversy  during  tlie  course  of  tliis  and  the  last  een- 
 these  are  circumstances  to  which  an  original  author  tury;  and  the  success  has  corresponded  to  the  complete- 
 is  often  alluding,  and  by  which  his  phraseology  Is  ]  uess  of  the  furniture  with  which  they  engaged  in  the 
 
 generally  affected;   we   njust   lay  together   dill'erent 
 piissages  in  which  the  same  word  or  phrase  occurs, 
 because   without   this    labor    we    cannot   ol)tain   its 
 precise  signilication;  aud  we  must  mark  the  differ- 
 ence of  style  and  manner  which  charact<'rizes  difl'er- 
 ent  writers,  beciiuse   a   right  apprehension  of  their 
 meaning  often  depends  upon  attention  to  this  differ- 
 ence.    All  this  supposes  the  application  of  grammar, 
 history,   geography,    chronology,    and    criticism    in 
 matters  of  religion;  that   is,    it  supposes  that  the 
 reason  of  man  had  been  previously  exercised  in  pur- 
 suing these  different  branches  of  knowledge,  and  that 
 our  success  in  attaining  the  true  sense  of  Scripture 
 depends  upon  the  diligence  with  which  we  avail  our- 
 selves of  the  progress  that  has  been  made  in  them. 
 Itisobvioas  that  every  Christian  is  not  capable  of 
 making  this  application      But  this  is  no  argument 
 against  the  use  of  reason,  of  which  we  are  now  speak- 
 ing.    For  they  who  use  translations  aud  commenta- 
 ries rely  only  upon  the  reason  of  others,  instead  of 
 exercising  their  own.  The  several  l)ranches  of  knowl- 
 edge have  been  applied  in  every  age  by  some  persons, 
 for  the  benefit  of  others;  and  the  progress  in  sacred 
 criticism  which    distinguishes  the  present  times  is 
 nothing  else  but  the  continued  application,  in  eluci- 
 dating the  Scripture,  of  resison  enlightened  by  every 
 kind  of  subsidiary  knowledge,  and  very  much  im- 
 proved in  this  kind  of  exercise  by  the  employment 
 which  the  ancient  classics  have  given  it  since  the 
 revival  of  letters. 
 
 After  the  two  uses  of  reason  that  have  been  illus- 
 trated, a  thiiil  comes  to  be  meutioued,  which  may  be 
 considered  as  compounded  of  both.  Reason  is  of 
 eminent  use  in  repelling  the  attacks  of  the  adver- 
 saries of  Christianity.  Wlien  men  of  erudition,  of 
 philosophical  acuteness,  and  of  accomplished  taste, 
 direct  their  talents  against  our  religion,  the  cau.se  is 
 very  much  hurt  by  an  unskillful  defender,  lie  c;in- 
 not  unravel  their  sophistry  ;  he  does  not  see  the 
 amount  and  the  effect  of  the  concessions  whicli  he 
 makes  to  them;  he  is  bewildered  by  their  (iuot;itions, 
 and  he  is  often  led  by  their  artifice  upon  dangerous 
 ground.  In  all  ages  of  the  Church  there  have  been 
 weak  defenders  of  Christianity;  and  the  only  triumphs 
 of  the  enemies  of  our  religion  have  arisen  from  their 
 being  able  to  expose  the  defects  of  those  methods  of 
 defending  the  truth  which  some  of  its  advoc;it<'S  had 
 unwarily  chosen.  A  mind  traini'd  to  accurate  and 
 philosophical  views  of  the  nature  and  the  amount  of 
 evidence,  enri(-li<'d  with  historical  knowledge,  ac- 
 customed to  throw  out  of  a  subject  all  that  is  minute 
 and  irrelative,  to  collect  what  is  of  importance  within 
 a  short  compass,  and  to  form  the  comprehension  of  a 
 whole,  is  the  mind  qualified  to  contend  with  the 
 learning,  the   wit,  and  the  sophistry  of  infidelity. 
 
 combat.  The  Christian  doctrine  li;us  been  vindicated 
 by  their  masterly  exposition  from  various  misrepre- 
 sentiitions;  the  arguments  for  its  divine  original  have 
 been  placed  in  their  true  light;  and  the  attempts  to 
 confound  the  miracles  and  prophecies  upon  which 
 Christianity  rests  its  claim  with  the  delusions  of 
 imposture,  have  been  effectually  repelled.  Chris- 
 tianity has,  in  this  way,  received  the  most  importmt 
 advanfciges  from  the  attacks  of  its  enemies;  and  it  is 
 not  improbable  that  its  doctrines  would  never  have 
 been  so  thoroughly  cleiired  from  all  tlie  corruptions 
 and  subtleties  which  had  attached  to  them  in  the  pro- 
 gress of  ages,  nor  the  evidences  of  its  truths  have  been 
 so  accurately  understood,  nor  its  peculiar  character 
 been  so  perfectly  discriminated,  had  not  the  zeal  and 
 abilities  which  have  been  employed  against  it  called 
 forth  in  its  defence  some  of  the  most  distinguished 
 masters  of  reason.  They  brought  into  tlu;  .service  of 
 Cliristianity  the  same  weapons  which  had  been  drawn 
 for  her  destruction,  and,  wielding  them  with  confl-  . 
 dcnci^  and  skill  in  a  good  Ciiuse,  became  the  success- 
 ful (-hampious  of  the  truth. 
 
 The  fourth  use  of  re;uson  consists  in  judging  of  the 
 truths  of  religion.     Everything  which  is  revealed  by 
 God  comes  to  his  creatures  from  so  high  an  authority 
 that  it  may  be  rested  in  with  perfect  a.ssurance  as 
 true.     Nothing  can  be  received  by  us  as  true  which 
 is  contrary  to  the  dictiites  of  re;ison,  because  it   is 
 impo.ssible   for  us  to  receive  at  the  Siirae  time  the 
 truth  and  the  falsehood  of  a  proposition.     But  many 
 things  are  true  which  we  do  not  fully  comprehend; 
 and  many  propositions  which  appear  incredible  when 
 they  are  first  enunciated,  are  found,  upon  examina- 
 tion, such  as  our  understandings  c;in  readily  admit. 
 These  principles  embrace  the  whole  of  the  subject, 
 and  they  mark  out  tlu^  steps  by  which  reason  is  to 
 proceed  in  judging  of  the  truths  of  religion.     We 
 first  examine  the  evidences  of  revelation.     If  these 
 satisfy  our  uudersfcindiugs,  we  are  c<!rtain  that  there 
 can  be  no  contradiction  Iwtween  the  doctrines  of  this 
 true  religion  and  the  dictates  of  right  reason.     If 
 any  such  contradiction  appear,  there  ma.st  be  some 
 mistake;  by  not  making  a  proper  use  of  our  reason 
 in  the  int*^rpretation  of  the  gospel,  we  suppose  that 
 it  contains  doctrines  which  it  does  not  teach;  or  we 
 give  the  name  of  right  re.ison  to  .some  narrow  pre- 
 judices which  deeper  reflection  and   more  enlarged 
 knowledge  will  dissipate;   or  we  consider  a  propo- 
 sition :us  implying  a  contradiction,  wlien,  in  truth,  it 
 is  only  imperfectly  understood.     Here,  as  in  every 
 other  case,  mi.stakes  are  to  be  corrected  by  me:isuring 
 back  our  steps.   We  must  examine  closely  and  impar- 
 tially the  meaning  of  those  p:us.sages  wliich  appear  to 
 contain  thedoctrine;  we  must  compare  them  with  one 
 another;  we  must  endeavor  to  derive  light  from  the 
 
REDEMPTION. 
 
 744 
 
 BEDSTONE  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 general  phnuseology  of  Scripture  and  the  analiigy  of 
 faith;  anil  we  shall  generally  be  able,  in  this  way,  to 
 separate  the  doctrine  from  all  those  adventitious  cir- 
 cumstances which  give  it  the  a])pcarance  of  absurdity. 
 If  a  doctrine  which,  u]x)n  the  closest  examination, 
 appears  unijuestionably  to  be  taught  in  Scripture, 
 still  does  not  a])i)n>ve  itself  to  our  undirst;iniling, 
 we  must  consider  imrefully  what  it  is  that  prevents 
 us  fnnu  receiving  it.  Thcri^  may  be  preconceived 
 notions  hiustily  taken  up  which  tliat  doctrine  opposes; 
 tlicre  may  be  pride  of  understiinding  that  does  not 
 readily  submit  to  the  views  which  it  communicates; 
 or  reason  may  need  to  be  reminded  that  we  must 
 e.\pect  to  find  in  religion  many  things  wliich  we  are 
 not  able  to  comprehend.  One  of  the  most  imporfcmt 
 olfu-es  of  rca-son  is  to  recognize  her  own  limits.  She 
 never  can  be  moved  by  any  authority  to  receive  as 
 true  wliat  she  perceives  to  be  absurd.  But  if  she  has 
 formed  a  just  estimate  of  human  knowledge,  she 
 will  not  shelter  her  presumption  in  rejecting  the 
 truths  of  revelation  under  the  pretence  of  contradic- 
 tions that  do  not  really  exist;  she  will  readily  admit 
 that  there  may  be  in  a  subject  some  points  which 
 she  knows,  and  others  of  which  she  is  ignorant. 
 She  will  not  allow  her  ignorance  of  the  latter  to 
 shake  tlie  (evidence  of  tlie  former,  but  will  jaeld  a 
 firm  :issent  to  tliat  which  she  does  understand, 
 without  presuming  to  deny  what  is  beyond  her 
 comprehension.  And  thus,  availing  herself  of  all 
 the  light  which  she  now  has,  she  will  wait  in  humble 
 hope  for  the  time  when  a  larger  measure  sliall  be 
 imparted. 
 
 Redemption.  This  word,  occurring  in  the  Old 
 Testament,  lias  frequently  reference  to  tin;  buying 
 iKick  of  fields,  etc.,  and  a  kindred  word  to  that  is  u.sedin 
 Lev.  XXV,  24,  51,  r)2;  Jer.  xxxii,  7.  A  different  word  is 
 employed  for  the  redemption-money  (Numb,  iii,  49); 
 and  for  the  "redemption,"  intended  figuratively,  of 
 Ps.  xlix,  8;  cxi,  9;  exxx,  7.  The  original  idea 
 there  is  the  cutting  loose,  and  then  delivering,  ran- 
 soming, or  redeeming.  In  tlie  New  Testament, 
 lalrosis  or  apolutroxis,  the  Greek  words  rendered 
 "  redemption,"  signify  freeing,  a  ransom  jirice  being 
 paid  for  it.  This  ransom  price  (lidron)  Chri.st  is  s;iid 
 to  have  given;  and  it  was  His  life  (Matt,  xx,  28; 
 Mark  x,  4'i).  So  we  are  said  to  have  redemption 
 throiigli  Christ's  blood;  and  this  redemption  is  de- 
 scribed as  Ix'ing  the  forgiveness  of  sins  (Eph.  i,  7; 
 Col.  i,  14).  The  same  idea  is  elsewhere  inculcated, 
 as  in  Rom.  iii,  2-1,  2.5,  where  tlie  red<niptiou  is 
 from  the  guilt  of  sin  by  the  propitiatory  s;icrifice  of 
 Clirist's  deatli;  compare  1  for.  i,  :>(!;  llel).  ix,  12,  15. 
 
 Kedem]>tion  is  of  no  incomplete  or  temporary 
 character;  it  is,  for  tho.se  who  have  it,  an  entire  deliv- 
 ancc  from  the  condemnation  of  the  law,  from  the 
 guilt  of  sin,  and  from  the  power  of  death.  The  very 
 bo<ly  which  retnms  to  its  dust  shall  be  raised  in 
 immortal  glory;  the  full  adoption,  for  which  as  yet 
 the  faithful  have  to  wait,  including  "  the  redemption 
 
 of  the  body"  (Rom.  viii,  23)  from  corruption  and 
 sin  to  purity  and  incorruption. 
 
 Redstone,  Presbytery  of,  was  erected  May 
 IGth,  1781,  by  the  Synod  of  New  York  and  Philadel- 
 phia, in  compliance  with  the  request  of  certain  nii.s- 
 sionaries  laboring  west  of  the  Allegheny  mountains. 
 Its  first  meeting  was  appointed  to  be  held  at  Laurel 
 Hill,  September  I'Jth,  1781.  The  circumstauces  of 
 some  of  the  members,  by  reason  of  the  incursions  of 
 the  Indians,  rendering  it  impracticable  for  them  to 
 attend  at  Laurel  Hill,  Presbj'tery  met  on  the  day 
 appointed,  at  Pigeon  Creek.  Present  :  Rev.  Messrs. 
 John  McMillan,  .Tames  Power,  and  Thaddeus  Dod  ; 
 Elders,  John  Neil,  Deraas  Lind.sley  and  Patrick 
 Scott.  Absent  :  Rev.  Joseph  Smith.  Presbytery 
 was  opened  by  Mr.  Dod,  with  a  sermon  from  Job 
 xlii,  .5(>.  Mr.  McMillan  was  chosen  Moderator,  and 
 Mr.  Power,  Clerk.  Within  a  few  years  following 
 Rev.  Messrs.  James  Dunlap,  John  Clark,  James  Find- 
 ley  and  Samuel  Barr  were  received  as  members,  the 
 latter  continuing  in  connection  but  for  a  short  period. 
 Of  the  eight  ministers  named  seven  were  from  the 
 Presbytery  of  New  Castle.  Mr.  Dod  was  from  the 
 Presbytery  of  New  York.  The  subsequent  growth 
 of  the  Presbytery  was  chiefly  organic.  \Vithin  twelve 
 years  twelve  men,  educated  in  the  botmds  of  the 
 Presbytery,  were  licensed  to  preach.  Some  of  them 
 were  middle-aged;  two  were  ruling  elders.  The 
 names,  in  order  of  licensure,  are  John  Brice,  James 
 Hughes,  Joseph  P,atterson,  James  McGready,  John 
 McPherrin,  Samuel  Porter,  Robert  Marshall,  George 
 Hill,  William  Swan,  David  Smith,  Thomas  Marquis 
 and  Boyd  Mercer.  All  these  were  ordained  and 
 found  work  on  the  field,  except  Marshall  and  Mc- 
 Gready, both  of  whom,  particularly  the  latter,  be- 
 came conspicuous  in  the  great  revival  of  ISUO,  in 
 Kentucky. 
 
 After  the  di\ision  of  the  Old  Synod,  in  1788,  the 
 Presbytery  of  Redstone  formed  part  of  the  Synod  of 
 Virginia,  until  1802,  when  the  Synod  of  Pittsburg 
 w;us  erected.  In  1791,  in  compliance  with  a  recom- 
 mendation of  Synod,  Pre-sbj-tcry  took  action  favoring 
 "the  establishment  of  an  institution  of  learning," 
 and  the  year  following  unanimously  agreed  that  it  be 
 locat<td  at  Canonsburg,  under  the  care  of  Kev.  John 
 Mcilillan,  and  that  "all  young  men  taken  upon  the 
 fund  for  the  support  of  poor  and  pious  youths,  shall 
 be  educated  there."  In  1793  Synod,  at  the  reiiuest 
 of  PrcsbytiTy,  formed  a  new  Presbytery  on  the  west 
 side  of  the  Monongahcla  River,  to  be  called  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Ohio,  and  Rev.  Mes.srs.  Clark,  McMillan, 
 Dod,  Patterson,  Hughes  and  Brice  wen;  thus  set  off. 
 In  ls3()  the  size  of  the  Presbytery  wius  ag-ain  reduced 
 by  thirteen  of  its  members  being  detached  to  form 
 the  Presbytery  of  Blairsville.  At  present  the  Pres- 
 bytery has  23  ministers,  1  licentiate  and  32  churches, 
 with  a  total  membership  of  3878. 
 
 The  special  historic  interest  attaching  to  this 
 Presbytery  arises,  not  alone   from  what  the  Presby- 
 
REDSTONE  PRESBYTERY. 
 
 745 
 
 REED. 
 
 tery  was  in  itself,  but  still  more,  from  its  general 
 relations  to  the  Church  at  large.  It  was  the  first 
 Presbytery  that  was  formed  west  of  the  mountains. 
 Its  erection  was  a  new  ecclesiastical  departure,  an 
 epoch  in  the  history  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 the  United  States,  second  to  none  other  in  import- 
 ance. It  marked  the  beginning  of  the  Church's  occu- 
 pation of  the  great  valley  of  the  Mississippi.  The 
 field  actually  occupied  was,  geographically,  the  key 
 of  the  great  West.  It  was  the  section  of  country 
 extending  from  the  base  of  the  mountains  westward, 
 to  Fort  Pitt  and  the  Forks  of  Wheeling,  consti- 
 tuting the  now  famous  region  of  southwestern  Penn- 
 sylvania, with  parts  of  West  Virginia  adjoining. 
 From  this  as  a  radiating  point,  the  forms,  and  much 
 of  the  material,  of  ecclesiastical  organization  spread 
 westward,  initiating  that  great  movement  which  has 
 since  extended  over  the  vast  domain  included  between 
 the  Appalachian  range  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The 
 time,  too,  at  which  this  movement  was  thus  begun, 
 added  to  its  importance.  It  was  in  the  closing  year 
 of  the  Revolution,  but  a  month  before  the  surrender 
 at  Yorktown.  It  followed  immediately  in  the  track 
 of  the  retreating  aljoriginal  tribes.  And  the  men 
 who  conducted  the  movement  thus,  at  its  beginning, 
 were  eminently  fitted  for  the  work.  Of  the  historic 
 Scotch-Irish  race,  they  possessed  a  rugged  strength 
 of  character,  which  matured  alike  under  the  hard- 
 ships and  conflict  of  wilderness  life  and  under  the 
 inspiration  of  their  unbending  religious  faith.  The 
 ministers  who  first  composed  the  Presbrtery  were  all 
 well  educated  men,  most  of  them  graduates  of  Prince- 
 ton College.  Those  trained  on  the  ground  received 
 their  training  according  to  the  same  high  standard 
 of  scholarship.  Taken  collectively,  they  were  a  body 
 of  well  disciplined,  orthodox  and  devoted  ministers. 
 (See  McMillan,  John,  D.  D. ;  Power,  Jame.s,  ii.  n. ; 
 Dod,  Rev.  Thaddeus;  Smith,  Rev.  Joseph;  Dunlap, 
 James,  D.n. ;  Marquis,  Rev.  Thomas;  Patter.son,  Rev. 
 Jo.seph;  McCurdy,  Rev.  Elisha. ) 
 
 Of  the  elders  whose  names  appear  on  the  earlj' 
 records,  many  were  men  of  note  in  ci\"il  life.  Fore- 
 most among  those  who  guided  and  controlled  public 
 affiiirs  in  that  day  were  the  following  elders:  Hon. 
 James  Edgar,  of  Cross  Creek;  Hon.  John  McDowell 
 and  Hon.  .Tames  Allison,  of  Chartiers;  Hugh  Scott, 
 Es<i.,  and  Patrick  McCullough,  Esq.,  of  Pigeon 
 Creek;  Col.  Edward  Cook  and  John  Wright,  Esq.,  of 
 Rehoboth;  Hon.  George  Plumer,  of  Sewickley;  Hon. 
 James  Finley,  of  Laurel  Hill;  Hon.  Charles  Porter, 
 of  Dunlap's  Creek;  Hon  John  Flcnniken,  of  Muddy 
 Creek,  and  not  a  few  others.  A  still  greater  number 
 were  men  whose  godly  life,  exerting  its  influence  in 
 less  public  but  not  less  important  spheres,  wrought 
 bles.sed  results  of  the  most  abiding  char:icter.  Such 
 were  Josiah  Scott,  Thomas  Bracken  and  Col.  George 
 Craighead,  of  Chartiers;  .Tames  Dinsmore,  of  Bethel; 
 William  Wightraan,  of  Lebanon;  William  Smiley  and 
 Robert  Lyle,  of  Buftalo;  Robert  McCrcadj-,  Esq.,  and 
 
 Henry  Graham,  Esq.,  of  Cross  Creek;  John  Stevenson 
 and  Patrick  Scott,  of  Pigeon  Creek;  Ebenezer  Finley 
 and  Robert  Baird,  of  Dunlap's  CYeek ;  James  Caldwell, 
 of  Sewickley;  Jolni  Neil  and  John  Grift'en,  of  Mt. 
 Plea.sant;  .Tohn  McPherrin,  of  Three  Ridges;  .Tohn 
 Faris,  of  Forks  of  ^^Hieeling;  John  Boyd  and  Al)ram 
 Fulton,  of  Salem;  James  Wilson,  of  Fairfield;  Roliert 
 Campbell,  of  Donegal;  William  Hill,  of  George's 
 Creek,  and  many  others  not  less  worthy  to  be  remem- 
 bered. In  most  of  the  churches  of  Western  Pennsyl- 
 vania, and  in  many  churches  in  the  Western  States, 
 a  large  part  of  the  effective  membership  consists  of 
 the  descendants  of  those  ministers  and  elders  whose 
 names  are  found  in  the  early  records  of  the  Presby- 
 tery. And  to  this  ancestry  .several  hundreds  of  min- 
 isters and  a  correspondingly  greater  number  of  ruling 
 elders  trace  their  lineage. 
 
 A  history  of  the  Presbytery,  under  the  title  of 
 "Old  Redstone,"  making  an  octavo  volume  of  4.'>0 
 pages,  was  published  in  1854,  by  Rev.  Joseph 
 Smith,  D.D. 
 
 In  1878  the  minutes  of  the  Presbytery  for  its  first 
 fifty  years  were  published,  in  an  octavo  volume,  of 
 424  pages. 
 
 In  September,  1881,  a  centennial  celebration  of  the 
 founding  of  the  Presbytery  was  held  at  Uniontown, 
 Pa.,  which,  by  concerted  arrangement,  was  partici- 
 pated in  b_v  the  Synod  of  Pittsburg,  embracing,  besides 
 Redstone,  the  Presb.vteries  of  Pittsburg,  Washington, 
 Elairsville  and  West  Virginia.  It  was  atten(le<l  also 
 by  delegates  from  the  Presbyteries  of  Allegheny, 
 Clarion,  Erie,  Shenango,  Mahoning,  Steubenville  and 
 Cleveland.  A  pamphlet  containing  the  addre.s.ses 
 delivered  on  the  occasion,  with  full  report  of  proceed- 
 ings, was  published  by  the  Presbytery. 
 
 Reed,  Alexander,  D.  D. ,  son  of  Hon.  Robert 
 R.  Reed,  Jt.n.,  was  born  at  Washington,  Pa.,  Sep- 
 tember 28th,  1832;  graduated  at  Washington  College, 
 1851,  and  Western  Theological  Seminary,  185(>;  and 
 was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  Upper  Octorara 
 Church,  Chester  county.  Pa..  October,  1857.  Here 
 there  were  very  large  accessions  to  the  church  under 
 his  ministry.  In  December,  1864,  he  was  instiilled 
 pastor  of  the  Central  Church,  Philadelphia,  where 
 he  labored  with  great  fidelity  and  accepbibleness  for 
 nine  years,  beloved  bv  his  people  and  highly  esteemed 
 by  all  who  knew  him.  During  his  residence  in  that 
 citj'  he  was  a  Trustee  of  the  General  A.ssembly,  one 
 of  the  Trustees  of  the  Presbvterian  House,  a  member 
 of  all  the  Boards  of  the  Church,  and  long  President 
 of  the  Board  of  Publication,  holding  at  the  same 
 time  the  position  of  Chairman  of  the  Committee  of 
 the  Relief  Fund.  June  8th,  1.873,  Dr.  Reed  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  South  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  where,  after  laboring  imtil  1875, 
 his  health  began  to  decline,  and  he  resigned  the 
 charge.  After  a  year's  absence  abroad,  his  health 
 having  improved,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Church  in 
 Denver,   Col.,   where  death  terminated   his  earnest 
 
REED. 
 
 746 
 
 REED. 
 
 and  useful  labors.  Dr.  Recil  was  always  an  active 
 member  of  the  courts  of  the  Church,  and  several 
 times  a  delegate  to  the  General  Assembly.  He  was 
 a  manof  lovely  spirit,  exemplary  Christian  character, 
 .sound  judgment,  great  s:ig;icity,  popular  manners, 
 and  good  scholarslii]).  As  a  preacher  he  was  earnest 
 and  eloquent,  at  once  instructive  and  practical,  alive 
 to  the  is.sues  of  the  day,  and  specially  attra<-tive  to 
 the  young.  He  wius  endeared  to  all  the  communities 
 in  which  he  labored. 
 
 Reed,  George  Joseph,  D.  D.,  w;is  born  in 
 Jefferson  county,  Ind.,  October  iljd,  1822.  He  com- 
 pleted his  collegiate  course  in  Hanover  College,  Ind., 
 in  18-44.  After  leaving  college,  he  attended  the 
 Theological  Seminary  at  New  Albany,  Ind.,  for  one 
 j'ear,  and  then  went  to  Princeton  Seraiiciry,  where 
 he  completed  liis  professional  studies,  in  1847.  In 
 1847  he  was  licensed  to  prciich  the  gospel,  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Jladi.son,  and  ordained  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  New  Albany,  in  1H49.  For  one  year  he  sup- 
 plied the  Church  of  Connersville,  Ind.  From  1848  to 
 18,^4  he  was  Principal  of  the  Female  Institute  at 
 Cliarlestown,  Ind.  From  there  he  went  to  Shelby- 
 ville,  Ky.,  as  President  of  the  Shelby ville  Female 
 College,  where  he  remained  until  ISi;:?,  when  he 
 became  pastor  of  the  Presl)yterian  Chureh  of  Columbia, 
 Ky.,  which  charge  he  still  retain.s. 
 
 Dr.  IJeed  has  tilled  ably  all  the  positions  to  which 
 he  h;is  been  called.  Ho  w;is  eminently  successful  as 
 a  teacher,  and  that  he  is  highly  esteemed  as  a 
 preacher,  and  loved  as  a  piustor,  his  long  pastorate  at 
 Columbia  is  a  sufficient  testimonial. 
 
 Reed,  James  A.,  D.  D.,  is  the  pastor  of  the 
 First  Pie.sbyterian  Church  in  Springfield,  111.  His 
 early  years  were  spent  in  Huntingdon,  Pa.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Jefferson  College,  in  \^M,  wliere  he  main- 
 tained a  high  rank,  and  at  the  Western  Theologicid 
 Seminary,  in  1859.  After  preaching  six  months  at 
 Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  he  was  called  to  the  First  Pres- 
 byterian Church  of  Wooster,  Ohio,  where  he  was 
 ordained  and  inst;dled,  in  18G0.  That  pastorate 
 lasted  for  eight  years,  and  was  fruitful  of  giMxl  works. 
 It  was  to  him,  in  a  large  measure,  that  the  location 
 and  foundation  of  Wooster  University  were  due. 
 Broken  down  with  overwork,  he  resigned  this  p;us- 
 toral  charge,  and  went  to  Minnesota  for  rest.  During 
 the  illness  and  absence  of  Dr.  Gurley,  then  pastor  of 
 the  New  York  Ayenue  Church,  Washington  City,  D.  C. , 
 Mr.  Reed  filled  that  pulpit  in  the  Winteraiul  Summer 
 of  18GH. 
 
 In  the  Fall  of  1809  he  accepted  a  call  to  his  present 
 im])ortant  charge,  of  which  he  has  since  been  the 
 faithful,  honored  and  succcssfnl  i)astor,  ministering 
 to  an  intelligent  ayd  interesting  people.  Dr.  IJeed  is 
 an  able  preacher,  a  good  piistor,  and  active  and  earnest 
 in  his  etlort.s  to  do  good.  He  is  devoted  to  the  cause 
 of  Temperance  and  prohibitory  legislation,  and  a 
 forcible  and  fearless  advocate  of  its  claims.  The 
 importance  of  such  inlluencc  at  the  legislative  seat 
 
 of  the  great  Prairie  Stite  can   hardly  be  over-esti- 
 mated. 
 
 Reed,  Col.  Joseph,  w;is  born  in  Trenton,  N.  J., 
 August  27th,  1741,  and  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in 
 1763.  After  studying  in  the  JliddU;  Temple,  Lon- 
 don, until  17(>.>,  he  commenced  practice  in  Trenton, 
 and  subsequently  removed  to  Philadelphia.  In 
 177 1  he  was  President  of  the  State  Couventiim.  In 
 1775  he  accompanie<l  Wiishington  to  Cambridge,  as 
 his  aid  and  secretary,  and  remained  with  him  dur- 
 ing the  campaign.  In  1776  he  was  an  Adjutant- 
 general,  and  was  highly  esteemed  as  an  officer.  By 
 direction  of  Washington,  he  co-operated  in  the  affair 
 at  Princeton  by  attacking  tlu?  neighboring  British 
 posts.  In  1777  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
 Continental  Congress,  and  at  one  time  acted  as  Pres- 
 ident pro  tern.  He  received  the  otfer  from  British 
 officials,  of  ten  thousand  pounds  sterling  and  the 
 best  office  in  the  gift  of  the  crown  in  Americii,  if  he 
 could  effect  the  re-union  of  the  two  countries.  To. 
 this  offer  he  replied,  that  ' '  he  was  not  worth  pur- 
 chasing, but  such  as  he  was,  the  King  of  Great 
 Britain  wiis  not  rich  enough  to  do  it." 
 
 In  1778  Colonel  Reed  was  chosen  President  of 
 Pennsylvania,  and  held  the  office  till  1781.  As  a 
 lawyer  his  mind  was  perspicuous,  his  perceptions 
 quick,  his  penetration  great,  his  industry  unremitted. 
 He  was  a  trustee  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  both 
 in  Trenton  and  Philadelphia,  and  in  one  of  his  pub- 
 lications he  said  , of  that  Church,  "  Wlien  I  am  con- 
 vinced of  its  errors,  or  ashamed  of  its  character,  I 
 may  perhaps  change  it;  till  then  I  shall  not  blush  at 
 a  connection  with  a  people  who,  in  this  great  con- 
 troversy, are  not  second  to  any  in  vigorous  exertions 
 and  generous  contributions,  and  to  whom  we  are  so 
 eminently  indebted  for  our  deliverance  from  the 
 thraldom  of  Great  Britain."  Colonel  Reed  died 
 March  .'5th,  178,i. 
 
 Reed,  Robert  Rentoul,  M.  D.,  was  third  son 
 of  Alexander  Reed,  a  prominent  merchant  and  citi- 
 zen of  Washington,  Pa.  Aft<'r  graduating  from 
 Wa.shington  College,  in  182.">,  with  the  highest  honor 
 of  his  cla.ss,  he  pursued  the  study  of  medicine  and 
 received  a  professional  diploma  from  the  I'niversity 
 of  Penn.sylvania  in  1828.  He  was  hindered,  by  deli- 
 cate health,  from  the  practice  of  the  healing  art,  and 
 devoted  himself  to  agriculture.  Two  of  his  sons,  the 
 late  Rev.  Alexander  Reed,  n.n.,  and  Rev.  W.  B. 
 Reed,  became  ministers  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 Thomas  1!.  Reed,  M.i>.,  a  prominent  physician  of 
 Philadelphia,  was  another  son. 
 
 Dr.  Ree<l,  though  of  a  retiring  disposition,  was 
 calli'd  by  his  fellow  citizens  to  represent  them  in  the 
 I'nited  States  Congress,  and  afterwards  in  the  Legis- 
 lature of  his  native  State,  in  both  of  which  positions 
 he  was  distinguished  for  integrity,  and  for  the  per- 
 sonal influence  of  a  high  Christian  charjicter.  In 
 1847  he  was  made  an  elder  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  WiLshington,  an  office  which  he  tilled  with 
 
REED. 
 
 BEEVE. 
 
 great  efficiency  until  hisflcath,in  1804.  He  frequently 
 served  as  a  member  of  Presbytery  and  Synod,  and 
 once  as  a  commissioner  to  the  General  Assembly. 
 For  twenty-six  years  also,  preceding  his  deatli,  he 
 was  the  beloved,  iutive  and  u.selul  Superintendent 
 of  the  Sabbath  school.  His  line  intelligence  was  only 
 surpassed  by  his  ardent  piety.  Discriminating  j  udg- 
 ment,  tender  sympathy,  burning  zeal,  and  constant 
 fidelity,  were  the  blended  elements  of  his  character, 
 which  were  habitually  laid  upon  the  Master's  alt;ir. 
 As  a  consequence,  no  man  in  the  Cliurch  or  the  com- 
 munity Wiia  more  beloved  or  trusted.  He  was  a 
 devotional  student  of  God's  word,  a  ready  -writer,  of 
 the  finest  fcusto,  a  genial  companion,  a  friend  and  un- 
 paid physician  of  the  poor,  a  model  Christian  gentle- 
 man, a  devoted  husband  and  father,  a  prajdng  and 
 working  disciple,  a  helper  of  others  in  the  way  of 
 salvation,  a  leader  of  te;u;hers,  and  a  servant  of  the 
 Good  Shepherd  in  feeding  the  lambs  of  the  flock. 
 And  when,  at  the  age  of  fifty-eight  years,  he  was 
 calhd  to  his  reward,  his  pastor,  his  brethren  in  the 
 eldership,  the  members  of  the  church,  the  children 
 of  tlie  Sabbath  school,  the  poor  aud  the  community 
 at  large,  wept  under  the  sorrow  of  a  great  and  com- 
 mon bereavement. 
 
 Reed,  Villeroy  D.,  D.D.,  was  born  at  Granville, 
 Xew  York,  April  STth,  \^\o.  He  united  with  the 
 Presbj-terian  Church  in  Lansingburg,  New  York,  at 
 the  age  of  twelve.  He  graduated  at  Union  College 
 in  18;S.">;  studied  theology  at  Auburn  and  Princeton, 
 and  w:is  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel,  August,  1>>:J8. 
 He  was  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Stillwater,  Xew  York, 
 five  years,  and  of  the  Church  of  Lansingburg,  four- 
 teen years.  In  October,  1857,  he  was  elected,  by  the 
 Synod  of  Iowa,  President  of  Alexander  College,  at 
 Dubuque.  In  1861  he  became  pastor  of  the  First 
 Church,  Camden,  X.  J.,  where  he  labored  with  suc- 
 cess, and  highly  esteemed  by  his  congregation,  until 
 his  resignation,  in  1884.  Dr.  Reed  is  a  preacher 
 of  ability,  sound  and  earnest,  and  is  a  valuable 
 member  of  the  judicatories  of  the  Church.  He  was 
 appointed  a  member  of  the  Old  School  Assembly's 
 Committee  of  fifteen  on  Reunion,  in  1866;  was 
 Secret;iry  of  that  Committee,  and  from  the  very  fir.st 
 labored  earnestly  for  reunion  till  it  was  accom- 
 plished. For  twelve  years  he  was  a  member  of  the 
 Board  of  Education,  and  for  five  j'cars  its  President. 
 He  has  Ix-en  President  of  the  Board  of  Ministerial 
 Relief  from  its  organization,  in  1876,  and  for  years 
 previous  was  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Relief. 
 Dr.  Reed  h.as  preached  without  interruption,  and 
 only  a  .short  vacation  ocaisionally,  for  nearly  forty- 
 five  years.  He  h:is  published  nothing  but  a  few 
 funeral  and  occasional  sermons,  called  for  by  those 
 who  heard  them. 
 
 Reese,  Rev.  Oliver,  was  licensed  by  the  Pre.sby- 
 tery  of  Xew  Brunswick,  in  1774,  and  in  1775  was 
 ordained  aud  settled  as  p.Tstor  of  Wilton  Pre-sbyterian 
 Church,  in  South  Carolina.     .Vmong  the  accounts  of 
 
 the  church  still  extant,  is  a  bill  of  one  Christian 
 Mate,  against  the  trustees,  for  a  dinner  furni.shed  for 
 ''fU'ty  iM;rsons  and  til'tecu  boys,  at  the  ordination  of  the 
 Rev.  Oliver  Reese."  Tb<!  bill  amo\uited  to  seventy- 
 seven  ]>i)unds.  It  is  probable  that  he  was  a  young 
 man  ofpromi.se.  But  his  connection  with  the  congre- 
 gation and  his  work  on  e;irth  were  alike  brief.  He 
 died  either  in  the  same  year  or  the  succeeding  one. 
 
 Reese,  Thomas,  D,  D.,  was  born  in  Pennsyl- 
 vania, in  1742.  He  removed  to  North  CaroUna,  with 
 his  pwents,  when  quite  young;  graduated  at  Prince- 
 ton College,  in  1768;  was  licen.sed  by  Orange  Presby- 
 tery, in  177IJ,  and  was  ordained  and  instiilled  over 
 Salem  Church  in  the  same  year.  During  the  years 
 1780  and  1781  all  public  worship  was  suspended,  by 
 reason  of  the  invasion  of  the  enemy,  aud  Mr,  Ree.se 
 was  compelled  to  abandon  the  field;  but  after  the 
 peace  he  pursued  his  duties  with  an  ardor  and  dili- 
 gence rarely  excelled.  In  1792  he  accepted  a  call  to 
 two  churches  in  Pendleton  District,  Dr.  Reese  held 
 a  conspicuous  place  among  learned  and  good  men. 
 He  w.as  an  accomplished  scholar,  an  able  and  earnest 
 preacher,  and  a  successful  teacher.     He  died  in  1790. 
 
 Reeve,  John  Bunyan,  D.D.,  was  born  in  ilat- 
 tituck,  Sutlblk  county,  N.  Y.,  October  29th,  1831, 
 In  1853  he  was  taken  under  the  care  of  the  Third 
 Presbytery  of  Xew  York  as  a  candidate  for  the  min- 
 istry. Here  he  was  brought  to  the  kindly  notice  of 
 Rev,  Asa  D.  Smith,  D.n.,  and  Mr.  William  E.  Dodge, 
 then  Dr.  Smith's  elder,  by  whom  he  was  aided  in 
 the  prosecution  of  his  studies  for  eight  years.  In 
 June,  18.58,  he  graduated  from  New  York  Central 
 College,  and  in  April,  1861,  from  Union  Theologic;d 
 Seminary,  Xew  York  city,  June  4th,  1861,  he  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Lombard  Street  Central  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  by  the  Fourth 
 Presbrtery  of  that  city.  Here  he  preached  con- 
 tinuously, with  great  acceptance,  for  ten  years  and 
 three  months,  when  he  resigned  his  pastorate,  Sep- 
 tember, 1871,  to  accept  a  professorship  in  Howard 
 Universitj',  Washington,  D.  C.  He  organized  the 
 theological  department  of  the  University  this  same 
 year,  and  occupied  the  chair  of  Biblical  Theologj', 
 meanwhilesupplying  the  pulpit  of  the  Fifteenth  .Street 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Washington,  D.  C,  until  June, 
 1875,  when  he  resigned  to  accept  a  second  call  to  his 
 old  charge,  the  Lomliard  Street  Central  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  The  following  month  he 
 removed  thither,  supplied  the  church  during  the 
 Summer,  and  was  installed  pastor,  Si'ptember,  1875, 
 where  he  has  labored  faithfully  and  successfully 
 until  tfle  present  time.  By  arduous  and  successful 
 study,  Dr.  Reeve  has  won  the  respect  and  admiration 
 of  scholars,  as  well  as  the  e-stcem  and  regard  of  his 
 brethren  in  the  ministry.  He  was  Moderator  of  the 
 Fourth  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia  from  April  to 
 September,  1865,  was  a  comrai.ssioner  to  the  General 
 .\ssembly  in  the  same  year;  and  in  the  interest  of 
 1  the   Home   Mission   Committee,  in  the  Summer  of 
 
REEVES. 
 
 748 
 
 REFORMATION. 
 
 1«65,  lie  \-isited  Eiist  Tennessee,  to  examine  into  the- 
 nature  ol'  the  mission  tield  among  the  freedmen, 
 organizing  a  Church  at  Knoxville.  He  is  a  line  pul- 
 pit orator,  bis  style  being  easy,  i)le:us;uit  anil  unassum- 
 ing, and  bis  sermons  highly  instructive  and  impres- 
 sive. He  is  one  of  the  best  types  of  the  grand 
 possibilities  of  the  Africo-Ameriian. 
 
 Reeves,  Rev.  Henry,  was  born  at  Bridgeton, 
 X.  J.,  February  .">th,  Hi3.  He  graduated  at  Xew 
 Jersey  College,  in  1844,  and  studied  theology  at 
 Princeton  Seminary.  He  was  stated  snjjply  at 
 EUessdie  Chaixl,  Xew  Hamburg,  X.  Y.,  1849,  and 
 at  AVappinger's  Falls,  1849-50.  He  was  ordained  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Xewton,  Noveml)er  12th,  1850,  and 
 was  pastor  at  Belvidere,  'X.  J.,  1850-8;  stated  supply 
 at  Fayetteville,  Pa.,  18o8-C4;  Principal. of  Female 
 Seminary,  Charabersburg.  Pa.,  1858-(54;  Principal  of 
 Woodland  Seminary,  West  Philadelphia,  1804-8; 
 editor  of  Young  Folks'  Siirn,  Philadelphia,  18()8-75; 
 editor  of  Our  Monlhli/,  Philadelphia,  1871-5,  and 
 stated  supply  at  Gloucester  City,  X.  J.,  18(j9.  He  is 
 at  present  Principal  of  a  Female  Seminary  in  Bridge- 
 ton,  N.  J.  Mr.  Reeves  is  a  good  preacher,  a  vigorous 
 writer,  and  highly  esteemed  by  bis  brethren. 
 
 Reformation.  Usually  spoken  of  the  great  Re- 
 formation in  the  {'hureli,  begun  by  Luther,  in  1.517. 
 The  .sad  cU'iiarture  from  the  standard  of  holiness  which 
 the  Romish  liierarehy  should  have  jdaced  before  them, 
 combintd  with  the  iiideeency  and  arrogiince  with 
 which  they  trani]>l<Ml  upon  the  rights  of  sovereigns, 
 and  upon  the  property  and  the  comfort  of  all  classes 
 of  men,  had,  for  a  considerable  period,  produced  a 
 genenil  conviction  that  a  reformation  of  the  Church 
 in  its  head  and  niemlK-i-s,  to  use  the  expression  which 
 was  then  prevalent,  was  absoluti'ly  requisite;  and 
 .some  steps  to  acconi])lisli  this  hail  been  actually  taken. 
 The  celebrat<'d  Council  of  Constaiu'c,  while,  in  its 
 efforts  to  heal  the  schism  which  had  so  long  grieved 
 and  scandidized  the  Catholic  world,  it  set  aside  the 
 rival  pontiffs  who  claimed  to  be  the  successors  of  St. 
 Peter,  laid  down  the  important  maxim  that  a  Gren- 
 cral  Council  w;is  superior  to  a  Pope,  and  that  its  de- 
 cisions c;in  restrain  bis  power  ;  and  this  doctrine', 
 which  might  otherwise  have  appeared  to  ari.se  out 
 of  the  extraordinary  circumstances  under  which 
 it  was  declared,  w;is  fully  confirmed  by  the  Council 
 of  Basil,  which  met  several  years  after,  and  which 
 decided  the  point  upon  grounds  that  might  at  all 
 times  Ik)  urged.  The  Poirvs,  indeed,  remonstrated 
 against  this,  but  still  they  were  compelled  to  lower 
 their  tone;  and  they  were  often  reminded,  even  with- 
 in the  precincts  of  their  own  Court,  that  tht  period 
 was  f:ust  apiiroaching  when  the  fallacy  of  many  of 
 their  pretesions  would  lie  ascertained  and  exjxised. 
 It  h:ul  become  common,  before  the  election  of  a  new 
 jKintiff,  to  frame  certiin  articles  of  ri'formation, 
 which  the  successful  candidate  was  reiinired  to  swear 
 that  be  would  carry  into  effect;  and  although  the 
 oath  was  uniformly  disregarded  or  violated,  the  views 
 
 which  led  to  the  imposition  of  it  indicated  the  exist- 
 ence of  a  spirit  which  could  not  be  eradicated,  and 
 which  might,  from  events  that  could  not  be  foreseen, 
 and  couKl  not  be  controlled,  acquire  a  vigor  which  no 
 exertion  of  power  could  resist.  Such,  under  the  be- 
 neficent arrangement  of  Providence,  was  soon  actually 
 the  case.  In  the  progress  of  the  ojiiwsitiou  made  to 
 some  ol'  the  worst  abuses  of  Rome,  they  who  con- 
 ducted that  opposition  were  guided  to  the  Word  of 
 Life;  they  studied  it  with  avidity  and  with  de- 
 •light;  and  they  found  themselves  furnished  by  it 
 with  sufficient  armor  for  the  mighty  coutest 
 in  which  they  were  to  engage.  They  discovered  in 
 the  New  Testament  what  Christianity  really  was; 
 their  representations  of  it  were  received  with  won- 
 der, and  read  with  avidity;  the  secession  from 
 the  Church  of  Rome  became  much  more  rapid  and 
 much  more  extensive  than  it  had  previously  been, 
 and  all  possibility  of  reconciliation  with  that  Church 
 was  done  away.  Of  this  the  popes  were  fully  aware; 
 and  as  the  only  way  of  counteracting  that  which  was 
 to  them  so  formidable,  they  attempted,  by  various 
 devices,  to  fetter  the  press,  to  prevent  the  circulation 
 of  the  Bible,  and  thus  again  to  plunge  the  world  into 
 that  intellectual  darkness  from  which  it  had  been 
 happily  delivered.  The  scheme  was  impraeticiible. 
 The  '' In(li<ts  Expuri/ntorii,"  in  which  they  pointed 
 out  the  works  that  they  condemned,  and  which  they 
 declared  it  to  be  heresy  and  ])ollution  to  p»ru.se,  in- 
 crea.sed  the  desire  to  become  acquainted  with  them; 
 and  although  some  who  indulged  that  curiosity  suf- 
 fered the  punishment  denounced  by  the  Inquisition 
 against  the  enemies  of  papal  superstition,  there  w;is 
 an  immense  proixirtion  which  even  spiritual  tyranny 
 could  not  reach;  so  that  the  light  which  had  been 
 kindled  (lailvbright<ned,  till  it  shone  with  unclouded 
 lu.stre  through  many  of  the  most  powerful  and  the 
 most  retined  nations  of  Europe. 
 
 It  is  worthy  of  careful  ob.servation,  that  the  resists 
 ance  which  ultimately  proved  so  successful  w;is  first 
 occasioned  by  practices  that  liad  been  devisetl  for  es- 
 tablishing the  monstrous  despotism  of  the  popes  ; 
 that  when  it  commenced,  it  was  directed  agitinst 
 what  was  conceived  to  be  an  abu.sc  of  power,  with- 
 out the  .slightest  suspicion  being  entertained  that 
 the  power  itself  was  unchristian  ;  that  the  re- 
 formei-s  gradually  advance<l  ;  every  additional  in- 
 (juiry  to  which  they  were  conducted  enlarging  their 
 views,  and  bringing  them  acquainted  with  fresh 
 proofs  of  that  daring  usurpation  to  which  men  had 
 long  .submitted,  till  at  length  the  foundation  upon 
 whieb  the  whole  system,  venerated  through  ages, 
 rested,  was  disclosed  to  them,  anil  ]>erceived  to  l)e  a 
 foundation  of  .s;ind.  The  conse(|Uenee  was,  that  the 
 supremacy  of  the  Po])e  w:Ui  by  multitudes  abjured; 
 that  he  was  branded  as  antichrist;  that  eomniuni<m 
 with  the  jiopish  church  was  avoided  as  sinful,  and 
 that  the  form  of  ecclesiastical  polity,  the  essential 
 principle  of  which  was  the  infallibility  of  the  Bishop 
 
REGENERATION. 
 
 749 
 
 REGENERA  TION. 
 
 of  Rome,  was  forever  renounced.  The  wonderful 
 manner  in  which  tliis  signal  revolution,  so  fraught 
 with  blessings  to  mankind,  was  accomplished,  the 
 various  events  which  mark  its  history,  and  the  char- 
 acters and  exertions  of  t  he  men  by  whose  agency  it  w;js 
 effected,  cannot  be  too  often  surveyed,  or  too  deeply 
 fixed  in  the  memory.  The  whole,  even  with  refer- 
 ence to  tiie  illumination  of  the  human  mind  and  the 
 improvement  of  the  social  state  of  the  world,  is  In  a 
 high  degree  interesting;  and  that  intere.st  is  unspeak- 
 ably increased  by  our  discerning  the  most  striking 
 evidence  of  the  gracious  interposition  of  Providence, 
 dissipating  the  cloud  which  obscured  divine  truth, 
 and  restoring  to  mankind  that  sacred  treasure  which 
 is  sufficient  to  make  all  who  seriously  examine  it 
 wise  unto  salvation.  It  does  not,  however,  come 
 within  the  province  of  this  work  to  give  a  minute 
 history  of  the  origin  and  progress  of  the  Reformation, 
 to  trace  the  steps  of  Zuinglius  and  of  Lutlier,  and  to 
 detail  the  circumstiinces  which  advanced  or  retarded 
 them  in  the  glorious  Ciireer  upon  which  they  had 
 entered.  We  can  only  ad<l  that  they  were  animated 
 by  the  noble  and  disinterested  wish  to  emancipate 
 their  fellow-creatures  from  what  they  were  convinced 
 was  the  direct  and  most  infatuated  spiritual  oppres- 
 sion; that  they  looked  to  Heaven  for  support,  and 
 that  such  support  they  largely  received. 
 
 Regeneration.  A  new  birth;  that  work  of  the 
 Holy  Spirit  by  which  we  experience  a  change  of 
 heart.  It  is  expressed  in  Scripture  by  being  born 
 again,  John  iii,  7;  born  from  above;  being  quickened, 
 Eph.  ii.  1 ;  by  Christ  being  formed  in  the  heart.  Gal. 
 iv,  19;  by  our  partaking  of  the  divine  nature,  2  Peter 
 i,  4.  The  efficient  cause  of  regeneration  is  the  di^'ine 
 Spirit.  That  man  is  not  the  author  of  it,  is  evident 
 from  John  i,  12,  13;  iii,  4;  Eph.  ii,  8,  10.  The  in- 
 strumental cause  is  the  word  of  God,  James  i,  18; 
 1  Peter  i,  23;  1  Cor.  iv,  15.  The  change  in  regenera- 
 tion consists  in  the  recovery  of  the  moral  image  of 
 God  upon  the  heart;  that  is  to  say,  so  as  to  love  Him 
 supremely  and  serve  Him  ultimately  as  our  highest 
 end,  and  to  delight  in  Him  superlatively  ;is  our  chief 
 good.  The  sum  of  the  moral  law  is  to  love  the  Lord 
 our  God  with  all  our  heart,  and  soul,  and  strength, 
 and  mind.  This  is  the  duty  of  every  rational  crea- 
 ture; and  in  order  to  obey  it  perfectly,  no  part  of  our 
 inward  affection  or  actual  service  ought  to  be,  at  anj- 
 time,  or  in  the  least  degree,  misapplied.  Regenera- 
 tion consists  in  the  principle  being  implanted,  obfciin- 
 ing  the  ascendency,  and  habitually  prevailing  over 
 its  opposite. 
 
 Regeneration  is  specifically  the  same  in  all  who 
 are  the  subjects  of  it.  But,  although  every  regener- 
 ated person  is  a  new  creature,  and  possesses  all  the 
 constituent  parts  of  the  new  nature,  it  is  not  neces- 
 sary to  maintain  that,  to  all,  the  same  measure  of 
 grace  is  communie;itcd.  They  may  differ  from  each 
 other,  as  children  do  at  their  natural  birth,  some  of 
 whom  are  much  more  lively  and  vigorous  than  others. 
 
 I  Even  at  the  commencement,  God,  according  to  His 
 sovereign  pleasure,  may  give  more  ample  knowledge, 
 stronger  faith,  and  all  the  other  virtues  in  a  niaturer 
 state,  to  this  man,  than  to  that.  But  there  is  no 
 dilierence  in  respect  to  their  state;  the  same  work 
 has  been  performed  in  them  all,  and  they  are  all 
 partakers  of  "that  one  Spirit." 
 
 Tile  properties  of  regeneration  are  these  :  1.  It  is 
 a  pa.ssive  work;  and  herein  it  differs  from  conversion. 
 In  regeneration  we  are  passive,  and  receive  from  God ; 
 in  conversion  we  are  active,  and  turn  to  Him.  2.  It 
 is  an  effectual  or  invincible  work  of  God's  grace 
 ( Eph.  iii,  8).  3.  It  is  an  instantaneous  work,  for 
 there  can  be  no  medium  between  life  and  death,  and 
 here  it  differs  from  sanctification,  which  is  progress- 
 ive. 4.  It  is  a  complete  work  and  perfect  in  its 
 kind,  a  change  of  the  whole  man  (2  Cor.  v,  17).  5. 
 It  is  a  great  and  important  work,  both  as  to  its 
 author  and  effects  (Eph.  ii,  4,  .5).  6.  It  is  an  internal 
 work,  not  consisting  in  bare  outward  forms  (Ezek. 
 XXX vi,  2G,  27).  7.  Visible  as  to  its  effects  (1  John 
 iii,  14).  8.  Delightful  (1  Pet.  i,  8).  9.  Nece,s.sary 
 (John  iii,  3).  10.  It  is  a  work  of  gr.ace,  the  bles.sings 
 of  which  we  can  never  finally  lose  (.Tohn  xiii,  1). 
 
 "  The  change  effected  in  the  souls  of  men  by 
 regenerating  grace,"  says  an  able  writer,  "is  the 
 foundation  of  all  their  subsequent  attainments  in 
 religion.  I  mean,  that  they  are  effects  or  consequen- 
 ces of  it,  as  the  gro^vth  of  a  vegetable,  the  rising  of 
 the  stem,  the  formation  of  the  buds  and  flowers,  the 
 opening  of  the  leaves  and  blossoms,  and  the  concoc- 
 tion of  the  fruit,  are  the  effects  or  conseijuences  of 
 the  living  principle  in  the  seed.  Hence  an  Ajjostle, 
 having  represented  true  Clu-istians  as  the  circumcision, 
 or  the  regenerated,  proceeds  to  state,  that  '  they 
 worship  God  in  the  Spirit,  and  rejoice  iu  Christ  Jesus, 
 and  have  no  confidence  in  the  flesh '  (Phil,  iii,  3). 
 To  the  performance  of  certain  functions  certain  powers 
 are  necessary  ;  and  there  are  properties  belonging  to 
 one  nature  which  no  man  expects  to  find  in  another. 
 .Vn  animal  without  wings  could  not  fly,  without  legs 
 could  not  walk,  without  eyes  could  not  see,  witliout 
 intellect  could  not  understand.  We  never  look  for 
 the  peculiar  properties  of  one  species  of  animals  in 
 another  ;  we  never  look,  for  example,  for  speech  and 
 reasoning  among  briites.  All  the  actions  of  a  living 
 being,  and  all  its  improvements,  bear  a  relation  to 
 the  nature  originally  given  to  it  bj-  its  Maker.  These 
 things  are  obvious,  not  only  to 'philosophers,  but  to 
 every  person  of  common  sense  ;  j-et  although  just 
 reasoning  requires  that  we  should  transfer  them  to 
 religion,  men  often  proceed  in  a  different  manner. 
 Religion  manifestly  implies  a  different  train  of  senti- 
 ments, and  feelings,  and  actions,  from  those  which 
 are  brought  into  operation  by  the  ordinary  business 
 of  life.  Yet  many  imagine  that,  because  man  has 
 understanding,  and  will,  and  affections,  is  capable  of 
 managing  his  worldly  affairs,  and  of  p<>rforming  the 
 duties  incumbent  upon  him  as  a  member  of  society, 
 
REID. 
 
 750 
 
 SEID. 
 
 he  is  fully  (jUiililied  to  answer  the  domaiKls  of  religion, 
 and  riMjuires  only  to  have  his  attention  directed  to  it, 
 and  to  be  roused  to  the  exercise  of  his  powers.  It  is 
 taken  for  granted  that  religion  is  one  of  the  original 
 principles  of  our  nature,  which  it  is  sufficient  to 
 direct  and  strengthen  by  discipline.  It  is  supposed 
 that  men  have  a  natural  capacity  or  di.^imsition  for 
 religion,  and  may  be  trained  to  lial)its  of  piety  and 
 virtue  by  external  means.  Amidst  these  specula- 
 tions, the  d()<;trine  of  human  depravity  is  forgotten  or 
 denied,  and  hence  it  is  not  considered  that  to  attempt 
 to  educe  religion  from  our  nature  as  it  is,  is  as  absurd 
 :is  to  attempt  to  elicit  the  operations  of  intellect  from 
 an  irrational  animal.  Holy  actions  must  proceed 
 from  holy  principles,  and  these  mu-st  be  created  in 
 the  soul,  which,  since  the  fall,  is  barren  of  all  good. 
 Men  must  be  regenerated  before  they  can  make 
 progress  in  religion,  or  perform  a  single  action  which 
 the  Siarclicr  of  he  arts  will  apiinni-.'' 
 
 Held,  Rev.  Alexander  McCandless,  Ph.  D., 
 w;is  born  near  Independence,  Beaver  county,  Pa., 
 April  20th,  1837.  He  graduated  at  Jefferson  College 
 in  18-I9;  studied  theology  in  the  Western  Theolog- 
 icjil  Seminarj-;  was  licen.sed  to  preach  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Steubcnville,  and  shortly  afterward  was 
 ordiiined  by  the  s;ime  body.  For  some  time  he  was 
 p;ustor  of  a  Presbyterian  Church  in  West  Virginia, 
 where  his  labors  were  greatly  blessed.  For  several 
 years  he  taught  in  tlie  Sewickky  Academy.  In  18,)G 
 he  beaime  assistiint  to  Dr.  Beatty,  Principal  of  Steu- 
 Ixjnville  Female  Seminary,  and  entered  upon  what  has 
 proved  to  be  his  life  work.  Under  his  excellent  gov- 
 ernment of  the  Institution  it  has  retained  the  high 
 character  which  it  actiuircd  under  Ur.  Beatty's  admin- 
 istration, and  has  had  a  .st<a<ly  and  solid  prosperity. 
 
 Dr.  Keid  is  a  kind,  courteous  and  honest  Christian 
 gentleman,'a(le;ir  thinker,  a  forcible  WTitcr, a  tender, 
 attnutive  and  able  preacher,  and  thoroughly  evan- 
 g<>lical.  A  number  of  his  sermons  and  addresses 
 have  been  published.  He  received  the  title  of  Doc- 
 tor of  Philosophy  from  Washington  and  Jefferson 
 College,  in  IHIJ!).  In  187.5  he  went  to  Europe  as  a 
 delegate  from  the  Pn-.sbj'terian  General  Assembly 
 to  the  Pan-I'resbyterian  Council.  In  1879  he  was 
 Moderator  of  the  Synod  of  Cleveland,  and  is  now  a 
 Truslic  (if  Washington  and  Jefferson  College. 
 
 Reid,  Rev.  Israel,  graduated  in  the  first  chiss 
 sent  forth  from  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  and, 
 Ix'ing  licensed  by  New  York  Prcsbj-tery,  he  placed 
 himself  under  the  care  of  New  Brunswick  Presbytery, 
 OctolKT  12lh,  1748,  to  answer  the  supplicjition  from 
 Bound  Brook.  He  wjls  calleil,  December  6th,  1719, 
 and  ordained  pastor,  March  7th,  1750;  the  first 
 graduiite  of  the  college  who  became  a  member  of 
 Synod.  He  w;us  encouraged  by  tokens  of  good 
 among  his  jH'oplc  in  17."i1.  New  Brunswick  a.sked 
 for  one-fourth  of  his  time  in  .\|)ril,  17(>8,  and  Mills- 
 t4>ii  made  the  same  reiiuest  the  next  year.  He  died 
 November  28th,  1793. 
 
 Reid,  Rev.  ■William  M.,  the  son  of  George  and 
 Ann  (Hardy;  Keid,  w;is  born  in  the  city  of  Charles- 
 ton, S.  C,  February  2.">th,  1798.  He  was  a  member 
 of  the  first  cliuss  in  Columbia  Theological  Seminary, 
 and  was  licen.sed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Harmony,  April  3d,  18;{3.  In  January,  18:J4,  he 
 beg-.in  his  labors  at  Mt.  Zion  Church,  Presbytery  of 
 Harmony,  and  in  October,  l'<:{5,  was  inst;illed  p;i.stor. 
 This  relation  continued  until  October,  1873,  when, 
 on  account  of  the  iniirmities  of  age,  it  was  dissolved. 
 As  a  preacher,  Mr.  Keid  was  earnest  and  solemn. 
 He  was  eminently  a  man  of  j)rayer;  he  was  peculiarly 
 gifted  in  religi«us  conversation;  he  was  utterly  want- 
 ing in  practical  knowledge  of  worldly  things.  His 
 ■Study  is  his  home.  It  is  a  privilege  to  visit  him  in 
 it  now.  You  hardly  enter  it  before  you  find  that  you 
 are  breathing  the  atmosi>here  of  heaven.  "As  good 
 as  Father  Reid,"  is  a  common  expression  throughout 
 the  country  in  which  he  resides.  His  sun  is  now 
 setting,  but  it  is  a  golden  sunset;  the  shock  of  corn 
 is  fully  ripe. 
 
 Reid,  "William  Shields,  D.  D.,  the  second  son 
 of  his  parents,  w:is  born  in  West  Nottingham  town- 
 ship, Chester  county.  Pa.,  April  21st,  1778.  He 
 graduated  at  Princeton,  with  honor,  in  1802.  On 
 leaving  Princeton,  he  was  an  a-ssistant  teacher  two 
 years  in  an  academy  at  Georgetown,  D.  C,  at  the 
 siimc  time  prosecuting  his  theological  studies  under 
 Dr.  Balch,  which  he  afterwards  continued  at  Shep- 
 herdstown,  Va.,  under  Dr.  Moses  Hoge.  After  re- 
 maining in  the  latter  place  for  sometime,  he  accepted 
 a  Professorship  in  Hampden-Sidiiey  College.  When 
 Dr.  Archibald  Alexander,  who  was  then  President 
 of  the  college,  about  two  years  after  accepted  a  cjill 
 to  Philadiljdiia,  Mr.  Reid  succeeded  him  in  that 
 office.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbyt<'ry 
 of  Winchester,  in  the  Spring  of  HOfi,  and  retained  his 
 connection  with  the  college  some  eighteen  months 
 afterwards,  making  in  all  about  five  years.  He 
 removed  to  I.,ynchburg  in  1808,  opened  a  school  for 
 males,  and  at  the  s;ime  time  labored  to  build  up  a 
 Presbyterian  church.  A  church  wjis  orgtinized, 
 though  he  w;ls  not  installed  :is  its  pjustor  till  1822,  and 
 under  his  able  and  judicious  culture,  as  well  as  his 
 generous  pecuniary  siicrifices,  it  attained  great  pros- 
 perity. His  school,  after  a  while,  Ixrame  a  nourish- 
 ing boarding  school  for  young  ladies,  iind  the  inlluence 
 which  he  exerted  in  it  in  forming  the  characters  of 
 wives  and  mothers,  is  lieyond  all  estimate.  This 
 Institution  he  was  compelled  bj'  declining  health  to 
 abandon,  and  becoming  utterly  incapacitated  for 
 public  labor,  in  1848,  he  resigned  his  piistoral  charge. 
 He  died  in  perfect  peace,  June  S.'id,  18.-)l!.  Dr.  Keid 
 w;ls  a  man  of  vigorous  t;ilents  and  uncommon  eniTgy 
 of  characliT.  Asa  preacher,  he  was  distinguished  for 
 the  clearness  of  his  views,  for  a  rapid  and  animated 
 elocution,  and  for  a  decided  and  uucompromisiug 
 iidhercnce  to  the  dwtrines  of  his  own  Church.  He 
 was  remarkable  for  the  grace  and  dignity  of  his  man- 
 
KEIGAET. 
 
 751 
 
 SELIGJO.y  JX  EUROPE. 
 
 ners,  and  his  natural  benevolence  was  moulded,  by 
 the  grace  of  the  gosi»l,  into  the  most  tender  ami  , 
 symputhitic  disposition,     lie  liad  the  i)nil'oiUKl  ven- 
 eratiou  and  strong   allVction   of    the  coiiinuinity  in 
 which  he  lived. 
 
 Keigart,  Rev.  Samuel  W.,  sou  of  Joliu  Frank-  ' 
 lin  and  Caroline  (White)  Reigart,  was  born  in  Lan- 
 caster, l*a.,  July  2i*th,  1837.  He  graduated  at  Frank- 
 lin and  Marshall  College  in  1859,  tiiking  one  of  the 
 honors  of  the  class.  The  next  year  he  was  elected 
 Principal  of  the  Lancaster  High  School,  which  posi- 
 tion he  filled  with  ability  fur  five  years.  In  the 
 meanwhile,  having  read  theology  under  the  direction 
 of  the  liev.  'Walter  Towcll,  he  was  licensed  to  preiuh 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Donegal,  October  4th,  1864. 
 He  was  ordained  and  installed  over  the  Church  of 
 Sunbury,  Pa.,  October  17th,  186.5.  Three  y<ars  later 
 he  Wixs  called  to  the  Church  at  Mechanicsburg,  Pa., 
 and  entered  upon  his  pastoral  work  there  October 
 2.">th,  18G8.  There  he  still  continues,  active  and  use- 
 ful. This  church,  which  at  that  time  w;us  a  young 
 and  weak  organization,  is  now  one  of  the  strongest 
 in  the  Presbytery,  and  is  noted  for  its  interest  and 
 contributions  in  behalf  of  the  c^iuse  of  Foreign  Mis- 
 sions. Mr.  Keigart  is  both  a  good  preacher  and  pas- 
 tor. He  was  a  member  of  the  General  Assembly  in 
 1872.  His  congregation  publLshed  an  excelleut  ser- 
 mon, entitled  "Our  Work,  or  The  Aim  of  the  Gospel 
 Minister,"  preached  by  him  on  the  completion  of  the 
 tenth  year  of  his  jiastorate. 
 
 Reiley,  Rev.  John  Arnott,  was  born  at  Dur- 
 ham, Bucks  county.  Pa.,  Jlay  3d,  181(>;  graduated 
 at  Miami  University,  Ohio,  in  1842;  studicil  theology 
 at  Princeton  Seminary;  and  was  licensed  l)y  Newton 
 I'resbytcrj-,  May  16th,  1844.  From  February  1st  to 
 Septeml»er  1st,  184.5,  he  supplied  the  Church  at  Port 
 Carbon,  Pa.  November  18th,  184.5,  he  was  installed 
 piwtor  of  the  churches  of  Knowlton  and  Blairstown, 
 N.  J.  He  w;>s  rcle;v.s<d  from  Knowlton  Church  April 
 18th,  1854,  and  was  insUillcd  over  IJlairstown  for  the 
 wliole  of  his  time.  May  3d,  1834.  His  mini.strj'  here 
 was  a  long  one  and  a  very  successful  one.  Mr.  Reiley 
 was  relejised  from  tliis  charge  November  27th,  1866, 
 and  removed  to  East  Feliciana,  La.  He  was  never  a 
 pastor  again,  but  labored  and  preached  as  a  volunteer 
 missionary,  chiefly  among  the  colored  people,  at  his 
 own  expense.  He  died  September  30th,  1878.  Mr. 
 Reiley  was  a  ^try  faithful  and  energetic  workman  in 
 the  Lord's  vineyard.  His  talents  were  solid  rather 
 than  brilliant.  He  was  a  genial  and  steadfast  friend, 
 an  earnest,  strong,  lalx)rious  maij,  "full  of  faith  and 
 of  the  Holy  Ghost." 
 
 Religion  in  Europe.  A  London  paper  eon- 
 dcn.ses,  from  a  newly-published  Austrian  work,  the 
 following  ligiu-es: — 
 
 The  twenty-six  States  which  make  up  the  di\Tsion 
 of  Europe  show  a  total  population  of  329,876,320; 
 iH!.l  per  cent,  is  classed  as  Christian,  and  3.9  per 
 cent,  as  non-Christian.     Among  the  non-Christian  are 
 
 nearly  six  and  a  half  million  Moslems  and  about  six 
 million  Jews,  while  only  four  hundred  and  forty- 
 .seven  thousand  are  classed  as  professing  no  religion. 
 The  tables  stand : — 
 
 Soult. 
 
 Catholic  Church, 
 
 "  Old  ( 'utholics  "  and  JaDftcDiste, 
 
 ProtestaliLs : — 
 
 Evangelical  Lutheran,  etc 54,240,000 
 
 Anglican 18,880,000 
 
 Methodist 3,510,000 
 
 Other  sects » •2,7IK),000 
 
 Unitjirians  and  Socinians, 
 
 Oriental!,: — 
 
 Greek  Church 80,367,000 
 
 Kastern  sects _  1,010,000 
 
 Armenian 124,000 
 
 Jews, 
 
 Moslems, 
 
 Other  sects  and  no  religion. 
 
 Per 
 
 ceiit, 
 
 13j,9fl0,0IX)        47.20 
 
 140,000  0.»l 
 
 79,330,000        24.05 
 120,000  0.04 
 
 81,510,000  24.3G 
 
 5,'JS4,noO  1.81 
 
 (;,44.".,000  1.95 
 
 447,000  0.10 
 
 329,876,000 
 
 Tile  three  great  divisions  of  Christianity  in  Europe 
 number: — 
 
 Catholic 150,040,000 
 
 Oriental 81,510,000 
 
 Protestant ,79,450,000 
 
 The  Catholic  population  in  the  various  countries 
 
 is : — 
 
 Souls.         Per  Ct. 
 
 Austro-Hungary 29,C*i,M7         75  6 
 
 German  Empire 10,179,383        35.9 
 
 United  Kingdom 6,000,000 
 
 France 35,387,70:!        98. 
 
 Italy 20,5.M,679 
 
 Russia 8,500,000 
 
 Scandinavia  (Sweden,  Norway  and  Denmark) 4,075 
 
 Xelherlnnds  and  Luxemburg 1,&16,919        67..'i8 
 
 Switzerland I,160,78'2        40.8 
 
 Balk.in  States  (Servia,  Roumaiiia,  Montenegro)...      124,000 
 
 Turkey 218,254 
 
 Bosnia  and  Herzcgovinia 209,391 
 
 The  number  for  Switzerland  includes  Old  Catholics. 
 Belgium  is  cla.ssilied  as  almost  exclusively  Catholic, 
 and  in  Greece  20,000  are  count<d  as  belonging  to 
 Catliolics,  Protestants  and  Armenian.s. 
 
 The  Church  of  Koine  has  111  archbishops,  484 
 bishops,  and  29  ablxits  and  minor  prelates.  Of 
 priests,  religious  men  and  nuns  it  has  a  vast  army: — 
 
 Secular  Rtligvnti 
 
 Prietts,  Men,  Hutu, 
 
 Austro-IInngarj- 24,357  9,520  10,569 
 
 German  Empire ._. 19,251  1,699  13,204 
 
 Inited  Kingdom  (1877) 5,578 
 
 France 44,897  23,.t41  113,750 
 
 Italy , 96,228  8,681  29,707 
 
 Russia 6,000 
 
 Netherlands 2,181 
 
 Luxemtiurg .387 
 
 Belgium 5,000  3,649  18,907 
 
 Switzerland 2,000  438  2,132 
 
 Spain 40,000  800  13,000 
 
 Portugal _....  10,000  ...  1,500 
 
 Rounmnia 81  12  65 
 
 Total aw,960 
 
EELIGIOUS  DENOMINATIONS. 
 
 752 
 
 BEPENTANCE. 
 
 The  old  Catholics  are  in — 
 
 AustTo-IIungary 6,347 
 
 German  Empire  (in  18S0) 50,110 
 
 Switzerland  (,iu  1877) 73,380 
 
 The  Jausenists  of  Holland,  vrho  are  akin  to  the 
 Old  Calholits,  uiiml)er  6251,  with  28  ecclesiastics 
 and  one  archljishoj)  anil  two  bishops. 
 
 lii  the  Catholic  States  of  France,  Belgium,  Italy, 
 Spain  and  Portugal,  the  total  of  Protestants  is  680,- 
 000  in  an  aggregate  population  of  90,000,000.  Of 
 these,  according  to  an  article  in  the  London  Times, 
 France  has  in  round  numbers  630,000,  of  whom  the 
 greater  part  are  Calvinists,  496,000  adhering  to  this 
 confession,  as  against  9.!,  000  Lutherans  and  50,000 
 members  of  other  denominations.  Belgium  reckons 
 l.j.OOO  Protestants,  Italy  11,000.  Spain,  where  a 
 Protestant  movement  began  after  Isabella  II's  over- 
 throw, but  has  encountered  great  ojiposition  and  per- 
 secution, h;is  30,000  Protestants,  and  Portugal  only 
 500,  almost  all  foreigners. 
 
 Religious  Denominations  in  the  United 
 States. 
 
 Chnrcheft.  Ministers.       Commv.nicanU. 
 
 Adventists 1,3«  77.5  91,7C9 
 
 Baptists 37,136  2rvi45  3,336,353 
 
 Congrogationalists 3,030  3,723  337,G19 
 
 Friends 392  200  9G,000 
 
 German  Ev.CU 550  430  80,000 
 
 Lutherans i;,l:lO  3,429  785,987 
 
 Methodists 41,271  24,483  3,943,875 
 
 Mennonites 300  450  80,000 
 
 Moravians «4  70  9,928 
 
 New  Jerusalem 87  92  3,904 
 
 Presbyterians 11,783  8,834  900,437 
 
 Protestant  Episcopal 3,109  3,r>r4  351,699 
 
 Keformed 1,942  1,320  243,825 
 
 Koman  Catholics 0,241  0,546  6,832,954 
 
 Scttwendfeldiaos 700 
 
 Unitarians 363  4.34  20,000 
 
 Dniversalists 719  713  36,238 
 
 Total  in  United  Sl.iti-s...     Il."),i.iJ6  81,71iJ  17.2C7,57S 
 
 Religious  Statistics,  1775  (American  Colo- 
 nieB). — 
 
 Ministers,         CIturches. 
 
 Methodists 20  25 
 
 Baptists 370  410 
 
 Presbyterians 140  300 
 
 Congregationalists 575  *           700 
 
 Luthenins 25  60 
 
 Keformed  (German) , 25  60 
 
 R<'formed(  Dutch) 25  60 
 
 Episcopalians 250  300 
 
 Associate 13  20 
 
 Moravians 12  8 
 
 Roman  Catholics 6  6 
 
 14(;l  1949 
 
 Rendall,  Isaac  Newton,  D.  D.,was  born  in 
 New  York.  He  graduated  at  New  Jersey  College,  in 
 1852.  He  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Mohawk,  October  10th,  1860;  was  st;ited 
 supply  at  Oneida  Valley,  N.  Y.,  1860-04;  stated 
 supply  at  Emporium,  Pa.,  1864-.");  President  at  Knox- 
 Tille,  Tenn.,  186.V-70;  and  since  1871  has  been  Presi- 
 
 dent of  Lincoln  University,  Pa.  Dr.  Kendall  is  a 
 gentleman  of  ple;ising  address,  scholarly  att;iinments 
 and  force  of  character.  He  has  rendered  very  valu- 
 able service  to  the  important  Institution  over  which 
 he  now  presides,  and  which  continues  to  prosper 
 under  his  judicious  and  efi&cient  administration, 
 together  with  the  co-operation  of  his  colleagues  iu 
 the  faculty. 
 
 Repentance.  ' '  Repentiince  unto  life, "  is  defined 
 by  our  Shorter  Catechism  (Quest.  87)  as  "a  saving 
 •grace,  whereby  a  sinner,  out  of  a  true  sense  of  his  sin 
 and  apprehension  of  the  mercy  of  God  iu  Christ,  doth, 
 with  grief  and  hatred  of  his  sin,  turn  from  it  unto 
 God,  with  full  purpose  of  and  endeavor  after  new 
 obedience. "  It  is  a  "  grace, ' '  that  is,  an  unspeakable 
 and  unmerited  favor  (2  Tim.  ii,  25 ;  Ezek.  xxxvi, 
 26,  27).  It  is  a  "  .siiving"  grace  (2  Cor.  vii,  10).  By 
 faith  the  redeemed  of  the  Lord  become  entitled  to 
 heaven,  and  by  repentance  they  become  prepared  or 
 qualified  for  its  emi)loyments  and  enjoyments.  The 
 "  true  sense  of  sin, "  which  is  requisite  in  repentance, 
 consists  in  such  an  inward  feeling  of  our  miserable 
 and  last  estate,  by  reason  of  the  wrath  and  curse  of 
 Crod,  and  the  everlasting  punishment  to  which,  for 
 our  sins,  we  are  exposed,  as  puts  us  into  great  per- 
 plexity and  trouble  of  spirit,  .so  that  our  consciences, 
 being  pierced  and  wounded,  can  find  no  quiet  and 
 take  no  rest  in  this  condition  (Acts  ii,  37  ;  Josh,  vii, 
 20 ;  Ps.  Ii,  4,  5  ;  Job  xl,  4  ;  Ps.  cxxx,  3).  When 
 there  is  a  distinct  ' '  apprehension  of  the  mercy  of  God 
 in  Christ,  "it  furnishes  the  only  pure,  as  well  as  the 
 most  powerful  motive  to  genuine  repentimce  ( Ps.  cxxx, 
 
 4  ;  Rom.  ii,  4  ;  Slatt.  iii,  2).  The  "grief  "  which  is 
 an  ingredient  of  true  repentance  is  a  real,  inward  and 
 abiding  sorrow  for  sin  as  offensive  and  dishonoring  to 
 a  holy  and  gracious  God  (Job  xl,  4,  5  ;  Acts  ii,  37  ; 
 Ezek.  vii,  16  ;  Matt,  xxvi,  75  ;  Zech.  xii,  10).  The 
 ' '  hatred  "  of  sin  which  accompanies  true  repent^ 
 ance  is  not  only  a  loathing  and  abhorring  of 
 our  sin,  but  of  ourselves  on  account  of  it  (Isa.  vi, 
 
 5  ;  Ps.  cxix,  128  ;  Job  xlii,  G  ;  Ezra  ix,  6 ;  Luke 
 xviii,  13).  "We  must  "turn"  from  sin  as  well  as 
 grieve  for  it  (Isa.  Iv,  7;  Prov.  xxviii,  13).  The  break- 
 ing off  from  sin  must  be:  1.  Univcr.ial,ii  breaking 
 off  from  all  sins.  2.  Sincere,  it  must  be  from  the 
 heart  (Ezek.  xviii,  31).  3.  Perpetual  (Hos.  xiv,  8). 
 There  must  also  be  a  sincere  "turning  unto  God" 
 (Ps.  cxix,  59;  Acts  xi,  23).  Tlie  "purpose  "  of  duty 
 to  God,  into  which  the  true  penitent  enters,  is  a  pur- 
 pose or  resolution  to  return  to  the  practice  of  every 
 known  duty  (P.s.  cxix,  106),  and  to  spirituality  in  it 
 (PhU.  iii,  3).  It  isa  "  full  "  purpose,  because  it  is  a 
 determined  one  and  immediately  juit  iu  execution 
 (Ps.  cxix,  60).  It  is  connected  with  "endeavor," 
 because  purposes  without  endeavors  are  like  blos- 
 soms without  fnuit  (Matt,  xxi,  30).  The  "obe- 
 dience" mentioned  is  "  new, "  bcKiuse  it  proceeds 
 from  a  new  principle  (Matt,  vii,  171,  is  inlluenced  by 
 new  motives,  is. directed  by  a  new  rule,  and  has  a, 
 
HErELATIOX. 
 
 753 
 
 BEVELATION. 
 
 new  end— the  glory  of  Cfod  (Ezek.  xxxvi,  26,  27). 
 None  that  truly  repent  do  in  this  life  perform  new 
 obedience  fully,  without  any  failure  or  defect,  but 
 they  diligently  endeavor  to  do  it,  and  wherein  they 
 fall  short  it  is  their  grief  and  trouble  (Ps.  xxxviii, 
 17). 
 
 Revelation.  Revelation  is  the  uncovering  and 
 disj)Iaying  of  that  which  before  wiis  hidden.  In  a 
 theological  sense  it  is  a  disclosure  by  the  Deity  to  His 
 creatures  of  truths  which  they  could  not  have  known 
 by  the  contemplation  of  His  works  or  the  deductions 
 of  their  natural  reiuson. 
 
 The  possil)ility  of  such  a  revelation  can  hardly  be 
 denied  by  those  who  admit  the  existence  of  a  God 
 and  the  formation  of  the  universe  by  His  fiat.  He 
 who  could  create  beings  with  powers  of  intelligence 
 could  surely  act  uiion  those  jjowers  and  make  such 
 beings  conscious  of  the  communications  they  were 
 receiving.  And,  if  we  axe  to  regard  God  as  the 
 moral  Governor  of  the  world,  there  is  a  high  prob- 
 ability that  He  would  make  His  subjects  acquainted 
 with  those  salutary  laws  by  which  He  intended  to 
 
 communication  from  the  Deity  must  be  made,  for 
 the  good  order  of  the  world. 
 
 As  to  the  mode  of  such  communication,  or  the  way 
 in  which  the  Eternal  Spirit  acts  upon  the  human 
 spirit  and  brings  men  into  a  definite  conscious  rela- 
 tion to  Himself,  nothing  need  be  said  here.  Neither 
 is  it  requisite  to  argue  the  question  whether,  the 
 necessity  of  a  revelation  being  pre-supposed,  it  would 
 be  more  desirable  that  it  should  be  nuide  to  every 
 individual,  or  committed  to  a  few,  with  sufficient 
 credentials  to  establish  it  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
 rest.  Observations  bearing  on  this  topic  will  follow. 
 We  have  at  present  ratlier  to  do  with  a  question  of 
 fact.  It  is  alleged  that  such  a  revelation  has  been 
 made,  that  teachers  especially  commissioned  by  the 
 Deity  have  appeared  to  make  known  His  will.  The 
 matter  of  chiefest  import  is  to  ascertain  whether 
 these  teachers  have  possessed  the  knowledge  and  held 
 the  commission  to  which  they  pretended;  or  have 
 they  been  deceivers  or  self-deceived  ? 
 
 That  impostors  and  fanatics  have  advanced  the 
 largest  claims  is  sufficiently  evident.     There  must. 
 
 rule.     To  provide  them  with  faculties  which  might  I  therefore,  be   some  criteria  which    may  distinguish 
 
 be  rightly  or  wrongly  used,  and  yiit  to  withhold  that 
 knowledge  which  would  sufficiently  influence  them 
 to  take  the  right  path,  can  hardly  be  thought  befit- 
 ting the  character  of  a  beneficent  Father.  There  is 
 a  limit,  by  its  natural  constitution,  to  the  powers  of  a 
 finite  creature.  He  cannot  reach,  unaided,  to  the 
 necessary  knowledge  of  the  Infinite.  It  is  impossible 
 fully  to  argue  this  here.  It  must  be  sufficient  to 
 a-ssert  that  just  reasoning  corroborates  the  fact  that 
 man  never  does,  "liy  searching,  find  out  God."  But 
 there  is  the  argument  from  experience  and  history  to 
 be  briefly  adverted  to.  Left  to  themselves  men  have, 
 confessedly,  become  debased.  Philosophy  and  reason 
 have  not  proved  adequate  guides  to  virtue.  Heathen 
 nations,  who  may  be  supposed  to  have  had  the  light 
 of  reason,  have  not  improved  it ;  and  those  who  have 
 most  diligently  cultivated  philosophic  inquiry  have 
 ingeiuiously  confessed  that  tlicy  needed  some  higher 
 guide.  The  state  of  morals  in  countries,  both  ancient 
 and  modern,  where  revelation  is  not  known,  is  proof 
 sufficient  that  man  by  himself  is  unable  to  appre- 
 hend and  to  attain  the  chief  good.  The  whole  evi- 
 dence of  this  cannot  be  produced.  The  fearful  state 
 of  common  social  life — known  well  to  classiciil 
 scholars — even  in  such  centres  of  civilization  as 
 Athens  and  Rome,  must  not  be  opened  forth  to 
 general  Christian  gaze.  All  that  can  be  said  is  that 
 St.  Paul's  picture  of  it  in  Rom.  i  is  far  from  an 
 exaggeration  of  the  truth.  And  yet  men  generally 
 have  had  some  faint,  lingering  gleam  of  a  revelation 
 made  to  their  remote  ancestors.  If  even  with  this 
 assistance  they  have  failed,  how  much  more  if  left 
 without  any  divine  instruction  ?  If,  then,  God  is  to 
 be  adequately  known  to  His  creatures,  if  His  will  is 
 to  be  the  rule  of  their  rational  obedience,  if  a  stand- 
 
 'ard  of  right  and  wrong  is  to  be  established,  some 
 
 48 
 
 fact  from  fiction.  And  it  is  simply  reasonable  that, 
 if  teachers  who  profess  to  come  from  God  possess 
 knowledge  greater  than  men  can  reach,  and  exercise 
 powers  greater  than  men  Kin  wield,  they  must  have 
 received  these  from  above;  to  such  men  we  may 
 properly  conclude  that  a  revelation  has  been  made. 
 This  knowledge  and  this  power  are  evinced  by 
 prophecy  and  by  miracles,  which  have  been  fairly 
 considered  adequate  proofs  of  revelation.  They  are 
 appealed  to  in  support  of  the  revelation  which  we 
 maintain.  The  Deity  challenges  the  world  to  declare, 
 as  He  can,  the  future  (Isa.  xli,  22,  23,  2(i;  xlii,  9;  xliv, 
 7,  8) ;  and  the  great  Teacher,  who  appeared  nearly  two 
 thou-sand  years  ago  in  Judea,  pointed  to  the  miglily 
 works  He  wrought  as  evidence  sufficient  of  His  divine 
 mission  (John  x,  37,  38,  xiv,  10,  11). 
 
 H,  then,  it  can  be  established  that  events  in  the  far 
 future  have  been  long  before  proclaimed,  if  it  can  be 
 shown  on  sufficient  evidence  that  miracles  have  been 
 performed,  we  are  justified  in  the  conclusion  that  tlie 
 finger  of  God  is  here.  See  Miracle,  Prophecy, 
 where  these  topics  are  discu.ssed. 
 
 In  estimating  the  truthfulness  of  alleged  revelation 
 we  ha\e  certain  checks.  God  cannot  contradict  Him- 
 self. He  lets  us  draw  varioiLs  plain  deductions  from 
 what  we  see  in  the  book  of  nature.  These  have 
 sometimes  been  thought  inconsistent  with  the  book 
 of  revelation.  They  may  be  inconsistent  with  the 
 glosses  put  upon  that  book.  But  the  genuine  voice 
 of  revelation  has  nothing  to  fear  from  investigations 
 in  any  other  field  of  knowledge.  Sooner  or  later  aU 
 that  reallj'  proceeds  from  God  will  be  found  in  ad- 
 mirable harmony.  Truth  will  not  sufier  by  large 
 inquiry. 
 
 The  preceding  observations  tend  to  show  the  pos- 
 sibility and  the  necessity  of  a  divine  revelation,  and 
 
REVELATION. 
 
 754 
 
 BEy'ELATION. 
 
 point  out  some  of  the  criteria  by  which  to  try  the 
 pretensions  of  that  which  professes  to  conie  from  Grod. 
 To  us  it  presents  itself  in  a  written  form.  The  com- 
 munications which  are  said  to  have  been  made  by  the 
 Deity,  by  means  of  several  persons,  and  repeated 
 through  successive  ages,  are  embodied  for  our  use  in 
 the  Bible.  Some  notice,  therefore,  must  be  taken  of 
 the  shape  which,  .so  far  as  it  regards  ourselves,  they 
 have  assumed.  Inspiration  was  necessary  to  preserve 
 these,  and  to  present  them  truthfully  to  us.  Here  is 
 the  distinction  to  be  made  between  revelation  and  in- 
 spiration— the  one  the  supernatural  communication 
 from  God,  the  other  the  spiritual  influence  througli 
 which  the  communication  is  officially  proclaimed  by 
 word  of  mouth  or  by  writing ;  that  is,  the  transference 
 of  the  communicated  truth  to  the  spoken  or  written 
 word.  For  revelations  may  be  given  which  he  who 
 receives  them  is  neither  authorized  nor  empowered 
 to  declare  (2  Cor.  xii,  1—4) ;  and  record  may  be  made 
 under  spiritual  guidance  of  that  which  has  been 
 learned  merely  by  the  use  of  the  ordinary  senses 
 (John  xix,  35). 
 
 The  structure  of  such  a  record  must  be  looked  at. 
 It  is  reasonable  to  believe  that  God  would  act  towards 
 His  creatures  on  an  intelligent  plan,  His  oljject  in  our 
 world  being  to  manifest  His  glory  in  the  restoration 
 of  those  who  had  wandered  from  His  obedience.  This 
 plan  would  be  apparent  through  all  the  parts  of  a 
 revelation  proceeding  from  Him.  If,  then,  we  can  per- 
 ceive through  the  Bible,  the  books  of  which  were 
 compo.sed  at  widely  different  periods,  the  same  gen- 
 eral plan,  we  have  a  strong  presumption  in  favor  of 
 its  being  a  revelation  from  God.  Now  a  revelation 
 must  not  only  disclose  that  which  could  not  (as  above 
 noted)  otherwise  be  known — such  as  the  doctrines 
 respecting  the  nature,  attributes,  and  character  of 
 God,  the  sin  and  condemnation  of  man,  the  mode  of 
 salvation  through  Christ,  and  the  work  of  the  Holy 
 Spirit,  but  must  involve  a  moral  probation.  Else 
 men  would  be  treated  as  machines,  and  human  rc- 
 .sponsil>ility  would  be  destroyed.  But,  if  the  great 
 purpose  of  probation  is  to  be  answered,  there  must  be 
 preparation,  a  training,  so  to  speak,  of  individuals 
 and  of  the  world.  Revelation  could  not  in  this  view 
 ))e  entire  at  once.  No  single  period  in  the  world's 
 history  could  be  fixed  on,  in  which  the  whole  divine 
 plan  miglit  be  propounded,  \vithout  violating  the 
 condition  of  moral  probation  to  most  of  the  genera- 
 tions of  mankind.  There  must  be  a  gradual  develop- 
 ment, if  the  graces  of  faith  and  hope  are  to  be 
 exercised  with  practical  effect  upon  human  conduct. 
 Tliis  isjust  the  nature  of  the  Bible  revelation,  pro- 
 pounding truth  liy  degrees,  human  language  and  hu- 
 man instruments  being  employed  for  this,  so  ;is  to 
 give  the  probationary  purpose  its  fullest  effect;  suf- 
 ficient l)eing  made  known  for  the  age  to  which  any 
 part  of  the  revelation  was  made,  and  further  develop- 
 ments coming  after,  not  contrary  to,  but  illu.strative 
 and  confirmatory  of,  that  which  had  preceded,  mod- 
 
 eled after  such  a  manner  that,  while  each,  as  Just 
 said,  was  thoroughly  suitable  to  its  own  time,  the 
 whole  should,  when  completed,  be  of  perfect  con- 
 sistency, and  continue  to  .serve  its  purpo.se  of  proba- 
 tion through  the  rest  of  the  generations  of  the  earth. 
 The  revelation  must  be  co-extensive  with  those  who 
 were  to  be  benefited  by  it,  and  must  therefore  travel 
 along  the  course  of  man's  history.  And  to  answer 
 its  end  it  must  be  shaped,  mthout  derogation  from 
 God's  holiness,  so  as  to  meet  man's  ignorance,  weak- 
 ness and  sin. 
 
 Now  the  revelation  of  the  Bible,  the  more  closely 
 it  is  examined,  will  be  more  evidently  seen  to 
 answer  to  the  conditions  adverted  to.  Its  forms  of 
 history,  biography  and  prophecy,  instead  of  a  series  of 
 abstract  propositions,  its  divine  side  and  its  human 
 side  adapting  it  as  the  teacher  and  the  touchstone  of 
 sinful  men,  and  above  all  the  marvelous  unity  of  it, 
 the  later  portions  being  the  natural  full  growth  of  tin- 
 earlier  germ — these  considerations,  taken  together  with 
 the  e-iddence  and  criteria  previously  noted,  may  well 
 convince  us  that  the  Scripture  revelation  proceeds 
 from  God,  in  mercy  to  His  creatures.     {Bib.  Know.) 
 
 Revelation — Gradual  and  Progressive. 
 The  truths  and  purpose  of  God  are,  in  themselves, 
 incapable  of  progi'ess,  but  not  the  revelation  of  those 
 truths.  In  nature,  the  rising  sun  scatters  the  mist 
 of  the  morning,  and  brings  out  into  light  first  one 
 prominence  and  then  another,  till  every  hill  and  \alley 
 isclothed  insplendor.  The  landscape  was  there  before, 
 but  it  was  not  seen.  So  in  revelation,  the  progress  isnot 
 in  the  truth,  but  in  the  clearness  and  impressiveuess 
 with  which  Scripture  reveals  it. 
 
 In  the  beginning,  for  example,  God  taught  the  unity 
 of  His  nature,  while  the  truth  that  there  is  a  plurality 
 in  the  Godhead  was  taught  but  intlistinctly.  Several 
 expressions  in  the  earliest  books  imply  it,  and  are 
 evidently  calculated  to  suggest  it.  Such  expressions, 
 for  example,  as.  Let  us  make  man  in  our  image 
 (.see  Gen.  i,  2G  ;  iii,  22) ;  and  the  u.se  of  the  plural 
 noun,  to  in<licate  the  true  God,  with  a  singular  verb. 
 Gen.  i,  1 ;  Ps.  Iviii,  11  (Heb.);  Prov.  ix,  10  (Heb.),  and 
 several  hundred  times.  In  the  later  prophets  the 
 truth  comes  out  with  greater  distinctness  (Isa.  ix,  6; 
 Mic.  V,  2  ;  Zech.  xiii,  7),  and  in  the  New  Testament 
 it  is  fully  revealed.  In  the  same  way  the  work  of 
 the  Holy  Spirit  is  recognized  in  the  Old  Testiment, 
 and  with  increasing  clearness  as  we  api)roach  the 
 times  of  thego.spel.  It  is  in  the  New  alone,  however, 
 that  we  have  a  distinct  view  of  his  personality  and 
 work  (Gen.  i,  2,  fi,  3  ;  Ps.  li,  11,  12  ;  Isa.  xlviii,  IG  ; 
 Ixi,  l;Ezek.  iii,  24,  27). 
 
 This  gradual  disclosure  of  the  Di\-ine  will  is  yet 
 more  remarkable  in  the  case  of  our  Lord.  The  first 
 promise  (Gen.  iii,  1.5)  contjiined  a  prophetic  declara- 
 tion of  mercy,  and  foretold  His  coming  and  work, 
 though  in  mysterious  terms.  The  first  recorded  act 
 of  acceptable  worship  (Gen.  iv,  t;  Heb.  xi,  4)  was  a 
 type,  expressing  by  an  action  the  faith  of  the  offerer 
 
REVELATIOX. 
 
 755 
 
 REVELATION. 
 
 in  the  fulfillment  of  the  first  prediction.  There  was 
 to  be  triumpli  through  suflfering,  and  there  was  to  be 
 the  substitution  of  the  innocent  for  the  guilty. 
 
 These  promises  and  tj-jies  were  multiplied  with  the 
 
 and  are  so  for  additions  to  the  institutes  of  len-al 
 worship,  which  contain  no  specific  provision  for  de- 
 votion. 
 If  the  reader  will   compare  the  precepts  of  the 
 
 lapse  of  time.  In  the  person  of  Enocli  (.Tude  14),  '  Pentateuch  on  repentance  with  those  of  the  prophets 
 of  Noah  (1  Pet.iii,  20;  Gen.  viii,  20),  of  Jlelchisedec  on  the  same  duty  (Deut.  xxx,  1-6;  Ezek.  xviii-  Isa 
 (Heb.v,  6)  andof  Job  (Jobxi.x,25,  l;xlii,  7, 8)  there   -   ■■    -  -  '        ' 
 
 wa-i  much  that  was  typical  and  predictive ;  still  more 
 in  the  history  of  Abraham  (Gen.  xii,  3;  xxvi,  4; 
 xlix,  10,  etc.)  and  his  immediate  descendants. 
 
 Under  the  Mosaic  dispensation  other  typical  acts 
 or  persons,  and  places  and  things,  were  instituted, 
 and  the  design  of  the  institution  was  mo.st  distinctly 
 explained  (Lev.  i,  4;  vi,  2-7;  xvii,  11).  Prophecies, 
 also,  became  more  clear  and  frequent  (Num.  xxiv, 
 17;  Deut.  x\\n,  15;  Acts  iii,  22,  23). 
 
 Between  the  days  of  Samuel  and  Malachi — a  period 
 of  more  than  six  hundred  years — a  succession  of  proph- 
 ets appear,  who  gradually  set  forth  the  person  and 
 work  of  the  Messiah;  they  foretell,  too,  the  outpour- 
 ing of  the  Spirit,  and  the  general  prevalence  of  the 
 truth  (1  Pet.  i,  11;  Ps.  Ixviii,  18;  Joel  ii,  2.S;  Is.  liii, 
 61,  11;  Zech.  xiv,  9);  points  on  which  the  earlier 
 revelation  is  silent. 
 
 In  the  extent  of  their  predictions,  the  prophets 
 have  not  gone  beyond  the  first  promise,  which  was 
 intended  to  give  hope  of  complete  redemption;  but 
 in  their  clearness,  in  the  detailed  account  they  give 
 of  what  redemption  involved  and  what  it  cost,  the 
 difference  is  most  marked;  while  in  the  same  quali- 
 ties the  gospels  have  gone  at  least  as  for  beyond 
 the  prophets  as  the  prophets  have  gone  beyond  the 
 law. 
 
 It  is  noticeable,  too,  that  the  predictions  of  the  old 
 economy  and  its  practical  doctrines  go  hand  in  hand. 
 The  revelation  .spreads  on  each  point.  The  light  that 
 illuminates  the  living  spring,  or  the  harvest-field  of 
 truth,  shows  with  equal  clearness  the  path  that  leads 
 to  them.  The  law  gives  divine  precept  with  more 
 fullness  than  pre\-ious  dispensations,  and  the  prophets 
 go  beyond  the  law,  occupying  a  middle  place  between 
 it  and  the  gospel.  They  insist  more  fully  on  the 
 principles  of  personal  holiness  as  distinguished  from 
 rational  and  ceremonial  purity,  and  their  .sanctions 
 have  less  reference  to  temporal  promises.  The  pre- 
 cepts of  the  law  are,  in  the  law,  stern  and  brief;  its 
 penalties  denounced  with  unmitigated  severity.  In 
 tile  prophets,  the  whole  is  presented  in  colors  .softer 
 and  more  attractive;  hues  from  some  distant  glory, 
 itself  concealed,  have  fallen  upon  their  gloomy  fea- 
 tures and  illumined  them  into  its  own  likeness.  The 
 law  had  said,  "Thou  shalt  love  the  Lord,  thy  God, 
 with  all  thy  heart  and  with  all  thy  strength;''  and 
 the  extent  of  this  command  nothing  could  exceed. 
 The  prophets,  however,  expound  and  enforce,  and 
 animate  it  with  a  new  spirit,  and  direct  its  applica- 
 tion to  greater  holineas.  The  rule  of  life  thus  becomes 
 in  their  hands  increasingly  luminous  and  practical. 
 Th3  P.salms,  again,  are  a  great  instrument  of  piety. 
 
 Ivii,  15,  16;  Ps.  xl,  6-8;  li,  16,  17);  or  the  statements 
 of  both  on  the  relation  between  the  Jews,  or  of  the 
 world  generally,  and  Him  who  came  to  enlighten  the 
 Gentiles  as  well  as  His  people  Israel  (Isa.  Lxvi,  21; 
 Jer.  xxxi,  31-34) ;  or  will  mark  the  increasing  spiritu- 
 ality and  clearness  of  the  whole  horizon  of  spiritual 
 truth  as  the  dawn  of  the  gospel  day  drew  on,  he  will 
 not  fail  to  understand  the  consistency  and  progressive 
 development  of  revelation.  In  both  he  will  see  evi- 
 dence of  the  presence  of  that  God  who  (as  Butler  ex- 
 pres.sed  it)  "appears  deliberate  in  all  His  operations, 
 and  who  accomplishes  His  ends  by  slow  and  successive 
 stages,  whether  they  refer  to  the  changes  of  the 
 ■seasons,  the  movements  of  Providence,  or  the  more 
 formal  disclosures  of  His  will. 
 
 This  peculiarity  of  Scripture  makes  it  important 
 that  the  various  parts  of  the  Bible  should  be  read 
 in  the  order  in  which  the  Spirit  reveals  them. 
 A  chronological  arrangement  of  sacred  history,  the 
 Psalms,  and  the  Prophets,  is  essential  to  the  complete 
 explanation  of  the  several  parts;  nor  is  it  less  so,  to 
 a  dear  and  consistent  view  of  the  progressive  un- 
 veiling of  the  Divine  character  and  plans. 
 
 It  deserves  to  be  remembered,  too,  that  even  when 
 we  are  not  contemplating  the  gradual  unfolding  of 
 the  truth,  the  study  of  Scripture  chronologicivlly  is 
 often  essential  to  a  j  ust  appreciation  of  truth.  Some- 
 times this  gradual  development  of  the  divine  will  is 
 spoken  of  as  successive  dispensations — the  Adamic, 
 the  Patriarchal,  the  Mosaic,  and  the  Gospel  ;  dis- 
 pen.sation  meaning  the  way  in  which  God  deals  with 
 men,  or  (in  this  connection)  the  truth  revealed,  the 
 ordinances  and  consequent  conduct  which  are  en- 
 joined. 
 
 The  Adamic  dispensation  continued  only  during 
 man's  innocency.  The  patriarchal  histed  more  than 
 twent>'-five  hundred  years,  and  the  history  of  it  is 
 given  in  Gen.  iii-Ex.  xx.  It  is  so  called  from  the 
 fact  that  the  heads  of  families  were  the  governors 
 and  teachers  of  men  (patriarchs),  such  as  Adam, 
 Seth,  Enoch  and  Noah,  before  the  flood,  and  Job, 
 Jlelchizedec,  Abraham,  and  his  immediate  descend- 
 ants, after  it.  They  were  the  depositaries  of  the 
 divine  will,  the  guardians  of  prophecy,  and  some  of 
 them  furnished  in  their  history  tv-jjes  of  our  Lord. 
 There  were,  during  this  period,  but  few  predictions, 
 though  there  are  distinct  intimations  of  preparation 
 for  the  coming  of  the  Messiah,  as  in  the  distinction 
 between  clean  and  unclean  animals,  in  reference  to 
 sacrifice  (Gen.  viii,  20),  in  sacrifice  itself,  and  in  the 
 covenant  with  Abraham  ((Jen.  xv,  20).  In  the 
 Patriarchal  dispensation,  too,  may  be  traced  many 
 of  the  first  principles  of  the  Jlosaic. 
 
REVIVALS. 
 
 756 
 
 revivals: 
 
 The  covenant  made  with  the  Jews  through  Moses 
 — the  Mosaic  dispensation — lasted  for  about  fifteen 
 hundred  years,  and  abounds  with  tj'pical  persons, 
 phiccs  and  things.  Tlie  Jewish  people  were,  in  truth, 
 a  tjTje,  both  in  their  institutions  and  history  (See 
 Lev.  \i,  2-9;  xvi,  21;  xvii,  11;  Eph.,  Heb.,  and 
 1  Cor.  x). 
 
 The  Grospel  dispensation,  the  great  principles  of 
 which  may  be  traced  in  the  previous  economies,  is 
 founded  on  the  facts  given  in  the  Gospels,  the  life 
 and  death  of  our  Lord.  In  the  Ads  we  see  truth  in 
 action,  both  among  individual  believers  and  in  the 
 church;  in  the  Epistlrs,  the  doctrines  founded  on  these 
 facts  are  developed  and  enforced;  and  in  the  Revela- 
 tion we  have,  in  prophetic  visions,  thehistorv  of  truth 
 in  its  struggles  with  error,  and  of  the  Church  till  the 
 end  of  time. 
 
 These  books  constitute  the  dispensation  of  the 
 go.spel,  and  with  them  the  development  of  evangeli- 
 cal truth  (so  far  a-s  the  present  sfcite  is  concerned) 
 ends.  There  may  be  passages  in  the  Bible  whose 
 full  meaning  is  not  yet  discovered,  and  which  are, 
 ])erhaps,  "reserved,"  as  Boyle  expressed  it,  "to 
 iiuell  some  future  heresy,  or  resolve  some  yet  un- 
 formed doubt,  or  confoimd  some  error  that  hath  not 
 yet  a  name,"  or  prove,  by  fresh  prophetic  evidence, 
 that  it  came  from  God.  Scripture,  moreover,  is  like 
 the  deep  .sea,  beautifully  clear,  but  irameasur.ibly 
 jirofound.  There  is,  therefore,  no  definable  limit  to 
 our  insight  into  its  meaning.  But  we  are  to  look  for 
 no  fin'ther  revelation ;  nor  are  we  to  regard  a-s  develop- 
 ments of  Scripture  doctrine  the  additions  of  men. 
 
 Examples  of  the  abu.ses  of  this  truth  it  is  not 
 ncces.sary  to  multiply.  Popery  is  the  standing  illus- 
 tration. It  pleads  for  the  development  of  truth  out 
 of  Scripture  and  in  the  Church.  The  blessedness  of 
 the  dead  who  die  in  the  Lord,  for  example,  is  said,  on 
 its  theory,  to  be  the  natural  germ  of  saint  worship, 
 ('hrist's  jiresence  in  the  Supper  is,  in  the  same  way, 
 the  germ  of  the  adoration  of  the  Host  and  the  saluta- 
 tion of  t !i(^  angel ,  of  the  deific^ation  of  the  Virgin.  But 
 all  this  is  abu.se.  The  gradual  development  of  truth 
 in  Scripture  is  one  thing;  an  actTction  which 
 overlays  the  truth  is  another;  and  it  is  for  the  former 
 only  we  contend. 
 
 Revivals.  The  Presbyterian  Church  has  always 
 been  the  friend  of  g<'nuine  revivals.  It.s  entire  his- 
 tory furnishes  ])roof  of  this.  The  following  extract 
 from  a  P:i.storal  Letter,  addressird  by  the  General 
 -V.ssembly,  in  1H19,  to  the  minist<'r3  and  churches 
 under  their  care,  on  the  Meam  of  Promoting  Revivals, 
 I)Osses.se8  an  intrinsic  and  enduring  value  which 
 entitles  it  to  a  record  that  will  secure  it  a  >vide  and 
 permanent  circulation: — 
 
 "We  beseech  you,  brethren,  to  reinenibcr  tliut  a 
 state  of  indilTerence  to  .spiritual  things  is  a  great 
 otlVnce  in  the  sight  of  God.  It  is,  indeed,  the  very 
 core  of  di'i)ra\ity.  Not  to  be  greatly  alTicted  by 
 divine  things  may  be  consistent  with  a  decent  profe.s- 
 
 I 
 
 sion  of  religion  in  a  low  state  of  the  Church,  but  it  is 
 a  great  sin  against  God.  How  terrible  are  the  rebukes 
 of  the  Almighty  to  the  lukewarm.  He  says  He  '  will 
 ■spew' them  out.  He  says,  'Woe  to  them  that  are 
 at  ease  in  Zion.'  All  personswho  promote  this  state 
 of  things  in  the  Church  are  very  oftensive  to  God. 
 He  says:  '  Woe  unto  the  wome:i  (certain  prophetesses) 
 that  sow  pillows  to  al  1  armholos. '  Deplorable,  indeed, 
 is  the  state  of  any  people  whose  watchmen  cry  pe;ice, 
 peace,  when  there  is  no  peace.  Deadness,  negligence, 
 earthly-mindedne-ss,  and  vanity  in  ministers,  elders, 
 deacons,  or  private  Christians,  are  extremely  abomi- 
 nable to  God.  A  supine  carelessness,  and  a  vain, 
 carnal,  worldly  spirit,  in  ministers  or  people,  is  the 
 worst  madness  and  distraction  in  the  sight  of  God. 
 Sound,  sober  discretion  is  always  to  be  sought,  but 
 worldly  policy  is  the  bane  of  godliness.  Carnal  pru- 
 dence is  the  plague  of  any  church  into  which  it  gains 
 admission.  When  there  is  none  that  '  stirreth  him- 
 self up  to  take  hold  of  God, '  He  bides  His  face,  and 
 consumes  us  because  of  our  ini(iuities.  Proper  means 
 are  therefore  to  be  used,  and  in  a  proper  spirit,  too, 
 especially^ 
 
 "1.  Prai/er.  How  full  are  the  Scriptures  on  this 
 point !  '  Call  upon  me  in  the  day  of  trouble;  I  will 
 deliver  thee  and  thou  shalt  glorify  me. '  'Ask,  and 
 it  shall  be  given  you;  seek,  and  ye  shall  find;  knock, 
 and  it  shall  be  opened  unto  you. '  It  is  as  true  now 
 as  in  the  days  of  Elijah  or  of  .Tames,  that  '  the  effec- 
 tual fervent  pnryer  of  a  righteous  man  availeth 
 much.'  'If  ye,  being  evil,  know  how  to  give  good 
 gifts  unto  your  children,  how  much  more  shall  your 
 Heavenly  Father  give  the  Holy  Spirit  to  them  that 
 a.sk  him. '  Here  '  the  Holy  Spirit, '  the  very  blessing 
 which  we  need  in  all  our  bounds,  to  enlighten, 
 renew,  sanctify  and  comfort,  is  sweetly  and  a-ssuredly 
 jiromised  to  them  that  iusk.  Let  us  humbly,  fer- 
 vently, importunately,  and  in  full  assurance  of  faith, 
 cry  to  God  for  so  great  a  mercy.  Yea,  let  us  all  thus 
 pray.  The  apostles  devolved  the  actual  distribution 
 of  alms  on  deacons,  chosen  for  the  purpose,  but  they 
 no  more  thought  of  giving  up  prayer  than  preaching. 
 Indeed  the  very  reason  they  assign  for  wishing  to  be 
 relieved  from  serving  tables  is  that  they  may  '  give 
 themselves  continually  to  prayer,  and  to  the  ministry 
 of  the  Word.'  If  any  man  ceases  to  pray  fervently 
 he  ought  to  lay  :uside  all  other  functions  in  the 
 Church  of  God,  for  he  is  wholly  unlit  for  any  of 
 them.  We  do  not  deem  it  for  edification  to  desig- 
 nate any  particular  days  or  times  when  special 
 prayer  shall  be  made,  but  we  beseech  you,  in  your 
 ejaculations,  in  your  closets,  in  your  families,  in 
 your  social  meetings,  and  in  your  large  as.semblie.s, 
 to  make  unceasing  pr:iyer  to  God  for  sea.sons  of 
 merciful  visitation.  Should  any  tinu's  of  special 
 prayer,  in  addition  to  those  aliiady  agreed  ujiou,  be 
 deemed  proper,  you  will  appoint  them  ydur.selve.s. 
 But  wo  entreat  you  not  to  jx-rmit  anything  to  pre- 
 vent your  daily  and  earnest  cries  to  God  for  mercy 
 
REVIVALS. 
 
 757 
 
 REVIVALS. 
 
 antl  salvation  to  descend  on  all  our  churches.  '  Ye 
 that  make  mention  of  the  Lord,  keep  not  silence,  and 
 give  him  no  rest,  till  he  estaljlish  and  till  he  make 
 Jerusalem  a  praise  in  the  earth.'  To  prayer  it  is 
 proper  to  add — 
 
 "  2.  Frnding.  When  our  Lord  wa.s  yet  T\'ith  us,  He 
 said  that  when  He  should  he  taken  away  His  disciples 
 should  fast.  Pious  men  in  every  age  have  united 
 fastinj;  with  prayer  iu  times  of  distress,  even  if  speedy 
 deliverance  was  hoped  for.  So  did  Daniel,  when  a 
 captive  in  Bahylon.  Having  learned,  hy  examining 
 the  prophecies  of  Jereniiali,  that  God  had  purposes 
 of  mercy  to  Hispeoxjle,  and  was  ahout  to  deliver  them, 
 he  was  greatly  encouraged,  and  '  set  his  face  unto  the 
 Lord  God,  to  seek,  hy  prayer  and  suppliciitions,  with 
 fa-stings  and  sackcloth  and  ashes.'  So  did  Ezra,  and 
 all  the  Jews  at  the  river  Ahava,  on  their  return  from 
 Bahylon,  and  just  hefore  the  great  revival  of  God's 
 work  among  them.  Like  prayer,  fasting  has  heen  a 
 part  of  every  system  of  religion  known  among  men. 
 Some,  indeed,  even  in  Christian  countries,  have  car- 
 ried it  to  the  length  of  superstition,  and  have  therehy 
 impaired  their  health.  Others,  who  pretended  to 
 fast,  only  exchange  one  kind  of  sumptuous  eating  for 
 another,  and  thus  mock  God.  We  commend  not, 
 but  rather  reprove,  all  such  practices.  Yet  we  fear 
 that  some  among  us  seldom,  if  ever,  fast  at  all.  We 
 trust  this  matter  will  he  incjuired  into,  and  if  there 
 has  heen  a  departure  from  divine  teachings,  there 
 will  he  a  speedy  return  to  this  Scriptural  duty.  The 
 nature  of  an  acceptiible  f;ist,  and  the  blessings  attend- 
 ing it,  are  clearly  stated  in  the  Scriptures,  and 
 especially  in  the  fifty-eighth  chajiter  of  Isaiah.  To 
 prayer  and  fasting  add — 
 
 "3.  Alms-giving.  'The  poor  ye  have  always  with 
 you,  and  whensoever  ye  will,  ye  may  do  them  good.' 
 If  they  need  not  shelter,  they  may  need  fuel,  or  food, 
 or  clothing,  or  medicine.  If  they  have  all  these,  they 
 or  their  children  m.ay  need  instruction,  warning  or 
 encouragement.  If  there  he  no  poor  near  you,  think 
 of  those  who  are  perishing  elsewhere,  if  not  in  a 
 famine  of  bread,  yet  in  a  famine  of  the  AVord  of  God, 
 wliether  written  or  preached.  Help  them.  Be  l)oth 
 liberal  and  .systematic  in  your  charities.  '  Remember 
 the  w<irds  of  the  Lord  Jesus;  how  he  said,  'It  is  more 
 bles.sed  to  give  than  to  receive.'  It  was  when  the 
 prayers  of  Cornelius  were  united  with  his  alms  that 
 they  c;ime  up  for  a  memorial  before  God.  Separate 
 not  prayer  and  fasting  Irom  alms-giving.  God  ha-s 
 joined  them  together.  One  benefit  of  fasting  is  that 
 it  affords  or  increases  the  means  of  giving  to  tho.se 
 who  are  more  needy  than  ourselves.  Beware  of  cov- 
 etousness.  Beware  of  the  sjiirit  of  lioarding.  ilan.v 
 iu  our  day  tliiuk  they  do  well  if  they  give  even  one- 
 tenth  of  their  incri^a.se.  But  the  ancient  Jewish 
 Church  gave  far  more  than  that.  The  gospel  settles 
 nothing  lus  to  the  proportion  to  be  given,  but  it  .says, 
 'As  ye  abound  in  everj-thing,  in  faith,  and  utterance, 
 and  knowledge,  and  in  all  diligence,  and  iu  your  love 
 
 to  us,  see  that  j'e  abound  in  this  grace  also.'  The 
 motives  it  urges  are  of  the  highest  kind.  Every  be- 
 liever muSt  feel  their  force.  '  Ye  know  the  grace  of 
 our  Lord  Jesus  Christ;  that,  though  he  was  rich,  yet 
 for  your  sakes  he  became  poor,  that  ye,  through  his 
 poverty,  might  be  rich.'  Surely, with  superior  privi- 
 leges, Christians  should  have  a  higher  standard  of 
 liberality  than  those  who  lived  under  a  darker  dis- 
 jiensation.  Yet  even  to  the  Jewish  Church  God  said: 
 '  Bring  ye  all  the  tithes  into  the  storehouse,  that  there 
 may  be  meat  iu  mine  house,  aud  pro\e  me  now  here- 
 with, .saith  the  Lord  of  ho.st.9,  if  I  will  not  open  the 
 windows  of  heaven,  and  pour  you  out  a  blessing,  that 
 there  shall  not  be  room  enough  to  receive  it. ' 
 
 "Brethren,  ^vill  you  not  'prove''  the  Lord?  You 
 shall  find  Him  faithful.  If  from  right  motives  you 
 pr.actice  a  proper  liberality,  'all  nations  .shall  call  you 
 blessed;  for  ye  shall  be  a  delightsome  land,  .saith  the 
 Lord  of  hosts.'     To  tliese  things  unite — • 
 
 ' '  4.  Praiise.  This  duty  is  much  insisted  on  in  Scrip- 
 ture. If  we  had  praised  God  more  for  favors  re- 
 ceived we  should  have  received  more  favors  to  praise 
 God  for.  In  heaven  there  is  joy  over  one  sinner  that 
 repenteth.  It  should  be  so  on  earth.  '  'S\Tioso  offer- 
 eth  prai.se  glorifieth  me. '  Even  in  the  jail  at  Philippi, 
 Paul  and  Silas  to  prayer  added  the  'singing  of 
 praises.'  It  has  long  been  observed  that  precious 
 revivals  are  not  only  accompanied,  but  preceded  also, 
 by  an  increased  disposition  to  make  thankful  mention 
 of  God's  mercies.  Thus,  the  time  that  elapsed  be- 
 tween the  ascension  of  our  Saviour  and  the  day  of 
 Pentecost  was  in  some  respects  a  dark  season.  Yet 
 blessings  had  been  received,  and  greater  ones  were 
 expected.  In  the  first  chapter  of  Acts,  Luke  tells  us 
 that  during  this  time  the  disciples  'all  continued 
 with  one  accord  iu  prayer  aud  supplications.'  But 
 in  his  gospel  Luke  says,  '  They  were  continually  iu 
 the  temple,  praising  and  blessing  Grod.'  There  is 
 no  contrariety  between  these  statements,  because 
 there  is  no  contrariety  between  prayer  and  praise. 
 So,  when  the  glorious  revival  commenced  iu  Jeru- 
 salem, and  many  thou.sands  were  converted  to  God, 
 'they  continuing  daily,  with  one  accord,  in  the  tem- 
 ple, and  breiiking  bread  from  house  to  house,  did  eat 
 their  meat  with  gladness  and  singleness  of  heart, 
 praising  God,  and  having  favor  with  all  the  people; 
 and  the  Lord  added  to  the  Church  daily  such  as 
 .should  be  saved.'  When  a  church  finds  itself  but 
 little  inclined  to  the  work  of  praise,  it  is  certain  that 
 the  work  of  God  is  not  likely  to  prosper  greatly. 
 It  must  have  forgotten  much  of  its  obligations  to 
 Christ.  '  By  him,  therefore,  let  us  offer  the  sacrifice 
 of  praise  to  God  continually,  that  is,  the  fruit  of  our 
 lips,  giving  thanks  to  his  name.'  Thus  shall  we  at 
 least  be  prepared  to  own  and  profit  by  any  new 
 mercy  which  the  Head  of  the  Church  may  vouchsafe 
 to  us.  Besides  these  things,  let  us  call  your  atten- 
 tion to  a — 
 
 ' '  5.  Patient  waiting  for  the  Lord.     I  lardly  anything 
 
BEVIVALS. 
 
 758 
 
 REVIVALS. 
 
 is  more  insisted  on  in  Scripture  as  requisite  to  a 
 right  state  of  mind  and  heart.  It  is  true  that  some 
 who  give  great  prominence  to  other  duties  of  religion 
 si-ldom  spciik  of  this.  But  the  Scriptures,  and  not 
 the  example  of  even  good  men,  are  our  rule  of  faith 
 and  life.  Tlie  Word  of  God  <hvell.s  much  on  this  sub- 
 ject. TIuis  Siiys  one,  '  I  wait  for  the  Lord,  my  soul 
 doth  wait,  and  in  his  word  do  I  hope,  ily  soul 
 waiteth  for  the  Lord  more  than  they  that  watch  for 
 .  the  morning;  I  say,  more  than  they  that  wateh  for 
 the  morning.'  Again,  '  as  the  eyes  of  servants  look 
 unto  the  hands  of  their  masters,  and  as  the  eyes  of  a 
 maiden  unto  the  haud  of  her  mistress,  so  our  eyes 
 wait  upon  the  Lord  our  God,  until  he  have  mercy 
 upon  us. '  The  s;irae  state  of  mind  ■  is  beautifull3' 
 described  by  the  Church  in  Solomon's  Soiig,  where 
 he  says,  '  I  charge  you,  O,  ye  daughters  of  Jerusalem, 
 by  the  roes  and  the  hinds  of  the  field,  that  ye  stir 
 not  up,  nor  awake  my  love,  till  he  pleases. '  Let  us 
 not,  therefore,  suppose  that  we  shall  please  God,  by 
 a  tumultuous,  much  less  by  an  imperious  state  of 
 mind.  A  judicious  parent  gives  nothing  to  a  child 
 when  in  a  turbulent  state  of  mind,  however  loudly 
 and  earnestly  it  may  aill  for  it.  Neither  will  our 
 Heavenly  Father  hear  oiu'  cries,  unless  our  spirits  be 
 sul>dued  and  submissive.  The  P.salmistsays:  'Surely 
 I  have  behaved  and  quieted  myself,  as  a  child  that  is 
 weaned  of  his  mother;  my  soul  is  even  as  a  weaned 
 child.'  Nor  does  he  regard  thijs  as  a  ground  of  dis- 
 couragement, l)ut  rather  of  hope,  for  his  next  words 
 are :  '  Let  Israel  hope  in  the  Lord  from  henceforth 
 and  forever.'  So,  also,  whether  we  apply  the  fortieth 
 rs;ilra  to  Christ  or  to  His  jjcople,  it  teiiches  the  same 
 thing:  '  I  waited  patiently  for  the  Lord,  and  he  in- 
 clined unto  me  and  heard  my  cry.'  We  also  call 
 your  attention  to — 
 
 ' '  a.  ReligioM  Conversation.  Has  not  a  sad  decline  in 
 this  respect  been  manifest  of  late  years?  Many 
 speak  much  of  some  things  concerning  religion,  but 
 how  few  delight  in  speaking  of  the  great  things  of 
 God,  and  particularly  of  experimental  religion  !  We 
 would  be  very  far  from  encouraging  an  ostentatious 
 di.splay  of  personal  feelings.  But  proper  conversation 
 is  as  much  opposed  to  ostentation  as  to  coldness.  It 
 was  an  iiLspired  nuin  who  said,  'Come  and  hear,  all 
 ye  that  feiir  God,  and  I  will  declare  what  he  hiith 
 done  for  my  soul.'  Many  of  the  Ps;ilms,  such  as 
 the  thirty-second,  the  forty-.second,  and  the  fifty-first, 
 are  full  of  declarations  of  religious  ex])erience.  The 
 seventh  chapter  of  Paul's  epistle  to  the  Romans  is 
 most  precious  to  the  saints,  chiefly  because  it  reveals 
 the  inte-rnal  conflicts  of  that  servant  of  God.  Nor 
 should  pions  conversation  be  confined  to  times  of 
 pro.sperity  in  the  Church.  The  prophet  Mahichi  lived 
 in  times  of  open  wickedness  and  .s;k1  ajtostasy.  But 
 few  remained  stea<lfiist.  Yet  even  then  'they  that 
 feared  the  Lord  spake  often  one  to  another,  and  the 
 I.iiiil  hearkened,  and  heard  it,  and  a  book  of  remem- 
 brance was  written  before  him  for  them  that  feared 
 
 ■  the  Lord,  and  that  thought  upon  his  name.     And 
 
 they  shall  be  mine,  saith  the  Lord,  in  that  day  when 
 
 ;  I  make  up  my  jewels,  and  I  will  spare  them  as  a 
 
 man  spareth  his  own  son,  that  serveth  him.'     In- 
 
 !  deed,  he  who  would  condemn  a  truthful  and  modest 
 
 recital  of  the  dealings  of  God  with  one's  soul,  must 
 
 not  only  condemn  .such  works  ;is  'Augustine's  Con- 
 
 |fessions,'    'Bunj-an's  Grace  Alwunding,'   'Newton's 
 
 Authentic  Narrative,'  and  'Scott's  Force  of  Truth,' 
 
 but  also  the  conduct  of  Paul,  who  often  declared  the 
 
 particulars  of  his  conversion,  and   the  conduct  of 
 
 very  many  of  the   inspired   writers   also.     We   do, 
 
 therefore,    commend    this    matter    to   your  serious 
 
 attention. 
 
 "7.  Thei/  who  would  enjoy  extensive  and  puwevful 
 revivals  of  religion,  must  also  put  a  high  estimate  upon 
 them.  The  Holy  Spirit,  no  less  than  the  Father  or 
 the  Son,  says:  '  Them  that  honor  me  will  I  honor, 
 and  they  that  despise  me  shall  be  lightly  esteemed. ' 
 The  Holy  Spirit  is  the  sole  author  of  genuine  re- 
 vivals. Would  we  secure  His  gracious  presence? 
 I  Let  us  prize  it  above  all  earthly  good.  His  love  is 
 better  than  wine;  He  is  the  true  oil  of  gladness. 
 Only  when  He,  like  the  wind,  blows  on  His  garden, 
 do  the  spices  thereof  flow  out.  Nothing  that  man  can 
 do  is  any  substitute  for  His  gracious  presence ;  and  no 
 labors  that  man  can  perform  are  a  substitute  for  a 
 high  estimate  of  the  value  and  glory  of  the  Spirit's 
 presence. 
 
 "8.  If  our  estiiitate  of  such  blesnings  be  really  high, 
 it  will  lead  to  a  forsaking  of  all  that  might,  in  our  judg- 
 ment, displea.^e  God.  It  will  produce  gre;it  heart- 
 searchings;  it  will  lead  us  to  remove  every  stumbling 
 block  out  of  the  way,  and  to  prepare  the  way  of  the 
 Lord.  Dear  brethren,  let  us  lay  aside  all  malice,  and 
 all  guile,  and '  hypocrisies  and  envies,  and  all  evil 
 speakings.  Let  us  heal  every  breach  of  charity. 
 The  visilile  Ibrm  in  which  the,  Holy  Spirit  descended 
 on  our  Saviour  w;ts  that  of  a  dove,  the  very  emblem 
 of  gentleness — :i  bird  that  never  dwells  with  birds  of 
 prey,  nor  amidst  noi.se  and  strife,  Paul  ,says:  '  Grieve 
 not  the  Holy  Spirit  of  God,  whereby  ye  are  sealed 
 unto  the  day  of  redemption, '  and  immediat<'ly  atlds, 
 '  Let  all  bitterness,  and  wrath,  and  auger,  and 
 clamor,  and  evil  sjieaking  be  put  away  from  you, 
 with  all  malice,  and  be  ye  kind  one  to  another, 
 tender-hearted,  forgiving  one  another,  even  as  God, 
 for  Christ's  sake,  has  forgiven  you.'  If  our  churches 
 are  in  a  cold  state,  it  is  by  re;uson  of  sin.  '  Your 
 iniquities  have  separated  between  you  and  your 
 God.'  How  .solemn  are  these  words  of  Cfod  to  his 
 ancient  Church:  '  I  will  go  and  return  to  my  pl.ico, 
 till  they  acknowledge  their  offence  and  seek  my 
 face;  in  their  affliction  they  will  seek  me  early.' 
 Let  us  prove  that  we  are  His  jjcople  by  confessing 
 and  forsiking  all  our  otlVnces. 
 
 "9.  M'e  nuggest  whether  the  praetiee  of  a.t.Hemhling  the 
 people  for  several  eon.tirulive  days  for  prayer,  and  praise, 
 and  2>reaehing,  might  not  he  happily  revived,     iu  some 
 
BICE. 
 
 759 
 
 RICK 
 
 places  it  has  been  continued,  and  with  good  eflfect, 
 but  in  others,  we  fear,  it  has  fallen  into  general  dis- 
 use. Prudence  should  be  exercised  ius  to  the  time 
 ■when  and  how  long  such  meetings  should  be  hckl. 
 That  they  are  not  novelties,  is  plain  from  the  Direc- 
 tory for  Worshij),  chapter  viii,  §  6.  A  favorite  method 
 of  noticing  the  preaching  of  the  gospel  in  the  Kcw 
 Testament  is  that  of  bearing  testimony.  And  we  all 
 know  how  mightily  the  power  of  testimony  over  the 
 human  mind  is  increased  by  two  or  more  agreeing 
 witnesses,  so  that  by  the  mouth  of  two  or  three  wit- 
 nes.ses  every  word  is  established.  This  princiijle  of 
 our  nature  was  consulted  by  our  Lord  in  sending  out 
 His  apostles,  and  by  the  apostles  themselves.  Under 
 the  divine  blessing  on  their  united  testimony  borne 
 to  the  same  people,  the  great  work  of  grace  on  and 
 after  the  day  of  Pentecost  was  accomplished. 
 
 "10.  Wc  have  no  new  expedients  to  commend  to  you. 
 We  fear  all  such.  The  Bible  indiciites  all  the  means 
 to  be  used.  We  have  noticed  the  chief  of  them.  We 
 beseech  you  to  use,  with  zeal  and  perseverance,  all 
 such  means  as  God  has  appointed  for  reviving  His 
 work.  Brethren,  be  not  slothful,  but  be  ye  filled 
 with  the  Spirit.  '  Be  ye  steadfast,  unmovablc,  al- 
 ways al)OuudiMg  in  the  work  of  the  Lord,  for;ismuch 
 as  ye  know  that  your  labor  is  not  in  vain  in  the 
 Lord.'  " 
 
 Rice,  Benjamin  Holt,  D.  D.,  was  born  about 
 1780.  He  was  two  or  three  years  younger  than  his 
 brother.  Dr.  John  Holt  Rice,  by  whom  he  was  aided 
 in  his  theological  studies.  He  settled,  early  in  his 
 ministerial  life,  in  Petersburg,  Va.  The  church 
 which  he  served  there  was  greatly  blessed  by  his 
 ministry,  and  his  reputation  lor  ability  in  the  pulpit, 
 as  well  ;is  in  pastoral  duty,  attracted  the  attention  of 
 a  church  in  New  York,  Pearl  street,  about  the  year 
 1829  or  18;?0.  In  1834  he  took  charge  of  the  Church 
 in  Princeton,  where  he  remained  till  1847,  when  he 
 returned  to  his  native  State,  and  spent  his  remaining 
 years  .IS  pastor  of  the  ''College  "  Church,  near  Hamp- 
 dcn-,Sidncy  College.  In  February,  18.51!,  he  was 
 struck  with  paralysis  while  preaching,  and  the  last 
 words  he  was  understood  to  utter  in  the  pulpit  were, 
 "Go  forward."  He  lingered  several  weeks,  increas- 
 ing in  ripeness  for  his  change,  till  he  fell  peacefully 
 in  the  arms  of  the  messenger.  Death,  sent  to  bring 
 him  to  his  home  above.  His  sermons  were  solemn, 
 aflectionate  and  impressive,  his  elocution  clear  and 
 his  gestures  natural,  e;usy  ami  appropriate  to  his  sen- 
 timents. Both  in  his  own  ])ulpit  and  when  called 
 to  aid  his  brethren,  or  supply  vac;int  pulpits,  his 
 labors  were  abundantly  blessed.  His  wife  haWng 
 been  suddenly  called  away,  while  in  Princeton,  he 
 tenderly  and  faithfully  performed  the  part  of  a 
 widowed  father  to  his  motherless  children,  and  all 
 beciime  his  followers,  as  he  followed  Christ,  before  he 
 was  taken  from  them.  In  his  long  life  of  seventy- 
 six  years,  about  fifty  spent  in  the  mini.stry,  he  made 
 warmlv  attaihed    friends,   but   no  known    enemies. 
 
 "Mark  the  perfect  man,  and  behold  the  upright,  for 
 the  end  of  that  man  is  jjcace. ' ' 
 
 Rice,  Rev.  David  ;  graduated  at  Princeton  Col- 
 lege in  17(n,  and  w;us  ordained  by  Hanover  Presby- 
 tery, December,  17(j:S.  He  labored  for  some  years  in 
 Virginia,  his  native  State,  and  during  the  Revolu- 
 tion took  a  warm  and  decided  stand  in  favor  of  his 
 country.  He  took,  also,  an  active  part  in  the  estab- 
 lishment of  Haraiiden-Sidney  Academy,  which  after- 
 wards became  a  college.  In  1783  he  removed  to 
 Kentucky,  and  there  organized  and  took  charge  of 
 the  Congregation  of  Concord,  at  Danville,  Cane  Run, 
 and  the  Forks  of  Dick's  River.  Mr.  Rice  may  be 
 considered  the  father  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 Kentucky.  In  178.5  a  general  meeting  for  conference 
 was  held,  for  the  purpose  of  introducing  and  complet- 
 ing a  regular  Presbyterian  organization  in  the  State. 
 Nothing  so  tended  to  the  firm  estjiblishment  of  that 
 Church  in  the  far  West  as  this  conference,  and  Mr. 
 Rice  Wiis  the  mover  and  master  spirit  of  the  whole, 
 and  Wits  chairman  of  the  meeting.  He  was  also  the 
 founder,  or  one  of  the  founders,  of  Transylvania 
 Academy,  which  afterwards  became  Tran.sylvania 
 University.  In  179'i  h(^  was  a  member  of  thi'  Con- 
 vention to  fram(^  a  State  Constitution.  A  complete 
 biography  of  this  man  would  necessarily  embrace  the 
 most  interesting  events  in  the  literary,  politicjvl  and 
 religious  movements  of  Kentucky  in  its  early  days. 
 Mr.  Rice  died,  honored  and  lamented,  in  181G. 
 
 Rice,  John  Holt,  D.  D.,  was  born  July  '23d, 
 1818,  at  Petersburg,  Va.,  graduated  at  the  College 
 of  New  Jersey  in  1838,  practiced  law  for  a  short  time 
 at  Richmond,  Va.,  with  excellent  prospects  of  suc- 
 cess, then,  after  his  conversion,  in  about  the  twenty- 
 fourth  year  of  his  age,  devoted  himself  to  the  work 
 of  the  ministrj',  and  entered  Princeton  Seminary  in 
 184'3,  graduating  in  1845.  After  being  licensed  by 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery,  April  23d,  1845,  he 
 assisted  his  father  for  several  months,  who  was  at 
 that  time  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Princeton.  From  March,  1846,  to  July,  ■lf<47,  he 
 lal)ored  as  City  Missionary  in  New  Orleans,  La.  In 
 the  Fall  of  1847  he  began  to  preach  at  Tallaha.ssee, 
 Fla. ;  was  installed  pastor  there  April  30th,  1848,  and 
 continued  until  released  March  23d,  1850.  He.  was 
 pa.stor  of  the  Village  Church  at  Charlotte  C.  H.,  Va., 
 from  August  31st,  1850,  untU  August  24th,  18.55. 
 After  .serving  for  nearly  a  year,  as  an  agent  of  the 
 j  Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication  in  Kentucky  and 
 I  Tennessee,  he  became  pastor  of  the  Walnut  .Street 
 Church  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  May  4th,  l85(i,  and 
 labored  there  zealously  and  successfully  tuitil  Sep- 
 tember .5th,  1861.  He  then  preached  for  longer  or 
 shorter  periods  at  Lake  Proridence,  La. ,  and  Brandon 
 and  Vicksburg,  Miss.,  aftt^r  which  he  w:«5  instilled 
 I  pastor  of  the  Third  Church  in  Mobile,  May  5th,  1867. 
 Having  been  released  from  this  charge  November 
 18th,  1868,  he  served  the  Church  at  Franklin,  Tinn., 
 as  stated  supply  from  1869  to  1874,  and  afterwards 
 
mcE. 
 
 760 
 
 BICE. 
 
 the  Church  at  Mason,  Teiiii.,  from  1874  to  1876 
 Aftt-r  tlie  latter  date  he  hil)ored  as  an  evangelist  in 
 the  bounds  of  Memphis  Preshytery,  jjrexiohiuf;  to  the 
 poor  and  the  destitute  in  the  neglected  portions  of 
 its  territory,  and  receiving  almost  no  pecuniary  re- 
 turn.    He  died  September  7th,  1878. 
 
 Dr.  Rice  was  kind-hearted,  amiable,  genial,  and 
 possessed  of  large  natural  gifts.  His  sermons  -were 
 often  of  a  very  high  order.  His  knowledge  was 
 wide  and  varied,  and  he  was  surpa.«sed  by  very  few 
 in  his  knowledge  of  ecclcsia-stieal  and  parliamentary 
 law.  He  was  a  truly  good  man.  He  loved  to  preach 
 the  gospel,  and  vv:»s  especially  delighted  to  carry  it 
 to  the  ignorant  and  the  destitute.  He  was  a  member 
 of  the  Southern  General  As.sembly  that  met  in  Knox- 
 ville,  Tenn.,  in  Slay,  1878,  being  chairman  of  its 
 Judicial  Committee,  the  duties  of  which  he  dis- 
 charged with  consummate  ability. 
 
 Rice,  Nathan  Le'wis,  D.D.,  was  born  Decem- 
 ber '2'M\,  1807,  in  Garrard  County,  Ky.,  and  was  the 
 son  of  Gabriel  and  Phebe  (Garrett)  Kice.  He  re- 
 mained on  his  father's  farm  until  he  was  si.\teen 
 years  old,  when  he  commenced  teaching  a  school,  in 
 order  to  raise  money  to  defray  the  expenses  of  a  col- 
 lege education.  At  the  age  of  eighteen  he  united 
 with  Harmony  Church,  in  Transylvania  Presbjtery, 
 Ky.  In  the  Fall  of  18-2()  he  entered  Centre  College, 
 Ky.,  then  under  the  Presidency  of  the  Rev.  Gideon 
 Ulackburn,  i).  n.,  and,  during  a  portion  of  his  course, 
 was  teacher  of  Latin  in  the  preparatory  department. 
 He  remained  in  college  probably  about  two  years, 
 but  for  some  reason  did  not  graduate.  He  studied 
 theology  one  year  under  Dr.  Blackburn,  and  was 
 then  licen.sed  to  preach  by  Transylvania  Presbj-tery, 
 October  4th,  1828.  In  the  following  January  he 
 declined  a  call  to  the  pastorate  of  Harmony  Church, 
 of  which  he  was  by  birth  and  profession  a  member, 
 and  feeling  the  need  of  more  thorough  preparation 
 for  the  work  of  the  ministry,  entered  Princeton  Semi- 
 nary in  the  Fall  of  1829.  Here  he  studied  most 
 assiduously  for  two  years,  and  became  known  by  his 
 large  attainments  and  extraordinary  ability.  He 
 w:is  installed  June  8th,  18.'!:!,  piustor  of  the  Church 
 at  ]5ardstown,  Ky.,  at  that  time  the  seatof  a  Roman 
 Catholic  college  and  cathedral.  Here  he  established 
 an  aciidcniy  for  girls,  of  which  he  became  the  princi- 
 pal, also  a  .school  for  boys,  and  founded  a  newsjxiper 
 chilled  The  Western  Protestant,  which  was  afterwards 
 merged  into  The  Presbyterian  Herald,  of  Louisville. 
 After  the  dissolution  of  his  pastoral  relation  at 
 Rird.xtown,  which  occurred  .\pril  8th,  1841,  he  per- 
 formed nnich  missiim  work  in  the  Presbytery  of 
 ElM-nezer,  lint  for  most  of  the  time  preached  as 
 stilted  supply  to  the  Church  at  Pari.s,  Ky.  ANTiilst 
 residing  at  Paris,  he  held  a  debate  on  "Baptism," 
 with  President  Fanning,  of  Nashville,  Ky.,  which 
 not  being  Kitisfactory  to  the  Bajitists,  led  to 
 arrangements  for  a  dis<-ussion  with  the  well-known 
 Rev.     Alexander    CamplK'U,    of   Bethany,    Va.,   at 
 
 Lexington,  Ky.  This  discussion  was  presided  over 
 by  some  of  the  ablest  lawyers  in  the  State,  Heru-y 
 Clay  iK-ing  among  the  number,  and  elicited  the  most 
 intense  interest  throughout  the  whole  western  coun- 
 try. The  efforts  of  Dr.  Kice  in  this  debate  were 
 regarded  as  brilliant  and  thoroughly  successful  speci- 
 mens of  logic  and  oratory,  and  at  once  lifted  him  to 
 fame.  The  debate  was  written  out  by  the  debaters, 
 and  published  in  a  large  volume,  and  widely  circu- 
 lated. 
 
 ■  Called  to  become  pastor  of  the  Central  Church, 
 Cincinnati,  he  removed  to  that  city  in  1844,  and  was 
 installed  January  12th,  1845.  Under  his  minlstra- 
 I  tions  the  church,  which  was  a  colony  of  thirty-two 
 members  from  the  old  First  Church,  rapidly  grew 
 and  became  strong  and  vigorous.     'While  in  Cincin- 
 
 NATHAN   LEWlii   RICE,   D.D. 
 
 nati,  his  .abors  were  abundant.  In  addition  to  per- 
 forming his  pulpit  and  p,astor.al  duties,  lie  wrote 
 several  volumes,  held  several  public  debates,  and 
 taught  classes  of  ciindidates  for  the  ministry.  The 
 influence  of  his  presence 'and  labors  was  felt  by  the 
 whole  city.  E;irly  in  1853  he  accepted  a  e;ill  to  the 
 ."Second  Church  of  St.  Louis,  then  vacant  by  the  death 
 of  Dr.  'William  Potts,  and  was  installed  as  its  pastor 
 October  9th,  185:!.  His  pastorate  in  this  city  Wiis 
 characterized  by  the  s;ime  varied,  inces,s;int  and  suc- 
 cessful labors  as  that  in  Cincinnati.  He  edited  The 
 St.  Louis  Presliijlerian,  and  wrote  and  published  .sever.d 
 books.  In  18,")5  he  was  chosen  Moderator  of  the 
 General  Assembly  which  met  in  Xashville.  In  1858 
 he  was  Ciilled  to  the  North  Church  in  Chicago,  and 
 instiiUed  its  pastor  October  2(lth,  of  that  year.  The 
 Church,  which  he  found  small  and  weak,  .soon,  under 
 
lilCH. 
 
 761 
 
 KICHARDS. 
 
 his  labors,  grew  strong  and  flourishing.  He  also 
 edited,  while  here.  The  Prtxhylcrian  Expositor.  May 
 ;50th,  1859,  he  was  elected  by  the  General  Asseinl)ly 
 to  be  Professor  of  Didactic  and  Polemic  Theology, 
 in  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Northwest,  at 
 Chicago,  and  the  dnties  of  this  Professorship  were 
 performed  in  addition  to  his  pastoral  and  oilier 
 labors. 
 
 Dr.  Rice  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Fifth  Avenue 
 Chirrch  in  the  city  of  New  York,  April  2Stb,  1861. 
 Here  his  labors  were  new  in  kind  and  large  in  meas- 
 ure, and  his  health,  heretofore  good,  soon  began  to 
 give  way.  April  16th,  1867,  he  resigned  this  charge, 
 and  retired  to  a  farm,  near  New  Brunswick,  N.  J., 
 where,  for  a  yc4ir  or  more,  by  order  of  his  physician, 
 he  rested  from  all  mental  work.  From  thence  he 
 was  called  to  the  Presidency  of  Westminster  College, 
 at  Fulton,  SIo. ,  and  at  the  same  time  took  charge  of 
 tlie  church  in  Fulton.  October  16th,  1874,  he  was 
 installed  in  the  Professorship  of  Didactic  and  Polemic 
 Theology  in  Danville  Theological  Seminary.  He  died 
 June  11th,  1"<77. 
 
 Dr.  Kice  was  truly  a  great  man.  He  imjircssed  all 
 who  heard  him  preach,  the  most  cultured  and  the 
 mo.st  cultivated,  with  a  sense  of  his  power.  He  was 
 great  in  intellect,  great  in  labors,  great  in  goodness. 
 His  most  characteristic  mental  feature  was  the  logical 
 faculty.  Closely  connected  with  this  was  his  well- 
 nigh  unrivaled  power  of  analysis.  Then  he  knew 
 men  and  how  to  reach  their  hearts.  He  was  also 
 large-hearted,  generous,  fervent — the  highest  style 
 of  a  Christian  man.  ^\'hen  his  death  occurred,  it 
 w;us  universally  felt  that  a  great  man  had  fallen  in 
 Israel.  We  have  not  space  for  a  list  of  even  his  prin- 
 cipal publications. 
 
 Rich,  Dr.  James  S.,was  born  in  1795;  pursued  the 
 study  of  medicine  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
 Philadelphia,and  w:us  admitted  to  practiceandreceived 
 the  degree  of  M.  D.,  when  about  twenty-four  years  of 
 age.  He  almost  immediati'ly  established  himself  as 
 a  physic'ian,  in  the  vicinity  of  Doylestown,  Bucks 
 county,  and  built  up  a  large,  lucrative  and  successful 
 practice,  in  which  he  was  engiiged  for  more  than 
 twenty  years,  when  declining  health  obliged  him  to 
 relinquish  the  active  duties  of  his  profession  for 
 eight  years.  Being  restored  to  comfortable  health  by 
 a  kind  Pro\ndence,  he  received  the  appointment,  from 
 the  city  of  Philadelphia.nf  jihysician  at  the  Laztirctto, 
 on  the  Delaware  river,  below  the  city,  and  continued 
 in  the  faithful  and  laborious  fullillment  of  the  respon- 
 sibilities of  that  position  three  years,  when  he 
 removed  to  Churehville,  Bucks  county,  and  entered 
 upon  the  practice  of  his  profession  there.  For  more 
 than  twenty  years  he  resided  in  that  place,  useful, 
 respected  and  honored  as  an  excellent  physician,  and 
 an  unusually  intelligent  citizen.  During  the  last 
 four  or  five  ye^irs  of  Dr.  Rich's  life  the  infirmities  of 
 age  prevented  his  going  much  from  home  to  attend 
 the  sick.    He  first  made  a  public  profession  of  religion 
 
 at  the  Central  Presbyterian  Church,  Northern  Liber- 
 ties, Philadelphia,  Rev.  Anson  Rood,  pastor,  from 
 which  he  tnuisfcrred  his  membership,  by  letter, 
 to  Neshaminy  Church,  Janiuiry  9tli,  1816.  His  death 
 occurred  JIarch  8th,  1875,  when  he  w;is  eighty  years 
 of  age.  A  noble  man  was  removed  when  his  sjiirit 
 took  its  flight. 
 
 Richards,  Elias  Jones,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Cheshire,  England,  January  14th,  1813.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  studied  Theology 
 at  Princeton  Seminary,  and  was  ordained  an  evangel- 
 ist by  the  Presbytery  of  New  York, ,  1838.     He 
 
 was  stated  supply  at  Ann  Arbor,  Jlichigan,  1839; 
 pa.stor  of  the  Second  Church,  Paterson,  N.  J.,  1840; 
 pastor  of  the  Central  Church,  Spring  Garden,  Phila- 
 delphia, Pa.,  1842-3;  pastor  of  the  Western  Church, 
 Philadelphia,  1843-6;  and  pastor  of  the  First  Church, 
 Reading,  Pa.,  1846-72.  He  died  at  Reading,  March 
 25th,  1872.  Dr.  Richards  was  an  earnest  Christian 
 and  an  instructive  and  impressive  preacher.  In  p:us- 
 toral  duty  he  was  sijecially  faithful.  He  was  diligent 
 and  successful  in  the  M;uster's  work,  and  beloved  by 
 his  brethren.  Shortly  before  his  decea.se  he '  w;us 
 Moderator  of  the  Synod  of  PhUadelphia. 
 
 Richards,  Rev.  George  J.  E.,  son  of  Rev. 
 Charles  and  C'hristianna  B.  (McMuldorch)  Richards, 
 was  born  at  Hector,  N.  Y.,  September  11th,  1849. 
 Graduated  from  Western  Reserve  College  ( Hudson,  O. ) 
 in  1872.  Was  Tutor  there  one  year.  Spent  two  years 
 in  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Theological  Seminary,  and  one 
 j-ear  in  Union  Theological  Seminary,  N.  Y.,  where 
 he  graduated  in  1876.  He  Was  licensed  to  preach  the 
 gospel  by  Cleveland  Presbytery,  June  9th,  1875.  Or- 
 dained by  the  Presbytery  of  Wisconsin  River, 
 October  10th,  1876.  Preached  one  year  at  Richland 
 Centre,  Wisconsin,  when,  through  excessive  work, 
 his  health  became  so  impaired  that  he  was  required 
 to  cease  public  labor  for  a  few  months.  He  afterwards 
 preached  four  years  at  Delmar  and  Elwood,  Iowa. 
 \\'hile  there  he  organized  a  church  at  Elwood,  and 
 built  one  church  edifice  at  Delmar,  and  another  at 
 Elwood.  Was  called  to  Gallipolis,  O.,  and  installed 
 as  pastor,  in  the  Spring  of  1882. 
 
 Prominent  traits  of  Jlr.  Richards  are  his  readiness 
 to  grasp  the  entire  details  of  any  matter,  and  then  to 
 make  the  most  of  those  details.  Pre-eminently 
 cautious,  yet  very  persistent  and  earnest,  in  accom- 
 plishing, in  the  face  of  difficulties,  the  desired  end. 
 In  public  addre-ss  his  language  is  clear  .and  simple, 
 his  argument  well  and  carefully  drawn,  and  accom- 
 panied with  eari(estne.ss,  tliat  carries  conviction  to 
 the  minds  of  his  hearers.  For  amiableue.ss  of  spirit, 
 accuracy  of  judgment,  and  thoroughness  of  work, 
 both  as  pastor  and  preacher,  he  is  very  highly 
 esteemed. 
 
 Richards,  James,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  New 
 Can.-um,  Conn.,  October  29th,  17(i7;  spent  the  year 
 17>'9-80  in  Yale  College;  then  placed  himself  under 
 the    instruction  of   Dr.    Burnet,    at   Norwalk,   and 
 
RICHARDS. 
 
 762 
 
 RICHARDSON. 
 
 afterwards  completed  Tjoth  liis  academical  and  theo- 1 
 logical  course  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Dwigbt. 
 His  iiuiirovement  was  A\urtliy  of  the  hcst  advantages,  | 
 and  iu  179-1  the  corporation  of  Vale  College,  at  Dr. 
 Dwight's  suggestion,  conferred  upon  him  the  degree 
 of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  In  1793  he  was  licensed  by  a 
 committee  of  the  Association  in  the  Western  District 
 of  Fairfield  county,  to  preach  the  gospel. 
 
 In  September,  1794,  Mr.  Kichards  received  a  call 
 from  the  Church  in  Morristown,  X.  J.,  and  in  May, 
 1797,  was  installed  its  pastor,  by  what  w;is  then  the 
 I'resbytery  of  Xew  York.  Here  he  labored,  with  great 
 accepUmce  and  success,  until  the  early  i)art  of  1809, 
 when  he  felt  it  to  be  his  duty  to  accept  a  call  from 
 the  Presbyterian  Chiu-ch  at  Newark,  which  had 
 become  vacant  by  the  removal  of  Dr.  Griffin  to  a 
 professorship  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at  An- 
 dover.  In  1805  he  was  chosen  Jloderator  of  the 
 (ieueral  A.s.sembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  In 
 1807  he  was  chosen  a  trustee  of  the  Colh'ge  of  New- 
 Jersey,  and  he  was  a  director  of  the  Theological 
 Seminary  at  Princeton  from  its  first  establishment, 
 both  of  which  oftices  he  held  until  he  left  the  St;ite. 
 He  w.TS  also  intimately  connected,  at  this  period, 
 with  several  of  the  earlier  and  more  important  of  our 
 benevolent  institutions.  His  ministry  in  Newark, 
 as  in  Morristown,  was  signalized  by  remarkable 
 tokens  of  the  divine  favor.  The  years  1813  and  1817 
 were  specially  memorable  for  the  powerful  workings 
 of  divine  influence  among  his  people. 
 
 Dr.  Richards  was  inaugurated  Profes.sor  of  Chris- 
 tian Theology  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Auburn, 
 October  29th,  1823.  His  connection  with  this  Insti- 
 tution Wiis  justly  regarded  as  ominous  of  great  good 
 to  it,  as  his  standing  in  the  Church, for  prudence,  itiety 
 and  theological  attainment,  was  such  as  to  secure, 
 not  only  to  himself,  but  to  the  infant  seminary  with 
 which  he  became  identified,  the  general  confidence 
 and  favor  of  the  Christian  community.  He  was  the 
 chief  ii\strumcnt  of  increasing  its  funds — the  main- 
 spring of  its  financial  operations.  After  serving  it 
 with  marked  fidelity,  he  died,  August  2d,  1843.  In 
 his  liust  illness,  though  his  articulation  became  in- 
 distinct, be  was  enabled  to  bear  testinumy  to  the  .sus- 
 taining power  of  the  gos])el,  and  there  was  a  delightful 
 tranquillity  dilVused  over  his  dying  scene,  that  spoke 
 most  impressively  of  the  rest  to  which  death  intro- 
 duced him. 
 
 Dr.  Kichards  wa.s  a  man  of  singular  excellence. 
 Tlicre  was  in  his  chanicter  a  happy  combination  of 
 Christian  discretion  and  deep,  sober-minded  and  cheer- 
 ful piety.  In  the  pulpit  he  was  eminently  impressive. 
 There  he  appeared  as  the  messenger  of  (iod  on  a  mis- 
 sion s<ih-mn  as  death  and  the  awards  of  eternity,  and 
 his  great  subject  filled  his  soul,  and  gave  an  carnest- 
 ne.s.s,  an  animation,  and  a  deei)  emotion,  oft<>n  to  tears, 
 to  his  a<ldres.ses,  that  awed  every  mind  of  liis  audience. 
 Iles]M)ke  as  a  dying  man,  with  the  elociuenee  and 
 IK)wer  of  trolh.     Uesides  the  "Lectures  on  the  I'rayer 
 
 of  Faith,"  bis  publications  were  principally  sermons 
 and  memorial  addresses. 
 
 Richardson,  E.  M.,  D.  D.,  was  horn  in  Camden 
 county.  Xuitli  Carolina.  January  Pith, ls2.-<.  Hisfather 
 removed  to  AVarren  county.  Miss.,  in  1832,  and  here 
 he  grew  to  manhood,  and  w;i.s  educated,  graduating 
 at  Clinton  College,  Hinds  county.  Miss.,  in  1849.  The 
 same  year  he  entered  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
 New  York,  taking  a  three  years'  course,  and  wa.s 
 lieen.sed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Third  Preshyti*ry 
 pf  New  York  (N.  S.),  in  1852.  In  the  Fall  of  the 
 same  year  he  took  charge  of  the  church  at  Grenada,  ■ 
 Miss.,  and  w;is  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Lexing- 
 ton, South,  N.  S.,  at  Carrollton,  Miss.,  in  the  AVinter 
 following.  He  remained  for  sixteen  years  pastor  of 
 the  church  at  Grenada.  In  1868  he  received  and 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Third  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Jlemphis,  Teun.  Kev.  Jno.  D. 
 Waddel,  n.D.,  ll.  D.,  having  been  called  to  the  Chan- 
 cellorship of  the  Southwestern  Presbyterian  Univer- 
 sity at  Clarksville,  Tenn.,  resigned  his  position  as 
 Secretary  of  the  General  Assembly's  Committee  of 
 Education,  in  June,  1879,  and  Mr. ,  Kichard.son  was 
 elected  in  bis  stead  by  the  Committee,  which  has 
 power  to  fill  Viicancies.  The  General  Assemblj'  has 
 elected  him  annually  since  then.  Dr.  Richardson 
 still  holds  the  position  of  pastor  of  the  Third  Church, 
 but  bis  duties  as  Secretary  are  paramount,  and  when- 
 ever the  interests  of  the  cause  require,  he  must  give 
 his  whole  time  to  the  cause  of  education. 
 
 Ricliardson,  "James,  was  born  in  llopkinton, 
 N.  H.,  July  14th,  1817,  the  eighth  in  descent  from 
 Ezekiel  Richardson,  who  belonged  to  the  celebrated 
 AVinthrop  colony.  He  was  the  son  of  a  thrifty  New 
 England  farmer,  and  received  his  education  at  the 
 district  school  and  at  an  academy  in  the  neighbor- 
 hood of  his  home.  His  youth  was  occupied  iu  farm 
 work  in  the  summer  and  in  tt'ai'biug  a  country  school 
 in  the  winter.  In  1845  he  moved  to  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
 where,  for  twelve  years,  he  conducted  a  successful 
 grocery  biLsiness.  Changing  his  residence  to  St.  Louis, 
 in  1845,  he  engaged  in  the  wholesale  drug  business, 
 which,  under  his  management,  has  nuule  the  house 
 of  Richardson  it  Co.  second  only  to  the  largest  estab- 
 nu'Ut  of  its  kind  in  the  country. 
 
 T;rll  and  ccuumanding  in  personal  appearance, 
 genial  and  sociable  in  disj)0siti(m,  Mr.  Richardson  is 
 distinguished  by  strong  common  sense,  unusual 
 executive  ability,  and  conservative  wisdom.  These 
 qualities,  which  conspired  to  achieve  for  him  remark- 
 able success  in  business,  have  also  been  conspicuous 
 in  his  religious  and  benevolent  relations.  For  many 
 years  he  has  bei'U  an  elder,  and  President  of  the 
 Board  of  Trustees,  in  the  First  Presbyterian  Chuich 
 of  St.  Louis,  and  has  rendered  liberal  a.ssi,stanee  to 
 the  material  interests  of  the  Church.  For  several 
 successive  terms  he  was  elected  inember  of  the  Board 
 of  Directors  of  the  St.  Louis  P\iblic  Schools,  and 
 served  as  President  of  the  School  Uoanl.     His general 
 
RICHARDSON. 
 
 763 
 
 RICHMOND,  VA.,   CHURCH. 
 
 culture  and  his  experience  in  educational  aflfairs, 
 together  with  his  deep  interest  in  popular  educiition, 
 have  rendered  him  an  efficient  member,  and  for  a 
 scries  of  3-ears  the  honored  President,  of  the  Public 
 School  Library  Committee.  To  hiseftbrts,  more  than 
 to  those  of  any  other  citizen,  is  to  be  attributed  ' 
 the  eminent  success  of  the  Public  School  Library. 
 During  his  whole  life  in  the  "West  Mr.  Kichardson 
 has  been  a  consistent  and  zealous  Presbyteiian,  of 
 large  and  liberal  Christian  sympathies. 
 
 Richardson,  Richard  Higgins,  D.  D.,  was 
 born  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  September  4th,  1^2:i,  and 
 graduated  at  New  Jersey  College  in  1844.  He  was 
 ordained,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Peoiia,  November  l!)th, 
 1H4S,  pastor  of  North  Church,  Chicago,  111.,  1848-r)5; 
 pa.stor  of  St.  Peter's  Church,  Rochester,  X.  Y.,  1856- 
 18.57;  Marengo,  111.,  1858-59;  stated  supply  at  Red 
 Jlills,  N.  Y.,  1860— pastor  1861-63;  pastor  of  the 
 First  Congregational  Church,  Newburyport,  Mass., 
 1864-68.  Since  1 H68  he  has  been  pastor  of  the  Fourth 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Trenton,  N.  J.  He  received 
 the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  New  Jersey 
 College,  in  1865.  Dr.  Richard.son  is  an  excellent 
 preacher,  instructive  and  impressive.  He  is  earnest 
 in  his  work,  and  blessed  in  his  ]uini.stry. 
 
 Richardson,  Rev.  William,  was  born  in  Egre- 
 mont,  near  White  Haven,  in  England,  and  coming 
 to  America,  became  a  resident  in  the  family  of  the 
 Rev.  Samuel  Davies,  and  studied  with  him.  He  was 
 licensed  by  Hanover  Presbytery,  in  January,  1758. 
 and  was  ordamed  July  13th,  in  the  same  year,  in 
 Cumberland  county,  as  a  missionary  to  the  Cherokee 
 towns  in  North  Carolina.  The  Indians  taking  up 
 arms,  the  mission  was  abandoned  on  the  breaking 
 out  of  the  French  War.  In  1761,  he  connected  him- 
 self with  the  South  Carolina  Presbytery,  and,  in 
 1763,  he  was  the  minister  in  the  Waxhaw  settlement. 
 Richie,  Rev.  "William  Nelson,  was  born  in 
 Shelby  county,  Tennessee,  February  15th,  1846.  He 
 graduated  in  Jloinuouth  College,  111.,  in  1873,  and  at 
 the  Theological  Seminary,  Xenia,  Ohio,  in  1876.  He 
 was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  First  Pres- 
 bytery of  Ohio  (U.  P.),  JIarch  •27th,  1876,  and  or- 
 dained and  instiiUed  piustor  of  the  West  Forty-fourth 
 Street  U.  P.  Church,  New  York  city,  November  15th, 
 1877,  by  the  Second  U.  P.  Presbytery  of  New  York. 
 On  March  SOth,  188'2,  he  resigned  this  charge,  and 
 on  April  25th  of  the  same  year  was  installed  piistor 
 of  Westminster  Church,  Philadelphia.  During  his 
 coiniection  with  this  church  he  has  won  its  esteem 
 and  confidence;  and  under  his  .acceptable  preaching 
 and  faithful  pastoral  labor  it  has  received  large  ac- 
 cessions to  its  membership.  He  is  earnestly  devoted 
 to  his  work  as  a  minister  of  Christ. 
 
 Richmond,  "V"irginia,  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church.  In  a  sermon  preached  by  the  Rev.  William 
 S.  PUinier,  1).  1).  (then  pastor  of  the  First  Church  of 
 Richmond),  in  the  month  of  June,  1H43,  he  remarked 
 that  the  tinu'  w:us  at  liand  wlu-u  it  would  be  desirable 
 
 to  send  out  a  colony  for  the  estiiblishment  of  another 
 church.  After  the  conclusion  of  the  services  two 
 gentlemen,  walking  together  on  their  way  home, 
 entered  into  conversation  with  regard  to  the  remark 
 of  the  pastor,  and  they  agreed  that  they  would  imme- 
 diately nuike  the  efl'ort  to  induce  others  to  unite  with 
 them  in  taking  such  active  measures  as  would  demon- 
 strate their  approval  of  the  suggestion  made  in  the 
 sermon  to  which  they  had  just  listened.  This  may 
 be  regarded  as  the  origin  of  the  enterprise  which 
 resulted  in  the  organization  of  the  Second  Presbj'te- 
 riau  Church  in  that  city. 
 
 The  first  official  act  was  taken  at  a  meeting  of  the 
 elders  and  deacons  of  the  First  Church,  when  a  com- 
 mittee was  appointed  to  purchase  a  lot  in  .some  desir- 
 able locality,  and  when  it  was  agreed  to  invite  Sir. 
 Moses  D.  Hoge,  of  I'riuce  Edward,  who  had  just 
 comjileted  his  studies  in  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
 to  become  the  assistjint  of  Dr.  Plumer,  with  a  view 
 also  to  his  tiiking  charge  of  the  new  enterprise.  The 
 invitation  was  accepted,  and  in  a  few  months  a 
 lecture-room  was  built  on  Fifth  street,  near  Main, 
 and  dedicated  to  the  worship  of  God,  after  a  sermon 
 preached  by  Jlr.  Hoge,  from  Luke  vii,  5.  It  was 
 then  agreed  that  there  should  be  a  regular  service  in 
 the  lecture-room  every  Sabbath  morning,  at  eleven 
 o'clock,  and  another  in  the  afternoon,  while  the  Fir.st 
 Church  could  be  opened  for  service  iu  the  forenoon 
 and  at  night,  so  that  the  members  of  each  congrega- 
 tion who  so  desired  could  unite  with  the  other  in  one 
 service  every  Sabbath. 
 
 On  the  evening  of  the  "JSIth  fif  .Tauuarj",  184.5,  after 
 public  worship,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Session,  held  in 
 the  new  lecture  room,  an  opportunity  was  given  to 
 the  members  of  the  First  Church  who  wished  to 
 unite  in  the  formation  of  the  Second  Church  to  apply 
 for  letters  of  dismission,  whereupon  si.'cty-three  per- 
 sons presented  their  applications,  and  on  the  4th  of 
 February  a  committee  of  East  Hanover  Presbytery 
 met  in  the  lecture  room,  and  after  a  sermon  by  the 
 Rev.  John  Leyburn,  D.D.,  the  members  who  had 
 received  their  dismission  were  organized  into  a  new 
 church,  to  be  known  as  the  Second  Presbyterian. 
 
 It  is  impressive  to  record  the  fact  that  of  the  sixty- 
 three  persons  thus  enrolled,  but  seven  now  survive. 
 On  the  5th  of  February,  1845,  a  meeting  of  the 
 members  of  the  Second  Church  was  called,  for  the 
 purpose  of  electing  elders  and  deacons.  Great 
 unanimity  of  feeling  prevailed,  and  the  following 
 persons  were  elected  : — ■ 
 
 Elders,  Mr.  John  I!.  Martin,  Michael  Gretter, 
 Guernsey  L.  Denison  and  Rich;\rd  StiTling. 
 
 Deacons,  Robert  JlcClellan,  Robert  Cochrane,  .Tohn 
 M.  Sheppard  and  Robert  A.  Payne. 
 
 At  another  meeting,  held  on  the  12th  of  Februarj', 
 Mr.  Hoge  was  elected  pastor,  by  a  unanimous  vote, 
 and  on  the  night  of  the  27th  of  the  same  mouth, 
 after  a  .sermon  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Leyburn,  he  was 
 ordained    to  the  full    work    of  tile   gospel    Aiinistry 
 
RICHMOND,  VA.,  CHURCH. 
 
 764 
 
 RICHMOND,  VA.,  CHURCH. 
 
 and  installed  as  pjustor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church.  The  Kcv.  S.  J.  Gissels  presided.  The 
 charge  to  the  pa-stor  «a.s  delivered  by  the  Rev.  Dr. 
 Plunier,  and  the  charge  to  the  people  by  the  Kev. 
 William  Lyon. 
 
 It  is  proper  here  to  make  a  grateful  record  of  the 
 fact  that,  neither  in  the  sending  out  of  a  colony  from 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  nor  in  the  organiza- 
 tion and  election  of  olUcirs  in  tlie  Second,  were  there 
 any  dissen-sioiis.  Brethren  who  for  years  had  found 
 how  good  and  plea.s;iut  it  was  to  labor  together  in 
 unity,  also  separated  in  harmony,  in  the  full  inter- 
 change of  mutual  afleetion,  animated  only  by  the  desire 
 to  extend  the  interests  of  Christ's  kingdom,  and  to 
 a<lvance  the  cau.se  of  Pre.sbyterianism  in  the  city. 
 
 Regular  services  having  commenced  in  the  lecture- 
 room  of  the  new  church,  in  a  few  months  it  was 
 found  that  the  buililing  w;us  too  small  for  the  needs 
 of  the  congregation,  and  a  meeting  was  held,  PV-bruarj', 
 1840,  and  plans  were  adoi)ted  for  the  erection  of  a 
 new  and  commodious  house  of  worship,  the  building 
 committee  consisting  of  the  piustor,  Samuel  1'.  Hawes 
 and  John  M.  Sheppard.  This  work  was  completed 
 and  the  church  dedicated  in  October,  184)^,  the  ser- 
 mon being  preaclied  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Plunier,  from 
 Dent.  xx.\ii,  ;il ;  "  For  their  rock  is  not  as  our  rock, 
 our  enemies  themselves  being  judges."  A  dedica- 
 tion hymn  for  this  service  was  composed  by  the  late 
 John  R.  Thonipsim,  Esii.,  and  was  introduced  into 
 the  hymn-book  authorized  by  the  General  Assembly 
 in  lf<()(). 
 
 In  the  progress  of  time  this  edifice  also  was  found 
 to  be  too  small  for  the  reiiuircments  of  the  congrega- 
 tion, and  it  was  detcrmimd  to  enlarge  it.  This  was 
 done  by  throwing  a  transe[it  across  the  eiistein  end, 
 thus  adding  two  wings  to  the  building,  enlarging  and 
 iK-autifying  it  at  the  .sime  time.  During  the  enlarge- 
 ment of  the  church  building  the  congregation  wor- 
 shiped in  "Assembly,"  now  "Mozart  Hall." 
 
 Since  the  organiziition  of  the  Second  Pre.sbyterian 
 Church  8c;vrccly  a  communion  season  has  occurred 
 without  additions  to  its  membership,  not  only  by 
 di.smissions  from  other  churches,  but  by  those  who 
 have  separated  themselves  from  the  world  by  a  pub- 
 lic profession  of  their  faith  in  Christ.  The  only  ex- 
 ceptions to  this  gratilying  fait  have  been  during,  or 
 imnudiately  following,  the  absence  of  the  pastor  in 
 Europe  and  in  the  East.  The  growth  of  the  church 
 lias  iH'en  far  less  than  was  desired,  but  it  has  Ijeen 
 Httiuly,  and  since  its  organization  there  has  been  no 
 feud  or  faction  to  mar  its  jieace  or  to  disturb  the 
 happy  relations  of  the  pastor  with  its  members. 
 
 During  the  year  1H,'52,  when  the  pastor,  in  addition 
 to  his  regular  work,  became  the  Prineipal  of  a  large 
 8«'llool  and  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Crnlrnl  I'rr.ilii/- 
 Icriaii,  he  induced  his  brother.  Dr.  William  J.  Hoge, 
 to  remove  to  Richmond,  to  a.ssist  him  in  his  varied 
 lalmrs.  The  Session  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church  recommended  to  the  people  to  call  Dr.  Hoge 
 
 as  collegiate  pastor,  that  he  might  aid  his  brother  in 
 his  ministerial  duties  also. 
 
 This  recommendation  being  favorably  received  by 
 the  congregation,  Dr.  Hoge  was  invited  and  accepted 
 the  call  to  become  collegiate  pastor  of  the  Second 
 Church,  in  which  capacity  he  continued  to  labor  with 
 great  acceptance  and  with  the  mo.st  happy  results, 
 until  he  was  called  to  the  charge  of  the  Westminster 
 Church,  in  the  city  of  Baltimore.  In  May,  l8.5fi, 
 he  was  elected  Professor  of  Biblical  Instruction  in 
 Union  Theological  Seminary.  In  the  Spring  of  IHo!) 
 he  bec;ime  co-pastor  of  the  "Brick"  Church  in  the 
 city  of  Xew  York.  At  the  breaking  out  of  war  he 
 re-signed  his  charge,  and  returned  to  Virginia.  Soon 
 after  his  arrival  he  took  charge  of  the  Church  in  Char- 
 lottesville, and  in  the  Fall  of  1863  he  accepted  the 
 liastorate  of  the  Tabb  Street  Church,  Petersburg, 
 where  his  earnest  labors  abiuptly  terminat<'d  a  life 
 which  had  not  yet  attained  its  meridian,  on  the  oth 
 of  July,  1864. 
 
 A  long  cherished  desire  of  the  pastor  of  the  Second 
 Presbyterian  Church  w;is  to  send  out  a  colony  from 
 it,  -and  to  see  the  organization  of  another  church  by 
 members  disrai.ssed  from  his  own  for  that  purpose. 
 To  attain  this  end  a  lot  was  purchased  in  the  western 
 part  of  the  city,  in  the  direction  where  its  growth 
 luid  been  most  rapid,  and  where  the  new  houses 
 erected  have  been  the  most  tast<l'ul  and  substantial, 
 and  a  chapel  was  built  upon  it,  the  chief  contributor 
 to  which  was  the, late  Dr.  James  McDowell.  During 
 the  year  1883  everything  seemed  to  be  auspicious  for 
 the  organization  of  a.  new  church,  and  the  Session 
 began  to  make  inijuiry  for  a  young  man  qiialitied  to 
 take  charge  of  the  new  enterprise,  when  a  letter  was 
 received,  signed  by  all  the  professors  of  Union  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  recommending  Mr.  Peyton  Harri- 
 son Hi>go  as  a  suitable  person  for  the  undertaking. 
 It  so  happened,  in  the  providence  of  tJod,  that  Etist 
 Hanover  Presbytery  met  in  the  city  of  Richmond,  at 
 which  Mr.  Hoge  pstssed  his  examination  and  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  go.spel.  His  examination  and 
 the  prescrilx-d  lecture  and  sermon  of  Mr.  Hoge 
 made  such  a  favorable  impression  that  he  was 
 invited  by  the  Session  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church  to  t;ike  charge  of  the  lu-w  enterprise. 
 He  accepted  the  invitation,  and  a  congregation  was 
 speedily  gathered  by  liis  ministry.  Accordingly,  on 
 the  11th  of  June,  1882,  thirty-si.x  members  of  the 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church  having  l)ocn  dismis.sed, 
 together  with  five  members  of  the  Grace  Street  Pres- 
 byterian Church  and  one  from  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church,  a  committee  of  East  Hanover  Presbytery  or- 
 ganized these  members  into  a  new  church, to  b<-  known 
 as  the  Fourth  Pre.sbyterian  Church,  and  on  the  1st 
 of  OctolM^r,  1882,  the  Rev.  Peyton  H.  Hoge  was  or- 
 dained and  installed  as  pastor  of  the  Fourth  Pre.sby- 
 terian Church,  Dr.  Moses  D.  Hoge  preaching  the  ser- 
 mon, from  Col.  i.  28,  and  delivejing  the  charge  to  the 
 pastor,  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Read  delivering  the  charge  to 
 
SECOND   Pa£SBYTERtA.N    CauaCII,    BICHXOND,  VA. 
 
RIDDLE. 
 
 766 
 
 RJGGS. 
 
 the  people.  To  this  date,  August  15th,  1883,  fifty-one 
 persons  have  been  dismissed  by  the  Session  of  the 
 Second  Churcli,  to  unite  witli  the  Fourth  Presbyterian 
 Clmrch,  the  ehiers  of  whicli  are  George  S.  C'oolc  and 
 Calvin  Wilson,  and  the  deacons  P.  T.  Link,  AVilliam  i 
 L.  Wade,  K.  Lindsay  Walker  and  JIatthcw  Gilmour. 
 
 The  admirable  position  of  this  new  church,  the 
 zeal  and  devotion  of  its  members,  and  the  efficiency 
 of  its  pastor,  afford  the  best  assurance  that,  by  the 
 blessing  of  God,  it  will  soon  become  one  of  the  most 
 prosperous  churches  in  the  city  of  Kiihmond. 
 
 Riddle,  David  Hiinter,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was 
 born  at  Martinsburg,  Va.,  April  14th,  1805.  He 
 gradnatcil  at  Jefferson  College  in  ls:)3,  and  was  or- 
 dained by  the  Presbj'tery  of  Winchester,  December 
 4th,  1828.  He  was  pastor  of  Kent  Street  Church, 
 Winchester,  Va.,  1828-33;  of  the  Third  Church, 
 Pittsburg,  Pa.,  1833-57;  of  the  First  K.  D.  Church, 
 Jersey  City,  X.  J.,  1857-62.  He  was  subsequently 
 President  of  Jefferson  College,  1862-5;  Professor  in  Jef- 
 ferson College,  1865-8;  pastor  of  the  College  Church, 
 Canon.sburg,  1863-8;  pa.stor  at  Martinsburg,  W.  Ya., 
 1868-79.  He  now  resides  at  Martinsburg.  Dr.  Riddle 
 is  a  gentleman  of  winning  address  and  fine  literary 
 attiiinmeuts.  As  a  preacher,  in  his  earlier  ministry, 
 he  occupied  a  front  rank.  His  sermons  were  highly 
 finished,  strong  in  te.xture,  and  eloquently  delivered. 
 His  labors  have  been  attended  with  the  divine  bless- 
 ing. In  1850  he  was  Moderator  of  the  General  As.sem- 
 bly. 
 
 Riggs,  O.  C,  D.  D.,  w;vs  a  son  of  the  Rev.  C'\tus 
 Riggs,  one  of  the  e;irly  Presbyterian  ministers  of 
 western  Pennsylvania.  He  was  born  in  Fairfield, 
 Mercer  county.  Pa.,  April  10th,  1810.  He  graduated 
 at  Jefferson  College  in  1836;  studied  theology  in  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary,  and  w:us  liceased  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Allegheny  (now  Butler),  April 
 12th,  1839.  He  then  removed  to  the  State  of  Illinois, 
 and  was  onlained  by  the  Presbj'tery  of  Kaskaskia, 
 on  the  13th  of  April,  1840.  His  first  charge  was 
 Clicstcr  and  Liberty  churches,  in  that  Presbytery. 
 Here  he  labored  from  November,  1839,  till  October, 
 1845,  when  he  received  a,  call  from  the  united  churches 
 of  Annapolis  and  Richmond,  in  the  Presbytery  of 
 Steubenville.  In  October,  1849,  he  resigned  the 
 pastoral  care  of  Annapolis,  and  took  charge  of  Rich- 
 mond College,  under  the  care  of  the  Presbyt<'ry  of 
 Steubenville. 
 
 In  the  Spring  of  18.52  he  resigned  his  position  in 
 both  the  church  and  college,  and  accepted  a  c;ill  to 
 the  church  of  Sewicklej',  in  the  Presbytery  of  Red- 
 stone. In  April,  1861,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 churches  of  Sharon  and  Clarksville,  Mercer  county. 
 Pa.,  in  Beaver  (now  Shenango)  Presbytery.  In  April, 
 1863,  he  gave  up  the  Church  of  Sharon,  and  devoted 
 all  his  time  to  the  Church  of  Clarksville.  After  five 
 years  he  wasobliged,  by  failing  health,  to  desi.st  from 
 all  minist<'rial  lalor,  and  he  therefore  resigned  his 
 charge  in  the  Spring  of  18(i8.     On  April   1st,  1869, 
 
 he  was  apjwinted  a  Professor  in  the  Ladies'  Seminary, 
 Beaver,  Pa.,  and  after  teaching  two  years,  he  was 
 elected  Principal  of  the  Beaver  Academy,  and  con- 
 tinued in  this  position  for  .some  time,  exhibiting  great 
 aptitude  as  an  instructor.  He  died  August  29th, 
 1883.  Dr.  Riggs  was  a  sound  theologian,  a  zealous 
 defender  of  the  faith,  a  watchful  and  sympathetic 
 pastor,  an  instructive  preacher,  and  a  judicious  coun- 
 sellor in  all  ecclesiastical  assemblages. 
 .  Riggs,  Rev.  Ellas,  a  graduate  of  Princeton  Col- 
 lege in  1795,  received  his  license  to  preach  from  the 
 Presbytery  of  New  York,  in  March,  1802,  and  for 
 some  time  supplied  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Perth 
 Anibo}',  N.  J.  On  the  2d  of  August  he  was  onlained. 
 In  October,  1806,  he  removed  to  New  Providence, 
 N.  J.,  and  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbj-terian 
 Church  in  that  place,  June  10th,  1807.  He  continued 
 in  this  pjistoral  charge  to  the  end  of  his  life.  He  died 
 February  25th,  1825.  Mr.  Riggs  was  eminently  a 
 godly  man  and  a  faithful  pastor,  and  commanded,  by 
 his  exemplary  life  and  conversation,  the  alfections  of 
 his  people  and  the  respect  of  the  community.  He 
 entailed  upon  the  world  a  well-trained  family,  that 
 does  honor  to  his  name,  and  has  done  good  to  the 
 Church  and  the  world.  Both  of  his  sons  became 
 Presbyterian  ministers,  the  younger  one  being  the 
 distinguished  missionary  at  Constantinople,  the  Rev. 
 Eliius  Riggs,  D.  D.,  1. 1,.  D. 
 
 Riggs,  Stephen  R.,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was  a  de- 
 scendant of  Edward  Riggs,  of  Wales,  who,  in  A.D. 
 1635,  settled  at  Roxbury,  Mass.  He  was  the  son  of 
 Stephen  Riggs,  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Steubenville,  Ohio,  and  his  wife,  Anna  Baird.  In  this 
 place,  on  March  2.3d,  1812,  Dr.  Riggs  was  bom. 
 WTien  a  boy^  his  parents  removed  to  Ripley,  in  the 
 same  Stjite,  where  he  attended  a  Latin  school,  and  at 
 this  time  his  he.art  was  enlightened  by  the  Holy 
 Spirit.  In  1834  he  graduated  at  Jefferson  College, 
 Canonsbnrg,  Pa.,  and  then  p;\ssed  a  year  in  the  West- 
 ern Theological  Seminary  at  Allegheny.  He  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Chillicothe. 
 
 The  Rev.  T.  S.  Williamson,  JI.D.,  who  had  been  a 
 physician  to  the  Riggs  fomily,  at  Ripley,  studied  the- 
 ology, and  in  the  year  that  Dr.  Riggs  graduated  at  Jef- 
 ferson, went  to  labor  among  the  Sioux  or  Dakot.as,  in 
 what  is  now  the  State  of  Jlinnesota,  and  thus  the 
 attention  of  the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  called  to 
 missionary  work. 
 
 On  the  first  of  .Tune  that  year,  under  a  commission 
 of  the  Americ;in  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign 
 Missions,  he  arrived  at  Fort  Snelling,  at  the  junction 
 of  the  Minnesota  and  Mississippi  rivers.  Several 
 months  were  pxssed  at  the  Lake  Harriet  Mission 
 Station,  in  that  vicinity,  studying  the  Dakota  lan- 
 guage, and  from  thence,  in  SeptemlKr,  he  went  to 
 Lac-(ini-Parle,  and  became  the  as.sociate  of  Dr.  Wil- 
 liamson, the  friend  whom  he  had  known  in  boyhood. 
 
 In  a  small  upper  room  of  the  log  mission  hou.se, 
 with  his  wife,  he  lived  for  five  years,  and  here  his 
 
EIGGS. 
 
 767 
 
 lilGJlXEO  IVNESS. 
 
 son  Alfred,  now  a  Dakotii  missionary,  and  two  other 
 of  liis  children,  were  horn.  In  1843  he  oiieued  a  new 
 mission  station  at  Traverse  des  Sioux,  and  until  De- 
 cemher,  1846,  was  in  charge,  when  he  returned  to 
 Lac-(jui-Parle  where  he  remained  until  18.54,  when 
 he  removed  to  Hazlewood  Station,  near  the  mouth  of 
 the  Yellow  Medicine,  in  the  valley  of  the  Minnesota 
 river.  Here  he  erected  a  boarding  school  for  Dakota 
 children,  where,  in  the  Summer  of  1858,  he  was 
 assisted  by  his  son  Alfred,  who  had  graduated  at 
 Knox  College,  Galcsburg,  Illinois.  Here  he  cheerfully 
 and  patiently  worked  untU  the  Summer  of  1863, 
 when  all  his  purposes  for  the  welfare  of  the  Sioux 
 were  suddenly  broken  off. 
 
 The  ITth  of  August,  of  that  J'ear,  was  a  sacramental 
 Sabbath  at  hLs  mission  station,  and  at  that  hour  an 
 
 STEPHEN*    R,  RIGOS,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
 
 outbreak  had  conuneuced  among  the  non-Christian 
 Sioux,  which  did  not  stop  until  hundreds  of  defence- 
 less white  men,  women  and  childrin  were  brutally 
 murdered  and  s&ilped. 
 
 Hours  before  daylight  of  the  ISlth,  the  mission 
 family  left  their  home,  and  in  perils  oft,  after  several 
 days,  succeeded  in  reaching  a  place  of  safety,  beyond 
 the  reach  of  the  savages.  Hastening  to  St.  Paul,  Dr. 
 Eiggs  offered  his  services  to  Gov.  Ramsey,  of  Minne- 
 sota, who  commissioned  him  as  chaplain  of  the  mili- 
 tary expedition  sent  out  to  protect  the  frontier,  and 
 punish  the  Indians,  .\fter  the  campaign  closed,  he 
 devoted  much  of  his  time  in  visiting  the  Sioux  in 
 prison.  After  the  Sioux  were  removed  to  reservations 
 on  the  Missouri  river,  Dr.  Riggs,  while,  during  the 
 Summer,  visiting  the  mission  stations  that  were  now 
 
 !  being  eared  for  by  his  son.  Rev.  Alfred  Riggs,  and  ny 
 Rev.  John  I*.  "SVilliamson,  the  son  of  his  old  colleague, 
 passed  his  "Winters  in  Beloit,  in  completing  the  trans- 
 lation of  the  Bible  into  the  Dakota  language,  which 
 I  was  published  before  his  death.  As  early  as  18.39, 
 associated  with  Gideon  H.  Pond,  he  prepared  for  the 
 press  the  Dakota  First  Reading  Book.  In  1843  he 
 prepared  a  book  in  Dakota,  based  upon  Gallaudet's 
 "Mothers'  Primer."  AVith  his  colleagues  in  the 
 mission,  Dr.  Williamson  and  Rev.  G.  H.  Pond,  the 
 same  year,  he  prepared  a  translation  of  Genesis,  part 
 '  of  the  Psalms,  and  the  gospels  of  Luke  and  John, 
 which  was  printed  in  Cincinnati.  The  next  year  was 
 published  his  translation  of  the  Acts  of  the  Apostles, 
 the  Epistles  of  Paul,  and  the  Revelation.  In  1850 
 he  prepared  "  Dakota  Lessons. " 
 
 To  the  philologist,  the  grammar  and  dictionary  of 
 the  Dakota  language,  collected  by  members  of  the 
 Dakota  Mission,  edited  by  Dr.  Riggs,  and  printed 
 under  his  supervision,  in  quarto,  by  the  Smithsonian 
 In.stitution,  is  a  valuable  work  of  about  4(10  pages. 
 Many  other  works  were  translated  by  him,  which 
 ■want  of  space  prevents  noticing.  For  English  readers 
 he  wrote  "The  Gospel  among  the  Dakotas, "  and 
 ' '  Forty  Years  among  the  Siou-Xs ' '  After  six  months 
 of  ill  health  and  patient  suffering,  on  the  24th  of 
 August,  1883,  he  was  called  to  the  better  land. 
 
 AMiile  few  missionaries  had  more  privations,  he 
 was  always  uncomplaining.  In  bearing,  he  was  free 
 from  ostentation,  courteous  to  all.  While  not  lack- 
 ing in  decision,  he  did  not  offend  those  from  whom 
 he  was  constrained  to  differ.  The  Dakota  found  him 
 reliable  in  his  utterances,  and  therefore  looked  upon 
 him  with  respect.  Those  engaged  in  the  Indian 
 trade  honored  him,  for  devotion  to  the  cause  of 
 Christ.  Christians  of  other  branches  of  the  Church 
 loved  him,  for  his  desire  to  do  good.  His  influence  in 
 his  family  was  very  happy,  and  three  of  them  are 
 iiiu'aged  in  mission  work  among  the  Sioux,  and  one 
 among  the  Chinese. 
 
 Righteousness.  Righteousness  is  moral  perfec- 
 tion ;  and  that  being  is  righteous  who  possesses  such 
 perfection.  God  therefore  is  righteous,  as  having 
 righteousness  in  the  highest  sense  of  the  word  (Ps. 
 cxix,  137;  Isa.  xlv,  19).  But  man,  created  upright, 
 is  "very  far  gone  from  original  righteojisness;"' and 
 it  is  the  most  interesting  question  that  can  be  pro- 
 pounded. How  are  those  who  have  committed  sin  to 
 be  accepted  by  a  righteous  CJod  ?  As  the  observations 
 made  here  upon  this  topic  must  neces.sarily  be  brief, 
 it  may  be  well  to  present  the  reader  with  the  sub- 
 stance of  De  "Wette's  note,  cited  with  approval  by 
 Dr.  Alford  (The  Greek  Te.tt.,  note  on  Rom.  i,  17), 
 where  the  expression  "the  righteousness  of  God" 
 does  not  designate  his  attribute  of  righteousness,  but 
 the  righteousness  which  flows  from  and  is  acceptable 
 to  him : — 
 
 The  Greek  iHkaiosune  and  the  Hebrew  izMakCih  are 
 sometimes  taken  for  "virtue"  and  "piety,"  which 
 
BTPLEY. 
 
 768 
 
 RITTENHUUSE. 
 
 iron  possess  or  strive  after;  sometimes,  iinpntatively, 
 for  ''I'reeilom  from  blame,''  or  "justiticatiou."  The 
 latter  mciining  is  most  usual  with  Paul;  dikaiosune  is 
 that  wliieh  is  so  in  the  sijjht  of  (Jod  (Kom.  ii,  13),  the 
 result  of  his  ju-;tifying  forensic  judi^ent,  or  of  "im- 
 put;ition  "  (iv,  5).  It  may  certainlj'  be  iraajjined  that 
 a  man  tniijIU  olitiiin  justification  by  fulfilling  the  law; 
 in  that  c;ise  his  rijihteousness  is  an  "own  righteous- 
 ness" (x,  3),  a  "righteousness  of  the  law"  (Phil., 
 iii,  9).  But  it  is  im{X)ssible  fur  him  to  obtain  a 
 "  righteousness  of  his  own  '-  which  at  the  same  time 
 shall  avail  before  God  (Gal.  il,  16).  The  Jews  not 
 only  hare  not  fulfilled  the  law  (Rom.  iii,  9-19),  but 
 could  not  fulfill  it  ( vii,  7-2.)) ;  the  GentUes  likewise  have 
 rendered  themselves  obnoxious  to  the  divine  wrath 
 (i,  24-3i!).  God  h;»s  ordained  that  the  whole  race 
 .should  be  included  in  disobedience.  Now,  if  man  is 
 to  become  righteous  from  being  unrighteous,  this  c;in 
 happen  only  by  God's  grace,  because  God  declares 
 him  right<-ous  (iii,  24;  Gal.  iii,  8),  the  word  signify- 
 ing not  only  negatively  to  acquit  (as  in  Exod.  xxiii,  7; 
 I.sa.  v,  '23;  Rom.  ii,  13),  but  positively  to  declare 
 rigliteoun;  never,  however,  "to  make  righteous"  by 
 tnmsformation,  or  imparting  of  moral  strength  by 
 which  moral  perfection  may  be  att;iincd.  Justification 
 must  be  t;iken,  :us  the  old  Protestant  dogmatists  rightly 
 took  it,  in  a  forensic  sense — i.  e.,  iinputtitinli/:  God 
 justifies  for  Chri.st's  s;ike  (iii,  2"2-28),  on  condition  of 
 faith  in  him  as  Jlediator:  the  result  of /(i8j«jf/(^<.n/(o»  is 
 "righteousness  of  faith;"  and,  :»s  he  imparts  it  freely, 
 it  is  "righteousness  of  God."  .  .  .  This  jnstific^ition 
 is  cert;iinly  an  objective  act  of  God;  but  it  must  also 
 l>e  subjectively  api)r('licnded,  a-s  its  condition  is  sub- 
 jective. It  is  the  ai(iiiilliil  from  guilt,  and  ehrerfiilneni 
 of  coiincienee,  attained  theoutjh  faith  in  (rod^s  grace  in 
 Clirint,  the  very  frame  of  mind  which  would  be 
 pr<iiK'r  to  a  perfectly  righteous  man,  if  such  there 
 were — the  harmony  of  the  spirit  with  God,  peace 
 with  God.  All  interpretations  which  overlook  the 
 fact  of  imputation  are  erroneous. 
 
 It  may  1  Hi  adiled  in  the  words  of  Hooker,  'There 
 is  a  glorifying  right«'OUsness  of  men  in  the  world  to 
 come,  iis  there  is  a  justifying  and  sanctifying  righte- 
 ousness here.  The  righteousness  wherewith  we  shall 
 be  clothed  in  the  world  to  come  is  both  perfect  and 
 inherent.  That  whereby  here  wo  are  justified  is 
 perfect  but  not  inherent.  That  whereby  we  are 
 sanctified  is  inherent  but  not  perfect.' 
 
 Ripley,  Rev.  John  Bingham,  was  born  in 
 ICIissvorlh  township,  Mahoiiiiig  county,  Ohio,  April, 
 lith,  1*21;  graduati-d  at  .lefi'erson  College  in  l.-<4(i, 
 then  at  Princeton  Tlii'ological  Seminary,  and  was 
 licensed  by  Ilurlington  Pri-.sbytery.  lie  became  an 
 agent  for  the  .\mericanand  Foreign  Christian  Union, 
 and  laliored  in  Ohio  and  Michigan.  In  ls."i4  he  was 
 installed  pa.stor  of  the  Mariners'  Cliurch,  Philadel- 
 liliia,  where  he  W!is  exceedingly  faithful  to  the  sailors, 
 nothing  that  he  could  do  for  then\  by  the  instrumen- 
 tality of  books,  visits,  exhortations,  letters  of  entreaty 
 
 and  prayer,  ever  being  omitted.  He  died  in  Slarch, 
 1802.  His  record  was  that  of  a  devoted  servant  of 
 Jesus  Chri.st,  and  his  death-bed  was  a  scene  of  rapture 
 and  triumiih. 
 
 Rittenhouse,  David,  LL.D.  This  eminent 
 mathematician  was  born  at  Germantown,  Pa.,  April 
 Sth,  1732.  His  ancestors  were  emigrants  from  Hol- 
 land. He  w:is  employed  during  the  e;irly  part  of  his 
 life  in  agriculture,  and  occupied  him-selfliabitually,  at 
 thatpcriod,withmatheraaticalstudie.s.  While  residing 
 With  his  father  he  made  himself  master  of  ' '  Newton's 
 Principia,''  by  an  English  translation,  and  also  dis- 
 covered the  science  of  Flu.xions,  of  which  he  for  a 
 long  time  supposed  hinxself  to  be  the  first  inventor. 
 His  constitution  being  too  feeble  for  an  agricultural 
 life,  he  became  a  clock  and  mathematical  instrument 
 maker,  and,  without  the  aid  of  an  instructor,  pro- 
 duced wt)rk  superior  to  that  of  the  foreign  artists. 
 He  also  contrived  and  erected  an  orrery,  much  more 
 complete  than  any  which  had  been  Ix-fore  con- 
 structed. 
 
 In  1770  he  removed  to  Phila<lelphia,  and  employed 
 him.self  in  his  trade.  He  w:is  elected  a  member  of 
 the  American  Philosophical  Society  of  that  city,  and 
 one  of  the  numlxr  api>ointed  to  observe  the  transit  of 
 Venus  iu  17(i9,  an  account  of  which  he  communicated 
 to  the  Society.  His  excitement  w;is  so  great  on  per- 
 ceiving the  contact  of  that  planet  with  the  sun  at  the 
 moment  predict<'d,  that  he  fainted.  He  was  one  of 
 the  commissioner?  employed  to  determine  the  bound- 
 ary line  between  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  and 
 between  New  York  and  Mass;ichasetts.  He  held  the 
 office  of  Treasurer  of  Pennsylvania  from  1777  to  1789. 
 In  1791  he  w;i3  chosen  President  of  the  American 
 Philosophical  Society,  and  held  the  place  till  his 
 death,  which  occurred  June  26th,  1796.  He  was  also, 
 in  1792,  appointed  Director  of  the  United  States 
 Mint,  and  continued  in  the  office  till  1795,  when  ill 
 health  induced  him  to  resign. 
 
 In  an  eulogium,  pronounced  by  Dr.  Benjamin 
 Ru.sh,  before  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  he 
 s:ud:  "  We  are  assembled  this  day  U]>on  a  mournful 
 occasion.  D<'ath  has  made  an  inroad  upon  our  .Society. 
 Our  illustrious  and  beloved  President  is  no  more. 
 Rittenhouse,  the  ingeniou.s,  the  modest  and  the  wise 
 Rittenhouse,  the  friend  of  God  and  man,  is  now  no 
 more.  For  this  the  temple  of  science  is  hung  in 
 mourning;  for  this  our  eyes  now  drop  a  tributary 
 tear.  Nor  do  we  weep  alone.  The  United  St;it«'s  of 
 .\merica  sympathize  in  our  grief,  for  his  name  gave 
 a  s]>len(lor  to  the  American  character;  and  the  friends 
 of  humanity  in  distant  parts  of  the  world  unite  with 
 US  in  lamenting  our  common  loss,  for  lie  belonged  to 
 the  whole  human  race.''  Dr.  Rush  also  said:  "He 
 died  like  a  Christi.in,  interested  in  the  welfare  of  all 
 around  him,  believing  in  the  resurrection  and  the 
 life  to  come,  and  liojiing  fi>r  happiness  from  every 
 attribute  of  the  Deity."  The  grave  of  Dr.  Ritten- 
 house is  among  those  of  distinguished  men  filling 
 
ROAN. 
 
 769 
 
 ROBERTS. 
 
 the  burial  jjtround  of  Old  Pine  Street  Presbyterisin 
 
 Church,  I'liiUuIilphiii. 
 
 Roan,  Rev.  John,  a  native  of  Ireland,  was  a 
 student  at  the  Log  College,  and  taught  on  the 
 Neshaminy,  probably,  while  completing  his  theo- 
 logical course.  ICe  wa.s  licenwd  by  the  Xew  Side 
 Presbytery  of  Xew  Castle,  and  sent  to  Hanover,  Vir- 
 ginia, in  the  wiutcr  of  1744,  where  he  continued  for 
 some  time;  and  the  happy  effects  of  hi.-i  niinistrj- 
 were  visible  and  lasting.  Soon  after,  he  was  .settled 
 over  the  united  congregations  of  Derry,  Paxton  and 
 Mount  Joy.  Mr.  Roan,  towards  the  clase  of  life, 
 informed  the  Presbytery  that  his  congregations  were 
 deeply  sunk  in  debt.  He  was  sent  on  missionary 
 tours,  and  at  one  time  spent  eight  weeks  ou  the 
 South  Branch  of  the  Potomac.  He  died,  October  M, 
 1775,  and  lies  buried  at  Dcrry  niceting-hou.se,  on  the 
 Swatara,  with  this  iuscriptiou  on  his  touib  : — 
 *'  Ili'iieutli  thiii  Intone 
 
 Are  dt'iKisited  tlie  romitin^ 
 
 Of  an  al>le  and  faithful, 
 
 Coilra^'uus  and  Hiicces^ful, 
 
 MiDitjter  uf  Jesus  Christ." 
 
 "Truths  for  once  told  ou  a  tombstone,"  .says  the 
 author  of  "Mark  F.ancroffs  Tales.''  Tbe  Rev. 
 William  Graham,  of  \V;>shington  College,  Va.,  was  a 
 member  of  Mr.  Roan's  church,  and  received  from 
 him  the  education  preparatory  to  entering  Nassau 
 Hall  and  his  theological  training. 
 Robbins,  Frank  L.,  D.D.,  was  born  at  Camillus. 
 
 FRANK  !..  KOBBINS,  H.  1). 
 
 N.  Y.,  in  1^30.     He  graduated  at  Williams  College,  in 
 1854,  and  after  enjoying  the  benefits  of  foreign  travel 
 pursued    his    theological    studies    at    the    Auburn 
 J!) 
 
 Theological  Seminary.  On  the  completion  of  his 
 course  he  preached  a  year  in  connection  with  the 
 Professors  in  Lane  Theological  S<'minary,  Cinciuuati. 
 Returning  to  the  East  he  accepted  tbe  pa-storate  of 
 the  Green  Hill  Presbyterian  Cliurch  of  Philadelphia. 
 Here  he  labored  elliciently,  and  with  ever-wideniug 
 influence,  for  seven  years.  At  the  end  of  that  time 
 he  led  the  movement  which  resulted  in  the  est;iblish- 
 raent  of  the  Church  with  which  his  name  must  ahvaj's 
 be  prominently  and  most  honorably  identified — the 
 O.xford  Presbyterian  Church,  corner  of  Broad  and 
 Oxford  streets,  Philadelphia. 
 
 Under  the  ministry  of  Dr.  Robbins  the  U.vford 
 Church  long  enjoyed  a  large  measure  of  spiritual 
 prosperity,  and  for  several  yvars  it  h;us  been  second 
 to  noue  of  the  Presbyterian  churches  in  the  city  in 
 its  contributions  for  beucvoleut  purposes,  or  in  cog- 
 nate exhibitions  of  practical  Chiistian  effort.  At  the 
 date  of  the  la-st  official  report  tlie  number  of  commu- 
 nicants of  the  Church  was  634.  Tlie  Sunday -.school 
 numbered  861.  Dr.  Robbins,  as  a  preacher,  is  cluir- 
 acterized  by  clearness,  force  and  earnestness.  He 
 possesses  these  three  qualities  in  a  marked  degree. 
 I  He  is  the  master  of  a  strong,  direct,  sinewy  English, 
 and  is  vigorous  in  thought  and  expression.  He  knows 
 how  to  drive  home  truth  by  the  force  of  logic  and 
 argument,  and  how  to  win  his  way  by  appeals  to  the 
 heart.  His  pulpit  talents  are  rich  and  varied.  In 
 May,  1883,  on  account  of  iiiipaired  health,  Dr.  Rob- 
 bins resigned  the  charge  of  Oxford  Church. 
 
 Robert,  Christopher  R.,  was  born  in  Br<M)k- 
 haveu,  Long  Lland,  March  2:5d,  1802.  After  a  mer- 
 cantile clerkship  in  the  city  of  Xew  York  for  five 
 years,  he  became  a  jirincipal  in  business,  carrying  it 
 on  chiefly  in  the  cily  of  Xew  Orleans.  In  18:!()  he 
 established  himself  in  Xew  York,  as  tbe  head  of  the 
 firm  of  Robert  &  Williams.  In  1862  he  retired  from 
 the  firm,  and  in  1863  from  the  presidency  of  a  large 
 railway  and  coal  company,  which  he  had  filled,  and 
 thus  closed  his  business  career.  Mr.  Robert  served 
 as  a  ruling  elder  in  the  Laight  Street  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Xew  Y'ork,  from  1834  to  1862;  a.s.sociat<'d  for 
 the  first  six  months  with  Harlan  Page;  and  for  nearly 
 thirty  years  he  was  superintendent  of  one  of  the 
 largest  Sunday  schools  in  the  city.  The  property 
 put  in  his  possession  was  held  in  trust  for  the  Lord. 
 He  sent  64400  to  Hamilton  College  to  aid  beneficiary 
 candidates  for  the  ministry,  and  a  larger  sum  was 
 given  to  Auburn  Theological  Seminary.  The  College 
 at  Constivntinople,  however,  bearing  his  name  (with 
 his  reluctantly  yielded  consentV  has  been  the  princi- 
 pal recipient  of  his  broadciist  funds,  about  $114,000 
 having  fallen  to  it  from  him. 
 
 Robert,  Peter,  a  French  Reformer,  or  Huguenot 
 minister,  the  first  pastor  of  the  .settlenient  of  French 
 Protestant  refugees  at  Santee,  S.  C.  He  died  in  or 
 before  the  year  171.i. 
 
 Roberts,  James,  D.D.,  son  of  John  and  Mary 
 I>.  Koberts,  was  born  in  Montrose.  Scotland.  Christ- 
 
BOBERTS. 
 
 770 
 
 BOBERTS. 
 
 miis,  1839.  He  came  with  liis  parents  to  this  coun-  with  conficlence  in  his  integrity,  and  impresses  all  Uv 
 try,  when  a  l>oy.  He  graduated  at  Lafayette  College,  his  energy,  disinterestedness  and  readiness  to  help 
 among  the  first  of  his  class,  in  1865,  and  at  Princeton  everj-  good  cause.  His  inllucnce  is  due  to  the  warmth 
 Theological  Seminary,  1868.  He  was  licensed  to  and  steadfastness  of  his  attachments,  promptness  to 
 preach  hy  the  Presbytery  of  New  Ca-stle,  April,  1867.  act,  skill  to  organize,  vigor  to  execute,  and  more 
 He  \v:is  called  to  the  pxstorate  of  the  Presbyterian  than  all  to  his  clear  perceptions  of  truth  and  duty, 
 Church  of  Coatesville,  Penna.,  January  15th,  1868,  his  singleness  an<l  firmness  of  puriMjse  to  do  what  he 
 and  entered  upon  his  labors  at  the  close  of  his  semi-  believes  to  be  right.  He  came  to  California  when 
 narv  coui-se,  May  !)tli,  l-'6f<.  He  was  ordained  and  gold  wiis  the  one  object  of  pursuit,  and  might  have 
 installed  May  28th,  1SG8.  He  has  continued  to  acquired  large  wealth;  but  giving  and  working  for 
 minister  to  the  congregation  with  great  acceptance,  to  the  various  objects  which  appealed  to  his  generous 
 the  present  time.  His  pastorate  is  now  several  years  heart  have  kept  him  poor.  He  is  rich  in  faith,  good 
 longer  than  that  of  any  other  pastor  in  the  Presbj-tery  ;  works,  the  approval  of  his  conscience  and  the  esteem 
 of  Chester.     He  is  a  close  student,  a  clear  thinker  and  ;  of  his  brethren. 
 
 a  ready  writer,  with  a  good  flow  of  language.  His  Roberts,  Rev.  "Williani  Charles,  D.  D.,  was 
 ministry  of  sixteen  years  has  been  one  of  earnest,  born  September  'iWd,  ]>^:V2,  at  Oalltmai  near  Abery- 
 faithful  work,  with  continued  manifestations  of  the  stwith,  in  Cardiganshire,  South  Wales.  On  the  28th 
 Master's  approval ;  and  now,  at  the  end  of  all  these 
 years,  he  holds  a  very  strong  place  in  the  hearts  of 
 his  people,  as  well  as  in  the  confidence  and  respect  of 
 the  whole  community  in  which  he  resides.  For  fif- 
 teen years  he  has  been  Stated  Clerk  of  his  Presbytery, 
 and  was  lor  three  years  the  Permanent  Clerk  of  the 
 Synod  of  Philadelphia,  and  when  that  Synod,  together 
 with  the  other  three  Synods  of  Pennsylvania,  was 
 merged  into  one,  under  the  title  of  the  "Sjiiod  of 
 Peun.sylvania,"  he  was  unanimously  chosen  to  the 
 s:ime  position  in  that  body,  and  continues  to  hold  the 
 office  at  the  present  time.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
 Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  a  member  of  the 
 Spelling  Reform  As.sociation  of  the  United  States, 
 and  also  a  trustee  of  Lincoln  University.    The  trustees 
 
 of  Lafayette  College  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of 
 
 Doctor  of  Divinity,  .Tanuary,  18'^;!. 
 
 Roberts,  James  B. ,  was  born  of  Quaker  parent- 
 age,  in    Chester   county.    Pa.,  April   8th,   182;?,  the 
 
 j-oungest  child  of  .lames  15.  and  Esther  Roberts.     He 
 
 received  no  religious  instruction  in  early  life,  but 
 
 was,  from  10  to  20  years  of  age,  almost  wholly  under 
 
 infidel  inllnence.     He  was  converted  in  the  Spring  of 
 
 l-"!."),  in  Coates  Street  Church,  Philadeli)hia;  united 
 
 with  Dr.  Kullard's  Church  in  St.  Louis  in  1848.     In 
 
 !■<.")()  he  n  inovcil  to  California,  arriving  in  the  month 
 
 of  .June,  and  iiiimiMliately  connected  himself  with  the 
 
 First  Presbyterian  Church.     He  was  ordained  deacon 
 
 in   that   chunh    in    18,51;  went   out    to   lulp    build 
 
 Calvary  Church  in  18.")  I;  was  elected  elder  in  Calvary 
 
 Church  in  1859,  and  was  a  trustee  continuously  from 
 
 18,")4  to  18H1.     He  was  superintendent  also  of  the 
 
 Sabbath  school,  continuously,  for  twenty  yciirs. 
 Mr.  Kobirrts  severed  his  c(Uinection  with  Calvary 
 
 Cniureh  during  the  progress  of  what  is  known  as  the    .stalled  pastor  by  the  Presbytery  of  Xew  Ca.stle,  in 
 
 '■Coo]>i-r  Heresy  Trial;"  and  eonnectid  himself  with    .Tune,  18.>8.     'While  at  Wilmington  he  was  api>ointi<l 
 
 Howard   Presbyterian  Church,  and  is  at  ])re.sent  an    by  the  Synod  of  Philadeliihia  a  trustee  in  Lafayette 
 
 elder  in  that  church.  College.     In  the  Fall  of  Irtiil   he  aeiepted  a  nnani- 
 
 Mr.  Roberts  is  one  of  the   representative  men  of    mous  call  to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Colum- 
 
 the   Pacific  coast  and  of  the  Pre.sl)yterian  Church,    bus,  O.     ^^^lile  at  Columbus  he  acted  as  chaplain  of 
 
 Strong  in  intellect,  stronger  in  will,  strong  in  frame    the  State  Senate,  and  was  a  memlH-r  of  the  Com- 
 
 nnd  stronger  in  fartb,  he  inspires  all  who  know  him  ,  mittee  of  Synod   to  found   a  State  College,   which 
 
 r.KV.    WIl.l.lAM    CHARI.KS   ROHKHT^,    D    D. 
 
 of  June,  181!),  the  family  landed  at  Xew  York. 
 Some  time  after  William  entered  the  sehoid  of  Rev. 
 Da\nd  H.  Pierson.  In  the  Fall  of  18,'i2  he  entered 
 the  Sophomore  Class  of  Princeton  C<illege,  where  he 
 graduated,  with  honors,  in  18.35.  Entering  the  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  he  completed  a  full  course  in  185-1. 
 Having  accepted  a  call  to  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Wilmington,  Del.,  he  wjis  ord.iiued  aiul  in- 
 
UOllERTS. 
 
 n 
 
 ROBERTSON. 
 
 eventuated  into  Wooster  Universitj'.  In  Oetolier, 
 1864,  he  was  elected  Jloderator  of  the  Synod  of  Ohio. 
 On  account  of  tlic  health  of  his  family  he  returned 
 to  the  seaboard  and  accepted  a  call  to  become  a  co- 
 IKistor  with  Kev.  Br.  Magie,  of  Elizalx-th,  N.  J., 
 where  he  w;i,s  installed  December,  ls(;.l.  The  rapid 
 j;ro«th  of  Kliaibeth  calling  for  a  new  churcli,  he 
 went  with  the  colony  and  formed  the  'Westmin.ster 
 Church,  which  was  organized  January  31st,  18G6, 
 vi'\t\\  one  hundred  members.  He  was  installed  pastor 
 of  the  new  enterprise,  March  7th,  1866. 
 
 Dr.  Roberts  was  elected  a  Trustee  of  Princeton 
 College  iu  June,  1866;  appointed  by  the  First  Gene- 
 ral .Vssembly  of  the  reunited  Church  one  of  the 
 original  members  of  the  Board  of  Home  lILssions,  in 
 May,  1869;  Chairmau  of  the  deputation  sent  to  the 
 Free  Church  of  Scotland  for  the  year  1874;  a  mem- 
 ber of  the  Assembly's  Committee  to  consider  the 
 propriety  of  holding  a  general  Presbj'terian  Coun- 
 cil; w;is  honored  with  the  title  of  D.  D.,  by  Union 
 College,  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  iu  June,  1872;  Modera- 
 tor of  the  Synod  of  New  Jersey  iu  1875;  member  of 
 the  First  Pan-Presbyterian  Council  that  met  in 
 Edinburgh,  1877;  aud  is  Corresponding  Secretary  of 
 the  Board  of  Home  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  June,  1881. 
 
 Roberts,  Rev.  "William  Dayton,  was  born 
 near  Moorestowu,  X.  J.,  July  2!nh,  1852.  He 
 received  the  full  course  of  public  school  education  in 
 Philadelphia,  graduating  from  Central  High  School 
 iu  July,  1870.  He  devoted  some  months  as  short- 
 hand reporter  for  the  PhiUuMphin  Iii<iuir,r;  thvn  went 
 t.>  Washington,  D.  C,  jis  .special  clerk  in  the  office 
 of  the  Secretary  of  the  Xavy,  where  he  remained  for 
 three  years,  pursuing,  at  tlie  .same  time,  the  studies' 
 of  tlie  Theological  D(  partnicnt  of  Howard  University, 
 lie  graduated  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  in 
 1876,  aud  was  inst;illed  pastor  of  Tliomp.sou  Memorial 
 Church,  Browusburgh,  Pa.,  where  he  remained  for 
 five  years.  March  1st,  1881,  he  assumed  the  pastoral 
 charge  of  the  Temple  Presbyterian  Chim-h,  I'hiladel- 
 phia,  of  which  church  he  is  still  the  pastor,  beloved 
 by  his  congregation  and  successful  in  his  ministry. 
 -Mr.  Roberts  is  au  excellent  and  popular  preacher,  of 
 pleasing  address,  .sound  judgment,  and  diligent  iu 
 activity  in  the  Master's  work. 
 
 Roberts,  "Williani  Henry,  D.  D.,  was  born  at 
 Holyhead,  X.  Wales,  G.  B.,  January  :{lst,  1844.  He 
 graduated  at  Columbia  College,  X.  Y.,  iu  1863.  He 
 was  Stati-stician  at  the  U.  S.  Tre^isury  Department, 
 Washington,  D.  C,  186:j-66,  and  Assistant  Librarian 
 of  the  Congressional  Library,  Washington,  1867-72. 
 He  Wiis  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  EIiz;ibetli, 
 DecetnlxT  5th,  1873;  was  pastor  at  Cranford,  X.  J.' 
 I  -<73-77,  and  since  1877  has  been  the  popular  Librarian 
 of  Princeton  Seminary.  Dr.  Roberts  is  at  present  the  [ 
 acceptjible  and  efficient  Peruument  Clerk  of  the 
 tk-neral  .Vssenibly. 
 Robertson,  Rev.  James  Lovejoy,  was  born 
 
 ,  In  Steubenville,  Ohio,  on  September  5th,  1837.  His 
 '  parents  were  Scotcli-Irish,  and  members  of  the  A.sso- 
 ciate  Reformed  (now  United)  Presbyterian  Church. 
 He  was  graduated  at  Geneva  Collegi>,  Ohio,  in  June, 
 18.>5,  and  studiiMl  theology  in  the  United  Presbyterian 
 Seminary  in  Allegheny  City.  He  was  licensed  to 
 preiich  by  the  U.  P.  Presbytery  of  Steuljenville,  Ohio, 
 on  June  9th,  1857,  and  w;is  ordained  by  the  U.  P. 
 Presbytery  of  Caledonia,  X.  Y.,  on  .luly  12th,  1859; 
 aud  installed  as  pastor  of  the  U.  P.  Church  of  Geneva, 
 X.  Y.  On  June  2<1,  ls67,  he  became  pastor  of  the 
 Second  Pre.sbj-terian  Church  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  In 
 Octolx>r,  1870,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Rochest«'r,  X'.  Y.,  and  iu  Octol>er, 
 1877,  to  the  Euclid  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Cleveland,  Ohio.  His  present  charge  is  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Cortland,  Xew  York,  of  which  he 
 became  pastor  on  Xovember  14th,  1882.  Mr.  Robert- 
 son preaches  the  gospel  with  fidelity  and  force.  As 
 a  pastor  and  presbj-ter  Ik^  is  faithful  to  his  duties. 
 The  blessing  of  God  has  attended  his  lal)ors  iu  the 
 several  fields  he  h.is  occupied. 
 
 Robertson,  "William  "W.,  D.  D.,  was  born  iu 
 Lincoln  county,  Ky.,  Deccmber6th,  1807.    His  father, 
 Duncan  F.  Robertson,  w;us  of  Scotch,  and  his  mother, 
 Mary  Do^v^^ing,  was  of  English  origin.     His  college- 
 course  was  begun  at  Ceutre  College,  Ky.,  and  fiuished 
 at  Miami  University,  O.,  from  which   he  graduated 
 in  1834.     His  theological  training  also  he  received  at 
 Miami,  uiuier  the  President,  Dr.  Robert  H.  Bishop, 
 and  se\eral  of  the  Professors.     He  was  licensed  to 
 preach  by  Oxford  Presbytery,  in  1836,  and  ordained 
 l)y  the  same  in  1837.     For  six  years  after  his  gradu- 
 atiou  he  was  engaged  in  teaching  in  Jliami  Uuiver- 
 j  sity.     In  1841  he  came  to  Callaway  county,  Mo.,  and 
 took  charge  of  the  churches  of  Fulton  and  Concord. 
 In  1851  he  g-ave  his  whole  time  to  the  Church  of 
 Fulton,  his  connection  with  that  church  continuing 
 till  I860— iu  all  nineteen  years.      In  additiim  to  his 
 work  as    pastor,   he   started,    in  1850,   in   Fulton,   a 
 Female  Seminary,  which,  as  its   President,   he  con- 
 ducted for  ten  years,  and  at  which  hundreds  of  young 
 ladies  were  educated.     In  1860  he  removed  to  Con- 
 cord, took  charge  of  that  church,  and  supplied  it  for 
 eight  years,  during  the  la.st  four  opening  aud  con- 
 ducting  a  Young   Ladies'    Seminary.      In    1868   he 
 returned  to  Fulton,  aiul  for  five  years  acted  as  agent 
 for  Westminster  College.     The  hist  ten  years  of  hLs 
 life  have  been  spent  in  \  oluntary  evangelistic  labors— 
 in  gathering  aud  organizing  little  (locks  and  caring 
 for  them   till   some  one   is   .sccure<i  to  supply  them 
 permanently.     As  a  preacher,  he  has  abounded  iu 
 lalwrs   which  G<k1  has  greatly  bles.sed.      The  revi- 
 vals  which   have  attended   his   preaching,   if   they 
 were  counted,   would  run   up   into   the    hundreds. 
 Presbj-terianism  iix  Central    Mi.s.souri  owes  more  to 
 him  than  any  other  man.     Aiul   Presbyterian   edu- 
 cational  interests  iu   Missouri  might  well  owu  him 
 as  their  father.     Besides  the  Female  Semiuarj-  which 
 
KOniKSOX. 
 
 SOBIXSON. 
 
 he  conducted  in  Fulton  and  Concord,  it  was  largely 
 his  influence  that  secured  the  location  of  'Westminster 
 College  at  Fulton,  and  largely  his  faith  and  energy 
 that  kept  it  in  existence  through  trouhlous  times,  till 
 it  has  come  forth  to  do  the  grand  work  it  is  now  doing. 
 And  on  his  sliouldcrs  has  rested,  in  no  small  degree, 
 the  burden  of  starting  and  sustaining  the  Synodical 
 College  for  young  ladies,  located  at  Fulton  in  1871, 
 and  now  enjoying  a  high  degree  of  prosperity. 
 
 Robinson,  Charles  Seymour,  D.  D.,  was  born 
 in  Beimiugton,  Vermont,  March  31st,  1829.  He 
 grjiduated  at  Williams  College,  in  1849;  studied  the- 
 ology privately,  in  \ew  York  city,  and  then  pas.sed  a 
 year  and  a  half  at  Princeton  Seminary.  For  a  time 
 he  wa-s  teacher  in  the  Union  Theologic;il  Seminary, 
 New  York.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Troy,  Ajiril  19th.  K).").  He  was  pxstor  of  the  Park 
 Street  Church,  Troy,  X.  Y.,  185.")-C();  p;v>tor  of  the 
 First  Church,  Brooklyn,  X.  Y.,  1860-8;  preached  in 
 the  American  Chapel,  Paris,  France,  1868-71,  from 
 which  last  year  he  h;us  been  the  popular  and  efficient 
 pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Memorial  Church,  Xew 
 York  city.  From  1876  to  1877  he  was  editor  of  the 
 IlluKtmfed  Chrislliiii  Wickli/. 
 
 Dr.  liobinson  is  a  gentleman  of  refinement  and 
 culture-  In  his  disposition  he  is  of  a  cheerful  teni- 
 peramcjit.  He  is  a  graceful  and  vigorous  writer. 
 'Hie  church  in  which  his  congregation  worships  is 
 one  of  the  most  magnificent  church  edifices  in  New 
 York.  His  ministry,  in  the  several  fields  in  which 
 he  has  labored,  his  bci^n  crowned  with  success.  As  a 
 l)reacher,  he  is  eloquent  and  forcible.  His  sermons 
 are  argumentative,  and  he  will  make  no  sacrifice  to 
 declamation,  but  his  mode  of  handling  his  subject  is 
 so  original  and  .scholarly,  and  so  graphic  and  cha.ste 
 is  his  language,  that  he  is  very  successful  in  arresting 
 the  undivided  attention  of  an  avidicnce.  Dr.  Robin- 
 son has  published  various  sermons,  and  is  the  com- 
 piler of  a  book  of  hymns,  entitled  ' '  Songs  of  the 
 Church  ;  or.  Hymns  and  Tunes  for  Sacred  Worship.'' 
 He  received  his  degree  of  I).  D.  from  Hamilton  Col- 
 lege. 
 
 Robinson,  Edward,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  was  born  in 
 Soulhiugton,  C(mn.,  April  10th,  1794.  He  entered 
 Hamilton  College  in  1*12,  and  always  stood  at  the 
 head  of  his  class.  After  graduating,  in  1816,  he 
 commenced  the  study  of  law.  but  was  soon  called  to 
 take  a  tutorship  in  Hamilton  College.  In  1823  he 
 was  appointed  Instructor  in  Hebrew  in  Andover 
 Seminary,  and  sustained  himself  admirably  in  this 
 position  for  thrci-  years.  In  l-<26  he  set  s;iil  for 
 Kurope  in  <|Uest  of  ]>hilologlcaI  opportunities  and 
 helps,  such  :us  Kurope  only  could  atford,  returning 
 to  this  country  in  Kii),  and  w;us  shortly  afterwards 
 apiminted  I'rofcs.sor  Extraordinary  of  Sacred  Litera- 
 ture and  Librarian  at  .\ndover.  Here  he  was  en- 
 giiged,  in  addition  to  his  other  duties,  in  editing  the 
 Hililiial  Ilrjtosiloni.  \t  the  end  of  three  years  he 
 removed    to    Itoston,   where  he   spent   another  three 
 
 years  in  preparing  his  works  on  "  Biblical  Lexicog- 
 raphy." In  1837  he  accepted  the  profes-sorship  of 
 Biblical  Literature  in  the  Union  Theological  Semi- 
 nary, Xew  York,  but  on  condition  that  he  should  l>e 
 permitted,  before  entering  upon  the  duties  of  his 
 profes-sorship,  to  spend  three  or  four  years  in  explor- 
 ing the  Holy  Land.  The  fruit  of  this  tour  was  the 
 "Biblical  Researches,"'  which  he  wrote  at  Berlin, 
 spending  two  years  there  for  the  purpose. 
 
 Tlie  j)ublic;ition  of  his  Bihlkal  livsmrrhcs^  was  fol- 
 lowed, in  1842,  by  what  Dr.  Robinson  regarded  as  the 
 highest  of  all  his  earthly  honors,  the  awarding  to  him 
 of  a  gold  medal  by  the  Royal  Geographical  Society 
 of  London.  This  gave  him  a  place  among  the  sclcct- 
 est  few  of  scientific  discoverers.  He  made  another 
 tour  to  Palestine,  in  18.52,  the  fruit  of  which  was 
 another  volume  of  the  ItcKmrcIus.  He  contemplated 
 and  commenced,  in  l-<.5(),  a  great  work  on  Scripture 
 Geography.  In  attempting,  in  1859,  to  rewrite  this 
 work,  his  health  failed.  He  went  to  Europe  to  find 
 relief,  but  sought  it  in  vain.  Returning  to  his  home, 
 he  died,  .Tanuary  27th,  1863. 
 
 Dr.  Robinson  was  not  only  a  Biblical  scholar  of 
 world-wide  rejiutation,  and  eminently  useful  by  his 
 labors  and  publications,  but  he  was  also  a  devoted 
 Christian.  He  was  distinguished  for  the  rectitude 
 of  his  character,  and  the  elevation  and  purity  of  his 
 religious  life.  As  the  last  end  of  all  his  intellectual 
 aspirations,  pursuits  and  attainments,  he  sought  the 
 honor  of  Him  i\ho  bore  the  cross  for  us  all.  His 
 studies,  his  travels,  his  books,  his  instructions,  re- 
 dounded, indeed,  to  his  own  fame,  bvit  his  fame,  with 
 his  heart  and  his  all,  he  offered  on  the  altar  of  loy- 
 alty to  his  Saviour. 
 
 Robinson,  Rev.  George,  was  born  at  .\rg.vle, 
 Xew  York,  graduated  at  Union  College  in  ]-*Gl,  and 
 studied  theology  at  the  United  Presbyterian  Semi- 
 nary, Allegheny,  Pa.  He  was  stated  supply  of  the 
 Congregational  Church,  Benson,  Yt.,  1867;  of  the 
 church  at  Hob.-irt,  N.  Y.,  1867;  of  the  Tenth  Churc^h, 
 rhiladclphia,  Pa.,  1868.  He  was  ordained  by  the 
 Pre.sbyt<'ry  of  Donegal,  September  8th  1868;  w;is 
 pastor  at  Lancaster,  Pa.,  1868-74;  at  Duncannon, 
 1874-7;  and  since  that  time  has  been  Chaplain  I'.  S. 
 .v.,  at  Fort  I'.uford,  D.  T.  He  is  a  gintleman  of 
 pleasing  address,  excellent  spirit,  ami  a  jireacher  of 
 ability. 
 
 Robinson,  John,  D.  D.,  was  born  within  the 
 Ixmiuls  of  the  Sugar  Creek  Church,  Mecklenburg 
 county,  X.  C,  on  the  8th  of  .lanuary,  1768.  After 
 some  academic  educatiiui  in  Charlotte,  and  in  the 
 neighborhood  of  Poplar  Tent,  his  college  course  was 
 pursued  and  completed  at  'Winnsborough,  .8.  C.  He 
 studied  theology  nniler  the  care  of  the  Orange  Pres- 
 bytery; w;is  lieeivsed  to  preach  April  4th,  1793,  and, 
 at  the  .same  time,  wiis  directed  by  Prcsljytery  to  visit 
 Dupin  county,  X.  C.  That  Wi^s  his  first  field  of  labor 
 in  the  ministry.  He  wiis  the  instrument  of  much 
 good   to  the  churches  he   organized    or  built  up   in 
 
JiOBJXSOX. 
 
 ROBINSON. 
 
 that  county,  and  only  left  them  because  the  effect  of  Ohio,  and  in  this  charge  lie  has  ever  since  continued, 
 
 the  climate  upon  the  health  of  his  family  rendered  it 
 necess;iry.  He  continued  there  ahout  seven  years. 
 In  1800  he  accepted  a  call  from  tlie  Church  in  Fayette- 
 ville,  hut  findin'j;  tlie  labors  of  the  two  offices  too  ex- 
 hausting he  relinquished  both  about  the  close  of  1801 ; 
 then  removed  to  Poplar  Tent,  where  he  remained,  as 
 preacher  and  teacher,  about  four  years,  but  Wiis  in- 
 duced, early  in  1806,  to  return  to  Fayetteville.  Here 
 he  resumed  his  pastoral  labors  and  his  classical  school, 
 and  from  among  his  pupils  North  Carolina  gathered 
 some  of  its  brightest  ornaments.  He  was  the  father 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  that  place.  He  not 
 only  organized  it,  but  received  to  communion  many 
 who  have  been  its  pillars  since.  By  the  entire  com- 
 munity he  was  venerated  and  loved.  In  December, 
 1818,  he  returned  to  Poplar  Tent,  where  he  p;issed 
 the  residue  of  his  days.  His  longest  and  perhaps 
 most  useful  pastoral  relation  was  here,  and  it  was  not 
 surrendered  until  the  infirmities  of  age  demanded  it. 
 He  died  December  14th,  1843.  Dr.  Robinson  wiis 
 greatly  beloved  by  his  lirethren.  He  was  a  man  of 
 consistent  and  cl.-\ated piety.  One  jirominent  charac- 
 teristic of  his  ministrations  from  the  pulpit  was  a 
 clear  and  faithful  exhibition  of  the  peculiar  truths  of 
 Christianity.  Benevolence,  humility,  firmness  of  pur- 
 pose and  intrepidity,  were  leading  features  of  his 
 character.  His  punctuality  was  proverbial.  Through- 
 out his  life  he  was  a  warm  and  indefatigaljle  friend 
 to  all  the  interests  of  learning. 
 
 Robinson,  John,  D.D.,  was  born  of  Scotch- 
 Irish  parentage,  in  Westmoreland  county.  Pa., 
 January  2Tth,  1814.  When  he  was  about  two  3'ears 
 of  age  his  parents  removed  to  Stark  county,  Ohio. 
 When  he  was  about  eight  years  old  his  father  died, 
 leaving  a  widow  and  three  sons,  of  whom  he  was  the 
 eldest.  Four  years  later  the  family  returned  to  his 
 native  place.  In  1831  he  w:is  indentured  to  the  tin- 
 plate  and  coppersmith  busine.s-s,  in  Cadiz,  Ohio, 
 where  he  united  with  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 The  man  to  whom  he  w;i.s  apprenticed  having  ceased 
 business  and  giv.-n  up  his  indenture,  and  his  own 
 mind  being  turned  toward  the  gospel  ministry,  he 
 prosecuted  the  study  of  language,  under  the  instruc- 
 tion of  the  pastor,  Eev.  John  McArthur,  laboring  a 
 part  of  every  day  until  he  had  finished  the  course°of 
 the  Junior  year  at  college.  Tlien,  aided  by  tlie  pas- 
 tor and  other  friends,  he  entered  the  Senior  Class  at 
 Franklin  College,  Ohio,  and  graduated  in  1837, 
 dividing  the  first  honor  of  a  chiss  of  nine  with 
 another.  He  studied  theology  at  the  Western  Theo- 
 logiKil  Seminary,    was  licensed   to  preach  by  the 
 
 in  uninterrupted  peace,  among  an  attached  and 
 appreciative  people.  Dr.  Robinson  has  long  been  a 
 leading  minister  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Ohio. 
 He  has  been  Moderator  of  the  Synod  of  Columlius, 
 and  was  prominent  among  the  founders  of  the  Woos- 
 ter  University.  But  his  chief  honor  consists  in  the 
 steady  increase  of  his  spiritual  flock,  year  by  year, 
 during  his  long  pastorate.  His  labors  have  been 
 largely  blessed. 
 
 Robinson,  Stuart,  D.  D.,  was  Ijurn  Xovember 
 26th,  1816,  at  Straljane,  Ireland,  and  was  the  son  of 
 James  and  Martha  (Porter)  Robinson.  He  was 
 brought  to  this  country  when  about  eight  montlis 
 old,  and  spent  his  early  life  in  the  Kanawha  Valley, 
 in  West  Virginia,  where  his  father  died  while  he  was 
 
 STUART    ROBINSOK,   D.D. 
 
 yet  a  child.  He  received  his  preparatory  education 
 under  Rev.  James  JI.  Brown,  D.D.,  in  Berkeley 
 county,  Va.,  and  Rev.  William  H.  Foote,  d.d.,  at 
 Romney,  Va. ;  united,  on  profession,  with  Tusearora 
 Church,  Berkeley  county,  Va.,  at  about  sixteen  years 
 of  age;  was  graduated  from  Amherst  College,  Mass., 
 .\.D.  1836  ;  went  thence  to  Union  Theological  Serai- 
 nary,  in  Virginia  and  spent  one  year,  1836-7;  then 
 taught  two  years,  18.37-39  ;  s])ent  nearly  two  years. 
 
 a'i^efS:?^"'"","":'.^";'   '?-    '•'■"'•   ''"''•    1839-41,instudy'atPrincetonSeminarv;wa.slicen.sed 
 alter  bemg  stated  supply  of  the  churches  of  Corinth    by  Greenbrier  Presbytery,  Va.,  April  10th.  1.41 ;  and 
 
 and  Monroeville  for  si.x  months,  was  installed  their 
 pa.stor,  March  2d,  1841.  In  this  cliarge  he  remained 
 nearly  three  years,  during  which  period  the  churches 
 enjoyed  almost  a  constant  revival.  On  June  2d. 
 1844,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Church  of  Ashland. 
 
 was  ordained  by  the  same  Presbytery,  October  8fh. 
 1842,  at  Lewishurg,  Va.  (now  West  Va.)  On  the 
 d.ayof]iis  ordination  he  w.as  installed  pastor  of  the 
 Church  at  Kanawha  Salines,  from  which  he  was 
 rele;ised  May  8th,  1847  ;  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
 
KOBIXSOy. 
 
 774 
 
 SOBIXSON. 
 
 Church  at  Frankfort,  Ky.,  hy  the  Presbytery  of  West 
 Lexington,  June  18th,  1847,  and  labored  there  as 
 pastor  until  released,  September  2d,  1852  ;  removed 
 to  Baltimore,  Md.,  and  supplied  the  Fayette  Street 
 Church  (Independent)  in  that  city  nearly  one  year, 
 1852-3;  then  organized  the  Central  Presbyterian 
 Cliureh  in  the  same  city,  and  w;is  installed  its  pastor 
 May  10th,  1853,  and  was  released  therefrom  October 
 27th,  1856  ;  was  Professor  of  Pastoral  Theology  and 
 Church  Government  in  Danville  Theological  Semi- 
 nary, Ky.,  1856-57  ;  was  pastor  of  the  Second  Church 
 at  Louisville,  Ky. ,  where  he  wiis  installed  April  2Tth, 
 1858,  and  released  June  10th,  1881,  owing  to  the 
 failure  of  his  health.  He  died  in  Louisville,  Ky., 
 October  5th,  1881,  in  the  sixty-fifth  year  of  his  age, 
 and  iuthet^iithand  hope  of  the  gospel  he  had  preached. 
 Dr.  Robinson  was  a  gentleman  of  f;iscinating  manners, 
 and  of  a  kind,  benevolent  spirit.  He  excelled  as  a 
 preacher,  and  won  great  popularity.  His  sermons 
 were  Scriptural,  logical,  instructive  and  impressive, 
 indicating  a  strong,  independent  intellect,  thorough 
 preparation,  and  a  heart  earnestly  desirous  of  doing 
 good.  He  was  a  vigoroas  writer,  firm  in  his  convic- 
 tions of  truth,  and  always  ready  to  defend  it.  His 
 iwwer  of  oflf-hand  speaking  w;is  great,  and  his  deliverj' 
 of  his  discourses  in  the  pulpit  was  so  earnest  and 
 emphatic  as  to  largely  augment  their  force  and  effect- 
 iveness. He  took  an  active  part  and  exerted  a  strong 
 influence  in  the  judicatories  of  the  Church.  His  life 
 was  one  of  active  and  extensive  usefulness. 
 
 Robinson,  Rev.  William,  w;ls  born  near  Car- ' 
 lisle,  Eugland,  a  little  after  the  beginning  of  the 
 eighteenth  century.  On  his  arrival  in  America  he 
 took  charge  of  a  school  in  Hopewell,  X.  J.  It  seems 
 probable,  also,  that  he  taught  a  classical  school  in 
 Delaware,  luiving  Samuel  Davies  for  one  of  his  pupils. 
 After  his  conversion  he  soon  resolved  to  devote  him- 
 self to  the  work  of  the  ministry,  and  with  reference 
 to  this,  jirosecuted  his  ac;uleraical  and  theologi&il 
 studies  at  the  Log  College,  while  he  went  on  with  his 
 .school.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel,  by  the 
 New  P.runswick  Presbji^ry,  May  27th,  1740,  and  on 
 August  4th,  1711,  was  ordained  at  New  Brunswick 
 sine  lilulo. 
 
 In  August,  1742,  Mr.  Robinson  received  a  call  to 
 settle  at  Neshaminy,  iis  successor  to  the  Rev.  William 
 Tennent,  but  declinc'd  it.  The  next  AVinter  he  Wius 
 sent  as  an  evangelist,  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle, 
 to  visit  the  Presbyterian  settlements  in  the  valley  of 
 the  Shenandoali,  and  on  the  south  side  of  James  river, 
 in  A'irginia,  and  the  numerous  settlements  of  North 
 Carolina,  on  the  Haw.  He  pa.ssed  the  Winter  in 
 Carolina,  and,  in  conse<iucnce  of  imprudent  exposure, 
 contracted  a  disease  from  which  he  never  recovered. 
 On  his  return,  he  ])rea(hed  with  great  effect  to  the 
 Presbyterian  settlements  in  Charlott<'.  Prince  Edward. 
 Campbell  and  .Vlbemarle  counties.  Here  he  w:is 
 wait<d  upon  by  a  deputation,  that  jiersuaded  him. 
 instead  of  pursuing  his  contem])lated  route   to  tlie 
 
 head  of  the  Shenandoah,  to  return  to  Hanover,  where 
 he  preached,  July  6th,  1843,  the  first  sermon  from  a 
 Presbyterian  minister  ever  heard  in  Hanover  county; 
 and  continued  preaching,  with  great  acceptableness, 
 for  four  successive  days.  The  people,  from  gratitude 
 for  his  scrrices,  constrained  him  to  accept  a  handsome 
 present  in  money,  which,  however,  he  appropriated 
 toward  the  educiitiou  of  Samuel  Davies,  afterward 
 the  illustrious  President  Davies,  for  the  ministry. 
 
 Mr.  Robinson  subsequently  kept  at  his  work,  part 
 of  the  time  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  part  of  the 
 time  in  Slaryland,  and  a  rich  blessing  seems  every- 
 where to  have  attended  his  labors.  He  was  called  to 
 the  pastorate  of  the  congregation  of  St.  George's,  Del., 
 but,  in  April,  1747,  before  he  had  yet  been  installed 
 over  his  charge,  his  earthly  course  was  finished. 
 There  remains  little  documentary  testimony  concern- 
 ing him,  but  there  is  a  uniform  tradition  that  he  was 
 an  eminently  tlevout  and  benevolent  man,  and  one  of 
 the  most  vigorous  and  ctTective  preachers  of  his  day. 
 Robinson,  Rev.  ■William  M.,  was  born  in 
 Indiana  county,  Pa.  He  graduated  at  Jefferson  Col- 
 lege in  the  Fall  of  1841;  and  passing  through  the 
 regular  three  years"  course  in  the  Western  Theologi- 
 cal Seminary,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel 
 on  the  loth  of  June,  1844,  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Blairs^'ille. 
 
 On  the  1st  of  December,  following,  not  wishing  to 
 build  on  another  man's  foundation,  he  commenced 
 preaching  in  a  'new  field  in  Licking  county,  O.. 
 within  the  bounds  and  under  the  direction  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  Zanesville,  by  which  he  was  ordained 
 an  evangelist  on  the  14th  of  January,  1846.  In  due 
 time  two  churches  were  organized,  Hebron  and 
 Brownsville;  and  in  this  field  he  labored,  with  a 
 good  degree  of  encouragement,  for  ten  years  and  six 
 months.  In  the  Spring  of  18.55  he  was  Ciilled  to  the 
 pastorate  of  the  First  Church  of  Newark,  O.,  suc- 
 cessor to  Rev.  Dr.  Wm.  Wylie.  This  pastorate  con- 
 tinued seven  years,  during  which  the  congregation 
 was  considerably  increased,  and  the  membership. just 
 doubled.  Then,  for  one  year  and  nine  months,  he 
 was  the  stated  supply  of  the  Church  in  Wellsburg, 
 W.  Va.,  Washington  Presbytery. 
 
 In  the  Spring  of  1864  he  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 newly  organized  Second  Church  of  Mercer,  Pa.,  in 
 the  Presbytery  of  Erie.  Entering  upon  his  labors 
 the  first  Sabbath  of  .\pril,  he  was  installed  on  the 
 14th  day  of  June.  Eight  years  and  one  month  were 
 spent  in  this  charge,  and  connectid  with  these  years 
 of  labor  there  was  very  much  that  was  encouraging: 
 and  the  charge  was  resigned,  when  God,  in  His  provi- 
 dence, seemed  to  call  him  and  liis  family  to  Allegheny, 
 in  the  Spring  of  1872. 
 
 On  the  second  Sabbath  "f  .luly  he  commenced 
 preaching  in  the  Providence  Church,  Allegheny; 
 accepted  a  call  to  become  their  pastor,  and  was  iu- 
 stalled  on  the  liist  Sabbath  evening  of  November. 
 This  pastorate  still  continues. 
 
ROCHESTER  BRICK  CHURCH. 
 
 ROCHESTER  BRICK  CHURCH. 
 
 Jlr.  Robinson  is  of  large  frame  and  fine  personal 
 apijearance.  He  is  a  model  of  the  faithful  pastor, 
 maiutiiining,  in  their  proper  relations  to  each  other, 
 tLe  unremitting  visitation  of  the  floclc  and  the  evan- 
 gelic;il  preaching  of  the  Word.  In  the  latter  he  is 
 methodic,  instructive  and  deeply  spiritual.  In  the 
 delivery  of  sermona  and  in  addresses  at  the  mercy 
 seat,'  he  is  characterized  by  great  tenderness.  He 
 therefore  never  fails  to  win  the  attention  and  sym- 
 pathy of  the  listene:-.  Of  late  years  he  has  made 
 great  sacrifices  in  performing  mission  service  in  one  of 
 the  less  promising  portions  of  Allegheny.  I 
 
 Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Brick  Church.  The  foun- 
 dation or  plans  for  a  village,  on  the  site  which  Koch- 
 ester  now  occupies,  had  been  perfected  in  about  the 
 year  1812.  In  1815  the  population  had  increased  to 
 331.  Mo  church  organization  had  yet  been  formed. 
 The  Presbytery  of  Geneva,  on  application,  appointed 
 a  commission,  consi.sting  of  Jlinisters  Daniel  TuUer 
 and  Reuben  Parmelee,  and  Elders  Samuel  Stone  and 
 Isaac  B.  Barnum,  to  "meet  in  Rochesterville,  in  the 
 town  of  Gates,  on  the  22d  of  August,  1815,  to  t;ike 
 into  consideration  the  expediency'  of  forming  a  church 
 in  that  place."  At  the  appointed  time  sixteen  per- 
 sons presented  letters,  assented  to  articles  of  faith 
 and  a  covenant,  and  were  constituted  a  church.  Rev. 
 Eleazer  Fairbank  preaching  on  the  occasion,  from 
 Ephesians  ii,  20-22.  Two  elders  and  two  deacons 
 were  elected  and  ordained.  On  the  17th  of  January 
 following,  the  same  Pre.sbytery  installed  Rev.  Com- 
 fort Williams  as  their  pastor,  "  in  an  unfinished  store 
 on  Carroll  (now  State)  street."  As  the  young  church 
 suflered  the  want  of  a  place  of  worship,  and  were 
 pecuniarily  unable  to  build,  some  parties  bought,  of 
 Colonel  Xathanael  Rochester,  lot  No.  10,  on  which 
 the  American  Express  office  now  stands,  on  the  west 
 side  of  State  street,  and  erected  a  frame  building,  to 
 rent  to  the  church,  llr.  Williams  tendered  to  the 
 church  his  resignation  as  their  pivstor,  May  15th. 
 1S21. 
 
 The  society  continued  to  occupy  the  building  until 
 their  new  stone  edifice  was  completed,  in  1824,  on 
 the  ground  where  the  present  City  Hall  stands; 
 and  the  records  in  the  County  Clerk's  office  show 
 that,  April  14th,  1825,  "Josiah  Bissell,  Jr.,  Levi 
 Ward,  Jr.,  and  Ira  West,  agents  or  active  partners  of 
 the  Rochester  Meeting  House  Company,"  conveyed 
 the  estiite  to  Josiah  Bissell,  Jr. 
 
 Ten  years  had  elapsed  since  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  was  organized  ;  the  population  had  increased 
 to  4274  when  the  village  census  wiis  taken,  in  Feb- 
 ruary, and  to  .5273  when  the  State  census  was  taken,  on 
 August  1st.  Many  felt  that  the  growth  of  the  church 
 did  not  keep  pace  with  that  of  the  village,  which  was 
 fast  extending  its  bounds.  After  many  consulta- 
 tions, a  church  was  organized,  its  organization  pre- 
 ceding that  of  the  Society  some  four  months. 
 
 The  congregation  met  "at  the  usual  place  of  public 
 worship,"  on  the  13th  day  of  March,  1826,  two  elders 
 
 of  the  Church,  Linns  Stevens  and  Silas  Hawley, 
 presiding.  They  adopted  as  their  corporate  name, 
 ' '  Trustees  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Rochester, ' '  and  elected  as  their  first  trustees,  Timo- 
 thy Eurr,  Ashbel  AV.  Riley,  LjTuan  Granger,  Riclianl 
 Gorsline  and  Henry  Kennedy. 
 
 "The  usual  place  of  public  worship"  referred  to 
 was  the  framed  building  then  recently  deeded  by  the 
 "Rochester  Meeting  House  Company"  to  Josiah 
 Bi.ssell,  Jr.,  and  vacated  l)y  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Society  when  they  took  possession  of  their  new  stone 
 edifice,  about  one  year  before.  Tliis  house  was  rented 
 of  Josiah  Bissell,  Jr.,  at  two  hundred  dollars  per 
 annum,  and  used  until  the  new  churdi  was  fitted  for 
 occupancy.  For  most  of  the  term  Timothy  Burr, 
 Benjamin  Campbell,  Arlstarchus  Champion,  Richard 
 Gorsline,  Lyman  Granger  and  Henry  Kennedy,  be- 
 came personally  responsible  on  the  lease. 
 
 December  26th,  1826,  a  Society  meeting  was  held, 
 to  acton  the  subject  of  locating  and  erecting  a  house 
 of  worship.  .Strong  diversity  of  feeling  on  the  sub- 
 ject of  location  was  manifested.  The  first  resolution 
 adopted  was  ' '  That  the  site  be  on  the  west  side  of 
 the  Genesee  River. "  A  committee  was  ajipointed  to 
 select  and  negotiate  for  a  site,  the  result  of  which 
 was,  that  on  the  2d  of  February  following  the  trus- 
 tees took  a  deed  from  Silas  Smith,  of  lot  number  204, 
 being  66x165  feet  of  the  ground  now  occui^ied  by  this 
 edifice,  then  described  as  on  the  corner  of  Hugh  and 
 Ann  streets,  for  which  they  paid  $2000.  At  the 
 time  there  was  a  dwelling  house  on  its  east  end, 
 which  Benjamin  Miner  removed  to  the  sixteen  square 
 rods  of  the  west  end.  At  the  same  meeting,  Timothy 
 Burr,  Ashbel  W.  Riley  and  Richard  Grorsline  were 
 appointed  a  committee  to  procure  a  plan  and  esti- 
 mate of  expenses  of  building.  The  committee  exe- 
 I  cuted  a  contract  with  Abner  Hubbard  for  $16,000. 
 j  It  having  been  discovered  that  the  organization  of 
 JIarcli  13th,  1826  was  irregular,  there  was  a 
 re-organization  of  the  Society  May  15th,  1827,  under 
 the  name  of  ' '  The  Trustees  of  the  Second  Presbyte- 
 rian Church  in  the  Village  of  Rochester."  Ko  cere- 
 mony was  observed  at,  or  deposit  made,  in  laying  the 
 corner-stone.  Tlie  contractor  promptly  fulfilled  his 
 engagement,  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  Society.  No 
 dedicatory  exercises  are  reported  or  records  found 
 •showing  at  what  date  the  new  house  was  completed, 
 but  as  annuity  on  its  pews  dated  from  October  1st, 
 1828,  it  is  presumed  to  have  been  about  tliat  time. 
 The  revival  attending  the  labors  of  Rev.  Charles  G. 
 Finney,  commencing  in  September,  1830,  added 
 I  much  to  the  number  and  pecuniary  strength  of  the 
 (  Society.  The  new  elements,  demanded  an  advanced 
 movement.  They  re-org:xnized  the  Society,  November 
 20th,  1>'33,  under  the  name  of  "  The  Trustees  of  the 
 Brick  Church  in  Rochester." 
 
 .\s  the  Society  grew,  the  want  of  a  larger  house  of 
 worship  w.is  seriously  felt.  The  old  church  was  not 
 worth  enlarging,  or  its  shape  adapted  to  it.    May  24th, 
 
p-^L^''  ^ 
 
 BRICK   CHURCH,    ROCIirjiTF.K,    N.    Y. 
 
BOCK  WELL. 
 
 ROCKWELL. 
 
 la^S,  the  Society  bought  lot  169  of  Charles  A.  Carroll, 
 and  added  fifty-six  feet  wide  on  the  south  side  to  the 
 church  lot.  In  the  latter  part  of  1859  a  subscription 
 was  started  for  means  to  build  a  new  church.  Louis 
 Chapin,  Charles  .1.  llayden  and  William  Otis,  were 
 appointed  a  building  committee.  Drawings  were 
 prepared  by  A.  J.  Warner,  architect,  and  the  cimtract 
 let,  March  3r>th,  1860,  to  Richard  Gorsliue&  Sou  and 
 Edwin  Taylor,  for  $39,390.  The  closing  exercises  in 
 the  old  church  were  held  April  l.st,  1860.  The 
 Washington  Street  Church  being  then  unoccupied,  it 
 was  rented  and  occupied  by  the  Society  till  the  last  of 
 June,  1861.  The  work  of  the  new  building  was 
 prosecuted  vigorously,  and  its  corner-stoni'  laid  July 
 3d,  1860.  Byrou  Sunderland,  D.I).,  of  Washington, 
 D.  C,  delivered  an  address  on  the  occasion.  A  box 
 containing  a  lajge  number  of  Presbyterian  and  secular 
 periodicals,  a  city  directory,  and  many  other  docu. 
 ments,  was  deposited  in  the  top  course  of  stone  in  the 
 southeast  corner  of  the  main  tower.  The  church  was 
 completed  iu  June,  1-<61.  and  ou  the  last  day  of  that 
 month  a  dedicatory  .sermon  w:i3  preached  by  .Samuel 
 W.  Fisher,  D.D.,  President  of  Hamilton  College,  from 
 the  te.xt,  P.salm  xviii,  9.  The  whole  cost  of  the 
 newly  bought  ground  and  building,  with  windows, 
 gas  fittings,  furnaces,  pews,  cushions,  carpet,  organ, 
 chairs,  seats,  settees  and  fence,  was  $61,881.73. 
 
 The  pastors  of  the  Brick  Church,  and  the  dates  of 
 their  service,  are  as  follows  :  Kev.  William  James, 
 July  '24th,  18-26,  to  October  14th,  1830;  William  WLs- 
 ner,  D.D.,  May  1st,  1831,  to  September  22d,  183.5;  Rev. 
 George  Beecher,  June  18th,  1838.  to  October  6th,  1840; 
 James  Boy  Ian  Shaw,  D.  n.,  bcc;irae  pastor  of  the 
 Church,  February  16th,  1841,  and  continues  in  this 
 relation  to  the  present  time,  very  greatly  blessed  in 
 his  labors,  and  endeared  by  his  excellent  character 
 and  marked  official  fidelity  to  his  congregation,  and 
 to  the  whole  community  (see  his  sketch).  The  mem- 
 bership of  the  church  it  present  is  133.5.  Eight  per- 
 sons who  have  been  teachers  or  scholars  in  the  large 
 and  ever-flourishing  Sabbath  school  of  tliis  church 
 have  been  foreign  missionaries  under  the  appointment 
 of  the  American  Board,  ^■iz :  T.  Dwight  Hunt,  to 
 Sandwich  Islands;  Edwiu  O.  Hall,  to  Sandwich 
 Lslands;  Fidelia  (Church)  Coan,  to  .Sandwich  Islands; 
 Alansou  Curtis  Hall,  to  Ceylon;  Henry  Cherry,  to 
 Madura;  Maria  (Preston)  John.son,  to  Siam;  Elijah 
 F.  Webster,  to  Bombay;  Harriet  Seymour,  to  Turkey. 
 
 Rockwell,  Elijah  Frink,  D.D.,  .son  of  Joseph 
 and  Sarah  (Huntington)  Rockwell,  was  horn  in  Leb- 
 anon. Conn.,  October  6th,  1809,  and  w;is  prepared  for 
 college  by  Cliarles  P.  Otis,  at  Colchester.  He  w-as 
 graduated  from  Yale  College  in  1834.  He  then 
 taught  school,  to  repay  funds  expended  in  his  college 
 course.  In  1835  he  c;ime  to  Xorth  Carolina,  and  was 
 associated  with  Dr.  Simeon  Colton,  in  the  Donaldson 
 .^Gidemy,  in  Fayetteville,  for  two  years.  He  was 
 received  under  care  of  Fayetteville  Presl)vtery,  N,  C, 
 in  1837,  studied   in  Princeton  and  Columbia  semi- 
 
 naries, and  in  June,  1839,  was  licensed  by  his  Pres- 
 bytery. He  supplied  the  Fayetteville  Church  a  .short 
 time,  and  in  the  Fall  of  1840  went  to  Fourth  Creek 
 (now  .Statcsville)  Church,  of  which  he  was  ordained 
 pastor  by  Concord  Presl)ytcry,  November,  1-<41.  Iu 
 18.50  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Natural  Science  in 
 David.son  College,  where  he  remained,  filling  various 
 chairs,  till  his  election  to  the  presidency  of  Concord 
 Female  College,  in  Statesville,  N.  C,  in  1868.  The 
 college  soon  after  changing  hand.s,  he  engaged  as 
 stated  supply  of  several  churches — Bethesda,  Bethany, 
 Tabor,  Fifth  Creek,  Concord.  He  still  resides  (May, 
 1883)  in  Iredell  county.  N.  C. 
 
 In  ,Tune,  188-2.  the  University  of  North  Carolina 
 conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Doct<jr  of  Divinity. 
 
 Dr.  Rockwell  h;is  used  his  pen  frequently,  iu  con- 
 tributions to  various  periodicals— the  Xorlh  Ciirolina 
 Presbi/terian,  the  Southern  Prcibi/terian  Review,  and  the 
 Historical  Magnzine.  of  MorrLsania,  N.  Y.  The  titles 
 of  his  more  important  articles  are  "  The  Alphabet  of 
 Natural  Theology;"  "The  Prophetic  Period  of  1260 
 Years;"  "Sketch  of  Rev.  .Stephen  Frontis;"  "The 
 Early  Conversion  of  Children;"  "Final  Destiny  of 
 the  Globe;"  "Sketch  of  Rev.  John  Thompson;" 
 "Second  Classical  School  in  Iredell."  These  titles 
 are  selected  from  more  thau  one  hundred  important 
 articles  published  by  Dr.  Rockwell.  He  has  been  a 
 diligent  student  all  his  life,  and  has  gathered  vast 
 stores  of  knowledge  in  many  departments,  but  has  a 
 special  fondness  for  auticiuarian  research,  and  unusual 
 lines  of  thought.  He  h;us  always  been  a  faithful 
 preacher,  either  as  pivstor,  in  his  earlier  days,  or  as 
 supply,  during  his  educ:itional  labors.  He  is  still 
 working,  with  unabated  zeal,  in  the  vineyard  of  the 
 Jlaster. 
 
 Rockwell,  JoelEdson,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  Warren 
 and  Sarah- K.  (Wells)  Rockwell,  was  born  at  Salis- 
 bury, Vt.,  May  4th,  1816.  He  graduated  at  Amherst 
 College,  Mass..  .\ugust  24th,  1837,  and  at  the  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  New  York  city,  June  30th, 
 1841.  He  w.is  licensed  to  preach  by  tlie  Presbvtery 
 ,  of  Columbia,  April  21st,  1841,  and  was  ordained  and 
 installed,  by  the  same  Presbytery,  pjvstor  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church  of  Valatie,  N.  Y.,  October  13th, 
 1841.  He  remained  with  this  charge  until  called  to 
 the  Hanover  Street  Presbyterian  Church,  Wilming- 
 ton, Del.,  over  which  he  was  installed.  May  4th, 
 1847.  On  the  13th  of  February,  1851,  he  wa-s  in- 
 st^illed  p;»stor  of  the  Central  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  then  located  on  Willoughby  street. 
 Here  he  remained  seventeen  years,  and  under  his 
 ministry  eight  hundred  were  added  to  the  church, 
 of  which  nearly  oue-half  was  by  profes.sion  of  their 
 faith.  In  September,  1868,  he  removed  from  Brook- 
 lyn to  Stapleton,  L.  I.,  at  the  call  of  the  First  Pres- 
 byterian Church  of  Edgewater,  and  after  a  few  years' 
 service  as  pastor,  he  pa.ssed  to  his  reward  in  heaven. 
 
 Dr.  Rockwell  w;us  a  constant  contributor  to  the  re- 
 ligious and  secular  press.     He  was  the  author  of  a 
 
•'ROCKY  MT.  PRESBYTERIAN." 
 
 778 
 
 ROCKY  SPRING  CHURCH. 
 
 numlicr  of  valuable  works,  such  as,  "  SkeUhcs  of  the  the  copy  would  be  mailed,  it  maybe,   from  Albany 
 
 I'reshyteriun  Church,"  "  Young  Christian  Warned, "  or  Detroit.     Then,  at  another  time,  from  Alaska  or 
 
 etc.     Besides  these,  he  published  a  number  of  ser-  Arizona.     For  years  no  two  successive  copies  would 
 
 mons  and  addresses,  delivered  on  special  occasions,  be  prepared  at  the  same  place.     It  was  an  attractive, 
 
 He  was  for  some  years  a  member  of  the  Board  of  progressive  and  instructive  mission  journal,  exerted 
 
 Publicjition,  and  at  one  time  was  the  editor  of  "  The 
 Sniihiitli-Siliiml  Vixitor,"  published  by  the  Board.  He 
 was  :ii>pointed  a  member  of  the  Committee  on  the 
 Reunion  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  by  the  Greueral 
 As.sembly  of  lS(i7,  in  the  place  of  the  Kev.  Dr. 
 Krebs,  who  Wits  incapacitated  by  the  illness  which- 
 
 a  wide-spread  and  growing  inlluence  upon  the  de- 
 nomination in  mission  atfairs,  and  created  a  new  and 
 more  intelligi'Mt  sympathy  in  home  missions. 
 
 Rocky  Spring  Church,  Franklin  county,  Pa. 
 After  a  ride  of  four  miles  from  Chambersburg,  over 
 the  tortuous  road  which  runs  over  the  Slate  Hills, 
 
 tt^rminated  in  his  lamented  death.     He  was  a  good   toward  Stnisburg,  we  approach  the  venerable  edifice. 
 
 preacher,  vigorous  writer,  and  useful  man. 
 
 "  Rocky  Mountain  Presbyterian,  The."  An 
 illustrated  Home  Mission  monthly,  Sheldon  Jack- 
 son, I).  I).,  editor  and  proprietor,  Denv(!r,  Colorado. 
 This  monthly  was  est;iblisliid  March,  1872.  It  com- 
 menced an  eight-page  paper,  with  four  columns  to  the 
 page,  which  was  12x17  inches  in  size.  From  March 
 to  December,  1872,  it  was  printed  at  Bellefonte,  Pa. 
 .January,  1873,  it  was  removed  to  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
 and  the  form  changed  to  a  foiu'-page  paper,  with 
 seven  columns  to  the  page,  which  Wiis  17x24  inches 
 in  size.  .January,  1874,  a  weekly  edition  was  com- 
 menced, and  continued  through  the  year.  In  con- 
 ne<'tion  with  the  weekly  there  was  a  special  illustrated 
 monthly  edition,  devoted  to  Home  Missions.  Janu- 
 ary, ^7'),  the  paper  returned  to  its  monthly  form, 
 giving  increasing  attention  to  its  illustrations. 
 
 During  187!)  it  was  adopted  as  the  ollicial  organ  of 
 the  recently  formed  Woman's  Executive  Committee 
 for  Home  Missions,  the  paper  having  been  the 
 originator  and  chief  promoter  of  the  movement. 
 The  size  being  found  inconvenient  for  use  at  mission 
 meetings  it  was  changed,  in  .January,  1880,  to  a 
 sixteen-page,  with  three  columns  to  a  page,  the  pages 
 being  !*xl2  inches. 
 
 Having  outgrown  its  original  field  in  the  Rocky 
 Mountains,  the  name  was  chivnged,  January,  1881,  to 
 Pre.ilii/lrrian  Home  3Iissio>iK.  .January,  1882,  the  paper, 
 with  its  mail  lists,  was  present<'d  by  the  editor  to  the 
 Hoard  of  Home  Missions,  and  is  now  published  by 
 them,  under  the  title  of  The  Prtxhyteriaii  Hume  Jtis- 
 smmiri/. 
 
 During  the  years  that  it  was  published  by  Dr. 
 .lackson  its  typographicjil  neatness  and  admirable 
 arrangenu'nt  were  due  to  the  int<!rest  in  it  fciken  by 
 Dr.  J.  G.  Monfort  &  Sons,  of  Cincinnati.  The 
 editor  w:us  so  situate<l  that  he  could  do  nothing  more 
 than  furnish  the  material,  and  leave  his  publishers 
 to  arrange,  issue  and  mail.  The  editor's  office  w;is 
 in  his  carpet  bag.  One  month  he  would  be  able  to 
 sit  in  his  study  at  Denver  and  jirepare  the  copy,  the 
 next    month   In;   might  be   exploring    in    Montana, 
 
 It  stands  near  the  brow  of  a  hill,  which  slopes  grad- 
 ually away  in  the  distance,  towards  the  east.  At 
 the  foot  of  the  hill,  below  the  church,  on  the  west, 
 the  Rocky  Spring  gushes  from  the  hill,  and  spreads 
 out  into  a  broad  sheet  of  cold  and  clejr  water  in  the 
 vale,  and  after  forming  a  pretty  casiuide,  by  falling 
 over  an  embankment,  soon  becomes  lost  among  the 
 luxuriant  meadows,  and  quietly  wends  its  way  to 
 Back  Creek,  into  which  it  empties. 
 
 The  church  is  an  ancient  and  time-worn  structure, 
 which  stands  upon  the  hillside,  without  any  orna- 
 ment near  it  except  a  singU;  large  hickory  tree,  which 
 grows  near  the  north  end,  and  a  small  cluster  of 
 trees  a  few  rods  <lLstaut,  toward  the  .southwest.  Its 
 form  is  nearly  sifuare,  and  is,  in  size,  about  60  by  48 
 feet.  It  is  built  of  brick,  upon  a  stone  foundation, 
 which  is  several  feet  in  height.  On  the  southern  side 
 is  the  front  of  the  church.  There  are  two  doors  by 
 which  it  is  entered.  On  the  northern  side  there  is  no 
 entrance,  but  there  are  four  windows,  between  two  of 
 which  is  a  small  square  one,  which  is  immediately 
 behind  the  pulpit.  The  window  shatters  are  made 
 of  plain  boards,  without  any  panel-work,  ami, 
 together  with  the  doors,  were  formerly  painted 
 red.  Time  has,  however,  nearly  removed  the 
 paint,  and  leaves  them  of  a  dark  rust  color. 
 The  doors  are  somewhat  more  elaborately  made, 
 and,  like  the  window-shutters,  exhibit  the  same  evi- 
 dences of  age.  The  arches  of  brickwork  above  the 
 windows  and  doors  were  painted  red,  and  form  a 
 contrast  with  the  rest  of  the  building.  There  is  no 
 enclosure  around  the  building,  which  stands  alone, 
 upon  the  barren  and  dreary  hill.  The  inside  is  in 
 correspondence  with  the  exterior  of  the  ediliee.  As 
 we  enter,  we  observe  the  pews,  formed  very  much 
 like  those  of  modern  times,  with  high,  straight  backs, 
 and  without  any  paint.  Their  arrangement  is  like 
 that  in  our  modern  churches.  The  aisles  are  paved 
 with  bricks,  and  in  some  places,  these  having  crum- 
 bled away,  limestones  have  been  substituted.  The 
 broad  spa<e  in  front  of  the  pulpit,  anil  between  it 
 and  the  pews,  is  also  paved  witli  brick.     The  floors 
 
 and  stopping  off  the  coach  a  day  to  prepare  in  some    of  the  jh'Ws  are  I)oardcd.     The  pulpit  is  old-fashioned 
 
 log  cabin  the  copy  for  the  next  i)aper.     The  third 
 
 month,  reiiching  .Salt  L.ake  city,  he  would  use  the 
 
 conifortiible   study  of  Bros.  Welch   or   MeNieee,  in    shaped   sounding-board,   or  canopy,   on  which  is  a 
 
 which  t<i  prepare  copy.     If  east,  holding  conventions,  I  rude  representation  of  a  star.     .V  plain  wooden  case- 
 
 and  rough.     It  is  of  a  circular  form,  and  extends 
 some  feet  from  the  wall.     Above,  there  is  an  oval- 
 
KOCKY  SPRIXG  CHUKCH. 
 
 779 
 
 ROCKY  SriilXG  CHURCH. 
 
 meiit  extends  on  either  side  of  the  pulpit,  which, 
 together  with  the  pulpit,  is  painted  a  deep  blue  color. 
 The  pulpit  is  entered  hy  a  st;vi rea.se,  towards  which  a 
 pa.s.sage,  with  railing  ou  each  side,  lea*ls.  In  front 
 of  and  below  the  pulpit  is  the  chancel.  It  is  a  S((uare 
 enclosure,  with  board  walls,  and  contains  an  old- 
 I'a-iliioned  walnut  table,  a  bench  formed  of  heavy 
 tiniljer,  with  rough  supports,  a  hickory  chair,  and  a 
 couple  of  benches  attached  to  the  sides  of  the  en- 
 closure. The  ceiling  is  arched,  and  at  the  place 
 where  the  walla  and  the  ceiling  meet  there  is  phiced 
 all  around  the  room  a  narrow  strip  of  board,  which, 
 together  with  the  edges  of  the  window  Ciuses,  Ls 
 painted  blue,  similar  to  the  pulpit. 
 
 The  original  church,  which  was  built  about  the 
 time  the  ancient  congregation  was  organized,  stood 
 between  the  present  building  and  the  graveyard.  It 
 stood  pretty  much  in  the  relation  to  the  points  of  the 
 compass  whjch  the  new  church  sust;iins,  the  front 
 being  towaras  the  south,  and  smaller  ends  facing  the 
 ea.st  and  west.  It  w;us  erected  about  one  hundred 
 and  forty  years  ago,  and  was  a  rough  log  building,  a 
 .story  and  a  half  high,  and  was  built  in  the  rude  style 
 of  architecture  peculiar  to  th.it  early  day.  It  had 
 one  row  of  windows  on  the  lower  story,  the  lights  of 
 which  were  small  and  few  in  number.  It  was  entered 
 by  two  doors,  which  were  placed  in  the  eastern  and 
 western  ends  of  the  house.  The  doors  were  small 
 and  single;  they  were  made  of  plain  boards,  without 
 any  panel- work. 
 
 The  present  building  was  erected  in  the  year  1794, 
 by  >Ir.  Walter  Bcatty.  The  old  building  answered 
 the  purpose  of  a  place  of  worship  very  well  for  some 
 years,  but  as  the  congreg.ition  incre;ised,  it  w;ui  found 
 nece.ss:iry  to  build  an  addition  to  the  house.  This 
 was  formed  by  constructing  a  small  square  buOding, 
 which  was  attached  to  the  south  side  of  the  church, 
 and  which  extended  only  one-half  the  length  of  the 
 main  stru(tture.  The  roof  was  then  continued  over 
 it  fioni  the  original  edilice.  When  completed,  the 
 wall  between  it  and  the  church  was  sawn  away. 
 There  were  no  windows  in  this  addition,  and  it  was 
 eonscmiently  poorly  supplied  with  light.  In  a  few 
 years  after  this  alteration  tlie  incre;isiug  size  of  the 
 congregation  demanded  still  more  room,  and  another 
 similar  addition  Wiis  built  by  its  side.  These  altera- 
 tions gave  the  house  a  singular,  slanting  appearance 
 towards  the  south  end. 
 
 About  the  time  the  original  chnrcli  w;us  erected, 
 there  was  also  built  a  small,  rough  log  structure, 
 .about  fifteen  feet  square,  with  a  wide  fire-place,  and 
 ii  large  wooden  chimney,  covered  with  mortar,  and 
 extending  nearly  along  the  wliole  end  of  the  house. 
 This  structure  stood  close  beside  the  church  at  the 
 northe;usteru  end,  and  was  Gilled  the  "study  house." 
 It  w;i3  originally  built  as  a  receptjiclo  for  the  siuldles 
 of  the  members  in  rainy  weather,  ;is,  in  those  early 
 <lays,  they  generally  came  to  church  on  horseback, 
 carriages  and  other  vehicles  being  rarely  used.     In 
 
 later  years  the  minister  was  accnstomed  to  use  it 
 in  prejariug  for  the  services,  when  he  chanced  to 
 arrive  before  the  hour  at  which  they  began.  The 
 church  Session  also  met  here  and  arranged  the  busi- 
 ness of  the  church  and  examined  candidates  for 
 adrai.ssion  to  raembershi]>.  Alter  service,  the  mini.s- 
 ter  wonlil  resort  to  it,  to  jirepare  for  any  afternoon 
 service  which  was  to  be  held.  The  "study  house' 
 stood  for  nearly  a  hundred  years. 
 
 It  was  in  the  old  log  church  that  its  fir.st  pastor, 
 the  Kev.  Mr.  Craighead,  pre;iched  for  many  years. 
 There  it  w.os  that,   in   glowing  terras,    he   preachi'd 
 
 1  .Tesus  Christ,  the  only  hope  of  .salvation,  and,  after 
 the  delivery  of  his  .s;icred  me.s.sage,  in  eloquent  and 
 patriotic  strains,  exhorted  the  youth  of  tlie  congrega- 
 
 I  tion  to  rise  up  and  join  the  noble  band  then  engageil, 
 
 j  under  the  immortal  Washington,  in  struggling  to 
 free  our  beloved  cotintry  from  British  oppression.  It 
 is  related  that,  upon  one  occasion,  from  the  pulpit, 
 the  patriotic  preacher  declaimed  in  such  burning  and 
 powerful  terras  against  the  wrongs  we  then  were 
 sutrering,  that,  after  one  glowing  description  of  the 
 duty  of  the  men,  the  whole  congregation  rose  from 
 their  seats  and  declared  their  willingness  to  march  to 
 the  conllict.  There  was  but  one,  tradition  says,  in 
 the  entire  assemblj',  who  was  not  overcome  by  the 
 stirring  appeal  that  was  made,  and  that  was  an  aged 
 female,  in  whom  maternal  affection,  recently  caused 
 to  bleed,  completely  mastered  both  a  sense  of  pro- 
 priety and  the  love  of  liberty.  "Stop,  Mr.  Craig- 
 head," she  exclaimed,  "  I  jist  want  to  tell  ye,  agin 
 you  loss  such  a  purty  l)oy  as  I  have,  in  the  war,  ye 
 will  na  be  so  keen  for  fighting;  quit  talking,  and  gang 
 yersel  to  the  war.  Ycr  always  i)reaching  to  the  boys 
 about  it,  but  I  dinna  think  ye"d  be  very  likely  to 
 gang  yersel.     Jist  g;v  and  try  it." 
 
 In  answer  to  an  urgent  appeal  by  the  pastor  to  his 
 congrcg-ation,  to  hesitate  no  longer  which  to  choose, 
 cowardly  inactivity  or  the  noble  part  of  brave  de- 
 fenders of  their  country's  rights,  on  the  following 
 Monday,  a  company  was  organized,  and  after  an 
 earnest  pray<r  to  the  Almighty,  the  Kevereud  captain 
 placed  himself  at  their  head  and  marched  cHl"  to 
 battle.  They  joined  the  array  of  Washington,  and 
 gave  undoubted  evidence  that  their  courage  was  of 
 no  mean  order.  Their  cjvptain  engaged  vigorously  in 
 the  war,  and  during  the  hours  spent  in  camp  liabitu- 
 ally  .acted  as  chaplain  to  the  soldiers.  After  the  war 
 was  over  he  returned  to  his  charge,  and  faithfully 
 watched  over  the  Cfmgrcgation  until  the  period  of  his 
 death,  which  occurred  in  17!*!). 
 
 The  graveyard  at  Rocky  Spring,  filled  with  the 
 mortal  remains  of  the  pious  and  patriotic,  is  large, 
 and  is  enclosed  by  a  rough  post-and-rail  fence.  Over 
 the  gateway  is  a  yoke,  extending  from  one  post  to  the 
 opposite  one.  Along  the  fence,  on  the  outside  of  .the 
 yard,  near  the  gate,  stand  three  or  four  oak  trees. 
 Tliese,  with  two  poplar  and  wildn-herry  trees  in  the 
 
 ,  southern  end,  and  a  single  cedar  near  the  centre  of 
 
ROCKY  .SPRIXG  CHURCH. 
 
 790 
 
 ROCKV  SPRIXG  CHURCH. 
 
 the  yard,  arc  tin-  only  trees  about  the  enclosure.  We 
 are  sorry  to  say  that  this  destitution  of  trees  is  not 
 natural,  but  is  owinjt  to  the  destruetive  propensities 
 of  uncultivated  man.  As  we  enter  the  graveyard 
 from  the  );ate,  at  a  <list;inee  of  a  few  feet  from  the 
 fence,  we  meet  the  resting-place  of  the  first  regular 
 minister  of  the  church.  When  the  tomb  was  first 
 built,  it  consisted  of  a  brick  wall,  upon  which  a 
 larg<-  flat  slab  of  gray  stone  was  placed.  .  Through 
 the  effects  of  time  the  walls  have  sunk,  and  the  slab 
 now  lies  upon  the  ground,  broken  into  several  pieces, 
 from  which,  when  placed  in  their  proper  position,  the 
 following  inscription  may  be  read: — 
 
 "  111  iiitMiiury  nf  Rev.  Joliii  CraiKliL'tid,  who  departed  this  life  the 
 20th  day  of  April,  .\.  P.,  IT'.IO,  u;5ed  .'»7  yoart.  .  Ordained  tu  preach 
 the  gospel,  and  instnlled  pautor  of  tho  congregatioa  of  Rocky 
 Spring,  on  the  l:ith  of  .Vpril,  \.  I).  17l".8.  He  wa.s  a  faithful  and 
 zealous  servant  of  Jesua  Chriat." 
 
 The  oldest  t<iml)stone  in  the  burying-ground  is  of 
 shitc,  has  a  venerable  and  antique  ajipearance,  and  in 
 the  form  of  the  letters  and  the  mode  of  spelling,  dif- 
 fers materially  from  the  custom  of  later  times.  The 
 stone  is  nearly  round  on  the  top,  and  contains  a  rim, 
 cut  into  it  in  a  rough  manner.  Above  the  inscription 
 ai)pears  a  representation  of  an  angel's  face  and  ■i^'ings. 
 The  inscription  is  as  follows  : — 
 
 "  Here  lys  the  body  of  John  BuruH,  who  departed  thia  life  Decem- 
 ber y.'  2:{,  IViJli,  aged  79  years. " 
 
 A  marble  slab,  with  thi-  inscription — 
 
 "In  memory  of  James  SIcCulmont,  Ksq.,  who  departed  this  life 
 July  19th,  1S09,  aged  7i  years," 
 
 marks  the  resting  jilace  of  one  who  w;us  a  Major  in 
 the  ]{evolutioiiary  War,  and  became  distinguished  as 
 a  brave  and  aceomi)lished  soldier. 
 
 In  the  extreme  southwestern  corner  of  the  burial 
 ground,  beneath  tlie  poplar  trees,  are  a  nuralier  of 
 pieces  which  form  a  very  beautiful  monument,  al- 
 though, for  some  reason  now  unknown,  they  were 
 never  erected  into  a  tomb.  On  the  topmost  slab  aie 
 the  following  in.sc.ription  and  verses  : — 
 
 "June  Cooper,  was  born  1st  of  July,  17G8,  and  (J.  N.)  died,  on 
 the  'Jltlh  evening  of  June,  1791). 
 
 "./(iw«  Sichojitoit^n  respected  ilust.  now  here, 
 
 Once  lived  esteemed,  and  shared  health's  warmest  cheer; 
 
 Her  life  seemed  ftxeil,  as  hut  with  age  tu  cease, 
 
 Till  fated  accident  prixluced  disease. 
 
 Younf?,  wise  and  K'.oi1  !  she  wiw  her  children's  gniilo. 
 
 Bliss  to  her  partner,  joy  to  all  allied. 
 
 From  lender  youth  »he  obeyed,  with  love  and  awe, 
 
 Rt^ason's  religion,  and  her  parents'  law  ; 
 
 So  grew  her  dignifying  strength  of  mind, 
 
 Though  firm,  yet  soft,  and  happily  reflneil, 
 
 No  affectation,  pride,  or  ]iassion,  stained, 
 
 Nor  harbored  ills  her  candid  breast  prophaned. 
 *'  Her  face,  expressive,  spoke  each  thought  sincere. 
 
 Truth  and  it*)  friends,  to  her,  were  ever  dear. 
 
 ICager  she  prized  each  social,  virtuous  joy  ; 
 
 But  prudent  shunned  the  haunts  which  peace  destroy. 
 "For  others'  woes,  her  keenest  si>rniws  flowed, 
 
 Or  for  the  impious,  wandering  from  their  r.od. 
 
 Is  she  perhaiw,  your  guanlian  Angel,  still  ' 
 
 O  chil.lren  I  live  as  would  obey  her  will. 
 
 So  shall  you  Join  heron  that  hapjiy  shore 
 
 Where  death  or  grief  will  visit  you  uo  more." 
 
 In  another  part  of  the  burial  ground  are  three 
 graves,  upon  the  respective  headstones  of  which,  the 
 following  initials  are  rudely  chiseled  : — 
 
 '■  r  ■:  L 
 X  ■  L 
 M  ■;  L. 
 
 A  few  paces  from  these  is  a  marble  stone,  which  is 
 erected 
 
 "In  memory  of  Mary,  the  wife  <if  James  Ijibsui,  who  departed 
 this  life  .Vjiril  "ijth,  17 — ,  in  theseventy-lirst  year  of  her  age. 
 ] .  "  All  you  that  come  m.v  grave  to  see 
 
 j  Prepare  for  death  and  follow  me  ; 
 
 j  Prepare  for  death,  make  no  delay. 
 
 For  suddenly  I  was  snatched  away  ." 
 
 The  first  regular  minister  of  Rocky  Spring  Church 
 was  the  Rev.  John  Craighead,  who,  with  others  sus- 
 taining the  same  relation,  are  eLsewhere  noticed  in 
 this  volume.  As  already  stated,  he  joined  the  army 
 of  Ci«neral  Washington,  in  Xew  Jersey.  Of  his  valor 
 there  can  be  no  question.  ' '  He  fought  and  preached 
 '  alternately,"  says  a  friend,  in  noticing  his  character ,- 
 "breasted  all  danger,  relying  on  his  God  and  the 
 justice  of  his  cause  for  protection."  He  was  some- 
 what celebrated  as  an  humorist.  His  friend,  the  Kev. 
 Dr.  Cooper,  of  Jliddle  Spring  Church,  who  was  also, 
 it  is  believed,  captain  of  a  company,  w;us  with  him 
 in  the  same  me.ss,  as  they  were  congenial  spirits. 
 One  day,  it  is  said,  going  into  battle,  a  cannon  ball 
 struck  a  tree  near  him,  a  splinter  of  which  nearly 
 knocked  him  down.  "Bless  me!"  e.\claimed  Dr. 
 Cooper,  "you  wvMe  nearlyknocked  to  staves."  "Oh, 
 yes,"  was  his  reply,  "and  tliough  you  are  a  Cooper, 
 you  could  not  have  .set  me  up. " 
 
 After  Mr.  Craighead's  decease  a  vacancy  existed  in 
 the  congregation  for  about  one  year,  when  the  Rev. 
 Francis  Herron,  afterwards  the  Rev.  Dr.  Herron,  of 
 the  Fir.st  Church,  Pittsburg,  was  ordained  and  in- 
 stalled April  9th,  1800,  pa.stor  of  the  congregation, 
 and  continued  .so  for  ubout  ten  years. 
 
 Dr.    Herron    was    succeeded    by   the    Rev.    John 
 McKnight,  D.I).,   wlio   ministered  to   the  people  for 
 several  years,  wlio  was  also  succeeded  by  liis  son,  the 
 '  Rev.  .Tolin  Mclvniglit.  D.I).,  in  a  pastorate  of  several 
 j  years' duration.     His  successor  w:us  the  Rev.  A.  K. 
 I  Nelson,  who  was  installed  piustorof  "  Campl)ellstown 
 j  and  Rocky  Spring,"'  in  1840,  and  had  charge  of  these 
 j  churches  for  a  number  of  years.     The  latter  has  long 
 '  been  without  any  regular  supply  for  its  pulpit.  Once 
 it  occu]ii<d  an  important  position  among  the  churches 
 in  the  Ciimbcrlaml  VaHcj-.    People  resorted  to  Rocky 
 Spring,    from    Loudon,     Mereersburg,    Greencastle, 
 Chamberslmrg,  Cnlljertson's  Row,  (ireiMivillage,  Ro.\- 
 bury,  Orrstowii,  Strasburg,  and  from  the  wliole  valley 
 along  the  mountain  foot,  extending  nearly  to  Ship- 
 pensljurg.     When  there  chanced  to  be  no  preaching 
 at  Middle  Spring,  the  people  of  that  congregation 
 were  accustomed  to  worship  here.      But  the  original 
 settlers  have  long  since  died,  and  their  di'scendants, 
 to  a  considerable  extent,   hav<!  moved   to  other  re- 
 gions, aiul  iK'rsous  from  other  phices   (particularly 
 
RODGERS. 
 
 781 
 
 RODGERS. 
 
 Germans)  havet:tkea  their  places.  These,  generally, 
 belong  to  other  denoiuiualions,  and  have  deserted 
 this  ancient  temple  of  the  Most  High.  Then,  again. 
 other  churches  have  sprung  up  in  the  luighljoriug 
 towns,  and  many  of  those  who  formerly  attended  at 
 lioeky  Spring  can  now  enter  the  sanctuary  nearer  their 
 homes,  without  the  inconvenience  of  riding  several 
 miles,  as  was  formerly  neces.sary.  All  these  circum- 
 stances have  conspired  to  produce  the  present  fors;ikeu 
 aud  desolate  condition  of  the  church,  and  its  doom 
 seems  iuevit;ible.  A  few  short  years  only  will  have 
 elapsed  before  the  stranger  will  stand  by  the  totter- 
 ing walls  ou  the  hill-top,  aud  s;idly  meditate  upon 
 the  past  history  of  the  sacred  ])ile.  Then  the  de- 
 .scendants  of  the  old  conyiegatioii  will  have  gone, 
 and  no  one  will  be  able  to  recount  the  many  stirring 
 events  connected  with  it  in  former  years,  or  reveren- 
 tially commemorate  its  departing  glory. 
 
 Rodgers,  Rev.  James  L.,  is  a  native  of  Ship- 
 jicnsl)urg,  I'a.  Ho  graduated  at  Jefferson  College, 
 I'a.,  in  1847.  After  completing  his  theological  studies 
 at  Prineetou  Seminary  he  was  installed,  August  31.st, 
 l^^.")l,  pastor  of  Mt.  Joy  and  Uouegal  churches,  in 
 Lanc;uster  county,  Pa.  Here  he  labored  for  a  few 
 years,  acceptably  aud  successfully.  Mr.  Rodgers, 
 who  has  a  fine  c;vp;icity  iis  an  instructor,  has  for  a 
 long  time  been  teaching  advanced  scholars  in  his 
 nourishing  Institution,  Springlii'ld,  Ohio,  and  wa.s  for 
 a  year  a  stated  supply  at  Yellow  Spring  Church. 
 
 Rodgers  John,  D.  D.,  waa  born  iu  Boston, 
 .\.U'.^ust  5th,  17:i7.  His  parents  removed  to  Philadel- 
 phia iu  IT'JS.  During  the  first  visit  of  Whitetield  to 
 Philadelphia,  in  1T:!9,  while  i)reaching  at  night  on 
 the  court-house  sti'ps,  young  Kodgers  pressed  near, 
 and  held  a  lantern  for  his  accommodation.  Absorbed 
 and  deeply  iuterested,  he  bcc;ime  so  much,  agitated 
 ;vs  to  be  scarcely  able  to  stand,  the  lantern  fell  from 
 his  hand,  and  was  dashed  to  pieces.  When  little 
 more  than  twelve  years  old  he  became  hopifully 
 pious. 
 
 Mr.  Rodgers,  re.sohiug  to  enter  the  ministry, 
 became  a  student,  in  171:5,  in  the  school  under  the 
 care  of  the  Rev.  S  imuel  Klair,  at  Fagg's  Manor. 
 He  was  liceu-scd  by  the  Presbytery  of  Xew  C';ustle, 
 October  llth,  1747.  He  spent  the  summer  of  1748 
 in  Somerset  county,  Md.,  where,  in  a  very  uncommon 
 degree,  hia  labors  were  blessed.  He  was  inst;vlled 
 p:istor  at  St.  George's,  Del.,  JIarch  lOth,  1749.  Here 
 the  congregation  rapidly  enlarged;  a  new  house  of 
 worship  was  erected,  and  was  S(m)U  too  strait  for  them. 
 The  Forest  Church,  near  Middjetown,  had  a  third 
 part  of  his  time.  In  these  congreg-at ions  he  w;u5  very 
 zealous  and  successful,  nor  did  he  neglect  the  vacan- 
 cies hopelessly  sinking  out  of  existence  all  along  the 
 Peninsula. 
 
 Mr.  Rodgers,  having  declined,  in  1754,  an  invitar 
 tion  to  visit  New  York  with  a  view  to  .settlement,  he 
 was  called  thither  in  January,  176.i,  and  under  the 
 advice  of  Synod  he  accepted  the  call.      His  pListoral 
 
 relation  t»  -St.  George's  was  dissolved  M.n  l^ili, 
 17()5,  aud  he  was  installed  in  his  new  charge  Septem- 
 ber 4th.  A  considerable  revival  of  religion  almost 
 immediatel}'  ensuetl  ;  a  large  number  were  broughtto 
 the  knowledge  of  the  truth. 
 
 In  the  close  of  February,  177l),  Dr.  Rodgers,  with 
 many  others,  removed  their  families  I'roiii  Xew  York, 
 expecting  that  a  speedy  effort  wiuild  be  made  to  seize 
 the  city  and  h(dd  it  for  the  Crown.  He  beciuue  ehaj)- 
 laiu  of  Gen.  Heath's  brigade,  iu  April,  and  on  resign- 
 ing, spent  the  winter  in  Georgia.  On  his  return  to 
 New  York  the  parsonage  was  gone,  having  been  con- 
 sumed in  the  great  fire;  the  \Vall  Street  Church  had 
 been  converted  into  barracks,  and  the  Brick  Church 
 into  a  hospital,  and  left  in  a  ruiiu'il  state.  Dr.  Rod- 
 gers preached  in  SI.  Paul's  aud  St.  George's  Episcopal 
 
 i#:l;f"'^^"'^^ 
 
 JOHN    ROliGEKt),  D.D.,  FIRST   MODKRATOR    OF  THF.   OENRRAI.   ASSEMBLT. 
 
 churches,  which  had  been  kindly  offered  for  his  u.se, 
 alternately,  from  November,  1783,  till  June,  17 — . 
 
 Dr.  Rodgers  w:is  the  Moderator  of  the  first  General 
 Assembly,  in  1789.  After  18015  he  ceased  to  preach 
 more  than  once  on  the  Sabbath.  He  preached  for 
 the  la-st  time  in  .September,  1809.  On  May  7th,  1811, 
 in  his  eighty-t'ourth  year,  he  entered  into  rest.  His 
 intlucnce,  in  his  old  age,  w.is  most  healthful,  and 
 kept  alive  in  our  Church  a  remembrance  of  the  years 
 of  the  right  hand  of  the  Jlost  High,  a  s<-nse  of  the 
 importance  of  revivals,  and  a  longing  for  their  rettirn. 
 He  lived  to  see  the  gloomy  clouds  that  hung  over  our 
 land  so  ominously  for  years  after  the  Revolution,  roll 
 away,  and  to  witness  the  enlargement  and  prosperity 
 of  our  Church,  beyond  all  the  most  sanguine  expecta- 
 tions of  his  youth. 
 
RODGKRS. 
 
 782 
 
 SOGERS. 
 
 Rodgers,  Dr.  John  Richardson  Bayard, 
 w;is  au  cldiT  in  the  First  I'ri'sbyteriau  C'liuixh  of 
 New  York  city  for  a  long  time.  He  was  a  son  of  the 
 distinguished  clergyman,  Kev.  John  Rodgers,  D.D., 
 of  Xi-w  York.  He  received  his  degree  of  Doctor  of 
 Sledicine  in  Edinhurgh,  and  hecanie  a  practitioner  of 
 medicine  in  Xew  York  city,  and  w;i.s  for  many  years 
 the  leading  physician  in  the  city  and  a  professor  in 
 Columbia  College.  He  w;is  distinguished  for  his 
 henevolenee  and  high  Christian  character.  Dr.  Rodgers 
 was  the  father  of  the  late  eminent  surgeon,  J.  Kearny 
 Rodgers,  of  New  Y'ork,  and  of  the  late  Rev.  Ravaud 
 K.  Rodgers,  D.D.,  of  New  Jersey.     He  died  in  1833. 
 
 Rodgers,  Ravaud  Kearney,  D.  D.,  was  horn 
 in  New  York  city,  November  3d,  1.796.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1815,  and  at 
 Princeton  Seminary  in  1818.  He  was  licensed  by 
 the  I'resbyUry  of  New  York,  April  18th,  1818;  spent 
 his  first  year  of  ministerial  labor  in  the  West  as  a 
 missionary,  and  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Troy,  March  14th,  1821.  Before  his  ordination  he 
 served  the  churches  of  Sandy  Hill  and  Glen's  Falls, 
 N.  Y. ;  as  stilted  supply  from  April,  1820,  until  he 
 was  ordained  on  the  day  above  mentioned,  and,  on 
 the  same  day,  was  installed  as  their  pastor.  Here  he 
 labored  luitil  March  Dtli,  1830,  as  an  ardent,  earnest, 
 noble  young  iireaeher  of  the  Word.  Jlay  .'jth,  1830, 
 he  became  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Boundbrook, 
 N.  J.,  and  continued  to  labor  tlu're  forty-four  years, 
 until,  overtaken  by  the  growing  Infirmities  of  ad- 
 vanced aged,  he  was  released,  at  his  own  request, 
 October  21st,  1874.  Soon  after  he  removed  to  Athens, 
 Ga.,  where  his  only  daughter,  the  ■\vife  of  Robert  L. 
 Bloomtield,  Esq.,  resides,  where  he  spent  the  calm 
 and  beautiful  evening  of  a  long  and  honored  life. 
 His  death  occurred  January  12th,  1879. 
 
 Few  ministers  of  the  Presbj-terian  Church  were 
 more  widely  known  or  more  universally  loved  and 
 respected  than  Dr.  Rodgers.  As  a  companion,  he 
 was  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  agreeable  of 
 men.  On  public  occasions  he  was  prominent  as  a 
 speaker.  He  Wiis  always  a  useful  member  of  ecclesi- 
 astical bodies,  from  his  wonderful  knowledge  of  the 
 law  and  practice  of  the  Church.  As  Stated  Clerk  of 
 the  Synod  of  New  Jersey  for  many  years,  he  was 
 unrivaled  in  tlie  discharge  of  all  official  duty.  As  a 
 pa.stor,  lie  wiis  a  model.  He  knew  all  his  people, 
 even  the  young  children  and  domestics,  and  was  their 
 tru.sted  counsellor  and  confidential  friend.  As  a 
 preacher,  his  sermons  were  instructive  aud  fervent, 
 and  were  delivered  with  energy  and  impressiveness. 
 He  w.-usalwaysa  hard  worker,  industrious  and  untir- 
 ing until  very  near  his  end,  and  he  w;i3  a  truly  pious 
 man.  Ho  carried,  everywhere,  a  heart  warm  with 
 the  love  of  Christ.  He  lived  in  the  peqjctual  sun- 
 shine of  his  Saviour's  presence,  and  rejoiced  to  he 
 alxxit  His  work. 
 
 Roe,  Azel,  D.  D.,  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  New  York,   in    ]7(i<l,    ami    two    years    after   was 
 
 ordained.  In  17G3  he  became  pa.stor  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  at  Woodbridge,  N.  J.,  afterwards  con- 
 nected with  Metuchin.  During  the  Revolutionary 
 war  he  proved  his  patriotism  in  many  ways.  He 
 graduated  at  Princeton  College  in  17.'j6,  and  was  a 
 trustee  of  the  college  from  1778  to  1807.  The  man- 
 ners of  Dr.  Roe  were  more  than  ordinarily  graceful 
 aud  dignified.  His  preaching  was  distinguished  lor 
 substantial  e.\(rellence,  rather  than  those  qualities 
 whieli  attract  the  multitude.  He  was  uuiversjiUy 
 and  highly  esteemed  as  a  p;istor,  and  was  in  charge 
 of  the  same  flock  for  fifty-four  j'ears.  He  died  in 
 November,  181.5. 
 
 Rogers,  Ebenezer  Piatt,  D,D.,  wivs  born  in 
 New  York  city,  Decembe*  l8th,  1817.  He  graduated 
 from  Yale  College  iu  1837;  studied  at  Princeton 
 Seminary  nearly  one  year,  1837^8;  finished  his  theo- 
 logical course  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  L.  H. 
 Atwater,  at  Fairfield,  Conn.,  and  Dr.  Joel  Hawcs, 
 at  Hartford,  Conn.,  and  was  licensed  by  the  South 
 Association  of  Litchfield  county,  Conn. ,  June  30th, 
 1840,  and  ordained  hy  the  Hampton  Association, 
 November  4th,  1840.  His  successive  fields  of  labor 
 were:  1.  The  Congregational  Church  at  Chicopie 
 Falls,  Ma.ss.,  from  November  4th,  l>i40  to  April  10th, 
 1843.  2.  The  Edwards'  Congregational  Church  at 
 Northampton,  Ma.ss.,  from  May  17th,  H43to  Novem- 
 ber 24th,  1846.  3.  The  First  Presbyterian  Church 
 at  Augusta,  Ga.,  from  December  10th,  1847  to  April 
 6th,  1854.  4.  The  Seventh  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Philadelphia,  from  ilay  3d,  1854  to  Octolxr  l.st, 
 1856.  5.  Tlie  First  Reforuuni  Dutch  Church  of 
 Albany,  N.  Y.,  from  November  19th,  l^.^e  to  May 
 12th,  1862.  6.  La.stly,  the  South  Reformeil  Dutch 
 Church  iu  the  city  of  New  York,  from  June  15th, 
 1863  to  April  19th,  1881,  when  he  was  released, 
 because  of  ill  health.  Dr.  Rogers  died  October  22d, 
 1881.  His  last  days  were  full  of  joy  in  God  as  his 
 strength  and  hope.  He  was  an  amiable,  genial, 
 polished  Chiistian  gentleman,  warmly  beloved  by 
 his  ministerial  brethren  and  by  all  the  congregations 
 he  successively  served.  As  a  preacher  he  was  lucid, 
 impressive,  able,  eloquent  and  thonmghly  .8eriptural. 
 
 Rogers,  Rev.  Thornton,  was  l)orn  of  Presby- 
 terian parents,  in  the  county  of  Albenuirle,  A'a.,  De- 
 cember 24th,  1793.  His  clivssieal  education  was  re- 
 ceived at  the  cla.ssieal  schools  of  Dr.  James  ^Vaddel  and 
 Mr.^Villiam  Robert.son.  He  was  made  a  ruling  elder 
 at  an  early  age,  under  the  ministrations  of  the  late  Rev. 
 \ViIliamJ.  .Vrmstrong,  D.  I).  His  ocexsional  addres.ses 
 in  jirivate  meetings  wi're  so  pertinent  and  e.xcellent 
 as  to  lead  some  of  his  friends  to  suggest  to  him  the 
 idea  of  devoting  himself  to  the  ministry,  and  he 
 fnially  yielded  to  the  suggestion,  and,  after  prose- 
 cuting his  theologic;il  studies  under  many  disadvan- 
 tages, was  licen.sed  by  the  Hanover  Presbytery,  in 
 1829.  He  continued  to  reside  ou  his  small  farm,  and 
 to  preach  to  the  people  in  the  neighborhood,  who 
 heard  him  with  great  pleiisurc  and  profit.     But  he 
 
HOLLIXS. 
 
 783 
 
 BOOT. 
 
 was  not  permitted  to  serve  them  long.  He  died  j  ust 
 one  year  after  his  ordination,  in  1833.  He  was  an 
 eminently  devout  and  godly  man,  and  hi.s  di'uth-bed 
 l)r(si-ated  a  wonderful  illustration  of  the  all-sustaining 
 powiT  of  Christian  faith. 
 
 Rollins,  Hon.  Ed-ward  Ashton,  son  of  Daniel 
 G.  and  Susan  Binney  Rollins,  was  born  in  Wakelield, 
 Xew  Hampsliire,  December  8th,  18-J>*.  He  graduateil 
 at  Dartmouth  College,  with  honor,  in  is.jl.  After 
 three  years'  study  of  the  law,  he  w:xs  admitted  to  the 
 Bar,  in  1854,  and  commenced  the  practice  of  his  i)ro- 
 fession  in  Great  Falls.  The  following  year  he  was 
 elected  ca.shier  of  the  Sonu-rsworth  Bank.  In  18.50 
 he  resumed  the  practice  of  law,  and  formed  a  part- 
 nership with  Hon.  Ichabod  G.  Jordan.  In  the  Spring 
 of  1860  Mr.  Kallius  w.is  elected  to  the  Legislature, 
 
 HON.     KKWAUI)    ASHTON    llOLLINS. 
 
 from  Somersworth;  was  re-elected  the  two  following 
 years,  and  was  called  \ipon  to  preside,  a.s  Speaker, 
 over  the  largest  legislative  body  in  America,  in  18G1 
 and  186'2,  when  the  nation  was  in  the  turmoil  of  a 
 great  civil  war.  In  lSC>:i  he  was  appointed  by  Presi- 
 dent Lincoln  Cashier  of  the  Bureau  of  Internal  Reve- 
 nue. The  following  year  he  was  appointed  Deputy 
 Commis.sioner.  In  18(j.'j  he  was  apjiointed  Commis- 
 sioner of  Internal  Kevenue,  and  held  this  olHce  until 
 March  8th,  18(>!),  when,  comiilctely  worn  out  and 
 exhau.sted,  by  mental  strain  and  pressure  of  business, 
 he  insisted  upon  his  resignation  being  accepted. 
 
 In  the  Summer  of. 1809  Mr.  Rollins  was  elected  Vice 
 President  of  the  National  Life  Insurance  Company  of 
 the  United  States  of  America,  located  iu  Philadel- 
 phia, and  in  187'2  he  was  elected  President  of  that 
 Institution.     After  resigning  this  position  and  .spend- 
 
 ing some  time  in  foreign  travel,  he  conceived  the  idea 
 of  establishing  a  new  National  Bank — the  Centennial 
 National  Bank — and  was  elected  its  President,  which 
 office  he  continues  to  hold.  Mr.  Rollins  is  an  e.\- 
 emplary,  active  and  useful  elder  of  the  Walnut  Street 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Philadelphia;  also  a  trustee  of 
 ■'The  Presbyterian  House,''  and  a  manager  of  "The 
 Presbj'terian  Board  of  Publication."  His  whole  plan 
 of  life  is  founded  upon  deep  religious  convictions,  which 
 have  never  ceased  to  control  his  private  and  his  offi- 
 cial career.  For  his  culture,  social  qualities  and  great 
 integrity,  he  is  held  in  high  esteem  by  all  who  know 
 him. 
 
 Romeyn,  John  Brodhead,  D.D.,  wxs  the  only 
 son  of  the  Rev.  Dirick  Romeyn,  D.li.,  and  was  born 
 at  Marbletown,  Ulster  county,  N.  Y.,  November  8th, 
 1777.  He  giaduated  at  Columbia  College,  with  high 
 honor,  iu  179.5;  studied  theology  mainly  under  the 
 direction  of  his  father,  and  was  licensed  to  preach 
 the  gospel  by  the  Cla.ssis  of  Albany,  June  20th, 
 1798.  In  May,  1799,  he  was  set  apart  to  the  pastoral 
 charge  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  in  Rhiuebeck, 
 N.  Y.,  where  he  labored  more  than  four  years,  with 
 great  popularity  and  success.  In  November,  1803, 
 he  accepted  a  call  from  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 the  city  of  Schenectady,  where  he  remained  but  a 
 single  year,  having,  in  November,  1804,  received  a 
 call  from  the  First  Prcsbj-terian  Church  in  Albany, 
 which,  on  the  whole,  he  thought  it  his  duty  to 
 accept.  At  Albany  he  sustained  himself  in  his  im- 
 portant position  for  four  years,  laboring  with  great 
 zeal  and  accept;ince. 
 
 In  1808  Mr.  Romeyn  accepted  a  call  to  the  new 
 church  in  Cedar  street,  New  Y'ork,  which  had  just 
 been  established.  In  1809  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
 Di\-iuity  was  conferred  upon  hira  by  the  College  of 
 New  Jersey.  In  New  York,  withiu  a  short  period, 
 he  gathered  around  hira  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
 respectable  congregations  in  the  city.  Here  he 
 labored,  with  marked  success,  until  his  death,  Feb- 
 ruary 22d,  1825.  Dr.  Romeyu's  mind  was  of  a  high 
 order.  As  a  preacher,  he  stood  eminent,  iu  some 
 respects  prim  as  inter  pnrtH,  among  the  great  lights 
 Xew  York  could  boast  of  at  that  day.  Large  audi- 
 ences waited  on  his  ministry,  and  it  was  crowned 
 with  success.  He  published  a  large  number  of  occa- 
 sional sermons. 
 
 Rommel,  Rev.  "William  Cooper,  was  l)orn  at 
 Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  December  1st,  184G;  graduated  at 
 the  College  of  New  Jersej'  in  18G8,  and  was,  for  a 
 time.  Tutor  in  the  In.stitution.  He  studied  theology 
 at  Union  Seminary,  New  York,  and  was  ordained  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Elizabeth,  June  2Uth,  1872.  He 
 was  stated  supply  at  Helena,  Montana,  1872-7(>,  and 
 since  1877  has  been  the  faithful  and  efficient  pastor 
 of  G;uston  Presbyterian  Church,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
 
 Root,  Rev.  Lucius  Insley,  son  of  Charles  and 
 Elizabeth  Ward  (Doughvss)  Root,  w:is  born  at  Brutus, 
 Cayuga  county.  N.  Y.,  August  16th,  1820;  graduated 
 
ROSBRVGH. 
 
 784 
 
 ROV. 
 
 at  Union  College,  in  1847;  studied  theolojiv  at  Prince- 
 ton, and  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  ol' Elizabeth, 
 Ai)ril  I'^th,  1?'1U.  Mr.  Koot  was  Prot'es.sor  of  Jlathe- 
 maties  and  Natural  Philosophy  in  Carroll  College,  at 
 Waukesha,  Wis,,  which  he  largely  aided  in  founding, 
 from  Xoveml)er  1st,  1849,  until  he  resigned,  Xoveni- 
 ber  1st,  18o2.  He  then  preached,  tirst  as  stated  sup- 
 ply and  then  an  piustor  elect,  at  Saline,  Mich.,  from 
 Ai)ril,  18.J3,  to  Ai)ril,  18.")6,  He  next  labored  at  Bay 
 City,  Jlich.,  as  st;ited  sup{)ly,  from  May,  1856,  until 
 inst;illed  as  pastor,  November  17tli,  1858,  and  on  until 
 released  from  this  charge,  February  14th,  1860,  teach- 
 ing al.-;o  a  lM)ys'  school,  at  the  s;ime  time  and  place, 
 from  1856  to  1858.  His  fields  of  labor  after  leaving 
 Bay  City  were  as  follows:  At  Ionia,  Mich.,  as  pastor 
 elect,  from  January,  1860;  he  was  inst;iUed  there  a.s 
 pastor  August  9th,  1860,  and  was  relea.sed  July  17th, 
 1861.  He  was  in.^talkd  as  pitstor  at  Sledina,  N.  Y., 
 Octol)er  31st,  1861,  and  w;is  released  June  27th,  1863. 
 He  was  stated  supj)ly  at  Upper  Alton,  111.,  from 
 Novemljer  1st,  1867,  to  November  1st,  1871.  He  was 
 next  at  Shelbyville,  III.,  where  he  was  installed  as. 
 
 in  the  war,  he  has  been  fitly  termed  the  "clerical 
 martyr  of  the  Kevolution."'  He  was  a  man  of  great 
 activity  and  energj-.  genial  and  cheerful.  Many  of 
 his  descendants  reside  in  New  York  and  Canada. 
 Numerous  anecdotes  illustrating  his  char.u-ter  are 
 given  in  the  account  of  his  life  and  labors,  wTitten 
 by  Rev.  John  C.  Clyde,  "Kosbrugh,  a  Tale  of  the 
 Kevolution,"  1' — ii.  pp.  ;i:i. 
 
 Rose,  Rev.  John  McAden,  second  son  of  John 
 >I.  and  Jane  S.  Rose,  Wii:^  born  in  Fayetteville,  N,  C, 
 October  16th,  1849.  He  is  the  great  grand.son  of 
 Kcv.  Hugh  McAilcu,  pioneer  I'resbyteriau  minister 
 in  North  Carolina,  and  first  Moderator  of  Orange 
 Presbytery,  and  nephew  of  Rev.  James  H.  McNeil, 
 former  Corresponding  Secretary  of  the  American 
 Bible  Society,  N.  Y.,  and  of  Rev.  George  McNeil, 
 the  founder  of  the  Xurih  CtiroUmi  Prtxbyterian. 
 
 He  was  educated  at  Davidson  College,  N.  C,  and 
 the  University  of  North  Carolina ;  entered  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  Va.,  in  the  Fall  of  1870; 
 licensed  by  Fayetteville  Presbytery,  Synod  of  North 
 Carolina,  June  5th,  1872;  graduated  at  Union  Thco- 
 
 piLstor.  May  2d,  1872,  and  was  released  from  his  charge  I  logical  Seminary,  May,  1873;  ordained  by  East  Han-- 
 April  9th,  1874.  He  then  became  pastor  at  Green-  \  over  Presbytery,  Synod  of  Virginia,  and  installed 
 castle,  lud.,  where  he  wiis  installed  May  19th,  1874,  pastor  of  Portsmouth,  Va.,  Presbyterian  Church, 
 and  was  released  January  31st,  1876.  At  Edwards-  December  7th,  1873.  February  1st,  1881,  he  ae- 
 ville,  111.,  he  was  stated  supply  from  March  1st,  1876;  I  cepted  a  call  to  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church, 
 
 w;us  instiiUed  as  pastor  April  8th,  l'?77,  and  was 
 relea-sid  March  3d,  \x~i>.  Soon  after  this  latter  date 
 he  entered  upon  the  Professorship  of  Mental  and 
 .Jloral  Science  in  Park  College,  at  ParkvUle,  Mo.,  and 
 had  been  engaged  in  his  new  duties  just  one  mouth 
 when  he  died,  very  suddenly,  May  1st,  1879.     Mr. 
 
 Memphis,  Tenn. ;  February  1st,  1883,   he  accepted  a 
 call  to  the  I'resbyteriau  Church  at  Goldsboro,  N.  C. 
 
 Mr.  Rose  is  of  pleasing,  graceful  manners,  quick 
 intuitions  and  jx^rceptions,  and  a  wide-awake,  work- 
 ing pastor.  He  is  of  strong  convictions  and  ready 
 debating  jxiwers,  a  g<M>il  j)resbyter,  a  clear,  logical. 
 
 Root  was  greatly  esteemed  and  beloved  by  all  who  '  earnest  j>reacher,  and,  though  ordained  but  ten  years. 
 
 knew  him.  He  w:is  a  consistent  Chiistian,  a  devoted 
 husband,  a  loving  and  tender  parent,  an  unwavering 
 believer  in  the  divine  promises,  a  diligent,  faithful 
 and  acceptable  minister  of  the  gospel. 
 
 Rosbrugh,  Rev.  John,  was  bom  in  Scotland, 
 in  1714.  In  1740  he  settled  near  Danville,  N.  J. 
 Wlien  past  middle  life  he  entered  the  ministry, 
 graduating  at  Princeton  College  in  1761,  preaching 
 in  Warren  county,  N.  J.,  in  the  three  united  charges 
 of  O.vford,  tireeuwieh,  and  what  is  now  Wiushington, 
 until  1769,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the  churches 
 of  Allen  Township  and  Mount  Bethel,  in  Pennsyl- 
 vania, where  David  lirainei'd  had  been  located 
 twenty-two  years  before. 
 
 When,  in  December,  1776,  the  Provincial  Council 
 of  Safety  of  Pennsylvania  Issued  their  Kill  for  troops 
 for  the  Continental!  service,  Mr.  Rosbrugh  enlisted  a 
 company  in  his  own  congregatiou,  and  at  their  head 
 marched  to  Philadelphia  within  a  week  from  the 
 date  of  the  call.     On  Deeeml>er  26th  he  was  commis- 
 
 h;is  already  reached  a  position  of  iufiueuce  and  dis- 
 tinction. 
 
 Rossiter,  Rev.  Stealy  B.,  was  born  at  Berne, 
 .Vll)any  county,  New  York,  .May  22d,  1842.  He 
 graduated  at  Union  College,  Schenectady,  in  1865, 
 and  at  the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York, 
 in  1869.  He  preached  a  short  time  to  the  Congrega- 
 tional Church  at  Elizabeth,  N.  .T,  He  was  installed 
 pastor  of  the  North  Presbyteriiui  Church,  New  York, 
 September  21st,  \<!'.i.  This  is  his  present  charge. 
 Mr.  Rossiter  is  frank  and  courteous  in  manner.  He 
 is  blessed  with  a  good  judgment  in  what  he  under- 
 tiikes  to  do.  He  is  Ciirnestly  devoted  to  the  work  of 
 saving  souls.  In  the  pulpit  he  is  fervent  and  fluent, 
 and  preaches  at  once  with  sincerity  and  effectiveenss. 
 
 Rou,  Louis,  a  French  Reformed  or  Huguenot 
 minister,  piustor  of  the  French  Church  in  New  York 
 for  forty  j'ears,  1710  to  17.jO.  He  w;is  born  in  Hol- 
 land in  16S4,  and  was  the  .son  of  a  distinguished 
 French   refugee  in   that  countrv,  Jean  Rou.      Louis 
 
 sioned  by  the  Council  as  chaplain  of  the  Third  Bat-  i  was  ordained  to  thegasi>el  ministry  by  the  Synod  of 
 
 talion  of  the  Northampton  County  Militia.  In  the 
 memoralile  engagement  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  on  the  2d 
 of  Janimry,1777,  he  fell,  pierced  with  bayonet  wounds. 
 
 the  Walloon  Churches  of  Holland,  and  was  recom- 
 mended to  the  French  Church  in  New  York,  by  the 
 Consistory  of  the  French  Church  in    London,     He 
 
 received  at  the  OD.sct  of  the  Hessians.    Dying  so  early  ,  was  a  man  of  learning  and  ability.     He  died  in  New 
 
ROWLAND. 
 
 785 
 
 KVFFXEB. 
 
 York,  25th  of  December,  1730,  in  his  sixty-seventh 
 year. 
 
 Ro'wland,  Rev.  John,  was  a  native  of  Wales. 
 He  studied  at  Xeshaminy ;  was  liceiLsed  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  Brunswick,  September  7th,  1738,  and 
 on  the  same  day  an  ai)i)lication  was  made  to  the 
 Presbytery  for  his  services,  by  the  united  congrega- 
 tions of  JIaidtuhcad  (Lawrence)  and  Hoix^wcU  (Pen- 
 nington). Prcsbyterj',  in  receiving  Jlr.  Rowland 
 uadcr  their  care,  having  violated  a  standing  rule  of 
 the  Synod,  which  required  that  every  candidate,  be- 
 fore being  taken  on  trial  by  any  Presbytery,  Hhould 
 submit  himself  to  an  examination  on  his  classical  and 
 scientific  attainments  by  a  committee  of  the  SjTiod, 
 this  fact  produced  dissension  among  the  congregations 
 to  which  he  was  called.  Sir.  Rowland,  however,  ac- 
 cepted the  call,  and  after  a  time,  his  labors  among 
 them  were  attended  with  an  extraordinary  blessing, 
 in  a  great  revival  of  religion  in  both  these  congrega- 
 tions. 
 
 'MrTicn  the  division  took  place  Jlr.  Rowland  was 
 sent  by  New  Brunswick  Presbytery  to  the  New  Side 
 congregations  in  I'ennsylvania,  beginning  at  Fagg's 
 Manor,  going  as  far  as  Pennsborongh  (Carlisle)  and 
 Conococheagne  (Chambersburg),  and  returning  by 
 way  of  Pigeon  Run,  Christina  Bridge  and  Greenwich, 
 in  West  Jersey.  Kis  labors  during  this  mission  were 
 largely  blessed.  lie  settled  at  Charleston  and  New 
 Providence,  Chester  county.  Pa.  Jlr.  Davies  spoke 
 of  him,  to  Jlr.  Finley,  as  eminently  holy,  and  pecu- 
 liarly endowed  with  abilities,  natural,  supernatural, 
 and  acquired,  to  win  souls  to  the  Saviour.  Dr.  Hen. 
 derson,  of  Freehold,  says  he  possessed  a  commanding 
 eloquence  and  many  estimable  qualities.  AMiitcfield 
 s;iid,  "There  was  much  of  the  simplicity  of  Christ 
 discernible  in  his  behavior." 
 
 "Though  Mr.  Rowland,"  says  Dr.  Archibald  Alex- 
 ander, "filled  a  considerable  space  in  the  Church, 
 while  he  lived,  as  he  was  a  Boanerges  in  denouncing 
 the  terrors  of  the  law  again.st  impenitent  sinners,  in- 
 somuch that  he  acquired  among  the  irreligious  the 
 title,  so  often  given  to  faithful  pre.ichers,  '  the  hell- 
 fire  Rowland, '  yet  no  word  or  memorial  of  the  close 
 of  his  life  remains.  lie  seems  not  to  have  1)een  mar- 
 ried, and  to  have  died  early." 
 
 Rue,  Rev.  Joseph,  a  native  of  Xew  Jersey,  was 
 ordainiil  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick  in 
 17S4,  and  was  settled  as  p;istoi  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  at  Pennington,  N.  J.  Here  he  remained  a 
 faithful  jjastor  for  forty-one  years.     He  died  in  1826. 
 
 Rixffner,  Henry,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  the  son  of 
 Col.  David  and  Ann  EulVner,  w.as  born  in  the  Valley 
 of  Virginia,  in  what  is  now  Page  county,  J.anuary 
 19th,  1789.  He  graduated  at  Washington  College, 
 Va.,  in  1817,  and  commenced  his  labors  as  a  school 
 teacher  in  Mercer  Academy,  Charlestown,  Va. 
 
 In  1819  he  w;us  elected  Professor  in  W;ishington 
 College,  Va,  He  studied  theology  with  George  A. 
 'Baxter,  D.D. ;  was  licensed  by  Lexington  Presbytery, 
 50 
 
 in  1819,  and  took  charge  of  the  Church  of  Timber 
 Ridge,  Va.  Duringthe  thirty  yearsof  his  connection 
 with  Washington  College  he  successively  filled  every 
 Professor's  chair,  and  was  its  President  for  ten  or 
 twelve  years.  In  1848  he  was  compelled,  by  ill 
 health,  to  resign  his  position.  The  next  year  he  left 
 Lexington,  and  in  the  year  following  that  retired  to 
 a  mountain  farm  In  Kanawha  county,  to  recruit  his 
 health.  Here  he  preached,  a-s  he  was  able,  to  the 
 poor  people  scattered  through  the  hills.  After  a  few 
 years  he  took  charge  of  the  Church  in  JIalden,  on 
 the  Kanawha  river,  six  miles  above  Charleston,  but 
 was  compelled,  by  ill  health,  to  give  up  preaching 
 the  year  before  his  death,  ^^^lilst  he  was  in  Wash- 
 ington College,  he,  for  many  years,  preached  to  the 
 churches  of  Timber  Ridge  and   Fairfield,  si.x  and 
 
 HKSllY    RCFrXER,  D.D.,    LL.D. 
 
 twelve  miles  from  Lexington.  When  they  were  pro- 
 vided with  a  pastor  he  took  charge  of  New  Jlonmouth, 
 three  miles  from  his  home.  In  all  his  charges  he  was 
 greatly  beloved,  and  was  very  useful.  Several 
 revivals  of  religion  took  place  under  his  ministry,  in 
 which  many  were  added  to  the  Church. 
 
 Dr.  Ruffner  was  an  untiring  and  enthusiastic 
 student  all  his  life.  In  learning,  he  had  few  equals, 
 and  no  superiors  in  his  native  State.  His  preaching 
 w.os  always  solemn  and  instructive,  and  often  of  the 
 highest  order.  In  character,  he  had  peculiar  sim- 
 plicity, meekncfis,  and  uuobtrusiveness.  lie  was  a 
 man  of  few  words,  but  keenly  alive  to  the  beauties 
 of  nature  and  of  art,  with  strong  attachments  to 
 personal  friends,  and  great  enjoyment  of  congenial 
 society  when  released  from  the  active  duties  of  the 
 
RUMPLE. 
 
 786 
 
 BUTHEBFOBD. 
 
 college.  He  was  a  contributor  to  the  religious  press 
 of  his  day,  besides  publishing  a  number  of  pamphlets, 
 some  of  them  quite  important.  He  was  the  author 
 of  "The  Fathers  of  the  Desert,"  in  two  volumes, 
 "The  I'rede.stinarian,"  and  a  volume  on  "Monasti- 
 cism."  He  died  at  Maiden,  Kanawha  county,  Va., 
 December  17th,  18G1. 
 
 Rumple,  Jethro,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Cabarrus 
 county,  X.  C,  March  10th,  1827.  The  first  eighteen 
 years  of  his  life  were  spent  on  a  farm,  varied  by  at- 
 tendance upon  the  country  schools.  About  the  age 
 of  eighteen  he  made  a  profes.sion  of  religion,  and  soon  ' 
 after  undertook,  by  his  own  exertions,  to  secure  a 
 cl;i.s.sie;il  educition.  By  teaching  and  attending  neigh- 
 boring academies,  he  was  prepared  to  outer  Davidson 
 
 JETIIRO  RUMPLE,   D.  D. 
 
 College,  where  he  graduated  with  di.stiuction,  in  ISoO. 
 He  then  taught  school  for  several  years,  to  defray  the 
 expenses  of  his  literary  and  theological  education. 
 In  18.54  he  was  received  under  the  care  of  Concord 
 Presbytery,  and  the  same  year  entered  the  Theological 
 Seminary  at  Columbia,  S.  C,  in  which  the  Rev.  J.  II. 
 Tliornwell,  D.  D.,  wastlien  1'rofe.s.sor  of  Theology,  and 
 remained  two  years.  Ho  w;us  licensed  by  Concord 
 Presbytery,  July  31st,  18.')B,  and  was  ordained  by  the 
 same,  January  9th,  18.'>7,  and  installed  pa.stor  of 
 Providence  aud  Sharon  churches,  in  Jlecklenburg 
 county,  N.  C.  He  served  these  churches  four  years, 
 when  he  was  called  to  the  Prcsbj-terian  Church  at 
 Siilisbury,  Rowan  county,  X.  C,  in  the  same  Presby- 
 tery, wliere  he  w;is  iiLstiUed  pistor,  XoveralxT  24th, 
 1H(J0.  He  has  continued  to  be  tlio  faithful  aud  be- 
 loved pastor  of  this  church  until  the  present  time 
 (May,  1883). 
 
 In  both  of  these  fields  his  labors  have  been  abund- 
 antly blessed.  During  his  pastorate  of  the  Salisbury 
 Church  si.x  young  men  have  entered  the  ministry. 
 
 The  high  estimate  set  upon  Dr.  Rumple's  charac- 
 ter and  abilities  by  his  brethren  is  .shown  by  the 
 varied  and  responsible  positions  to  which  they  have 
 called  him.  For  more  than  twenty  years  he  has  been 
 a  Trustee  of  Davidson  College  and  a  Director  of  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  Virginia.  He  has  been  a  com- 
 missioner to  several  General  Assemblies,  and  in  Synod 
 and  Presbytery  has  served  the  Church  in  well  nigh 
 all  the  most  honorable  and  important  jMJsitions.  As 
 a  p;istor,  he  is  prudent,  laborious  and  sympathizing. 
 As  a  preacher,  he  is  earnest,  clear,  tender  and  able. 
 As  the  stores  of  his  learning  increase,  so  does  his 
 preaching  possess  additional  freshness  aud  power. 
 
 Besides  his  pastoral  and  I*resbyterial  duties  he  has 
 made  excursions  in  the  field  of  authorship.  For  the 
 last  five  years,  in  the  N.  C.  Presbyterian,  he  has  been 
 writing  up  the  "  History  of  Presbyterianism  in  North 
 Carolina."  These  sketches,  when  completed,  will  be 
 issued  in  a  volume,  giving  a  full  account  of  the 
 churches  and  ministers  of  his  native  Stiitc.  In  the 
 meantime  he  published,  in  1881,  a  "History  of  Rowan 
 county,  X.  C." 
 
 In  1882  the  University  of  X'orth  Carolina  conferred 
 upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Di\'inity. 
 
 With  mental  and  physical  powers  unimpaired  by 
 the  labors  of  the  past,  aud  with  an  increasing  reputa- 
 tion, and,  abtxve  all,  with  a  heart  loyal  to  Christ  and 
 His  truth,  may  his  life  be  spared  many  years  to  serve 
 the  blessed  Lord,  who  has  been  in  the  past  his  "Sun 
 and  Shield!" 
 
 Russell,  Rev.  Joshua  L.,  was  born  in  Clifton, 
 O.,  September  29th,  1845,  and  graduated  at  Witten- 
 berg College,  in  that  State,  in  1864.  He  was  stated 
 supply  at  Tro3',  O. ,  in  18G6 ;  ord.ained  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Miami,  August  17th,  1867;  pxstor  at  Sliddle- 
 town,  O.,  1S67-72;  pastor  of  Park  Cliurch,  Dayton, 
 1872-76;  and  took  charge  of  the  Spring  Garden 
 Church,  Philadelphia,  in  1876;  retaining  the  p.astor- 
 ato  for  several  years.  In  1883  he  was  inst;illcd  over 
 the  Second  Church,  Altooua,  Pa.  He  is  a  graceful 
 writer,  frequently  using  his  pen  for  the  periodicals 
 of  the  day,  and  as  a  preacher  is  thorough,  direct, 
 iind  faithful. 
 
 Russell,  Rev.  Robert,  w.is  a  graduate  of  Prince- 
 ton C'oIl<g(^  in  17!)2.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Xew  Brunswick  in  171)5,  and  aI>out  1797 
 he  joined  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  and  .settled 
 as  p;ustor  of  tlie  Presbj-terian  Church  at  ,\llen  town- 
 shij) (now  Allcntowu),  Pa.  Here  Jlr.  Uus-sell  labored 
 for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century.  He  died  in 
 1827. 
 
 Rutherford,  Ed-ward  Hubbard,  D.  D.,  was 
 born  at  BrownsA-ille,  Tenu.,  February  22d,  1831. 
 His  collegiate  course  was  fciken  at  Hanover  College, 
 Ind.,  where  he  graduated  in  1854.  He  ]iursued  his 
 theologicid  studies  at  Danville  Theological  Seminary, 
 
BUTTER. 
 
 787 
 
 liYORS. 
 
 completing  his  course  in  18,")7.  In  1S5G  he  w:i.s 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Western  District,  Tenn., 
 and  ordained  by  the  Presbj'tery  of  Central  Missis- 
 sippi in  1857.  His  first  charge  was  at  Vicksburg, 
 Hiss.,  where  he  remained  nine  years.  In  1866  he 
 became  pastor  of  the  Fir.st  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Petersburg,  Yu.,  remaining  there  until  1872,  ivhen 
 he  took  charge  of  what  is  now  the  Grand  Avenue 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  St.  Louis,  JIo.,  and  in  1881 
 he  was  called  to  the  p:istorate  of  the  Southern  Pres- 
 byterian Church  of  I'aris,  Ky . ,  which  charge  he  still 
 retains. 
 
 Dr.  Rutherford  is  one  of  the  strong  men  in  the 
 Southern  Church.  He  is  solid  and  intellectual  as  to 
 his  matter,  yet  very  earnest  and  spiritual  in  his 
 manner  of  preaching.  As  a  man,  he  Is  kind,  sym- 
 pathetic, of  remarkably  pleasing  address,  and  with  a 
 manner  especially  magnetic  and  -winning. 
 
 Rutter,  Rev.  Lindley  Charles,  sou  of  David 
 and  Slary  Ann  (Potts)  Kutter,  was  born  at  Pine 
 Forge,  Berks  county.  Pa.,  September  3d,  1807;  re- 
 ceived his  classical  education  at  Reading,  Pa. ;  studied 
 theology  at  Princeton  Seminary;  was  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  April  22d,  1830;  and 
 was  ordained  by  Chillicothe  Presb3'tery,  April  6th, 
 1831,  and  insfcilled  the  same  day  pastor  of  the  church 
 at  Manchester,  Ohio,  which  he  had  previously  sup- 
 plied as  a  licentiate  for  nearly .  a  year.  From  this 
 charge  he  was  released  October  4th,  1831;  was  in- 
 stalled January  29th,  1833,  pastor  of  the  united 
 churches  of  Centre  and  Upper  Perry  in  Pa.,  from 
 which  he  was  released  December  24th,  1834;  w:us 
 installed  jiastor  of  the  united  churches  of  Chestnut 
 Level  and  Little  Britain,  May22d,  183.");  was  released 
 from  the  church  of  Little  Britain,  April  10th,  18G0, 
 and  continued  pastor  of  the  church  of  Chestnut  Level 
 alone  until  relc;ised,  April  13th,  1875,  on  account  of 
 the  failure  of  his  health.  From  this  time  he  resided, 
 in  very  iniirm  health,  among  the  people  he  had  served 
 so  long  and  so  faithfully,  until  his  death,  which 
 occurred  at  Chestnut  Level,  Lancaster  county.  Pa., 
 March  5th,  1832.  He  was  an  earnest,  clear  and  fervent 
 preacher  of  the  gospel,  loving  the  souls  of  his  hearers 
 and  largely  successful  in  winning  them  to  Christ. 
 
 Ryerson,  Martin,  LL.D.,  was  born  in  1815,  in 
 Newton,  N./.!.  His  father  was  Thomas  C.  Ryerson, 
 a  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State,  and  his 
 mother  was  a  daughter  of  Robert  Ogdeu,  one  of  the 
 founders  of  Clio  Hall,  Princeton  College.  He 
 graduated  at  this  college  in  18.33,  di%'iding  the  first 
 honor,  and  receiving  the  Latin  "oration.  He  was 
 admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1*36,  and  practiced  in  Newark, 
 until  1841,  afti'rward  in  Newton,  and  then  iu  Tren- 
 ton in  1853.  In  1814  he  w;us  a  very  active  member 
 of  the  Convention  that  framed  the  present  Constitution 
 of  New  Jersey.     In  1855  he  was  chairman  of  the  com- 
 
 mission appointed  to  revLse  the  statutes.  The  next 
 year  he  became  a  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court,  which 
 office  failing  health  compelled  him  to  resign  in  1858. 
 In  1873  he  was  appoint<;d,  by  General  Grant,  one  of 
 the  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Commissioners  of  the 
 Alabama  claims.  He  assistiid  in  the  organization  of 
 the  Court,  and  drew  up  its  rules,  but  in  the  Winter 
 of  1875  Wiis  compeUed,  by  sickness,  to  resign.  He 
 died  on  the  11th  of  the  following  June. 
 
 Judge  Ryersou  made  a  profession  of  religion  in 
 1853.  He  at  ouce  became  deeply  enlisted  in  the 
 work  of  the  Church  at  home  and  abroad,  in  the  Bible 
 and  Tract  Societies,  and  the  Sabbath  school,  toward 
 all  of  which  he  liberally  contributed  .according  to  his 
 means.  He  was  made  a  ruling  elder  in  the  Presbyte- 
 rian Church,  Newton,  N.  J.  (Old  School),  in  1858; 
 w;is  for  several  years  superintendent  of  the  Sabbath 
 school,  and  for  a  long  time  teacher  of  a  young  ladies' 
 Bible  class.  He  represented  his  Presbytery  in  the 
 Gener.al  Assembly,  of  which  he  was  always  an  active 
 and  influential  member.  He  warmly  approved  of 
 the  reunion  and  advocated  it  strenuously.  His 
 mind  was  j  udicial,  logical,  intense.  His  memory  was 
 very  tenacious.  His  convictions  were  slowlj'  matured, 
 after  a  wide  survey  of  a  subject.  He  lacked  imagi- 
 nation and  sprightliness  in  his  style  of  address,  but 
 this  was  compensated  for  by  an  earnestness,  clear- 
 ness and  forcefulncss,  which  made  a  deep  impression 
 and  carried  his  audience  with  him.  He  warmly 
 admired  "  Jay's  Exercises  for  the  Closet, "  which  he 
 daily  read,  in  course.  He  had  no  taste  for  light  litera- 
 ture. 
 
 Ryors,  Rev.  Alfred,  was  born  on  Long  Island, 
 N.  Y.,  in  1812;  graduated  .at  Jefferson  College,  Pa., 
 in  1835,  and  became  Tutor  in  Lafayette  College,  where 
 he  spent  one  j'ear.  In  1836  he  was  elected  Professor 
 of  Mathematics  iu  the  Ohio  University.  After  study- 
 ing theology  privately,  he  was  licensed,  in  1838,  by 
 the  Second  Presbytery  of  PhiladeljAia.  He  retained 
 his  professorship  in  the  Ohio  University  untU  1844, 
 when  he  w;is  elected  Professor  of  Mathematics  in  the 
 Indiana  LTnivcrsity.  During  this  period  he  w;is  or- 
 dained to  preach  the  gospel,  but  was  never  in.staUed 
 as  pastor  over  any  church.  In  1848  he  was  reciiUed 
 to  the  Ohio  University,  and  elected  President,  which 
 office  he  held  until  1853,  when  he  left  for  the  Indiana 
 University,  and  became  sfcited  supply  of  the  Church 
 at  Madison,  Ind.,  until  June,  1854,  when  he  was 
 elected  Professor  of  M.athematics  of  Centre  College, 
 Ky.  He  w;is  also  stated  supply  for  New  l^ovidence 
 Church,  Ky.,  and  w;vs  co-pastor  (elect)  with  Profes- 
 sor Green,  of  the  Second  Church,  Danville,  Ky.  He 
 died  May  8th,  1858.  Mr.  Ryors  was  a  good  man,  a 
 careful  wTitcr,  and  as  a  Professor  was  eminently  dis- 
 tinguished for  his  attainments  and  for  the  success 
 with  which  he  taught  his  classes. 
 
SABBA  TH. 
 
 788 
 
 SABBATH. 
 
 s 
 
 Sabbath.  We  find  a  record  of  the  original  in- 
 stitution of  tlie  Sabbath  in  (Jen.  ii,  2,  -3:  "And  on 
 the  Sfventli  d:iy  God  ended  his  work  which  he  had 
 made,  and  lie  rested  on  tlio  seventh  day  from  all  his 
 work  which  he  had  made.  And  God  blessed  the 
 seventh  day  and  sanctilied  it,  because  that  in  it  he 
 had  rested  from  all  his  work  which  God  created 
 and  made."  God's  "  simetifj'ing "  the  sc%enth  day 
 can  be  nothing  else  and  nothing  less  than  his  setting 
 it  apart  from  a  common  to  a  sacred  use.  And  for 
 whose  sacred  use  ?  Beyond  all  doubt  for  theirs  for 
 whom  all  days  were  made.     And  iu  what  way  did 
 
 might  not  violate  the  rest  of  the  Sabbath.  The  con- 
 duct of  the  people  and  of  Sloses  evinced  a  perfect 
 knowledge  of  the  institution,  and  the  design  of 
 Moses  was  to  remind  them  of  it,  and  admonish  them 
 of  the  necessity  of  observing  it  s-icredly,  and  that  a 
 special  dispensation  of  manna  would  permit  them  to 
 observe  it,  and  distinctly  show  the  will  of  God  iu 
 that  matter. 
 
 At  Slount  Sinai  the  Sabbath  w;is  solemnly  revered 
 and  confirmed  (Exod.  xx,  8,  9,  10,  11).  Here,  when, 
 after  their  fifty  days'  wandering  in  the  wilderness, 
 God  gave  the  children  of  Israel  the  ten  command- 
 
 he  "bless"  it?    Certainly  by  ordaining  it  to  be  a   ment.';,  the  langu:ige  was  "  ivfrncmicr  the  Sabbath-day, 
 
 day  of  special  blessedness  to  those  for  whose  observ- 
 ance and  benefit  it  was  thus  sixjcially  separated  and 
 blest.  The  correctness  of  this  interpretation  is  as- 
 certained by  the  testimony  of  Him  who  "  is  Lord  of 
 the  Sabbath."  He  aflirms  that  "it  was  made  for 
 man,"  an  early  and  highly  important  provision  for 
 the  whole  race,  and  matle  by  the  express  authority 
 and  appointment  of  God,  the  Creator  of  man,  and 
 the  rightful  disposer  of  all  days  and  times.  It  is  a 
 fact  that  the  patriarchs,  long  before  the  Je\vish  Sab- 
 bath, and  all,  even  the  most  ancient  heathen,  na- 
 tions, distinguished  time  into  weeks  of  seven  days, 
 which  no  appciirances  in  nature  could  have  sug- 
 gested, and  which,  therefore,  must  have  resulted 
 from  the  early  appointment  of  a  weekly  Sabbath. 
 It  is  also  a  fact  that  the  earlie-st  pagan  writers,  par- 
 ticularly Homer  and  Hesiod,  speak  of  the  seventh 
 day  as  peculiarly  .sacred.  The  latter  styles  this  day 
 "the  illustrious  light  of  the  sun;"  the  former  has 
 this  verse:  "Then  came  the  seventh  day,  which  is 
 holy."  To  this  day  of  sacred  rest,  as  ordained  by 
 God,  and  as  known  to  be  thus  ordained,  Moses 
 referred  the  Israelites  on  the  occasion  of  manna  being 
 miraculously  furni.shed  to  them  in  the  wilderness : 
 "And  Moses  sjiid,  eat  that  to-day;  for  to-day  is  a 
 Sabbath  unto  the  Lord;  to-day  ye  .shall  not  find 
 manna  in  the  field.  Six  days  ye  shall  gather  it;  but 
 on  the  .seventh  day,  the  Sitlihath,  in  it  there  shall  be 
 none  "  (Ex.  xvi,  25,  26).  Mo.ses  evidently  takes  for 
 granted  that  the  people  were  ao^uaintcd  with  the 
 institution  of  the  Sabbath,  and  of  this  their  conduct 
 gave  proof.  They  had  been  preWously  commanded 
 to  gather  daily  of  the  manna  only  wli.it  was  sufficient 
 for  the  daily  sujiply  of  themselves  and  families;  yet, 
 on  the  day  jireceding  the  Sabbath  they,  of  their  own 
 accord,  g.ithered  twice  ;is  much  iis  they  were  wont  to 
 gather.  For  this  no  other  reason  can  l)e  assigned 
 than  that,  awar<:  that  the  seventh  day  was  the  Sab- 
 
 to  keep  it  holy."  It  is  not,  "Sanctify  the  Sabbath," 
 but  "  rrmcmirr  to  sanctify  it."  The  day  was  some- 
 thing to  be  remembered;  it  was  no  novel  observance 
 first  given  by  Moses,  but  one  long  before  known  and 
 of  ancient  date.  And  the  reason  for  it  runs  back  to 
 the  creation,  and  entwines  itself  with  the  original 
 institution  and  blessing:  "Bemcmbcr  the  Sabbath-day 
 to  keep  it  holy,  for  in  six  days  the  Lord  thy  God 
 created  the  heavens  and  the  earth,  the  sea  and  all  that 
 in  them  is,  and  rested  the  seventh  day ;  wherefore  the 
 Lord  blessed  the  Sabbath-day  and  hallowed  it. "  The 
 position  which  the  Sabbath  holds  in  the  Decalogue 
 proves  that  the  day  is  to  be  universally  and  perpetu- 
 ally observed.  Of  the  Ten  Commandments  given  on 
 Mount  Sinai,  nine  are  confessedly  not  Hebrew,  nor 
 temporary,  nor  ritual,  but  of  es.sential  duty  and  uni- 
 versal obligation,  presenting,  in  fine,  an  epitome  of 
 practical  religion  and  ethics,  from  which  we  can  take 
 nothing  without  leaving  a  lacuna  to  be  deprecated ;  to 
 which  wo  Ciin  add  nothing  that  would  not  hold  a 
 secondary  place,  as  compared  with  cither  of  the  nine. 
 With  these,  fourth  in  the  series,  preceded  by  the  law 
 which  interdicts  bl.asphemy,  the  most  audacious  of 
 sins  against  the  Majesty  of  heaven,  and  followed  by 
 the  law  which  enjoins  filial  piety,  the  first  and  most 
 s;icred  in  the  catalogue  of  relative  duties  and  the 
 fountain-head  of  all  social  A-irtues,  stands  the  precept, 
 "  Remembir  the  Sabbath  day,  to  keep  it  holy."  If 
 this  be  a  mere  provision  of  the  Jewish  ritual,  why  is 
 it  here,  and  not  rather  in  Leviticus,  along  with  the 
 feast-days?  Its  place  clearly  indicates  that  it  w;i8 
 regarded,  at  lejist  by  the  author  of  the  Tentateueh, 
 as,  like  the  rest,  a  law  of  divine  enactment,  intrinsic 
 fitncs.s,  and  universal  obligation.  Our  Saviour  and 
 His  apostles  eWdently  take  this  ground.  They  never 
 represent  the  Hebrew  ritual  as  binding  on  any  but 
 the  posterity  of  Jacob,  or  as  permanently  binding  on 
 them,  but  they  repcati-dly  cite  the  D;-ealogue  as  of 
 
 hath,  til' y  iM:ide  this  jirovision  previously,  that  they  ;  uuivcrs;il  and  perpetual  obligation,  and  Jesus  quotes 
 
SABBATH. 
 
 789 
 
 SABBATH. 
 
 it  in  answer  to  the  question,  "What  shall  I  do  that  I 
 may  inherit  eternal  life?''  He  also  says,  without 
 limitation  or  qualificiition,  "  The  Sabbath  was  made 
 for  man,"  not  for  the  Hebrews,  but  for  all  men;  and 
 in  claiming;  as  appropriate  for  its  observance  works 
 of  love  and  charity,  he  implies  that  there  are  other 
 works,  in  themselves  innocent  and  right,  from  which 
 it  is  a  duty  to  abstain  on  the  Sabbath.  Yet  more,  he 
 cites  God's  beneficent  activity  during  the  Sabbath  of 
 creation,  as  the  precedent  for  His  own  beneficent 
 activity  on  the  weekly  Sabbath — "  My  Father  worketh 
 hitherto,  and  I  work." 
 
 The  change  in  the  Sabbath  from  the  seventh  to  the 
 first  (lay  falls  in  with  the  changes  that  were  intro- 
 duced in  the  external  organization  of  the  Church  of 
 (iod  at  the  introduction  of  Christianity.  Everything 
 was  changed  by  the  example  and  authority  of  the 
 divine  Author  of  the  Christian  dispensation.  What 
 was  Jewish  was  done  away,  because  the  Gentiles 
 were  now  called  into  the  kingdom  of  Chri.st,  and  all 
 monopoly  of  religious  privileges  was  abolished.  The 
 rites  and  ceremonies  ofthe  Levitical  law  were  repealed ; 
 the  pre-figurations  of  that  whole  shiidowy  .system 
 were  superseded  by  the  reality,  while  all  that  could 
 be  permanently  valuable  was  modified.  The  Jewish 
 priesthood  w;is  superseded  by  the  Christian  ministry, 
 the  Jewish  Passover  by  the  Lord's  Supper,  the  rite 
 of  circumcision  by  baptism,  and  the  Jewish  Sabbath 
 by  the  Lord's  Day. 
 
 In  consequence  of  the  change  just  noticed,  imme- 
 diately after  the  resurrection  of  Christ  the  disciples 
 began  to  a.ssemble  on  the  first  day  of  the  week,  and 
 by  meeting  repeatedly  with  them  on  that  day  He  gave 
 countenance  to  the  practice.  It  was  continued  after 
 His  ascension,  and  after  the  mission  of  the  Holy 
 Ghost,  whose  office  it  was  to  lead  them  into  all  the 
 truth.  Thus  at  Troas,  when  the  disciples  came 
 together  on  the  first  day  of  the  week,  Paul  preached 
 to  them  (Acts  xx,  7),  and  the  time  of  meeting  is  mani- 
 festly mentioned  as  the  usual  one.  On  that  day  the 
 Corinthians  were  commanded  to  lay  by  them  iu  store 
 as  the  Lord  had  prospered  them  (1  Cor.  xvi,  2),  and 
 it  is  re^i-sonable  to  think  that  the  fir.st  day  was  speci- 
 fied as  the  proper  time  to  make  collections  for  the 
 poor,  because  it  was  consecrated  to  religious  duties. 
 Christians  are  exhorted  "not  to  forsake  tbe  assem- 
 bling of  themselves  together,  as  the  manner  of  some 
 is"  (Heb.  X,  2.5).  This,  of  course,  implies  _/ia-f(i  times  1 
 for  such  puldic  acts,  nor  is  it  possible  to  conceive,  | 
 since  such  pul)lie  assemblies  niu.st  be  held  on  .some  j 
 day,  that  any  day  could  more  com  mend  itself  to  them  j 
 and  to  us  than  that  which  commemorates  the  Ciirdinal 
 event  iu  the  history  of  Christianity,  the  resurrection 
 of  our  Lord.  It  is  undoubtedly  the  same  day  to 
 which  the  beloved  dLsciple  refers  when  he  says,  "  I 
 was  in  the  Spirit  on  the  Lord's  day"  (Rev.  i,  10) — 
 the  day  which  .Tesus  Christ  peculiarly  claimed  as  His 
 own,  or  the  lirstday  of  the  week,  which  is  consecrated 
 U)  His  honor. 
 
 What  are  the  facts  in  relation  to  Sabbatical  observ- 
 ances as  they  now  exist?  With  very  few  excejitions, 
 the  wliole  Christian  world  observes  the  first  day  of 
 the  week.  We  oUserve  this  day,  so  did  our  fathers, 
 and  so  did  generations  that  preceded  our  fathers. 
 How  is  this  fact  to  be  accounted  for?  We  trace  back 
 this  usage  until  we  find  it  .sanctioned  by  the  churches 
 in  the  early  centuries  of  the  Christian  era,  according 
 to  the  testimony  of  Ignatiux,  who  was  a  companion 
 of  the  apostles;  Justin  Martyr,  who  flourished  at  the 
 close  of  the  first  and  the  beginning  of  the  second 
 century;  Irenwus,  a  di.sciple  of  Polycarp;  Dionyniim, 
 who  lived  in  the  time  of  Irena!us;  Tirtiillinn  and 
 I'liariua,  of  the  second  century.  We  find  it  sanc- 
 tioned by  the  apostles,  and  by  our  infallible  Lord 
 himself.  We  go  back  untU  we  reach  the  i>eriod  when 
 a  new  and  most  gracious  dispensation  first  marked 
 the  moral  history  of  man,  and  find  that  the  introduc- 
 tion of  it  was  commemorated  by  the  observance  of 
 this  same  day.  We  go  back  further  still,  and  find 
 the  Jewish  prophets  anticipating  this  same  (di.serv- 
 ance,  and  are  satisfied  that,  so  far  from  detracting 
 from  the  importance  of  the  original  institution,  this 
 Christian  memorial  gives  magnitude  and  emphasis 
 to  the  primeval  Sabbath.  It  is  scarcely  credible  that 
 the  King  of  Zion  would  have  suffered  His  Church,  the 
 very  Church  which  the  Scriptures  teach  us  is  to  exist 
 in  her  greatest  beauty  under  the  Christian  dispensa- 
 tion, and  which  is  to  extend  her  light  and  glory  to 
 the  Gentiles,  to  have  remained  in  darkness  for  eigh- 
 teen centuries,  in  relation  to  the  day  on  which  she  is 
 to  celebrate  her  religious  festivals.  It  w;ls  of  no 
 small  moment  that  her  external  institutions  aud  or- 
 dinances should  be  rightly  maintained,  nor  would 
 the  all-wise  and  all-gracious  Founder  of  Christianity 
 have  left  the  weekly  Sabbath,  its  great  guardian  and 
 bulwark,  without  its  proper  place  in  the  earth. 
 
 The  Salj/joth  is  a  Xcccisiti/.  Man  wiis  not  made  for 
 constant  and  unrelieveil  employment.  He  was  not 
 formed  for  seven  days'  toil,  but  for  six.  There  is  an 
 unyielding  demand  in  his  constitution  for  stated  rest. 
 He  can  no  more  labor  a  series  of  years  without  the 
 Sabbath,  than  he  can  labor  a  series  of  days  without 
 nocturnal  repose.  Just  as  a  beast  of  burden  breaks 
 down  prematurely  that  is  worked  every  day  in  the 
 year,  will  our  constitution  run  down  if  the  toil  of 
 the  week  is  not  succeeded  by  the  weekly  rest  which 
 the  beneficent  Creator  h;vs  prescribed. 
 
 The  .s;une  thing  is  true  of  the  mind.  It  can  no 
 more  be;ir  to  be  overworked  than  the  Ijody.  It  be- 
 comes opjiressed  and  burdened,  sinks  in  depression, 
 and  not  uniJe<[uently,  from  its  mere  neglect  of  the 
 divinely-appointed  day  of  rest,  wanders  in  derange- 
 ment. From  this  point  of  view  the  obsers-ance  of 
 the  Sabbath  is  a  duty  of  absolute  consecjuence. 
 "From  a  long  experience  of  a  laborious  life,"  said 
 Mr.  Gladstone,  in  one  of  his  great  speeches,  "  I  have 
 become  most  deeply  impressed  with  the  belief — to 
 s;iv  notliing  of  a  higher  feeling — that  the  alternations 
 
SABBATH. 
 
 790 
 
 SABBATH. 
 
 of  rest  aud  labor  at  the  short  intcirals  which  are 
 afforded  by  the  merciful  and  blessed  institution  of 
 Sundaj'  are  necessary  for  the  retention  of  a  man's 
 mind  and  of  a  man's  frame  in  a  condition  to  dis- 
 charge his  duties,  and  it  is  desirable  as  much  as 
 possible  to  restrain  the  exercise  of  labor  upon  the 
 Sabbath,  and  to  secure  to  the  people  the  enjoyment 
 of  the  day  of  rest." 
 
 The  necessity  of  the  Sabbath  is  evident  from  its 
 connection  with  the  productiveness  and  profitableness 
 of  human  labor.  Eminent  statesmen,  successful  mer- 
 cliants  and  enterprising  manufacturers  have  long  since 
 conceded  the  need  of  tliis  day,  simply  on  the  ground 
 of  ])i)litical  economy.  It  is  shown,  by  the  joint  ad- 
 mission of  employers  and  employees,  that,  in  the 
 long  run,  the  wages  of  a  week  of  .seven  days  is  only 
 c<iual  to  the  wages  of  si.\,  and  that  the  work  is  no 
 more  in  the  longer  week  than  in  the  shorter.  "For 
 my  own  part,"  said  Lord  Macaulay,  in  discussing 
 the  Ten-hour  bill  in  the  House  of  Commons,  "I  have 
 not  the  smallest  doubt  that  if  we  aud  our  ancestors 
 had,  during  the  hust  three  centuries,  worked  just  as 
 hard  on  the  Sundays  as  on  the  week-days,  we  should 
 have  been  at  this  moment  a  poorer  people  and  a 
 less  civilized  people  than  we  arc,  that  there  would 
 have  been  l&ss  production  than  there  h;is  been,  that 
 the  wages  of  the  laborer  would  luvve  been  lower  than 
 they  are,  and  that  some  other  nation  would  have 
 been  now  making  cotton  stuffs  and  woolen  stuffs  and 
 cutlery  for  the  whole  world." 
 
 The  Sabbath  is  a  necessity  for  the  best  interests  of 
 the  working  clas.ses.  Suppose  the  day  be  abstracted 
 from  the  world,  and  how  sad  to  this  important  por- 
 tion of  the  community  would  be  the  result.  Think 
 of  lal)or  tlius  going  on  in  one  monotonous  and  con- 
 tinuous and  eternal  cycle,  limbs  forever  on  the  rack, 
 the  fingers  forever  playing,  the  eyeballs  forever 
 straining,  the  brow  forever  sweating,  the  feet  forever 
 ])lodding,  the  brain  forever  throbbing,  the  shoulders 
 forever  stooping,  the  loins  forever  aching,  and  the 
 mind  forever  scheming.  Think  of  the  beauty  it 
 would  elliice,  of  the  merry-heartedness  it  would 
 extinguish,  of  the  giant  strength  it  would  t;im(\,  of 
 the  resources  of  nature  it  would  exhaust,  of  the  aspi- 
 rations it  would  criLsh,  of  the  sickness  it  would  breed, 
 of  the  projects  it  would  wreck,  of  the  groans  it  would 
 extort,  of  the  lives  it  would  immolate,  of  the  cheer- 
 less graves  it  would  prematurely  dig.  Think  of 
 what  toiling  and  moiling  tlure  would  be,  what 
 sweating  and  fretting,  grinding  and  hewing,  weaving 
 and  s])inning,  sowing  and  gathering,  mowing  and 
 reaping,  raising  and  l)iiilding,  digging  and  planting, 
 unloading  and  .storing,  .striving  and  .struggling,  in  the 
 garden  and  in  the  field,  in  the  gi-anary  and  in  the 
 barn,  in  the  fjictory  and  in  the  mill,  in  the  warehou.se 
 and  in  the  shop,  on  the  mountain  and  in  the  ditch, 
 on  the  roadside  and  in  the  woods,  in  the  city  and  in 
 tin-country,  on  the  .sea  and  on  the  shori',  on  the  earth 
 in  (Uiys  of  brightnes.s  aud  of  gloom,  and  no  day  of  rest  I 
 
 Now,  in  contra.st  with  this  st;ite  of  things,  think  of 
 the  blessings  which  the  Sabbath  brings  with  it  to 
 the  cUiss  which  we  are  describing.  How  do  they 
 rejoice  when  the  cares  and  perplexities  of  the  week 
 are  ended,  so  that  they  may  withdraw  themselves 
 for  a  little  while  from  life's  busy  .scene.  The  day  of 
 rest  dawns  upon  them  Avith  beuiguiint  lustre.  It 
 rescues  them  for  a  season  from  everything  painful  in 
 the  inferiority  of  their  allotment,  and  reminds  them 
 that,  whatever  be  the  depression  of  their  civil  con- 
 dition, they  may  still  be  the  Lord's  freemen.  They 
 visit  the  same  sanctuary,  and  join  in  the  same  songs 
 ofprai.se  with  those  on  whom  they  feel  them.selves  in 
 a  me;usure  dependent.  They  enjoy  the  happiness  of 
 domestic  intercourse.  Thus  passes  the  day,  and  they 
 rise  the  ne.vt  moruing  with  a  peaceful  bosom  and  an 
 in\igorated  frame,  sustained  by  a  feeling  of  self- 
 respect  and  braced  by  a  feeling  of  contentment,  to 
 resume  the  duties  of  their  proper  calling. 
 
 Unquestionably,  therefore,  the  Sabltath  is  the 
 workingman's  friend,  and  to  deprive  him  of  it  would 
 be  to  rob  him  of  one  of  the  richest  boons  which 
 Heaven  hius  conferred  upon  him. 
 
 The  Sabbath  is  necessary  for  national  prosperitj*. 
 The  distinguished  Perrier,  the  Prime  Jlinister  of 
 France,  bewildered  by  the  complexity  of  national 
 affairs,  and  appalled  by  the  refractory  and  insubordi- 
 nate spirit  of  the  people,  exclaimed,  on  his  death-bed, 
 "France  miLst  have  religion."  Our  own  renowned 
 Washington  dijclared,  in  his  "farewell  address,"  that 
 "of  all  the  dispositions  and  habits  which  lead  to 
 political  prosperity,  religion  and  morality  are  indis- 
 pensable supports. "  The  world's  history  attests  the 
 truth  of  these  utUirances.  Througliout  all  the  ages 
 Christianity  h;is  proved  itself  the  essential  basis  of 
 national  purity  and  perpetuity,  the  companion  of 
 liberty  in  all  its  conflicts,  the  cradle  of  its  infancy  and 
 the  divine  source  of  its  claims. 
 
 Could  this  beneficent  system  exist  without  the 
 Sabbath  ?  Evidently  not.  Without  this  blessed 
 day  our  public  institutions  designed  to  promote  and 
 perpetuate  religion  would  cea.se,  our  Sabbath  schools 
 would  bo  disbanded,  family  instruction  would  soon 
 comc!  to  an  end,  the  sanctuaries  would  be  closed,  the 
 ministry  dismissed  and  di.sc;irded,  the  current  of 
 worldly  affairs  would  be  unbroken,  and  plans  of  evil 
 would  meet  with  no  interruption.  All  realizing  faith 
 and  living  religion  would  be  supplanted  in  the  minds 
 of  men. 
 
 This  is  the  effect  in  v;ust  numbers  among  us  now, 
 notwithstanding  the  Sabbath  and  the  constiint  recur- 
 rence of  the  public  exercises  of  religion.  What,  then, 
 would  remain  to  hinder  the  s:inie  ctTect,  or  to  repair 
 the  evil,  were  it  once  to  proceed  so  far  as  to  procure 
 a  general  desecration  of  the  day?  It  is  impossible 
 to  doubt  that,  in  such  a  ca.se,  the  direct  and  drea<lful 
 conseiincnce  would  be  downright  infidelity,  blank 
 atheism,  a  dereliction  of  all  sense  of  a<'eountableness, 
 all  fear  of  judgment,  all  seiuse  of  a  future  being. 
 
SABBATH. 
 
 791 
 
 SACRAMENTAL   OCCASIONS. 
 
 Beyond  all  question,  the  presence  of  Christianity 
 in  our  land  is  essential  to  the  perpetuation  of  our 
 government.  Men  talk  of  refined  educal  ion  as  being 
 sufficient  for  this  purpose.  Tliey  do  tliis,  too,  in 
 view  of  the  fact  with  which  they  are  confront*;d  in 
 the  history  of  ancient  Greece,  that  music,  i)ainting, 
 poetry  and  the  arts,  instead  of  purifying  and  euno- 
 hling,softened, debilitated  and  sensualized  the  nation's 
 heart.  Others  boast  of  law  as  enough  to  protect  the 
 government  from  threatening  peril.  But  of  what 
 avail  would  laws  be  if  called  to  deal  with  a  public 
 couseii-nce  uninQuenced  by  religion?  Let  this  be 
 wanting,  and  in  the  ''body  politic,"  far  deeper  than 
 the  ej'e  of  the  law  can  penetrate,  humors  would 
 gather  which  would  corrupt  and  ruin  the  sources  of 
 its  vitality.  Let  this  be  wanting,  and  all  laws  would 
 be  but  green  withes  with  which  the  giant  of  de- 
 pravity is  bound,  that  he  might  break  them  "  as  the 
 thread  of  tow  is  broken  when  it  toucheth  tlie  fire." 
 It  may  not  be  doubted  that  there  is  iu  our  country 
 a  deliberate  and  earnest  design,  on  the  part  of  not  a 
 few,  to  obliterate  the  Sabbath.  "  In  the  experiment 
 going  on  in  our  land, "says  the  Rev.  Albert  Barnes, 
 "not  few  hands  are  engaged,  but  many.  It  is  not 
 the  mere  work  of  thoughtlessness  and  recklessness, 
 but  it  has  all  the  marks  of  purpose  and  plan.  It  has 
 evidence  of  being  under  the  control  of  that  master 
 mind  tliat  is  the  author  of  all  evil  and  the  father  of 
 all  the  embarrassments  that  Christianity  has  ever 
 met  with.  For  who  is  engaged  in  the  work  of  ])lot- 
 ting  out  the  Sabbath?  Every  atheist  is  engaged  in 
 it,  and  here  j)Iaces  his  main  hope  of  success.  Every 
 skeptic  is  engaged  in  it,  and  anticipates  more  from 
 this  tlian  from  all  his  arguments.  Every  profane 
 man,  and  every  intemperate  man,  and  every  licen- 
 tious man,  is  engaged  in  it,  for  in  this  way  they  hope 
 tliat  all  restraint  will  be  removed  from  unlimited 
 indulgence  in  vice.  And  a  multitude  of  men  who 
 are  not  professedly  atheists  or  infidels,  but  whose 
 heart  is  with  them  in  their  leading  ])urposes,  unite 
 with  them  in  opposing  the  sacrediiess  of  this  day." 
 
 "There  is  one  weai)on,"  adds  Mr.  Barnes,  "which 
 the  enemy  has  employed  to  destroy  Christianity,  and 
 to  drive  it  from  the  world,  which  has  never  been 
 employed  but  with  signal  success.  It  is  the  attempt 
 to  corrupt  the  Christian  Sabbath;  to  make  it  a  day  of 
 festivity;  to  cause  Christians  to  feel  that  its  sacred 
 and  rigid  oblig-ation  has  ceased;  to  induce  them  on 
 that  day  to  mingle  in  the  scenes  of  pleasure  or  the 
 exciting  plans  of  ambition;  to  make  them  feel  that 
 they  may  pursue  their  journeys  by  land  and  water, 
 by  the  steamboat  and  the  car,  regsirdless  of  the  com- 
 mand of  God.  And  this  has  done,  and  will  continue 
 to  do,  what  no  argument,  no  sophistry,  uo  imperial 
 power  has  heen  able  to  accomplish.  The  '  Book  of 
 Sports '  did  more  to  destroy  Christianity  than  all  the 
 ten  persecutions  of  the  Roman  emperors;  and  the 
 views  of  the  second  Charles  and  his  court  about 
 tlie  Lord's  Day  tended  more  to  drive  religion   from 
 
 the  British  naticm  than  all  the  fires  that  were 
 enkindled  by  Mary.  Paris  has  no  Sabbath,  and  that 
 fact  has  done  more  to  banish  Chri.stianity  tlian  all  the 
 writing  of  Voltaire;  and  Vienna  has  no  Sabltath,  and 
 that  fact  does  more  to  annihilate  religion  than  evi-r 
 did  the  skepticism  of  Frederick.  Turn  the  Sabbath 
 into  a  day  of  sports  and  pastime,  of  military  reviews, 
 and  of  pantomimes  and  theatrical  exhibitions,  and 
 not  an  infidel  anywhere  would  care  a  farthing  about 
 the  tomes  of  Volney  or  Voltaire,  about  the  skepticism 
 i>{  Hume,  the  sneers  of  Gibbon,  or  the  scurrility  of 
 Paine, ' ' 
 
 Sackett,  Rev.  Samuel,  was  a  native  of  New- 
 town, Long  Island,  and  ordained  by  New  Brunswick 
 Presbytery,  October  loth,  1741.  After  lalxiring  for 
 a  time  at  the  Highlamls,  White  Plains,  and  other 
 places,  he  was  instjilled,  October  12th,  174:J,  at  Bed- 
 ford; May  19th,  1747,  Crumpond  obtained  the  half 
 of  his  time,  until  December,  174!).  In  17.51  he  is  re- 
 ported as  a  member  of  Long  Island  Presbytery.  He 
 resigned  the  charge  of  Bedford,  April  4th,  1753. 
 Immediately  after  leaving  Bedford,  he  settled  at 
 Hanover,  in  Cortland  Manor.  On  April  1st,  17(i0, 
 he  was  dismissed  from  Hanover,  and  is  said  to  have 
 been  installed  at  Crumi)ond  the  next  year.  He  died 
 at  Yorktown,  June  .'ith,  1784.  His  tomb  bears  record 
 that  he  was  judicious,  faithful,  laborious  and  suc- 
 cessful an  his  ministry. 
 
 Sacramental  Occasions,  in  ]Vcstern  Pennxyl- 
 vania.  "These,"  .s;iys  Dr.  S.  J.  M.  Eaton,  in  his  valu- 
 able "Historyof  the  Presbytery  of  Erie, "  "were  great 
 days  in  the  history  of  the  fathers.  They  usually 
 embraced  the  services  of  four  days.  The  first  day 
 was  usually  Thursday,  and  set  apart  as  a  '  fast  day. ' 
 It  was  observed  precisely  as  the  Sabbath.  No  work 
 was  done,  and  everything  was  quiet,  throughout 
 whole  neighl)orlioo(Ls,  as  the  Sabbath  itself.  In 
 some  cases  it  was  observed  as  a  literal  fast  day,  by 
 abstaining  from  food,  but  when  this  was  not  done 
 there  was  abstinence  from  labor.  The  second  day 
 of  the  service  was  Saturday,  and  after  the  preaching 
 the  Session  of  the  Church  met,  for  the  purpose  of 
 receiving  applications  for  membership  in  the  church. 
 '  Tokens'  were  also  distributed  to  the  members  of  the 
 church,  admitting  them  to  the  communion  the  fol- 
 lowing day.  Tlu!.s(!  '  tokens '  were  simple  bits  of 
 lead,  with  the  initial  letters  of  the  name  of  the  con- 
 gregation upon  them,  as  '  F.  C  denoting  Fairview 
 congregation.  These  bits  of  lead  were  distributed 
 by  the  pa.stor  and  elders,  on  Saturday  and  Sabbath 
 mornings,  to  all  who  wished  to  unite  in  communion, 
 or  who  were  in  good  standing  in  the  church.  After 
 the  communicants  had  seated  themselves  at  the  table 
 the  elders  collected  these  tokens,  when  the  serrices 
 proceeded.  This  practice  of  distributing  tokens  was 
 evidently  brought  from  Scotland  and  Ireland.  Its 
 object,  no  doubt,  w:is  to  exclude  unworthy  communi- 
 cants, especially  at  time.",  when  a  large  number 
 present  were  strangers.     But  it  is  extremely  doubtful 
 
SACBAMESTAL  OCCASIONS. 
 
 793 
 
 SACRA3IENT  DA  T. 
 
 whether  it  was  ever  of  any  practical  advantage.  After 
 their  nse  began  to  Ix'discontinued,  agood  old  elderwho 
 had  never  even  dreamed  that  a  eominiinion  ciiuld  he 
 held  without  them,  was  dreadfully  horrilied  by  a 
 facetious  minister  iwlvisiug  him  to  put  his  tokens  in 
 his  gun  and  shoot  them  at  the  ero ws. ' ' 
 
 The  Communion  Sahbatli  a.s  it  was  observed  by 
 our  fathers  has  been  thus  aptly  described  by  the 
 author  of  "Old  Redstone"  :— 
 
 ' '  The  action  sermons,  as  they  were  called,  on  Com- 
 munion Sabbaths,  were  generally  preached  by  the 
 pastors,  or  resident  ministers.  This  w;us  considered 
 peculiarly  proper.  And  we  must  remember  that  per- 
 haps fully  one-half  of  the  audience  were  not  his 
 onlinary  hearers.  Then  followed  what  was  e;illed 
 fencing  the  tables.  This  was  often  tedious,  occupying 
 an  hour  or  more.  Not  unfreijuently  there  was  a 
 regular  review  of  all  the  sins  forbidden  in  each  of  the 
 Ten  Commandments.  And  it  was  remarked,  by  the 
 profane,  that  the  preacher  never  stopped  uatil  he  had 
 solemnly  debarred  from  the  ordinances  every  one  of 
 his  i)eopli',  and  liini-self  besides.  Our  old  ministers, 
 however,  seldom  indulged  in  such  lengthened  details 
 as  the  Seccilrrs  were  s;tid  to  be  in  the  practice  of  doing, 
 forbidding  and  debarring  various  classes  of  offenders, 
 that  were  not  to  be  found  among  them,  such  as  stage- 
 players  and  visitants  of  theatres,  and  yet  it  must  be 
 confessed  that  our  venerable  fathers  took  this  occa- 
 sion to  pour  out  a  great  deiil  '  de  omnibus  rebus  et 
 ([uibusdem  aliis.' 
 
 ' '  Concerning  this  same  matter  of  fencing  tables,  there 
 wa.s  no  doul)t  axW  for  admonition  and  warning,  yet, 
 withal,  it  siivored  of  harshness  and  severity.  It  must 
 have  been,  oftentimes,  gall  and  wormwood  to  the 
 trembling,  fearful  Christian,  needing,  instead  of  such 
 words,  encouragement  and  assurance.  One  who 
 remembers  those  old  scenes  makes  the  remark  that 
 on  such  occasioas  there  were  usually  two  ministers, 
 one  of  whom  debarred  every  person  from  coming,  by 
 the  strictness  of  his  charge,  when  the  other  would 
 censure,  and  upbraid,  and  reproach  every  one  for  not 
 coming,  when  the  invitation  was  .so  free.  It  must  be 
 confessed  that  in  those  days  the  spirit  of  John  the 
 Baptist  seemed  to  characterize  the  preaching  more 
 than  that  of  John  the  belo%  ed  disciple. 
 
 '  ■  The  ordinance  was  in  those  days  always  connected 
 with  the  literal  use  of  tables.  Sometimes  there  was 
 accommodation  for  all  to  partake  at  the  s;ime  time;  if 
 not,  there  were  two  or  mon;  tables,  .just  as  circum- 
 stances might  require.  In  this  way  the  services 
 became  often  very  tedious,  and  even  exhausting. 
 There  were  usually  two  or  more  ministers  in  attend- 
 ance, who  divided  the  labors  between  or  amongst 
 them.  Still  the  exercises  on  such  occasions  were  ex- 
 hausting. 
 
 "Oftentimes  these  services  were  held  in  the  woods. 
 Indeed,  this  was  usually  the  c:ise  in  the  Summer 
 sc^ison,  for  no  house  of  worshij)  then  in  u.se  would 
 have  contained  the  people.     This  woods  service  was 
 
 in  connection  with  what  was  called  a  tent,  for  the 
 accommodation  of  the  ministers.  The  tent  was 
 simply  a  stiind,  such  as  is  usid  at  political  and  Fourth 
 of  July  meetings  at  the  i)resent  time.  The  seats 
 were  simpli!  logs,  raised  to  the  j)roper  height,  with 
 interverung  aisles  for  the  accommodation  of  the 
 people. 
 
 "The  fourth  day  of  the  service  was  Monday,  fol- 
 lowing the  Sabbath,  when  the  services  were  con- 
 cluded. To  these  old-fashioned  communion  services 
 the  people  came  far  and  near.  It  was  nothing 
 unusual  to  come  a  distance  of  ten  or  twelve  miles.  It 
 was  aLso  usual  for  strangers  to  spend  tlie  evenings  of 
 Saturday  and  Sabbath  iu  the  congregation,  and  many 
 a  house  iu  near  proximity  to  the  place  of  worship  was 
 literally  packed  with  guests,  and  these  guests  ex- 
 pected to  enact  the  part  of  host  to  their  entertainers 
 on  some  similar  occasion.  Iu  this  way  sociability 
 was  cultivated,  as  well  as  practical  godliness." 
 
 (Whilst  concurring,  in  the  main,  with  what  has 
 here  been  said  concerning  the  old  Sacramental  occa- 
 sions, we  Kvnnot  but  believe  tliat,  in  our  day,  their 
 observance  has  run  into  an  opposite  and  equally 
 exceptionable  extreme.  They  have,  in  our  judg- 
 ment, by  the  changes  which  mark  their  observance, 
 been  shorn  of  a  measure  of  the  solemnity  which  pfoj)- 
 erly  jjertains  to  them.  The  neces.sary  qual  i  fications  for 
 the  performance  of  the  sacred  duty  are  not,  iu  many 
 cases,  stated  with  sufficient  fullness  and  force;  neither 
 are  the  characteristics  of  the  Sacrament  as  defined  in 
 our  Catechisms,  as  prominently  and  clearly  presented, 
 as  they  should  be.  Kour  fathers  erred  in  too  many 
 and  too  long  exercises  on  such  occasions,  it  is  equally 
 undesirable  and  unwarrantable  to  make  such  exer- 
 cises too  hurried  and  brief  It  has  always  seemed 
 to  us,  moreover,  that,  instead  of  any  good  being 
 gained  by  the  abandonment  of  literal  tables,  much  of 
 the  Siicred  iulluence  of  the  ordinance  has  l>een  lost. 
 Many  still  live  who  can  remember  the  peculiarly 
 deep  and  solemn  impression  that  perva<led  congrega- 
 tions, in  former  days,  when  comraunic;ints  left  their 
 pews  and  reverentl}'  moved  forward  to  their  place  at 
 the  Sacramental  board,  singing,  with  tremulous  and 
 tender  tone,  as  they  advanced  : — 
 
 "  I'll  of  salvation  take  tho  cup, 
 On  God's  Damo  will  I  call. 
 I'll  pay  my  vows  ntiw  to  the  Lord 
 Before  His  people  all."  — EniTOR. 
 
 Sacrament  Day  at  Monmoutii.  The  follow- 
 ing sketch  from  the  pen  of  the  Rev.  John  Leyburn, 
 D.  D.,  appeared  some  ye;irs  ago,  in  the  Prcihi/terian. 
 The  name,  as  is  intim;ited,  is  fictitious,  the  place 
 alluded  to  ha\-ing  been  Xe w  Monmouth,  Va. ,  in  the 
 neighborhood  of  I.K:xington,  at  one  time  a  joint  pas- 
 toral charge  with  the  Lexington  Church.  Dr.  Bax- 
 ter is  the  person  spoken  of  as  having  preached  the 
 morning  sermon.  In  addition  to  the  interest  of  the 
 sketch,  as  an  illustration  of  the  country  sacraments, 
 the  particular  occasion  here  described  was  one  prob- 
 
SACRA JfEXT  DAY. 
 
 794 
 
 SACRAMENT  DAY. 
 
 ably  never  surpassed  in  interest  in  anj'  of  the  churches 
 of  the  Valley: — 
 
 "  WEYMOUTH   SACRAJfEXT  DAYS." 
 "  '  Emblem  and  earnest  of  eternal  rest, 
 A  ft'Htival  with  fruits  celestial  crowned, 
 A  jubilee  releasing  him  from  earth, 
 This  day  delights  and  animates  the  saint; 
 It  gives  new  vigor  to  the  languid  pulse 
 Of  life  divine." 
 
 "Three  miles  from  our  village  was  an  old  church, 
 which  I  shall  call  Weymouth,  though  that  was  not 
 its  name — a  favorite  and  memorable  resort  of  the 
 villagers  on  special  occasions.  Built  of  blue  lime- 
 stone, blackened  by  the  pencil  of  time,  with  a  steep 
 stairway  to  the  gallery,  outside,  on  the  front,  crown- 
 ing the  summit  of  a  beautiful  knoll,  and  peering 
 out  from  a  dense  grove  of  majestic  old  oaks,  it  w;is 
 the  very  beau  idail  of  an  ancient  rural  house  of  God. 
 For  many  years  it  was  under  the  same  pastoral  charge 
 with  our  village  congregation;  and  alter  this  con- 
 nection was  severed,  it  was  customary  for  our  min- 
 ister to  assist  the  pastor  on  'Sacrament  days,'  and 
 for  many  of  his  people  to  resort  thither.  Great  was 
 tlie  joy  amongst  us  young  folks,  when  one  of  these 
 days  arrived;  iiuuh  the  bustle  and  stir  in  the  village; 
 horses  .saddled  and  ready  for  mounting  at  various  j 
 front  doors;  groups  of  children  in  their  best  Sunday 
 clothes,  bright  as  a  new  pin,  eager  for  the  time  to  set 
 off,  and  baskets  ladeu  with  the  wherewithal  for  cold 
 dinners.  Most  of  the  older  people  went  on  horsebacki 
 but  the  younger  ones  were  afoot;  and  as  the  sacra- 
 ments were  usually  in  the  Spring  and  Autumn,  it 
 was  a  beautiful  walk  over  the  hills,  through  the  well- 
 tilled  fielils  and  amid  the  noblo  forests.  Some  of] 
 those  bright  Autumn  Sal)balhs  have  left  their  pic- 
 tures clear  and  strong  in  my  memory — the  delicious, 
 inspiring  October  air,  the  very  atmosphere  seeming 
 to  sparkle  as  with  diamonds;  the  deep  blue  of  the 
 I'athomless  heavens,  with  fleets  of  white  clouds  float- 
 ing lazily  on  its  ocean  bosom,  and  here  and  there  one 
 aground  uihiu  a  mountain  top;  the  grand  old  moun- 
 tains in  parti-colored  livery  of  bl:ick,  green,  red  and 
 yellow;  the  forests  waving  thiir  lofty  pennants  of 
 crimson  and  gold,  with  now  and  then  a  chestnut  tree 
 holding  out  its  ripened  nuts,  and  tempting  little 
 folks  to  break  the  Sal)bath  by  gathering  a  pocketful; 
 yellow  field.s,  thick  with  stubble,  from  which  had 
 been  garnered  spacious  barnfuls  of  wheat,  rye  and 
 oat.s,  or  covered  with  crowded  stalks  of  Indian  corn, 
 rustling  their  dry  leaves  in  the  breezes,  and  showing 
 a  ])roud  array  of  mxssivc  teeth  from  out  the  parted 
 lips  of  broken  husks;  melancholy  cows  or  ponderous 
 oxen  feeding  in  p:ustures  of  clover,  with  sheei)-bells 
 tinkling  from  the  flo<k  on  the  distant  liill;  birds 
 caroling  their  morning  hymns,  and  children's  voices 
 prattling  with  the  exuberance  of  the  young  life  within 
 them,  more  intense,  from  the  excitement  of  the  day. 
 Bright,  beautiful,  glorious,  long-to-be-remembered 
 Sabbaths! 
 
 "The  scene  as  we  gained  the  summit  of  the  last  hill. 
 
 bringing  us  in  view  of  the  church,  w:is  most  inspir- 
 ing. From  every  country  road,  old  men  and  matrons, 
 young  men  and  maidens,  in  long  processions,  two 
 abreast,  came  pouring  in  on  horseback,  emerging 
 from  the  thick  forests,  and  clattering  across  the 
 limpid  brook  that  murmured  through  the  interven- 
 ing vale,  hundreds  of  impatient  steeds  tied  under 
 the  trees  of  the  grove,  neigliing  salutjitions  to  new- 
 comers; groups  sitting  upon  rude  beiKrhes,  or  on  the 
 mo.ss-covered  rocks,  or  el ustered  round  the  sparkling 
 spring;  the  sound  of  sacred  song  floating  from  the 
 old  church  doors,  mellowed  and  harmonized  by  the 
 distance;  friends  meeting  and  greeting,  and  the  crowd 
 growing  too  great  to  be  contiiined  within  doors.  In 
 the  'Session  Hou.se'  adjoining  the  church  in  the 
 rear,  the  ministers  and  elders  a.sseinbled  at  an  early 
 hour,  to  exchange  fraternal  salutations,  to  sjx'nd  a 
 sea-son  in  prayer,  examine  candidates  for  communion, 
 and  make  arrangements  for  the  day.  Here  baskets 
 and  napkins  filled  with  provisions  were  deposited 
 till  the  '  interval '  between  the  public  services,  the 
 stated  time  for  taking  refreshments,  and  here  rustic 
 mothers,  who  could  not  leave  their  babes  at  home, 
 brought  their  infant  charges,  and  sometimes  re- 
 mained during  the  sermons,  listening  with  eager  ears 
 to  the  minister's  words,  as  they  fell  tlirough  the 
 open  door  over  head,  adjoining  the  pulpit. 
 
 "The  interior  of  the  meeting-house  wore  an  an- 
 tique and  time-worn  aspect.  The  pulpit,  unlike  our 
 primjEval  octagon  liox  in  the  old  church  at  home,  was 
 long,  and  capable  of  accommod.ating  a  goodly  number 
 of  ministers,  and  the  souniling-board  over  head,  sus- 
 pended by  a  rusty  iron  rod,  suiruiently  extended  to 
 have  shut  them  all  in,  had  it  come  down  from  its  fast- 
 enings; the  pews  were  extravagantly  tall,  and  the  aisles 
 depressed,  sothat  when  persons  were  in  the  latternoth- 
 ing  but  their  heads  and  shoulders  could  be  seen,  the 
 benches  and  backs,  as  you  satin  them,  being  the  perfec- 
 tion of  di.scomfort,  and  to  the  young  folks  the  most  seri- 
 ous drawback  to  the  favorite  Weymouth  Sacrament 
 days.  Not  a  speck  of  paint  h:ul  ever  touched  pulpit, 
 pew,  or  gallery,  the  yellow  pini',  grown  tawny  by  the 
 lapse  of  years,  stood  up  in  its  native  nudity.  But 
 when  village,  farm-house,  and  mountain  glen,  had 
 poured  their  quotas  into  the  old  sanctuary,  until  every 
 nook  and  crewce  was  filled,  below  and  above  stairs, 
 leaving  crowds  at  the  doors  and  on  the  benches  with- 
 out, it  was  a  congregation  which  might  have  fired  the 
 heart  of  any  minister. 
 
 "One  Sacrament  day  at  Weymouth,  which  occurred 
 in  my  childhood,  will  be  remembered  :ts  long  :is  one 
 of  those  blackened  stones  sUiniis  upon  another;  as 
 long,  indeed,  as  lasts  that  siinctuary  not  made  with 
 hands,  eternal  in  the  heavens.  For  some  time  pre- 
 \'iou9  there  had  been  an  extraordinary  degree  of 
 religious  interest  in  the  vilhige  and  surrounding 
 country.  Many  had  been  intiuiring  the  way  of  sal- 
 vation, and  not  a  few  had  found  the  pearl  of  great 
 price.     I'rayer  meetings  and  special  services  had  been 
 
SACRAMENT  DA  V. 
 
 795 
 
 SACRA3IENT  DA  Y. 
 
 held  night  after  night.  Religion  was  the  great  theme 
 of  conversation  in  the  streets  and  in  domestic  circles. 
 Hardly  was  there  a  house  where  one  or  more  of  its 
 inmates  had  not  been  wrought  upon  by  the  Spirit's 
 power.  Spiritual  sougs,  lively  and  stirring,  or  plain- 
 tive and  heart-touching,  were  sung  with  zest  and 
 soul;  and  a  puraphlet,  containing  a  selection  of  them, 
 was  published  for  this  special  u.se.  A  dire  and  fatal 
 epidemic  which  had  prevailed,  carrying  off  numbers 
 to  their  graves,  and  filling  almost  every  home  in  the 
 village  with  sorrow,  had  brought  death  and  eternity 
 near,  and  prepared  the  way  for  the  irapressioua  of 
 the  gracious  work.  Not  a  few  of  the  subjects  of  the 
 revival  were  awaiting  the  Weymouth  Sacrament, 
 publicly  to  profess  their  new-born  love.  The  Session 
 House  and  the  adjoining  grove,  on  the  morning  of 
 that  memorable  day,  presented  a  scene  over  which 
 angels  might  have  rejoiced.  Here  is  a  foud-liearted 
 mother  giving  words  of  couasel  to  a  daughter  con- 
 vulsed with  grief  because  of  the  burden  of  sin;  here 
 is  a  venerable  father  with  a  favorite  son  beside  him, 
 under  that  great  old  oak,  to  whom  he  is  making  sol- 
 emn appeals,  not  to  let  this  favored  season  and  this 
 affecting  day  p:iss  without  making  his  peace  with 
 God;  and  here,  on  the  rude  bench  against  the  wall, 
 sits  our  venerable  pastor,  with  weeping  eyes,  listen- 
 ing to  the  delightful  narrative  of  what  Grod  had  ju.st 
 been  doing  for  one  of  his  flock,  for  whom  he  had  so 
 often  prayed.  Not  a  careless  face  was  seen  in  all  the 
 throng  which  to-day  has  been  drawn  together  in  un- 
 usual numbers,  by  the  tidings  of  the  revival. 
 
 "  Our  minister  pre;iched  the  morning  sermon.  He 
 was  always  evangelic;il,  .solemn  and  impressive,  and, 
 at  times,  there  was  a  sublime  and  majestic  roll  in  his 
 utterances,  which  marked  him  the  great  man  all 
 acknowledged  him  to  be.  But  to-day  there  is  a 
 power,  a  viWd  spreading  out  of  eternal  things,  a 
 directness  and  earnestness  altogether  peculiar.  At 
 times  his  voice  would  falter,  as  he  almost  choked 
 with  the  swelling  emotion.  A  divine  atHatus  had 
 breathed  upon  his  heart,  and  from  its  profound 
 depths  he  spoke  as  a  tiying  man  to  dying  men.  To 
 this  day  that  discourse  is  remembered  by  many  who 
 heard  it,  as  one  of  the  most  remarkable  efforts  of 
 a  man  whose  ordinary  sermons  would  have  honored 
 any  pulpit.  The  scenes  in  which  he  had  recently 
 mingled,  and  the  stories  of  broken  hearts,  troubled 
 consciences  and  heavenly  hopes,  which  had  been 
 poured  into  his  ear,  h;ul  unsealed  the  great  fountains 
 of  his  soul. 
 
 "The  sermon  well  prepared ^the  way  for  the  com- 
 munion, and  when  the  invitation  w:vs  given  for  the 
 young  converts  to  as.semble  around  the  table  spreatl 
 before  the  pulpit  in  the  cross  aisle,  there  was  a  spec- 
 tacle which  moved  every  heart,  and  drew  tears  of  joy 
 from  many  an  eye.  Fathers,  mothers,  ministers, 
 Christian  friends,  at  last  saw  the  answer  to  their 
 prayers.  Those  who  had  been  dedicated  to  God  in 
 infancy,   and   re-dedicated  a  thousand   times  since 
 
 in  the  closet,  at  the  family  altar,  and  at  this  very 
 sacramental  table,  had  now,  after  tedious  years  of 
 waiting,  which  had  almost  sickened  the  heart  with  hope 
 deferred,  come  forward  to  avow  Jesus  as  their  new 
 Lord  and  Master.  The  village  beauty,  the  ere-wliile 
 careless  and  wild  young  man,  the  sturdy,  bronze-faced 
 mountiiin  farmer  and  the  old  veteran  with  the  weight 
 of  years  upon  him,  together  left  their  several  pews, 
 and  made  their  way  through  the  crowded  aisles  for 
 the  lirst  time,  to  sit  at  this  affecting  festival.  The 
 scene  was  too  much  for  some  of  them.  Hearts  would 
 overflow,  tears  would  fall;  and,  in  the  midst  of  the 
 minister's  address,  as  he  spoke  to  them  in  touching 
 terms  well  suited  to  their  present  ca.se,  reminding 
 them  of  what  they  had  been  1)V  nature,  of  what 
 grace  had  done  for  them  in  suatcliiug  them  as  brands 
 from  the  burning,  and  of  the  deljt  of  gratitude  and 
 love  they  owed  to  Him  who  had  shed  His  blood  to 
 save  them,  one  young  man  sobbed  aloud,  overcome 
 by  his  emotions.  This  touched  a  sympathetic  chord 
 in  all  hearts,  and  the  old  meeting-hoase  bec;ime  a 
 Bochira — a  place  of  tears;  sweet  tears  of  penitence, 
 and  a  peace  pa-ssing  all  understanding.  The  uncon- 
 verted, who  sat  wondering  spectators,  felt  the  power 
 of  the  eloquent  appeal.  They  were  cut  to  the 
 heart,  and  resolved  that  they,  too,  must  seek  the 
 Lord;  and  many  a  pious  saint,  feeling  that  his  cup 
 of  joy  was  full,  was  ready  to  s:»y,  with  old  Simeon, 
 '  Now,  Lord,  lettest  thou  thy  servant  depart  in  peace, 
 for  mine  eyes  have  .seen  thy  salvation.' 
 
 "One  of  the  ministers,  cither  on  this  or  a  similar  oc- 
 casion, at  the  Siime  period,  held  up  the  sacramental 
 cup,  and  a.sked,  in  language  that  went  to  every  un- 
 converted lu'art,  '  Can  you,  will  you,  longer  rejeot  and 
 trample  on  this  precious  blood,  poured  from  the 
 wounds  of  a  dying  .Saviour?'  'I  call  God  and  this 
 great  assembly  to  witness, '  said  he,  '  that  it  is  offered 
 to  you  afresh  this  day.  Again  dare  to  spurn  it  from 
 your  lips,  and  the  record  will  be  written  against  you 
 on  high,  which,  in  the  terrible  day  of  God's  coming 
 judgment,  will  flame  out,  to  your  a-stonishment  and 
 dismay,  in  letters  of  fire. '  Not  a  few,  who  felt  the 
 power  of  that  appeal,  were  soon  after  drinking  of 
 that  cup,  in  memory  of  Him  who  had  washed  them 
 from  their  sins,  and  given  them  a  hope,  through 
 grace,  of  drinking  it  with  Him  hereafter  in  His 
 heavenly  kingdom. 
 
 "The  many  hours  of  the  services,  protracted  by  the 
 numerous  successive  tables  of  communicants,  and  the 
 afternoon  sermon.  pa,ssed  swiftly  on,  no  one  heeding 
 the  lapse  of  time,  until,  at  last,  when  the  great  festival 
 was  cniled,  and  the  crowds  turned  into  the  various 
 roads  and  by-ways  to  their  several  homes,  the  long 
 shadows  of  approaching  evening  were  already  spread- 
 ing their  sable  mantle  over  mountain,  field,  and 
 forest. 
 
 "  In  all  the  history  of  old  Weymouth  meeting-house, 
 that  Siibbath  and  that  Siicrament  day  stand  alone. 
 Time  and  eternity  must  conspire  to  do  honor  to  a 
 
SACRAMENTS. 
 
 796 
 
 SACRAMENTS. 
 
 scene  so  hallowed  by  the  presence  and  power  of 
 God's  gracious  Spirit.  Years  have  passed  since  that 
 memorable  day.  Some  of  those  who  shared  its  bless- 
 in<pi  have  long  since  become  ministers  of  the  gospel, 
 and  valued  officers  and  members  in  the  household 
 of  faith.  Some  soon  tired  of  the  service  upon  which 
 they  had  professed  to  enter,  and  tiimed  back  to  the 
 world,  their  l;ust  state  being  worse  than  the  first;  and 
 others  have  died  m  the  glorious  hopes  of  the  gospel, 
 and  are  now  in  the  company  of  the  just  made  perfect, 
 around  the  throne  on  high,  blessing  God  and  the 
 Lamb  for  that  old  Sacrament  day  at  "Weymouth." 
 Sacraments,  The,  as  Defined  in  our 
 Standards. 
 
 THE   SACU.VMEXTS   I\    GEXERAI,. 
 
 Historically  considered,  the  teaching  of  our  stand- 
 ards in  regard  to  the  Sacraments  isCalvinistic  andEe- 
 formed,  distinguished  no  less  from  the  Zwinglian 
 doctrine  on  the  one  hand,  than  from  the  Eoman  and 
 Lutheran  doctrine,  ontheother.  '"  Luther  and  Zwingle 
 always  had  in  mind  a  corporeal  presence  of  Christ's  body 
 and  blood  in  the  Lord's  Supper,  and  an  oral  manduca- 
 tion  of  the  same,  whic^h  one  affirmed  and  the  other 
 denied.  Calvin  substituted  for  this  the  idea oiaririual 
 or  (/iommic  presence  ofthepsysic  life-power  and  efficacy 
 of  Chri.st's  humanity,  and  a  spiritual  reception  and 
 a.-isimilation  of  the  same,  by  the  organ  of  faith,  and, 
 therefore,  on  the  part  of  believing  communicants 
 only,  through  the  secret  mediation  of  the  Holy  Ghost. 
 Calvin's  doctrine  passed  into  all  the  leading  Reformed 
 Confessions  of  the  si.vteenth  and  sevent<'enth  centuries, 
 and  must  be  regarded  as  the  orthodox  Reformed 
 doctrine.  Zwingle's  theory  has  considerable  popular 
 currency,  but  no  symbolic  authority."— &7ia/"'s 
 Creeds  of  ChriMendom,  vol.  I,  p.  45(5. 
 
 The  teaching  of  our  Standards  "  is  as  far  removed 
 from  the  bare  remembrance  theory  attributed  to  the 
 early  Swiss  Reformers,  as  from  the  consubstantiation 
 of  Luther,  and  the  local  or  supra-local  presence  con- 
 tended for  by  Roman  Catholics  and  Anglo-Catholics. " 
 — JIitchelVn  Introduetion  to  the  Minutes  of  the  West- 
 mhiater  Assemblij,  p.  68. 
 
 The  Westminster  Oonfcssion  and  Catechism  con- 
 tain the  most  comprehensive,  elaborate  and  specific 
 definitions  of  the  sacraments  to  be  found  in  the  sym- 
 bols of  the  Reformation.  Their  teaching,  in  regard 
 to  the  sacraments  in  general,  may  be  briefly  summar- 
 ized ;is  follows : — 
 
 (1)  The  s;icraments  are  holy  ordinances  instituted 
 by  Christ.  And,  therefore,  there  are  only  two  sacra- 
 ment.s,  viz.:  Hai)tism  and  the  Lord's  Supper.  Our 
 Standards  reject  the  doctrine  of  the  Romish  Church, 
 wliieh,  of  its  own  autliority,  and  without  any 
 warrant  from  the  example  or  teaching  of  Christ,  adds 
 five  more,  viz.:  Confirmation,  penance,  orders,  matri- 
 mony and  extreme  unction. 
 
 (2)  "The.se  two  sacraments  were  instituted  and  in- 
 tendi<l  by  Clirist  to  be  perpetually  observed  in  His 
 Church  till   His  second  coming,  and  therefore  to  ne- 
 
 j  gleet  or  contemn  them  is  a  great  sin." — Conf.  Faith, 
 xxviii,  5. 
 
 (3)  "There  are  in  every  sacrament  these  three 
 things:  An  outward  and  sensible  sign,  used  according 
 to  Christ's  own  appointment,  an  inward  and  spiritual 
 grace  thereby  signified,  and  a  spiritual  relation  or 
 sacramental  union  between  the  sign  and  the  thing 
 signified.'" — Larger C<iteehism,1C>^;Conf.  Faith,xx\u,2. 
 WTiere  any  one  of  these  is  wanting,  there  is  not  a 
 complete  sacrament.  The  ouf%vard  form  is  made 
 necessary  by  Clirist's  appointment;  but  the  outward 
 form  without  the  informing  spirit  is  dead.  A  mere 
 act  of  consecration  or  of  worship,  however  sincere  and 
 devout,  and  with  whatever  outward  ceremonies  it 
 may  be  performed,  docs  not  constitute  a  sacrament. 
 
 (4)  The  sacraments  are  "efTeetual  means  of  salva- 
 tion" (&'.  Ceil. ,  91 ) ,  not  the  mere  memorials  of  Clirist's 
 
 j  redeeming  work,  the  signs  of  his  grace  and  the  badge 
 of  our  Christian  profession.  "The  word  of  institu- 
 tion contains,  together  with  a  precept  authorizing  the 
 use  thereof,  a  promise  of  benefit  to  worthy  receivers." 
 — Conf.  of  Faith,  xxvii,  3.  The  sacraments  are  not 
 mere  signs,  but  means  and  actual  conveyances  of 
 grace.  "In  them,  by  sensible  signs,  Christ  and  the 
 benefits  of  the  Xew  Covenant  are  represented,  sealed 
 and  applied  to  believers." — Short  Cat.,  92.  "A  sac- 
 rament is  a  holy  ordinance  instituted  by  Christ  in 
 
 ;  His  Church,  to  signify,  seal  and  exhibit  unto  those 
 that  are  within  the  covenant  of  grace  the  benefits  of 
 His  mediation." — LargcCai.,  162.  "Thegrace  which  is 
 exhiliited  in  or  by  the  sacraments,  rightly  nsed,  is  not 
 conferred  byanypowerin  them." — Conf.  Faith,  xxvii, 
 
 I  3.     "The  grace  promised  is  not  only  oflcred,  but 
 
 '  really  exhibited  and  coul'err<d  by  the  Holy  Ghost." 
 Conf.  Faith,  xxviii,  6.  The  several  terms  employed  in 
 these  passages .  are  not  tautological.  To  seal  means 
 more  than  to  signify;  to  apply  or  confer  means  more 
 than  to  seal.  It  should  be  observed  that  up  to  and 
 after  the  time  when  our  Standards  were  written,  the 
 word  "exhibit "  was  used  as  being  sy nonvTiious with 
 "confer."  It  is  evidently  so  used  in  Conf.  Faith, 
 xxvii,  3,  as  quoted  above.  Tlie  phr.ose  "  sacramental 
 grace,"  meaning  the  grace  which  is  conferred  in  or 
 by  means  fif  t  he  sacraments,  is  orthodox  and  consistent 
 with  our  Standards.  Its  use  h;is  the  sanction  of  the 
 most  eminent  members  of  the  Westminster  Assembly. 
 
 (5)  The  efficacy  of  the  sacraments  as  means  of 
 salvation  does  not  depend  upon  anj'  virtue  in  them, 
 nor  in  the  administrator  of  them,  l)ut  only  ujion 
 the  blessing  of  God  and  the  work  of  His  Holy  Sjjirit, 
 which  He  has  been  plc;ised  to  connect  with  tlie  use  of 
 the  sacraments.  In  the  c;i.se  of  a<lults  this  efficacy  is 
 inseparably  connected  with  the  exercise  of  jHTsonal 
 faith  on  the  part  of  the  recipient.  "  The  efficacy  of 
 baptism  is  not  tied  to  the  moment  of  time  wherein 
 it  is  administered;  yet,  notwithstanding,  by  the 
 right  u.se  of  this  ordinance,  the  grace  i)roini.sed  is 
 not  only  offered,  but  really  exhibited  and  conferred 
 by  the  Holy  (Jliost,  to  such,  whetherof  ageor  infants. 
 
SACSA3I£NTS. 
 
 797 
 
 SACRAMENTS. 
 
 as  that  grace  belongeth  unto,  according  to  the  counsel  of  water.  They  not  only  abstained  from  Ihe  use  of  w-ine 
 God's  will,  in  His  appointed  time."— Con/.  Failh,  and  denounced  as  'improbos  at<iue  inipios  '  these  who 
 xxviii,  6.  "  God  often  regenerates  long  after  baptism  drank  it,  but  they  also  repudiated  auinuil  food  and 
 those  baptized  in  infancy;  some  in  early  youth,  some  marriage,  regarding  the  devil  as  their  author.  They 
 in  old  age.  The  benefitof  baptism,  therefore,  continues  soon  disappeared  from  history.  The  plain  meaning 
 through  the  whole  life,  because  the  promise  signified  of  the  IJible  on  this  subject  has  controlled  the  mind 
 therein  continues  always  in  force.  "—flbdje'sT/ifo%i/,  I  of  the  Church,  and,  it  is  to  })e  hoped,  will  continue 
 vol.  Ill,  518.  "WTiat  is  here  said  of  baptism  is  equally  !  to  control  it  till  the  end  of  time.  "—Hodge's  Theology, 
 applicable  to  the  Lord's  Supper.     Its  efficacy  is  not  I  vol.  III,  616. 
 
 tied  to  the  moment  of  time  wherein  it  is  administered.  (2)  The  consecration  by  which  the  bread  and  ^vine 
 It  is  evident  that  the  teaching  of  our  Standards  does  are  "set  apart  from  a  common  to  a  holy  use  "  (Conf. 
 not  difTcr  from  the  doctrine  of  the  Lutheran  and  of  |  Faitli,  xxix,  3),  does  not  elTect  any  change  in  them, 
 the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  in  regard  to  tlie  reality  j  They  are  bread  and  wine  still.  Our  Staiidards  reject 
 of  s;icraraental  grace,  nor  in  reference  to  the  efficacy  j  and  condemn  the  doctrine  of  transuhstantiation,  as 
 of  the  sacraments  as  means  of  salvation.  The  point  ,  held  by  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and  the  same 
 of  dilTerence  is  the  question  wherein  the  efficacy  con-  j  doctrine  as  held,  in  a  modilicd  form,  by  the  Lutheran 
 sists,  and  how  the  .s;ieramental  grace  is  secured  to  us.  ^  amrch,  under  the  name  of  consubstantiation.  "  The 
 We  deny  that  it  inheres  in  the  outward  signs  of  the  '  notion  that  the  bread  and  wine  are  changed  into  the 
 sacrament,  or  that  it  depends  upon  the  character,  body  and  blood  of  Christ  is  the  centre  of  the  whole 
 intention,  or  office  of  him  who  administers  the  divine  I  Romish  .system,  and  is  the  source  of  manifold  errors 
 
 ordinance,  and  in.sist  that  it  depends  and  consists 
 upon  the  blessing  of  Clirist  and  the  work  of  the 
 Spirit,  fulfilling  the  promise  which  is  involved  in  the 
 precept  whereby  the  use  of  the  sacraments  is  made 
 obligatory  upon  us. 
 
 (6)  "Neither  Sacrament  can  be  lawfully  adminLs- 
 tered  by  any  but  a  minister  of  the  Word,  lawfully- 
 ordained." — Conf.  Faith,  xxviii,  4. 
 
 THE    I.OED's    SI'PPER. 
 
 "The  Lord's  Supper  is  a  sacrament  wherein,  by 
 giving  and  receiving  bread  and  wine,  according  to 
 Christ's  appointment,  His  death  is  showed  forth;  and 
 the  worthy  receivers  are,  not  after  a  corporal  aud 
 
 and  idolatries." — Conf.  Faith,  xxix,  6. 
 
 (;!)  While  they  reject  both  transuhstantiation  and 
 consubstantiation,  our  Standards  teach  the  real  pres- 
 ence of  Christ  in  this  sacrament,  and  the  real  feed- 
 ing of  the  beliering  communicant  upon  tlu;  body  and 
 blood  of  Christ,  according  to  the  true  meaning  of  our 
 Lord's  own  words  :  "Except  ye  eat  the  flesh  of  the 
 Son  of  man,  and  drink  his  blood,  ye  have  no  life  in 
 you"  (.Tohn  vi,  53);  and  according  to  Paul's  saying : 
 "The  cup  of  blessing  which  we  bless,  is  it  not  the 
 communion  {i.e.,  the  participation)  of  the  blood  of 
 Christ  ?  And  the  bread  which  we  break,  is  it  not  the 
 communion  of  the  body  of  Christ?"  (1  Cor.  x,  161. 
 
 carnal  manner,  but  by  faith,  made  partakers  of  His  ■  But  our  Standards  are  careful  to  distinguish  this  real 
 body  and  blood,  with  all  His  benefits,  to  their  spiritual  ,  presence  of  Christ  and  this  real  feeding  of  the  com- 
 
 uourishraeut  and  growth  in  grace." — S.  Cat.  96, 
 
 (I)  The  external  elements,  or  "sensible  .signs," 
 in  the  Siicramcnt  of  the  Lord's  Supper,  appointed  by 
 Christ,  and,  therefore,  not  to  he  altered  by  men,  are 
 bread  and  wine,  i.  e.,  the  common  bread  of  daily  life, 
 and  the  fermented  juice  of  the  giape. 
 
 The  notion  that  unleixvened  bread  must  bo  used 
 has  no  sanction  in  our  Standards;  neither  do  they 
 countenance  the  use  of  wafers.     "By  wine,  as  pre- 
 
 muaicant  upon  His  body  and  blood  from  a  corporeal 
 presence  and  a  carnal  feeding.  "As  the  body  and 
 blood  of  Chi'ist  are  not  corporally  or  carnally  present 
 in,  with,  or  under  the  bread  aud  wine  in  the  Lord's 
 Supper,  and  yet  are  spiritually  present  to  the  faith  of 
 the  receivers,  no  less  truly  and  really  than  the  ele- 
 ments themselves  are  to  their  outward  senses,  so 
 they  that  worthily  communicate  in  the  sacrament 
 of  the  Lord's  Supper,  do  therein  feed  upon  the  body 
 
 scribed  to  be  used  in  this  ordinance,  is  to  be  under-  and  blood  of  Christ,  not  after  a  corporal  or  carnal, 
 stood  the  'juice  of  the  grape,'  and  the  juice  of  the  but  in  a  .spiritual  manner,  yet  truly  and  really,  while 
 grape  in  that  state  which  was  and  is  in  common  use,  by  faith  they  receive  and  apply  unto  themselves 
 and  in  the  state  in  which  it  w:us  known  as  wine.  It  Clirist  crucified  and  all  the  benefits  of  His  death."— 
 was  not  the  juice  of  the  grape  as  it  exists  in  the  fruit,    Larger  Catechism,  170. 
 
 hut  that  juice  submitted  to  such  a  process  of  fer- 1  (4)  The  Lord's  Supper  is  not  only  a  memorial  of 
 mentation  as  secured  its  preservation  and  gave  it  the  Christ's  suflferings,  a  badge  of  our  profession,  a  bond 
 qualities  ascribed  to  it  in  Scripture.  That  oinos  in  !  and  a  pledge  of  our  communion  witli  Christ  and  each 
 the  Bible,  when  unqualified  by  such  terms  as  new  or  '  other  as  members  of  His  mystical  body  ;  it  is  to  all 
 sweet,  means  the  feiuiented  juice  of  the  grape,  is  believing  commuuicants  an  effectual  means  of  s.alva- 
 hardlyan  open  question.  It  has  never  been  ques-  tion,  bcaiuse  itis,  by  God's  appoiutmcntand  iiromi.se, 
 tioned  in  the  Church,  if  we  exi'ept  a  few  Christians  the  seal,  the  exhibition,  the  transfer,  and  the  ajipli- 
 of  tl:e  present  day.  Those  in  the  early  Church  whose  cation  to  them  of  Oirist  and  all  His  benefits,  for  their 
 zeal  for  temperance  led  them  to  exclude  wine  from  encouragement,  nourishment  and  growth  in  grace, 
 the  Lord's  table  were  consistent  enough  to  substitute  I      (5)    The  qualifications  for  a   participation  in  the 
 
SACIiAJIEXTS. 
 
 798 
 
 SACRA.VEXTS. 
 
 Lord's  Supper  are  twofold:  knowledge  to  discern  the 
 Lord's  body,  and  a  credible  profession  of  faith  in 
 Christ.  Of  these  qualifications,  under  our  form  of 
 church  government,  the  Session  of  a  particular 
 church  are  the  sole  judges.  The  affirmative  vote  of 
 the  Session  admits  a  candidate  to  the  Lord's  table. 
 and  fully  recognizes  or  constitutes  him  a  communi- 
 cant member  of  the  Church.  AVhcu  a  public  profes- 
 sion is  made  before  the  congregation,  which  is  gen- 
 erally regarded  bj'  Presbyterians  as  a  scriptural  and 
 edifying  ceremony,  it  ought  to  be  so  conducted  its  to 
 preclude  the  idea  th:it  the  person  making  such  pro- 
 fession is  received  to  membership  by  the  whole 
 Cliurch.  The  practice  of  ''propounding"  persons  for 
 nieinbership  to  the  congregation  has  no  sanction  in 
 our  Standards. 
 
 lu  regard  to  what  constitutes  a  credible  profession 
 of  faith  and  sufficient  knowledge  to  discern  the  Lord's 
 body,  while  our  Standards  do  not  give  specific  rules, 
 they  fully  recognize  tlie  principle  that  nothing  is  to 
 be  made  a  term  of  commuuion  which  is  not  declared 
 by  Scripture  to  be  a  term  of  salvation.  AVe  are  to 
 receive  to  the  full  communion  of  the  Church  all 
 those  in  reg.ird  to  whom  we  have  probable  reiuson  for 
 believing  that  Christ  has  received  them.  A  credible 
 profession  of  faith  is  not  one  which  constraitis  belief, 
 but  one  against  which  there  is  no  evidence  to  the 
 contrary.  The  Session  does  not  authoritatively  pro- 
 nounce those  whom  it  admits  to  the  Lord's  table  to 
 be  convert<'d  or  regenerated.  It  simply  accept-s  them 
 ;i.s  professed  Vjelievers.  Private  members  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church  are  not  required,  as  a  condition  of 
 membership,  to  accept  aud  adopt  our  Confession  of 
 Faith  and  Catechisms.  They  are  required  to  profess 
 only  such  doctrinal  belief  as  is  essential  to  Christian 
 character;  and  of  the  extent  of  that  belief  the  Session 
 is  the  judge  in  each  individual  case. 
 
 An  assurance  of  acceptance  with  God  and  of  due 
 preparation  for  the  Lord's  Supper  are  not  necessary 
 for  admission  to  this  holy  ordinance.  "One  who 
 doubteth  of  his  being  in  Christ  and  of  his  due  prepa- 
 ration to  the  Siicrament  of  the  Lord's  Sujiper  may 
 have  true  interest  in  Christ,  though  he  be  not  yet 
 assured  thereof;  and  in  God's  account  hath  it,  if  he 
 be  duly  affected  with  the  apprehension  of  the  want 
 of  it,  and  unleignedly  desires  to  be  found  in  Clu-ist 
 and  to  depart  from  ini<iuity;  in  which  case  (because 
 I)romiscs  are  made  and  this  .sacrament  is  appointed 
 for  the  relief  even  of  weak  and  doubting  Christians) 
 he  is  to  bewail  his  unlx-lief,  aud  labor  to  ha\e  liis 
 doubts  resolved;  and  so  doing,  he  may,  and  ought  to, 
 come  to  the  Lord's  Supper,  that  he  may  l)e  further 
 strengthened." — Larger  Ciit.,  clx.xii. 
 
 (0)  While  the  Confession  of  Faith  (chap,  xxix) 
 forbids  the  celebration  of  the  Lord's  Supper  by  any 
 p<>rson  alone,  and  the  earrj-ing  of  the  elements  from 
 a  public  celebration  of  the  ordinance  to  any  "who 
 are  not  then  present  in  the  congregation,''  there  is 
 nothing  in  our  Stanthirds  to  forbiil  the  administra- 
 
 tion of  the  Lord's  Supper,  by  an  ordained  minister, 
 in  private  houses,  or  in  the  chambers  of  the  sick  (See 
 
 1  Moore's  Pigest,  p.  GC!-^). 
 
 (7)  Our  Standards  s;iy  nothing  as  to  the  frequency 
 of  administering  the  Lord's  Supper  in  our  churches. 
 This  is  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  Session  of  each 
 church.  The  tendency  has  been,  and  still  is,  to  more 
 frequent  communion.  "Wliile  the  Directory  for  Wor- 
 ship (ch.  viii,  v)  prescribes  sitting,  which  is  the 
 ordinary  posture  at  common  meals,  as  the  proper 
 posture  for  communicants  at  the  Lord's  table,  no 
 iiLstruction  is  given,  as  to  whether  thiy  shall  remain 
 in  the  pews  or  come  to  a  table  spread  in  the  aisle ;  as  to 
 whether  the  elders  or  the  deacons  shall  assist  the  min- 
 
 1  ister  in  distributing  the  elements.  But  our  St:indards 
 insist  that  both  the  bread  and  the  wine  shall  be  given 
 
 j  to  each  communicant,  as  opposed  to  the  practice  of 
 the  Komish  Church  of  withholding  the  cup  from  the 
 
 j  people,  leaving  all  questions  as  to  the  mode  of  distribu- 
 tion as  matters  of  indifference,  to  be  determined  by 
 Christian  discretion,  according  to  circumsUuices.  The 
 prevailing  custom  in  the  Presbrterian  churches  of  this 
 country  is,  for  the  elders  of  the  church  to  receive  the 
 bread  aud  wine  from  the  minister,  and  distribute 
 both  to  the  people,  who  remain  seated  in  their  pews. 
 
 BAPTISM   IJJ  GEXEB.VL. 
 
 (1)  Although  there  were,  under  the  Old  Testa- 
 ment economy,  "divers  washings"  (or baptisms), 
 baptism  did  not  become  a  sacrament  until  it  was 
 in.stituted  by  Christ,  in  the  words  of  the  great  com- 
 mission, "Go  ye,  therefore,  aud  teach  all  nations, 
 baptizing  them  in  the  name  of  the  Father,  and  the 
 Sou,  and  the  Holy  Ghost ;  teaching  them  to  observe 
 all  things  whatsoever  I  have  commanded  you  ;  and 
 lo  !  I  am  with  j-ou  always,  even  unto  the  end  of  the 
 world.  Amen"  (llatt.  xxviii,  19,  20).  Theobserv- 
 ancc  of  this  .sacrament  is  to  be  perpetual  in  the  New 
 Testament  Church,  and  is  obligatory  on  all  Christ's 
 disciples.  "  It  is  a  great  sin  to  contemn  or  neglect  it." 
 — Chnfrxxion  of  Faith,  xxviii,  5. 
 
 ("2)  Baptism,  according  to  our  Standards,  can  be 
 lawfully  administered  only  by  an  ordained  minister. 
 The  Komish  Church  teaches  that  baptism  is  essential 
 to  salvation,  even  in  the  case  of  those  who  die  in 
 infancy  ;  and,  therefore,  she  holds  to  the  validity  of 
 lay  baptism,  in  cases  of  emergency,  where  the  services 
 of  a  priest  cannot  be  obt;iined.  But,  in  common 
 with  all  the  Keformcd  creeds,  our  Confession  and 
 Catechisms  maintain  that  neither  of  the  sacraments 
 .should  ever  be  administered  by  any  but  a  minister 
 of  the  gospel,  lawfully  ordained. 
 
 (;j)  The  mode  of  baptism  is  not  rigidly  defined  in 
 our  Standards.  They  do  not  condemn  immersion; 
 they  simply  say  "Dipping  of  the  person  into  the 
 water  is  not  necessary,  but  baptism  is  rightly  admin- 
 istered by  pouring  or  sjjrinkling  water  uiion  the 
 person." — Confcxiion  of  Faith,  xxviii,  3.  But  in  the 
 directory  for  the  udininistrition  of  baptism  to  infants, 
 p<mring  or  sprinkling  is  expres.sly  enjoined  as  the 
 
SACRAMENTS. 
 
 799 
 
 SACRAMENTS. 
 
 only  suitable  mode.  "  Then  the  minister  is  to  pray 
 lor  a  blessing  to  attend  this  ordinance,  after  which, 
 calling  the  child  by  its  name,  he  shall  say,  '  I  baptize 
 thee  in  the  name  of  the  Father  and  of  the  Son  and  of 
 the  Holy  Ghost.'  As  he  pronounces  these  words  he 
 is  to  baptize  the  child  with  water,  by  pouring  or 
 sprinkling  it  on  the  face  of  the  child,  without  adding 
 any  other  ceremony."  —Directory  \u,  5.  The  prohi- 
 bition of  any  other  ceremony  is  intended  to  exclude 
 the  use  of  the  sign  of  the  cross  and  various  other 
 rites  practiced  by  the  Romish  Church. 
 
 (4)  The  validity  of  })aptisra  administered  by  a 
 RomLsh  priest,  or  in  other  words,  whithir  persons 
 baptized  in  the  RomLsh  Church  and  desiring  to  be 
 received  into  the  communion  of  any  of  our  churches, 
 ought  to  be  baptized  over  again,  seems  to  be  an  open 
 question  in  the  Presbyterian  Church.  Our  Standards 
 ■siiy  nothing  on  the  subject;  the  General  Assembly 
 luis  decided  the  question  at  different  times  in  opposite 
 ways.  The  last  decision  is  ambiguous.  The  writer 
 of  this  article  agrees  fully  with  Calvin,  who  thus 
 defended  his  own  refusal  to  be  re-baptized.  "  If  we 
 have  rightly  determined  that  a  sacrament  is  not  to  be 
 estimated  by  the  hand  of  him  by  whom  it  is  admin- 
 istered, but  is  to  be  received  as  from  the  hand  of  God 
 Himself,  we  may  licnce  infer  that  its  dignity  neither 
 gains  nor  loses  by  the  administrator.  This  con- 
 futes the  error  of  the  Donatists,  who  measured  the 
 efficacy  and  worth  of  the  sacrament  by  the  dignity  of 
 the  minister.  Such,  in  the  present  day,  are  the  Cata- 
 baptists,  who  deny  that  we  are  fully  baptized  because 
 we  were  baptized  in  the  Papacy,  by  wicked  men  and 
 idolaters  ;  hence  they  furiously  insist  on  anabap- 
 tism.  Against  these  absurdities  we  shall  be  fully 
 fortified  if  we  shall  reflect  that  by  baptism  we  were 
 initiated  not  into  the  name  of  any  man,  but  into  the 
 name  of  the  Father  and  of  the  Son  and  of  the  Holy 
 .Spirit;  and,  therefore,  th.at  baptism  is  not  of  man, 
 but  of  God,  by  whomsoever  it  may  have  been  admin- 
 istered.""— Calrin'n  Institutrs,  Booh,  4  ch.  l.j,  src.  16. 
 
 (."))  The  significance  and  efficacy  of  baptism  is 
 thus  defined  by  our  Standards :  It  is  the  divinely 
 appointed  "sign  and  seal  of  our  engrafting  into 
 Christ,  and  partaking  of  the  benefits  of  the  covenant 
 of  grace,  and  our  engagement  to  be  the  Lord's." — 
 Shorter  Catechism,  94. 
 
 The  benefits  of  the  covenant  of  grace  signified  and 
 sealed  to  us  in  baptism  are  defined  by  the  Confession 
 of  Fiiith  to  bo  "  regeneration  and  remi.s.>ion  of  sins." 
 -Vnd  by  the  Larger  Catechism  as  "  remission  of  sins 
 by  His  (Christ's)  blood,  regeneration  by  His  Spirit, 
 adoption  and  resurrection  unto  everlasting  life. 
 These  benefits  are  not  ordy  signified  and  sealed,  but 
 conferred  and  applied,  in  every  instance  where  there 
 is  a  true  and  efleetual  sacrament  of  baptism,  consist- 
 ing^r.'j/,  of  an  oiitw;xrd  and  visible  sign,  according  to 
 Christ's  own  apixjintmcut;  sccondli/,  of  an  inward 
 and  spiritual  grace  thereby  signified;  and,  thirdlij,  of 
 a  spiritual  relation;  a  sacramental  union  between  the 
 
 sign  and  the  thing  signified." — Larger  Cat.,  I(j3  and 
 l(j.);  Conf.  Faith,  xxvii,  2  and  3;  xxviii,  1. 
 
 (6)  The  qiuilifications  for  baptLsm,  in  the  case  of 
 adults,  are  the  same  as  the  qualifications  for' the 
 Lord's  Supper.  They  who  are  admitted  to  this  ordi- 
 nance must  have  sufficient  knowledge  to  make  a 
 credible  profession  of  their  faith,  and  must  actually 
 make  such  a  profession.  Nothing  can  rightly  be 
 required  in  such  a  profession  beyond  what  Christ  has 
 enjoined  and  declared  to  be  a  term  of  salvation. 
 
 B.VPTISM   OF   IXFASTS. 
 
 (1)  "Baptism  "  says  the  Shorter  Catechism  (Ques- 
 tion O.'j),  "is  not  to  be  administered  to  any  that  are 
 out  of  the  visible  Church,  till  they  profess  their  faith 
 in  Christ  and  obedience  to  Him;  but  the  infants  of 
 such  as  are  members  of  the  visible  Church  are  to  be 
 baptized."  This  statement  is  capable  of  two  inter- 
 pretations: first,  that  which  makes  the  latter  clause 
 of  the  sentence  exceptional  to  the  former,  iis  though 
 it  read  "Infants  of  church  mcml)er3  are  to  be  bap- 
 tized without  making  a  profession  of  faith  and  obe- 
 dience, noticilhstaiulinr/  they  are  out  of  the  visible 
 Church;"  and  scmndli/,  that  which  harmonizes  the 
 two  clauses,  as  though  it  read,  "infants  of  church 
 memlx!rs,  because  they  are  already  in  the  visible 
 Church,  are  not  required  to  profess  faith  and  obedi- 
 ence as  a  condition  of  baptism."  The  latter  is  evi- 
 dently the 'true  interpretation.  "The  children  of 
 all  professors  of  the  true  religion  are,  on  that  account, 
 fellow  members  with  their  parents  of  the  visible 
 Church." — Dr.  A.  A.  Hodge's  Commentary  of  Con- 
 fession of  Faith,  p.  41!o.  "The  infant  seed  of  pro- 
 fessing Christians,  in  virtue  of  their  parents'  faith  and 
 standing,  are  born  members  of  the  risible  Church,  and 
 are  considered  as  partakers  of  those  benefits  of  the 
 covenant  of  grace  which  belong  to  the  offspring  of 
 believers,  before  they  arc  baptized. — Dr.  Ashhel  Green's 
 Lectures  on  the  Shorter  Catechism,  vol.  ii,  p.  270. 
 "Although  the  New  Test;iment  does  not  contain  any 
 specific  text  which  in  so  many  words  declares  that 
 the  infant  seed  of  believers  are  members  of  the  Church 
 in  virtue  of  their  birth,  yet  it  abounds  in  passages 
 which  ainnot  reasonably  be  explained  but  in  har- 
 mony with  this  doctrine." — Miller  on  Infant  Bap- 
 tism, Presbyterian  Tract-i,  vol.  i,  p.  212.  This  is 
 one  of  the  strongest  points  in  which  the  Reformed 
 Creeds  differ  from  the  views  of  Romanists  and  Lu- 
 thenins,  who  hold  that  all  children  are  born  outside 
 of  the  Church  and  are  brought  into  it  by  baptism. 
 Our  Standards  a-ssunie  that  the  children  of  believers 
 are  l>oru  within  the  Church,  and  on  that  account  are 
 to  be  baptized.  "  The  visible  Church,  which  is  also 
 catholic  or  universal  under  the  gospel,  consLsts  of  all 
 those  throughout  the  world  that  profess  the  true 
 religion,  together  with  their  children. "" — Confession, 
 XXV,  2.  "Children  born  irithin  the  pale  of  the  visible 
 Church,  and  dedicated  to  CJod  in  baptism,  are  under 
 the  inspection  and  government  of  the  Church." — Di- 
 rectory i.x,  i.     "  Baptism  is  not  to  be  administered 
 
SACRAMENTS. 
 
 800 
 
 SAFFORD. 
 
 to  any  that  are  out  of  the  visible  Church,  and  so  ; 
 stranyers  from  ike  covenant  of  promise,  till  they  pro- 
 fess their  faith  in  Christ  and  obedience  to  Him;  but 
 infants  descending  from  jjarents  either  both  or  but 
 one  of  them  professing  faith  in  Christ  and  obedience 
 to  Him,  are  ('«  thut  re.yuct  (i.  e.,  because  of  their 
 parents'  professed  faith  and  oltedience,  within  the  eove- 
 lutnt  (i.  e.,  in  the  visible  Church),  and  are  to  be  bap- 
 tized."— Larger  Catechism,  1G6. 
 
 Baptism,  therefore,  so  far  as  infants  are  concerned, 
 is  not  an  initiatory  rite  into  the  visible  Church,  but  a 
 recognition  of  church  membership  already  existing 
 as  a  Christian  birthright.  The  pliices  Avhere  it  is 
 spoken  of  a-s  the  "solemn  admission  of  the  parties 
 baptized  into  the  visible  Church"  (Couf.,  xxviii,  1  ; 
 Larger  Cut.,  1G5)  must  be  understood  as  applying 
 only  to  the  baptism  of  adults.  Some  writers,  as  Dr. 
 Ashbel  Green,  and  Dr.  James  Fisher,  in  his  explana- 
 tion of  the  Shorter  Catechism,  maintain  that  by 
 being  "solemnly  admitted  to  the  visible  Church,"  is 
 meant  that  by  baptism  "we  are  publicly  declared 
 to  be  church  members  before. ' ' 
 
 (2)  To  the  question  who.se  children  are  entitled  to 
 bai)tism  ?  our  Standards  answer  (in  Conf  of  Faith 
 .vxviii,  4),  "the  infants  of  one  or  both  lielieving 
 parents;"  in  Larger  Cateehism  (166),  "  infants  de- 
 scending from  parents,  either  both  or  but  one  of  them 
 professing  faith  in  Christ  and  obedience  to  him;"  in 
 the  Shorter  Catechism  (!).">),  "the  infants  of  such  as 
 are  inemhers  of  the  visible  Church."  These  defini- 
 tions have  been  variously  intirjireted.  Some  have 
 taken  the  extreme  ground  that  all  who  were  them- 
 selves bajitized  in  infancy  have  a  right  to  have  their 
 children  baptized;  of  which  Dr.  A.  A.  Hodge  (in  his 
 Commentary  on  the  Confes.sion,  p.  475)  justly  says, 
 "  it  is  manifestly  absurd  to  suppose  that  every  one 
 who  has  been  baptized  in  infancy  has  an  indefe;isible 
 right  to  have  his  children  baptized,  whether  he  pro- 
 fesses personal  faith  in  Christ  or  not.  First,  because 
 all  church  m<'mbers  have  not  a  right  to  all  the  privi- 
 leges of  cliurch  membership.  Baptized  members 
 have  fto  right  to  come  to  the  communion  until  they 
 make  a  profession  of  personal  faith;  until  they  do 
 this,  they  are  like  citizens  under  age,  with  their 
 rights  held  in  suspension.  The.se  suspended  rights 
 are  those  of  coniniuning  and  having  their  children 
 baptized.  Sreonilli/,  becau.se  a  jhtsou  destitute  of 
 personal  faith  can  only  commit  perjury  and  sacrilege, 
 by  breaking  the  solemn  jirofession,  and  taking  the 
 obligations  involved  in  the  baptismal  covenant.  It 
 is  a  sin  for  them  to  do  it,  and  a  sin  for  the  minister 
 to  help  them  do  it."  Still,  it  is  an  open  question, 
 whether  the  profession  of  faith  on  the  part  of  the 
 parents,  which  is  the  pre-re(iuisitc  to  the  ba]jtism  of 
 their  children,  must  have  been  formerly  pronounced 
 credible  by  the  church  Session,  as  a  <|ualilication  for 
 admi.s.si(m  to  the  Lord's  Supper,  or  whether  the  min- 
 \strT  who  administers  baptism  to  infants  in  theexer- 
 ci.se  of  his  own  discretion,  m.iy  be  the  judge  of  the 
 
 credibility  of  such  a  profession  at  the  time  the  bap- 
 tism is  to  be  administered.  We  think  the  tendency 
 of  opinion  and  practice  in  our  Church  is  towards  the 
 latter  conclusion. 
 
 (3)  The  Scripture  warrant  tor  the  baptism  of  in- 
 fants is  thus  summed  up  in  our  Directory  for  Wor- 
 ship, ch.  vii,  4: — 
 
 "It  is  instituted  by  Christ;  it  is  a  seal  of  the  rights 
 eousness  of  faith;  the  seed  of  the  faithful  have  no 
 less  a  right  to  this  ordinance,  under  the  gospel,  than 
 the  seed  of  Abraham  to  circumcision,  under  the  Old 
 Testament.  Christ  commanded  all  nations  to  be 
 baptized  ;  he  blessed  little  children,  declaring,  that 
 of  such  is  the  kingdom  of  heaven,  ('hildren  are 
 federally  holy,  and  thcrctbre  ought  to  be  ba]>tize(l. 
 We  are  by  nature  sinful,  guilty  and  polluted,  and 
 have  need  of  cleansing  by  the  blood  of  Christ,  and  by 
 the  sanctifying  influence  of  the  Spirit  of  God." 
 
 (4)  The  significance  and  efficacy  of  bajjtism,  ivs 
 applied  to  infants,  are  precisely  the  same  as  when  it 
 is  applied  to  adults.  There  is  only  one  baptism,  and 
 one  definition  of  the  same.  To  the  same  extent  and 
 for  the  same  reasons,  in  the  c^ise  of  infants,  no  less 
 than  in  the  case  of  adults,  it  "signifies  and  seals  our 
 engrafting  into  Christ,  and  partaking  of  the  benefits 
 of  the  covenant  of  grace,  and  our  engagement  to  be 
 the  Lord's."  The  popular  notion  that  infant  baptism 
 is  something  different  from  and  less  than  adult  bap- 
 tism has  no  sanction  in  our  Confession  and  Catechisms. 
 A  single  quotation  from  the  Larger  Catechism  settles 
 this  question  .so  far  as  it  can  be  settled  by  the  au- 
 thority of  our  standards:  "baptism  is  to  be  a<lmin- 
 istered  but  once,  with  water,  to  be  a  sign  and  .seal  of 
 our  regeneration  and  engrafting  into  Christ,  ani  that 
 eien  to  infants"  (177). 
 
 (5)  The  stiitus  of  baptized  children,  their  relation 
 to  the  Church,  and  the  duty  of  the  Church  towards 
 them,  their  Cliristian  training,  and  the  time  and  con- 
 ditions of  their  admission  to  the  Lorii's  table,  are 
 questions  of  viUil  imporfcmce.  The  doctrine  of  our 
 Standards,  on  these  points,  is  briefly  summed  up  in 
 the  following  extract  from  the  Directory  for  Worship 
 (ch.  ix,  sec.  1)  :  "Children  born  within  the  pale  of 
 the  visible  Church,  and  dedicated  to  God  in  baptism, 
 are  under  the  insjtection  and  government  of  the 
 Church,  and  are  to  be  tiiught  to  read  and  repeat  the 
 Catechism,  the  Apostles'  Creed  and  the  Lord's  Prayer. 
 And  when  they  come  to  years  of  discretion,  if  they 
 be  free  from  scandal,  aiijiear  sober  and  stea<ly,  and  to 
 have  sufficient  knowledge  to  di.sceru  the  Lord's  body, 
 they  ought  to  be  informeil  that  it  is  their  privilege 
 and  duty  to  come  to  the  Lord's  table." — Heney  J. 
 Van  Dyke,  d'.d. 
 
 Safiford,  Jefferson  Price.  D.D.,  son  of  Harry 
 and  Patience  (Van  IlonnO  Salford,  was  born  at 
 Zanesville,  Ohio,  September  '22d,  182;i,  and  wius 
 graduated  from  the  University  of  Ohio,  at  Athens, 
 Ohio,  A.  D.  1S|:5.  After  teiu-hing  a  few  years  he 
 entered  Princeton  Seminary,  where  he  studied  three 
 
SAMPLE. 
 
 801 
 
 8AMPS0K 
 
 yeiirs,  1849-5i!,  and  Aviii-nce  he  was  regularly 
 graduated;  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Phila- 
 delphia, April  5th,  1851;  taught  mathematics  in 
 Richmond  Academy,  at  Richmond,  Va.,  1852-55, 
 supplying  also,  1852-53,  the  Church  at  Bethlehem, 
 Va. ;  and  was  orcjained  by  the  Presbytery  of  West 
 Lexington,  at  Frankfort,  Ky.,  February  9th,  1855. 
 His  successive  fields  of  labor,  after  his  ordination, 
 were  as  follows  :  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Frankfort, 
 Ky. ,  installed  February  9th,  1855  and  released  Sep- 
 tember 1st,  1857;  pastor  of  Picjua  (Ohio)  First 
 Church,  installed  November  15th,  1857,  released 
 December  1st,  18G2;  pastor  of  New  Albany  (Ind.) 
 First  Church,  installed  December  loth,  1862,  re- 
 leased May  1st,  1867;  District  Secretary  of  the  Board 
 of  Missions  for  Ohio  and  Indiana,  from  May  1st, 
 1867  untilJanuary  1st,  1870.  In  1868  he  returned 
 to  his  old  home  in  Zanesrille,  and  lived  there  until 
 his  death.  He  never  again  settled  as  pastor,  yet 
 these  last  years  were  among  his  most  active  and  use- 
 ful ones,  as  he  was  constantly  engaged  in  preaching. 
 He  served  as  stated  supply  to  Brownsville  (Ohio) 
 Church,  from  January  1st,  1870  until  October  1st, 
 1876,  at  the  same  time  suppl.^-ing  also  Fairmount 
 Church,  from  January  1st,  1870  tuitU  April  1st, 
 1877;  Rose^•ilIe  Church,  from  July  16th,  1871  until 
 April  30th,  1873;  acting  as  President  of  Zanes^-ille 
 University  in  1871  and  1872;  supplying  Uuioutowu 
 (Ohio)  Church,  from  July  16th,  1871  until  April 
 30th,  1873;  supplying  Hanover  Church,  from  April 
 30th,  1873  until  April  30th,  1874;  Kirkersville 
 Church,  from  September  20th,  1874  until  1879,  and 
 Claysville  and  "West  Carlisle  churches  until  his  death. 
 He  was  also  the  accurate  and  elficient  Stated  Clerk  of 
 the  Presbj-tery  of  Zanesville,  from  1873,  and  of  the 
 Synod  of  Columbus,  from  1876  until  his  death. 
 That  event  occmred  at  Zanesville,  Ohio,  July  10tl>j 
 1881.  He  was  a  man  of  a  vigorous  mind,  of  more 
 than  common  originality,  of  large  information,  of 
 sound  judgment,  of  warm  heart  and  kindly  humor, 
 and  was  much  beloved  by  all  who  kni'W  him. 
 
 Sample,  Rev.  Nathanael  "Welshard,  was  a 
 native  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  licensed  by  the 
 New  Castle  Presbytery,  in  1799.  Having  supplied  a 
 Church  at  St.  George's,  Del.,  for  six  months,  and 
 declining  their  call  to  settle,  lie  accepted  a  call  to 
 Leacock,  Lancaster  and  Jliddle  Octorara  churches, 
 inPenn.sylvania.  His  relation  to  these  churches  con- 
 tinued forty  years.  He  was  released  from  his  charge 
 September  26th,  1821,  and  died  August  2Gth,  1834. 
 Mr.  Sample  Wiis  an  able  preacher,-exerted  an  exten- 
 sive influence  for  good,  and  under  his  direction  several 
 young  men  were  trained  for  the  ministry. 
 
 Sample,  Robert  F.,  D.  D.,  son  of  John  and 
 Jane  (Wilson)  Sample,  was  born  at  Corning,  N.  Y., 
 October  28th,  1829.  He  was  consecrated  to  the  min- 
 istry when  four  years  of  age,  on  a  day  spent  by  his 
 parents  in  special  prayer  with  reference  to  this  dedi- 
 odtion.  He  graduated  at  Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  in 
 51 
 
 1849,  and  at  the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  in 
 May,  1853.  He  was  pastor  of  the  First  Piesbyterian 
 Church,  Mercer,  Pa.,  1853-6;  at  Bedford,  Pa.,  1856-66, 
 and  supply  of  the  Andrews  Church,  Minneapolis, 
 Minn.,  1866-68.  From  JIarch,  1868,  to  the  present 
 time  he  has  been  pa.stor  of  Westminster  Church, 
 Minneapolis. 
 
 Dr.  Sample  is  the  author  of  four  small  books  on 
 Christian  experience,  written  for  the  j'oung,  anony- 
 mously published ;  several  poetical  effusions  incor- 
 porated in  publiciitions  of  the  Presbj^erian  Board, 
 and  the  "Memoir  of  Rev.  ,Tohn  C.  Thom,"  pastor  of 
 Pine  Street  Church,  St.  Louis,  Mo.  He  is  a  gi'aceful, 
 ■Nagorous  and  popular  writer.  His  ministry  has  been» 
 blessed  with  several  precious  re\-ivals.  As  a  preacher 
 he  is  thoroughly  evangelical,  able,  instructive,  im- 
 pressive. His  present  charge  is  the  largest  in  the 
 Northwest,  numbering  nearly  800  members.  The 
 church  building,  erected  at  a  cost  of  S140,000,  is  oue 
 of  the  most  spacious  and  beautiful  in  this  country. 
 Dr.  Sample  has  been  called  to  churches  in  Eastern 
 cities,  but  deemed  it  his  duty  to  remain  in  his  present 
 charge.  He  wields  a  strong  influence  in  that  region, 
 by  his  sound  judgment,  earnest  zeal  and  exemplary 
 Christian  character.  He  is  a  Director  of  the  Seminary 
 of  the  Northwest,  Chicago  ;  a  Trustee  of  Macalester 
 College,  Minnesota,  and  is  a  delegate  to  the  Presby- 
 terian Alliance  which  is  to  meet  in  Belfast  in  1884. 
 
 Sampson,  Francis  S.,  D.  D.,  was  the  son  of 
 Richard  Sampson,  a  distinguished  agriculturist  in  the 
 neighborhood  of  Dover  Jlills,  Goochland  county,  Va. 
 He  was  born  in  November,  1814,  and  entered  the 
 University  of  Virginia,  September  10th,  1831,  and 
 continued  his  studies  there  till  July,  1836,  taking  a 
 very  extensive  course,  not  only  in  the  Academic  de- 
 partments, but  in  the  schools  of  Junior  Law,  Anatomy 
 and  Physiology,  and  securing  the  degree  of  Master  of 
 .Vrts,  which  was  then  attained  by  very  few.  On  the 
 9th  of  November,  1836,  he  entered  Union  Theological 
 Seminary,  Va.,  and  on  the  resignation  of  Professor 
 Ballantine,  in  the  Spring  of  1838,  he  was  appointed 
 teacher  of  Hebrew,  and  from  that  time  continued  to 
 perform  other  duties  of  the  Oriental  department.  He 
 was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  East  Hanover  Presby- 
 tery, in  October,  1839,  and  was  ordained  as  an  evan- 
 gelist by  the  same  Presbji:ery,  in  October,  1841.  In 
 the  Summer  of  1848  he  cro.ssed  the  ocean,  and  after 
 spending  nearly  a  year  in  Europe,  chiefly  at  the 
 Universities  of  Halle  and  Berlin,  in  the  prosecution  of 
 his  Oriental  studies,  he  returned  in  August,  1849.  In 
 October,  1848,  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Oriental 
 Literature  and  Language  in  the  Seminary  with  which 
 he  had  been  connected,  but  he  had  for  many  years 
 performed  the  work  of  a  full  Professor,  though  with 
 the  title  and  compeu.satiou  of  an  assistant.  He  died 
 .\pril  9tli,  1854.  Dr.  Sampson  was  eminently  char- 
 acterized by  methodical  industry,  and  bj'  the  uni- 
 formit.v  and  healthfulness  of  his  devotional  spirit. 
 He  was  in  a  high  degree  conscientious  in  everything, 
 
WFSTMI.NSTr.R   I'UESDVTKIilAN    clU  . 
 
 ,'.    MINNESOTA. 
 
l^AyCTIFlCATIOX. 
 
 803 
 
 SANCTIFICA  TIUX. 
 
 and  in  nothing  more  than  in  the  use  of  property. 
 As  a  master  of  the  art  of  communicating  knowledge, 
 he  was  unrivaled.  One  of  the  fouadation  stones  of 
 his  success  w;is  his  indisputiihle  scholarship.  He 
 was  greatly  endeared  to  his  pupils.  His  i>reaeliing 
 exhibited  the  lucid  order  and  the  animation  of  mind 
 which  marked  everything  that  he  ])roduced. 
 
 Sanctiflcation.  The  .sanctifuation  of  Ixlievers 
 consists  in  their  puriCciitioa  from  the  pollution  of 
 sin,  and  the  reuo  vation  of  their  nature  after  the  image 
 of  God.  Sanctiflcation  may  be  considered  as  initial 
 iu\d  progrcsxicr.  Initial  sanctiflcation  is  the  same  as 
 regeneration,  whereby  we  become  "  new  creatures," 
 ''old  things  being  done  away,  and  all  things  becom- 
 ing new."  lu  progressive  sanctiflcation  the  several 
 lusts  of  the  old  man  are  more  and  more  weakenetl 
 and  mortified.  In  initial  sanctiflcation  the  Spirit  of 
 Christ  enters  the  heart,  with  all  His  train  of  graces, 
 :ind  implants  them  there.  In  progressive  sanctiflca- 
 tion these  gnices  are  more  and  more  quickened  and 
 .strengthened. 
 
 Sanctiflcation  extends  to  t/ir  icholc  man,  including 
 all  the  f;ieulties  of  the  soul  and  all  the  members  of 
 the  body  (1  Thess.  v,  23).  Our  entire  nature  was 
 originally  created  in  the  image  of  God ;  by  the 
 entrance  of  sin  this  image  was  utterly  defaced  and 
 lost,  hence  corruption  and  depraved  nature  is  called 
 '"the  old  man,"  because  it  infects  the  whole  man, 
 and  defiles  both  soul  and  body.  Now,  as  original 
 corruption  perva<les  the  whole  man,  so  sanctifjdng 
 grace  extends  to  every  part;  hence  our  nature  as 
 renewed  after  the  image  of  God  is  Citlled  "the  new 
 man,''  because  the  holiness  communicited  in  sancti- 
 lieatiou  possesses  and  ennobles  the  whole  man. 
 
 But,  while  sanc"tification  extends  to  our  whole 
 nature,  and  leaves  no  part  of  it  unrenewed,  we  must 
 not  imagine  the  work  to  be  so  complete  as  to  restore 
 us,  in  this  life,  to  a  state  of  perfect  purity.  It  is 
 acknowledged  that  the  Scriptures  Ciill  upon  us  to  aim 
 at  iierfeetion,  and  speak  of  some  individuals  in  such 
 a  manner  as  may  lead  superficial  readers  to  conclude 
 that  they  had  fully  succeeded.  They  c;ill  upon  us 
 to  "behold  the  perfect  man,"  and  give;  this  as  the 
 character  of  certain  individuals.  But  one  part  of 
 Scripture  should  be  explained  in  consistency  with 
 another,  and  it  is  contrary  to  the  laws  of  legitimate 
 interpretation  to  wrest  a  particular  expression  to  a 
 .sen.se  at  variance- with  the  known  and  avowed  senti- 
 ments of  the  author.  If  we  take  this  rule  along  with 
 us,  we  shall  immediately  perceive  that,  in  the  ea.ses 
 l)cfore  us,  perfection  c;in  mean  nothing  more  than 
 inti'grity  or  sincerity.  He  is  perfect  who  unt'eignedly 
 loves  God,  and  has  a  respect  to  all  His  commands. 
 
 That  the  most  eminent  saints  mentioned  in  Scrip- 
 tiire,  even  some  of  those  to  whom  the  epithet  perfect 
 is  applied,  were  not  free  from  sin,  is  evident  from  the 
 defects  and  blemishes  which  are  discovered  in  their 
 conduct.  Noah  is  said  to  have  been  "  perfect  in  his 
 generations"  (Gen.  vi,  9);  ''  nut  i)erfeet   in  the  sense 
 
 of  sinless,"  says  Prof.  Bush,  "but  sincere,  simple, 
 upright,  having  respect  to  all  God's  commandments, 
 and  like  Caleb,  following  the  hordfully.  Clu-istiau 
 perfection  is  not  absolute  freedom  from  sin,  hut  evan- 
 gelical integrity,  a  perfection  implying  completeness 
 oC parts,  rather  than  of  degrees,  in  the  renewed  char- 
 acter, and  it  may  be  better  understood  by  viewing  it 
 as  opposed  to  partlatiti/  and  hypocrisg,  to  a  partial 
 obedience  and  an  insincere  profession. ' '  The  praise 
 of  high  attainments  will  undoubtedly  he  conceded 
 to  the  Apostle  of  the  Gentiles;  and  it  is  not  easy  to 
 conceive  upon  what  principle  any  man  could  persuade 
 himself  that  he  or  others  have  excelled  him ;  but  we 
 find  him  thus  expressly  disclaiming  an}'  pretension 
 to  perfection:  "I  see  a  law  in  my  members  war- 
 ring against  the  law  of  my  mind,  and  bringing  me 
 into  captivity  to  the  law  of  sin  which  is  in  my 
 members"  (Rom.  vii,  23).  The  wise  man  tells  us 
 tliat  "there  is  not  a  just  man  upon  the  earth 
 that  doeth  good,  and  slnneth  not"  (Eccl.  vii,  20). 
 And  an  apostle  rejects  the  doctrine  of  sinless 
 perfection  in  the.se  strong  terms:  "If  we  .say  that 
 we  have  no  sin,  we  deceive  ourselves,  and  the  truth 
 is  not  in  us"  (1  John  i,  8).  On  our  Lord's  inculca- 
 tion of  a  duty,  "Be  ye  therefore  perfect,  even  as 
 your  Father  which  is  in  heaven  is  perfect"  (Matt,  v, 
 48),  Dr.  Alford  very  well  observes:  "complete  in 
 your  love  of  others,  not  one-sided  or  exclusive  .  .  . 
 but  all-embracing  and  God-like.  ...  No  counte- 
 nance is  given  by  this  verse  to  the  ancient  Pelagian 
 or  the  modern  heresy  of  perfectibility  in  this  life. 
 Such  a  sense  of  the  words  would  Iw  utterly  at  vari- 
 ance with  the  whole  of  the  discourse:  see  especially 
 vv.  22,  29,  32,  in  whi<h  the  imperfections  and  con- 
 flicts of  the  Christian  are  fully  recognized."  To  the 
 evidence  already  adduced  to  disprove  this  doctrine, 
 it  may  be  added  that,  were  any  person  truly  perfect, 
 he  would  not  stand  in  need  of  those  institutions  or 
 means  of  grace  which  God  has  pro\idrd  for  the 
 perlecting  of  the  saints.  In  particular,  daily  prayer 
 for  the  forgiveness  of  sin  would  not  be  his  duty;  he 
 would  enjoy  uninterrupted  communion  with  God; 
 would  not  be  subject  to  discipline,  which  presupposes 
 errors  and  failings,  and,  having  spent  a  life  undis- 
 turbed by  pain  and  sorrow,  would  be  translated,  we 
 may  presume,  into  a  better  world,  without  sufleriug 
 death  (see  Job  is,  20;  Ps.  xix,  12;  Phil,  iii,  12). 
 
 Whilst,  however,  it  is  true  that  none  can  attain  to 
 absolute  perfection  in  this  life,  it  is  nevertheless  the 
 duty,  and  ^\-ill  be  the  earnest  and  constant  aim,  of 
 every  real  Christian  to  reach  it  (see  2  Cor.  xiii,  7.  9; 
 Col.  iv,  12;  Heb.  xiii,  20).  The  higher  our  mark 
 the  stronger  will  be  our  efforts.  He  who  aims  at 
 the  sun,  though  he  fall  far  short  of  the  mark,  will 
 assuredly  shoot  higher  than  he  who  shoots  only  at 
 a  shrub.  The  gardener,  though  he  has  never  reared 
 a  faultless  rose,  perseveres  in  setting  new  slips;  the 
 traveler  finds  himself  unable  to  penetrate  the  recesses 
 of  some  labyrinthine  cave,  but  he  will  push  his  way 
 
SANDERSOX. 
 
 804 
 
 SAX  FSAXCISCO  CHURCH. 
 
 furthiT  and  yet  further  still,  till  he  has  outstripped 
 all  earlier  diseovercrs,  and  made  the  path  easier  for 
 future  explorers.  So  will  the  true  child  of  God, 
 though  eonscious  of  many  innjerfections  and  dis- 
 couraged by  many  failures,  press  onward  and  up- 
 ward, until  at  death  he  is  "made  perfect  in  holi- 
 ness,'' and  joins  the  souls  of  departed  .saints,  which 
 in  Scripture  are  called  "the  spirits  of  the  just  made 
 perfect"  (Heb.  xii,  23). 
 
 Sanderson,  David  Davidson,  D.D.,  was  bom 
 in  .Juniat;i  county.  Pa.,  >;ovember  1.5th,  l^^l.  His 
 parents  emigrated  to  Alabama  in  1822,  so  that  his 
 life  has  nearly  all  been  spent  in  that  State.  His 
 youth  was  chiefly  occupied  with  commercial  pursuits. 
 He  pursued  both  his  literary  and  theological  course 
 at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  and  graduated  at  Princeton 
 Theologieal  Seminary  in  1S49,  w;vs  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  February  7th,  1849, 
 and  ordained  by  the  Presbyteiy  of  South  Alabama, 
 i)cto>X'r  20th,  l^.jO.  He  was  installed  pastor  of  Fair- 
 view  Presbyterian  Church,  near  JIarion,  Ala.,  Fel> 
 ruary,  1851,  and  served  that  church,  with  great 
 acceptability  and  success,  for  nine  years. 
 
 In  November,  18G0,  he  became  the  pastor  of  the 
 Presbj-terian  Church  at  Eutaw,  Ala.,  where  he  has 
 labored  faithfully  to  the  present  time.  He  has  a 
 clear,  vigorous  and  well-balanced  mind,  h.is  made 
 varied  attainments  as  a  .scholar,  is  a  sound  theologian. 
 and  an  able,  instructive  and  successful  preacher. 
 Neighboring  churches  have  been  sharers  in  his  regu- 
 lar services,  and  his  labors  have  been  extended  over  a 
 wide  field,  in  which  he  has  accomplished  large  and 
 valuable  results.  No  minister  in  his  Synod  is  more 
 highly  esteemed  nor  more  warmly  loved.  The  Uni- 
 versity of  North  Carolina  conferred  upon  him  the 
 degiee  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  several  years  siuce.  Dr. 
 Sanderson  has  recently  been  elected  a  Professor  in  the 
 Institute  for  the  Training  of  Colored  Ministers,  under 
 the  care  of  the  General  .Vs.sembly  of  the  Presbj-tedan 
 Chvirch  in  the  United  States,  a  work  for  which  he  is 
 eminently  (jualiflcd. 
 
 Sands,  Rev.  John  Scott,  was  bom  in  the  city 
 of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  on  September  l.st,  1814.  He  gra- 
 duated at  Westminster  College  iu  1864,  and  at  the 
 .Mlegheny  Theological  Seminary  in  18(i8.  On  March 
 27th,  l>i(i7,  he  was  licensed  to  ])reaeh  by  the  United 
 Presl)yterian  Presbytery  of  Monongahela.  While  still 
 bii.sy  with  his  studies  in  the  seminary,  he  was,  in 
 October,  \^S7,  placed  by  the  Presbytery  in  charge  of 
 a  mission  enterprise  in  the  city  of  Pittsburg,  and  was 
 ordained  lus  an  evangelist  on  April  21st,  18(>8.  He 
 declined  a  number  of  calls  to  other  fields  of  labor, 
 and  continued  in  charge  of  this  one  nearly  thiileen 
 years.  He  organized  there  the  Eighth  United  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  and  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  it 
 grow,  under  his  ministry,  into  a  vigorous,  self-sustain- 
 ing eongreg;ition,  pos.ses.st'd  of  a  substantial  church 
 building.  He  left  his  old  home,  to  accept  a  call  from 
 the  Arch  Street  Presbyterian  Church,  in  the  city  of 
 
 Philadelphia,  and  was  installed  as  pastor  of  that 
 church  on  September  19th,  1880.  Here  he  continues 
 to  labor  among  an  attached  and  appreciative  people. 
 Mr.  Sands  is  an  excellent  preacher,  at  once  instructive 
 and  impressive,  a  faithful  pastor,  a  good  presbyter, 
 is  beloved  by  his  people,  and  held  in  high  esteem  by 
 his  ministerial  brethren. 
 
 Sanford.Rev.  Joseph,  was  born  in  Vernon.  Vt., 
 February  (ith,  1797.  He  graduated  at  Union  College 
 in  1820.  He  studied  theology  at  Princeton  Seminary, 
 and  in  April,  1823,  was  licensed  to  preach  bj-  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  York.  Immediately  after  this  he  went 
 to  Montreal,  L.  C,  and  for  several  weeks  supplied  the 
 American  Presbyterian  Church  in  that  city,  to  which 
 he  received  a  unanimous  call,  but  which  he  felt  con- 
 strained to  decline.  In  October  of  that  year  he  was 
 p.istor  of  the  new  Presbyterian  (now  the  First)  Church 
 of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  Here  he  continued  to  labor  with 
 great  acceptance,  his  congregation  rapidly  increasing 
 under  his  ministry,  till  October,  1828,  when  he 
 received  a  call  from  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  Philadelphia,  which  he  accepted.  His  installation 
 over  this  church  took  place  January  21st,  1829.  From 
 the  time  of  his  settlement  in  Philadelphia  his  health 
 was  so  much  impaired  that  he  was  but  ill-fitted  to 
 bear  the  burden  of  responsibility  and  care  that  rested 
 upon  him.  He  died  December  2.')th,  1831.  His  dis- 
 ease was  attended,  during  a  considerable  part  of  the 
 time,  with  delirium,  but  in  every  lucid  interval  it 
 was  manifest  that  the  Sun  of  Righteousness  was  injur- 
 ing beams  of  joy  into  his  soul. 
 
 "  Mr.  Sanford,"  says  Dr.  "Waterbury,  "had  a  vein 
 of  moral  and  mental  excellence,  the  purity  and  rich- 
 ness of  which  none  could  know  who  did  not  go 
 beneath  its  surface  to  discover  it. "  He  was  a  model 
 pastor.  His  manners  were  kind  and  conciliatory. 
 His  chastened  aspect  forbade  all  undue  familiarity, 
 but  he  was  neither  harsh  nor  repulsive.  He  had  an 
 ardent  mind,  which,  in  the  pulpit,  took  fire  by  its 
 own  action,  communicating  warmth  and  light  to  the 
 congregation,  and  ever  and  anon  flashing  uiwn  them 
 some  brilliant  thought,  or  some  burning  sentence. 
 He  spoke  from  the  heart  to  the  heart.  In  pniyer 
 he  wa.s  singularly  gifted.  "  His  prayers  seenieil  to 
 take  liohl  of  the  very  gates  of  heaven,  ami  struggle 
 to  o]x'u  them.  Here  was  seen  the  man  of  God,  one 
 who  lived  on  the  mount,  'seeing  God  face  to  face.'" 
 
 San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Calvary  Church,  was 
 organized  July  23d,  18.")4,  with  sixty-three  members; 
 Wm.  A.  .Scott,  n.  n.,  pastor.  Dr.  Scott  resigned  in 
 ISfil.  Until  the  arrival  of  his  succe.s.sor  the  pulpit 
 was  supplied  by  Kev.  S.  T.  Wells.  At  a  congrega- 
 tional meeting  held  December  9th,  18()1,  Charles 
 Wadsworth,  D.  n.,  of  Philadelphia,  was  elected  p.as- 
 tor,  aiul  preached  his  first  sermon  on  the  first  Sabbath 
 of  June.  18(;2.  Dr.  'Wadsworth  resigne<l  in  18(i9. 
 Rev.  .John  Hemphill,  of  Magerafelt,  Irel.and,  was 
 elected  pastor,  November  16th,  18(59,  and  liegan  his 
 pastorate   in   .Vpril,   1870.      Mr.   Hemphill   resigned 
 
CUViBV   PRESDVTEBIiX   CUUKCII.   SAX   FRANCISCO,  CAl. 
 
8A  TAX. 
 
 806 
 
 ,<?.ir.ijv. 
 
 October  13th,  1882.  On  the  13th  of  Xovember,  1882, 
 Samnel  P.  Rprether,  n.  D.,  of  Oakland,  Tvas  cjillcd  to 
 the  i>ast<)ratc,  and  was  installed  December  24th,  1882. 
 The  lirst  ehiireh  buiUlin<;,  situated  ou  Bush  street, 
 between  Xlontgonury  and  Lansonie,  was  erected  in 
 1854.  The  present  ediliee,  built  of  brick  and  stone, 
 situated  on  the  corner  of  Geary  and  Powell  streets. 
 fronting  on  Union  Square,  was  commenced  early  in 
 1808,  and  was  dedicated  on  the  16th  of -Slay,  1869. 
 
 Satan.  AVe  det<'rmiue  the  personality  of  Satan 
 by  the  same  criteria  that  we  use  in  determining 
 whether  Ca^sar  and  Napoleon  were  real,  personal 
 beings,  or  the  personilications  of  abstract  ideas,  viz  : 
 bj'  the  tenor  of  history  concerning  them  and  the 
 ascription  of  personal  attributes  to  them.  All  the 
 forms  of  personal  agency  are  made  use  of  by  the 
 sacred  writers  in  setting  forth  the  character  and  con- 
 duct of  Satan.  They  describe  hira  as  having  power 
 and  dominion,  messengers  and  followers.  He  tempts 
 and  resists,  he  is  held  accountable,  charged  ^ntli 
 guilt,  is  to  be  j  udged  and  to  receive  final  punishment. 
 On  the  supposition  that  it  was  the  object  of  the 
 Siwred  writers  to  teach  the  proper  personality  of 
 Satan,  they  could  have  found  no  more  express  terihs 
 than  those  which  they  have  actually  used.  And  on 
 the  supposition  that  they  did  not  intend  to  teach 
 such  a  doctrine,  their  use  of  language  incapable  of 
 communicating  any  other  idea  is  wholly  inexpli- 
 cable. To  suppose  that  all  this  semltlance  of  a  real, 
 veritable,  conscious  moral  agent,  is  only  a  trap,  a 
 prosopopeia,  is  to  make  the  inspired  penmen  guilty 
 of  employing  a  figure  in  such  a  way  that  by  no 
 a.scertained  laws  of  language  it  could  be  known 
 that  it  w;is  a  figure — in  such  a  way  that  it  could 
 not  be  taken  to  be  a  figure,  without  violence  to  all 
 the  rhetoricjil  rules  by  which  they,  on  other  occasions, 
 are  known  to  have  been  guided.  A  personific;i- 
 tion  protracted  through  such  a  book  as  the  Bible, 
 even  should  we  suppose  it  to  have  been  written  by 
 one  person,  never  dropped  in  the  most  simple  and 
 didactic  portions,  never  explained  when  the  most 
 grave  and  important  truths  are  to  be  inculcated,  and 
 when  men,  the  most  ignorant  and  prone  to  supersti- 
 tion are  to  be  the  rentiers — a  personification  extend- 
 ing from  Genesis  to  Revelation — this  is  altogether 
 anomalous  and  inailmissible.  But  to  suppose  that 
 the  several  writers  of  the  ditferent  books  of  the  Bible, 
 diverse  in  their  style  and  intellectual  habits,  writing 
 under  widely  dilTering  circunist;inces,  through  a 
 period  of  nearly  two  tliou.sjind  years,  should  each, 
 from  Moses  to  John,  fall  into  the  use  of  the  same 
 personificjition,  and  follow  it,  too,  in  away  so  obscure 
 and  enigmatiail  that  not  one  in  a  hundred  of  their 
 readers  would  e.sejiiio  the  error  which  they  did  not 
 mean  to  t«.'aeh,  or  ajiprehend  the  truth  which  they 
 wished  to  .set  fi)rth — to  suppose  this,  is  to.  require 
 men  to  Ix-lievo  that  the  inspired  writers,  who  ought 
 to  have  done  the  least  vioU'Uee  to  the  common  laws 
 of  language,  havi-  nally  <li)ne  the  mo.st.     Such  \uii- 
 
 formity  of  inexplicable  singularity,  on  the  part  of 
 such  nun  as  the  authors  of  the  several  books  of  the  ' 
 Bible,  could  be  accounted  for  only  on  the  hypothesis 
 that  they  were  subject  to  an  eril  as  well  ;is  a  good 
 inspiration.  On  the  other  hand,  such  uniformity  of 
 api)ellations  and  imagery,  and  such  identity  of  char- 
 acteristics, protracted  through  such  a  scries  of  writ- 
 ings, go  to  confirm  the  received  doctrine  of  a  real 
 personality. 
 
 The  agency  of  Satan  extends  to  all  that  he  does,  or, 
 through  the  employment  of  demons  which  belong  to  liis 
 kingdom,  causes  to  be  done.  His  agency  is  moral  and 
 physical.  First,  moral.  He  beguiled  our  first  parents, 
 and  thus  brought  sin  and  death  upon  them  and 
 their  posterity  (Gen.  iii).  He  moved  David  to 
 number  the  people  (1  Chron.  xxi,  1).  He 
 resisted  Joshua,  the  high  priest  (Zech.  iii,  1).  He 
 tempted  Jesus  (Matt,  iv);  entered  into  Judas  to 
 induce  him  to  betray  his  Master  (Luke  xxii,  3); 
 instigated  Ananias  and  Sapphira  to  lie  to  the  Holy 
 Ghost  (.Vets  V,  3);  hindered  Paul  and  Barnab;us  on 
 their  way  to  the  Thcssiilonians  (1  Thess.  ii,  18).  He 
 is  the  spirit  that  now  worketh  in  the  children  of  dis- 
 obedience (Eph.  ii,  2),  and  he  deceiveth  the  whole 
 world  (Rev.  xii,  9). 
 
 But  his  efforts  are  directed  agaist  the  bodies  of  men, 
 as  well  as  against  their  souls.  That  the  agency  of 
 S.atan  was  concerned  in  producing  physical  diseases 
 the  Scriptures  plainly  teach  (Job  ii,  T;  Luke  xiii, 
 16).  Peter  says  of  Christ,  that  he  went  about  doing 
 good  and  healing  all  that  were  oppressed  of  the  devil 
 (Acts  X,  38).  Hymeneus  and  Alexander  were  de- 
 livered to  Satan,  that  they  might  learn  not  to  blas- 
 pheme (1  Tim.  i,  20),  where  physical  sufteriug  by 
 the  agency  of  Satan,  a^  a  divine  chastisement,  is 
 manifestly  intended. 
 
 It  is  of  no  avail  that  there  are  difficulties  connected 
 with  the  agency  ascribed  to  Satan.  Objections  are 
 of  little  weight  when  brought  .-jgainst  well-authenti- 
 cated facts.  Any  objictions  raised  against  the  agency 
 of  Satan  are  equally  valid  .igain.st  his  existence.  If 
 he  exists,  he  must  act,  and  if  he  is  evi\,  his  agency 
 must  be  evil.  The  fact  of  such  an  agency  being 
 revealed,  as  it  is,  is  every  way  as  consonant  with 
 reason  and  religious  consciousness  as  are  the  existence 
 and  agency  of  good  angels.  Neither  reason  nor  con- 
 !  .sciousne.ss  could,  by  tlu'Ui.selves,  establish  such  a  fact, 
 but  all  the  testimony  they  are  capable  of  adducing  is  in 
 agreement  with  the  Scripture  re])resentation  on  the 
 subject.  If  God  communicates  with  good  men  with- 
 out their  conscioiLsness,  there  is  no  apjiarent  reiuson 
 why  Satan  may  not,  without  their  consciousness, 
 communicate  with  bad  men.  And  if  good  men 
 become  better  by  the  influence  of  good  beings,  it  is 
 equally  ea,sy  to  suppose  that  bad  men  may  Ixcome 
 worse  by  the  infiuence  of  e\-il  beings.  Such  an  in- 
 fluence no  more  militates  agsiinst  the  benevolence  <if 
 (;od  than  does  the  agency  of  wicked  men,  or  the 
 existence  of  moral  evil  in  any  Ibrm.     Evil  agents  aro 
 
SAfAGE. 
 
 807 
 
 SCARRITT. 
 
 as  really  under  the  divine  control  as  are  good  agents. 
 And  out  of  evil  God  will  cause  good  to  come.  He 
 will  make  the  wrath  of  devils  as  well  jis  of  men  to 
 praise  Him,  and  the  remainder  Ite  will  restrain. 
 
 Savage,  John  Adams,  D.  D.,  son  of  Abraham 
 and  JIury  (Adams),  wa.s  burn  in  Salem,  W;ushington 
 county,  X.  Y.,  Ottober  9th,  1800.  Ho  graduated 
 from  Union  College,  in  IS'i'i,  and  studied  theology 
 privately  while  teaching  acudemie^s  in  Delhi  and  Au- 
 burn. In  1825  he  was  licensed,  and  in  1827  ordained 
 by  the  Wa-shington  County  Associate  Reformed  Pres- 
 bytery, and  .settled  at  Fort  Covington.  In  1832  he 
 was  called  to  Ogdensburg,  and  remained  there  for 
 twenty  years,  pro.secuting  a  faithful  and  successful 
 ministry,  and  growing,  to  the  liust,  in  tht^  esteem  of  the 
 church  and  of  the  community.  In  18.^0  lie  w;is  per- 
 suaded to  accept  the  Presidency  of  Carroll  College, 
 Waukesha,  "Wis.  The  Institution  was  so  infantile 
 when  he  took  charge  of  it  that  he  may  be  considered 
 its  parent;  and  by  the  most  assiduous  nurture  he 
 brought  it  up  to  the  stature  and  vigor  of  j'outh.  Of 
 unquestioned  piety  and  of  great  excellence,  he  never 
 spared  himself  in  his  work,  and  died,  at  Waukesha, 
 December  13th,  1801,  prematurely  worn  out.  One 
 who  knew  him  well  remarked  at  his  funeral,  that  he 
 had  taken  no  rest  for  a  qiuirter  of  a  century;  and  he 
 was  described  by  another  iis  '  'a  :uan  of  great  sagacity, 
 integrity  and  benevolence ;  a  man  of  deep  piety  and 
 excellence  of  character,  an  able  and  instructive 
 preacher,  a  good  and  \iseful  man." 
 
 Sa'wryer,  Rev.  Samuel,  son  of  Calvin  G.  and 
 Hannah  V.  Sa^vyer,  was  born  near  Goshen,  Orange 
 county,  N.  Y.,  June  20th,  1S23.  After  graduating  at 
 Princeton  College,  in  1842,  he  spent  several  years  in 
 teaching,  and  entered  Union  Theological  Seminary,  \ 
 N.  Y.,  with  the  class  of  184.">,  graduating  in  1848.  [ 
 He  was  then  commissioned  by  the  Home  Mission 
 Society  to  labor  at  Rogersville,  and  in  Hawkins 
 county,  Ea-st  Tennes.see.  He  remained  there  until 
 1857,  organizing  the  Liberty  Hill,  Jloorsburg  and 
 Kiuc;iid  churches.  He  was  ble.ssed  with  precious 
 revivals  at  Rogers\-ille,  which  greatly  strengthened 
 the  church.  He  w.is  in  demand  at  s-acrament^il 
 meetings  throughout  the  bounds  of  the  Synod  of 
 Tennessee,  and  at  different  times  preached  in  most  I 
 of  the  central  points  in  seasons  of  revival.  Though 
 not  claiming  to  be  a  traveling  evangelist,  Mr.  Sawyer 
 did  the  work  of  one.  If  the  mountains,  hills,  valleys, 
 bridle-paths,  highways,  churches,  .school-houses,  pri- 
 vate dwellings  and  groves  of  Ea.st  Tennessee  could  ' 
 testify,  thcj'  would  join  with  the  people  of  those 
 days,  and,  quoting  the  great  apostle,  would  s;iy  of 
 t'lis  man,  "  In  jourueyings  often,  in  perils  of  waters. 
 .  .  .  .  In  weariness  and  painlulness  ....  in 
 hunger  and  thirst,  in  fastings  often,  in  cold  ' '  and  heat, 
 he  carried  the  glorious  gosjiel  to  multitudes  of  thirsty 
 souls.  Like  Paul,  he  preached  only  "  Chri.st  and  him 
 crucified."  In  the  Spring  of  1857  he  Wiis  chosen 
 Professor  of  Languages  in  Caldwell  College,  Rogei-s- 
 
 ville,  Tenn.,  but  resigned  his  Chair  that  Fall,  and 
 removed  with  his  family  to  Marion,  Grant  county, 
 Ind.  Here  he  was  chosen  President  of  the  College 
 of  Indiana,  and  preached  to  the  Presbvterian  churches 
 of  Marion  and  Jonesborough.  In  18G4  he  yielded  to 
 the  request  of  the  Board  of  Missions  to  reorganize 
 our  Presbyterian  churches  in  East  Tennessee,  where 
 he  w;us  so  well  known.  He  threw  his  whole  energy 
 into  this  work,  with  important  n'sults,  and  as  he  went 
 up  to  the  General  As.sembly  with  Rev.  T.  J.  Lamar, 
 and  reported  the  good  progress  of  the  work,  he 
 received  the  hearty  welcome  and  approval  of  his 
 brethren.  Since  then  he  has  labored  in  Chillicothc, 
 Mo.,  E;ist  St.  Louis,  111.,  Schoolcy's  Monntiiin,  X.  J., 
 and  is  now  jxistor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  Thorn- 
 town,  Ind. 
 
 Sayre,  Hon.  Theodore  S.,  w;is  born  in  Utica, 
 X.  Y.,  .\pril  2.5th,  1837  ;  the  son  of  excellent  Christian 
 parents  ;  his  father  a  prominent  business  man  of  the 
 city.  In  his  eighteenth  year,  he  made  profession  of 
 his  faith  in  Christ,  uniting  with  the  FirstPresbj-terian 
 Church  of  Utica,  where,  under  the  guidance  of  a 
 beloved  pastor,  he  learned  the  privilege  of  working 
 in  the  cause  of  the  Master.  Having  engaged  in  work 
 as  a  teacher  in  a  mi.ssion  Sunday  school,  in  lS5(j,  he 
 has  continued  to  labor  in  the  same  field,  as  teacher 
 or  superintendent,  and  in  other  ways,  until  the 
 present  time,  for  the.se  twenty-eight  years,  and  he 
 gives  no  sign  of  growing  weary.  A  church  having 
 grown  out  of  the  mission  school,  in  1868,  he  soon 
 transferred  his  church  membership  to  this  new  organi- 
 zation, that  he  might  give  it  all  the  help  possible. 
 His  latest  act  is  the  consummation  of  interest  in 
 Christ's  work  thus  begun  and  increased  by  continued 
 acti\ity  in  service.  What  is  thus  referred  to  is  his 
 gift  to  his  church,  at  a  cost  of  more  than  $30,000,  of 
 a  house  of  worship,  built  of  stone,  commodious, 
 handsomely  finished  and  furnished  throughout.  Not 
 seeking  thus  to  make  himself  a  name,  but  to  glorify 
 God,  he  has  set  an  example  for  others  to  follow,  and 
 identified  his  name  with  the  Memorial  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Utica,  which  now  flourishes  in  the  enjoy- 
 ment of  new  privileges  thus  provided,  through  desire 
 for  its  welfare. 
 
 Scairitt,  Isaac,  w.os  born  in  Vermont.  He  re- 
 moved, with  his  parents,  to  Illinois  when  about  six 
 years  old,  and  settled  on  what  was  afterwards  known 
 as  Scarritt's  Prairie,  and  now  the  town  of  Godfrey. 
 His  business  Wiis  that  of  a  dry  goods  merchant. 
 ^NTiile  yet  a  youth,  he  connected  himself  with  the 
 Presb_\-terian  Church  in  Godfrey,  and  was  subse- 
 quently ma<le  elder.  He  was  eminently  inspired 
 with  an  earnest  and  consecrated  purpose.  Although 
 not  an  enthusi.ast,  he  was  ever  alive  to  the  best  in- 
 terests of  the  Church,  both  spiritually  and  financially, 
 and  her  prosperity,  pe;ice  and  unity  were  dear  to  his 
 heart.  In  seasons  of  religious  awakening  he  w;is 
 esjiecially  tender  and  helpful.  One  of  Sir.  Scarritt's 
 prominent  characteristics  wa-s  love  for  and  interest 
 
SCUAFF. 
 
 808 
 
 SCHAFFEE. 
 
 in  children  and  yonng  people.  For  twenty  years  the  ' 
 Superintendent  of  the  Sahbath  school  of  the  church, 
 his  influence  as  a  CTiristian  teacher  was  far-reaching, 
 and  many  persons  in  that  and  other  churches  owe 
 their  first  religious  impressions  to  him.  He  spared 
 no  labor  or  expense  that  he  might  make  his  school- 
 room an  attractive  place  for  the  young,  while  his 
 pleasant  smile  and  cordial  welcome  made  the  Sabbath 
 morning  hour  a  delightful  memory  to  all.  Always 
 methodical  and  reliable  in  all  the  relations  of  life, 
 he  was  a  tower  of  strength  in  the  church  and  com- 
 munity. A  clear  head  and  sound  judgment,  com- 
 bined \nih.  unusual  executive  ability,  eminently  fitted 
 him  for  the  responsible  positions  he  was  called  upon 
 to  occupy.  The  educational  interests  of  the  city  re- 
 ceived a  new  impulse  at  his  hands,  and  of  the  theo- 
 logical arid  charitable  boards  of  the  State  he  was  an 
 honored  member.  As  a  friend  and  neighbor,  he  was 
 characterized  by  unvarN-ing  friendship,  tender  sym- 
 pathy, kindly  interest  and  eflicient  help.  He  died 
 December  2-_'d,  1873. 
 
 Schaff,  Philip,  D.D..  LL.D.,  was  born  at  Coire, 
 Switzerland,  January  1st,  1819.  He  was  educated  at 
 the  college  of  his  native  city,  and  prosecuted  his 
 studies  at  the  Gymnasium  at  Stuttgart,  and  the  Uni- 
 versities of  Tubingen,  Halle  and  Berlin,  and  in  1842  he 
 was  Lecturer  on  Theologj'  in  the  University  of  Berlin. 
 The  German  Eeformed  Synod  in  the  United  States, 
 in  October,  1843,  having  thought  it  desirable  to  have 
 a  suitable  representative  of  German  thcologj'  in  this 
 countrj-,  applied  to  their  German  brethren  for  one, 
 and  at  the  recommendation  of  Drs.  Neander,  Heng- 
 stenberg,  Tholuck,  MUller,  Krummacher  and  others, 
 he  was  invited  to  the  United  States.  During  the  first 
 twenty  years  he  made  his  residence  at  Mercersburg, 
 Pa.,  acting  as  Professor  of  Church  History  and  Exege- 
 sis in  the  seminary,  and  in  1863  he  removed  to  New 
 York,  to  edit  Lange's  Commentary,  and  to  superin- 
 tend the  printing  of  the  last  two  volumes  of  his 
 ' '  Church  History. ' '  Since  his  residence  in  New  York 
 he  has  delivered  a  cour.se  of  lectirres  on  Ecclesiastical 
 History,  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Andover,  and 
 in  1868  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Church  History  in 
 tlie  Hartford  Theological  Seminary,  and  in  May, 
 1870,  Professor  of  Theological  Encyclopiedia  and 
 Symbolism  in  the  Union  Tlioological  Seminary.  In 
 1863  he  revisited  Europe,  and  in  1869  he  was  sent  by 
 the  Evangelical  Alliance  of  America  to  extend  an 
 invitation  to  the  leading  divines  in  Europe  to  attend 
 a  general  Conference,  to  be  held  in  New  Y'ork  in 
 September,  1870,  in  which  he  met  ^^•itll  great  success. 
 In  1869  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Clnirch  History, 
 and,  in  1873,  Profes.sor  of  Hebrew  and  the  Cognate 
 Languages,  in  Union  Theological  Seminary. 
 
 Dr.  Schaff  is  the  author  of  many  valuable  volumes. 
 His  great  works,  however,  are  his  "History  of  the 
 Apostolic  Cliurch,  with  a  General  Introduction  to  the 
 Study  of  Church  History,"  and  his  "History  of  the 
 Christian  Church. "     In  1864  he  began  the  translating 
 
 and  editing  of  Lange's  "  Excgetiad,  Docti-inal  and 
 Homiletical  Commentary  on  the  Scriptures. "  During 
 the  preparation  of  these  great  works  he  has  always 
 been  engaged  in  preaching  the  gospel,  in  writing 
 books  for  Sabbath  .schools,  and  in  laboring  to  con- 
 vince the  people,  both  from  the  pulpit  and  by  the 
 press,  of  the  duty  and  benefits  flowing  from  the 
 observance  of  the  Sabbath  as  a  day  dedicated  to  the 
 service  of  God.  He  has  also  endeavored  to  make  the 
 German  and  English  populations  better  acquainted 
 ■n-ith  each  other's  thoughts  and  feelings,  by  such 
 works  as  "America;  a  Sketch  of  the  Political,  Social 
 and    Religious   Character  of  the   United    States  of 
 
 PHILIP  SCHAFF,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
 
 America,"  two  lectures  delivered  at  Berlin  in  1854, 
 etc.,  etc.  Dr.  Schaff  was  editor  of  Der  Deutsche. 
 Kirchen  Freund  from  1848  to  1859,  and  has  contributed 
 largely  to  periodical  literattire,  both  in  (Jerraan  and 
 English. 
 
 Schaflfer,  Rev.  Samuel,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
 phia, of  German  descent ;  made  profession  of  faith  in 
 the  Church  of  Northern  Liberties,  in  1819;  picpared 
 for  college  at  Lawrenceville,  N.  J. ;  graduated  at 
 Union  College  and  Princeton  Theological  Seminary. 
 The  first  ten  years  of  his  life  were  spent  as  a  stated 
 supply  in  Western  New  York.  For  a  number  of  years 
 he  taught  in  various  academies  in  Central  and  North- 
 ern I'ennsylvania.  He  had  decided  literary  tastes. 
 Two  .small  volumes,  "Theobald;  or,  the  Fanatic," 
 and  "  Mary  de  Goldenbeck,"  were  translated  by  him, 
 from  the  German  into  English.  A  sermon  Wiis  pub- 
 lished in  the  Xaiional  Preacher  in  1864.  He  died  at 
 Scran  ton.  Pa. ,  February  21st,  1879,  aged  seventy-seven. 
 
SCHENCK. 
 
 809 
 
 SCIEXCE  AXn  REVELATIOX. 
 
 Schenck,  Rev.  William,  was  a  native  of  Allen- 
 tovra,  X.  J.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Xew  Brunswick  in  1771,  and  ordained  in  1772.  After 
 preaching  at  various  places  in  New  York  and  New- 
 Jersey,  he  was  finally  settled,  in  1780,  at  Pittegrovc 
 and  Cape  Jlay,  where  he  remained  until  1787,  when 
 he  removed  to  Ballston,  New  York.  Towards  the 
 close  of  170.3  he  removed  to  Huntingdon,  L.  I.,  and 
 w;is  inst;illcd  pastor  of  the  Presbj-teriau  Church, 
 December  27th  of  that  year.  In  1817  he  left  Hunt- 
 ingdon and  removed  to  Franklin,  O.,  where  he  was 
 pastor  for  several  year.s,  and  died  September  l.st,  1822. 
 Jlr.  Schenck  was  the  grandfather  of  the  Hon.  Robert 
 C.  Schenck,  late  Jlinister  to  Great  Britain.  He  was  a 
 dignified,  excellent  man,  though  not  distinguished  as 
 a  great  or  popular  preacher.  His  labors  were 
 acceptable,  and  his  church  received  large  acccs.sions 
 under  his  ministrv. 
 
 Schenck,  William  Edward,  D.D.,  wxs  born 
 in  Princeton,  N.  J.,  March  29th,  1819.    He  graduated 
 
 WILLIAM    EDWARD   SC(Ie.NCK,  D.D. 
 
 at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1838;  studied  law; 
 was  a  missionary  in  the  coal  regions  of  Pennsylvania, 
 1842;  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick, 
 February  28th,  1843;  was  pa.stor  at  Manchester,  N.  J.,' 
 1843-5;  stated  supply  of  Hammond  Street  Church, 
 New  York  city,  1345;  and  its  pastor,  1847_s.  In 
 1843  he  was  called  to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Princeton,  N.  J.,  and  continued  to  })e  its  pastor 
 ivntU  1852;  from  1S52  to  1854  he  w:is  Superintendent 
 of  Church  Extension  in  the  Presbytery  of  Philadel- 
 phia, and  from  1862  to  1870,  was  Editor,  as  well  as 
 Secretary,  of  the  Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication. 
 
 Since  that  time  he  has  been  Corresponding  Secretary 
 I  of  the  Board. 
 
 i  In  his  connection  with  the  Board  of  I'uhlication 
 Dr.  Schenck  lias  shown  himself  ardently  devoted  to 
 its  interests,  and  its  present  prosperous  condition  is 
 very  largely  due  to  his  j  udiciousuess,  zeal,  and  ad- 
 ministrative ability.  Several  valuable  volumes  from 
 his  pen  are  numbered  with  the  publications  of  the 
 Board.  Dr.  Schenck  has  been  honored  by  his  breth- 
 ren with  other  inijiortant  positions  of  high  trust  and 
 responsibility.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Keunion 
 Committee  of  Fifteen  appointed  by  the  General  A.s- 
 sembly  (O.  S.)  at  St.  Louis,  to  confer  with  a  similar 
 Committee  from  the  New  School  General  A.s,sembly. 
 He  has  been  a  Director  of  Princeton  Theological 
 Seminary  since  1M6G,  and  is  Vice-President  of  the 
 Trustees  of  the  General  Assembly.  He  prei)ared  the 
 General  Cabilogue  of  Princeton  Theologiail  Semi- 
 nary, 1883,  and  is  Secretary  of  the  Alumni  Associa- 
 tion of  the  same,  also  Chairman  of  its  Xecrological 
 Committee,  and  in  the  latter  capacity  has,  since 
 1873,  prepared  its  Necrological  Reports.  The  fidelity 
 and  ability  with  which  this  arduous  and  important 
 ser^-ice  has  l)een  rendered  has  several  times  been  grate- 
 fully acknowledged  by  the  Association.  Dr.  Schenck 
 preaches  occasionally,  as  opportunity  offers,  and  his 
 sermons  are  marked  by  able,  instructive  and  impress- 
 ive exposition  of  gospel  truth. 
 
 Science  and  Revelation.  It  is  really  sur- 
 prising with  what  confidence  and  courage  men  who 
 claim  superior  wisdom  in  the  realm  of  science  will 
 htul  their  discoveries  at  the  volume  of  Revelation, 
 just  as  if  these  discoveries  were  final  and  certain 
 instead  of  being,  as  they  at  least  are,  doubtful  in 
 their  character. 
 
 The  ^jn«<  has  a  lesson  for  us  on  this  subject.  For 
 example,  erroneous  and  intrinsically  absurd  as  was 
 the  Ptolemaic  theory  of  the  universe,  it  was  for  some 
 1400  years  the  accepted  astronomical  science,  and  it 
 is  but  250  years  since  Galileo,  under  threatened 
 penalty  for  maintaining  an  "awful  heresy,"  w.is  com- 
 pelled to  ".abjure,  rail  at  and  abominate"  the  Coper- 
 nican  .system,  which  aflirmed,  what  everybody  now 
 believes,  that  the  earth  revolves  around  the  sun.  So 
 ^vith  light.  From  Ne^vton's  time  up  to  within  less 
 than  a  century,  the  emsination  or  corpuscular  theory 
 respecting  light,  taught  as  it  w.is  by  that  prince  of 
 philosophers,  was  universally  believed  to  be  a  .scientific 
 verity,  and  every  scholar  in  optics  was  made  to  be- 
 lieve that  vision  was  ascribable  to  a  ceaseless  emis- 
 sion of  luminiferous  matter  from  the  sun  and 
 other  luminous  bodies,  and  the  striking  of  this 
 matter  against  our  visual  organs.  It  Wiis  under 
 this  theory  that  the  question  was  often  sneer- 
 ingly  asked:  "How  is  it  that  the  Bible  represents 
 light  as  existing  before  the  sun  and  moon  were 
 created?  "  And  yet  how  changed  the  views  of  scieii- 
 tLsts  noic  !  Humboldt,  ^Vagner,  Schubert,  Agiissiz  and 
 Guyot  have  shown  that  light  exists  independently  of 
 
S(•IE^^CE  A.VD  REVELATIOX. 
 
 810 
 
 atJEycE  ASD  KEVELATION. 
 
 the  snn,  and  results  from  molecular  action  or  combi- 
 nalioH.  Hence  the  oomnianil  ' '  Light  he ' '  was  simply 
 another  way  of  s;iy iiig:  ' '  Let  molecular  action  begin, 
 whereupon  light  was  at  once  evolved.  And  thus,  as 
 Professor  Dana  says,  "at  liist,  through  modern  scien- 
 tific researches,  we  U^arn  tliat  the  appearance  of  light 
 on  the  first  day  and  of  the  sun  on  the  fourth^an  idea 
 foreign  to  man's  unaided  conceptions — is  as  much  in 
 the  volume  of  nature  as  that  of  8;icred  writ." 
 
 In  addition  to  the  lesson  of  tlie  j>w<t,  let  us  not  over- 
 look the  j>rc.'<ent  unsettled  stite  of  science.  Voltaire 
 said,  in  his  scofling  mood,  of  the  theories  of  creation 
 which  came  under  his  notice:  "Philosophers  put 
 themselves,  without  ceremony,  in  the  place  of  God, 
 and  destroy  and  renew  the  workl  after  their  own 
 fiushiou. ' '  How  applicable  is  the  spirit  of  this  remark 
 to  many  modern  scientists  !  How  widely  they  differ 
 from  each  other !  Lamark,  for  example,  held  to 
 spontaneous  generation.  The  author  of  the  book, 
 "Vestiges  of  Creation,''  so  celebrated  thirtj'  years 
 ago,  hut  utterly  fallen  out  of  the  popular  notice 
 to-day,  took  even  more  extreme  views.  Darwin  de- 
 nounces both.  Huxley  is  at  sword's  point  with  Dar- 
 win on  the  (juestion  of  a  Creator  who  breathed  life 
 at  first  into  one  or  more  beings.  Wallace  insists 
 that  Darwin's  great  doctrine  of  natural  selection  is 
 not  proven,  and  if  proven  would  be  eutirelj^  in- 
 adeciuate  to  account  for  the  origin  of  man.  Owen 
 contends  for  the  physical  unity  of  the  race,  and 
 Agassiz,  while  granting  the  moral  unity  of  the  race, 
 contends  for  different  pairs  in  different  geographical 
 centres.  Herbert  Spencer  denounces  all  the  rest  of 
 the  scientists,  deeming  his  theory  about  force  suf- 
 ficient to  account  for  the  world  as  it  is,  and  for  the 
 origin  of  the  human  race;  while  Miller,  Dana  and 
 Guyot,  names  that  equal  any.  hold  most  zealously  to 
 the  theory  of  one  human  pair,  and  on  scientific 
 grounds  indorse  the  Scripture  statements  as  to  the 
 origin  of  the  race.  So  with  the  theories  of  eminent 
 geologists — .say,  for  instiince,  on  the  question  of  the 
 age  of  the  earth.  They  differ  from  each  other  by  tens 
 of  thousands  of  years.  The  very  last  deliverances  of 
 si'ientists  in  this  direction  are  most  significant — that 
 of  the  President  of  the  British  .\s.sociation  and  that 
 of  the  Vice  President  of  the  American  Academy  of 
 Natural  Sciences,  both  of  whom  have  admitted  it  to 
 be  the  prevailing  feeling  of  the  geologists  that  the 
 "whole  foundation  of  theoretic  geology  must  be  re- 
 constructed." Is  it  not  true,  then,  that  science  is 
 un.settled,  and  that,  until  it  can  assert  definite  and 
 acknowledged  conclusions,  it  is  premature  to  demand 
 a  reconciliation  between  it  and  Kevelation ';■ 
 
 Dr.  Rudolph  Virchow.  the  eminent  Professor  of 
 Pathology,  of  Herlin,  .s;ud  :  "'.Vll  attempts  to  trans- 
 form our  problems  into  doctrines,  to  introduce  our 
 theories  as  the  basis  of  a  iilan  of  educiition,  particu- 
 larly the  attempt  simply  to  depose  the  Cliurch,  and  to 
 replace  its  dogma  by  a  religion  of  descent,  these 
 attempts,  I  s;iy,  must  fail.     Therefore,  let  us  be  mod- 
 
 erate; Ictus  exercise  resignation,  so  that  we  give  even 
 the  most  treasured  problems  which  we  put  forth 
 always  as  probhins  only.  .  .  .  Do  not  take  this  for 
 confirmed  truth ;  be  prepared  that  this  m.ay  perhaps 
 be  changed;  only  for  the  moment  we  are  of  opinion 
 that  it  ma;/  be  true. ' '  Such  counsel  from  such  a  .source 
 .should  be  heeded.  The  Siinds  of  time  are  strewn 
 with  the  wrecks  of  scientific  fancies  which  have 
 sprung  up  from  the  teeming  brains  of  men  who  ^yoast 
 of  their  learning  and  ability,  but  which  have  per- 
 ished forever,  like  the  shadowy  phantoms  of  the 
 night.  Christian  men  have  no  quarrel  with  the 
 facts  of  science.  But  when  men  shift  their  position 
 from  year  to  year,  when  theories  which  Ciin  hardly 
 stand  without  propping,  and  over  which  scientists 
 themsehes  wrangle  and  dispute,  and  show  no  signs 
 of  coming  to  an  agreement,  are  pressed  upon  us  as 
 authoritative,  with  ail  the  marks  of  infallibility 
 which  distinguished  the  ages  of  darkness  that  are 
 passed,  we  beg  to  be  e.vciLsed  from  accepting  theories 
 so  crude  or  statemeuts  so  feebly  sust;iined.  A  volley 
 of  boiled  pciis  will  not  batter  down  the  fortress  of 
 Gibraltiir,  nor  will  the  explosion  of  a  fire-cracker 
 overturn  the  everlasting  hills;  and  it  will  require 
 more  than  the  mere  theorizing  of  a  man  who  claims 
 that  he  has  descended  from  a  monkey  to  expel  the 
 Almighty  God  from  the  universe  which  He  hiis  made, 
 or  hush  the  \oice  of  the  heavens  which  declare  His 
 glory,  or  the  throbbings  of  the  countless  loyal  hearts 
 that  are  filled  and  strengthened  by  His  grace  and  love. 
 It  is  urged  by  infidels  against  the  Bible  that  "a  per- 
 fect volume  should  be  perfect  in  its  science. ' '  But  how 
 futile  is  this  objection!  It  is  natural,  and  even  neces- 
 sary, thatthe  records  of  a  revelation  should  employ  the 
 current  speech  and  method  of  the  times  in  which  they 
 were  written.  How  much  more  reasonable  was  it  for 
 the  sacred  writers  to  speak  of  sioin'.scand  sunset  (;\s  irc 
 do  even  now)  than  to  expound  the  laws  of  the  planet- 
 ary motion,  and  to  refer  to  the  ends  of  the  earth 
 instead  of  explaining  its  rotundity,  and  to  giU  insjme 
 persons  lunatics  than  to  enter  a  special  disclaimer 
 against  the  influence  of  the  moon  in  cerebral  disea,se! 
 The  fact  is,  as  ha.s  been  well  remarked,  that  books  thus 
 written  would  h,ive  been  in  part  unintelligible  to  the 
 men  of  their  own  times  ;  aiul,  so  far  as  they  were 
 understood,  would  have  run  so  entirely  counter  to  their 
 received  opinions  on  extra-religious  subjects  as  to 
 awaken  incredulity  as  to  their  religions  contents. 
 Scientific  truth  can  be  legitimately  reached  only  step- 
 wise, often  with  age-long  preparation  for  a  new  step 
 in  advance,  often  with  long  intervals  between  the  an- 
 nouncement and  the  popular  reception  of  a  new  fact, 
 theory  or  law.  Thorougldy  scientilic  Si'ripturi'S  would 
 have  laid  upon  them  the  impossible  task  of  anticipating 
 this  progress;  of  revolutionizing  men's  notions  about 
 the  universe  before  they  knew  the  reasons  for  chang- 
 ing them,  and,  failing  of  this,  they  would  necessarily 
 have  failed  of  a  hospitable  reception  for  their  religious 
 contents. 
 
aClEXCE  AXD  UEVELATIOX. 
 
 811 
 
 SCIEXCE  AXD  RE\  ELATION. 
 
 "A\Tiat,"  says  Hugh  Miller,  "would  skeptics  such  pondered,  the  more  it  will  sustain  and  illustrate  the 
 as  Hobbes  and  Hume  have  S;iid  of  an  oi>ening  chapter  Sacred  Word." — Professor  JJaiia. 
 in  Genesis  that  would  describe  successive  periods —  |  ''The  Shasters  of  the  Hindoos  contain  false  astron- 
 first,  of  moUusks,  star  lilies  and  crustaceans;  next  of  omj'  as  well  as  false  physiology,  and  the  Koran  of 
 fishes;  next  of  reptiles  and  birds,  then  of  mammals,  Mohammed  distinctly  avows  the  Ptolemaic  system  of 
 and  linallj'  of  man— and  that  w  ould  minutely  portray  ;  the  heavenly  bodies,  and  so  interwoven  are  these scien- 
 
 a  period  in  which  there  were  lizards  bulkier  than 
 elephants,  reptilian  whales  furnished  with  necks 
 slim  and  long  as  the  bodies  of  great  snakes,   and 
 
 tiffic  errors  with  the  religious  of  these  sacred  books, 
 that  when  you  have  proved  the  former  you  have  dis- 
 proved the  latter.     But  the  Jiible,  stating  only  facts. 
 
 flying  dragons,  whose  spread  of  wing  greatly  more   and  adopting  no  system  of  human  philosophy,  has 
 than  doubled  that  of  the  largest  bird?     The   world    ever  stood,  and  ever  shall  stand,  in  sublime  simplicity 
 
 would  a.ssure<lly  not  receive  such  a  revelation." 
 
 How  strong  the  testimonies  of  learned  men  in  favor 
 of  the  harmony  of  science  an<l  the  Bible  ! 
 
 "Thus  far,"  s:iys  Dr.  Samuel  Hopkins,  "the 
 demonstrations  of  natural  science  have  been  exposi- 
 tions of  the   Mosaic  records,   and,  being  such,  they 
 
 and  undecaying  strength,  w  hile  the  winds  and  the 
 waves  of  conflicting  human  opinions  roar  and  dash 
 harmlessly  around,  and  the  wrecks  of  a  thou.-iand  false 
 systems  of  philosophy  and  religion  are  strewed  along 
 its  ba.se." — Professor  HUehcock: 
 
 "  Tliere  is  no  need  to  be  frightened  at  the  phantoms 
 
 foreshadow  the  grand  results  to  which  her  labors  are  raised  by  such  terms  as  matter,  and  force,  and  mole- 
 tending,  a  complete  verification  of  all  the  scientific  cules,  and  protoplasmic  energy,  and  rhythmic  vibra- 
 mysteries  recorded  in  our  s;icred  writings. "  tions  of  the  brain.     There  are  no  real  terrors  in  a 
 
 "Science,"  s;iys  Dr.  Atwater,  "so  lar  from  disprov-  philosophy  which  affirms  the  conceivabilily  that  two 
 ing,  confirms  the  entire  inspiration  of  Scripture.  This  and  two  might  possibly  make  five,  or  in  that  which 
 appears  from  the  fact  that  there  is  no  other  way  of  predicates  that  an  infinite  number  of  straight  lines 
 iiccouuting  for  the  great  amount  of  scientific  truth,  j  constitute  a  finite  surface,  or  that  which  denies  all 
 wholly  unknown  to  ancient  science,  which  the  Bible  eWdence  of  a  design  in  nature,  or  in  that  which  assimi- 
 sets  forth.  Take  the  most  momentous  of  all — the  cos- j  lates  the  motives  which  induce  a  parent  to  support 
 mogony  of  the  first  chapter  of  Genesis,  which  presents  I  his  oflspring  to  the  pleasures  derived  from  wine  and 
 theorderof  the  creative  ei)ochs  essentially  as  the  latest  I  music,  or  in  that  which  boldly  asserts  the  unknow- 
 conclusions  of  geological  re.search  show  it  to  have  been,  j  ableness  of  the  supreme  and  the  vanity  of  prayer. 
 Xow,  all  this  was  entirely  unknown  to  the  early  science  j  Surely  philosophies  which  involve  results  such  as 
 and  knowledge  of  the  world.  How  could  any  writer  these  have  no  permanent  grasp  on  human  nature, 
 ofthebookof  Genesis  have  discovered  or  conceived  of  I  They  are  in  themselves  suicidal,  and  in  their  turn, 
 it,  or  have  been  led  to  make  such  a  narration,  the  scien-   after  their  brief  day,  will,  like  other  philosophies,  be 
 
 tific  import  of  which  was  wholly  unknown  to  him, 
 without  supernatural  guidance  ?  Science,  then,  so  far 
 from  discrediting,  proves  the  Divine  inspiration  of  the 
 Bible  in  this  climacteric  and  crucial  ca.se.  But  the 
 siime  is  true  of  the  latest  trend  of  scientific  discovery 
 in  reference  to  such  matters  as  the  imity  of  the  race. 
 
 refuted  or  denied  by  the  next  comer,  and  are  doomed 
 to  accomplish  the  happy  dispatch." — Professor  Pritch- 
 ard. 
 
 Any  alarm,  therefore,  which  the  I'riends  of  revela- 
 tion may  feel  from  the  allegation  that  it  conflicts  with 
 science  is  wholly  unnece.s.sary.  They  have  nothing  to 
 
 the  fall,  the  deluge,  the  Babel  confusion  of  tongues  fear  from  any  discoveries  that  can  be  made  in  the 
 and  consequent  dispersion,  and  the  re-peopling  of  the  heavens  above,  or  the  earth  beneath,  or  the  waters  un- 
 earth in  separate  portions  by  Noah's  three  .sons.    That   der  the  earth.  The  geologist  may  dive  and  delve  into 
 
 the  drift  of  ethnic,  linguistic  and  geologic  science  is 
 in  this  direction,  is  undeniable." 
 
 our  globe' s  deepest  recesses ;  the  astronomer  may  move 
 along  his  star-paved  way  until  we  are  dazzled  at  the 
 
 "  I  feel, "  said  Profcs-sor  Silliman,  "  that  science  and    story  of  his  ascents;  and  theevolutionist  may  discourse 
 
 religion  may  walk  hand  in  hand.    They  form  two  dis 
 tinct  voluuies  of  revelation,  and,  both  being  records  of 
 the  will  of  the  Creator,  liotli  maybe  received  .us  con- 
 stituting a  unity,  declaring  the  mind  of  God."  \ 
 To  these  valuable  testimonies  might  be  added  many 
 such  as  the  following: —        "                                           I 
 
 learneilly  about  the  whole  animal  creation  culminat- 
 ing in  man,  having  sprung  from  a  little  particle  of  jelly 
 floating  in  some  primeval  sea;  bat,  after  all, the  pillars 
 of  the  "sure  word  of  prophecy"  will  remain  firm  as 
 ever.  Let  science  perfect  yet  more  her  telescopes, 
 and  make  taller  her  observatories,  deeper  her  mines 
 
 "  All  human  discoveries  seem  to  be  m;ule  only  for   and  more  searching  her  crucibles,  and  yet  vnll  not 
 
 the  purpose  of  confirming  the  sacred  Scriptures. '  '- 
 Herschel. 
 
 '•  In  my  investigations  of  natural  phenomena,  when 
 I  can  meet  anything  in  the  Bible  it  alFords  me  a  firm 
 platform  on  which  to  stand." — Lieutenant  Mnurn. 
 
 all  the  re.search,  even  though  the  new  masters  of 
 physical  lore  should  blaspheme  where  a  Cuvier,  a 
 Newton  and  others  adored,  bring  God  into  contra- 
 diction with  Himself,  or  subvert  the  truth  which  He 
 has  given,  or  eclipse  the  light  which  shineth  in  this 
 
 "The  grand  olil  Book  of  iioA  still  stands,  and  this    dark  place.     Still  will  it  be  trne,  however  boldly  it 
 old  earth,  the  more  its  leaves  are  turned  over  and    may  be  alleged  that  Jehovah's  works  conflict  with 
 
SCOTT. 
 
 813 
 
 SCOTT. 
 
 His  Word,  that  the  highest  dcduttious  of  reason  har- 
 monize with  moral  truth. 
 
 Certainly,  if  the  seientists  who  assail  the  Bible 
 had  more  of  the  spirit  of  the  greatest  of  philosophers, 
 as  expressed  in  words  quoted  in  every  child's  book: 
 "I  aiii  l)ut  a  child,  picking  up  pebbles  on  the  shore 
 of  the  great  sea  of  Truth,"  they  would  be  less  rash 
 and  reckless  iu  assaulting  the  Word  of  God  with 
 their  so-called  "discoveries."  It  is  high  time  for 
 them  to  uuderstiiud  that  their  bold  assertions  must 
 fall  short  of  accomplishing  their  design.  It  is  not  as 
 easy  as  they  imagine  to  unsettle  men's  faith  in  the 
 oracles  of  revealed  truth.  A  religion  wrought  into 
 the  world's  history  through  the  long  centuries,  mas- 
 tering the  confidence  of  men  iu  spite  of  intellectual 
 struggle,  veril'ying  itself  to  the  heart  through  prac- 
 tie;il  experieuce  in  sorrow  and  trial,  justil'yiug  itself 
 to  the  deepest  intuitions  of  the  whole  race  iu  .spiritual 
 things — a  religion  that  h;is  quickened  thought,  over- 
 thrown despotism,  softened  manners,  inspired  hope, 
 whose  banner  is  light  and  whose  breath  is  benedic- 
 tion— such  a  religion  cannot  be  dislodged  from  men's 
 att'ectioa  and  confidence  by  boasting  prophecy,  by 
 counter-revelatiou  out  of  a  "vain  imagination,"  nor 
 by  decrying  the  intelligence  of  those  who  cling  to  it. 
 The  "seed"  which  the  nrndcru  "birds  of  the  air'' 
 would,  with  the  old  appetite,  devour,  is  no  longer  a 
 .seed,  as  they  fancy,  but  has  "become  a  tree,"  in  the 
 branches  of  which  the}- themselves  are  "lodging." 
 Well  would  it  be  for  them  also  to  remember  that 
 upon  the  attitude  we  a.ssume  to  the  Bible  depends 
 what  we  find  in  it.  Those  who  come  to  it  with  a 
 receptivity  for  truth  find  their  i'aith  confirmed;  but 
 to  those  who  come  as  doubters,  God's  principle  is 
 true;  to  the  pure  He  shows  Himself  pure,  and  to  the 
 froward  He  shows  Himself  froward;  tlod  resists  the 
 proud,  but  gives  grace  to  tlie  humble.  As  Cow7)er 
 luis  beautifully  said: — 
 
 "Learning  iuelf  received  iutu  a  mind 
 By  nature  weak,  or  viciously  inclined, 
 Sen'ea  but  to  lead  jdjilosophers  iwtniy, 
 Wtlere  cliildren  would  witli  oa.se  discern  the  way." 
 
 Scott,  Rev.  Archibald,  was  a  native  of  Scot- 
 land, who  migratid  in  his  boyhood,  and  alone,  to 
 the  colony  of  Penn.sj-lvania,  about  the  year  1760. 
 He  enjoyed  the  advantages  of  a  thorough  academical 
 training  in  the  school  of  a  Mr.  Finley,  a  teacher  of 
 high  reputation  at  that  day;  for  which  he  rendered 
 comi)eusation,  in  some  measure,  l)y  working  on  the 
 farm.  Soon  after  leaving  the  .school,  he  migrated  to 
 the  \'alley  of  Virginia.  He  w:is  for  several  years  a 
 student  of  theology,  under  the  supervision  of  Princi- 
 pal Graham,  of  Liberty  Hall  Academy,  and  during 
 yiis  period  supported  himself  liy  teaching  a  school. 
 He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Hanover  Presby- 
 tery, October  31st,  1T77,  ittid  was  ordained  and  in- 
 stalled pa.stor  of  the  united  churches  of  Hebron  and 
 r.elhel,  in  .Vugustii  county,  in  December,  1778.  This 
 relation  he  sustained  until  his  death,  March  4th,  1799.  \ 
 
 Mr.  Scott  entered  warmly  into  the  American  cause, 
 and  exhorted  his  people  to  fight  for  freedom;  but  he 
 felt  that  the  more  important  work  that  devolved 
 upon  him  was  to  a-ssist  in  laying  deep  the  foimda- 
 tions  of  our  republic  on  religious  truth,  and  doing 
 what  he  could,  l)y  instruction  and  example,  to  pre- 
 pare the  rising  generation  to  enjoy  and  preserve 
 constitutional  lilterty.  He  possessed  a  logical  and 
 discriminating  mind,  and  was  a  strong,  vigorous 
 thinker — "a  workman  that  needed  not  to  be 
 ashamed."  His  preaching  is  said  to  have  been  in 
 a  high  degree  instructive,  and  often  eloquent  and 
 powerful.  He  exerted  great  influence  in  the  com- 
 munity at  large,  while,  I)y  his  own  people,  he  was 
 regarded  with  an  almost  boundless  esteem  and  vene- 
 ration. 
 
 Scott,  Rev.  David,  was  born  in  the  city  of 
 Philadelphia,  Pa.,  JIarch  13th,  1S49,  and  was  a  son 
 of  David  and  Mary  (Baxter)  Scott.  He  was  graduated 
 from  the  Collegeof  New  Jerseyin  1873,  taking  a  Fel- 
 lowship in  the  Classics,  one  of  the  conditions  of  which 
 is,  that  the  recipient  shall  spend  one  year  abroad, 
 in  some  European  university.  Immediately  after  leav- 
 ing college,  ilr.  Scott  entered  Princeton  Seminary, 
 and  studied  one  year,  at  the  end  of  which  he  went  to 
 Leipsic,  iu  Germany,  where  he  pursued  the  study  of 
 theology  and  philology  for  one  year  ;  then  returning, 
 he  entered  the  Middle  Class  in  the  seminary,  and 
 having  finished  the  remaining  two  years  was  graduated 
 in  18T7.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Xew 
 York,  April  4th,  1876,  and  was  ordained  by  the  s:tme 
 Presbj-tery,  as  an  evangelist,  June  '24tli,  1877.  Fop 
 one  year,  from  September,  1876,  to  June,  1877,  Mr. 
 Scott  was  Tutor  of  Latin  and  Greek  in  Princeton 
 College,  while  pursuing  his  studies  in  the  seminary. 
 Having  been  accepted  as  a  missionary  by  the  Pres- 
 byterian Board  of  Foreign  Jlissions,  he  embarked 
 with  his  wife,  September  1st,  1877,  for  Teheran,  in 
 Persia.  There  he  remained  about  sixteen  months, 
 during  which  be  had  well  mastered  the  Persian 
 language,  when,  on  account  of  the  continued  illness 
 of  his  wife,  bj'  the  advice  of  physicians  and  of  the  Mis- 
 sion, he  returned  to  the  United  States,  intending 
 again  to  resume  his  work  at  Teheran  as  soon  as  pos- 
 sible. He  arrived  in  New  York  near  the  end  of 
 March  ;  almost  immediately  afterwards  grew  ill, 
 and  died  in  that  city,  April  1st,  1879.  He  was  a 
 young  man  of  excellent  abilities,  and  of  fine  scholar- 
 ship, and  his  death  was  regarded  as  a  sad  loss  to  the 
 cau.se  of  Foreign  Missions. 
 
 Scott,  Rev.  James  Long,  occupies  a  prominent 
 place  in  the  history  of  Presljyterian  missions.  He 
 graduated  at  Jelfersou  College,  Pa.,  in  1833;  spent 
 two  years  in  teaching;  then  entered  Princeton  Semi- 
 nary iu  1835,  and  graduated  in  1838.  He  wius  licensed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle,  September  27th, 
 1837,  and  was  subsequently  ordained  as  an  evangelist 
 by  the  ,s;ime  Presbytery,  Septemlx-r  26th,  1838. 
 
 Not  long  after  his  ordination  Mr.  Scott  s;iiled  for 
 
SCOTT. 
 
 813 
 
 SCOTT. 
 
 India  as  a  missionary,  in  connection  with  the  Presby- 
 terian Board  of  Foreign  ilissious.  His  lirst  field  of 
 labor  was  at  Futteli<;nrli,  where  he  bef^an  to  work  in 
 1839.  After  a  year  and  a  half  he  eomnieneed  the 
 Station  at  Jlynpoorie,  where  he  remained  abont  two 
 years.  He  was  then  called  back  to  Futtehgurh, 
 where  he  hibored  aliont  six  years.  He  was  next  sent 
 to  Agra,  where  he  spent  abont  a  year,  and  then  made 
 a  visit  to  the  United  StJites;  but  after  about  a  year 
 returned  to  Agra,  where  the  great  mutiny  of  18.j7 
 found  him.  The  station  at  Agra  being  al)andoned 
 he  went  again  to  Futtehgiuh,  and  remained  there 
 nearly  seven  years,  until  his  health  broke  down  and 
 he  repaired  to  London.  In  London  he  sjjent  about 
 three  years,  and  thence,  by  the  advice  of  his  phy.si- 
 cians,  returned  to  America,  where  he  opened  a  school 
 at  Hammonton,  X.  J.,  which  he  taught  from  about 
 1868  to  1878.  He  then  again  returned  to  Northern 
 India,  and  resumed  his  labors  at  Landour.  His 
 health,  which  had  long  been  deliciite,  again  failed, 
 and  he  died  at  Dehra,  India,  January  ^d,  Issd,  in  the 
 sixty-eighth  year  of  his  age.  He  met  death  without 
 fear.  His  last  moments  were  entirely  peaceful,  and 
 he  rested  whollj'  on  his  divine  Saviour. 
 
 Mr.  Scott  was  a  man  of  great  gentleness  and  amia- 
 bility of  character,  of  warm  affections,  an  earnest 
 worker  in  the  Lord's  vineyard,  of  great  humility  but 
 strong  in  faith,  and  who  labored  long  and  faithfully 
 to  bring  the  heathen  to  the  .saving  knowledge  of 
 Christ. 
 
 Scott,  Hon.  John,  was  born  July  14th,  18-24,  in 
 Alexandria,  Huntingdon  county.  Pa.  His  father, 
 John  Scott,  was  a  native  of  A<lams  county,  I*a., 
 and  his  mother,  Agnes  Irvine,  of  County  Down,  Ire- 
 land, both  of  Presbj-terian  st<H-k.  He  received  his 
 education  in  the  common  schools  at  Alexandria, 
 studying  Latin  and  Greek  with  such  private  tutors 
 iis  could  then  be  secvired  in  the  village,  among  them 
 being  the  Kev.  John  McKiuney  and  the  Kev.  Henry 
 .1.  Van  Dyke,  the  latter  being  then  the  teacher  of 
 the  village  school  prior  to  entering  the  ministry.  The 
 Sabbath-school  wa.s  then,  and  for  fifty  years,  under 
 the  superintendence  of  John  Porter,  an  elder  in  the 
 Alexandria  Church,  and  very  widely  known  and 
 recognized  as  one  of  the  most  devoted  and  useful  men 
 in  the  Presbytery  of  Huntingdon.  In  that  Sabbath 
 school,  held  in  the  Old  White  Church  on  the  hill, 
 John  Scott  was  a  scholar  in  the  days  when  the 
 ".Shorter  Catechism"  was  the  principal  text-bonk, 
 after  the  Bible  itself.  He  connected  himself  with  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Huntingdon,  in  IS'ij,  then 
 under  the  ministry  of  the  Kev.  O.  O.  McLean,  d.d., 
 and  w:is  in  the  ue.xt  year  elected  and  ordain<'d  a  rul- 
 ing elder,  and  became  Assistant  Superintendent  of 
 the  Sabbath  school,  remaining  in  that  capacity,  and, 
 after  the  death  of  the  venerable  Jacob  Miller,  as  its 
 Sujwriutendent,  until  he  left  Huntingdon,  in  IST.!. 
 
 .Vtter  his  removal  to  Pittsburg,  he  connected  him- 
 si'lf  with  the  Shady  Side  Presbyterian  Chnreh,  and 
 
 was  a  Trustee  of  the  Western  Theological  Seminarj'. 
 He  was  a  commissioner  to  the  General  Assembly  in 
 1857.  He  removed  to  Philadelphia  in  April,  1m78, 
 where  he  has  since  resided,  and  is  a  member  of  the 
 ■Walnut  Street  Presbyterian  Church.  He  is  now  one 
 of  the  Trustees  of  the  Theologiail  .Seminary  at 
 Princeton  and  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Board  of 
 Publication. 
 
 Mr.  Scott  .studied  law  in  Chambersburg,  with  the 
 Hon.  Alexander  Thomson,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
 Bar  in  lS4t!.  During  his  student  life  he  was  a 
 teacher  in  the  Sabbath  sch(M)l  of  that  plaie.  He 
 was  a  member  of  the  Pennsylvania  Legislature  in 
 18(i-2,  and  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  in 
 January,  1809,  serving  from  Miu-ch  4th,  1869,  to 
 March  4tli,  H7.").      In  1875  he  became  general  counsel 
 
 HON     lOHN  SCOTT 
 
 I  of  the  l'enu.sylvauia  Railroad  Company,  in  relation 
 
 j  to  its  interests  west  of  Pittsburg,  and  since  his 
 removal  to  Philadelphia  he  has  been  General  Solici- 
 tor of  the  company  just  named. 
 
 Mr.  Scott  is  an  exemplary  Christian  and  a  gentle- 
 
 ;  man  of  genial  spirit,  sound  in  judgment,  inflexibly 
 adherent  to  what  he  believes  to  be  right,  and  true  to 
 all  the  trusts  committed  to  his  charge.  He  is  a 
 lawyer  of  decided  ability,  and  faithful  in  all  the  rela- 
 tions of  life.  He  is  a  forcible  speaker,  possesses  fine 
 administrative  powers,  and  both  in  the  State  and 
 National  Councils  left  a  good  record  for  uprightness, 
 diligence  and  fidelity. 
 
 j  Scott,  Rev.  John  L.,  was  born  at  Bovina,  X.  Y.. 
 December  ilst,  18|(i.  He  graduated  at  Monmouth 
 College.  111.,  in  1*711,  and  at  the  United  Pre.sl>rterian 
 
SCOTT. 
 
 814 
 
 SCOTT. 
 
 Theological  Seminary  at  Xewburgh,  X.  Y..  5Iarch, 
 1872.  He  was  assistant  to  the  Kev.  Dr.  F.  R.  Mas- 
 ters in  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Matteawan  (Fish- 
 kill),  X.  Y.,  from  February  to  December,  1872,  when 
 he  wa-s  instiiUeil  pastor.  During  this  pastorate  two 
 hundred  were  added  to  the  church,  and  a  debt  of 
 .$10,000  was  paid.  He  resigned  this  charge  in  Xo- 
 veml)er,  \'*Hi,  and  the  following  DccemlK-r  became 
 pastor  elect  of  the  Church  at  East  Boston,  Sla-ss., 
 where,  in  addition  to  the  cliurdrs  spiritual  pros- 
 perity under  his  aecepta])le  and  elBcieut  ministry,  it 
 has  been  relieved  of  a  debt  of  5;ifi,000. 
 
 Scott,  John  Work,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  w:us  Imrn 
 within  the  bounds  of  the  Presbyterian  congregation 
 of  Slate  Ridge,  York  county,  Pa.,  Xo.vember  27th, 
 1807.  lie  graduated  at  .Icfferson  College  m  1827, 
 after  which  he  taught  several  years.  His  theological 
 studies  were  commenced  under  the  Rev.  Samuel 
 Martin,  n.n.,  at  Chanceford,  Pa.,  and  completed  at 
 Princeton  Seminary.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Xew  Castle,  October  3d,  1832,  and  installed 
 as  pastor  at  Poland,  Ohio,  October  3d,  1834.  Released 
 from  this  charge  April  13th,  1836,  in  the  same  month 
 he  became  stated  supply  to  the  Church  at  Three 
 Springs,  in  the  Presbj'tery  of  ^Vashington,  also  of  the 
 Free  Church  of  Steubenville,  Ohio,  in  connection 
 with  Rev.  C.  C.  Beatty,  d.d.,  until  October,  1847. 
 
 Dr.  Scott's  chief  work  was  that  of  an  educator,  in 
 which  work  he  was  eminently  successful.  He  was 
 founder  and  Principal  of  the  Grove  Academy  at 
 Steubenville,  from  October,  lS3fi,  to  October,  1847: 
 Princii)al  of  the  Lind.sley  Institute  at  Wheeling  A^.. 
 from  October,  1847,  to  April,  ls.53;  President  of 
 WiLshington  College,  Pa.,  from  April  Is.'iS,  to  June, 
 l-^fi.i;  I'rincipal  of  \Voodburn  Female  Seminary,  and 
 of  the  Academy  at  MorgantoAvn,  W.  Va.,  from  IHG-i 
 to  1867,  then  Vice-president  of  the  State  University 
 at  the  same  place,  and  Professor,  first  of  Ancient 
 Languages,  afterwards  of  Mental  and  Moral  Science, 
 and  for  two  years  was  Acting  President.  About 
 Manh  1st,  1879,  he  went  to  Xorth  Carolina  to  supply 
 a  vacant  place  in  Biddle  I'niversity,  at  Charlotte. 
 His  ripe  .scholarship  and  long  experience  made  him  a 
 most  valuable  accession  to  its  Faculty,  and,  although 
 in  feeble  health,  he  performed  mo.st  acceptably  the 
 duties  he  had  undertaken.     He  died  July  25th,  1879. 
 
 Dr.  Scott  was  a  man  of  excellent  intellectual 
 powers,  of  great  activity  and  vigor  of  mind,  of  rare 
 energj',  and  fi.vedne.ss  of  purpose.  As  a  teacher,  he 
 was  admirable,  and  rarely  surpassed.  Hundreds  of 
 his  former  i>upils  will  mourn  his  loss,  and  remember 
 gratefully  the  eminent  services  he  rendered  them. 
 
 Scott,  "William  Anderson,  D.D.,LLi.D.,  was 
 born  at  Rock  Creek,  Tenn. ,  .January  31st,  l'^13.  He 
 graduated  at  Cumberland  University,  Tenn.,  in  1833, 
 and  at  Princeton  Seminary  in  1834.  In  1829  he  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Hopewell, 
 West  Tennessee,  and  May  17th,  18.3.5,  he  was  ordained 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Louisiana.     He  was  missionary 
 
 in  Louisiana  and  Arkansas,  183.>-3(J;  stated  supply 
 and  Principal  of  Female  .Vaulemy,  Winchester,  Tenn., 
 1836-38;  stilted  supply  at  the  Hermitage  Church,  on 
 the  estate  of  General  .Vndre w  Jackson,  1838-40 ;  Prin- 
 cipal of  Nashville  Female  Ae;idemy,  183S-10 ;  pastor 
 at  Tuscaloosa,  Alabama,  1840-43;  p;istor  of  the  First 
 Church,  Xew  Orleans,  La.,  1843-54;  pastor-elect  of 
 Calvary  Presbyterian  Church,  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
 18.54-61;  pastor  of  Forty-second  Street  Church,  Xew 
 York  city,  1863-70;  and  since  l-*70  has  been  ])ast<)r 
 of  St.  John's  Church,  San  FrancLsco,  Cal.,  and  Profes- 
 sor in  San  Francisco  Theological  Seminary. 
 
 The  manners  of  Dr.  Scott  are  courteous  and  genial 
 in  the  extreme.  His  conversational  powers  are  very 
 superior.  He  exhibits  a  fund  of  the  widest  learning 
 and  the  richest  thought  upon  deeper  subjects,  and 
 
 WILUAM  ANDERSOX  SCOTT,  U.K.,  LI..D. 
 
 not  less  spirit  and  intelligenee  in  regard  to  those  of  a 
 more  common  character.  His  life  has  been  one  of 
 varied  experience,  the  largest  acijuaintance  with  his 
 fellow-men,  and  a  clear-sighted  observation.  A  mis- 
 sionary in  the  wilds  of  .\merica,  a  tourist  in  relineil 
 Euroi)e,  a  pilgrim  in  the  Holy  Land,  a  preacher  in 
 the  great  cities,  and  a  professor  in  a  seminary  for 
 training  young  nu-n  for  the  ministry,  his  field  of  view- 
 has  been  the  most  extensive,  and  to  experience  he 
 has  added  a  tre;usure  of  lore,  g-ained  in  a  lifetime  of 
 profound  mental  applicjition.  Fame  and  honors  have 
 never  lifted  him  away  from  sympathy  and  commu- 
 nion with  the  humblest  who  might  cross  his  path. 
 Dr.  Scott  is  an  erudite  scholar,  an  excellent  writer 
 and  an  agreeable  .speaker.  He  always  hxs  full  nias- 
 I  tery  of   his  subject.      He  excels   in  debate.     Of  an 
 
SCOTT. 
 
 815 
 
 .SCOIEL. 
 
 independent,  courageous  nature,  his  assaults  upon 
 error  are  bold  and  uneomprouiisiug.  He  was  Mode- 
 rator of  tlio  General  Assembly  at  its  meeting  in  Xew 
 Orleans  iu  1858.  For  three  j-ears  lie  was  editor  of 
 the  New  Orleans  Pn.'<t)i/terlan,  and  he  founded  the 
 Parijir  Edjiofilni:  He  is  the  author  of  many  valuable 
 works,  among  which  are  '"  Daniel,  a  Jlodel  for  Young 
 Men;"  "  Wedge  of  Gold ;"  "Trade  and  Letters;  Their 
 .Journeys  Round  the  World,"  and  "The  Christ  of  the 
 Apostles'  Creed;  The  Voice  of  the  Church  against 
 Arianism,  Strauss  and  Kenan." 
 
 Scott,  Rev.  "William  CoTvper,  the  eldest  son 
 of  the  Kev.  William  X.  Scott,  was  born  in  Jlartins- 
 burg,  Va.,  January  i:?,  1817.  He  graduated  at  South 
 Hanover  College,  Ind.,  in  1837,  and  in  the  Autumn 
 of  the  same  year  entered  tlie  Union  Thcologic;il 
 Seminary,  Va.,  where  he  remained  three  years. 
 Here  the  depth  of  his  piety,  the  high  literary  merit 
 of  his  performances,  and  the  vigor  and  originality  of 
 his  intellect,  marked  him  as  a  candidate  for  the  min- 
 i.stry  of  no  ordinary  promise.  In  April,  1840,  he  wa-s 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Winchester.  The  next  Summer  he  spent  iu  the  moun- 
 tains of  Virginia,  laboring  in  connection  with  his 
 father,  and  visiting  some  vacant  churches;  and  he 
 became,  during  the  ensuing  Autumn,  a  stated  sup- 
 ply to  the  churches  of  Providence,  in  Halifa.^  county, 
 and  Cub  Creek  and  Bethesda,  in  Charlotte  county. 
 In  May,  1842,  he  w.as  installed  pa-stor  of  the  chuiches 
 of  Providence  and  Bethesda,  and  continued  this 
 relation  till  184(i,  when  he  accepted  a  call  from  the 
 Church  in  Farraville,  Va.  After  three  years'  labor 
 in  this  new  field,  he  was  compelled,  by  bronchial 
 disease,  to  resign  his  charge;  but,  after  two  years' 
 absence  from  the  pulpit,  in  which  he  was  industri- 
 ously engaged  in  doing  good,  he  was  again  able  to 
 preach,  and  was  called,  with  perfect  unanimity,  to 
 become  a  second  time  piLstor  of  the  Bethesda  Church, 
 which  he  faithfully  .served  until  lie  was  called  up  to 
 higher  .services  in  the  Church  triumphant.  He  died, 
 October  23d,  1854,  not  only  in  peace,  but  triumph. 
 Mr.  Scott  was  a  man  of  highly  cultivated  intellect, 
 of  correct  literary  t.aste,  and  of  manly  scholaivihip, 
 and  as  such  contributed  his  share  to  the  literary 
 reput;ition  of  his  native  State  and  of  liis  country. 
 He  wiis  modest,  diffident  and  retiring,  but  he  was,  at 
 the  saule  time,  a  fearless  advocate  of  the  true,  the 
 beautiful,  the  holy  in  human  charactter,  and  a  lovely 
 example  of  what  he  taught  to  others. 
 
 Scott,  ■William  McKendree,  D.D.,  was  born 
 in  .leflerson  county,  Ohio,  iu  1817;  graduated  at  .Jef- 
 ferson College,  Pennsylvania,  and  at  Princeton  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  in  1846.  He  w:is  licensed  by  West 
 I,exington  Presbytery.  In  1847  he  was  elected  Pro- 
 fessor of  Languages  in  Centre  College,  Danville,  Ky., 
 and  accepting  a  call  as  jMi-stor  of  the  First  Presbj'terian 
 Church  iu  that  place,  he  was  ordained  by  Transylvania 
 Presbytery,  in  1848.  In  .Ian\iary,  185(i.  he  w.is  called 
 as  pastor  of  the  Seventh  Presbyterian  Church,  Cincin- 
 
 nati, Ohio.  In  18.'>9  the  General  A.s.scmbly  elected 
 him  Professor  of  Biblical  Literature  iu  the  Theologi- 
 cal Seminary  of  the  Xorthwest,  at  Chicago,  111.  He 
 died  December  22d,  18(il,  in  Princeton,  X.  J.,  at  the 
 residence  of  his  father-in-law,  Kev.  Dr.  Cluirles  Hodge. 
 
 Dr.  Scott  was  a  mau  of  decided  ability.  .\s  a 
 teacher,  both  in  college  and  seminary^  he  was  labo- 
 rious and  thorough,  accurate  to  the  hast  degree,  and 
 most  enthusiastic  in  imparting  instruction.  As  a 
 pastor  and  preacher  he  stood  in  the  front  rank  of  the 
 ministry.  He  loved  the  courts  of  the  Church,  and 
 in  them  his  thorough  aer|uaintance  with  the  theory 
 and  practice  of  our  system  and  his  practical  business- 
 like east  of  miud,  with  his  great  earnestness  in 
 carrying  out  his  convictions  of  truth  and  duty  gave 
 him  a  leading  part.  A  life  spent  in  Christian  service 
 fitly  ended  in  a  death  of  triumph. 
 
 Scovel,  Sylvester,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Peru, 
 Berkshire  county,  Ma.ss.,  March  3d,  1796.  In  1812 
 he  removed  to  Albany,  N.  Y.,  where  he  engaged  in 
 business  as  a  clerk  in  a  store  of  one  of  his  brothers. 
 He  graduated  at  Williams  College,  in  1822.  and 
 studied  theology  at  Princeton  Serainarj'.  .Miout  a 
 month  after  his  licensure  he  received  an  appointment 
 from  the  Board  of  Domestic  Missions  to  labor  for  six 
 weeks  as  a  missionary  in  five  different  neighborhoods 
 on  the  Delaware  river,  between  Trenton  and  Phila- 
 delphia. This  appointment  he  fulfilled  with  great 
 zeal  and  etficiency.  He  was  jiastor  of  the  Church  at 
 Woodbury,  X.  J.,  182.5-28.  This  pastorate  was  en\i- 
 uently  successful ;  many  were  added  to  the  Church, 
 and  the  strength  and  prosperity  of  the  congregation 
 were  increased  in  other  respects.  His  labor.s  extended 
 to  a  second  church  at  Blackwoodtown,  six  miles  East 
 of  Woodbury;  here  he  w;is  equally  successful.  During 
 his  residence  at  Woodbury,  a  successful  effort  was 
 made  to  supply  every  family  with  a  copy  of  the 
 Scriptures,  which,  without  his  zeal,  industry  and 
 perseverance,  would  have  been  a  failure.  He  left 
 this  charge  in  the  Fall  of  1828,  for  a  wider  field  of 
 labor,  carrying  with  him  the  confidence  and  love  of 
 his  congregation  and  the  community. 
 
 After  preaching  six  months  at  Xorristown,  Pa., 
 Mr.  Scovel  accepted  commission  from  the  Board  of 
 Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Cliurch,  to  lalwr  as  a 
 missionary  in  the  West.  Here  he  took  charge  of  the 
 church  at  Harrison,  Ohio,  which  place,  together  with 
 Laurenceburg.  Ind..  situated  on  the  Ohio  river,  and 
 several  other  intermediate  and  contiguous  points,  em- 
 bracing a  district  of  over  twenty  miles  long,  and  an 
 average  width  of  ten  miles,  constituted  his  field  of 
 lalmr  for  the  first  three  years,  .\fter  this  his  minis- 
 try was  confined  to  narrower  limits,  Harrison  becom- 
 ing his  central  and  more  important  preaching  point. 
 His  labors  in  this  region  were  crowned  with  large 
 success.  During  the  seven  years  he  cultivated  these 
 fields  about  three  hundred  made  a  profession  of  faith 
 under  his  ministry. 
 
 In  1836  Dr.  Scovel  accepted  an  agency  in  the  West 
 
SCOVEL. 
 
 816 
 
 SCRIPTURES. 
 
 for  the  Board  of  Domestic  Missions.  The  field  as- 
 signed hiiu  w;is  the  territory  covered  by  the  Synods 
 of  Cincinnati,  Kentucky,  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Mis- 
 souri, in  which,  to  perform  the  duties  of  agent  re- 
 (juircd  great  self-denial  and  much  of  the  spirit  of 
 tlie  gospel.  Dr.  Scovel  proved  adequate  to  the 
 demands  of  the  position,  and  his  earnest,  inde- 
 fatigable and  self-sacrificing  labor.s  were  signally 
 blessed.  In  the  Fall  of  1846  he  was  elected  Presi- 
 dent of  Hanover  College,  Ind.,  and  immediately  after 
 accepting  this  office  became  financial  agent  of  the 
 Institution,  in  which  capacity  he  was  successful  in 
 raising  funds  for  an  endowment,  towards  which  he 
 contributed  liberally  himself.  Under  his  wise  ad- 
 ministration of  the  college  it  was  biassed  with  pros- 
 perity. He  took  special  interest  in  the  spiritual  wel- 
 fare of  the  students.  Dr.  Scovel  died,  July  4th,  1849, 
 in  that  serenity  of  spirit  which  was  the  fruit  of  God's 
 love  shed  abroad  in  his  heart.  To  him  the  cause  of 
 religion  and  education  in  the  West  owes,  under  God, 
 much  of  its  succe-ss.  To  found  and  build  up  churches, 
 .schools,  seminaries  and  colleges  in  that  great  valley, 
 may  be  said  to  have  been  the  master  passion  of  bis 
 soul. 
 
 Scovel,  Sylvester  Fithian,  D.D.,  son  of  the 
 Rev.  Dr.  Sylvester  Scovel,  just  noticed,  was  born  in 
 
 8YL\T.STKIl    IITIIIAN    SCii\Ki,,    D.   D. 
 
 Harrison,  Ohio,  December  2!)th,  1835.  He  graduated 
 at  Hanover  College,  in  tlie  class  of  18.^3,  and  at  New 
 -Mliany  Theological  Seminary  in  18,i6.  He  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Albany,  April,  IS,")", 
 and  ordained  by  the  same  Presbytery,  October  28th, 
 18.57.  He  was  pastor  at  .leffei-sonville,  Ind.,  18.57-60; 
 and  pastor  at  Springlield,  Ohio,  1860-66.     In  1866  he 
 
 was  called  to  the  p;istoral  charge  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  as  successor  to 
 Dr.  W.  JL  Paxton,  and  continued  in  this  important 
 position  until  the  Spring  of  1883,  when  he  accepted 
 the  Presidency  of  Wooster  University,  Ohio,  which 
 oifice  he  now  fills. 
 
 Dr.  Scovel  is  a  gentleman  of  genial  spirit  and  win- 
 ning and  popular  manners.  He  stand.s  high  as  a 
 preacher,  being  able,  earnest  and  eloquent.  As  a 
 pastor  he  has  an  excellent  record.  In  the  several 
 churches  he  has  served  his  ministry  has  been  largelj' 
 blessed.  During  his  long  residence  in  Pittsburg,  he 
 was  held  in  the  highest  esteem  as  a  minister,  and  as 
 a  public-spirited  and  useful  citizen,  and  rendereil 
 valuable  service  to  several  educational  institutions 
 of  the  city,  as  well  as  to  the  Western  Theological 
 Seminary.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Second  General 
 Council  which  met  in  Philadelphia  in  1880,  and  read 
 an  admirable  paper  on  "  Presb3-terianism  in  relation 
 to  Civil  and  Religious  Liberty  ' '  before  that  body. 
 Dr.  Scovel  is  a  vigorous  writer,  and  by  his  scholar- 
 ship, energy  and  sound  judgment  is  well  qualified 
 for  the  prominent  position  he  now  occupies. 
 
 Sco veil ,  Oliver  P. ,  was  born  of  godly  ancestry, 
 in  Orwell,  A't.,  March  24th,  18-20.  While  a  young 
 man  he  removed  with  his  parents  to  Niagara  county, 
 N.  Y.  In  1854  he  was  made  elder  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Lewiston,  which  office  he  still  holds. 
 During  much  of  this  time  he  has  also  served  the 
 Church  as  Situduy-school  Superintendent,  Trustee, 
 Treasurer  and  Clerk  of  Session.  Elder  Scovell  is  au 
 intelligent  and  devout  believer,  rooted  and  grounded 
 in  the  faith.  He  magnifies  all  the  ordinances  of  the 
 gospel.  He  has,  indeed,  a  "Church  in  his  house.'' 
 His  household  worship  has  always  been  rendered 
 peculiarly  interesting  and  beautiful  by  all  the  children 
 praying  in  turn,  down  to  the  snuillest  one  that  could 
 lisp  the  name  of  .lesus.  He  happily  combines  excel- 
 lent business  ability  with  fervent  spirituality,  .so  that 
 vdih.  the  co-operation  of  his  fellow  officers  all  the 
 affairs  of  the  Lewiston  Church  have  been  kejit  up  in 
 good  order.  He  is  a  man  of  general  intelligence  and 
 influential  character,  and  is  a  noble  representative  of 
 our  useful  band  of  Presbyterian  elders. 
 
 Scriptures— Their  Mysteries.  Jlyst cries  meet 
 us  on  every  siile.  The  animal  world  is  full  of  them. 
 The  problem  of  ;inimal  life  is  to  this  day  as  mysterious 
 and  unsolved,  and  probably  insoluble,  as  it  ever  was. 
 Pathology,  the  doctrine  of  disea.se,  is  as  dark  to  this 
 hour  as  any  doctrine  in  theology.  The  vegetable 
 world  is  full  of  mystery.  There  is  not  a  flower  or 
 blade  of  grass  that  has  not  in  it  more  mystery  than 
 all  the  wise  men  in  the  world  can  remove.  The 
 mineral  world  is  full  of  mystery.  Scarcely  a  stone 
 can  we  take  up  but  it  presents  to  us  the  inex])licable 
 marvels  either  of  chemical  alVmity  or  of  crystalliza- 
 tion. The  anatomist,  with  all  his  discoveries,  cannot 
 tell  us  how  mind  and  matter  are  united,  and  exercise 
 power  over  each   other.     Nor  can   the   astronomer, 
 
SCUDDEB. 
 
 817 
 
 SECOND  CHURCH.  PHILAD'A. 
 
 tlioiif;li  he  calculates  with  such  wonderful  accuracy 
 tile  motions  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  explain  upon  what 
 all  these  motions  rest.  How  unreasonable,  then, 
 is  it  to  object  to  the  Bible,  because  mysteries  are 
 found  in  portions  of  it !  If  there  were  no  mysteries, 
 their  absence  would  be  as  valid  a  ground  of  objection 
 as  their  presence  is.  If  a  book  professing  to  come 
 from  the  infinite  God  could  all  be  griusped  by  man's 
 finite  understanding,  surely  this  very  fact  would 
 prove  that  the  volume  wanted  the  signs  most  elemen- 
 tary of  a  heavenly  origin. 
 
 The  truth  is,  that  the  Bible,  by  its  very  mysterious- 
 ness,  is  adapted  to  accomplish  its  purpose.  It  is 
 wi-sely  fitted  for  the  formation  of  character.  It  is  a 
 revelation  clear  enough  to  render  faith  possible,  and 
 obscure  enough  to  leave  unbelief  possible.  It  afl!brds 
 thus  a  trial  or  test  of  character;  it  searches  the  heart. 
 Too  bright  as  well  as  too  dark  a  revelation  might 
 defeat  the  very  end  of  revelation.  It  would  bring  the 
 educational  and  probationary  period  of  life  to  a  close,  it 
 would  bring  on  the  day  of  judgment.  The  very  diffi- 
 culties and  limitatlonsof  revelation  are  adapted  also  to 
 the  conditions  of  moral  growth.  It  requires  and  it 
 repays  toil.  It  tasks  and  tries  and  puzzles  and 
 strengthens  faith.  It  is  like  man  to  make  everything 
 regular,  easy,  and  plain,  but  that  is  not  like  the  God 
 of  nature,  of  history,  or  of  the  Bible.  A  revelation  in 
 which  the  way  never  could  be  missed,  a  revelation 
 made  level  and  smooth  to  our  feet,  would  be  like  the 
 work  of  man,  but  not  like  the  builderof  the  mountains. 
 Were  there  no  Alps  for  men  to  climb,  no  ocean's 
 depths  beneath  the  plummet's  reach,  uo  stars  still 
 unresolved,  no  Scylla  and  Charybdis  waiting  to  catch 
 up  the  unskillful  voyager,  no  burdens  of  toil  and 
 sorrow  laid  upon  our  manhood,  if  this  life  were  only 
 the  play  of  children,  and  all  the  days  were  sunshine, 
 then,  indeed,  might  we  expect  to  find  a  Bible  with- 
 out difficulties,  a  gospel  without  parables,  a  kingdom 
 of  truth  without  tasks  for  the  athlete,  and  without 
 rewards  for  the  victor.  But  the  God  of  nature,  of 
 history,  and  of  the  Bible,  surely  does  not  intend  to 
 people  His  heaven  with  a  race  of  moral  imbeciles. 
 "To  him  that  overcometh  ' '  is  the  promise — seven 
 times  repeated — of  "  the  crown  of  life." 
 
 Scudder,  Col.  Nathanael,  belonged  to  an  old 
 family  in  Monmouth  county,  N.  J.  AtVr  leaving 
 the  College  of  New  Jersey,  he  studied  medicine,  and 
 practiced  in  his  native  county  until  the  opening  of 
 the  Eevolution,  when  he  entered  actively  into  public 
 life.  He  was  Colonel  of  the  Batfcilion  of  the  Mon- 
 mouth Militia,  and  from  1777  to- 1779  represented 
 New  Jersey  in  the  Continental  Congress.  He  was 
 also  a  member  of  the  Committee  of  Safety.  Colonel 
 Scudder  was  an  earnest  Christian,  and  was  an  elder 
 in  Mr.  Tenncnt's  church  at  Freehold.  He  w:is  the 
 grandfather  of  the  distinguished  missionary.  Rev. 
 John  Scudder,  M.  D.  He  was  killed  in  a  skirmish 
 against  the  "Refugees"  at  Black  Point,  Mormiouth 
 county.  New  Jersey,  in  1781.  At  the  time  of  his 
 52 
 
 death,  Dr.  Scudder  was  a  Trustee  of  Princeton  Col- 
 lege. 
 
 Seaver,  Norman,  D.  D.,  was  boru  in  Boston, 
 Mass.,  April  23d,  1834;  graduated  at  Williams  Col- 
 lege in  1854;  in  1855  was  admitted  to  the  Boston  Bar, 
 where  he  practiced  for  some  time;  then  entered  An- 
 dover  Theological  Seminary,  graduating  in  18G0.  His 
 first  settlement  was  over  the  Congregational  Church 
 at  Rutland,  Vermont,  where  he  was  ordained  and 
 installed  in  AugiLSt,  1861.  After  a  faithful  .service  of 
 over  .seven  years,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  First  l're.s- 
 byterian  Church  in  Henry  street,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 
 He  is  at  present  pastor  of  the  Fourth  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  Dr.  Seaver  is  a  gentleman 
 of  great  sincerity  and  kindness  of  feeling.  In  study 
 he  is  an  intellectual  investigator,  looking  deeply  into 
 all  subjects,  and  in  his  pastoral  labors  he  is  conscien- 
 tious, devoted  and  energetic.  He  preaches  with  a 
 pointed  and  clear  explanation  of  his  theme,  and  with 
 an  earnest  interest  in  the  spiritual  welfare  of  those 
 committed  to  his  charge,  and  in  all  his  activity 
 exhibits  a  steadfast  purpose  to  do  his  whole  duty. 
 
 Second  Presbsrterian  Church,  Philadel- 
 phia, Pa.  This  church  w;is  organized  in  the  year 
 of  our  Lord,  1743.  As  its  name  suggests,  there  was 
 at  the  period  of  its  organization  one  other  church  of 
 the  same  faith  and  order  in  the  city.  That  Church 
 still  exists  under  its  original  name  of  "The  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Philadelphia."  The  original 
 house  of  worship  was  "The  Barbadoes  lot  store," 
 situated  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Chestnut  and 
 Second  streets,  where  they  worshiped,  in  common 
 with  the  Baptists,  from  about  the  year  1695.  They 
 continued  together  for  about  three  years,  after  which 
 the  Presbyterians  occupied  it  alone  till  they  built  a 
 new  house  of  worship  in  Market  street,  between 
 Second  and  Third,  on  the  south  side.  This  occurred 
 in  1704.  That  body  continued  to  worship  there  till 
 the  year  1820.  Since  that  time  they  have  occupied 
 their  noble  and  commodious  edifice  on  the  south 
 side  of  Washington  Square.  • 
 
 If,  at  the  commencement  of  the  period  which  we 
 are  about  to  notice,  so  far  as  this  church  is  concerned, 
 there  was  but  one  Presbj-terian  Church  iu  this  city, 
 the  other  denominations  were  very  little,  if  at  all,  in 
 advance  of  them.  Christ  Church,  founded  in  1695, 
 was  the  only  Episcopal  church  then  existing.  The 
 First  Baptist  Church,  founded  in  the  same  year  with 
 the  First  Presbj-terian  Church,  existed  alone  of  its 
 order,  in  1743.  The  First  Lutheran  Church,  founded 
 in  1742,  was  then  the  only  one  of  its  name.  The 
 Moravian  Church  was  also  founded  in  1742.  Nor 
 were  there,  at  that  period,  more  than  two  or  three 
 Friends'  Meeting-houses  in  the  whole  city  and  liber- 
 ties, the  most  important  of  whicli  was  situated  on 
 the  southwest  corner  of  Second  and  Market  streets. 
 There  is  rea.son  to  believe,  also,  that  there  was  a  small 
 mass-houne,  or  Popish  chapel,  erected  at  the  north- 
 west corner  of  Walnut  and  Front  streets,  as  early  as 
 
SECOND  CHURCH,  PHIL  AD' A. 
 
 818 
 
 SECOND  CHURCH,  PHILAD'A. 
 
 the  year  1686.  These,  with  the  old  Swede  Church, 
 in  Southwark,  were  the  only  religious  societies  which 
 l)receded  the  esUiblishment  of  the  Second  Presby- 
 terian Church.  At  this  time  the  population  of  the 
 city  was  about  13,000. 
 
 The  Rev.  Gilbert  Tcnnent,  the  lirst  pastor  of  this 
 Church,  w;is  the  oldest  son  of  the  Rev.  William 
 Tennent,  who  established  the  famous  Log  College  at 
 Neshaminy  (see  his  sketch).  In  1743  he  was  called 
 to  the  Second  Church  in  Philadelphia,  where  he  re- . 
 mained  until  his  death,  in  17G4.  Mr.  Tennent  was 
 one  of  the  most  distinguished  und  influential  minis- 
 ters of  his  age. 
 
 On  the  21st  of  October,  1762,  the  Rev.  George  Duf- 
 field,  afterwards  pastor  of  the  Third  Presbnerian 
 Church  in  this  city,  was  cho,sen  as  an  assistant  minister 
 to  Mr.  Tennent,  then  in  feeble  and  declining  health, 
 but  he  refused  the  call.  On  the  30th  of  July,  1764,  ; 
 the  Rev.  John  Murray,  a  native  of  Ireland,  was  called 
 to  the  pastoral  office,  which  he  accepted.  He  prob- 
 ably entered  upon  the  duties  of  the  office  in  the 
 beginning  of  the  year  1765,  but  was  not  put  in  charge 
 by  the  Prasbytery  till  the  following  April.  His  cou- 
 ne(;tion  with  this  church  w;us,  however,  of  short  dura- 
 tion, lie  is  represented  to  have  been  a  man  of 
 considerable  talent  and  learning,  and  the  master  of  a 
 powerful  eloquence.  He  apjifears  to  have  been  popu- 
 lar, useful  and  beloved  b3'  the  congregation.  It  was 
 not  long,  however,  before  reports  injurious  to  his 
 moral  character  followed  liim  from  Eurojje,  which 
 eventuated  in  his  h'aving  Philadelphia,  in  the  latter 
 part  of  the  year  176.),  to  the  great  regret  of  the 
 people. 
 
 From  the  time  Mr.  Murray  left,  the  congregation 
 remained  destitute  of  a  pastor  for  nearly  three  years. 
 This  was,  probably,  owing,  in  a  great  measure,  to  dis- 
 sensions growing  out  of  the  circumstiinces  connected 
 with  Mr.  Murray's  c;i.se.  After  .several  unsuccessful 
 attempts  to  obUiin  a  pastor,  the  congregation  convened 
 for  the  puriK)se  on  the  30th  of  August,  1768,  and  by  a 
 unanimous  vote  elected  the  Rer.  James  Sproal,  then 
 pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  atGuillbrd,  Con- 
 necticut, which  he  accepted,  and  Wiis  installed  in 
 March,  1769.  About  three  years  after  the  settlement 
 of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Sproat,  the  ent<'rpriso  at  Campington 
 was  commenced.  A  small  building  was  erected  at 
 the  northwest  corner  of  Coatcs  and  Second  streets,  for 
 the  purposes  of  public  worshiji,  as  a  kind  of  chapel 
 of  ease,  or  collegiate  api)endage  of  this  church,  and 
 was  principally  supplied  by  its  pastors  till  it  became 
 an  indcpt'ndentchargc  under  the  pastoral  care  of  the 
 Rev.  Janu'S  Patterson,  in  the  year  1813.  The  minis- 
 try of  Dr.  Sproat  continued  till  the  18th  of  October, 
 1793,  when  he  fell  a  victim  to  the  yellow  fever, 
 which  raged  in  that  year.  His  ministry  was,  how- 
 ever, interrupted  by  the  events  of  the  Revolutionary 
 c<mto,st.  Warmly  attachi'd  to  the  independence  of 
 his  country,  as  were  also  the  body  of  hiscongregation, 
 he  was  obliged  to  alweut  himself  from  the  city  while 
 
 it  was  in  po.sse.ssion  of  the  British.  How  long  his 
 absence  continued  we  have  no  means  of  ascertaining, 
 as  there  is  a  totiil  lack  of  records,  both  sessional  and 
 corporate,  from  the  10th  of  November,  1780.  to  the 
 15th  of  April,  1762. 
 
 Dr.  Sproat's  ministry  was,  upon  the  whole,  a  happy 
 and  prosperous  one.  His  principal  difficulties  arose 
 from  a  change  in  the  i)salraody  of  the  church  from 
 Rouse  to  Watts,  about  the  third  year  of  his  ministry. 
 On  the  22d  of  December,  1786,  Mr.  Ashbel  Green, 
 then  a  licentiate,  and  at  the  time  a  Professor  in  the 
 College  of  New  Jersey,  was  elected  co-pastor  with 
 Dr.  Sproat,  and  was  ordained  and  entered  upon  the 
 duties  of  his  office  on  the  l.')th  day  of  May,  17S7. 
 
 In  the  Summer  of  17!)4  Mr.  John  X.  Abccl,  a 
 licentiate  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  afterwards 
 one  of  the  collegiate  pastors  of  that  Church  in  the 
 City  of  New  York,  was  called  as  an  assistant,  both  to 
 Dr.  Green  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  John  B.  Smith,  then 
 pastor  of  the  Third  Presbyterian  Church  in  this  city, 
 to  preach  two-thirds  of  the  time  in  this  church,  and 
 one-third  in  the  Third  Church.  He  continued  in  this 
 relation  about  a  year  and  a  half,  when  he  accepted  a 
 call  to  New  York,  where  he  labored  with  distin- 
 guished u.sefulness  till  his  death,  in  1S12,  iu  the  forty- 
 third  year  of  his  age.  After  his  removal.  Dr.  Green 
 had  the  sole  charge  of  the  congregation  till  the  Rev. 
 Dr.  Janeway  Wiis  called  to  be  his  colleague.  This 
 took  place  on  the  2d  day  of  January,  1799,  but  he 
 was  not  ordaihed  and  installed  till  the  13th  of  the 
 following  June.  The  church  continued  under  their 
 joiut  jiastoral  c^ire  till  Dr.  Green  removed  to  Prince- 
 ton to  take  charge  ol  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  as 
 its  President,  to  which  distinguished  and  highly  im- 
 portiint  office  he  h;»d  been  elected  on  the  13th  of 
 August,  1812,  and  upon  the  duties  of  which  he 
 entered  the  ensuing  Autumn.  His  coimection  with 
 I  this  church,  therefore,  was  .somewhat  over  twenty- 
 five  years. 
 
 From  that  time  till  the  month  of  April,  in  the  yeal- 
 1813,  this  church  remained  under  the  sole  pastoral 
 charge  of  Dr.  Janeway,  when  Mr.  Thomas  H.  Skinner 
 (afterwards  the  Rev.  Dr.  Skinner,  Professor  in  the 
 Union  Seminary,  at  New  York),  was  called  to  be  his 
 colleague.  This  connection  continued  till  the  Fall  of 
 I  1816,  when  the  Rev.  Mr.  Skinner  resigned  his  charge. 
 The  whole  pastoral  charge  ag-.iin  devolved  on  Dr. 
 Janeway,  and  remained  with  him  till  the  mouth  of 
 .luly,  182S,  when  he  resigned  it  to  take  charge  of  a 
 profe.s.sorship  in  the  Western  Theological  Seminary, 
 then  recently  instituted  in  .\llegheny.  Pa.  This  en- 
 deared connection  was  dis-solved  alter  it  had  con- 
 tinued, with  great  unanimity  and  cordiality,  for  more 
 than  twenty-nine  years. 
 
 On  the  29th  of  September,  of  the  same  year,  the 
 Rev.  Joseph  Sanrlforil,  then  pastor  of  the  Fii-st  Pres- 
 byterian Church  of  I'.nioklyn,  l.ong  Island,  N.  Y., 
 was  elected  pastor  of  this  church,  and  was  installed 
 soon  after.     The  ministrv  and  life  of  Mr.  Sjiudford 
 
SECOND  CHURCH,  PHI  LAD' A. 
 
 819 
 
 SENOUR. 
 
 terminatod  on  the  25th  day  of  December,  1831,  after 
 holding  the  pastoral  office  in  this  church  for  about 
 three  years.  During  Mr.  Sandl'ord's  niinisti-y  a 
 division  occurred  in  the  churt'h,  which  rcsiilt<-d  in 
 the  organization,  in  183'J,  of  the  Central  Presbyterian 
 Church. 
 
 After  Mr.  Sandford's  decease  there  was  a  vacancy 
 in  the  pastoral  ollice  of  nearly  two  years.  The  Rev. 
 Conuiiun  V.  Cui/Ur,  I).D.,  w;usc;illed  to  fill  the  vacancy, 
 on  tlie  25th  of  November,  1833,  and  was  installed 
 pastor  on  the  Hth  of  .January.  1834.  Dr.  Cuyler  was, 
 at  the  time  of  his  c;ill,  p;ustor  of  the  Reformed  Dutch 
 Church  in  Pouf^hkecpsic,  New  York,  wherc^  he  liad 
 been  eminently  blcs.scd  of  the  Lord  as  the  in.strumcnt 
 in  the  hopeful  conversion,  as  is  computed,  of  seven 
 lumdrcd  souls.  In  the  Spring  of  1850  he  resigned 
 the  pastorship  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church, 
 after  a  ministry  of  about  sixteen  j'ears.  He  departed 
 this  life  on  the  31st  of  August  following,  greatly 
 lamented,  beloved,  and  held  in  honor  as  a  faithful 
 servant  of  Christ. 
 
 The  Rev.  Charhn  IT.  Shields  was  installed  pastor 
 of  the  church  on  the  18th  of  October,  18.50.  Mr. 
 Shields,  at  the  time  of  his  recei\ing  the  call  from 
 I'hiladclphia,  was  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Hempstead, 
 on  Long  Island,  where  he  had  been  ordained  to  the 
 work  of  the  ministry  and  installed  pastor,  on  the  8th 
 of  November,  1849.  Dr.  Shields  continued  his  pa-s- 
 toral  relation,  the  Lord  smiling  upon  his  labors,  until 
 18C5,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  I'rofcssorship  of 
 Science  and  Religion  in  New  Jersey  College,  which 
 position  lie  still  occupies. 
 
 The  Second  Presb3'terian  Church  has  contributed 
 largely  from  its  members  to  the  formation  of  other 
 churches  which  have  sprung  up  in  the  city.  This 
 has  particularly  been  the  cjise  with  the  churches  of 
 Campington,  now  First  Church,  in  the  Northern 
 Liberties;  the  Eleventh  Church,  on  Vine  street, 
 which  became  the  West  Arch  Street  Church;  the 
 Arch  Street  Church;  the  Seventli  (now  the  Taber- 
 nacle) Church,  aiul  the  Central  Church,  for  many 
 years  located  at  the  corner  of  Eighth  and  Cherry 
 streets,  but,  within  a  few  years,  removed  to  Broad 
 .street  above  Fairmount  avenue.  It  has,  in  its  day, 
 done  its  full  share  in  the  establishment  and  support 
 of  benevolent  institutions.  Many  ministers  have 
 gone  forth  from  its  fold  to  prea<h  the  gospel,  who 
 were  trained  and  aided  by  its  prayers  and  contribu- 
 tions. The  largest  number  of  communicants  was  in 
 1832,  before  the  division,  when  they  amounted  to 
 seven  hundred  and  eighty-nine.  This  Church,  born 
 in  a  revival,  was  nursed  in  its  early  years,  under 
 God,  by  Whitelield,  tlie  Tennents,  the  Hodges,  the 
 Bayards,  the  Koudinots,  the  Hazards,  the  E;Lstburns, 
 and  their  coadjutors.  No  church  ever  had  more  dis- 
 tinguished ruling  elders,  from  the  olden  time  down  to 
 its  hiter  days. 
 
 When  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  was  organ- 
 'izcd,  the  meetings  were  held,  for  about  seven  yciirs. 
 
 in  a  building  known  as  the  "Academy,"  between 
 .\rch  and  Market  .streets,  in  Fourth  street.  This 
 building  w;ls  commenced  in  1741,  and  w;us  designed 
 by  Mr.  Whitcfield,  through  whose  instrumentality  it 
 was  erected,  for  the  u.se  of  itinerant  preachers  for- 
 ever, and  for  the  use  of  his  own  adherents  for  the 
 time  being.  There  this  congregation  worshiped  till 
 1750,  when  they  removed  to  their  new  house  of 
 worship,  situated  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Arch 
 and  Third  streets.  The  funds  for  the  erection  of  that 
 building  were  mainly  collected  by  the  unremitting 
 efforts  of  Jlr.  Tennent,  whose  heart  was  warmly 
 engaged  in  the  enterprise.  It  was  at  first  built  with- 
 out a  st<'(plc,  but  one  was  erecte<l  about  three  years 
 afterwanls,  and  Uiken  down  again  attout  the  com- 
 mencement of  the  present  century.  The  house  was 
 enlarged  and  its  exterior  remodeled  in  the  year  1809. 
 
 The  church  edifice  occupied  by  the  congregation, 
 in  Seventh  street,  below  Arch,  was  dedicated  to  the 
 worship  of  God  on  the  ICth  of  .luly,  1837.  It  was 
 one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  the  churches  in  the  city. 
 The  front  w:ls  of  pure,  white  marble.  The  pulpit  was 
 of  the  same  mat«  rial.  The  interior  was  marked  by 
 exquisite  taste,  simplicity,  and  convenience.  This 
 elegant  edifice  it  became  necessary  to  abandon,  in 
 favor  of  another  site  further  up  in  the  city,  whither 
 the  members  of  the  congregation  had  very  generally 
 settled. 
 
 After  abandoning  the  church  building  on  Seventh 
 street  below  Arch,  the  congregation  worshiped  for  a 
 time  in  a  hall  in  Broad  street  above  Spruce.  They 
 took  po.ssession  of  their  present  building,  southea.st 
 corner  of  Walnut  and  Twenty-first  streets,  which  is 
 one  of  the  handsomest  edifices  of  the  Denomination  in 
 Philadelphia,  or  in  the  United  States,  in  1872.  The 
 Rev.  E.  R.  Beadle,  d.d.  ll.d.,  who  was  installed 
 pastor  of  this  church  November  12th,  1865,  continued 
 in  tills  relation,  greatly  beloved  and  prospered,  until 
 Januarj'  Gth,  187!),  on  which  day  he  die<l,  having 
 been  taken  ill  in  returning  to  his  residence  from  the 
 public  worship  of  the  morning.  The  Rev.  Dr.  J.  S. 
 Jlclntosh,  the  present  popular  and  efficient  pastor, 
 was  installed,  March  17th,  1881. 
 
 Senour,  Rev.  Faunt  Leroy,  was  born  in  Madi- 
 son, Ind.,  November  5th,  1824.  He  graduated  at 
 Hanover  College.  He  puisued  his  theological  studies 
 at  New  Albany,  Princeton,  and  Lane  seminaries.  He 
 was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Albany,  and 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Muhlenburgh,  Novem- 
 ber, 1851.  He  was  pastor  at  Paducah,  Ky.,  1851-5; 
 Principal  of  Female  Seminary  at  Paducah,  1854-5; 
 pastor  of  the  Fourth  Presbyterian  Church,  Louis- 
 ville, Ky.,  1855-62;  p;istor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
 Cliurch,  Rockford,  111.,  1862-66;  Principal  of  Centre- 
 ville  Collegiate  Institute,  Centreville,  111.,  1866-68; 
 stated  supply  at  E:iton,  O.,  1868-70;  pastor  of  the 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church,  Newimrt,  Ky.,  1870-74; 
 p;istor  of  the  Seventh  Presbyterian  Church,  Pittsburg, 
 Pa.,   1874-77;  pastor  of   the    Central    Presbyterian 
 
SEVIEB. 
 
 820 
 
 SEYMOUR. 
 
 Church  in  the  same  city,  1877-9;  since  that  date  he 
 lias  had  pastoral  charge  of  the  Church  at  New  Alex- 
 andria, Pa.  Mr.  Senour  is  a  gentleman  of  pleasing 
 address,  and  an  able  and  attractive  preacher.  He  Ls 
 an  earnest  advocate  of  the  Temperance  cause.  He  is 
 the  author  of  several  interesting  and  popular  vol- 
 umes. 
 
 Sevier,  Major  Robert,  an  elder  in  the  Church 
 at  Richmond,  ilo.,  w:is  a  native  of  Tennessee.  After 
 graduating  at  West  Point,  he  entered  the  service  of 
 the  United  States,  as  Second  Lieutenant  of  the  Sixth 
 Infantry,  at  Jeflerson  Barracks,  Missouri.  For  meri- 
 torious services  he  was  promoted  to  Adjutant  of  his 
 regiment.  He  resigned  his  commission  in  1837,  and 
 two  years  later  settled  in  Liberty,  Mo.  In  1840  he 
 made  his  permanent  residence  in  Richmond.  There 
 he  filled  the  office  of  Clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court,  for  a 
 period  of  twenty  years,  discharging  its  duties  with 
 l^onor  to  himself  and  satisfaction  to  the  people.  His 
 profession  of  faith  in  Christ  was  made  in  1851,  after 
 he  had  reached  middle  life,  and  he  allied  himself  to 
 the  Presbyterian  Church.  In  1867  he  was  ordained 
 ruling  elder  in  the  Richmond  Church,  which  office 
 he  filled  with  marked  wisdom  and  humOity  until  the 
 day  of  his  death.  The  church  was  frequently  with- 
 out a  pastor,  but  in  him  it  found  a  faithful  leader 
 and  supervisor  of  its  welfare.  By  his  devotion  and 
 influence  it  w;is  chiefly  sustained.  Before  the  com- 
 munity he  displayed  a  Christian  life  of  great  beauty 
 and  increasing  brightness. 
 
 Major  Sevier  was  a  man  of  fine  culture,  extensive 
 reading,  and  'elegant  manners,  and  possessing  rare 
 conversational  powers,  he  was  an  agreeable  and 
 charming  companion.  These  superior  attainments 
 he  laid  at  the  feet  of  the  Master.  His  pecuniary 
 means  were  held  subject  to  the  Lord's  demands,  and 
 he  used  them  freely  in  the  building  of  His  kingdom, 
 but  with  no  o.stentation.  His  memory  is  dear  to  the 
 community  and  the  church,  in  which  he  was  esteemed 
 as  an  honored  and  useful  member.  His  decease  oc- 
 curred in  1879,  in  the  seventy-.second  year  of  his  age. 
 
 Sewall,  Rev.  Q-renville  Pierce,  son  of  Rev. 
 Jotham  and  Anna  (Baker)  Sewall,  was  born  in  West- 
 brook,  Me.,  September  18th,  1841.  He  united  with 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  of  North  GranWlle,  N.  Y., 
 by  confession  of  faith,  in  July,  18.J8;  graduated  from 
 Williams  College  in  1807,  and  from  Auburn  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  in  1870.  Was  ordained  and  installed 
 at  Cayuga,  N.  Y.,  by  the  Presbvtery  of  Cayuga,  Decem- 
 ber 28th,  1870,  and  w;is  dismissed  from  Cayuga,  by  the 
 same  Presbytery,  in  l><7r),  to  accept  a  call  from  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Troy,  Pa.,  over  which  he  was 
 installed  pastor,  in  1879.  He  is  an  earnest,  conscien- 
 tions,  devoted  minister  of  Christ. 
 
 Seymour,  Rev.  Ebener,  was  born  in  Stillwater, 
 N.  Y.,  September  1,5th,  180V;  graduated  at  Union 
 College,  N.  Y.,  in  1824;  and  entered  Auburn  Theo- 
 logicjil  Seminary  in  1825.  He  w;is  ordained  by  Al- 
 bany Presbytery  in  1828.     His  first  pastorate  was  in 
 
 Albion,  N.  Y.,  1831-32.  In  1834  he  was  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Bloomfield, 
 N.  J.,  and  he  continued  such  for  fifteen  years.  His 
 abundant  labors  were  greatly  blessed  to  the  i)eople. 
 Those  of  his  parishioners  who  survive  remember 
 him  as  a  pastor  who  performed  his  duties  in  a  most 
 acceptable  and  useful  manner.  From  1847  to  1860 
 he  was  Principal  of  the  Bloomfield  Institute,  where 
 he  maintained  a  high  standard  of  instruction,  and 
 many  young  men  who  were  graduated  from  it  after- 
 ward entered  the  ministry.  Mr.  Seymour's  love  for 
 the  natural  sciences  led  him  to  devote  much  time  to 
 mineralogy,  in  which  connection  he  was  well  known 
 in  this  country  and  Europe.  There  are  few  more 
 genial  and  kindly  natures  than  his  was,  and  none 
 have  exerted  a  purer  and  more  religious  influence 
 than  he  did  in  his  life  circle.  He  died  June  21st, 
 1879. 
 
 Seymour,  James  S.,  was  a  native  of  West 
 Hartford,  Conn.;  born  April  13th,  1791,  and  traced 
 his  descent  to  Richard  SejTnour,  the  first  of  his 
 ancestors  that  came  to  this  counti^,  and  one  of  the 
 original  landholders  of  the  town  of  Hartford  in 
 1639.  His  father,  Timothy  Seymour,  was  a  highly 
 esteemed  citizen,  and  his  mother  was  a  descendant  of 
 the  godly  Puritan  minister,  Thomas  Hooker,  who 
 fled,  with  a  chosen  company,  from  persecution  in 
 England  to  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  in  1633,  where  the 
 devoted  band  was  organized  as  a  church,  of  which  he 
 was  made  pastor;  and  in  June,  1636,  at  the  head  of 
 his  congregation,  consisting  of  about  one  hundred 
 souls,  crossed  the  wilderness  to  the  Connecticut  river, 
 where  they  joined  the  settlement  of  Hartford,  which 
 had  been  founded  the  previous  Autumn. 
 
 About  the  time  of  his  father's  death,  which  oc- 
 curred in  1812,  young  Se^^uour  became  a  mercantile 
 clerk  in  Hartford,  and  in  the  Autumn  of  1814  en- 
 gaged in  a  manufacturing  business,  in  copartnership 
 with  Samuel  G.  Goodrich.  August  11th,  1817,  the 
 day  the  Bank  of  Auburn,  N.  Y. ,  was  first  opened  for 
 business,  he  entered  upon  his  duties  as  its  Cashier. 
 He  remained  in  this  office  until  1849,  when  he  was 
 chosen  its  sixth  President.  The  fil'tieth  annivers;iry 
 of  the  Institution  w;us  observed  by  presenting  him 
 with  a  fitting  testimonial,  in  recognition  of  his  per- 
 .sonal  sersice  and  devotion  to  its  interests  during  the 
 half  century.  He  made  a  public  profession  of  reli- 
 gion in  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Auburn,  in 
 1821.  A  number  of  names  had  been  enrolled  as  can- 
 didates for  admi.ssion  to  the  church,  at  the  communion 
 near  at  hand,  to  be  read,  as  was  the  custom,  from 
 the  pulpit  on  the  appointed  Sabbath,  when,  at  the 
 last  moment,  he  yielded  to  the  solicitations  of  the 
 p:istor,  in  a  rcjily,  the  humility  of  which  will  surprise 
 no  one  who  knew  him:  "  Well,  if  you  trill  put  my  name 
 at  the  bottom  of  the  list."  In  1827  he  was  elected  a 
 ruling  elder  of  the  church,  but  declined.  Five'years 
 after,  he  was  elected  ag:iin  to  this  office,  and  iiecepted 
 it  by  his  silence,  which  was  often  more  potent  than 
 
SHAFER. 
 
 821 
 
 SHANNOX. 
 
 speech.     This  position  he  held  until  his  death,  a 
 period  of  forty-three  years. 
 
 Mr.  Sejmiour  was  an  eminently  devout  and  aseful 
 man.  Dr.  Luther  Halsey,  Profe.ssor  of  Ecclesiastical 
 History  in  Auburn,  from  1837  to  1844,  says:  "I  ever 
 con.sidered,  after  long  and  intimate  acquaintance,  our 
 departed  friend  the  best  model  of  Christianity  in 
 ordinary  social  life  I  have  ever  known — 'diligent  in 
 business,  fervent  in  spirit,  serving  the  Lord.'  .  .  . 
 I  bless  God  that  He  ever  brought  me  to  the  knowledge 
 and  confidence  of  James  S.  Seymour.  Like  the  bones 
 of  the  dead  prophet,  the  touch  revives  me.  I  am 
 refreshed  by  the  fragrance  of  his  memory. ' ' 
 
 Mr.  Seymour  had  a  mind  of  excellent  stamp,  with 
 more  than  ordinary  culture;  there  wius  nothing  in 
 liiiii  brilliant,  nothing  that  might  be  called  genius, 
 unless  it  was  a  superior  faculty  for  doing  good.  In 
 his  .several  relations  to  the  church  as  one  of  its 
 spiritual  rulers,  he  exhibited  the  same  substantial 
 qualities  with  which  he  conducted  the  business  of 
 life.  His  well-poised  mind  and  practical  good  sease, 
 his  quiet,  unvarying  firmness,  genuine  courtesy,  and 
 unaffected  spirituality  qualified  hira  in  an  eminent 
 degree  for  the  duties  of  the  eldership,  both  in  counsel 
 and  discipline,  while  his  conspicuous  integrity,  mth 
 the  ceaseless  flow  of  his  benevolence  in  the  various 
 directions  which  an  open-hearted  and  thoughtful 
 charity  takes,  gave  him  unwonted  influence  in  the 
 community  and  with  all  classes.  The  two  Institu- 
 tions, educational  and  charitable,  in  Auburn,  with 
 wliich  he  was  more  especially  identified,  and  which 
 shared  most  largely  in  his  benefactions,  are  the  Theo- 
 logical .Seminary  and  the  Orphan  Asylum.  Reserved 
 both  as  a  trustee — the  former  from  1829  to  1S45,  the 
 latter  from  its  organization  in  18.52 — 'and  as  president 
 until  his  death.  He  took  part  in  the  first  subscrip- 
 tion to  locate  the  Seminary  in  Auburn,  in  1818,  and 
 was  its  steadfast  and  cherished  friend  through  all  its 
 vici.ssitudes  from  the  days  of  struggling  weakness  to 
 its  present  condition  of  assured  prosperity.  Mr. 
 Seymour's  public  bequests  for  religious,  eduaitional 
 and  philanthropic  purposes,  were  $lo!),000,  and  a 
 valuable  store  and  lot.  He  died  in  187.5,  sinking 
 away  as  gently  as  a  child  falls  asleep,  and  leaving  a 
 record  radiant  with  the  sanctified  virtues  which 
 glorify  God  and  adorn  humanity. 
 
 Shafer,  Joseph  Ii.,D.  D.  Born  in  Stillwater, 
 Su.s.sex  county,  X.  J.,  May  9th,  1787.  His  father 
 was  of  German  descent  and  his  mother  Scotch-Irish,  t 
 He  graduated  at  Princeton  College  in  1808.  He  j 
 studied  theology  under  Rev.  Dr.  WoodhuU,  of  Free- 
 hold, N.  J.,  who  prepared  a  large  number  for  the 
 mini.stry.  Mr.  Shafer  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  New  Brunswick,  October  2d,  1810.  For  two  years 
 he  labored  as  a  missionary  in  Monmouth  county, 
 N.  J.,  and  in  1812  was  ordained  and  in,st3lled  pastor 
 of  the  Church  in  Newton,  N.  J.  Here  he  was  greatly 
 prospered  in  his  work,  and  remained  until  18.35,  when 
 he  accepted  a  call  from   the   Presbyterian  Church,  | 
 
 Middletown  Point,  N.  J.  But  neither  the  people  he 
 left  nor  himself  were  satisfied,  and  in  three  years  he 
 was  recalled  to  Newton,  where  he  continued  until 
 his  death,  November  12th,  1853,  in  the  sixty-seventh 
 year  of  his  age.  He  was  struck  with  paralysis  iu  the 
 pulpit,  while  reading  the  last  hymn,  a  few  weeks  before 
 his  death.  The  degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferred  upon  hira 
 by  Lafayette  College,  in  1843.  Dr.  Shafer  was  the 
 man  for  a  life-long  pastorate.  He  could  love  only 
 one  flock,  and  to  them  he  was  ardently  attached.  He 
 had  a  very  tender  heart,  and  was  often  moved  to  tears 
 when  pleading  with  sinners.  He  was  a  diffident  man, 
 and,  although  a  fluent  speaker,  never  rose  in  the 
 pulpit  without  a  flutter  of  the  heart.  He  was  mainly 
 instrumental  in  the  establishment  of  a  Presb>-terial 
 a&idemy  in  Newton.  Several  re\-ivals  occurred  dur- 
 ing his  ministry. 
 
 Shanks,  D.  W.,  D.  D.,  was  born  December  11th, 
 1830,  in  Fincastle,  Botetourt  county,  Va.  After  the 
 usual  preparatory  training,  he  studied  two  years  at 
 Washington  College,  Va.,  and  two  years,  also,  at  the 
 University  of  Virginia.  At  the  latter  Institution  he 
 wa.s  graduated  in  law.  He  entered  the  Union  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  Va.,  in  the  Fall  of  1859,  and  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  Montgomery  Pres- 
 bytery, in  May,  1861.  His  first  charge  wa.s  at  Amelia 
 Court  House,  Va.  In  1868  he  took  charge  of  Falling 
 Spring  Church,  Rockbridge  county,  Va.,  where  he 
 labored,  with  success,  for  fifteen  years,  when,  on 
 account  of  impaired  health,  he  resigned  the  pas- 
 torate. 
 
 Dr.  Shanks  is  a  superior  preacher.  His  mind  is 
 vigorous  and  logiml,  and  he  presents  truth  with  force 
 and  tenderness,  and  in  a  captivating  and  impressive 
 style.  He  is,  by  reason  of  his  clear  understanding, 
 strong  convictions,  and  ready  utterance,  an  influential 
 and  valuable  member  of  the  Church  courts.  In  the  dis- 
 cus.sions  in  Montgomery  Presbytery,  which  attended 
 the  revision  of  the  Form  of  Government,  and  the  Rules 
 of  Discipline  of  the  Southern  Pre,sbyterian  Church,  he 
 advocated  successfully,  and  vnth  great  ability,  the 
 principal  changes  adopted.  Dr.  Shanks  now  resides 
 in  Lexington,  Va.  His  voice  is  no  longer  heard  in 
 the  pulpit,  or  in  the  courts  of  the  Church,  but  he  stUl 
 finds  a  way  to  do  good  by  the  use  of  the  pen. 
 
 Shannon,  Rev.  Samuel,  was  licensed  to  preach 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Hanover,  October  2,5th,  1781, 
 and  in  1784  was  ordained  and  settled  as  piustor  of 
 Windy  Cove  and  Blue  Spring  congregations,  in  Vir- 
 ginia. About  1788  he  removed  to  Kentucky,  and 
 became  pastor  of  Bethel  and  Sinking  Spring  Presby- 
 terian churches,  where  he  preached  four  years.  He 
 then  took  charge  of  Woodford  Church,  of  which  he 
 continued  pastor  until  1806.  In  the  War  of  1812 
 Mr.  Shannon  volunteered  to  accompany  the  Northern 
 Army  as  a  chaplain.  He  labored  indefatigably  in  his 
 work.  The  latter  years  of  his  life  were  employed  in 
 missionary  labors,  chiefly  in  the  destitute  regions  of 
 Indiana.     He  died  in  1822. 
 
SHARON. 
 
 832 
 
 SHARSWOOD. 
 
 Sharon,  Rev.  Jameb  C,  son  of  the  Rev.  James' that  received  the  first  full    course  of   lectures    in 
 
 R.  and  Esther  C.  Sharon,  was  born  near  Harrisburg, 
 Pa.,  November  15th,  1810.  He  graduated  at  Jeflfer- 
 8on  College,  Pa.,  in  1830,  studied  theology  at  Prince- 
 ton, N.  J.,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Presbj'tery  of 
 Carlisle.  His  first  field  of  labor  wa-s  Wysox,  Pa., 
 where  he  w;us  ordained.  He  labored  near  Zauesville, 
 O.,  from  18:!.5  till  184-2.  In  184-2,  with  bis  wife  and 
 three  children,  lie  removed  to  Birmingham,  Iowa, 
 making  the  entire  journey  by  team — some  six  or 
 seven  hundred  miles — traveling  by  day  and  camping 
 out  by  night.  After  preaching  at  various  points,  he 
 was  elected  Professor  of  Langu;iges  in  Des  Moines 
 College,  at  West  Point,  where  be  remained  five  j-ears. 
 For  the  following  live  years  be  was  Principal  of  a 
 Female  Seminary  at  St.  FrancLsville,  Mo.,  besides 
 preaching  regularly.  In  1858,  he  was  recalled  to 
 Birmingham,  where  he  labored  five  years.  He  then 
 resigned,  and  took  cliarge  of  Mission  work  in  Davis 
 county.  He  was  instrumental  in  the  establishment 
 of  Bloomfield  Church.  Here  he  labored  with  his 
 own  haniis,  and  contributed  literally  of  his  own 
 means.  He  died  June '28th,  18G8.  Mr.  Sharon  was 
 an  instructive  and  I'aithful  preacher,  especially  a 
 faithful,  wise,  and  tender  pastor.  His  life  was  spent 
 mainly  in  the  midst  of  fuelile  churches,  where  he 
 bore  uncomplainingly  the  trials  incident  to  pioneer 
 work,  and  when  urged  to  leave  for  more  promising 
 fields,  his  oft^repeated  answer  Wiis:  "  If  /  leave  tliem, 
 who  will  come  and  preach  to  this  people?" 
 Sharp,  Rev.  Samuel  M.,  the  son  of  William 
 
 Systematic  Theology  by  Prof.  A.  A.  Hodge.  In  18G6 
 he  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Steubepvillc, 
 and  remained  a  fourth  ye;ir  in  the  seminarj',  mean- 
 while assuming  charge  of  a  mission  st;ition  in  Alle- 
 gheny City,  which,  under  his  eire,  was  organized 
 into  "The  Valley  Church,"  and  of  which  he  became 
 the  first  pastor.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Wharton 
 Street  Presbyterian  Church,  Philadelphia,  from  18G9 
 to  1874,  when  he  became  associate  pastor  with  Rev. 
 Henry  A.  Boardman,  D.  I>.,  of  the  Tenth  Church, 
 Philadelphia,  which  position  he  resigned  on  the 
 resignation  of  Dr.  Boardman.  He  then  assumed 
 charge  of  the  Hollond  Slemorial  Chapel,  at  that  time 
 under  the  eaie  of  the  Tenth  Church,  but  resigned  it 
 in  1881,  and  accepted  the  pastorate  of  the  West  Park 
 Presbyterian  Church,  I'hiladelphia,  of  which  he  Still 
 continues  the  efficient  and  successful  pivstor.  Jlr. 
 Sharpe  is  a  good  preacher,  an  interesting  writer,  a 
 faithful  presbyter,  and  an  earnest  worker.  He  has 
 served  the  Church  for  many  yeiirs,  as  a  member  of 
 the  Board  of  Publication. 
 
 Sharswood,  Hon.  George,  LL.  D.,  was  born 
 in  Philadelphia,  July  7th,  1810.  He  was  of  English 
 descent,  an  ancestor  of  the  s;ime  name  having  emi- 
 grated from  England  about  IGG.j,  and  settled  in  New 
 London,  Conn.  At  the  age  of  fil"teen  he  entered  the 
 Sophomore  class  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
 and  there  displayed  in  their  early  development  the 
 same  talents  and,  industry  that  afterward  raised  him 
 to  the  highest  dignities  of  his  chosen  profession.  That 
 
 Sharj),  who  was  an  elder  in  the  Pnwbyterian  Church,  'profession  was  the  law,  and  on  August  23d,  1828, 
 was  lx>rn  in  West  MiddUtown,  Pa.  He  graduated  j  about  a  mouth  after  graduating,  with  the  highest 
 at  Jeflerson  College  in  H.')'),  and  at  the  Western  The-  j  honors,  and  delivering  the  Latin  SaluUitory  on  Com- 
 ological    Seminary  in    18.')8.      He   was  licensed   and  \  mencement  day,  he  w;is  registered  as  a  law  student 
 
 ordained  as  an  evangelist  in  the  Spring  of  1838,  and 
 arrangements  were  made  for  himself  and  wife,  a 
 dauglitcr  of  Rev.  Jesse  M.  Jamieson,  to  depart  for 
 the  foreign  field.  The  mission  selected  was  that  of 
 New  Gramula,  in  South  America.  They  sailed  for 
 Bogotji,  South  America,  June  18th,  18.)8.  He  reached 
 Santv  Martha,  one  of  the  principal  seaports  of  New 
 Granada,  after  a  voyag(^  of  scvinleen  days.     Thence 
 
 in  the  office  of  .Joseph  R.  Ingersoll.  then  one  of  the 
 shining  lights  of  the  Philadel))liia  Bar,  and  admitted 
 to  practice,  September  5th,  1831. 
 
 After  his  admission  to  the  Bar  the  young  advocate, 
 while  building  up  a  handsome  practice,  continued 
 his  general  studies,  and  in  both  occupations  prepared 
 himself  to  assume  the  duties  of  his  true  calling, 
 which  was  rather  that  of  a  Judge  than  an  advocate. 
 
 they  proce(;ded  up  the  Magdalena  river,  by  steam-  !  He  served  three  years  in  the  Pennsylvania  Legisla- 
 l)oat,  to  Honda,  and  thence  on  horseback,  over  the  |  ture,  of  which  he  was  a  prominent  and  inlhuntial 
 mountains,  to  Bogot;v,  arriving  there  July  20th.  Here  member.  In  1845  he  was  made  a  Judge  of  tlii'  Dis- 
 lie  at  once  commenced  in  earnest  his  great  life-work,  j  trict  Court,  and  was  President  Judge  from  1851  to 
 with  his  wifeas  his  helpmeet  and  advi.scr.  In  the  midst  [  1867,  when  ho  was  elected  an  A.ssociate  Judge  of  the 
 
 of  his  lalwrs  he  died,  at  the  jnission  house  in  Bogota, 
 October  30th,  ISGO.  Mr.  Sharp  was  a  good  man  and 
 a  devoted  missionary,  of  earnest  and  consistent  piety; 
 he  h:ul  early  inil)i bed  the  missionary  .spirit,  and  had 
 tli(^  promise  of  great  us<  fulness. 
 
 Sharpe,  Rev.  J.  Henry,  was  Imrn  August  8th, 
 1842,  and  reared  in  St<^ul)enville,  Ohio.    He  gnvduated 
 
 Supreme  Court  of  the  State.  For  a  number  of  years 
 he  wius  Chief  Justice  of  tlu^  Supreme  Court,  and  when, 
 with  the  close  of  18'^-2,  his  term  ended,  concluding 
 thirty-seven  years  and  nine  months  of  continuous 
 judicial  service,  lie  received  from  the  Philadelphia 
 Bar  a  public  testimonial  which  was  worthy  of  the 
 lustre  which  his  eminent  record  had  reUccted  upon 
 
 at  Washington  College,  Pa.,  then  under  the  presi-   his  State.     At  the  banquet  which  w:us  given  in  his 
 
 dcncy  of  Rev.  .lohn  W.  Scott,  D.  D.,  in  1863.  The 
 same  ye;ir  lie  entereil  the  Western  Tlieological  Semi- 
 nary, and  was  graduated  in  18GG,  being  in  the  class 
 
 honor  on  this  occasion,  leg-.d  gentlemen  of  all  parties 
 united  in  expressing  their  strong  persimal  rcg-ard  for 
 him,  and  their  high  appreciation  of  the  ability,  dig- 
 
snAKSwoon. 
 
 823 
 
 SUA  W. 
 
 nity  and  fidelity  with  which  he  had  discharged  the 
 duties  of  the  responsible  office  from  which  he  had 
 retired. 
 
 The  degree  of  LL.D.  was  conferred  upon  Judge 
 Sharswood  by  the  U  uiversity  of  the  City  of  New  York, 
 and  also  by  Columbia  (Jolk^c.  In  1850  he  was  ap- 
 pointetl  Professor  of  Law  iu  the  University  of  Penn- 
 sylvania, and  he  lillcd  this  position  for  a  number  of 
 years  with  signal  success.  He  contributed  largely  to 
 the  literature  of  the  science  bj'  his  works,  as  well  as 
 by  his  numerous  decisions.  In  1834  hepul)lishedthe 
 first  paper  of  his  series  on  the  Kcvised  Code  of  Penn- 
 .sylvania,  in  the  American  Qunrtcrhj  for  June  of 
 that  year.  Within  a  twelvemonth  he  was  elected 
 one  of  the  Vice-jirovosts  of  the  Philadelphia  Law 
 Academy.     Soon  afterward  lie  puljlished  an  Amcri- 
 
 '.*.'.'**• ''"^  ■'-'■■-"■'■' ■  '*  '■■■.■.■■'■.•'.'-■'■'    FV.%«Ax.a9%:i^ 
 
 HON.   OEOUGE  SHARSWOOD,    I.L.n. 
 
 can  edition  of  "Roscoe  on  Criminal  Evidence," 
 enriched  with  notes  and  references.  His  report  on 
 the  allairs  of  the  United  States  Hank  appeared  in  four 
 closely-printed  columns  of  the  United  Slates  Gazette 
 of  April  8th,  1841.  In  1843  he  became  editor  of  the 
 American  Law  Magazine.  In  1844  he  gave  to  the 
 legal  world  editions  of  Stephens'  "Nisi  Prius"  and 
 "Rus.sell  on  Crimes."  In  I'^.V.J  he  published  the  fir.st 
 of  five  annual  editions  of  "  Hyles  on  Bills,"  and  the 
 ne.xt  year  undertook  the  work  of  editing  the  .successive 
 volumes  of  tlu!  ICnglish  Common  Law  Keports,  repub- 
 lished iu  Philadelphia,  for  the  u.se  of  the  -Vmeriam 
 Bar — a  labor  which  he  continued  from  volume  Go  to 
 volume  90,  inclusive.  In  18.")4,  the  year  he  was 
 elected  Provost  of  the  Law  Academy,  he  published 
 his  absorbing  work  on   "Professional  Ethics,"  fol- 
 
 lowed, two  years  later,  by  his  "  Popular  Lectures  on 
 Commercial  Law,"  originally  prepared  for  the  stu- 
 dents of  a  business  college.  The  ensuing  years  were 
 devoted  to  the  work  which  may  be  reg-arded  as  the 
 eulminatiug  achievement  of  his  literary  life,  and 
 through  which  he  became  most  (juickly  and  widely 
 known.  This  wxs  his  great  edition  of  Hlaekstone's 
 Commentaries,  einiched  with  his  own  annotation.s. 
 The  work,  imporliint  as  it  was,  met  with  instant  and 
 universal  acceptance  from  one  end  of  the  Union  to 
 the  other.  It  was  made  the  text-book  in  all  the  law 
 schools  in  the  United  States,  anil  was  pronounced  by 
 the  most  eminent  instructors  in  the  law  tlie  best  edi- 
 tion of  Blackstone  ever  put  before  the  public. 
 
 Judge  Sharswoo<i  was  for  many  years  an  elder  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  one  of  the  trustees  of 
 the  General  A.ssembly.  He  was  a  gentleman  of  great 
 suavity  of  disposition  and  pleasing  addre-ss.  He 
 adorned,  by  his  ability  and  integrity,  every  position 
 he  occupied,  and  ju.stly  enjoyed,  in  the  highest  degree, 
 the  confidence  and  esteem  of  all  who  knew  him.  As 
 a  lawyer,  he  was  second  to  none  in  the  hi.story  of  the 
 American  Bar.  His  literary  labors,  in  connection 
 with  his  profession,  made  his  name  familiar  through- 
 out the  couutry,  and  the  decisions  of  the  Supreme 
 Court,  during  the  fifteen  years  of  his  membership, 
 were  received  by  the  Bar  with  more  than  ordinary 
 confidence  and  respect. 
 
 Judge  Sharswood  died  at  his  home,  in  Philadelphia, 
 May  28th,  1883,  lamented  by  all  classes  of  the  com- 
 munity, and  especially  by  the  Bar,  which  had  grown 
 up  under  the  decea-sed  jurist,  and  took  a  personal 
 pride  in  contemplating  his  blameless  life,  his  great 
 public  .services  and  his  exalted  reputati(m. 
 
 Shaw,  James  Boylan,  D.  D.,  the  .son  of  James 
 and  Margaret  Shaw,  was  born  in  the  city  of  New 
 York,  in  18U8.  He  was  among  the  first  children  on 
 who.se  heads  the  venerable  Gardiner  Spring  laid  his 
 hand  in  baptism.  He  w^iis  fitted  to  enter  the  Sopho- 
 more class  in  Yale  College,  and  then  entered  the 
 otUce  of  a  physician,  and  attended  a  course  of  medi- 
 cal lectures.  After  that  he  entered  the  office  of 
 Thom;is  Addis  Emmet,  and  commenced  the  study  of 
 the  law.  When  he  w;us  about  to  be  admitted  to  the 
 Bar,  the  Lord  touched  his  heat.  He  united  with 
 the  Brick  Church  of  New  York,  in  1829.  In  1834, 
 having  been  previously  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel, 
 he  wivs  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Genesee,  and 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Utic;i.  For  more 
 than  forty  years  he  h;is  been  p.astor  of  the  Brick 
 Church  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.  Tlie  College  of  Western 
 Reserve  conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree 
 of  A.M.,  and  iu  1852  the  University  of  Rochester 
 gave  him  the  degree  of  S.  T.  U.  In  18(i2  he  was 
 elected  a  corporate  member  of  the  American  Board 
 of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Jlissions. 
 
 Dr.  Shaw  was  Moderator  of  the  General  As.sembly 
 which  met  in  Brooklyn  in  186.5.  He  is  a  trustee  of 
 the  Theological  Seminary  at  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  where 
 
SffAW. 
 
 824 
 
 SHEDD. 
 
 he  graduated  in  1.S3-2.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
 General  Assembly  of  1837,  when  tlie  act  of  excision 
 Wiis  passed;  and  that,  as  a  member  of  the  Joint 
 Committee  on  Reunion,  he  h;i3  had  a  part  in  healing 
 the  breach,  he  counts  the  greatest  honor  of  his  life. 
 He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Assembly  which  met  at 
 Saratoga,  in  1*33. 
 
 Dr.  Shaw  is  an  earnest,  practical,  and  forcible 
 preacher.  His  ministry  has  been  very  largely  blessed. 
 He  is  highly  esteemed  by  all  who  know  him.  WTien 
 (1840)  he  assumed  charge  of  the  Brick  Church  the 
 roll  of  the  church  bore  445  names;  the  report  to  the 
 la.st  .Vssembly  reveals  that  there  are  now  1485.  Dar- 
 ing the  entire  pastorate  about  2000  persons  have 
 been  received  on  profession  of  faith,  and  1400  by  cer- 
 tificate; in  all,  about  3400  additions.     The  contribu- 
 
 /^ 
 
 ^««k:^ 
 
 (^  -'•ma.  \ 
 
 JAH£8  BOYLAN  8IIAW,   D.D. 
 
 tiona  of  the  church  to  Ix-nevolent  and  charitable 
 objects  during  this  period  have  1)een  $265,000.  Al- 
 thougli  now  seventy-live  years  of  age.  Dr.  Shaw  con- 
 tinues to  preach,with  unabated  vigor  of  intellect  and 
 fervor  of  elo<iuencc,  to  a  large  congregation,  composed 
 of  both  the  old  and  the  young.  His  eveningaudiencc 
 averages  from  1000  to  1200  persons.  It  is  earnestly 
 hoped  that  he  may  be  si)arc<l  yit  a  number  of  years 
 to  e.xcrt  his  far-reaching  inlhunce  for  the  glory  of 
 God  and  the  good  of  men. 
 
 Sha'w,  Rev.  John  S. ,  was  Iwrn  in  Amite  county, 
 Miss.,  in  1818.  He  graduated  at  Davidson  College, 
 N.  C,  in  1873,  and  at  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
 Va.,  in  1876.  He  was  licensed  in  April,  of  that  year, 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Orleans.  Taking  charge 
 of  the  Church  at  Rodney,  he  labored  faithfully  there 
 
 until  1879,  when  he  was  called  to  the  church  near 
 Xatchcz,  Miss.,  of  which  he  is  now  piustor.  Though 
 yet  young  he  gives  promise  of  e.\teusive  usefulness. 
 Robust  in  health,  he  can  endure  any  amount  of  labor. 
 Having  a  strong  voice  and  clear  articulation,  the 
 largest  audience  can  easily  hear  him.  His  fine  cul- 
 ture, based  upon  good  common  sense,  enables  him  to 
 present  truth  in  a  winning  and  couWncing  manner. 
 
 Shearer,  F.  A.,  D.D.,w;is  born  in  Path  Valley, 
 Franklin  county.  Pa.,  January  1st,  1812.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Jefferson  College  in  1836;  studied  theology 
 at  the  Western  Theological  Seminary  and  under  the 
 direction  of  the  Rev.  A.  A.  lIcGinley,  D.  D. ;  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbj-tery  of  Carlisle,  April  11th, 
 1839,  and  ordained  and  installed  by  the  Presbj"tery 
 of  Richland  in  Savannah,  Ohio,  June  9th,  1840.  He 
 is  now  piistor  of  the  Church  of  C'olfa.\,  Iowa,  and  still 
 actively  and  usefully  engaged  in  ministerial  work. 
 Dr.  Shearer's  long  ministerial  lile  has  been  crowned 
 with  the  divine  blessing.  He  has  changed  his  fields 
 of  labor  several  times,  but  the  churches  of  which  he 
 has  had  charge,  and  for  the  most  part  started,  have 
 continued  to  prosper.  Under  his  ministry  four 
 houses  ofworship  have  been  built  from  the  beginning, 
 two  others  finished,  and  his  present  congregation  is 
 now  engaged  in  tlie  erection  of  another. 
 
 Shearer,  Rev.  Frederic  Eichelberger,  was 
 born  at  Dillsburg,  Pa.,  March  27th,  1838,  and 
 graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1862,  after 
 which  he  entered  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Prince- 
 ton. He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Long 
 Island,  August  16th,  1866.  From  1866  to  1870  he 
 was  co-pastor  at  Southampton,  L.  I.  Since  1870  he 
 has  been  the  efficient  District  Secretary  of  the 
 .\merican  Tract  Society,  San  Franci.sco,  California. 
 
 Shearer,  Rev.  George  Le-wis,  was  born  at 
 Dillsburg,  Pa.,  October  16th,  1835,  and  graduated  at 
 Lafayette  College  in  1857.  For  a  time  he  w:is  a 
 teacher.  He  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the 
 Second  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  October  3d,  1865. 
 He  was  District  Secretary  of  the  American  Tract 
 Society,  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1864-.5;  its  District  Sec- 
 retary, Richmond,  Va.,  1865-68;  Assistant  Secretary 
 Xcw  York  city,  1868-72,  and  since  1872  h:is  been 
 Financial  Secretary  of  the  same  institution.  He  is 
 an  e;irnest  Christian,  an  indefatigable  worker,  and 
 renders  very  efficient  service  in  the  position  he 
 occupies. 
 
 Shedd,  Henry,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Jaffrey,  X. 
 H.,  May  16th,  1803.  He  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
 College,  in  1826,  and  at  .Vndover  Seminary  in  1829; 
 was  licensed  to  preach  in  April,  and  ordained  Sep- 
 tember 21th,  the  s;irae  year,  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Newburyport.  He  was  a  Home  Missionary  within 
 the  bounds  of  the  Presbytery  of  Columbus  seven 
 years;  stated  supjily  of  Pisgah  Church,  near  Cincin- 
 nati, one  year  and  a  half,  then  occupied  his  former 
 field  of  labor  ag-ain  for  four  years;  then  occupied  a 
 large  destitute  region  in  Madison,  Union,  and  Dela- 
 
SHEDD. 
 
 825 
 
 SHIELDS. 
 
 ware  counties  ten  years,  in  the  meantime  being 
 pastor  of  Lower  Liberty  Church  eight  years.  Subse- 
 quently he  preached  at  Lexington,  O. ;  was  p;i.stor  at 
 Mt.  Gilead,  and  supplit-d  vaamt  churches  in  the 
 I'resljj-tery  of  Marion.  Dr.  Shcdd  is  still  living  at 
 Mt.  Gilead,  where  he  has  spent  forty  years  of  his  life. 
 He  is  a  retired  Yctcran,  honored  as  a  father  in  the 
 Presbytery  and  among  the  churches,  many  of  which 
 he  has  founded  and  served.  He  was  one  of  the  hard 
 working  and  self-denying  pioneer  preachers  of  the 
 gospel  to  the  early  feeble  churches  of  Central  Ohio, 
 and  helped  to  lay  the  foundations  of  their  prosperity 
 and  influence. 
 
 Shedd,  ■WiUiam  Greenough  Thayer,  D.D., 
 LL.  D.,  was  born  at  Acton,  Mass.,  in  H'iO,  and  was 
 graduated  ut  the  University  of  Vermont  in  18.j9,  and 
 at  Andover  Pcininary  in  1843.  From  1843  to  184.) 
 he  was  p.astor  of  the  Church  at  Brandon,  Vt.,  and 
 from  1845  to  1852  Profes-sor  of  English  Literature  in 
 the  University  of  Vermont;  from  1852  to  1354  Pro- 
 fessor of  Sacred  Rhetoric  and  Pastoral  TTheology  in 
 Auburn  Seminary,  and  from  1854  to  1861  Professor 
 of  Ecclesiastical  History  and  Pastoral  Theology  in 
 Andover  Seminary.  In  18G2-<;3  he  was  associate 
 pastor  of  the  Brick  Cliurch,  in  New  York,  and  from 
 1803  to  1874  was  Professor  of  Bibliral  Literature  in 
 Union  Tlicological  Seminary,  Xew  York  city,  in  which 
 Institution  be  has  since  filled  the  chair  of  theologj'. 
 
 Dr.  Shedd  is  a  gentleman  of  profound  arid  varied 
 erudition.     He  has  published  the  following  works, 
 all  of  which    indiaite    marked  ability,  and    have 
 attracted  much  attention  :  "  Philosophy  of  History," 
 "Discourses   and   E.ssays,"     "History   of  Christian 
 Doctrine,"  rc-published  in  Edinburg,    "Homiletics 
 and  Piustoral  Theology,"  al.so  re-pul)lished  in  Edin- 
 burg.    Wistmnslationsaxe,  "  Thezemin's  Khetoric," 
 from  the  Germiin  ;    "  Guerichc's  Church  History," 
 from  the  German.     His  edited  works  are,  "Coleridge's 
 Complete  Works,  with  Introductory  Essay;"  "  Augus- 
 tine's Confessions,  revised,  with  Introductory  Es.say;" 
 "McCosh's  Intuitions  of  the  Mind,  with  Introductory 
 Note;"  "Garbett's  Dogmatic  Faith,  with  Introduc- 
 tory Note,"  and  the  book  of  Mark,  in  the  Americjin 
 edition  of  "  Lange's  Commentary.     Besides  a  num- 
 ber of  his   discourses  published  in   pamphlet  form, 
 he  is  the  author  of  several  articles  in  the  Bibliotheca 
 Sacra  and  American  Tluolugical  Rcriew. 
 
 Sheddan,  Samuel  Sharon,  D.D.,  -was  born  in 
 Northumberland  c;ninty,  Pa.,  SeptemlM-r  13th,  1810. 
 He  graduated  at  Jeflerson  College,  in  1831,  and  studi(ul 
 theologj-  at  Princeton.  I  le  was  ordained  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Northuml)crland,  October,  183,j.  He  was 
 stated  supply  at  Muncy.  Pa.,  1834;  pa.stor  183.-.-38 ; 
 statcdsupply  at  WiUiamsport,  1.8,34-:58;  stated  supply 
 at  Warrior  Pun,  1830;  pastor  1847-.52;  and  pastor  of 
 the  First  Church,  Rahway,  N.  J.,  ia>2-74.  He  died 
 at  Rahway,  October  18th,  1874.  Dr.  Sheddan  was 
 an  excellent  preacher.  He  united  in  his  sermons 
 freshness  of  thought  and  Scriptural  instruction,  with 
 
 '  gracefulness  of  .style.  In  the  Presbytery  and  other 
 judicatories  of  the  Church,  he  exerted  a  strong  in- 
 fluence. He  was  the  author  of  several  small  but 
 valuable  volumes. 
 
 Shellabarger,  Hon.  Samuel,  is  the  second  son 
 of  Samuel  Sliellabarger,  long  a  ruling  elder  in  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  and  was  born  December  10th, 
 1817,  in  Clark  county,  Ohio ;  received  a  common 
 school  educiition  ;  graduated  at  Aliami  University  in 
 the  class  of  1847  ;  studied  law  under  General  Samson 
 Mason  ;  came  to  the  Bar  in  1847  ;  was  a  member  of 
 the  first  Legislature  of  Ohio  which  w;ts  elected  under 
 its  present  Con.stitution;  was,  in  1860,  elected  to 
 Congress;  and  first  took  his  .seat  in  the  House  at  the 
 special  session  which  w:is  Killed  by  Mr.  Lincoln  4th 
 July,  lS(il;  was  elected  to  the  37th,  39th,  40th,  and 
 42d  Congresses,  retiring  4th  March,  1873  ;  was  Chair- 
 man of  the  Committee  of  Commerce,  etc.,  etc.  Mr. 
 Shcllabarger  wxs,  by  General  Grant,  in  1869,  made 
 minister  to  Portugal,  and  after  his  retirement  from. 
 Congress  he  was,  under  Grant,  on  the  Civil  Service 
 Commission.  He  now  resides,  for  the  j)ractice  of  his 
 profession,  temporarily  at  Washington,  D.  C,  but 
 j  retains  his  property  and  residence  at  the  county  of 
 i  his  birth,  in  Springfield,  Ohio,  where  he  still  retains 
 his  membership  in  the  Second  Presln'terian  Church. 
 
 Sherrard,  Rev.  Thomas  Johnson,  was  bom 
 at  Steubcnville,  Ohio,  February  25th,  ls4.5,  and  gnv- 
 duated  at  Washington  and  .lelTerson  College  in  1868. 
 He  studicil  theology  at  the  Northwestern  Seminarv, 
 [  Chicago,  111.     He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbnery  of 
 Huntingdon,  June  11th,   l'^72;  was  pastor  at  Lost 
 Creek,    I'a.,    1871-75,   and  at  Mifllintown,   1872-80. 
 In  18*0  he  was  installed  over  the  Church,  Brook- 
 ville.  Pa.     In  the  Fall  "of  1882  he  accepted  a  call  to 
 the  Church  at  HoiJeybrook,  Pa.,  which  is  his  present 
 charge.     He  is  a  good  preacher  and  a  faithful  pastor. 
 Shields,  Charles  Woodruff,  D.  D. ,  w:is  born 
 in  New  Albany,  Indiana,  April  4th,  1825;  graduated 
 at  th(?  College  of  New  Jersey  in   1844;  studied  the- 
 ologj' three  years  at  the  Princeton  Seminary;  became 
 for  a  short  time  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Hempstead, 
 L.  I.,  from  which  he  accepted  a  call,  in  18.50,  to  the 
 Second   Chiu-ch  in   Philadelphia,  and   continued  in 
 that  charge  till  Deceml«>r,  1865,  when  he  was  elected 
 Profe.s.sor  of  the  Relations  of  Religion  to  Science,  in 
 the  College  of  New  Jersey,  and  had  .Modern  History 
 I  added  to  his  department  in   1870.     "Memorial  Dis- 
 I  courses,"  from  his  pen,  for  Dr.  Darragh,   Hon.  Joel 
 Jones,  and   Dr.  William   M.  Engles,  which  were  ad- 
 mirably  pri'pared,   have  been    published.     He  pub- 
 lished,   in   1861,    "  Philosophia   Ultima."     In   1855 
 "  The  Book  of  Remembrance;  a  Pastor's  Gift  for  the 
 New  Year."     In  1862  "A  Manual  of  Worship  suit- 
 able to  be   u.sed  in   Legislative  and    other  Public 
 Bodies,  compiled  from  the  Forms,  and  in  accordance 
 with  the  common  usages  of  all  Cliristian  Denomina- 
 tions."    In   1863  "The  Directory  for  Public  Wor- 
 ship and  the'  Book  of  Common   Prayer,-  considered 
 
iSUlKLDS. 
 
 826 
 
 SIEGE  OF  LONDOXDERRY. 
 
 with  reference  to  the  question  of  a  Presbvteriini 
 Liturgj'.''  And  in  18C7  "The  Book  of  Common 
 I'rayer  and  Administration  of  the  Sacraments  and 
 otlicr  Kites  and  Ceremonies  of  the  Church,  as 
 amended  by  the  Westminster  Divines  in  the  Royal 
 Commission  of  16(il,  and  in  Agreement  with  the 
 Directory  of  Public  Worship  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  the  United  States,"  and  in  the  same  vol- 
 ume, "  Liturgia  Expurgata;  or,  the  Prayer  Book 
 Amended  according  to  the  Presbyterian  Re\"ision  of 
 Kilil,  and  Historically  and  Critically  Revised."  Dr. 
 Shields  is  an  aflable  gentleman,  a  polished  and  vigor- 
 ous writer,  and  an  instructive  preacher. 
 
 Shields,  James  M.,  D.  D.,  w;is  born,  January 
 27tli,  1829,  near  Indiana,  Pa.  He  graduated  at  Wash- 
 ington College,  Pa.,  and  at  the  Western  Theological 
 Seminary,  in  1'*.'54,  and  was  licensed  to  preach,  in 
 A])ril  of  that  year.  In  August,  IS.V),  he  was  installed 
 pxstor  of  tlie  churches  of  Georgetown  and  Fairview, 
 Presbyt<Ty  of  Erie,  in  which  he  laljorcd  with  marked 
 success  for  nine  years.  Taking  charge  of  the  Church 
 at  Bridgewater,  Pa.,  in  1864,  he  continued  its  pastor 
 for  ten  years,  leaving  an  excellent  record.  Installed 
 over  the  Church  at  Millvale,  Pa.,  in  1874,  he  labored, 
 with  diligence  and  success  until,  in  1883,  he  was 
 called  to  the  Church  at  Orrville,  Ohio.  Mr.  Shields, 
 whilst  at  college,  was  a  conscientious  student,  and  a 
 good  scholar  in  all  departments.  He  is  an  amiable 
 gentleman,  an  able  theologian,  and  an  admirable 
 preacher.  The  crown  and  glory  of  his  life  has  been 
 his  success  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel  in  winning 
 souls  to  Christ.  The  title  of  D.  D.  was  conferred 
 upon  him,  in  ISS.'J,  by  New  Windsor  College,  Mary- 
 land. 
 
 Shroiii,  ■William  P.,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Carlisle, 
 Pa.,  Xoveniber  2d,  1S40,  ami  spent  his  boyhood  on  a 
 farm.  He  was  graduated  at  Otterbeiu  University, 
 AVesterville,  Ohio,  in  1868,  and  at  the  Western  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  Allegheny  City,  Pa.,  in  1871; 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Allegheny  Conference  of 
 the  United  Brethren  in  1870,  and  ordained  by  the 
 s;ime  body  in  1871.  After  filling  for  one  j'ear  the 
 chair  of  Mental  and  Moral  Science  in  Lebanon  Valley 
 College,  Pa.,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Zanesville,  O.,  in  1873.  His 
 ministry  there,  covering  a  period  of  ten  years,  was 
 one  of  great  u.sefulne.ss,  both  in  the  church  and  the 
 community.  In  1883  he  became  the  pastor  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Cadiz,  Harrison  county,  C, 
 where  he  still  labors  with  acceptableness  and  success. 
 
 Shunk,  Hon.  Francis  Rawn,  was  born  at  the 
 Trap))e,  Montgomery  county,  Pa,,  Augu.st  7th,  1788. 
 H<-  became  a  tea<herat  the  age  of  fifteen,  and  in  1812 
 r('ceiv<'d  the  appointment  as  Clerk  in  the  Surveyor 
 General's  ofTice,  under  General  Andrew  Porter.  In 
 1814  he  marched,  as  a  private  soldier,  to  the  defence 
 of  Baltimore.  In  September,  181G,  he  was  admitted 
 to  the  practice  of  the  law.  He  filled  the  position  of 
 Assistant,  and  then  Principal  Clerk  of  flie  iIou.se  of 
 
 Representatives  for  several  years;  ne.xt  became  Secre- 
 tary to  the  Board  of  Canal  Commissioners,  and  in 
 1839  Governor  Porter  appointed  him  Secretary  of  the 
 Commonwealth.  In  1842  he  removed  to  Pittsburg, 
 engaging  in  his  profession.  In  1844  he  was  elected 
 Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  and  re-elected  in  1847. 
 
 Governor  Shunk  was  an  houest  public  servant,  and 
 filled  the  various  offices  to  which  he  was  called  with 
 marked  ability  and  fidelity.     On  July  9th,  1848,  as 
 Executive  of  the  State,  he  issued  the  following: — 
 'To  tlie  Prople  of  Pcnnsyhania : 
 
 "It  having  pleased  Divine  Providence  to  deprive 
 
 me  of  the  strength  necessary  to  the  further  discharge 
 
 of  the  duties  of  your  Chief  Slagistrate,  and  to  lay  me 
 
 on  a  bed  of  sickness,  from  which,  I  am  adnumished, 
 
 by  my  physicians  and  mj-  o^vn  increasing  debility,  I 
 
 may,  in  all  human  probability,  never  ri.se,  I  have 
 
 resolved,  upon  mature  reflection,  under  a  conviction 
 
 of  duty,  on  this  day  to  restore  to  you  the  trust  >vith 
 
 ^  which  your  suffrages  have  clothed  me,  in  order  that 
 
 you  may  avail  yourselves  of  the  provision  of  the 
 
 Constitution  to  choo.se  a  successor  at  the  next  gen- 
 
 I  eral  election.     I,  therefore,  hereby  resign  the  office 
 
 I  of  Governor  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania, 
 
 !  and  direct  this  my  resignation  to  be  filed  in   the 
 
 I  office  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth. 
 
 "In  talking  leave  of  you,  under  circumstances  so 
 solemn,  accept  my  gratitude  for  the  confidence  you 
 have  reposed  in  me.  My  jjrayer  is  that  peace,  virtue, 
 intelligence  and,  religion  may  pervade  all  your 
 borders;  that  the  free  institutions  you  have  inherited 
 from  your  ancestors  ni.ay  remain  unimpaired  till 
 the  latest  posteritj- ;  that  the  .s;uue  kin<l  Provi- 
 dence which  has  already  so  signally  blessed  you 
 may  conduct  you  to  a  still  higher  state  of  individual 
 and  social  happiness,  and  when  the  world  shall  close 
 upon  you,  as  I  feel  it  is  soon  about  to  close  upon  me, 
 that  you  maj'  enjoy  the  consolations  of  the  Christian 's 
 faith,  and  be  gathered,  without  a  wanderer  lost,  into 
 the  fold  of  the  Great  Shepherd  above. " 
 
 Governor  Shunk  died  on  the  30th  of  .luly,  1848, 
 and  at  the  time  of  his  decease  was  a  member  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  at  Harrisburg,  then  under  the 
 care  of  his  particular  friend,  the  Rev.  W.  R. 
 DcWitt,  D.  n. 
 
 Siege  of  Londonderry.  Tlie  gallant  defence 
 of  Londonderry  had  a  remote  and  interesting  connec- 
 tion with  the  success  of  William  of  Xa.s.s;ui,  and  the 
 establishnunt  of  the  present  Protest;int  succession  on 
 the  British  throne. 
 
 Atth(^  time  of  the  great  emigration  from  Scotland 
 and  Kngland  into  Ulster,  which  was  encouraged  by 
 James  I,  one  of  the  conditions  of  settling  in  the 
 northern  part  of  the  province  was  the  fortification  of 
 Londonderry.  The  plan  of  King  James  II,  the 
 Papist,  seems  to  have  been  first  to  overcome  the 
 Protestants  of  Ireland  by  the  aid  of  the  large  Ijody  of 
 Papists,  then  pa.ss  over  int<)  Scotland  toact  in  concert 
 with  Claverhouse,  and  having  thus  gained  jjosscssioa 
 
SILENCE  OF  sciarruiiE. 
 
 827 
 
 SJLLBIAN. 
 
 of  Ireland  and  Scotland,    to  march  against    King 
 William,  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  kingdom. 
 
 In  the  Autumn  of  lOSS  tliere  were  rumors  iu  Irehmd 
 of  a  general  massacre  of  the  Protestants  by  the  Papists 
 on  an  appro;iching  SumLiy.  A  few  days  before  the 
 time,  Papal  troops  were  marched  toward  London- 
 derry, and  whilst  the  chief  men  of  the  place  were 
 deliberating  what  to  do,  some  apprentice  boys  wisely 
 shut  the  gates.  This  resolute  act  saved,  the  city. 
 James  II,  aided  by  the  troops  and  moiiey  of  Louis 
 XIV,  landed  in  Ireland  iu  llareh.  His  party  wrested 
 from  the  Protestants  town  after  town,  and  the  resist- 
 ance of  Derry  w;is  now  almost  the  only  obstacle 
 to  entire  success  in  Ireland.  On  the  iHlh  of  April, 
 1689,  the  siege  of  Londonderry  wa-s  formally  com- 
 menced. The  fate  of  Ulster  and  of  Ireland  hung 
 upou  the  result.  The  area  within  the  walls  was 
 small  and  of  an  oval  form,  its  greatest  diameter 
 being  about  two  thousand  feet,  and  the  shortest 
 about  six  hundred.  The  siege  was  clo.se,  the  assaults 
 fretiuent,  the  bombardment  severe.  The  inhabitants 
 endured  at  the  same  time  the  three  calamities  of  the 
 race — famine,  pestilence  and  war ;  and  as  the  Summer 
 advanced  death  made  the  most  frightful  ravages.  Of 
 the  27,000  inhabitints  it  is  computed  that  9000 
 perished,  and  the  loss  of  the  besiegers  is  s;iid  to  have 
 been  about  the  same.  The  heroism  of  the  city  was 
 undaunted  to  the  last.  The  women  ofteu  took  part 
 in  the  battles  that  were  waged  around  the  ramparts. 
 On  the  16th  of  July,  Claverhouse,  impatient  of  wait- 
 ing longer  for  the  French  and  Irish  forces  detained 
 at  Derrv,  gave  battle  at  Killikrankii',  and,  altliough 
 successful,  he  wils  himself  killed  iu  the  midst  oi'  his 
 triumph,  and  with  him  peri.shed  the  fruits  of  his 
 victory  and  the  hopes  of  James  iu  Scotland. 
 
 Londonderry  still  held  out.  Its  Presbyterian  in- 
 habit;ints  fought  under  the  old  banner  of  Christ's 
 crown  and  covenant,  and,  with  the  spirit  of  martyrs, 
 opposed  Pope  and  King.  Finally  a  fleet  came  to  their 
 relief,  and  the  siege  was  raised  on  the  2sth  of  July.  , 
 A  short  time  after,  King  James  was  defeated  at  the 
 battle  of  the  Boyne,  and  his  last  pretensions  to  the 
 crown  vanished.  Few  places  in  history  have  wit- 
 nessed more  courage  and  suffering  than  Londonderry 
 during  its  terrible  siege,  and  the  results  of  its  gallant 
 defence  are  incorporated  with  the  prosperity  and 
 glory  of  the  British  empire.* 
 
 Silence  of  Scripture.  Xot  only  by  what  it 
 says,  but  by  its  silence,  the  Bible  is  instructive  for  us. 
 It  was  s;iid  by  one  man  of  another  that  more  might  be 
 learned  Irom  his  questions  than  fi;om  another  man's 
 answers.  With  yet  higher  truth  might  it  be  said  that 
 the  silence  of  Scripture  is  oftentimes  more  instructive 
 than  the  speech  of  other  books.     Take  an  example: — 
 
 All  ancient  systems  of  religion,  and  all  eminent  pbilosophcrs  of 
 antiquity,  so  far  as  they  are  known,  maintained  notions  on  science 
 no  less  absurd  than  their  theology. 
 
 *  Many  of  the  emigrants  of  Ulster  were  tho  early  fathora  of  the 
 Preebyterian  Church,  especially  in  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia. 
 
 Id  Greek  and  Latin  philo6opby,  the  heavens  were  a  solid  vault 
 over  the  earth,  a  sphere  studded  with  stare,  na  .\ristotle  called  them. 
 Tho  sages  of  Egypt  held  that  the  world  was  formed  by  the  motion 
 of  air  and  the  upward  course  of  flam*! ;  Plato,  that  it  was  an  intelli- 
 gent iM-'ing;  Empedocles  held  that  there  were  two  suns;  Zeucippus, 
 that  the  stars  were  kindled  by  their  motions,  and  that  they  nour- 
 ished tbfe  sun  with  their  fires. 
 
 All  eiistern  nations  believed  that  the  heavenly  b(«lie8  exercise*! 
 powerful  iullueiice  over  human  atlairs,  often  of  a  ilintstrotis  kind,  and 
 that  all  nature  was  composed  of  four  elements,  tire,  air,  earth,  and 
 water,  substances  certainly  not  elementary. 
 
 In  the  llindoo  philosophy,  the  globe  is  represented  as  flat  and 
 triangular,  composed  of  seven  stories  ;  tho  whole  mass  being  sus- 
 tained upon  the  heads  of  elephants,  wh  i,  when  they  shake  them- 
 selves, cause  eartluiuakes.  Mohammed  taught  that  the  mountjuns 
 were  created  to  prevent  the  earth  from  moving,  and  to  hoM  it  as 
 by  anchors  and  chains.  The  "  Fathers  of  tho  Church  "  themselves 
 teach  doctrines  scarcely  less  absurd.  "  The  rotundity  of  the  earth  is 
 a  theory,"  says  Lactantius,  *'  which  no  one  is  ignorant  enough  to 
 believe.*' 
 
 How  instructive,  that  while  every  ancient  system 
 of  idolatry  may  be  overthrown  by  its  false  physics, 
 not  one  of  the  forty  writers  of  the  Bible,  most  of 
 whom  lived  in  the  vicinity  of  one  or  other  of  the 
 nations  who  held  these  views,  has  written  a  single 
 line  tliat  favors  them.  This  silence  is  consolatory, 
 and  furnishes  a  striking  conlirmation  of  the  truth  of 
 their  message. 
 
 Look  at  another  example:  How  full  of  meaning 
 to  us,  that  we  have  nothing  told  us  of  the  life  of  our 
 blessed  Lord  between  the  twelfth  and  the  thirtieth 
 years;  how  significant  the  absolute  silence  which  the 
 gospels  maintain  concerning  aU  that  period;  that 
 those  years,  in  fact,  have  no  history,  nothing  for  the 
 sacred  writers  to  record.  How  much  is  implied 
 herein  !  the  calm  ripening  of  His  human  powers,  the 
 contentednoss  to  wait,  the  long  ))rei5aratiou  iu  secret, 
 before  He  began  His  open  ministry.  What  a  testi- 
 mony is  here,  if  we  will  note  it  aright,  against  all  our 
 striving  and  snatching  at  hasty  results,  our  impar 
 tience,  our  desire  to  glitter  before  the  world;  against 
 all  which  tempts  so  many  to  pluck  the  unripe  fruits 
 of  their  miniis,  and  to  turn  that  into  the  .sea.son  of  a 
 stunted  and  premature  harvest  which  should  have 
 beenthcseasonof  patient  sowing,  of  au  earnest  culture 
 and  a  silent  ripening  of  their  powers. 
 
 Such  examples,  and  they  are  many,  illustrate  and 
 confirm  that  saying  of  the  Hon.  Robert  Boyle  con- 
 cerning the  Holy  Scripture :  "  There  is  such  fullness 
 in  that  book,  that  oftentimes  it  says  much  by  saying 
 nothing;  and  not  only  its  expressions,  but  its  silences 
 are  teachiug,  like  a  dial,  in  which  the  shadow,  as 
 well  ;us  the  light,  informs  us." 
 
 Silliman,  Rev.  John,  son  of  John  and  Isabella 
 Silliman,  .Scotch  Covenanters,  was  born  in  Rowan 
 county,  N.  C,  August  l:>th,  l~S>.  When  he  gradu- 
 ated is  not  known,  as  his  diploma,  with  many  valu- 
 able papers  of  his  own,  was  burned,  with  the  home 
 of  his  childhood,  about  the  year  1818  or  1819.  He 
 studied  theology  with  Dr.  John  H.  Rice,  of  Virginia, 
 antl  w:is  lieen.sed  and  ordaini^d  by  Eiist  Hanover  Pres- 
 bytery, at  Prince  Edward,  Va.,  and  w;is  one  year  a 
 co-pastor  with  the  liev.  Matthew  Lyle.     Iii  January, 
 
SILVER  SPRING  CHURCH. 
 
 828 
 
 SILVER  SPRING  CHURCH. 
 
 1819,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Mor- 
 gautown,  N.  C,  and  continued  in  this  relation  until 
 the  time  of  his  removal  to  Illinois.  During  his  jjas- 
 torate  of  seventeen  years  he  received  into  the  church 
 over  six  humlred  persons  on  examination,  besides 
 those  received  in  the  outposts  or  missionary  stations 
 among  the  mountains.  In  1836  he  became  pastor  of 
 Sharon  Presbyterian  Church,  in  Illinois — which  was 
 probably  the  oldest  Protestant  Church  in  that  State — 
 organized  by  the  Rev.  James  McGready,  in  1816. 
 He  was  an  eminentlj*  devout  and  faithful  minister, 
 and  greatly  beloved  by  his  people.  The  headstone 
 of  his  grave,  in  the  old  churchyard  at  Sharon,  bears 
 the  following  inscription : 
 
 "  lu  im'mury  of 
 
 Rev.  John  Sillimaii,  Presbjteriau  Clergyman. 
 
 Departed  this  life,  November  3d,  1838, 
 
 Aged  52  years." 
 
 "  Let  his  grave  be  where  the  western  sunbeams  rest, 
 When  they  promise  a  glorious  morrow, 
 An  <-mblem  of  hope  that  the  righteous  are  blessed. 
 When  they  rise  free  of  all  cause  of  sorrow." 
 
 Silver  Spring  Chtirch,  Cumberland  county, 
 Pa.  The  early  hi.story  of  this  church,  which  was 
 first  designated  as  the  "  People  over  the  Susque- 
 hanna,".still  later  as  "East  Peunsboro',"  and  tinally 
 as  "  Silver  Spring,"  is  to  some  extent  clouded  by  a 
 want  of  clearness  in  distinguishing  it  from  Upper 
 Pennsboro',  or  Carlisle.  In  one  publication  the 
 claim  is  made  that  the  last  named  church  was  the 
 first  e.st;iblished  in  the  Valley.  The  only  authentic 
 source  of  information  on  the  subject  are  the  minutes 
 of  the  Donegal  Presbj-tery,  established  in  1732.  Col. 
 A.  L.  Snowden,  in  an  address  delivered  at  the  celebra- 
 tion of  the  centenui:il  of  the  church,  August  16th, 
 1H)^3,  says  :  "  I  have  ciircfully  examined  all  the  entries 
 in  the  minutes  having  any  reference  to  the  churches 
 in  this  valley,  and  am  thoroughly  convinced  that 
 priority  belongs  to  this  people,  and  also,  that  the  first 
 church,  of  any  denomination,  planted  west  of  the 
 Susquehanna  river,  was  this  venerable  church,  called 
 Silver  Spring,  not,  as  is  popularly  supposed,  after  the 
 beautiful  stream  of  silvery  water  that  bursts  from  the 
 rocks  a  few  yards  from  the  church  edifice,  but  deriv- 
 ing its  name  from  the  original  owner  of  nearly  all 
 the  land  in  the  immediate  neighborhood,  Jlr.  James 
 Silver. 
 
 ' '  From  the  minutes  before  referred  to  it  appears  that 
 on  October  Kith,  1734,  it  was  ordered  by  Presbytery 
 that  Uev.  Alexander  Craighead  supply  '  Over  the 
 Kiver  for  two  or  three  Sabbaths  in  November.'  Sub- 
 set] uent  reference  is  hatl  to  the  'Upper  Part  of  the 
 Congregation  of  Conodoguinet,'  which  undoubtedly 
 refers  to  the  church  of  Carlisle.  The  fact  that  the 
 Church  at  Carlisle  was  located  immediately  on  the 
 Conodoguinet  hiis been  urged  as  the  strongest  argument 
 in  favor  of  its  claim  to  priority.  It  should,  however, 
 be  borne  in  mind  that  this  church  is  now  less  than  a 
 mile  in  a  direct  line  from  the  creek,  and  that  the 
 
 original  log  structure  in  which  our  ancestors  wor- 
 shiped was  much  nearer  the  stream  than  the  present 
 building;  indeed,  the  traditions  which  my  father 
 received  from  some  of  the  old  settlers  and  gave  me, 
 made  the  location  within  a  very  short  distance  of  the 
 same,  a  little  way  above  where  Sample's  Bridge  now 
 stands. 
 
 "In  addition  to  the  minutes  of  Donegal  Presbytery 
 we  have  handed  down  from  generation  to  generation 
 the  unvarying  claim  of  our  ancestors,  that  this  was  the 
 first  church  phinted  in  this  valley.  I  have  heard  my 
 grandfather,  who  preached  in  Harrisburg,  in  1793, 
 and  also,  Sir.  Elder,  of  Harrisburg,  whose  ancestors, 
 I  believe,  preached  at  Paxton  in  1737,  give  to  this 
 church  the  priority  I  claim." 
 
 "From  the  date  of  its  organization,  in  November, 
 1734,  until  the  present  time,"  continues  Colonel 
 Snowden,  "this  church,  through  all  the  changes  that 
 have  nuirked  the  civil  and  religious  institutions  of 
 this  continent,  has  maintained  its  existence,  preserv- 
 ing in  their  purity  and  simplicity  the  truths  of  the 
 covenant  and  the  forms  of  worship  taught  to  the 
 founders  by  the  fathers  in  the  land  from  whence  they 
 came;  not  only  in  doctrines  and  forms  of  worship  has 
 there  been  uniformity,  but  also  in  the  character  of 
 the  people  who  have  composed,  and  still  compose  its 
 membership.  The  founders  were  of  that  hardy  and 
 indomitable  bra\'e  race,  designated  the  world  over  as 
 Scotch-Irish,  and  you  will  find,  by  a  reference  to  the 
 records,  that  the  descendants  of  these  men  and  men 
 of  the  sjime  race  now,  and  at  all  previous  times,  have 
 been  preachers,  elders,  trustees  and  ruling  spirits, 
 with  rare  exceptions,  and  have,  indeed,  constituted 
 nearly  the  whole  of  its  membership. 
 
 "  From  November,  1734,  until  1739,  the  pulpit 
 was  supplied  as  Presbytery  found  opportunity.  In 
 addition  to  Rev.  Alexander  Craighead,  Revs.  Ber- 
 tram, Thomas  Craighead,  Gelston,  Black,  and  Thom- 
 son, preached  to  the  people.  In  1738  this  church 
 and  the  one  at  Carlisle  united  in  a  call  to  the  Rev. 
 Samuel  Thomson,  who  was  ordained  and  installed 
 November  14th,  1739,  as  the  first  regular  pastor.  In 
 March,  1745,  Mr.  Thomson,  on  account  of  'Iwdily 
 weakness,'  requested  to  be  relieved  from  the  chiirge 
 of  this  church,  which  was  granted,  he  continuing  as 
 pastor  of  the  Carlisle  Church.  From  174.5  to  1749 
 the  pulpit  was  occupied  by  supplies  furnished  by 
 Presbytery.  In  1748  a  call  was  presented  Rev. 
 Samuel  Caven,  which  was  accepted,  and  he  was  in- 
 .stidled  August  1st,  of  the  siime  year.  He  was  per- 
 mitted to  mini.ster  to  his  flock  but  fifteen  numths, 
 when  he  was  renu)ved,  by  death,  at  the  early  age  of 
 forty-four.  His  grave  was  timong  the  first  in  yonder 
 crowded  'city  of  the  dead,'  where  .so  many  of  our 
 kindred  and  friends  lie  buried.  Mr.  Caven  wius  the 
 I  only  one  of  the  pastors  of  the  church,  excepting  Mr. 
 AVaugh,  who  died  during  his  ministry.  From  1750 
 to  17.59  there  was  a  break  in  the  Donegal  Presbytery 
 records,  owing  to  the  loss  of  a  volume  of  the  minutes. 
 
tiuiuNrox. 
 
 829 
 
 SIMPSON. 
 
 From  Mr.  Caven's  death  until  Mr.  John  Steel,  who 
 received  the  united  call  of  this  church  and  that  of 
 Carli.sle,  wa.s  in.stallcd,  April,  1764,  there  was  no  reg- 
 ular pa-stor  overthi.s  people.  Previous  to  this  period 
 — Novemlier,  17(j1 — thi.s  church  united  with  Mono- 
 ghan  (now  Dillsburg)  in  a  call  to  the  Rev.  James 
 Beard,  which  was  declined.  It  is  probable  tjjat  the 
 pastoral  relations  of  Mr.  Steel  with  thi.s  church  were 
 dissolved  about  the  year  1776,  as  his  whole  time  after 
 that  period  appears  to  have  been  given  to  Carlisle.  In 
 1779  this  church  and  Monoghan  again  united  in  a 
 call,  this  time  to  the  Rev.  JIatthew  Ward,  who  de- 
 clined and  accepted  a  call  to  Hanover.  In  April, 
 1782,  this  church  and  Monoghan  united  in  emailing 
 Rev.  Samuel  Waugh,  who  was  then  preaching  in 
 Cameron  Parish,  Loudon  county,  Va.  This  call  was 
 accepted,  and  he  was  installed  June  ISth  of  the  same 
 year.  The  ministrations  of  Mr.  Waugh  extended 
 over  a  quarter  of  a  century,  and  were  not  only  the 
 most  protracted  In  years  over  any  of  his  predecessors 
 or  successors  to  this  time,  Ijut  were  crowned  with  the 
 richest  blessings  to  the  people  under  his  charge.  He 
 was  a  man  of  ripe  scholarship,  of  wise  discretion, 
 of  painsUiking  earnestness  and  of  undoubted  piety. 
 These  qualities  are  recognized  not  only  in  the  ^vritten 
 declarations  of  tho.se  who  were  contemporaries  with 
 him,  but  in  the  results  of  his  labors.  He  added 
 largely  to  the  number  of  the  communicants  of  the 
 church,  and  renewed  the  fervor  and  quickened  the 
 zeal  of  all  the  members.  Shortly  after  he  was  in- 
 stalled as  pastor  he  began  preparing  the  minds  of  his 
 flock  to  the  necessity  of  erecting  a  new.  more  com- 
 modious and  substantial  church  edifice  than  the  one 
 then  in  use,  and  in  less  than  fourteen  months  after 
 his  installation  the  corner-stone  of  the  present  edifice, 
 which  this  day  has  rested  in  its  place  one  hundred 
 years,  was  laid,  with  suppliciition  to  divine  Providence 
 that  he  would  see  the  work  completed.  Under  Mr. 
 Waugh's  guidance  the  church  was  completed  in  due 
 time,  and  he  had  abundant  evidence  on  every  side 
 that  the  work  the  great  Master  assigned  him  liad 
 prospered  in  his  hands.  After  a  brief  illnass  he  w;is 
 gathered  to  his  fathers,  in  1807. 
 
 Mr.  Waugh  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  John  Hays, 
 in  1808,  who  continued  pastor  until  1814,  when  he 
 resigned,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  liev.  Henry  R. 
 Wilson.  Mr.  Wilson  resigned  in  1823,  and  was  fol- 
 lowed by  the  Rev.  James  Williamson,  who  continued 
 as  pastor  until  1838,  when  the  church  chilled  the  Rev. 
 George  Morris,  recently  from  Scotland,  who  was 
 installed  in  1839  and  continued  as  pastor  until  1860 
 when  he  resigned,  having  served  for  over  twenty 
 years.  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  W.  H.  Dinsmore  : 
 he  by  Rev.W.  G.  Hillman,  in  1866;  he  by  Rev.  W.  B. 
 McKce,  in  1870;  he  by  Rev.  R.  P.  Gibson,  in  1871 ;  and 
 he  by  Rev.  T.  J.  Ferguson,  the  present  zealous  and  i 
 efficient  pastor,  in  1878.  j 
 
 Simonton,  Hon.  John  Wiggins,  w:is  born  in 
 ,West  Hanover  township,  Dauphin  county.  Pa.,  in 
 
 1830,  and  was  the  son  of  Hon.  William  Simonton  and 
 Martha  J.,  daughter  of  Kev.  James  Snodgrass,  who 
 for  more  than  fifty  years  w:xs  the  pastor  of  West  Han- 
 over Cluirch.  Tlie  family  w;ui  of  Scotch-Irish  de- 
 scent, and  the  sons  all  received  a  li1)eral  education. 
 John  W.,  after  passing  part  of  his  college  course  at 
 Lafayette  College,  finished  his  studies  at  Princeton, 
 graduating  in  1850.  Choosing  the  law  as  his  profes- 
 sion, he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1853,  and  from 
 that  time  until  1881  continued  in  the  practice  of  his 
 profession,  with  growing  success  and  enlarging  honors. 
 At  the  latter  date  he  was  chosen  as  the  President 
 Judge  of  the  Twelfth  Judicial  District,  to  succeed 
 Judge  John  J.  Pearson,  who  retired  after  a  vt-ry 
 lengthened  service.  In  his  profession  5Ir.  Simonton 
 was  reg-arded  as  one  of  the  ablest  and  soundest  law- 
 yers of  Central  Pennsylvania,  and  since  his  accession 
 to  the  Bench  he  has  won  high  honors  for  his  ability, 
 for  his  knowledge  of  law,  and  for  the  clearness  and 
 strength  of  his  judicial  decisions. 
 
 While  yet  a  young  man  he  confessed  Christ  and 
 united  with  the  Presbj'tcrian  Church,  and  has  main- 
 tained a  consistent  character  for  Christian  integrity. 
 He  is  well  versed  in  theological  opinions,  a  staunch 
 defender  of  Biblical  truth,  and  a  faithful  teacher  in 
 the  Sunday  .school  of  bis  church. 
 
 Simonton,   Rev.  William,    son    of   William 
 Simonton,   M.  D.,  and  Martha  Diivi.s,  was  born   in 
 Hanover  townshij),  Dauphin  county,  Pa.,  September 
 12th,  1820.     He  graduated  with  honor  at  Delaware 
 College,  in  1846,  and  at  Princeton  Theological  Semi- 
 nary in  1850.     In  1849  he  was  licensed  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Carlisle.     After  being  stated  supply  of  the 
 churches  of  Northumberland  and  Sunbury,  Pa.,  in 
 1850,  he  was  installed  their  pastor.  May  28th,  1851, 
 and  continued  in  this  relation  three  years,  his  labors 
 being  very  acceptable   and  greatly  blessed.     In  1854 
 he  received  a  call  to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Williamsport,  Pa.,  and  having  .served  the  church  for 
 one  year  as  stated  supply,  he  accepted  the  ailland 
 w;is  instill  led  as  pastor,     ^^'hen  he  took  charge  of  this 
 church  it  was  in  a  feeble  condition,  but  through  his 
 able  and  faithful  labors,  it  became  one  of  the  strong- 
 est churches  in  Central  Pennsylvania.     Here  he  re- 
 mained the  beloved  and  successful   pastor  for  the 
 space  of  seventeen  years.     In  1871  he  was  released 
 from  this  charge,  and  after  resting  from  pastoral  work 
 for  two  years,  he  was  installed,  December  9th,  1873, 
 pastor  of  the  churches  of  Emmittsburg,  Taneytown, 
 and  Piney  Creek,  Sid.     In  this  relation  he  stUl  con- 
 tinues, with  the  high  esteem  of  his  people,  and  the 
 di\-ine  blessing  on  his  labors.     Mr.  Simonton's  minis- 
 try has  been  greatly  honored  bj'  the  Head  of  the 
 Church.     He  is  a  man  of  scholarly  attainments,  a 
 sound  theologian,  an  able  and  instructive  preaclier, 
 and  has  also  tlie  qualities  of  mind  and  heart  needed 
 for  the  pastoral  office. 
 
 Simpson  Rev.  John,  a  native  of  New  Jersey, 
 was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick, 
 
SIN. 
 
 830 
 
 SKIXXER. 
 
 in  1770,  and  for  the  two  following  years  he  preached 
 at  Eiiston,  Pa.  In  1772  he  wa.s  appointed  by  the 
 Synod  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia  to  visit  Vir- 
 ginia and  North  Carolina.  He  .spent  seven  months 
 in  this  nii.ssionary  work,  and  in  1774  was  ordained 
 and  settled  as  pastor  of  Fishing  Creek  Church,  South 
 Carolina.  In  1790  Mr.  Simpson  became  pastor  of 
 Roberts  and  Good  Hope  congregations  in  Pendleton 
 county,  S.  C.  In  1802  his  churches  were  visited 
 with  a  most  remarkable  revival.  Here  he  continued 
 his  labors  until  his  death,  in  1808. 
 
 Sin,  is  dilined  in  mn  Shorter  Catechism  (Q.  14),  to  be 
 "any  want  of  conformity  unto,  or  transgression  of, 
 the  law  of  God."  In  the  original  language  of  the 
 New  Testament  the  word  for  sin  {hamarlin)  is  derived 
 from  a  word  whose  primitive  signification  Ls  to  mixs 
 the  mark.  This  suggests  as  perfect  and  extensive  an 
 idea  of  sin  as,  perhaps,  can  be  given.  The  law  of 
 God  holds  up  to  us  a  mark  at  which  we  are  to  aim, 
 or  a  rule  or  line  to  which  we  are  to  conform.  Every- 
 thing which  rais.ses  or  falls  short  of  this  mark,  or 
 wliiih  deviates  from  this  rule  or  line,  is  sin  (Ps.  iv, 
 4;  1  Tliess.  v,  22;  2  Cor.  vi,  17;  Ps.  xevii,  10  ;  Prov. 
 xiv,  9;  P.s.  c.\ix,  11). 
 
 By  "want  of  conformity  unto  the  law  of  God"  is 
 meant  both  an  unsuitableness  and  disagreeableness  to 
 th<^  law,  and  a  non-observation  and  non-obedience  to 
 it.  This  want  of^onformity  includes:  (1)  Original 
 sin,  and  that  natural  enmity  which  exists  in  the 
 heart  against  the  law  of  God  (Kom.  viii,  7).  (2)  All 
 sins  of  omission.  The  former  is  a  want  of  conformity 
 of  heart,  the  latter  a  want  of  conlbrniity  of  life,  to 
 God's  law  (Dent,  vi,  .'j;  John  xvii,  3).  As  a  .sin  of 
 omission  is  a  neglecting  or  forgetting  to  do  that 
 which  the  law  commands  (James  iv,  17  ;  Matt,  xxv, 
 30),  so  a  sin  of  "tran.sgre.«.sion,"  or  commissinn,  is 
 doing  what  the  law  forbids,  a  ffoinij  beyond  the  bounds 
 of  duty  within  which  the  law  of  God  is  to  keep  us 
 (Eccl.  X,  8;  Gal.  iii,  10;  Ps.  li,  4). 
 
 All  sins  are  not  equal  in  intensity.  Some  are 
 more  heinous  than  others.  (1)  From  the  person 
 olfending  or  oll'ended.  (2)  From  the  means  against 
 which  they  are  committed.  (3)  From  the  quality 
 of  the  offence.  (4)  From  the  place  in  which  they 
 are  committed.  (.5)  From  the  time  when  they  are 
 committed.  (6)  From  the  manner  in  which  theyare 
 committed. 
 
 The  most  heinous  of  all  the  sins  in  the  world  is 
 the  sin  against  the  Holy  Gho.st  (.see  Matt,  xii,  31; 
 Mark  iii,  29;  1  John  v,  Ifi;  Heb.  vi,  4-8;  x,  26,  29; 
 Tit.  iii,  10,  11).  "This  .sin,"  says  Ursinus,  "is  a 
 denial  of  the  acknowledged  truth  of  God,  and  a 
 willful  opposition  to  it  in  connection  with  his  will 
 and  works,  concerning  which  the  mind  h;is  been 
 fully  enlightened  and  convinced  by  the  testimony 
 of  the  Holy  (Jhost,  all  of  which  ])riicee(ls,  not  from 
 fear  or  infirmity,  but  from  a  determimd  hatred  to 
 the  truth  anil  from  a  heart  filled  with  bittir  malice." 
 "This  sin  sliall  not  be  forgiven — not  beciiuse  the  blood 
 
 of  Christ  is  not  sufficient  to  wash  it  away,  for  his 
 blood  'cleauseth  from  all  sin,'  but  because  tho.se 
 who  are  guilty  of  it  willfully,  maliciously  and  per- 
 severingly  reject  the  t<'stimony  of  Christ  speaking  by 
 the  Holy  Gho.st  in  His  Word." 
 
 Skinner,  Rev.  Thomas  H.,  D.D.,LL.D.,  was 
 born  in  North  Carolina,  in  171)1.  He  graduated  at 
 Princeton  College,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  in 
 1812.  He  became  co-pa.stor  with  Dr.  Janeway  in  the 
 Second  Church,  Philadelphia.  This  connection  lasted 
 till  1816,  when  Dr.  Skinner,  having  espoused  the 
 views  of  the  New  School,  and  Dr.  Janeway  being 
 •  decidedly  in  favor  of  the  Old,  Dr.  Skinner  quietly 
 withdrew,  with  fifty  of  the  parishioners,  and  organ- 
 ized the  Arch  Street  Church,  which,  under  his  elo- 
 quent and  efficient  ministrations,  speedily  atfciined 
 a  high  degree  of  prosperity.  From  this  charge  he 
 was  called  to  the  Professorship  of  Sacred  Rhetoric,  in 
 Andover.  In  183.5  he  became  pastor  of  Mercer  Street 
 Church,  New  York.  After  thirteen  years  of  service 
 there,  he  accepted  the  Professorship  of  Sacred  Khet- 
 oric,  Pa-storal  Theology  and  Church  Government  in 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York,  which  posi- 
 tion he  retained  and  adorned  to  the  close  of  his  life. 
 He  died,  February  1st,  1871,  in  the  eightieth  year  of 
 his  age. 
 
 Dr.  Skinner,  whUst  highly  esteemed  as  a  man  of 
 literary  culture  and  mental  power,  commanded  in  a 
 peculiar  degree  the  love  of  tho.se  with  whom  he  came 
 in  confcict.  His  artless  simplicity,  his  courtesy,  his 
 piety  and  unworldliness,  distinguished  him  even 
 among  good  men,  and  strongly  attracted  the  aflcc- 
 tions  of  those  with  whom  he  came  in  contact.  He 
 was  a  prominent  leader  of  the  New  School  party  in 
 the  Church,  but  rejoiced  in  the  reunion.  As  a 
 preacher  his  style  bore  marks  of  ctilture  and  polish, 
 not  elaborate  or  artificial,  but  natural  and  ea.sy. 
 The  sword  of  the  Spirit  was  not  so  wrapt  up  in  the 
 flowers  of  rhetoric  as  to  hide  its  point.  On  the  con- 
 trary, his  ministry  was  accompanied  by  numerous 
 and  powerful  revivals.  He  was  regarded  as  one  of 
 the  best  serraonizers  in  America.  As  a  professor  he 
 was  as  much  at  home  in  the  teacher's  chair  as  he 
 was  in  the  pulpit.  His  students  both  respected  and 
 loved  him. 
 
 Dr.  Skinner's  published  works  were  "Preaching 
 and  Hearing,"  "Hints  to  Christians,"  "Translation 
 of  Vinet's  Piistoral  Theology."  "  Discu.s.sions  in 
 Theology,"  and  numerous  discourses. 
 
 Skinner,  Thomas  Harvey,  D.  D.,  was  bom  in 
 Philadiliihia,  Pa.,  October  6th,  1820;  graduated  at 
 the  University  of  New  York,  in  1840;  was  licensed 
 to  preach  the  gospel,  in  1843,  and  ordained  and  in- 
 stalled pastor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Chnrch, 
 Paterson,  N.  J.,  in  1843.  In  18 Ki  he  accepted  a  call 
 to  the  West  Presbyterian  Church,  New  York  city, 
 and  in  Is.M!  was  transferri'd  to  the  Church  at  Hones- 
 dale,  Pa.  In  18,")9  he  took  charge  of  the  1{(  formed 
 Dutch  Church  in  Stapleton,  Long  Island,  in  which 
 
SLACK. 
 
 831 
 
 SLOSS. 
 
 lie  continnetl  till  180-1,  when  he  accepted  the  pastoral 
 care  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Fort  Wayne, 
 Indiana.  In  1871  he  \v:is  settled  as  pastor  in  Cin- 
 cinnati, O.  He  is  now  connected  with  the  Tlieological 
 Seminary  of  the  Northwest,  as  Cyrus  IT.  McCorniick 
 Profes.sor  of  Didactic  and  Polemic  Theology.  Among 
 Dr.  Skinner's  published  \>Titings  are  the  following 
 articles  in  the  Pnnicton  Rn-iew:  (1860)  "The  Bible 
 its  own  Witness  and  anterpreter  ;  "  (1866)  "The 
 Trinity  in  Kedeniption  ;  "    (1807)    "Sanctilication." 
 
 Slack,  Elijah,  LL.  D.,  the  son  of  J.  and  M. 
 (Torbert)  Slack,  was  Ijurn  Xovember  21th,  1784,  in 
 Lower  Wakefield  Townshiji,  Bucks  county.  Pa.  He 
 graduated  in  Princeton  College  in  1808;  was  three 
 years  Principal  of  Trenton  Academy,  and  was 
 licensed  by  Xew  Brunswick  Presbytery  in  1811.  In 
 1812  he  was  elected  Vice-president  of  New  Jersey 
 College,  and  Professor  of  Natural  Philosophy  and 
 Chemistry.  In  1817  he  was  elected  Superintendent 
 of  the  Literary  and  Scientific  In.stitutc,  Cincinnati, 
 Ohio,  and  in  1810,  when  the  Cincinnati  College  was 
 estiiblished,  he  was  appointc<l  its  President,  and  con- 
 tinned  .so  until  1828.  In  l-^in  he  established  a  high 
 school  at  Brownsville,  Tenn.,  which  was  very  suc- 
 cessful. He  died  May  29th,  1866.  Dr.  Slack,  in  all 
 his  labors,  never  failed  to  preach  as  opportunity 
 offered.  He  was  consistent  and  conscientious  in  the 
 discharge  of  dutii's,  either  secular  or  religious.  He 
 was  highly  esteemed  as  a  Christian  and  man,  and  as 
 a  teacher  and  lecturer  was  very  successful. 
 
 Slemmons,  Rev.  John,  a  graduate  of  Princeton 
 College  in  1760,  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Donegal  in  1763,  and  ordained  by  the  I'rcsbytory  of 
 Carlisle  in  1766,  and  installediuspastor  of  the  Presby- 
 terian churches  of  Slate  Ridge  and  Chanceford,  Pa.  He 
 resigned  his  charge  previous  to  1798,  and  died  in  1814. 
 
 Sloan,  Rev.  'William  B.,  born  near  Lamiagton, 
 N.  .T.,  1772.  His  I'atlier  was  .Samuel  Slgan,  and  his 
 mother  was  Elizabeth  Kirkpatrick,  sister  of  Chief 
 .Justice  Kirkpatrick,  of  New  .Jersey.  Both  were  of 
 Scotch-Irish  descent.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  in 
 1792,  and  studied  theology  with  Dr.  Woodhull,  of 
 Freehold,  N.  J.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Brunswick,  May  :51st,  1797,  and  was  ordained  and 
 installed  pastor  of  the  churches  of  Greenwich  and 
 Mansfield  (now  W:i.shington  Church),  February  13th, 
 1798.  He  served  both  cougi'cg-ations  for  seventeen 
 y<'ars,  when  their  growth  re(|uirctl  a  separation;  he 
 became  i)astor  of  Cireenwichonly,  where  he  remained 
 until  declining  health  induced  him  to  resign,  Octo- 
 lur,  1834.  He  was  taken  with  his  liLst  sickness 
 while  on  a  visit  to  his  brother,  in  the  old  homestead, 
 where  he  died,  July  3d,  1839,  aged  sixty-eight.  Mr. 
 Sloan  was  a  very  fine-looking  man,  tall,  erect,  with 
 a  clear  blue  eye,  and  of  a  manly  bearing.  His  pres- 
 ence was  impres-sive.  He  had  a  very  kind, tender  heart, 
 and  was  easily  moved  to  tears.  He  was  an  earnest, 
 afi'ectiouate  and  practical  preacher,  greatly  beloved 
 bv  his  congregation. 
 
 Sloss,  Rev.  James  Long-,  was  a  native  of  Ire- 
 land, but  came  to  this  country  at  an  early  age. 
 Under  the  care  of  the  Kev.  Dr.  Waddcl  he  completed 
 his  theologie^il  cour.sc,  and  was  licen.sed  to  pre;ich  by 
 the  Prcsbyte'ry  of  .South  Carolina,  in  November,  181". 
 The  next  day  after  his  licensure  he  was  commissioned 
 by  the  Presbytery  to  labor  as  a  missionary  through 
 portions  of  Georgia  and  the  newly-formed  settle- 
 ments of  what  wasthen  called  the  Alabama  Territory. 
 In  less  than  a  year  he  was  ordained  an  itinerant  on 
 the  Southwestern  frontier,  and  .soon  after  accepted  a 
 call  from  St.  Stephen's,  Clark  county,  Ala.,  where  he 
 remained  for  threi^  years,  preaching  successfully,  and 
 at  the  sanu!  time  taking  charge  of  an  academy.  In 
 1821  he  removed  to  Selma,  in  Dallas  county,  and  took 
 charge  of  the  three  churches  of  Selma,  Pleasant 
 Valley  and  Cahawba.  He  subsequently  labored  at 
 Somerville  and  New  Providence,  and  finally  at 
 Florence,  in  Lauderdale  county,  where  the  closing 
 years  of  his  lile  were  spent.  Nearly  his  whole  aireer 
 was  piussed  in  Alabama.  It  was  characterized  by 
 great  activity  and  devotedness,  and  much  of  it  by 
 great  self-denial. 
 
 For  intellectual  ability  and  consistent  and  en- 
 lightened piety,  Mr.  Sloss  stood  eminent  among  his 
 brethren,  and  his  whole  manner  as  a  minister,  by  its 
 fervor  and  boldness  as  well  as  propriety,  was  fitted 
 to  make  a  deep  impression.  He  labored  in  connec- 
 tion with  quite  a  number  of  churches  during  the 
 period  of  his  mini.stry,  an<l  in  the  camp-meetings, 
 which  were  annually  held  not  many  miles  from  his 
 residence,  he  took  an  active  part.  From  these  occi- 
 sions,  when,  ius  was  usually  the  ctuse,  thous;inds  were 
 as.sembled — some  coming  a  distance  of  more  than 
 thirty  miles — hundreds  dated  their  first  religious 
 impressions,  and  often  their  conversion. 
 
 Sloss,  Robert,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  the  city  of 
 Xew  York,  No\ember  23d,  1838.  He  graduated  at 
 Xew  ,Iers<'y  College  in  ISO."),  having  received  during 
 the  course  the  honor  of  Junior  Orator,  and  delivered 
 the  second  Belles  Lettres  oration  at  Commencement. 
 He  was  Tutor  in  that  Institution,  1867-68.  He  was  or- 
 dained by  the  Presbytery  of  Indianapolis,  September 
 13th,  1868;  pastor  of  the  Third  Church  of  Indian- 
 apolis, Ind.,  1868-72;  pastor  of  the  Fourteenth  Street 
 Church,  New  York  city,  1872-75;  pastor  at  Titus- 
 ville.  Pa.,  1875-77;  pa-stor  of  the  Third  Church, 
 Indianapolis,  Indiana,  1877-79,  and  is  now  stated 
 supply  at  Cireensburgh,  lud.  As  a  writer.  Dr.  Sloss 
 is  clear,  conci.se,  vigorous.  As  a  preacher,  his  elocu- 
 tion is  chara<terized  by  great  distinctness  of  euunci.'v- 
 tion  and  marked  adaptedness  of  expres-sion  to  the 
 sentiments  uttered.  He  preijches  the  gospel  in  its 
 purity,  and  proclaims  the  gre^it  doctrines  of  repent- 
 ance toward  God  and  faith  in  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ 
 as  the  radical  cure  of  all  evil  and  the  grand  incen- 
 tive to  all  good.  His  ministry,  from  the  beginning, 
 1  has  been  characterized  by  earnestness,  fidelity  and 
 I  success. 
 
SLUTER. 
 
 832 
 
 SMILEY. 
 
 Sluter,  Rev.  Greorge,  A.  M.,  the  son  of  Frie- 
 derick  Ludwig  and  Dorothea  Eleonore  (Kraeft) 
 SchluettT,  was  born  in  Kodenberg,  Girraany,  May 
 5th,  1837.  In  1847  the  family  settled  in  St.  Louis, 
 Mo.  In  l-^GO  Mr.  S.  graduated  at  Westminster  Col- 
 lege; in  lS(i:j  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary;  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Xew  Brunswick,  in 
 February,  1863,  and  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Palmyra,  in  August,  1865.  He  has  been  settled  over 
 the  churches  of  Rensselaer,  Mo.  ('63-'65);  Webster 
 Street,  St.  Louis  {'6.5-70);  Duluth,  Minn.  ('70-'71); 
 Shelbyvillc,  Ind.  ('71-'81);  and  Arlington,  N.  J.,'81 
 to  the  present.  From  1866  to  1870  he  was  Secretary 
 of  Home  Missions  of  the  Synod  of  Jlissouri,  and 
 since  1881  has  been  New  York  correspomknt  of  the 
 Cincinnati  Herald  and  Prtxhijior.  He  has  published 
 an  elaborate  "  History  of  Shelby  County,  Indiana," 
 in  one  large  quarto ;  also,  an  "  Historical  and  Critical 
 Essay  on  the  Acta  Pilati ;' '  a  "History  of  our  Beloved 
 Church;  "  "  Memorial  of  Joseph  Hamilton;  "  "  Life 
 and  Character  of  Mrs.  Jane  Major;  "  "  Kesources  of 
 our  Count}' in  1876;"  "  Christian  Home  Life;"  "The 
 Religion  of  Politics;"  a  "  Plea  for  a  Religious  Litera- 
 ture;" and  has  now  under  way  a  "  Life  of  the  Em- 
 peror Tiberius,"  from  original  sources. 
 
 Small,  DavidE.,  known  as  "  The  Model  Elder," 
 and  widely  influential  in  the  Church.  He  was  born 
 at  York,  Pa.,  December  3d,  1824,  and  his  whole  life 
 of  fifty-nino  years  was  associated  with  the  interests 
 of  that  city.  From  boyhood  he  was  characterized  by 
 ardent  thirst  for  knowledge  and  intense  energj'in 
 the  pursuit  of  whatever  commanded  his  attention. 
 At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  entered  the  store  of  his  rela- 
 tives, P.  A.  &  S.  Small,  and  rapidly  rose  from  one 
 position  to  another,  till,  at  twenty,  he  had  come  to 
 be  a  foremost  and  confidential  clerk.  During  this 
 period  he  was  also  very  attentive  to  religious  duties, 
 and  some  memoranda  which  he  left  indicate  that  he 
 was  led  liy  the  Spirit  of  God  to  deep  and  searching 
 experiences,  and  to  the  formal  dedication  of  himself 
 to  Christ  as  his  only  Saviour.  In  1849  he  united 
 with  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  York.  From 
 that  time  he  became  known  and  approved  as  a  man 
 of  exemplary  Cliristian  character  and  beneficial  influ- 
 ence. In  1865  Mr.  Small  was  ordaiiunl  a  ruling  elder 
 in  this  church,  and  with  what  fidelity,  zeal  and 
 growing  usefulness  he  shared  the  responsibilities  of 
 that  otliee,  notwithstanding  the  pressure  of  his  large 
 and  varied  business,  multitudes  were  the  admiring 
 witnesses.  He  was  ever  ready  for  service  in  the 
 Master's  name.  With  rare  personal  magnetism  and 
 oratorical  power,  added  to  lively  Christian  sensi- 
 bilities and  earnest  devotion  to  the  Redeemer's  cause, 
 ho  was  well  fitted  to  co-operate  efliciently  with  his 
 colleagues,  and  to  l)e  a  ready,  sympathetic  an<l  reli- 
 able support  to  his  pastor.  His  interest  in  the  Teni- 
 peranei!  cau.se,  in  Sal>l)ath  schools,  in  Young  Sleu's 
 Cliristian  .\ssoeiations,  in  eflbrts  fur  the  welfare  of  the 
 colored  race,  and  kindred  objects,  was  very  hearty 
 
 and  influential.  Few  men  have  touched  society  at 
 so  many  important  points,  or  been  more  honored  and 
 beloved  in  all  the  relations  of  life.  Few  men  have 
 better  illustrated  the  high  idea  given  to  tis  by  inspi- 
 ration— "Not  slothful  in  business,  fervent  inspirit, 
 serving  the  Lord." 
 
 Smalley,  Rev.  John,  was  born  September  18th, 
 1813,  in  Middlesex  county,  N.  J. ;  gra<luated  at  Lafay- 
 ette College  in  1839;  studied 'theology  at  Princeton, 
 and  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Bruns- 
 wick, August  3d,  1842.  He  taught  a  select  school  at 
 Middletown,  N.  Y.,one  term,  in  the  winter  of  1839 
 to  1840-  was  assistiint  teacher  in  Mr.  Ezra  Fairchihrs 
 cla.ssieal  school,  at  Plainfield,  N.  J.,  during  the  sum- 
 mer terms  of  1840  and  1841;  and  was  Principal  of 
 Muncy  (Pa.)  Female  Seminary  from  Slay,  1847,  to 
 October,  1855.  During  a  part  of  this  time,  from 
 April,  1843,  to  October  1850,  he  was  also  stated  sup- 
 ply to  the  church  at  Muncy.  In  November,  1855,  he 
 became  Principal  of  the  Witherspoon  Institute,  at 
 Butler,  Pa.,  belonging  to  the  Preslntery  of  Butler, 
 where  he  remained  until  April,  1858.  He  became 
 statx?d  supply  of  Buffalo  and  Glade  Run  churches, 
 April,  1857,  and  served  the  former  six  months  and 
 the  latter  one  year.  In  April,  1858,  he  went  to  Iowa, 
 where  he  supplied  the  Waverly  Church,  from  June, 
 1858,  until  October,  '  1866.  He  also  supplied  Mt. 
 Vernon  Church  two  years,  from  1858  to  1860.  He 
 died,  August  30th,  1879.  Mr.  Smalley  was  a  man 
 of  great  gentleness  of  character,  genial,  unassuming, 
 modest,  gentlemanly.  As  a  Christian  he  was  humble 
 and  conscientious.  He  possessed  a  well  trained  and 
 well  furnished  mind,  and  produced  some  sermons  of 
 marked  excellence.  He  was  strong  in  his  convictions, 
 a  through  Presbyterian,  and  fearless  in  his  defence  of 
 whatever  he  believed  to  be  God's  truth. 
 
 Smaltz,  Rev.  John  H.,  was  Imrn  in  Philadel- 
 phia, in  1793.  He  was  a  gradviate  of  Rutgers  Col- 
 lege. He  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Third 
 Church  of  Baltimore,  in  1822.  He  w;is  subsequently 
 .settled  at  Gcrmantown,  Pa. ;  Frederick,  Md. ;  Tren- 
 ton, N.  J. ;  ILirrisburg,  Pa. ;  spending  his  closing 
 years  in  Philadelphia.  A  true  num,  a  faithful, 
 practical  preacher,  indu.strious,  persevering,  retiring 
 and  domestic  in  liis  habits,  and  with  a  heart  devoted 
 to  every  good  cause,  he  was  beloved.  He  died  July 
 3m  h,  1S(U. 
 
 Smiley,  George  "W. ,  D.  D.,  a  member  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  Lehigh,  and,  at  the  time  of  his  decease, 
 pastor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Potts- 
 ville,  Pa.,  was  born  in  Perry  county.  Pa.,  iu  1818, 
 and  in  his  youth  went  into  a  store  in  Carlisle.  Here 
 his  desire  for  an  edu&ition  grew  so  strong,  that  with 
 great  effort  he  made  liimself  ready  to  enter  Dickinson 
 ColU'ge,  but  was  only  able  to  remain  two  years.  He 
 went  to  Cincinnati,  0.,and  T-exington,  Ky.  In  Lex- 
 ington he  was  converted,  and  entered  the  Methodist 
 ministry. 
 
 He  spent  twenty  years  as  a  minister  in  the  Metho- 
 
SMITH. 
 
 R33 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 (list  Chuiili,  and  then  atcfptcd  a  call  ti>  thr  Ivclbrmcd 
 (Dutch)  Church,  at  Seventh  and  Sj)riiigGaiiknstricts, 
 I'hiladelphia.  His  call  there  occasioned  a  lawsuit, 
 which  was  lost  by  his  friends,  and,  alter  a,  short 
 ministry  in  Philadelphia,  he  was  called  to  the  Second 
 Church  in  Pottsville,  which  he  served  for  fourteen 
 years.  He  was  a  fine  preacher,  thoughtful,  clear, 
 and  very  pojjular  wherever  he  went.  His  friends 
 were  warmly  drawn  tohira,  and  his  home  was  one  into 
 wliich  it  was  i)leasaut  to  enter.  It  was  gradually 
 '■hatlowed  by  many  sorrows,  and  life  grew  dark,  until 
 it  at  liist  closed,  on  June  29th,  1883.  His  remains 
 were  borne  to  Lexington,  Ky.,  to  be  placed  by  the 
 side  of  his  wife  and  children. 
 
 Smith,  Rev.  Ambrose  Cephas,  was  born  in 
 Wriglitsville,  Pa.,  August  21st,  1<41.  He  graduated 
 at  Jell'ersou  College  iu  1801,  and  at  Princeton  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  iu  the  ela.ss  of  1804.  Alter  preach- 
 ing as  stilted  supply  two  years  at  Wantage  (Bremer- 
 ville),  N.  J.,  and  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  iu  the  Autumn 
 of  ]8(ifi  he  assumed  charge  of  the  South  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Galena,  111.,  where  he  has  ever  since  labored, 
 enjoying  the  respect,  confidence  and  affection  of  his 
 people,  and  giving  in  return  to  the  church  and  to 
 the  community  he  ha-s  known  .so  long  a  constant 
 influence  for  good.  Jlr.  Smith  is  a  student  and  a 
 scholar.  Questions  which  lie  on  the  border  land 
 between  Natural  Science  and  Revelation,  College 
 chi-ssics,  extensive  historical  reading,  English  litera- 
 ture in  wide  limits,  proficiency  in  the  German  lan- 
 guage, the  Xew  Testament  in  the  original,  and  the 
 familiarity  of  an  adept  with  the  Old  Testament 
 Hebrew — ^such  pursuits  and  acciuirements,  a.s  illus- 
 trating his  mind  and  his  taste,  are  well  known  by 
 those  who  are  acquainted  witli  him. 
 
 Smith,  Benjamin  M.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  the 
 county  of  Powhatan,  Va.,  June  .Soth,  1811.  Having 
 lost  his  father  when  seven  years  of  age,  his  education 
 was <arried  on  under  his  mother's  roof,  by  teachers  in 
 the  family  or  immediate  vicinit}',  except  for  one  year, 
 till,  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  he  entered  Hampden- 
 Sidney  College,  where  he  graduated  September,  1829, 
 sharing  e<iually  the  first  honor  with  Chancellor  Gar- 
 land, now  of  Vanderbilt  University.  During  his 
 iiinnection  with  the  Institution,  he  was  an  innuite  of 
 the  family  of  the  Kcv.  John  H.  liice,  D.D.,  the 
 lbun<ler  of  Union  Seminary,  who  had  lived  in  his 
 lather's  house  when  a  young  man,  for  about  a  year, 
 jmrsuing  his  studies  iu  medicine  under  their  family 
 lihysiclan,  and  who  also  married  his  father's  niece, 
 and  took  a  teiuler  interest  in  the  children  of  his 
 friends. 
 
 .\t  eighteen  years  of  age  Mr.  Smith  t;iught  the 
 Milton  (X.  C.)  Male  .\c;uleniy,  five  years.  He  en- 
 tered Union  Seminary  .lanuarv  1st,  18;52.  In  April, 
 18;54,  when  he  had  yet,  by  four  or  five  months,  not 
 eomjileted  the  three  years'  course,  he  w:is  elected 
 Tutor  of  Hebrew  and  introductory  studies  in  the 
 ."ieminary.  In  Ajiril,  ls:!(i,  he  re.signed  this  )iiist. 
 .-.3 
 
 and,  with  a  view  of  improving  his  imi)aired  health, 
 ;is  well  iis  to  ext<-nd  his  oi)portunities  for  study,  he 
 went  to  Europe,  and  remained  till  the  Fall  of  1837. 
 Having  supplied  the  pulpit  of  the  church  at  Danville, 
 Va.,  for  some  time,  he  was  instidlcd  its  pastor  in  the 
 Spring  of  1838.  Finding  his  health  again  fidling,  iu 
 the  Summer  of  that  year  he  traveled  for  a  season  in 
 the  Valley  of  Virginia. 
 
 Dr.  Smith  took  charge  of  Tinkling  Spring  Church, 
 Augusta,  county,  Va.,  in  November,  1840,  and 
 during  part  of  the  five  years  he  snstaiiu-d  this  pastoral 
 relation  he  was  also  employed  in  conducting  a 
 classical  .school.  In  November,  184.5,  he  became  pas- 
 tor of  the  Church  at  Staunton,  Va.,  and  labored  there 
 successfully  till  November,  1853,  when  he  entered  on 
 
 BENJAMIN   U.  SMITH,   D.D. 
 
 the  work  of  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Publication 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  In  October,  18.54,  he 
 accepted  the  office  of  Profcs.sor  of  Orient;U  Literature 
 in  Union  Theological  Seminary,  which  he  now  fills. 
 He  was  Moderator  of  the  General  A.ssembly  (.South- 
 ern), at  Saviuinah,  in  1876. 
 
 Besides  a  number  of  sermons  and  acUlre.s,ses,  Dr. 
 Smith  h:us  given  to  the  press  a  volume  on  "Family 
 lJeligion,"a  "  Commentary  on  Psalms  and  Proverbs," 
 part  of  a  work  on  the  whole  Bible,  of  which  Dr. 
 Da\-id  Brown  and  Kiv.  Mr.  Fausset  and  others  fur- 
 nished parts.  an<l  which  was  published  in  (ilasgow. 
 .Scotland,  and  a  volume  of  "Questions  on  the  Gos- 
 pels," all  of  which  arc  worksof  markid  ability.  He 
 h;us  also  contributed  a  number  of  valuable  artitles  to 
 the  Southern  J'nubi/tcrinn  Brriew.  Dr.  Smith's  life 
 has  been  a  busy,  influential  and  u.seful  one.      He  is  a 
 
Siurn. 
 
 834 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 genial  ami  c-ultivatoil  gentleman,  a  rijie  scholar,  an 
 eloijuent  preacher,  a  vigorous  writer,  and  has  devoted 
 his  attiiinmeuts  and  influence,  with  exemplary  zeal 
 and  large  success,  to  the  grand  objects  and  interests 
 ol'  his  profession. 
 
 Smith,  Rev.  Caleb,  was  born  in  Brookhaven, 
 Long  Island.  December  29th,  172.3,  and  graduated  at 
 Yale  in  1743.  New  York  Presbytery  licensed 
 him  in  April,  1747,  and  ordained  him,  November 
 30th,  174'<,  piustor  ol'  Newark  Mountains,  now  Orange. 
 N.  J.  Mr.  Smith  was  an  untiring  I'ricnd  of  the 
 College  of  New  Jersey,  making  long  journeys  to 
 collect  funds,  and  going  to  Virginia  to  prevail  on  Mr. 
 Davies  to  accept  the  Presidency.  He  was  indefatig- 
 able in  study,  delighted  in  prayer,  and  excelled  in 
 pastoral  visitivtion  and  Ciitcchizing.  He  died  October 
 22(1,  17(!2,  aged  thirty-nine. 
 
 Smith,  Rev.  David,  the  son  of  the  Kev.  David 
 Smith,  was  born,  it  is  believed,  in  Wilmington,  Dela- 
 ware, in  1772.  At  the  age  of  about  sixteen,  there 
 being  no  academy  in  the  West,  he  accompanied  his 
 father  to  one  of  the  meetings  of  the  Synod  of  Vir- 
 ginia, and  wiis  there  placed  under  the  care  of  Dr. 
 John  B.  Smith,  then  President  of  Hampdeu-Sidney 
 College.  His  health  being  impaired  by  too  close 
 study,  he  took  an  excursion,  as  a  traveling  companion, 
 with  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hill,  who  had  been  then  recently 
 licensed  and  appointed  to  itinerate  for  six  months  in 
 the  lower  counties  of  Virginia.  He  returned  to  his 
 college,  and  in  due  time  graduated.  After  studying 
 theologj-,  under  his  father,  he  w;is  licen.sed  to  preach 
 the  gospel,  and  installed  piistor  of  the  united  churches 
 of  George's  Creek  and  the  Tent,  in  Fayette  county. 
 Pa.  Here  he  labored,  Avith  great  success,  for  about 
 four  years,  when  he  removed  to  the  Forks  of  Yongh, 
 in  Westmoreland  county,  and  took  charge  of  the  con- 
 gregations of  Kehoboth  and  Round  Hill,  where  he 
 preached  till  he  died,  Augu.st  24tli,  ISO!!.  His  death- 
 bed was  a  .scene  of  the  triumph  of  faith.  His  weep- 
 ing jieople  bore  his  mortal  remains  to  the  grave,  near 
 the  church  where  he  preached  his  last  sermon.  The 
 unexpected  death  of  this  young  and  faithful  .servant 
 of  God  pro<luced  a  very  wide-felt  sensation,  and  was 
 made  in.strumental  in  giving  fresh  impulse  to  that 
 greatest  of  all  revivals  that  has  ever  been  in  the 
 West . 
 
 Smith,  Edward  Dunlap,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Greenwich,  N.  J.,  September  17th,  1^02;  graduated 
 at  the  College  of  New  .lersey,  in  lf<22,  and  also  at 
 Princeton  Theological  Seminary.  He  was  a  missionary 
 in  Georgia,  182'^-9,  and  chaplain  of  the  University 
 ol'  Virginia,  18:t().  He  was  ordained  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  the  District  of  Colnmbia  in  1831,  and  w:us 
 pastor  of  the  Si-cond  Prest)yterian  Church  in  W:Lsh- 
 ington  city,  from  1^31  to  ls:j.">.  In  the  year  \-*W->  he 
 assumed  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  Eighth  Presby- 
 terian Church,  in  the  city  of  New  Y'ork,  continuing 
 therein  eight  years,  when  he  was  iustalleil  pastor  of 
 the  church  known  as  the  Chelsea  Presbj-lerian  Church, 
 
 now  no  longer  on  the  roll  of  Presbytery.  He  .served 
 this  church  until  the  year  18(i9,  discharging  all  the 
 duties  of  a  piustor  with  great  earnestness  and  fidelity, 
 and  retiring,  after  a  ministry  of  nearly  forty  years, 
 with  the  undiminished  confidence  of  his  brethren  and 
 the  afl'ection  of  all  the  people  whom  he  had  served  iis 
 a  minister  of  Christ.  Dr.  Smith  was  a  man  of  schol- 
 arly tastes  and  habits,  a  Christian  gentleman  in  all 
 his  intercourse  with  men,  and  a  faithful,  sincere  dis- 
 ciple of  Christ.  He  died  in  the  city  of  New  Y'ork, 
 March  27th,  1883. 
 
 Smith,  George  'W.,  formerly  an  elder  in  the 
 Piesbyterian  Churih  in  Mauch  Chunk,  Pa.,  WiLS  bora 
 February  2-ith,  iso.'j,  at  Princeton,  N.  J.  He  wa< 
 one  of  the  pioneers  of  Presbyterianism  in  the  Lehigh 
 Valley.  He  passed  his  early  life  at  Derry  Meeting, 
 Pa.,  and  in  1824  removed  to  Mauch  Chunk.  In 
 1826  he  helped  to  organize  the  first  Sabbath  school, 
 out  of  which  have  grown  three  prosperous  churches 
 of  ditferent  denominations.  He  was  largely  instru- 
 mental in  the  organization  of  the  Presbyterian 
 churches  of  Mauch 'Chunk  and  Summit  Hill,  of 
 which  he  was  one  of  the  original  elders  many  years. 
 In  1863  he  removed  to  Cat;isa<iua  and  connected  him- 
 self with  the  First  Presbyterian  Church.  Here  he 
 died,  in  the  seventy-ninth  year  of  his  age.  At  the 
 time  of  his  death  he  was  a  trustee  of  the  church  ami 
 a  teacher  of  the  young  ladies'  Bible  class.  He  was 
 twice  a  delegate  to  the  General  Assembly. 
 
 Smith,  H., Augustus,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Mont- 
 gomery county,  X.  Y.,  .May  2-'th,  1-^33,  and  died  in 
 Philadelphia,  Jlarch  7th,  l88.'i.  He  graduated  at 
 Williams  C'ollege^  Mass.,  in  the  class  of  18.')3,  and  at 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  Y'ork  City.  His 
 first  charge  was  the  South  Street  Church,  of  Phila- 
 delphia, which  he  resigned,  after  two  years,  to  accept 
 the  piustorate  of  the  Xorthmiuster  Church  in  the 
 same  city.  He  continued  his  ministry  here  for  eigh- 
 teen years,  resigning  the  charge  in  May  of  the  year 
 of  his  decease,  on  account  of  ill  health.  During  his 
 pastorate  the  congregation  built  the  edifice  at  Thirty- 
 fifth  and  Baring  streets,  the  entire  debt  upon  which 
 was  provided  for  before  his  resignation,  and  which, 
 with  its  solid  grandeur  and  enduring  beauty,  is  a 
 fitting  symlK)l.  as  it  will  be  a  lasting  monument,  of 
 the  gn'at  spiritual  work  he  accomplishi'd  then-iu. 
 
 Dr.  Smith  was  a  .scholarly,  .studious  and  ehxiuent 
 minister,  and  a  sympathetic  and  ellicient  pastor. 
 Though  without  the  sustaining  power  of  a  strong 
 physical  constitution,  he  lived  fiist,  and  Avrought  more 
 in  his  fewer  years  than  many  othci-s  in  the  half  cen- 
 tury of  labor  allotted  them.  He  did  not  often  fcike 
 a  prominent  part  in  public  meetings  other  than 
 those  of  his  own  church,  but  when  he  did,  his 
 course,  especially  in  our  Church  judicatories,  was 
 always  marked  by  a  prudent,  judicious,  deliberative 
 spirit.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Pul>- 
 licatiou,  and  was  greatly  beloved  by  his  ministerial 
 brethren. 
 
SMITH. 
 
 835 
 
 SMITH 
 
 Smith,  Henry  Boynton,  D.  D.,  Uj.  D.,  was 
 boiu  iu  Portland,  Me.,  November  21st,  1815.  He 
 graduated  at  Bowdoin  College  in  1834,  sharing  in  the 
 highest  honors  of  his  class.  lie  studied  theology  at 
 Andover  and  Bangor,  and  later  in  Halle  and  Berlin. 
 Alter  his  return,  in  Is  10,  he  took  for  a  ye;ir  the  duties 
 of  the  I'residentat  Bowdoin  College.  He  \v;isiusUilled 
 Deeember,  184'2,  j)astor  of  tlie  Congregational  Church 
 of  West  Amesbiuy,  now  Merriinae,  M;i.ss. ,  where  he 
 spent  five  years.  In  1847  he  went  to  Amherst  Col- 
 lege, as  Professor  of  Mental  and  Moral  Philosophy. 
 In  1830  he  Wiis  called  to  the  Chair  of  Church  H  istory 
 iu  Union  Theologiciil  Seminary,  N.  Y.,  and  in  18.")4, 
 was  transferred  to  that  of  Systematic  Theology, 
 which  he  held  until  compelled  I)y  prostrated  health 
 to  resign  it,  in  l-^Tt.     He  was  then  appointed  Pro- 
 
 llE.vtlY    BOYNTON   S.MITII,   D.  H.,   LL.I>. 
 
 lessor  Emeritus,  and  continued  giving  oeca.sional 
 instruction  in  Ai)ologetics.  After  a  long  and  weary 
 struggle  with  disea.se,  he  died,  February  Tth,  1h77, 
 most  beloved  and  lamented. 
 
 For  a  quiirter  of  a  century  his  life  in  New  York 
 was  one  of  extraordinary  activity  and  intluence.  As 
 a  preacher,  he  was,  although  without  the  external 
 graces  of  oratory,  fervent  and  deeply  impressive. 
 The  devoted  loj-alty  to  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ  which 
 glowed  through  his  pulpit  ministrations  was  also  the 
 marked  characteri.-itic  of  his  tea<hings  in  the  semi- 
 nary. Chri.st,  the  KedeemerandCilorilier  of  humanity, 
 in  whom  all  things  are  to  be  reconciled  and  consum- 
 mated, was  his  central  idea,  in  both  history  and 
 theolbgy.  He  gave  a  new  impulse  and  direction  to 
 philosophic  study  iu  both,  inspiring  his  students  with 
 
 an  enthusiiLsra  enhanced  by  his  vast  learning  and  the 
 loveliness  of  his  personal  character. 
 
 His  influence  was  potent  in  ecclesiastical  bodies. 
 No  one  labored  more  earnestlv  than  he  for  the  inter- 
 ests of  the  Evangelical  Alliance,  ofwho.se  executive 
 committee  he  w;is  the  lirst  chairman.  He  has  been 
 called  the  "Hero  of  Keuuion."  As  Moderator  of 
 the  New  School  (general  Assembly,  in  1803,  it  was 
 his  happiness  to  welcome  the  first  delegation  from 
 the  Old  School  body.  His  sermon  at  Dayton  tlie 
 next  year  "  .struck  the  key-note  of  reunion,"  and  his 
 "Declaration,"  unanimously  adopted  by  the  Assem- 
 bly in  that  place,  was  the  "first  definite,  official 
 action  taken  by  either  body  in  favor  of  reunion." 
 His  labors  during  the  following  years,  in  Iveview  arti- 
 cles and  editorials  in  theAVit'  Yark  Eiangvliat,  in  pub- 
 lic addresses,  correspondence  and  conferences,  in  the 
 meetings  of  the  General  Assembly  in  St.  Louis  and 
 Harrisburg,  and  in  the  Union  Convention  in  Phila- 
 delphia, were  pre-eminent  and  most  efiective. 
 
 As  a  writer  Professor  Smith  made  many  valuable 
 contributions  to  religious  newspapers,  and  to 
 reviews  and  encyclopedias,  and  published  many 
 occasional  sermons  and  addresses.  He  translated, 
 with  copious  and  valuable  additions,  "Gieseler's 
 Church  History  "  and  "  Hagenbach's  Hi.story  of  Doc- 
 trines." He  published,  in  1859,  "Chronological 
 Tables  of  Church  History,"  a  monumental  work  of 
 enormous  labor.  Several  other  valuable  German 
 works  were  translated  by  him.  In  1858  he  took  the 
 editorship  of  the  American  Theological  Review,  which, 
 after  some  changes,  took  the  name  of  the  Prcthyterinii 
 Quarterly  and  Princeton  Bceiew,  and  w;is  under  the 
 joint  editorship  of  Rev.  Dr.  Atwater  and  himself. 
 Since  Professor  Smith's  death,  have  been  published 
 "Faith  and  Philosophy,"  "Apologetics,"  and 
 "Introduction  to  Theology,"  all  of  which  are  valu- 
 able productions  of  his  gifted  pen.  As  a  philosophic 
 Church  historian,  theologian  and  apologist  for  the 
 Christian  faith,  his  place  is  pre-eminent. 
 
 Smith,  Jacob  Henry,  D.  D.,  the  oldest  son  of 
 Samuel  R.  and  Margaret  Smith,  was  born  in  Lex- 
 ington, Rockbridge  county,  Va.,  August  13th,  1820. 
 He  was  prepared  for  college  in  his  native  town,  and 
 graduated  from  Washington  College — now  AV;ushiug- 
 tou  and  Lee  University — June  29th,  1843.  In  the 
 Fall  of  the  same  year  he  entered  Union  Theological 
 Seminary,  Va.,  and  taking  the  full  course,  received 
 his  certificate  in  1846,  and  in  August  of  the  same 
 year  he  was  licensed  by  Lexington  Presbytery,  and 
 transferred  to  West  Hanover  Presbji:ery.  In  Se])- 
 tember  of  this  year  he  took  charge  of  the  Church  at 
 Pittsylvania  C.  IL,  Va.,  where  he  was  ordained  and 
 installed,  July  31st,  1847.  Being  invited  to  take 
 charge  of  "Samuel  Davies  Institute,"  in  Halifax 
 county,  Va.,  as  Principal  and  Professor  of  Greek,  he 
 went  thither  in  the  beginning  of  1850,  and  conducte<i 
 that  Institution  with  great  success  tiutU  1854.  At 
 this  time  he  was  invited  to  Greensboro,  N.  C,  and 
 
SMITH. 
 
 SMITH. 
 
 f'liarlottfsvilU',  Va.  Accepting  the  latter  place,  lif 
 preached  at  Charlottesville  till  l''.')!),  when  he  ac- 
 cc|)t<-(l  the  renewed  invitation  to  Greenslxjro,  X.  C, 
 and  began  his  work  there  Ai)ril  dOth,  1859.  In  June 
 following  he  was  received  by  Orange  Presbytery,  and 
 installed  in  .fuly  over  the  Greensboro  Church,  where 
 lie  continues  to  lalwr  with  greiit  success  and  accept- 
 ance. 
 
 IJr.  Smith  is  an  accomplished  classical,  and  Belles 
 Lettres  scholai',  a  well-int'ornied  theologian,  and 
 fairly  abreast  of  the  literature  of  the  day.  He  is  the 
 owner  of  a  good,  well-selected  and  well-read  library 
 of  sacred  and  polite  literature.  But  his  peculiar 
 forte  is  that  he  is  a  powerful  and  impressive  preacher. 
 His  sermons  are  linisheil  and  polished  prodiictions, 
 lilled  with  the  choicest  thought  and  garnished  with 
 graceful  allusions,  and  enlivened  with  appropriate 
 illustrations.  To  the  polish  of  the  graceful  composer, 
 Dr.  Smith  adds  tlii'  attractions  of  the  .skillful  elocu- 
 tionist, and  the  controlling  power  of  a  magniticent 
 voice. 
 
 The  Lord  has  greiitly  bles.sed  his  labors,  granting 
 him  revival  after  revival  in  his  own  churches,  and  in 
 others.  About  one  thous;iud  souls  have  been  hope- 
 lully  converted  under  his  ])reiicliing.  He  is  still 
 active,  able  and  ready  to  preach,  anil  is  heard  with 
 ])leiLSure  wherever  he  goes.  In  187:J  llampdeu-Sidney 
 College  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
 Divinity,  an<l  in  1"'77  the  University  of  North  Caro- 
 lina ri]Mated  the  honor. 
 
 Smith,  Rev.  James  Power,  is  a  son  of  Rev. 
 .liiseph  Smith,  n.i).  (author  of  "(Jld  Kedstone''), 
 and  great-grandson  of  I\ev.  .Jose])h  Smith  and  .lames 
 I'ower,  D.I).,  pioneer  ministers  of  Western  Pennsyl- 
 vania. He  w;is  born  at  New  .\thens,  Ohio,  July  4th, 
 1837;  educated  at  Jelferson  College,  Pa.,  and  gradu- 
 ated in  1S.')7.  His  theological  <'ducation  w;ls  con- 
 ducted at  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Va.,  where 
 he  graduated  in  IrtOl.  He  w:is  licensed  by  West 
 Hanover  Presbytery  in  ISfiS,  aiul  ordained  by  Mont- 
 gomery Presbytery  in  18()0.  H(?  wius  pastor  of  Big 
 Lick  Church,  Roanoke  county,  Va.,  from  1866  to 
 18()<),  and  of  the  Fredericksburg  Church  from  that 
 time  to  the  pr<>sent  (188:{).  He  has  al.so  held  the 
 position  of  Stated  Clerk  of  the  Synod  of  Virginia  from 
 1870,  and  is  Chairman  of  ("ommittee  on  Sustentaticm 
 lor  Eiust  Hanover  Presbytery.  He  has  always  been 
 a  faithful  and  efficient  pastor,  remarkable  for  his 
 executive  ability  and  talent  for  keeping  all  the  en- 
 terprises in  his  church  in  a  state  of  life  and  move- 
 ment. 
 
 Smith,  John  Blair,  D.D.,  was  the  fourth  son  of 
 Dr.  Robert  Smitii.  of  Peiiuca.  He  wius  born  June 
 l"Jth,  17.">(>.  Conv<rt<'il  at  fourteen  years  of  agi-,  he 
 graduated  under  Dr.  Wilherspoon  at  eighteen.  .\t 
 the  early  age  of  twenty-three  he  succeeded  his 
 brother,  Samuel  Stanhope  Smith,  as  President  of 
 Hamp<len-Sidney  College  and  jiastor  of  the  Brier^v 
 Church.     Becoming  con vinicd  that  his  proper  sph.-re 
 
 was  the  jiulpit.he  re-signed  the  presidency  in   1789; 
 j  and  alter  preaching  some  time  without  a  li.xed  charge. 
 '•  in  17!»1  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Third  or  Pine  Street 
 I  Church,  Philadelphia.     Here  his  health  failed,  and 
 his  resolution  \yaa  shaken.     While  on  this  account 
 he  disavowed  all  fickleness,  he  iiccepted  the  jtresi- 
 dency  of    the   newly   founded    Union    College,    in 
 Schenectady;  but  on  the  restoration  of  his  health  he 
 returned  to  his  former  charge,  and  wa.s  formally  rein- 
 stalled over  Pine  Street  Church,  .May,  17!l!).      But  his 
 stay  with  them  w:us  short,  and  did   not  vindicate   his 
 claims  to  prescience.    He  succumbed  in  three  months 
 to  an  attack  of  yellow  fever,  and  died,  August  -J-Jd. 
 1799. 
 
 Dr.  Smith  was  an  extemiMiraneousand  impa.s.sioned 
 preacher,  and  powerful  revivals  occurred  uuder  his 
 ministry.  Like  others  of  his  compatriots,  he  showed 
 his  faith  by  his  works,  and  marched  at  the  head  of 
 his  students  and  other  youths  of  his  congregation,  in 
 :  pursuit  of  the  enemy  in  the  lower  parts  of  Virginia. 
 He  exerted  also  a  great  influence  in  opposition  to 
 ,  Patrick  Henry,  in  preventing  the  uneqtial  fixation 
 and  assessment  of  the  Presbyterian  churches  in  Vir- 
 ginia. He  left  no  ])rinted  works  behind  him.  Dr. 
 Smith  was  the  .Moderator  of  the  Geuerul  As.sembly  in 
 17<»s. 
 
 Sm.ith,  John  Cross,  D.D.,  was  the  .son  of  Jaims 
 and  Ann  (Dickey)  Smith.  He  was  born  in  Balti- 
 more, Md.,  October  29th,  180;J.  He  made  a  profession 
 j  of  religion  at  about  sixteen  years  of  age.  After  his 
 j  preparatory  eduGition  at  a  classical  school  in  his 
 I  native  city,  he  studie^J  theology  under  the  Hev.  John 
 M.  Duncan,  D. I>.,  for  a  considerable  tinu-,  but,  in 
 18'26,  entered  Princeton  Seminary  and  remained  there 
 about  one  year.  Licen.sed  by  Oneiila  Presbytery 
 (N.  Y.),  August  7th,  l-<-28,  from  October  18th  of  that 
 year  he  labored  as  an  evangelist  at  Fortress  Monroe 
 (Va.)  and  its  vicinity,  for  si.x  months.  He  lx>came 
 pastor  of  the  Church  of  Portsmouth,  Va.,  December 
 l'2th,  1829,  and  labored  there  with  great  zeal  and 
 success  until  April  28th,  18'J2,  when  he.  accepted  a 
 ctill  to  the  Bridge  Street  Church,  Georgetown,  D.  C.. 
 where  he  was  installed  May  2d,  18:?2,  the  church 
 pro.spering  and  growing  under  his  active  and  earnest 
 ellbrts.  From  the  .Spring  of  IK!!)  to  .September  10th 
 of  the  same  year  he  w:is  an  agent  for  the  .\meriean 
 Tract  Society,  wlu^n  he  lU'cepted  a  call  to  the  Fourth 
 Church  in  Washington  city,  and  wsis  installed  Sep- 
 tember 27th,  1839.  Here  he  labored  with  unwearied 
 zeal  and  energy  for  nearly  thirty-eight  years.  His 
 ministry  wa.s  attended  by  nunu-rous  revivals.  He 
 was  specially  ellicient  in  building chunh  eililices  free 
 from  debt,  and  in  removing  ilebts  from  those  which 
 were  bunlenid.  lie  dii-d  in  Washington,  I).  C., 
 .lanuary  2:5d,  187"',  in  the  seventy-lifth  year  of  his 
 age. 
 
 Dr.  Smitli  was  a  man  of  acute  mind,  great  strength 
 of  character,  an  emutiimal  nature,  a  determiiu'il  will, 
 sensitive  conscience  and  great   tenderness,      lie  was 
 
SillTlt. 
 
 a-{7 
 
 njiini. 
 
 pre-eminently  a  revival  preacher,  not  hpasiuodic,  but 
 continuous,  ef&cicnt  and  successful.  He  was  a  de- 
 voted student  of  the  Bible,  and  abundant  and  sys- 
 tematic in  pastoral  visitation. 
 
 Smith,  Bev.  Joseph,  of  Nottingham,  JId.,  was 
 licensed  liy  the  Presl)ytery  of  New  Castle,  August 
 .")th,  17G7,  and  w;is  ordained  and  installed  pa.stor  of 
 Lower  Brandy  wine  Church,  Del.,  April  lilth,  17(i9. 
 This  charge  he  resigned  in  177'3,  but  in  1774  accepted 
 a  call  from  the  Second  Church,  in  Wilmington,  that 
 church  having  been  united  with  his  old  Brandywinc 
 Church.  He  labored  here  until  April,  1778,  when 
 he  resigned,  on  account  of  the  distract^'d  state  of  the 
 country. 
 
 But  now  he  was  about  to  enter  upon  tlie  great 
 work  of  his  life,  in  Western  Pennsylvania.  Here  he 
 became  prominent  for  piety  and  energii-,  and  was 
 one  of  the  fathers  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 that  region.  The  Kevs.  James  Power  and  Johu 
 McMillan  had  already  preceded  him.  His  first 
 charge  was  Buftalo  and  Cro.ss  Creek,  where  he  was 
 .settled  in  1780.  A  revival  soon  beg-an  in  his  church, 
 which  never  ceased  till  the  day  of  his  death,  more 
 than  twelve  years. 
 
 As  apreacher,  Mr.  Smith  was  very  impressive,  both 
 in  the  t*'nitic  and  the  pathetic.  .Some  one  s;iid  of 
 him,  "  I  never  knew  a  man  who  could  so  completely 
 \inbar  the  gates  of  hell,  and  make  me  look  so  far 
 down  into  the  dark,  bottomless  abyss,  or,  like  him, 
 could  so  throw  open  the  gates  of  heaven,  and  let  me 
 glance  at  the  insufferable  brightness  ot  the  great 
 white  throne."     Mr.  Smith  died  April  Iflth,  1792. 
 
 Smith,  Rev.  Joseph  Davis,  was  born  in , 
 
 Ireland,  Jlay  ^Oth,  1S28.  Ou  completing  his  collegi- 
 ate course  at  Canonsburg,  Pa.,  in  18.'>G,  he  entered 
 Princeton  Thcologiciil  Seminary,  graduating  in  18.i!); 
 was  licensed  by  the  Presbj-tery  of  Pliiladelphia,  in 
 April,  18.59,  and  preached  in  Philadelphia,  in  New- 
 ark, Del.,  and  in  New  Haven,  for  a  time,  as  a  mis- 
 sionary, under  the  direction  of  the  Domestic  Board. 
 He  was  ordained  and  installed  pa.stor  of  Slate  Ridge 
 Church,  York  county,  Pa.,  October  3()th,  I860,  and 
 has  continued  p;istor  of  tliis  church  ever  since,  faith- 
 ful in  d\ity  and  ble.ssod  in  his  laliors. 
 
 Smith,  Joseph  T.,  D.  D.,  w;us  born  in  Mercer, 
 I'a.,  of  godly  Presbyterian  ancestry.  He  pursued  his 
 preparatory  studies  at  the  Academy  iu  Mercer,  and 
 entered  JetTerson  College  in  the  Spring  of  l"i:53.  He 
 studied  theology  privately,  under  the  direction  of 
 the  Kev.  Samuel  Tate;  was  licensed  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Erie,  in  April,  1-<41,  and  was  ordained  and 
 installed  pastor  of  the  First  Presbj-terian  Church  of 
 Mercer,  in  April,  1842.  In  April,  1849,  he  became 
 ]);ustor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Balti- 
 more. He  was  elected,  in  1^*60,  Professor  of  Church 
 Government  and  Pastoral  Theologj-,  in  tlie  Theologi- 
 cal Seminary  at  Danville,  Ky.,  and  entered  upon  his 
 duties  there  in  December  following.  He  accepted  a 
 call  from  the  Central   Presbyterian  Church  of  Balti- 
 
 more, in  1862,  intheserviceofwhichhe  still  remains. 
 With  one  exception,  he  is  the  oldest  pastor  of  any 
 denomination  iu  Baltimore.  A  number  of  his  ser- 
 mons, addres.ses,  etc.,  have,  from  time  to  time,  been 
 published.  Dr.  Smith  is  a  g<ntleman  of  amiable 
 disposition,  gieat  urbanity,  and  winning  address. 
 As  a  preacher,  hesUinds  in  the  front  rank  for  ability 
 and  fidelity.  As  a  presbrter,  he  is  prompt  anil 
 faithful.  He  has  served  the  Cliurch  in  various  im- 
 portiint  capacities,  and  his  ministry  h;us  Ijeen  lilcs-sed 
 
 KSJiS 
 
 J08BPU  T.    SMITH,  D.  D. 
 
 with  large  success.  He  justly  enjoys  the  aflfectionate 
 regard  of  his  congreg-ation  and  his  brethren,  and  the 
 esteem  of  tlie  public,  for  his  consistent,  earnest  and 
 u.seful  life. 
 
 Smith,  Josiah,  D.,  D.  D.,  the  sou  of  William 
 and  Sarah  Smith,  was  born  iu  Westmoreland  county. 
 Pa.,  November  29tli,  1814;  was  educated  in  South 
 Hanover  College,  Indiana,  and  studied  theology  in 
 Hanover  Theological  Seminary,  Indiana.  He  was 
 licensed  by  liladison  Presbytery,  and  ordained  by 
 Columbus  Presbytery,  in  1841,  and  instiUled  pastor 
 of  the  Truro  and  Hamilton  churches,  Ohio.  He 
 subsequently  l«"came  p;i.stor  of  the  Westminster  Pres- 
 brterian  Church,  Columlius,  ().,  and  during  his  p:is- 
 toral  charge  he  died.  May  29th,  18(i3.  Mlien  his 
 utterance  w:ls  so  feeble  as  .scarcely  to  be  understood, 
 there  wius  one  aftectionate  ear  which  caught  tlu' 
 words  that  were  meant  for  none  but  the  Master  to 
 hear — "The  lowest  place,  the  lowest  place,  dear 
 Jesus!"  Dr.  Smith  was  one,  the  fervor  of  w-ho.se 
 pietj-  was  a  constant  atmo.sphere  about  him,  yet  so 
 as  by  no  miaiis  to  :ks.sume  an  air  of  undue  religious- 
 
sMirit. 
 
 838 
 
 tiMlTH. 
 
 iiess.  His  preaching  was  sought  unto  by  men  of 
 mature  and  well-trained  intellects,  who  always  found 
 in  his  discourses  a  breadth,  and  solidity  and  earnest- 
 
 of  New  York,  immediately  after  which  he  went  to 
 Ohio,  under  a  commission  of  the  Board  of  Domestic 
 Missions;  supplied  the  churches  of  Middletown  and 
 
 ness  that  were  well  adapted  to  commend  to  them  the  Franklin  for   six   months,    and   subseijuently    other 
 
 excellency  of  the  knowledge  of  Christ,  and  yet  his  churches  for  short  periods.     He  was  ordained  as  an 
 
 lireachiui;  was  never  intellectual  at  the  expense  of  evangelist,   by  Oxford    Presbytery   (Ohio),    October 
 
 the  spiritual  and  emotional  elements,  and  was  alwaj's  4tli,  \H'.Vi.     Mr.  Smith  never  was  an  installed  j>astor. 
 
 so  clearly  in  accordance  with  the  Scriptures,  if  not  He  resolved  early  in  his  ministry  "not  to  be  bound 
 
 in  the  very  words  of  inspiration,  that  the  humblest  to  auy  church  that  could  not  promise  him  an  adequate 
 
 hearer  who  knew  the  Scriptures  would  scarcely  fail  support,"  and  his  mini.stry  was  almost  entirely  in  the 
 
 to  be  both  edified  and  interested.  West,  serving  as  a  supjily.     His  principal  fields  of 
 
 Smith,  Rev.  Reuben,  was  born  in  South  H;idley,  labor  after  his  ordination  were  as  follows:  At  Venice, 
 
 Mass.,    September    26lh,     1789.      He   graduated   at  Ohio,  183.3-6;  Mount  C'armel,  Ind.,  183()-8;  Camden. 
 
 Middlebury  College,  in  1812,  at  Princeton  Theologi-  i  Ohio,  1840-7;    St.  Charles,  Mo.,  184()-.')0;  in  18.54  he 
 
 cul  Seminary,  in  1816,  and  w;is  licensed  by  the  New  removed  to  Illinois,  and  preached   occasionally  at 
 
 York  Presbytery,  and  ordained  and  instiilled  pastor  Lewistown,  and  afterwards  at  Keithsburg  and  Pope's 
 
 of  the  Church  at  Ballston  Centre,  N.    Y.,  by  Troy  Kiver;  in  1858  he  removed  to  Alton,  111.,  where  he 
 
 Presbytery,  in  1816.     Here  he  labored  some  years,  resided  in  infirm  health  until  1865,  preaching  occa- 
 
 and  was  called  to  the  Third  Presbyterian  Church,  i  sionally  at  Edwardsvilleand  Moro  when  he  wasable. 
 
 -Vlbany,  N.  Y.     In  1829  he  became  pastor  of  a  Con-  [  He  removed  to  Gettysburg,  Pa.,  August  19th,  1865, 
 
 gregational  Church  in  Burlington,  Vt.,  and  in  1832  and  here,  in  comfortable  circumstances  outwardly, 
 
 he  rejoined  Troy  Presbytery,  as  pastor  of  the  Church  but    in  infirm  health,  he  resided    uutil    his   death, 
 
 at  Waterford,  N.  Y.     This  pastorate  extended  over  a  which  occurred  May  23d,  1879,  in  the  seventy-fourth 
 
 period  of  sixteen   years,    and  during  his    ministry  year  of  his  age,  from  chronic  disease  of  the  kidneys. 
 
 many  souls  were  added  to  the  church,  of  such  as  shall 
 be  saved.  In  1848  he  again  preached  at  Ballston 
 Centre,  and  in  1854  he  removed  West,  joining  Win- 
 nebago Presbytery,  and  li\-ing  at  Beaver  Dam,  Wis. 
 He  died  November  ~th,  1860.  Mr.  Smith  was  a  man 
 of  deep  and  earnest  piety,  a  wise  counsellor  and  an 
 able  and  successful  minister.  He  was  the  .author  of 
 a  volume  of  "  Lectures  on  the  Evidences  of  Christi- 
 anity," and  several  tracts. 
 
 Smith,  Robert,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Londonderry, 
 Ireland,  in  1723,  and  came  with  his  parents  to  this 
 country  in  1730.  He  received  his  education  from 
 Kev.  .Samuel  Blair,  of  Fagg's  Manor.     Ho  was  or- 
 
 Mr.  Smith  was  a  man  of  nervous  temperament  and 
 of  a  positive  character,  steadfast  in  principle,  steady 
 in  purpose,  unwavering  in  faith,  devoted  to  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  and  an  earnest  defender  of  her  doc- 
 trines and  polity.  His  life  was  one  of  labor  and 
 privation,  laying  the  foundations  of  churches  in  wa.ste 
 places.  The  highest  sum  he  "  ever  received  as  a 
 support  in  any  one  year  was  S400,  while  for  the 
 greater  part  of  forty  years  it  was  only  from  S2ilO  to 
 $300  promised,  and  that  only  in  part  paid." 
 
 Smith,  Samuel  Stanhope,  D.  D.,  LL.  D., 
 President  of  Princeton  College,  and  the  .son  of  Kobert 
 Smith,  D.D.,  one  of  the  most  able  theologians  of  his 
 
 dained  pastor  of  Peqiu'a  Church,  Lancaster  county,  |  age,  was    born  at   Pequea,  Lancaster  county,  Pa., 
 -March  25th,  1751,  where  he  reuuiined  for  forty-two    March  Ifith,  1750,  and  graduated  in  1769  at  I'riiue- 
 
 years,  till  his  decease,  April  15th,  1793.     Other  ac- 
 counts place  his  death  in  17!)0. 
 
 Dr.  Smith  was  a  man  of  superior  gifts,  an  able 
 theologian  and  profound  casuist,  a  plain  preacher  but 
 active  pastor,  and  all  that  he  published  wsis  a  small 
 treatise  on  faith.  The  school  which  he  established 
 at  Petiuea  acquired  a  great  reputation,  but  he  is  bet- 
 
 ton,  where  he  was  afterwards  two  years  a  tutor. 
 Being  an  elocjuent  and  popular  preacher  in  Virginia. 
 Hanipden-Sidney  College  was  instituted  with  tin- 
 design  that  he  should  become  its  President.  Alter 
 being  at  the  head  of  that  college  a  few  years,  he  w  as 
 appointed,  in  1779,  Professor  of  Moral  Philosoi)hy  at 
 Princeton.     In  the  absence  of  Dr.  Withers|)oon  as  a 
 
 ter  known  to  posterity  as  the  fatlier  of  those  two  member  of  Congre.s,s,  much  of  the  care  of  the  college 
 great  lights  of  the  Church,  Dr.  .Samuel  Stanhope  devolved  upon  him,  and  alter  his  death,  in  1794.  h  ■ 
 Smith,  of  Princeton  College,  and  Dr.  John  Blair  was  elected  his  succe.s.sor,  and  discharged  the  duties 
 .Smith,  of  Union  College.  The  fact  of  a  father  and  of  the  position  with  great  fidelity  and  succes.s.  In 
 two  .sons  successively  elevali-d  to  the  Moderator's  consequence  of  growing  infirmities  he  resigiu'd  his 
 Chair  in  the  (Uneral  .V.ssemlily  is  without  a  parallel,  office  in  1812,  and  died  .Vugust  21st,  1819,  aged  sixty- 
 Smith,  Rev.  Robert  F.,  a  son  of  Kev.  .Tohn  Blair  nine.  Dr.  Smith  i)ublished  an  E.s.say  on  the  "Causes 
 Smith,  was  settled  for  some  time  over  a  Presbyterian  '  of  the  Variety  of  the  Complexion  and  Figure  of  the 
 Church  at  Snow  Hill,  Mil.,  where  he  died,  in  1824.  Hunuin  Species,"  in  17f<8,  in  which  he  a.scribed  all 
 Smith,  Rev.  Samuel  Buchanan,  was  born  at  the  variety  to  climate,  the  state  of  society,  ami  the 
 Gettj-.sburg,  .Vdamscounty,  Pa.,  March  22d,  1S06,  and  manner  of  living;  "  .Si-rmons, "  octavo,  1801;  "  Lec- 
 studied  theology  at  Princeton.  Mr.  Smith  was  li-  tares  on  the  Fvidences  of  the  Christian  Keligion." 
 censed  Octolier  24th,  1828,  by  the  Second  Presbytery^duodecimo,   Isoil;  on  the  "  Love  of  Praise,"  1^10;  a 
 
milTH. 
 
 839 
 
 SMYLIK. 
 
 continuation  of  Ramsay's  "  History  of  the  United 
 States,"  from  1808 to  1817;  "Lectures  on  Moral  and 
 Political  Philosophy,"  "The  Principles  of  Xatural 
 and  Revealed  Religion."  One  of  his  most  splendid 
 performances  wasliis  oration  delivered  at  Trenton,  on 
 the  death  of  Wa-shiuKtou;  the  occasion  roiLsed  his 
 faculties,  and  the  result  was  a  production  of  great 
 txrauty  and  jiower. 
 
 "Dr.  Smith,"  siiysthe  Rev.  Philip  Lindslev,  D.n., 
 who  was  Tutor  in  the  College  at  Princeton  and 
 student  of  theology  from  1807  to  1810,  "throughout 
 the  Middle  and  .Southern  Stiites  was  regarded  as  the 
 most  eloquent  and  learned  divine  among  his  contem- 
 poraries. ...  Of  the  government  of  the  college,  at 
 tliis  period  of  its  greatest  pro.sperity,  I  can  hardly 
 use  language  too  favorable.  .  .  .  He  was  a  diligent, 
 jxirsevering  student  through  life.  He  was  convers- 
 ant with  the  Iit«rature,  science,  philosophy  and 
 lK)litics  of  ancient  and  modern  times.  .  .  .  His  house 
 was  frequented  by  tlie  good,  the  great,  the  wise,  the 
 intelligent,  and  humble  merit  w;us  always  welcome 
 at  his  board  and  lireside.  .  .  .  He  was  not  ambitious, 
 except  in  the  apostolic  sense.  .  .  .  He  was  no  bigot 
 or  dogmatist.  In  the  General  As.sembly,  Synod  and 
 Presbytery  of  his  C'luuch,  he  was  confessedly  primux 
 inter  pares,  or  at  least  .second  to  none,  if  report  and 
 tradition  may  be  credited.  ..."  Referring  to  Dr. 
 Smith,  after  he  had  passed  the  limit  of  threescore 
 years,  and  was  compelled,  by  ill-health,  to  relin- 
 quish all  public  employments,  Dr.  Lindsley  observes, 
 "the  venerable  figure,  the  saintly  aspect,  the  be- 
 nignant smile,  the  ethereal  .spirit,  the  tranquil  resig- 
 nation, the  humble  faith,  the  cheerful  temper,  the 
 habitual  meekness,  the  generous  sympathy,  the  com- 
 prehensive charity,  the  modest,  unpreteuiling  gentle- 
 ness of  his  whole  manner,  all  proclaimed  the  mature 
 and  gifted  Christian,  ready  to  depart,  and  calmly  ex- 
 pecting his  linal  translation  to  a  more  congenial 
 world.  He  took  great  interest  in  the  youthlul  am- 
 didates  for  the  ministry.  He  delighted  much  in 
 their  society.  His  little  parlor  was  often  filled  with 
 them.  And  then,  what  words  of  wisdom,  of  kind- 
 ness, of  encouragement,  of  counsel,  and  the  prayer; 
 lor  he  always  concluded  these  meetings  with  prayer. 
 .  .  .  Thus  blandly  and  pe;icefully  p:i.s.sed  away  the 
 latter  years  of  the  veteran  invalid  soldier  of  the 
 Cross,  doing  what  he  could,  still,  as  ever,  faithful 
 to  his  vows,  and  zealous  in  his  Ma.ster's  service." 
 
 Smith,  Thomas  Porter,  was  an  elder  in  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  I'aris,  Ky.,  for  forty-si,\ 
 years.  He  was  Iwrn  in  Virginia,  January  1st,  1793; 
 ordained  an  elder,  Januiuy  .5th,  lsi2;  and  died  No- 
 vember 12th,  l.-'fii.  Mr.  Smith  w;us  licensed  Clerk 
 of  the  County  Court,  in  ilay,  1813,  by  Judges  Boyle 
 jind  Owsley,  which  place  he  retained  for  over  forty 
 years.  He  studied  law,  and  w;us  a  wise  counsellor, 
 aud  often  eftected  a  reconciliation  between  parties  at 
 variance.  He  was  remarkably  con.scientious,  and 
 would  not  enlist  in  the  defence  of  the  wrong  side. 
 
 if  aware  of  it.  He  was  a  man  of  extensive  reading, 
 and  thought  more  than  he  read.  His  favorite  works 
 were  such  as  Coleridge's  and  Isaac  Taj'lor's,  and  the 
 deepest  and  most  metaphysial  works  on  Morals  and 
 Theology.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  organi- 
 zation of  the  Constitution  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  Kentucky,  and  w;»s  a  frequent  contributor  to  the 
 religious  papers  of  the  day.  He  was  a  man  of  the 
 kindest  disposition,  very  liberal  to  the  poor  and  to 
 the  church,  and  of  consistent  aud  uniform  piety. 
 
 Smith,  Thomas  W.,  a  manager  of  the  Presby- 
 teriau  Hospital  in  New  York,  died  in  that  city 
 August  9th,  187,5.  Mr.  Smith,  as  a  business  man, 
 was  remarkable  for  sag.acity,  energy  and  self-reliance. 
 His  integrity  was  beyond  suspicion,  and  his  kindness 
 of  heart  and  suavity  of  demeauor  won  the  affection- 
 ate regard  of  a  wide  circle  of  friends,  to  whom  he  w  as 
 ever  ready  to  e.vtend  his  sympathy  in  distress  aud 
 his  couusel  and  aid  in  difficulties.  Asa  member  aud 
 officer  of  the  Presbyterian  Cliurch,  his  walk  and  con- 
 versation were  uniformly  consistent  with  his  profes- 
 sion. His  religious  character  was  simple,  yet  decided, 
 but  never  obtrusive.  Being  strong  in  his  convictions, 
 he  was  ever  earnest  and  fearless  in  the  advocacy  of 
 I  what  he  believed  to  be  truth  and  duty,  when  called 
 upon  for  their  defence.  His  interest  in  the  Hospital, 
 to  the  Board  of  which  he  belonged,  knew  no  abate- 
 ment until  death  closed  the  scene,  and  his  useful  life 
 and  labor  ended  together. 
 
 Smith,  Rev.  WiUiam  R.,  a  brother  of  Dr.  Sam- 
 uel Stanhope  Smith,  was  licensed  by  the  Presbj'tery 
 of  New  Ca.stle  in  177G;  was  settled  as  pastor  of  the 
 .Second  Church  in  Wilmington,  Del.,  about  1786; 
 resigned  his  charge  in  1796,  aud  became  piistor  of  the 
 Reformed  Dutch  Church  of  Harliugeu  aud  .Shannock, 
 N.  J.,  in  which  relation  he  died,  about  the  year  18'20. 
 Mr.  Smith  was  a  judicious  and  instructive  preacher, 
 a  faithl'ul  p;istor,  and  amiable  and  exemplary  in  his 
 spirit  and  deportment. 
 
 Smylie,  Rev.  James,  was  one  of  the  fathers  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  Southwest,  aud  the 
 second  minister  of  the  Denomination  who  settled 
 permanently  in  that  region.  He  was  born  in  North 
 Carolina,  of  Scotch  parentage,  about  the  year  1780. 
 He  received  his  cUissical  aud  theological  education, 
 which  was  unusually  complete,  at  Guildlbrd,  under 
 tlie  care  of  Rev.  Dr.  Caldwell,  and  was  liceused  aud 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Orange.  Soon  after 
 his  ordination,  in  180.5,  he  was  sent  by  the  .Synod  of 
 North  Carolina,  as  a  missionary,  to  the  Territory  of 
 Mississippi.  Commencing  his  labors  at  the  town 
 of  Wiishington,  the  c;ipit;il  of  the  Territory,  in  Adams 
 county,  six  miles  east  of  Natchez,  he  org-auized  at 
 that  place  a  church, wliich  bore  the  name  of  "Salem." 
 The  influences  prevailing  at  such  a  political  centre 
 were  not  favorable  to  the  growth  of  the  church,  and 
 in  the  following  year  it  was  removed  to  a  rural  neigh- 
 borhood, called  "  Pine  Ridge.'.'  The  "Pine  Ridge 
 ,Church  "  is  still  a  vigorous  organization,  and  is  the 
 
SMYTH. 
 
 840 
 
 siivrii. 
 
 oUle-st  living  'Prt'sbyterian  church  in  the  Southwest. 
 Mr.  Smylie  continued  to  minist^^r  to  this  church  till 
 1811,  when  he  removed  to  Amite  county,  on  the 
 soutliern  boundary  of  the  Territory.  Here  he  en- 
 gji^ed  actively  in  the  work  ol'  the  ministry,  extending 
 liis  lalMjrs  in  behalf  of  relij;ion  and  education  over  a 
 wide  region  of  country,  and  organizing  a  number  of 
 cliurehes  in  Mis.sis.'ii])i)i  and  tlie  contiguous  parishes 
 of  Louisiana.  He  was  a  zealous  Presbyterian,  and 
 untiring  in  hi.s  efforts  to  advance  the  intert'sts  of  his 
 Church.  As  the  result  of  a  journey  which  he  made 
 in  1814,  on  liorscback,  to  Tennessee,  he  obtained 
 from  the  Synod  of  Kentucky  an  ordinance  creating 
 the  "Presbytery  of  Mississippi."  And  from  his 
 weight  of  character  and  familiarity  with  ecclesiasti- 
 cal law  and  usage,  his  iulluence  in  that  Presbytery, 
 throughout  his  life,  wa-s  almost  magisterial. 
 
 He  died  in  ItiT-ii.  His  tall,  spare,  erect  bodily 
 frame  was  the  index  of  the  candor  and  integrity  of 
 his  spirit.  His  firmness  of  temper  and  conviction 
 w;is  proverbial,  but  was  at  the  same  time  mingled 
 with  a  singular  power  of  attracting  the  confidence 
 and  conciliating  the  rainils  of  those  with  whom  he 
 had  intercourse.  His  benevolent  di.s^)Osition  was 
 c'onspicuously  shown  in  his  labors  for  the  religious 
 instruction  of  the  slaves,  and  in  his  boldness  in  urging 
 their  duty  in  this  respect  upon  tlieir  masters. 
 
 Smyth,  Anson,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Penn.sylvama, 
 although  by  blood  and  education  he  is  a  New  Eng- 
 lander.  .\fter  completing  his  collegiate  and  theo- 
 logical education  at  the  Eiist,  he  took  early  pitstoral 
 eliargi-  of  a  pioneer  church  in  Michigan,  and,  after 
 tour  yi-ars  of  successful  labor,  was  called,  in  184T,  to 
 the  pastorate  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Toledo. 
 Ohio. 
 
 In  the  year  18.50  he  became  providentially  drawn 
 into  association  with  iraportjint  educational  measures 
 then  developing,  and  relinquished  his  pastoral  duties 
 to  enter  u])on  a  dejiartnient  of  ptiblic  service,  in 
 which,  for  the  next  sixteen  years,  he  achieved  most 
 honorable  ilistinction.  He  becitme  first  Superin- 
 tendi'Ut  of  the  new  school  system  of  Toledo,  and  as  a 
 result  of  his  su<-eess  in  that  capacity,  and  his  high 
 reputation  as  Kditor  of  the  Journtil  of  EtUuation,  was 
 elected  on  the  Ue])ublican  ticket  as  ComuiLssioner  of  ^ 
 Schools  for  the  Stiite  of  Ohio.  Six  years  of  laborious,  I 
 faithful  work,  as  indicated  by  his  able  and  elaborate 
 reports  in  this  important  office  during  two  successive 
 terms,  left  him  high  in  the  respect  anil  confidence  of 
 the  people.  He  then  became  lor  six  years  Superin- 
 tendent of  Instruction  for  the  city  of  Cleveland,  con- 
 ducting its  schools  with  pronounced  acceptance  and  ! 
 ability. 
 
 For  the  past  twelve  years  Dr.  .Smyth  has  occupied 
 no  public  ]K>st,  although  engjigeil  with  considerable 
 regularity  in  preaching  lus  supply  for  vjvcant  churches 
 and  accomplishing  much  literary  work.  Gradually 
 ilrawn  into  correspDndenee  for  the  religious  jiress,  he 
 has    beeiime   widely    and    favorablv    known,  of    lat 
 
 years,  through  this  channel  of  influence,  one  which 
 his  genial  style  and  wide  acquaint;ince  with  men  and 
 afTairs  well  enable  him  to  occupy. 
 
 Dr.  Smj-th  is  of  large  frame  and  agreeable  presence, 
 warm  in  his  friendships,  with  a  natural  fund  of 
 spontaneous  humor  and  a  renuiining  cjijiacity  for 
 vigorous  work  which  make  his  more  than  three- 
 score years  rest  lightly.  His  symi)athies  are  broail 
 and  scholarly,  while  yet  he  is  strictly  evangelical  and 
 entirely  loyal  to  the  doctrines  and  jwlity  of  the  Prcs- 
 .byterian  Church.  As  a  preacher,  he  is  eminently 
 instructive,  earnest,  biblical  and  edifving.    His  warm. 
 
 ANSON   6HYTII.   U.[>. 
 
 t 
 
 Christian  heart,  sound  judgment,  ready  aid  aiul  Ira- 
 ternal  li<lelity  gi\c  him  high  station  in  the  regsird  of 
 his  ministerial  as.sociates. 
 
 Smyth,  Thomas,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Helfa.st, 
 Ireland,  Jiuie  Hth,  1808,  of  English  and  Scotch 
 parentage.  He  entered  the  Institute  at  Belfast,  which 
 was  then  connected  with  what  is  now  the  Queen's 
 College,  as  a  preparatory  or  High  school,  and  was 
 prominent  among  his  fellow  students,  bearing  off  a 
 prize  at  every  examination.  In  18->7  he  became  a 
 student  at  |{elfa.st  CoUegi-,  and  there  maintained  his 
 relative  position,  asprimiis  iiiirr  pans,  winning  prizes 
 in  every  branch  of  study.  He  prosecuted  his  thi-o- 
 logical  studies  at  Highbury  College,  in  London.  He 
 embarked  with  his  parents  for  New  York,  in  August, 
 1830,  and  soon  after  his  arrival  in  this  country  he  was 
 taken  under  tile  c;ire  of  Newark  Presbytery,  ami  en- 
 tered the  Senior  cla.ss  in  Princeton  Seminary.  Hefore 
 graduating,  he  received  an  invitation  to  supi)ly  the 
 vacant  pulpit  of  the  .Siionil   Presbyterian  t'liiinh  of 
 
SMVIil 
 
 ■^W 
 
 SXUIXUi.lSS. 
 
 Charleston,  S.  C,  which  hr  a<(<-i)iiil,  ami  alter 
 l)ieafhing  to  the  con^rt'S'ti""  with  uroat  accipUiiicc 
 tor  six  months,  ho  was  iiiianiiuously  clfctod  tlieir 
 l)astor,  and  was  installed  liy  the  Chark'stou  Union 
 Presbytery,  Ueceinlier  -iiJlh,  1h;J4. 
 
 Dr.  Smyth  was,  in  an  eminent  decree,  furnished 
 liy  natnre  and  mental  training  with  tliose  i|nalities 
 wliich  render  the  ministry  l)rilliant  and  successful. 
 He  was  a  princely  orator.  He  wsis  gifted  with  a 
 vigorons  and  brilliant  imagination,  a  quick,  poetic 
 sensibility.  He  w;is  a  most  diligent  student  and  a 
 thorough-going  preacher,  of  the  old  school.  The 
 gospel  trumpet,  in  his  mouth,  uttered  no  uncertain 
 sound.  He  wa.s  a  standard-bearer.  He  w;is  not 
 a.shamed  of  his  Confession  of  Faith  and  ('hunli  Cate- 
 chism, or  of  the  Westminster  Assembly  of  Divines. 
 
 THOMAS    SMYTH,  D.  D. 
 
 He  was  a  bold  and  skillful  defender,  as  well  lus  an 
 able  and  successful  expounder,  of  the  truth.  His 
 crowning  excellence  svs  a  preacher,  the  chief  inspira- 
 tion of  his  elo(iuent  di.scourses,  was  his  absorbing 
 love  to  the  Saviour.  He  w;us  eminently  zealous  in 
 the  cau.se  of  missions,  and  was,  for  many  years.  Chair- 
 man of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  Missions,  in  the 
 Synod  of  ,South  Carolina,  He  was  also  a  devoted 
 friend  of  the  Sabbath  school  and  tlii'  Itible  Society. 
 Dr.  Smyth  was  as  much  marked  by  tidelity  and 
 tenderness  as  a  i)astor,  as  by  ability  and  power  as  a 
 preacher.  He  ever  felt  and  manifested  a  deep  and 
 aftectionate  interest  in  the  colored  ])eople,  who  filled 
 the  gallery  of  his  church,  and  largely  composed  his 
 membership.  As  an  ecclesijLstie,  he  was  thoroughly 
 qualified  t*)  be  a  leader  in  tin*  courts  and  councils  ot" 
 
 the  t  liurch.  As  a  churchman,  he  wx-.  at  once  iu- 
 ten.scly  denominational  and  intensely  un.sectarian. 
 He  was  a  learned  author,  and  has  left  to  the  world 
 about  thirty  valuable  volumes,  the  most  jiopular  iii' 
 which  are:  "The  Well  in  the  Valley,"  '"Why  Do  I 
 Live  ?  "  and  the  volumes  on  missiims. 
 
 Dr.  Smyth's  health  w.is  greatly  impaired  during 
 the  later  yeai-s  of  his  life,  but  he  t)ore  his  sufterings 
 with  remarkable  patience,  even  with  cheerfulne.ss, 
 and  labored  on  with  unflagging  energj-,  working 
 until  his  throbbing  heart  ceased  to  beat,  and  "the 
 pulse  of  life  stood  still."  His  earnest,  exemplary 
 and  useful  life  terminated  at  Charleston,  .\ugust  iOth, 
 \>*T.\.  Death  had  no  t<Mrors  for  him.  Xo  act  of  his 
 life  was  more  positive  than  that  of  obeying  the  order 
 of  his  great  Capt;un  to  put  olT  his  armor  and  go  ui> 
 to  receive  his  crown. 
 
 Snodgrass,  Rev.  James,  w:vs  born  near  Doyles- 
 town,  Bucks  county.  Pa.  He  graduated  at  the  Uni- 
 versity of  1'eiHi.sylvania,  in  17S3,  and  was  afterwards, 
 for  some  time,  a  Tutor  in  the  same  Institution.  He 
 studied  theology  under  the  direction  of  the  Kev. 
 Nathanael  Irwin,  then  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Xe- 
 shaminy.  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  First 
 Presbytery  of  I'hiladelphia,  in  December,  ITS."!, 
 After  preaching  about  a  year  and  a  half  in  destitute 
 places,  in  the  central  and  northern  ]>arts  of  the  State 
 of  Xew  York,  he  was  iust;illed,  in  May,  1788,  pastor 
 of  the  West  Hanover  congregation,  in  connection 
 with  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle,  and  continued  in  the 
 active  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his  otiiee  until  the 
 ■2.")th  of  July,  184,"),  when  he  was  attacked  by  a 
 di.seasi!  from  which  he  never  so  far  recovered  as  to 
 hi'  able  to  resume  his  labors.  He  died  ,Iuly  "M,  l-<4<). 
 Mr.  Snodgrass  was  distinguished  for  sound  judgment, 
 great  modesty,  and  eminent  devotedness  to  his  work. 
 Though  he  rather  shuinied  than  courted  the  public 
 gaze,  he  was  held  in  high  estimation  by  all  who  knew 
 him.  He  was  the  fiither  of  the  Rev.  W.  D.  Snod- 
 grass, D.  D.,  now  of  Goshen,  X.   Y 
 
 Snodgrass,  "William  Davis,  D.  D.,  was  born 
 in  West  Hanover,  Dau])liin  c(juuty.  Pa.,  June  30th. 
 ITiHj.  He  graduated  at  Washington  College,  Penn- 
 sylvania, in  18I.J;  after  studying  Hebrew  in  Phila- 
 delphia for  six  months,  spent  two  and  a  half  years 
 at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  and  was  licen.sed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle,  October  7th,  1818. 
 He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Fayetteville, 
 X.  C,  July  :!()th,  181"),  and  installed  p:istor  of  Fay- 
 etteville Presbyterian  Church  on  the  .s;ime  day,  in 
 which  relation  he  continued  till  February,  1822. 
 [  He  was  stated  supply  of  the  Independent  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Savannah,  Ga.,  from  February,  1822, 
 j  till  .\ug\ist,  1823,  Subsequently  he  Wiis  pa.stor  of 
 Murray  Street  Church,  Xew  York  city,  from  Octo- 
 l)er,  1823,  till  May,  1*32;  of  the  Second  Church, 
 Troy,  X.  Y,,  from  OctoI)er  3d,  1834,  till  April  28lh, 
 1844;  and  of  the  Fifteenth  Street  Church,  Xew  York 
 city,  from  March  l.'.th.  Hl(>.  till  October  !)th.   l-<4!). 
 
tiXODGRASS. 
 
 842 
 
 SXO  U'DEX. 
 
 On  November  7th,  1849,  he  was  instilled  pastor  of 
 the  Church  in  Goshen,  N.  Y.,  of  which  he  still  has 
 charge.  For  eighteen  months,  in  1832-33,  he  was 
 agent  for  the  Board  of  Home  Jlissions. 
 
 Dr.  .Suodgr:u>s  has  borne,  through  his  long  and  use- 
 ful life,  the  reputation  of  an  able,  faithful  and  suc- 
 cessful minister  of  the  gospel.  His  labors  have  been 
 bles.se.d  with  several  e.\tensive  revivals — one  in  Xew 
 York,  in  1829,  two  during  his  residence  in  Troy, 
 and  two  during  his  pastorate  at  Goshen.  •  He  was 
 elected  a  Director  of  Princeton  Theological  Seminary 
 in  1830,  and  not  only  has  discharged  the  duties  of 
 that  office  with  marked  fidelity  and  acceptablcness 
 ever  since,  but  h:vs  been  honored  with  the  position 
 of  President  of  the  Board  for  several  years.  Dr. 
 Snodgrass,  in  addition  to  liis  pulpit  power,  wields  a 
 
 WILLIAU    DAVIi4  8N0DaitA86,  D.  D. 
 
 vigorous  pen.  He  has  published  a  small  but  valu- 
 able volume  on  "  Perfectionism,"  a  duodecimo,  con- 
 taining thirteen  able  lectures  on  Apostolical  Suc- 
 cession, a  Sermon  on  tlie  death  of  Rev.  John  M. 
 J[a.son,  n.  D.,  one  on  Missions,  which  was  preiuihed 
 before  the  General  Assi  inl)ly,  and  one  on  the  Tri- 
 umphs of  the  liedemption  over  the  Apostaey,  which 
 appears  in  the  "  Murray  Street  Di.scourses."  Amidst 
 the  infirmities  of  declining  years  he  is  active  in  doing 
 good,  and  enjoys  very  justly  the  contidence  and 
 esteem,  not  only  of  his  bretliren  in  the  ministry,  but 
 also  of  the  entire  Church  to  which  his  life-work  has 
 been  devoted. 
 
 Snodgrass,  ■William  T.,  merchant,  wa.s  born 
 in  Sliippcnshini;.  Pa.,  on  September  ITth,  1813.  He 
 was   of   Scotch- 1 risli  descent.     His   father,   William 
 
 Sno<lgrass,  was  an  extensive  merchant  in  Cumberland 
 county,  and  was  a  man  of  precision  and  sterling 
 integrity.  At  the  age  of  thirteen  he  entered  his 
 father's  store,  to  be  initiated  into  the  routine  of  busi- 
 ness, where  he  learned  that  systematic  and  prompt 
 management  of  business  matters  which  characterized 
 him  through  life.  At  fifteen  he  was  left  alone  in 
 Philadelphia,  but,  shunning  evil  associations,  he 
 spent  his  leisure  time  in  study,  and  for  live  years  it 
 was  hiscustom  to  devote  three  hours  daily  to  mental 
 culture.  Starting  with  a  capital  of  a  few  dollars, 
 and  refusing  all  aid  from  rich  or  poor  relations,  by 
 the  power  of  his  own  industry,  energy  and  merit,  he 
 rose  to  the  highly  creditable  position  which  he  occu- 
 pied in  the  mercantile  world.  The  fine  building  at 
 the  northwest  corner  of  Ninth  and  Market  streets, 
 Philadeljihia.  is  a  worthy  monument  to  the  ability 
 of  a  man  who  carved  out  his  own  fortune,  and  edu- 
 cated to  his  business  forty-nine  young  men. 
 
 Mr.  Snodgrass  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Trade 
 in  the  city  in  which  he  so  long  resided,  and  was  a 
 prominent  and  useful  member  of  the  Alexander 
 Church,  and  subsequently  of  the  West  Arch  Street 
 Presbrterian  Church.  Whilst  he  was,  by  birth, 
 training  and  conviction,  a  Presbyterian,  his  religious 
 sentiments  were  liberal,  and  he  was  strongly  dis- 
 posed to  fraternize  with  and  aid  all  evangelical 
 Christians.  Exacting  as  an  employer,  he  placed  every 
 young  man  ujjon  his  own  merit,  but  his  active  sym- 
 pathy with  all  that  concerned  them  drew  them  near 
 to  him,  and  made  them  feel  that  in  him  they  had 
 more  than  a  friend.  To  the  world  generally,  he  was 
 a  plea.sant.  courteous,  and  benevolent  gentleman.  He 
 departed  this  life  in  the  .Vutnnin  of  l'^~4. 
 
 Snowden,  Rev.  Gilbert  Tennent,  was  licensed 
 to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia.  Ou 
 the  24th  of  November  1790,  he  was  transferred  to 
 the  Presbytery  of  New  Bruns>vick,  and  ordained  and 
 installed  pa.stor  of  the  Church  at  Cranbury,  N.  .1. 
 His  ministry  w;is  a  short  one,  l>ut  filled  with  labor 
 and  crowned  with  fruit.  He  died  Febrnary  2(lth, 
 1797.  Dr.  Samuel  Stanhope  Smith,  in  preaching  liis 
 funeral  sermon,  .s;iid,  "The  l)est  eulogy  of  tiilbert 
 Tennent  Snowdeu  would  be  a  faithful  history  of  him- 
 self." 
 
 Snowden,  Rev.  Nathanael  Randolph,  a 
 graduate  of  Princeton  College  in  1787,  was  licensed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle,  in  1794  ;  for  a  time 
 was  Tutor  in  Dickinson  College,  and  w:uss<-ttle<l  over 
 the  churches  of  Harri.sburg,  Paxtim  and  Derry, 
 Pennsylvania,  in  which  he  labored  aljout  three  years, 
 with  zeal  and  success.  Alter  resigning  these  charges, 
 he  sujiplied  many  congregations,  but  made  no  per- 
 manent settlement.     He  died  Xovembi-r  .'Jd,  18.50. 
 
 Snovrden,  Rev.  Samuel  Finley,  a  brother  of 
 Gilbert  T.  Snowden,  of  the  cUuss  of  1783,  at  Prince- 
 ton College,  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  New  Brunswick,  .\pril  2ltli.  1794.  and  ordain<il 
 and  instiilled  piustor  of  the  Church  at   Princeton,  on 
 
SXYDEE. 
 
 843 
 
 SOX  OF  GOD. 
 
 the  "ioth  of  November  follo\Ting.  This  charge  Mr. 
 Snowden  resigned  April  29tli,  1801,  on  account  of  ill 
 health.  He  was  afterwards  settled  successively  at 
 ^\^litesboro,  New  Hartford,  and  Sackett's  Harl)or,  in 
 the  State  of  New  York.  He  died  suddenly,  in  May, 
 1845. 
 
 Snyder,  Rev.  Henry,  the  son  of  Charles  and 
 Mary  Snyder,  w:us  born  in  Stephensburg,  Frederick 
 county,  Va.,  December  2d,  1814.  He  graduated  at 
 Jefferson  College  in  1838;  studied  theology  privately; 
 was  licensed  by  Ohio  Presbytery,  and,  in  18.50,  was 
 ordained  by  that  Pre.sbytcry  as  an  evangelist.  In 
 1841  he  was  appointed  Adjunct  Professor  of  Jlathc- 
 matics  in  Jefferson  College,  Pa.  In  1843  he  was 
 appointed  Professor  of  Mathematics.  He  resigned 
 in  18.50,  and  in  18.51  he  was  Professor  of  Latin  in 
 Centre  College,  Ky.,  where  he  remained  two  years. 
 In  1853  he  removed  to  Bridgeton,  N.  J.  The  follow- 
 ing year  he  removed  to  Winchester,  Va.,  and  in 
 1856  he  was  stilted  supply  to  the  Church  at  Amelia 
 Court  House,  Va.  In  1857  he  was  elected  Professor 
 of  Mathematics  in  Hampden-Sidncy  College,  Va., 
 and  held  the  position  until  1860.  Hi.s  death  occurred 
 February  2"2d,  1866.  Mr.  Snyder  was  well  read  in 
 English  literature,  had  a  clear  and  logical  mind,  with 
 a  taste  for  metaphysical  thought.  He  was  quick  in 
 discernment  of  the  character  of  others,  a  remarkable 
 conversationalist,  genial  in  his  spirit,  equable  in  his 
 temper  and  animated  by  a  very  simple  faith  in  the 
 Redeemer. 
 
 Somerville,  Hon.  Henderson  M.,  was  bom  in 
 Madison  county,  Virginia,  March  23d,  18:57.  In  the 
 Fall  of  the  s;iiue  year  his  father  emigrated  to  Ala- 
 bama. He  graduated  at  the  University  of  Alabama 
 in  1856,  and  in  Cumberland  University  Law  School, 
 Lebanon,  Tenn.,  1859.  He  edited  the  Slemphis 
 Daily  Appeal,  1860-62;  was  Tutor  of  Mathematics, 
 Latin  and  Greek,  in  the  University  of  Alabama, 
 1862-<).5,  and  Professor  of  Law  in  the  same  L'niver- 
 sity,  1873-83.  In  1880,  he  was  appointed  Associate 
 Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Alabama,  and  has 
 distinguished  himself  by  his  eminent  ability  and 
 learning  in  his  profession,  and  by  the  clear,  forcible 
 and  s;itisfactory  character  of  his  decisions. 
 
 In  1867  he  was  ordained  and  installed  a  ruling 
 elder  in  the  church  at  Tuskaloosa,  of  which  he  had 
 been  for  some  time  a  member,  and  served  acceptably 
 and  usefully  in  that  office  nntjl  his  removal  to 
 another  congregation  in  1883.  He  was  also,  for  a 
 number  of  years,  an  efficient  superintendent  of  the 
 Sabbath  st'hool,  and  has  been  from  its  organiaition  a 
 valuable  member  of  the  General  Assembly's  Execu- 
 tive Committee  of  tlic  Institute  for  training  colored 
 ministers. 
 
 Son  of  God.  This  title  is  continually  given  to 
 the  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  and  iis  appropriated  by  him  it 
 is  a  full  proof  of  his  divinity  (Luke  i,  32;  xxii,  70, 
 71 ;  Kom.  i,  4). 
 
 The  title  wjis  .ipplied  to  Adam,  who  had  no  human 
 
 I 
 
 father  (Luke  iii,  38).  And  there  is  a  sense  in  which 
 other  men,  as  the  creatures  of  God's  hand,  and  still 
 more  as  received  into  his  reconciled  family  by  adop- 
 tion, may  be  called  God's  sons  (Hos.  i,  10;  John  i, 
 12;  Acts  \-ii,  28,  29;  Kom.  viii,  14;  Gal.  iii,  26;  iv, 
 .5-7;  1  John  iii,  1,  2).  But  it  was  evidently  with  a 
 much  higher  meaning  that  our  Lord  is  termed  "The 
 Son  of  God."  For  the  Jews  rightly  judged  that  by 
 the  assumption  of  this  title  he  laid  claim  to  equality 
 with  God,  and,  regarding  it  as  bla.sphemy,  and  a 
 breach  of  the  first  commandment,  they  determined 
 to  put  him  to  death  (John  v,  17,  18) ;  in  fact,  it  was 
 on  this  charge  that  ultimately  they  condemned  him. 
 And  that  it  was  not  in  the  lower  and  common  sense 
 that  Christ  claimed  God  as  his  Father,  is  e\"ident 
 from  the  fact  that  he  did  not  correct  the  Jews'  opin- 
 ion; which  most  unquestionably  he  would  have  done, 
 had  they  been  under  a  mistake  in  supposing  him  to 
 have  broken  the  great  commandment  of  the  law. 
 
 TMiitby  well  observes,  in  his  note  on  Luke  x.\ii,  70, 
 71,  that  the  Jews  did  not  expect  SIcssiah  to  be  more 
 than  man.  The  title,  therefore,  "  Sou  of  God," 
 was  not  recognized  by  them  as  appropriate  to  the 
 Messiah.  However  clear  to  us  may  be  the  proofs 
 deducible  from  the  Old  Testament,  of  the  plurality 
 of  persoiLsin  the  unitv  of  the  Godhead,  the  Jews  gen- 
 erally did  not  appreciate  their  force.  And  at  a  time, 
 especially,  when  th^y  were  purged  from  their  former 
 tendencies  to  idolatry,  they  maintained,  in  the 
 strongest  way,  the  unity  of  the  Most  High  God.  Now, 
 it  was  no  offence  against  the  law  for  any  one  to  pro- 
 claim himself  the  Messiah.  The  evidences  of  his 
 claim  were  to  be  looked  at  ;  and,  according  as  they 
 were  trustworthy  or  not,  the  claim  would  be  admitted 
 or  dis;illowed;  but  simply  to  have  made  it  rotised  no 
 indignation  among  his  countrymen,  although,  in  case 
 of  an  individual  obnoxious  on  other  grounds,  they 
 might  make  it  a  ground  of  accusation  before  their 
 Gentile  rulers,  that  the  claim  Wiis  an  act  of  treason 
 ag-ainst  the  Roman  C'ssar  ( Luke  xxiii,  2 ;  John  xix,  12). 
 But  this  was  not  the  charge  on  which  our  Lord  w;is 
 arraigned  before  the  high  priest,  and  which  the  Jew- 
 ish law  made  aipital.  "  We  have  a  law,"'  they  said, 
 "and  by  our  law  He  ought  to  die,  because  He  made 
 Himself  the  Son  of  God."  It  was  imix>ssible  to 
 deny  the  reality  of  the  miracles  wrought.  They 
 were  acknowledged  by  the  people,  who  still 
 doubted  whether  they  were  sufficient  to  estiil)- 
 lish  the  truth  of  His  Messiahship  (\-ii,  31);  they 
 could  not  be  gain.s;iid  by  the  very  rulers  (.\i,  47). 
 But  then  the  case  was  provided  for  in  the  law.  that, 
 if  a  sign  or  a  wonder  was  exhibited  by  any  one  who 
 transgressed  the  fundamental  principles  of  that  law, 
 he  was  to  be  dealt  with  as  a  false  prophet  (Deut. 
 .\iii,  1-5).  Hence  the  keenness  of  the  Jews  to  con- 
 vict Jesus  of  what  they  supposed  a  denial  of  the  first 
 great  truth  of  their  religion.  And  with  all  their 
 admixture  of  lower  motives,  we  may  lairly  admit 
 that  they  believed  he  was  committing  a  grave  crime 
 
SOX  or  MAX. 
 
 H44 
 
 ,W.V  UF  J/.I.V. 
 
 and  (Icservi-d  the  puiiLshiuent  ol'  dcatli.  Tliis  the 
 words  of  St.  Peter  (Acts  iii,  17)  and  of  St.  Paul  (1 
 Cor.  ii,  P)  "imply.  Hence  their  dis.satisfactioii  on  his 
 trial  witli  the  false  \vitne.s.s  ur];;ed  against  him.  It 
 did  not,  if  adniitttd,  involve  a  capital  ofl'ence.  So 
 that  the  high  priest  had  to  put  him  to  the  proof 
 (Luke  x.xii,  70,  71).  And  in  his  judges'  mind  he; 
 was  convicted  liy  his  own  words,  in  open  court,  of  the 
 gi-os.s<-st  bliusphemy,  when  he  declared,  in  answer  to  i 
 the  adjuration  made  to  him,  that  he  was  the  Son  of 
 God.  Tile  wliole  of  tliis  jwoceediiig  would  be  uuin- 
 telligiblc,  if  we  did  not  allow  that  to  Jewish  e:irs 
 this  declaration  distinctly  claimed  equality  with  God. 
 .^nd  if  we  were,  for  argument's  sake,  to  imagine  that 
 in  the  heat  of  discussion  more  wa«  advanced  than 
 would,  in  cooler  moments,  be  maintained,  we  cannot, 
 for  an  instant,  suppose  that  on  this  solemn  occasion, 
 on  trial  belbre  the  highest  court  of  the  nation,  at  a 
 crisis  on  which  so  much  depend<-d,  Jesus  would  let 
 himself  be  misconceived  and  condemiu'd  to  death  for 
 an  assumption  he  did  not  really  intend  to  make. 
 The  inference,  then,  cannot  be  evaded.  Our  Lord 
 claimed  to  be  one  with  the  Father  in  a  way  in  which 
 no  mere  man  could  be  ;  and  the  apostles,  in  propa- 
 gating His  religion,  meant  to  claijn  for  him  this 
 divine  pre-eminence  (Mark  i,  iV);  John  i,  18;  Acts,  iii, 
 l:!,  -JO  ;  Heb.  i,  2  ;  1  John  i,  :!).  And  here  was  the 
 great  mystery  of  Godliness.  He  that  was  the  highest 
 stiiiijM'd  to  be  the  lowest,  for  the  salvation  of  men. 
 
 We  nuvy  hence  see  the  force  of  the  acknowledg- 
 ments nuide  by  the  devils  whom  J<'sus  CJist  out ;  they 
 knew  him,  we  are  told,  not  merely  that  he  was  the 
 Messiah,  but  that  he  Wiis  the.Son  of  God  (Matt  ,  -N-iii, 
 •>f);  Mark  ii,  24;  Luke  iv,  34,  41).  Hence,  too,  the 
 declaration  to  Peter  that  such  a  recognition  could  not 
 have  been  made  except  by  the  gracious  instruction  of 
 the  Father  (NLitt.  .\vi,  Ui,  17),  and  the  special  com- 
 nu-mUition  of  Nathanael  (John  i,  49,  50).  It  is  no 
 sufficient  objection  that  the  disciples  wavered  in  their 
 tiiith;  they  were  the  rather  likely  to  waver  when 
 they  saw  one  whom  they  had  begun  to  believe  more 
 than  human  apparently  unable  to  deliver  himself 
 from  a  shameful  death.  It  may  be  added  that  the 
 peculiar  difficulty  of  the  Jews  is  thus  quite  evident 
 when  .lesusquestioned  them,  "  Whose  Sou  is  Christ?" 
 Tlii'y  said  at  once,  "  David's."  I'.ut.  when  he  further 
 enquired,  how  David  then  called  him  Lord,  they, 
 from  tlieiriguorance  of  Messiah'sdivine  nature,  could 
 nut  answer  (Matt,  xxii,  41— Kil. 
 
 Son  of  Man.  .\  plirase  used  to  signify  man  gen- 
 erally (Numb,  xxiii,  IS);  Job  xxv,  6;  xx.xv,  8;  Ps. 
 viii,  4;  cxliv,  3;  Heb.  ii,  0).  It  was  the  ordinary 
 designation  of  the  prophet  Kzekiel,  when  God  ad- 
 dri's.scd  him  (c.  y.  Kzck.  ii,  1,  Ii,  6,  8).  It  was  also 
 once  given  to  Daniel  (Dan.  viii,  17).  It  s«'cms  to  have 
 been  an  .\ramaic  idiom,  equivalent  to  "nuui,"in 
 eomniim  ust;  in  the  region  where  Kzekiel  and  D.iniel 
 resided.  Thus  we  find  it  perpetually  <«-eurring  in 
 the  Syriae  viTsion:  as  lor  example,  "The  lii'st  sou  of 
 
 man,  .\dam,  w:»s  a  living  soul;"  "The  first  son  of 
 man,  earthly,  of  the  earth,  the  second  son  of  man,  the 
 Lord  from  heaven  "  (1  Cor.  xr,  4'>.  47).  It  is,  further, 
 the  phrase  used  in  that  remarkable  vision  in  which 
 Daniel  s;iw  One,  "  the  Son  of  Man.''  })rought  to  the 
 Ancient  of  Days,  and  invested  with  a  sovereignty 
 that  should  include  all  nations,  and  that  should  never 
 lie  destroyed  (Dan.  vii,  13,  14).  That  this  had  a 
 ilessiauic  reference  cannot  l)e  doubted.  And  there- 
 fore, when  our  Lord  so  designated  him.self  (Matt.  viii. 
 20;  ix,  G,  and  elsewhere)  he  announced  him.self  as  the 
 Messiah,  the  Son  of  God  manifested  in  human  form, 
 revealing  the  mystery  of  the  two  natures  in  one  per- 
 son. The  Jews  seem  fully  to  have  understood  what 
 he  meant;  they  saw  that  he  claimed  an  identity 
 as  "  Sou  of  man  "  with  the  Deity,  the  "  Soil  of  ( iod  " 
 (Luke  xxii,  69,  70;  comp.  John  xii,  34).  Stephen 
 uses  this  title  of  Christ  (Acts  vii,  56);  with  this 
 exception,  in  the  gospels  and  apostolic  history  it  is 
 api)lie<l  to  him  only  by  himself. 
 
 Soul.  That  sentient,  rational,  conscious,  account- 
 able part  or  principle  in  man  which  distinguishes  his 
 life  from  mere  animal  existence.  Thus  God  formed 
 the  body  of  our  tirst  parents  fnmi  the  dust  of  the 
 ground,  and  then  "  breathed  into  his  nostrils  the 
 breath  of  life;  and  man  became  a  living  soul  "  (Gen. 
 ii,  7). 
 
 There  are  many  curious  questions  on  the  nature, 
 origin,  powers  and  mode  of  existence  of  the  soul, 
 which  have  been  debated  with  much  earnestness  by 
 ingenious  men.  Discussion  on  these  would  be  out 
 of  place  in  the  present  work.  Neither  need  the 
 pantheistic  notion  be  dwelt  on,  that  the  soul  is  "a 
 mere  attribute  of  the  universiU  substjince  and  a 
 correlate  of  extension,"  or  "a  vanishing  point  in  the 
 eternal  process  of  the  evolution  of  the  absolute."  It 
 is  enough  to  Siiy  that  the  pantheistic  theory  is 
 opposed  to  our  consciousness,  because  it  denies  our 
 individual  personality,  and  does  not  admit  the 
 freedom  of  the  will,  and,  still  worse,  it  is  opposed  to 
 our  uKiral  and  religious  consciousness,  for  it  denies 
 moral  distinctions,  or,  if  it  at  all  recognizes  a  differ- 
 ence between  good  and  evil,  it  really  ascribes  to  God 
 all  the  error  and  crime  under  which  men  suffer.  It 
 must  Iw  sufficient  to  say  here  that  such  a  theory  con- 
 tradicts not  only  Scripture,  but  the  plain  jirinciples 
 of reason. 
 
 It  is  doubted  how  far  the  earliiT  fathers  of  man- 
 kind understood  the  immortality  or  separate  exist- 
 ence of  the  soul.  Unquestionably,  the  later  revelation 
 disclosed  much  which  had  previously  been  veileil,  .so 
 that  Clirist  may  mast  properly  be  s;iid  to  have 
 "brought  life  and  imraortality  to  light  through  the 
 gospel  "  (2  Tim.  i,  10).  But  surely  the  ancients  were 
 not  in  perfect  darkness  on  such  a  matter.  The  trans- 
 lation of  KiUK-h,  even  if  there  had  been  no  other  kind 
 of  teaching,  must  have  re;>d  thoughtful  men  a 
 striking  lesson  (Gen.  v,  241.  .\nd  certainly,  if 'the 
 sacritici-s  of  the  dead  "  were  eaten,  some  notion  mu.st 
 
so  VTHERX  <  II  rue  1 1. 
 
 K\- 
 
 MJSSJOXS. 
 
 li:ivf  been   entertiiimil  of  the  conscious  state  ol'  the 
 dead  ( Ps.  cvi,  2!^). 
 
 When  the  bo<ly  dies  the  soul  still  lives  ;  it  has  not 
 immediately  its  final  and  complete  position;  for  body 
 and  soul  must  be  again  united,  in  order  that  the  whole 
 man  may  have  his  suitable  life.  AMiat  the  Scripture 
 reveals  of  the  separate  state  of  the  faithful  is  very 
 interesting.  This  is  described  as  "a  state  of  rest,  a 
 state  of  consciously  living  to  God,  a  state  of  being 
 with  Christ,  a  state  of  para<lisai(al  bliss,  a  state  of 
 mutual  recognition  and  of  lioly  fellowship,  a  state  of 
 victory  and  of  assurance  of  reward,  a  state  of  earnest 
 expectation."  The  condition  of  those  who  have  lived 
 in  ungodliue.ss  may  be  gathered  from  the  awful  para- 
 ble of  thp  rich  man  and  Lazarus  (Luke  xvi,  l'J-:i\). 
 
 At  the  Lord's  coming  all  men  shall  rise  agiiin  with 
 their  bodies,  "some  to  everlasting  life,  and  some  to 
 .shame  and  everla.sting  contempt  "  (Dan.  xii,  '2;  Matt. 
 x.w,  4fi).  The  ]>ra<tical  condu.siim,  and  one  of  the 
 weightest  importance,  therefore,  is  that  all  care  must 
 be  exercised,  all  means  used,  for  '"the  s;ilvatiou  of 
 the  .soul  "  (Matt,  xvi,  2(i). 
 
 Southern  Presbsrterian  Chtirch,  Foreign 
 Missionary  "Work  of.  The  foreign  missionary 
 work  of  the  Southern  Presbyterian  Church  antedates 
 its  own  existence  as  a  separate  and  independent 
 branch  of  the  Church  of  the  Lord  .Tcsus  Christ.  Its 
 membership  co-operated  heartily  with  the  general 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  promoting  this  great  e;iuse, 
 from  the  time  that  that  Church  assumed  the  responsi- 
 bility of  conducting  the  foreign  missionary  work 
 upon  its  own  responsibility  to  tlie  breaking  out  of 
 the  Civil  War  in  1861. 
 
 During  this  period  of  co-operation,  extending  over 
 more  than  twenty  years,  Southern  Presbyterians  were 
 in  no  respect  behind  their  Northern  brethren  as  to  the 
 zeal,  energy  and  liberality  with  which  the  common 
 cause  was  supported.  The  Church  had  in  her  bosom 
 at  the  time  of  her  separation  many  sons  and  daughters 
 who  had  spent  the  prime  of  their  lives  in  this  great 
 cause,  as  well  as  others  w^ho  were  still  engaged  in  it. 
 She  Wiis  not  a  stranger,  therefore,  to  the  mis-sionary 
 work  nor  indilTerent  to  its  claims,  when  called  by 
 the  providence  of  C^xl  to  take  a  share  in  it  upon  her 
 own  re.'iponsibility. 
 
 M  the  breaking  out  of  the  Civil  War.  in  H(il,  the 
 author  of  this  sketch,  who  had  been  acting  as  Si'crc- 
 tary  of  Foreign  Missions  for  the  General  Presbyterian 
 Church  for  a  number  of  years,  returned  to  his  native 
 home  in  South  Carolina,  and  called  upon  the  churclus 
 in  that  region  to  undertake  the  support  of  the  Mis- 
 sions in  the  Southwestern  Indian  Territory.  They 
 had  previously  Ix-en  supported  by  the  joint  contribu- 
 tions of  the  North  and  the  South,  but  were  now,  as 
 the  results  of  the  war,  cut  olT  from  all  communica- 
 tion with  the  Northern  Board.  This  call  w;us 
 jiromptly  and  heartily  res|)onded  to,  and  the  work 
 was  carried  on  under  the  direction  of  a  provisional 
 committee,    Iwated     in    Columliia.   S.   C..   until    the 
 
 meeting  of  the  convention,  in  .\ugusta.  Ga..  in  the 
 following  Autumn,  for  tin-  purpo.se  of  organizing  the 
 Southern  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 Tlie  Executive  Committee  of  Foreign  Missions  is 
 therelbre  coteniporaneons  with  the  history  of  the 
 Church  itself,  though  in  its  practical  operations,  jls 
 has  just  been  shown,  it  really  antedates  the  origin 
 of  the  Church.  The  organization  of  the  missionary 
 work  is,  in  fact,  a  part  of  the  constitution  of  the 
 Church  it.self.  The  Board  of  Foreign  Missioas,  as  it 
 existed  in  the  former  united  Church,  was  entirely  re- 
 j<'cted,  and  the  whole  resiransibility  of  conducting  tin 
 work  Wiis  entrusted  t<j  an  executive  committ<-e  ol 
 eleven  persons,  which  was  responsible  directly  to  the 
 General  Assembly,  and  not  to  any  Board. 
 
 During  the  continuanc<'  of  the  war  the  operations 
 of  the  Executive  C'lmimittee  ol  Foreign  Missions  were 
 nece.ssarily  confined  to  the  Southwestern  Indian  Ter- 
 I  ritory,  except  that  for  a  few  years  pecuniary  aid  wjjs 
 '  extended  to  such  missionaries  from  the  South  ;us  were 
 [  laboring  in  the  more  distant  field.  The  work  in  the 
 I  Indian  Territory,  during  the  prevalence  of  the  war, 
 was  extended  to  the  four  principal  tribes  occupying 
 that  territory,  viz.,  the  Cherokees,  the  Creeks,  the 
 Choctaws  and  Chicka.s;i ws ;  in  fact,  they  not  only  sus- 
 tained the  work  that  had  I)een  previously  conducted 
 by  the  uiiit<-d  Church,  but  enlarged  it  to  a  consider- 
 able extent.  In  the  Summer  of  ISIJT,  when  the 
 Southern  people  were  still  feeling  the  desolating 
 effects  of  the  war,  Kev.  Elias  K.  Inslee,  who  w;is  a 
 member  of  the  Southern  Church,  and  who  had  been  a 
 missionary  in  China  for  a  number  of  years  before  the 
 war,  was  sent  back  as  our  first  repres<'ntative  to  that 
 land,  to  open  a  new  mission.  Miss  Konzone,  a  native 
 of  Italy,  but  residing  at  the  South,  a  member  of  one 
 of  our  Southern  churches,  was  sent  to  Italy  to  open  a 
 school  there  in  connection  with  the  mi.s.sionary  work 
 of  the  Waldensnan  Church.  In  the  Summir  of  1S68 
 eight  new  mi.ssionaries  were  appointed  to  the  mis- 
 sionary work,  one  of  wlioiu  w;i.s  sent  to  explore 
 Br.izil  with  reference  to  the  establishment  of  a  mis- 
 sion in  that  part  of  the  world,  whilst  three  newly- 
 ordained  missionaries  were  sent  to  reinforce  the 
 mission  at  Hangchow,  e,stabli.shed  by  Mr.  Inslee  the 
 year  before. 
 
 Thus  the  work  went  on,  until  missions  were  firmly 
 established  outside  of  onr  own  country,  at  .Matamonus, 
 in  Mexico;  at  Cearri,  Pernambuco  and  Campinas, 
 in  Brazil;  at  Milan,  in  Italy;  at  Athens,  at  Volos 
 and  Salonica,  among  the  (ireeks;  and  in  the  three 
 great  cities  of  Hangchow,  Soochow  and  Chinkiang,  in 
 the  Chinese  Empire. 
 
 The  representatives  of  the  Southern  Pre.sb_\-terian 
 Church  are,  therefore,  preaching  the  gosjxd  of  ,Tesus 
 Christ  to  .si.x  .s<'parate  nationalities,  and  in  as  many 
 dilVerent  languages.  They  occupy,  outside  of  our 
 own  ttmntry,  three  principal  stations  in  Mexico,  viz.  : 
 at  Matamonis,  .leminez,  and  Victoria ;  three  in 
 Brazil,   viz.:  at  CampiiULS,    IVrnambuco  and  Cearii; 
 
SPARROW. 
 
 846 
 
 SPEECE. 
 
 one  in  Mihiii,  Italy;  time  iiniono;  the  Greeks,  y\z.: 
 at  Athen^s,Volo  and  8aloiiica;  three  in  the  Empire  of 
 C'hiuii,  viz. ;  at  Haugchow,  Soochow  and  Chinkiang. 
 The  whole  missionary  force  employed  in  the  work 
 consists  of  fifty-two  missionary  laborers  from  this 
 country,  and  tifty-six  trained  native  laborers,  making 
 one  hnndre<l  and  eight  in  all.  As  many  as  forty-live 
 individual  churches  have  been  org-anized,  and  there 
 have  been  g;ithered  into  those  churches,  a.s.far  as  can 
 be  a.scertained,  about  ISOO  native  converts,  of  whom 
 150  were  brought  into  the  fold  during  the  last  y<'ar. 
 
 The  educational  operations  comprise  four  boarding 
 schools  for  boys,  in  which  there  are  1.30  pupils  ;  six 
 boarding  schools  for  girls,  in  which  there  are  100 
 pupils;  ten  day  schools  with  200  scholars;  and  four 
 theological  training  classes,  in  which  there  are  twelve 
 young  men  who  are  being  trained  for  the  immediate 
 work  of  the  ministry,  making,  in  all,  about  .500 native 
 youths  who  are  being  trained  to  help  iu  the  mis- 
 sionary work. 
 
 Our  missionary  brethren  at  most  of  the  stations 
 above  mentioned  have  done  import;int  work  in  the 
 way  of  translating  and  circulating  religious  intelli- 
 geiue  among  the  people  by  whom  they  are  surrounded, 
 and  in  this  way  it  is  believed  that  thous;uuls  and 
 hundreds  of  thousands  of  immortal  beings  have 
 aci|uired  some  knowledge  of  the  Christian  siilvation. 
 
 Sparrqw,  Patrick  J.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Lin- 
 coln county,  X.  C,  in  1^02.  His  father  dying  when 
 he  was  quite  young,  he  was  under  the  necessity  of 
 seeking  work  nway  from  home  to  aid  ia  the  support 
 of  his  mother  and  the  other  children.  His  industry 
 and  his  fondness  for  books  attracted  the  notice  of  his 
 employer,  who  secured  for  him  a  place  in  the  cla.ssical 
 school  of  Rev.  Samuel  Williamson,  in  the  adjoining 
 district  in  South  Carolina.  Here  he  studied  for 
 eighteen  months.  Here  ended  all  the  literary  in- 
 struction he  ever  received  from  teachers.  He  wa-s 
 received  under  the  care  of  Bethel  Presbytery,  and 
 began  to  teach,  and  to  .study  privately  for  a  few  years. 
 In  1  ■■•)(!  he  w;us  licensed  by  his  Presbytery,  and  trans- 
 ferred to  C<uicord  Presbytery,  N.  C,  where  he  under- 
 took the  charge  of  several  churches,  successively,  in 
 his  native  county,  and  at  the  same  time  teaching  in 
 schools.  In  Ism  he  took  charge  of  the  Presbyt<?rian 
 Church,  in  Salisbury,  N.  C,  and  preached  with  great 
 acceptance  for  two  years.  In  1KI!6,  in  conjunction 
 with  Rev.  R.  H.  Morrison,  he  undertook  to  raise  [ 
 funds  for  the  endowment  of  Davidson  College,  and 
 meeting  with  eminent  success,  he  was  chosen  the  first 
 Professor  of  Languages,  in  the  infant  college,  and 
 beg-an  his  lalKirs  there  in  1^:57.  After  two  years' 
 latM>r  there,  he  became  p;i.stor,  in  ]K41,  of  the  Col- 
 lege Church,  at  HamiHleii-Sidncy,  Va.  A  little  later  ' 
 he  became  President  of  Ilanii>den-Sidney  College. 
 Here  he  entered,  with  great  ardor,  into  a  fuller 
 course  of  studies,  sjK'nding  whole  nights  \vith  his 
 books,  and  thus  making  up  for  the  deficiencies  of  his 
 early  training.    In  I^IT,  he  chose  to  resign  the  presi- 
 
 dency, in  conseijuence  of  the  disordered  state  of  the 
 college.  He  removed  to  Alabanui  in  1848,  and  after 
 preaching  and  teaching  in  several  places,  he  died  at 
 Cahaba,  Ala.,  November  10th,  1867.  Dr.  Sparrow 
 posses.sed  splendid  natural  tidents,  with  great  energy 
 and  vast  capacity  for  lalM)r,  and  courage  to  uudert:»ke 
 the  most  dillieult  task  and  achieve  success,  ^\^lile 
 at  Hanipden-.^idnev,  in  his  paling  days,  he  not  only 
 preached  to  a  congregation  made  up  of  prolessors  and 
 students,  governed  the  college  and  taught  his  clas.ses, 
 but  al.so  wrote  out,  in  a  few  mouth.s,  a  full  course  of 
 lectures  on  Moral  Philo.sophy.  He  was  al  wa^-s  ready 
 to  preach,  and  few  could  enchain  attention  or  sway 
 an  audience  as  he  could. 
 
 The  last  years  of  his  life  were  spent  in  a  struggle 
 with  that  fell  destroyer,  con.sumption.  In  his. last 
 illness  he  suUercd  great  pain,  but  expre.s.sed  the  de- 
 sire, like  Xewtou,  "  to  thank  God  for  all.  but  mostly 
 for  the  .severe,'' 
 
 Spear,  Samuel  T.,  D.D.,  was  liom  at  Ballston 
 Spa,  N.  Y.,  March  4th,  1812.  He  graduated  at  the 
 College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  Xew  York,  and 
 studied  theology  with  the  Rev.  Dr.  Bcman,  of  Troy. 
 He  was  ordain<Ml  to  the  ministry  in  \><'.i'i,  and  the 
 same  year  accei)ted  the  pastorate  of  the  Second  Pres- 
 byterian Church  of  Lansiiigl)urg.  In  1813  he  was 
 settled  ivs  pastor  of  the  South  Presbyterian  Church 
 Brooklyn,  where  he  remained  about  twenty-seven 
 years.  Subsequently  he  became  one  of  the  editors 
 of  the  Independent. 
 
 Dr.  Spear  is  courteous  in  his  manners  and  aftable 
 in  conversation,  and  yet  is  characterized  by  a 
 measure  of  reserve.  He  never  for  a  moment  lays 
 aside  his  clerical  character,  and  in  all  his  social 
 life  exhibits  much  .seriousness  and  reflection.  Xo 
 one  can  doubt  his  eminent  piety,  his  earnest  desire 
 to  be  practically  useful  in  his  sphere,  and  his  con- 
 scientiousness of  word  and  deed.  Always  calm, 
 thoughtful  and  wise,  he  is  a  safe  guide  to  all  who 
 seek  his  counsel,  and  he  is  ever  found  changeless  in 
 principle  and  faithl'ul  to  duty.  His  mind  is  deeply 
 philoso))hical.  He  is  a  rea<ler  of  large  research,  and 
 altogether  a  most  lal)orious  student.  As  a  writer,  he 
 is  marked  by  vigor,  originality  and  independence. 
 Besides  frequent  contributions  to  Reviews,  he  has 
 published  a  bound  volume,  entitled  "Family 
 Power,"  and  a  number  of  valuable  sermons,  among 
 which  are,  "Conquest  of  the  World  by  Faith."' 
 "The  Law  of  Grace,"  "Christ  in  the  Believer," 
 "Religious  Conversation."  "The  Future  of  Chris 
 tianity,"  "The  Retributive  Power  of  Memory."  etc., 
 etc.,  etc. 
 
 Speece,  Conrad,  D.  D.  This  name  is  well 
 worthy  a  i>laee  among  those  whom  the  good  would 
 love  to  rememlxT.  "  He  who  bore  it,"  says  one  who 
 knew  him  intinuitely,  "w:is  a  true  son  of  Virginia, 
 was  born,  lived,  and  died  iu  her  bosom.  He  w:is 
 great  among  the  greatest  of  her  preachers,  few  jiro- 
 claiming  the  gospel  more  abundantly,  or  more  jiowor- 
 
SPEER. 
 
 847 
 
 SPEXCER. 
 
 fully.  A  man,  too,  of  ackiiowledgt-d  genius  aiul 
 learning,  of  sincere  piety,  of  warm  frienilships,  of 
 attractive  social  qualities,  altogether  making  him  the 
 life  of  every  company  he  entered." 
 
 Dr.  Speece  was  born  in  New  London,  Bedford 
 county,  Va.,  November  7th,  1776;  entered  a  gram- 
 mar school  near  that  place,  then  became  a  student  of 
 the  Academy  of  Liberty  Hall,  since  changed  to  W;ush- 
 ington  College.  His  teacher  in  theoliigy  was  the 
 Rev.  William  Graham.  In  the  Spring  of  ITil!),  he 
 became  a  Tutor  in  llampden-8idniy  College,  and  on 
 .\pril  9th,  l-*l)l,  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by 
 the  Pre.sb\-1ery  of  Hanover.  In  the  Autumn  of  this 
 year  he  was  apiM)inted  as  a  kind  of  general  missionary, 
 in  which  character  his  labors  were  spread  over  a  large 
 part  of  Eastern  Virginia,  as  well  as  along  the  extent 
 of  the  great  valley  west  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  In  Feb- 
 ruary, 1803,  he  commenced  preaching  to  a  church  in 
 Montgomery  county,  Md.  ,ciilled  ' '  Captain  John, "  and 
 wa,s  instilled  its  pa.stor,  April  '2M,  iMUl,  but  im- 
 paired health  led  to  the  resignation  of  this  relation  in 
 April,  1805.  During  1806,  he  preached  in  the  coun- 
 ties of  Goochland  and  Fluvanna,  and  then,  until 
 1812,  in  the  counties  of  I'owhatan  and  Cumberland, 
 Va.  In  October,  1813,  he  was  installed  pastor  of 
 Augusta  Church,  to  which  he  had  received  a  unani- 
 mous call.  Here  was  the  field  of  his  labors  for  about 
 twenty-two  years,  and  until  his  death,  which  oc- 
 curred February  17th,  1836.  In  the  final  hour  he 
 expressed  to  all  around  him  his  entire  confidence  in 
 the  Saviour. 
 
 Dr.  Speece  was  a  sincere  and  good-hearted  Chris- 
 tian, void  of  enthusiasm,  and  hence,  not  of  the  ehiss 
 called  revival  preachers.  He  may  be  said  to  have 
 had  a  place  among  the  more  eminent  preachers  of  his 
 day.  As  a  pastor,  he  was  faithful  and  laborious.  As 
 a  ruler  in  the  Church  of  God,  his  services  were  of 
 great  value.  He  was  specially  active  in  promoting 
 the  benevolent  operations  of  the  day.  The  most  con- 
 siderable production  of  his  pen  is  "The  Mountain- 
 eer,"' a  small  volume,  cont:iining  fifty-si.\  papers, 
 written  in  1813-1816,  and  after  the  manner  of  "  TIa- 
 Speciator."  It  is  highly  creditable  to  the  ^vriter,  and 
 some  of  the  pieces  are  of  great  excellence.  He  also 
 publi.shed  a  number  of  sermons,  one  of  which  w.is 
 preached  by  appointment  before  the  General  Assem- 
 bly, May  21.st,  1810. 
 
 Speer,  Rev.  "William,  was  born  within  the 
 houmls  of  Upper  .Marsh  Creek  Church,  in  what  is 
 now  Adams  County,  Pa.  He  graduated  at  Carlisle, 
 at  the  age  of  twenty-four,  in-  l'-*^,  and  remained 
 there  until  1791,  in  the  only  theological  cliuss  tiuight 
 by  Dr.  Nisl>et,  with  whom  he  w;\s  a  favorite  student. 
 His  piety  was  of  an  ardent  and  self-denying  tyjw, 
 and  his  style  of  preaching  most  searching  and  solemn. 
 He  was  pastor  of  the  Falling  Sjiring  Church,  Cham- 
 liersburg,  I'a.,  from  17!t4  to  17!)7. 
 
 Being  filled  with  a  mi,s.sionary  spirit,  he  went  with 
 some  excellent  families  to  Chillicothe,  the  seat  of  the 
 
 new  government  of  the  Northwest  Territory,  and  thus 
 Ix'Ciime  the  first  chaplain  of  the  infant  State  of  Ohio. 
 Domestic  afflictions  compelled  him  to  return  to  Penn- 
 sylvania. From  lf*t)-2  till  his  death,  in  l8-.>9,  his  life 
 w;»s  spent  in  the  united  congregations  of  Greensburg 
 and  Unity.  He  was  a  friend  of  missions,  and  an 
 earnest  and  effective  advocate  of  sonnd  and  thorough 
 education.  For  many  years  he  was  a  Trustee  of 
 Washington  College,  and  was  the  first  Vice-President 
 of  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Theological  Seminary 
 at  Allegheny.  Mr.  Spei-r  wjts  the  first  man  to  move 
 in  ecclesiastical  opposition  to  the  errors  and  moral 
 eWls  of  Free  Ma.sonry,  and  roused  the  Synod  to  ado])t 
 an  able  jiaper  on  the  subject,  in  1820.  He  was  the 
 grandfather  of  the  Kev.  W.  Speer,  n.  D.,  for  many 
 years  a  foreign  mi.ssionary,  and  for  some  time  Secre- 
 t;iry  of  the  Board  of  Educjttion  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church. 
 
 Speer,  "William,  D.D.,  was  brought  up  in  Pitts- 
 burg, Pa.,  having  been  lM)rn  in  the  adjoining  county, 
 Westmoreland,  April  'Jlth,  1822.  He  graduated  at 
 Kenyon  College,  Ohio,  in  18-10,  after  which  he  studied 
 medicine  till  1813.  He  studied  theology  at  Alle- 
 gheny Seminary,  and  was  licen.sed  to  preach  on  April 
 21st,  1846.  He  obeyed  an  urgent  call  from  the  Board 
 of  Foreign  Mi.ssions  to  go  to  Canton,  China,  and  sailed 
 for  that  port,  .Inly  20th,  1846.  After  learning  the 
 language  and  performing  much  arduous  labor,  his 
 wife  and  child  became  victims  to  the  climate,  and 
 his  own  health  so  suffered  that,  his  physicians  pro- 
 nouncing it  im]H)Ssible  for  him  to  be  cured  in  that 
 tropic.il  climate,  he  returned  to  the  United  Stites, 
 in  18'M.  The  Bo.ard  of  Education  soon  engaged  his 
 services  in  representing  that  cause  in  Western  Penn- 
 sylvania, which  he  did  with  much  success.  When,  in 
 the  years  l'<.'jl-.'>2,  the  Chinese  from  Canton  province 
 beg-an  to  pour  into  C'alil"ornia  by  thousiuids,  in  search 
 of  its  gold,  the  Board  of  Mi.s.sions,  in  the  latter  year, 
 again  called  upon  him  to  go  to  preach  to  them  Christ 
 in  their  own  language.  In  this  position  he  was  emi- 
 nently active  and  us<>f"ul  for  several  years.  Exhausted 
 in  he;ilth,  he  spent  eight  years  in  efforts  to  recruit, 
 which  it  pleased  God  to  bless,  and  also  in  active  mis- 
 sionary labor,  jKirtly  in  the  Gulf  States  of  the  South, 
 but  chiefly  in  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota.  In  18(i,5 
 the  Boanl  of  E(huation  called  him  to  the  position  of 
 Corresponding  Secretary,  and  at  the  reeonstitution  of 
 the  Board,  by  the  union  of  it  to  the  "  Permanent 
 Committee  on  Education, "  which  w;ts  the  org-an  of 
 the  late  New  School  branch  of  the  Church,  he  was 
 unanimously  elected  to  the  s;>me  office  under  the  re- 
 united Church.  Dr.  .Speer  has  written  largely  for  the 
 periodical  press.  He  has  also  published  a  number 
 of  valuable  volumes.  He  is  a  genial  gentleman,  an 
 earnest  Christian,  and  a  forcible  and  poi)ular  ■WTiter. 
 
 Spencer,  Rev.  Elihu,  D.D.,  w.as  Ixirn  at  E:v*t 
 Haddam,  Conn.,  February  12th,  1721;  commenced  a 
 eoui-se  of  lit<'rary  study  with  a  \iew  to  the  gospel 
 ministry,   in    March,   1710,    and    graluated   .at  Yale 
 
SPEXCER. 
 
 848 
 
 SPEXCEK. 
 
 Collijrc  in  Sc|>t<-iiiIiiM-,  ITIfi.  Art<T  his  gradnatiori, 
 •  111  the  recoiiiniemlatioii  of  such  men  as  David  Brain- 
 crd  and  Jonathan  Edwanis,  he  undertook  a  mission 
 among  tlie  Indians  oi'  the  Six  Nations,  and  with  a 
 special  view  to  tliis  mission,  studied  the  language  of 
 the  Indian  tribes,  and  was  ordained  to  the  work  of 
 the  ministry  by  an  ordaining  council  in  Boston, 
 Sejitember,  1748.  The  leadings  of  Providence,  how- 
 ever, appear  to  have  been  such  as  prevented  his 
 accomplishing  what  he  and  his  frii-n<is  had  antici- 
 pated in  this  department  of  evangelical  labor. 
 
 Mr.  Spencer  wa.s  inst;illcd  pastor  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Elizabcthtown,  N.  .7.,  February  7th, 
 17.">(),  in  which  relation  he  continued  about  six  years. 
 In  n'yi  he  was  elected  one  of  the  corporate  guardians 
 of  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  then  temporarily 
 placed  at  Newark,  and  held  this  office  as  long  as  he 
 lived.  In  1~.')6  he  became  pastor  of  the  Church  at 
 .Jamaica,  L.  I.,  where  he  remained,  acceptably  and 
 usefully,  two  years  or  more,  when,  although  the 
 congregation  gave  a  reluctant  consent  to  his  leaving 
 them,  he  accepted  an  appointment  of  Governor 
 DeLancey,  of  New  York,  to  the  chaplaincy  of  the 
 New  York  troops,  then  about  to  march  and  take 
 their  pliice  in  the  French  War,  still  raging.  Wlien 
 his  services  as  chaplain  were  closed,  he  labored 
 several  years  in  the  contiguous  congregations  of 
 Shrewsbury,  Middletowu  Point,  Shark  Kiver  and 
 Amboy,  N.  J.  In  the  year  1764,  the  Synod  of  New 
 York  and  Philadelphia,  having  reason  to  believe 
 that  a  number  of  their  congregations  in  the  Southern 
 parts  of  our  country,  and  especially  in  North  Caro- 
 lina, were  in  an  unformed  and  irregular  state,  sent 
 Mr.  Spencer  and  Kev.  Alexander  McWhorter,  of 
 Newark,  N.  J.,  to  inform,  counsel  and  guide  them 
 aright,  and  prepare  them  for  a  m()r<;  orderly  and 
 edifying  organization.  This  arduous  service  they 
 rendered  with  mn(th  skill  and  efficiency. 
 
 Subse<)uently  Mr.  Spencer  was  piustor  of  the  con- 
 gregjition  of  St.  George's,  in  Delaware,  for  five  years, 
 greatly  to  the  acceptiince  and  benefit  of  the  congre- 
 gation. In  October,  17(i9,  he  became  piustor  of  the 
 Church  in  Trenton.  N.  .1.,  and  continued  so  until  his 
 death,  greatly  popular,  useful  and  beloved.  In  177.5, 
 at  the  rciiuest  of  the  Provincial  Congress  of  that 
 colony,  he  again  visited  North  Carolina,  accompanied 
 by  Dr.  M<  Whorter,  and  thctir  service  to  the  cause  of 
 independence  was  very  valuable  in  the  influence  they 
 exerted  upon  several  important  settlements  in  that 
 legion  which  were  in  favor  of  the  British  Grovern- 
 ment. 
 
 I>r.  Spencer's  tomb  .stands  in  the  (•ciuctcry  con- 
 nected with  the  church  in  Ticntoii  ami  bears  the 
 Inllowing  inscription: — • 
 
 "  licneath  this  stone  lies  the  body  of  the  Rev. 
 Klihu  Spencer,  D.  I>.,  pastor  of  tlie  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Trenton,  and  one  of  the  Trustees  of  the 
 College  of  New  Jersey,  who  departed  this  life  on  the 
 27th  <>l'  December,  17H4,  in  the  sixty-fourth  year  of 
 
 his  age.  Possessed  of  fine  genius,  of  great  vivacity, 
 of  eminent,  active  piety,  his  merits  as  a  minister  and 
 a  7nan  stand  abo\e  the  reach  of  flattery.  Having 
 long  edilicd  the  Churi'h  by  his  talents  and  example, 
 and  finished  his  course  with  joy,  he  fell  a-sleej),  full 
 of  faith  and  waiting  for  the  hope  of  all  .s;iints." 
 
 Spencer,  Ichabod  Smith,  D.  D.,  was  bom  in 
 Suffield,  Conn.,  February  '2M,  1798.  He  graduated 
 at  Union  College  in  18'.3'2,  with  a  high  reputation  for 
 both  talents  and  .scholarsliij),  took  charge  of  the 
 grammar  school  in  Schenectady  for  three  yeai-s. 
 during  which  he  ac(|nired  great  distinction  as  a 
 teacher,  and  then  engaged  in  the  study  of  theology 
 under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Andrew  Yates, 
 Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy  in  Union  College.  In 
 1825  he  was  chosen  Principal  of  the  Academy  in 
 C'anandaigua,  N.  Y..  which  he  raised  to  a  command- 
 ing position  among  the  primary  educational  institu- 
 tions of  the  State.  Licen-sed  to  preach,  November 
 IM'36,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Geneva,  he  continued  his 
 connection  with  the  academy  nearly  two  years  after 
 this,  preaching  frequently  on  the  Sabbath  in  the 
 neighboring  pulpits,  and  devoting  what  time  he 
 could  spare  from  his  other  engagements,  to  theo- 
 logical study. 
 
 In  Sciitember.  1M'28,  he  was  installed  over  the  Con- 
 gregational Church  in  Northampton,  Ma.ss.,  a-s  col- 
 league jia.stor  with  the  Kev.  Solomon  Williams.  Here 
 he  labored  with  remarkable  success  three  years  and 
 a  half.  In  March,  18:5-2,  he  became  pa-stor  of  a  Pres- 
 byterian Church  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  which  was  his 
 last  field  of  ministerial  labor.  This  Church,  which 
 was  in  its  infancy  when  he  took  charge  of  it,  grew 
 under  his  ministrations,  into  one  of  the  most  pros- 
 perous and  efficient  churches  in  the  Presbyt»riaii 
 Denomination.  In  KJO,  he  accepted  the  Profes.sor- 
 ship  Extraordinary  of  Biblical  History  in  the  Union 
 Theological  Seminary  in  the  city  of  New  York,  and 
 retained  it  for  about  four  years.  He  was  also  one  of 
 the  founders  and  original  directors  of  that  Institu- 
 tion. He  died,  November  23d,  1854,  passing  away 
 in  perfect  peace,  and  in  the  joyful  hope  of  a  ble.s,sed 
 immortiility. 
 
 Dr.  Spencer  excelled  as  a  jireacher.  There  was  a 
 large  commingling  of  the  "Son  of  Consolation"  with 
 the  "Son  of  Thund<M"  in  his  character.  Whilst  he 
 Wiis  often  tender  to  weeping,  he  w;us  fcarhss  in  his 
 rebuke  of  wickedness.  In  his  style  anil  manner  of 
 preaching  he  was  manly,  strong,  and  energetic, 
 rather  than  rhetorical.  As  a  psustor,  he  was  emi- 
 nently faithful,  and  his  life  was  peculiarly  exem- 
 plary. His  chief  publications  were:  "  .\  l'a.stor's 
 Sketches,  or  Conversations  with  Anxious  Ini|uircrs 
 rcs])ecting  the  Way  of  Salvation."  and,  "  .\  Pastor's 
 Sketches,  Second  Series,"  which  have  had  :i  wide 
 circulation  at  home  and  abroad. 
 
 Spencer,  Rev.  "William  Henry,  was  Imrn  in 
 JIadi.son,  Conn.,  October  i:tth,  l8i;i;  graduated  from 
 the  Univei-sity  of  New   York;  studied  theology  at 
 
SPILJIAX. 
 
 849 
 
 SPOTHWUUD. 
 
 Auburn  Seminary,  and  was  ordained  pastor  of  the 
 First  Preshj-terian  Church,  Utica,  N.  Y.,  in  1845, 
 wliicli  he  continued  fo  bo  until  IS.JO.  He  was  subse- 
 quentlj'  pastor  of  tlie  First  Presbyterian  Cluirch, 
 Milwaukee,  Wis.,  lM.")l)-4;  Secretary  of  the  Asseuil)ly"s 
 Committee  of  Publication,  Pliiladelpliia,  l>'5.5-(i;  pas- 
 tor at  Rock  Island,  III.,  lSr)7-8,  and  of  Westminster 
 Church,  Chicago,  111.,  lsr)<Mil.  He  was  Trustee  of 
 Auburn  Theological  Seminary,  1849-51.  He  died  at 
 Chica^to,  February  17th,  IHfil. 
 
 Spilman,  Rev.  Benjamin  F.,  the  sou  of  P>en- 
 .jamin  and  Xancy  (Rice)  Spilman,  was  Ijorn  in  (Jarrard 
 county,  Kentucky,  AugiLst  17th,  179(!.  His  parents 
 were  from  Virginia,  and  emigrated  to  Kentucky 
 among  the  early  pioneers.  Ho  graduated  at  Jeflerson 
 College,  Pa.,  in  1822,  and  studied  theology  with  Rev. 
 
 RET.  BENJAMIN  F,  SPILUAN. 
 
 Dr.  G.  Wilson,  of  Chillieothe,  Ohio.  He  was  licensed 
 by  Chillieothe  Presbyterj',  in  1^^23  ;  ordained  and  in- 
 8tidled,  by  Muhlenburgh  Presbytery,  pa.stor  of  Sharon 
 Church,  111.,  in  1824.  Here  he  labored,  dividing  his 
 tinu"  among  the  counties  bordering  on  the  Ohio  and 
 Wal)ash  rivers,  for  two  years,  when  he  became  an 
 itinerant  missionary  in  Middle  and  Southern  Illinois. 
 In  li''2G  he  organized  the  Church  at  Shawnectown, 
 111.,  and,  having  no  liouse  of  worsliip,  they  occupied 
 warehouses  and  private  dwellings  until  1832,  when 
 the  "Old  Log"  Church  was  erected;  this  was  fol- 
 lowed, in  1842,  by  w  neat  brick  church.  Having  la- 
 bored for  seventeen  years  as  an  itinerant,  his  health 
 began  to  give  way,  and  the  people  at  Sliawneetowu 
 prevailed  ujx)nhim  to  settle  and  become  their  jiastor, 
 whicli  he  did,  being  installed  by  Kaskaskia  I'resby- 
 tery,  in  April,  1842.  In  1844  he  became  p;jstor  of 
 54 
 
 Chester  Church,  where  he  remained  until  1851 ;  he 
 also  labored  at  Edwardsville,  whence  his  old  congre- 
 gation at  Sliawneetowu  chilled  him  back,  and  he  re- 
 mained with  them  till  his  death,  wliieh  took  place 
 Jlay  3d,  ISVJ.  Mr.  Spilman  was  a  hard-working 
 missionary ;  for  over  thirty  ^ears  he  labored  faithfully ; 
 jjossessing  a  robust  constitution,  a  warm  heart  and  a 
 holy  zeal  in  the  cause  of  Christ,  he  was  never  idle 
 and  seldom  sick;  his  influence  for  good  will  long  be 
 felt  in  the  .southern  part  of  Illinois. 
 
 Spiping,  George  Lawrence,  D.  D.,  the  fo!» 
 of  George  B.  and  Elizabeth  (Monfort)  Sijiniug,  wa,f 
 born  in  Dayton,  O.,  May  ].">th,  1840.  His  clas.sical 
 course  was  taken  at  Hanover  College,  Wabash  College 
 and  Iligliland  University,  the  latter  conferring  on  him 
 the  honorary  titles  of  Master  of  Arts  and  Doctor  of 
 Divinity.  He  pursued  his  theological  studies  at  the 
 Seminary  of  the  Northwest  (Chicago).  He  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytcrj'  of 
 Chicago,  in  1863,  and  w;is  ordained  and  installed  by 
 the  same  Presbytery,  in  18(59,  over  the  Church  at 
 Hebron,  111.  He  spent  eiglit  years  of  his  mini.stry  as 
 pa.stor  of  tlie  First  Church  at  Hannibal,  Mo.,  and  the 
 First  Church  at  Kalamazoo,  Mich.  He  was  called  to 
 the  pastorate  of  the  Woodland  Avenue  Church,  Cleve- 
 land, O.,  in  December,  1880,  and  accepted,  as  the 
 impaired  health  of  his  family  demanded  a  change  of 
 climate.  Here  he  still  continues.  His  present  charge, 
 with  e.-jO  memljers  and  1600  children,  presents  a 
 promising  field  for  his  pulpit  power  and  pastoral 
 lidelity. 
 
 Dr.  Spining's  ministry  (from  a  human  judgment) 
 has  thus  far  been  eminently  successful.  His  churches 
 have  been  thoroughly  organized.  He  seems  to 
 possess  the  secret  of  developing  the  activities  and 
 working  forces  of  his  church.  He  has  few  equals  in 
 the  pulpit.  His  style  of  preaching  is  Scriptural  and 
 emotional,  rather  than  pliilosophieal  or  intellectual, 
 and  yet,  on  special  occasions,  he  exhibits  reserve 
 forces,  indicating  great  intellectual  power.  He  ha.s 
 personal  nuignetism,  grace  of  diction,  and  special 
 gifts  as  an  orator  He  was  a  member  of  the  General 
 A.s.senilily  at  Saratoga,  X.  Y.,  in  1883. 
 
 Spotswood,  John  Bos-well,  D.D.,is  a  native 
 of  Virginia.  He  was  born  in  Dinwiddle  county, 
 February  8th,  1808.  He  graduated  at  Amherst  Col- 
 lege, in  1828,  after  which  he  was  for  a  time  a  teacher. 
 He  studied  theology  at  the  Vnion  Seminary,  Va., 
 and  I'rinceton  Seminary,  N.  ,1.  He  was  ordained  an 
 evangilist  by  the  Presbytery  of  East  Hanover,  Octo- 
 ber liHh,  1S33.  He  was  stated  supply  at  Su.ssex,  Va., 
 1S34,  i>a.st<)r,  183,5-40;  .stated  supply  at  Mt.  Paran  and 
 Ellieott's  Mills,  Md.,  1840-2;  and  since  1842  has  been 
 pastor  of  the  church  at  New  Castle,  Del.  Dr.  Spots- 
 wood's  long  pastorate  at  New  Castle  has  been  at- 
 tended with  the  Divine  blessing.  He  is  a  gentleman 
 of  sterling  worth.  As  a  preacher,  he  is  instructive 
 and  soliiun,  and  as  a  pastor,  very  attentive  to  his 
 people,  by  whom,  as  well  as  by  tlie  ct>mmuiiity,  he  is 
 
SPBAGVE. 
 
 850 
 
 SPEECUEn. 
 
 held  in  high  regard  for  personal  and  professional 
 excellence. 
 
 Sprague,  "William  Buel,  D.D.,  LL.  D.,  was 
 born  ill  AuiloM-r,  Tolland  county,  Conn.,  October 
 lUth,  1795.  He  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1815; 
 in  1816  entered  Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  and 
 after  studying  there  over  two  years,  -was  licensed  to 
 preach  by  the  Association  of  Ministers  in  the  county 
 
 public  occasions,  the  most  of  which  were  published. 
 He  also  produced  a  large  number  of  biographies  and 
 other  volumesonpracticalreligioussubjects.  But  the 
 great  literary  work  of  his  life  was  his  "Annals  of  the 
 American  Pulpit,  "undertaken  when  he  was  fifty-seven 
 years  old,  and  finished  in  ten  large  octavo  volumes. 
 
 On  December  20th,  1869,  Dr.  Sprague  was  released, 
 at  his  own  request,  from  his  pastoral  charge  in 
 Albany,  and  retired  to  Flushing,  L.  I.,  where  he 
 pa.ssed  his  later  years,  which  were  a  serene  and  beau- 
 tiful evening  to  his  industrious,  u.seful  and  eminent 
 life.  Here  ho  enjoyed  the  sunshine  of  the  divine 
 favor,  and  looked  ujion  the  approach  of  death  with  a 
 strong  and  placid  faith.  He  gently  and  peacefully 
 passed  away,  Jlay  7th,  1876,  and  his  remains  were 
 taken  to  Albany  for  interment,  the  funeral  services 
 being  held  in  the  church  of  which  he  had  been  so 
 long  the  beloved  and  honored  pastor. 
 
 Sprecher,  Samuel  P.,  D.  D.,  was  horn  October 
 7th,  18:i9,  in  Harrisburg,  Pa.  He  is  of  Lutheran 
 parentage,  and  came  from  a  family  of  ministers  and 
 professors  through  several  generations.  He  was  edu- 
 cated at  AVitti-mberg  College  and  Seminary,  and  was 
 ordained  in  the  Lutheran  Church,  in  the  year  1860. 
 
 WILXTAM    BXKL  SPHAOUE,   D.D.,    LL.  D. 
 
 of  Tolland,  August  29th,  1818.  As  pastor  of  the 
 (;ongregational  Church  of  West  Springfield,  Mass., 
 he  labored  with  great  assiduity  and  success  from 
 August  25th,  1819,  until  July  21st,  1829,  when  he 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 Albany,  N.  Y.,  over  which  he  was  installed  August 
 26th,  1829.  In  Albany  he  had  a  pastorate  of  forty 
 years'  duration,  remarkable  for  the  extraordinary  | 
 steadfa-stncss  and  warmth  of  attachment  exi.sting 
 through  all  that  protracted  period  between  himself 
 and  his  large  and  intelligent  congregation,  and  even 
 t  more  remarkable  for  the  viist  and  varied  labors  per- 
 formed by  him.  He  has  been  well  and  truly  described 
 as  "an  illustrious  man,  a  cultivated,  elegant,  vol- 
 uminous, useful  and  popular  preacher;  an  inde- 
 fatigable and  successful  pastor;  an  unselfish  and 
 devoted  friend;  loving,  genial,  pure,  noble;  an 
 Isra<-lite  indeed,  in  whom  then^  was  no  guile;  one  of 
 the  most  child-like,  unsophisticated  and  charitable 
 of  men." 
 
 While  Dr.  Sprague  never  relaxed  his  i)ulpit  and 
 pastoral  duties,  his  a<lded  literary  labors  were  pro- 
 digious, and  their  fruits  exceedingly  great.  He 
 prcadied   nearly   two   hundred   sermons  on    .special 
 
 ■--:», 
 
 SAMl'F.L  P.    SPHECHER,    D.  D. 
 
 In  the  year  1H72  he  changed  his  ecclesiiistical  rela- 
 tions, succeiiling  Dr.  P.  H.  Fowler  as  piustor  of  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Utiea,  N.  Y.  In  the 
 year  1^79  he  succeeded  Dr.  James  Eclls  as  pastor  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Oakland,  Cal.  In 
 DecemlH-r,  1882,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  pastorale 
 of  Calvary  Pre.sbj-terian  Church  of  San  Fraucisio,  and 
 holds  that  po-sition  at  the  present  time. 
 
^Piiixa. 
 
 851 
 
 SPBINGFIELD  CHURCH. 
 
 Dr.  Sprecher  is  one  of  the  most  successful   and 
 popular  of  the  living  preachers  of  th<^  Presbyterian 
 Church.     In  the  prime  of  manhood,  with  unimpaired 
 physical  health  and  energj-,  a  mind  expansive  and 
 vigorous,  and  a  heart  warm  and  loving,  he  lives  to 
 labor  and  labc.rs  to  succeed.     The  marked  features  of 
 his  puli)it  performances  are  a  presentation  of  the 
 subject  in  propositions  which  cover  the  ground  with- 
 out surplu.sage,  a  logical  fairness  in  argument  which 
 disarms  opposition  and  commands  approval,  and  the 
 use  of  illustrations  which,  for  aptness  and  force,  finish 
 the  matterand  leave  no  dou1>t  as  to  the  correctness 
 of  the  conclusions.     Preaching  without  notes,  he  is 
 free  to  search  the  countenances  of  his  hearers  with 
 his  kind  and  earnest  eye,  and  has  the  eyes  of  all 
 liistened  upon  him  in  return.     "With   a  voice  full, 
 clear  and  sympathetic,   a  delivery   both  deliberate 
 and  impassioned,  an  action  graceful  and  appropriate, 
 it  is  dilheult  to  say  what  element  is  wanting  to  con- 
 stitute Dr.  Sprecher  a  model  preacher.     In  private 
 intercourse  cheerful  and  entertaining,  manifesting  a 
 pensonal  interest  in  the  individual  members  of  his 
 flock,  and  in  all  things  acting  wisely,  he  is  e.iually 
 successfiil  as  a  pastor. 
 
 Spring,  Gardiner,  D.D.,  was  the  son  of  the  Rev. 
 Samuel  .Spring,  d.d.,  and  was  born  in  Xewburyport, 
 
 :|.) 
 m 
 
 m  U 
 
 GARDINER  8PBIN0,  D.D, 
 
 Mass.,  February  24th,  1785.  He  graduated  at  Yale 
 College,  in  1805.  He  spent  fifteen  n.onths  as  a 
 classical  and  mathematical  teacher,  on  the  island  of 
 Bermuda,  at  the  same  time  pursuing  the  study  of 
 law.  For  a  short  time  he  practiced  law  in  kew 
 .Haven,  Conn.      Determining  to  enter  the  ministry, 
 
 he  entered  Andover  Theologicid  .Seminary,  and  after 
 eight  months' study  he  was  licensi'd   to' preach  the 
 gospel.     On  the  Kth  of  August,  l.slO,  he  was  iustiiUed 
 pastor  of  the  Brick  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  city  of 
 New  York.     There  he  continued  for  more  than  half 
 a  century,  and  by  his  pulpit  ability,  prudence,  dili- 
 gence and  piety,  always  drew  around  him  a  weallliv, 
 intelligent  and  devoted  jieople,  who  labored  with  liini 
 in  the  gospel. 
 j      During  his  long  and   useful    i)astorate  he  contin- 
 j  ually  used  the  press  ;us  an  au.viliary  to  the  preaching 
 of  the  gospel.     Among  the   nmre  inii)ortant  works 
 which   he  published  are:  the   "Life  of  Samuel  J 
 Mills"  (1830);  "The  Sabbath  a  Blessing  to  Man;" 
 I  "  Internal  Evidences  of  In.spiration  "  (1820) ;  a  "Dis- 
 sertation on  the  Means  of  Regeneration"    (1K27)- 
 "Fragments  from  the  Study  of  a   Pa.stor,"   "The 
 Obligations  of  the  World  to  the  Bible,"  "The  Attrac- 
 tions of  the  Cross,"  "The  Bible  not  of  Man,"  "The 
 Power  of    the  Pulpit,"   "The   Jlercy-Seat,"   "The 
 Contrast"  (1855);  "The  Mission  of  Sorrow"  (1862); 
 and  "  Pulpit  Ministrations  "  (1864).     Dr.  Spring  wa.s 
 a  graceful  and  vigorous  writer,  and  some  of  his  works, 
 beside  their  popularity  at  home,  were  republished 
 abroad. 
 
 Springer,  Rev.  John,  was  a  native  of  Delaware. 
 After  graduating  at   Princeton   College,   in  1775,  he 
 acted  as  Tutor  in  the  College,  and  in  the  early  part 
 of  the  Revolution  was  a  Tutor  in  Hampden-Sidney 
 College,  Va.     When  Virginia  became  the  seat  of  war, 
 he  removed  to  North  Carolina  and  opened  an  academy^ 
 and  from  thence  to  South  Carolina,  where  he  taught' 
 with  distinguished  success,  at  ^\^lite  Hall  and  Cam- 
 bridge.    On  the  18th  of  October,  1788,  he  was  licen.sed 
 by  Orange  Presbytery,  and  supplied  various  churches 
 until  July  21st,  179U,  when  he  was  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  South  Carolina,  and  installed  pastor  of 
 a  church  at  Washington,  Ga.,  the  services  taking 
 place  under  the  shade  of  a  tall  tree,  there  being  no 
 church  edifice.     Mr.  Springer  was  the  first  Presby- 
 terian minister  ordained  South  of  the  Savannah  river 
 and  the  first  minister  in  the  upper  part  of  Georgia.' 
 Besides  the  charge  of   his  church,   he    taught  an 
 academy.     Mr.  Springer  was  an  attractive  preacher, 
 j  and  delivered  his  discourses,  which  were  unwTitten' 
 with  uncommon  ease  and  eloquence.     He  died  Sep- 
 j  tember  .30th,  1798. 
 
 Springfield  (HI.)  First  Presbyterian 
 Church,  was  organized  on  the  30th  of  January, 
 1828,  by  the  Rev.  John  M.  Ellis,  under  the  name  of 
 "Sangamon,"  with  the  followingmembers:  Mrs.  Eliz- 
 abeth H.  Smith  (widow  of  the  Rev.  John  Blair 
 Smith),  in  who.se  room  the  church  was  organized 
 John  Moore,  .Tames  White,  Elijah  Scott,  John  N.' 
 Moore,  Samuel  Reid,  William  Proctor,  Andrew 
 Moore,  Josiah  Skillman,  Elizabeth  Moore,  Mary 
 Moore,  Margaret  Moore,  Catharine  Moore,  Jane 
 Reid,  Ph(ebe  Moore,  Jane  Scott,  Nancy  R.  Humph- 
 ries, Ann  lies    and  Olive  Slayton.      Elders :    John 
 
SPRINGFIELD  CHURCH. 
 
 852 
 
 SPROLE. 
 
 Moore,  Samuel  Reid,  Isaiah  Stillman,  and  John  N. 
 Moore. 
 
 The  church  thus  organized  was  without  a  pastor 
 or  house  of  worship.  The  first  effort  was  to  secure  a 
 minister,  and  application  wius  made  immediately  to 
 the  Home  Missionary  Society  for  assistance  in  this 
 direction.  The  Society  sent  to  the  infant  cliurch  the 
 Eev.  John  G.  Bergen,  of  the  Presbytery  of  Kliz;ibetli- 
 town,  X.  J.  Sir.  Bergen  arrived  about  tlie  middle 
 of  December,  1828.  Tlie  church  then  had  twenty- 
 eight  names  on  the  roll  of  communicants.  Services 
 were  held  in  the  school-house,  and  alternated  between 
 Springfield  and  Indian  Point.  The  bounds  of  the 
 congregation  included  all  the  territory  within  a 
 radius  of  twentj^  miles,  some  members  attending  from 
 Iri.sh  Grove.  After  arriving  in  Sxiringfield,  and  mak- 
 ing the  acijuaintance  of  the  community,  Mr.  r>ergen 
 announced  liis  intention  to  stay,  to  labor  and  die 
 with  this  people,  and  his  first  exhortation  was,  "  Let 
 us  arise  and  build."  The  Church  responded  to  the 
 call,  and  resolved  at  once  to  undertake  the  building 
 of  a  Presbyterian  meeting-house.  Dr.  John  Todd, 
 Dr.  Gershon  Jayne,  Elijah  Slater,  "V\';ishington  lies, 
 David  S.  Taylor,  John  B.  Moffit  and  Samuel  Reid 
 were  appointed  tru.stecs.  jlr.  Bergen  and  Dr.  Jayne 
 Ciiuvassed  the  community.  The  result  was  a  sub- 
 scription of  twelve  hundred  dollars.  Several  hun- 
 dreds were  added  from  abroad.  It  was  determined 
 to  build  of  brick.  A  ma.son,  who  was  also  a  brick- 
 maker,  was  imported  from  Belleville.  The  house 
 was  finished  and  dedicated  on  the  third  Sabbath  of 
 February,  1831.  It  was  the  first  brick  church  erected 
 in  Illinois.  From  this  time  the  church  rapidly  in- 
 creased. In  1834  an  interesting  revival  occurred  and 
 over  thirty  were  added. 
 
 Owing  to  the  great  dist^vnce  from  Springfield  of  those 
 members  living  on  Indian  Creek  and  at  Irish  Grove 
 settlemint,  a  colony  of  thirty-two  persons  was  dis- 
 missed in  May,  1832,  and  organized,  by  Mr.  Bergen, 
 inio  the  Church  of  "North  Sangamon."  In  1833 
 another  church  wiis  formed  at  Sugar  Creek,  and  still 
 another  at  Lick  Creek.  In  1834  Farmiiigton  Church 
 was  formed.  In  May,  183.">,  thirty  numbers  were 
 dismissed  to  form  the  Second  Pres)>yterian  Church  of 
 Springfield.  In  the  .same  year  a  church  was  organized 
 at  Irish  (!rovc. 
 
 Thus,  during  the  first  si.x  years  of  his  minustry, 
 Mr.  Bergen  org-anized  8i.x  churches  in  territory 
 originally  occupied  by  the  mother  church.  No- 
 vember 2.")tli,  \Ki'i,  Mr.  Bergen  was  installed  pastor, 
 on  a  salary  of  four  hundr<(l  dollars,  which  w.is  in- 
 crea.He(l,  in  1x37,  to  six  hundred.  By  1840  tlie  ne- 
 cessity of  a  larger  cluireh  edifice  became  apparent. 
 Tlie  ladies  first  moved,  and  rai.sed  one  thou.s;ind 
 dollars,  wliich  the  gentlemen  of  the  congregaticm 
 increased  to  fifteen  thous;ind.  The  corner-.stone  was 
 laid  on  the  corner  of  Third  and  Washington  streets. 
 Slay  2:{d,  1842,  and  the  building  dedicated,  November 
 9th,  1843.     In  1848  another  revival  of  considerable 
 
 interest  ensued.  In  January,  1849,  forty  persons 
 were  dismissed  an<l  organized  into  the  "Third  Pres- 
 byterian Church  of  Springfield."  After  laboring  for 
 twenty  years,  and  spending  much  time  in  missionary 
 work,  Mr.  Bergen  resigned  the  pastorate. 
 
 His  succwaor  was  the  Rev.  James  Smith,  D.  D.,  of 
 Shelbyville,  Ky.,  who  was  installed  April  11th,  1849, 
 and  remained  until  December  17th,  18."i(i.  His  suc- 
 cessor was  the  Rev.  John  H.  Brown,  who  was  in- 
 stalled in  January,  ]8.")7.  His  labors  here  were 
 abundant  and  successful.  There  w:us  no  marked 
 revival  during  his  pastorate,  but  a  steady,  healthful 
 growth.  He  remained  until  June,  18G4.  The  next 
 pastor  was  the  Rev.  Frederick  H.  Wines.  He  was 
 installed  in  September,  1865,  and  resigned  in  June, 
 1869.  The  largest  revival  which  the  Church  has 
 experienced  was  under  his  ministry,  in  conne<''tion 
 with  the  labors  of  Mr.  Hammond,  in  1866.  Seventy 
 persons  were  admitted  at  one  communion,  on  pro- 
 fession. He  resigned  in  1869.  The  present  pastor, 
 the  Rev.  James  A.  Reed,  D.  D.,  w.as  installed  in 
 February,  1870.  He  is  greatly  esteemed  by  his 
 people,  and  under  his  ministry  the  church  has  en- 
 joyed a  large  degree  of  prosperitj'.  Steps  were  about 
 to  be  taken  for  the  erection  of  a  new  edifice,  when 
 the  Third  Church  offered  to  dispose  of  their  build- 
 ing, which  was  heavily  encumbered  with  dibt.  The 
 ofl'er  was  accepted,  and  the  Third  Church  transferred 
 their  edifice  to  the  First.  The  organization,  how- 
 ever, of  the  Thij-d  Church  still  continues. 
 
 Sproat,  James,  D.  D.,  was  a  native  of  Scituate, 
 Ma.ss.  He  was  born  April  11th,  1722.  He  graduated 
 at  Yale  College.  Being  converted  under  a  sermon 
 of  Gilbert  Tennent,  he  resolved  to  enter  the  ministry. 
 His  first  pastoral  charge  was  the  Congregational 
 Church,  of  (luilford,  Conn.,  where  he  remained  for 
 twenty-five  years.  On  the  deeea.se  of  Gilbert  Ten- 
 nent, he  was  called  to  succeed  him  in  the  Second 
 Church,  of  Philadelphia,  at  the  close  of  the  yeiir 
 1768.  Here  he  remained  till  his  death,  October  18th, 
 1793,  in  the  seventy-second  year  of  his  age.  He  fell 
 a  victim  to  the  yellow  fever,  which  was  then  deso- 
 lating Philadelphia,  and  he  would  not  desert  his 
 post. 
 
 Dr.  Sproat  was  a  ripe  scholar,  a  well-read  divine 
 and  an  amiable  man.  He  was  liighly  esteemed  in 
 tlie  judicatories  of  the  Church  as  a  weighty  coun- 
 .selor,  and  his  name  is  found  on  the  most  important 
 committees.  His  only  publication  was  a  "  Sermon 
 on  tlie  Death  of  Whitefield. "  He  was  the  last  clergj-- 
 man  who  appeared  in  public  with  cocked  hat  and 
 wig. 
 
 Sprole,  ■William  Thomas,  D.D.,  was  born  in 
 Baltimore,  .Md.  He  was  ordaimd  an  evangelist  by 
 tlie  Presbytery  of  Baltimore,  March  27tli,  1831,  after 
 studying  thet)logy  at  Princeton.  In  the  course  of 
 his  ministry  he  filled  a  number  of  prominent  places, 
 in  which  he  displayed  fitness  for  his  work  and  an 
 earnest  zeal  for  the  glory  of  the  Master.     He  w;us 
 
8PRUNT. 
 
 853 
 
 STACEr. 
 
 I>astor  of  the  First  German  Reformed  Church  in 
 Philatlelpliia,  from  1832  to  183fi,  passing  from  tliat 
 post  to  tlie  jKistorate  of  the  FiiTit  Trt'sbyterian 
 Cliurch,  Carlisle,  I'a.  He  preached  to  the  First 
 Cliureh,  Washington,  D.  C.  in  1843.  lie  was  Chap- 
 lain and  Pn)rc.ssi>r  at  West  Point,  N.  Y.,  184(>-5(i. 
 His  pastorate  in  Xewl)urnli,  X.  Y.,  18r)6-72,  was  his 
 last  re{;ular  pastorate,  but  in  the  elosiu};  years  of  his 
 life  he  served  churches  in  Detroit  and  its  riciuity 
 very  acceptably.  He  died  in  that  city,  June  9th, 
 1883.  He  had  reached  the  seventy-fifth  year  of  his 
 age  at  the  time  of  his  death,  and  thn)ui;hout  his  long 
 life  had  been  an  honored  and  useful  minister  of 
 Christ. 
 
 Spnint,  J.  M.,  D.D.,  was  bom  on  the  14th  of 
 January,  18I-<,  at  IVrth,  Scotland,  and  in  1824,  with 
 his  brother,  Alexander,  was  sent  to  Kdinbuigh, where 
 they  obtained  a  liberal  education.  In  1835  he  sailed 
 ibr  the  West  Indies,  where  he  speut  four  years  in 
 mercantile  engagements.  In  1H39  he  arrived  at 
 Wilmington,  N.  C,  and  opened  a  classical  school  at 
 Hallsville,  in  Duplin  county,  January,  I-^IO  ;  con- 
 tinued teaching  in  Duplin  and  Onslow  counties  for 
 five  years,  when  he  beaime  principal  of  Grove 
 Academy,  at  Kenansville.  In  1800  he  was  elected 
 Principal  of  Kenansville  Female  Institute.  In  1800 
 he  was  licen.sed  by  Fayettcville  Presbytery  to  preach 
 the  gospel,  and  soon  after  was  ordained  pastor  of 
 Grove  Church,  wliich,  with  Union  Church,  in  the 
 same  county,  he  hjis  served  (except  with  a  short 
 interval  of  absence  on  duty)  continuously  \uitil  the 
 present  time. 
 
 The  personal  piety  of  Dr.  Sprunt,  never  obtrusi\e, 
 is  delinite  and  always  manifest.  In  it  there  is  nothing 
 of  the  rush  of  the  torrent,  but  much  of  the  placid 
 beauty  of  the  uurutUed  lake.  As  a  religious  teacher, 
 in  taste  and  habits,  he  is  strictly  conservative — look- 
 ing with  no  toleration  on  any  modification  of  the 
 doctrines  of  the  Westminster  Confession,  and  scru- 
 pulously avoiding  all  new  nu'thods.  As  a  preacher, 
 he  has  few  superiors.  Fine  natural  ability,  a  liberal 
 and  accurate  scholarship,  together  with  a  persuasive 
 manner  and  a  most  nullifluous  voice,  make  him  one 
 of  the  most  attractive  preachers  iu  the  Synod  of  North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Dr.  Sprnnt  is  eminently  fitted  for  distinguished 
 pcsition,  and  wQuld  have  filled  it  long  since,  had  he  j 
 yielded  to  the  wi.shes  of  others.  But  a  constitu- 
 tional aversion  to  notoriety,  together  with  an  unusual  ' 
 attachment  to  the  people  of  his  charge,  have  furnished 
 a  prompt  negative  to  all  inducements  to  change  his 
 pastoral  relations.  Withhiscongregationsat  Kenan.s- 
 ville  and  Fai.son  was  done  his  lii'st  work  in  the 
 ministry,  and  with  them,  most  probably,  he  will  do 
 his  last  and  liest  work. 
 
 Squier,  Miles  Powell,  D.D.,  wasliom  in  Com-  ] 
 wall,  Vt.,  Jlay  4th,  17!»2;  graduated  with  honor  at 
 Middlebnry  College  in  1811;  lini.shed  his  theological 
 course  at  Andover  in  1814,  and  was  licensed  that 
 
 year  by  a  Congregational  Association.  After  being, 
 for  a  season,  stated  supply  at  Oxibrd,  JIas.s.,  and 
 Vergennes,  Vt.,  he  became  pastor,  May  3<1,  1816,  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Huftalo,  N.  Y.  He 
 was  the  lirst  p;vstor,  and  the  relation  existed  till  1824. 
 In  ]-'26  he  accejited  the  Secretaryship  of  the  Western 
 agency  of  the  .\merican  Home  Missionary  Society  at 
 Geneva,  X.  Y.,  and  held  this  position  eight  years. 
 After  1833  his  time  was  occupied  in  superintending 
 the  affairs  of  the  Geneva  Lyceum,  which  he  h:ul 
 founded,  and,  as  health  permitted,  he  suiiplied  the 
 churches  at  Junius,  Newark,  Ca-stleton  and  West 
 Fayette,  N.  Y.,  and  the  winter  of  183;>-4()  in  Phila- 
 delphia, Pa.,  where  he  took  charge  of  a  Presbyterian 
 chinch  in  that  city.  He  subsecjuently  spent  some 
 time  in  Xcw  York  city;  for  one  year  had  cliarge  of  a 
 Presbyterian  church  in  Xew  Bennington,  Vt.,  and  in 
 18.51  ent<'red  upon  his  duties  as  Professor  of  Intel- 
 lectual and  .Moral  Philosophy  in  the  College  at  Beloit, 
 Wis.     He  entered  into  rest  .June  22(1,  18(i6. 
 
 Dr.  Sciuier  was  freiiucntly  a  contributor  to  the 
 periodical  press,  and  the  author  of  several  works  on 
 which  lu'  tjestowcd  his  maturest  thoughts.  He  was 
 one  of  the  eminent  minist«Ts  of  our  Church.  The 
 ca.st  of  his  mind  w;is  not  polemical;  hence  he  never 
 prolonged  a  controversy  needlessly.  He  was  too  pro- 
 found a  thinker  for  that.  What  is  truth  ?  seemed  to 
 be  an  ever-present  interrogatory,  and  in  his  researches 
 amid  the  hidden  mj-steries  of  thought,  he  would  find 
 a  basis  for  many  peculiar  and  beautiful  theories  He 
 was  fearless  in  expressing  his  opinions,  and  enjoyed 
 the  .s;ime  style  on  the  part  of  those  who  ditfercd  from 
 him.  His  geniality  secured  him  the  friendship  of  all 
 tho.se  with  whom  he  came  in  contact. 
 
 Stacey ,  James,  D.  D. ,  was  born  of  pious  parents, 
 in  Liberty  county,  Georgia,  June  2d,  1830.  He 
 graduated  at  Oglethorpe  College,  Georgia,  in  1849, 
 sharing  the  first  honor  with  a  fellow  classmate.  He 
 studied  tlieology  in  Columbia.  S.  C,  where  he  gradu- 
 ated in  1H.V2.  He  was  licensed  the  same  year  by 
 Georgia  Presbytery,  and  ordained  by  the  s;ime  bo<ly 
 the  following  year.  After  preaching  as  sujjply  for 
 four  years  at  different  places  he  removed  to  Xewman, 
 Ga.,  where  he  ha-s  been  for  twenty-six  and  a  half 
 years,  since  1857.  He  h;«5  been  Stated  Clerk  of  the 
 Presbytery  to  which  he  belongs,  Atlanta,  since  1866, 
 and  Stilted  Clerk  of  the  Synod  of  Georgia,  since  1876, 
 succeeding  the  venerable  John  S.  Wilson,  l>.  D.,  in 
 that  ofhce. 
 
 Dr.  Stacey  is  a  man  of  sterling  integrity  and  irre- 
 proachable purity  of  life.  He  is  s<^)  modest  and 
 retiring  iuhis  disjxisition,  that  tolx>  fully  appreciated 
 he  must  be  well  known.  To  know  him  well,  is  to 
 admire,  esteem,  honor  and  love  him.  As  a  presbyter, 
 he  is  always  polite,  punctual,  and  well  posted  in  the 
 polity  of  his  Church.  As  a  writer,  he  is  terse,  lucid 
 and  logical.  As  a  pastor,  diligent,  courteous  and 
 sympathetic.  Being  a  close  student,  deep  anil  I'ervent 
 thinker  and  conscientious  under-shepherd,    his  ser- 
 
STANLEY. 
 
 854 
 
 STAPLES. 
 
 mons  are  not  only  plain  and  polished,  but  deeply 
 impressive  and  full  of  soul-saving  instruction. 
 He  possesses  that  rieh  and  rare  combination  of  gifts 
 and  graces  which  make  men  prominent  among  their 
 fellow-men.  Dr.  Stiicey  is  the  author  of  a  small 
 volume  entitled  "Water  Baptism,"  which  is  full  of 
 pith,  point  and  power,  and  the  two  hundred  dollar 
 prize  "Essay  on  the  Christian  Sabbath." 
 
 Stanley,  Rev.  Frederick  J.,  was  bom  in  Na.sh- 
 villc,  Tenii.,  December  27th,  1848.  He  graduated  at 
 Wabash  College  in  June,  1873,  bearing  the  second 
 honor  from  tlie  literary  society  with  which  he  was 
 connected  as  debater  and  orator.  He  graduated  at 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  N.  Y.,  in  187(),  after 
 which  he  spent  a  few  months  as  Home  Missionary, 
 at  Bloomington,  Minn.  For  two  years  and  four 
 months  he  was  pastor  of  the  churches  at  Jordan  and 
 Belle  Plain,  Minn.  In  the  Fall  of  1879  he  became 
 pastor  of  the  Church  at  Golden,  Col.,  where  he 
 remained  until  called  to  the  Church  at  Leadvillc, 
 Col.,  in  1881.  Here  he  is  still  .serving  as  pastor,  and 
 under  his  ministrations  the  church  has  become 
 united,  and  the  results  of  his  labors  sho\vn  by  the 
 increased  membership;  enlarged  church  and  full 
 attendance,  are  witnesses  of  his  successful  work.  In 
 his  intercour.se  with  the  masses  he  is  winning  and 
 courteous.  He  is  full  of  zeal,  seizing  every  oppor- 
 tunity to  advance  the  Master's  kingdom.  His  .ser- 
 mons are  practical,  intended  to  develop  a  higher 
 standard  of  Christian  life  and  service. 
 
 Stanton,  Rev.  Benjamin  Franklin,  a  son 
 of  Nathan  and  Anna  St;intou,  was  born  at  Stoning- 
 ton.  Conn.,  February  12th,  1789.  He  graduated  at 
 Union  College,  an  excellent  scholar,  in  1811;  com- 
 menced the  study  of  law,  but  abandoned  it  in  favor 
 of  the  mini.stry;  late  in  1812,  entered  Princeton 
 Tlieological  Seminary,  and  was  licensed  to  ijreach  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  in  April,  1"<15. 
 He  spent  a  short  time  in  missionary  labor  in  the 
 western  part  of  the  Stiite  of  New  York,  and  was  in- 
 stidled  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Hudson, 
 where  he  continued  a  highly  respectable  and  useful 
 minist<r  until  the  resignation  of  his  charge,  on  ac- 
 count of  ill  health,  Ajjril  2()th,  1824.  After  leaving 
 Hudson,  he  spent  eighteen  months  in  traveling  in 
 the  Southern  Stat»'S,  for  the  benefit  of  his  health.  In 
 182r),  he  became  jjastor  of  the  Congregational  Church, 
 in  Bethlem,  Conn.,  resigning  the  charge  in  1829. 
 After  this  he  sujiplied  Dr.  Wilson's  church,  in  Phila- 
 delphia, for  some  time,  and  then  went  to  Bridge- 
 port, Conn.,  where  he  preached  as  a  stilted  supply 
 for  a  few  months.  Declining  a  call  to  the  church  at 
 that  place,  he  accejited  one  to  the  Hanover  Church, 
 Va.,  to  which  he  preached,  acting  most  of  the  time 
 as  its  pa.stor,  fnmi  May,  1829,  until  1842.  After  the 
 death  of  the  Kev.  Dr.  .Tohn  H.  Kice,  Professor  in  the 
 Union  Theological  Seminarj',  he  delivered  a  course 
 of  lectures  on  Theology,  t«  the  .students  of  the  Semi- 
 nary, in   Dr.  Kice's  place,  and  alt<rwards,  during  a 
 
 vacancy  in  the  presidency  of  Hampden-Sidney  Col- 
 lege, occa.sioned  by  the  death  of  Mr.  Cushing,  he 
 delivered  lectures  to  the  Senior  Cla.ss  in  the  college. 
 After  declining  a  call  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
 Tuskaloosa,  Ala.,  he  returned  to  the  North,  and  died, 
 November  18th,  1843.  Mr.  Stanton  was  distinguished 
 its  a  Iclles-lcttres  scholar,  and  a  writer.  Quiet  and 
 retiring  in  his  study  and  social  intercourse,  in  the 
 pulpit  he  was  always  earnest,  emphatic  and  coura- 
 geous, not  unfrequently  impa.ssioned  and  vehement, 
 as  often,  perhaps,  "a  son  of  thunder  "  as  "a  s(m  of 
 consolation."  He  was  always  held  in  high  esteem 
 by  his  bretliren  in  the  ministry,  wherever  he  resided. 
 All  felt  that  he  had  a  commanding  intellect  and  an 
 honest  purpose  to  .serve  his  Master. 
 
 Stanton,  Rev.  Horace  C,  son  of  Professor 
 Benjamin  Stanton,  of  the  Chair  of  Latin  Language 
 and  Literature  and  Political  Economy,  Union 
 College,  N.  Y.,  was  born  April  1st,  1849.  He  graduated 
 at  Union  College  in  1867,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
 Bar  in  1870.  He  studied  theology  at  Princeton 
 Seminary,  and  was  ordained  l)y  Albany  Presbytery, 
 in  June,  1S74.  He  was  stated  supply  at  Batcheller- 
 ville,  N.  Y.,  1873-6.  In  November,  1876,  he  took 
 charge  of  the  Third  Church,  Albany,  N.  Y.  His 
 ministry  has  been  attended  by  repeated  powerful 
 outpourings  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  Mr.  Stanton  is  a 
 gentleman  of  great  industry,  perseverance,  and  ab- 
 sorbing love  for  scholastic  pursuits,  but  above  all, 
 fond  of  studying  the  Scriptures,  He  is  a  ready 
 debater,  an  active  ecclesia-stic,  faithful  and  assiduous 
 in  devotion  to  his  charge,  and  very  careful  and 
 thorough  in  his  preparations  for  the  pulpit. 
 
 Stanton,  Robert  Livingston,  D.  D.,  is  a 
 native  of  Connecticut.  He  was  born  at  Griswold, 
 March  2Hth,  1810.  He  graduated  at  the  Literary 
 Department  of  Lane,  in  ls:J4,  and  was  a  student  in 
 the  Theological  Department  of  that  Institution  1S34- 
 36.  He  was  ordained,  December,  1S39  (Mississippi 
 Presbj^:ery) ;  Blue  Ridge,  Miss.,  1839-41;  Woodville, 
 1841-3;  New  Orleans,  La.,  1843-51.  From  1851  to 
 1854  he  was  President  of  Oakland  College,  Jliss. ; 
 pastor  at  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  185l)-62;  Profes.sor  of 
 Pastoral  Theology  and  Homiletics  in  the  Danville 
 Theological  Seminary,  lS(i2-66;  President  of  Miami 
 University,  18(i(>-71;  editor  in  New  York  city,  l.<71- 
 2;  editor  at  Cincinnati  (Iltriild  diiil  Prenbi/hi),  1872- 
 8,  and  now  resides  in  Wa.shington  city.  He  received 
 the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  the  College  of  New  Jersey 
 and  Wa.shington  College,  Va.,  in  1852.  Dr.  Stanton 
 takes  higli  rank  as  a  scholar  and  a  writer.  His  life 
 has  been  a  busy  and  useful  one.  In  l>^(i6  he  wius 
 honored  with  the  Moderatorship  of  the  General 
 As.seml)ly  at  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
 
 Staples,  Rev.  Moses  Wilmington,  like  our 
 most  useful  men  in  the  State,  is  a  self-iiitidi'  man. 
 Born  in  Ul.ster  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1827  ;  left  an  orphan 
 at  fourt<'en.  Working  on  a  farm  for  a  livelihood, 
 studying  nights  ;  teaching  a  common  school  at  si.xteen, 
 
STAPLES. 
 
 855 
 
 STARR. 
 
 taking  lessons  in  Latin  and  Greek  of  the  Principal  of 
 an  Acaclfcmy,  and  reciting  at  5  A.M.  and  10  p.m.,  he 
 painfully  worked  his  way  to  ii.sefulnes.s.  WTien  con- 
 verted, at  fourteen,  he  began  at  once  labor  for  Christ, 
 establishing  and  conducting  successfully,  for  a  year,  a 
 prayer-meeting  for  boys.  He  pursued  his  studies  at 
 Union  College  and  JIadison  University,  N.  Y.  ;  was 
 lict«ised  to  preach  by  a  Baptist  cluirch  in  his 
 eighteenth  year,  an.l  wa.s  pistor,  linst  in  Amsterdam, 
 N.  Y.,  and  sub.scquently  in  Milford,  Conn.  He  after- 
 wards preached  as  a  Home  Ifi.ssionary  in  Tenn.,  and, 
 for  a  time,  had  charge  of  classiciil  schools  in  Cleve- 
 land and  Memphis,  Tenn.  Changing  his  views 
 touching  the  mode  and  subjects  of  bai.tism,  he  united 
 in  1S49,  with  the  Presbyterian  Church,  was  licensed, 
 and  went  as  a  Home  ilissionary  to  Texiis.  Here,  with 
 
 BEV.  MOSES  WILMISOTON  STAPLES. 
 
 his  devoted  wife,  he  endured  great  hardships,  preach- 
 ing in  private,  in  school  and  in  court-houses,  and  in 
 the  open  air.  He  was  ordained  in  December,  1850 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Texas,  having  travelled  300 
 miles  for  the  purpose,  the  venerated  Daniel  Baker 
 being  the  Moderator  of  the  body.  In  this  new  State' 
 there  was,  at  this  time,  no  church  .building,  and  but 
 one  Presbyterian  minister  in  all  Eastern  Texa.s. 
 Enteriiigupon  his  work  with  his  characteristic  energy' 
 he  organized  chnrclies  at  Marshall,  JeiTerson,  Golden 
 Kule,  Hickory  Hill,  Henderson  and  Gum  Spring. 
 
 His  health  failing,  through  exposure  and  excessi%-e 
 labor,   Mr.   Staples  turned  his  f,u;e   Northward,  in 
 search  of  a  more  bracing  climate.     In  March,  185.5 
 he  reached  Jancsville,    Wis.,  and,  under  many  dis- 
 couragements,   organized     the    First     Presbyterian 
 
 Church.     In  July,  1858,   he  removed  to  Kankakee, 
 111.     Here   he  reorganized  the  church,  enlarged  the 
 church  building  and  met  with  great  success.     -While 
 liere,  he   represented    the    Presbyterian    Church    in 
 what  was  known   as   the   "Chiniquy   Movement," 
 which  resulted  in  leiiding  out  of  the  Papal  Church  a 
 large  colony  of  French  settlers.     His  health   failing 
 again,  in  consequence  of  the  labor  and  care  incident 
 to  this  work,  he  was  induced,  in  1W65,  to  take  charge; 
 of,  and  reorganize  the  Bil)Ie  work   in  the  State  of 
 New  York.     Here  he  labored  Ibr  six  vears,  with  emi- 
 ,nent  succe.s.s.     In  1871,  the   Virginia  Bible  Society 
 j  wishing  a  man  who,  by  virtue  of  his  acquaintance 
 with  the  South,  could  reorganize  the  work  in   that 
 State,  after  the  war,  applied  for,   and  secured  Mr. 
 Staple's  services.     He  entered  upon  the  work,  and 
 soon  brought  order  out  of  confusion.     Under  his  mse 
 and   energetic    management,    more   than    1,500,000 
 people  have  been  visited   by  the   colporteurs  of' the 
 Society,  and  220,000  copies  of  the  Bible  distributed. 
 At  this  present  writing  (1883),  though  greatly  broken 
 in  health,  he  still  lives,  and  labors  energetically  and 
 elEcieutly  in   the    Bible  cau.se,  his  home  being  at 
 Richmond,   Va.     To  such  men,   under  God,   is  the 
 Church  indebted  for  her  victories,  and  the  world  for 
 its  true  welfare.     Let  them   be  held  in  everlasting 
 remembrance.  ° 
 
 Starr,  Rev.  Frederick,  Jr.,  wa.s  born  in  the 
 city  of  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  January  2Cth,  1826      He 
 graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1846,  and  three  years 
 later  at  Auburn  Seminary.     After  spending  a  few 
 weeks  in  missionary  lalxir  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  he  went 
 to  Weston,  a  place  then  doing  the  largest  business  of 
 any  city  in  Missouri,  with  the  exception  of  St.  Louis 
 Here  he  sulxsequently  settled.     The  people  among 
 whom  ho  labored  were  poor,  and  their  church  deeply 
 imolved  in  debt.     His  course  was  characteristic  of 
 the  man,  and  showed  that  he  was  cast  in  no  ordinary 
 mould.     Having  raised  all  he  could  by  subscription 
 from  his  people,  he  insured  his  own  life  as  a  basi.s  of 
 credit,   and   boldly  assumed  the  debt.     Unable  to 
 procure  any  one  to  act  as  sexton,  he  made  the  fires 
 and  rang  the  bell,  while  his  wife  swept  the  house 
 ^ith  Paul,  he  could  labor  with  his  ban.ls  so  that 
 the  gospel  might  be  preached. 
 
 In  1856  Mr.  Starr  became  the  Secretary  of  the 
 Western  Education  Society,  and  agent  for  the  Semi- 
 nary at  Auburn,  and  the  fruit  of  his  lalwrs  appeared 
 ,  more  ami  more  every  year.  He  elevated  the  cause 
 of  ministerial  education  in  all  that  region,  did  much 
 for  the  establishment  of  the  Seminary  on  a  secure 
 financial  foundation,  and  iulluenced  many  young 
 men  to  enter  the  ministrj-,  as  well  as  help'ed  to 
 prepare  the  way  for  them.  He  next  became  pastor 
 of  the  Church  at  Pemi  Yan,  N.  Y.,  where  his  labors 
 were  largely  blessed.  Sub.se.juently,  he  accepted  a 
 call  to  St.  Louis,  where  also  the  divine  blessing 
 signally  accomjianied  his  mini.stry.  Here  he  wa-s 
 called  to  his  rewar.l.     In  his  extreme  illness  he  sent 
 
STATE,  INTERMEDIATE. 
 
 856 
 
 STATE,  INTERMEDIATE. 
 
 the  follon-ing  characteristic,  beautiful  message  to  his 
 Church:  "Tell  them  to  be  God's — to  be  God's — to  be 
 God's — every  one  of  them ;  to  stand  up  for  Jesus  all 
 the  time;  to  hate  sin,  and  love  righteousness." 
 
 Tlie  most  striking  feature  of  Jlr.  Starr's  character 
 was  hia  strong  conrietions  of  principle  and  duty.  He 
 was  a /AoroKjrA  man.  He  was  a/('«i7fs.?  man.  He  had 
 untiring  energij.  He  was  a  man  of  large  heart.  He 
 had  a  sincere  desire  to  do  good.  His  own  words  ex- 
 pressed his  desire  and  constant  endeavor,  ' '  I  want  to 
 leave  every  place  I  occupy  better  than  I  found  it." 
 
 State,  Intermediate,  a  term  made  use  of  to 
 denote  the  state  of  the  soul  between  death  and  the 
 resurrection.  The  souls  of  men  survive  the  dissolu- 
 tion of  their  bodict.,  and  have  an  immortal  subsistence. 
 Some  have  held  that  death  is  the  utter  extinction  of 
 man's  being;  others,  that  the  soul  shall  sleep  between 
 death  and  the  resurrection,  alike  inactive  and  uncon- 
 scious, as  the  body  that  is  then  dissolved  into  dust. 
 In  opposition  to  these  notions,  equally  absurd  and 
 uncomfortable,  our  Confession  affirms,  and  the  Scrip- 
 ture clearly  teaches,  that  the  souls  of  men  subsist  in 
 a  disembodied  state,  after  such  a  manner  as  to  be 
 capable  of  exercising  those  powers  and  faculties 
 which  are  essential  to  them.  "Fear  not  them  which 
 kill  the  body,  but  are  not  able  to  kill  the  soul" 
 (Matt.  X,  28).  These  are  the  words  of  Him  who 
 made  man,  and  who  perfectly  knows  the  constituent 
 parts  of  his  nature;  and  He  affirms,  not  only  that  the 
 soul  is  distinct  from  the  body,  not  only  tliat  it  does 
 not,  in  fact,  die  with  the  body,  but  that  it  is  impos- 
 sible to  kill  the  soul  by  any  created  power.  Our 
 Saviour  taught  the  same  doctrine  in  parabolical  lan- 
 guage: "  It  came  to  pa.ss  that  the  beggar  died,  and 
 was  carried  by  the  angels  into  Abraham's  bosom. 
 The  rich  man  also  died,  and  was  buried;  and  in  hell 
 he  lifted  up  his  eyes,  being  in  torments  "  (Luke  xvi, 
 22,  23).  Both  the  beggar  and  tlie  man  of  wealth 
 died;  both  left  their  bodies  in  the  dust;  but  the  .souls 
 of  both  retained  their  existence  and  their  conscious- 
 ness after  their  separation  from  their  bodies.  No 
 doubt  the  death  of  the  righteous  is  frequently  de- 
 scribed in  Scripture  as  a  sleep ;  but  such  language  is 
 obviously  figurative,  and  gives  no  countenance  to  the 
 notion  that  the  soul  falls  asleep  when  disunited  from 
 the  body.  When  the  dead  are  said  to  be  asleep,  a 
 metaphor  is  used,  founded  U])ou  the  striking  resem- 
 blance between  death  and  sleep;  and  at  the  same 
 time,  by  another  figure  of  speech,  a  part  is  spoken  of 
 as  the  whole.  They  are  said  to  sleep,  and  to  be  un- 
 conscious and  inactive,  because  these  things  are  true 
 of  their  bodies. 
 
 The  simple  truth  is  that  a  soul  without  all  life  and 
 motion,  without  all  sense  and  ]>i;rception,  apjiears  to 
 be  a  contradiction  in  nature.  It  would  be  a  kind  of 
 annihilation  of  a  thinking  substance  to  be  deprived 
 of  all  thought  for  so  many  ages,  and  it  would  be  a 
 sort  of  new  creation  to  restore  it  to  consciousness 
 again. 
 
 The  souls  of  the  righteous,  immediately  after 
 death,  are  admitted  to  a  state  of  happiness. '  When 
 Stephen  said,  with  his  dying  breath,  "Lord  Jesus, 
 receive  my  spirit  "  (Acts  vii,  59),  he  manifestly  s)ip- 
 posed  that  his  soul  should  immediately  pass  into  the 
 presence  of  his  Saviour.  Our  Lord's  promise  to  the 
 penitent  thief,  "To-day  thou  shalt  be  with  me  in 
 Paradise"  (Luke  xxiii,  43),  implies,  if  worcLs  have 
 any  meaning,  that  ere  that  day  was  finished  his  soul 
 should  be  in  the  same  place  with  the  soul  of  Christ, 
 and  should  enjoy  the  blessedness  which  the  word 
 "paradise  "  suggests.  In  the  fifth  chapter  of  the 
 second  Epistle  to  the  Corinthians,  Paul  proceeds  upon 
 the  supposition  that  believers,  as  soon  as  they  leave 
 this  world,  enter  upon  a  happier  state :  ' '  For  we 
 know  that,  if  our  earthly  house  of  this  tabernacle 
 were  dissolved,  we  have  a  building  of  God,  a  house 
 not  made  with  hands,  eternal  in  the  heavens." 
 (Verse  1;  see  also  verses  6  and  8.)  The  one  event 
 immediately  follows  the  other — the  entrance  into  the 
 heavenl}'  house,  the  removal  from  the  earthly.  The 
 same  thing  is  implied  when  he  says  that  he  was  "  in 
 a  strait  betwixt  two,"  whether  to  remain  upon  earth, 
 or  "to  depart'  and  to  be  with  Christ,  which  w;is  far 
 better"  (Phil,  i,  23).  Certainly  he  believed,  that  as 
 soon  as  he  departed  he  should  be  with  Christ,  as  is 
 clear  both  from  the  words  themselves,  and  from  his 
 strait;  for  if  he  had  known  that  he  was  to  remain  in 
 a  state  of  insensibility  for  thousands  of  years,  he 
 could  not  have  hesitated,  for  a  moment,  whether  it 
 would  be  better  to  sink  into  that  state,  or  to  continue 
 in  life,  engaged  in  the  most  important  services,  and 
 enjoying  the  delights  of  communion  with  God.  (See 
 also  Luke  xvi,  22.)  It  is  impossible,  indeed,  to 
 express  in  a  clearer  manner  than  is  done  in  these 
 passages,  the  immediate  transition  of  the  soul  from 
 its  present  habitation  into  the  presence  of  Christ. 
 What  detains  us  from  His  presence  is  our  continuance 
 in  the  body.  "WTiat  introduces  us  into  it  is  our 
 departure  from  the  body.  Our  presence  with  Him 
 succeeds  our  absence  from  the  body,  without  an 
 interval. 
 
 As  to  the  location  of  the  place  where  the  redeemed 
 are  now  gathered,  absolutely  nothing  is  revealed, 
 except  that  it  is  where  the  glorified  humanity  of 
 Christ  is.  They  are  tcith  Ilim,  and  behold  His  glory 
 (2  Cor.  T,  1-8).  See,  al.so,  the  scenes  opened  in  the 
 Apocalypse.  And  Christ  at  His  iuscension  sat  down 
 at  "  the  right  hand  of  God,"  "the  right  hand  of  the 
 Majesty  on  high"  (Mark  xvi,  19;  Rom.  viii,  34; 
 Heb.  i,  3;  x,  12,  etc).  This  must  be  a  locality, 
 because,  the  humanity  of  Christ  being  finite.  His 
 presence  marks  a  definite  place;  yet  the  plirase 
 "  right  hand  of  God  "  evidently  marks  rather  the 
 condition  of  honor  and  power  to  which  Christ  is 
 raised  as  mediatorial  King.  As  to  the  location  of 
 the  place  in  which  Christ  and  His  glorified  spouse 
 will  hold  their  central  home  throughout  eternity,  a 
 strong    probability  is    rai.scd   that    it   will   be   our 
 
STATE,  INTERMEDIATE. 
 
 857 
 
 STATISTICS  OF  EDUCATION. 
 
 present  earth,  first  burned  with  fire  and  then 
 gloriously  replenished.  (See  Rom.  viii,  19-23;  2 
 Pet.  iii,  5-13;  Rev.  xxi,  1.) 
 
 The  souls  of  the  wicked  are  at  death  cast  into  hell. 
 Neither  is  the  location  of  this  place  revealed.  While 
 .some  have  maintained  that  the  souls  of  the  wicked 
 shaU  never  be  tormented  in  hell,  others  have  held 
 that  they  shall  not  be  adjudged  to  that  place  of  tor- 
 ment till  after  the  resurrection;  but,  according  to  the 
 rejiresentation  of  our  Saviour,  as  soon  as  the  rich  man 
 died,  "in  hell  he  lifted  up  his  eyes,  being  in  tor- 
 ments" (Luke  xvi,  23).  The  spirits  of  those  who 
 in  the  time  of  Noah  were  disobedient,  were,  when 
 the  Apostle  Peter  wrote  his  epistle,  shut  up  in  the 
 prison  of  hell  (1  Pet.  iii,  19). 
 
 Beyond  all  question,  the  Scripture  being  our  guide, 
 the  state  of  both  classes — the  righteous  and  the 
 wicked — admits  of  no  exchange  or  transfer,  but  their 
 present  condition  is  the  commencement  of  an  in- 
 evitable progi-essiou  in  opposite  directions.  The  state 
 of  both  classes  is,  indeed,  intermediate  in  the  sense 
 that,  in  the  case  of  the  former,  their  happiness  will 
 be  greater  when  their  glorified  bodies,  which  had 
 been  "instruments  of  righteousness,"  have,  at  the 
 resurrection,  been  reunited  with  their  spirits,  which 
 had,  at  death,  been  made  "perfect  iu  holiness,"  and 
 in  the  case  of  the  latter,  the  punishment  will  be 
 greater  when  they  are  clothed  again  with  their  bodies, 
 which  had  been  " in-struments  of  sin;"  but  in  this 
 sense  only  is  the  state  of  either  class  intermediate. 
 
 The  Church  of  Rome  maintains  that  the  souls  of 
 the  saints,  on  lea\Tng  their  bodies,  mu.st  pass  for  a 
 time  into  a  place  called  purgatory,  that  they  may  be 
 purified  by  fire  from  the  stains  of  sin  which  had 
 not  yet  been  washed  out  during  the  present  life. 
 That  Church  further  teaches,  that  the  pains  and  suf- 
 ferings of  purgatory  may  be  alle\'iated  and  shortened 
 by  the  prayers  of  men  here  on  earth,  by  the  inter- 
 cession of  the  saints  in  heaven,  and,  above  all,  by  the 
 sacrifice  of  the  mass,  ofi'ered  by  the  priests  in  the 
 name  of  sinners;  and  that,  iis  soon  as  souls  are  re- 
 leased from  purgatory,  they  are  immediately  admitted 
 to  eternal  happiness. 
 
 The  notion  of  purgatorj'  is  so  grossly  and  palpably 
 false,  that  the  common  .sense  of  every  man  would 
 reject  it,  where  it  is  not  perverted  and  overpowered 
 by  authority  and  prej  udice.  Can  a  person  have  any 
 idea  in  his  mind  when  he  talks  of  souls  being  puri- 
 fied by  fire  ?  Might  he  not,  with  ccjual  propriety, 
 speak  of  a  spirit  being  nourni.shed  with  bread  and 
 wine  ?  The  soul  is  supposed  to~  be  a  material  sub- 
 stance (upon  which  alone  fire  can  act),  contrary  to 
 the  belief  even  of  the  abettors  of  purgatory,  who 
 admit,  ;us  well  as  we,  the  spirituality  of  its  essence. 
 Thus  it  is  evident  that  purgatory  is  physically  im- 
 possible. But  there  are  other  reasons,  under  the 
 force  of  which  the  whole  fabric  tumbles  to  the  ground. 
 
 The  passages  which  Romanists  allege  as  proofs  of 
 purgatory  are,  2  Mace,  xii,  43,  45  ;  Matt,  xii,  31,  32; 
 
 1  Cor.  iii,  15;  1  Pet.  iii,  19.  "  But  it  may  be 
 observed,"  says  Dr.  Watson,  "1.  That  the  books  of 
 Maccabees  have  no  evidence  of  inspiration;  therefore, 
 quotations  from  them  are  not  to  be  regarded.  2.  If 
 they  were,  the  texts  referred  to  would  rather  prove 
 that  there  is  no  such  pliice  as  purgatory,  since  Judas 
 did  not  expect  the  souls  departed  to  reap  any  benefit 
 from  the  sin-ofiering  till  the  resurrection.  The  texts 
 quoted  from  the  Scriptures  have  no  reference  to  the 
 doctrine,  as  may  be  seen  by  consulting  the  context 
 and  any  just  commentator  upon  it.  3.  The  Scrip- 
 tures iu  general  speak  of  departed  .souls  going  imme- 
 diately, at  death,  to  a  fixed  state  of  happiness  or 
 misery,  and  give  us  no  idea  of  purgatory  (Isa.  Ivii, 
 2;  Rev.  xiv,  13;  Luke  xvi,  22;  2  Cor.  v,  8).  4.  It  is 
 derogatory  from  the  doctrine  of  the  satisfaction  of 
 Christ.  If  Christ  died  for  us,  and  redeemed  us  from 
 sin  and  hell,  as  the  Scripture  speaks,  then  the  idea  of 
 further  meritorious  suifering  detracts  from  the  per- 
 fection of  His  .sacrifice,  and  places  merit  still  in  the 
 creature;  a  doctrine  exactly  opposite  to  the  Scrip- 
 tures." 
 Statistics  of  Education  in  the  United 
 States. 
 
 The  number  of  Universities  and  Colleges  in  the  United 
 
 States  in  ISSl  was 3li2 
 
 Number  of  instructors  in  the  same 4,3G0 
 
 Number  of  students  in  the  same 02,43.5 
 
 Number  of  volumes  in  libniries  of  the  eame 2,522,223 
 
 Value  of  college  grounds,  buildings,  etc S40,255,97G 
 
 Income  from  productive  funds 2,618,008 
 
 Receipts  in  1880  from  tuition 2,080,450 
 
 Of  these  Institutions  of  higher  learning,  Ohio  had 
 the  greatest  number,  36  ;  Illinois  had  28  ;  New  York 
 and  Pennsylvania  had  27  each.  No  other  State  had 
 20,  and  only  7  other  States  had  more  than  10.  The 
 only  St;ites  east  of  the  Jlississippi  ha\ing  but  one  such 
 Institution  were  Delaware,  Rhode  Island  and  New 
 Hampshire. 
 
 In  1881  there  were  143  theological  seminaries  iu 
 the  United  Stiites,  having  a  total  attendance  of  4782 
 students,  with  612  professors. 
 
 Stearns,  Rev.  Jonathan  F.,  D.D.,  the  son  of 
 the  Rev.  Samuel  Stearns,  w;is  born  in  Bedford, 
 JIa.ss. ,  where  his  father  w;is  pastor  of  the  Congrega- 
 tional Church,  his  only  charge  for  a  period  of  forty 
 years.  He  graduated  at  Harvard  College,  in  1830, 
 and  studied  theologj'  partly  at  Andover  Theological 
 Seminary  and  partly  under  the  direction  of  his 
 father.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Woburu 
 As.sociation  in  Massachusetts,  iu  October,  1834,  and 
 was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  First  Pres- 
 byterian Church  in  Ncwburyport,  Mass.,  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Londonderry,  in  the  Synod  of  Albany, 
 September  16th,  1835.  Beneath  the  pulpit  of  this 
 church    repose  the  remains  of  George   '^liitefield. 
 
 In  1836  he  was  a  commi.ssioner  from  the  Presbj'- 
 tery  of  Londonderry  to  the  General  Assembly  in 
 Pittsburg.  His  ministry  at  Newburvi>ort  continued 
 fourteen    years.     He  was   installed    pastor  of   the 
 
STEDMAN. 
 
 a58 
 
 STEEL. 
 
 First  Presbyterian  Omrch  in  Newark,  X.  J.,  in 
 Decemljer,  1>I49.  At  prisiiit  he  is  the  honorecl  pastor 
 emeritvis  of  this  imporUmt  anil  an<-ient  charge.  He 
 received  the  degree  of  K.T.  D.  from  tlie  College  of 
 New  Jersey,  at  Princeton,  in  l^^oO.  Dr.  Stearns  was 
 .Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly  which  met  in 
 Harrisburg  in  1868.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
 "  Keunion  Committee,"  and  is  a  member  of  several 
 of  the  committees  of  the  General  Assembly  forprose- 
 cntiiig  the  work  of  the  Church.  He  is  also  connected 
 with  literary  and  Iwnevolent  institutions  in  Xewark 
 and  other  places,  and  is  widely  known  as  a  foremost 
 man  in  the  Church  in  promoting  every  good  work. 
 
 Stedman,  James  Owen,  D.D.,  son  of  Elisha 
 and  JIary  (Owen)  Stedman,  was  born  in  Fayetteville, 
 N.  C,  October  31st,  1811;  wiw  graduated  from  the 
 University  of  North  Carolina,  June,  1832;  entered 
 Princeton  Seminary  a  few  months  after,  where  he 
 remained  four  years  (183:2-30);  w;vs  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  April  20tli,  1836;  was 
 sUitcd  supply  to  the  First  Church,  Baltimore,  JId., 
 for  six  mouths,  1836;  labored  for  some  time  in  mis- 
 sionary work  at  Waynesboro,  N.  C. ;  was  ordained 
 and  installed  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Tuscumbia, 
 Ala.,  by  the  Presbytery  of  North  Alabama,  Novem- 
 ber 1st,  18;J7,  in  which  <'harge  he  remained  until 
 1845.  From  184.)  to  18.51  he  w;i.s  stated  sujjply  of  the 
 Church  of  Wilmington,  N.  C,  when,  his  wife's 
 health  failing,  he  removed  to  Philadelphia  for 
 medic;il  treatment.  During  the  years  1852  and  1853 
 he  was  stilted  supply  of  the  First  Church  in  Chester, 
 Pa.  Wliile  at  Chester  he  received  a  call  to  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Memphis,  Tenn.  Before 
 accepting  it  he  went  to  Memphis  and  served  the 
 church  as  stilted  supply,  from  Jlay  10th,  18,54,  until 
 his  instillation.  May  7th,  18.56.  This  n^lation  was 
 dissolved  July  2d,  1868.  In  July,  1868,  he  organ- 
 ized the  Alabama  Street  Presbyterian  Church,  in 
 Memphis,  and  took  charge  of  it  as  pjustor  elect.  He 
 never  con.sented  to  be  instjvlled,  but  served  the  church 
 faithfully,  as  stated  supply,  until  April,  1880,  when 
 his  failing  lualth  constrained  him  to  retire  from  the 
 active  work  of  the  ministry.  He  had  repeatedly 
 offered  to  give  up  the  aire  of  the  church,  but  such 
 was  the  devotion  of  its  members  that  they  would  not 
 con.sent  to  it  until  this  time.  As  a  preacher.  Dr. 
 Stedman  wiis  earnest,  able,  sound  and  crtectivc.  He 
 loved  to  preiieh  the  gospel  at  all  times  and  in  all 
 places.  The  old,  old  story  of  Jesus  and  His  love  was 
 ever  new  and  ever  refreshing  to  hira.  As  a  pa-stor, 
 visiting  from  house  to  house,  especially  when  sick- 
 ness and  sorrow  ha<I  cnt<'re<l  tlie  abodes  of  his  people, 
 his  ministrations  were  abundant,  welcome  and  elTect- 
 ive.  Dr.  Stedman  was  a  sull'irer  for  several  years,  ' 
 and  at  the  last  a  very  great  sufferer.  But  he  endnred 
 bis  Kuff"erings  iw  seeing  Him  who  is  invisible.  He 
 (lied  .\|iiH  2i|h,  1SK2. 
 
 Steel,  Rev.  John,  was  a  native  of  Ireland.     In 
 1744   he   was  ordained   by   the   Presbytery  of  New 
 
 Castle  to  the  work  of  the  ministry.  Soon  after,  he 
 was  elected  one  of  the  trusteis  of  the  school,  under 
 Ali.son  and  McDowell,  for  the  education  of  young  men 
 for  the  ministry,  which  afterwards  was  transferred 
 to  Newark,  Del.,  and  in  1745  he  Wiis  appointed  by 
 Synod  on  an  imiwrtant  committee,  to  report  a  plan  of 
 union  with  the  Synod  of  New  York.  While  he  was 
 a  licentiate  (1743)he  was  sent  to  Virginia  and  to  (ones- 
 toga,  and  after  his  ordination  he  w;us  probably  settled 
 for  alx)ut  seven  j-ears  at  New  London,  Cliester  county. 
 Pa.  In  the  year  17.52,  possibly  earlier,  he  removed  to 
 West  Conococheague,  in  what  is  now  Franklin  county, 
 where  he  had  cliarge  of  two  congregations,  which 
 were  in  the  midst  of  the  perils  of  Indian  depredations. 
 The  people  never  ventured  to  assemble  for  worship 
 without  being  fully  equipped  and  watched  by  sen- 
 tries again.st  surprise.  One  of  the  meeting  houses  in 
 which  ilr.  St<'el  preached  was  fortified  ;is  a  fort,  and 
 after  a  while  was  burned  to  the  ground.  A  number 
 of  whole  families  under  his  charge  were  barbarously 
 murdered.  Such  was  his  coolness,  courage  and  skill, 
 that  he  w;us  chosen  to  be  the  Ciiptain  of  the  company 
 formed  among  the  settlers,  and  in  17.55  the  govern- 
 ment commissioned  hira  as  a  Ciiptain  of  the  provincial 
 troops,  and  he  w;is  for  many  years  active  in  the  service. 
 Under  such  circumstances  it  was  iuipossil)le  to  hold 
 his  congregations  to  regularity  in  worship,  and  in  the 
 end  his  churches  were  broken  up,  and  he  was 
 obliged  to  seek  a  residence  elsewhere. 
 
 In  1754  we  find  >Ir.  Steel  preaching  at  Nottingham, 
 and  then  at  York  and  Shrewsbury.  In  .Vpril,  1759, 
 he  was  installed  pjistor  of  the  two  churches  of  Upper 
 and  Lower  Pennsborough,  Pa.  The.se  congregations 
 prospered  under  his  ministry.  He  was  instructive 
 as  a  preacher,  and  faithful  in  catechising  an<l  train- 
 ing the  young.  During  the  pendency  of  mc;usures 
 for  a.s.serting  tlie  rights  of  tlie  colonies  against  the 
 mother  country,  be  sympathized  ardently  with  the 
 patriots,  and  took  the  commaml  of  one  of  the  mili- 
 tary companies  formed  in  Carlisle.  His  common 
 title  of  "Ilcverend  Captain"  wius  never  a  reproach, 
 for  he  was  never  known  to  act  unworthily  of  either 
 part  of  the  designation.  Mr.  .Steel  dieil  in  .\ugust, 
 1779,  leaving  a  reputation  for  stern  integrity,  zeal  for 
 what  he  deemed  truth  and  righteousness,  and  a  high 
 sense  of  honor.  His  remains  lie  interred  in  the  Old 
 Cemetery  of  Carlisle. 
 
 Steel,  Robert,  D.  D.,  w;us  born  near  London- 
 derry, Ireland,  .lanuary  9th,  1794.  He  received  a 
 pious  home  educiition,  and  some  mejusure  of  classical 
 training  in  his  native  land.  Coining  to  this  country 
 in  iKuhood.  he  I'utered  the  famous  acaihiiiy  of  "Gray 
 and  Wiley,"  in  Phila<lelphia.  whence  he  jia.ss<d  into 
 the  College  of  New. Jersey,  graduating  in  the  ila.ss  of 
 H14.  He  pursued  his  theological  studies  in  the  .\ss<v 
 ciate  Seminary,  in  New  York,  of  which  Dr.  .lohn  .M. 
 Mason  was  President,  and  was  li<«nsed  to  preach  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  New  York.  Aft<T  lalniring  for  a 
 brief  period  as  a  mi.ssionary  in  Philatlelphia,  he  ac- 
 
STEPHENS. 
 
 859 
 
 STEPHENSOX. 
 
 cepted  a  call  totlio  Prps1)yt<Tian  Church  at  Abington, 
 Pa.,  where  he  was  ordained  and  installed,  November 
 9th,  1819.  Ill  that  venerable  chunli  he  spent  his 
 entire  ministerial  life,  dying  in  great  peace,  Septem- 
 ber 2d,  1P()2. 
 
 Dr.  Steel  was  "  a  good  man  and  a  just,"  of  active 
 intellect,  warm  heart,  and  tireless  energy  in  the  work 
 of  the  I>ord.  As  a  preacher,  he  w;us  direct,  earnest 
 and  pungent,  lie  w;is  noted  for  the  propriety  and 
 unction  of  his  prayers.  He  was  abundant  in  charity 
 and  good  works,  and  fearless  in  upholding  his  prin- 
 cijdes  and  in  sup|)orting  every  good  Ciiu.se.  He  Wius 
 widily  known,  and  was  hehl  in  iinivers;il  respect. 
 
 Stephens,  Hon.  Alexander  Hamilton,  was 
 born  in  Taliaferro  county,  Ga.,  February  11th,  1812, 
 and  was  named  for  his  grandfather,  Alexander 
 Stephens,  the  founder  of  the  American  branch  of  the 
 family,  who  wxsan  adherent  of  the  Chevalier  Edward 
 (th<^  Pretender),  and  for  the  Hev.  .Vlexandcr  Hamil- 
 ton Webster,  afterwards  his  instructor,  and  a  favorite 
 preacher  in  Georgia.  His  mother  died  while  he  was 
 yet  an  infant,  and  his  father  in  l82(i.  His  life-long 
 feeble  health  w;is  doubtless  due,  in  some  measure  at 
 lea.st,  to  the  lack  of  a  mother's  Ciire  in  infancy. 
 After  his  father's  death,  his  parental  home  was  sold 
 for  distribution,  and  the  portion  for  each  child  was 
 $444.  His  uncle,  Aaron  W.  Grier,  oftered  him  a 
 home.  His  extraordinary  capacity,  strict  morality 
 and  piety  attracted  the  attentiim  of  Charles  C.  Mills, 
 the  Superinten<lent  of  the  Sabbath  school  he  attended. 
 Mr.  Mills  olfired  the  means  for  securing  a  Iietter 
 education  than  he  could  otherwise  have  secured. 
 This  olVer  >Iaster  Stephens  accepted,  with  the  distinct 
 understiinding  that  he  should  consider  it  only  as  a 
 loan,  and  he  entered  the  Aaidemy  at  Washington, 
 Ga.,  then  under  the  c^ire  of  Rev.  Alexander  H. 
 Webster.  He  soon  after  was  received  into  the  Pres- 
 byt<'rian  Church,  and  at  Mr.  Webster's  suggestion, 
 ])arti:illy  di'cided  to  study  for  tlie  ministry.  Mr. 
 \Vil)ster's  suildi'U  death  changed  his  prospects,  but 
 other  kind  friends  eain<'  forward  and  enabled  him  to 
 complete  a  collegiate  education  at  Franklin  College, 
 in  1832.  He  obtiiined  a  situation  as  teacher,  and  in 
 two  years  had  paid  off  the  indebtedness  incurred 
 during  his  school  days,  and,  in  18:i4,  began  the  study 
 of  law,  free  of  debt  and  with  a  small  sum  of  money  in 
 his  pocket.  He  pursued  his  studies  unaided.  He  w.os 
 a<lmittod  to  the  l!ar  .Tuly  22d,  is;!  I,  after  an  examina- 
 tion before  Hon.  William  II.  Crawford,  conducted  by 
 Joseph  H.  Lumpkin,  and  was  complimented  by  these 
 jurists  \\\m\\  his  success.  Within  ten  days  he  was 
 employed  on  an  importijnt  suit,  which  he  gained 
 ag-ainst  one  of  the  veterans  of  the  Bar.  As  soon  as 
 possible,  he  bought  back  the  home  of  his  childhood, 
 near  Crawfordsville,  and  when  not  absent  on  public 
 business  always  resided  there.  E;irly  in  life  he 
 turned  liis  attention  to  ixilitics.  He  served  in  the 
 Legislature  of  his  native  State  from  1836  to  1>'I1.  In 
 1842,  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Semite.     In  1843 
 
 he  was  elected  to  a  seat  in  Congress,  and,  by  succes- 
 sive elections,  retained  it  till  18.59.  During  this 
 time  he  served  on  many  important  committees,  and 
 particij)ated  in  the  debates  of  that  interesting  period. 
 
 After  the  war,  in  1872,  Mr.  Stephens  w;i3  elected 
 to  Congress,  and  again  in  1874,  almost  without  oj)i)o- 
 sition.  He  remained  in  the  House,  as  an  eloquent 
 and  iLseful  member,  till  he  was  cho.sen  Governor  of 
 the  State,  in  1882.  Among  his  literary  productions 
 havebeena  "  History  of  the  United  States  "for  the  use 
 of  schools, ' '  A  Constitutional  View  of  the  Late  War  \ye- 
 tween  the  States,  its  Cau.ses,  Character,  Conduct  and 
 Results, "  and  several  .speeches.  Atone  time  he  w.is 
 editor  of  the  Augusta  Conslituliomilint.  Whatever  di- 
 versity of  opinion  may  exist  as  to  Mr.Stephens'  political 
 career,  he  is  entitled  to  the  credit  of  sincerity,and  it  is 
 conceded  that  as  a  man  and  as  a  Christian  he  main- 
 tiiined  an  unblemished  character.  From  childhood  he 
 was  prepared  to  look  cal  mly  up(m  the  approach  of  death 
 which,  at  hist,  Slarch  4th,  18s3,  relieved  him  from 
 the  chains  of  sutTering.  Many  were  his  deeds  of 
 kindness,  and  it  has  been  remarked  by  one  who 
 knew  him  well,  and  w^hose  judgment  is  entitled  to 
 the  highest  respect,  ' '  Perhaps  there  never  was  a  heart 
 in  more  perfect  accord  with  the  great  popular  heart, 
 and  hence  in  full  sympathy  with  human  nature,  than 
 his." 
 
 Stephenson,  Rev.  James  White,  of  Scotch- 
 Irish  extraction,  w:us  a  native  of  Virginia,  but  his 
 early  years  were  spent  in  the  neighborhood  of  Wax- 
 haw  Church,  in  Lancaster  District,  South  Carolina. 
 Little  is  known  of  his  childhood,  but  his  educ.ition 
 was  probably  conducted  under  the  direction  of  Dr. 
 McCaule,  at  Mount  Zion  College,  Winnsborough,  S. 
 C.  For  some  years  subsequent  he  had  charge  of  a 
 cliissical  school  in  the  same  neighborhood,  and 
 .\ndrew  Jack.son  was  one  of  his  pupils.  In  the 
 .scenes  of  the  R<'volutionary  conflict  he  took  an  active 
 part,  and  after  the  close  of  the  war  commenced  his 
 preparation  for  the  ministry.  In  1789  he  Wiis 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  South  Carolina,  and 
 shortly  after  accepted  a  call  to  the  pastoral  charge  of 
 Bethel  and  Indiantown  churches,  in  Williamsburg 
 District.  Here,  in  difficult  and  trying  circumstances, 
 he  wiis  remarkably  ble,s.sed  in  his  ministry.  In 
 every  department  of  ministerial  labor  he  Wiis  espe- 
 cially diligent,  and  his  churches  grew  proportion- 
 ally in  numbers  and  in  spirituality.  But  at  length 
 bis  attention,  as  well  ;is  that  of  a  portion  of  his 
 jx-ople,  was  directed  to  the  favorable  oiH>nings  in  the 
 grejit  fields  beyond  the  mountains,  and  they  deter- 
 mined together  to  carry  the  gospel  into  the  al  most  un- 
 broken wilderness.  Accompanied  by  alwiut  twenty 
 families,  Mr.  Stephenson  migrate<l  to  Maury  county, 
 Tenn.,  and  the  company  jointly  purcha.sed  a  large 
 tract  of  land  b<-Ionging  to  the  heirs  of  General 
 Greene,  of  Revolutionary  fame. 
 
 In  March,  1S08,  the  comiKiny  st>t  out  ui>on  their 
 journey.     They  reached  the  place  of  their  destiua- 
 
STERLIXG. 
 
 660 
 
 STEVEXS02f. 
 
 tion,  and  lieg-an  the  foundation  of  the  "Fricrson 
 Settlement."  As  years  passed  by,  the  kind  and 
 degree  of  inflnence  exerted  by  Mr.  Stephenson  upon 
 the  young  community  liecame  more  distinctly  marked. 
 His  prejiching  was  solid  and  instructive,  and  some- 
 times highly  iniiire.ssive.  His  good  .sense,  consistent 
 life,  gravity  of  deportment  and  devoted  piety,  were 
 reflected  in  the  manners  and  character  of  the  people. 
 Few  churches  in  the  State  maintained  thenceforth  so 
 enviable  a  reputiition,  particularly  for  the  faithful 
 public  and  private  instruction  of  the  colored  people. 
 Till'  pastor  possessed  in  a  high  degree  the  missionary 
 spirit,  and  was  especially  intent  upon  evangelical 
 labors  among  the  Indian  tribes.  Under  his  training 
 a  Christiau  colony  was  established,  and  the  tree  he 
 planted  was  known  by  its  fruits.  To  the  ripe  age  of 
 seventy-six  years  he  continued  his  labors  among  a 
 people,  a  portion  of  whom  hiwl  been  his  parochial 
 charge  for  forty-two  years.  He  died  in  1832,  in  the 
 hope  and  triumph  of  a  Christian  faith. 
 
 Sterling,  Rev.  'Williain,  was  born  in  County 
 Down,  Ireland,  August  18th,  IrtOH.  He  graduated  at 
 Williams  College,  Mass.,  in  1h:J'2,  and  was  ordained 
 by  the  Third  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  December 
 22d,  1835.  He  sustained  the  pastoral  relation  to  the 
 Finst  Church,  Heading,  Pa.,  1835-44;  to  the  Fifth 
 Church,  Pittsburg,  184.5-46;  and  to  the  Second  Church, 
 Williamsi)ort,  Pa.,  1846-71.  He  still  resides  at  Wil- 
 lianisi)()rt.  In  all  his  lields  of  labor  Mr.  Sterling  has 
 been  diligent  and  faithful.  He  is  a  miuLster  of  earnest 
 Christian  .spirit,  preaches  with  great  plainness  and 
 direct  aim  at  spiritual  results,  and  by  his  judicious- 
 ness and  zeal  hiis  won  the  confidence  and  esteem  of 
 the  congregations  over  which  he  has  been  placed,  in 
 the  Lord. 
 
 Stevens,  George  Barker,  A.B.,  A.M.,  Ph.D., 
 the  youngest  child  of  Thomas  J.  and  Weltha  15.  Ste- 
 vens, was  born  at  Spencer,  N.  Y.,  July  13th,  1854. 
 He  graduated  from  the  Ithaca  (X.  Y.)  Academy  in 
 1874,  from  the  University  of  Rochester  in  1877,  and 
 from  the  Yale  Divinity  School  in  1880.  In  1879  he 
 was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  New  Haven  Central 
 (Congregational)  As.sociation,  and  on  July  18th,  1880, 
 he  became  jKistor  of  the  First  Congregational  Church, 
 Buflalo,  X.  Y.  In  December.  1M80,  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  ^Vat<■rtown,  N^.  Y.,  extended  him  a 
 c;ill,  which  w;us  accepted,  and  on  February  1st,  1883, 
 he  was  inst;illed  over  his  new  charge.  During  1883 
 Mr.  Stevens  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Philoso- 
 phy from  Syracuse  University,  after  submitting  to  a 
 searching  examination  on  two  .years'  special  work 
 in  Christian  Eviden(«,  Historic;il  Philosophy  and 
 Metaphysics. 
 
 Doctor  Stevens  has  published  numerous  essays  and 
 reviews.  Among  these  are  "The  Rational  Grounds 
 of  Theism,"  '"The  Moral  and  Si)iritual  Elements  of 
 the  Atonement,"  translation  of  Ulriei  on  "The 
 Soul's  Kelation  to  God,"  etc.,  in  the  Baptist  Quartcrli/ 
 Bevieio,    "The  Authority  of   Faith,"    "Review  of 
 
 Phelp's  Theory  of  Preaching,"  "  The  Old  Testament 
 in  the  Christian  Church,"  translation  of  Kothe  on 
 "The  Atonement,"  and  review  of  Harris'  "  Philo- 
 soplxical  Basis  of  Tlieism,"  in  the  New  Enytandcr. 
 Besides  these  weighty  and  scholarly  articles,  he  has 
 made  many  contributions  to  the  columus  of  Tlie 
 Adiance,  The  Evangelist,  and  The  Sunday  Sehool  Times. 
 Dr.  Stevens  is  a  facile  and  vigorous  writer,  a  clear 
 and  cogent  reasoner,  and  a  scholar  of  various  and  solid 
 attainments.  His  preaching  is  marked  by  strong 
 grasp  oil  fundamental  princi|)les,  aud  by  a  pungent 
 directne.ss  of  utterance  that  cfimpels  attention.  Bj' 
 all  who  know  him,  he  is  recognized  as  a  courteoiLs, 
 cultivated  Christian  gentleman. 
 
 Stevens,  Joseph,  D.D,,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
 phia, Pa.,  October  26th,  1819.  He  graduated  from 
 Lafayette  College  in  the  class  of  1842,  and  remained 
 one  year  afterward  as  tutor  in  the  college.  He 
 studied  theology  at  Princeton  Seminary,  and  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Second  Presby- 
 tery of  Philadelphia.  Soon  after  this  he  was  elected 
 to  the  Chair  of  JIathematics  in  Oakland  College, 
 Miss.,  then  under  the  control  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Synod  of  that  State.  In  1845  he  was  ordained,  ' '  sine 
 titulo, "  at  Natchez,  Miss.  He  continued  to  occupy 
 his  position  in  Oakland  College  for  six  years.  In 
 1851  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Church  of  Jersey  Shore, 
 Lycoming  county.  Pa.,  of  which  he  still  is  the 
 honored  and  useful  pastor.  Dr.  Stevens  has  devoted 
 the  energies  of  his  life  to  his  high  calling.  As  a 
 preacher,  he  is  argumentative,  logical  and  instructive. 
 His  pastoral  visits  to  each  member  of  his  congregation 
 at  least  once  a  year,  in  regular  order,  attest  the  faith- 
 fulness of  his  labors  in  this  capacity.  He  has  an 
 unusually  warm  regard  for  the  stated  meetings  of  his 
 Presbytery  aud  Synod,  and  is  always  ready  to  act  as 
 well  as  speak  on  subjects  closely  connected  with  the 
 progress  of  the  ciu.se  of  Presbytcrianism  and  the 
 moral  and  religious  education  of  the  people,  and, 
 from  his  long  experience  and  eiirnest  interest,  his 
 addresses  exert  a  marked  influence  among  his 
 brethren. 
 
 Stevenson,  John  McMillan,  D.  D. ,  son  of  Rev. 
 Joseph  Stevenson  and  giandson  of  Rev.  Thomas 
 Maniuis,  was  born  14th  May,  1812.  He  was  the 
 subject  of  religious  impressions  in  early  chililhood, 
 and  his  determination  to  be  a  minister  dates  I'lom 
 that  period.  He  entered  Miami  University  in  1832, 
 remaining  there  upwards  of  two  years,  and  then  en- 
 tering Jefferson  College,  whence  he  was  gniduated 
 in  1836.  After  a  period  of  study  in  Lane  Theologi- 
 cal Seminary,  he  beciimc  Principal  of  the  Senior 
 Preparatory  Department  of  Keiiyon  College,  where  he 
 enjoyed  the  friendship  of  the  late  Bishop  Mcllvaiue, 
 In  1841  he  was  made  Profes.sor  of  Uree.k  in  the  Ohio 
 University.  In  lw42.wassettledaspa.storofthc  Presby- 
 terian Churcli  in  Troy,  Ohio.  Resigning  his  charge  in 
 1846,  on  account  of  ill-health,  he  entered  the  service  of 
 the  American  Tract  .Society,  and  remained  in  it  until 
 
STEfENSOiV. 
 
 861 
 
 STEWART. 
 
 1849,  when  he  became  pastor  of  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church,  New  Albany,  Indiana.  On  the  20tli 
 June,  1857,  he  entered  upon  his  duties  as  Corres- 
 ponding Secretary  of  tlie  American  Tract  Society,  tlu- 
 position  which  he  still  holds.  Dniins  the  period  of 
 his  pastorate  Dr.  Stevenson  took  a  prominent  part  in 
 the  proceedings  of  Church  courts,  and  as  a  valued 
 member  of  college  and  seminary  Boards  was  closely 
 identified  with  the  cause  of  education  in  the  west. 
 His  scholarly  ta,stes,  pulpit  power  and  practical 
 sagacity  have  been  repeatedly  recognized  in  the  form 
 of  invitations  to  leave  his  present  position  for  other 
 posts  of  honor  and  usefulnes.s.  But  these,  however 
 tempting,  did  not  alter  hLs  deliberate  conviction  that 
 his  best  work  for  Christ  could  be  done  in  the  position 
 which  he  has  now  hehl  for  more  than  twenty-five  years, 
 
 JOHN    M.  STEVENSON,  D.  ». 
 
 in  the  service  of  the  American  Tract  Society,  of  which 
 since  the  death  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hallock,  he  has  been 
 the  Senior  Secretary.  Dr.  Stevenson  has  found  full 
 scope  for  his  best  powers,  representing  the  Society 
 with  great  ability  in  the  pulpit,  on  the  platform  and 
 tlirough  the  press,  as  well  as  in  the  discharge  of  the 
 si)ecitic  duties  of  his  office,  and  l)ringing  to  its  ser- 
 vice the  combined  advantages  of -fine  presence,  clear 
 thought,  judicial  temper,  great  organiziugand  execu- 
 tive ability,  and  an  enthusiasm  that  spends  it,self  in 
 incessant  labor.  Dr.  Stevenson  has  published  but 
 little.  Aside  from  .some  print-d  .sermons,  "A  Memoir 
 of  Rev.  Thomas  Manpiis "  (Sprague's  Annals),  a 
 monograph  on  women  preaching  (PHmrfnn  Hcricw), 
 and  a  small  volume  "Toils  and  Triumphs  of  Col- 
 4)ortage,"  his  chief  literary  work   is  to  be  seen  in 
 
 the  editorial  columns  of  The  American  Messenger  and 
 The  I/luslidliil  Christian  Weekli/. 
 
 Steward,  Rev.  William,  was  received  by  the 
 Synod  a.s  a  prolwtioner,  September  18th,  1718,  and, 
 being  called  to  Monokin  and  Wicomico,  was 
 ordained  in  June,  1719.  For  several  years  he 
 waited,  in  the  hope  of  forming  a  Presbytery  in  the 
 Peninsula,  but  in  172.3,  by  order  of  Synod,  he 
 joined  New  Ca.stle  Presbytery.  A  new  meeting- 
 house was  built  at  Monokin,  on  land  conveyed  by 
 deed,  in  1720.  The  congregation  h;ul  then  eight 
 elders.     Mr.  Steward  died  in  17.34. 
 
 Stewart,  Calvin  Wilfred,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Lower  Chanceford,  Pa.,  July  4th,  18:50.     He  gradu- 
 ated at  Jefferson  College,  in  1854;  studied  theologj-at 
 Princeton  Seminary,  and  was  ordained  Ijy  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Donegal,  June  24th, 'l858,  ami  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Union  I'resljyterian  Church,  Coleraine, 
 Lancaster  county.  Pa.     Here  he  has  remained  ever 
 since,  and  the  advance  of  the  congregation  during  his 
 pastorate,  in  all  the  elements  of  prosperity,  has  been 
 most  satisfactory.     In  the  year  following  his  installa- 
 tion a  manse  was  built.     In  June,  1865,  there  came 
 a  great  revival,  when  one  hundred  and  forty  members 
 were  added,  and   the  pastor's  salary  was  raised  to 
 §1000.     In  1864  the  absorption  into  this  church  of 
 the  Free  Presbyterian  Church  of  Coleraine  removed 
 the  last  fading  vestiges  of  alienation.     In  1869  the 
 old  church  was  torn  down  and  a  larger  one  built. 
 The  manse  was  enlarged,  and  the  salary  of  the  min- 
 ister again  raised  the  succeeding  year.     In  the  year 
 1882    the    church    was    renovated,   and   the  entire 
 property  is  now  without  debt.     Under  hLs  ministry 
 four  hundred  and    seventy-.six  persons  have   been 
 gathered  into  the  church,  and  the  benevolent  gifts 
 of  the  congregation  have  been  increased  manifold. 
 All  this  is  due  to  faithful  work,  and  to  the  constant 
 preaching  of  the  gospel  of  Christ,  accompanied  by  the 
 united  efforts  of  the  people  of  the  church.     It  is  a 
 record  over  which  any  pastor  might  rejoice,  and  give 
 unceasing  thanks  to  God.     Dr.  Stewart  is  an  able 
 preacher,  a  faithful    presbyter,  and   an   active  and 
 useful  member  of  the  Church  courts. 
 
 Stewart,  Charles  Samuel,  D.  D.,  was  born 
 in  Flemington,  N.  J.,  17!)."..  He  was  the  son  of  Sam- 
 uel Robert  Stewart,  and  the  grandson  of  Charles 
 Stewart,  Commissary  General  on  Washington's  staff, 
 and  one  of  the  prominent  patriots  of  New  Jersey. 
 Graduated  from  Princeton  College,  in  1815.  He  was 
 converted  in  the  great  revival  there  in  the  Winter  of 
 1815.  He  first  studied  law,  and  afterwards  theology. 
 In  1823  he  went  as  a  missionary  to  the  Sandwich 
 Islands,  but  the  failure  of  liis  wife's  health  compelled 
 his  return  in  1825.  In  1828  the  first  of  his  valu- 
 able books  appeared,  "Residence  at  the  Sandwich 
 Islands, ' '  which  passed  through  si.x  American  editions, 
 and  was  republished  in  London,  Edinburgh  and  Dnb- 
 lin,  being  recognized  as  a  .standard  authority  on  the 
 early  liistory  of  that  mission.     The  s;ime  year  he'  re- 
 
STEWART. 
 
 862 
 
 STEWART. 
 
 criviiltlicappointment  of  rlia)>l:iiii  in  the  U.  S.  Na^'y. 
 This  iHisitioii  (•nal)l<il  him  to  visit  nearly  all  parts  of 
 the  world,  and  furnished  material  for  several  works. 
 On  account  of  failiufj  health  he  was  retired  in  186-2. 
 He  died  at  Coopcrstown,  N.  Y.,  Deceml)or  15th,  1870, 
 aged  75.  At  (he  time  of  his  death  he  was  the  senior 
 chaplain  in  the  navy,  in  which  capacity  he  had  per- 
 formed more  active  duty  than  probably  any  other 
 chaplain  connected  with  the  .service.  His  warm- 
 heartedness and  genial  manners  made  him  a  great 
 favorite  with  the  otheers  and  men.  He  left  a  great 
 many  manuseri])ts,  which  infirmities  prevented  him 
 from  publishing.  For  many  years  he  was  a  corres- 
 pondent of  the  AVw  York  Observer,  and  edited  the  U.  S. 
 Nanil  Miign-inr,  18t!6-7. 
 
 Stewart,  Daniel  S.,D.D.,  the  sod  Of  John  and 
 Catharine  Monteith  Stewart,  was  born,  July  17th, 
 IHll,  in  Amsterdam,  X.  Y.  After  graduating  at 
 Union  College,  in  \><'.V.\,  and  finishing  his  theological 
 course  at  Princeton,  in  '[KiA,  he  was  installed  pastor 
 of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Amsterdam, 
 February  20th,  1839.  In  1840  he  took  charge  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Ballston  Spa,  and  in  1844 
 was  installed  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church. 
 New  Albany,  Ind.  From  1849  to  1853  he  filled  the 
 Chair  of  Bibliciil  Literature  and  Hebrew  in  the  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  at  New  Albany.  In  the  years 
 following  his  services  were  given  successively  to  the 
 following  churches  :  First  Church,  Camden,  N.  .T. ; 
 Johnstown,  N.  Y. ;  Second  Church,  New  Albany,  Ind. : 
 the  Andrew  Church,  Minneapolis;  and  for  the  last 
 six  years  of  his  active  ministry,  to  the  First  Church 
 of  Minneapolis. 
 
 Dr.  Stewart  is  a  cultivated  Christian  gentleman, 
 of  very  lovely  spirit  and  winning  address.  With  a 
 high  order  of  scholarship,  he  has  ))een  a  close  student 
 through  his  entire  ministry,  so  that  he  madi'  himself 
 an  instructive  preacher  of  the  jjure  gospel  of  Jesus 
 Christ.  The  fruit  of  his  labors  bore  testimony  to  his 
 ability  and  fidelity.  F.ach  of  the  churches  which  he 
 served  was  largely  built  up  and  strengthened  under 
 his  pa-storal  care.  The  record  of  his  life  is  one  which 
 will  bear  scrutiny  and  command  the  respect  and 
 esteem  of  those  who  know  him  best.  Several  of  his 
 .sermons  were  pul)lishe<l  <luring  his  ministry. 
 
 Stevrart,  George  Dillion,  D.D.,  was  born  in 
 Jenkintown,  Pa.,  Deci-mber  3()th,  1K24.  He  was 
 graduated  at  I>afayett<'  College  in  1845,  and  at 
 Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in  1849.  After 
 laboring  a  short  time  at  Contjuest,  N.  Y.,  he  became 
 ])astor  of  the  Church  at  Bath,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
 remained  until  1X59.  Going  west,  he  was  settled 
 over  the  churches  at  West  Point  and  Sharon,  Iowa; 
 then  over  thi'  Church  at  Burlington.  Iowa,  whence 
 he  removed  to  the  pastorate  of  the  First  Church, 
 Omaha,  Neb.  He  is  now  jKustor  of  the  Church  at 
 Fort  Madison,  Iowa. 
 
 Dr.  Stewart  is  a  man  of  clear,  vigorous  mind,  of 
 excellent    scholarship    and    great  energy'.     He   has 
 
 been  very  successful  in  building  up  the  churches 
 over  which  he  has  been  placed,  and  has  given  a 
 great  deal  of  labor  to  Church  extensiim,  particularly 
 in  the  West.  He  h.is  special  aptitude  for  the  practi- 
 Kil  work  of  the  Church,  and  as  a  presbyter  has  few 
 superiors. 
 
 Ste^wart,  John  B.,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Allegheny 
 county.  Pa.,  May  7th,  l"''i5;  graduated  at  Washing- 
 ton College,  Pa.,  in  1848  and  at  the  Western  Th(»- 
 logical  Seminary  in  1851;  w;ls  licen.sed  in  the  Siime 
 year  by  the  Pn-sbyjcry  of  Ohio.  In  18.54  he  was 
 ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  i 
 Church  of  Wooster,  Ohio.  Owing  to  a  serious  bron- 
 chial affection,  he  was  compelled  to  resign  in  1856. 
 The  few  years  which  followed,  though  greatly  em- 
 barrassed by  ill  health,  were  profitably  employed  in 
 laboring  among  feeble  churches.  In  1862  he  became 
 pastor  of  the  Fifth  Presbyterian  Church,  Cincinnati, 
 and  remained  until  1870.  In  1872  he  accepted  a  call 
 from  the  Calvary  Presbj-terian  Church,  Milwaukee. 
 This  relation  was  dis.solved  in  1881,  and  he  was 
 transferred  to  his  present  charge,  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Des  Moines,  Iowa.  Dr.  Stewart  is  a 
 forcible  and  impressive  prejjcher,  and  faithful  in  the 
 discharge  of  his  duties  as  a  presbyter.  His  ministry 
 has  been  blessed,  and  he  enjoys  the  confidence  and 
 alTeetion  of  his  brethren. 
 
 Ste^wart,  John  Stevens,  D.D.,  was  born  in 
 Jenkintown,  Pa..  April  1st,  183.5.  He  graduated  with 
 high  rank  at  tlie  College  of  New  Jersey,  in  the  class 
 of  1856.  After  teaching  two  years  in  Virginia  lie 
 entered  Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  and  there 
 graduated  in  1861.  During  his  seminary  course  he 
 was  chosen  as  Tutor  of  Rhetoric  in  the  College.  On 
 tho  12th  day  of  February,  1862,  he  was  ordained  and 
 installed  as  pjustor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 Greenwicli,  Cumberland  county,  N.  J.,  and  remained 
 there  until  he  removed  to  Towanda,  Pa.,  where  he 
 was  installed  pastor,  March  8th,  1870.  This  relation 
 still  continues.  Dr.  Stewart  is  a  most  scholarly, 
 polished  and  impressive  speaker.  His  rich,  cultured 
 vocabulary,  graceful  and  classic  style,  powerful  im- 
 agination, deep  intellectual  p;Lsp  and  warm  Christian 
 heart,  all  combine  to  make  bis  name  and  influence 
 widely  known  and  deeply  felt.  In  addition  to  a  care- 
 ful attintion  to  the  duties  of  his  pastorate,  keeping 
 pa<('  with  recent  advances  in  theological  scholarship, 
 homiletical  cultivation  and  Biblical  criticism.  Dr. 
 Stewart  has  given  much  time  to  literary  pursuits, 
 and  made  numerous  valuable  contributions  to  the 
 current  religious  and  .secular  publications  of  the  day. 
 
 Stewart,  Rev.  Robert  Laird,  third  .son  of 
 Z.  (i.  Stewart,  M.  I).,  and  .lane  (Laird)  Stewart,  and 
 grandson  of  Rev.  Francis  Laird.  !).  n..  w;is  Ijorn 
 August  nth,  I^IO,  in  Murrysville,  Westmoreland 
 county.  Pa.  He  graduate<l  at  JefTerson  College,  in 
 the  cla.ss  of  1866,  and  at  the  Western  Tlieological 
 Seminary  in  lH<i9.  He  was  licen.sed  to  preach  .\pril 
 28th,  1868,  and  July  6th,  1869,  was  installed  pastor 
 
STEWART. 
 
 STILES. 
 
 of  the  cliuiche.s  of  Couiieautville  aiul  Ifarmoiislturj;, 
 Pa.  lie  wius  pilstor  at  Golden,  Col.,  lrt7.'!-!».  October 
 1st,  188(J,  he  ivjis  installed  over  the  Mahoning  I'res- 
 byterian  Church,  Danville,  I'a.,  of  which  he  still  has 
 charge.  Mr.  St<'wart  Ls  a  diligent  student,  and  an 
 earnest,  coii.scientiou.s  and  tireless  worker  in  the 
 Master's  cinse.  His  sermons  are  carefully  pre- 
 pared and  earnestly  delivered.  Ho  takes  a  great 
 interest  in  the  children  and  youth  of  his  congre- 
 gation, and  is  blessed  in  his  labors  as  preacher  and 
 piistor. 
 
 Ste'wart,  Rev.  Thomas  Calvin,  was  the 
 eldest  child  of  John  (Jeniiiiill  and  Klizat)eth  (.Stein- 
 man)  Stewart,  and  w:u)  born  in  Alexandria,  I'a., 
 July  28th,  1839.  Entered  the  Tuscarora  Academy 
 in  1857,  and  united  with  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 under  the  pa-storate  of  G.  W.  Thompson,  D.  D. ,  while 
 at  the  Academy.  Entered  Jefferson  College  in  ISoO, 
 and  gri-wluated  in  18615,  and  the  same  year  entered 
 the  middle  cla.ss  in  the  Western  Theological  Semi- 
 nary in  Allegheny,  Pa.  After  finishing  the  course 
 of  study  in  the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  he 
 entered  the  Seminary  in  Princeton,  N.  J.,  and  spent 
 a  year  in  review,  as  post-graduate.  Was  licensed  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Huntingdon,  January  9th,  18fi(i, 
 at  Tyrone,  Pa.  W;is  C4iIIed  to  the  p.-vstorate  of  the 
 united  chunhes  of  Niles  and  Liberty,  in  the  State 
 of  Ohio,  and  was  ordained  by  Presbytery  of  Xew 
 Lisbon,  .Tune  19th,  18f>7,  in  the  Church  of  Madison, 
 aiul  installed  July  11th,  of  the  same  year.  In  Febru- 
 ary, 1878,  he  bec;im«!  pastor  of  the  Solon  Churi^h. 
 Presbytery  of  Cleveland,  and  on  March  19th.  1881, 
 became  pastor  of  the  Church  of  Brazil,  Ind. 
 
 Mr.  Stewart  has  ever  been  esteemed  as  a  verj' 
 popular  preacher,  eloquent  in  his  address,  systematic 
 in  his  work,  a  devoted  pastor  and  a  successful  minis- 
 ter. Many  of  his  published  sermons  rank  high,  not 
 only  as  fine  specimens  of  literary  productions,  but 
 eminently  orthodox  and  spiritual  in  tone,  and  his 
 laltors  have  been  abundantly  ble.s,sed. 
 
 Stiles,  Joseph  Clay,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  son  of 
 Joseph  Stiles  and  Catliarine  Clay,  w;is  born  in 
 Savannah,  Ga.,  Deceml«>r  6th,  179.5.  He  graduated 
 at  Yale  College  in  1814;  studied  law  at  Lit<-hlield  and 
 practiced  his  prolfession  a  few  years  in  his  native  city, 
 with  brilliant  success  and  pronii.se.  In  1822  he 
 determined  to  devote  his  life  to  the  ministry,  and, 
 after  laboring  a  few  months  among  the  negnves  on  his 
 father's  plantations,  riturned  North  anil  took  a  theo- 
 logical course  at  .Vndover. 
 
 In  -Vpril,  1"*'2.'>,  at  Lexington,  Ga.,  he  was  licensed 
 to  preach  by  Hopewell  (now  Augusta)  Presbytery, 
 and  in  August,  18-26,  was  ordained  an  evangelist  at 
 Milledgeville.  For  three  years,  as  evangelist  of  his 
 Pre-sbj-tery,  and  afterwiird,  from  1829  to  183.5,  labor- 
 ing, chiefly  at  his  own  charges,  in  the  low  country 
 of  (Jeorgia  and  in  Florida,  he  worked  with  untiring 
 z<'al  and  great  succi^ss,  re\Hving  old  churches  and 
 prganizing  new  ernes — among  the  latter  Milledgeville 
 
 '  and  Macon.     These  labors  of  Sir.  .Stiles  gave  a  new 
 impetus  to  Presbyterian  ism  in  his  native  State. 
 
 In  183.5  he  removed  to  Kentucky  and  S]K-nt  nine 
 years  in  the  West,  and  during  this  period,  which 
 covered  the  rise  of  Campbellism  and  the  di\ision  of 
 his  own  Denomination,  w:is  frequently  .selected  as  the 
 representative  of  his  Church  in  the  public  theological 
 discu.ssion.s  which  were  then  the  order  of  the  day, 
 I  while  still  devoting him.self,  with  cli.aracteri.stic  ardor, 
 I  to  the  more  congenial  preaching  of  the  Word. 
 
 In  1844  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  .Shockoe  Hill  (now 
 Grace  Street)  Presbyterian  Church,  of  Richmond,  Va., 
 where  he  labored  with  earnest  devotion  and  wius 
 greatly  bi'Ioved  and  honored.  In  1H16  the  degree  of 
 D.D.  was  conferred  upon  him  by  Transylvania  Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 In  1848  Dr.  Stiles  w.as  called  to  the  Mercer  Street 
 Church  of  New  York  city.  He  soon  won  the  hearts 
 ,  of  his  new  flock,  but  impaired  health  forced  him  to 
 '  resign,  and  in  18.50  he  accepted  a  general  agency  for 
 the  Araericiin  Hilile  Society  in  the  South,  in  the 
 prosecution  of  which  he  did,  perhaps,  some  of  the 
 most  effective  work  of  his  life. 
 
 In  1853,  his  health  being  somewhat  restored,  he 
 was  called  to  the  charge  of  the  South  Church,  New 
 Haven,  Conn.  During  and  just  at  the  close  of 
 this  pastorate,  he  engaged  in  another  enterprise, 
 dear  to  his  own  soul  and,  as  he  always  believed,  to 
 his  Miister — the  org-.mziation  of  the  Southern  Aid 
 Society,  by  whose  contribut ions  nuuiy  feeble  Southern 
 churches  were  sustained  and  stnngthened. 
 
 In  November,  1859,  he  was  invited  by  the  Synod 
 of  Georgia  to  become  co-evangelist  with  Kev.  W.  M. 
 Cunningham,  and  in  1860  these  brethren  performed 
 glorious  service  for  the  churches  and  people  of  that 
 State.  During  this  year  he  received  the  degree  ol^ 
 LL.  n.  from  the  University  of  Georgia. 
 
 During  the  last  years  of  his  life  Dr.  Stiles  labored 
 as  an  evangelist  iu  Virginia,  Alabama,  Florida, 
 Mi.ssi.s.sippi,  Missouri  and  Maryland,  j)reaching  his  last 
 .sermon  at  Union,  Monroe  county.  West  Va.,  June 
 28th,  1874.  He  died  in  calm,  happy  serenity,  March 
 27th,  1875. 
 
 Dr.  Stiles  was  a  much  gifted  and  much  loved  ser- 
 vant of  God,  and  of  the  Church.  He  stood  in  the 
 frtnit  rank  of  preachers.  His  intellect,  which  was  of 
 a  high  order,  was,  perhaps,  most  strongly  character- 
 ized by  analytical  jiowi-r;  yet  his  emotional  nature 
 was  grand,  and  no  man  was  ever  more  impa.ssioned 
 or  ini]>etuons,  or  fender  in  utterance  than  he,  while 
 he  was  also  endowed  with  a  daring  and  goigeous 
 imagination.  In  character,  he  wiis  the  very  soul  of 
 courage,  of  generosity,  and  of  sympathy.  Spiritually, 
 he  was  blessed  with  a  wondrous  love  for  CJod  and 
 human  -souls,  with  an  amazing  access  and  jiower  in 
 prayer,  and  with  unsnrpa,s.sed  knowledge  of  and 
 insight  into  the  Word  of  God.  He  was  indeed 
 '"mighty  in  the  Scriptures."  .Such  had  tJod  m.ide 
 him,  and  these  glorious  endowments  he  had  devel- 
 
8TILLMAN. 
 
 864 
 
 ST.  LOUIS,  PRESUYTERIASISil  IX. 
 
 oped  in  the  highest  degree  by  the  loftiest  aims  and  hood  where  they  could  be  associated  in  their  future 
 the  intensest  eflbrts.  As  might  have  been  predicted  labors,  and  he,  desiring  an  untried  field,  visited  Dun- 
 of  such  a  ni;in,  he  was  rather  a  speaker  than  a  writer,  kirk,  where  there  was  then  no  organized  church  of 
 His  published  works  are  few — one  or  two  sermons,  any  denomination.  There  he  spent  six  weeks  and 
 one  or  two  speeches  in  Church  assemblies,  and  one  or  prepared  the  way  for  the  organizjition  of  a  1're.sby- 
 two  tracts.     It  is  a  matter  of  regret  with  the  Church,  |  terian  Church,  which  was  consummated  May  21.st. 
 
 that  a  series  of  sermons,  prepared  daring  the  latter 
 part  of  his  life,  and  delivered  in  many  parts  of  the 
 country,  with  a  great  harvest  of  souls,  should  not  Ix- 
 reconstrncted  from  the  notes  he  left,  and  put  in  per- 
 manent form. 
 
 Stillman,  Charles  Allen,  D.D.,  was  bom  in 
 Charleston,  S.  C,  Slarch  Hth,  I^-IH.  He  graduated 
 at  Oglethorpe  I'niversity,  Ga.,  in  1841,  and  at  the 
 Theological  Seminary,  Columbia,  S.  C,  in  1844. 
 The  same  year  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Cliarleston;  and  in  1845  he  was 
 ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Church  in 
 Eutaw,  Ala.,  by  Tuskaloosa  Presbvtery.  In  1853  he 
 became  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Gaines- 
 ville, Ala.,  and  from  1870  to  the  present  time  he  has 
 been  pastor  of  the  Presbj-terian  Church  in  the  city  of 
 Tuskaloosa.  Ala. 
 
 His  degree  was  conferred  by  the  University  of 
 Alabama  in  1803.  He  was  Moderator  of  the  General 
 As.sembly,  South,  at  its  meeting  in  New  Orleans. 
 1877.  He  has  been  Superintendent  of  the  Institute 
 for  Training  Colored  Ministers,  under  the  care  of  the 
 Sfmthern  Presbyterian  Church,  in  Tuskaloosa,  from 
 its  organization  in  1860,  to  the  present  time.  And 
 for  more  than  thirty  years  he  has  been  Stated  Clerk 
 of  Tuskaloosa  Presbytery. 
 
 Dr.  Stillman  is  marked  for  his  genial  temperament 
 and  fine  social  qualities,  and  conversational  powers. 
 He  is  endowed  with  a  clear,  strong,  practical  mind, 
 and  a  judgment  whose  decisions  command  universal 
 respect.  His  preaching  is  of  a  high  order.  It  is  ad- 
 dressed to  the  reason  and  conscience,  rather  than  the 
 emotions,  but  delivered  with  warmth  and  animation. 
 He  ex])rcsses  hi.s  thoughts  with  clearness  and  pre- 
 cision, and  in  language  singularly  apt  and  forcible. 
 In  prayer,  he  is  eminently  gifted.  For  appropriate- 
 ness to  varying  occasions  and  circumstances,  and  for 
 freshness  and  unction,  his  approaches  to  the  mercy 
 seat  are  rarely  eiiualed. 
 
 He  has  published  a  number  of  sermons  and  essays: 
 for  several  years  he  has  contributed  the  leading  edi- 
 torials to  one  of  the  religious  journals  of  the  Church: 
 and  an  oc<".vsional  article  to  the  Prrxhi/tman  Quarterly 
 Rrrino.  In  all  dep:>rtment8  of  ministerial  work  his 
 lalHirs  are  .ibniidanf. 
 
 Stillman,  Timothy,  D.  D.,  the  second  son  of 
 Captain  (leorge  and  Martha  (I)eming)  Stillman,  wius 
 Imm  in  the  town  of  Wcthersfield,  Cimn.,  March  '21st, 
 18(»2.  He  graduated  at  Yale  CoUi'ge  with  the  class 
 of  1822,  and  at  the  Theological  S<Mninary  at  Auburn, 
 N.  Y.,  with  the  class  of  1830.  In  April  of  1830,  he 
 went  to  Chautanqna  c-ounty,  as  the  representative  of 
 five  classmates  who  desired  to  settle  in  some  neighbor- 
 
 ilay  12th  of  that  year  he  was  ordained  by  Buffalo 
 Presbytery,  on  whose  roll  his  name  lias  continued  to 
 have  a  place,  then  at  the  foot  of  the  roll,  now  but 
 one  name  above  his. 
 
 "  In  1833  he  was  elected  Stated  Clerk  of  Presbytery, 
 which  office  he  held  forty-seven  years.  In  1839,  at  a 
 meeting  of  Presb's'tery,  attention  was  called  to  the 
 necessity  of  having  something  done  to  elevate  the 
 character  and  improve  the  condition  of  the  thous;inds 
 who  were  employed  on  the  lakes,  rivers  and  canals 
 of  our  growing  inland  commerce.  Dr.  Stillman  being 
 the  son  of  a  sailor,  and  always  ready  to  manifest  a 
 deep  interest  in  this  chvss  of  our  population,  was, 
 on  recommendation  of  Presbytery,  appointed  by  the 
 American  Bethel  Society  their  Corresponding  Secre- 
 tary and  Sujierintendent  of  their  Missionary  work. 
 In  this  service  he  continued  till  1868,  when  the 
 Bethel  Society  was  merged  in  the  American  Seaman's 
 Friend  Society,  since  which  time  he  hjis  been  a 
 minister  at  large,  using  his  gifts  as  Providence  g-ave 
 him  opportunity.  In  1851  he  was  elected  a  trustee 
 of  Auburn  Tlieological  Seminary,  and  still  holds  that 
 office,  mainly  becau.se  he  can  always  be  relied  ujx>n 
 to  be  present  at  .every  Commencement  season. 
 
 St.  Louis,  Mo. ,  Presb3rteriaiiism  in.  Ejirly 
 in  March,  1804,  Amos  Stoddard,  a  captain  of  artillery 
 in  the  serrice  of  the  United  States,  arrived  in  St. 
 Louis.  He  had  been  con.stituted  the  agent  of  the 
 French  Kepublic  for  receiving  from  the  Spani-sh 
 authorities  the  possession  of  Upper  Ix>uisiana  (of 
 which  St.  Ix>uis  had  become  the  cajiital),  and  also  to 
 make  the  transfer  of  the  province  to  the  United  States 
 Government,  whose  repre.s<ntative  he  wjis.  These 
 transfers  were  made  in  due  form  on  the  9th  and  10th 
 of  JIarch,  and  Captain  Stoddard  became,  temporarily, 
 the  Governor,  with  all  the  powers  and  prcrog-atives 
 of  the  Spanish  I,ieutenant-Governor,  in  Upper  Louis- 
 iana. St.  Louis  contjiincd,  at  this  time,  alnrnt  one 
 hundred  and  eighty  houses,  and  a  population  esti- 
 mated at  a  little  over  one  thousand. 
 
 Under  the  Spanish  gt)vernmcnt  the  Roman  Cath- 
 olic faith  was  the  established  religinn  of  the  province, 
 and  no  other  religion  w;us  tolerated  by  the  laws  of 
 Spain.  Yet,  by  the  connivance  of  the  commandants, 
 many  Protestant  families  settled  in  the  province,  and 
 remained  undisturlK'd  in  their  religious  principles. 
 Itinerant  McthiHlist  and  Baptist  ministers  sometimes 
 pas-sed  over  from  Illinois  and  preacind  in  the  log 
 cabins  of  the  settlers,  with  no  other  molestation  than 
 an  occ;isional  threat  of  iniiirisoninent  in  the  ciiliiliozo 
 at  St.  Louis.  The  only  church  w:is  a  strui-ture  of 
 hewn  logs  planted  upright  in  the  ground  and  covered 
 with  a  roof,  the  eaves  of  which  projected  beyond  the 
 
■S7'.  LOUIH,  PBESBYTBHlAXJiiil  IX. 
 
 tiCo 
 
 ST.  LOUIS,  FRE.SBYTERIA.\ISiI  IX. 
 
 body  of  the  building,  and  formed  a  kind  of  gallerv 
 or   promenade   around     it.     There   w:is    no   regular 
 
 Stiitos  of  Missouri  and  Illinois,  and  was  eonneeted 
 with  the  newly  erected  Synod  of  Indiana;  its  previ- 
 
 priest,  anil  the  spiritual  interests  of  the  people  were  ,  ous  tonnection  had  Ijeen  with  the  Synod  of  Tennesi^ee. 
 
 very  little  itiired  for. 
 
 After  the  cession  to  the   United  States  the  jxipu- 
 lation  of  St.  Louis  so  increased  that  in  about  ten 
 
 After  the  death  of  Mr.  Giddings  the  pulpit  wxs 
 tenii)orarily  supplied  by  the  Kev.  William  P.  Coch- 
 ran, who  came  to  the  State  the  preceding  Fall,  and 
 
 years  it  had  nearly  doubled.  In  1813  there  were  was  in  cliarge  of  the  Church  at  Fi-anklin,  on  the  Mis- 
 forty  American  families  in  the  city,  contiiiniug  about ,  souri  river.  But  the  necessities  of  the  church  and 
 three  hundred  persons.  There  was  at  that  time  no  the  imporfcmce  of  an  immediate  supply  were  commu- 
 religious  worship,  save  the  occasional  service  in  the  I  nicated  by  Jlr.  John  Xaylor,  an  elder  of  a  neightwr- 
 old  Konian  Catholic  church,  and  although  there  were  ing  church,  to  Dr.  AsIiIk-I  Green,  President  of  the 
 many    Presbyterian  families  scattered  about  in  the    Assembly's  Board  of    Missions.     The  Board  imme- 
 
 Territory,  no  Presbyterian  Church  ha<l  bi-eu  organized 
 in  either  Missouri  or  Illinois. 
 
 In  1814  the  Rev.  Samuel  J.  Mills  and  David 
 Smith  visited  St.  l.ouis,  whilst  on  an  exploring  tour 
 to  the  West  and  South.  They  preached  the  first 
 Presbj-terian  sermons  ever  heard  in  the  Territorj-. 
 These  brethren  were  gladly  received,  and  the  people 
 earnestly  solicited  one  of  them  to  remain,  proflering 
 all  needed  support.  Their  eng-agements,  however, 
 rendered  it  necessiiry  that  tluy  should  complete 
 their  tour,  and  the  statements  made  by  them,  sulxse- 
 queutly,  to  the  luistern  churches,  no  doubt  matured 
 the  supplies  for  the  far  West. 
 
 For  fifteen  months  succeeding  the  departure  of 
 Messrs.  Mills  and  Smith,  there  appears  to  have  been 
 no  Presbyteriim  preaching  in  the  territory.  In 
 February,  1816,  the  Rev.  Gideon  Blackburn,  of  Ten- 
 nessee, made  a  visit  to  the  city  and  preached  several 
 times,  to  large  congregations.  Two  months  after- 
 wards the  Kev.  Salmon  Giddings,  under  a  commis- 
 sion from  the  Connecticut  Missionary  Society, 
 .settled  in  the  territory,  and  commenced  his  labors  in 
 St.  Louis.  The  Kev.  Timothy  Flint,  from  the  same 
 Society,  followed  soon  after,  and  during  a  temporary 
 absence  of  Mr.  Giddings,  on  the  21st  of  July, 
 administered  for  the  first  time  the  sacrament  of 
 the  Lord's  Supper  to  a  Presbyterian  congregation, 
 though  no  church  had  as  yet  been  org-anizeil  in  the 
 territory. 
 
 The  organization  of  a  Presbyterian  Church  was 
 effected  on  the  2;!d  of  November,  I-'IT,  by  Mr.  Gid- 
 ilings.     It  consisted  of  ten  memlx-rs,  eight  of  whom 
 
 diately  desi)atched  William  S.  Potts,  a  licentiate  of 
 the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  who  reached  St.  Louis 
 May  14th,  18-.28.  He  at  once  commenced  laboring 
 in  the  church,  and  on  the  26th  of  October  following 
 was  ordained  and  iiLstalled  p;i.stor  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Missouri.  The  church  then  consisted  of  si.\ty- 
 seven  members. 
 
 There  was  at  this  time  but  one  other  Protestjint 
 church  in  the  city,  a  small  frame  building  occupied 
 by  the  Methodists.  A  small  Epi.scopal  congregation 
 worshii)ed  in  a  temporarj-  frame  house  that  had  l)een 
 used  for  a  court-house.  An  unsightly  and  unfinished 
 brick  structure  occupied  the  site  of  the  old  Roman 
 Catholic  church,  in  which  a  p;irish  priest  officiated 
 regularly.  The  Sabbath  wivs  little  respected.  The 
 few  Protestant  profe.s.sors  of  religion  assembled  in 
 their  places  of  worship,  but  the  population  generally 
 pursued  either  their  business  or  amusement.  Among 
 the  members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  there  were 
 but  two  or  three  men  of  influence  in  the  community, 
 and  the  congregation  w;us  composed,  in  a  great  me;is- 
 ure,  of  persons  whose  predilections  were  for  other 
 Protestant  denominations,  but  who  worshiped  with 
 the  Presbyterians  until  churches  of  their  own  order 
 should  be  established. 
 
 During  the  firsjt  four  years  of  Jlr.  Potts'  ministry 
 the  incre:i.se  of  the  church  was  slow  but  steadv.  In 
 the  beginning  of  the  year  1832  a  spirit  of  earnest 
 prayer  w:ls  ]M)ured  out  ujion  the  church,  and  on  the 
 22d  of  January  a  very  rem:vrkable  work  of  grace 
 commenced,  which  continued,  with  more  or  less 
 lH)wer,  until  arrested  by  the  ravages  of  the  cholera. 
 
 were    females.     Stephen     Hempstead,    Sr.     (justly  ''  in  October  of  that  year.     Within  three  weeks  alxjut 
 
 accounted  the  father  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in    two  hundred  persons  died,  ont  of  a  population  of 
 
 St.  Louis),  and  Thom;is  Osborn,  the  only  male  mem-  '  ab<nit  si.x  thousand.     During  the  continuance  of  this 
 
 bers  of  the  church,  were  chosen  ruling  elders  and  |  revival  one  hundred  and  twenty -eight  persons  were 
 
 duly  ordained.     From  its  org-anization  until  June,  '  added  to  the  church.     .V  large  proiwrtion  of  these 
 
 l>2.j,  the  church  worshiped  in  the  school  room   of  j  were  active  business  wwa.  and  many  of  them  of  com- 
 
 ilr.  Giddings.     At  this  time  they  removed    to  their 
 
 now   building,    on    the   corner  of    St.    Charles   and 
 
 Fourth  streets,  then  regarded  its  a  very  Iwd  location, 
 
 being  almost  out   of  town.     Over  this  church  Mr, 
 
 GidtUngs  was   installed  by   the   Presbytery  of  Mis- 
 
 st)uri,  the  l!)th  of  Xovember,  1826,  and  on  the  1st  of 
 
 Febmarj-  following  closed  a  laborious  life,  esteemed 
 
 and  lamented  by  all  who  knew  him.     The  Presby- 
 
 terv   of   Mis.souri   at    this    time    embraced    the   two 
 
 manding  influence  in  the  community.  Xor  was  this 
 the  only  advantage  con.se(iuent  ujwn  this  work  of 
 grace;  the  church  w;is,  iis  a  b<Kly,  b:iptized  with  a  new 
 .spirit,  and  becjuue  eminent  in  pr.iyer  and  in  every 
 good  work. 
 
 \t  the  close  of  the  revival  the  church  numbered 
 abtuit  two  hundred  and  fifty  communiixints,  and  in 
 order  to  e.\tenil  its  influence  mc;isures  were  taken  to 
 form  a  colony.     For  this  purpose  the  Rev.   Edwin  F. 
 
ST.  LOUIS,  PRESBYTERIAXISM IX. 
 
 866 
 
 ST.  LOUIS,  PRESnVTKUlAXISM  IX. 
 
 Hatfield  wiis  solicited  to  come  to  the  city,  and  after 
 laboriug  with  tlie  pastor  of  the  church  for  a  couple  of 
 months,  on  the  23d  of  Xoveuiher  a  Second  Presby- 
 terian church  was  organized,  consLsfing  of  tweuty- 
 nine  members.  With  the  s;iine  view,  several  members 
 of  the  church  resident  in  the  county  were  encouraged 
 to  form  a  separate  church  near  their  residences,  which 
 resulted  in  the  organization  of  the  Church  of  Des 
 Peres,  fourteen  miles  west  of  the  city. 
 
 During  the  winters  of  1833  and  1834  the  two 
 churches  in  the  city  enjoyed  seasons  of  retreshiug 
 from  the  presence  of  the  Lord.  Owing  to  the  diffi- 
 culty experienced  in  obtaining  suitalile  ministers  to 
 snpply  the  rapidly  multiplying  churches  of  the  State, 
 it  became  a  matter  of  extreme  solicitude  to  provide 
 the  means,  as  early  as  possible,  for  an  Institution  in 
 which  our  own  j'oung  men  might  be  trained  on  the 
 ground.  With  this  end  in  view  the  foundation  of  a 
 literary  Institution  was  laid  in  Marion  county,  and  a 
 charter  obtained  from  the  Legislature,  as  early  as  1830, 
 by  the  Rev.  David  Nelson,  and  in  June,  183.5,  Mr. 
 Potts  was  dismissed  from  his  charge  in  St.  Louis,  in 
 order  to  his  accepting  the  presidency  of  Marion 
 College.  At  his  instance  the  church  called  the  Rev. 
 William  Wisner,  of  Ithaca,  on  the  23d  July,  who 
 entered  ui)on  his  labors  in  November  following. 
 
 In  the  Spring  of  1835  Mr.  Hatfield  accepted  a  call 
 to  the  Seventh  Presbyterian  Church,  in  the  city  of 
 Xew  York,  and  the  colony  with  which  he  had  labored 
 in  St.  Louis,  after  several  unsuccessful  attem])ts  to 
 obtain  a  pastor,  returned,  in  February,  1837,  and  was 
 again  merged  in  the  original  church. 
 
 Mr.  Wisner  continued  his  labors  in  the  first  Church 
 without  being  installed,  until  May,  1837.  His  short 
 ministry  was  efficient,  and  the  church  experienced, 
 on  one  or  two  occasions,  the  special  quicl<euing  of  the 
 Holy  Spirit.  But  the  climate  proved  to  be  uncon- 
 genial to  his  health,  and  he  felt  constrained  to  return 
 to  his  native  State.  After  the  departure  of  Mr. 
 AVLsner  the  church  depended  upon  temporary  su]>- 
 plies  until  the  27th  of  June,  18;$8,  when  the  Kev. 
 Artemas  Bullard  was  installed  as  pastor. 
 
 In  the  Spring  of  1838  several  members  of  the  First 
 Church,  who  had  formerly  been  under  his  pastoral 
 care,  suggested  to  the  Rev.  W.  S.  Potts  that,  in  view 
 of  the  state  of  Marion  College,  he  should  return  to 
 the  city,  and  proposed,  on  that  condition,  tlu- 
 organization  of  a  colony  from  tlie  First  Church  and 
 the  erection  of  a  building  that  shouhl  l>e  an  ornament 
 to  the  city.  This  colony  was  org.-inized  on  the  10th 
 of  Octolwr,  1838,  by  a  committee  of  the  lYesbytery 
 of  St.  Louis,  and  called  the  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  St.  Louis.  It  was  composed  of  sixty 
 members  from  the  First  Church  and  two  from  other 
 churches.  The  congregation  worshii>cd,  at  its  first 
 orgsinization,  in  a  temporary  building  erected  at  the 
 corner  of  I'ine  and  Fifth  streets,  but  early  in  the 
 following  Spring  commenced  the  ere<-tion  of  a  build- 
 ing on  the  comer  of  Fifth  and  Walnut  streets.     In 
 
 February,  1839,  they  cidled  the  Rev.  W.  S.  Potts, 
 who,  having  re-signed  the  presidency  of  the  college  at 
 the  close  of  the  academic  year,  entered  upon  his 
 duties  in  July,  and  was  installed  pastor  on  the  5th 
 of  October  following.  The  congreg-.ition  removed  to 
 their  new  house  of  worship  in  January,  1840. 
 
 From  this  point,  at  which  the  tinfortunate  division 
 of  the  Church,  in  1837,  took  effect  in  St.  Louis,  the 
 FiIssT  and  Secoxd  Churches  became,  as  it  were, 
 landmarks  by  which  all  the  subsequent  history  of 
 Presbj'terianism  in  tlie  city  is  largely  to  be  traced. 
 
 6EC0ND  PaESBTTERU.N   CHURCH,  8T.  LOCIS. 
 
 The  First  CufRCH  identified  itself  with  the 
 branch  known  as,  the  "New  School."  while  the 
 Second  was  of  the  Old  School,  and  so  they  remained 
 until,  by  the  reunion  in  18(i!)-7(>,  the  distinction  of 
 old  and  new  was  happily  obliterated. 
 
 Rev.  Dr.  Bullard  served  the  Fikst  Cliurch  with 
 great  ability  and  efficiency  until  his  lamented  death, 
 in  the  Giisconade  disaster,  in  1355.  Few  men  have 
 been  more  loved  and  appreciated  while  living,  or 
 more  sincerely  mourned  when  dead. 
 
 His  successor  in  the  pastorate  was  Rev.  H.  \. 
 Nelson,  V>.  D.,  who  took  charge  in  October,  and  was 
 installed  Novemlicr  23d,  18,56.  He  resigned  in  18<)8, 
 to  accept  the  chair  of  Piustoral  Theologj-  in  Liine 
 Seminary,  Cincinnati,  O.  Rev.  C.  A.  Dickey,  of 
 Allegheny  City,  began  i);ustonil  work  in  the  church  in 
 May,  1869,  and  w:is  installed  July  4th,  of  the  s:ime 
 year.  He  resigned  in  Oetol)er,  1875,  to  accept  a  Kill 
 to  Phila<lelphia.  In  1875  Rev.  H.  D.  tlanse,  of  New 
 York,  became  pastor,  and  served  the  church  until 
 188:?|  when  he  resigned,  to  assume  the  duties  of  ."^ecre- 
 t;iry  of  the  Board  of  .Vid.  The  ehureli  is  at  present 
 (.lanuary,  18-14)  without  a  pastor. 
 
 In  aildition  to  the  Second  Church,  already  notii-i>d 
 as  a  colony  from  the  First,  there  have  been   formed 
 
ST.  LOUIS,  PRESBYTERIANISM IN. 
 
 867 
 
 ST.  LOUIS,  PRESBYTERIANISil IX. 
 
 from  it  the  Walnut  Street  Third  (now  the  First  Con- 
 gregational), and  the  North  Chureli.  The  building 
 now  occupied  by  the  First  Church  was  dedicated 
 October  21st,  185.5. 
 
 The  Second  Church  was  served  by  Dr.  Potts, 
 from  .luly,  l-'SO,  till  the  time  of  his  dcatli,  which 
 occurred  Jlarch  2^th,  K>'2.  During  these  thirteen 
 years  more  than  nine  hundred  persons,  four  hundred 
 and  seventy  of  them  on  profession,  united  with  this 
 church.  Rev.  Robert  P.  Farris  supplied  the  pulpit 
 for  a  year.  Rev.  N.  L.  Rice,  n.  n.,  ol  Cincinnati, 
 wa.s  called  to  the  pastorate  January  Sfith,  and  the 
 call  repeated  March  9th,  18.")3,  and  accepted.  Dr. 
 Rice  entered  upon  his  duties  April  25th,  IS.i.'?, 
 w.xs  installed  October  9th  following,  and  resigned 
 September  15tli,  1^.57,  to  take  the  chair  of  Theology, 
 in  the  Seminary  of  the  Northwest.  Rev.  .Lunes  H. 
 Brooks  served  the  chun-h  ;is  piustor-elect  from  Febru- 
 ary, I'^.'vS,  to  .Inly.  \'*I'A,  when  he  became  pastor-elect 
 of  the  colony  that  formed  the  Walnut  Street  Church. 
 
 Rev.  Samuel  J.  Niccolls,  D.  D.,  of  Pennsylvania, 
 ■was  called  October,  18(54  ;  began  his  work  .lanuarj- 
 1st,  and  was  installed  March  .5th,  1865.  He  is  still 
 pastor  (1884). 
 
 The  congreg-.ition  worshiped  for  the  la-st  time  in 
 the  building  corner  of  Fifth  and  Walnut  streets,  .lune 
 •^Hth,  l-ifi8,  and  occupied  the  chapel  of  the  new  edifi<e, 
 corner  Seventeenth  and  Lucas  place,  December  27th, 
 H68.  The  main  building  was  dedicated  December 
 25th,  1870.  It  is  an  eleg;int  structure  of  stone,  and 
 cost  one  hundred  and  sixty  thousiind  dollars. 
 
 This  church  has  sent  out  the  following  colonies : 
 Central  Church,  in  1844  ;  Westminster  (afterwards 
 Pine  Street),  in  184(5;  Park  .V venue  (afterwards  (Thau- 
 
 te.iu   Avenue), ;   First  German,  186:!;   W.ilnut 
 
 Street,  1864;  and  Grace  Church  (afterward  unit<(l 
 with  Cliauteau  Avenue\  in  186^<;  and  the  South 
 Church.  The  church  supports  four  Sabbath  schools, 
 aggreg-ating  an  attendance  of  about  two  thousand 
 scholars;  it  also  sustains  a  city  missionary  and  two 
 Tuissions,  for  which  houses  of  worship  have  been 
 erected  almost  wholly  by  this  church,  the  Kossuth 
 .V venue,  near  the  Fair  Grounds,  and  Benton  .'Station, 
 in  the  suburbs.     It  also  supports  a  missionary  in  Siam. 
 
 Gr.VXD  .\VENME  PRESn\TKRI.VN'  ChIRCH  WiUS 
 formed  by  the  union  of  the  Washington  Avenue,  a 
 <'olony  from  the  First  Church,  organized  in  1844,  and 
 Westminster,  from  the  Second  Church,  organized 
 in  1846.  The  united  church  adopted  the  name  of 
 Hue  Street,  and  identified  itself  with  the  Old  School. 
 Its  first  pastor  was  Rev.  W.  C.  McPheeters,  n.n.  In 
 1872  the  church  united  with  the  Indep<>ndent  Synotl 
 of  ilissouri,  which  formed,  two  years  later,  ecclesias- 
 tical connection  with  the  .Southern  General  A.s,sembly. 
 
 Its  pastors  succeeding  Dr.  McPheeters  have  Ijeen 
 Rev.  J.  C.  Thom,  elected  .Inly.  n65,  died  November 
 28th  following;  Rev.  B.  T.  Lacey,  n.D.,  18(56-70; 
 Rev.  A.  P.  Foreman,  D.n.,  1871-2;  Rev.  E.  H.  Rnth- 
 etford,  D.D.,  1874-81;  Rev.   F.   L.   Ferguson,  .supply 
 
 for  si.K  months,  and  the  present  pastor,  Rev.  A.  Nel- 
 .son  Hollifield,  called  in  January  and  installed  in 
 April,  1882.  In  1879  the  congregation  purchased  a 
 site  for  a  new  church  on  the  west  side  of  Grand  Ave- 
 nue, opposite  Washington  Avenue.  A  chai>el  was 
 completed  ami  dedicated  on  the  7th  of  Xovember, 
 l^-iO,  in  which  the  congregation  still  worships,  pend- 
 ing the  erection  of  a  large  ami  elegant  edifice.  At  the 
 removal  the  name  w.as  changed  from  "  Pine  Street" 
 to  "  Grand  Avenue." 
 
 Cextr.m.  Pre.sbytkri.vn-  Chi-rch  was  organized 
 April  18th,  1844,  by  Rev.  W.  S.  Potts,  n.D.,  and 
 Rev.  William  Galbreath,  as  the  Fourth  Presbyterian 
 Church,  with  thirty-two  members,  nearly  all  of 
 whom  had  obtain<Ml  Utters  for  this  purpo.se  from  the 
 Second  Church.  Rev.  Joscjih  Templeton  first  sup- 
 plied the  pulpit,  but  on  .May  12th,  1845,  Rev.  Alex- 
 ander Vau  Court  was  chosen  pastor,  and  served  until 
 his  death,  of  cholera,  in  July,  1849.  In  the  Spring  of 
 1846  the  name  of  the  church  was  changed  to  that  of 
 the  Central  Presbyterian  Church,  which  it  still 
 retains.  During  eighteen  months  subsequent  to  the 
 death  of  Mr.  Van  Court,  the  church  was  sujiplied  by 
 Rev.  S.  Pettigrew,  Rev.  John  N.  Hall  and  Rev.  W. 
 M.  Ruggles.  In  December,  18.50,  Rev.  S.  J.  P. 
 .Vnderson,  of  Virginia,  was  called  to  the  jiastorate 
 and  entered  upon  his  duties,  January  20th,  18.-)1. 
 t'nder  his  ministry  the  church  was  greatly  prospered. 
 Dr.  Anderson's  health  failing,  he  resigned  May  25th, 
 1868.  Rev.  R.  G.  Brank,  n.D.,  of  I^xington, -Ky.. 
 the  present  pastor,  signified  his  acceptance  of  a  call 
 from  the  church  May  31st,  1869.  In  1873  the  con- 
 gregation removed  to  its  present  location,  corner  of 
 Lucas  and  (Jarrison  avenues,  occupying  a  temiwrary 
 chai)el  >intil  H76,  when  their  beautiful  edifice  was 
 completed.  The  church  is  conne<'ted  with  the 
 Southern  General  .\s.sem1>ly. 
 
 The  NoRTEt  Presbyteui.vx  Chi-rch  was  com- 
 posed of  a  colony  of  eight  members  from  the  First 
 Church  and  nine  others,  and  organized  March  27th, 
 1845.  It  is  located  on  the  corner  of  Eleventh  and 
 Chambers  streets.  The  building  w.-is  erected  in 
 18^57.  The  following  persons  have  occupied  the  pul- 
 pit of  the  North  Church  since  its  organization:  Revs. 
 William  Howes,  Joshua  T.  Tucker,  (Jcorge  Clark, 
 W.  H.  P.arks,  H.  E.  Nile.s.  John  Maclean,  Frederick 
 Starr,  Jr.,  S.  M.  Morton,  C.  It.  Foote,  n.n.,  W.  C. 
 Falconer,  n.n.,  and  H.  S.  Williams,  the  present 
 pastor. 
 
 The  C.XROxnELET  Presbyterian  Chi-rch  was 
 organized  in  1850.  Its  successive  pastors  have  been 
 Revs.  H.  P.  Goodrich,  n.n.,  R.  S.  Finley,  J.  T.  Cowan, 
 S.  A.  Mntchniore,  n.D.,  C.  H.  Dunlap,  Samuel  Hay, 
 R.  A.  Condit.  H.  S.  Little,  and  the  present  pastor- 
 elect,  Rev.  J.  H.  Shields,  called  in  1>I79.  It  su.stains 
 Hope  Mission  Chai«'l  and  two  flourishing  Sabbath 
 schools. 
 
 Washixotox  axd  Comptox  Avexue  Pre-sby- 
 teriax  Chi-rch.     In  June,  1864,  the  Rev.  J.    il. 
 
-ST".  LOUIS,  PRESBYTERIAXTSJr IX. 
 
 868 
 
 ST.  LOUIS,  PRESBYTERIANISM IX. 
 
 Brookes,  D.D.,  pastor  of  the  Second  C'liurch,  and  one 
 hundred  and  lil'ty  members  of  the  church,  withdrew, 
 and  July  4th,  1864,  were  organized  by  a  committee 
 of  the  St.  Louis  Presbytery  (in  connection  with  the 
 Northern  Assembly)  iis  tlie  Walnut  Street  Prcshytcrian 
 Church,  the  Second  Church  making  over  to  them  the 
 property  which  had  been  secured  in  1859,  consisting 
 of  a  lot  and  partially  completed  building  on  the 
 northwest  corner  of  Sixteenth  and  Walnut  streets. 
 Within  three  months  one  hundred  members  of  the 
 Second  Church  joined  them,  and  on  tlie  3,?th  of  De- 
 cember, 1864,  they  first  occupied  the  completed 
 church,  the  erection  of  which  they  had  begun  imme- 
 diately after  their  organization.  In  1*66  this  church 
 united  with  others  in  organizing  the  Independent 
 Synod  of  Jlis-souri,  but  in  187.5  again  placed  itself  in 
 ecclesiastical  connection  with  the  Northern  Greneral 
 A.ssembly. 
 
 The  lociition  of  the  church  becoming  unsuitable,  a 
 colony  of  about  a  hundred  members  went  out  and 
 was  organized  as  the  Lafayette  Park  Church. 
 
 On  the  1st  of  May,  1879,  the  lecture-room  of  the 
 new  edifice,  erected  by  the  present  church,  on  the 
 corner  of  Washington  and  C'ompton  avenues,  was 
 occupied  by  the  congregation.  On  the  5th  of  Decem- 
 ber, 1880.  the  first  ser\ices  were  held  in  the  com- 
 pleted building.  This  is  a  large,  convenient  and 
 beautiful  structure,  with  seating  capacity  in  the 
 auditorium  for  fifteen  hundred  persons.  The  church, 
 under  the  pa-storal  care  of  Dr.  Brookes,  enjoys  great 
 
 occupied.  Mr.  Buchanan  was  installed  pastor  on  the 
 14th  of  .Tanuary,  1X77,  having  scTved  the  church  as 
 stated  supply  from  the  beginning.  He  resigned  in 
 1879,  and  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  J.  G.  Reascr,  u.  r>., 
 the  present  pastor,  who  began  his  work  April  1st, 
 and  was  installed  in  J[ay  following.  This  church 
 occupies  a  field  of  peculiar  difficulty,  and  is  doing 
 good  work.  It  bec;ime  self-sustaining  at  the  begin- 
 ning of  the  present  pa.storate.  It  has  several  active 
 societies  and  a  large  and  flourishing  Sabbath  .school. 
 
 The  .South  Prbsbytekiax  Chvkch  was  org.iu- 
 ized  in  May.  1875,  and  was  really  a  colony  from  the 
 Second  Church.  It  has  never  had  an  installed  ])as- 
 tor,  but  has  been  supplied  by  Rev.  J.  R.  Dunn,  Rev. 
 P.  S.  Van  Xe.st,  Rev.  H.  B.  Holmes  and  others. 
 
 L.\F.VYETTE  Park  Presbytkuiax  Chirch,  situ- 
 ated on  Missouri  avenue  opposite  the  west  entrance 
 to  the  park,  was  organized  in  187'^,  .is  a  colony  from 
 Walnut  Street  Church,  now  Washington  and  C'omp- 
 ton avenue.  This  organization  also  absorbed  most 
 of  the  scattered  members  of  the  Chauteau  Avenue 
 Church,  which  was  dis.solved  in  1875.  The  first  pastor 
 was  Rev.  D.  C.  Maiquis,  D.  D.,  who  resigned  in  the 
 Spring  of  1883.  to  accept  a  professorship  in  the  Theo- 
 logic^il  Seminary  of  the  Northwest  at  Chicago.  The 
 church  has  called  Rev.  George  P.  Wilson,  of  Keu- 
 tucky.  who  expects  to  enter  upon  his  work  in 
 February,  1884. 
 
 The  beautiful  and  commodious  building  erected  by 
 this  church  T*as  completed  in  the  Spring  of  1883. 
 
 prosperity,  and  exhibits  a  vigorous  life  in  both  home  ,  The  membership  has  rapidly  increase<l.  the  congre- 
 
 and  foreign  evangelistic  efforts. 
 
 Glasgow  AvEXfE  Peesbyteriax  Church  was 
 organized  on  the  22d  of  March,  1X74,  as  the  "  Garri- 
 son Avenue  Cliurch."  Rev.  Thoni.is  >[arshall.  who 
 gathered  the  church,  became  its  first  pastor,  and  was 
 installed  July  5th,  1874.  In  1875  the  church  re- 
 moved from  the  Hall  occupied  on  Garrison  avenue 
 to  its  present  location,  at  the  southeast  corner  of 
 Gla.sgow  avenue  and  Dickson  street,  and  held  services 
 in  the  b;i.semcnt  of  the  present  chap<'l.  On  tlie 
 14th  of  November,  l.xxO,  the  c(mipleted  chapel  was 
 dedicated.  Rev.  T.  Marshall,  having  been  elected 
 Synodical  Missionary  for  the  Synod  of  Missouri, 
 resigned,  November,  1881,  and  was  succeeded  by 
 Rev.  W.  R.  Henderson,  in  March,  1882,  who  was 
 installed  May  21st.  Mr.  Henderson  resigned  in 
 1883,  and  the  church  is  at  present  supplied  by  Rev. 
 H.  F.  Williams,  formerly  Synodical  Evangelist  of  tlie 
 Synod  of  Mis.souri.  Tlie  chunh  has  several  eflicient 
 societies,  and  a  large  and  iirosperous  Saliliath  school. 
 
 The  Westmi.vster  Presbyterian  Church,  cor- 
 ner of  Pestalozzi  and  Lux  streets,  was  organized 
 December  31st,  1873,  the  preliminary  work  having 
 been  done  by  Rev.  W.  Howell  Buchanan  and  a  few 
 self-denying  helpers.  The  congregjition  worshiped 
 in  rented  rooms,  first  on  Carondelet  avenue,  then  on 
 .\rsenal  street,  till  the  5th  of  March,  1876.  when  the 
 completed   b:Lsement   of   the   present    buiUliiig   was 
 
 gations  are  large,  and  the  entire  work  of  the  church 
 is  carried  forward  with  efficiency  and  success. 
 
 JlEMORiAL  T.\bern".\cle,  growing  out  of  the 
 celebrated  P.iddle  Market  ilission,  under  the  care  of 
 Mr.  Thomas  Morrison,  was  organized  .Tuly  12th, 
 1864,  by  Rev.  H.  C.  McCook,  and  known  as  the 
 "First  Independent  Church  of  St.  Louis."  After 
 passing  through  various  changes  in  its  ecclesiastical 
 relations,  it  finally  united  with  the  Presbytery  of  St. 
 Louis,  in  connection  with  the  Northern  .\s.sembly,  in 
 the  year  1*70.  Its  pulpit  was  supplied  for  a  time  by 
 Rev.  William  Porteus.  In  1881  Rev.  William  Claggett 
 was  called  to  its  pastorate.  He  niinisteri'd  in  this 
 church  until  the  Fall  of  1883.  Rev.  Mr.  Brandt  is 
 now  the  pastor  elect. 
 
 First  German  Pke.<!by'teri.\x  Church  was 
 org.inized  Jlay  18th,  186.'?,  in  the  basement  of  the 
 Second  Presbyterian  Cliurch,  then  on  the  corner  of 
 Fifth  and  Walnut  streets.  The  congreg-.ition  held  its 
 meetings  at  first  in  the  South  Mission  Sabbath-school 
 building,  on  Marion  and  Ninth  .streets.  In  1866  the 
 buildings  now  occupied,  on  the  corner  of  .\utumn  and 
 South  streets,  were  commenced,  and  the  completed 
 church  was  dedicated  September  17th,  1871.  The 
 Rev.  .\.  Van  der  Lippe,  n.  n.,  was  elected  pa-stor, 
 October  23d,  1863,  and  still  continues  in  that  rela- 
 tion. Tliis  church  has  an  important  work,  and  does 
 it  faithfully  and  with  a  good  measure  of  success.     It 
 
STOCKTON. 
 
 869 
 
 STOCKTOX. 
 
 has  SL'Veral   jissociations,  ami  i()ntril>utts  liberally  in 
 proportion  to  its  means. 
 
 The  Secoxi)  German  Puesuytkriax  Chi-rch 
 was  organized  in  1^^7(i,  and  has  lieen  supplied  hy  Kev. 
 Frederiek  Auf.  der  Heide  from  tlie  beginning.  It 
 owns  and  worships  in  a  neat  and  conilbrtable  brick 
 chapel  on  Grand  avenue  and  Thirteenth  street.  Its 
 membership  is  small,  but  active,  and  its  Sabbath 
 .school  prosperous 
 
 Stockton,  John,  D.  D.,  d<sci-nded  from  Scotch- 
 Irish  ancestors.  His  great-grandfather,  his  grand- 
 father and  his  father  were  ruling  elders  in  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  while  many  of  his  near  relatives 
 were  ministers  and  elders  in  the  same  church.  He 
 Wiis  born  in  the  Valley  of  Charticrs,  near  Washington, 
 Pa.,  November  18th,  1803;  graduated  at  Washington 
 College,  Pa.,  October  3d.  1820;  studied  theology  with 
 seven  others,  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  John  Ander- 
 son, of  I'pper  KulTalo,  and  the  Hebrew  Language 
 and  Church  History  with  Dr.  Andrew  Wylie,  Pres- 
 ident of  Washington  College,  for  three  years;  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Washington,  April  20th,  1825,  and  afterwards  spent 
 a  year  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary.  He  ac- 
 cepted a  Kill  from  Cross  Creek  Church  in  April,  1827; 
 began  to  preach  statedly  on  the  tirst  Sabbath  of  May, 
 ;ind  w;is  ordained  and  installed  as  pastor  on  the  20th 
 of  June  following.  He  continued  in  charge  of  this 
 congregation  fifty  years. 
 
 Dr.  Stockton's  labors  were  greatly  blessed  among 
 this  people.  In  1827-28,  again  in  18:5.>-3()-,37,  again 
 in  1840-41^2,  again  in  18.53-54,  the  congregation 
 was  visited  with  powerful  and  precious  revivals, 
 from  which  the  church  received  very  large  accessions. 
 After  that  time,  in  l-'57-58  and  '.59,  gentle  showers 
 of  grace  distilled  on  this  hill  of  Zion,  and  with  only 
 one  or  two  exceptions,  there  were  some  added  to  the 
 church  at  every  communion  sciLson.  The  number 
 received  into  niembi  isliip  during  his  ministry  was 
 one  thous;ind  live  hau<lr(<i  and  Ibrty-five,  and  Ibrty 
 niini-sters  of  the  gospel,  and  more  than  ou<-  huudred 
 ruling  elders  were  raise<l  up. 
 
 Dr.  Stockton  was  greatly  beloved  by  his  congre- 
 gation. When,  in  1877,  under  the  infirmities  of  age, 
 he  decided  to  resign  his  charge,  the  church  ' '  Resolved, 
 That  in  advance  of  the  solemn  crisis  of  separation 
 now  contemplated,  we  do  not  hesitate  to  lussure  our 
 beloved  pastor  that  he  shall  c;irry  with  him  into  his 
 chosen  retirement  the  unabated  confidence  and  warm 
 attachment  of  his  people."  They  also  made  him  I 
 Pastor  ICmtritun.  He  was  also  ardently  loved  by 
 his  Presbytery,  which,  in  a  minute  adopted  at  the 
 dissolution  of  his  pastoral  relation,  expressed  its  at-  [ 
 fcichment  to  him  as  one  who  "  by  God's  guidance 
 had  been  enabled  to  befriend  every  good  cause,  pro- 
 mote every  form  of  Christian  activity  and  benevo- 
 lence, and  strengthen  every  instrun\entality  for  the 
 advancement  of  Christ's  kingdom." 
 ,  Dr.  Stockton  was  an  eminent  Christian  man.  and  , 
 
 his  name  will  ever  occupy  a  coiLspicuous  place  in  the 
 list  of  successful  preachers  and  ])astors  in  Western 
 Penn.sylvania.  He  was  distinguished  as  a  scholar, 
 educator,  theologian  and  presbyter.  His  preaching 
 was  earnest,  Scriptural,  pungent;  quickening  Chris- 
 tians and  arou.sing  the  impenitent.  He  was  very 
 animated  in  the  pulpit,  and  wielded  great  influence 
 in  the  community  and  in  the  Cluirch  courts.  His 
 piety  w;is  not  of  the  negative  kind,  l)ut  was  a  life  in 
 the  soul,  a  principle  that  regulated  all  his  actions, 
 an  embodiment  of  all  the  truths  he  so  ably  jireached. 
 A  few  weeks  before  liis  death  he  aft<'nded  the 
 funeral  of  the  last  survivor  of  those  who.so  names 
 were  on  the  roll  of  membership  at  the  beginning  of 
 his  pastorate,  and  on  that  ocwisiou  he  contracted  the 
 cold  which  brought  on  his  last  illness.  He  came 
 down  to  death  in  a  manner  altogether  in  harmony 
 with  the  life  which  he  lived  in  Christ,  "like  as  a 
 shock  of  corn  conieth  in  its  .season."  He  died  at 
 Cross  Creek,  Pa.,  May  5th,  18S2. 
 
 Stockton,  Rev.  Joseph,  was  the  son  of  Hobert 
 and  Mary  (McHeury)  Stockton,  of  Franklin  county. 
 Pa.  He  was  born  near  Charabersburg,  February 
 2.5th,  1779.  In  1784,  he  removed  with  his  father's 
 family  to  the  neighborhood  of  Washington,  Pa.  He 
 pursued  his  classical  studies  at  the  Canonsburg 
 .Vcademy,  in  which  he  was  also  for  a  time  an  instruc- 
 tor; .studied  theology  under  Dr.  John  McMillan,  and 
 w;us  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel,  June  20th,  1799. 
 On  June  24th,  1801,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
 Church  at  Meadville,  in  connection  with  that  of  Little 
 Sngar  Creek,  and  continued  this  relation  until  June 
 27th,  1810.  During  this  pastorate  he  had  charge  of 
 the  Mead\-ille  Academy,  and  conducted  it  with 
 ability  and  success.  In  1809  Mr.  Stockton  was 
 elect<(l  Principal  of  the  Pittsburg  Academy,  which 
 w.is  sul)ser|uently  merged  into  the  "  Western  Univer- 
 sity of  Pennsylvania."  In  this  position  he  continued 
 to  labor  with  great  success  until  1820.  During  these 
 years  he  published  several  valuable  educational 
 works.  In  1827  he  was  one  of  the  instructors  in  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminarj'.  Subsequently,  he 
 preached  to  the  church  of  Pine  Creek,  where  his 
 labors  were  greatly  blessed,  and  devoted  some  time 
 to  missionary  labor,  in  connection  with  the  Church  in 
 Allegheny  city.  He  died,  October  29th,  l^.Vi.  His 
 end  w;us  peace. 
 
 Stockton,  Hon.  Richard.  Xo  name  stands 
 higher  among  the  lawyers  and  statesmen  of  America 
 than  that  of  Hichard  Stockton.  He  was  the  son  of 
 John  Stockton,  and  Wiis  born  in  Princeton,  X.  J., 
 October  1st,  1730.  After  graduating,  he  studied  law, 
 and  .soon  became  prominent  in  his  profession.  In 
 1706  he  visited  Europe,  where  he  was  received  with 
 flatt<'ring  marks  of  friiMidship  and  re.sj>ect  by  many 
 eminent  noblemen,  gentlemen  and  men  of  letters. 
 In  1774  he  was  appointed  .Judge  of  the  Supreme 
 Court  of  Xew  Jersey,  and  in  1776  was  offered  the 
 Chief  Jiusticeship,    which    he    declined.     The  s;ime 
 
STODDAUD. 
 
 870 
 
 sroxE  CHURCH,  va. 
 
 year  he  was  elected  to  tlie  Continental  Congress,  and 
 was  one  of  the  Signers  of  the  De<Uir;ition  of  Indepen- 
 dence. ^\^lile  a  member  of  Congress,  during  a  visit 
 to  the  house  of  a  friend  in  Monmouth  city,  X.  J.,  he 
 was  captured  hy  a  party  of  royalists  and  thrown  into 
 prison  in  New  York  city.  He  obtained  his  releiisc 
 through  the  interference  of  Congress. 
 
 Mr.  Stockton  had  an  unrivaled  reputation  at  the 
 Bar,  and  it  was  said  that  he  always  refused  to  engage 
 in  any  cause  which  he  knew  to  be  unjust.  From 
 17.57  till  his  death,  February  2Sth,  1781^  he  wils- 
 a  trustee  of  New  .Tcrsey  College,  and  for  many 
 years  a  member  and  trustee  of  the  Presliyterian 
 Church  in  Princeton.  An  estimate  of  the  high  tone 
 of  his  Christian  character  can  be  formed  by  reading 
 the  following  extract  from  his  last  will:  "  As  my 
 children  will  have  frequent  occasion  of  perusing  this 
 instrument,  and  may  probably  be  peculiarly  im- 
 pressed with  the  last  words  of  their  father,  I  think 
 proper  here,  not  only  to  subscribe  to  the  entire  belief 
 of  the  great  lea<lingdoctrines  of  the  Christian  religion, 
 such  as  the  being  of  a  God,  tlie  universal  defection 
 and  depravity  of  human  nature,  the  divinity  of  the 
 person  a.nA  completeness  of  the  redemption  purcha.sed 
 by  the  blessed  Saviour,  the  necessity  of  the  divine 
 Spirit,  of  divine  faith,  accompanied  with  an  habitual 
 virtuous  life,  and  the  universality  of  divine  Provi- 
 dence, but  also  in  the  bowels  of  a  father's  affection,  to 
 charge  and  e.xhort  th<'m  to  remember  that  the  '  fear 
 of  (iod  is  the  beginning  of  wisdom.'  " 
 
 Stoddard,  Charles  Augustus,  D.  D.,  pastor 
 and  editor,  is  a  lineal  descendant  of  Anthony  Stod- 
 dard, who  emigrated  to  Boston,  from  England,  in 
 1639.  Hin  son  was  the  Eev.  Solomon  Stoddard,  who 
 was  pa.stor  of  the  church  in  Northampton,  Mass.,  for 
 sixty  years,  and  the  father-in-law  of  Rev.  Jonathan 
 Edwards,  President  of  Prin<(ton  College.  His  .son 
 was  Colonel  John  Stoddard,  an  oflicer  in  1  lis  Majesty's 
 service,  one  of  the  Governor's  council,  and  Chief 
 Justice  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  also  Judge  of 
 Probate.  These  ancestors  were  graduates  of  Harvard 
 College;  the  two  succeeding  ancestors  were  gradu- 
 ates of  Yale.  Rev.  David  T.  Stoddard,  the  mis- 
 sionary to  Persia,  was  a  brother  of  Dr.  Stoddard's 
 father.  The  Rev.  Charles  A.  Stoddard,  D.  D.,  the 
 subject  of  tliis  sketch,  and  the  sou  of  Charles  and 
 Mary  A.  Sto<ldard,  was  born  in  lioston,  Mass.,  May 
 •2Hth,  l^^S:!;  was  edtu-atedattlu^  Ho.ston  Latin  School; 
 gra<luat<<l  at  Williams  College,  in  1S.")1.  After  gradu- 
 ation he  taught  at  Philli])s  Ai'ademy,  Andover,  and 
 traveled  through  Europe  and  the  East.  He  spent 
 one  j'ear  in  the  study  of  theology,  at  the  Free  Church 
 College,  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  and  three  years  at 
 Union  Seminary,  New  York.  In  18.")S-9  he  supplied 
 the  Manhattanville  Presbyterian  Cliurch.  In  Sei)- 
 tember,  1  "*.■>!).  he  w;ls  ordained  jiastor  of  the  Wiush- 
 ington  Heights  Presbyterian  Cliurch,  New  York 
 city,  which  had  just  bein  org.inizcil,  and  he  con- 
 tinued ill  that  pastorate  till  .lanuaiv,  1883.      He  was 
 
 employed  in  editorial  work  upon  the  AVir  York 
 Ohscrrir,  from  the  commencement  of  his  ministry  in 
 New  York,  and  in  1873  he  became  an  editor  and  pro- 
 prietor of  that  paper.  He  received  the  degree  of 
 Doctor  of  Divinity  fiom  Willianis  College,  iu  1871. 
 
 Stoddard,  Prof.  O.  N.,  LL.  D.,  is  a  native  of 
 New  York,  and  graduated  at  Union  College,  Sche- 
 nectady, in  1836.  He  fciught  school  two  and  a  half 
 years  in  Smithfield,  Isle  of  'Wight  county,  Va,  and 
 then  removed  to  "Washington  city,  taking  charge  of 
 "Capitol  Hill  Female  Seminary."  In  September, 
 1841,  he  accepted  appointment  to  the  I'residency  of 
 "Bardstown  Female  Aciidemy"  Kentucky,  a  .school 
 founded  by  Kev.  X.  L.  Rice,  D.  D.  In  181.")  he  was 
 elected  Professor  of  Natural  Sciences  in  Miami  Uni- 
 versity, Ohio,  where  he  continued  till  1870,  when  he 
 accepted  a  like  cluiir  in  the  University  of  "Woo.ster. 
 This  position  he  has  occupied  up  to  the  present  time. 
 He  was  "V^ice-prcsident  of  Miami  University  from 
 18.52  until  his  resignation  in  1870.  During  a  part  of 
 1854  he  was  President  pro-tcm  of  the  University. 
 In  1863  he  was  made  Presideut  of  the  Board  of 
 Directors  of  ''Oxford  Female  College,"  and  held  the 
 office  until  187.5.  He  was  appointed  a  delegate  to 
 the  General  Assembly  in  1860  and  1866.  He  wiis  a 
 Commissioner  from  the  Synod  of  Cincinnati  iu  the 
 establishment  of  the  "Northwestern  Theological 
 Seminary"  at  Chicago.  The  degree  of  LL.  D.  was 
 conferred  on  him  in  1865,  by  Monmouth  College, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Prof  .Stoddard  has  written  largely  upon  scientific 
 and  other  subjects  for  his  classes.  An  extended 
 discussion  of  the  "Relations  of  Mind  to  Matter," 
 and  upon  special  relations  of  Science,  has  formed 
 part  of  his  yearly  instructions.  He  has  contended 
 earnestly,  for  years,  with  pen  and  voice,  against  the 
 secular  views  of  government;  and  some  half  a  dozen 
 carefully  WTitten  adilre.sscs  upon  various  relations 
 of  the  State  to  the  Bible  and  Christianity  ha\e  been 
 delivered  at  Cincinnati,  Columbus,  Pittsburg  and 
 Philadelphia,  and  published  by  the  si'cular  and 
 religious  press.  Two  addresses  upon  literary  subjects 
 have  been  issued  in  pamphlet  form;  and  two  articles 
 touching  certain  relations  of  Science  to  Revelation 
 were  published  in  the  Danville  Kevivu;  in  1864.  The 
 great  volume  of  Nature  has  to  him  been  se<'ond 
 only  to  the  greater  volume  of  Revelation. 
 
 Stone  Chtirch,  Aug-usta  county,  "Virginia. 
 On  the  great  paved  road  from  \ViiulHstvr  to  Staun- 
 ton, beyond  the  eighty-third  mile-stone,  on  the  right 
 (about  eight  miles  from  Staunton),  in  a  grove  of 
 ancient  oaks,  8t;inds  a  stone  building  of  autiiiue  and 
 singular  ai>pearanee.  The  east  end  is  towards  the 
 road,  with  a  large  doorway  for  folding  dooi-s  aliout 
 midway  from  the  corners  of  the  hou.se,  and  on  one 
 side  of  this  large  entrance  is  a  low,  narrow  door, 
 according  with  no  known  anhitectiire  or  proportion. 
 Near  the  ridge  of  the  roof  the  gable  .slants  a  number 
 of  feet,  as  if   the  corner  of  the  r(M)f  and  gable    hail 
 
STOXE  CHURCH,  VA. 
 
 871 
 
 STOXE  CHURCH,  r.l. 
 
 been  cut  ofl"  and  the  vaoaiicy  covered  with  shin;;les. 
 A  little  alM)ve  the  great  iloor  is  a  windovj-  of  modem 
 construction.  On  the  north  side  of  the  house  is  an  i 
 appendage,  a  small  room  with  walls  and  chimney  of  I 
 stone.  Diverging  from  the  road,  in  the  path  long 
 trod  by  the  generations  assembling  here,  and  at  a 
 small  distiince  from  the  house,  are  traces  of  a  ditch 
 and  the  remains  of  an  embankment,  drawn  quite 
 round  the  hoiLse,  in  a  military  style.  Tliis  is  the 
 oldest  house  of  worship  in  the  Valley  of  Virginia.  It 
 has  .seen  the  revolution  of  years  carrying  away  genera- 
 tiousof  men,  and  their  habitations  and  theirchurelies. 
 The  light  pine  doors  speak  at  once  their  modern 
 origin,  swinging  in  the  place  of  the  massive  oaks  that 
 hung  uiKin  the  solid  posts,  in  unison  with  the  walls 
 that  new,  after  the  storms  of  a  century  have  left  their 
 marks,  give  no  signs  of  speedy  decay.  Keared  before 
 P.raddock"s  war,  this  house  w;is  to  the  early  emi- 
 grants a  place  for  the  worship  of  Almiglity  God 
 and  a  retreat  from  the  inroads  of  the  s;ivages;  the 
 dwelling-place  of  mercy  and  a  refuge  from  the  storm. 
 That  ditch  was  deep,  and  that  bank  had  its  palis;ide, 
 and  that  little  door  was  the  wicket-gate,  dnd  that 
 room  was  the  kitchen,  when  the  alarm  of  approach- 
 ing savages  filled  the  house  and  closed  the  massive 
 doors.  Thus  secured,  the  courageous  women  and 
 children  couhl  defend  themselves  from  any  s;ivagi^ 
 attack,  while  the  strong  men  went  to  their  fields,  or 
 to  drive  otT  the  intruding  foe.  On  the  other  sidi'  of 
 tlie  great  road  is  the  place  where  these  adventurous 
 emigrants  were  laid  to  rcix)se  till  dust  has  returned 
 to  dust,  in  close  assemblage,  as  in  the  House  of  God 
 or  the  palisaded  fort.  These  first  .settlers  of  this 
 l)eautiful  country  were,  like  those  of  Opecquon,  from 
 the  Xorth  of  Ireland,  the  blended  Scotch-Iri.sh,  and  in 
 search,  as  they  said,  of  freedom  of  conscience,  with  a 
 competence,  in  the  wilderness;  and  for  these  they 
 cheerfully  left  their  homes  and  kindred  in  Ireland. 
 Before  the  year  17:i8  tliey  located  themselves  in  large 
 numbers  on  the  prairii'  hills  and  vales  of  the  "Triple 
 Forks  of  Shenandoah." 
 
 The  old  stone  church,  with  the  graveyard  near, 
 wiis  the  centre  of  a  cluster  of  neighborhoods  in  which 
 f.imilies  had  settled  who  chose  their  residence 
 according  as  they  fancied  a  spring  of  water,  a  run- 
 ning streiini,  a  hill,  a  piece  of  woods,  a  prairie,  or 
 extensive  range  for  cattle  and  hoi'scs,  or  abundance 
 of  gjime  that  gathered  in  some  valleys. 
 
 Missionaries  six'cdily  followed  these  emigrants. 
 The  Kev.  James  Anderson,  of  the  Presbytery  of  D<ine- 
 g-al,  vLsited  them  in  1738,  and  ths  Kev.  Mr.  Thomp- 
 son of  the  sjime  Presbytery,  in  1739.  The  same  year 
 Mr.  John  Craig,  a  licentiate,  was  sent  by  the  Presby- 
 tery to  visit  "OiM'cquon,  the  High  Tract,  and  other 
 soi'ieties  of  our  persuasion  in  Virginia,  at  his  disiTc- 
 tion."  The  next  Spring,  Jmie  17th,  Mr.  Oaig  ac- 
 cepted a  "call  from  the  inliabitants  at  Shenandoah 
 and  the  South  river," and  in  Septen\lx'r,  1711),  jKissed 
 ^is  trials  for  ordination.     In  view  of  the  peculiar 
 
 interest  of  the  occasion,  an  appointment  was  made  of 
 "a  day  of  solemn  fasting  and  prayer,  to  be  observed 
 by  all  parties  concerned,  in  order  to  implore  the 
 Divine  blessing  and  concurrence  in  the  great  under- 
 taking." The  Rev.  Mr.  Sankey  preached,  from  Jere- 
 miah iii,  1.5.  Mr.  Craig  was  the  first  Presbyterian 
 minister  regularly  settled  in  the  Colony  of  Virginia. 
 
 The  old  stone  church  is  blended  with  many  thrill- 
 ing and  interesting  associations.  The  remains  of  the 
 fortiliciitions  in  the  Indian  wars,  wasting  away  by  the 
 constant  tread  of  the  as.sembling  congregations,  are 
 elocjuent  memorials  of  tlie  early  age  of  Augusta 
 county.  The  venerable  structure  has  seen  genera- 
 tions pass;  it  has  heard  the  sermons  of  the  Virginia 
 Synod  in  its  youthful  days.  Could  its  walls  re-echo 
 the  sentences  that  have  been  uttered  there,  what  a 
 a  series  of  sermons  !  Its  three  pastors,  for  about  a 
 hundred  years,  t;iught  from  the  .s:ime  pul|)it.  There 
 the  famous  Waddell  was  taken  under  the  care  of 
 Hanover  Presbj-tery,  as  a  candidate  for  the  ministry, 
 in  17(i();  there  the  venerate<l  Hoge  was  licensed  in 
 17H1;  and  there  the  Rev.  Dr.  Archibald  Alexander 
 passed  some  of  his  trials  in  preparation  for  the 
 ministry.  There  were  the  teachings  of  the  first 
 settled  minister  in  Virginia,  and  there  have  been 
 heard  the  voices  of  the  worthies  of  the  Virginia 
 Presbj-terians  for  more  than  a  century.  There  has 
 been  treasured  their  testimony  for  God,  to  be  heard 
 again  in  the,Iudgment  Day. 
 
 It  is  a  matter  for  regret  that  so  few  of  the  mounds 
 in  the  old  burying  ground,  where  lie  so  many  of  the 
 first  settlers  in  that  beautiful  region,  have  inscrip- 
 tions, to  tell  where  those  emigrants  sleep.  But  the 
 congregation  has  not  been  forgetful  of  the  graves  of 
 their  three  pastors,  who,  for  nearly  a  century,  were 
 examples  of  patient  labors  of  ministers,  and  the 
 stability  of  the  Church.  Near  the  middle  of  the  yard 
 is  a  slab  with  a  hcad.stone.  On  the  stone  is  the  short 
 record,  expressing  volumes: — 
 
 "  Krected  by  G.  C.  80S  TO  J.  C." 
 
 On  the  slab, 
 
 "  In  memory  of  Rev,  John  Crnip,  n.D  ,  commcncer  of  the  Presliy- 
 terial  sorvice  in  \\\\*  pluct>.  Anno  Lktmini,  1740,  uml  faithfully  dis- 
 charging his  duty  in  Ihc  siime  t<i  .\[iril  the  '2l8t,  .linio  Ihnnini,  1774; 
 then  de|>arted  this  life,  with  fifteen  hours'  allliction  from  llie  hand 
 of  the  great  Creator,  aged  sixty-three  years  and  four  months.  The 
 Cliurch  of  Augusta,  in  e.\presaion  of  their  gnititude  to  the  memory 
 of  their  late  beloved  pastor  (b&ving  obt&ine^l  liberty  of  G.  C.t,  |<aid 
 the  expetlse  of  this  monument,  1798." 
 
 Towards  the  gate  on  the  west  end,  on  a  white 
 marble  slab,  is  the  insiTiption  : — 
 
 "  SjicretJ  to  the  memory  of  Rev.  William  Wilson,  second  paator  of 
 .\ugiistn  Cliurch.     Born  .\ugust  1st,  17.M;  died  liccember  1st,  IKfi." 
 
 A  little  nearer  the  gate,  upon  a  white  mtirble  slab, 
 is  to  1)e  read  : — 
 
 "  .Sacred  to  the  memory  of  Rev.  Conrad  Speeco,  n.D.,  for  more  than 
 twenty-two  years  pasl.)r  of  .\ugu9tii  Church ;  born  November  7lh, 
 177r. :  died  February  l."»tli,  18.16.  He  consecrated  a  mind  rich  in 
 genius  and  learning  to  the  sen'ico  of  his  Sjtviour.  in  the  great  work 
 of  the  gospel  ministry,  antl  here  sleeps  with  his  people,  till  they 
 stand  Iwfore  the  judgment  seat  of  Christ.  Reader — if  in  bis  life  he 
 tried  in  vain  to  gave,  hear  him  at  last,  O  I  hear  him  from  tlie  irrave. 
 This  stone  is  erected  in  token  of  aflection  that  can  know  no  end*." 
 
STS.UX. 
 
 872 
 
 urilATTOX. 
 
 Rev.  'W'ilHam  Brown  sueeeedi-d  Dr.  Spcece  in  the 
 Autumn  following  his  death  unil  remained  pastor  tor 
 about  twenty-live  years,  when  he  resigned  to  tiike 
 editorial  charge  of  the  Caiiral  rresbyierian.  Alter 
 condueting  this  pai>er  with  singulsir  ability  in  troul>- 
 lous  times,  an  honor  to  himself  and  a  benefit  to  the 
 Church,  he  was  compelled,  a  few  years  since,  by  the 
 enfeebled  state  of  his  eyesight,  to  surrender  it  to 
 others.  Kev.  Francis  Bowman  succeeded  him  in 
 charge  of  Augusta  Church  for  a  few  j'ears,  when  he 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  First  Church,  in  Slemphis, 
 where  he  fell  a  prey  (1873J  to  the  malignant  yellow- 
 fever.  His  successor  was  Rev.  I.  AV.  K.  Handy,  D.D., 
 who  remained  pastor,  though  for  several  years  in 
 feeble  health,  till  his  d&ith,  in  July,  1878.  Alter  a , 
 vacancy  of  a  few  years,  Rev.  Alexander  iSprunt  was 
 settled  pastor  and  still  remains.  The  venerable 
 church  edifice  has  Ixen  refitted  and  the  long  used 
 p<-ws,  through  general  ions,  have  given  place  to  more 
 modern  structures,  and  the  interior  of  the  building 
 beautifully  arranged.  The  roof  has  been  remodeled 
 so  as  to  present  a  pleasing  shape  and  yet  not  destroy 
 the  unimi)aired  venerable  apxx'arauce  of  the  stone 
 walls,  which  for  nearly  a  century  and  a  half  have  re- 
 mained unaffected  by  storms  or  time's  corroding  hand. 
 Strain,  Rev.  John,  w;»s  licensed  by  the  Presl)y- 
 tery  ol'  New  Castle,  Jlay  2yih,  17oil,  and  ordained  in 
 17U1.  He  settled  in  York  county,  Pa.  Dr.  Archi- 
 bald Alexander  s;iid  of  him,  that  he  w;us  a  preacher 
 of  uncommon  power  and  success,  and  his  manner 
 awfully  solemn.  He  was  called  to  succeed  Gilbert 
 Tennent,  in  Philadelpliia,  but  declined  the  call.  He 
 died  May  21st,  1774. 
 
 Stratton,  Rev.  Daniel,  the  son  of  Daniel  P.  and 
 Jane  (Buck)  Stratton,  was  Ijorn  in  Bridgcton,  X.  J., 
 September  28th,  1814.  He  graduated  at  Xew  Jer- 
 sey College  in  1833,  tiiught  for  a  year  in  Salem,  N. 
 J.,  and  entered  the  Seminary  at  Princeton,  butfaUiug 
 health  requiring  a  warmer  climate,  he  finished  his 
 theological  course  at  Union  Seminary,  Va.,  in  1837. 
 On  Aj)ril  13th,  of  that  year,  he  was  licensed  by  West 
 Hanover  Presbj-tery.  Subsequently  he  wi»s  installed 
 p;istor  at  Kewljern,  X.  C,  where,  for  fifteen  years, 
 he  faithfully  preached  the  Word  of  God,  while  with 
 a  holy  e.vample  he  illustrated  its  power.  In  .Vugust, 
 Is.Vi,  he  Ixjcame  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Salem,  X.  J., 
 and  for  the  space  of  fourteen  j'cjirs  went  in  and  out 
 before  this  people.  He  died  at  his  residence  in  Salem, 
 August  24th,  18()(i.  Mr.  Stratton  had  a  vigorous  and 
 cultivated  mind.  There  was  a  massive  force  and  a 
 lumincuis  wisdom  in  his  utterances,  a  i>ertinence  in  his 
 matter,  a  gracefulness  in  his  style,  and  an  unction  in 
 his  tone,  which  made  him  a  preacher  of  no  common 
 order.  His  popularity,  for  a  si'ries  of  years  in  Xew- 
 bern  and  Salem,  is  sutlicieiit  evidence  of  this.  He 
 was  an  eminently  con.secratcd  man,  loved  the  work 
 of  the  ministry,  wrought  in  it  with  an  unusual  sim- 
 plicity of  faith  and  tenderness  of  love,  and  was  suc- 
 wssful  in  winning  manv  souls  to  the  Saviour. 
 
 Stratton,  Joseph  Buck,  D.  D.,now  in  the 
 fortieth  year  of  his  p;istorate  of  the  Prcsljyterian 
 Church  of  Xatchez,  MLss.,  was  born  at  Bridgcton, 
 X.  J.,  December  24th,  1815.  He  was  gnuiuated  at 
 Princeton  College,  in  September,  1K53,  and  after  a 
 course  of  study  for  the  profession  of  the  Law,  at 
 Philadelphia,,  he  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  of  that 
 city.  Bnt  in  1840,  without  any  di-scouraging  dis- 
 trust of  his  fitness  for  the  profession,  or  insen.sibilit.v 
 to  its  allurements,  he  yielded  to  the  supremacy  of 
 religious  convictions,  left  the  Bar,  and  entered  the 
 Theologic^U  Seminary  at  Princeton,  where  he  com- 
 pleted the  course  of  study,  and  for  a  time  filled  the 
 place  of  Tutor.  In  1842  he  was  licensed  to  preach 
 by  the  Presb.vtery  of  Philadelphia.  On  Deceml)er 
 31st,  1843,  he  Wiis  ordained   and  installed,  by  the 
 
 JOSEPH  BUCK  STRATTOK,  D.D. 
 
 Presbj-terv  of  Mississippi,  as  pastor  of  the  church  of 
 which  he  has  ever  since  had  charge.  It  was  with 
 dillidence  that  he  consented  to  fill  a  positiim  which 
 had  been  occupied  by  the  gifted  and  eloquent  Rev. 
 Drs.  George  Potts  and  Samuel  G.  WinchestfT,  bnt  he 
 has  proved  himself  worthy  to  be  their  successor,  by 
 his  marked  puljjit  ability,  his  pastoral  fidelitj',  his 
 sound  judgnunt  and  discretion,  his  admirable  social 
 qualities,  and  his  earnest  aiul  exemplary  Christian 
 character.  The  test  of  twoscore  years  h:is  only 
 served  to  enlarge  his  usefulness,  ins]>ire  his  people 
 with  increased  confidenei'  and  affection,  and  augment 
 his  popularity  and  inlluence  in  the  city  and  region 
 in  which  he  ha.s  .so  long  and  so  faithfully  and  suc- 
 cessfully labored. 
 
 When  not  abroad  for  duty,  .is  a  memlx-r  of  the 
 
arBATius. 
 
 873 
 
 STKOXG. 
 
 jufliciitories  of  the  Church,  or  for  necessjiry  recrea- 
 tion, Dr.  .Strattou  has  rarely  been  absent  from  his 
 pulpit.  Thout^h  sleiuler  in  stature,  aud  apparently 
 frail  and  delicate,  the  rule  of  dependence  for  strength 
 of  mind  upon  body  has  seeinin;j;ly  been  reverseil  in 
 him.  He  h;us  wonderl'ul  physical  vi^or,  in  connection 
 with  tireless  mental  energy.  Of  the  published  pro- 
 iluctions  of  his  pen  may  be  mentioned  a  sermon 
 entitled  "Truth  in  the  Household,"  preached  before 
 the  General  .\ssembly  of  ISj",  in  behalf  of  the  Board 
 of  Publication;  his  "Report  on  Beneliciary  Educa- 
 tion,"' to  the  General  Assembly  (South)  of  1877, 
 occitsional  sermons  to  his  charge,  a  manual  for  inqui- 
 rers, entitled  "Confessing  Christ,"  and  addresses  on 
 several  occixsions.  His  contributions  to  the  religious 
 press  have  had  attractions  extending  beyond  the 
 circle  of  partial  readers.  Dr.  Stratton  is  highly 
 esteemed  by  his  ministerial  brethren,  aud  whilst 
 agreeably  characterized  by  the  amenities  of  social 
 life,  is  nevertheless  lirm  and  decided  in  his  iulherence 
 to  and  maintenance  of  his  convictions  of  truth  and 
 duty. 
 
 Stratton,  Rev.  "William  O.,  was  born  in 
 Baltimore,  Md.,  Xovenilier  I!»th,  171)8;  when  a 
 little  boy  worked  at  morocco  dressing;  at  the  age  of 
 twelve  was  a  cjibiu  boy  ;  engaged  for  a  time  in 
 mercantile  business  in  New  York;  united  with  the 
 Presbyterian  Church;  studied  at  the  Academy  in 
 Bloomlield,  N.  J.,  three  years;  was  licensed  to  preach 
 the  gospel  in  182o;  labor('d  successfully  for  three 
 years  iu  New  .Jersey  and  Western  New  York;  went  to 
 (.)luo  as  a  licentiate  in  18-iS;  was  pjistor  of  the  Church 
 of  Cantield,  until  1811;  was  pastor  of  the  Church  of 
 North  Benton,  twenty-four  years,  where  there  were 
 wonderful  revivals  under  his  ministry;  and  subse- 
 quently resided  in  Warren,  admired  and  beloved  by 
 all,  and  occasionally  preaching  in  the  absence  of  the 
 pastor.  He  died  at  Warren,  Ohio,  January  27th, 
 1884.  Mr.  Stratton  was  a  man  of  great  personal  in- 
 tegrity and  of  most  earnest  Christian  belief.  He  was 
 active  and  zealous  iis  a  pastor  aud  held  in  the  highest 
 esteem  by  all  who  knew  him. 
 
 Strickland,  "William  P.,  D.D.,  was  born  in 
 Pittsburg,  I'a.,  August  17th,  H(l!).  He wasastudent 
 in  the  Ohio  University,  at  Athens,  and  in  after  years 
 received  from  that  Institution  the  degree  of  D.D.  His 
 lirst  ministry  was  iu  the  Methodist  Church,  in  which 
 he  filled  somei)rorainent  appointments.  He  served  live 
 years  as  agent  of  the  American  Bilile  Society,  after 
 which  he  became  .Vssoeiate  Editor  of  the  Clirinlian  Ad- 
 rocute  Jouniiil,  New  York.  In  IsiJ.'S  he  supplied  the 
 pulpit  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  Bridgelianipton, 
 L.  I.  After  nine  years  iu  this  position  he  was  unani- 
 mously chosen  its  p:istor  and  duly  installeil.  In  conse- 
 quence of  ill  health  he  w;is  obliged  to  resign  after 
 serving  three  years.  He  now  sustjiins  the  relation  of 
 Evangelist  in  the  New  York  Presbytery.  Dr.  Strick- 
 land is  the  aut  hor  of  a  number  of  po))ular  works,  among 
 which  are  the  "History  of  the  American  Bible. Society," 
 
 "Mauual«)f  Biblical  Literature,"  "Christianity,  De- 
 monstrated," etc.,  etc.  He  has  also  made  large  and 
 valuable  contributions  to  cyclopcedias,  reviews,  maga- 
 zines, and  papers. 
 
 Strong,  Addison  Kellogg,  D.  D.,  wxs  born  in 
 .\urora,  N.  Y.,  March  'J7tli,  18-;.!,  and  graduated  from 
 Hamilton  College  in  1842.  He  was  ordained  and 
 installed  at  Otisco,  N.  Y.,  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Onondaga,  December,  1846.  His  pastoral  relation 
 continued  until  lf<55.  His  subsequent  fields  of  labor 
 have  been  :  Monroe,  Mich.,  185.5-63;  Galena,  111., 
 18r;:!-«;  Park  Chureh.  Syracuse,  18G6-70;  Pine  Street 
 Church,  Harrisburg,  Pa.,  187l)-4;  First  Presbyterian 
 Chureh,  Kalamazoo,  Mich.,  1874-0  ;  Clyde,  N.  Y.. 
 1877-!t;  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  1X79-8-2.  He  received  the 
 degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  Hamilton  College 
 in  1869.  Dr.  Strong's  ministrations  have  1)cen  marked 
 with  ability  and  attended  with  success.  He  is 
 earnest  in  his  work,  aud  shuns  not  to  declare  the 
 whole  counsel  of  God. 
 
 Strong,  "William,  LL.  D.,  is  one  of  the  most 
 eminent  jurists  of  our  country.     His  lifo  has  l)een 
 
 WILLIAM   STROVa,    LL.  D. 
 
 signally  marked  with  honor  and  usefulness.  He  w:>s 
 born  at  Somers,  Conn.,  May  6th,  l-<08.  His  father 
 was  the  Kev.  William  L.  Strong,  who  for  twenty-five 
 years  w;us  pastor  of  the  Congreg-.itional  Church  at 
 Somers,  succeeding  Kev.  Dr.  Biickus,  and  subsi'- 
 quently  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Vienna, 
 N.  Y.  Ho  graduated  from  Yale  College  in  1S-2S, 
 aud  t;»ught  school  three  years,  during  which  he 
 studietl  law,  p;irt  of  the  time  at  the  New  Haven 
 Law  School.  He  commenced  legal  practice  at  Read- 
 ing. Pa.,  in  IKK;  in  l-<4;i  was  chosen  an  elder  of  the 
 
smyKEJi. 
 
 874 
 
 nrVDDIFORD. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church  there;  in  l''4G  was  .elected  to 
 Congress,  and  again  in  1848.  Declining  a  re-election, 
 he  returned  to  his  legtil  practice.  In  1857  he  w;is 
 elected  a  Judge  of  the  Supriino  Court  of  Pennsyl- 
 vania, and  then  removed  to  Philadelphia,  connecting 
 himself  with  Calvary  Presbyterian  Church,  of  which 
 he  was  immediately  chosen  an  elder. 
 
 Judge  Strong  resigned  his  judicial  coraraissiou 
 October  1st,  1868,  and  commenced  the  practice  of 
 the  law  in  Phihulelphia.  In  January,  1870,  he  was 
 appointed  a  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
 States,  when  he  removed  to  Washington.  He  con- 
 tinued in  that  Court  until  the  close  of  the  year  1880, 
 tiiithfuUy  meeting  the  demands  of  the  position,  and 
 then  resigned.  He  has  been  an  elder  of  the  New 
 York  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church,  of  Washington, 
 from  a  short  time  after  his  removal  there.  He  was 
 for  many  years  a  corporate  member  of  the  A.  B.  C. 
 F.  M.,  and  until  the  union  of  the  two  branches  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church.  He  w;is  a  member  of  the 
 committee  that  prepared  and  reported  the  plan  of 
 union.  He  has  been  many  years  a  Vice-president  of 
 the  .\merican  Bible  Society  and  of  the  American 
 Sunday  School  Union,  and  for  some  years  has  been 
 President  of  the  American  Tract  Society.  He  has 
 been  honored  with  the  degree  of  LL.D.  by  his  Alma 
 Mater,  Yale  College,  by  Princeton,  and  by  Lafayette. 
 He  was  a  member  of  the  Second  General  Council  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Alliance,  which  convened  at  Phila- 
 delphia, September,  1880.  He  is  highly  esteemed  for 
 his  dignity,  uprightness,  social  qualities  and  intel- 
 lectual ability,  and  in  the  judicatories  of  the  Church 
 and  other  spheres  of  Christian  activity  exerts  a  com- 
 manding influence. 
 
 Stryker,  Peter,  D.  D.,  is  a  son  of  the  Rev. 
 Herman  B.  Stryker,  and  grandson  of  the  Rev.  Peter 
 Stryker.  He  w:is  born  in  Fairfield,  X.  Y.,  April  8th, 
 1826;  spent  two  years  in  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
 vania; graduat<'d  at  Rutgers  College,  and  from  the 
 Theological  Seminary,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  in 
 1^4'^.  After  being  settled  for  eiglit  years  in  Reformed 
 ihurches  of  Raritan,  N.  J.,  and  Khincbeck,  N.  Y., 
 he  became  p;istorof  Broome  Street  Reformed  Church, 
 New  York  city,  in  18.56,  and  continued  in  this  rela- 
 tion twelve  years.  In  1868  he  Wiis  installed  over 
 the  North  Broad  Street  Presbyterian  Church,  Phila- 
 delphia, and  resigning  this  charge  in  \f*~U,  on  account 
 of  the  health  of  two  members  of  his  family,  lussumed 
 the  pastorate  of  the  First  Presbyt<'rian  Churc-h,  Rome, 
 N.  Y.  In  1876  he  was  (uilled  to  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Saratoga,  N.  Y.  In  1884  he  took  charge  of 
 .Vndrew  Cliurch,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
 
 Dr.  .Stryker  is  of  a  genial  and  cheerful  .spirit;  he  has 
 written  much  for  religious  journals,  published  a  num- 
 ber of  sermons  and  tracts,  and  is  the  author  of  a 
 little  volume,  entitled.  '■  Little  Gems  from  the 
 Saviour's  Crown,"  and  a  number  of  published 
 hymns.  He  is  mnch  int<Tested  in  the  Temperance 
 reform,  and  luis  been  one  of  the  Vice-presidents  of  the 
 
 National  Temperance  Society,  and  Chairman  of  the 
 Board  of  Managers  of  the  New  Y'ork  State  Tem- 
 perance Society.  He  frequently  preaches  and 
 lectures  on  this  subject.  He  loves  to  work,  and 
 all  that  he  attempts  is  done  with  judgment  and 
 energy,  and  hence  generally  with  success.  He  is  a 
 fluent  and  practical  preacher.  He  is  also  logical 
 and  argumentative,  and  whatever  he  has  to  say,  does 
 not  hesitate  to  say  it  fearlessly  and  to  the  point. 
 Instead  of  traveling  along  the  beaten  track  of  his 
 pastoral  duties,  he  puts  his  shoulder  to  the  wheel 
 wherever  he  thinks  In-  can  do  his  fellow-man  a  .service. 
 
 Stuart,  Joseph,  although  a  native  of  the  North 
 of  Ireland,  was  a  citizen  of  New  York  city  for  ntarly 
 half  a  century.  He  possessed  many  excellent  iiualities, 
 was  highly  gilted  a-s  a  financier,  which  qualilicd 
 him  to  sustain  many  important  positions  of  usefulness 
 and  responsibility  in  various  monetary  and  beneficent 
 institutions.  Blending  gentleness  with  firmness  in 
 an  eminent  degree,  he  Wiis  quiet  and  unostintatious 
 in  business  relations,  genial  and  amiable  in  deport- 
 ment, and  ever  ready  by  aid  or  counsel  to  assist  others 
 in  any  walk  of  life.  As  a  member  of  the  Fourth 
 Presbyterian  Church,  his  love  and  reverence  for  the 
 institutions  of  religion  shone  with  a  calm  and  steady 
 lustre.  As  a  practical  philanthropist,  recognizing  the 
 claims  imposed  by  the  varied  necessities  of  a  common 
 humanity,  he  deeply  -sympathized  in  the  objects  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Hospital  in  New  York,  of  which  he 
 was  a  manager,  and  from  its  projection  to  the  close 
 of  his  life  (November  18th,  1874)  was  unremitted  in 
 his  efforts  to  promote  its  interests. 
 
 Stuart,  Robert,  born  in  Perthshire,  Scotland, 
 in  1784,  the  son  of  upright  parents  ;  he  came  to 
 America  in  his  22d  year;  connected  himself  with 
 John  Jacob  Astor  in  the  organization  of  "The  Pacific 
 Fur  Comp.any  ;"'  .siiiled  for  that  coast  by  way  of  Cape 
 Horn,  in  1810,  and  aided  in  founding  .Vstoria;  returned 
 to  New  York  by  laud  abcnit  1812.  In  1S17,  he  went 
 to  the  island  of  Mackinaw,  where  he  conducted  the 
 business  of  the  American  Fur  Company  for  seventeen 
 years,  where,  in  1828,  he  was  converted;  removed  to 
 Detroit,  Mich.,  in  18;J5,  and  in  18.37  he  was  elected  a 
 ruling  elder  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church.  He 
 died  suddenly,  on  the  29th  of  October,  1848.  A 
 funeral  discourse  was  delivered  by  his  ]>astor.  Rev. 
 George  Oulluld,  l),r>.,  in  which  he  was  .shown  to  be,  in 
 life,  character  and  example,  "the  faithful  Cliristian." 
 He  w.is  a  man  of  great  business  ability  and  energy, 
 and  of  incorruptible  integrity.  A  man,  in  ajipear- 
 ance  and  manner,  of  stern  and  severe  disposition, 
 but  his  heart  was  large  and  tender,  and  gentle  at 
 times  as  a  little  child's.  His  character  w.as  that  of 
 a  noble  and  consistent  Christian,  and  an  exemplary 
 man  of  busine.-i.s. 
 
 Studdiford,  Peter  O.,  D.D.,  was  horn  at  Kead- 
 ingtou.  N.  .1.,  .January  11th,  1799;  gra<iuated  with 
 the  highest  honor  at  Kutgers  College  in  1816;  fin- 
 ished his  theological  course  at  Princeton,  September 
 
SUGAH  CHEEK  CUCKCU. 
 
 875 
 
 SUGAR  CHEEK  CHURCH. 
 
 •29th,  1821 ;  was  licensed  by  New  Brunswick  Presby- 
 tery, April  STth,  1819,  and  began  his  labors  in  the 
 neighborliood  of  Bristol  and  Tullytown,  l\i.  He 
 conuiiinced  his  labors  at  Lanibert\ ille,  N.  .1.,  De- 
 cember 2d,  1821,  alteriiatiug  for  one  year  with  the 
 Solebury  Church  in  Pennsylvania.  In  June,  1825, 
 he  was  insfcilled  pastor  of  these  churches.  In  the 
 same  year  he  opened  a  cUwsical  school  in  his  own 
 house,  and  from  that  time  onward  he  labored  as 
 pastor  and  teacher  with  this  people.  He  died  June 
 5th,  1806.  Dr.  Charles  Hodge,  who  knew  Dr. 
 Studdifurd  long  and  well,  .said  of  him:  "  W'e  all 
 esteemed  hira  as  an  eminently  wise,  judicious  and 
 able  theologian.  In  the  course  of  fifty-five  years  I 
 never  heard  him  si)eak  evil  of  any  man,  and  I  never 
 heard  any  man  speak  evil  of  him.  In  the  discharge 
 of  his  p;ustoral  duties  he  was  instructive,  faithful  and 
 laborious.  In  the  judicatories  and  boards  of  our 
 Church  he  was  uniformlj'  kind  and  courteous,  and 
 his  opinions  were  always  received  with  the  greatest 
 deference.  Very  few  men  lived  a  more  honored  and 
 iLseful  life;  few  men  more  lamented  in  death." 
 
 Sugar  Creek  Church,  Mecklenburg  county. 
 North  Carolina.  About  three  miles  north  of  Char- 
 lotte is  the  plain  brick  meeting-house  of  the  Sugar 
 Creek  congregation.  This  is  the  present  place  of 
 worshipof  part  of  the  oldest  Presbyterian  congregation 
 in  the  upper  country,  in  .some  measure  the  parent  of 
 the  seven  eongregalinnn  that  formed  the  Convention  in 
 Charlott*',  in  1775,  by  which  the  Mecklenburg  Declara- 
 tion of  Independence  was  framed  and  adopted.  The 
 Indian  name  of  the  creek  which  gave  name  to  the 
 congregation  was  pronounced  Siir/nw  or  Soui/aw,  and 
 in  the  early  records  of  the  church  was  written  SiKjnw; 
 but  for  many  years  it  h;us  l)eeu  written  according  to 
 the  common  pronunciation,  ending  the  word  with  the 
 letter  r  instead  of  ic.  This  brick  church  is  the  third 
 house  of  worship  used  by  the  congregation;  the  first 
 stood  alMUt  half  a  mile  west  from  this,  and  the  second 
 a  few  steps  south,  the  pulpit  being  over  the  place  now 
 occupied  by  the  pastor's  grave. 
 
 Previous  to  the  year  17.">()  the  emigration  to  this 
 beautiful  but  dist;uit  frontier  was  slow,  and  the  soli- 
 tary cabins  were  found  uiion  the  borders  of  prairies 
 and  in  the  vicinity  of  canebrakes,  the  immense  ranges 
 abounding  with  wild  game  and  affording  sustenance 
 the  whole  year  for  herds  of  tame  cattle.  Extensive 
 tracts  of  country  between  the  Yadkin  and  the 
 Catawba,  now  waving  with  thrifty  Ibrest,  then  were 
 covered  with  tall  gra.ss,  with  .sc;irce  a  bush  or  shruli, 
 looking,  at  first  view,  as  if  immense  grazing  farms 
 had  been  at  once  abandoned,  the  hou.ses  disajipcaring, 
 and  the  abundant  gra.ss  luxuriating  in  its  native  wild- 
 ness  and  beauty,  the  wild  herds  wandi^riiig  at  pletisure, 
 and  nature  rejoicing  in  undisturbed  (juietness. 
 
 From  about  the  year  17.'>0,  family  after  family, 
 group  after  group,  succeeded  in  rapid  progression, 
 led  on  by  reports  .sent  back  by  the  adventurous 
 pioneers,  of  the  fertility  and  beauty  of  those   soli- 
 
 tudes, where  conscience  was  free  and  labor  all  vol- 
 untarj'.  By  the  time  that  the  Rev.  Hugh  McAden 
 visited  the  settlements,  in  1755  and  175(j,  they  were 
 In  suflicient  numbers  to  form  a  congregation  in  the 
 centre  spot.  Many  of  the  early  settlers  weri>  truly 
 pious,  many  otliers  had  been  accustomed  to  attend 
 upon  and  su])i)ort  the  ordinances  of  God's  House.  In- 
 termingled were  some  that  delighted,  in  these  soli- 
 tudes, to  throw  oil'  all  restraint,  and  live  in  open  dis- 
 regard of  the  ordinances  of  God,  and  as  far  as  was 
 safe,  in  defiance  of  the  laws  of  man.  The  pious  and 
 the  moral  united  in  the  worship  of  God,  and  formed 
 the  congregation  of  Sugaw  Creek,  which  knew  no 
 other  bounds  than  the  distance  men  and  women  could 
 walk  or  ride  to  church,  which  was  often  as  much  as 
 liltecn  miles,  as  a  regular  thing,  and  twenty  for  an 
 occ;i.sional  meeting.  A  visit  to  the  localities  of  this 
 congregation  will  reward  the  traveler. 
 
 Turning  westward  from  this  brick  church,  aliout 
 half  a  mile  through  the  woods,  you  find,  on  a  gentle 
 ascent,  the  first  burying-ground  of  this  congregation, 
 and  probably  the  oldest  in  Mecklenburg  county.  A 
 few  rods  to  the  east  of  the  stone  wall  that  surrounds 
 it  stood  a  log  church,  where  the  Rev.  Alexander 
 Craighead  preached,  and  where  were  congregated, 
 from  Sabbath  to  Sabbath,  many  choice  spirits,  that, 
 having  worshiped  the  God  of  their  fathers,  in  this 
 wilderness,  tar  from  their  native  land,  now  sleep  in 
 this  yard.  The  house,  to  its  very  foundation,  has 
 pas.sed  away,  and  with  it  the  generation  that  gathered 
 in  it  upon  the  first  settlement  of  the  land.  Their 
 deeds  remain.  The  children  of  that  race  have  passed 
 away  too,  and  with  them  is  passing,  fast  p:issing,  to 
 oblivion,  the  knowledge  of  things  and  men  and 
 deeds,  which  posterity  will  tain  dig  from  the  rubbish 
 of  antiquity,  and  shall  dig  for  in  vain.  The  genera- 
 tion has  pas.sed,  without  a  history,  and  almost  with- 
 out an  epitaph. 
 
 The.se  little  breaches  you  .see  in  the  time-det\ing 
 wall,  reared  by  the  emigrants  around  the  burial  place 
 of  their  dead,  were  made  by  gold  diggers,  when  the 
 excitement  first  spread  over  the  land,  upon  the  dis- 
 covery that  these  adventurous  ju-ople  had  lived  and 
 died,  and  were  buried  here,  ignorant  that  there  was, 
 or  could  be,  in  their  place  of  worship  and  sepulchre, 
 any  deposit  more  dear  to  posterity  than  the  ashes  of 
 their  ancestors.  Entering  by  the  gateway  at  the 
 northwestern  corner,  through  which  the  emigrants 
 carried  their  dead,  a  multitude  of  graves,  closely 
 <()ngregated,  meet  the  eye.  You  cannot  avoid  the 
 impression,  as  you  move  on,  that  you  are  walking 
 upon  the  ashes  of  the  dead,  and  ;us  you  rejul  son\o  of 
 the  scanty  memorials  reared  by  affection  to  mark 
 the  burial  places  of  friends,  that  you  are  among  the 
 tombs  of  the  first  settlers,  who  lie  in  crowds  beneath 
 your  feet,  without  a  stone  to  tell  whose  body  is  rest- 
 ing there  in  expectation  of  the  resurrection. 
 
 The  first  head-stone,  a  little  distance  from  the 
 gate  on  the  right,  is  inscribed — 
 
SUGAR  CBEEK  CHURCH. 
 
 876 
 
 SUGAR  CREEK  CHURCH. 
 
 "Mas.  Jemima  Alexander  Suabpe,  Born  January  9th,  1727, 
 Died  September  \»t,  1707,  a  widow  thirty-eight  years." 
 
 An  elfler  sister  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Convention, 
 one  of  the  earliest  emigrants  to  this  country.  She  used 
 to  say  that  in  the  early  days  of  her  residence  here 
 her  nearest  neighbor  northward  was  eight  miles,  and 
 southward  and  eastward  lifteen;  that  the  coming  of 
 a  neighbor  w;is  a  matter  of  rejoicing,  and  that  her 
 heart  was  sustained  in  her  solitude  by  the  doctrines 
 of  the  gospel  and  the  creed  of  her  Church. 
 
 In  the  southwest  corner  is  an  inscription  to  Jane 
 Wallis,  who  died  July  31st,  1792,  in  the  eightieth  year 
 of  her  age;  the  honored  mother  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Wallis, 
 minister  of  Providence,  some  tiftccn  miles  south  of  this 
 place,  the  able  defender  of  Cliristianity  against  in- 
 fidelity spreading  over  the  country  at  the  dose  of  the 
 Kevolution,  like  a  flood.    His  grave  is  with  his  people. 
 
 Near  the  middle  of  the  yard  is  the  stone  inscribed 
 to  the  memory  of  David  Kobinson,  who  died  Octo- 
 1)er  12th,  1808,  aged  eighty-two,  an  emigrant,  and 
 the  father  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Robinson,  who  served  the 
 congregation  of  Poplar  Tent  about  forty  years,  and 
 ended  his  course  in  December,  1843.  It  was  at  a 
 spring  on  this  man's  land,  and  near  his  house,  that 
 the  congregation  of  Sugar  Creek  and  Hopewell  used 
 to  meet  and  spend  days  of  fasting  and  prayer  to- 
 gether, during  the  troublesome  times  of  the  early 
 stages  of  the  French  Revolution.  From  the  peculiar 
 formation  of  the  ravine  around  the  spring,  the  pious 
 people  were  willing  to  believe  that  it  was  a  place  de- 
 signed of  God  for  his  people  to  meet  and  seek  his  face. 
 
 The  oldest  raouumeut,  but  not  the  monument  of 
 
 the  oldest  grave,  is  a  small  stone  thus  inscribed  : — • 
 
 Here  Lys  the 
 
 Body  of  KoBEiiT 
 
 McKee,  who  di'ceased 
 
 OltobtT  Iho  I'Jtli,  1775, 
 
 Aged  7:j  yeare. 
 
 .Vround  lie  many  that  were  distingui.shed  in  the 
 Revolution,  without  a  stone  to  their  graves,  and  not 
 one  with  an  epitaph  that  should  tell  the  fact  of  that 
 honorable  distinction.  Perhaps  the  omLssion  may 
 have  ari.sen  from  the  circumstance,  honorable  to  the 
 country,  that,  with  few  exceptions,  the  whole  neigh- 
 borhood were  noted  for  privations  and  suffering,  and 
 brave  exploits  in  a  cause  sacred  in  their  eyes. 
 
 The  most  interesting  grave  is  at  the  southeast 
 corner,  without  an  inscription  or  even  a  stone  or 
 mound  to  signify  that  the  bones  of  any  mortal  are 
 there.  It  is  the  grave  of  the  Reverend  Alexnnilrr 
 Craiijhead,  the  first  minister  of  the  congregation,  and 
 of  the  six  succeeding  ones  (Steel  Creek,  Providence, 
 Hopewell,  Centre,  Rocky  River  and  Poplar  Tent), 
 whose  members  composed  the  entire  Convention  in 
 Charlotte,  in  May.  177").  Tradition  says  that  the  two 
 sa-s-safras  trees  standing  tlu^  one  at  the  head  and  the 
 other  at  the  foot  of  the  grave  sprung  from  two  sticks 
 on  which,  as  a  bier,  the  colfiu  of  this  memorable  man 
 Wiis  borne  to  the  grave  in  March,  17(i(i.  Mr.  Craig- 
 head was  distinguished  by  his  aspirations  for  liberty, 
 
 and  the  community  which  assumed  its  form  under 
 his  guiding  hand  had  the  image  of  democratic  rei)ub- 
 lican  liberty  more  fair  than  any  sister  settlement  in 
 all  the  South,  perhaps  in  all  the  United  States.  And 
 his  religious  creed  as  to  doctrines,  and  also  as  to 
 experience,  hiis  been  the  creed  of  the  Presbyterians 
 of  Mecklenburg.  Besides  this  double  influence  of  the 
 man,  living  and  .speaking  after  him,  much  of  his 
 spirit  has  been  inherited  by  his  descendants,  and 
 with  it  the  affections  of  the  people. 
 
 •  The  immediate  successor  of  Mr.  Craighead  was 
 Joseph  Alexander,  a  connection  of  the  McKnitt 
 branch  of  Alexanders,  a  man  of  education  and  talents, 
 of  small  stature,  and  exceedingly  animated  in  his 
 pulpit  exercises.  His  installation  took  place  on  the 
 third  Friday  in  May,  1768.  On  February  21.st,  1792, 
 the  Rev.  Samuel  C.  Caldwell  became  pastor  of  Sugar 
 Creek  and  Hopewell  churches.  Of  great  self-com- 
 mand, clear  in  his  conception  of  truth,  and  plain  in 
 his  enunciation,  both  iu  style  and  manner,  amiable 
 in  his  disposition  and  manners,  kind  from  his  natural 
 feelings,  and  from  the  benevolence  of  the  g()si)el  he 
 loved  and  preached,  he  passed  his  whole  ministerial 
 life,  after  his  ordination,  in  connection  with  the 
 prominent  congregation  that  had  called  him  to  be 
 pastor.  Entering  the  burial-ground  of  Sugar  Creek 
 by  the  roadside,  on  the  south,  the  first  white  stone 
 that  meets  the  eye  marks  his  grave,  directly  beneath 
 the  communion  table  of  the  log  church  he  long 
 occupied  as  minister,  the  spot  where  he  stood  when 
 he  took  his  ordination  vows,  and  where  he  chose  to 
 be  buried  when  he  should  have  finished  his  course. 
 His  epitaph  is  : — 
 
 Sacral/ 
 
 to  the  memory  of  the  hito 
 
 Key.  Saml'el  C.  Caldwell, 
 
 who  departed  this  life 
 
 Oct.  :iJ,  IS-il'i, 
 
 in  the  5yth  year  of  liis  age, 
 
 and  tlie  :totli  of  liii^  pastoral 
 
 office  of  Sugar  Creek  Congregation. 
 
 Hid  long  and  harmonious  continuance 
 
 in  that  relation 
 
 is  his  best  Eulogiuui. 
 
 The  Rev.  Hall  Morrison,  his  successor,  became  the 
 pastor  of  the  church  iu  1827,  and  continued  for  ten 
 years,  preaching  a  fourth  of  his  time  at  Charlotte- 
 town.  In  1837  he  was  removed  to  the  Presidential 
 chair  of  Davidson  College.  His  succe.ssor  was  Rev. 
 John  M.  M.  Caldwell,  the  son  of  the  Rev.  S.  C.  Cald- 
 well, who  resigned  his  ollice  in  184.1. 
 
 Stepping  a  little  further  into  the  middle  of  the 
 yard,  under  the  shade  of  these  old  oaks,  we  may  read 
 on  an  humble  stone  the  name  of  one  who  will  never 
 l)e  forgott<m  in  Carolina,  a  magistrate  of  the  county, 
 the  Chairm.-in  of  the  Convention  of  177.1.  and  of  the 
 Committee  of  Public  Safety  and  an  elder  of  the  church, 
 
 .VlUtAHAM    .\LEXAM>EIt, 
 
 Hied  .Vpril  iW,  17811, 
 Aged  lis  yeal*>. 
 "Let  me  die  the  doatli  of  the  Uighteous.  uiirj  let  my  last  end  he 
 like  bis." 
 
.s  I  XDA  Y-SCHOOL  ST  A  TISTICS. 
 
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SUNDERLAND. 
 
 878 
 
 SUTPHEN. 
 
 Sunderland,  Byron,  D.  D.,  was  horn  Xovembei- 
 22(1,  1819,  in  Shorcliam,  Aiklisou  county,  Vt.  He 
 graduated  at  Middkbury  College,  in  his  native  State, 
 in  1838.  After  teaching  for  some  time,  he  studied 
 theology  at  Union  Theological  Seminaiy,  New  York 
 city,  from  1841  to  May,  1843.  He  was  installed  pas- 
 tor of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  Batavia,  N.  Y.,  in 
 the  Autumn  of  1843.  In  18.51  he  was  called  to  the 
 pastorate  of  Park  Presbyterian  Church,  Syracuse,  N. 
 Y.,  where,  declining  installation  for  a  time,  belabored 
 as  i)astor  elect  until  the  beginning  of  1853,  when  he 
 accepted  a  call  from  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  AVashington,  D.  C,  over  which  he  was  installed 
 the  following  April,  and  of  which  he  still  has  charge. 
 
 In  July,  1861,  Dr.  Sunderland  was  elected  Chap- 
 lain of  the  United  States  Senate,  which  office  he 
 resigned  in  May,  1864,  on  account  of  impaired  health, 
 and  with  a  view  of  taking  charge  of  the  American 
 Chapel,  at  Paris,  France,  to  which  he  had  been  ap- 
 pointed for  the  term  of  four  years,  by  the  Board  of 
 Directors  of  the  American  and  Foreign  Christian 
 Union,  of  New  York  city.  He  arrived,  with  his 
 family,  in  Paris,  September  13th,  1864,  aud  immedi- 
 ately assumed  the  charge  of  the  chapel  there,  which 
 he  held  until  December,  1865,  when,  on  the  restora- 
 tion of  his  health,  he  resigned  the  charge,  and 
 returned  to  his  pastoral  labors  in  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  AVashington,  D.  C.  On  December 
 8th.  1873,  he  was  again  chosen  Chaplain  of  the  United 
 States  Senate,  and  held  this  office  till  superseded  by 
 the  Rev.  Dr.  Bullock,  in  March,  1879.  He  still  con- 
 tinues actively  in  a  pastorate  extending  over  thirty 
 years,  the  thirtieth  anniversary  of  which  was  com- 
 memorated by  his  people  February  6th,  1883.  Dr. 
 Sunderland  stands  among  the  foremost  preachers  of 
 the  Pre.sbj'terian  Church.  He  is  an  eloquent  speaker, 
 a  ready  debater,  rigid  in  his  adherence  to  sound  doc- 
 trine, and  self-sacrificing  in  his  labors. 
 
 Susquehanna  Presbytery,  the  earliest  Pres- 
 byterial  organization  in  Northeastern  Pennsylvania, 
 grew  out  of  the  Luzerne  Association  of  Congrega- 
 tional ministers  and  churches. 
 
 The  name  of  Presbytery,  with  the  appellation  of 
 Sus(|uchanna,  was  assumed  September  16th,  1817,  at 
 a  niectiug  of  the  Association  in  Colesville,  a  village 
 of  Windsor,  N.  Y.  The  change  was  simply  that  of 
 name.  Coimection  with  the  Synod  of  New  York 
 and  New  Jersey  was  not  sought  until  September  18th, 
 18-21. 
 
 The  Presbytery  then  consisted  of  six  ministers 
 able  to  lal)or  and  two  unable,  and  had  under  their 
 care  twenty -four  feeble  churches,  covering  nearly  one 
 buuilrid  miles  square  and  embracing  about  forty 
 thousand  inhabitants.  It  had  Wilkesbarre  as  its 
 southern  limit  and  Bingham  ton,  N.  Y.,  as  its 
 northern.  It  was  received  by  Synod  on  the  "Plan 
 of  Union."  The  eight  ministers  were  Ebenezer 
 Kingsbury,  Cyrus  Gildersleeve,  Simeon  K.  .Jones, 
 Oliver  Hill,  Lyman  Ricliardscm,  Salmon  King,  Joel 
 
 Chapin  and  Joseph  AVood.  The  twenty-four  churches 
 were  Wilkesbarre,  Kingston,  W3-alusing,  Orwell  aud 
 Warren,  Wysox,  Braintrim  and  Windham,  Athens, 
 Smithfield,  Wells,  Harford,  Bridgewater,  First  and 
 Second,  Springville,  Middletown,  Salem  and  Pal- 
 myra, Lawsville,  Gibson,  North  Windsor,  South 
 Wind.sor,  Great  Bend,  Ararat,  Pike,  Silver  Lake  and 
 New  Millord. 
 
 In  183i,  the  Presbytery  had  grown  to  twenty-nine 
 churches  and  thirteeu  ministers,  when,  owing  to  its 
 "wide  aud  inconvenient  extent  of  territory,"  the 
 Synod  of  New  Jersey,  in  answer  to  petition,  set  off 
 from  it  the  Presb3'tery  of  Montrose.  There  were  left 
 nine  ministers  and  fifteen  churches,  included  in  the 
 counties  of  Bradford  aud  Luzerne,  Pa. 
 
 In  1843  the  formation  of  the  Presbytery  of  Luzerne 
 detached  several  churches  aud  ministers.  Susque- 
 hanna, when  at  the  time  of  reunion,  in  1870,  it  was 
 merged  in  the  new  Presbytery  of  Lackawanna,  num- 
 bered thirteen  ministers  and  sixteen  churches.  It 
 was,  through  all  its  history,  a  missionary  body,  and 
 its  members  were  distinguished  for  their  self  denial 
 and  zeal  in  religious  work.  In  course  of  time  the 
 churches  all  changed  their  congregational  form,  and 
 became  thoroughly  Presbyterian.  They  were  highly 
 evangelical.  Faithfulness  and  discipline  distin- 
 guished them.  They  believed  in  prayer  aud  in  keep- 
 ing the  Sabbath  holy.  Its  testimony  for  Temperance 
 was  of  the  strongest  kind.  Great  harmony  usually 
 distinguished  the 'meetings  of  the  brethren  in  Pres- 
 bytery. Rev.  C.  C.  Cross  had  been  Stated  Clerk  for 
 many  years  previous  to  the  dissolution,  in  1870,  and 
 the  only  minister  in  it  at  that  time  who  had  been  in 
 it  In  1843.  Mr.  Cross  joined  it  in  1836.  He  still 
 lives,  hale  and  hearty,  a  member  of  the  Presbytery's 
 succes.sor,  having  accomplished  nearly  fifty  years  of 
 ministerial  lalior  in  the  one  region. 
 
 Sutherland,  Rev.  John  Ross,  is  a  native  of 
 Ontario.  He  was  born  in  Kirk  Hill,  November  7th, 
 1846;  studied  at  Knox  College,  Toronto,  in  the  cla.ss 
 of  1870.  He  pursued  his  theological  studies  at  the 
 seminaries  of  Auburn  and  the  Northwest,  and  had 
 the  degree  of  D.D.  conferred  upon  him  by  Howard 
 University,  in  1879.  He  was  j)astor  of  the  Eiglith 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  1874-5.  In 
 1875,  he  took  charge  of  the  Church  at  Grand  Haven, 
 Michigan,  retaining  it  until  1880.  From  that  date  he 
 has  been  pastor  at  Jacksonville,  HI.  Dr.  Sutherland 
 is  a  faithful  and  acceptable  minister,  and  earnest  in 
 his  efforts  to  do  good. 
 
 Sutphen,  Rev.  Morris  Crater,  D.  D.,  was 
 born  December  1st,  l-(:!7,  in  IJcilminster  township, 
 Somerset  county,  N.  J.  He  graduated  at  Princeton 
 College  in  1856;  taught  nearly  a  year  in  Virginia; 
 entered  Princeton  Seminary  in  18.57,  where  he  gradu- 
 ated in  1860.  In  ))oth  the  college  and  seminary  he 
 attiiined  high  distinction  as  a  scholar.  He  was 
 licensed  .\pril  19th,  18.-,9,  bv  the  Presbytery  of  Eliza- 
 bcthtown;    May  1st,  1860,  he  w.as  ordained   by  the 
 
aVTTOX. 
 
 879 
 
 SWAXEi: 
 
 Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  and  installed  as  collegi- 
 ate i);istor  of  the  Spring  Garden  Chiu-ch,  in  that  city, 
 to  serve  as  co-pastor  with  the  venerable  Kev.  John 
 McDowell,  D.  D.,  at  whose  death,  Febrnary  13th, 
 1S63,  he  became  sole  pastor.  After  a  pastorate  of 
 marked  fruitfulness  and  popularity  of  six  years'  du- 
 ration, he  accepted  an  invitation  to  l)ecome  collegiate 
 pastor  with  the  venerable  Rev.  J.  McElroy,  D.  D.,  of 
 the  Scotch  Church,  in  New  York  city,  and  was  in- 
 stalled April  asth,  186(i.  Because  of  his  failing 
 health,  this  relation  w;us  dissolved  November  4th, 
 1872.  Afterwards  he  spent  a  Winter  at  Jacksonville, 
 in  Florida,  and  endeavored  there  to  supply  the  pulpit, 
 but  w;us  obliged  soon  to  relinquish  the  eftbrt.  Ee- 
 turiiing  to  the  North,  his  health  continued  to  fail, 
 and  he  died  June  18th,  1875,  iu  the  thirty-eighth 
 year  of  his  age. 
 
 Dr.  Sutphen  was  a  popular  and  successful  preacher, 
 a  man  of 'amiable  spirit,  a  Christian  gentleman,  a 
 laliorious  pastor,  a  diligent  student,  and  eminently 
 successful  in  all  the  varied  work  of  the  ministry. 
 The  presidency  of  at  least  three  colleges  was  offered 
 to  him,  and  at  one  time  a  place  iu  one  of  our  theo- 
 logical seminaries  was  within  his  reach,  but  to  no 
 one  of  these  positions  did  he  consider  his  health 
 adequate.  During  the  last  months  of  his  life  he  was 
 engaged  upon  a  "Manual  of  Family  Worship."  He 
 was  eminently  a  devout  man,  and  lived  very  near  to 
 Christ.  In  very  many  hearts  his  memory  will  be 
 .sacredly  cherished. 
 
 Sutton,  John,  the  second  son  of  Thomas  and 
 Rel)ecca  Sutton,  was  born  in  the  tovvn  of  Indiana. 
 Indiana  county.  Pa.,  Jlay  20th,  1814.  With  only 
 the  advantages  of  such  limited  educ;ition  as  could  be 
 obtained  in  those  early  days  iu  a  small  country  vil- 
 lage, he  entered  into  the  nrercantile  business,  on  the 
 death  of  his  father,  at  the  early  age  of  nineteen,  and 
 contiuued  therein  for  a  period  of  about  forty  years. 
 
 He  united  with  the  Presbyterian  Church  when 
 about  thirty-five  years  of  age,  and  wius  elected  to  the 
 office  of  ruling  elder  in  May,  18.51.  For  more  than 
 twenty-five  years  b.^fore  his  death,  he  was  super- 
 intendent of  the  Sabbath  school,  and  a  portion  of  the 
 time  teacher  of  a  young  men's  Bible  class.  He  was 
 also  a  Director  of  the  Western  Theological  Seminary 
 at  Allegheny,  for  several  years  prior  to  his  death, 
 which  occurred  June  Oth,  1877.  As  a  private  citizen, 
 for  lie  never  aspired  to  .any  political  preferment,  Mr. 
 .Sutton  was  well  known  throughout  Western  I'enn- 
 sylvania.  In  every  enterprise  tending  towartls 
 the  advance  and  improvement  of  his  native  pl.ace, 
 whether  financially  or  morally,  he  was  among  the 
 leading  spirits.  It  w;is  largely  through  his  exertions 
 and  influence  that  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad  Com- 
 pany WLis  induced  to  construct  a  branch  road  to 
 Indiana.  The  last  great  enterprise  of  his  life  was  the 
 projection  of  a  State  normal  school,  for  which  he 
 labored  earnestly  and  unceasingly,  giving  largely  of 
 ^his   private  means  towards  its  success,  and  \vas  the 
 
 President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  from  its  organiza- 
 tion. His  administrative  capacity  was  remarkable. 
 As  President  of  the  First  National  Bank,  he  attended 
 to  his  trust  with  fidelity  and  zeal.  He  believed  tliat 
 whatever  was  worth  doing  at  all  was  worth  doing 
 well,  and  therefore  was  found  true  to  aU  his  trusts. 
 In  all  the  multiform  transactions  of  his  life  he  was 
 recognized  as  an  upright,  honest  man,  faithful  to 
 family  and  friends,  true  to  his  Christian  principles, 
 benevolent,  liberal,  .sympathetic,  kind  and  charitiiblc. 
 His  great  delight,  however,  was  in  the  growth  and 
 prosperity  of  his  church  and  Sabbath  school,  and 
 during  his  long  connection  with  the  latter,  he  was 
 never  once  absent  from  his  post,  when  at  home,  until 
 his  I.ast  illness.  His  life  closed  in  joy  and  peace, 
 almost  his  last  words  Ijeiug  ' '  a  sinner  saved  by  graee. ' ' 
 
 Swan,  Rev.  "William,  was  a  native  of  Cumber- 
 land, now  Franklin  county,  Pa. ;  was  educated  at 
 Canonsburg  Academy,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  the 
 gospel  by  the  Presbj'tery  of  Redstone,  December  22d, 
 1791.  On  the  16th  of  October,  1793,  he  was  installed 
 pastor  of  the  united  congregations  of  Long  Run  and 
 Sewickley.  Here  he  labored  for  a  period  of  twenty- 
 five  years.  In  the  year  1804,  and  for  some  years 
 afterwards,  his  congregations  were  visited  with  special 
 outpourings  of  the  Spirit  of  God  during  the  great 
 revival,  and  considerable  numbers  were  added  to  the 
 church.  On  October  18th,  1818,  he  resigned  the  pas- 
 toral charge  of  his  congregations,  but  in  the  Spring 
 following,  April  20th,  1819,  he  was  recalled  to  Long 
 Run,  and  resumed  the  pastorate  of  that  church. 
 After  three  years  the  pastoral  relation  was  dissolved, 
 in  consequence  of  declining  health,  at  his  request, 
 AprU  17th,  1822.  Mr.  Swan  fell  asleep  in  Jesus, 
 November  27th,  1827.  His  last  hours  were  peaceful 
 and  happy.  Mr.  Darby  states  that  Mr.  Swan  suc- 
 ceeded James  Ross,  Esq.,  as  teacher  at  Dr.  McMillau"s 
 "Log  Cabin." 
 
 Swaney,  Alexander,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  the 
 county  of  Derry,  Ireland,  March  20th,  1813.  When 
 he  was  six  years  old  his  father  1)rought  the  family  to 
 America,  first  settling  in  Chester  county,  Pa.,  and 
 then  removing  to  Knox  county,  Ohio.  He  graduated 
 at  Jefferson  College,  in  1839,  and  while  a  student 
 was  Tutor  in  Latin.  After  graduatiug  he  taught  iu 
 several  academies  five  years,  studying  theology  pri- 
 vately. He  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Richland,  in  1844.  His  first  charge, 
 for  a  year,  was  Big  Spring  and  Kilgore.  In  ls4r>  he 
 was  installed  pastor  of  the  Big  Spring  Church,  witli 
 preaching  stations  at  Fairmouut  and ^New  Cumber- 
 land. In  1848  he  became  pastor  at  CarroUtou,  and 
 remained  in  that  capacity  ten  years,  having  a  suc- 
 cessful pastorate,  amid  the  good-will  of  the  people. 
 Then  he  was  pa.stor  at  New  Hagerstown  seventeen 
 years.  In  187.5  he  became  pastor  of  the  churches  of 
 Annapolis  and  Unionport,  and  .so  he  continues. 
 
 Dr.  Swaney  is  a  man  of  fine  abilities.  He  is  a 
 clear,  logical,  earnest  preacher,  and  an  able  presbyter. 
 
.S»-EZEi: 
 
 «^ 
 
 awiFT. 
 
 He  is  a  luan  of  great  prudence,  thorough  integrity 
 and  much  business  capacity.  He  is  a  warm-hearted 
 and  trtie  friend.  His  ministry  has  been  marked 
 rather  by  a  regular  steady  gruwxh  in  his  churches  than 
 by  great  ingatherings.  He  has  always  fostered  the 
 missionary  spirit  among  his  people,  and  also  the 
 spirit  of  liberal  giving.  Ijoth  by  precept  and  example. 
 He  is  much  respected  and  beloved  by  his  brethren  in 
 the  ministry.  I 
 
 S'wezey,  Samuel  J.  C,  son  of  Rev.  Samuel 
 Swezey,  a  P^l'sb^^erian  clergyman  of  Central  Xew 
 York,  and  Harriet,  his  wile;  was  bom  October  6th. 
 1^31.  He  graduated  at  the  Xew  York  State  Xormal 
 School  at  Alb;iny;  studied  law  in  New  York  city,  and 
 was  there  admitted  to  the  B;ir.  He  did  not,  how- 
 ever, enter  the  practice  of  his  profe^ion,  btit  accepted 
 the  position  of  Professor  of  Mathematics  in  the  Uni- 
 versity of  Alabama,  then  the  leading  educational 
 institution  of  the  southwest.  Thence  he  came  to 
 Calilbruia  in  1S62,  taking  charge  of  the  Citizens' 
 Gas  Company,  until  that  corporation  was  consoli- 
 dated with  others.  For  the  la-^^t  twelve  or  thirteen 
 years  he  was  Secretary  and  Treasurer  of  the  Pacific 
 BoUing  Mills.  For  four  years  he  was  a  member  of 
 the  State  Board  of  Education.  For  many  years  he 
 was  Secretary  and  Treasurer  of  the  Home  ilissionary 
 enterprise  on  this  coast.  He  was  elected  elder  and 
 clerk  of  Session  of  Howard  Presbyterian  Church, 
 in  March,  1S64,  and  superintendent  of  Sunday  school, 
 February  17th,  1869,  and  held  those  offices  tintil  his 
 death,  October  22d,  1577.  ilr.  Swezey  was  stalwart 
 in  person,  mind  and  faith.  Of  clear,  pure  mind, 
 large  hearted  and  liberal  to  a  fault,  untiringly  indus- 
 trious, with  strong  will,  good  judgment  and  definite 
 opinions;  yet  he  had  no  irrational  and  perverse 
 obstinacy  of  his  opinion;  there  was  nothing  of  the 
 dogged  abont  him,  and  nothing  of  the  domineering 
 temper.  Keenly  appreciating  the  pleasures  of  this 
 life,  he  was  consecrated  to  the  Lord  in  soul,  mind, 
 body  and  estate,  and  used  them  all  fully  in  His  ser- 
 vice. The  Sunday  school  under  him  was  a  model, 
 and  his  imprint  upon  it  remained  long  after  his  | 
 death.  | 
 
 S'wift,  T'nishfl.  P.,  D.D.,  was  horn  in  Williams- 
 town,  Mass.,  August  12th,  179-2.  His  parents  were 
 Rev.  Seth  and  Lucy  Elliot  Swift.  His  father  was 
 pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  of  Williamstown. 
 Through  his  mother  he  was  descended  from  Rev.  John 
 Eliot,  the  Apostle  to  the  Indians.  He  received  his 
 collegiate  education  at  Williams  College,  Mass.,  his 
 theological  at  Princeton,  X.  J.;  was  licensed  by  the 
 I*resbytery  of  Xew  Brunswick,  April  24tb,  1816,  and 
 'Was  ordained  by  a  Congregatiomil  council  in  Boston, 
 Septemlter  .3d,  1->17,  with  a  view  to  the  Foreign 
 Mi-ssionary  work.  The  .\raerican  Board,  having  been 
 ajmpelled  to  delay  his  departure,  employed  him  for 
 a  time  as  an  agent  in  the  collection  of  fnntLs.  In  1318 
 he  performed  piistoral  service  for  the  Presbvterian 
 churches  of  Dover  and  Milford,  Del.,  and  in  l-iig  he 
 
 took  charge  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  Pitts- 
 burg, and  continued  its  pastor  for  thirteen  years. 
 From  1831  to  1835  he  was  Secretary  of  the  Western 
 Foreign  Missionary  Society,  the  location  of  which  was 
 in  Pittsburg.  For  several  years  he  servcnl  the  So<-iety 
 in  this  capacity,  while  ret;\ining  his  pastorate,  but  in 
 March,  18;J3,  he  resigned  his  charge,  and  devoted  his 
 whole  time  to  the  interests  of  the  society.  As  the 
 conception  of  it  lud  originated  lu  his  own  mind,  so 
 his  tact,  enei^y  and  eloquence  had  given  it  shape, 
 it  was  the  child  of  the  Synixl  of  Pittsburg,  and  after 
 several  changes,  l)Oth  in  title  and  loc-ition,  it  l)ecame 
 the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  I*resbyterian 
 Church. 
 
 In  the   Summer  of  183.5  Dr.  Swift  resigned  his 
 position  as  Secretary,  and  became  pa.stor  of  the  First 
 
 ELISUA  P.    SWIFT.   D.  D. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Allegheny,  and  he  continued 
 to  sustain  this  relation  for  twenty-nine  years  and  a 
 half.  For  some  five  years  before  his  death,  his 
 strength  beginning  to  fail,  the  congreg-ation  calle<l 
 his  son.  Rev.  Elliott  E.  Swift,  then  p;«stor  of  the 
 church  of  Xew  Castle,  Pa.,  to  relieve  their  faithful 
 servant.  Under  this  arrangement,  the  father  was 
 enabled  to  occupy  the  pulpit  with  more  or  less  fre- 
 quency, until  within  six  months  of  his  death,  .\pril 
 3d,  186.5,  his  spirit  passed  from  earthly  scenes  to  the 
 heavenly  rest. 
 
 In  1--21,  Dr.  Swift  published  "The  S;icre<l  Manual, 
 containing  a  series  of  Questions,  Historical,  Doctrinal 
 and  Preceptive,  on  the  Sacred  Scriptures."  In  H33 
 he  commenced  the  publication  of  the  H'orf<-m  Forriyn 
 Jlinjfionary  Chronicle^  as  the  organ  of  the  Missionary 
 
SWIFT. 
 
 R81 
 
 SWIFT. 
 
 Society  of  which  he  was  Secretarj-,  and  he  continued 
 it  for  two  years.  Some  fourteen  of  his  sermons  and 
 addresses  on  various  occasions  have  been  given  to 
 the  press.  He  entered  with  great  deci.sion  and  earn- 
 estness into  the  early  question  of  the  lo<:ation  of  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary  at  Allegheny;  was  a 
 member  of  its  Board  of  Directors  from  its  organiza- 
 tion, and  from  1861  till  his  death  he  was  President 
 of  the  Board. 
 
 Dr.  Swift  was  an  nnnsually  eloquent  and  im- 
 pressive preacher.  His  large,  penetrating  eye.  when 
 fi.\ed  upon  the  hearer,  gave  to  some  of  his  searching 
 addresses  an  almost  irresistible  power.  In  the  com- 
 mencement of  his  morning  discourses  he  was  usually 
 deliberate,  occasionally  hesitating,  as  the  result 
 would  show,  for  the  most  suitable  and  expressive 
 word  among  several  at  his  command.  As  he  ad- 
 vanced, however,  his  delivery  would  bec-ome  more 
 rapid,  and  for  fifteen  minutes  before  he  closed  he 
 would  hold  the  listener  in  the  most  fixed  and  solemn 
 attention.  The  conclusions  of  many  of  his  sermons 
 were  among  the  grandest  specimens  of  effective  pulpit 
 oratory  to  which  the  people  in  the  region  where  he 
 lived  h:jd  ever  listened.  His  public  prayers  were 
 remarkable  for  fluency  of  utterance,  c-omprehensive- 
 ness  of  petition,  elegance  of  style  and  fer\or  of 
 feeling.  This,  no  doubt,  has  its  explanation  in  his 
 habits  of  private  devotion.  For  many  years  he  had 
 four  seasons  of  secret  prayer,  which  he  sacre<lly 
 ohser\-ed  each  day.  Often,  on  Salihath  evenings, 
 after  his  labors  were  conijOeted.  he  would  spend  long 
 periods  in  the  retirement  of  his  study,  in  audible 
 intercession  for  his  people.  I>r.  Swift  belonged  to  a 
 race  of  men  now  seldom  fotmd,  but  sometimes  read 
 aliout  in  the  annals  of  the  past. 
 
 Swift,  Elliott  E.,  D.  D.,  was  bom  in  Pittsburg. 
 Pa.,  September  8th,  1*24.  His  parents  were  Eev. 
 Elisha  P.  and  Eliza  D.  Swift.  Through  his  father, 
 he  was  descended  from  Eev.  John  Eliot,  the  Apostle 
 to  the  Indians,  who  came  from  England  and  settled 
 in  Roxbury,  Mass.,  in  IG."?!.  Jlr.  Swift  was  receive<l 
 into  full  communion  in  the  First  Presbyterian  Church. 
 -Ulegheny.  in  April,  1843.  He  was  graduated  at  Jeffei^ 
 son  College,  Canonsburg,  in  September  of  the  same 
 year,  and  having  spent  three  years  in  the  Western 
 Theological  .Seminary,  Allegheny,  under  the  in.struc- 
 tion  of  Kev.  Drs.  Da\id  Elliott,  Alexander  T. 
 McGUl  and  Lewis  W.  Green,  he  was  licensed  to 
 preach  the  gospel  by  the  Prcsbvtery  of  Ohio,  in  the 
 Church  of  Montours,  June  IGth,  l-'Ad.  Having  suj)- 
 plied  the  Ev.ingflii-al  Lutheran  Church,  Pittsburg,  for 
 five  months,  while  its  p-istor,  Kev.  William  A.  Pas- 
 savant,  P.  D.,  was  in  Europe,  he  visited  Annapolis. 
 Md.,  in  December,  1*4<),  and  labored  for  three  months 
 in  the  feeble  church  then  recently  organizo<l  there, 
 and  worshiping  in  the  public  ball-room.  In  .Tuly, 
 l-MT,  he  commenced  his  labors  in  Xeni;i.  O..  where 
 he  was  onlained.  .Tune  6th,  l'?48.  Being c-illed  to  the 
 priginal   Second   Presbyterian     Church,    Alleghenv. 
 
 located  on  lots  Xos.  .5.5  and  57  Washington  street,  he 
 commenced  his  work  there  March  3tl,  l-oO.  Alter 
 three  years  and  a  half,  he  resigned  this  pf»sirion.  and 
 the  church  was  soon  after  dissolved.  With. Sabbath, 
 December  iith,  1-^.5.3.  he  entered  upon  the  pastoral 
 work  in  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  New  Castle, 
 Pa.,  and  after  seven  years  and  two  months,  he  was 
 called  to  be  co-pa.stor  with  his  venerated  father,  who 
 had  then  been  for  more  than  twenty-seven  years 
 pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church.  Allegheny. 
 In  about  two  years  and  a  half  the  death  of  the  father 
 occurred,  and  the  whole  pastoral  work  devolved  upon 
 the  son.  In  this  position  he  has  continued  for  more 
 than  twenty-two  years. 
 
 Dr.  Swift  was  Stated  Clerk  of  the  Synod  of  Alle- 
 gheny, from  its  organization,  October  19th,  1854,  until 
 
 ELLIOTT  E.   SVirr,  D.  D. 
 
 the  consolidation  of  the  Synods  of  Allegheny  and 
 West  Pennsylvania,  in  1*70.  Hp  has  been  a  member 
 of  the  Board  of  Colportage  since  its  organizarion  by 
 the  Synod  of  Kttsburg,  in  1S."><I.  In  18.54  he  was 
 elected  a  Director  of  the  Western  Theological  Semi- 
 n.iry ,  and  in  November,  1 880,  he  became  Secretary  of 
 its  Board  of  I>irect«)rs.  During  the  whole  of  his 
 ministrj-  he  has  taken  an  active  interest  in  Temper- 
 ance reform,  and  in  1880,  he  became  one  of  the  officers 
 of  the  Constitutional  Temperance  Amendment  Asso- 
 ciation of  Pennsylvania.  He  is  an  instructive  and 
 impressive  preacher,  a  diligent  pastor,  a  valuable 
 presbyter,  greatly  beloved  by  his  people,  and  held  in 
 high  esteem  by  his  brethren  for  his  genial  spirit, 
 excellent  character  and  eminent  usefulness. 
 
SYMMES. 
 
 882 
 
 SYXOn  OF  XEW  YORK. 
 
 Sjrmines,  Joseph  Ghaston,  D.  D.,  was  born  at 
 Hamilton,  Ohio,  .January  -ilth.  18-26.  He  graduated 
 at  Hanover  College;  studied  theology  at  Princeton 
 Seminary,  and  wa.s  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Brunswick,  February  7th,  18.54.  He  wa-s  or- 
 dained by  the  Presbytery  of  Madison,  November  3d, 
 18.i4  ;  pastor  of  the  First  Cliureh,  Madison,  Ind., 
 1H54-7;  since  which  date  he  has  been  pa.stor  of  the 
 First  Church,  Cranbury,  N.  J.  Here  his  labors  have 
 been  largely  blessed,  several  precious  revivals  having 
 occurred  under  his  ministry.  Dr.  Syrames  is  a  solid 
 and  instructive  preacher  and  a  devoted  pastor,  en- 
 Joying  the  confidence  and  aflfection  of  his  people. 
 He  is  a  faithful  presbyter,  and  has  published  a  very 
 satisfactory  and  interesting  history  of  the  Pre-sbytery 
 of  Monmouth.  He  received  the  degree  of  D.  D. 
 from  his  Ahnn  ilntrr,  in  1879. 
 
 Synodical  School  at  New  London,  Chester 
 County,  Pa.  In  these  times,  when  the  attention 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church  is  again  strongly  turned 
 to  the  too  much  neglected  duty  of  educating  her 
 children  in  schools  and  .seminaries  under  her  own  ! 
 maternal  supervision.it  is  well  to  look  back  .sometimes 
 to  the  efibrts  which  she  put  forth  when  .she  was  but 
 a  young  mother,  when  her  hands  were  weak  and  her 
 means  were  small. 
 
 Among  the  earliest  of  our  institutions  was  the 
 ancient  Synodiail  School  at  ■  Xew  London.  In  its 
 outer  etjuipments,  its  locality,  a  retired  farm  in  a  new 
 settlement,  it.s  buildings,  most  probably  of  logs,  the 
 meagre  salaries  of  its  Principal  and  Usher,  it  was 
 ]>lain  and  uujjretending,  and  in  our  days  such  an  es- 
 t;iblishment  would  e.xcite  no  feeling  except  that  of 
 contempt.  But  within  this  rude  casket  lay  hid 
 diamonds  of  sterling  worth.  There  was  the  grammar- 
 school,  the  college,  the  theologic;d  seminary,  all 
 combined  in  one.  On  the.se  walls  hangout  the  broad 
 and  noble  banner  on  which  wius  inscribed,  "All  per- 
 sons who  plea.se  may  send  their  children  and  have  them 
 instructed,  r/rafis,  in  the  languages,  philosophy  and 
 divinity."  On  this  altar  of  education  the  weak  and 
 scattered  congregations  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 laid  their  annual  offerings,  the  fruits  of  patient,  self- 
 denying  toil,  that  no  worthy  but  needy  student 
 might  turn  away  with  the  bitter  thought  that  no  man 
 cared  for  liim.  There  labored  Frnncis  Alison,  as  Prin- 
 cipal; born  in  the  North  of  Ireland,  educated  in  the 
 I'niversity  of  Edinburgh, next  a  Tutor  in  this  country, 
 in  the  family  of  tJovernor  Uickiii.son,  of  Dehiware, 
 then  ordained  and  installed  pa.stor  over  the  congre- 
 gation of  New  London;  whom  Bishop  White,  one  of 
 his  pupils,  declared  to  be  "  a  num  of  uniiuestionable 
 ability  in  his  department,"  and  of  whom  another 
 minister  wrote,  "  that,  he  was  the  finest  Latin 
 scholar  in  .\mcrica;"  a  man  who  earned  for  himself 
 the  distinguished  name  of  "  the  Busby  of  .Vmerica." 
 And  around  these  rude  benches  were  seated  lads  and 
 vouth,  plain  and  siniph'  in  their  dress  and  manners, 
 "alike  unknowing  and  unknown,"  but  who  in  after 
 
 years  played  well  their  parts,  and  made  their  marks 
 upon  the  age.  There,  under  the  master's  hand,  the 
 rude  materials  received  the  polish  that  fitted  them 
 to  stand  as  noble  pillars  in  the  Church  and  State. 
 There  were  ])reparing,  for  the  time  of  need,  the  men 
 who  thundered  in  the  Forum,  graced  the  Bench,  or 
 triumphed  in  the  field;  who  filled  the  chairs  of  col- 
 leges, subscribed  their  names  to  our  country's  Magna 
 Chart;i,  or  who  eloquently  jjleadcd  in  the  pulpit  the 
 cause  of  the  Divine  Kedeemer. 
 
 "I  recently  trod,"  said  the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Duljoi.s, 
 long  a  pa.stor  at  New  London,  "upon  the  site  of  this 
 almost  forgotten  school.  I  had  long  known  that  it 
 had  stood  upon  a  certain  field,  but  exactly  where,  no 
 one  could  tell.  One  uniform  green  sward  covered 
 the  surface,  and  the  only  relic  of  the  things  that 
 were  was  a  veneral>le  lilac  bush,  sjxircd  as  a  memento 
 of  other  days.  But  a  few  months  since,  the  soil 
 being  newly  turned  up,  the  plough-share  revealed 
 the  old  foundations,  in  all  their  just  proportions,  of  a 
 moderate-sized  dwelling,  and  not  many  yards  di.stant 
 one  much  smaller,  doubtless  the  ba.se  of  the  school- 
 house.  It  was  a  place  for  thought.  Here  lived  and 
 taught,  surrounded  by  his  pupils,  that  man  of  God. 
 Here  studied  and  struggled  McKoan,  and  Read,  and 
 Smith,  who  all  .signed  that  jjcrilous  but  immort;il 
 document,  the  Declaration  of  Independence;  here 
 Ramsey,  the  historian,  Cliarles  Thomson  and  Hugh 
 Williamson,  distinguished  in  their  country's  annals; 
 here  Provost  Ewing  and  Latta.  the  (;iithful  and  beloved 
 ministers  of  ChVist.  Here  our  beloved  Church  trainid 
 up  her  sons  to  battle  for  the  rights  of  their  country 
 and  the  truths  of  their  God.  But  where  are  they 
 now?  All  gone,  but  not  forgotten.  Thiir  names, 
 their  worthy  deeds  remain,  to  stimulate  the  men  of 
 the  present  and  the  youth  of  the  coming  age. 
 
 "And  that  school,  commenced  by  Alison  in  1741, 
 and  adopted  by  the  Synod  as  its  own  in  1744,  though 
 long  since  leveled  to  the  dust,  does  still  sur\ive.  In 
 the  Delaware  Academy  and  College,  at  Newark,  it  has 
 always  had  a  lineal  descendant,  and,  lor  the  last 
 quarter  of  a  century,  in  name  and  locality,  it  has  had 
 a  worthy  succes.sor  in  the  New  London  Academy. 
 Apart  from  these,  it  has  served,  and  still  serves,  as  a 
 watehword  with  which  to  rouse  the  energies  of  our 
 Presbyterian  Zion  in  the  great  work  of  educating  her 
 sons.  When  her  zeal  in  this  noble  c;»use  begins  to 
 fiag,  the  watchmen  on  the  walls  have  but  to  shout, 
 '  Remember  the  worthy  deeds  of  your  worthy  sires! 
 Renumber  tlicolil  Synodical  School  ofNcw  London." "' 
 
 Synod  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia, 
 Members  of,  from  I'i'y'*  to  17H8  imluxire.  The 
 years,  as  given  in  the  list,  indicate  the  first  appear- 
 ance of  the  names  of  the  new  memljers  on  the 
 Minutes,  which  was  in  many  cases  some  years  after 
 their  ordination.  The  letter  P  is  placed  after  the 
 names  of  the  graduates  of  the  college  at  Princeton, 
 N.  .1.;  Y  after  those  of  the  graduates  of  Yale;  and 
 11    after    thi'    graduates    of    Harvard.      The    word 
 
SYXOD  OF  NEW  YORK 
 
 883 
 
 AXD  PUILADELI'IU.l. 
 
 "  received,"  is  placed  after  the  names  of  tliost^  who 
 were  admitted  as  ordained  ministers  from  other 
 churches,  and  the  place  whence  they  were  received 
 is  nKiitioiiod.  whenever  it  was  stated  on  the  minutes. 
 17.-)rt. 
 
 Philadelphia  Presbytery — liilbcrt  Tinnent,  Clmrlis 
 iieatty,  iiiehard  Treat,  Y. ;  Henry  Martin,  P. ;  liob- 
 ert  Cross,  Francis  Alison,  Benjamin  Chestnut,  P. ; 
 Andrew  Hunter,  Nchc^miah  Greenman,  Y. ;  Wil- 
 liam Ramsey,  P. ;  David  Laurence,  John  Kinkhead, 
 John  Grifliths. 
 
 New  Ciustle  Presbytery — George  Gillespie,  John 
 Uodgers.  Adam  Hoyd,  Samuel  Finley,  Hector  Ali- 
 son, Daniel  Thane,  P;  Charles  Tennent.  William 
 McKennan,  Alexander  .MiDowcU,  James  Finley, 
 John  Blair,  Alexander  Hucheson,  Andrew  Sterling, 
 Andrew  Day. 
 
 New  York  Presbytery — David  Bostwick,  Andrew  Kit- 
 tletas,  Y;  Aaron  Richards,  Y'.;  Nathaniel  Whita- 
 ker,  P.;  Caleb  Smith,  Alexander  Cummings,  John 
 Brainerd,  Y"^. ;  .John  Pierson,  Y. ;  Timothy  Jones. 
 v.;  Jacob  Green,  H. ;  .Jonathan  IClmore,  Y. ;  Simon 
 Horton,  Y. ;  John  Smith,  Chauiiicy  Graham,  Y.; 
 Enos  AjTes,  P. ;  John  Moflat.  P. ;  John  Darby, 
 Timothy  Allen,  Y.;  John  Multby,  Y.;  Hugh 
 Knox,  P.;  Silas  Leonard,  Y. 
 
 Suffolk  Presbytery — Ebenezer  Prime,  Y'. ;  Benjamin 
 Talmage,  Y;  Abner  Reeves,  Y. ;  James  Brown,  Y.; 
 Sylvanus  ANHiite,  Samuel  Buel,  Y'. ;  Samuel  Sackett, 
 Eliphalet  Ball,  Y. ;  Thomas  Lewis,  Y. 
 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery — William  Tennent, 
 Samuel  Kennedy,  P;  Charles  JIcKniglit,  Benjamin 
 Halt.  P.;  David  Cowell,  H. ;  Jnhn  Guild,  H.;  Job 
 I'ruddern,  Y.;  Lsrael  Reed.  P;  Elihu  Spencer,  Y. : 
 James  McCrea,  Conradus  Wurtz,  Samuel  Harker. 
 
 Donegal  Presbytery — Jo.seph  Tate,  George  Duffield, 
 P.;  John  Steel,  John  Rowan,  John  Elder,  Samson 
 Smith,  RolH-rt  McMurdie,  Samuel  Thompson,  Rob- 
 ert Smith,  .lohn  Hoge,  P. 
 
 Lewes  Presbytery — Matthew  Wil.son,  .John  .Miller, 
 Hugh  Henry,  P.;  Mo.ses  Tuttle,  Y.;  .John  Harris, 
 P. 
 
 Hanover  Presbytery — Samuel  Davies,  Robert  Henry. 
 P. ;  Alexander  Creaghead,  Samuel  Black,  .lohn 
 Crivig,  Alexander  Miller,  John  Wright,  John 
 Erown,  P. ;  John  Martin,  Hugh  McCaddeu,  P. ; 
 Richard  Sankey,  John  Todd,  P. 
 17.-)n. 
 
 Suffolk  Presbytery — Moses  Baldwin.  P. 
 
 New  York  Presbytery,  Abner  Brush,  P. ;  Benjamin 
 Woodruff,  P. 
 
 Hanover  Presbj'tery — Henry  Patillo,  William  Rich- 
 ardson. 
 
 17fi0. 
 
 New  Castle  Presbytery — John  Ewing,  P. 
 
 Philadelphia  Presbj-tory— James  Latta. 
 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery — William  Kirkpatrick, 
 ^P. ;  Alexander  .McWImrter.  V. 
 
 17(;i. 
 
 New   Brunswick   Presbytery — James   Caldwell,    P. ; 
 .John  Clark,  P.;  James  Hunt,  P.;  John  Hanna,  P. 
 
 Philadelphia    Presbytery — John     .Simonton,    John 
 Beard. 
 
 New  Castle  Presbytery — John  Strain  P.;  John  Car- 
 michael,  P. 
 
 Suffolk  Presbytery — Ezra  Reeves,  Y'. 
 1762. 
 
 New  York  Presbytery — Azel  Roe,  P. 
 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery — Samuel  Parkhurst,  P. ; 
 Joseph  Treat,  P.;  William  Mills,  P. 
 
 Lewes  Presbytery — Joseph  .Montgomery,  P. 
 1763. 
 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery — William  Tennent,  Jr., 
 P. ;  Enoch  Green,  P. 
 
 Hanover  Presbytery — James  Waddel. 
 
 Dutchess  Presbytery — Elisha  Kent,  Y'.,  in  1729;  Sol- 
 omon Mead.  Y. ;  John  Peck. 
 
 1764. 
 
 .Suffolk    Pre-ibytery — Thomas    Payne,   Y.,   received; 
 
 Neheraiah  Baker,  Y.,  in  1742. 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery — Amos   Thompson,   P. ; 
 
 Jacob  Ker,  P.,  Nathan  Ker,  P.;  Thomas  Smith,  P. 
 176.5. 
 Suffolk  Presbyt<'ry — Samson  Occam,  an  Indian;  Ben- 
 jamin Goldsmith,  Y. 
 New  York  Presbyt<^ry — Francis  Peppard,  P. 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery  James  Lyon,    P. ;  John 
 
 Ro.seborough,    P.;   Jonathan   Le.avitt.  Y.;  received 
 
 from  New  England. 
 Hanover  Presbytery — David  Rice,  P. 
 Lewes  Presbytery — Alexander  Houston,  P. 
 
 1766. 
 Donegal     Presbytery — .John     .Slemons,     P. ;    Robert 
 
 Cooper,  P. 
 Philadelphia  Presbytcrj' — .John  Murray.* 
 New  Castle  Presbytery — .Samuel   Blair,  P. 
 Sutlblk  Presbytery — David   Ro.se,  Y'. 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery — David  Caldwell,  P. 
 Second   Philadelphia  Presbytery — Patrick  Alli.son. 
 Dutchess     Presbytery — Samuel     Dunlap,    Wheeler 
 
 Ca,se.  V. 
 
 1767. 
 
 Suffolk  Presbytery— Elam  Potter,  Y.;  John  Close,  P. 
 New  York  Pres"l«ytery — Jedediah  Chapman.  Y. 
 
 176S. 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery — Jeremiah  Halsey,  P. 
 Donegal  Presbytery — ^John  Craighead,  P. 
 [  Second  Philadelphia  Presbytery^James  Lang. 
 Lewes   Presbyt^'ry — Thomas   McCracken,    P. ;   John 
 Bacon,  P. 
 
 1769. 
 
 First  Philadelphia  Presbj-tery — Alexander  .Mitchell, 
 P. ;  James  Sproat,  Y. ;  received  from  New  England. 
 N'ew  Ca-stle  Presbytery — John  McCreary.  P. ;  William 
 *  Waa  Qoc  received  by  the  Synod. 
 
srxoD  OF  iVirir  york. 
 
 884 
 
 AXD  PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Foster,  P. ;  Joseph  Smith,  P. ;  Daniel  McClealand. 
 received. 
 
 New  York  Presbytery — James  Tuttle.  P. 
 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery — John  Witherspoon,  re- 
 ceived from  Scotland. 
 
 Hanover  Presbytery — James  Creswell,  Charles  C'um- 
 mings,  Joseph  Alexander,  P.;  Thomas  Jackson, 
 Samnel  Leake,  P. 
 
 Lewes  Presbytery — John  Brown. 
 
 1770. 
 First     Philadelphia    Presbytery — James    Boyd,    P. ; 
 
 James  Watt,  P. 
 Done-^al  Presbytery — John    King,   Hezekiah   James 
 
 Balch,  P. 
 New  York  Presbytery — William  Wondhull.  P. 
 Hanover  Presbytery — Hezekiah  Baleli,  P. 
 Second  Philadelphia  Presbytery — Samuel  Eakin,  P. 
 
 1771. 
 New  Castle' Presbytery — .John  WoodhuU,  P.;  Josiah 
 
 Lewis,  P. 
 New  York  Presbytery — Alexander  Miller,  P. ;  Oliver 
 
 Deeming,  Y. ;  Jonathan  Murdock,  Y. 
 
 Donegal    Presbytery — Joseph    Rhea,    received   from 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 177-3. 
 
 New  Castle  Presbytery — Thomas  Eead,  James  Wil- 
 son, P. :  James  Anderson. 
 
 Suffolk  Presbytery — Joshua  Hart,  P. 
 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery — .\lcxander  McLean, 
 William  Schenck,  P. ;  Jacob  Vauartdalen,  P. 
 
 New  York  Presbytery — .\mzl  Lewis,  Y. 
 
 Doneg-.il  Presbytery — Hugh  Vance,  P. 
 
 Dutchess  Presbytery — Benjamin  Strong,  Y.  ■  received 
 from  New  England;  Ichabod  Lewis,  Y.;  Samuel 
 Mills,  Y. 
 
 1773. 
 
 Donegal  Presbytery — William  Thorn.  Robert  Hughes, 
 received  from  Ireland;  *  David  McClure,  received 
 from  New  England;  *Levi  Frisbie,  Dart,;  received 
 
 from  New  England. 
 
 1774. 
 
 First  Philadelphia  Pre.sbytery— William  Hollings- 
 head. 
 
 New  Castle  Presbyterj' — Thomas  Smyth,  P. 
 
 Hanover  Presbytery — William  Irwin. 
 
 Orange  Pre.sbytery — .lames  Campbell,  received  from 
 South  Carolina;  Thomas  Reese,  P.;  John  Simpson, 
 P.:, James  Edmunds,  received  from  South  Carolina. 
 
 Second  Phila<lelphia  Presbytery — Robert  Da\idson, 
 
 177.5, 
 First  Philadelphia  Presbytery — Nathaniel  Irvin,   P.; 
 
 Daniel  .McCalla,  P. 
 SiiU'olk  Pre.sbytery — John  I)i>veii|ioil,  P. 
 New  York  Presbytery — Matthixs  Bnrnet,  P. ;  Joseph 
 
 (Irov.r,  Y. 
 
 •3Iiiuiuiiari<!a  not  recWved  by  the  Synod, 
 
 New  Brunswick  Presbj'tery — James  Gourley,  received 
 
 from  Scotland, 
 Donegal  Presbytery — Thomas  MePherrin,  P, ;  Colin 
 
 McFarquhar,  received  from  Scotland, 
 Dutchess  Presbj'tery — David   Close,   Y.;   Blackleech 
 
 Burnet. 
 
 177(5. 
 
 First    Philadelphia    Presbytery — Israel    Evans,    P.; 
 William  Linn,  P. 
 
 New  Brunswick  Pre.sbytery — John  Debow,  P. 
 
 Donegal  Presbytery — Samuel  Dougal,  John  Black.  P. 
 
 .Second  Philadelphia  Presbytery — Hugh  McGill,  re- 
 ceived from  Ireland. 
 
 1777. 
 
 First  Philadelphia  Presbytery — Robert  Keith.  P. 
 
 New  Castle  Presbytery — James  Power,  P. 
 
 New  Y'ork  Presl)j"terv — Ebenezer  Bradford.  P. 
 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery — John  Warfonl,  P. 
 
 Donegal    Presbytery — John     McMillan,     P. ;     John 
 McKnight,  P. 
 
 Hanover  Presbytery — Samuel  Stanhope  Smith,  P. 
 
 Lewes  Presbytery — Ebenezer  Brooks. 
 1778. 
 
 New  Castle  Presbytery — James  F.  Arm.strong.   P, 
 
 New  Y'ork  Presbytery — Andrew  King,  P, ;  Thaddeus 
 
 Dodd,  P, 
 
 1779. 
 First  Philadelphia  P*resbytery — James  Grier,  P. ;  .-Vn- 
 
 drew  Hunter. 
 
 1780. 
 First  Philadelphia  Presbytery — Isaac  Keith,  P. 
 New  Castle  Presbytery— William  Smith,  P, 
 New  Brunswick  Presbyterj' — Philip  Stockton,  George 
 
 Faitoute,  P. 
 Hanover  Pre.sbytery — John    Blair  .'smith,    P. ;   Caleb 
 
 Wallace,  P, ;  Samuel  Doak,  P. ;  Edward  Crawford, 
 
 P. ;  James  McConnell,  P. 
 Lewes  Presbytery — John  Rankin,  Samuel  ilcMasters. 
 Orange  Pre-sbytery — Samuel    McCorkle,    P. ;   Robert 
 
 Archibald.  P. 
 
 1781. 
 New  Castle  Presbytery — Daniel  .Tones. 
 New  York  Presbytery — .lohn  .loline,  P. 
 Donegal  Presbytery — David  Bard,  P. ;  Samuel  Waugli, 
 
 P, ;  John  Linn,  P. 
 
 1783. 
 Orange   Presbytery — Thonnus  H.  McCall.   P.;. Tames 
 
 Hall,  P.;  Thomas  Craighead,  P. :  ,Iames  Tenipleton. 
 
 P. ;  .Tames  .McRee,  P. ;  John  Cosson,  Daniel  Thatelu-r, 
 
 William  Hill. 
 Newcastle  Presbytery — Nathaniel  W.    Semple.  P.: 
 
 John  E.  Finley,  P. ;  James  Duulap,  P. 
 Donegal  Presbytery — John  Henderson,  P. 
 First    Philadelphia     Presbytery — William     Maekey 
 
 Tenncnt,  P.,  received  from  Connecticut. 
 1783. 
 Donegal  Presbytery — Matthew  Woods,  P.;  Stephen 
 
 Balch,  P. 
 Orange  Presbytery — John  Hill,  David  Barr. 
 
SrXOD  OF  PniLADELPHIA. 
 
 885 
 
 SYNOD  OF  PHlLAOELl'm.i. 
 
 17S4. 
 
 First  Philadelphia  Presbytery — Simeon  Hyde,  Y. 
 
 Onuige  Presbytery — Francis  Cuiumings,  James  Fra- 
 
 zier. 
 
 1785. 
 
 First  Philadelpliia  Presbytery — AVilliaiu  McKce,  re- 
 ceived from  Ireland. 
 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery — Joseph  Rue,  P. ;  Peter 
 Wilson,  P. ;  William  Boyd,  P. ;  Joseph  Clark,  P. ; 
 George  Luckej',  P. 
 
 Donegal  Presbytery — James  Johnston,  Matthew- 
 Stephens,  received  from  Ireland. 
 
 New    Castle     Presbytery — James    Munro,    received 
 
 from  Scotland. 
 
 1786. 
 
 First  Philadelphia  Presbytery — John  Johnston,  re- 
 ceived from  Ireland;  William  Pickels,  received 
 from  England. 
 
 New  Castle  Presbytery  —  John  Burton,*  Samuel 
 Barr.t 
 
 Suffolk  Presbytery — Joshua  Williams,  Y. ;  Nathan 
 Woodhull,  Y. 
 
 New  York  Presbytery — John  McDonald.*  James 
 Wilson,  received  from  Scotland;  James  WU.son,  Jr.,* 
 James  Glajisbrook,  received  from  England. 
 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery — James  Muir,  received 
 from  Bermuda,    n 
 
 Hanover  Presbj'tery — Willi.im  Graham,  P. ;  Moses 
 Hoge,  Samuel  Carrick,  John  Montgomery,  P.; 
 William  Wilson,  Benjamin  Irwin,  P. ;  John  McCue, 
 Samuel  Shannon,  P.:  Andrew  MeC'lure,  James 
 Mitchell.  John  D.  Blair,  P. ;  Samuel  Houston, 
 Adam  Kankin. 
 
 Orange  Presbytery — .Jacob  Leake. 
 
 1787. 
 South   Carolina   Presbj-tery — Robert     Hall,    Robert 
 
 Finley,  Lobert  Mecklin. 
 New  York  Presbytery — .James  Thompson,  received 
 
 from  Scotland. 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery — Walter  ilonteith. 
 Philadelphia  Presbytery — A.shbel  Green,  P. 
 Carlisle   Presbj'tery — Charles  Nesbit,    received  from 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 1788. 
 
 North  Carolina  Presl>ytery — Nathan  Grier. 
 
 .Suffolk  Presbytery — ^Noah  Wetmore,  Y.,  in  17.57: 
 Aaron  Woolworth,  Y.,  received  from  New  Eng- 
 land ;  Thomas  Russel. 
 
 New  York  Presbytery — Samuel  Fordhara. 
 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery — Ira  Coudict,  P. ;  Asa 
 Dunham. 
 
 Carlisle  Presbytery — Samuel  Wilson,  P. ;  Hugh  Mor- 
 rison, t  James  Snodgrass. 
 
 Synod  of  Philadelphia.     The  history  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Cluirch  as    an  organism   of  congregii- 
 
 *  Received  w  licentiates  or  caDdidatea,  from  Scotland,  the  jear 
 before. 
 >  BiVeivcd  tile  year  before,  us  n  licentiate,  frt)tu  Irelanil. 
 
 tions,  in  the  United  .States  of  America,  commences 
 with  the  year  1705  or  1706,  when  .seven  ministers,  who 
 were  laboring  as  pastors  and  mi.ssionarics  in  Mary- 
 land, Delaware  and  Philadelphia,  with  the  country 
 surrounding  it  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey, 
 associated  themselves  together  as  a  Presbytery. 
 
 The  General  Presbytery,  thus  constituted,  con- 
 tinued in  form  and  name  until  1716,  when  it  resolved 
 itself  into  a  Synod,  and  divided  into  three  subordi- 
 nate meetings  or  Presbyteries.  The  body,  under  its 
 new  designation,  met  September  17tli,  1717.  The 
 Kev.  Jedediah  .Vndrews  w;is  its  first  Moderator,  and 
 the  Rev.  Roliert  Wother.spoon  its  first  Clerk. 
 
 The  number  of  ministers  in  the  organiaition  had 
 increased  to  seventeen,  of  whom  thirteen,  with  six 
 ruling  eldeis,  were  present  at  the  constitution  of  the 
 body.  The  territory  ocrupied  by  thera  extended 
 along  the  Atlantic  slope  from  Long  Island  to  Virginia. 
 
 The  S3Tiod  grew  slowly  in  numbers  and  extent. 
 After  an  existence  of  .seventy -two  years,  during  which 
 it  was,  in  1745,  unhappily  divided  into  two  rival 
 bodies,  but  happily  reunited  in  1758  as  the  SjTiod  of 
 New  York  and  Philadelphia — ble.s.scd  by  the  great 
 revival  of  the  last  century  and  injured  by  the  dissen- 
 sions that  marred  the  movement  ;  battered  by  the 
 storm  of  the  Revolution,  but  coming  out  of  it  crowned 
 with  honor — it  trauslorraed  itself,  in  1788,  into  a 
 General  Assembly,  and  constituted  the  four  subor- 
 dinate Synods  of  New  York  and  New  .Jersey,  Phila- 
 delphia, Virginia  and  the  Carolinas. 
 
 A  hundred  years  ago,  therefore,  the  Synod  of  Phila- 
 delphia, in  the  jrosition  which  it  occupies  in  our 
 fully-developed  ecclesiastical  system,  did  not  exist. 
 When  the  Revolutionary  war  broke  out,  thtre  was  in 
 the  country  the  one  General  Synod  of  New  York  and 
 Philadelphia,  with  its  eleven  subordinate  Presby- 
 teries of  New  York,  New  Brunswick,  Philadelphia 
 First,  Philadelphia  Second.  New  Castle.  Donegal, 
 Lewes,  Hauover,  Orange,  Dutchess  and  Sutl'olk.  The 
 number  of  congregations  and  communicants  who 
 were  under  the  care  of  those  Presbyteries  cannot  lie 
 given.  They  had  about  one  hundred  and  thirty-tive 
 ministerial  memlM-rs.  Verily,  the  colonists  who  were 
 precipitated  into  the  weary  and  harassing  eight  years' 
 contest  were  but  sparingly  provided  with  spiritual 
 leaders.  From  Ma.s.s;iehusetts  to  the  Girolinas,  among 
 three  millions  of  people,  there  were  scattered  not 
 many  more  Presbyterian  preachers  than  now  dwell  in 
 the  midst  of  the  seven  or  eight  hundred  thousand 
 inhabitants  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  If  our 
 country  were  to-<lay  siipplied  only  in  the  same  pro- 
 iwrtion  as  the  struggling  colonies  were,  it  would  have 
 less  than  two  thou.s;ind  Presbyterian  ministers,  instead 
 of  the  live  thous;ind  seven  hundred  who  are  upon  the 
 denominational  rolls  North  and  South,  which  were 
 one.  and  ought  to  be  one  again. 
 
 The  numerical  forc<'  of  the  whole  body  in  1788. 
 when  its  various  organizations  were  developed  into 
 their  present  form  and  relation,  w:is  sixteen  Presby- 
 
syxon  OF  I'lllLADELPHIA. 
 
 8«!6 
 
 SYSOD  OF  PHILADELI'IIIA. 
 
 teries,  one  hnndred  and  seventy-seven  ministers,  one 
 hundred  and  eleven  probationers,  and  four  huntlrcd 
 and  nineteen  congregations,  of  whiiU  two  hundred 
 and  four,  or  nearly  om-lialf,  were  destitute  of  pa-stors, 
 and  many  of  theiu  were  only  tlie  sliadow  of  a  name. 
 
 Of  this  force  the  Synod  of  Philadelphia  had  under 
 its  jurisdiction,  at  its  organization,  sixty-seven  min- 
 isters, two  probationers,  and  one  hundred  and  thirtj'- 
 one  congregations,  forty  of  which  were  destitute  of 
 pastors,  while  a  large  proportion  of  the  others  were 
 associated  as  collegiate  charges.  It  emljraced  five  of 
 the  Presbyteries:  Pliiladelpliia,  with  thirteen  minis-' 
 tcrs  and  twenty-one  congregations;  Xew  Castle,  witli 
 sixteen  ministers  and  twenty-four  congregations; 
 Lewes,  with  six  ministers  and  nineteen  congrega- 
 tions; Baltimore,  with  six  ministers  and  twelve  con- 
 gregations; and  Carlisle,  with  twenty-Six  ministers 
 and  fifty-five  congregations.  It  covered  the  State  of 
 Pennsylvania  east  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains,  the 
 southern  part  of  Xew  Jersey,  Delaware,  Maryland, 
 and  a  small  .slice  of  Virginia. 
 
 The  first  meeting  of  the  Synod  was  lield  in  the 
 First  Church,  Philadelphia,  on  the  third  Wednesday, 
 the  loth  of  October,  1788.  Only  sixteen  ministers 
 and  seven  ruling  elders  were  present.  The  Rev.  John 
 Ewing,  ])astor  of  the  First  Church,  and  Provost  of  the 
 University  of  Pennsylvania,  preached  the  opening 
 sermon,  from  2  Cor.  iv,  5.  The  Rev.  James  Sproat, 
 pa.stor  of  the  Second  Church,  Philadeli)Iiia,  was 
 chosen  Moderator;  and  tlie  Rev.  George  Dutlield,  pa.<- 
 tor  of  the  Third  Church,  was  appointed  Stated  Clerk. 
 The  first  Treasurer  of  the  body  was  Lsiwc  Snowden, 
 who  was  elected  in  1789. 
 
 The  closing  decjide  of  the  la.st  century  and  the 
 opening  decade  of  the  present  century  did  not  witne.s.s 
 any  decided  advance  of  our  forces.  In  1^07  there 
 were  in  the  whole  Synod  eighty-one  ministers,  one 
 hundred  and  twenty-eight  congregations,  seven 
 licentiates,  and  five  thousand  six  hundred  and  fifty- 
 two  communicants,  and  the  reported  benevolent  con- 
 tributions were  J!M1*3.  Thus  in  tlie  nineteen  years 
 tliat  followed  the  organization  of  the  body  there  was 
 a  giiin  of  only  fourteen  ministers  and  a  loss  of  three 
 congregations. 
 
 It  took  the  country  a  long  time  to  recover  from  tlie 
 desolating  influence  of  the  Hevolutionary  war.  Tlie 
 cliurches<'s]>ecially  had  been  in  everyway  injured  l)y 
 it;  and  the  I 'resbyterian  pastors  and  edifices  had  been 
 iussiiiled  with  peculiar  venom  In-  the  royalists.  "  It 
 was  a  great  object  wifli  the  British  officers  to  silence 
 ph-esbyterian  preachers,  as  far  aa  possible,  and  with 
 tliis  view  they  frequently  despatched  parties  of  light 
 horse  into  the  country  to  surpri.se  and  take  prisoners 
 un.suspecting  clergymen."  Infidelity,  too,  through 
 the  Freneli  iLssoeiations  of  the  government,  had  be- 
 come fiishionable,  and  was  liligliting  in  its  influence 
 on  the  country.  Moreover,  the  tide  of  emigration 
 Wits  to  the  western  part  of  the  State,  and  to  the  re- 
 gions west  and  southwest  of  it.    Tlii'  increiwe  of  popu- 
 
 lation there,  with  the  growth  of  the  Denomination, 
 led  to  the  formation,  in  Iso.!.  of  the  Synods  of  Pitts- 
 burg and  Kentucky.  But  the  legitimate  progress  in 
 ourportion  of  the  vineyard  wa.s  temporarily  checked. 
 The  western  and  northwestern  .section  of  the  Synod 
 was,  however,  a  sharer  in  the  growth;  and,  therefore, 
 in  1794,  the  Presbytery  of  Huntingdon  was  formed 
 out  of  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle.  Three  years  later, 
 in  1811,  the  Presbytery  of  Xorthuniberland  was  also 
 erected. 
 
 The  next  deciule  wiis  more  favorable  in  its  exhibi- 
 tion. In  1S17  there  were  in  the  Synod  one  hundred 
 and  one  ministers,  ten  licentiates,  one  hundred  and 
 sixty-f<mr  churches,  and  nine  thousand  one  liundred 
 and  fifty-five  communicants,  whose  reported  collec- 
 tions for  benevolent  causes  were  $1532.  This  was 
 j  an  increase  of  one-fourth  in  the  number  of  ministers 
 and  congregations,  and  more  than  three-fifths  in  the 
 rolls  of  communicants. 
 
 In  1H27  one  hundred  and  thirty-one  ministers,  two 
 hundred  and  si.x  congregations,  and  twent.v  thou.s;ind 
 communiciints  were  reported.  In  the  course  of  the 
 year,  one  thousand  one  hundred  and  seventy-seven 
 new  communicants  had  been  added  to  the  churches, 
 and  two-hundred  and  thirty-one  adults  and  one 
 thousand  six  hundred  and  thirty-nine  infants  had 
 been  baptized.  The  moneys  reported  for  beiievuleiit 
 objects  amounted  to  $5082. 
 
 In  that  decade  the  membership  of  the  churches 
 had  more  than  doubled. 
 
 Ten  years  more  bring  us  to  the  thresholil  of  our 
 divided  house.  The  Syuod  still  covered  substan- 
 tially the  same  territory.  The  Presbyteries  of  Phila- 
 delphia Second,  Philadelphia  Third,  and  Wilmington, 
 appeared  as  some  of  the  fruits  of  the  divisive  contro- 
 versy which  was  raging.  But  scarcely  any  solid 
 growth  was  exhibited.  On  the  rolls  in  1837  were 
 one  hundred  and  eighty-two  ministers,  two  hundred 
 and  twenty-four  congregations,  and  twenty  thousand 
 and  sixteen  communicant.s — an  increa.se  in  nine  years 
 of  only  fifty  ministers,  eighteen  chiu'ches,  and  sixteen 
 communicants. 
 
 In  this  respect,  though  not  in  as  great  a  degree, 
 this  section  of  the  Denomination  exhibited  the  con- 
 dition of  the  body  at  large.  "The  growth  of  the 
 Presbvt<-rian  Churcli  in  this  country  has  never  been 
 more  rapid  than  during  the  first  half"  of  the  septen- 
 nate  from  1830  to  1837.  "In  the  jireceding  five 
 years  there  had  been  an  advance  until  then  unprece- 
 dented; but  even  this  w:is  exceeded  b.v  the  results  .set 
 forth  in  the  Assembly's  reports  for  some  years  sub.se- 
 (juent  to  1829.  .  .  .  But  the  rapid  incre;i.se  dur- 
 ing the  earlier  portion  of  the  period  w;us  largely  oftset 
 l)y  an  actual  decre;ise  of  membership  from  l-^:!l  to 
 1837." 
 
 Internecine  war,  excited  controversy.  unh:ippy  per- 
 sonal alienations,  consumed  much  of  the  spiritual 
 power  of  the  Church.  Even  a  good  man,  working  in 
 a  good  cause,  cjinnot,  while  unduly  excited,  properly 
 
SYNOD  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 srXOD  OF  PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 coiicciilrate  his  powers  and  accomplish  the  largest 
 results.  JIuch  more  is  an  organized  body  of  men, 
 wliose  councils  are  disturbed  l>y  {(uestions  that  aflect 
 its  fundamentiil  position,  crippled  by  an  inherent 
 weakness.  In  the  Cliurch  of  Christ,  periods  that 
 have  bi'en  marked  by  doctrinal  and  eeclesiiustical  con- 
 flicts, however  necessiiry  those  conflicts  may  have  been 
 tor  the  maintenance  and  development  of  the  truth, 
 have  not  been  times  of  peculiar  spirituality  and  sav- 
 ing growth.  Aud  on  the  field  of  this  Synod  were 
 waged  some  of  the  shari)est  struggles  in  a  contest 
 which  none  of  us  desire  to  reopen. 
 
 The  figures  that  we  have  given  for  IftS"  indicate  the 
 strength  of  the  Synod  in  the  troul)lous  days  which 
 preceded  the  division,  and  the  force  which  broke 
 itself  into  two  for  a  generation. 
 
 A  few  temporary  clianges  had  been  made  in  the 
 constitution  of  the  body.  In  18-2:i  the  Presbytery  of 
 the  District  of  Columbia  was  formed  out  of  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Baltimore.  In  18.33  the  Synod  of  the 
 Che.sapeake  was  constituted  partially  out  of  this 
 Synod,  embracing  the  Presbyteries  of  the  Di-strict  of 
 Columbia,  Baltimore  and  Eiist  Hanover;  but  it  was 
 dissolved  in  the  following  year.  In  1834  the  Second 
 I'hiladelphia,  Wilmington  and  Lewes  Presbyteries 
 were  erected  into  the  .Synod  of  Delaware;  but  it  also 
 was  dissolved  in  183,5,  and  its  Presbyteries  re-annexeil 
 to  this  Synod. 
 
 In  1838,  as  one  of  the  nihveuunts  resulting  from 
 the  division  of  the  Church,  the  ministers  and  congre- 
 gations belonging  to  the  Presbyteries  of  Wilmington, 
 Lewes,  Philadelphia  Second,  Philadelpbin  Third, 
 C'arli.sle,  Huntingdon  and  Xorthumberland,  adhering 
 to  the  so-called  New  School  branch,  were  set  olT  from 
 the  Svnod  of  Philadelphia  and  constituted  as  the 
 Synod  of  Pennsylvania.  It  met  in  the  Eleventh 
 Church,  Philadelphia,  on  the  11th  of  .July,  1838,  and 
 was  opened  with  a  sermon  by  the  Kev.  E.  W.  Gilbert, 
 who  was  also  chosen  Moderator.  The  Rev.  John  L. 
 (Jrant  was  elected  its  SUited  Clerk,  and  the  Rev.  Rob- 
 ert Adair  Permanent  Clerk.  Its  constitution,  how- 
 ever, was  afterward  changed  so  as  to  embrace  the 
 Presbyteries  of  Wilmington,  Lewes,  Philadelphia 
 Second,  Harrisburg,  Pittsburg  ami  Erie. 
 
 The  .strength  of  this  organization  when  lirst  re- 
 ported, in  l"i40,  wa.s  seventy-five  ministers,  eighty- 
 se\en  congregations,  and  nine  thousand  seven  hun- 
 dred and  seven  communicants. 
 
 The  same  year  the  membership  of  the  Synod  of 
 Philadelphia  was  one  hundred  and  fifty-seven  min- 
 isters, one  hundred  and  ninety-eight  congregations, 
 and  seventeen  thousand  three  hundred  and  thirty- 
 seven  communicants. 
 
 The  new  Synod  of  Pennsylvania,  it  will  be  ob- 
 s(>rve<l,  extended  beyond  the  limits  of  the  Synod  of 
 I'hiladelphia,  crossing  the  Alleghenies  aud  reaching 
 to  the  western  border  of  the  State.  But  in  1843  the 
 mini.sters  and  congreg-ation s  in  the  Presbyteries  of 
 Erie,  Meiidville  and  Pittsburg  were  detached  from  it 
 
 and  formed  into  the  Synod  of  West  Pennsylvania, 
 the  first  meeting  of  which  was  ordered  to  be  held 
 in  Meadville,  Crawford  <-ounty,  on  the  third  Tuesday 
 of  October,  and  to  be  opened  with  a  sermou  by  the 
 Rev.  D.  H.  Riddle. 
 
 That  withdrew  from  the  Synod  of  Pi'unsylvania 
 nineteen  mini.sters,  thirty-five  congregations,  and 
 two  thousand  three  hundred  and  sixty-six  communi- 
 cants, and  left  in  its  bounds  sixty-six  ministers, 
 sixty-eight  churches,  and  ten  thou.sand  eight  hun- 
 dred and  eighty-nine  communicants. 
 
 After  this  offset  the  Synod  of  Pennsylvania  of  the 
 one  branch,  aud  the  Synod  of  Philadel]>liia  of  the 
 other,  were,  in  their  territorial  extent,  substantially 
 conterniinous. 
 
 But  the  latter  body  grew  to  be  unwieldy,  and  was 
 mati'rially  change<i. 
 
 Within  its  bounds  the  Presbytery  of  West  .Jersey 
 was,  in  1839,  formed  out  of  the  Presbytery  of  Phila- 
 delphia. In  1842  the  Presbytery  of  Donegal  was 
 constructed  out  of  the  Presbvtery  of  New  Ca.stle. 
 In  18,50  the  Presbytery  of  the  East<Tn  Shore  was 
 set  off  from  the  Presbytery  of  Baltimore.  Then,  in 
 1854,  the  Synod  of  Baltimore  was  formed  largely  out 
 of  the  Synod  of  PhiUuhlphia.  It  was  composed  of 
 the  ministers  and  congn-gations  in  the  Presbyteries 
 of  Carlisle,  Baltimore  and  Eastern  Shore,  which  bad 
 belonged  to  this  Synod,  and  the  Presbytery  of  Win- 
 chester, from  the  Synod  of  Virginia.  It  took  away 
 from  this  Synod  seventy-one  ministers,  eighty-four 
 congregations,  and  seven  thou.s;ind  eight  hundred  and 
 forty-four  communicants,  leaving  on  our  rolls  six 
 Presbyteries,  one  hundred  and  sixty-three  ministers, 
 one  hundred  and  eighty-two  churches,  and  twenty- 
 five  thoasand  three  hundred  and  forty-two  communi- 
 cants. 
 
 The  two  Synods  of  Philadelphia  and  Pennsylvania 
 continued  without  any  further  lessening  of  their  terri- 
 tory during  the  rest  of  the  days  of  their  separation. 
 In  1870,  the  year  of  their  reunion,  the  latter  reported 
 five  Presbyteries  (the  District  of  Columbia,  Harris- 
 burg, Philadelphia  Third,  Philadeljihia  Fourth  and 
 Wilmington),  one  hundred  and  eighteen  ministers, 
 ninety-six  churches,  and  seventeen  thousand  nine 
 hundred  and  thirty-four  communicants;  and  the 
 former,  eight  Presbyteries  (Donegal,  Huntingdon, 
 New  Castle,  Philadelphia,  Philadelphia  Central, 
 Philadelphia  Secoiul,  and  Shanghai),  two  hundred 
 and  forty-four  mini.sters,  three  hundred  and  twenty 
 churches,  and  thirty-two  thousand  three  hundred  and 
 uini'tv-eight  communicants. 
 
 The  reunited  Assembly  recon.strnctod  its  Synods 
 and  Presbyteries  almost  invariably  by  State  and 
 countv  lines.  Blending  together  the  main  jmrtions 
 of  the  Synods  of  Philadelphia  and  Pennsylvania,  it 
 reconstituted  them  in  the  present  Synod  of  Phila- 
 delphia, as  their  legal  successor,  hut  limited  it  in 
 territory  to  the  eastern  (juarter  of  the  State  of 
 Pennsvlvania,  so  as  to  embrace  the  ministers  aud 
 
syyiiii  OF  I'uiLADr.LriiiA. 
 
 888 
 
 SYNODS  AXD  COUNCILS. 
 
 congregations  in  the  counties  of  Bradford,  Sullivan,  ! 
 Luzeriif,  Schuylkill,  Lehanoii,  York,  Wayne,  Pike, 
 Monroe,  NorthamiHon,  Lehi^li,  Bucks,  Montgomery, 
 Chester,  IX-Iaware  and  Pliiladelphia.  To  it  wa,s 
 also  attached  the  missionary  Presbytery  of  Western 
 Africa.  | 
 
 This  detached  the  important  portions  of  tlie  old  , 
 Synods  that  were  eftibraccd  in  the  Prcsbyterie-s  of  I 
 the  District  of  Colunihia,  ITarrisburg,  '\Vilming:ton,  I 
 Huntingdon  and  New  Castle,  and  placed'them,  with 
 several  churches  in  Xcw  .Jersey  that   had  heen   con- 
 nected with  the  Philadelphia    Presbyteries,  in  the 
 reconstructed  Synods  of  Harrishurg,  Baltimore  and 
 Xcw  Jersey.     On  the  other  hand,  it  included  the 
 ministers  and  churches  in  the  northe«istern  portion  of 
 Pennsylvania,  which  in  the  Presbyteries  of  Montrose, 
 Sus<iuchanna,  Luzerne  and  Newton,  had  heen  in  the 
 old  Synods  of  New  Jersey,  and  of  New  York  and 
 New  Jersey. 
 
 t)nr  Synod,  thus  materially  altered  in  its  bounds 
 and  modilied  in  its  membership,  met  for  the  first 
 time  in  the  Spring  Garden  Church,  Philadelphia,  on 
 the  'ilst  of  June,  1870,  and  was  opened  with  a  sermon 
 by  the  Rev.  Calvin  W.  Stewart,  on  Matt,  xxviii,  19. 
 The  Kev.  Elias  J.  Richards  was  chosen  Moderator,  the 
 Rev.  W.  E.  Moore,  Stated  Clerk,  the  Rev.  W.  M. 
 Rice,  Permanent  Clerk,  and  the  lion.  J.  Ross  Suow- 
 den.  Treasurer. 
 
 That  meeting  in  June  was  held  under  the  order  of 
 the  As.sembly,  merely  to  reconstruct  the  Presbyteries 
 and  to  organize  the  body  for  its  future  operations. 
 Having  performed  the.se  duties,  it  adjourned  to 
 meet  in  the  First  Church  of  Scranton,  on  Tuesday, 
 October  l^th,  1870,  when  the  Rev.  James  W.  Dale  was 
 chosen  Moderator. 
 
 The  first  reported  strength  of  the  Synod,  in  its  new 
 form,  wa-s  made  in  1871.  It  had  then  eight  I'resby- 
 teries,  three  hunilred  ministers,  twenty  licentiates, 
 fifty-three  candidat<'S  for  the  ministry,  two  liundred 
 and  sixty-one  churches,  and  forty  thousand  two 
 hundred  and  ten  communicants.  Its  Sabbath-schools 
 numbered  forty-nine  thousand  three  hundred  and 
 sixty  members.  The  a<lditions  to  the  communion 
 rolls  during  the  year  had  been,  on  examination  and 
 profession,  two  thousand  six  hundred  and  sixty-six, 
 and  on  certilicate,  one  thousand  six  hundred  and 
 seventy-six.  The  baptisms  had  been,  of  adults, 
 seven  hundred  and  thirty-seven,  and  of  infants,  one 
 Dionsand  seven  hundred  and  forty-one.  The  moneys 
 raised  for  congregational  purjioses  amounted  to 
 $ii.")J,|-21,  and  for  iKsnevolent  ciiu.ses,  $310,703,  or 
 $iMi3,l-2l  in  all. 
 
 lender  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  which 
 was  adopted  by  the  (Jeneral  .\ss<>mbly  of  18-10,  ap- 
 proved by  a  majority  of  the  Presbyteries,  and  finally 
 enacted  in  I'^'^l.  the  (Icncral  .\sseinbly  of  ].'<81  con- 
 solidated the  Synod  of  I'hiladclphia,  with  the  Synods 
 of  F.rie,  Harrislmrg  and  Pift.sburg,  into  the  Synod  of 
 Pennsylvania.     The  new  organization  held   its  first 
 
 meeting  in  Harrishurg,  in  October,  1882,  the  Rev. 
 Henry  S.  Butler,  of  Clearfield,  its  Convener,  by  .Vs- 
 sembly  appointment.  Prof.  S.  J.  \Vilson,  d.d.,  ll.il, 
 was  chosen  Moderator;  Thomas  H.  Robinson,  n.l).. 
 Stated  Clerk;  James  Kobert.s,  D.D.,  Permanent  Clerk; 
 and  John  Watt,  Esq.,  Trea-surcr.  Its  strength  was 
 •23  Presbyteries,  870  ministers,  04  licentiates,  117ean- 
 didates,  929  churches,  3022  elders,  722  deacons, 
 132,'2.51  communicants,  148,176  Sund.ay-school  mem- 
 bers. During  the  year  .5()77  new  communicants  had 
 been  added  on  profession,  1320  adults  and  .^000  in- 
 fants had  been  baptized,  and  ?;l,!n!),9.'«  raised  for 
 Church  purposes.  A  new  plan  of  delegation  for  the 
 future,  from  the  Presbyteries,  was  agieed  \\\Hm.  That 
 was  ratified  by  the  Presbrteries.  It  goes  into  elVi^ct 
 in  1884.  Tlie  Synod  will,  under  it,  meet  as  a  dele- 
 gated body  of  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  memlwrs, 
 in  October,  in  Philadelphia. — R.  M.  Patlersoii,  D.  D. 
 
 Synods  and  Councils.  Our  Confession  of 
 Faith  s;iys,  chapter  xxi: — 
 
 Section  I.  For  the  l)etter  government  and  further 
 edification  of  the  Church,  there  ought  to  be  such 
 Assemblies  a-s  are  commonly  called  spiods  or  coun- 
 cils;' and  it  belongeth  to  the  overseers  and  other 
 rulers  of  the  particular  churches,  by  virtue  of  their 
 oflice,  and  the  power  which  Christ  hath  given  them 
 for  edification,  and  not  for  destruction,  to  appoint 
 .such  assemblages;-'  and  to  convene  together  in  them, 
 as  often  as  they  .shall  .judge  it  expedient  for  the  good 
 of  the  Church. ' 
 
 ■.U-tsxv,  2,4,  B.     Mctaxv.     ».\ctii  xr,  22,  23, 'i'j. 
 
 "In  opposition  to  the  IndeiXMident.s,  who  maintain 
 that  every  congreg-ation  has  an  independent  power  of 
 government  within  itself,  and  deny  all  .subordination  of 
 judicatories, ' '  says  5Ir.  Shaw,  "our Confession a.s.scrts 
 that».  'for  the  better  government  and  further  edification 
 of  the  Church  '  (that  is,  for  attaining  the  end  better 
 than  can  he  accomjdished  in  smaller  meetings  of 
 church  officers),  'there  ought  to  be  such  as.scmblies 
 as  are  commonly  chilled  .synods  or  cotincils.'  Of  this 
 we  have  an  example  in  the  Synod  which  met  at 
 Jerasaleni  to  settle  the  question  alwut  circumcision. 
 The  question,  whether  or  not  the  Gentiles  who  had 
 made  a  profession  of  the  Christian  religion  were 
 bound  to  submit  to  cir<-umcision,  was  of  common 
 concern,  and  could  only  l)e  settled  by  the  juilgiuent 
 and  decision  of  office-bearers,  delegated  from  the 
 Church  as  a  whole;  and  we  find  th.at  the  judgment 
 or  decision  of  these  office-bearers,  when  met  ju- 
 dicially to  consider  the  question,  was  considered  as 
 binding  upon  the  whole  Cliureh.  Nor  i.s  it  any  valid 
 objection  to  this  court  forming  a  model  for  the  imi- 
 tation of  the  Church  in  after  ages,  that  it  was  com- 
 po.sed  partly  of  :>postles;  for  the  apostles  were  also 
 elders,  as  every  higher  office  in  the  Churih  ini'ludes 
 the  ollicial  power  belonging  to  inferior  offices;  and 
 we  do  not  find  that,  in  the  whole  discnssion,  the 
 apostles,  as  judgi-s,  claiuied  any  superiority  over 
 their  lirellireii,  who  are  called  elders.      .\t  any  rale. 
 
.SVXODS  AND  COUNCILS. 
 
 889 
 
 SYNODS  AND  COUNCILS. 
 
 the  decision  was  promulgated  as  the  joint  decision  of 
 both  (Acts  XV,  21-31)." 
 
 Section  II. — It  belongeth  to  synods  and  councils 
 niini-sterially  to  determine  controrersie.s  of  faith  and 
 cases  of  con.science;  to  set  down  rules  and  directions 
 for  the  l)ettcr  ordering  of  the  public  worship  of  God 
 and  government  of  His  Church;  to  receive  complaints 
 in  cases  of  mal-administration,  and  authoritatively  to 
 deti'rmine  the  same;  which  decrecsand  determinations, 
 if  consonant  to  the  Word  of  God,  are  to  be  received 
 with  reverence  and  8ubmi.s.sion,  not  only  for  their 
 ivgreement  with  the  Word,  but  also  for  the  power 
 whereby  they  are  made,  as  beinp;  an  ordinance  of 
 God,  appointed  thereunto  in  His  Word. 
 
 Section  III. — .\11  .synods  or  councils  since  the 
 apostles'  times,  whether  general  or  particular,  may 
 err,  and  many  have  erred;  therefore  they  are  not  to 
 be  made  the  rule  of  faith  or  practice,  but  to  be  used 
 as  a  help  in  both. ' 
 
 'Actsxvii.ll;  1  Cor.  il.Ti  ;  2C.ir.i,  24;  Elih.ii,20. 
 
 Section  IV. — Synods  and  councils  are  to  handle 
 nothing  but  that  which  is  ecclesiastical ;  and  are  not 
 to  intermeddle  ^vith  civil  affairs  which  concern  the 
 commonwealth,  unless  by  way  of  humble  petition  in 
 cases  extraordinary;  or  by  way  of  advice  for  satisfac- 
 tion of  conscience,  if  they  be  thereunto  required  by 
 the  civil  magistrate. ' 
 
 'I.ukoxii,  I3,H;  John  xviii,  :W. 
 
 These  Sections,  says  Dr.  A.  A.  Hodge,  state — (1) 
 Tlie  different  subjects  which  come  before  these  Church 
 courts  for  decision.  (2)  The  grounds  upon  which, 
 and  the  conditions  under  which,  their  decisions  are 
 to  be  regarded  as  re(iuiring  submission,  and  the 
 extent  to  which  that  submission  is  to  be  carried. 
 
 1st.  Negatively.  Synods  and  councils  have  no 
 right  whatever  to  intermeddle  with  any  affair  wJiich 
 concerns  the  commonwealth,  and  they  have  no  right 
 to  presume  to  give  advice  to,  or  to  attempt  to  in- 
 fluence the  officers  of  the  civil  government  in  their 
 action  as  civil  officers,  except  (o)  in  extraordinary 
 tujses,  where  the  interests  of  the  Church  are  im- 
 mediately concerned,  by  the  way  of  humble  petition, 
 or  (h)  by  way  of  advice  for  Siitisfaction  of  conscience, 
 if  they  be  thereunto  reiiuired  by  the  civil  magi.strate. 
 
 ■2d.  Negatively.  The  powers  of  synods  and  coun- 
 cils are  purely  ministerial  and  declarative;  i.  e.,  re- 
 late simply  to  the  declaration  and  execution  of  the 
 will  of  Christ.  They  are,  therefore,  wholly  judicial 
 and  executive,  and  in  no  instance  legislative. 
 
 M.  Positively.  It  belongs  to  synods  and  councils 
 (d)  at  proper  times  to  form  creeds  and  confessions  of 
 faith,  and  to  adopt  a  constitution  for  the  government 
 of  the  Church.  (^1  To  determine  particular  con- 
 troversies of  faith  and  cases  of  conscience,  (c)  To 
 prescribe  regulations  fur  llio  public  woi-ship  of  God, 
 and  for  the  government  of  the  Church,  (d)  To  take 
 up  and  issue  all  cases  of  discipline,  and  in  the  ease 
 of  the  superior  courts,  to  receive  appeals  and  com- 
 plaints in  all  cases    of   mal-administration   in   the 
 
 c;i.se  of  individual  officers  or  subordinate  courts,  and 
 authoritatively  to  determine  the  same. 
 
 4th.  Positively.  While  ecclesiastical  courts  have 
 no  right  to  handle  or  advise  upon  matters  which  be- 
 long to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  civil  magi.strate,  they, 
 on  the  other  hand,  evidently  possess  an  inalienable 
 right  of  teaching  church  members  their  duty  with 
 resiiect  to  the  ciril  imwers,  and  of  enforcing  the  per- 
 formance of  it  iis  a  religious  obligation.  "  The 
 I>owers  that  be  are  ordained  of  God.  .  .  .  Wherefore 
 ye  must  need  bo  subject,  not  only  for  wrath,  but  also 
 for  conscience'  sake."  (Rora.  xiii,  1-7.)  That  is, 
 obedience  to  the  civil  authorities  is  a  religious  duty. 
 and  may  be  fciught  and  entbrced  by  Church  courts 
 upon  church  members. 
 
 .5th.  Negiitively.  All  synods  and  eouncils,  since 
 the  apostles'  times,  whether  general  or  particu- 
 lar, may  err,  and  many  have  erred;  therefore,  they 
 are  not  to  be  made  the  rule  of  faith  or  practice,  but 
 to  be  u.sed  as  a  help  in  both.  That  is,  these  synods 
 and  councils,  consisting  of  uninspired  men,  have  no 
 power  to  bind  the  conscience,  and  their  authority 
 cannot  exclude  the  right,  nor  excuse  the  obligation, 
 of  private  judgment.  If  their  judgments  are  unwi.se. 
 but  not  directly  opposed  to  the  will  of  God,  the  pri- 
 vate member  should  submit,  for  peace  sake.  If 
 their  decisions  are  opposed  plainly  to  the  Word  of 
 God,  the  private  member  should  disregard  them  and 
 take  the  penalty. 
 
 6th.  Positively.  But  in  every  case  in  which  the 
 decrees  of  the.se  ecclesiastical  courts  are  consonant  to 
 the  Word  of  God,  they  arc  to  be  received  by  all,  sub- 
 ject to  the  jurisdiction  of  said  court,  not  only  because 
 of  the  fact  that  they  do  agree  with  the  Word  of  God, 
 but  also  because  of  the  proper  authority  of  the  court 
 itself  as  a  court  of  .Tcsus  Christ,  appointed  by  Him. 
 and  therefore  ministerially  representing  Tlini  in  all 
 of  its  legitimate  actions. 
 
 "  The  Church,"  says  Dr.  Dick,  "  is  the  depository 
 of  the  Scriptures;  .she  is  appointed  to  interpret 
 them,  and  performs  this  duty  by  public  and  private 
 instriiction,  oral  and  written;  but  has  no  power  to 
 make  articles  of  faith;  and,  as  she  is  not  infallibh', 
 every  num  retains  the  right  of  ])rivate  judgnu»nt, 
 or  the  right  to  examine  the  Scriptures  for  him- 
 self, and  to  follow  them,  either  1)V  joining  in  the 
 profession  of  the  Church  or  by  dis.senting  from  it. 
 This  view  of  the  power  of  the  Church  accords  with 
 the  sentiments  stated  in  our  Confession  of  Faith." 
 The  Church  of  England  expresses  the  same  .senti- 
 ments in  the  article  concerning  general  councils: 
 "When  they  be  gathered  together  (forasmuch  as 
 they  be  an  assembly  of  men,  whereof  all  be  not  gov- 
 erned with  the  Spirit  and  Word  of  Godl,  they  may 
 err,  and  sometimes  have  erred,  even  in  things  per- 
 taining unto  God.  'Wlierefore  things  ordained  by 
 them  as  necessary  to  salvation  have  neither  strength 
 nor  authorit.v,  unless  it  may  be  di  rlan  d  that  tin  y  be 
 taken  out  of  holy  Scripture." 
 
srvoixs.  i^^vJ. 
 
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TABERNACLE  CIJVRCH. 
 
 S93 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Tabernacle  Presbyterian  Church,  Philadel- 
 jihiii.  Pa.  In  the  year  1M()4,  God,  in  liis  providence, 
 disposid  a  niinilx;r  of  pei-sons  in  Pliiladelphia  to 
 unite  in  the  erection  of  a  house  of  worship,  to  be 
 ocenjiied  b.y  a  society  of  Christians  under  tlie  Inde- 
 pendent form  of  Clinrch  government.  Witli  tliis  in 
 view,  tlioy  agreed  to  subscrilje  certain  sums  of  money 
 as  voluntary  contributions,  and  afterwards  solicited 
 aid  from  the  citizens  of  Philadelphia  and  others 
 friendly  to  the  Redeemer's  kingdom.  Their  success 
 eciualed  their  most  sanguine  expecfcitions,  so  that  in 
 a  short  time  they  iiurchased  a  lot  and  built  a  hou.se 
 of  worship,  which,  as  to  situation,  neatness  and  con- 
 venience, was  not  surpassed  at  that  time  by  any 
 church  in  the  city.  The  "  Inde]ieiident  Tabernacle  " 
 (as  the  church  was  called),  was  situated  up  a  court 
 from  Fourth  street,  between  High  and  Chestnut 
 streets.     It  was  built  in  the  years  1805-6. 
 
 The  first  pastor  of  the  church  was  the  Rev.  William 
 Hti/.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Jvhn  Joyce,  an 
 Independent  minister  from  Europe,  wlio  was  intro- 
 duced to  the  church  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  John  Rodgcrs. 
 Mr.  .Toyce  labored  for  more  than  five  years,  with  much 
 acceptance,  after  which,  his  health  becoming  im- 
 paired, he  resigned  liis  charge,  April  1st,  181.5.  After 
 his  resignation,  it  was  deemed  expedient  by  a 
 majority  of  the  congregation  to  endeavor  to  effect  a 
 union  with  some  other  religious  body  of  the  same 
 faith  and  order,  even  if  there  sliould  be  some  unes- 
 sential diti'erence  in  the  form  of  church  government. 
 After  serious  consideration  of  the  subject,  a  way 
 seemed  to  be  open,  by  the  ])rovidence  of  God,  which 
 finally  led  to  a  union  with  the  Reformed  Dutch 
 Church. 
 
 The  people  of  the  First  Reformed  Dutch  Church, 
 in  Crown  street,  had  determined  to  build  another 
 place  of  worship,  and  a  subscription  was  raised 
 towards  it.  It  therefore  occurred  to  some  of  the 
 members  of  the  Taberuiicle  Church  that  perhaps 
 this  was  a  door  opened  by  Providence  by  which  the 
 views  of  both  might  be  promoted.  A  congregational 
 meeting  was  held,  and  it  was  resolved  that  "  over- 
 Imes  l)e  madi^  to  the  i)eople  of  the  First  Reformed 
 Dutch  Church,  on  Crown  street,  to  unite  with  the 
 IxKly  to  which  they  belonged."  I 
 
 The  negotiations  as  to  this  matter  of  change  of  i 
 connections  proceeded  with  much  harmony,  and,  as 
 the  result,  the  following  ])ersons  were  constitution- 
 ally elected  elders  and  deacons,  and  having  Ijeen 
 ordained  a<ci>rding  to  the  rules  of  the  church,  held 
 thiir  lirst  meeting  October  17th,  1816,  aft*'r  notice  in 
 the  church,  and  constituted  themselves  bv  the  name 
 
 of  the  Consistory  of  the   Second  Reformed   Dutch 
 Church  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  viz: — 
 
 M'illiam  Shufflebottom,  Aliraliaiii  P.  FM-ring,  Dr.  Casper  Shaffer, 
 William  Sheepshanks  and  .lolin  Willis — EUU-n. 
 
 William  Oliver,  .lol'.n  Mansel,  Thomas  Whitaker,  John  P.  Schott 
 and  3Ir.  Richards — iMacoiu. 
 
 Her.  Dr.  John  Broadheatl,  Pastor  of  the  First  Re- 
 formed Dutch  Church,  w;is  requested  to  preside  as 
 Moderator  until  they  should  obtain  a  stated  minister. 
 All  of  these  elders  and  deacons  had  been  communi- 
 cants in  the  Tabernacle  Church,  with  the  exception  of 
 Dr.  Caspar  Shaffer,  John  Willis  and  Abraham  P. 
 Peering,  who  obtained  certificates  of  dismi.ssion  from 
 the  First  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  with  a  view  of 
 serving  as  officers  in  this  church. 
 
 It  is  worthy  of  mention  that  at  this  first  meeting 
 of  the  Consistorj',  it  was  resolved,  "  That  the  Elders 
 begin  as  soon  as  convenient  the  catechising  of  the 
 children."  At  their  second  meeting,  October  17th, 
 it  wiis  resolved,  "That  nofice  be  given  next  Sabbath 
 that  Wednesday  evening  next  be  appropriated  to  prayer 
 for  Divine  direction  in  the  choice  of  a  pastor."  And 
 on  Octol)er  ]!)th,  1816,  Her.  David  PdcAcc  was  invited 
 to  supply  the  pulpit  every  alternate  Sabbath  for 
 three  months.  On  November  SlHh,  IMKJ,  the  uumljer 
 of  communicants  on  the  roll  of  the  church  was  51. 
 The  Rev.  Mr.  Parker  Wiis  called  to  be  p;ustor,  January 
 lUst,  1817,  and  was  installed  into  that  office  April 
 13th,  1817. 
 
 On  the  18th  of  Octolia-,  18in,  the  jiew  holders  and 
 communicants  of  the  church  reciuesteil  the  Consistory 
 to  a])ply  to  the  Classis  of  Philadelphia  for  the  dis- 
 missal of  this  church  and  congregation  to  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Philadelphia.  Eventually,  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Philadelphia  received  the  church  and  con- 
 gregation under  its  care,  with  the  name  of  the  Seventh 
 Presbyterian  Church.  This  occurred  on  the  9th  of 
 November,  1819,  and  the  Rev.  Drs.  Niell,  Ely  and 
 Janeway,  with  elders  Jolm  McMullin  and  Robert 
 Ralston,  were  appointed  a  committee  duly  toorganize 
 the  church  under  its  new  relation.  Accordingly,  it 
 was  so  organized  as  the  Seventh  Pre.sbytiriau  Church 
 of  Philailelphia,  November  18th,  1819,  and  the  fol- 
 lowing jiersons  elected  as  ruling  elders  and  deacons: 
 
 Otis  Amidon,  William  Shoo|whnnks,  Robert  Hainill  and  William 
 ShuHlebottuiu— WiLt". 
 
 .Tolm  P.  Schott,  Tboiuaii  Whittaker,  William  Taylor,  .Ir.,  and  .lacob 
 
 On  the  '.28th  day  of  Xoveinber  these  persons  w<Te 
 set  apart  to  their  respective  duties,  with  the  exeei)tion 
 of  William  Taylor,  ,Ir..  and  Jacob  Eglee,  who  de- 
 clined  serving.     The  .sermon   on   the  (K-casion   was 
 
TABERNACLE  CHURCH. 
 
 893 
 
 TAir. 
 
 prenclK'd  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  William  Niell,  (V«m  1 
 Thess.  V,  21,  "'  Prove  all  thiutp;;  hold  fast  that  which 
 is  good."  Kev.  Dr.  Janeway  projio.sed  the  constitu- 
 tional questions,  and  Kev.  Dr.  Ely  then  delivered  a 
 charge  to  the  elders  and  deacons,  and  pronounced 
 said  officers,  in  connection  with  the  communicants, 
 and  all  baptized  persons  in  regular  standing  in  the 
 congregation,  to  he  duly  organized  as  the  .'Seventh 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  the  city  of  Philadeli)hia. 
 
 The  Rev.  Dr.  WiUiam  M.  Engles  was  elected  the 
 first  pastor  of  this  church,  under  its  organization  as 
 a  Preshj'terian  Church.  His  election  occurred  June 
 1.5th,  1820,  and  he  was  ordained  and  installed  .luly 
 6th,  1820.  The  relation  then  instituted  continued, 
 with  great  harmony  and  with  much  blessing  to  the 
 church,  until  September  4th,  1K!4,  when  it  was 
 dissolved  by  the  Presl)ytery  of  Philadelphia,  at  the 
 request  of  Dr.  Engles,  who  then  devoted  himself  to  the 
 enterprise  of  conducting  the  Pie.ihi/lirian.  The  Rev. 
 Samuel  D.  Bli/thc  Wiis  next  called,  on  September  24th, 
 1834,  to  be  the  pastor  of  the  church,  and  having 
 accepted  the  call,  he  was  installed  February  23d, 
 183.>.     This  relation  continued  till  the  year  1839. 
 
 In  April,  1840,  the  Seventh  Presbyterian  Church, 
 previously  under  the  pastoral  care  of  the  Rev.  S.  D. 
 P.lythe,  and  the  Assembly  Church,  previously  under 
 the  pa.storal  care  of  the  Rev.  W.  L.  McCalla,  were, 
 at  their  request,  by  the  act  of  the  Presbytery  of 
 Philadelphia,  united  under  the  style  and  title  of  the 
 Seventh  Presbj'terian  Church.  Immediately  after 
 that  union  was  consummated,  the  Hov.  I(7ffi>i  Ltirrl 
 Wiis  installed  pastor. 
 
 In  the  year  1842  the  congregation  sold  their  house 
 of  worship  in  I{anstead  Court,  and  erected  their 
 present  church  on  Broad  street,  above  Chestnut, 
 which  was  dedicated  to  the  worship  of  (iod  on  the 
 last  day  of  that  year.  The  1st  of  .January,  1843, 
 being  the  Sabbatli,  the  church  was  regularly  opened 
 for  Divine  worship. 
 
 The  Rev.  Dr.  Lord  resigned  his  pastoral  charge  of 
 this  church  in  October,  1850,  and  accepted  a  c;ill  to 
 the  Seventh  Presliyteriau  Church,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 
 -Vl'ter  a  vacancy  of  nearly  a  year,  the  congregation 
 extended  a  call-to  the  Kev.  WilUnm  ITcnri/  RiilJ'iicr,  at 
 that  time  serving  as  chaplain  to  the  University  of 
 Virginia.  This  being  Mr.  KufVner's  first  pastoral 
 charge,  he  was  ordained  aiul  installed  at  the  same 
 time  as  pastor  of  this  church,  in  the  Fall  of  1851. 
 This  relation  continued  till  the  Spring  of  1853,  when 
 Mr.  Rufl'ner  was  constrained  to  resign  his  charge,  in 
 consequence  of  a  serious  affection  of  the  throat.  The 
 Kev.  E.  P.  Rodgers.  I).  i>.,  the  ne.xt  pastor  of  the 
 church,  was  installed  on  Mav,  .3d.  1854,  and  continued 
 in  this  relation  until  October,  1856.  Alter  a  vacancy 
 of  nearly  six  months,  the  Kev.  James  M.  Crowell  was 
 installed  into  the  ])astoral  care  of  this  church,  .May 
 loth,  1857,  and  had  charge  of  it  until  May  5th,  1869. 
 Dr.  Crowell  Wiis  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Henry  C.  JIc- 
 Cook,  who  was  installed  pastor  in  1870,  and  still  con- 
 
 tinues so  to  be.  During  his  pastorate  the  name 
 "Ta1>ernacle  Church  "  wa.s  a.ssumed. 
 
 The  congregation,  feeling  the  necessity  of  a  change 
 of  location,  on  account  of  the  encroachment  of  busi- 
 ness houses  in  the  region  of  their  i)resent  place  of 
 worship,  purcba-sed,  in  1883,  an  eligible  lot  at  Thirty- 
 eighth  and  Chestnut  .streets,  on  which  they  intend  to 
 erect  a  new  and  handsome  church  edifice  during  the 
 year  18H4. 
 
 Tables  of  The  Law.  Tho.se  that  were  given 
 ;  to  Sloses  uiHin  Mount  Sinai  were  WTitten  by  the 
 finger  of  God.  and  contjiined  the  decalogue,  or  ten 
 commandments  of  the  law,  a-s  they  are  rehearsed  in 
 Exodus  XX.  Many  i|U(st  ions  have  been  .started  about 
 these  tables;  about  their  matter,  their  form,  their 
 number,  him  who  wrote  them,  and  what  they  con- 
 tained. Some  Oriental  authors  make  them  amount 
 to  ten  in  number,  others  to  seven;  but  the  Hebrews 
 reckon  but  two.  Some  suppose  them  to  have  been 
 of  wood,  and  others  of  precious  stones.  Moses  ob- 
 serves (Exod.  xxxii,  15)  that  these  tables  were  writ- 
 ten on  both  sides.  Many  think  they  were  tran.sparent, 
 so  that  they  might  be  read  through  ;  on  one  side 
 toward  the  right,  and  on  the  other  side  toward  the 
 left.  Others  will  have  it  that  the  lawgiver  only 
 makes  this  observaticm,  that  th(^  tables  were  written 
 on  both  sides,  becau.se  generally,  in  writing  tables, 
 they  only  wrote  on  one  side.  Others  thus  translate 
 the  Hebrew  text:  "They  were  written  on  the  two 
 parts  that  were  contiguous  to  each  other;"  because, 
 being  shut  upon  one  another,  the  two  faces  that  were 
 written  u])on  touched  one  another,  so  that  no  writing 
 w:is  seen  on  the  outsich'.  Some  think  that  the  same 
 ten  commandments  were  written  on  each  of  the  two 
 tables,  others  that  the  ten  were  divided,  and  only 
 five  on  one  table  and  five  on  the  other.  The  words 
 which  intimate  that  the  tables  were  written  by  the 
 finger  of  God,  some  understand  simply  and  literally; 
 others,  of  the  ministry  of  an  angel ;  and  others  ex- 
 plain them  merely  to  signify  an  order  of  God  to 
 Moses  to  write  them.  The  exi)ression,  however,  in 
 Scripture  always  signifies  immediate  divine  agency. 
 — Str  Ttn  (^ommnnthniiitA. 
 
 Taggart,  Rev.  Samuel  B.,was  born  in  Canon.s- 
 burg,  Pa.,  March  :ilst,  1^:!:!.  Entered  Jefl'erson 
 College,  and  graduated  in  18.56,  standing  well  in  his 
 class.  He  studied  theology  at  Princeton,  graduating 
 in  1861.  AVas  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Xew 
 Brunswick.  His  first  charge  was  Sullivan,  Ind.. 
 where  he  was  ordained  and  installed  in  1862.  His 
 second  charge  w:is  that  of  Brazil,  Ind.  Coming  to 
 Illinois,  he  was  pastor  at  El  Paso,  and  for  several 
 years  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyt<'rian  Church  of 
 Bloomington.  He  is  now  at  Upper  Alton,  where  he 
 is  stated  supply,  and  living  on  his  I'arm.  He  is  a  good 
 preacher,  and  faithlul  a.s  a  p.astor. 
 
 Tait,  Rev.  Samuel,  was  of  Scotch  descent.  He 
 wa-s  bom  near  Shippensburg,  Pa.,  February  17th, 
 1772.     'Whilst  yet  in  his  youth,  his  father  removed 
 
TAJT. 
 
 BU4 
 
 TAL3IAGE. 
 
 with  his  family  to  Ligonier,  Westmoreland  county, 
 l*a.  After  his  conversion,  and  whilst  engaged  in  the 
 occupation  of  a  farmer,  a  Committee  of  Presbytery, 
 much  to  his  astonishment,  waited  upon  him  and 
 urged  him  to  seek  preparation  for  preaching  the  gos- 
 pel. He  repaired  to  Canonsburg  Academy,  after- 
 wards studied  theology  with  Dr.  JlcMillau,  and  was 
 Iicen.sed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Ohio,  June  "i-jth,  l.^OO. 
 
 Mr.  Tait  w:»s  ordained  and  installed  pa.stor  of  the 
 churches  of  Cool  Spring  and  Upper  Salem,  ilercer 
 county.  Pa.,  Xovember  19th,  1800.  The  young  pastor 
 resided  at  Cool  Spring,  in  a  log  cabin  that  he  had  got 
 raised  and  clap-boarded.  During  his  absence  on  a 
 preaching  tour,  his  wife  chinked  and  daubed  the 
 cracks  between  the  logs  with  mortar  made  by  her 
 own  hands.  This  pastoral  relation  continued  until 
 June  ioth,  18IM>,  when  he  relinqoished  the  charge  of 
 Upper  Salem  aud  gave  half  his  time  to  the  newly 
 organized  church  of  Mercer.  In  June,  1813,  the 
 jieople  of  Cool  Spring  agreeing  to  worship  at  Mercer, 
 he  gave  part  of  his  time  once  more  to  Salem,  and 
 finally,  in  1826,  he  reliuciuished  Cool  Spring  and  gave 
 all  his  time  to  Mercer.  His  pastorate  at  Mercer  con- 
 tinued until  his  death,  which  occurred  June  2d,  1841, 
 in  the  seventieth  year  of  his  age  and  forty-first  of 
 his  ministry.  On  his  deathbed  he  literally  spent  his 
 djing  breath  in  praying  for  a  revival  of  religion 
 among  the  dear  people  for  whose  Siilvation  he  had  so 
 long  labored.  And  when  his  end  drew  nigh,  to  a 
 minister  and  friend  who  inquired  if  he  found  com- 
 fort now  in  the  doctrines  he  had  so  long  pre;iched  to 
 others,  his  answer  was:  ''All  is  peace — peace  through 
 the  blood  of  Christ."  After  his  tongue  had  ce;ised 
 to  di.scharge  its  functions,  whcu  he  was  again  asked 
 by  the  .same  pious  friend  if  all  was  well,  having 
 made  a  fruitless  ellort  to  reply,  he  rai.sed  his  hands  to 
 heaven,  whilst  a  beam  of  inexpressible  delight  played 
 upon  his  countenance.  And  thus  he  fell  asleep  in 
 Jesus. 
 
 Mr.  Tait  was  in  appe;»rance  most  commanding. 
 He  was  full  six  feet  two  inches  in  height,  erect  in  his 
 bearing,  with  a  firm,  grave  cast  of  counteuauce.  He 
 w;is  a  kind  and  .■iymi)athizing  friend,  and  had  a  melt- 
 ing tenderness,  as  he  pointed  men  to  the  Saviour; 
 yet  he  Wijs  firm  and  immovable  when  the  path  of 
 duty  was  plain.  The  enemy  of  all  species  of  vice 
 and  immorality,  he  sometimes  exposed  himself  to  the 
 wrath  of  evil  doers  by  his  opposition  to  tlieir  evil 
 courses.  He  Wiis  njost  em])hutically  a  man  of  prayer, 
 and  was  distinguished  for  his  common  sense,  dis- 
 criminating judgment  and  familiar  acquaintance  with 
 the  human  heart.  As  a  preacher,  he  was  ofttn 
 eUKjuent,  and  had  great  power  over  an  audience,  and 
 at  times  could  sway  them  with  wondrous  influence. 
 As  a  pastor,  he  was  faithful.  In  dealing  with  "cases 
 of  conscience,"  as  the  early  fathers  called  them,  he 
 was  most  judicious  and  .successful.  As  a  member  of 
 the  ecclesiastical   courts,  he  stood  high  for  wisdom 
 
 I  and  good  j  udgment.  He  was  called  to  the  Moderator's 
 chair  more  frequently  than  any  other  member  of 
 Presbytery. 
 
 j  Mr.  Tait  had  the  great  satisfaction  of  laboring  in 
 numerous  revivals  of  religion.  The  first  was  during 
 the  "Palling  Exercise,"  which  was  shared  in  by  his 
 churches.     Again,  in  1831,  his  churches  were  greatly 
 
 ;  blessed.    Another  was  in  1830.     Yet,  in  the  hi.story  of 
 
 I  his  labors,  therd  was  almost  a  constant  ingathering 
 of  souls  to  the  kingdom  of  Christ.     AiJjwinted  by 
 
 '  the  Synod  of  Pittsburg,  Octoljer  3d,  18-22,  suin-rin- 
 
 I  tendent  j>ro  ^vn/jore  of  a  mi-ssion  among  the  Indians 
 at  Sandusky,  or  on  the  Maumee  river,  in  Ohio,  he 
 proceeded  to  the  field  and  laljored  faithfully  for  a 
 period  of  seven  months,  when  he  returned  home.  He 
 was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Presb\terj- 
 
 I  of  Erie,  and  in  1818  Motlerator  of  the  Synod  of 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 Talbot,  Charles  N.,  an  honored  and  useful  citi- 
 zen of  New  York;  died  in  that  city,  NovemlK'r 'iOth, 
 1874,  aged  seventy-two  years.  His  character  was 
 adorned  with  many  estimable  traits.  His  stainless 
 integrity,  sfiund  judgment,  genial  deportment  and 
 loving,  charitable  spirit,  were  his  Ix'St  eulogy.     A  de- 
 
 '  vout  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  no  differ- 
 ence of  creed  or  country  stood  Ix-tween  him  and  the 
 
 '  sulleriug.  ^\^le^eve^  known  in  his  extended  com- 
 mercial career,  he  w:v3   honored    for  those   qualities 
 
 ,  which  ennoble  success.  Though  long  retired  from 
 active  business,  with  ample  means,  his  labors  were 
 unremitted  for  ttie  benefit  of  his  fellow-men.     Espe- 
 
 j  cially  were  his  relations  to  the  Presbyterian  Hospital, 
 of  whose  Board  he  was  a  corporate  member,  charac- 
 terized by  earnest  efforts  for  its  prosperity.     His  ex- 
 
 '  ample  was  an  inspiration  to  others,  aud  largely  con- 
 tributed til  the  success  of  the  institution. 
 
 ■Talmage,  T.  De  "Witt,  D.  D.,  was  born  near 
 Bound  Brook,  N.  J.,  January  7th,  1832.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  the  University  of  the  City  of  New  York  in 
 1853,  and  at  the  New  Brunswick  Theological  Semi- 
 nary in  18.)6.  During  the  Summer  of  the  .s;ime  year 
 he  was  called  to  Belleville,  N.  Y.,  where  he  was  duly 
 ordained  and  installed,  and  continued  three  years. 
 In  18.")y,  he  Wiuscalled  to  the  Second  Keftirmeil  Church, 
 of  Philadelphia,  where  he  commanded  marked  public 
 attention,  and  his  congregation  grew  in  numlx-rs  and 
 influence.  In  April,  1869,  he  was  instjilled  pastor  of 
 the  Central  Presbyterian  Church,  loc'atcd  on  Scher- 
 merhom  street,  Brooklyn.  Here  his  lalwrs  were  a 
 decided  success,  attracting  audiences  to  the  utmost 
 capacity  of  the  building.  In  1870  a  large  edifice 
 w;is  erected  for  the  use  of  the  congregation,  on  a  site 
 of  six  lots,  on  S<hermerhorn  street,  not  far  from  the 
 old  church.  It  wxs  known  by  the  name  of  the- 
 "  Talx-rnacle, "  and  was  crowded  at  each  service.     It 
 
 '  was  destroyed  by  fire  December  22il,  1872,   rebuilt 
 
 j  1873,  and  dedicated  February  22d,  1874.  This  is 
 one  of  the  largest  jiublic  buildings  in  Brooklyn.  The 
 
 I  original  church  building  has  been  fitted  up  for  a  read- 
 
TAl'I'AX. 
 
 895 
 
 TA  YLOR. 
 
 ing  room,  and  room  for  social  gatherings  of  the  con- 
 gregation. It  is  also  used  for  the  Free  Lay  College, 
 an  institution  for  the  instruction  of  persons  in  the 
 lay  ministry,  established  by  Dr.  Talmage,  and  of 
 which  he  is  the  President.  The  Taberrmcle  hius 
 atlopted  the  free-pew  syst<-m. 
 
 Dr.  Talmage  hits  great  vivacity  of  spirit  and  energy 
 of  character.     His  social  qualities  arc  attractive.    He 
 
 the  following  April  by  the  rrcsbytery  of  De.s  Jloiues. 
 Here  he  remained  until  Fe>)ruary,  1871,  when,  having 
 been  called  to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Slouut 
 Plciisant,  Iowa,  he  removed  thither.  He  was  in.stalled 
 pa.'itor  of  this  church  in  May  of  the  same  year,  a 
 position  which  he  still  continues  to  occupy  (No- 
 vember, 1883).  From  1871  to  l-<8-2he  w;vs  Permanent 
 clerk  of  the  Synod  of  Iowa,  South.  Upon  the  recon- 
 struction of  the  Synods,  in  188-2,  he  was  made  Stated 
 Clerk  of  the  newly  erect<Ml  Synod  of  Iowa.  He  is  an 
 excellent  iireaehcr,  a  faithful  p:>stor  and  a  valuable 
 presbyter. 
 
 Tate,  Rev.  Joseph,  w;is  received  as  a  licentiate 
 
 by  Donegal  Presbvtery,  April  1st,  1748,  and  was  sent 
 
 to    Lower    Penn.sborough    (Silver    Spring),    Jlarsh 
 
 Creek  and  Concwago.     On  the  14th  of  June  he  wiis 
 
 called  to  Donegal,  they  giving  him  seventy  pounds 
 
 to  buy  a  plantation  and  seventy  pounds  salary.     He 
 
 wa.s  ordaiued,  N'ovember  '2:!d,  1748.      He  spent  eight 
 
 Sabbaths,  in   the   following  Fall,  in  Virginia.     Mr. 
 
 Tate  joined  the  Second   Presbytery  of  Philadelphia 
 
 ,  in  1768.     He  was  sent  by  the  Synod  to  Western  Yir- 
 
 I  ginia  and  North   Carolina,  and    in    the    following 
 
 '  March   he  was  called    to   Caddie   Creek.     He   dieil 
 
 Octolx-r  11th,  1774.     He  is  said  to  have  been  eccentric, 
 
 but  fearless  in  reproving  vice  and  the  errors  of  the 
 
 day. 
 
 Taylor,    Archibald    Alexander   Edward, 
 D.  D..   was  born  in  Springfield,  Ohio,  in  1^34.      He 
 
 T.     nP.    WITT    TALM.\aE,   D.D. 
 
 is  an  original,  terse,  bold  and  elo(|Uent  writer,  and  a 
 fluent,  impassioned  speaker.  He  has  the  most  com- 
 plete command  of  language,  which  takes  forms  of 
 expression  which  are  not  less  new  than  graphic  and 
 impressive.  He  draws  very  large  audiences.  He  is 
 very  popular  a-sa  lecturer,  and  is  a  contributor  to  many 
 of  the  periodicals  of  the  day,  his  articles  always 
 glowing  with  genius,  and  sometimes  abounding  in 
 humor.  He  haa  published  a  volume  of  Sermons,  and 
 "One  Thousand  Gems;  or,  Brilliant  Passages,  Ancc-  | 
 dotc.s.  Incidents,  Etc.,"  ediU-d  by  Professor  I.arabee,  i 
 and  for  a  time  he  wius  the  editor  of  the  Chr'nftian  at 
 Work. 
 
 Tappan,  Rev.  David  Stanton,  son  of  Dr. 
 Benjamin  and  Oella  (Stanton)  Tappan,  was  torn  in 
 Steul)enville,  Ohio,  April  'id,  1845.  He  received  his 
 cUuwiciil  education  at  Miami  University,  0.\ford, 
 Ohio,  graduating  with  the  highest  honor  of  his  cUuss,  ] 
 iji  18G4.  In  the  Fall  of  the  .s;ime  year  he  entered  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary,  Allegheny,  Pa., 
 graduating  in  1867.  In  April,  186t!,  he  was  licensed 
 to  preach  by  the  Prcsbj-tery  of  Allegheny.  graduated  at  Princeton  College  in  1854;  studied  the- 
 
 In  October,  1867,  he  received  a  call  from  the  Pres- j  ologj-  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  and  was 
 bvteriau  Church  of  Chariton,  Iowa,  and  was  ordained  i  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 
 ARCBIBALD  ALEX.\NDEB  EDWJkftD  TAYLOR,  D.  D. 
 
TA  YLon. 
 
 896 
 
 TA  YLOR. 
 
 Cincinnati  in  1857.     He  was  shortly  afterwards  or- 1 
 
 (laiiii'd  and  scttk-il  as  pastor  ovor  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Portland,  Ky.,  where  he  remained  two 
 years.  Thence  he  w:is  called  to  the  charge  of  the  j 
 First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Dubuque,  Iowa,  in  | 
 which  he  labored  successfully  for  six  years.  During 
 this  period  he  became  a  regular  correspondent  of  j 
 The  Prishi/lrrian,  of  Philadelphia,  over  the  signature 
 of  ''Hawkeye,"  the  familiar  soubrinuet  of  the  people  | 
 of  Iowa.  In  18fi.)  he  was  called  to  the  Bridge  Street 
 Presbyterian  Church,  of  Georgetown.  D.  C.  Fronv  ^ 
 this  field  he  was  called,  in  1869,  to  the  piustorate  of 
 tfie  Mt.  Auburn  Presbyterian  Church  of  Cincinnati, 
 a  new  and  promising  organization.  After  a  four 
 yejirs'  pastorate,  during  which  the  membership  of 
 the  church  was  Tery  largely  increa.sed,  he  was  unani- 
 mously elected  by  the  Board  of  Trustees,  as  successor 
 to  the  Kev.  Willis  Lord,  l>.D.,  as  President  of  the 
 .Synodical  University  at  Wooster,  Ohio,  and  entered 
 uiMin  the  duties  of  the  position  in  September,  1873. 
 This  position  he  retained  till  18S3,  with  evidence 
 of  his  fitness  for  it  in  the  prosperity  of  the  Institu- 
 tion. Dr.  Taylor  is  a  man  of  kindly  a-spect,  of  fine 
 talent  and  impressive  address,  of  unusually  genial 
 temperament.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the  Board 
 of  Education  and  Church  E.xteusiou,  a  Director  of  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary  and  the  Xorthwestern 
 Theological  Seminary,  and  was  a  member  of  the 
 General  Assembly  at  which  the  reunion  of  the  two 
 branches  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  was  consum- 
 mated, in  1869. 
 
 Taylor,  H.  Knox,  Esq. ,  was  born  at  Canajoharie, 
 y.  Y.,  May  14th.  1>30.  He  is  the  son  of  .Tohn  Taylor 
 and  Catharine  Knox,  his  mother  being  the  sister  of 
 the  venerable  John  J.  Knox,  recently  deceased.  He 
 is  thus  closely  allied  to  that  family  of  distinguished 
 and  earnest  Christians  by  which  the  Church  of  the 
 present  age  is  so  much  enriched,  and  is  every  way 
 worthy  of  the  kinship. 
 
 In  18.56  he  removed  from  Knoxville,  111.,  the  later 
 home  of  his  father,  to  St.  Paul,  Slinn.,  where  he  en- 
 gaged in  business.  At  the  present  time  (1883)  he 
 is  National  Bank  Examiner  for  Jlinncsota,  Dakota 
 and  Northern  Wisconsin. 
 
 Mr.  Taylor  has  held  many  positions  of  importance 
 and  influence.  Hehasbcenarulingclderin  the  House 
 of  Hope  Presbyterian  Church,  St.  Paul,  for  twenty 
 years,  and  a  Sunday-school  superintendent  most  of 
 that  time;  he  has  been  President  of  the  Young  Men's 
 Christian  and  of  the  Library  As.sociations;  he  has 
 been  four  times  a  member  of  the  Genenil  Assembly — 
 the  l.Tst  time  ser\-ing  as  Chairman  of  the  Mileage  Com- 
 mittee. 
 
 But  the  usefulnessand  influence  of  Sir.  Taylor  can- 
 not be  shown  by  any  such  enumeration.  He  com- 
 mands universal  resp<-ct  and  afli-ction  by  his  genial 
 manners,  his  broad  sympathies  and  his  indefatigable 
 perseverance  in  every  good  work.  Few  men  make 
 themselves  so  generally  useful.     His  hand  appears  in 
 
 every  Christian  enterprise  and   wherever    there    is 
 
 work  to  be  done.  One  of  Mr.  Taylor's  principal 
 ehiiraeteristies  is  the  ■nillingness  to  give  careful 
 attention  to  detiiils,  and  it  wUl  be  long  remembered, 
 to  his  great  credit,  that  he  was  willing  to  do  what 
 others  had  not  patience  or  the  disposition  to  attempt. 
 
 Taylor,  Rev.  Nathanael.was  probably  ordained 
 in  .Scotland,  in  ITciJ  or  17CI3,  and  came  immediately 
 to  Marlborough,  on  the  Patuxent.  The  settlement 
 was  made  in  1090,  by  Col.  Xinian  Beall,  who  pur- 
 chased a  large  tract  on  the  I'otomac.  and  drew  thitlnr 
 his  friends  and  neighbors  from  Fifcshire.  The  month 
 of  Patuxent  was  a  great  commercial  emporium.  Mr. 
 Taylor  was  a  punctual  attendant  on  every  meeting 
 of  Presbytery  tiU  his  death,  in  1710.  His  elder  in 
 1707  was  William  Smith,  and  in  1703  and  1709, 
 James  Bell  (Beall?). 
 
 Taylor,  Stephen,  D.  D.,  w.as  born  in  T,\Tingham. 
 Ma-ss..  F<'bruary  ^(ith,  1796.  He  graduated  at  Wil- 
 liams College,  with  the  highest  honors,  in  1816;  was 
 preceptor  of  the  Academy  at  Westfield,  Mass.,  for 
 one  year;  was  Tutor  in  Williams  College,  1817-19, 
 with  uncommon  acceptance  and  success;  commenced 
 his  theological  studies  at  Andover  Seminary;  for  .some 
 time  taught  an  Academy  at  Boydton,  Mecklenburg 
 county,  Va. ;  then  completed  his  theological  course 
 under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Griflin,  President  of  Wil- 
 liams College.  He  w.as  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Hanover  Presbytery  in  1824,  and  shortly  afterward 
 beciime  piistor  of  a  ehurch  in  Halifax  county,  Ya., 
 where  he  was  eminently  useful  and  greatly  beloved. 
 In  1*36,  he  took  charge  of  the  Shockoe  Hill  Cliurch, 
 Richmond.and  having  labored  here  about  nine  years, 
 with  great  fidelity  and  acceptance,  he  accepted  an 
 appointment,  in  183."),  to  the  Profes-sorship  of  Eccle- 
 siastical History  in  the  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
 which  position  he  resigned  in  1838,  and  shortly  after 
 became  pastor  of  a  church  in  Abingdon,  Ya.  In  1843 
 he  took  the  pa.storal  charge  of  the  High  Street  Church, 
 Petersburg;  after  a  residence  there  of  between  three 
 and  four  years,  returned  to  Richmond;  in  1847  en- 
 gaged in  teaching,  and  in  18.')0  was  elected  pastor  of 
 the  Duval  .Street  Church  of  that  city,  and  continued 
 in  charge  of  it  until  his  death,  which  occurred  JIarch 
 4th,  1853.  Dr.  Taylor  excelled  as  a  pastor.  As  a 
 preacher,  he  was  instructive,  practical,  direct  ami 
 earnest,  always  leaving  the  impression  that  he  was 
 intent  upon  accomplishing  the  great  ends  of  the  min- 
 istry, and  that  he  utterly  ignored  all  considerations 
 of  personal  popularity.  ANHiilst  in  Kichmond.  .is  pas- 
 tor, he  frequently  visited  the  Almshouse,  the  State 
 Penitentiary,  and  the  Orphan  Asylum,  where  he, who 
 once  had  the  honorable  jxisition  of  a  Professor  in  a 
 Theological  Scmin.irj-,  was  now  familiarly  known 
 and  greatly  revered,  as  "  Father  Taylor. "  His  life 
 was  marked  by  fidelity,  and  his  death  av;uj  one  of 
 peace,  even  of  triumph. 
 
 Taylor,  Rev.  "William  M.,  is  the  oldest  child 
 of  Mr.   Samuel  and    Mrs.  Charity   (Mercer)   Taylor, 
 
TEACH  I XG  THE  TRUTH. 
 
 P97 
 
 TEACH  I  XG  THE  TRUTH. 
 
 and  was  horn  JIarch  4th,  1834,  near  Enon  VaUey, 
 Beaver  (now  Lawrence)  county.  Pa.  lie  jrradiiated 
 at  Jefferson  College,  in  the  class  of  185^,  and  at  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary  in  1*61.  lie  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel,  April  l!)th,  1800,  by 
 the  Preshj'teiy  of  P.eaver  (now  Shenangoi,  and  was 
 ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Westfield 
 church  by  the  same  Presbytery,  June  12th,  1861. 
 This  has  lieen  his  only  charge,  and  under  his  mini.s- 
 trations  this  church  has  become  one  of  the  foremost 
 in  Western  Pennsylvania,  for  size,  zeal  and  activity 
 in  good  works.  During  his  pitstorate  the  church  has 
 erected  two  houses  of  worship.  For  twenty-three 
 years  Mr.  Taylor  has  Ijeen  steadily  growing  in  his 
 usefulness  among  the  churclics  in  all  the  regions 
 around  him.  His  sermons  are  Scriptural  and  prac- 
 tical, carefully  prepared,  and  delivered  in  an  im- 
 pressive manner.  He  is  an  exemplary  pa.stor,  win- 
 ning the  young  and  the  old.  He  has  a  pleasing  ad- 
 dress, a  sound  judgment  and  a  warm  heart.  He  is  a 
 hard  worker,  and  .a  man  of  devoted  piety.  A  few  of 
 his  sermons  and  addresses,  and  a  numberof  his  letters 
 on  foreign  travel  havc^  been  puWishcd  and  widely 
 read. 
 
 Teaching  the  Truth,  Vast  Importance  of. 
 "This,"  says  the  Rev.  John  Hall,  D.D.,  "is  the  great 
 function  of  the  Church.  The  Church  is  a  mighty 
 civilizer.  She  keeps  intellect  awake.  She  is  a 
 grand  reformer.  Science  flourishes  most  where 
 her  testimony  is  clearest  and  best  heard.  Com- 
 merce lives  in  the  security  and  confidence  she 
 begets.  Crime  is  kept  mainly  outside  her  ter- 
 ritory. But  all  those  incidental  and  collateral 
 benefits  are  attained,  not  when  directly  aimed  at, 
 but  as  the  results  of  the  Church's  fidelity  to  her 
 main  duty — the  duty  of  -witnessing  to  the  truth. 
 When  these  objects  are  aimed  at  as  primary,  the 
 consequence  is  often  enough  a  failure;  when  the  sal- 
 vation of  men  is  directly  aimed  at,  the  minor  benefits 
 come  in  their  placeas  couse(|uences.  There  is,  indeed, 
 no  true  social  or  moral  improvement  in  which  the 
 churchman  m.ay  not  take  his  place.  There  is  no 
 honest  human  effort  in  which  he  may  not,  if  it  be 
 otherwise  suitable,  bear  a  part;  but  his  main  power 
 to  do  good,  his  special  and  distinctive  'talent,'  is 
 setting  forth  the  Christian  truth.  To  use  a  bad  in- 
 strument when  a  good  is  at  hand,  to  employ  an  old 
 (lint  gun  when  the  newest  and  best  can  be  had;  such 
 a  course  is,  by  common  consent,  foolish,  either  in 
 peace  or  in  war.  ^\^ly,  then,  .should  men  armed  with 
 that  which  is  '  the  power  of  God  unto  salvation ' 
 turn  to  weaker  weipons?  Is  human  ingenuity  to 
 succeed  where  the  power  of  God  is  ineffectual  ?  Is 
 human  speculation  to  avail  where  divine  revelation 
 fails?  Will  good  be  done  by  ingenious  essays  on 
 petty  side  issues,  if  '  the  cross  of  Christ '  be  impo- 
 tent? He  who  loves  Zion  may  well  pray  and  labor 
 that  the  Church  of  his  affection  may  be  ever  distin- 
 guished  by  her  decided,   upright,   downright,   thor- 
 
 ough evangelicalism.  Let  her  ministers  be  '  gospel- 
 lers. '  The  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  is  the  sliarp-cutting 
 instrument  with  which  they  are  to  clear  away  vices 
 and  crimes.  '  If  the  iron  be  blunt,'  si\ys  the  wise 
 man,  '  and  he  do  not  whet  the  edge,  then  must  he 
 put  to  more  strength.'  And  many  a  .strongman  is 
 toiling  with  a  blunt  axe,  when  the  sharpest  possible 
 is  within  his  reach.  '  For  the  Word  of  God  is 
 quick  and  powerful,  and  sharper  than  any  two- 
 edged  sword,  piercing  even  to  the  dividing  asunder 
 of  the  joints  and  marrow,  and  is  a  discerner  of  the 
 thoughts  and  intents  of  the  heart.'  Let  the  Presbj-- 
 terian  Church  of  the  future  be  marked,  above;  all,  by 
 this,  that  her  ministers  are  teat  hers  of  the  Word,  in 
 Sabbath  .schools,  in  Bible  ela.s.ses,  in  the  pulpit;  let 
 her  people  be  thorongh  in  their  knowledge  of  the 
 Scriptures;  let  her  prayers,  her  sermons,  her  litera- 
 ture, be  rich  in  Scripture  truth,  and  her  energies 
 will  be  little  wasted  and  her  time  little  consumed  in 
 the  temper-trying  discussions  of  such  petty  crotchets 
 iis  have  all  too  often  vexed  the  community. 
 
 "AVe  make  no  ajwlogy  for  adverting  at  this  jwint 
 to  the  imperative  necessity  that  exists  for  securing 
 for  our  children  thorough  Scriptural  instruction  in 
 the  Sunday  schools.  It  is  pleasant  to  think  of  the 
 homage  done  to  God's  Word  by  its  being  read  in  our 
 common  schools,  but'  if  the  American  churches  per- 
 suade themselves  that  anything  approaching  to  real 
 Scriptural  knowledge  is  thus  given  to  any  con- 
 siderable proportion  of  our  population,  we  fear  it 
 is  a  mischicvoiis  delusion.  Thousiinds  have  pa.ssed 
 through  them  with  no  more  knowledge  of  the  Word 
 than  suffices  for  a  flippant  allusion  or  a  profane 
 reference.  The  Cliurch  must  see  to  it  that  the  Word 
 of  her  God  be  taught  her  young  members,  or  they 
 will  be  practically  ignorant  of  it.  Nor  is  it  at  all 
 certain  that  their  attendance  on  the  Sabbath  school  is 
 an  adequate  remedy.  Many  teichers  are  incompe- 
 tent a.'i  leacherii,  and  much  of  the  Sunday-school  litera- 
 ture, which  is  superseding  the  reading  of  the  Bible, 
 is  worse  than  useless,  it  is  mischievous.  What  can 
 be  the  effect  of  gi%ing  children  mere  stories,  with  just 
 enough  spice  of  religion  to  make  them  'Sunday 
 books,'  but  to  drive  them  to  novels?  For  novelettes 
 many  of  these  volumes  are,  and  often  poor  as  such. 
 There  is  little  reading,  and  no  study  of  Scripture  on 
 week-days,  and  on  Sabbath  it  is  suppo.sed  to  l>e  as  it 
 should  if  the  children  are  engaged  with  their  Sunday- 
 school  books;  and  so  they  grow  to  maturity  with  only 
 the  most  superficial  ideas  of  the  holy  oracles.  The 
 years  roll  on,  and  they  go  West,  or  to  Europe,  or  to 
 social  circles  at  home  where  indifference  or  skepticism 
 reigns,  or  where  some  human  'ism  '  is  in  the  ascend- 
 ant, and  they  have  no  definite  knowledge  to  the 
 contrary,  and  go  with  the  tide.  All  this  must  be 
 considered  by  the  Church,  if  her  children  are  to  be 
 safe. 
 
 "  And  at  this  point  let  us  not  suppress  the  hope  that 
 the  Catechism  of  the  Church  will  receive  inereased 
 
TE3IPLET0N. 
 
 898 
 
 TEX  C03I3IAXD3IEXTS. 
 
 attention  in  the  training  of  the  young.  If  the  vows 
 which  parents  make  in  the  act  of  dedicating  thi-ir 
 children  to  God  mean  anything,  the  parents  bind 
 themselves  to  teach  their  ofl'spring  the  doctrines  of 
 the  Christian  religion.  Do  thej^?  Were  we  to  ask 
 thousands  of  professing  Christians,  '  What  doctrines 
 of  the  Christian  religion  have  you  taught  your 
 children  ? '  we  should  get  no  satisfactory  answer. 
 If  our  young  peoi)le  wire  left  to  learn  aritliuutic 
 and  grammar  in  the  hap-hazard  way  ill  which  they 
 are  left  to  learn  these  doctrines,  these  unambitious 
 attainments  would  be  much  rarer  than  they  are.  No 
 wimder  that  a  speculation  cannot  be  propounded 
 among  us  so  silly  that  it  shall  not  find  followers. 
 JIultitudes,  and  th;ft  where  the  population  is  the  least 
 affected  by  the  tide  of  emigration,  have  no  anchor  in 
 definite  religious  knowledge,  and  are  consequently 
 blown  about  by  every  wind.  True,  it  is  ea.sy  to  make 
 flippant  statements  about  the  difficulty  of  learning 
 our  Catechism,  and  its  obscurity  to  the  young  mind. 
 The  young  mind  finds  the  multiplication  table  hard, 
 learns  it  as  a  mere  matter  of  memorj-,  and  finds  the 
 use  of  it  afterwards.*  It  is  so  with  the  education  of 
 every  one  of  us.  Common  sense,  observation,  and 
 fidelity  to  our  vows  all  combine  to  urge  upon  parents 
 the  right  and  conscientious  use  of  a  help  so  valuable 
 in  giving  the  young  members  of  the  church  a  compe- 
 tent knowledge  of  the  doctrines  of  the  Christian 
 religion."' 
 
 Templeton,  Rev.  James,  received  his  licen.se 
 from  the  I'resbytery  of  Hanover,  October  26th,  177.5, 
 .soon  after  which  he  removed  to  Xorth  Carolina.  In 
 1794  he  became  stated  sujjply  of  Nazareth  Church,  in 
 South  Carolina,  and  continued  .so  for  nearly  eight 
 years.  Mr.  Templeton  took  a  great  interest  in  the 
 general  business  of  the  Church.  In  1797  he  w:is  at 
 the  head  of  the  "  Pbilanthrophie  Society,"  organized 
 with  the  view  of  advancing  and  perpetuating  an 
 academy  of  high  order.  This  Society  was  incorporated 
 by  the  Legislature  of  South  Carolina,  in  1797. 
 
 •  TliB  Uto  Rev.  John  Cnmining,  D.D.,  of  London,  thus  bears  tes- 
 timony to  tlie  triith  here  prest-ntfd  by  Dr.  H^ill  ;— 
 
 "The  (lecp  engraving  of  truth  upon  the  heart  of  the  young  is 
 never  altogether  eflTaced.  Tliose  impres-sions  of  ilivine  truth  that 
 are  mado  on  our  liearta  in  yontli  often  emerge  in  after  years  witli 
 all  the  fn-shnesa  and  tieauty  of  yesterilay.  Silenced  tliey  may  Ik-, 
 extinguiabed  they  rarely  are  :  overshadowed  tliey  may  he,  hut 
 obliter.ited  they  cannot  he.  I  know,  wlien  I  learned  that  :<cril>- 
 tund  b!lt  extremely  uhstmse  work — i)4'rhaps  more  no  Ilian  neeil  he— 
 *  The  Shorter  Catechifim."  I  did  not  understand  it.  In  those  days 
 education  was  not  so  well  comprehended,  anil  it  was  not  thought  BO 
 necesaary  to  explain  to  the  umlerstanding  what  w-as  to  be  stored  in 
 Ihe  memory,  aa  it  is  now,  hut  my  memory  was  Blored  with  the 
 truths  of  that  precious  document,  and  when  I  grew  up  I  found 
 lliose  truths,  which  had  been  laid  awicle  in  its  cells  as  pmpoeilions 
 which  I  could  neither  understand  nor  matte  use  of,  Itecome  illumi- 
 nated by  the  sunshine  of  after  years,  and,  like  some  hidden  and 
 mysterious  writing,  reveal  in  all  their  beauty  and  their  fullnes4 
 those  precious  truths  which  I  had  neither  seen  nor  compr^diended 
 l»efore,  and  which  have  been  so  long  and  are  now  preached  in  the 
 riiurch  of  my  fathers,  and  no  less  so,  I  trust,  in  every  section  of  the 
 Kvangelical  (liurch  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ." 
 
 Templeton,  Bev.  Milo,  was  born  near  West 
 Alexander,  Wa.shington  county.  Pa.,  JIareh  2.Sth, 
 1819;  graduated  at  Wiishiugton  College;  studied 
 theology  at  the  Western  Seminary,  Allegheny,  and 
 was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Washing- 
 ton. He  Wits  pjistor  of  the  Church  at  Troy,  Ohio, 
 from  1^4()  to  18.")1,  preaching  part  of  his  time  in  Sa- 
 lem Church,  in  the  country.  He  next  spent  four  years 
 as  pa.stor  of  St.  Mary's,  couuty-.se;it  of  Auglaize 
 county,  also  prei»ching  to  several  nii.ssionary  points 
 in  the  county.  His  last  charge  was  the  church  of 
 Marseilles,  where  he  labored  for  nearly  eight  years 
 from  1855,  and  where  he  died  March  25th,  1863.  He 
 was  an  able  and  earnest  preacher,  a  successful  pastor, 
 much  beloved  in  all  tjie  stwial  relations  of  life.  He 
 spent  and  wore  out  his  life  in  his  Ma.ster's  work. 
 
 Templeton,  Rev.  Samuel  McClain,  the  son 
 of  Alexander  and  Charity  (McClain)  Templeton,  was 
 born  near  West  Alexander,  Pa.,  Decemlx'r  11th,  1816. 
 He  graduated  at  Washington  College,  Pa.,  in  1836; 
 studied  theology  at  the  Western  Seminary,  Alleghenj', 
 antl  was  licensed  by  Washington  Presbytery  in  1842. 
 He  commenced  his  labors  in  Mansfield,  Ohio,  but  on 
 account  of  the  state  of  his  health,  declined  a  call. 
 He  was  for  some  time  p;ustorof  the  church  in  Millers- 
 burg,  Ohio,  having  Ixen  ordained  by  Coshocton 
 Presbytery.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Mid- 
 dleboro,  Ohio,  for  eight  years.  In  the  Spring  of 
 1856  he  removed  to  Delavan,  111.,  where  he  succeeded 
 in  gathering  a  large  and  active  congregation,  erecting 
 a  subsUmtiar  house  of  worship,  and  exerting  an  in- 
 fluence for  good  in  all  that  region.  He  died  May 
 13th,  1867.  Mr.  Templeton  w;is  greatly  beloved  by 
 his  brethren  in  the  ministrj',  by  whom  he  w  as  honored 
 and  tru.sted  as  a  good  man  and  a  good  preacher.  As 
 a  presbyter  he  deservedly  held  the  first  rank,  as  faith- 
 ful and  efficient.  His  voice  was  often  raised  in 
 earnest  and  pungent  appeals  in  behalf  of  all  the 
 great  schemes  of  the  Church  for  the  advancement  of 
 the  Redeemer's  kingdom. 
 
 TempUn,  Rev.  Terah,  having  been  lieenseil  by 
 the  Hanover  (Va.  1,  Presbytery,  in  1780,  went  to  Ken- 
 tucky shortly  after,  where  he  received  ordination,  in 
 178.J.  He  settled  in  Wa-shington  county,  on  thesouth 
 side  of  the  Kentucky  river,  and  there  organized 
 several  churches  and  labored  faithfully  as  an  evan- 
 gelist. Heextcnded  liLslabors,  in  the  waj- of  supply- 
 ing destitute  churches  and  forming  new  ones,  into 
 Livingston  county  also.  He  dietl  October  6th,  1818, 
 at  the  age  of  seventy-six.  His  talents  were  resiwet- 
 able,  his  manner  w;is  stilemn  and  impressive,  and  his 
 character  every  way  irrejiroachable. 
 
 Ten  Commandments,  The.  Tlie  ]>recepts  of 
 the  dce;ilogue  (Deut.  iv,  13),  more  j)roi)erly  expres.sed 
 as  the  "ten  words"  (Exod.  xxiv,  38,  nuirg. ;  Deut. 
 X,  4,  marg. ),  the  solemn  authoritative  utterance  of 
 the  Deity,  originating,  :is  no  other  words  have  origin- 
 ated, from  Him  alone.  They  were  proelaimed  from 
 the  top  of  .><inai,  amid  mighty  tliumlerings  and  tight- 
 
TEXKENT. 
 
 899 
 
 TEKKENT  CHURCH. 
 
 nings  (Exoil.  xx,  1-2'i)  and  were  graven  on  tablets  of 
 stone  by  the  finger  of  God  (xxxi,  IS;  xxxii,  ir>,  16; 
 xxxiv,  1,  28).  Ten  wius  a  significant  number,  the 
 symbol  of  conipU'tcncss;  and  in  these  "ten  words  " 
 was  comprised  that  moral  law  to  which  obedience 
 forever  was  to  be  paid.  On  these,  summed  up  as  our 
 Lord  summed  them  up,  hung  all  the  law  and  the 
 prophets  (Matt,  xxii,  36-40).  There  were  two  tables, 
 the  commandments  of  the  one  more  especially 
 respecting  God,  those  of  the  other,  man.  These  are 
 usually  divided  into  four  an<l  six.  Perhaps  they 
 might  better  be  distributed  into  live  and  five.  The 
 honor  to  jjarents  enjoined  by  the  fifth  commandment 
 is  ba.sed  on  the  .service  due  to  God,  the  Father  of  His 
 people.  And  it  is  ol)servable  that  Paul,  enumerating 
 those  which  make  up  love  to  a  man's  neighbor,  in- 
 cludes but  the  last  five  (Rom.  xiii,  9).  .  I 
 The  following  rules  are  important  for  understand- 
 ing the  commandments:  1.  Every  command  re<iuires 
 many  duties  and  forbids  many  sins  which  are  not 
 expressly  named  in  it.  2.  Wherever  a  duty  is  re- 
 «iuired,  the  contrary  sin  is  forbidden,  and  wherever 
 a  sin  is  forbidden,  the  contrary  duty  is  reijuired.  3. 
 .  Wherever  a  sini.s  forbidden,  all  sins  of  the  same  kind, 
 and  all  occasions,  ciiuses  or  appearances  of  those  sins, 
 are  forbidden ;  and  wherever  any  duty  is  commanded, 
 all  duties  of  the  sjime  kind,  and  all  the  means  of  per- 
 forming them,  are  commanded.  4.  '\\1iatever  we 
 ourselves  are  bound  to  do,  we  are  obliged  to  do  what 
 in  us  lieth  to  cause  others  to  di>  the  .same.  5.  That 
 which  is  forbidden  may  never  be  done;  but  action ■< 
 recjuircd  are  only  to  be  performed  when  God  gi\e> 
 opportunity.  6.  The  same  sin  is  forbidden,  and  the 
 same  duty  required,  in  difl'cient  respects,  in  many 
 commandments.  7.  In  a  command  partly  moral  and 
 partly  positive,  as  in  that  relating  to  the  Sabbath, 
 obligation  to  the  duties  of  the  second  table  often 
 supersedes  our  obedience  to  that  command  of  the  finst 
 table.  8.  The  connection  between  the  commands  is 
 so  close  and  intimate  that  whosoever  breaks  one  of 
 them  is  guilty  of  all  (.lames  ii.  Id).  9.  The  com- 
 mands are  spiritunl,  reaching  to  the  thoughts  and 
 motions  of  the  heart,  as  well  as  to  the  words  anil 
 actions  of  the  life.  Our  Saviour  was  particular  in 
 inculcating  this.  He  taught  that  causeless  anger  is  a 
 breach  of  the  sixth  commandment,  and  impure  desire 
 a  violation  of  the  seventh.     (.SVc  Taliirs  of  the  Lair.) 
 
 Tennent,  Rev.  Charles,  the  fourth  son  of  the 
 Rev.  William  Tennent,  Sr.,  was  born  at  Coleraine,  in 
 the  county  of  Down,  May  3d,  1711,  and  therefore,  at 
 the  time  of  his  father's  emigration  from  Ireland,  was 
 a  boy  of  seven  years  of  age.  He,- as  well  ;is  his  oUler 
 brothers,  received  his  education  under  the  paternal 
 roof,  or  rather  in  the  Log  College.  He  appears,  how- 
 ever, to  have  been  less  distinguished  than  either  of 
 his  brothers,  but  seems  to  have  been  a  respectable 
 minister  of  thego.spcl. 
 
 Mr.  Tennent  was  licen.sed  by  the  Presb_\-tery  of 
 New  Castle,  September  2()th,  1736,  and  was  settled  in 
 
 the  Presbyterian  congregation  of  Whiteday  Creek, 
 Del.  Soon  after  his  settlement  in  this  place  the 
 great  revival  under  the  preaching  of  AV'hitelield  com- 
 menced, and  w;is  very  powerful  in  this  congreg.ition. 
 During  this  remarkable  se;i.son  of  divine  inllucuce, 
 Mr.  Whitefield  spent  some  days  with  Mr.  Charles 
 Tennent,  and  assisted  him  in  the  administration  of 
 the  Lord's  Supper,  preaching  to  vast  multitudes  of 
 jieople  every  day  of  the  solemnity,  which  continued 
 four  days,  accordi  ng  to  custom.  Some  years  before 
 his  death,  Sir.  Tenuent  removed  from  Whiteclay 
 Creek  to  Buckingham  Church,  in  Slaryland,  where 
 he  ended  his  days,  in  1771,  and  where,  it  is  ])resumed. 
 his  remains  are  interred.  Of  his  latter  days,  and  of 
 the  circumstances  of  his  decease,  there  is  no  authentic 
 information. 
 
 Tennent  Church,  iwar  Freehold,  iV.  ./.     In  1685, 
 a  handful  of  Presbvterians,  who  had  suffered  in  the 
 
 OLn  TENNENT  CHCKril. 
 
 bloody  persecutions  of  Charles  II,  were  shipped  from 
 .Scotland,  to  be  sold  as  slaves  in  the  Colonies.  But 
 their  captain  died,  and  his  successor  determined  to 
 take  his  cargo  to  Virginia,  as  likely  there  to  find 
 the  best  market.  But  a  tempestuous  voyage  drove 
 them  into  Perth  Amboy,  and  being  set  free  by  the 
 authorities,  they  determined  to  locate  in  Xew  Jersey. 
 Many  of  them  settled  in  Monmouth  county.  True 
 to  their  extraction  and  education,  they  gave  imme- 
 diate atteutiou  to  religions  privileges.     They  formed 
 
TJCXXKXT  CHl'KCJf. 
 
 900 
 
 TENNENT. 
 
 themselves  into  a  church  as  early  as  1692,  and 
 probably  h:ul  built  a  house  of  worship  before  that 
 time.  They  called  their  church  Freehold.  Among 
 their  number  was  John  Boyd,  -who  ■w;is  possibly 
 licensed  to  preach  in  Scotland.  At  least  he  appears 
 as  ministering  to  that  people  in  170G.  In  December 
 of  that  year  he  w:i3  ordained,  in  Iii.s  own  public 
 meeting  hou.se,  by  the  newly-formed  I'resbytery  of 
 Philadelphia,  the  first  minister  ordained  by  this  first 
 Presbytery.  After  two  years,  steps  ■weje  taken  to 
 have  him  regularly  inst;illcd,  when  he  died. 
 
 Then,  for  twenty  years,  Kev.  Jo.seph  Morgan  min- 
 istered to  that  people,  though  it  is  not  certain  when 
 
 OLD   TPNNTNT    PARSONAOE. 
 
 he  was  installed.  On  his  leaving  them,  the  people 
 were  sadly  divided,  and  "there  seemed  no  hojie  of 
 their  ever  settling  a  minister."  But  a  marked  provi- 
 dence sent  them  John  Tcnnent,  certainly  the  most 
 saintly  of  the  five  of  that  name  who  made  such  a 
 deep  iinprc.s.sion  upon  the  eiirly  history  of  Presby- 
 terianismin  this  country.  He  was  settled  at  Free- 
 hold in  17:!0,  and  was  probably  the  tirst  pa.stor.  A 
 decided  change  imnudiately  followed.  In  that  same 
 year  steps  were  fciken  for  the  building  of  a  new 
 house  of  worshij).  It  was  near  the  site  of  the  present 
 building. 
 
 John  Tennent  died  in  two  years,  and  was  succeeded 
 by  his  brother  William,  the  most  fiuuousof  the  four 
 
 remarkable  brothers.  Immediately  a  parsonage  farm 
 was  pnreluLsed,  where  AVilliam  Tennent,  Jr.,  resided 
 during  his  nearly  half-eentury  pa.storate,  and  which 
 was  in  part  the  scene  of  the  battle  of  Jlonmouth. 
 
 Such  was  the  prosperity  attending  the  lalwrs  of  the 
 two  Tennents,  that  in  17.50  it  was  deemed  necessary 
 to  buUd  a  larger  house  of  worship.  And  the  present 
 edifice  was  erected,  almost  precisely  as  it  is  to  this 
 day.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  before  this  building  is 
 too  far  dec;iyed  it  may  be  hermetically  sealed  up  in  a 
 gla.ssca.se,  to  be  seen  l)y  future  generations,  a  land- 
 mark, and  a  monument  of  the  early  days  of  Presby- 
 terianism.  It  stmds  not  only  as  a  monunu-nt  of  the 
 Church,  but  is  al.so  to  be  venerated  for  having  seen 
 the  clash  of  arms  in  one  of  the  most  important  battles 
 in  the  war  of  Independence. 
 
 This  church,  blessed  w  ith  an  unusual  succession  of 
 able  and  godly  men  for  pastors,  still  brings  forth 
 fruit  in  old  agi' — a  gncn  old  atje. 
 
 Succeoiling  the  nearlj'  half  century  of  Tennent, 
 came  another  half  century  j)astorate  under  Dr.  John 
 Woodhull,  not  only  a  te;icher  of  the  people,  but  also 
 a  distlngui.shed  teacher  of  teachers.  Then  came 
 briefer  pa.storates,  under  Job  F.  Halsey,  D.  n.,  June 
 14th,  1826,  to  March  r>th,  1S28;  Rev.  Kolx-rt  Roy, 
 February  18th,  1«29,  to  March  l.")th,  1832;  Daniel  V. 
 -McLean,  D.  D.,  October,  1832,  to  November  8th.  1836; 
 James  Clark,  D.  I).,  November  8th,  1837,  to  October 
 J(l,  183(»;  Kev.  Luther  II.  VanDoren,  June  17th,  1840, 
 III  July  5th,  18.">G;  Rev.  Donald  McLaren,  July  1st, 
 H.j7,  to  November   5th,    1862;   Rev.  Archibald  P. 
 
 I  obb,  August  8th,  1863,  untU  his  death,  February 
 .'lith,  1881.  Very  shortly  after  Jlr.  Cobb's  settle- 
 T I  lent  he  had  purcha-sed  the  parsonage  property  and 
 
 II  ritt<d  and  enlarged  it,  when,  before  the  furniture 
 A  as  arranged  in  it,  a  fire  consumed  the  whole,  and 
 \\  ith  it  all  the  records  of  the  church.  The  present 
 pastor  is  the  Kev.  George  G.  Smith. 
 
 For  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  called 
 "Freehold,"  the  name  of  this  church  was  changed 
 not  many  yeiirs  since,  and  now  it  bears  most  appro- 
 priately the  name  of  "Tennent  Clmrch."  It  em- 
 braces within  its  broad  bosom  more  than  four  hun- 
 dred and  fifty  souls. 
 
 Tennent,  Rev.  Gilbert,  the  oldest  son  of  Rev. 
 William  Tennent,  of  Ne.shaniiny,  was  born  in  the 
 ciiunty  Armagh,  February  5th,  1703;  was  educated 
 by  his  father,  and  was  licensed  by  Philadelphia 
 Presbytery  in  May,  172.'>.  He  received  in  the  Fall 
 the  degree  of  A.  51.,  from  Vale.  In  the  Autumn  of 
 1726,  he  wjis  installed  pastor  of  the  Church  at  New 
 Brunswick,  N.  J.  For  some  time  he  was  the  delight 
 of  the  pious,  and  was  honored  by  those  who  were 
 destitute  of  religion.  But  when  God  bi'g-au  to  ble.ss 
 his  faithful  labors  to  the  awakening  of  .secure  sinners, 
 and  to  their  conversion  from  darktiess  \into  light,  he 
 presently  lost  the  good  opiui(Ui  of  false  profe.s.sors,  his 
 name  was  loaded  with  reproaches,  and  the  grossest  im- 
 moralities were  attributed  to  him.   But  heboreall  with 
 
TEKKENT. 
 
 noi 
 
 TK.VXEXr. 
 
 patience.  Though  he  had  sensibility  to  character  as  by  his  frankness  and  undisguised  honesty,  eminent 
 well  as  other  men,  yet  he  was  willing  to  encounter  for  i)n))lic  spirit  and  great  fortitude;  his  mind  was 
 disgrace  rather  than  neglect  preaching  the  Truth,  enriched  by  much  reading,  and  his  heart  was  hideu 
 however  offensive  to  the  sinful,  whom  he  wished  to  ,  with  a  rich  experience  of  divine  grace.  As  a  preacher, 
 reclaim.  |  i,e  w;us  equaled  by  few;  his  re^usoning  was  strong,  his 
 
 Towards  the  close  of  the  year  1740,  and  in  the  langujige  forcible,  and  ofton  sublime,  hU  manner 
 beginning  of  the  year  17-11,  he  made  a  tour  in  New  warm  and  earnest.  With  admirable  dexterity  lie 
 England,  at  the  requestor  Mr.  AVhitefield.  An  exposed  the  false  hope  of  the  hypocrite,  and  searched 
 a.stonishingefficacy  accompanied  his  labors.  Visiting  the  corrupt  heart  to  the  bottom.  He  said  of  some  of 
 various  towns,  he  was  everywhere  remarkably  useful,  his  earliest  .sermons  that  he  begged  them,  with  tears, 
 In  this  tour,  the  dress  in  which  he  commonly  entered  of  the  Lord  .lesus.  Among  Mr.  Tenueut's  numerou.s 
 the  pulpit  was  a  great   coat,  girt  about  him  with  a    publicvtions  were  two  volumes  of  sermons. 
 
 leathern  girdle,  while  his  natural  hair  w.os  left 
 undressed.  His  large  stature  and  grave  aspect  a<lded 
 a  dignity  to  the  simplicity,  or  rather  rusticity,  of  hLs 
 appearance. 
 
 Tennent,  Rev.  John,  the  third  son  of  Rev. 
 William  Tinncnt,  St.,  was  l)i,rn  in  the  county  of 
 .Vrmagh,  in  Ireland,  November  12th,  1707.  The 
 whole  of  his  education  he  obtained  under  the  paternal 
 roof,  and  in  the  Log  College  which  his  father  had 
 founded  at  Neshaminy.  After  passing  the  usual 
 ti-ials  before  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  he  was 
 liceiLsed  to  preach  the  gospel.  Xoveraber  li)th,  1730, 
 he  wa.s  ordained  psistor  of  the  Church  at  Freehold, 
 N.  J.,  where  his  labors  were  attended  with  prudence, 
 diligence  and  success. 
 
 Mr.  Tennent  died  .\pril  23d,  17.32,  in  the  twenty- 
 fifth  year  of  his  age.  A  few  minutes  before  he  ex- 
 pired, holding  his  brother  William  by  the  hand,  he 
 broke  out  into  the  following  rapturous  expressions: 
 "Farewell,  my  brethren,  farewell  futlur  and  mother, 
 farewell  world,  with  all  thy  vain  delights.  Welcome, 
 God  and  Father — welcome,  sweet  Lord  Jesus  !  Wel- 
 come death,  welcome  eternity.  Amen."  Then,  w-ith  a 
 low  voice,  he  said,  "  Lord  Jesus,  come.  Lord  Jesus  !  " 
 -Vnd  .so  he  fell  asleep  in  Christ,  and  obtained  an 
 abundant  entrance  into  the  everlasting  kingdom  of 
 his  Crt>d  and  Saviour.  He  was  buried  in  the  grave- 
 yard nejir  to  the  church  where  he  preached,  and 
 where  his  tombstone  maj'  yet  be  seen. 
 
 As  far  jLs  c;in  be  judged  from  the  accounts  which 
 have  come  down  to  us,  there  is  rea.son  to  believe  that 
 both  in  iiiety  and  talents,  Mr.  Ttnnent  was  not  in- 
 ferior to  any  of  his  brothers,  and  that  if  he  had  lived 
 to  the  usual  period  of  human  life,  he  would  have 
 ,  been  a  "  burning  aud  a  shining  light "  in  the  Church. 
 1744  he  removed  to  Philadelphia  aud  took  The  people  of  his  charge  were  greatly  attached  to 
 charge  of  the  Second  Congreg.ation.  "Here,"  .says  ,  him,  and  exceedingly  Lamented  his  death.  There  is 
 M'ebster,  "his  feet  were  blistered  in  traversing  the  j  still  extant  the  fragment  of  an  old  manuscript  book, 
 streets  and  visiting  such  numbers  of  distressed  .wnls.  kept  hy  the  Session  of  his  church,  in  which  is  con- 
 He  called  on  Franklin  to  point  out  suitable  persons    taiiied  the  f<illowing  entry:— 
 
 from  whom  to  solicit  aid  in  erecting  a  house  of  wor- '  "A  mournful  providence  and  cause  of  great 
 ship.  The  philosopher  t(dd  the  '  enthusiast '  to  call  humiliation  to  this  jioor  congregation,  to  bo  bereaved, 
 on  everybody;  he  did  so,  and  built  the  church."  In  in  the  flower  of  youth,  of  the  most  laborious,  succes.sl 
 17.-):j,  Mr.  Tennent,  at  the  request  of  the  Trustees  of  '  ful,  well  qualified  ajid  pious  pastor  this  age  afforded, 
 New  Jersey  College,  went  to  Enghind  to  .solicit  funds  though  but  a  youth  of  twenty-four  years,  five  months 
 for  that  Institution.     After  a  life  of  gre;it  usefiUness,    aud  eleven  days." 
 
 he  died,  in  much  peace,  about  the  year  1765.  Tennent,  Rev.  "William,  Sr.,  w;is  born  in  Iii- 
 
 For  more  th:ui  forty  years,  Mr.  Tennent  had  enjoyed  land,  in  1673.  He  received  a  liberal  education,  but 
 a  habitual,  unshaken  assurance  of  his  interest  in  at  what  college  or  university  is  not  known.  It  is 
 redeeming  love.  In  his  manner,  he  wius  affable,  con-  probable,  however,  that  he  obtained  his  learning  at 
 descending  and  communicative.     He  was  endeared    Trinity  College.  Dublin,  as  he  Ix-longed  orisin.al I v  to 
 
 REV.   OILBCaT   TKVNKNT. 
 
 In    17 
 
TEXXEXT. 
 
 902 
 
 TEXXEXr. 
 
 the  Episcopal  Church  of  Ireland,  in  which  he  took 
 
 ordtrs.  Alter  eiitcrin<;  tlie  holy  ministry,  he  acted 
 as  cliuplaiu  to  an  Irish  nobleman,  but  there  is  no  evi- 
 dence that  he  was  settled  over  a  parish  in  that 
 country.  He  remained  in  Ireland  until  he  was  piist 
 middle  age.  With  the  hope  of  eiyoying  moreliljerty 
 of  conscience,  and  having  greater  f;ieilities  for  doing 
 good  than  in  his  own  country,  he  removed  to 
 America,  landing  at  I'hiladelphia,  .September  6th, 
 ITlx,  with  his  family,  consisting  of  his  wife,  four 
 sous  and  one  daughter. 
 
 Soon  after  his  arrival  in  this  country,  Mr.  Tenueut 
 applied  to  the  Sj'nod  of  Philiwlclphia  to  be  received 
 as  a  minister  into  their  connection.  The  Synod, 
 after  "due  deliberation,"  agreed  to  receive  him. 
 This  WiLs  done  September  17th,   1718.     Being  thus 
 
 RKV.  WILLIAM    TESNKNT,    SR. 
 
 introduced  into  the  Presbyterian  Church,  he  went,  in 
 Novc'mber  following,  to  E:ist  Chester,  X.  V.,  where 
 heeonlinued,  probably  as  a  stated  supply,  for  about 
 eigliteen  months.  In  May,  1720,  he  removed  from 
 thence  to  Hedford,  Westchester  county,  N.  Y.,  and 
 took  charge  of  the  church  at  that  phice,  of  which  he 
 wiis  pa.stor  till  Augu.st,  1726.  After  leaving  Bedford, 
 he  went  to  ])reaeh  at  Hensalem  and  Smithlielil.  in 
 Bucks  county.  Pa.  Subsecjuently,  an<l  soon  alter, 
 l)ut  at  what  precise  date  it  is  not  easy  to  decide,  he 
 aceejited  a  call  from  the  Church  at  Xeshaminy,  in  the 
 same  county,  where  he  remained  till  the  clo.se  of  his 
 life.  He  had  two  congreg:itions,  distinguished  as  the 
 Vpper  and  Lower.  Soon  after  his  removal  to  Xe- 
 shaminy, being  deeply  impressed  with  the  importance 
 of  a   well  educated  as  well   as    pious    ministry,   he 
 
 established  a  school   at  which  young   men    might 
 
 acquire  the  requisite  qualifuations  lor  thesiiered  office 
 (See  Lou  Colleoe).  Whitelielil,  who  had  visited 
 this  institution,  wrote  to  a  friend  in  Philadelphia, 
 July  15th,  1740:  "I  rejoice  you  have  been  at  Xe- 
 shaminy. I  can  say  of  Mr.  Tennent  and  his  brethren, 
 as  David  did  of  Goliath's  sword:  '  Xone  like  them.'  " 
 
 Jlr.  Tennent  was,  by  his  position  at  Xeshaminy,  a 
 raemljerofthe  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  but  when 
 the  division  of  the  Synod  took  place,  he  attached 
 himself  to  the  Xew  Brunswick  Presbytery,  to  which 
 his  sons,  Gilbert  and  William,  belonged.  For  some 
 time  before  his  death  his  health  wiis  so  feeble  that 
 he  was  unable  to  perform  the  duties  of  the  pastoral 
 office,  and  his  pulpit  was  supplied  by  the  Presbytery. 
 He  died  at  his  own  house  in  Xeshaminy,  May  6th, 
 1745,  aged  seventy-three,  coming  to  the  grave  in  a 
 good  old  age,  like  a  shock  of  corn,  fully  ripe.  He 
 was  buried  in  the  Presbyterian  burying-ground, 
 where  his  tomb  may  yet  be  seen. 
 
 A  writer  in  the  May  number  of  the  Asucmbli/'s 
 Magazine,  for  the  year  1805,  says  of  Mr.  Tennent: 
 "  He  was  eminent  as  a  classical  scholar.  His  attain- 
 ments in  science  are  not  so  well  known,  but  there  is 
 reason  to  believe  that  they  were  not  so  great  as  his 
 skill  in  language.  His  general  character  appears  to 
 have  been  that  of  a  man  of  great  integrity,  simplicity, 
 industry  and  piety.''  "To  William  Tennent,  above 
 all  others,"  says  Kev.  Richard  Webster,  "is  owing 
 the  prosperity  and  enlargement  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church.  Other  men  were  conservative,  and  to  their 
 timely  erection  of  barriers  we  owe  our  deliverance 
 from  the  '  Xew  Light '  of  Antrim;  others  were  valiant 
 for  the  truth,  and  exerted  by  the  pen  a  wide  inlluence 
 on  the  age;  many  were  steatlily  aiul  largely  useful  in 
 particular  departments  and  in  limited  spheres:  but 
 Tennent  hatl  the  rare  gift  of  attracting  to  him  youth 
 of  worth  and  genius,  imbuing  them  with  his  health- 
 ful spirit,  and  sending  them  forth,  sound  in  the  faith, 
 blameless  in  life,  burning  with  zeal,  and  unsurpassed 
 as  instructive  and  sueie.ssl'ul  preachers. 
 
 Tennent,  Rev.  William,  Jr.,  the  second  son  of 
 the  Kev.  William  Tennent,  Sr.,  was  born  .lune  Sd, 
 1705,  in  the  county  of  Armagh,  in  Ireland,  and  was 
 just  turned  of  thirteen  y<'ars  when  he  arrived  in 
 Americii.  He  applied  him.self,  with  much  zeal  and 
 industry,  to  his  studies,  and  made  great  proficiency 
 in  the  languages,  particularly  in  the  Latin.  Being 
 early  impressed  with  a  deep  sense  of  divine  things, 
 he  soon  determined  to  follow  the  example  of  his 
 father  and  elder  brother,  by  devoting  himself  to  the 
 I  service  of  God  in  the  ministry  of  the  gosjxd.  He 
 studied  theology  un<ler  the  direction  of  his  brother 
 Gilbert,  who  had  pastoral  charge  of  the  Church  at 
 Xew  Brunswick,  X.  J. 
 
 In  October,  1733,  he  was  instiiUed  pastor  of  the 
 Church  at  Freehold,  N.  J.  After  a  life  of  great  use- 
 fulness, he  died  at  Freehold,  March  8th,  1777,  aged 
 i  seventy-one.     He  was  the  friend  of  the  poor.     Tin- 
 
TENNENT. 
 
 903 
 
 TENNENT. 
 
 public  lost  in  him  a  firm  asscrter  of  the  civil  and  re- 
 ligions rights  of  his  countrj'.  Few  men  have  ever 
 been  more  holy  in  life,  more  submissive  to  the  will 
 of  God  under  heavy  afflictions,  or  more  peaceful  in 
 death. 
 
 Mr.  Tenuent  wa.s  well  skilled  in  theology,  and 
 professed  himself  a  moderate  Calvinist.  The  doc- 
 trines of  man's  depravity,  the  atonement  of  Christ, 
 the  necessity  of  tlie  all-powerful  inlUience  of  the 
 Holy  Spirit  to  renew  the  heart,  in  consistency  with 
 the  free  agency  of  the  sinner,  were  amongthe  leading 
 articles  of  his  faith.  With  his  friends,  he  was  at  all 
 times  cheerful  and  pleasant.  He  once  dined  in  com- 
 pany with  Governor  Livingston  and  Mr.  Wiitetield, 
 when  the  latter  expressed  the  consolation  he  found 
 in  believing,  amidst  the  fatigues  of  the  day,  that  his 
 
 REV.   WILLIAM    TENNKNT 
 
 work  wouUl  soon  be  done,  and  that  he  should  depart 
 and  be  with  Christ.  He  appealed  to  Mr.  Tenuent 
 whether  thiswius  not  htn  comfort.  Mr.  Tenuent 
 replied  :  "  WTaat  do  you  think  I  should  say,  if  I  was 
 to  send  my  man,  Tom,  into  the  field  to  plow,  and  at 
 noon  find  him  lounging  under  a  tree,  complaining  of 
 the  heat  and  of  his  difficult  work,  and  begging  to  hv 
 discharged  of  his  hard  service?  What  should  I  suy? 
 Wliy,  that  he  was  an  idle,  lazy  fellow,  and  that  it 
 was  his  business  to  do  the  work  that  I  had  appointed 
 him.*' 
 
 In    TJtc  Asscmhly^s  MinHwnary  Magazine^  in    180G, 
 the    Hon.    Elias    Bondinot,    ll.d.,   who    was  .  well 
 
 ac(|uaintcd  with  all  the  members  of  the  remarkable 
 Tenuent  family,  published  a  Uiemoir  of  the  Rev. 
 William  Tenuent,  Jr.,  in  which  the  following  inter- 
 esting incident  of  his  history  is  related: — 
 
 "After  a  regular  course  of  aludy  in  thoology.Mr.  Tennent  wuj* 
 prejiaring  for  Ih'h  exuiuinntioii,  by  the  Presbytery,  as  a  canilidute 
 for  tbe  gospel  ministr}'.  His  intense  application  affected  hie)  health, 
 and  brought  (>u  a  pain  in  hi^^  br^^-ii^t  and  a  slight  hectic.  Ue  sooa 
 became  emaciated,  and  al  length  wa**  like  a  living  skeleton.  His 
 life  wjm  n.iw  tbn-atened.  He  whm  attended  by  a  physician,  a  young 
 gentlenmu  wlio  was  attiu-bed  to  him  by  the  strictest  and  warmest 
 frieudfiliip.  Hi.'  grow  worse  aii<l  witrse,  till  little  hope  of  life  wm 
 lift.  In  this  sitimlion  his  spirits  failed  him,  and  he  began  to  enter- 
 tain doubts  uf  his  final  happiness.  He  was  conversing  one  morn- 
 ing with  his  brother,  in  Latin,  on  tho  state  of  bis  soul,  when  be 
 fainted  and  dii-d  away.  After  the  usual  time  he  was  laid  out  on  a 
 board,  according  to  tbe  cmnmon  practice  of  tbe  country,  and  the 
 ueigliborbuiid  were  invited  to  attend  his  funeral  on  the  next  day. 
 In  tlie  evening  his  physician  and  friend  returned  from  a  ride  in  the 
 
 j  country,  and  was  a!llirti-d  beyond  measure  at  the  nt-ws  uf  his  death. 
 
 ,  He  could  not  be  persuaded  that  it  was  certain,  and  on  being  tuld 
 that  one  of  the  persons  who  had  assisted  in  laying  out   the  boily 
 
 I  thuught  he  had  observed  a  little  tremor  of  the  flesh  under  the  arm, 
 altliough  tbe  boiiy  wiis  culd  and  stitl",  ho  endeavored  to  ascertain  the 
 fact.  He  first  put  his  own  hand  into  warm  water,  to  make  it  as  sensible 
 its  pus.sibli.',  and  then  felt  uiuU-r  tin-  arm,  and  at  the  heart,  and 
 itrtirnied  that  lie  felt  an  unusual  warmtli,  though  no  one  else  could. 
 He  had  the  body  restored  to  a  warm  bed,  and  insisted  that  the  i>eo- 
 ple  who  had  been  invited  to  the  funenil  should  be  requested  not  to 
 attend.  To  this  the  brother  objected, as  absurd,  tho  eyes  being  sunk, 
 the  lips  discolored,  and  the  whole  body  cold  and  stiff.  However, 
 the  doctor  finally  pri-vailed,and  all  probable  means  were  used  to 
 discover  symptoms  of  returning  life.  But  the  third  day  arrived, 
 and  no  hopes  were  entertained  of  success  but  by  the  doctor,  who 
 never  left  him,  niglit  nor  day.  The  people  wt^re  again  invited, and 
 assembled  to  attend  tlu-  funeral.  The  doctor  still  objected,  and  at  last 
 confined  his  petjuest  lur  dt-lay  to  one  hour,  then  to  half  an  hour,  and 
 finally  to  a  quarter  olan  houi'.  He  had  discovered  that  tbe  tongue 
 was  much  swollen, and  tlireatened  to  crack.  He  was  endeavoring  to 
 soften  it  by  some  emollient  ointment,  put  upon  it  with  a  feather,  when 
 the  brother  cume  jn,  about  tht-  exi)in»Iionof  the  last  periwi.and  mis- 
 taking what  the  doctor  was  doing  for  an  attempt  to  feed  him,  mani- 
 fested some  resentment,  and,  in  a  spirited  tone,  said  :  '  It  is  shame- 
 ful to  be  feeding  a  lifeless  cv>rpse; '  and  insisted,  with  earnestness, 
 that  the  funeral  should  immediately  proceed.  At  this  critical  and 
 important  moment  the  body,  to  tho  great  alarm  and  a-stonishment 
 of  all  present,  opened  its  eyes,  gave  a  dreadful  groan,  and  sunk  again 
 into  apparent  death.  This  put  an  end  to  all  thoughts  of  burying 
 him,  and  every  etfort  was  again  employed,  in  hopes  of  bringing 
 about  a  speedy  resuscitation.  In  about  an  hour  the  eyes  again 
 opened,  a  heavy  groan  pn-iceeded  from  tbe  body,  and  again  all 
 appearance  of  animation  vanisheil.  In  another  hour  life  seemed  to 
 return  with  more  power,  and  a  complete  revival  took  j dace,  to  the 
 great  jiiy  of  the  family  and  friends,  and  to  the  uti  small  astonish- 
 ment and  cuiivictiofi  of  very  many  who  bad  been  ridiculing  tho  idea 
 of  restoring  to  life  a  dead  hotly. 
 
 "  Mr.  Tennent  continued  in  so  weak  and  low  a  slate  for  six  weeks 
 that  great  doubts  wirro  entertained  of  his  final  recovery.  However, 
 after  that  i)eriod  ho  recovered  much  faster,  but  it  was  about  twelve 
 months  before  he  was  completely  restored.  After  he  was  able  to 
 walk  the  room,  and  to  take  notico  of  what  passed  around  him,  on  a 
 Sunday  afternoon,  his  sister,  who  had  staid  from  church  to  attend 
 him,  was  reading  in  the  Rible,  when  he  took  notice  of  it  and  asked 
 her  what  she  hail  in  her  hand.  She  answered  that  ahe  was  reading 
 tho  Bible.  He  replied:  '  What  is  the  Hilde?  I  know  not  what  you 
 mean.'  This  affected  the  sister  so  much  that  she  bur»t  into  tears, 
 and  informed  him  that  he  was  once  well  acquainted  with  ii.  On 
 her  rei>orting  this  to  the  brother,  when  ho  n^turned,  Mr.  Tennent 
 was  found,  u]K)a  examination,  to  be  totally  ignorant  of  everj-  tn\n»- 
 actiou  of  life  previous  to  his  sickness.  He  could  not  read  a  single* 
 wonl,  neither  did  he  seem  to  have  Any  idea  of  what  it  meant.  As 
 soon  as  he  Itecanie  ea|>able  of  attention  ho  was  taught  to  read  and 
 
TFyXEXT. 
 
 904 
 
 TER-CEXTEXARr  CELEBRA  TJOX. 
 
 writf,  iu  cliildren  ntv  umially  taught,  nnd  afterwanls  began  to  learn 
 tho  I^lin  laDguago,  un'lor  the  tuition  of  hi-i  hrotlier.  Oneday,as 
 lie  wmi  reciting  a  lesson  in  Cornelina  Kepos,  he  smldenly  started, 
 clai)iH-<l  his  hand  to  his  head,  as  if  iwniething  had  hurt  him^  and 
 made  a  [mUKo.  His  brother  asking  him  what  was  the  matter,  he 
 said  that  he  felt  a  sudden  shock  in  his  head,  and  now  it  seemed  to 
 him  a^  if  he  had  reail  that  book  before.  By  de^rrees  his  recollection 
 was  restorej,  and  he  could  speak  the  Latin  as  fluently  as  before  his 
 sickness.  His  memory  so  completely  revived  that  he  pained  a  per-  I 
 feet  knowledge  of  the  past  tninsactions  of  his  life.ai*  if  no  difficulty  J 
 had  previously  occurred.  This  event,  at  tho  time,  made  a  consider- 
 able noise,  and  affoi-ded  not  only  matter  of  serious  contemplation 
 to  the  devout  Christian,  especially  when  connectetj  with  what 
 follows  in  this  narration,  but  furnished  a  subject  of  deep  investi- 
 gation and  learned  inquiry  to  the  real  philosopher  and  curious 
 anatomist. 
 
 *'  The  writer  of  these  memoirs  was  greatly  interested  by  these 
 uncommon  events,  and,  on  a  favorable  occasion,  earnestly  pressed 
 Mr.  Tenneiit  for  a  minute  account  of  what  his  views  and  approhon 
 sions  were  while  he  lay  in  this  extraordinary  state  of  suspended 
 animation.  He  discovered  great  reluctance  to  enter  into  any 
 exjilaimtion  of  his  perceptions  and  feelings,  at  this  time,  but  being 
 im|Mirtuuately  urged  to  do  it,  he  at  length  consented,  and  proceeded, 
 with  a  solemnity  ni>t  to  be  described. 
 
 " '  While  I  was  conversing  with  my  brother,'  said  he,  *  on  the  state 
 of  my  soul,  and  the  fears  I  lia<l  entertained  for  m.v  future  welfare, 
 I  found  Uiyself,  in  an  instant,  in  atiother  state  of  existence,  under 
 the  direction  of  a  superior  being,  who  ordered  me  to  follow  him.  I 
 was  accordingly  wafted  along,  T  know  not  how,  till  I  beheld  at  a 
 distance  an  inetTable  glorj',  the  impression  of  which  on  my  mind  it 
 is  impossible  to  comnmnicate  to  mortal  man.  I  immediately  re- 
 flected cm  my  happy  change,  and  tlKUlght.  Well,  blessed  be  OodI  I 
 am  safe  at  bust,  notwitbslandiii.g  all  my  fears.  I  saxv  an  innumerable 
 host  of  happy  beings  surrounding  tlie  inexpressible  glory,  in  acta  of 
 adoration  and  joyous  worship  ;  but  I  ditl  not  see  any  bodily  shape  or 
 r'-pri'senlation  in  the  glorious  a[»pearance.  I  heard  things  unutter- 
 able. I  heard  their  snugs  and  hallelujahs  of  thanksgiving  and 
 pniise,  with  unspeakatiie  nipture.  I  felt  joy  unutterable  and  full  of 
 glory.  I  then  applied  to  my  conductor,  and  requested  leave  to  join 
 tho  happy  throng:  on  which  he  tapped  me  on  the  shoulder,  And 
 said,  *You  must  return  to  the  earth.'  This  seemed  like  a  sword  ' 
 through  my  heart.  In  an  instant,  I  recollect  to  have  seen  my  ' 
 bnjtlier  standing  before  me,  disputing  with  the  doctor.  Tiie  three 
 days  during  which  I  had  appeared  lifeless  seemed  to  mo  not  more 
 than  ten  i»r  twenty  minute's.  The  idea  of  returning  to  this  world  of 
 sorrow  and  trouble  gave  me  such  a  shock,  tiiat  I  fainted  repeatedly.' 
 Ho  adil'-d,  '  Such  wiw  the  effect  on  my  mind  of  what  I  had  seen  and 
 heani,  that  if  it  bo  possible  for  a  human  being  to  live  entirely  above 
 the  world  and  the  things  of  it,  for  sotne  time  afterwards  I  was  that  [ 
 person.  The  ravishing  sound  of  the  songs  and  hallehuabs  that  I 
 heard,  anrl  tho  very  words  uttered,  were  not  out  of  my  ears  when 
 awake,  for  at  least  three  years.  .\ll  the  kingiioms  of  the  earth  were 
 in  my  sight  as  nothing  and  vanity;  and  so  great  were  my  ideas  of 
 heavenly  glory,  that  nothing  which  dirl  not  iu  some  measure  relate 
 to  it  could  command  my  serious  uttcntioa.'" 
 
 Tennent,  Rev.  'William,  a  son  of  Rev.  William 
 Teiiiiciit,  of  Frofholil,  N.  J. ;  was  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  New  Bi-unswick  in  1761,  and  ordained 
 the  next  year.  Soon  after  he  went  to  Virginia  on  a 
 niis.si<)iiary  tour,  by  order  of  tlie  Synod,  where  he  re- 
 m.-iined  si.x  mi>nths.  In  17().5,  he  Ix'caiiie  pastor  ol'  a 
 Congregjitional  Church  at  Norwalk,  Conn.,  l)ut  re- 
 taining his  connection  with  the  Presbytery.  In  1772 
 he  accepted  a  pressing  call  to  an  Independent  Church 
 in  Charleston,  S.  C,  where  he  w.is  received  with 
 (ireat  lavor,  and  soon  wielded  a  commandinginflnence, 
 lK)th  in  the  pulpit  and  out  of  it.  Mr.  Tennent  was 
 hn  a<'tive  and  flamiu};  patriot,  and  a  noble  preacher. 
 He  died  August  Uth,  1777.  I 
 
 Tennent,  "William  Mackay,  D.  D. ,  was  a  son 
 of  Rev.  Cluirles  Tennent,  of  Delaware,  and  a  nephew 
 of  William  and  GiU)ert  Tennent.  He  was  ordained 
 June  17th,  177:3,  as  pastor  of  the  Congregational 
 Church  in  Greenfield,  Conn.  In  December,  n-^l,  he 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  .\bing- 
 ton.  Pa.,  where  he  continued  until  his  death,  Decem- 
 ber, 1810.  In  1797  Dr.  Tennent  was  Moderator  of 
 the  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 Dr.  A.  Alexander,  who  knew  him  personally,  repre- 
 sents him  as  a  man  of  great  sweetness  of  temper  and 
 politeness  of  manner,  and  as  distinguished  for  his 
 hospitiility.  In  his  last  hours  he  was  blessed  with 
 an  uninterrupted  a-ssurance  of  the  favor  of  God. 
 
 Ter-centenary  Celebration.  An  overture 
 from  the  Synod  of  Toleilo,  and  also  one  from  the 
 Presbyterian  llistoriwil  Society,  Philadelphia,  c;ime 
 before  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  the  United  States,  at  its  sessions  in 
 Chicago,  A.  D.,  1871,  asking  the  As.semhly  to  take 
 order  for  the  celebration,  during  the  year  1872,  of 
 the  three  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  completion 
 of  the  work  and  life  of  .lohn  Knox  in  Scotland,  the 
 organization  of  the  first  Presbytery  in  England,  and 
 the  martyrdoms  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Day  in  France. 
 The  A.s.sembly  recommended  the  observance  of  this 
 Ter-centenary  year  to  all  the  Synods,  Presbyteries  and 
 congregations,  and  a  committee  of  three,  the  Modera- 
 tor (Rev.  Z.  M.  Humphrey,  D.  n.)  being  chairman, 
 was  appointed  to  secure  an  address  or  addresses,  to  be 
 delivered  during  the  sessions  of  the  As.sembly  of 
 1872.  The  purpose  of  this  action  was  to  revive  in 
 the  hearts  of  the  clergy  and  awaken  in  the  hearts  of 
 the  people  an  intelligent  interest  in  the  noble  army 
 of  martyrs  and  confessors  who,  from  the  very  earliest 
 ages,  have  professed,  defended  and  suffered  for  the 
 Scriptural  doctrine  and  order  known  as  Presbj'te- 
 rianisnt.  The  ultimate  aim  was  to  deepen  the 
 attjicliment  of  Presbyterians  to  their  Church  and  its 
 pure  and  apostolic  principles  of  faith  and  govern- 
 ment. 
 
 The  arrangements  for  cjirrying  out  the  jirovisions 
 of  the  General  .\..s.sembly  were  most  heartily  entered 
 upon.  In  the  A.s.sembly  of  1872,  convened  in  the  city 
 of  Detroit,  a  special  meeting  was  held,  at  which 
 admirable  addresses  were  made  by  Rev.  Edward 
 P.  Humphrey,  D.D.,  of  Louis\'ille,  Ky.,  and  Rev. 
 Samuel  M.  Hopkins,  D.n.,  of  Auburn,  N.  Y.  The 
 meeting  was  marked  by  the  most  profound  enthu- 
 siiusm  and  interest.  The  theme  of  Dr.  Iliiniplirey's 
 atldress  was  ".ToHX  Kxox,"  that  of  Dr.  Hopkins,  the 
 "  HuoricxoTS." 
 
 During  the  year,  similar  celebrations  were  held  by 
 Synods,  Presbyteries,  communities  and  congreg-ations 
 throughout  tlio  entire  bounds  of  the  Cliurch.  Never 
 before  had  there  Ixtu  so,  many  and  so  well-nsed  op- 
 portunities to  sprejul  among  the  people  iutelligenceof 
 the  noblemen,  tlie  historic  deeds,  and  the  .'^cri])tural 
 principles  of  the  Presbyterran  Church.     The  jK'Ople 
 
TEB-CENTENARY  CELEBBA  TION. 
 
 905 
 
 TER-CENTENARY  CELEBRA  TTON. 
 
 responded  to  the  efi'orts  of  the  clerf^-  with  a  hearti- 
 ness that  oftentimes  swelled  into  enthusiasm.  In 
 every  case,  so  far  as  was  ascertained,  the  Ter-ccntenary 
 celebrations  were  attended  by  large  audiences,  whose 
 interest  in  the  subjects  disciLssed  was,  without  excep- 
 tion, not  only  equal  to,  but  far  beyond  the  expecta- 
 tion of  manajiers  and  speakers.  The  several  families 
 of  Presbyterians  forgot  their  minor  difterences,  and 
 met,  sang,  prayed,  rejoiced,  wept  and  applauded 
 together,  moved  by  a  common  reverence  for  their 
 common  spiritual  ancestors,  devotion  to  their  evan- 
 gelical principles,  an<I  gratitude  to  the  covenant- 
 keei)ing  God,  who  had  blessed  the  Church  and  the 
 world  with  the  priceless  gifts  of  such  memories  and 
 such  men.  Multitudes  of  hearts,  young  and  old, 
 received  a  new  imimlse  in  the  path  of  duty  and  devo- 
 tion, while  they  followed,  through  their  lives  of  con- 
 flict, sulTering,  triumjih,  d<'ath,  those  ofd  Knights  of 
 the  Kvangel,  Defemlers  of  the  Faith,  Martyrs  and 
 Confessors  erf  Christ,  Heroes  and  Saints  of  the  Church 
 Jlilitunt,  "of  whom  the  world  was  not  worthy." 
 
 Among  the  many  Ter-cent<'nary  meetings  above  re- 
 ferred to,  that  which  was  held  by  the  Synod  and  city 
 of  Philadelphia  deserves  special  mention.  It  was 
 the  most  complete  in  its  arrangements,  remarkable 
 for  its  .success,  and  far-reaching  in  its  influence.  In- 
 deed, it  assumed,  although  such  was  not  the  original 
 thought,  a  national  character,  and  became,  in  fact, 
 representative  of  the  wliole  Church. 
 
 This  meeting,  by  the  recommendation  of  a  com- 
 mittee of  ministers  and  elders,  appointed  by  the 
 Presbyterian  Ministers'  Association  of  Philadelphia, 
 and  of  which  the  Rev.  William  P.  Breed,  d.d.,  was 
 chairman,  took  place  on  'Wedne.sday,  Xovember  20th, 
 in  the  Seventh  Presln-terian  Church,  Broad  street  and 
 I'enn  Square,  above  Chestnut,  the  Kev.  Henry  C. 
 McCook,  pastor.  It  was  largely  attended  by  clerg^-- 
 nun  from  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Maryland,  Dela- 
 wareand  Pennsylvania.  At  ten  o'clock  the  ministirs 
 and  elders  present,  with  others  of  oflicial  or  personal 
 distinction  who  had  been  invited,  to  the  number  of 
 near  four  hunilred,  assi^mbled  at  the  Presbyterian 
 House,  and  marched  in  procession  to  the  Seventh 
 Church,  Kev.  'William  E.  Schenck,  D.D.,  acting  as 
 Marshal,  assisted  by  Ivcv.  Urs.  R.  H.  Allen  and 
 .Vlfred  Nevin.  They  were  welcomed  to  the  church 
 by  the  organ  and  choir,  and  occu])ied  the  platform 
 and  seats  which  had  been  reserved  for  them.  The 
 house  was  already  tilled  to  its  utmost  capacity,  and 
 .so  continued  during  the  entire  services  of  morning 
 and  afternoon. 
 
 The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  the  Hon.  Wil- 
 liam Strong,  Associate  .lustice  of  the  United  States 
 Court.  The  opening  devotional  services  were:  Read- 
 ing of  the  Scriptures,  P.s;dm  forty-sixth,  by  Rev.  T. 
 W.  J.  Wylie,  I).  I).,  of  the  First  Reformed  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Pbila<leli>hia;  i>rayer  by  the  Rev.  Z. 
 M.  Humphrey,  I).  I).,  Moderator  of  the  .V.s.sembly  of 
 1^71.  and    pastor  of   Calvary   Cliurch,  Philadelphia, 
 
 and  singing,  by  the  congregation,  of  the  Old  Hun- 
 dredth P.salm.  The  Memorial  Discourse  was  then 
 delivered  by  the  Rev.  Samuel  J.  Wilson,  D.  D.,  Pro- 
 fes.sor  of  Biblical  and  Ecclesiastical  History  in  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary,  Allegheny,  and  so 
 deep  an  impression  did  it  produce  on  the  vast  eon- 
 gregsition,  that  at  the  close  of  the  meeting  the  desire 
 was  expressed  on  all  sides  that  it  should  be  repeated 
 in  the  Academy  of  Music.  This  desire  was  sub.se- 
 (piently  consummated,  on  the  evening  of  .January  22d, 
 187:!,  in  the  presence  of  four  thousand  people,  fully 
 as  many  more,  it  was  estimated,  being  prevented 
 from  attending  by  inability  to  secure  tickets. 
 
 The  services  of  the  morning  of  the  Ter-centenary 
 celebration  closed  with  the  benediction  by  the  ven- 
 erable Dr.  Musgrave. 
 
 At  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  the  .services  were 
 resumed.  Rev.  W.  P.  Breed,  n.n.,  presiding.  After 
 prayer  by  the  R<'v.  Herrick  Johnson,  n.  I).,  a  historical 
 sketch  of  Presbyterianism  in  Philadelphia  was  read 
 by  Rev.  Robert  M.  Patterson,  pastor  of  the  South 
 Church,  Philadelphia.  The  Rev.  J.  B.  Dales,  D.n., 
 pastor  of  the  Second  United  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Philadelphia,  followed  with  a  historical  paper  on' 
 "  Presbyterianism  in  the  United  States,"  afterwhieh 
 Rev.  James  McCosh,  D.D.,  LL.n..  President  of  the 
 College  of  New  Jersey,  rea<l  a  paper  on  ''Presby- 
 terianism in  Foreign  Countries.'' 
 
 On  motion  of  Ex-Governor  Pollock,  the  thanks  of 
 the  meeting  were  rendered  to  the  speakers  of  the  day 
 for  their  addresses.  On  motion  of  George  H.  Stuart, 
 Esq.,  thanks  were  rendered,  by  a  rising  vote,  to  the 
 pastor,  elders,  trust<'es  and  congregation  of  the 
 Seventh  Church,  for  the  welcome  which  had  been 
 extended  to  the  audience,  and  for  the  additional 
 interest  and  pleasure  that  had  been  given  to  the  occa- 
 sion by  the  beautiful  and  ajjpidpriate  decorations 
 with  which  the  platform  and  walls  were  adorned.  At 
 the  request  of  many  in  the  audience,  the  Rev.  H.  C. 
 .McCook,  by  whom  these  decorations  had  been  pre- 
 pared, being  called  upon  by  the  chairman,  gave  the 
 key  to  the  historical  designs  which  the  decorations 
 embodied.  After  the  doxology,  the  benediction  w;us 
 pronounced  by  Rev.  Thomas  Murphy,  n.n.,  pastor 
 of  the  Frankford  Church. 
 
 The  evening  excrei.scs  of  the  celebration  were  held 
 in  the  new  Presbyterian  Publication  House,  at  No. 
 l:{:il  Chestnut  street,  and  in  connection  with  the 
 fornuil  opening  of  that  building.  The  house  was 
 crowded  to  its  utmost  capacity.  The  A.s-sembly  Room 
 was  the  centre  of  attraction,  and  was  closely  packed 
 with  ladies  and  gentlemen,  many  of  whom  were 
 obliged  to  stand  from  seven  to  ten  o'clock,  listening 
 to  the  addresses  and  the  music.  Large  numbers 
 being  unable  to  get  in,  a  second  meeting  was  organ- 
 ized in  the  rooms  of  the  Board  of  Education. 
 
 The  services  in  the  As,sembly  Room  were  full  of 
 interest.  The  Rev.  Alexander  Reed,  President  of 
 the  Board  of  Publication,  presided.     After  an  open- 
 
TER-CESTEKAR  Y  CELEB  R  A  TION. 
 
 906 
 
 TESTIMONIES. 
 
 ing  piece  of  nnisic  from  the  choir,  which  had  kindly  j  by  the  excellent  reports  which  appeared  in  leading; 
 vdlnnteercd  its  services,  the  opening  address  was  newspapers  of  the  city,  which  were  ably  reprcscuteil 
 made  by  the  Kcv.  W.  E.  Schenck,  D.D.,  Correspond-  ^  in  the  various  sessions  of  the  meeting.  That  the 
 ing  S<<retjiry  of  tlie  Board  of  Publication,  who  influence  of  the  memorable  occasion  will  be  penna- 
 extended  a  warm  welcome  to  the  audience,  and  gave  |  nently  and  extensively  useful,  it  is  imi)ossible  to 
 some  account  of  the  hoiLse,  its  cost,  and  the  uses  to  '  doubt. 
 
 which  its  several  parts  were  to  be  applied.  The  Rev.  ;  Terry,  Rev.  Shadrack  Howell,  was  born  on 
 Herrick  .lohnstm,  I). n.,  followed,  speaking  on  belialf  j  Lont;  Island  in  1795.  He  received  liis  collegiate 
 of  the  Board  of  Education,  which  was  here  generou.sly    education  at  Yale,  and  his  theological  at  Princeton. 
 
 accommodated  by  the  Board  of  Publication  with  fine 
 apartments,  without  charge  for  rent,  fuel  or  light. 
 The  Kcv.  Cyrus  Dickson,  D.J).,  of  New  York,  one  of 
 the  Corresponding  Secretaries  of  the  Board  of  Home 
 
 He  s<'ttled  at  an  early  day  at  Somerset,  Pa. ,  as  pjustor 
 of  the  united  congregations  of  Somerset  and  Jenncr- 
 ville,  in  which  his  labors  were  much  blessed.  From 
 the  organization  of  the  Church  in  Johnstown,  Pa., 
 
 Mi.ssions,  tendered  his  congratulations  on  behalf  of  '  December  14tb,  ls:52,  until  the  Spring  of  1^:5.">,  Mr. 
 the  Presbyterians  of  New  York,  and  warmly  alluded  Terry  w.'us  its  st;itcd  supply  one-fourth  of  his  time, 
 to  what  his  eyes  had  seen  of  tlie  u.sefulness  of  the  November  1:5th,  18^5.'),  he  w:vs  installed  pastor  of  the 
 colporteurs  and  publications  of  the  Board  of  Publi- 1  churches  of  .Vrm:igh  and  .lohnstown.  Owing  to  a 
 Ciition,  ius  dilTu.sed  in  the  distant  Territories  and  on  failure  of  hmflth  in  the  Spring  of  1840,  the  pastoral 
 the  Pacific  coast  of  the  United  States.  The  Rev.  [  relation  to  the  former  church  was,  at  his  own  request, 
 Henry  JI.  Field,  D.D.,  of  New  York,  Editor  of  the  dis.solved,  and  he  then  gave  his  whole  time  to  Johns. 
 Xew  York  EcangeUat,  next  addressed  the  audience,  town,  where  he  Wiis  greatly  beloved  and  eminently 
 eloiiuently  alluding,  among  other  subjects,  to  the  .successful  in  his  ministry.  He  departed  tliis  life, 
 painful  absence  on  this  occasion  of  the  "lost  tribes"    in   the   full   triumph  of    Christian    faith,    June   :?d, 
 
 of  our  Presbyterian  Israel — the  Southern  jMrtion  of 
 our  Church.  The  Rev.  .lohn  Leyburn,  D.D.,  of  Balti- 
 more, who  was  twenty  years  previously  the  Corres- 
 ]>onding  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Publication, 
 responded  kindly  to  the  allusion  of  Dr.  Field  in 
 regard  to  the  Southern  brethren,  and  entertained  the 
 
 1841.  Mr.  Terry  was  possessed  of  a  fine  intellect, 
 finely  cultivated.  He  was  a  kind-hearted,  devoted, 
 conscientious  Christian,  and  an  earnest  workman, 
 too,  in  the  vineyard  of  the  Lord.  His  decea.se,  in 
 the  midst  of  great  usefulness,  was  deeply  lamented 
 by  his  brethren,  his  congregation  and    the  whole 
 
 audii  iK-e  with  humorous  reminiscences  of  the  Board    community.      During   a    part  of  his  ministry  he 
 in   its  early  days.     Further   brief    and   appropriate    taught  a  cla.ssi<al   school,    some  of    the  .students  of 
 
 renuirks  were  made  by  the  Rev.  John  AV.  Dulles, 
 n. I).,  Editorial  Secretary  of  the  Board;  the  Rev. 
 James  MeCosh,  D.I).,  ij..  D.,  and  the  Rev.  Henry  E. 
 Niles,  of  York,  Pa.  These  addre.s.ses  were  inter- 
 spersed with  delightful  music  from  the  volunteer 
 choir.  At  the  close  thanks  were  voted  to  the  com- 
 mittee of  la<lies  who  had  arranged  the  decorations — 
 Mrs.  S.  C.  Perkins,  Mrs.  Strickland  Kneivvs,  Miss 
 Mary  Sutherland  and  Mrs.  S.  B.  Stitt,  and  the  meet- 
 ing adjourned,  after  a  season  of  thorough  enjoyment. 
 At  the  meeting  ext<'mpori7,ed  by  those  who  could 
 not  enter  the  As.seinbly  Room,  which  Avas  held  in  the 
 rooms  of  the  Board  of  Education,  the  Rev.  Thomas 
 Murphy,  D.D.,  presided.  Short  a<ldre.sses,  but  earnest, 
 eloquent  and  brimful  of  the  happy  spirit  that  per- 
 vaded the  multitude  that  thronged  all  parts  of  the 
 house,  were  made  by  Dr.  (leorge  P.  Hayes,  President 
 
 which  have  si uce  attained  distinction  iu  the  learned 
 professions. 
 
 Testimony  and  Testimonies,  are  terms  often 
 u.sed  by  the  Scriptural  writers  to  denote  the  whole 
 revelation  which  God  has  gr.K'iou.sly  given  to  the 
 children  of  men,  as  the  rule  of  their  faith  and  practice. 
 (Ps.  xix,  7).  In  this  extensive  sense  the  Psalmist 
 uses  the  latter  ternj  throughout  the  whole  of  the 
 119th  P.salm.  (See  verse  2,  14,  22,  24,  31,  36,  4fi,  59, 
 79,  99,  111,  119,  12.5,  129,  138,  144,  1.57,  K",  168, 
 etc).  The  two  tables  of  stone  on  which  the  law  or 
 ten  commandments  were  written  are  also  called  the 
 testimony  (Ex.  xxv,  16,  21;  x.xxi,  18),  bec:iu.se  they 
 were  a  witness  of  the  covenant  between  God  and  his 
 people,  and  hence  the  ark  in  which  they  were  deposite<l 
 is  termoil  "  the  ark  of  the  testimony"  (Ex.  xxv,  22). 
 And  in  the  New  Testament,  the  gospel  is  frcciuently 
 
 of  Washington  and  JellVi-sou  (,'ollege,  Dr.  William  O.  i  called  "  the  testimony. "     It  is  the  testimony  of  (lod. 
 
 Johnstone,  Dr.  Alfrcil  Neviu  and  Ex-Governor  Pol- 
 lock. 
 
 Thus  ended  the  formal  celebraticm  of  the  Ter-oen- 
 tennial  of  the  great  events  in  the  history  of  the  Pres- 
 
 for  it  contains  that  which  Ho  has  testitii-d  of  His  .Son, 
 namely,  that  in  Him  He  is  well  pleased,  as  the  sub- 
 stitute and  representative  of  all  His  guilty  iK'o])Ie. 
 and  as  delivered  for  their  otTcnees,  and  niiseil  again 
 
 byterian  Church  which  are  naturally  grouped  about  for  their  j u.stifiCiUion  (Matt,  iii,  17;  xvii,  5;  John 
 the  life  and  death  of  John  Knox,  the  sufferings  of  '  iii,  32).  It  is  the  testimony  of  Christ  also,  and  of  His 
 tli<^  Huguenots  and  the  e.stiiblishmentof  Pre.sbytery  .Vpostles  (1  Cor.  i,  6;  2  Tliess.  i,  10;  2  Tim.  i,  8). 
 in  England.  Perhaps  no  event  ever  so  fully  arou.sed  Testimony  of  Christ  to  Christianity.  Eigh- 
 and  united  the  Presbyterians  of  Philadeli)hia.  And  teen  hundred  vi'arsago  there  lived,  among  a  despised 
 the  interest  Wiis  cjirried   into  the  general  community    nation  and  in  a  remote  country,  a  man  by  the  name 
 
TESTIMONY  OF  CHRIST 
 
 907 
 
 TO  CHRISTIANiry 
 
 of  Jc-sus,  a  (uirpenter's  son,  who  h.-ul  no  political  <lirection,  culls  for  an  explanation.  The  explanation 
 power,  no  social  position,  no  secular  learning  or  art,  must  be  reasonable.  The  cau.se  assigned  mu.st  cor- 
 no  wealth,  no  shelter  to  call  His  own,  and  who,  after  \  respond  with  the  effect  produced. 
 
 a  very  brief  public  career,  was  crucified  in  His  youth, 
 by  liis  own  countrymen,  :is  a  blasphemer.  Yet  this 
 humble  It;ibbi,  by  the  force  of  His  doctrine  and  ex- 
 ample, without  shedding  a  drr>p  of  blood,  save  His 
 own,  has  silently  acromplishod  the  grrat<'st  moral 
 revolution  on  record,  founded  the  mightiest  and  the 
 only  stable  empire,  and  is  now  recognized  and  adored 
 
 Such  an  explanation  we  find  in  tlie  history  of  Christ 
 and  His  testimony  concerning  llimsey",  as  recorded 
 by  the  Evangelists,  and  believed  by  Chri.stians  of  all 
 creeds. 
 
 THE  INFIDEL  EXPLAX.VTIONS  OF  fHKISTI.\.\ITV. 
 
 The  gospel  history  must  either  be  true  or  falnc. 
 
 If  false,  it  must  be,  in  its  essential,  supernatural 
 
 by  the  most  civilized  nations  of  the  globe,  as  the  Son  ^  features,  either  a  willful  lie,  or  an  innocent /c^"on;  in 
 
 of  God  and  the  S:iviour  of  mankind. 
 
 Tills  fact  is  astounding,  and  stands  out  alone,  un- 
 approached  and  unapi)r()achable  in  its  glory.  It  over- 
 towers  all  other  historic  events,  and  throws  the 
 achievements  of  heroes,  sages,  poets,  scholars  and 
 statesmen  of  ancient  anil  modern  times  far  into  the 
 shade. 
 
 This  fact  is  undisputed,  and  admitted  even  by  skep- 
 tics and  infidels.  To  deny  it  would  be  as  unreasonable 
 as  to  deny  the  sun  in  heaven,  or  the  existence  of  man 
 on  earth.  Let  ns  hear  but  a  few  voices  of  men  of 
 acknowledged  geniusand  culture,  who  widely  dl.ssent 
 from  the  humble  faith  of  Christians,  yet  testify  to  the 
 unsurpa.ssed  and  unsurpassable  greatness  of  Jesus. 
 Gtethe,  who  characterized  himself  as  a  decided  non- 
 Christian,  and  as  a  "child  of  tlie  world  between 
 two  prophets,"  in  one  of  his  last  utterances  expressed 
 the  conviction  that  the  human  mind,  no  matter  how 
 much  it  may  advance  in  intellectual  enlture  and  in 
 the  extent  and  depth  of  the  knowledge  of  nature, 
 will  never  transcend  the  height  ami  moral  culture  of 
 Christianity,  as  it  shines  and  glows  in  the  cannnlcal 
 Gospels.  Napoleon  tlie  CJreat,  after  he  had  subdued 
 and  lost  again  the  half  of  ICurope,  said,  among  other 
 striking  things:  "  I  .search  in  vain  in  history  to  find 
 on(^  e(iual  to  Jesus  Christ;  anything  which  can  ap- 
 proach the  gospel.  Neither  hl.story,  nor  humanity, 
 nor  the  ages,  nor  nature  offer  me  anything  with  which 
 I  am  able  to  compare  it  or  explain  it."  Strauss,  the 
 keenest  antagonist  of  the  gospel  history,  is  con- 
 strained to  admit  that  "  .Tesus  represents,  within  the 
 sphere  of  religion,  the  culmination  point,  beyond 
 which  posterity  can  never  go,  yea,  which  it  cannot 
 even  equal ;  .  .  .  that  He  remains  the  highest 
 mod<'l  of  religion  within  the  reach  of  our  thought: 
 and  that  no  perfect  piety  is  pQssible  without  His 
 presence  in  the  heart."  Renan,  the  more  brilliant, 
 but  less  learned  Strauss  of  France,  concludes  his 
 "Life  of  Jesus  "  with  the  following  eloijuent  pre- 
 diction:    "Whatever  may   lie  the  surprises  of  the 
 
 other  words,  the  protluct  of  iinposiun-  or  of  dduaion. 
 
 In  both  Ciuses  the  responsibility  may  be  fastened 
 either  on  Christ  Him.self  or  on  the  Apostles  and 
 Evangelists. 
 
 Consei|ucntly,  we  may  conceive  of  four  infidel  con- 
 structions of  the  life  of  Christ  which  exhaust  the 
 range  of  logical  pos.sibility.  They  have  all  been 
 tried,  from  the  days  of  Celsus  to  those  of  Renan;  and 
 the  resources  of  talent,  learning,  ingenuity  and  skill 
 are  well  nigh  exhausted  in  the  attempt  to  disprove 
 the  truth  and  to  prove  the  falsehood  of  the  story  of 
 .Tesus  of  Nazareth.  No  new  ph.i.se  of  infidelity  can 
 be  expect<'d  which  is  not  of  necessity  a  repetition  or 
 modification  of  one  of  the  four  exploded  theories. 
 But  niibellef,  like  belief,  will  go  on  in  the  Church 
 militant  to  the  end  of  time,  and  every  new  assault 
 upon  the  old  fortress  will  be  repulsed  by  the  defend- 
 ers, and  in  its  defeat,  furnish  a  fresh  proof  of  the 
 truth  of  Christ's  prophecy,  that  the  gates  of  Hades 
 shall  never  prevail  against  His  Church.  A  brief 
 examination  of  the  infidel  theories  must  suffice  for 
 our  purpose. 
 
 THE  CHRIST   OF    IMPOSTfRE. 
 
 Thi'  imposture  may  be  traced  either  directly  to 
 Christ  or  to  His  disciples. 
 
 I.  The  oldest  enemies  of  Christ,  the  Phari.sees  and 
 Hierarchs  of  His  day,  followed  by  a  few  obscure  infi- 
 dels of  later  times,  charged  Chri.st  Himself  with 
 being  an  impostor  and  a  blasphemer,  who  made  His 
 credulous  di.sciples  believe  that  He  w:is  the  Son  of 
 God  and  the  Saviour  of  mankind,  while  He  knew 
 Illnisclf  to  be  a  mere  man.  In  this  case  we  must 
 pronounce  Him  a  consummate  hypocrite,  who  falls 
 under  the  condemnation  of  His  own  terrible  rebuke 
 of  hypocrisy.  And  yet,  it  is  now  universally  acknowl- 
 edged, even  by  infidels  them.sclves,  that  He  preached 
 the  purest  code  of  morals  and  lived  the  purest  life, 
 crowned  with  the  noblest  death. 
 
 How,  then,  can  one  and  the  same  character  beat 
 once  the  very  best  and  the  very  worst  ?     The  contra- 
 
 future,  Jesus  will   never   be  surpa.s.sed.     His  wor-  i  diction  is  as  monstrous  as  that  white  is  black  and 
 
 ship  will  grow  young  without  ceasing;  His  legend 
 will  call  forth  tears  without  end;  His  suft'erlngs 
 win  melt  the  noblest  heart.s;  all  ages  will  pro- 
 claim that  among  the  sons  of  men  there  is  none  born 
 greater  than  Jesus. ' ' 
 
 This  deepest  and  broadest  fact  in  the  history  of  the 
 
 black  is  white.  How  could  He  play  the  h>-pocrite  in 
 \ivvf  of  poverty,  persecution  and  crucifixion,  as  His 
 certain  and  only  reward  in  this  life?  How  could 
 He  keep  up  the  play  without  even  for  a  moment 
 falling  out  of  His  role  and  showing  His  true  colors  ? 
 How  could  such  a  wicked  scheme  find   universal 
 
 race,  which  surrounds  us  like  an  ocean  from  every  ;  acceptance  and  produce  great<'r  and   better  results 
 
TESTniosv  OF  rifinsT 
 
 !I08 
 
 TO  CHRISTIANITY. 
 
 than  any  which  human  wisdom  and  goodness  before 
 or  since  has  been  able  to  iicliicve,  or  even  to  conceive  ? 
 
 These  (luestioiLs  are  unanswerable.  The  hypothe- 
 sis is  logically  so  untenable  and  morally  so  revolting 
 that  its  mere ,  statement  is  its  condemnation.  No 
 scholar  h:ia  serioasly  endeavored  to  carry  it  out. 
 
 II.  Others  fasten  the  fraud  upon  the  first  disciples 
 of  Christ,  and  represent  them  iis  the  cunning  in- 
 triguers and  successful  deceivers,  who  manufactured 
 the  story  of  the  resurrection  and  persuaded  the 
 world  into  it,  at  the  s;i<-rilice  of  their  very  lives. 
 
 But  the  first  and  last  impre.s.sion  which  the  Gaspels 
 irri^sistibly  make  upon  every  fair-minded  reader  is 
 that  of  the  artless  simplicity  and  honesty  of  the 
 writers.  We  may  contest  their  learning,  critical 
 sagacity  and  worldly  wi.sdom,  but  it  is  impossible  to 
 deny  their  good  faith;  it  shines  forth  from  every  line; 
 it  is  even  strengthened  by  the  many  discrepancies  in 
 minor  detail.s,  and  itwiis  sealed  with  theirownblood. 
 Giethe,  as  good  a  judge  of  literary  producticmsa-sever 
 lived,  delilK-rately  said:  "I  consider  the  Gospels  as 
 thorouglily  genuine  {durvhaua  adit),  for  there  is 
 reflected  in  them  a  majesty  and  sublimity  which 
 emanated  from  the  person  of  Christ,  and  which  is  as 
 truly  divine  as  anything  ever  seen  on  earth." 
 
 Wo  aiu  conceive  of  no  motive  which  might  have 
 induced  these  simple-hearted  Galileans  to  engage  in 
 such  a  dangerous  intrigue  before  all  the  world.  And 
 how  could  they  keep  the  secret  of  the  conspiracy? 
 And  what  must  we  think  of  the  intelligcMice  of  the 
 Jews,  Greeks  and  Romans  of  that  age,  that  they 
 could  be  duped  by  a  handful  of  illiterate  fishermen  ? 
 Was  Saul  of  Tarsus  the  man  to  be  .so  easily  fooled 
 into  alifeof  martyrdom  by  a  cunning  lie  of  the  very 
 men  whom  he  once  so  bitterly  persecuted  ?  Such 
 i|Uistions  present  insuperable  difliculties.  which  no 
 l<-arning  or  ingenuity  hits  been  or  ever  will  l)e  able  to 
 solve. 
 
 The  hypothesis  of  willful  deception,  in  either  of  its 
 two  possible  forms,  is  an  insult  to  the  dignity  of  hu- 
 man nature  itself,  which  instinctively  shrinks  from 
 it.  Unable  to  maint^vin  this  ground,  infidelity  has  of 
 late  confined  itself  to  the  conjecture  of  innocent 
 fiction. 
 
 TKK  niltlST   Dl-   KICTION. 
 
 Here,  again,  the  delusion  may  be  traced  either  to 
 Chuist  liimseir,  or  to  His  Dlscii'i.KS. 
 
 I.  The  first  alternative  a.ssnmes  tliat  .iKsrs  was  an 
 E.VTHl'sl.vsT,  who  deceivi'd  Himself,  a  noble  dreamer, 
 and  imagined  that  He  wius  the  Son  of  God  and  the 
 promiseil  Messiah,  and  died  a  victim  to  this  delusion. 
 
 But  the  Christ  of  the  Gospels  shows  not  the  faintest 
 trace  of  fanaticism,  or  self  delusion.  On  the  contrary. 
 He  disi'ouraged  and  <»pi>osed  all  the  ]>rev;iiling  carnal 
 ideas  and  hoju's  of  the  Messiah,  as  a  sui)p(>.si(l  politi- 
 cal reformer  and  emancipator.  He  is  calm,  self- 
 ;M)Sse.sscd,  unil'ormly  consistent,  free  from  all  paKsion 
 and  undue  excitenu'Ut,  never  des|Minding,  ever  confi- 
 dent   u'l     sneeess,  i-veil    in    tile    itil'kest     liiiiir   of   trial 
 
 and  persecution.  To  every  perplexing  question  He 
 quickly  returned  the  wi.scst  answer;  He  never  erred 
 in  His  judgment  of  men  or  things;  from  the  lK>gin- 
 ning  to  the  clo.se  of  His  jiublic  life,  beforf'  friend  and 
 foe,  before  magistrate  and  people,  in  di.s-jmting  with 
 Pharisees  and  Saddueees,  in  addressing  IHs  disciples 
 or  the  multitude,  while  standing  before  Pontius 
 Pilate  and  Caiaj)has,  or  susitended  on  tlie  cross.  He 
 shows  an  unclouded  intellect  and  complete  ma.stery 
 of  appetite  and  p;us.sion;  in  short,  all  the  qualities  the 
 very  oi)posite  to  those  which  characterize  persons 
 laboring  under  self-delusion  or  any  mental  disease. 
 
 II.  But  may  not  His  disciples  have  been  .self- 
 deceived  and  unduly  carriedawayby  the  exemplary 
 life  and  death,  the  words  and  deeds  of  their  Master, 
 so  as  to  work  up  their  imagination  to  the  honest  belief 
 that  He  was  really  the  ])romised  Messiah  of  the  Old 
 Tcst;iment,  and  a  supernatural  being,  that  came  down 
 from  heaven  ? 
 
 In  other  words,  the  gos])el  history  is  put  on  a  ]iar 
 with  heathen  myths  (by. Strauss),  or  Christian  legends 
 (by  Kenan),  and  thus  turned  into  a  poem  or  fiction  of  a 
 pious  e.xcited  imagination,  on  the  basis  of  a  small 
 Kipitiil  of  actual  foct. 
 
 This  is  the  least  discreditable  of  all  false  theorie.s, 
 because  it  leaves  room  for  a  high  estimate  of  the 
 moral  character  of  Christ  and  His  apostles.  Christ 
 must  have  l)een  a  very  extraordinary  person  to 
 account  at  all  for  the  extraordinary  impression  He 
 made,  and  the  -Vpostles  may  e.sca)>e  with  the  comjili- 
 mentary  censure,  ol'  an  excess  of  pious  imagination 
 and  admiration. 
 
 But  the  Evangelists  are  singularly  free  from  im- 
 aginative coloring.  They  are  the  most  objective  of  all 
 historians;  th<y  abstain  from  every  intrusion  of  their 
 own  feelings  and  reflections,  even  when  they  n'eord 
 the  most  exciting  scenes,  the  bitterest  persecution  and 
 the  deepest  sulferings  of  their  Master.  Tluir  indi- 
 viduality is  lost  in  the  events  which  are  supposed  to 
 speak  best  for  themselves  without  note  or  comment. 
 How  ditfcrent  in  this  resiK-ct  from  the  AiH)cryphal 
 gospels,  which  abound  in  the  crude  inventions  of  a 
 morbid  imagination.  AVe  arc,  moreover,  at  a  loss  to 
 conceive  that  the  .Vpostles  and  Kvangelists,  gifted,  as 
 they  were,  with  ;us  clear  eyes  and  as  sound  commcin 
 sense  as  other  observers,  could  make  such  a  radical 
 mistake  as  is  here  supposed.  How  could  .so  many 
 deceive  themselves  at  the  s;ime  time  and  in  the  s;ime 
 way?  Is  it  at  all  likely  that  five  hundred  persons, 
 to  whom  the  risen  Christ  is  said  to  have  apjieared  at 
 the  same  time,  should  dream  the  s:ime  dream?  And 
 all  this  is  not  in  a  period  of  childlike  .simplicity  and 
 ignoraiu'c,  but  in  a  period  of  high  culture  and  skep- 
 tical criticism,  in  a  land  and  a  people  where  the  story 
 of  .lesns  was  everywhere  known,  and  surrounded  by 
 hitter  hostility  eager  to  dispel  and  expose  the  delu- 
 sion. How  could  the  keen,  sharp  and  ])ersecuting 
 Paul  be  so  thoroughly  converted  to  an  em))ty  fiction? 
 How  incredible  that  some  illitenite  fi.shermen  should 
 
TESTIMONY  OF  CHRIST 
 
 909 
 
 TO  CHSISTIAiXITY. 
 
 have  inventol  u  farliiglier  and  more  perfect  life  and  i 
 character  than  the  poets,  philosophers  and  historians 
 of  Greece  and  Rome  !  The  poet  in  tliis  Ciise,  as  ! 
 Rouss<'au,  himself  an  unbeliever,  well  s;iid,  mnst 
 have  been  greater  than  the  hero.  It  takes  more  than 
 a  Jesus  (i.  <■.,  a  greater  than  the  greatest,  which  is  an 
 impossibility)  to  invent  a  Jesus.  And  how  could  an 
 imaginary  resurrection,  which  took  place  only  in  the 
 visionary  faith  of  the  discij)les,  or,  sls  Kenan  siiys, 
 "in  the  passion  of  a  hallucinated  woman,"  lay  the 
 foundation  of  such  a  rock-like  institution  as  the 
 Christian  Church  ? 
 
 Just  here  the  mythic^il  and  legendary  hypothesis 
 breaks  down  completely,  and  is  driven  to  the  only 
 alternative  of  truth  or  fraud.  Innocent  lietion  will 
 not  do  in  the  case  of  the  resurrection  of  Christ,  or 
 even  the  resurrection  of  Lazarus,  of  which  Spinoai 
 remarked  that,  if  he  could  believe  it,  lie  would  em- 
 brace the  whole  Christian  system,  because,  as  the 
 greatest  of  Christ's  miracles,  it  involves  the  less. 
 
 In  this  case  Renan,  unable  to  find  abetter  solution, 
 departs  from  his  own  theory,  and  is  not  ashamed  to 
 resort  to  the  wietched  hypothesisof  a  fraud,  contrived 
 by  Lazarus  and  his  two  sisters,  and  weakly  connived  at 
 by  Jesus  himself,  in  the  vain  hope  of  producing  a 
 revolution  in  his  favor  aniimg  the  unbelieving  Jews. 
 And  such  a  Jesus,  who  could  willingly  play  the 
 charlatan,  and  thus  outrage  the  ])rinciple  of  ordinary 
 honesty,  Renan  would  make  us  believe,  nevertheless, 
 to  have  been  the  greatest  and  purest  of  men  who  ever 
 walked  on  earth,  and  who  will  never  be  surpas-sed  in 
 time  to  come  !     Ciedat  JiuUcun  Apprlla. 
 
 The  false  theories,  then,  are  perfect  failures,  iis  far  as 
 an  explanation  of  the  greatfact  of  Christ  is  concerned. 
 They  put  a  severer  ta.x  on  our  credulity  than  ortho- 
 doxy itself.  Instead  of  .solving  or  diminishing  dilU- 
 culties,  they  increa,se  them,  and  substitute  a  moral 
 monstrosity  in  the  place  of  a  supernatural  miracle. 
 They  are  calculated  to  shake  the  faith  in  man  as  well 
 as  in  God.  They  contradict  each  other,  and  one  has 
 in  turn  refuted  the  other.  After  completing  its 
 course,  infidelity  in  its  latest  phase,  when  brought  to 
 the  test  of  the  resurrection  ininule,  is  forced  to  resort 
 to  its  first  and  most  disreputable  form,  and  thus  to 
 fall  under  its  own  sentence  of  condemnation,  which 
 it  pronounced  upon  the  wretched  sehenu"  of  fraud. 
 
 And,  indeed,  this  is  the  only  alternative;  the  go.s- 
 pel  history  is  either  true,  or  it  is  a  shameless,  wicked 
 fraud,  in  which  Christ  him.self  wsis  the  chief  actor. 
 The  shrewd,  cunning  Phari.sees  and  Siulducees,  who 
 watched  his  movements  with  the  vigilance  of  inti-nse 
 jealousy  and  hatred,  felt  this;  they  heard  his  amazing 
 speeches  with  their  own  ears;  they  witnessed  his 
 miracles  with  their  own  eyes;  how  gladly  wonlil  they 
 have  denied  them  and  resorted  to  the  mythical  or  ■ 
 legendary  fiction-theory  of  modern  times;  but  In'ing 
 unable  to  contradict  the  testimony  of  their  senses 
 and  the  common  ob.servation  of  the  people,  they  de- 
 rived his  miracles  from  Beelzebub,and  erucified.Christ 
 
 as  an  imixxstor  and  blasphemer.  But  the  resurrec- 
 tion and  the  triumph  of  Christianity  on  the  ruins  of 
 the  Jewish  theocracy  was  the  triumphant  answer  to 
 this  wicked  calumny. 
 
 The  latest  criticiil  e.xamination  of  the  records  ot 
 Christ's  hi.story,  written  by  a  Unitarian  ("'Jesus,''  by 
 W.  II.  Furne.s.s,  I'hiladelphia,  1870,  p.  2-23),  comes 
 to  this  irresistible  conclusion:  "Wonderful  is  the 
 character  of  Jesus.  And  hardly  less  wonderful  is 
 the  manner  in  which  it  is  portrayed  in  the 
 Gospels,  unilesignedly,  by  brief,  sktchey  narratives 
 of  a  variety  of  incidents,  strung  together  with 
 only  the  slightest  reg-ard  to  their  right  order  and 
 connection,  and  yet  yielding  a  result  of  iin(|Ualed 
 moral  beauty  and  of  a  world-s:iving  power,  a  result, 
 self-consistent,  all-consistent  and  spontaneous,  be- 
 cau.se,  let  me  reiterate,  the  incidents  narrated  arc 
 true." 
 
 Verily,  the  history  of  Jesus,  his  words  and  mira- 
 cles, his  crucifixion  and  resurrection,  witnessed  by 
 the  rulers  and  the  people,  friend  and  foe,  Herod  and 
 Pilate,  Jews  and  Romans,  related  by  his  di.sciples 
 with  unmistakable  simplicity  and  honesty,  pro- 
 claimed from  Jerus;ilem  to  Rome,  believed  by  con- 
 temporaries of  CN'ery  grade  of  cultnre,  sealed  by  the 
 blood  of  martyrs,  producing  th<!  mightiest  results, 
 felt  and  demonstrated  in  its  jiower  from  day  to  day 
 wherever  his  name  is  known,  is  the  best  authenti- 
 cated history  in  the  world, 
 
 THE  CHRIST  OF   HISTORY. 
 
 The  more  we  examinethe  Christ  of  the  Gospels,  the 
 more  we  find  that  He  eirries  in  himself  his  own  best 
 evidence,  like  the  sun  in  heaven  whi<h  proves  its  ex- 
 istence and  power  by  shining  on  the  firmament  to  all 
 but  the  blind.  "I  am  one,"  He  saj'.s,  "that  bear 
 witness  of  myself. " 
 
 Much  as  the  Kvangelists  differ  in  minor  detiiils and 
 in  their  stand|H)int  and  aim,  they  nevertheless  pre- 
 sentonly  the  various  aspects  of  the  one  and  the  same 
 Clirist.  Matthew,  wTiting  for  Jewish  readers,  sets 
 Him  forth  xs  the  new  Lawgiver  and  King  of  Israel, 
 in  whom  all  the  prophecies  are  fulfilled;  Mark  paints 
 Him,  in  fresh,  rapid  sketches,  for  the  world-conquer- 
 ing Romans,  as  the  mighty  Son  of  God  and  worker 
 of  miracles  of  power;  Luke,  the  phy.sician  and  Hel- 
 lenist, describes  Him  to  (Jreek  readers  as  the  Healer 
 of  disea.ses,  the  Friend  of  sinners,  the  Saviour  of  the 
 lost,  the  sympathizing  and  ideal  Son  of  Man;  John, 
 who  wrote  last,  and  wrote  for  Christians  of  all  nations 
 and  ages,  gives  us  the  Gospel  of  the  incarnate  Logos, 
 the  only  Begotten  of  the  Father,  who  became  flesh 
 and  dwelt  among  us,  full  of  grace  and  truth.  But 
 these  are  not  eontnidictory,  but  complementary  pic- 
 tures of  one  and  the  s;ime  iHTson. 
 
 The  essential  identity  of  the  Christ  of  the  Synop- 
 tists  is  univers;illy  conceded.  As  to  the  identity  of 
 the  Synoptic  and  the  Johanneau  Christ,  it  h;is  indeed 
 been  disputed  by  a  small  ehiss  of  modern  critics;  but 
 the  Church  at  Uvrgc  bus  never  doubted  it,  and  the  com 
 
TESTIMOSY  OF  CHRIST 
 
 910 
 
 TO  CBRISTIAXITY 
 
 mon  reader  of  the  gospels  can  perceive  no  difference 
 affecting,  in  the  least  degree,  the  character  and  au- 
 thority of  Christ.  C'crtiiiuly  in  all  the  features  of  His 
 moral  character  and  the  object  of  His  mission,  as  well 
 its  in  the  principal  events  of  his  earthly  life,  there  is 
 the  most  iK-rfcrt  agreement  among  the  c;inonic;il 
 gospels.  He  is  in  all  of  them  the  same  original,  con- 
 sistent, sinless  and  perfect  being,  from  the  ))eginnliig 
 to  the  close  of  His  public  life. 
 
 His  character  is,  iu  the  lirst  place,  original  beyond 
 all  other  men  who  have  a  just  claim  to  originality. 
 History  furnishis  no  parallel  to  Jesus  of  Xazarcth. 
 The  fertile  imagination  of  poets  has  never  conceived 
 a  character  like  His.  No  system  of  moral  philosophy 
 among  the  ancient  Greeks  and  Homans  set  up  such  a 
 standard  of  purity  and  perlection  a.s('hrist  not  only 
 tauglit  but  i)nutiied.  All  the  other  great  teachers 
 fell  confessedly  behind  thi'ir  own  stamlard  of  virtue; 
 Christ  was  more  than  his  doctriue;  His  doctrine  is 
 but  a  reflection  of  His  life.  His  character  cannot  be 
 explained  from  any  resources  of  his  age;  neither  the 
 orthodoxy  of  the  Pharisees,  nor  the  liberalism  of  the 
 Sadducees,  nor  the  mysticism  of  the  Essnes  could 
 produce  it;  on  the  contrary,  He  stands  in  antagonism 
 to  all.  He  came  out  from  God,  and  taught  the  world 
 as  one  who  owed  nothing  to  the  world,  its  schools,  its 
 libraries,  its  wise  and  good  nu'n.  Though  living  in 
 the  world  and  for  the  world.  He  w:js  not  of  the 
 world,  but  far  above  it  as  the  heaven  is  above  the 
 earth. 
 
 Christ's  character  is  uniformly  consistent.  There  is 
 no  man,  however  wise  and  good,  who  is  not  more  or 
 less  inconsistent,  who  does  not  occa.sionally  fall  out  of 
 his  role,  yield  to  the  pressure  of  circumst;inces,  allow 
 himself  to  be  carried  away  by  pa.ssion  or  excitement, 
 betray  his  native  weakness,  falter  in  the  path  of 
 virtue.  But  Christ  is  the  same  in  doctrine  and  con- 
 duct from  the  beginning  to  the  close,  before  friend 
 and  foe,  in  private  and  pu))lic  life,  in  action  and 
 suffering.  He  had  never  to  retract  a  word,  never  to 
 regret  a  deed,  never  to  ask  the  pardon  of  God  or  man. 
 His  e:ilmne.ss  and  serenity  was  never  disturbed;  He 
 never  felt  unhappy  or  desijonding  aud  wlien  at  the 
 clo.se  of  His  ministry.  He  could  say  to  his  heavenly 
 I'atlu-r,  in  tlie  presence  of  His  intimate  friends  and 
 <lisciples:  "  I  have  glorilied  Thee  on  the  earth;  I  have 
 linished  the  work  which  Thou  gavest  me  to  do." 
 
 This  leads  us  to  the  third  characteristic  of  Christ's 
 character,  \Us  sinlem  prrfcction.  This  is  an  amazing 
 fa<-t,  and  nothing  less  than  a  moral  miracle  in  the 
 midst  of  a  sinful  world.  Since  tlie  fall  of  Adam 
 tlu're  never  has  been  a  human  being  that  was  free 
 Irom  the  contamination  of  sin  anil  guilt.  Those  who 
 are  the  huiublist,  and  know  tliemsi'lves  l>est,  are 
 n»)st  ready  to  feel  and  to  admit  their  own  imper- 
 fections. I  need  only  name  Moses,  David,  St.  Paul, 
 St.  Augustine,  St.  Bernard,  Luther  and  Calvin,  who 
 tower  so  liigh  above  ordinary  men  hy  the  pro- 
 found  convlcliou    of  their   own    imiierfections    and 
 
 guilt  before  God,  no  less  than  by  their  genius  and 
 piety.  Even  the  noblest  among  the  heathen,  as 
 Socrates,  Plato,  Seneca,  Epictetus.  Plutiirch  and  XIarc 
 Aurelius,  prove  the  same  fact. 
 
 But  Jesus  forms  one  ab.solute  exception  to  a  nni- 
 versjil  rule.  Endowed  with  the  keenest  moral 
 sensibilities  and  tenderest  .sympathies,  moving  in  a 
 corrrupt  age  of  this  wicked  world,  and  tempted  as 
 we,  yea,  more  tlian  we  are,  by  unbelief,  ingratitude, 
 malignity,  denial  and  trc;vson,  He  yet  maint;iined  a 
 .spotless  innocence  to  the  last;  He  never  harmed  a 
 human  being,  never  failed  in  word  or  deed,  never  fell 
 out  of  liarmony  with  His  Heavenly  Father;  He  Wiis 
 ever  true  to  His  mission  of  mercy,  lived  solely  for  the 
 glory  of  God  and  the  good  of  mankind;  united,  in 
 even  symmetry,  the  opposite  gr.u'cs  of  dignity  and 
 humility,  strength  aud  gentleness,  severity  and 
 kindness,  eucrgy  and  resignation,  active  and  passive 
 obedience,  even  to  the  death  on  the  cross,  and 
 furnished  an  exemplar  of  jjerfect  humanity  for 
 universal  imitation. 
 
 If  this  was  the  character  of  Jesus — iind  who  will 
 deny  it? — how  can  we,  in  the  name  of  con.si.stency, 
 deny  His  testimony  concerning  His  i)erson  and  work, 
 and  refu.se  to  admit  His  stupendous  claims,  which 
 from  any  otlier  mouth  wouhl  be  univers;illy  con- 
 demned as  wicked  blasi)hemy,  but  which  from  His 
 lips  sound  with  all  the  force  of  self-evident  truth. 
 If  He  was  the  wisest  and  holiest  of  men.  He  must 
 truly  be  what  He  professes  to  be,  the  Son  of  God,  the 
 promised  Messiah,  the  S:jviovir  of  the  world. 
 
 THp;   CHRIST   OF    PROPHECY. 
 
 Though  descended  from  heaven,  Christ  stands 
 firmly  on  earth,  and  as  the  uuivers;d  man.  "  most 
 human,  anil  yet  most  divine."  intertwined  with  all 
 the  fortunes  of  the  raci-.  He  casts  his  lustre  back 
 through  the  long  ages  of  the  past  to  the  very  begin- 
 ning of  the  race,  and  forward  to  all  ages  of  the  future. 
 
 It  is  an  undeniable  fact  that  at  the  time  of  Christ 
 the  Jewish  nation  was  filled  with  Messianic  expect- 
 ations, which,  though  c;irnally  misunderstood  and 
 perverted,  had  their  roots  in  the  Scriptures  of  the 
 Old  Testanunt  and  l)e:ir  testimony  to  them.  .V  long 
 series  of  prophecies  and  tyiM\s  runs  in  unbroken 
 line  from  the  fall  of  man  to  the  advent  of  Christ, 
 and  looks  steadily  towards  a  final  redemption, 
 not  only  of  the  chosen  people,  but  of  the  whole 
 human  family.  Though  varied  in  form  and  ad- 
 mitting of  a  growing  fulfillment,  they  are  yet  one 
 and  consistent  in  spirit  and  aim,  and  were  wonder- 
 fully confirmed  at  last  by  a<-tual  fulfillment.  The 
 proto-gospel  of  the  serpent  bruiser,  the  promises  given 
 to  Noah,  to  -Vbiaham.  I.sjiae  and  .Tacoh,  to  David  and 
 his  royal  hou.sc,  the  symlwl  of  the  brazen  serpent  in 
 the  wilderness  for  the  healing  of  the  people,  the  daily 
 .lacrifices  and  the  pregnant  symlwlism  of  the  taber- 
 nacle and  the  temple,  the  prediction  of  a  futvire  great 
 prophet  aud  lawgiver,  the  meek  and  lowly  King  of 
 Zion,  His  sufferings  for  thi'  sins  of  tin-  jx-oplc,  and 
 
TESTJMOXY  Of  CHRIST 
 
 911 
 
 TO  CHRIHTIAKITY. 
 
 his  exaltation  and  everlasting  reign,  apply,  in  their   symbols,  allegories  and  fictions  of  heathen  mythology. 
 
 Iiifshest  and  deepest  sense,  to  Jcxiw  of  Nazareth,  and 
 ti>  no  other  person  in  hixtonj.  Isaiah,  the  prince  and 
 evangelist  among  the  i>rophets,  in  the  last  twenty- 
 seven  chapters  of  his  book,  iiiirolls  a  picture  of  the 
 Messiah  so  complete  that  none  but  those  blinded  by 
 dogmatic  prejudice  can  fail  to  find  here  the  )ine;i- 
 ments  of  our  Saviour  with  His  atoning  death  and 
 glorious  triumph;  And  fimvUy  to  make  certainty 
 doubly  sure,  immediately  before  Christ  appeared  His 
 grc;it  forerunner  (whose  historiail  existence  no  one 
 denies),  as  the  personal  embodiment  of  the  Old 
 Testament,  le;i<ling  liis  own  pupils  to  Jesus  as  tbe 
 Lamb  of  God,  and  then  disappearing  like  the  dawn 
 of  the  morning  in  the  glory  of  the  risen  sun 
 
 the  Avatars  and  Grand  Llamas  and  Absorptions  and 
 Nirvanas  of  Brahminism  and  Buddhism,  the  divine 
 intimations  and  the  human  deilications  of  Greece 
 and  Home,  we  may  see  c;iricatures  and  c;irnal  antici- 
 pations of  the  great  myst<-ry  of  godliness:  '•  God 
 manifest  in  the  flesh."  They  are  irrepressible  long- 
 ings of  the  human  mind  and  heart  afUT  union  with 
 the  diviije,  the  groping  in  the  dark  after  the 
 unknown  God  who  became  known  in  Christ.  The 
 prodig-al  son  of  idolatry,  after  wa.sting  his  substance 
 in  riotous  living,  remembered  his  father's  house 
 and  prepared  to  return  to  him  in  penitence  and 
 faith,  when  the  father  met  him  more  than  half 
 i  way,   and   received  him   to   his  loving  heart.     Ter- 
 
 Christ    knew   and   confessed    Him.self    to   be   the    tullian  speaks,  with  reference  to  the  nobler  heathen, 
 promised   Messiah   of  whom  Moses   wrote  and   the  |  of  the  ttstimonia  aninue  naluraliter  ChriMiana;oi  Xhe 
 prophets;  He  claimed  all  the  prerogatives  and  exer-   testimonies  of  the  soul  which   is   constituted  and 
 ci.sed  all  the  functions  of  the  Mes.siah;  Reread  Him- 
 self on  every  page  of  the  book  of  God.     And,  truly 
 
 predastinated  for  Christianity,  and  which,  left  to 
 its  truest  and  noblest  in.stincts,  turns  to  the  one 
 He  is  the  light  "and  the  life  of  the  Old  Testament;  true  (Jod,  as  the  flower  to  the  sun,  as  the  needle  to 
 without  Him  it  is  a  sealed  book  to  this  day.  in  Him  the  magnet, 
 it  is  revealed. 
 
 The  wonderful    harmony  betwei^n    the   Christ  of 
 
 Thus  Christ  sums  up  the  whole  meaning  of  ancient 
 history,  fulfilling  the  unconscious  iis  well  as  the  con- 
 projjhecy  and  the  Christ  of  history  has  at  all  times  scions  prophecies  and  types  of  the  past,  the  prepar- 
 justly  been  regarded  as  one  of  the  strongest  proofs  of  atory  revelations  of  God  and  the  aspirations  of  the 
 His  dirine  ch-aracter  and  mi.ssion,  and  led  to  the  con-  human  heart.  In  the  widest  seu.se  it  is  true  that 
 version  of  many  thinking  and  inquiring  minds.     It .  He  came  not  to  destroy  but  to  fulfill. 
 
 is  impossible  to  resolve  this  harmony  into  accident 
 or  to  trace  it  to  human  divination  and  s;igacity.  It  is 
 the  exclusive  privilege  of  the  divine  mind  to  fore- 
 
 CHRIST  AXD  CHEISTEXDOM. 
 
 As  Christ  stands  at  the  end  of  the  Old  World,  so  He 
 stands  also  at  the  beginning  of  the  New.     He  is  at 
 
 know  the  disUiut  future  and  to  read  the  end  from  t  once  the  ripest  fruit  of  history  before,  and  the  fertile 
 
 the  beginning. 
 
 seed  of  history  after,  His  coming.      He  is  the  turning 
 
 But  the  Christ  of  prophecy  and  type  is  not  confined  '  point  in  the  biography  of  our  race,  the  glory  of  thepa.st 
 to  the  Jewi.sh  religion;  He  may  be  traced,  in  a  modi-  and  the  hnpeof  the  future.  Christ  and  Christianity  are 
 fied  form,  even  in  the  providential  currents  of  the  i  inseparable;  the  achievements  of  Christianity  are  the 
 heathen  world  before  his  advent  on  earth.  He  is  the  I  achievements  of  Christ,  its  founder  and  ever  present 
 desire  of  all  nations.  The  civilization  and  literature  head;  and  if  Christianity  cannot  perish,  it  is  because 
 of  Greece,  the  jjolitical  i«)wer  and  law  of  Korae,  pre-  Christ  lives,  .the  same  yestenUiy,  to-day  and  forever, 
 pared  the  way  for  His  coming,  :is  well  xs  the  theoc-  i  For  eighteen  centuries  the  Christian  Church  has 
 racy  of  the  Jews.     The  noblest  mi.ssion  of  the  Greek  1  stood  firm  and  unshaken,  ;i.s.s;iiled,  indeed,  by  winds 
 
 and  storms  from  all  directions,  yet  ever  growing 
 stronger  and  spreading  wider;  a  perpetual  testimony 
 to  Christ,  feeding  on  His  words,  living  of  His  life, 
 singing  His  praise  in  every  zone,  commemorating 
 His  life-giving  death  in  every  communion  service, 
 and  celebrating  His  resurrection  on  every  returning 
 Lord's  Day.     Christianity  h.as  taken  the  lead  in  all 
 
 language  was  to  become  the  silver  basket  for  the 
 goldeu  apple  of  the  gospel.  The  chief  aim  of  Alexan- 
 der's conquests  and  the  consolidation  of  nations 
 nnder  the  Roman  rule  was  to  break  down  the  parti- 
 tion walls  between  nations  and  to  Jirepare  them  for  a 
 universiU  religion.  The  Greek  Fathers  justly  recog- 
 nized in  the  scattered  truths  of  the  ancient  poets  and 
 
 philosophers  sparks  of  the  light  from  the  Logos  the  great  movements  of  modern  history;  it  has  re- 
 generated the  tottering  Koman  empire,  civilized  the 
 Northern  barbarians,  produced  the  Reformation  of 
 tlie  sixteenth  century,  abolished  cruel  law.s,  miti- 
 gated the  horrors  of  war,  restrained  violence  and  op- 
 pres.sion,  infused  a  spirit  of  ju.stice  and  humanity 
 into  governments  and  siK-iety,  adv<K-ated  the   rights 
 
 before  His  inc;iriuition.  IMato  almost  prophesied 
 Christ  when  he  described  "'  the  righteous  man  as  one 
 who,  without  doing  any  injiustice,  yet  has  the  appear- 
 ance of  the  greatest  injustice,  and  proves  his  own 
 justice  by  perseverance  against  all  c;ilumny  unto 
 death,"  and  when  he   predicted  that,   if  such    a 
 
 righteous  man  should  ever  appear  on  earth,  "  He  of  the  poor  and  sulfering,  stimulated  moral  reform 
 would  be  scourgwl,  tortured,  bound,  deprived  of  His  |  and  progress,  and  is  the  chief  author  and  promoter 
 sight,  and,  after  having  suflered  all  possible  injury,  of  all  that  is  good  and  praisworthy  and  enduring  in 
 nailed   to   a   post."     Kveu    amidst    the   blundering  i  our  modern  civiliz;>tion. 
 
TEiiTIMOSY  OF  ClIllIST 
 
 itl> 
 
 TO  nnUSTIAXITY. 
 
 Hainan  nature  is,  indeed,  still  as  depraved  as  ever, 
 stained  with  the  same  vices,  vexed  with  the  same 
 cares,  saddened  with  the  same  sorrows,  as  in  tiines  of 
 old;  bnt,  taking  even  the  lowest  utilitarian  view,  we 
 may  say  with  Benjamin  Franklin,  in  his  wise  letter 
 to  Tom  Paine,  "  Man  is  hailenoui^h  with  Cliristianity, 
 he  would  he  far  worse  without  it  ;  therefore,  do  not 
 unchain  the  tiger. "  Whatever  is  bad  and  deplorable 
 exists  i»  xyi/'c  of  Christianity;  whatever  is  pure  and 
 holy  aiul  tends  to  promote  virtue,  happiness  and 
 peace,  is  due  chielly  to  the  director  indirect  influence 
 of  Christ  and  His  Gospel.  And  whatever  hopes  we 
 may  and  must  entertain  for  the  futnre  progress  and 
 amelioration  of  the  race,  they  depend  npon  Him  who 
 ahmc  can  liring  about,  by  His  good  and  holy  Spirit, 
 that  millennium  of  peace  when  I 
 
 '■  Kartti  Is  changed  tolu-aven,  ftm!  heavt?n  ti>  earth, 
 Dno  kingiluiii,  joy  ami  union  witliout  euil." 
 
 Yet,  in  the  midst  of  abounding  corruptions,  Christ 
 continually  acts  and  reacts,  and  fultills  His  mission 
 of  i>eace  and  good  will  to  mankind.  Who  can  meas- 
 ure the  restraining,  ennobling,  cheering,  sanctifj-ing 
 impulses  which  are,  from  day  to  day  and  from  hour 
 to  hour,  jiroceeding  from  the  example  of  Christ,  as 
 ]>rcach((l  from  the  inilpit,  taught  iu  the  school,  read 
 in  the  Iiible  and  illustrated  in  the  lives  ofhis  follow-  I 
 ers.  Much  as  Christians  are  tlividcd  on  points  of 
 doctrine,  polity  and  ceremonies,  they  are  united  in 
 devotion  and  love  to  their  heavenly  Master,  derive 
 the  same  holy  motives  from  Him,  and  endeavor,  1 
 however  feebly,  to  attain  the  same  .stiindard  of  per- 
 fection .set  up  by  Him. 
 
 This  unity  of  Christend<uu  is  strikingly  illustrated 
 in  the  vast  treasure  house  of  hymnology  whose  power 
 tor  good  cannot  be  ciusily  over-estimated.  As  I  said 
 in  another  ]>lace:  "  Tlu'  hymns  of  .lesus  are  the  Holy 
 of  Holies  in  the  temple  of  sacred  ]>oetry.  From  this 
 sanctuary  every  doubt  is  banished;  here  the  passions 
 of  sense,  pride  and  unholy  ambition  give  way  to  the 
 tears  of  penitence,  the  joys  of  faith,  the  emotions  of 
 love,  the  aspirations  of  hope,  the  anticipations  of 
 heaven;  here  the  di.sscusi(ms  of  rival  diunhes  and 
 theologic4il  schools  are  hushed  into  silence;  here  the 
 bymnists  of  ancient,  medi;eval  and  modern  times, 
 from  every  section  of  Christendom — profound  divines, 
 stately  bishops,  humble  monks,  faithful  pastors, 
 devout  laymen,  holy  women — unite  with  one  voice 
 in  the  common  adoration  of  a  common  Saviour.  He 
 is  the  theme  of  all  ages,  tongues  and  creeds,  the 
 (liviiu!  harmony  of  all  human  discords,  the  solution 
 of  all  dark  ])r(>bliuis  of  life.  What  an  argument  this 
 tor  the  gnat  myst<'ry  of  (Jod  manifest  iu  flesh,  and 
 for  the  ((inimuuion  of  Siviuts.  Where  is  the  human 
 being,  however  great  and  good,  that  could  open  such  a 
 stream  of  grateful  song,  ever  widening  and  deeiH-n- 
 ing  from  generation  to  generation  to  the  ends  of  the 
 earth':''' 
 
 C'HKI.ST  AND  THK  IIIMAN'  IIKAHT. 
 
 The  experience  of  the  t'liristian   Church  lor  these 
 
 eighteen  hundred  years  is  repeated  day  by  day  in 
 every  human  soul  which  is  .seriously  concerned  about 
 the  question  of  personal  Siilvation.  We  are  placed 
 by  divine  Providence  in  a  world  of  sin  and  death; 
 we  are  made  in  God's  image,  endowed  with  the 
 noblest  faculties,  destined  to  be  the  prophets,  priests 
 and  kings  of  nature,  tilled  with  uns;iti.stied  longings 
 and  aspirations  after  truth,  holiness  and  pesice;  yet 
 bound  to  this  earth,  ever  drawn  away  from  our  own 
 ideals  by  sensual  passions,  sellisb  desires  and  sur- 
 rounded by  temptations  from  within  and  without. 
 We  who  are  born  to  the  freedom  of  the  sons  of  God, 
 are  slaves  of  sin;  we  who  are  destined  for  immortality 
 and  glory  must  suffer  and  die;  dcsitended  from 
 heaven,  we  end  in  the  tomb  and  return  to  dust. 
 
 Who  solves  this  mysterious  problem  of  life?  'VMio 
 breaks  the  chains  of  darkness'/  Who  removes  the 
 load  of  guilt'/  Who  delivers  us  from  the  degrading 
 slavery  of  sin  ?  Who  sei-ures  peace  to  our  troubled 
 conscience'?  Who  gives  us  strength  against  tempta- 
 tion and  enables  us  to  realize  our  noble  vocation? 
 Who  inspires  our  soul  with  love  to  God  and  man  ? 
 Who,  in  the  midst  of  abounding  corruption  and 
 depravity,  upholds  our  faith  in  man,  as  the  image  of 
 God  and  special  object  of  his  care?  Who  keei)s  up 
 our  hope  and  courage  when  earthly  prospects  vanish, 
 the  dearest,  friends  depart,  and  the  future  looks 
 dismal  and  threatening?  "\^^^o  dispels  the  terrors  of 
 the  tomb  and  bids  ns  hail  death  as  a  messenger  that 
 summons  us  to  a  higher  and  bett«'r  world  where  all 
 the  problems  of>e!irth  are  solved  in  the  light  and 
 bliss  of  heaven  ? 
 
 To  all  these  questions,  wliieh  may  be  hushed  for 
 a  while  by  the  follies  of  jm-ssion,  the  intoxication  of 
 pleasure,  the  eager  pursuit  of  wealth  or  knowledge, 
 but  which  .sooner  or  later  irresistibly  press  themselves 
 upon  the  attentiou  of  every  serious  mind,  there  is  but 
 one  answ('r:  "  Lord,  where  shall  wo  go  but  to  Thee? 
 Thou  alone  hast  words  of  eternal  life,  and  we  know 
 and  believe  tlmt  Thou  art  the  Christ,  the  Son  of  the 
 living  God.''  Apostles  and  evangelists,  martyrs  and 
 confe.s,sors,  fathers  and  reformers,  profound  scholars, 
 and  ignorant  slaves,  mighty  rulers  and  humble  sub- 
 jects, experienced  men  and  innocent  ehildreii — all.  all 
 point,  in  this  great  and  all-absorbing  (lueslionof  sjilva- 
 tion,  not  to  Moses,  not  to  Socrates,  not  to  .Mohamme<l, 
 not  to  philosophy,  art  or  science,  but  to  Christ,  ius  the 
 Way,  the  Truth  and  tlie  Life.  He  and  He  alone 
 has  a  balm  for  every  wound,  a  relief  for  every  sorrow, 
 a  solution  for  every  doubt,  pardon  for  every  sin, 
 .streuglh  for  every  trial,  victory  for  every  conflict. 
 He  and  He  alone  can  satisfy  the  iulinite  desires  of 
 our  immortal  mind.  Out  of  Christ  life  is  an  iinpeue 
 trable  mystery;  iu  Him  it  is  gloriously  solvid.  Out 
 of  Him  there  is  nothing  but  skepticism,  nihilism  and 
 I  despair;  in  Him  there  is  certainty  and  j)ea<-e  in  this 
 I  world,  and  life  everlasting  in  the  world  to  come. 
 Our  hearts  are  ma<le  for  Christ,  and  "  they  are  with- 
 out re.st  until  thev  rest  in  Christ." 
 
TETASD. 
 
 913 
 
 THE  CHILDREN  OF  THE  CHURCH. 
 
 "In  joy  of  univenuil  peace,  or  delliio 
 Of  sorrow  over  sin, 
 Christ  is  Uis  own  Ik'sI  evidence, 
 His  witnesti  is  within. 
 
 No  fable  old,  nor  mythic  lore, 
 
 Xor  dream  of  burds  and  scer«, 
 Xo  dead  fact  stranded  on  the  shore 
 
 or  the  oblivious  years, — 
 
 Rut  warm,  sweet,  tender,  oven  yet 
 
 A  present  help  is  He ; 
 And  faith  has  still  it*  Olivet, 
 
 And  love  itfl  (ittlilce. 
 
 The  Healing  of  His  seamless  dre^s 
 
 Is  by  our  beds  of  pain  ; 
 We  tiinch  Him  in  life's  throng  and  press, 
 
 And  we  are  whole  again. 
 
 Through  Him  the  flrnt  fond  pruyera  are  said 
 
 Our  lips  of  childhood  fnime. 
 The  liist  low  whispers  of  our  dead 
 
 Are  burdened  with  His  name. 
 
 O  fjord  and  Master  of  us  all ! 
 
 >Vhafer  our  name  or  sign, 
 W'e  tfwn  Thy  sway.  W(»  hear  Thy  call. 
 
 Wo  test  our  lives  by  Thine. 
 
 Apart  from  Thee  all  gain  is  loss, 
 
 All  labor  vainly  done  ; 
 The  solemn  shadow  of  Thy  cross 
 
 Is  better  than  the  sun. 
 
 Alone,  O  love  ineffable  ! 
 
 Thy  .saving  name  is  given  ; 
 To  turn  aside  from  Thee  is  hell. 
 
 To  walk  with  Thee  is  heaven. 
 
 Our  Friend,  our  Brother,  and  our  Lord, 
 
 What  may  Thy  service  be  ? 
 Nor  name,  nor  form,  nor  ritual  word. 
 
 But  simply  following  Thee. 
 
 The  heart  must  ring  the  rhristmas  bells. 
 
 Thy  inward  altars  raise. 
 Its  faith  and  hope  Thy  canticles. 
 
 And  its  obedience  praise." — P.  Schag,  u.  ii. 
 
 Tetard,  John  Peter,  a  French  Kiformcd  or 
 lluoiunot  Hiiiiistcr,  a  graduate  of  the  Academy  of 
 Lausanne,  Switzerland.  He  w;us  cilled,  about  the 
 year  1753,  to  be  pastor  of  the  Freneh  Church,  in 
 Charleston,  S.  C.  This  charge  he  resigned,  in  1756, 
 to  come  to  New  York.  Upon  the  departure  of  John 
 Carle,piistorof  the  French  Church  in  that  city,  Tetard 
 WiU!  invited  to  fill  his  place  provisionally.  He  after- 
 wards tuught  a  school,  and  w;us  Profe.s.s(>r  of  the 
 French  language  iu  Columbia  College,  X.  Y.,  from 
 1781  to  17>'7,  when  he  died. 
 
 Thanksg'iving  is  tlu'  expression  of  our  gratitude 
 to  God  for  the  favors  which  wi-  have  received  from 
 Him.  They  are  bestowed  without  the  e.xpectiition 
 of  a  recompense  ;  and,  indeed,  as  He  stands  in  need 
 of  notliing,  so  we  have  nothing  to  give;  but  nature 
 itself  dictates,  and  religion  demands,  that  we  should 
 entertiiiii  a  lively  sense  of  His  gi>odnc.s.s,  and  should 
 give  utterance  to  our  feelings  on  ai)propriate  occa- 
 sions. Devout  men  of  former  times  have  set  us  an 
 example:  "Bless  the  Lord,  <)  inv  soul,"  says  the 
 Mi 
 
 Pslamist,  "  and  all  that  is  within  me,  bless  His  holy 
 name.  Ble.ss  the  Lord,  O  my  soul,  and  forget  not  all 
 His  iM'nelits  ;  who  forgiveth  all  thine  initjuities;  who 
 he;iU-th  all  thy  disea-ses;  who  redeemeth  thy  life  from 
 destruction;  who  crowneth  thee  with  lovingkindness 
 and  tender  mercies"  (Ps.  ciii,  1—4).  Thanksgivings 
 naturally  are  associated  with  petitions,  for  it  is 
 impossible,  when  we  present  ourselves  before  a  bene- 
 factor, to  .solicit  liim  to  befriend  us  ag;iin,  not  to  recall 
 former  tokens  of  his  kindness;  and  we  shall  have  tlie 
 surer  hope  of  success  iu  our  new  application,  when 
 we  show  that  we  have  been  duly  impres.scd  by  the 
 piist.  We  lind  the  Ajiostle  Paul  repeatedly  mingling 
 thank.sgivings  with  his  prayers. 
 
 The  blessings  for  which  we  should  be  thankful  are: 
 
 1.  Temporal,  such  as  health,  food,  raiment,  rest,  etc. 
 
 2.  Spiritual,  such  as  the  Bible,  ordinances,  the  Gospel 
 and  its  blessings.  3.  Eternal,  or  the  enjoj-ment  of 
 God  in  a  ftiture  sfcite.  Also  for  iill  that  is  past, 
 what  we  now  enjoy,  and  what  is  promised,  for 
 private  and  public,  for  ordinary  and  extraordinary 
 blessings,  for  prosperity,  and  even  adversity,  so  far 
 ivs  rendered  subservient  to  our  good. 
 
 The  excellency  of  this  duty  appears,  if  wo  consider, 
 1.  Its  antiquitj- :  it  existed  in  Paradise  before  Adam 
 fell,  and  therefore  prior  to  the  graces  of  faith,  re- 
 pentiince,  etc.  2.  Its  sphere  of  operation,  being  far 
 beyond  many  other  graces  which  are  confined  to  time 
 and  place.  3.  Its  felicity:  some  duties  are  painful, 
 as  repentance,  conflict  with  sin,  etc.,  but  this  is  a 
 source  of  sublimit  pleasure.  4.  Its  reasonablene&s. 
 And  5.  Its  perpetuity.  This  will  be  in  e.xercise 
 forever,  when  other  graces  will  not  be  necessary,  as 
 faith,  repentance,  etc. 
 
 The  obligation  to  this  duty  arises:  1.  From  the 
 relation  we  st;ind  in  to  God.  2.  The  Divine  com- 
 mand. 3.  The  promises  God  hius  made.  4.  The  ex- 
 ample of  all  good  men.  5.  Dur  unworthiness  of  the 
 blessings  we  receive.  And  6.  The  prospect  of  eternal 
 glory. 
 
 The  Children  of  the  Church.  The  following 
 propositions  embody  a  condensed  statement  of  the 
 ecelesiiistical  relation  of  the  children  of  the  Church, 
 and  the  general  principles  which  should  govern  our 
 dealing  with  them: — 
 
 1.  The  children  of  Christian  believers,  as  well  as 
 others,  are  by  nature  born  in  sin,  and  need  to  be  re- 
 generated by  the  Holy  .Spirit  in  order  to  their  ever- 
 busting  salvation.     But 
 
 2.  Under  the  providence  and  grace  of  4.;od  they  are 
 introduced,  through  their  parents'  faith,  into  the  vis- 
 ible Church  of  Christ.  "  Xow  are  they  holy':""  .says 
 Paul.  They  are  in  their  birth  consecrated  to  God 
 by  His  own  act.  They  hav«  as  much  right  to  lie 
 included  with  their  parents  in  the  census  of  the 
 Church  as  in  that  of  the  State.  They  Ix-long  to  the 
 partiddar  congregation  in  which  their  parents  are 
 enrolled.     Hence  a  list  of  the  baptized  members,  as 
 
 1  wellasofthoeomraunicatiug  members,  should  be  kept 
 
THE  CHILDREX  OF  THE  CHURCH. 
 
 914 
 
 THE  CHILDREN  OF  THE  CHVRCH. 
 
 by  each  Session,  and  should  be  reportt-d  from  year  Dr.  Arnold  wonlil  not  believe  that  his  Kujjby  1k)Vs 
 to  vear.  When  parents  remove  from  one  charge  to  |  would  lie  to  him:  thereby  he  educated  them  in  truth- 
 anothcr,  and  are  dismissed  and  recommended  as  fulness.  While  watching  against  the  development 
 members,  their  children  should  also  receive  their  ap-  '  of  innate  sin  in  the  children  of  the  Church,  and  edu- 
 proi)riate  certificates.  They  have  a  divinely  estab-  eating  them  under  the  fact  of  its  existene*,  show 
 lished  claim  on  the  care  and  consideration  of  the  ,  them,  from  the  beginning,  that  they  are  not  consid- 
 I)articular  cliurcli  in  which  their  lot  is  cast.  ered  as  of  the  world,  that  you  do  not  act  on   the 
 
 3.  The  C'hureh  relation  into  which  the  children  are  probability  of  their  willingly  living  iu  iniiiuity,  but 
 thus  introduced  is  the  s;ime  as  that  which  is  a.ssumed  that  they  are  holy  in  state,  and  are  designed  to  be 
 on  a  profession  of  faith  by  adults.  It  entitles  them,  holy  in  heart  and  in  life,  and  that  to  live  otherwise 
 first  and  at  once,  to  public  recognition  as  members  will  be  shamefully  degrading  to  their  birthright,  and 
 of  the  church  by  the  administration  of  baptism,  the  ',  you  are  thereby  under  the  grace  of  God,  training 
 badge  of  that  relationship;  and,  then,  to  every  right   them  as  the  heirs  of  heaven.     For 
 
 or  privilege  as  soon  as  they  exliil)it  the  requisite  |  5.  Such  nurture  and  admonition  will  ordinarilv. 
 <lualifications  for  it.  And  it  impo.ses  upon  them  if  not  invariably,  be  accompanied  by  the  evidences 
 every  duty  which  is  assumed  by  a  profession  of  faith.  '  of  regeneration. 
 
 Their  nuinbei-ship  is  as  direct  and  absolute,  though  "  It  is  in  Zion  that  the  children  of  the  Church  are 
 not  as  full,  as  that  of  the  adult  professor.  What  God  born  to  newness  of  life.  Since  God  h;is  promised  to 
 irapases  is  no  less  authoritative  and  binding  than  be  their  God,  it  is  in  trainiug  them  as  if  they  were 
 what  men  voluntarily  assume.  The  child  born  in  |  his,  as  Lf  it  were  alone  congruous  with  their  position 
 the  United  States  comes  as  unequivocally  under  the  to  walk  as  his  children  in  faith,  love  and  all  holy 
 laws  of  this  government,  with  its  duties  and  pri\-i-  ,  obedience,  that  we  are  to  look  for  that  inworking 
 leges,  as  does  the  foreigner  who  voluntarily  emi-  j  Spirit  and  outworking  holiness,  commensurate  with 
 grates  hither  and  applies  for  naturalizjition.  their    years,  which  shall    seal    them  as    sons  and 
 
 4.  The  members  of  the  invisible  Church,  the  elect    daughters  of  the  Lord  Almighty." 
 
 and  redeemed,  are  infallibly  known  only  to  God;  They  can  6c  regenerated  at  the  time  of  their  natural 
 but  as  a  credible  profession  of  faith  by  adults  raises    birth,  or  between  that  and  their  baptism,  or  at   the 
 
 time  of  their  baptism,  or  afterwards. 
 
 As  the  baptism  of  a  person  is,  according  to  our 
 
 the  belief,  at  the  bar  of  human  judgraeut,  that  they 
 belong  to  the  number,  so  the  birth  of  the  children 
 of  believers  is  to  be  accepted  as  ground  for  the  belief  standards,  a  "sign  and  seal  of  the  covenant  of 
 that  they  also  are  in  the  number,  and  they  should  be  gr.vce,  of  his  engrafting  into  Christ,  of  regeneration, 
 regarded  and  treated  accordingly,  until  their  own  i  of  rerai.s-sion  ofsins,  and  of  his  giving  up  unto  G<h1 
 deliberate  and  persistent  conduct  destroys  the  belief.  |  through  Jesus  Christ  to  walk  iu  newness  of  lift-  ; " 
 They  should  be  taught  that  the  Father  loves  them;  as  by  the  right  u.se  of  the  ordinance,  the  grace  proni- 
 that  Chri.st  has  redeemed  them  ;  that  the  Spirit  is  iscd  is  not  only  offered,  but  really  exhibited  and  con- 
 theirs  to  fit  them  for  the  holine,ss  and  happiness  of  the  fcrred  by  the  Holy  Ghost  to  such  (whether  of  age 
 glorious  presence  ;  and  that  "  the  feelings,  acts,  habits  ,  or  infants)  as  thatgrac*  belongeth  unto,  according  to 
 and  manners  which  Christ  enjoins  alone  befit  their  the  counsel  of  God's  will,  in  his  appointed  time  ; " 
 position,  ;»s  truly  as  if  they  were  adult  professors."      as  it  also  "  confirms  our  interest  in  Christ;  "  parents 
 
 Sin  is  peculiarly  heinous  in  their  case.  The  obli-  [  ought,  in  the  act  of  baptismal  presentation,  to  l>elieve 
 g:itions  to  obedience  are  peculiarly  strong.  They  that,  even  then,  the  Spirit  of  (Jod  can  exert  his 
 should  be  made  to  feel  this  from  the  first.  mighty  power,  and  they  should,  with  a  strong  faith, 
 
 The  spirit  of  the  instruction  and  exhortations  which  wrestle  in  j)rayer  for  it.  We  do  not  believe  in  bap- 
 a  baptized  child  of  the  Church  should  receive  is  ex-  tismal  regeneration.  But  we  do  hold  to  the  po.ssi- 
 pre.s.sed  by  the  true  words  which  Frederick  William    bility  of  regeneration  at  the  time  of  baptism,  and 
 
 Robertson  uttered  in  a  sermon  that  contains  much 
 untruth:  "You  are  God's  child.  And  now,  bec;iu.se 
 you  are  His  child,  live  as  a  child  of  God ;  l)e  redeemed 
 from  the  life  of  evil,  which  is  false  to  your  nature. 
 
 faith  should  petition  earnestly  for  it. 
 
 The  importiint  point,  however,  is  not  to  determine 
 the  time  when  the  saWng  change  is  produced  in  any 
 soul,  but  to  deal  with  it  in  such  a  way  as  to  bring 
 
 into  the  life  of  light  and  goo<lness.  which  is  the  truth  out  the  evidences  and  effects  of  the  ch:inge. 
 of  your  being.  Scorn  :ill  that  is  mean;  hate  all  that  ,  "The  only  proper  evidence  of  a  work  of  the  Spirit 
 is  false;  struggle  with  all  that  is  im])ure.  Love  what-  is  the  fruits  of  the  Spirit  in  all  holy  dispositions  and 
 WK'ver  things  are  true,  whatsoever  things  are  just,  conduct."  The  theory  of  Christian  ex]«'rience  which 
 whatsoever  things  are  honest,  what.soever  things  are  invariably  insists  upon  knowing  the  day,  and  almcxst 
 lovely,  whatsoever  things  are  of  good  report;  certain  the  moment  of  regeneration,  is  unphili>sophical,  un- 
 that  God  is  on  your  side,  and  that  whatever  keeps  scriptural  and  dangerous  in  its  practical  tendency, 
 you  from  Him  keeps  you  from  your  own  Father.  Kspecially  in  reference  to  the  children  of  the  Church, 
 lave  the  simple,  lofty  life  which  l>efits  an  heir  of  we  should  i)rocecd  upon  '"  the  possibility  of  true 
 immortality."  ,  Christian  feeling,  inwrought  by  the  Holy  Ghost,  and 
 
THE  CHILDREX  OF  THE  CHURCH. 
 
 915 
 
 THE  CHURCH  A.W  M/SISTIir. 
 
 <l<'vi'lc)pp(l  f^ailually  by  Christian  nurture,  so  as 
 sometimes  to  preclmle  distinct  statements  of  any 
 time  before  which  it  was  not,  or  of  the  manner  ami 
 order  of  its  progress  in  the  soul."  As  a  part  of  this, 
 tliey  should  bi>  tiiught  to  look  forward  to  the  recep- 
 tion of  the  Lord's  Supper  as  an  event  for  which  they 
 ought  earnestly  to  s<-ek  preparation  ;  and,  in  the 
 words  of  our  IJirivturii  fur  Wornhip,  "when  thev 
 come  to  years  of  discretion,  if  they  l)e  free  from 
 scandal,  appear  sober  and  steady,  and  have  sufTuient 
 knowledge  to  discern  the  Kord's  body,  they  ought  to 
 be  informed  that  it  is  their  duty  and  privilege  to 
 come  to  it."  They  have  no  right  to  take  a  scat  at 
 the  sjicred  board  if  they  are  ignorant,  if  they  have 
 become  profane  or  scandalous,  or  if  they  are  secretly 
 indulging  themselves  in  any  known  sin.  They  must 
 .show  that  they  have  become  .sensible  of  their  lost 
 and  helpless  state  by  sin,  and  are  dependent  upon 
 the  atonement  of  Chri.st  for  pardon  and  acceptance 
 w  ith  God.  It  must  be  evident,  before  they  can 
 properly  appear  as  '"  worthy  receivers,"  that  they  are 
 striving  to  lead  a  holy  and  godly  life.  The  officers 
 of  the  church  should  examine  them  as  to  their  knowl- 
 edge and  piety:  and  the  credible  evidences  of  a  change 
 of  heart,  and  of  practical  religion  in  the  outward  life, 
 should  be  as  decided  as  those  which  are  demanded  of 
 a  professing  convert  from  the  world.  The  c.s.s<"ntial 
 (jualifications  for  tlie  Sapper  are  the  same  in  Ijotli 
 cla.sses.  But  the  Church  .should  not  deal  with  its 
 chililren  as  if  they  were  to  be  expected  first  tb  go  off 
 from  it  in  active  sin,  and  then  be  suddenly  converted 
 before  obeying  their  Lord's  command. 
 
 6.  Nothing  but  a  known  death  in  continued  and 
 unrepented  of  sin  should  destroy  the  hope  that  a 
 child  of  the  Church  is  a  s:ived  child  of  God. 
 
 As,  when  an  adult  profes.sor  falls  into  inconsisten- 
 cies, we  do  not  hjustily  conclude  that  he  is  a  hj-po- 
 critical  or  ialse  profes-sor,  and  unregenerate,  nor 
 <|uickly  Ciust  him  out  of  the  Church,  but  follow  him 
 with  the  earlier  pnM-esses  of  discipline,  for  the  pur- 
 pose of  evoking  more  strongly  the  gracious  principle 
 and  overcoming  the  remains  of  sin,  so  when  a  child 
 of  the  Church  falls  into  sinful  acts,  under  sudden 
 temptation,  and  through  the  original  depravity  of 
 our  fallen  nature,  which  in  this  life  is  never  com- 
 pletely overcome,  we  .should  not  hastily  conclude 
 that  he  is  certainly  unregenerate. 
 
 As  nothing  but  the  outspoken  denial  of  his  pro- 
 fession, or  a  persistent  and  flagrant  course  of  tr.uis- 
 gre-s-sion  which  points  to  total  apostasy,  should  lead 
 to  the  excommunication  of  a  professor;  nothing  but 
 the  deliberate  cutting  oft"  of  themselves  can  place 
 any  of  the  children  of  the  Church  out  of  its  province 
 during  their  life. 
 
 They  are  under  its  government  and  di.scipline  from 
 the  beginning  to  the  end.  In  their  earlier  years 
 this  must  be  exercised  mainly,  though  not  exclu- 
 sively, through  their  parents;  not  exclusively,  for 
 the  Church  has  its  direct  as  well  as  indirect  bearing 
 
 1 .7 
 
 on  them.  Theobject  of  thisgovernmentand discipline 
 is  by  nurture  to  prevent  trau.sgre.ssion  and  by  neees- 
 s;irv  censures  to  correct  transgression.  The  baptized 
 members  ought,  therefore,  to  be  followed  with  Instruc- 
 tion, advic-e,  warning,  reproof  and  remonstrance, 
 and  by  snspen.sion  from  the  various  privileges  of  the 
 Church,  if  they  deliberately  refuse  to  yield  to  its 
 obligations  when  they  reach  the  age  at  which  they 
 «in  underst;«nd  them.  Our  Standards  a.ssume  that 
 thosi"  who  come  to  "years  of  discretion  "  indisi>osiMl 
 or  umiualilied  to  sit  at  the  sjjcred  t;ible,  should  bi- 
 specially  dealt  with,  .so  as  to  make  them  feel  that 
 this  is  in  itself  a  grievous  sin,  and  to  constrain  them 
 to  seek  the  preparation  of  the  heart  without  which, 
 if  not  fitted  to  commune  with  the  Lord  at  the  feast, 
 they  are  still  less  prepared  to  meet  him  in  judgment. 
 "Baptized  members  have  no  right  to  come  to  com- 
 munion until  they  make  a  profession  of  personal 
 faith.  Until  they  do  this  they  are  like  citizens  under 
 age,  with  their  rights  held  in  suspension,  as  a  just 
 punishment  for  their  refusal  to  believe.  The.se  sus- 
 pended rights  are  those  of  communing,  and  ha%ing 
 their  children  baptized.  (Dr.  A.  A.  Hodge,  Com.  on 
 Conf.  475.) 
 
 But  it  would  be  assuming  a  great  responsibility  for 
 any  officers  in  the  visible  Church  to  excommunicate  a 
 person  who,  by  his  birth,  had  been  placed  in  the 
 org-anization.  and  by  that  act  of  excommunication  to 
 declare  that  the  presum|)tion  of  his  Wing  among  the 
 redeemed  is  finally  destroyed.  God  alone,  who  places 
 the  child  in  the  Church,  cun  remove  him  from  it. 
 
 It  is,  we  are  inclined  to  think,  the  failure  to  make 
 this  Scriptural  ideal  the  actual  of  the  Church  in  its 
 dealings,  and  the  dealings  of  parents  with  the  young, 
 which  produces  the  apparent  godlessness  that  may  be 
 found  among  the  children  of  the  covenant.  Its  actu- 
 alization in  the  education  of  the  home,  the  school, 
 and  the  congregation,  would,  under  God's  covenant 
 promise,  predcmiinantly  exhibit  the  children  holy  in 
 life,  as  well  as  holy  in  consecration. — 1!.  M.  Patterson, 
 D.  D. 
 
 The  Church  and  the  Ministry.  {Srrmon 
 preachetl  hy  the  Rer.  Hoirard  Cronby,  D.  I).,  before  the 
 Si/nod  of  Xrw  York,  1883,  on  Eph.  ir,  12  :  "For  the 
 edifying  of  the  body  of  Christ.")  AjKWtles,  prophets, 
 evangelists,  pastors  and  teachers  are  given  to  the 
 Church  by  Christ,  to  edify  His  body.  That  is  the 
 divine  declaratiira.  This  edification  is  the  ultimate 
 aim  of  this  divine  gift  to  the  Church.  The  adjust- 
 ment (katiirti-smos)  of  the  s;iints  and  the  ministerial 
 work  among  them,  mentioned  in  this  same  clause, 
 are  subsidiary  ends.  It  becomes,  then,  of  the  utmo-st 
 importance  to  the  Cliristian  minister  to  understand 
 what  the  edification  of  Christ's  body  is,  that  he  may 
 regulate  his  own  life  and  conduct  in  accordance  with 
 the  divine  plan;  for  we  are  all  Si\dly  aware  that,  when 
 (rt)d  gives  gifts  to  His  Church  in  the  form  of  human 
 agents,  the  divine  favor  may  !»•  greatly  thwarted  by 
 the  unfaithfulness  of  the  agents. 
 
THE  CHURCH  AXD  yilNISTRY. 
 
 916 
 
 THE  CHURCH  AND  MIXISTRY. 
 
 1.  The  body  of  Christ  is  the  Church.  This  we  are 
 ••xpressly  told.  "He  is  the  head  of  the  body,  the 
 Cliurch"  (Col.  i,  18);  "the  Church,  which  is  his 
 body"  (Eph.  i,  -H,  •2'X).  The  lifjure  i.s  remlily  inter- 
 preted. It  is  one  of  life,  unity  in  variety,  and  mutual 
 deprndence  of  tueiulRrship,  and,  above  all,  of  union 
 with  a  Kuardinj;  and  governing  head.  But  the  Head, 
 which  is  Christ,  is  invisible.  So  also  is  the  body. 
 To  have  an  invisible  head  and  a  visible  body  would 
 be  contrary  to  the  symmetry  of  the  figure.  The 
 Church  that  is  Christ's  body  is  an  invisible  Church. 
 That  is.  it  cannot  be  seen  and  meiusured  by  the  world 
 from  any  outward  signs,  any  more  than  Christ  can  so 
 be  .«een  and  mciisnred.  The  vvlude  worth  and  value 
 of  the  (,'hurfh  is  so  completely  the  worth  and  value 
 of  Christ  that  the  Church  and  Christ  are  identified 
 in  some  representations.  The  temple  on  Moriah  was 
 a  type  of  Christ,  as  our  Saviour  showed  when  He 
 s;iid:  "Destroy  this  temple  iiinl  in  three  days  I  will 
 build  it  up."  Hut  the  temple  was  al.so  a  type  of 
 Christ's  Church,  for  the  Church  is  n-prcsented  as 
 "liuilt  upon  the  Ibuudation  of  the  apostles  and 
 Iirophets,  .Jesus  Christ  himself  being  the  grand  sub- 
 foundation,  in  whom  all  the  building,  fitly  framed 
 together,  groweth  unto  a  holy  temple."  This  com- 
 plete temple  is  perfect  for  the  eternity  of  heaven.  It 
 can  have  no  flaw  in  it.  Hence  its  identiticjition  with 
 Christ  him.self  Of  course,  therefore,  it  is  a  spiritual 
 Church  that  is  signifu'd.  To  suppose  that  this  tem- 
 ])lc,  or  this  body,  signifying  tlie  Church,  is  a  visible 
 thing — what  we  call  the  visible  Church — is  to  con- 
 found all  the  imagery  used  by  the  divine  reve- 
 lator.  The  body  of  Christ  is  not  a  visible  collection 
 of  men  and  women,  who  may  call  them.selves  a 
 church,  nor  is  it  an  historicjil  visibility  which 
 inherits  outwardly  the  name  of  church.  That 
 external  church  existed  when  a  nation  Wius  selected 
 by  (Sod  to  hear  His  oracles,  but  when  the  Church 
 becaiiie  the  body  of  Christ  it  became  invisilile,  and 
 hail  no  external  outline.  Men  had  to  be  treated  by 
 ministry  and  ordinances  in  an  external  way.  Rules 
 and  methods  had  to  be  est4iblished  for  these  e.xternal 
 ordinances.  Our  bodily  condition  and  men's  inability 
 to  reiul  the  soul  rendered  this  necessary;  but  all  this 
 did  not  alter  the  spiritual  character  of  Christ's  true 
 Chnreh,  to  whom  the  promises  were  made.  The 
 spiritual  Church  had  to  take  on  a  material  form,  to  a 
 i'crtain  extent,  but  we  see  how  from  the  beginning 
 the  ajiostles  were  careful  to  make  as  little  as  pos.Mble 
 of  these  material  forms,  that  the  spiritual  charact<'r 
 might  be  must  prominent  in  the  thoughts  and  eft'orts 
 of  (iod's  people.  It  was  human  weakiu'.ss  and 
 human  sin  that  magnilied  the  material  forms,  that 
 erected  hierarchies,  made  long  metajihysical  creeds 
 which  cursed  all  who  would  not  admit  them,  multi- 
 plied eeremonies  and  insisted  on  a  eomjiact  and  con- 
 solidated unity  iif  outward  sliape,  by  nuans  of  which 
 all  spirituality  was  lost,  and  the  so-called  Church 
 became  the  devil's  own  net  to  catch  and  ruin  souls. 
 
 The  visible  Church  was  in  that  period  nut  the  white 
 horse  of  purity,  carrying  the  Saviour  as  the  crowned 
 conqiu'ror,  but  the  livid  horse  of  ciirru]ition.  carrying 
 death,  and  leading  the  polluted  bust  of  Hades.  Such 
 a  Church  was  not  the  body  of  Christ  in  any  sense. 
 The  body  of  Christ,  in  all  tho.se  evil  days,  as  now, 
 was  comi)osed  solely  of  those  who  exercised  a  true 
 and  humble  faith  in  the  Redeemer.  They  only  were 
 the  people  of  God,  and  to  them  only  belonged  the 
 promi.ses.     With   this  view  of  the  Church,  we  st'e 
 
 '  how  erroneous  is  our  comnuin  use  of  the  word  Church 
 history.  We  apply  it  to  the  history  of  outward 
 organization,  no  matter  how  utterly  corrupt,  wbiih 
 is  not  the  history  of  Christ's  Church  at  all,  but  the 
 history  of  Sat;in's  burlesque.  Church  history  has 
 yet  to  be  written.  It  will  be  the  tracing  of  the 
 course  of  piety  from  the  apostolic  day,  and  will  have 
 veiy  little  to  do  with  thrones  and  cathedrals.-  It 
 will  treat  of  humble  corners  and  persecuted  saints, 
 who  were  styled  heretics,  and  of  simple,  .self-ilenying 
 souls  who  hated  show  and  prevailed  in  prayer.  A 
 large  jiart  of  what  is  eall<-d  Church  liistory  treats  of 
 the  falsehood  which  wore  the  name  of  truth,  aiul 
 gives  the  history  of  corrupt  human  institvitions 
 which  sacrilegiously  appropriated  to  them.selves  the 
 divine  promises.  This  false  notion  of  Church  history 
 has  helped  to  emphasize  externals  in  the  minds 
 of  many  and  to  perpetuate  the  evil.  It  has  given  ri.se 
 to  debate  on  succession  and  rubric  and  rite,  to  the 
 exclusion  of  .spiritual  life,  and  has  overshadowed  Cod's 
 truth  with  architectural  splendors  and  ecclcsia.stical 
 
 j  dignitaries.  We  need  to  go  back  to  the  simplicity 
 that  is  in  Christ,  from  which  the  apostle  shows 
 us  how  eiusy  it  is  to  be  corrupted.  We  need  to  know 
 Christ  no  more  after  the  flesh.  We  need  to  know  that 
 Christ's  body  partakes  of  Christ's  life  and  purity, 
 and  is  not  .a  demying  carcass.  We  need  to  distin- 
 guish between  the  true  and  the  false,  and  to  be 
 a.ssurcd  that  greed  and  display  and  .sensuality  cannot 
 be  sanctilii'd  by  a  mere  name.  The  ontw;'.rd  organi- 
 zations which  we  are  obliged  to  have  for  the  siike  of 
 order  may  contain  false  members,  bad  fish  w  ith  good, 
 tares  with  the  wheat,  but  the  spiritual  Church,  the 
 only  true  Church,  the  Church  which  is  Christ's  mys- 
 tical (or  hidden)  body,  can  have  no  such  members. 
 To  any  outward  organization  we  can  be  loyal  only  so 
 long  ius  it  is  eonf'oiniable  to  the  life  of  the  spiritual 
 Church.  When  it  proves  false  to  that  life,  its  aban- 
 donment is  onr  duty,  when  our  protest  cannot  rectify 
 the  evil.      All  such  action  should,  of  course,  be  sober, 
 
 ]  well  weighed,  and  iirayerful,  not  rash,  impulsive  and 
 captious;  but  no  con.servatism  will  justify  our  con- 
 tinuance in  a  corrupt  organiziition  which  eills  itself 
 the  Chnreh.  This  would  not  be  to  edify,  but  to  de- 
 stroy till-  body  of  Christ.  Becausi'  the  body  of  Christ 
 has  an  earthly  habitat,  there  is  a  constant  danger  of 
 error  concerning  it;  anil  laws,  methods  and  persons 
 may  be  recognized  as  belo!'.ging  to   that   body  whiih 
 
 I  have  no  real  and  legitimate  connection  with  it.   They 
 
TILE  CllClirir  AM)  MJMSTin:  hit  the  VHVKCir  AXJ)  Mixj.sTin: 
 
 have  been  imjwsed  by  pride,  selfishness  and  fanati-  |  and  blood,  but  with  the  Word  and  Spirit  of  Ciod,  in 
 cism,  upon  the  outward  organization,  and  obtain  the  the  performance  of  his  sacred  work.  He  will  take 
 current  title  of  '"  ecclesiiustical. ''  liven  with  the  old  godly  men  into  his  counsel,  men  who  know  the  Word 
 Jewish  (Church,  which  had  a  national  element,  CJod  '  and  Spirit;  but  he  will  refuse  the  advice  of  worldly 
 was  continually  exfwstulatin};,  because  they  thought  men,  who  have  no  spiritual  discernment  and  know 
 their  churchship  dwelt  in  the  nation  and  that  the    nothing  of  the  mind  of  Christ. 
 
 national  life  was  thus  the  godly  life.  So,  since  Messiah  i  (2)  We  infer  that  he  is  not  to  seek  an  external  de- 
 came,  the  corresponding  error  of  confounding  the  :  velopinent.  That  there  will  be  an  external  develo])- 
 outward  church  with  the  body  of  Christ  has  led  to  <  ment,  a  movement  anil  growth  visible  to  the  world 
 the  fearful  enormities  both  in  creed  and  conduct  froma  true  spiritual  upbuilding,  is  unilonbtedly  true, 
 wlu<h  have  crushed  tin- lives  of  saints  in  cruel  bond-  but  tin-  mind  of  the  minister  should  be  on  the 
 age  and  driven  lofty  minds  into  skepticism  and  iuti-  spiritual  uplniilding,  and  no  thought  of  how  the 
 delity.  thing    will    look  should    enter    his  head,  except  as 
 
 It  is  for  us,  as  Christians  and  Christian  teachers,  to  a  subordinate  matter  of  decency  and  order.  The  in- 
 keep  the  distinction  now  dwelt  upon  constantly  be-  [  creased  knowledge  of  divine  things  in  his  people,  and 
 fore  our  minds,  and  to  make  all  our  ecclesiastical  |  the  addition  to  that  people  of  souls  converted  from 
 machinery  as  simple  iis  possible  and  thoroughly  eon-    the  world,  should  be  the  one  goal  (in  two  forms)  of 
 
 formed  to  the  spirit  of  the  gospel  We  should  be 
 jealous  of  any  magnilication  of  outward  ceremony, 
 as  in  such  case  only  providing  ]>irch(s  where  world- 
 
 his  aim  and  energy.     And 
 
 (15)  We  infer  that  he  is  a  teacher  of  morals  only 
 as  morals  are  connected  with  the  heart  renewed  by 
 
 line-ss  can  roost,  and  should  emphasize  the  life  hid  the  Spirit  of  God.  He  is  not  a  civilizer,  but  a  Chris- 
 with  Christ  in  (rod,  as  the  eharaeteristie  of  the  true  tianizer.  He  is  a  philosopher,  only  .so  far  forth  as  a 
 believer.  We  should,  .so  far  I'rom  imitating  the  ritual  I  prophet  of  God  is  a  philosopher.  He  is  not  a  former 
 of  the  old  Jewi.sh  Church,  be  thankful  that  we  are  of  theories,  or  a  mettiphysician,  but  a  preacher  of 
 freed  from  those  (then)  necessary  fetters  which  led  Christ  to  make  souls  Christly  by  bringing  them  into 
 to  spiritual  lameness  and  the  turning  of  many  out  personal  connection  with  Christ.  He  is  not  a  I'yth- 
 of  the  way  of  God.  The  divine  authority  for  a  typical  agoras  or  a  Francis  of  Assisi,  with  .systems  and  rules 
 ritual  before  Christ  is  the  divine  authority  for  its  to  correct  living,  but  a  voice  ambassa<lorial  from  (Jod 
 abolition  after  Chri.st.  The  aid.  to  faith  which  was  to  olfer  life  in  Christ,  which  will,  when  accepted, 
 found  in  the  ancient  ceremony  is  now  found  far  make  its  own  rules.  To  consider  the  minister  of 
 more  fully  in  the  divine  record  of  the  life  and  death  Christ  lus  a  mere  teiicher  of  morals  is  to  degra<le  him 
 and  teachings  of  the  long-expected  Messiah,  and  this  from  the  high  position  to  which  his  calling  gives  him 
 aid,  moreover,  is  free  from  the  perils  which  of  neces-  [  a  claim.  He  is  not  c;illed  to  edify  society,  but  to 
 sity,  as  human  nature  is  constituted,  were  attached  to  '  edify  the  body  of  Christ.  That  society  should  be 
 the  former.  [  benefited  by  his  edification   is  to  be  expected,  but 
 
 II.   Having  now  glanced  at  the  spiritual  ehara<'ter    ne\  ertheless  the  minister's  work  Ls  on  a  far  higher 
 of  Christ's  body,  the  Church,   let  us  consider  what    plane, 
 the  edilie^ition  of  this  Church  must  be.  With  these  inferences  from  our  text  we  may  draw 
 
 Edification  is  building.     The  Greek  oikodome  is  the    a  few  practical  ai)plic;itions  : — 
 Latin  eilijimlio.  (1)  The  preaching  of  a  Christian  minister  is  not  to 
 
 The  spiritual  Church  is  represented  as  a  temple  be  of  the  same  stuff  or  for  the  sjirae  end  ;us  a  lyceum 
 built  on  Christ,  the  apostles  and  prophets  forming  lecture.  The  object  and  material  of  the  two  are  as 
 the  first  courses  of  ascending  .stones.  It  will  be  a  far  asunder  as  the  poles.  If  a  congregation  is  gathered 
 complete  structure,  when,  with  the  shouts  of  "  Grace,  I  by  a  minister  to  l>e  instructed  in  history  or  science, 
 grace!"  the  top  stone  will  be  laid  on  the  heavenly  \  the  instructing  is  not  preaching,  and  the  minister  is 
 towers,  and  the  Redeemer  shall  see  of  the  travail  of  not  exercising  his  calling.  Mnch  more  is  this  trtie 
 his  soul  and  be  satisfied.  Our  t<}xt  declares  that  the  of  the  minister  who  seeks  to  anuLse.  The  use  of  the 
 Chri.stian  minister's  aim  is  to  be  the  development  of  puljiit  for  such  a  purpi>se  is  the  betrayal  of  a  high 
 this  spiritual  temple.  He  is  to  be  the  agent  of  the  tru.st  and  the  jMilluting  of  holy  things.  The  Church 
 divine  grace,  the  co-worker  with  (iod  in  rearing  the  ,  is  by  these  means  brought  down  to  the  level  of  the 
 holy  and  eternal  fane.     We  rightly  then  infer: —         world,  and,  with  the  circus  and  theatre,  poses  before 
 
 (1)  That  he  is  not  to  seek-  to  please  men,  but '  the  reporter  and  the  newspaper.  God's  judgments 
 God.  The  Church  is  not  a  human  but  a  divine  idea,  begin  at  his  own  house,  and  when  the  crisis  comes 
 Its  gro^rth  to  perfection  is  the  divine  end  to  be  \  the  fearful  whirlwind  of  his  indignation  will  sweep 
 accomplished  by  divine  means,  although  man  may  away  those  who  lia\e  trifled  with  the  holy  otVice  of 
 admini-sterthem.  It  is  God'sgood  and  holy  pleasure  the  ministry  anil  court<d  the  applause  of  the  vulgar. 
 that  the  minister  of  Chri.st  subserves;  with  which  |  The  preacher  has  the  Word  of  Gt)d  as  his  inexhausti- 
 man's  pletisure  (unless  sanctified)  is  never  in  ae- j  ble  armory,  and  from  that  source  he  is  to  find  weapons 
 cord.     Hence  the  minister  is  not  to  confer  with  flesh  |  fitted  for  every  assjiult  uiion  the  soul  of  man.     He  is 
 
Tin-:  CHURCH AXD  MISISTRY. 
 
 918 
 
 THE  COXFESSIOX  OF  FAITH. 
 
 to  substitute  notliing  for  that  Word.  The  preacher 
 who  wanders  away  from  the  Bible  for  a  theme  de- 
 clares by  that  act  his  utter  unfitness  for  his  duties, 
 and  practically  allies  himself  with  the  philosophers 
 of  ethicivl  culture  or  the  moral  teachers  of  the  his- 
 trionic profession.  The  revelation  of  God's  grace  in 
 Jesus  Christ^ — this  Ls  the  one  theme  of  the  Christian  | 
 ministry,  a  theme  which  has  infinite  variety  of  pre- 
 sent;ition  in  its  exclusive  unity. 
 
 (2)  The  worship  of  a  Christian  congreg;ition  should 
 be  iis  simple  .ts  is  consistent  with  decency  and  order, 
 the  two  principles  inculcated  in  externals  by  the 
 Word.  Any  adornment  of  the  building  which  should 
 naturally  call  the  attention  from  the  worship  should 
 be  avoided.  The  supposed  aids  to  faith  are  too  often 
 only  aids  to  artistic  enjoyment  and  complete  estoppels 
 to  spiritual  contemplation.  A  choir  of  .singers  who 
 arc  listened  to  for  tliiir  sweet  sounds  is  a  complete 
 bar  to  worship.  A.  minister  who  c;ills  in  this  accessory  ' 
 in  order  to  fill  his  chun-h  has  relinciuished  the  edifi- 
 cation of  the  body  of  Christ,  and  has  become  a 
 ple^user  of  men.  There  are  fit  place-s  for  the  ear 
 and  mind  to  be  enchanted  with  exquisite  music,  ' 
 but  the  Church  of  Christ  is  not  one  of  them.  ; 
 I.et  us  leave  to  the  Apostate  Church  of  Rome  the 
 transformation  of  the  pUiees  of  holy  convocation 
 into  picture  galleries  and  concert  halls,  and  keep 
 our  holy  i)la<cs  for  a  spiritual  service.  The  great 
 need  of  the  Cliristiau  soul  is  a  more  constant  con- 
 templation of  the  unseen  and  eternal  realities,  and 
 the  icsthetie  sense  is  a  trap  where  the  contemplation  is  I 
 arrested  and  external  beauty  is  taken  for  heavenly 
 truth.  The  aesthetic  Christian  is  the  hardest  to  , 
 edify,  for  he  is  perfectly  satisfied  with  his  present 
 attainments;  since,  confounding  art  with  Chri.st,  and 
 its  enjoyment  for  spirituality,  he  has  reiKhed  a  high 
 grade  of  piety.  All  this  is  accomplished  in  him 
 most  subtilcly,  and  he  has  no  suspicion  even  of  his 
 self-deception.  It  is  for  the  rciison  of  this  insidious 
 chanicter  of  the  peril,  that  we  who  are  ministers  of 
 Christ  should  be  careful  not  to  foster  the  world's  de- 
 mand for  arti.stic  display  in  our  churches;  aud  should 
 strive  to  preserve  a  pure  spiritual  worship  iu  the  use 
 of  tho.se  sini]>Ie  appliances  which  do  not  divert  the 
 mind,  <'ither  by  excessive  adornment  on  the  one  side, 
 or  by  balilness  aud  deformity  on  the  other. 
 
 {;{)  The  body  of  Christ  being  a  .spiritual  body,  and 
 its  edification  being  the  promotion  of  spiritual  life, 
 the  example  of  the  minister,  who.se  great  duty  is  to 
 edify  the  body  of  Christ,  should  l)e  an  example  of 
 godly  living.  Any  habit  or  manner  which  suggests 
 to  the  world  a  hypocritic;>l  life  should  be  avoided, 
 even  though  the  inference  be  a  false  one.  The  min- 
 ister should  have  the  respect  of  all,  as  an  honest  and 
 tnu-  man.  To  the  lu'liever  he  should  be  known  as  a 
 man  whose  walk  is  dose  with  God.  Trifiing  with 
 siicred  tilings  in  the  pulpit  or  out  of  it;  irreverent 
 uses  of  the  holy  name  of  God;  intimacies  with  men  of, 
 marked    worldlincss;     identification    with     worldly 
 
 society  in  its  system  of  gaiety  and  self-indulgence; 
 eng-agement  in  moiU'V  speculation — these  utterly 
 cancel  the  value  of  a  preacher's  preaching,  and  lea<i 
 the  mass  of  men  to  coiLsider  him  a  hypocrite,  and  to 
 look  upon  the  ministry  as  a  mere  technical  profession, 
 like  that  of  the  stage. 
 
 In  order  that  the  Christian  minister  should  appear 
 a  true  and  godly  man,  he  must  he  a  true  and  godly 
 man.  There  must  be  lui  efi"ort  at  a<-ting.  He  should 
 have  tasti's  so  pure  and  a  mind  so  high  that  the 
 allurements  aiul  opinions  of  the  world  should  alike 
 be  unobserved  by  him.  He  .should  be  immersed  in 
 the  Word  of  God  and  instant  in  i)rayer,  with  heaven's 
 light  upon  his  soul,  seeking  in  his  whole  life  to  shed 
 that  heavenly  light  upon  the  souls  of  others.  Such  a 
 life  in  a  Christian  minister  will  always  make  his 
 ministry  elfective  in  the  edification  of  the  body  of 
 Christ. 
 
 I  have  now,  brethren,  briefly  sketched  a  view  of 
 the  Church  as  suggcst<-d  by  our  text.  It  is  not  a 
 popular  view.  The  popular  view  would  have  a  large 
 amount  of  eccle,siiisticism  and  worldlincss  contained 
 in  it.  But  Clirist  never  intended  his  Church  to  be 
 popular.  It  could  only  be  popular  when  a  holy  heart 
 and  a  holy  life  are  popular.  The  world  has  not  yet 
 arrived  at  that  .sfcige  of  sentiment.  It  will  only  reach 
 it  by  conversion,  and  then  [lopularitj'  will  be  a  mark 
 of  the  truth.  But  now  it  is  not  so.  The  world,  rep- 
 resented l)y  its  literatu're,  has  no  relish  for  holiness. 
 A  true  church  will  surely  be  unpopular,  and  those 
 whose  business.it  is  to  cater  to  the  popular  taste  will 
 always  have  a  sneer  ready  for  its  faithful  mini.stry 
 and  ministrations.  Our  danger  is  lest  ministers  of 
 Christ  should  forget  themselves  and  forget  their  holy 
 mission,  and  attempt  .some  practical  compromise  with 
 the  scotling  world.  Wealth,  refinement,  society, 
 political  position,  are  all  heavy  weights  on  the  wrong 
 side  of  the  scale,  and  it  is  only  a  self-denying  godli- 
 ness that  cjin  outweigh  them  and  keep  the  Christian 
 minister  in  liis  God-appointed  place  as  the  edilier  of 
 the  body  of  Christ.  May  God  grant  unto  us  the  fervor 
 of  Paul  and  the  courage  of  Elijah  in  maintaining  the 
 truth  of  Christ  against  the  oppositions  aud  entiee- 
 ments  alike  which  Satjin  is  ever  preixiring,  to  de- 
 stroy therewith  the  spirituality  of  the  Church. 
 Nchemiah  and  his  co-laborers  bad  Sanballats  without 
 .Jerusalem,  and  Noadiah  within,  but  yet  the  wall 
 went  up  to  completion,  while  the  zealous  workmen 
 held  each  a  trowel  in  one  hand  and  a  spear  in  the 
 other.  And  so  shall  the  Church  of  Christ  (His  own 
 spiritual  body)  be  edified  to  its  completion,  notwith- 
 stiuuling  foes  without  and  foi's  within,  by  its  faithful 
 ministry  teaching  on  one  liauil  the  reveale<i  truth  of 
 Scripture,  and  ri'sisting  on  the  other  the  insidious 
 assjiults  of  nui.sked  enemies. 
 
 The  Confession  of  Faith.  The  Westminster 
 Assenibly  of  Divines  who  were  employed  in  tlu-  pre- 
 ])»ration  of  the  CoHfrmiion  of  Failh.  which  forms  a 
 material  part  of  the  Constitution  ol  the  I'rcslSyterian 
 
THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH. 
 
 !J1!) 
 
 THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH. 
 
 Church  in  this  country,  were  men  alike  distiuj^iiishcd 
 for  their  piety  and  erudition.  In  every  part  of  the 
 work  the  evidences  of  their  extreme  caution  and  wis- 
 dom are  apparent.  All  the  d<)ctrine.s  admitted  into 
 it  were  subjected  to  the  severe  test  of  tlie  only 
 infallible  rule  of  faith,  and  the  phraseology  in  which 
 they  were  clothed  was  chosen  with  the  nicest  dis- 
 crimination. While  the  matter  is  remarkably  con- 
 densed, the  style  is  so  lucid  ;is  seldom  to  jastify  con- 
 troversy as  to  its  true  meaning  and  intent.  Its  chief 
 excellence,  however,  is  that  it  presents  a  scheme  of 
 doctrine  which  is  admirably  perfect  and  consistent 
 with  itself,  while  in  each  particular  it  conlidently 
 appeals  to  the  Word  of  God  for  its  confirmation.  The 
 Committee  appointed  by  the  Wistminster  Assembfy 
 (a  brief  historic;vl  sketch  of  which  is  given  under  the 
 bead — Catechimnn,  Larger  and  Shorter),  for  the  com- 
 position of  a  Confession  of  Faith,  and  which  con- 
 sisted of  Dr.  Hoyle,  Dr.  Gouge  and  Messrs.  Herle, 
 Gatiiker,  Tuckney,  Ueynolds  and  Vines,  at  lirst 
 wrought  at  the  work  of  preparing  the  Confession  and 
 Catechisms  simultaneously.  "After  some  progress 
 had  been  made  with  both,  the  Assembly  resolved  to 
 finish  the  Confession  first,  and  then  to  construct  the 
 Catechism  on  its  model."  They  presented  in  a  body 
 the  finished  Confession  to  Parliament,  December  3d, 
 164(i,  when  it  Wiis  recommitted,  tluit  the  "A.sserably 
 should  attach  their  marginal  notes  to  prov&  every 
 part  of  it  by  Scripture."  They  tiually  reported  it  as 
 finished,  with  full  Scripture  proofs  of  each  separate 
 proposition  attached,  April  2yth,  ItilT. 
 
 The  Shorter  Catechism  w;is  finished  and  reported 
 to  Parliament,  Xovemher  5th,  1U47,  and  the  Larger 
 Catechism  April  14th,  1G48.  On  the  22d  of  March, 
 1648,  a  conference  was  held  between  the  two  Houses, 
 to  compare  their  opinions  respecting  the  Coufes.sion 
 of  Faith,  the  result  of  which  is  thus  stated  by 
 Rushworth  : — 
 
 ••  The  Commons  this  day  (March  22d),  at  a  confer- 
 ence, presented  the  Lonls  with  a  Confession  of  Faith 
 pjissed  by  them,  with  some  alterations  (especially  con- 
 cerning (luestions  of  discipline),  viz. :  That  they  do 
 agree  with  Their  Lordships,  and  so  with  the  As,sembly, 
 in  the  doctrinal  part,  and  desire  the  same  may  be 
 made  public,  that  this  kingdom  and  all  the  Reformed 
 Churches  of  Christendom  may  see  the  Parliament  of 
 ICugland  differ  not  in  doctrine." — Hetlierington' s 
 Ilixliiri)  nfihr  Wi-.'ilininslcr  A^nnbli/,  p.  245. 
 
 The  Confession  of  Faith,  Directory  of  Public 
 Worship  and  the  Larger  and  Shorter  Catechisms  were 
 all  ratified  by  the  Scotch  General  Assembly  ;us  soon  iis 
 the  several  parts  of  the  work,  were  concluded  at 
 Wcstniinst<'r. 
 
 The  original  Synod  of  our  American  Presbyterian 
 Church,  in  the  year  1729  solemnly  adopted  the  Con- 
 fession of  Faith  and  Larger  and  Shorter  Catechisms  of 
 the  Westminster  As.seinbly,  jus  "The  Confession  of 
 Faith  of  this  Church."     The  record  is  as  follows  : — 
 
 "  All  the  ministers  of  Synod   now  present,  which 
 
 were  eighteen  in  number,  except  one,  that  declared 
 him-self  not  prejtared  (but  who  gave  his  a.ssent  at  the 
 next  meeting),  after  proposing  all  the  scruples  any  of 
 them  had  to  make  against  any  articles  and  expres- 
 sions in  the  Confession  of  Faith  and  Larger  and 
 Shorter  Catechisms  of  the  A.s.scnibly  of  divines 
 at  Westminster,  have  unanimously  agreed  in  the 
 .solution  of  those  scruples,  and  in  declaring  the 
 s;iid  Confession  and  Catechisms  to  be  the  confession 
 of  tlu!ir  faith,  except  only  some  clauses  in  the  twen- 
 tieth and  twenty-third  chapters,  '  concerning  the  civil 
 magistrate.' 
 
 The  following  are  the  pa.s.sages  in  the  Westminster 
 Confession  which  are  altered  in  our  Confession: 
 Chap.  XX,  sec.  4,  of  cerUiin  offenders  it  is  said, 
 "they  may  be  proceeded  against  by  the  censures  of 
 the  Church,  and  by  the  power  of  the  civil  magis- 
 trate." Chap,  xxiii,  sec.  3,  "The  civil  magistrate 
 may  not  ikssunie  to  himself  the  administration  of  the 
 Word  and  Sacraments,  or  the  jjower  of  the  keys  of 
 the  kingilom  of  heaven,  yet  he  hath  authority,  and 
 it  is  his  duty,  to  take  order  that  unity  and  peace  be 
 preserved  in  the  Church,  that  the  truth  of  God  be 
 kept  i)ure  and  entire,  that  all  blasphemies  and 
 heresies  be  suppressed,  all  corruptions  and  abuses  in 
 worship  and  discipline  prevented  or  reformed,  and 
 all  ordinances  of  God  duly  settled,  administered  and 
 observed.  For  the  better  effecting  whereof  he  hath 
 power  to  call  synods,  to  be  present  at  them,  and  to 
 provide  that  whatsoever  is  transacted  in  them  be 
 according  to  the  mind  of  God." 
 
 In  the  act  preliminary  to  the  Adopting  Act,  the 
 Cieneral  Synod,  whilst  in  the  a<t  of  enforcing  the 
 adoption  of  the  Confession  upon  office-bearers,  yet  in 
 regard  to  private  members  declares  itself  willing  to 
 "admit  to  fellowship  in  sacred  ordinances  all  such  as 
 we  have  groun<ls  to  believe  Christ  will  at  liust  admit 
 to  the  kingdom  of  heaven."  See  Hook  i,  'i  7.  In 
 1839,  the  General  Assembly  put  forth  a  similar  state- 
 ment.    Sec  Book  vii,  ?  2,  b. 
 
 No  apology  is  needed  for  the  insertion  of  the  Con- 
 fession of  Faith  in  an  Encyclopaedia  of  American 
 I'resbyterianism. 
 
 THE    CONFESSION    OF    FAITH. 
 
 CHAPTEH  I. — or  THE   HOLY  8CRIPTCRE. 
 
 .\Uhough  the  liglit  of  nature,  and  the  works  of  creation  anti 
 providence,  do  so  far  manifest  the  gt>odnes4,  wisdom,  and  power  of 
 Ciod,  as  to  leave  men  inexcusable;*  yet  are  they  not  sufficient  to 
 give  that  knowledge  of  God,  anil  of  his  will,  which  is  ne<:es8ary 
 unto  salvation;*  therefore  it  plejised  the  f.,oril,  at  sundry  tiun'S.  and 
 in  divers  manners,  to  reveal  himself,  and  to  declare  that  his  will 
 unto  his  church;*  and  afterwards  for  the  better  preserving  and 
 prv>l>apiting  of  the  truth,  and  for  the  more  sure  establishment  and 
 comfort  of  the  church  against  the  corruption  of  the  flesh,  and  the 
 malice  nf  Satan  and  of  the  wurld.  to  cttmmit  the  same  wholly  unto 
 writing;*  which  maketh  the  Holy  Scripture  to  lie  most  necessarj-;* 
 those  former  vraya  of  God's  roTealing  his  will  unto  his  people  being 
 now  ceiuted.* 
 
 '  Rom.  ii,  14,  15.  >  1  Cor.  vi,  ■i\.  '  lleb.  i.  1.  «  Luke  I,  .1,  4. 
 •  J  Tim.  iii,  15.    •  lleb.  i,  1, ;;. 
 
THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH. 
 
 920 
 
 THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH. 
 
 IX.  Under  the  name  of  Holy  Scripture,  or  the  Word  of  God 
 written,  are  now  conlainwl  all  the  books  of  the  Old  and  Xew 
 Testament,  which  are  these : — 
 
 or  THE  OI.I>  TKSTAMENT. 
 
 Gt;Deais. 
 
 Chronicles,  II. 
 
 Daniel. 
 
 Kxtxlus. 
 
 Ezra. 
 
 Hosea. 
 
 Leviticus. 
 
 Xehi^miah. 
 
 Joel. 
 
 Numbers. 
 
 Esther. 
 
 Amos. 
 
 Deuteronomy. 
 
 Job. 
 
 Obadiah. 
 
 Joshua. 
 
 I'MLlmrt. 
 
 Jonah. 
 
 Jut]  gee. 
 
 Trove  rbs. 
 
 THicah. 
 
 Ruth. 
 
 Ecclesiastes. 
 
 Kahum. 
 
 Samuel,  I. 
 
 The  Sung  of  Songs. 
 
 Habakkuk 
 
 Samuel,  II. 
 
 Isaiah. 
 
 Zephauiah 
 
 Kings,  I. 
 
 Jeremiah. 
 
 Haggai. 
 
 Kings,  II. 
 
 Lamentations. 
 
 Zecbariab. 
 
 Chronicles,  I. 
 
 Ezokiel. 
 
 Mabichi. 
 
 The  Gospels  ac- 
 cording to 
 
 Matthew. 
 
 Slark. 
 
 Luke. 
 
 John. 
 
 The  Acts  of  th^ 
 Apostles. 
 
 Paul'^  Epistles — 
 To  the  Romans. 
 
 Corinthian!?,  I. 
 
 Corinthians,  II. 
 
 or  THE  NEW   TESTAMKNT. 
 
 Galatians. 
 Ephesians. 
 Philippians. 
 Colossians. 
 Thessalonians,  I. 
 Thessaloniitus,  II. 
 To  Timothy,  1. 
 To  Timothy,  II. 
 Tt.  Titus. 
 To  Philemon. 
 Thi>  Epistle  to  the 
 Hebrews. 
 
 The  Epistle  of 
 
 James. 
 The  first,  and 
 second  Epis- 
 tles of  Peter. 
 The  first  second 
 and  third  Epis- 
 tles of  John. 
 The  Episile   of 
 Jude, 
 The  Revelation. 
 
 All  which  are  given  by  inspiration  of  G<jd,  to  be  the  rule  of  faith 
 and  life.  1 
 1  Eph.  ii,  20. 
 
 III.  The  bmiks  commonly  called  Apocrypha,  not  being  of  divine 
 im^piration,  are  no  part  of  tlie  canon  of  the  Scripture;  and  there- 
 fore are  of  no  authority  in  the  Church  of  God,  nor  to  be  any  other- 
 wise approved,  or  made  use  of,  than  other  human  writings.* 
 
 >  Luke  xxiv,'/;,  44. 
 
 IV.  The  authority  of  the  Holy  Scripture,  for  whicli  it  ought  to 
 be  believed  ami  obeyed,  depcndeth  not  upon  the  testimony  of  any 
 man  or  church,  but  wholly  ujM.n  God  (who  is  truth  itself),  the 
 flutlK»r  tb«-rcof ;  and  tli<-refore  it  is  to  lie  received,  because  it  is  the 
 word  of  C»k1.* 
 
 »  2Tim.  iii,  IG. 
 
 V.  We  miiy  \iv  moved  and  inthiced  by  the  testimony  of  the  church 
 to  an  high  and  r^-ven-nt  esteem  for  the  Holy  Scripture;*  and  the 
 heavenliness  of  the  nuitter,  the  efhcm-y  of  the  doctrine,  the  majesty 
 of  the  style,  the  consent  of  all  the  parts,  the  scope  of  the  whole 
 (which  is  to  give  all  glory  to  God),  the  full  discovery  it  makes  of  the 
 only  way  of  man's  salvatinn,  the  many  other  incomparable  excel- 
 lencies, and  the  entire  perfectinn  thereof,  are  arguments  whereby  it 
 d..tliabuiiduntly  evidence  itself  to  be  the  Wi.rd  of  Go.i ;  y,-t  notwith- 
 standing, our  full  perMiiasion  and  ajtsuranco  of  the  infallible  truth, 
 and  divine  authority  thereof,  is  from  the  inwanl  work  of  the  Holy 
 Sifirit.  bearingwitness  by  and  with  the  word  in  our  hearts.* 
 
 »  I  Tim.  iii,  lo.     »  1  J"hn  ii,  '20,  L>7. 
 
 VI.  The  whole  counsel  of  God,  concerning  all  things  necessary 
 for  his  own  glory,  man's  aal  vat  ion,  faith,  and  life,  is  either  expressly 
 set  down  in  Srriptun',  or  by  gtxxlaiid  net-enfuiry  conse.^nenro  may 
 bededuied  fmm  S<-riptun':  unto  which  nothing  at  any  time  is  to 
 be  adiled,  wlieiher  by  new  revi-lalinns  of  Ihe  Spirit,  or  traditions  of 
 men.*  Nevertheless,  we  arknowle«lgo  the  inward  illumination  of 
 the  Spirit  of  GinI  to  lie  necessiiry  for  the  saving  understanding  of 
 such  things  as  an*  n*vejih-4l  tu  the  woni  ;*  and  that  there  are  some 
 circumstances  concerning  the  worship  of  God,  and  government  of 
 the  cliurrh,  common  !•>  human  ariionsand  societies,  which  aro  to  b« 
 orden-d  by  the  light  of  niiture  and  Christian  prudence,  arconling  to 
 the  geiHTnl  rules  «»f  the  wonl,  which  are  always  to  Ik>  observed.' 
 
 >  '1  Tim.  iii.  M.  17.     '  J.din  vi,  I.V     =  1  Cor.  xl,  13.  1 1. 
 
 YIT.  All  things  in  Scripture  are  not  alike  plain  in  tliemselree,  nor 
 alike  clear  unto  all;*  yet  those  things  which  are  necessary  to  be 
 known,  believed  and  observed,  for  salvation,  are  eo  clearly  |>r>- 
 pounded  and  opened  in  some  plrn-e  of  Scrii>ture  or  other,  that  not 
 only  the  learned,  but  tUe  unlearned,  in  a  due  u^e  of  the  ordinary 
 means,  may  attain  unto  a  sulTicient  understanding  of  them. ^ 
 "  2  Pet.  iii,  16.     »  Psa.  cxix,  lal,  l.K). 
 
 VIII.  The  Old  Testament  in  Hebrew  (which  was  the  native  lan- 
 guage of  the  people  of  God  of  old),  and  the  Kew  Testament  in 
 Greek  (which  at  the  time  of  the  writing  of  it  was  most  generally 
 known  to  the  nations),  being  immediately  inspired  by  Go<I,  and  by 
 his  singular  care  and  providence  kept  pure  in  all  ages,  are  there- 
 fore autlientical  ;*  so  iw  in  all  controvt-rsies  of  religion  the  church 
 .  is  finally  to  appeal  uiitti  them.*  Put  because  these  original  tongues 
 are  not  known  to  all  the  people  of  God  who  have  right  unto  and  . 
 interest  in  the  Scriptures,  and  are  commanded,  in  the  fear  of  Gml, 
 to  read  and  search  themj' therefore  they  are  to  bo  tntnslnled  into 
 the  vulgar  language  of  every  nation  unto  which  they  come,*  that 
 the  word  of  God  dwelling  plentifully  in  all,  they  may  worship  him 
 in  an  acceptable  manner, **  and,  through  patience  and  comfort  of  the 
 Scrii)tures,  may  have  hope.* 
 
 1  Matt.  V,  IS.  »  Isa.  viii,  20.  »  John  v,  39.  *  1  Cor,  xiv,  C,  0.  U, 
 12,  24,  27,  28.     »  Col.  iii,  16.     •  Rom.  xv,  4. 
 
 XX.  The  infallible  rule  of  interpretation  of  Scripture  is  the 
 Scripture  itself;  and  therefore,  when  there  is  a  question  about  the 
 true  and  full  sense  of  any  scripture  (which  is  not  manifold,  but  one), 
 it  may  be  searched  and  known  by  other  places  that  siK-uk  more 
 clearly.  * 
 
 •  Acta  XV,  15. 
 
 X.  The  Supreme  Judge  by  which  all  controversies  of  religion 
 are  to  be  determined,  and  all  decrees  of  councils,  opinions  of  ancient 
 writers,  doctrines  of  men  and  priviite  spirits  are  to  be  e\:imined,and 
 in  wluisp  sentence  we  are  to  rest,  can  be  no  other  tmt  tlie  Holy  Spirit 
 speaking  in  the  Scripture.* 
 »  Matt,  xxii,  20,  31. 
 
 CHAPTER  II. 
 or  ooD  Asn  of  thf.  holt  tbi.mtv. 
 There  is  but  ono«only*  living  and  true  God,'  who  is  infinite  in 
 being  and  perfection,'  a  most  pure  spirit,*  invisible,*  without  Kxly, 
 parts,*  or  passions,'  immutable,"  immense,"  eternal,**  incompn'- 
 hensible,  >*  almighty,*'  nwst  wise. »' most  holy,  **  most  free.  *• 
 most  absolute,**  working  all  things  acconling  to  the  counsel  of  his 
 own  immutable  and  most  righteous  will,*' for  his  own  glory;** 
 m'>st  loving,**  gracious,  merciful,  long  suffering,  abundant  in  gixid- 
 ness  and  truth,  forgiving  iniquity,  transgression  and  sin;'®  the 
 rewarder  ol  them  that  diligently  seek  him;'*  and  withal  most  just 
 and  terril'le  in  his  juilgnients  ;^'  hating  all  sin.-'  and  who  will  by 
 no  means  clear  the  guilty.'* 
 
 »  Deut.  vi,  4.  ■  1  Thess.  i,  0.  »  Job  xi,  7,  8,  9,  and  xxvi,  14- 
 *  Johniv,24.  »  1  Tim.  i,17.  •  Deut.  iv,  15,  IG,  '  Acts  xlv,  ll.l.V 
 «  James  i,  17.  •  1  Kings  viii,  27.  *°  Psa.  xc,  2.  **  Psa.  cxiv,  X 
 *'Gen.  xvii,  1.  >»  Rom.  xvi,  27.  **  Isa.  vi,  3.  >•  Psa.  cxv,  3. 
 i«  Ex.  iii,  14.  '^  E|>h.  i,  11.  *•  Prov.  xvi,  4.  *•  1  John  iv,  8. 
 '0  Ex.  xxxiv,  G.  7.  =">  Heb.  xi.  fi.  "  Nch.  ix,  32,  33.  "  Psa,  v, 
 5,  6.     '*  Nahum  i,  2,  3. 
 
 II.  God  luiih  all  life,*  glory,'  gotidness,'  blessed ue«ts,*  in  An<i   of 
 
 himself;  and  is  alone  in  and  unto  himself  all-sufncieiit,  not  standing 
 
 in  need  of  any  creatures  which  he  hath  made,*  nur  deriving  any 
 
 glor>-  from  them,*  but  only  manifesting  his  own  glory  in,  by,  unli>. 
 
 and  upon  them:  be  is  the  alone  fountain  of  all  being,  of  whom, 
 
 tbnmgh  whom  and  to  whom  are  all  things;'  and  halh  mo«t  sovereign 
 
 I  dominion  over  tliem,  to  do  by  them,  for  them  or  iii>on  them,  what- 
 
 '  soever  himself  pleaseth.*     In  his  sight   all    thini:s  are  open   and 
 
 manifesit;*  his  knowle<lge   is   inflnile,  infallible,  and  inde)N-iident 
 
 upon  the  creattire;'*  so  iw  nolhing  is  to  him  contingent  or  uncer* 
 
 tain.**    He  is  nvMt  holy  in  all  bis  couiiseN.  in  all  bis  works,  and  in 
 
 I  all  his  commands."  To  him  is  due  frv>m  angels  and  men,  and  every 
 
 other  creature,  whatst>fver  worship,   service,  or    olK-dlence,  ho  is 
 
 '  pleased  to  require  of  them.  ** 
 
 I        John  v,  2f».      »  Acts  vii,  2.      '  Psa.  cxix,  r.S.      *  I  Tim   vi.  1.'. 
 \  •  ActaxvH,  24,  25.     •  Jobxxlt,  2,  3.      *  Rom.  xi.  30.       "  Rev.  Iv,  11, 
 ]  •  Heb.  iv,  13.     *•  Rom.  xi, :«,  34.    »»  .Vets  xv,  18.    "  I^*a.  cxiv,  17. 
 *•  Rev.  V.  12-14. 
 
THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH. 
 
 921 
 
 THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH. 
 
 III.  In  the  unity  of  tho  Godheiid  thorc  b«  tltrco  iwrFuiOd  of  one 
 subetance,  power,  aud  eteruity;  God  th»  Father,  God  the  Sou,aud 
 God  tho  Holy  Gh<wt.*  The  Father  is  of  noim,  iicilhtT  brgottt-n  nor 
 proceeding;  the  Son  »3  eternally  begotten  of  tho  Father;'  the  Holy 
 Gh<»ttett'rnally  pruceedin^;  from  the  Father  and  tlie  Son.' 
 
 '  1  John  V,  7.     -  John  i,  II,  1«.     •  John  xv,J6. 
 
 CHAPTKU  Ml 
 OF  god's  eternal  dkcheks. 
 
 God  from  all  eternity  did  by  the  most  wise  and  holy  counsel  nf  his 
 own  will,  freely  aud  uncliangeably  ordain  whiit.-iioever  conies  to 
 pa*s;*  yet  so  as  thereby  neither  \i  God  tho  author  of  sin;'  nor  is 
 violence  offered  to  the  will  of  tlie  creatures,  nor  \t  the  liberty  or 
 contingency  of  second  cau.-***;*  taken  away,  but  rather  established.' 
 
 1  Eph.  i,  11.     =  Jam.  i,  13, 17.     »  Acts  ii,  23. 
 
 II.  Although  God  knows  whatsoever  may  or  can  como  to  paes, 
 upon  all  supposed  conditions ;  ^  yet  hath  he  not  decreed  anything 
 because  he  foresaw  it  as  future,  or  as  that  which  would  come  to 
 pass  upon  such  conditions.' 
 
 »  Acts  XV,  18.     '  Rom.  i.x,  11, 1-1,  IG,  18. 
 
 III.  By  the  decree  of  God,  for  tho  manifestation  of  his  glory,  some 
 men  and  angels*  are  predestinated  unto  everlasting  life,  and  others 
 fore-ordained  to  everlasting  death.* 
 
 »  1  Tim.  V,  21.     =  Rom.  ix,  22,  2:t. 
 
 IV  These  angels  and  men,  thus  predestinated  and  foro-ordained, 
 are  piirticularly  and  uncliaugeably  designed  ;  and  their  number  is 
 so  certain  and  definite  that  it  cannot  be  either  increaned  or  dimin- 
 ished. * 
 
 1  2  Tim.  ii,  19. 
 
 V.  Those  of  mankind  that  are  predestinated  unto  life,  God,  before 
 the  foundation  of  the  world  was  laid,  according  to  his  eternal  and 
 immutable  purpose,  and  the  secret  counsel  and  good  i)teasure  of  his 
 will,  hath  clioseu  in  Chrijiit,  unto  evcrljLstingglory,*  out  of  his  mere 
 free  grace  and  love,  without  any  forrsiglit  of  faith  or  good  works,  or 
 perseverance  in  either  of  them,  or  any  otlier  tiling  iu  tho  creature, 
 as  conditions,  or  causes  moving  him  thereunto ;'  and  all  to  the  praise 
 of  his  glorious  grace.  ^ 
 
 1  Eph.  i,  4,  0,  11.    '  Rom.  ix,  U,  i:^,  16.     '  Eph.  i,  G,  12. 
 
 VI.  As  Gud  hath  appointed  the  elect  .unto  glory,  so  hnth  he,  by 
 tho  eternal  and  most  free  purpose  of  his  will,  fori'Hirduim-d  all  the 
 means  thereunto.*  Wherefore  they  who  aro  elected  being  fallen  in 
 Aduin,  are  redeemed  by  Christ,^  are  effectually  called  unto  faith  in 
 Christ  by  his  Spirit  working  in  duo  season;  are  justifinl,  adopted, 
 sanctified,^  and  kept  by  his  power  through  faith  unto  salvation.* 
 Neither  are  any  other  redeemed  by  Christ,  effectually  called,  justi- 
 fied, ailopted,  sanctified,  and  saved,  but  the  elect  only. ' 
 
 *  Kph.  i,  4.  3  1  Thess.  v,  U,  10.  '  Rom.  viii,  30.  *  1  Pet.  i,  5. 
 "  John  xvii,  0. 
 
 VII.  The  rest  of  mankind  God  was  pleased,  according  to  the 
 unsearchable  counsel  of  his  own  will,  whereby  he  oxiendeth  or 
 withholdeih  mercy  as  he  i>U'af>eth,  for  the  glory  of  his  sovereign 
 power  over  his  creatures,  to  jiass  by,  and  to  ordain  them  to  dishonor 
 and  wrath  for  their  sin,  to  the  praise  of  his  glorious  justice.  * 
 
 *  Matt,  xi,  25,  20. 
 
 VIU.  Tho  doctrine  of  this  high  niyBtery  of  j>redes(i nation  is  to 
 be  handled  with  special  prudence  and  care,*  that  men  attending  the 
 will  of  God  revealed  in  his  word,  and  yielding  obedience  thereunto, 
 may,  from  the  certainty  of  their  effectual  vocation,  be  assured  of 
 their  eternal  election.*  So  shall  this  doctrine  afford  matter  of 
 praise,  reverence,  and  admiration  of  God;^  and  of  humility,  dili- 
 gence, and  abundant  consolation  to  all  that  sincerely  obey  the 
 gospel.* 
 
 »  Rom.  ix,  20,  and  xi,  33.  '  2  Pet.  i,  10.  *  Kph.  (,  G.  «  Rom.  xi, 
 5,  6,  20,  and  viii,  33. 
 
 CHAPTKR    IV. 
 
 OF   CItEATION. 
 
 It  pleased  God  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Ghost,*  for  the  mani- 
 festation of  the  glory  of  his  eternal  |K)wer,  wisdom  and  goodness,* 
 in  tho  beginning,  to  create  or  make  of  nothing  the  worM.  and  all 
 things  therein,  whether  visible  or  invisible,  in  the  space  of  six 
 days,  and  all  very  good.' 
 
 *  Ileb.  i,  2.     '  Rom.  i,  20.    '  Gen.  1st  chap,  throughout ;  Cyl.  i,  IC. 
 
 II.  After  God  had  made  all  other  creatures,  ho  created  man,  mala 
 and  female,*  with  reasonable  and  immortal  souls,*  endued  with 
 knowledge,  righleousness  and  true  holiness,  after  his  own  image,' 
 having  the  law  of  God  written  in  their  hearts,*  and  power  to  fulfill 
 it;*  and  yet  under  a  possibility  of  transgressing,  being  left  to  the 
 liberty  of  theirown  will,  which  was  subject  unto  change.*  Beside 
 this  law  written  in  their  hearts,  they  received  a  command  not  to  eat 
 of  the  tree  tif  tho  knowleilgo  of  gtuxl  and  evil;  which  while  they 
 kept  ihey  were  huppy  in  their  communion  with  God,'  and  had 
 dominion  over  the  creatures.* 
 
 *  Gen.  i,  .*7.  'Gen.  ii,  7.  'Gen.  i,  2G.  *  Rom.  ii,  14, 15.  •Eccl. 
 vii,  29.     «  Gen.  iii.  G.     »  Gon.  ii,  17.     •  Gen.  i,  28. 
 
 CHAPTKR  V. 
 
 OF    PBOVIDENCE. 
 
 God,  the  great  Creator  of  all  things,  doth  uphold,*  direct,  dispose 
 and  govern  all  creatures,  actions  and  things,*  from  the  greati-st 
 even  to  the  leJLst,'  by  liis  most  wise  and  holy  providence,*  acconling 
 to  his  infallible  foreknowledge,*  and  the  freo  aud  immutable  coun- 
 sel of  his  own  wlll,°  to  the  praise  of  the  glory  of  his  wisdom,  power, 
 justice,  goo<lness  and  mercy. ^ 
 
 *  Heb.  i,  3.  *  Dan.  iv,  34,  35.  '  Matt,  x,  29, 30,  31.  *  Prov.  xv, 
 3.     "  Acts  XV,  18.    «  Kph.  i,  11.     '  Kph.  iii,  10. 
 
 II.  .\lthough  in  relation  to  the  foreknowledge  and  decree  of  God, 
 the  first  cause,  all  tlyngs  come  to  pass  immutably  and  infallibly,* 
 yet,  by  the  same  providence,  he  orderr?th  them  to  fall  out  according 
 to  the  nature  of  second  causes,  either  necessarily,  freely  or  con- 
 tingently.* 
 
 *  Acts  ii,  23.     »  Gen.  viii,  22. 
 
 in.  God,  in  his  ordinary  providence,  maketh  use  of  means,*  yet 
 is  free  to  work  without,*  above'  and  against  them,  at  his  pleasure.* 
 
 *  Acta  xxvii,  24,  31.  *  Hob.  i,  7.  '  Rom.  iv,  19,  20,  21.  *  2  Kings 
 vl.  G. 
 
 IV.  The  almighty  jiower,  unsearchable  wisdom  aud  infinite  good- 
 ness of  God  HO  far  manifest  themselves  in  his  providence  that  it 
 exiendeth  itself  even  to  the  first  fall,  aud  all  other  sins  of  angels 
 and  men.*  and  that  not  by  a  bare  p<Tmission,  but  such  as  hath 
 joined  with  it  a  most  wise  and  powerful  bounding,*  and  othenviso 
 ordering  and  governing  of  them  in  a  manifold  dispensation  to  his 
 own  holy  ends  ;' yet  so,  as  the  sinfulness  thereof  proceedeth  only 
 from  tho  creature  and  not  from  (iod  ;  who  being  most  holy  and 
 riglitetius,  neither  is  nor  can  be  the  author  or  approver  of  sin.* 
 
 *  Rom.  xi,  32, 33.     *  Psa.  Ixxvi,  10.      '  Gen.  1,  20.     *  1  John  ii,  16. 
 
 V.  The  most  wise,  righteous  and  gracious  God  doth  oftentimes 
 leave  for  a  season  his  own  children  to  manifold  temptations  and  the 
 corruption  of  their  own  hearts,  to  chastise  them  for  their  former 
 sins,  or  to  discover  unto  them  the  hidden  strength  of  corruption  and 
 deceitfulness  of  ttu'ir  hearts,  that  they  may  Ih?  humbled  ;*  and  to 
 niise  them  to  u  more  close  and  constant  dependence  for  their  6ui»- 
 port  upon  himself,  and  to  make  them  more  watchful  against  all 
 futnre  occasions  of  sin,  and  for  sundry  other  Just  and  holy  ends.* 
 
 »  2  Chron.  xxxii,  25,  26,  31.     *  2  Cor.  xii,  7,  8,  9. 
 Yl.  As  for  those  wicked  and  ungodly  men  whom  Gud,  as  a  right- 
 eousjudgi-,  for  former  sins,  doth  blind  and  harden;*  from  them  he 
 not  only  withholdeth  liii  gnice,  whereby  they  might  have  been  en- 
 lightened in   their    un<lerstandings,  ami    wrought   n{K>n   in  their 
 hearts;*   but  sometimes  also   withdmweth   the  gifts  which   they 
 ,  had  ;*  and  e,\poseth  them  to  such  objects  as  their  Corruption  makes 
 '  occasion  of  sin;*  and  withal,  gives  them  over  to  theirown  lusts,  the 
 I  temptatii>nsof  the  world, and  the  jKiwertif  Satan  ;"  whereby  it  o'mes 
 '  to  pass  that  they  harden  thenwelves,  even  under  those  means  which 
 God  useth  for  the  softening  of  otJiei-s  • 
 
 *  Rom.  i,  24,  2C,  28,  and  xi,  7,  8,  ^  Dem,  xxix,  4.  *  Matt.  xiii. 
 12.     *  2  Kings  viii,  12, 13.      •  Psa.  Ixxxi,  11, 12.      •  Ex.  viii,  15.  32 
 
 j  VII.  .\s  the  providence  of  (Jod  doth,  in  general,  reach  to  all  cnyi- 
 '  tures;  so,  after  a  m^nt  si»ecial  manner,  it  taketh  cara  of  his  chnrch 
 '  and  disi>oseth  all  things  to  the  good  thereof.* 
 
 *  Amos  ix,  8,  9. 
 
 CHAPTER  VI. 
 
 0*    THE   FALL   OF   HAN,   OF    61S,   AND   OF    TUB   PINISIIMENT  THEBEOF. 
 
 Our  first  jiarents,  being  seduced  by  the  subtilty  and  temptation 
 of  Satan,  sinned  in  eating  the  forbidden  fruit  *     This  Ihrir  sin  God 
 
THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH. 
 
 922 
 
 THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH. 
 
 was  pleased,  according  to  hig  Teise  and  holy  counsel,  to  permit,  hav- 
 ing purposed  to  order  it  to  hia  own  glory.* 
 Gen.  iii,  13.     =  R^m,  ^i,  32. 
 
 II.  By  thia  sin  they  fell  from  their  original  righteousness,  and 
 communion  with  God,^  and  so  became  dt-ad  in  sin*  and  wholly 
 defilid  in  all  the  faculties  and  parts  of  soul  and  body.^ 
 
 »  Gen.  iii,  7,  8.     =  Eph.  ii.  1.     =*  Gen.  vi,  5. 
 
 III.  They  being  the  root  of  all  mankind,  the  guilt  of  this  sin  was 
 imputed/  and  the  same  death  in  6iu  and  corrupted  nature  conveyed 
 to  all  their  posterity,  descending  from  them  by  ordinary  genera- 
 tion. * 
 
 ^  Acts  xvii,  *JG.     *  Psa.  li,  5. 
 
 IV.  From  this  original  corruption,  whereby  we  are  utterly  indis- 
 posed, disabled  and  made  opposite  to  all  good,*  and  wholly  inclined 
 toall  evil,*  do  proceed  all  actual  transgressions.^ 
 
 *  Rom.  V,  6.     2  Gen.  viii,  21.     ^  James  i,  14. 15. 
 
 v.  This  corruption  of  nature,  during  this  life,  doth  remain  in 
 those  that  are  regenerated  ;*■  and  although  it  be  through  Christ 
 pardoned  and  mortified,  yet  both  itself  and  all  the  motions  thereof 
 are  truly  and  properly  sin.* 
 
 1  Rom.  vii,  14, 17,  IS,  23.     *  Rom.  vii,  5,  7,  8,  25. 
 
 VI.  Every  sin,  both  original  and  actual,  being  a  transgression  of 
 the  righteous  law  of  God,  and  contrary  thereunto,*  doth,  in  its  own 
 nature,  bring  guilt  upon  the  einner,^  whereby  lie  is  bound  over  to 
 the  wrath  of  God,' and  curse  of  the  law,*  and  so  made  subject  to 
 death,*  with  all  miseries,  spiritual,*  temporal'  and  eternal.^ 
 
 ilJohniii,4.  *  Rom.  iii,  19.  3Eph.ii,3.  ■*  Gal.  iii, 10.  »Rom. 
 vi,  23.     «  Kph.  iv,  IS.     '  Lam.  iii,  39.     «  Matt,  xxv,  41. 
 
 CHAPTER  VII. 
 OF  god's  covenant  with  man. 
 The  distance  between  God  and  the  creature  ia  so  great  that, 
 although  reasonable  creatures  do  owe  obedience  unto  him  as  their 
 Creator,  yet  they  could  never  have  any  fruition  of  him  as  their 
 blessedness  and  reward,  but  by  some  voluntary  condescension  on 
 God's  part,  which  he  hath  been  pleased  to  express  by  way  of  cove- 
 nant. * 
 
 *  Job  ix,  32,  33. 
 
 II.  The  first  covenant  made  with  man  was  a  covenant  of  works,* 
 wherein  life  was  promised  to  Adam,  and  in  him  to  his  posterity',* 
 upon  condition  of  perfect  and  personal  obedience.^ 
 
 *  Gal.  iii,  12.     *  Rom.  x,  5.     »  Gen.  ii,  17. 
 
 III.  Man,  by  his  fall,  having  made  himself  incapable  of  life  by 
 that  covenant,  the  Lord  was  pleased  to  make  a  second,*  commonly 
 called  the  covenant  of  grace;  wherein  he  freely  offered  unto  sin- 
 ners life  and  salvation  by  Jesus  Christ,  requiring  of  them  faith  in 
 him,  that  they  may  be  saved,*  and  promising  to  give  unto  all  those 
 that  are  ordained  unto  life,  his  Holy  Spirit,  to  make  them  willing 
 and  able  to  believe.^ 
 
 *  Gal.  iii,  21.    *  Mark  xvi,  15, 16.     »  Ezek.  xxxvi,  26,  27. 
 
 IV.  This  covenant  of  grace  is  frequently  set  forth  in  tho  Scrip- 
 ture by  the  name  of  a  testament,  in  reference  to  the  death  of  Jesus 
 Christ,  the  testJitor,  and  to  the  everlasting  inheritance,  with  all 
 things  belonging  to  it,  therein  bequeathed.* 
 
 *  Heb.  is,  15, 16, 17. 
 
 V.  This  covenant  was  differently  administered  in  the  time  of  the 
 law,  and  in  the  time  of  the  gospel:*  under  the  law  it  was  adminis- 
 tered by  promises,  prophecies,  sacrifices,  circumcision,  the  paschal 
 lamb,  and  other  types  and  ordinances  delivered  to  the  people  of  the 
 Jews,  all  fore-signifying  Christ  to  come,*  which  were  for  that  time 
 sufficient  and  efficacious,  through  the  operation  of  the  Spirit,  to  in- 
 struct and  build  up  the  elect  in  faith  in  the  promised  Messiah,^  by 
 whom  they  had  full  remission  of  sins,  and  e'ternal  salTation;  and  is 
 called  the  Old  Testament.* 
 
 *  2  Cor.  iii,  6,  7,  8,  9.  =  Heb.  viii,  ix,  x,  chapters ;  Rom.  iv,  11. 
 3  1  Cor.  X,  1,  2,  3,  4.     *  Gal.  iii,  7,  S,  9, 14. 
 
 VI.  Under  the  gospel,  when  Christ  the  substance*  was  exhibited, 
 the  ordinances  in  whith  this  covenant  is  dispensed  are,  the  preach- 
 ing of  the  word,  and  the  administration  of  the  sacraments  of 
 baptism  and  the  Lord's  supper;*  which,  though  fewer  in  number, 
 and  administered  with  more  simplicity  and  less  outward  glorj",  yet 
 in  them  it  is  held  forth  in  more  fullness,  evidence,  and  spiritual 
 efficacy,'  to  all  nations,  both  Jews  and  Gentiles;*  and  is  called  the 
 
 New  Testament.  ^  There  are  not,  therefore,  two  covenants  of  grace, 
 
 differing  in  substance,  but  one  and  the  same,  under  various  dis- 
 pensations. ® 
 
 »  Col.  ii,  17.  *  Matt,  xxviii,  19,  20.  '  Heb.  xii,  22  to  28;  See  alsi 
 Jer.  xxxi,  33,  34.  *  See  note  *,  above ;  and  Jlatt.  xxviii,  19  ;  Eph, 
 ii,  15, 16, 17,  IS,  19.     «  Luke  xxii,  20.     •  Gal.  iii,  14,  IG. 
 
 CHAPTER   VIII. 
 
 OF    CHRIST   THE    MEDI.4T0R. 
 
 It  pleased  God.  in  his  eternal  purpose,  to  choose  and  ordain  the 
 Lord  Jesus,  his  only  begotten  Son,  to  be  the  mediator  between  God 
 and  man,*  the  prophet,*  priest,'  and  king,*  the  head  and  saviour  of 
 his  church,^  the  heir  of  all  things,*  and  judge  of  the  world;'  unto 
 whom  he  did,  from  all  eternity,  give  a  people  to  be  his  seed,^  and 
 to  be  by  him  in  time  redeemed,  called,  justified,  sanctified  and 
 glorified.^ 
 
 *  Isa.  xlii,  1.  *  Acta  iii,  22.  =  Heb.  v,  5,  6.  *  Psa.  ii,  G.  ^  Eph. 
 V,  23.     *  Heb.  i,  2.     '  Acts  xvii,  31.     »  John  xvii,  G.     ^  1  Tim.  ii,  G. 
 
 II.  The  Son  of  God,  the  second  person  in  the  Trinity,  being  very 
 and  eternal  God,  of  one  substance,  and  equal  with  the  Father,  did, 
 when  the  fullness  of  time  was  come,  take  upon  him  man's  nature,* 
 with  all  the  essential  properties  and  common  infirmities  thereof, 
 yet  without  sin;-  being  conceived  by  the  power  of  the  Holy  Ghost 
 in  the  womb  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  of  her  substance. ^  So  that  two 
 whole,  perfect,  and  distinct  natures,  the  Godhead  and  the  manhood, 
 were  inseparably  joined  together  in  one  person,  without  converrfon, 
 composition,  or  confusion.*  Which  person  is  very  God  and  very 
 man,  yet  one  Christ,  the  only  mediator  between  God  and  man.* 
 
 *  John  i,  1, 14.  =  Heb.  ii,  17.  '  Luke  i.  -.^7,  31,  35.  *  Luke  i,  35_ 
 s  Rom.  i,  3,4. 
 
 III.  The  Lord  Jesus  in  his  human  nature  thus  united  to  the 
 divine,  waa  sanctified  and  anointed  with  the  Holy  Spirit  above 
 measure;*  having  in  him  all  the  treasures  of  wisdom  and  knowl- 
 edge,* in  whom  it  pleased  the  Father  that  all  fullness  should  dwell; ^ 
 to  the  end  that  being  holy,  harmless,  undefiled  and  full  of  grace  and 
 truth,*  he  might  be  thoroughly  furnished  to  execute  the  office  of  a 
 mediator  and  surety.*  Which  office  he  took  not  unto  himself,  but 
 was  thereunto  called  by  his  Father;*  who  put  all  power  and  judg- 
 ment into  his  hand,  and  gave  him  commandment  to  execute  the 
 same.' 
 
 *  Pea.  xlv,  7.  *  Col.  ii,  3.  '  Col.  i,  19.  *  Heb.  vii,  26.  ^  Acts  x, 
 38.     6  Heb.  V, 5.     '  John  v.  22,  27. 
 
 IV.  This  office  the  Lord  Jesus  did  most  willingly  undertake.* 
 which,  that  he  might  discharge,  he  waa  made  under  the  law,*  and 
 did  perfectly  fulfill  it ;'  endured  most  grievous  torments  immediately 
 in  his  soul,*  and  most  painful  sufferings  in  his  body  ;*  was  crucified 
 and  died;*  was  buried  and  r^^mained  under  the  power  of  death,  yet 
 saw  no  corruption.'  On  the  third  day  he  arose  from  the  dead,^ 
 with  the  same  body  in  which  he  suffered  ;■  with  which  also  he 
 ascended  into  heaven,  and  there  sitteth  at  the  right  hand  of  his 
 Father,*  •>  making  intercession;**  and  shall  return  to  judge  men 
 and  angels  at  the  end  of  the  world. '  * 
 
 iPsa.  xl,7,  S.  *  Gal.  iv,  4.  =  Matt,  iii,  15.  *  Matt.  xxvi,37,3S. 
 ^  Matt,  xxvi,  and  xxvii  chapters.  *  Phil,  ii,  8.  ^  Acta  ii,  24,  27. 
 "  1  Cor.  XV,  4.  9  John  xx,  25,  27.  *°  Mark  xvi,  19.  **  Kom.  viii, 
 34.     »2Rom.xiv,  9, 10. 
 
 V.  The  Lord  Jesus,  by  his  perfect  obedience  and  sacrifice  of  him- 
 self, whicli  he  through  the  eternal  Spirit  ouce  offered  up  unto  God 
 hath  fully  satisfied  the  justice  of  his  Father;*  and  purchased  not 
 only  reconciliation, but  an  everlasting  inheritance  in  the  kingdom 
 of  heaven  for  all  those  whom  the  Father  hath  given  unto  him.- 
 
 *  Rom.  V,  19.     2  Eph.  i,  11,14. 
 
 VI.  Although  the  work  of  redemption  was  not  actually  wrought 
 by  Christ  till  after  his  incarnation,  yet  the  virtue,  efficacy  and 
 benefits  thereof  were  communicated  unto  the  elect,  in  all  ages 
 successively  from  the  beginning  of  the  world,  in  and  by  those 
 promises,  types  and  sacrifices  wherein  he  waa  revealed,  and  signi- 
 fied to  be  the  seed  of  the  woman,  which  should  bruise  the  serpent's 
 head,  and  the  lamb  slain  from  the  beginning  of  the  world,  being 
 yesterday  and  to-day  the  same  and  forever.* 
 
 *  Gal.  iv,  4,  5. 
 
 VII.  Christ,  in  the  work  of  mediation,  acteth  according  to  both 
 natures;  by  each  nature  doing  that  which  i.s  proper  to  itself;*  yet 
 
THE  COXrESSIOX  OF  FAITH, 
 
 923 
 
 THE  COXFEiSmOX  OF  FAITH, 
 
 by  reason  of  the  unity  of  the  person,  that  which  ie  proper  to  one 
 nature  is  sometimes,  in  Scripture,  attributed  lo  the  person  denomi- 
 nated by  the  other  nature.  ^ 
 
 »  1  Pet.  iii,  18.     =  Acts  xx,  28. 
 
 VIII.  To  all  those  for  whom  Christ  hath  purchased  redemption, 
 he  doth  certainly  and  efTectually  apply  and  communicate  the  same/ 
 making  intercession  for  them,-  and  revealing  unto  them,  in  and  by 
 the  ^j'oni,  the  mysteries  of  salvation;^  effectually  persuading  them 
 by  his  Spirit  to  believe  and  obey;  and  governing  their  hearts  by  his 
 word  and  Spirit  ;*  overcoming  all  their  enemies  by  his  almighty 
 power  and  wisdom,  in  such  manner  and  ways  as  are  most  consonant 
 to  his  wonderful  and  unsearchable  dispensation.* 
 
 *  John  ri,  37,  39.  ^  1  John  il,  1.  ^  John  xv,  lo.  *  2.  Cor.  iv,  13. 
 *  Psa.  ex,  1. 
 
 CHAPTER  IX. 
 
 OF   FREE    WILL. 
 
 God  hath  endued  the  will  of  man  with  that  natural  liberty,  that 
 it  is  neither  forced,  nor  by  any  absolute  necessity  of  nature  deter- 
 mined to  good  or  evil.^ 
 
 *  James  i,  l-i. 
 
 TI.  Man,  in  his  state  of  innocency,  had  freedom  and  power  to  will 
 and  to  do  that  which  is  good  and  well-pleaaing  to  God;*^  but  yet 
 mutably,  so  that  he  might  fall  from  it.^ 
 
 1  Eccl.  vii,  29.     »  Gen.  ii,  16,  17. 
 
 III.  Man,  by  his  fall  into  a  state  of  sin,  hath  wholly  lost  all  ability 
 of  will  to  any  spiritual  good  accompanying  salvation  ;*  so  as  a 
 natural  man,  being  altogether  averse  from  that  good,^  and  dead  in 
 sin.'  is  not  able,  by  his  own  strength,  to  convert  himself,  or  to  pre- 
 pare himself  thereunto.* 
 
 »  Rom.  V,  6.    2  K„in.  iii,  10,  12.     =>  Epb.  ii,  1,  5.     *  John  vi,  44,  65. 
 
 IV.  When  God  converts  a  sinner,  and  translates  him  into  the 
 Btate  of  grace,  he  freeth  him  from  his  natural  bondage  under  sin,* 
 and  by  his  grace  alone,  enables  him  freely  to  will  and  to  do  that 
 which  is  spiritually  good  ;2  yet  so  as  that,  by  reason  of  his  remain- 
 ing corruption,  he  doth  not  perfectly,  nor  only,  will  that  which 
 is  good,  but  doth  also  will  that  which  is  evil.^ 
 
 »  Col.  i,  13.     a  Phil,  ii,  13.     =»  Gal.  v,  17. 
 
 V.  The  will  of  man  is  made  perfectly  and  immutably  free  to  good 
 alone,  in  the  state  of  glory  only.* 
 
 »  Eph.  iv,  13. 
 
 CHAPTER  X. 
 
 OF    EFFECTUAL    CALLING. 
 
 All  those  whom  God  hath  predestinated  unto  life,  and  those  only, 
 he  is  pleased,  in  his  appointed  and  accepted  time,  effectually  to  call,  * 
 by  his  word  and  Spirit,^  out  of  that  state  of  sin  and  death  in  which 
 they  are  by  nature,  to  grace  and  salvation  by  Jesua  Christ  \^  en- 
 lightening their  minds,  spiritually  and  savingly,  to  understand  the 
 things  of  God,*  taking  away  their  heart  of  stone,  and  giving  unto 
 them  an  heart  of  flesh  ;*  renewing  their  wills,  and  by  his  almighty 
 power  determining  them  to  that  which  is  good;*  and  effectually 
 drawing  them  to  Jesus  Christ;^  yet  so  as  they  come  most  freely. 
 being  made  willing  by  his  grace.* 
 
 *  Rom.  viii,  30.  ^  2  Thess.  ii,  13, 14.  =>  Rom.  viii,  2.  *  Acts  xxvi, 
 IS.  s  Ezek.  xxxvi,  20.  «  Ezek.  xi,  19.  ^  John  vi,  44,  45.  »  Cant. 
 i,4. 
 
 II.  This  effectual  cjill  is  of  God's  free  and  special  grace  alone,  not 
 from  anything  at  all  foreseen  in  man.*  who  is  altogether  passive 
 (hf  rein,  until,  being  quickened  and  renewed  by  the  Holy  Spirit,^  he 
 is  thereby  enabled  to  answer  this  call,  and  to  embrace  the  grace 
 iflh-red  and  conveyed  in  it.^ 
 
 »  2  Tim.  i,  9.     =1  Cor.  ii.  14.     ^  John  vi,  37. 
 
 III.  Elect  infants,  dying  in  infancy,  aro. regenerated  and  saved  by 
 Christ  through  the  Spirit,*  who  worketh  when  and  where,  and  how 
 he  pleaseth.-  So  also  are  all  other  elect  persons,  who  are  incapable 
 of  being  outwardly  called  by  the  ministry  of  the  word.^ 
 
 *  Luke  xviii,  1.5.  IG.     -  John  iii,  S.     ^  Acts  iv,  12. 
 
 IV.  Others,  not  elected,  although  they  may  be  called  by  the  minis- 
 try of  the  word,*  and  may  have  some  common  operations  of  the 
 Spirit,"  yet  they  never  truly  come  to  Christ,  and  therefore  cannot 
 be  saved  :^  much  less  can  men  not  professing  the  Christian  religion 
 bf  slaved  in  any  ottifr  way  whatsoever,  be  they  never  so  diligent  to 
 
 frame  their  lives  according  to  the  light  of  nature,  and  the  law  < 
 that  religion  they  do  profess ;  *  and  to  assert  and  maintain  that  thi 
 may  is  very  pernicious,  and  to  be  detested.  ^ 
 
 *  Matt,  xxii,  14.  =  Matt,  xiii,  20, 21.  ^  John  vi,  64,  ^r>,  60.  *  Ac 
 iv,  12.     5-2  John  X,  11. 
 
 CHAPTER  XI. 
 
 OF  JUSTIFICATION. 
 
 Those  whom  (Jod  effectually  calleth,  he  also  freely  justifieth ;  *  n 
 by  infusing  righteousness  into  them,  but  by  pardoning  their  sic 
 and  by  accounting  and  accepting  their  persons  as  righteous  ;  not  f 
 anything  wrought  in  them,  or  done  by  them,  but  for  Christ's  sal 
 alone;  not  by  imputing  faith  itself,  the  act  of  believing,  oranyoth 
 evangelical  obedience  to  them,  as  their  righteousness;  but  by  it 
 puting  the  obedience  and  satisfaction  of  Christ  unto  them,*  th( 
 receiving  and  resting  on  him  and  his  righteousness  by  faith;  whi{ 
 faith  they  have  not  of  themselves,  it  is  the  gift  of  God.^ 
 
 *  Rom.  viii,  30.      *  R^m  jy^  5^  q^  7^  g     3  phii.  ju,  9. 
 
 II.  Faith,  thus  receiving  and  resting  on  Christ  and  his  right 
 ousness,  is  the  alone  instrument  of  justification;*  yet  is  it  not  aloi 
 in  the  person  justified,  but  is  ever  accompanied  with  all  other  savic 
 graces,  and  is  no  dead  faith,  but  worketh  by  love.^ 
 
 *  John  i,  12.     2  Jam.  ii,  17,  22,  26. 
 
 III.  Christ,  by  his  obedience  and  death,  did  fully  discharge  tl 
 debt  of  all  those  that  are  thus  justified,  and  did  make  a  proper,  rea 
 and  full  satisfaction  to  his  Father's  justice  in  their  behalf.*  Yet  ii 
 asmuch  as  he  was  given  by  the  Father  for  them,*  and  his  obedient 
 and  satisfaction  accepted  in  their  stead,'  and  both  freely,  not  f< 
 anything  in  them,  their  justification  is  only  of  free  grace;*  thi 
 both  the  exact  justice  and  rich  grace  of  God  might  be  glorified  i 
 the  justification  of  sinners.^ 
 
 I  Rom.  V,  8,  9,  10,  19.  *  Rom.  viii,  32.  =>  2  Cor.  v,  21.  *  Ron 
 iii,  24.     6  Rom,  i\\^  26. 
 
 IV.  God  did,  from  all  eternity,  decree  to  justify  all  the  elect 
 and  Christ  did,  in  the  fullness  of  time,  die  for  their  sins,  and  rii 
 again  for  their  justification :=*  nevertheless.  th«y  are  not  justifie 
 until  the  Holy  Spirit  doth,  in  due  time,  actually  apply  Christ  urn 
 them.^ 
 
 *  Gal.  iu,  8.     2  Gal.  iv,  4.     »  Col.  i,  21,  22. 
 
 V.  God  doth  continue  to  forgive  the  sius  of  those  that  are  jus* 
 fied;*  and  although  they  can  never  fall  from  the  state  of  justifie 
 tion,*  yet  they  may  by  their  sins  fall  under  God's  fatherly  displea 
 ure,  and  not  have  the  light  of  his  countenance  restored  unto  then 
 until  they  humble  themselves,  confess  their  sins,  beg  pardon,  an 
 renew  their  faith  and  repentance.^ 
 
 *  Matt,  vi,  12.     =  Luke  xxii,  32.     ^  Psa.  Ixxxix,  31,  32,  33. 
 
 AT.  The  justification  of  believers  under  the  Old  Testament  waj 
 in  all  these  respects;  one  and  the  same  with  the  justification  of  b( 
 lievers  under  the  New  Testament.* 
 
 '  Gal.  iii,  9,  13, 14. 
 
 CHAPTER  Xir. 
 
 OF  ADOPTION. 
 
 All  those  that  are  justified,  God  vouchsafeth,  in  and  for  his  onl. 
 Son  Jesus  Christ,  to  make  partakers  of  the  grace  of  adoption:  *  b 
 which  they  are  taken  into  the  number,  and  enjoy  the  liberties  an 
 privileges  of  the  children  of  God ;  *  have  his  .name  put  upon  them ; 
 receive  the  Spirit  of  adoption;*  have  access  to  the  throne  of  grac 
 with  boldness;®  are  enabled  to  cry,  Abba,  Father;®  are  pitied: 
 protected,^  provided  for^  and  chastened  by  him  as  by  a  father;* 
 yet  never  cast  off,**  but  sealed  to  the  day  of  redemption.^- and  ii 
 herit  the  promises,*  =>  as  heirs  of  everlasting  salvation.** 
 
 *  Eph.  i,  5.  -  Rom.  viii,  17.  '  Jer.  xiv,  9.  *  Rom.  viii,  1; 
 5  Eph.  iii,  12.  «  Gal.  iv,  G.  "^  Psa.  ciii,  13.  »  Vtow  xiv,  2fl.  »  Mat 
 vi,  30,  32.  *«Heb.  xii,  6.  **  Lam.  iii, 31.  ^^Eph.iv,  30.  *='Heb.v 
 12.     **  1  Pet.  i,  4 
 
 CHAPTER  XIII. 
 
 OF  S.VXrTIFICATlON, 
 
 They  who  are  effectually  called  and  regenerated,  having  a  nei 
 heart  and  a  new  spirit  created  in  them,  are  further  sanctified,  reall 
 and  personally,  through  the  virtue  of  Christ's  death  and  resurre< 
 
THE  COXFESSION  OF  FAITH. 
 
 9-24 
 
 THE  COXFESSIOX  OF  FAITH. 
 
 tion,^  by  his  word  and  Spirit  dwelling  in  them;^  the  duminion  of 
 the  whulo  body  of  sia  ia  destroyed,^  and  tlie  several  luats  thereof  are 
 more  and  more  weakened  and  mortified,"*  and  they  more  and  more 
 quickened  and  strengthened,  ia  all  saving  graces,^  to  the  practice  of 
 true  holiness,  without  which  no  man  shall  see  the  Lord.® 
 
 1  1  Cor.  vi,  11.  =  Eph.  v,  liG.  =»  Rom.  vi,  G,  U.  *  Gal.  v,  24.  ^  Col. 
 i,  11.     0  2  Cor.  vii.l. 
 
 II.  This  aanctificatiou  is  throughout  in  the  whole  man/  yet  im- 
 perfect in  this  life:  there  abideth  still  some  remnants  of  corruption 
 in  every  part,-  whence  uriseth  a  continual  and  irreconcilable  war, 
 the  flesh  lusting  against  the  Spirit,  and  the  Spirit  against  the  flesh. =* 
 
 1  1  Thess.  V,  -23.     »  1  John  i,  lU.     =  Gal.  v,  17. 
 
 III.  In  which  war,  althougli  the  remaining  corruption  for  a  time 
 may  niucli  prevail,*  yet,  through  the  continual  supply  of  strength 
 from  the  sanctifying  Spirit  of  Christ,  tlie  regenerate  part  doth  over- 
 come;- and  so  the  saints  grow  in  grace, =»  perfecting  holiness  in  the 
 fear  of  God.* 
 
 1  Kom.  vii,  23.     ^  jjom.  yi,  14.     3  2  Pet.  iii,  18.     *  2  Cor.  vii,  1. 
 
 CHAPTER  XIV. 
 
 OF   SAVIXa   FAITH. 
 
 The  grace  of  faith,  whereby  the  elect  are  enabled  to  believe  to  the 
 saving  of  their  souls,*  is  the  work  of  the  Spirit  of  Christ  in  their 
 hearts;'  and  is  ordinarily  wrought  by  the  ministry  of  the  word  :^  by 
 which  also,  and  by  the  administration  of  the  sacraments,  and 
 prayer,  it  is  increased  and  strengthened.* 
 
 »  Heb.  X,  39.     =  2  Cor.  iv,  13.     ^  Rora.  x,  14,  17.     *  1  Pet.  ii,  2. 
 
 II.  By  this  faith,  a  Christian  believcth  to  be  true  whatsoever  is  re- 
 vealed in  the  word,  for  the  authority  of  God  himself  speaking 
 therein;^  and  acteth  differently,  upon  that  which  each  particular 
 passage  thereof  containeth;  yielding  obedience  to  the  commands,- 
 trembling  at  the  threatening,^  and  embracing  the  promises  of  God 
 for  this  life,  and  that  which  is  to  come.*  But  the  principal  acts  of 
 saving  faith  are,  accepting,  receiving,  and  resting  upon  Christ  alone 
 for  justification,  sanctification  and  eternal  life,  by  virtue  of  the 
 covenant  of  grace,* 
 
 *  1  Tliess.  ii,  13.  «  Rom.  xvi,  26.  »  ig^_  i^vi,  2.'  *  Heb.  xi,  13. 
 «  Johni.  12. 
 
 III.  This  faith  is  different  in  degrees,  weak  or  strong;'  may  be 
 often  and  many  ways  isssailed  and  weakened,  but  gets  the  victory  ;^ 
 growing  up  in  many  to  the  attainment  of  a  full  assurance  through 
 Christ.^  who  is  both  the  author  and  finisher  of  our  faith.* 
 
 1  H.-b.  v,13, 14.  2  Lukexxii,31,32.  ^  Heb.  vi,  U.  12.  *Heb.  xii,2. 
 
 CHAPTER    XV. 
 
 OF    REPENTANCE   UNTO   LIFE. 
 
 Repentance  unto  life  is  an  evangelical  grace,*  the  doctrine 
 whereof  is  to  be  preached  by  every  minister  of  the  gospel,  as  well  as 
 that  of  faith  in  Christ.  2 
 
 *  Acts  xi,  18.     2  Luke  xxiv,47. 
 
 II.  By  it  a  sinner,  out  of  the  sight  and  sense,  not  only  of  the  dan- 
 ger, butalso  of  the  filthiness  and  odiousuess  of  his  sins,  as  contrar\' 
 to  the  holy  nature  and  righteous  law  of  God,  and  ui)on  the  appre- 
 hension of  his  mercy  in  Clirist  to  such  as  are  penitent,  so  grieves 
 for,aud  hates  his  sins. as  to  turn  from  them  nil  unto  God,*  pur- 
 posing and  endeavoring  to  walk  with  him,  in  all  the  ways  of  his 
 commandments.' 
 
 '  Ezek.  xviii.  30,  31.     a  Psa.  cxix,  (i,  r.9,  lliG. 
 
 III.  Although  repentance  be  not  to  be  rested  in  afl  any  satisfac- 
 tion for  sin,  or  any  cause  of  the  pardon  tliereof,*  which  is  the  act 
 of  God's  free  grace  in  Christ;'  yet  is  it  of  such  necessity  to  all  sin- 
 ners, that  none  may  exjject  pardon  witliont  it.=* 
 
 *  Ezok.  xxxvi,  31,  32.    ^  Uos.  xiv,  2,  4.     ^  Luke  xiii,  3,  5. 
 
 IV.  As  there  is  no  sin  so  small  but  ii  desen-es  damnation;*  so 
 there  is  no  sin  so  great  that  it  can  bring  damnation  upon  tho.se  who 
 truly  repent.' 
 
 *  Rom.  vi,  23.     '  Isa.  Iv,  7. 
 
 V.  Men  ought  not  to  content  thomselves  with  a  general  repent- 
 ance, but  it  is  every  man's  duty  to  endeavor  to  repent  of  his  par- 
 ticular sins,  parliculftrly.* 
 
 '  Psa.  xix,  13. 
 
 VI.  As  every  man  is  bound  to  make  private  confession  of  his 
 eins  to  God,  praying  for  the  pardon  thereof,'  upon  which,  and  the 
 
 forsaking  of  them,  he  shall  find  mercy  :'  so  he  that  scandalizeth  his 
 brother,  or  the  church  of  Christ,  oiiglit  to  be  wiliing.  by  a  private 
 or  public  confession  and  sorrow  for  his  sin,  to  declare  his  repentance 
 to  those  that  are  offended;*  who  are  thereupon  to  be  reconciled  to 
 him,  and  in  love  to  receive  him.* 
 
 *  Psa.  xxxii,  5,  6.  '  Prov.  xxviii,  13.  ^  James  v,  16.  *  2  Cor. 
 ii,  8. 
 
 CHAPTER    XVI. 
 
 ♦OF  GOOl    WORKS. 
 
 Good  works  are  only  such  as  God  hath  commanded  iu  his  holy 
 word,^  and  not  such  as,  without  the  warrant  thereof,  are  devised  by 
 men  out  of  blind  zeal,  or  upon  any  pretence  of  good  intention.' 
 
 *Micah,vi,  8.     =  Matt,  xv,  9. 
 
 II.  These  good  works,  done  in  obedience  to  God's  commandments, 
 are  the  fruits  and  evidences  of  a  true  and  lively  faith:*  and  by 
 them  believers  manifest  their  thankfulm^ss,'  strengthen  their  as- 
 surance,^ edify  their  brethren,*  adorn  tlie  profession  of  the  gospel,^ 
 stop  the  mouths  of  the  adversaries,®  aud  glorify  God,'  whose  work- 
 manship they  are,  created  in  Christ  Jesus  thereunto,^  that,  having 
 their  fruit  unto  holiness,  they  may  have  the  end,  eternal  life.'® 
 
 *  James  ii,  18,  22.  '  Psa.  cxvi,  12, 13.  ^  1  John  ii,  3,  5.  *  2  Cor. 
 ix,  2.  »  Tit.  ii,  5.  «  1  Pet.  ii,  15.  '  1  Pet.  ii,  12.  «  Eph.  ii,  10. 
 ^  Rom.  vi,  22. 
 
 III.  Their  ability  to  do  good  works  is  not  at  all  of  themselves, 
 but  wholly  from  the  Spirit  of  Christ.'  And  that  they  may  be 
 enabled  thereunto,  besides  the  graces  they  liave  already  received, 
 tliere  is  required  an  actual  influence  of  the  same  Holy  Spirit  to 
 work  in  them  to  will  and  to  do  of  his  good  pleasure;'  yet  are  they 
 nut  hereupon  to  grow  negligent,  as  if  they  were  not  bound  to  per- 
 form any  duty  unless  upon  a  special  motion  of  the  Spirit ;  but  they 
 ought  to  be  diligent  in  stirring  up  the  grace  of  God  that  is  in 
 them.  3 
 
 *  John  XV,  5,  6.     '  Phil,  ii,  13.     *  Phil,  ii,  12. 
 
 IV.  They  who,  in  their  obedience,  attain  to  the  greatest  height 
 which  is  possible  in  this  life,  are  so  far  from  being  able  to  super- 
 erogate  and  to  do  more  than  God  requires,  that  they  fall  short  of 
 much  which  in  dutj*  they  are  bound  to  do.* 
 
 *  Luke  xvii,  10. 
 
 V.  We  cannot,  by  our  best  works,  merit  pardon  of  sin  or  eternal 
 life,  at  the  hand  of  God,  by  reason  of  the  great  disproportion  that  is 
 between  thom  and  the  glory  to  come,  and  the  infinite  distance  that 
 is  between  us  and  God,  whom  by  them  we  can  neither  profit,  nor 
 satisfy  for  the  debt  of  our  former  sins;*  but  when  we  have  done  all 
 we  can,  we  have  done  but  our  duty,  and  are  unprofitable  servants;' 
 and  because,  as  they  are  good,  they  jimceed  from  his  Spirit  ;*  and  &s 
 they  are  wrought  by  us,  they  are  defiled  aud  mixed  with  so  much 
 weakness  and  imperfection,  that  they  cannot  endure  the  severity  of 
 God's  judgment.* 
 
 *  Rom.  iii,  20.    '  Luke  xvii,  10.     =  Gal   v,  22,  23.     *  Isa.  Ixiv,  6. 
 
 VI.  Yet  notwithstanding,  the  persons  of  believers  being  accepted 
 through  Clirist,  their  good  works  also  are  accepted  in  him.*  not  as 
 though  they  were  in  this  life  wholly  unblamable  and  uureprovablo 
 in  God's  sight;'  but  that  he,  looking  upon  them  in  his  Son.  is 
 pleased  to  accept  and  reward  that  which  is  sincere,  although  accom- 
 panied with  many  weaknesses  and  imperfections. * 
 
 '  Eph.  i,  6.     2  Job.  ix,  20.  .  =>  2  Cor.  viii,  12. 
 
 VII.  Works  done  by  unregenerate  men,  although  fi)r  the  matter 
 of  them  they  may  be  things  which  God  commamis,  and  of  good  use 
 both  to  themselves  and  others,*  yet  because  they  proceed  not  from 
 a  heart  purified  by  faith  ;'  nor  are  done  in  a  right  manner,  accord- 
 ing to  the  word  ;'  nor  to  a  right  end,  the  glory  of  God  ;*  they  are 
 therefore  sinful,  and  cannot  please  God,  or  make  a  man  meet  to 
 receive  grace  from  God.^  And  yet  their  neglect  of  them  is  more 
 sinful  aud  displciising  unto  God.* 
 
 *  2  Kings  x.  30,  31.  '  Heb.  xi,  4,  C.  ^  1  Cor.  xiii,  3.  *  Matt,  vi, 
 2,  r>,  10.     *  Hag.  ii,  14.     «  Psa.  xiv,  4. 
 
 CHAPTER  XVII. 
 
 OF  THE   PERSEVERANCE   OF  THE   SAINTS. 
 
 They  whom  God  hath  accepted  in  his  Beloved,  effectually  called 
 and  sanctified  l)y  his  Spirit,  can  neither  totally  nor  finally  fall  away 
 
THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH. 
 
 925 
 
 THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH. 
 
 from  the  state  of  grace;  but  shal!  certainly  persevere  therein  tu  the 
 end,  antl  be  eternally  saved. ^ 
 ^  Phil.  i,0. 
 
 II.  This  perseverance  of  the  saints  depends  not  upon  their  own 
 free  will,  but  upon  the  immutability  of  the  decree  of  election,  flow- 
 ing from  the  free  and  unchangeable  love  of  God  the  Father  ;^  upun 
 the  efficacy  of  the  merit  and  interces-sion  of  Jesus  Christ ;»  the 
 abiding  of  the  Spirit  and  of  tlie  seed  of  Gud  within  them;=^  and  the 
 nature  of  the  covenant  of  grace  ;*  from  all  which  ariseth  also  the 
 certainty  and  infallibility  thereuf.* 
 
 *  2  Tim.  ii,  19.  *  Heb.  x,  in,  14.  3  John  xiv,  Ki,  17.  *  Jer.  xxxii, 
 4C).    ^  '1  Thess.  iii,  3. 
 
 III.  Nevertheless  they  may,  through  the  temptations  of  Satan 
 and  of  the  world,  the  prevaleney  of  corruption  remaining  in  them, 
 and  the  neglect  of  the  means  of  their  preservation,  fall  intu  grievous 
 sins  ;*  and  for  a  time  continue  therein;^  whereby  they  incur  God's 
 displeasure,^  and  grieve  liis  Iluly  Spirit  *  come  to  be  deprived  of  some 
 meiisure  of  their  graces  and  comforts  ;^  have  their  liearts  hardened,** 
 and  their  consciences  wounded;'  hurt  and  scandalize  others,*  and 
 bring  temporal  judgments  upon  themselves.* 
 
 »  Matt,  xxvi,  70,  7-A  1\.  «  2  Sam.  xii,  9,13.  »  Isa.  Ixiv,  7,  9. 
 *  Eph.  iv,  30.  *  Psa.  li,  8, 10, 12.  «  Mark  vi,  52.  '  Psa.  xxxii,3,4. 
 B  2  Sam,  xii,  U.     »  Psa.  Ixxxix,  31,  32. 
 
 CHAPTER   XIX. 
 
 OP  THE    LAW   OF   ODD. 
 
 CHAPTER   XVIIt. 
 
 OF  THE  ASSURANCE   OF  GRACE   AND   SALVATION. 
 
 Although  hypocrites,  and  other  unrcgenerate  men,  may  vainly 
 deceive  themselves  with  false  hopes  and  carnal  presumptions  of 
 being  in  the  favor  of  God  and  estate  of  salvation  ;■■  which  hoj)e  of 
 theira  shall  perish:''  yet  such  iis  truly  believe  in  the  Lord  Jesus,  and 
 love  him  in  sincerity,  endeavoring  to  walk  in  all  good  cooscience 
 before  him,  may  in  this  life  be  certainly  assured  that  they  are  in  a 
 state  of  grace,^  aud  may  rejoice  in  the  hope  of  the  glory  of  God: 
 which  hope  shall  never  make  them  ashamed.* 
 
 »  Job  viii,  14.     =  Matt,  vii,  22,  23.     ^  \  joi,n  j;^  3_     «  jjoj^   y^  2,  o. 
 
 II.  This  certainty  is  not  a  bare  conjectural  and  probable  per- 
 suasion, grounded  upon  a  fallible  hope  ■,^  but  au  infallible  assurance 
 of  faith,  luuuded  ujwn  the  divine  truth  of  the  promises  of  salvation, 2 
 the  inward  evidence  of  those  graces  unto  which  these  promises  are 
 made,*  the  testimony  of  the  Spirit  of  adoption  witnessing  with  our 
 spirits  that  we  are  the  children  of  God  :*  which  Spirit  is  the  earnest 
 of  our  inheritAuce,  whereby  we  are  sealed  to  the  day  of  redemp- 
 tion.^ 
 
 1  Heb.  vi,  11,  19.  =  Heb.  vi,  17,  18.  =>  2  Pet.  i,  4,  5, 10, 11.  *  Rom. 
 Tiii,  15,  It;.     6  Eph.  i,  13,  14. 
 
 III.  This  infallible  assurance  doth  not  so  belong  to  the  essence 
 of  faith,  but  that  a  true  believer  may  wait  long,  and  conflict  with 
 many  difficulties  before  he  be  partaker  of  it;*  yet,  being  enabled 
 by  the  Spirit  to  know  the  things  which  are  freely  given  him  of  God, 
 Iio  may,  without  extraordinary  revelation,  in  the  right  use  of  ordi- 
 nary means,  attain  thereuut<».-  And  therefore  it  is  the  duty  of 
 every  one  to  give  all  diligence  to  make  his  calling  and  election 
 sure;^  that  thereby  his  heart  may  be  enlarged  in  peace  and  joy  in 
 the  Iluly  Ghost,  in  love  and  thankfulness  to  God,  and  in  strength 
 and  cheerfulness  in  the  duties  of  obedience,  the  proper  fruits  of  this 
 assurance:*  so  far  is  it  from  inclining  men  to  looseness.^ 
 
 ^  Isa.  1,  10.  2  1  Cor.  ii,  12.  ^  2  Pet.  i,  10.  *  Rom.  v,  1,  2,  5. 
 ^  Rom.  vi,  1,  2. 
 
 IV.  True  believers  may  have  the  assurance  of  their  salvation 
 divers  ways  shaken,  diminished,  and  intennitted;  as,  by  negligence 
 in  preserving  of  it;  by  falling  into  some  special  sin,  which  woundeth 
 the  conscience,  and  grieveth  the  Spirit;  by  some  sudden  or  vehement 
 temptiition;  by  God's  withdrawing  the  light  of  his  countenance,  and 
 suftering  even  such  as  fear  him  to  walk  in  darkness  and  to  have  no 
 light:^  yet  are  they  never  utterly  destitute  of  that  seed  of  God,  and 
 life  of  faith,  that  love  of  Christ  and  the  brethren,  that  sincerity  of 
 heart  and  conscience  of  duty,  out  of  which,  by  the  operation  of 
 the  Spirit,  this  assurance  may  in  due  time  be  revived,"  aud 
 by  the  which,  in  the  meantime,  they  are  supported  from  utter 
 despair.^ 
 
 *  Cant.  V,  2,  .3,  G.     =  I  John  iii,  9.     ^  Micah  vii,  7,  8,  9. 
 
 God  gave  to  Adam  a  law,  as  a  covenant  of  works,  by  wluch  he 
 bound  him  and  all  his  posterity  to  personal,  entire,  exact,  and  per- 
 petual olK-dience;  promised  life  upon  the  fultilling,  and  threatened 
 death  upon  the  breach  of  it;  and  endued  him  with  power  and 
 ability  to  keep  it.  ^ 
 
 1  Gen.  i,  20. 
 
 II.  This  law,  after  his  fall,  continued  to  be  a  perfect  rule  of 
 righteousness;  and  as  such,  was  delivered  by  God  upun  Mount 
 Sinai,  in  ten  commandments  and  written  in  two  tables;^  the  first 
 four  commandments  containing  our  duty  towards  God,  and  the 
 other  six  our  duty  to  man.'* 
 
 1  James  i,  25.     =*  Matt,  xxii,  37,  38,  39,  40. 
 
 III.  Ueside  this  law,  commonly  called  moral,  God  was  plesised  to 
 give  to  the  people  of  Israel,  as  a  church  under  age,  ceremonial  laws, 
 containing  several  typical  ordinances,  jiartly  of  worship,  prefiguring 
 Christ,  his  graces,  actions,  sufferings  and  benefits;"^  and  partly 
 holding  forth  divers  instructions  of  moral  duties.*  AU  which  cere- 
 monial laws  are  now  abrogated  under  the  Now  Testament.' 
 
 1  Heb.x,!.     "1  Cor.  V,  7.     =  Col.  ii,  14,16,17. 
 
 IV.  To  them  also,  as  a  body  politic,  he  gave  sundry  judicial  laws, 
 which  e.\pired  together  with  tlu  state  of  that  people,  nut  ubligitig 
 any  other,  now,  further  tlian  the  geueral  equity  thereof  may 
 require.* 
 
 *  See  Ex.  xxi  chap,  and  xxii  chap.,  1st  tct  the  29th  verse.  Gen. 
 xlix,  10. 
 
 V.  The  moral  law  doth  forever  hind  all,  as  well  justified  persons 
 as  others,  tothe  obedience  thereof  ;>^  and  tliat  not  only  in  regard  of 
 
 I  the  matter  contained  in  it,  but  also  in  respect  of  the  authority  of  (Jod 
 j  the  Creator  who  gave  it.*     Neither  doth  Christ   in  the  gospel  any 
 way  dissolve,  but  much  strengthen,  this  obligation.  ^ 
 
 *  Rom.  xiii,  8,  y.  (See  Nute  1,  Section  II.)  1  John  ii,  s,  4,7. 
 I  3  Jam.  ii,  10,  U.     (See  Note  1,  Section  II.)     »  Matt,  v,  18,  19. 
 
 VI.  Although  true  believers  be  not  under  the  law  as  a  covenant 
 of  works,  to  be  thereby  justified  or  condemned;*  yet  is  it  of  great 
 use  to  them,  as  well  as  to  others ;  in  that,  as  a  rule  of  life,  inform- 
 ing them  of  the  will  of  God  and  their  duty,  it  directs  and  binds  them 
 to  walk  accordingly  ;^  discovering  also  the  sinful  pollutions  of  their 
 nature,  hearts  and  lives;'  so  as,  examining  themselves  thereby, 
 they  may  come  to  further  conviction  of,  humiliation  for,  and  hatred 
 against  sin  ;*  together  with  a  clearer  sight  of  the  need  they  have  of 
 Christ  and  the  perfection  of  his  obedience.^  It  is  likewise  of  use  to 
 the  regenerate,  to  restrain  their  corruptions,  in  that  it  forbids  sin  ;^ 
 and  the  threatenings  of  it  serve  to  show  what  even  their  sina  de- 
 serve, and  what  afflictions  in  this  lif^  they  may  expect  for  them, 
 although  freed  from  the  curse  theieof  threatened  in  the  law.'  The 
 promises  of  it,  in  like  manner,  show  them  God's  approbation  of 
 obedience,  and  what  blessings  they  may  expect  upon  the  perform- 
 ance thereof;*  although  not  as  due  to  them  by  the  law  as  a  cove- 
 nant of  works  ;®  so  as  a  man's  doing  good,  and  refraining  from  evil, 
 because  the  law  encourageth  to  the  one  and  deterreth  from  the 
 other,  is  no  evidence  of  his  being  under  the  law,  and  not  under 
 grace.'" 
 
 iRom.  vi,14.  =  Rom.  vii,  12.  '  Rom.  vii,  7.  *  Rum.  vii.  9. 14.  24. 
 »Gal.  iii,  24.  «  Jam.  ii,  11.  '  Ezra  ix,  13,14.  «  Psa.  xxxvii,  U. 
 9  Gal.  ii,  IG.     »o  Rom.  vi,  12, 14. 
 
 VII.  Neither  are  the  forementioned  uses  of  the  law  contrary  to 
 thegrure  of  the  gospel,  but  do  sweetly  cuiiiply  with  it;^  the  Spirit  of 
 Christ  subduing  and  enabling  the  will  of  man  to  do  that  freely  and 
 cheerfully,  which  the  will  of  God,  revealed  in  the  law,  requireth  to 
 be  done.^ 
 
 *  Gal.  iii,  21.     -  Ezek.  xxxvi,  27. 
 
 CHAPTER  XX. 
 
 OF  CHRISTIAN    LIBERTY'   AND   LIBERTY    OP  CONSCIENCE. 
 
 The  liberty  which  Christ  hath  purchased  for  believers  un<ler  the 
 gospel  consists  in  their  fret'dum  frum  the  guilt  of  sin,  the  cundemn- 
 ing  wrath  of  God,  the  curse  of  the  mural  law  ;*  and  in  their  being 
 delivered  from  this  i)resent  evil  wurld,  bondage  to  Satan,  and 
 dominion  of  sin,^  from  the  evilof  afllictions,  tli«  otiug  of  death,  thu 
 
THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAFIH. 
 
 926 
 
 THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH 
 
 victory  of  the  grave,  and  everlaacing  damnation;^  as  alao  iu  their 
 free  access  to  GotJ,*  and  their  yielding  obedience  nnto  him,  not-cut 
 of  slavish  fear,  but  a  child-like  love,  and  a  willing  mind.®  All  which 
 were  Common  aUo  to  believers  under  the  law  ;®  but  under  the  Kew 
 Testament,  the  liberty  of  Christians  is  further  enlarged  in  their 
 freedom  from  the  yoke  of  the  ceremonial  law,  to  which  the  Jewish 
 church  was  subjected;'  and  iu  greater  boldness  of  access  to  the 
 throne  of  grace.®  and  in  fuller  communications  of  the  free  Spirit  of 
 God,  than  believers  under  the  law  did  ordinarily  partake  of.® 
 
 1  Tit.  ii,  14.  =  Gal.  i,  4.  3  Psa.  cxix,  71.  *  Rom.  v,  2.  »  Rom. 
 vm,14,  \r>.  6  Gal.  iii,  9,  14.  '  Gal.  v,  1.  »  Heb.  iv,  14, 10.  »  John 
 vii,  :iS,  :J9. 
 
 II.  God  alone  is  Lord  of  the  conscience,'  and  halh  left  it  free 
 from  the  doctrines  and  commandments  of  men  which  are  in  any- 
 thing contrary  to  his  word,  ur  beside  it  in  matters  of  faith  or  wor- 
 ship.^ So  that  to  believe  sucli  doctrines,  or  to  obey  such  command- 
 ments out  of  conscience,  is  to  betray  true  liberty  of  conscience;'  and 
 the  requiring  an  implicit  faith,  and  an  absolute  and  blind  obedience, 
 ia  to  destroy  liberty  of  conscience,  and  reason  also.* 
 
 1  Rom.  xiv,  4.     *  Acts  iv,  19.     =  Col.  ii,  20,-22,  23.    *  Isa.  viii,  20. 
 
 III.  They  who,  upon  pretence  of  Christian  liberty,  do  practice 
 any  sin,  or  cherish  any  lust,  do  thereby  destroy  the  end  of  Christian 
 liberty;  which  is,  that,  being  delivered  out  of  the  hands  of  our 
 enemies,  we  might  serve  the  Lord  without  fear,  in  holiness  and 
 righteousness  before  him,  all  the  days  of  our  life.' 
 
 1  Gal.  V,  13. 
 
 IV.  And  because  the  powers  which  God  hath  ordained,  and  the 
 liberty  which  Christ  hath  purchased,  are  not  intended  by  God  to 
 destroy,  but  mutually  to  uphold  and  preserve  one  another ;  they 
 who,  upon  pretence  of  Christian  liberty,  shall  oppose  any  lawful 
 power,  or  the  lawful  exercise  of  it,  whether  it  be  civil  or  ecclesiasti- 
 cal, resist  the  ordinance  of  God. '  And  for  their  publishing  of  such 
 opinions,  or  maintaining  of  such  practices,  as  are  contrary  to  the 
 light  of  nature,  or  to  the  known  principles  of  Christianity,  whether 
 concerning  faith,  worship  or  conversation;  or  to  the  power  of  godli- 
 ness ;  or  such  erroneous  opinions  or  practices  as,  either  in  their  own 
 nature,  or  in  the  manner  of  publishing  or  maintaining  them,  are 
 destructive  to  the  external  peace  and  order  which  Christ  hath  estab- 
 lished in  the  church  ;*  they  may  lawfully  be  called  to  account  and 
 proceeded  against  by  the  censures  of  the  church.^ 
 
 1  1  Pet.  ii,  13, 14,  10.     »  Rom.  i,  32.     ^  2  Thess.  iii,  14. 
 
 CHAPTER  XXI. 
 
 OF  HELIGIODS  WORSHIP  ANO  THE   SABBATH-DAT. 
 
 The  light  of  nature  showeth  that  there  is  a  God,  who  hath  lord- 
 ship and  sovereignty  over  all ;  is  good,  and  doeth  good  unto  all ;  and 
 is  therefore  to  be  feared,  loved,  praised,  called  upon,  trusted  in^  and 
 served  with  all  the  heart,  and  with  all  the  soul,  and  with  all  the 
 might. '  But  the  acceptable  way  of  worshiping  the  true  God  is 
 instituted  by  himself,  and  so  limited  by  his  own  revealed  will,  that 
 he  may  not  be  worshiped  according  to  the  imaginations  and  devices 
 of  men,  or  the  suggestions  of  Satan,  under  any  visible  representa- 
 tion or  any  other  way  not  prescribed  in  the  Holy  Scripture.* 
 
 •  Rom.  i,  20.     3  Deut.  xii,32. 
 
 U.  Religious  worship  is  to  be  given  to  God,  the  Father,  Son  and 
 Holy  Ghost;  and  to  him  alone:'  not  to  angels,  saints,  or  any  other 
 creature;*  and  since  the  fall,  not  without  a  Mediator;  nor  in  the 
 mediation  of  any  other  but  of  Christ  alone.  '^ 
 
 '  John  V,  23.    2  Col.  ii,  18.    »  John  xiv,  6. 
 
 III.  Prayer  with  thanksgiving,  being  one  special  part  of  religious 
 wor^ihip,'  is  by  God  required  of  all  men;'  and  that  it  may  he  ac- 
 cepted, it  is  to  be  made  in  tlie  name  of  the  Son,^  by  the  help  of  his 
 Spirit,*  according  to  his  will,*  with  understanding,  reverence,  hu- 
 mility, fervency,  faith,  love,  and  perseverauce  :*  and,  if  vocal,  in  a 
 known  tongue.' 
 
 '  Phtl.  iv,  G.  »  Psa.  Ixv,  2.  »  John  xiv,  13, 14.  *  Rom.  viii,  26. 
 •  1  John  V,  14.     •  Psa.  xlvii,  7.     '1  Cor.  xiv,  U. 
 
 IV.  Prayer  is  to  bo  made  for  things  lawful,^  and  for  all  sorts  of 
 men  living,  or  that  shall  live  hereafter;*  but  not  for  the  dead,^  nor 
 for  those  of  whom  it  may  be  known  that  ttiey  have  sinned  the  sin 
 unto  death.* 
 
 '  1  John  v,  14.  *  I  Tim.  ii,  1,  2.  *  2  Sam.  xii,  21,  22,  23.  *  1  John 
 V,  IG. 
 
 V.  The  reading  of  the  Scriptures  with  godly  fear;'  the  sound 
 
 preaching,*  and  conscionable  hearing  of  the  word,  in  obedience  unto 
 
 God,  with  understanding,  faith,  and  reverence;'  singing  of  Psalms 
 
 with  grace  in  the  heart;*  as,  also,  the  due  administration  and 
 I  wort'hy  receii.ing  of  the  sacramf-nts  instituted  by  Christ;  are  all 
 I  parts  of  the  ordinary  religious  worship  of  God:**  besides  religious 
 ,  oaths,^  and  vows, '^ solemn  fastings,^  and  thanksgivings  uponspecial 
 
 occasions:*  which  are,  in  their  several  times  and  seasons,  to  be  used 
 
 in  an  holy  and  religious  manner.'" 
 
 '  Acts  XV,  21.     *  2  Tim.  iv,  2.  =•  James  i,  22.  *  Col.  iii,  16.   «  Matt. 
 
 xxviii,  19.       «  Deut.  vi,  13.       ^  Eccl.  v,  4,  5.      »  J^y^.l  j^  jo       s  p^ 
 
 cvii,  throughout.     '"  Heb.  xii,  28. 
 
 VI.  Neither  prayer,  nor  any  other  part  of  religious  worship,  is 
 now,  under  the  gospel,  either  tied  into,  or  made  more  acceptable  by 
 anyplace  in  which  it  is  performed,  or  towards  which  it  is  directed:' 
 but  God  is  to  be  worshiped  everywhere,*  in  spirit  and  in  truth  ;'  as 
 in  private  families*  daily,^  and  iu  secret  each  one  by  himself,*  so 
 more  solemnly  iu  the  public  assemblies,  which  are  not  carelessly  or 
 willfully  to  be  neglected  or  forsaken,  when  God,  by  his  word  or 
 providence,  calleth  thereunto.' 
 
 '  John  iv,  21.  =  Mai.  i,  11.  3  John  iv,  23,  24.  *  Jer.  x,  25. 
 «  Matt,  vi,  11.     «  Matt,  vi,  0.     '  Isa.  hi,  7. 
 
 VII.  As  it  is  of  the  law  of  nature,  that,  in  general,  a  due  pro- 
 portion of  time  be  set  apart  for  the  worship  of  God;  so,  in  his 
 word,  by  a  positive,  moral,  and  perpetual  commandment,  binding 
 all  men  in  all  ages,  he  hath  particularly  appointed  one  day  iu  seven 
 for  a  Sabbath,  to  be  kept  holy  unto  him:  ^  which,  from  the  begin- 
 ning of  the  world  to  the  resurrection  of  Christ,  was  the  last  day  of 
 the  week;  and,  from  the  resurrection  of  Christ,  was  changed  into 
 the  first,  day  of  the  week,*  which  in  Scripture  is  called  the  Lord's 
 duy,^  and  is  to  be  continued  to  the  end  of  the  world,  as  the  Chris- 
 tian Sabbath.* 
 
 '  See  tho  4th  commandment  in  Ex.  xx,  8,  9, 10, 11 ;  Isa.  Ivi,  2,  4. 
 *  Gen.  ii,  3.     =>  Rev.  i,  10.    *  Ex.  xx.  8,  10.     (See  note  1,  above.) 
 
 VIII.  This  Sabbath  is  then  kept  holy  nnto  the  Lord,  when  men, 
 after  a  due  prejiaring  of  their  hearts,  and  ordering  of  their  cummou 
 affairs  beforehand,  do  not  only  observe  an  holy  rest  all  the  day  from 
 their  own  works,  words  and  thoughts,  about  their  worldly  employ- 
 ments and  recreations;'  but  also  are  taken  up  the  whole  tini'-intho 
 public  and  private  exercises  of  iiis  worship,  and  in  the  duties  of 
 necessity  and  mercy.* 
 
 '  Ex.  xvi,  23,  25,  26,  29,  30.     *  Isa.  Iviil,  13. 
 
 CHAPTER    XXII. 
 
 OF   LAWFUL  OATHS   AND    VOWS. 
 
 A  lawful  oalh  is  a  part  of  religious  worship,'  wherein,  upon  just 
 occasion,  the  pei-son  swearing  solemnly  calleth  God  to  witness  what 
 he  asserteth  or  promiseth  ;  and  to  judge  him  according  to  the  truth 
 or  falsehood  of  what  he  sweareth.  * 
 
 '  Deut.  X.  20.     2  Ex.  xx,  7. 
 
 II.  The  name  of  God  only  is  that  by  which  men  ought  to  swear, 
 and  therein  it  is  to  be  used  with  all  holy  fear  and  reverence ;'  there- 
 fore to  swear  vainly  or  rashly  by  that  glorious  and  dreadful  name, 
 or  to  swear  at  all  by  any  other  thing,  is  sinful,  and  to  be  abhorred.* 
 Yet  as,  in  matters  of  weight  and  moment,  an  oath  is  warranted  by 
 the  word  of  God,  under  the  New  Testament,  as  well  as  under  the 
 Old,*  so  a  lawful  oath,  being  imposed  by  lawful  authority,  in  such 
 matters  ought  to  be  taken.* 
 
 '  Deut.  vi,  13.     *  Jer.  v,  7.     >  Heb.  vi,  16.     *  1  Kings  viii,  31. 
 
 ni.  "Whosoever  taketh  an  oath  ought  duly  to  consider  the  weighti- 
 ness  of  so  solemn  an  act,  and  therein  to  avouch  nothing  but  what 
 he  is  fully  persuaded  is  the  truth.'  Neither  may  any  man  bind 
 himself  by  oath  to  anything  but  what  is  good  and  just,  and  what 
 he  believeth  bo  to  bo,  and  what  he  is  able  and  resolved  to  perform.* 
 Yet  it  is  a  sin  to  refuse  an  oath  touching  anything  that  is  good  and 
 just,  being  imposed  by  lawful  authority.* 
 
 '  Jer.  iv,  2.     *  Gen.  xxiv,  2,  3,  9.     >  Num.  v,  19,  21. 
 
 IV.  An  oath  is  to  be  taken  in  the  plain  and  common  sense  of  the 
 words,  without  equivocation  or  mental  resenalion. '  It  cannot 
 oblige  to  sin;  but  in  anything  not  sinful,  being  taken,  it  binds  to 
 
THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH. 
 
 927 
 
 THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH. 
 
 performance,  although  to  a  man'«  uwn  hurt  :^  nor  ia  it  to  be  violated, 
 although  made  to  heretics  or  intidela.' 
 
 ^  Psa.  xxiv,  4.     2  Psa.  xv,  4.     =>  Ezek.  xvii,  16,  18. 
 
 V.  A  vow  is  of  the  like  nature  with  a  promissory  oath,  and 
 ought  to  be  made  with  the  like  religious  care,  and  to  be  performed 
 with  the  like  faithfulness.^ 
 
 *  Isa.  xix,  21. 
 
 VI.  It  is  not  to  be  made  to  any  creature,  but  to  God  alone  ;*  and 
 that  it  may  be  accepted,  it  is  to  be  matie  voluntarily,  out  of  faith  and 
 conscience  of  duty,  in  way  of  thankfulness  for  mercy  received,  or 
 for  obtaining  of  what  we  want;  whereby  we  more  strictly  bind  our- 
 selves to  necessary  duties,  or  to  other  things,  so  far  and  so  long  as 
 they  may  fitly  conduce  thereunto.' 
 
 1  Psa.  Ixxvi,  11.     2  Dfut.  xxiii,  21,  23. 
 
 VII.  No  man  may  vow  to  do  any  thing  forbidden  in  the  word  of 
 God,  orwhat  would  hinder  any  duty  therein  commanded,  or  which 
 is  not  in  his  own  power,and  for  the  performance  whereof  he  hath  no 
 promise  or  ability  from  God.*  In  which  respects,  popish  monastical 
 vows  of  perpetual  single  life,  professed  poverty,  and  regular  obedi- 
 ence, are  so  far  from  being  degrees  of  higher  perfection,  that  they 
 are  superstitious  and  sinful  snares,  in  which  no  Christian  may 
 entangle  himself.^ 
 
 1  Acta  xxiii,  12.    *  i  Cor.  vii,  2,  a. 
 
 CHAPTER  XXIII. 
 
 OF  THE   CIVIL  MAGISTRATE. 
 
 God,  the  Supreme  Lord  and  King  of  all  the  world,  bath  ordained 
 civil  magistrates  to  be  under  him  over  the  people,  for  his  own  glory 
 and  the  public  good,  and  to  this  end  hath  armed  them  with  the 
 power  of  the  sword,  for  the  defence  and  encouragement  of  them  that 
 are  good,  and  for  the  punishment  of  evil  doers.  ^ 
 
 '  Eora.  xiii,  1,3,  4. 
 
 n.  It  is  laivful  for  Christiatis  to  accept  and  execute  the  office  of 
 a  magistrate,  when  called  thereunto;'  in  the  managingwhereof,  as 
 they  ought  especially  to  maintain  piety,  justice  and  peace,  according 
 to  the  wholesome  laws  of  each  commonwealth,-  so,  for  that  end, 
 they  may  lawfully,  now  under  the  New  Testament,  wage  war  upon 
 just  and  necessary  occasions. ^ 
 
 »  Prov.  viii,  lo,  16,    «  Psa.  Ixxxii,  3,  4.    =>  Luke  iii,  14. 
 
 III.  Civil  magistrates  may  not  assume  to  themselves  the  adminis- 
 tration of  the  word  and  sacraments ;'  or  the  power  of  the  keys  of  the 
 kingdom  of  heaven  ;^  or,  in  the  least,  interfere  in  matters  of  faith. ^ 
 Tet  as  nursing  fathers,  it  is  the  duty  of  civil  magistrates  to  protect 
 the  church  of  our  common  Lord,  without  giving  the  preference  to 
 any  denomination  of  Christians  above  the  rest,  in  such  a  manner, 
 that  all  ecclesiastical  persons  whatever  shall  enjoy  the  full,  free,  and 
 unquestioned  liberty  of  discharging  every  part  of  their  sacred  func- 
 tions, without  violence  or  danger.*  And,  as  Jesus  Christ  hath 
 appointed  a  regular  government  and  discipline  in  his  church,  no 
 law  of  any  commonwealth  should  interfere  with,  let,  or  hinder,  the 
 due  exercise  thereof,  among  the  voluntary  members  of  any  denomi- 
 nation of  Christians,  according  to  their  own  profession  and  belief.^ 
 It  is  the  duty  of  civil  magistrates  to  protect  the  person  and  good 
 name  of  all  tlieir  people,  in  such  an  effectual  manner  as  that  no 
 person  be  suffered,  either  upon  pretence  of  religion  or  infidelity,  to 
 offer  any  indignity,  violence,  abuse,  or  injury  to  any  other  person 
 whatsoever;  and  to  take  order,  that  all  religious  and  ecclesiastical 
 assemblies  be  held  without  molestation  or  disturbance.* 
 
 1  2  Chron.  xxvi,  18.  «  Matt,  xvi,  19.  ^  John  xviii,  36.  *  Isa. 
 xlix,  23.  "  Psa.  cv,  l^.  »  2  Sam.  xxiii,  3;  1  Tim.  ii,  1;  Bom. 
 xiii,  4. 
 
 r\'.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  people  to  pray  for  magistrates,  *  to  honor 
 their  persons,^  to  pay  them  tribute  and  other  dues,' to  obey  their 
 htwful  commands,  and  to  be  subject  to  their  authority,  for  conscience"  ! 
 sake.*     Infidelity  or  dift'erence  in  religion,  doth  not  make  void  the 
 magistrate's  just  and  legal  authority,  nor  free  the  people  from  their 
 due  obedience  to  him :^  from  which  ecclesiastical  persons  are  not  ] 
 exempted  ;*  much  less  hath  the  Pope  any  power  or  jurisdiction  over  ' 
 them  in  their  dominions,  or  over  any  of  their  people  ;  and  least  of 
 all  to  deprive  them  of  their  dominions  or  lives,  if  h«  shall  judge 
 them  to  be  heretics,  or  upon  any  other  pretence  whatsoever.' 
 
 »  1  Tim.  ii,  1,  2.  ^  I  Pet.  ii,  17.  ^  Rom.  xiii,  6,  7.  *  Rom.  xiii, 
 .5.     e  1  Pet.  ii,  13,  14,10.     «  Rom.  xiii,  1.     '  2  Thess.  ii.  4. 
 
 CHAPTER  XXIV. 
 
 OF    MARRIAOE  AND   DIVORCE. 
 
 Marriage  is  to  be  between  one  man  and  one  woman  :  neither  is  it 
 lawful  for  any  man  to  have  more  than  one  wife,  nor  for  any  womau 
 to  have  more  than  one  husband  at  the  same  time.^ 
 
 1  1  Cor.  vii,  2;  3Iark  ii,  G,  7,  8,  9. 
 
 II.  Marriage  was  ordained  for  the  mutual  help  of  husband  and 
 wife ;'  for  the  increase  of  mankind  with  a  legitimate  issue,  and  of 
 the  church  with  an  holy  seed;-  and  for  preventing  of  uuclean- 
 uess. ' 
 
 ^  Gen.  ii.  18.     =  Mai.  ii,  15.     »1  Cor.  vii,  2,  9. 
 
 III.  It  is  lawful  for  all  sorts  of  people  to  marry  who  are  able  with 
 judgment  to  give  their  consent,'  yet  it  is  the  duty  of  Christians  tu 
 marry  only  in  the  Lord.'  And,  therefore,  such  as  profess  the  true 
 reformed  religion  should  not  marry  with  infidels,  Papists,  or  other 
 idolaters:  neither  should  such  aa  are  godly  be  unequally  yoked 
 by  marrying  with  such  a^  are  notoriously  wicked  in  their  life,  or 
 maintain  damnable  heresies.' 
 
 '  1  Tim.  iv,  3.     »  1  Cor.  vii,  39.     »  2  Cor.  vi,  14. 
 
 IV.  Marriage  ought  not  to  be  within  the  degrees  of  consanguinity 
 or  affinity  forbidden  in  the  word;'  nor  can  such  incestuous  mar- 
 riages ever  be  made  lawful  by  any  law  of  man,  or  consent  of  parties, 
 so  as  those  persons  may  live  together,  us  man  and  wife."  The  man 
 may  not  marry  any  of  his  wife's  kindred  nearer  in  bhx)d  than  he 
 may  of  his  own,  nor  the  woman  of  her  husband's  kindred  nearer  in 
 blood  than  of  her  own.' 
 
 '  Lev.  xviii,  chap.  1  Cor.  v,  1.   =  Mark  vi,  18.   '  Lev.  xx,  19,  20,  21. 
 
 V.  Adultery  or  fornication,  committed  after  a  contract,  being 
 detected  before  marriage,  giveth  just  occasion  to  the  innocent  party 
 to  dissolve  that  contract. '  In  tlie  case  of  adultery  after  marriage, 
 it  is  lawful  for  the  innocent  party  to  sue  out  a  divorce, =  and  after 
 the  divorce  to  marry  another,  as  if  the  offending  party  were  dead.' 
 
 ^  Matt,  i,  18, 19,  20.     =  Matt,  v,  31,  32.     '  Matt,  xix, 9. 
 
 VI.  Although  the  corruption  of  man  be  such  aa  is  apt  to  study 
 arguments,  unduly  to  put  asunder  those  whom  God  hath  joined  to- 
 gether in  marriage;  yet  nothing  but  adultery,  or  such  willful  deser- 
 tion as  can  no  way  be  remedied  by  the  church  or  civil  magistrate,  ia 
 cause  sufficient  of  dissolving  the  bond  of  marriage;'  wherein  a 
 public  and  orderly  course  of  proceeding  is  to  be  observed  ;  and  the 
 persons  concerned  in  it,  not  left  to  their  own  wills  and  discretion  in 
 their  own  ca.se.* 
 
 '  Matt,  xix,  8.     2  Ezra  x,  3. 
 
 CHAPTER  XKV. 
 
 OF   THE   CHURCH. 
 
 The  catholic  or  universal  church,  which  is  invisible,  consists  of 
 the  whole  number  of  the  elect,  that  have  been,  are,  or  shall  be  gath- 
 ered into  one,  under  Christ  the  head  thereof;  and  lathe  spouse,  the 
 body,  the  fullness  of  him  that  filleth  all  in  all.' 
 
 '  Eph.  i,  10,  22,  23. 
 
 n.  The  visible  church,  which  is  also  catholic  or  universal  under 
 the  gospel  (not  confined  to  one  nation  as  before  under  the  law)  con- 
 sists of  all  those  throughout  the  world  that  profess  the  true 
 rt;ligion,'  together  with  their  children^;  and  is  the  kingdom  of  the 
 Lord  Jesus  Christ,'  the  house  and  family  of  God,*  out  of  which 
 there  is  no  ordinary  possibility  of  salvation.* 
 
 *  1  Cor.  i,  2.  '  1  Cor.  vii,  14.  '  Matt,  xiii,  47.  *  Eph.  ii,  19. 
 «  Acts  ii,  47. 
 
 III.  Unto  this  catholic  visible  church.  Christ  hath  given  the 
 ministry,  oracles,  and  ordinances  of  God,  for  the  gathering  and  per- 
 fecting of  the  saints,  in  this  life,  to  the  end  of  the  world;  and  doth 
 by  his  own  presence  and  Spirit,  according  to  his  promise,  make  them 
 effectual  thereunto.^ 
 
 '  Eph.  iv.  11,  12,  13. 
 
 IV.  This  catholic  church  hath  been  sometimes  more,  sometimes 
 less,  visible.'  And  particular  churches,  which  are  members  thereof, 
 are  more  or  less  pure,  according  as  the  doctrine  of  the  gospel  is 
 taught  and  embraced,  ordinances  administered,  and  pubHc  worship 
 performed  more  or  less  purely  in  them.  - 
 
 *  Rom.  xi,  3,  4.     *  1  Cor.  v,  0, 7. 
 
 V.  The  purest  churches  under  heaven  are  subject  both  to  mixture 
 and  error;*  and  some  have  so  degenerated,  as  to  become  no  churches 
 
THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH, 
 
 928 
 
 THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH. 
 
 of  Christ,  but  synagogues  of  Satan. «  Nevertheless,  there  shall  be 
 always  a  church  on  earth,  to  worship  God  according  to  his  will.*- 
 
 *  1  Cor.  xiii,  12.    *  Rev.  xviii,  2.     »  Matt,  xvi,  IS. 
 
 VI.  There  is  no  other  head  of  tlie  church  but  the  Lord  Jesxis 
 Christ.  1  Nor  can  the  Pope  of  Rome  in  any  sense  be  head  thereof; 
 but  is  that  antichrist,  that  man  of  sin,  and  son  of  perdition,  that 
 exaltt-th  himself  in  the  church,  against  Christ  and  all  that  is  called 
 God.* 
 
 1  Col.  i,  18.     *  Matt,  xxiii,  8,  9, 10. 
 
 CHAPTER  XXVI. 
 
 OF  THE  COMMUNION    OF  6.\INTS. 
 
 All  saints  that  are  united  to  Jesus  Christ  their  head,  by  his  Spirit 
 and  by  faith,  have  fellowship  with  him  in  his  graces,  sufferings, 
 death,  resurrection  and  glory  ;*  and,  being  united  to  one  another  in 
 love,  they  have  communion  in  each  other's  gifts  aud  graces,*  and 
 are  obliged  to  the  perform:ince  of  such  duties,  public  and  private,as 
 do  conduce  to  their  mutual  good,  both  in  the  inward  and  outward 
 man.^ 
 
 »  1  John  i,  3.     «  Eph.  iv,  15, 16.    =•  1  Thess.  >,  11, 14. 
 
 II.  Saiuts,  by  profession,  are  bound  to  maintain  an  holy  fellow- 
 ship and  communion  in  the  worship  of  God,  and  in  performing  such 
 other  spiritual  services  as  tend  to  their  mutual  edification;^  as  also 
 in  relieving  each  other  in  outward  things,  according  to  their  several 
 abilities  and  necessities.  Which  communion,  as  God  otfereth  oppor- 
 tunity, is  to  be  extended  unto  all  those  who,  in  everyplace,  call 
 upon  the  name  of  the  Lord  Jesus.* 
 
 1  Ileb.  X,  24,  25.     *  i  j^bn  iii,  17. 
 
 III.  This  communion  which  the  saints  have  with  Christ,  doth 
 not  make  them  in  any  wise  parfcikers  of  the  substance  of  his  God- 
 heiul,  or  to  be  equal  with  Christ  in  any  respect ;  either  of  which  to 
 atfirm  is  impious  and  blasphemous.*  Nor  doth  their  communion 
 one  with  another,  as  saints,  take  away  or  infringe  the  title  or 
 property  which  each  man  hath,  in  his  goods  and  possessions.* 
 
 1  Col.  i,  18.    3  Acts  V,  4. 
 
 CHAPTER    XXVII. 
 
 OP  THE   SACRAMF.NTS. 
 
 Sacraments  are  holy  signs  and  seals  of  the  covenant  of  grace,* 
 immediately  instituted  by  GuU,^  to  represent  Christ  and  his  benefits, 
 and  to  confirm  our  interest  in  him;^  as  also  to  put  a  visible  differ- 
 ence between  those  that  bcluug  uuto  the  church,  and  tiie  rest  of 
 the  world;*  and  solemnly  to  engage  them  to  the  service  of  God  in 
 Christ,  according  to  his  word.* 
 
 *  Rom.  iv,  11.  »  Matt,  xxviii,  10.  »  i  r„,-,  x,  IG.  *  Ezek.  xii, 
 48.     ^  Rom.  vi,  3,  4. 
 
 II.  There  is  in  every  sacniment  a  spirituiil  relation  or  sacramental 
 union,  between  the  sign  and  the  thing  signified  ;  whence  it  comes 
 to  pass,  that  the  names  and  effects  of  the  one  are  attributed  to  the 
 other.  * 
 
 *  Gen.  xvii,  lU. 
 
 III.  The  grace  which  is  exhibited  in  or  by  the  sacraments,  rightly 
 used,  is  not  cuulVrred  by  any  jiower  in  them;  m-itlier  doth  the 
 efficacy  of  a  sacrament  depend  upou  tho  piety  or  iuteutiou  of  him 
 that  doth  administer  it,*  but  upon  tho  work  of  the  Spirit,^  and  the 
 word  of  institution,  wliich  contains,  together  with  a  precept  author- 
 izing the  use  thereof,  a  promise  of  benefit  to  wortliy  receivers. ^ 
 
 *  Rom.  ii,  28,  29.  '  Matt,  iii,  11.  ^  Matt,  xxvi,  27,  2S.  (See 
 note  1,  section  ii;  Matt,  xxviii,  10.) 
 
 IV.  There  be  only  two  sacraments  ordained  by  Christ  our  Lord 
 iu  the  Gospel,  that  is  to  say,  baptism  and  the  supper  of  tho  Lord; 
 neither  of  which  may  be  dispensed  by  any  but  by  a  minister  of  the 
 word,  lawfully  ordained.* 
 
 *  Matt,  xxviii,  la. 
 
 V.  Tho  8;w.Tameuts  of  tho  Old  Testament,  in  regard  of  the  spiritual 
 thiugs  thereby  signified  and  ^-xhibited,  were,  fur  substance,  the  same 
 with  those  of  the  New.  * 
 
 ■*  1  Cor.  X,  1,  2,  3,  4. 
 
 CHAPTER    XXVIII. 
 
 OP  BAPTISM. 
 
 Baptism  is  a  sacranu-nt  of  the  New  Testauient,  ordaim-d  by  Jesus 
 Christ,*  not  only  for  the  soK-iun  admission  of  tho  party  baptizetl 
 
 into  the  visible  church,*  but  also  to  be  uuto  him  a  sign  and  seal  of 
 
 the  covenant  of  grace, =•  of  his  ingrafting  into  Christ,*  of  regenera- 
 tion,^ of  remission  of  sins,*  and  of  his  giving  up  unto  God,  through 
 Jesua  Christ,  to  walk  in  newness  of  life:'  which  sacrament  is,  by 
 Christ's  own  appointment,  to  be  continued  in  his  church  until  the 
 end  of  the  world.® 
 
 1  Matt,  xxviii,  19.  =  1  Cor.  xii,  13.  =»  Rom.  iv,  11.  *  Gal.  iii,  27. 
 «  Tit.  iii,  5.     "  Acts  ii,  38.     '  Rom.  vi,  3,  4.     »  Matt,  xxviii,  19,  20. 
 
 II.  The  outward  element  to  be  used  in  this  sacrament  is  water, 
 wherewith  the  party  is  to  be  baptized  in  the  name  of  the  Father, 
 and  of  the  Sou,  and  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  by  a  minister  of  the  gospel, 
 lawfully  called  thereunto.* 
 
 !      *  Acts  X,  47. 
 
 III.  Dippingof  the  person  into  the  water  is  not  necessary;  but 
 b'-.ptism  is  rightly  administered  by  pouring,  or  sprinkling  watei' 
 upon  the  person.* 
 
 *  Acts  ii,  41. 
 
 IV.  Not  only  those  that  do  actually  profess  faith  in,  and  obedience 
 unto  Christ,'  but  also  the  infants  of  one  or  both  beUeving  parents 
 are  to  be  baptized.  * 
 
 *  Mark  xvi,  15, 16.     ^  q^^^  ^vii,  7,  9,  with  Gal.  iii,  9, 14. 
 
 V.  Although  it  be  a  great  sin  to  contemn  or  neglect  this  ordi- 
 nance,* yet  grace  and  salvation  are  not  so  inseparably  annexed  unto 
 it,  as  that  no  person  cun  be  regenerated  or  saved  without  it,-  or  that 
 all  that  are  baptized  are  undoubtedly  regenerated. ^^ 
 
 *  Luke  vii,  ;i(i.     »  Rom.  iv,  11.     »  Acts  viii,  13,  23. 
 
 VI.  The  efficacy  of  baptism  is  not  tied  to  that  moment  of  time 
 wherein  it  is  administered  ;*  yet,  notwithstanding,  by  the  right  use 
 of  this  ordinance  the  grace  promised  is  not  only  ofl'ered,  but  really 
 exhibited  and  conferred  by  tlie  Holy  Ghost,  to  such  (whether  of  age 
 or  infants)  as  that  grace  belongeth  unto,  according  to  the  counsel  of 
 God's  own  will,  in  hisappointed  time.* 
 
 *  John  iii,  5,  8.     "  Gal,  iii,  27. 
 
 VII.  Tho  sacrament  of  baptism  is  but  once  to  be  administered  to 
 any  person.* 
 
 *  Tit.  iii,  5. 
 
 CHAPTER  XXIX. 
 
 »     OF  THE    Loan's   SUPPER. 
 
 Our  Lord  Jesus,  in  tlie  night  wherein  he  was  betrayed,  instituted 
 the  sacrament  of  his  body  and  blood,  called  the  Lord's  Supper,  to  be 
 observed  in  his  churcli,  unto  the  end  of  the  world;  for  the  perpetual 
 remembrance  of  the  sacrifice  of  himself  in  his  death,  the  sealing  all 
 benefits  thereof  unto  true  believers,  their  spiritual  nourishment  and 
 growth  iu  him,  their  further  eng;igement  in  and  to  all  dutivs  which 
 they  owe  unto  liim ;  and  to  be  a  bond  and  pledge  of  their  communion 
 with  him,  and  witli  each  other,  as  members  of  his  mystical  body.* 
 
 *  1  Cor.  xi,  23,  24,  25,  20. 
 
 II.  In  this  sacrament  Christ  is  not  offered  up  to  his  Father,  nor 
 any  real  sacrifice  made  at  all  tor  remission  of  sins  of  tlie  quick  or 
 deud,*  but  only  a  commemoration  of  that  one  offering  up  of  him- 
 self, by  himself,  upon  the  cross,  once  for  all,  and  a  spiritual  oblation 
 of  ail  possible  praise  unto  God  for  the  same;*  so  that  the  Popish 
 sacrifice  of  the  mitss,  as  they  call  it,  is  most  abominably  injurious  to 
 Christ's  one  only  sacrifice,  the  alone  propitiation  for  all  tho  sius  of 
 the  elect.' 
 
 *  Heb.  ix,  2-2,  25,20,  28.    ^  Matt,  xxvi,  20,27.    ^  Ueb.  vii,  23,  24,27. 
 
 III.  The  Lord  Jesus  hath,  in  this  ordinance,  appointed  his  minis- 
 ters to  declare  his  word  of  institution  to  the  people,  to  pray,  and 
 bless  the  elements  of  bread  and  wine,  and  thereby  to  set  them  apart 
 from  a  common  tii  an  holy  use ;  and  to  take  and  break  the  bread,  to 
 take  the  cup  aud  (they  communicating  also  themselves)  to  give 
 both  to  the  communicants;*  but  to  none  who  are  not  then  present  in 
 the  congregation.^ 
 
 *  See  the  institution,  Matt,  xxvi,  20,  27,  2S;  Mark  xiv,  22,  2:;,-.i4  ; 
 Luke  xxii,  19,  20,  and  1  Cor.  xi.  2.3  to  27.     *  Acts  xx,  7. 
 
 IV.  Private  masses,  or  receiviug  this  sacrament  by  a  priest,  or  any 
 other,  alone;*  as  likowirio  tho  denial  of  the  cup  to  the  people;^ 
 woi-shiping  the  elements,  tlio  lifting  tliem  up,  or  carrying  them 
 about  for  adoration,  and  tho  reserving  them  for  any  pretende-i 
 religious  use,  are  all  contrary  to  tho  nature  of  this  sacnuueut.and  Iu 
 the  institution  t-if  Christ.^ 
 
 *  -  Ilecause  there  is  not  tho  least  iiitpeurance  of  a  warrant  for  any 
 
THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH. 
 
 929 
 
 THE  CONFESSION  OF  FAITH. 
 
 of  these  things,  either  in  precept  or  example,  in  any  part  of  the  word 
 of  God.  See  all  the  places  in  which  the  ordinance  is  mentioned; 
 the  most  important  of  which  are  cited  above.     ^  Matt.  xv,9. 
 
 V.  The  outward  elements  in  this  sacrament,  duly  set  ajiart  to  the 
 uses  ordained  by  Christ,  have  such  relation  to  him  crucified,  as  that 
 truly,  yet  sacramentally  only,  tlicy  are  sometimes  called  by  the  name 
 of  the  thingsthey  represent, to  wit,  the  body  and  blood  ctf  Christ;' 
 albeit,  in  substance  and  nature,  they  still  remain,  truly  and  ODiy, 
 bread  and  wine,  as  they  were  before.* 
 
 '  :SIatt.  xxvi,  2(;,  27,  28.     ^  i  Cor.  xi,  26,  27. 
 
 VI.  That  doctrine  ^hich  maintains  a  change  of  the  substance 
 of  bread  and  wine  into  ilie  substance  of  Christ's  body  and  blood 
 {commonly  called  transubstiintiation)  by  consecration  of  a  priest,  or 
 by  any  other  way,  is  repugnant,  not  to  Scripture  alone,  but  even  to 
 common  sense  and  reason;  uverthroweth  the  nature  of  the  sacra- 
 ment ;  and  hath  been  and  is  the  cause  of  mauifold  superstitions, 
 yea,  of  gross  idolatries.* 
 
 »  Acts  iii,  21. 
 
 VII.  Worthy  receivers,  outwardly  partaking  of  the  visible  ele- 
 ments in  this  sacramect,*^  do  then  also  inwardly  by  faith,  really  and 
 indeed,  yet  not  carnally  and  corporally,  but  spiritually,  receive  and 
 feed  up<.tn  Christ  crucified,  and  all  benefits  of  his  death:  tho  body 
 and  blood  of  Christ  being  then  not  corporally  or  carnally  in,  with, 
 or  under  the  bread  and  wine  ;  yet  as  really,  but  spiritually,  present 
 to  the  faith  of  believers  in  that  ordinance,  as  tho  elements  them- 
 selves are,  to  their  outward  senses.^ 
 
 *  1  Cor.  xi,  28.     =*  1  Cor.  x,  If.. 
 
 VIII.  Although  ignorant  and  wicked  men  receive  the  outward 
 elements  in  this  sacrament,  yet  they  receive  not  the  thing  signified 
 thereby;  but  by  their  unworthy  coming  thereunto  are  guilty  of  the 
 body  and  blood  of  the  Lord,  to  their  own  damnation.  Wherefore 
 all  ignorant  and  ungodly  persons,  as  they  are  unfit  to  enjoy  com- 
 munion with  him,  so  are  they  unworthy  of  the  Lord's  table,  and 
 cannot,  without  great  sin  against  Christ,  while  they  remain  such, 
 partake  of  these  holy  mysteries,*  or  be  admitted  thereunto. - 
 
 1  1  Cor.  xi,  27,  29.     ^  1  Cor.  v,  6,  7,  13. 
 
 CHAPTER    XXX. 
 
 OF  CHURCH    CENSURES. 
 
 The  Lord  Jesus,  as  king  and  head  of  his  church,  hath  therein 
 appointed  a  government  in  the  hand  of  church  ufficers, distinct  from 
 the  civil  magistrate.* 
 
 *  Isa.  ix,  6,  7. 
 
 IT.  To  these  officers  the  keys  of  the  kingdom  of  heaven  are  com- 
 mitted, by  virtue  whereof  they  have  power  respectively  to  retain 
 and  remit  sins,  to  shut  that  kingdom  against  the  impenitent,  both 
 by  the  word  and  censures;  and  to  open  it  unto  penitent  sinners,  by 
 the  ministry  of  the  .gospel,  and  by  absolution  from  censures,  as 
 occasion  shall  require.  * 
 
 1  Matt,  xvi,  19. 
 
 III.  Church  cen-sures  are  neces.sarj'  for  the  reclaiming  and  gain- 
 ing of  offending  brethren ;  for  deterring  of  others  from  like  offences ; 
 for  purging  out  of  that  leaven  which  might  infect  the  whole  lump; 
 for  vindicating  the  honor  of  Christ,  and  the  holy  profession  of  the 
 gospel;  and  for  preventing  tho  wrath  of  G<'d,  which  might  justly 
 fall  upon  the  church,  if  they  should  suffer  liis  covenant,  and  the 
 seals  thereof,  to  be  profaned  by  notorious  and  obstinate  offenders.  * 
 
 *  I  Cor.  5th  chapter  throughout ;  1  Tim.  v,  20. 
 
 IV.  For  the  better  attuning  of  these  ends,  the  officers  of  the 
 church  are  to  proceed  by  admonition,  suspension  from  the  sacra- 
 ment of  the  Lord's  supper  for  a  season,  and  by  excommunication 
 from  the  church,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  crime,  and  demerit 
 of  ttio  person.* 
 
 »  1  Thess.  v,  12. 
 
 CHAPTER  XXXI. 
 
 OF  SYNODS   AND   COUNCII.S. 
 
 For  tho  better  government  and  further  edification  of  the  church, 
 there  ought  to  be  such  assemblies  as  are  commonly  called  synods  or 
 councils;*  and  itbelongeth  to  tho  overseers  and  other  rulers  of  the 
 particular  churches,  by  virtue  of  their  office,  and  the  power  which 
 Christ  hath  given  them  for  edification,  and  not  for  destruction,  to 
 
 59 
 
 appoint  such  assemblies;^  and  to  convene  together  in  them,  as  <iften 
 as  they  shalljudgo  it  expedient  for  the  good  of  tho  church.' 
 
 *  Acts  XV,  2,  4,  6.     =  Acts  chap.  xv.     ^  Acts  xv,  2ii,  23,  25. 
 
 II.  It  belongeth  to  synods  and  councils,  ministerially,  to  deter- 
 mine controversies  of  faith,  and  cases  of  conscience;  to  set  down 
 rules  and  directions  for  the  better  ordering  of  the  public  worship  of 
 God,  and  government  of  his  church  ;  to  receive  complaints  in  cases 
 of  mal-administration,  and  authoritatively  to  determine  the  same: 
 which  decrees  and  determinations,  if  consonant  to  the  word  of  Qod, 
 are  to  be  received  with  reverence  and  submission,  not  only  for  their 
 agreement  with  the  word,  but  also  for  the  power  whereby  they  are 
 made,  as  being  an  ordinance  of  God,  appointed  thereunto  in  his 
 word.  * 
 
 *  Acts  xvi,  4. 
 
 III.  All  synods  or  councils  since  the  apostles'  times,  whether 
 general  or  particular,  may  err,  and  many  have  erred;  therefore 
 they  are  not  to  bo  made  the  rule  of  faith  or  practice,  but  to  bo  used 
 as  a  help  in  both.* 
 
 *  Acts  xvii,  11. 
 
 IV.  Synods  and  councils  are  to  handle  or  conclude  nothing  but 
 that  which  is  ecclesiastical ;  and  are  not  to  intermeddle  with  civil 
 affairs  which  concern  the  commonwealth,  unless  by  way  of  humble 
 petition  in  cases  extraordinarj'  ;  or  by  way  of  advice  for  satisfiu-tion 
 of  conscience,  if  they  be  thereunto  required  by  the  civil  magistrate.  * 
 
 *  Luke  xii,  13, 14. 
 
 CHAPTER  XXXII. 
 
 OF   THE  STATE   OF   MAN     AFTEE     PE.\TH,    AND     OF     THE    HKSI:RRECT!0N 
 OF  THE   DEAD. 
 
 The  bodies  of  men,  after  death,  return  to  dust,  and  see  corrup- 
 tion;* but  their  souls  (which  neither  die  nor  sleep),  having  an 
 immortal  subsistence,  immediately  return  to  God  who  gave  them.^ 
 The  eoula  of  the  righteous,  being  then  made  perfect  in  holiness, 
 are  received  into  the  highest  heavens,  where  they  behold  the  face 
 of  God  in  light  and  glory,  waiting  for  the  full  redemption  of  their 
 bodies ;'  and  the  souls  of  the  wicked  are  cast  into  hell,  where  they 
 remain  in  torments  and  utter  darkness,  reserved  to  the  judgment 
 of  the  great  day.*  Besides  these  two  places  for  souls  separated 
 from  their  bodies,  tho  Scripture  acknowledgeth  none. 
 
 *  Gen.  iii,  19.  ^  Luke  xxiii,  43.  ^  Heb.  xii,  23.  *  Luke  xvi, 
 23,  24, 
 
 II.  At  the  last  day,  such  as  are  found  alive  shall  not  die,  but  bo 
 changed;*  and  all  tho  dead  shall  be  raised  up  with  the  self-same 
 bodies,  and  none  other,  although  with  different  qualities,  which 
 shall  be  united  again  to  their  souls  forever.- 
 
 *  1  Thess.  iv,  17.     =  Job  xix,  2fi,  27. 
 
 III.  The  bodies  of  the  unjust  shall,  by  the  power  of  ('hri8t,be 
 raised  to  dishonor  ;  the  bodies  of  thejust,by  his  Spirit,  unto  honor, 
 and  be  made  conformable  to  his  own  glorious  body.* 
 
 *  Acts  xxiy,  15. 
 
 CHAPTER  XXXIIL 
 OF  THE    LAST  JUDGMENT. 
 
 God  hath  appointed  a  day  wherein  he  will  judgR  the  world  in 
 righteousness  by  Jesus  Christ,*  to  whom  all  power  and  judgment  is 
 given  of  the  Father.^  In  which  day,  not  only  the  apostate  angels 
 shall  be  judged;^  but  likewise  all  persons  that  have  lived  upon 
 earth  shall  appear  before  tho  tribunal  of  Christ,  to  give  an  account 
 of  their  thoughts,  words  and  deeds;  and  to  receive  according  to  what 
 they  have  done  in  tho  body,  whether  good  or  evil.* 
 
 *  Acta  xvii,  31.     "  John  v,  22,  27.     =  1  Cor.  vi,  3.     *  2  Cor.  v,  10. 
 II.  The  end  of  God's  appointing  tliis  day,  is  for  the  manifestation 
 
 of  the  glory  of  his  mercy  in  the  eternal  salvation  of  the  elect ; '  ami 
 of  his  justice  in  the  damnation  of  the  reprobate,  who  are  wicked  and 
 disobedient.'  For  then  shall  the  righteous  go  into  everlasting  life, 
 and  receive  that  fullness  of  joy  and  refreshing  which  shall  come 
 from  the  presence  of  the  Lord  ;^  but  the  wicked,  who  know  not 
 God,  and  obey  not  the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ,  shall  be  cast  into 
 eternal  torments,  and  be  punished  with  everlasting  destruction  from 
 the  presence  of  the  Lonl,  and  from  the  glory  of  his  power.* 
 
 I       *  Rom.   ix,   23.      ^Bom.  ii,  5",  6.      =  jjatt.   xxv,  31,  32,  3.3,  34. 
 
 1  *  Matt,  xxv,  41,  4G, 
 
THE  FIRST  BIBLE 
 
 930 
 
 PKIXTED  IN  NEW  JERSEY. 
 
 III.  As  Chriet  would  have  ua  to  be  certainly  persuaded  that  there 
 shall  be  a  day  of  judgment,  both  to  deter  all  men  from  sin,  and  for 
 the  greater  consolation  of  the  godly  in  their  adversity  ;*  so  will  he 
 have  that  day  unknown  to  men,  that  they  may  shake  off  all  carnal 
 security,  and  be  always  watchful,  because  they  know  not  at  what 
 hour  the  Lord  will  come ;  and  may  be  ever  prepared  to  say.  Come, 
 Lord  Jesus,  come  quickly. ^     Amen. 
 
 1  2  Pet.  ill,  11,  14.     =  Mark  -xiii,  S."".,  36,  37. 
 
 The  First  Bible  Printed  in  New  Jersey. 
 As  early  as  the  beginning  of  the  last  century  laws 
 existed  in  some  of  the  colonies  requiring  every  family 
 to  be  furnished  with  a  Bible.  This  sujijily  continued 
 to  be  kept  up  by  individual  exertion  until  the  meet- 
 ing of  the  first  Congress,  in  1777.  To  that  body  a 
 memorial  was  presented  on  the  Bible  destitution 
 throughout  the  country.  This  memorial  was  an- 
 swered by  the  appointment  of  a  committee,  to  advise 
 as  to  the  printing  au  edition  of  thirty  thousand 
 Bibles.  The  population  of  the  colonies  then  was 
 about  three  millions,  and  all  the  Bibles  in  the  entire 
 world  at  that  time  did  not  exceed  four  millions. 
 This  committee  reported  that  the  necessary  materials, 
 such  as  paper  and  types,  were  so  difficult  to  obtain, 
 that  to  print  and  bind  thirty  thousand  copies  would 
 cost  £10,272,  10s.,  and  in  their  judgment  was  im- 
 practicable.    But  they  recommended  the  following: 
 
 "  The  use  of  the  Bible  being  so  universal,  and  its 
 importance  so  great,  to  direct  the  Committee  on 
 Commerce  to  import,  at  the  expense  of  Congress, 
 twenty  thousand  English  Bibles  from  Holland, 
 Scotland,  or  elsewhere,  into  the  dilTerent  ports  of  the 
 States  of  the  Union."  The  report  was  adopted  and 
 the  importation  was  ordered. 
 
 In  1781,  when  the  continuance  of  the  war  pre- 
 vented further  importation,  and  there  was  no  telling 
 how  long  this  obstruction  might  be  protracted,  the 
 subject  of  printing  the  Bilile  was  again  urged  on 
 Congress,  and  the  matter  was  referred  to  a  committee 
 of  three.  On  their  recommendation  the  following 
 action  was  taken: — 
 
 "Resolved,  That  the  United  States,  in  Congre-ss 
 assembled,  highly  approve  the  laudable  and  pious 
 undertaking  of  Mr.  Robert  Aitken,  of  Philadelphia, 
 as  subservient  of  the  interests  of  religion,  and  being 
 satisfied  of  the  care  and  accuracy  of  the  execution  of 
 the  work,  recommend  this  edition  of  the  Bible  to  the 
 inhal)itants  of  the  United  States." 
 -  Tliis  was  on  September  12th,  1782.  In  1788  Isaa<- 
 ■  Collins,  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  an 
 enterprising  printer  of  Trenton,  N.  J.,  and  who  es- 
 tablished the  first  newspaper  in  that  State,  issued 
 proposals  to  print  a  quarto  edition  of  the  Bible  in  984 
 pages,  at  the  price  of  four  Spanish  dollars.  The  Synod 
 of  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  the  same  year,  re- 
 commended the  undertaking.  Dr.  Witherspoon,  ol' 
 Princeton,  Dr.  Samuel  Stanhope  Smith,  President 
 of  Nas.sau  Hall,  and  Rev.  Mr.  Armstrong,  pastor  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Trenton,  were  appointed 
 a  committee  to  concur  with  committees  of  any  other 
 Denominations,  or  of  our  own  Synods,  to  revise  the 
 
 sheets,  and,  if  necessary,  to  assist  in  selecting  a 
 .standard  edition.  This  committee  was  also  author- 
 ized to  agree  with  Mr.  Collins  to  append  Ostervald's 
 Notes,  if  not  inconsistent  with  the  wishes  of  other 
 than  Calvinistic  subscribers. 
 
 In  the  Spring  of  1789  tlic  General  As.sembly,  at  its 
 meeting,  appointed  a  committee  of  sixteen  (on  which 
 was  Mr.  Armstrong)  to  lay  Mr.  Collins'  proposal  be- 
 fore their  respective  Presbyteries,  and  to  recommend 
 that  subscriptions  be  solicited  in  each  congregation. 
 This  recommendation  was  repeated  in  1790  and  in 
 1791.  Mr.  Collins,  in  1788,  issued  an  octavo  New 
 Testament.  The  quarto  edition  of  the  Bible,  thus 
 sustained,  was  issued  in  1791.  There  were  five 
 thousand  copies.  Ostervald's  ''Practical  Observa- 
 tions," of  170  pages,  were  furnished  to  sjiecial  sub- 
 scribers, and  were  bound  between  the  Old  and  New 
 Testaments.  This  Bible  was  so  carefully  revised  that 
 it  is  still  a  standard.  He  and  his  children  read  all 
 the  proofs.  In  a  subsequent  edition,  1793-4,  he  states 
 in  the  preface,  after  mentioning  several  clergymen 
 who  assisted  the  publisher  in  1791  :  "Some  of  these 
 persons,  James  F.  Armstrong  in  particular,  being 
 near  the  press,  assisted  also  in  reading  and  correcting 
 the  proof-sheets."  The  above  interesting  facts  on 
 this  Collins  Bible  are  found  in  ' '  The  History  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Trenton,  N.  J.,"  by  Dr.  John 
 Hall,  the  pastor.  The  care  that  was  taken  by  Mr. 
 Collins  is  evident  from  the  closing  paragraph  of  the 
 preface : — 
 
 "  The  publi>sher  has  only  further  to  add  that  he 
 has  made  the  following  impression  from  the  Oxford 
 edition  of  1784,  by  Jackson  and  Hamilton,  and  has 
 been  particularly  attentive  in  the  revisal  and  correc- 
 tion of  the  proof-sheets  with  the  Cambridge  edition 
 of  1G88,  by  John  Field;  with  the  Edinburgh  edition 
 of  177.">,  by  Kincaid,  and,  in  all  variations,  with  the 
 London  edition  of  1772,  by  Eyre  and  Strahan;  that 
 where  there  was  any  dilference  in  words,  or  in  the 
 omission  or  addition  of  words,  among  these  he  fol- 
 lowed that  which  ajipeared  to  be  most  agreeable  to 
 the  Hebrew  of  Arius  Montanus,  and  to  the  Greek  of 
 Arius  Montanus  and  Leufden,  without  permitting 
 himself  to  depart  from  .some  one  of  the  above  men- 
 tioned English  copies,  unless  in  the  mode  of  spelling, 
 in  which  he  has  generally  followed  Johnson." 
 
 At  the  end  of  the  New  Testament  is  arranged  an 
 Index,  or  more  accurately,  an  Epitome  of  the  Old 
 and  New  Testaments,  with  a  Chronological  Table  in 
 parallel  columns.  Following  this  are  tables  of  Scrip- 
 ture weights,  measures  and  coins;  of  officers  and  con- 
 ditions of  men;  and  the  old  table  of  kindred  and 
 affinity.  The  volume  closes  with  a  Concordance, 
 '•carefully  perused  and  enlarged  by  John  Dtmname, 
 B.  A."  This  Concordance  is  not  so  full  as  Cruden's, 
 but  is  very  serviceable.  The  "  Practical  Obser- 
 vations," by  Ostervald,  take  up  each  chapter  sepa- 
 rately, giving  first  a  brief  explanation  and  then  ob- 
 servations, much  after  the  manner  of   Doddridge. 
 
THE  FIRST  CHURCH, 
 
 931 
 
 ALBANY,  N.  T. 
 
 The  remarks,  even  iu  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans,  are 
 evangelical  rather  than  Calviuistic,  and  contain  little 
 that  would  be  objected  to  by  an  Arminian.  This 
 Ostervald  was  a  ' '  Professor  of  Divinity,  and  one  of 
 the  ministers  of  the  Church  in  Neufchatel,  Switzer- 
 land." 
 
 The  copy  before  me  was  presented  to  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  in  Flemington,  N.  J.,  which  was 
 organized  in  1791.  It  was  used  as  the  pulpit  Bible 
 for  sixty-sLx  years.  It  was  the  gift  of  Jasper  Smith, 
 one  of  the  ruling  elders  and  President  of  the  Board 
 of  Trustees.  He  was  an  ardent  patriot  of  the  Revo- 
 lution, a  devoted  Christian,  and  a  strong  Presby- 
 terian. At  the  time  he  was  one  of  the  leading  law- 
 yers of  the  county.  To  his  exertions  and  his  gener- 
 ous contributions  was  mainly  due  the  organization 
 of  the  church,  which  is  now  approaching  the  close  of 
 its  first  century.  About  the  beginning  of  this  cen- 
 tury Mr.  Smith  removed  to  Lawrenceville,  N.  J., 
 where  he  died.  In  his  will  he  bequeathed  to  the 
 Presbyterian  church  there  the  large  farm  of  over  two 
 hundred  acres,  which  is  now  the  manse  farm.  This 
 Bible  of  Collins  is  not  only  the  first,  but  so  far  as  I 
 know,  the  only  edition  of  the  Holy  Scriptures  i)rinted 
 in  New  Jersey. — George  S.  3Ioit,  D.  D. 
 
 The  First  Presbyterian  Church,  AUmmj,  N. 
 Y.  In  May,  17(!(l,  the  Presbyterians  of  Albany  sent 
 a  very  pressing  supplication  to  the  Synod  of  Philadel- 
 phia for  ministerial  supplies,  and  Hector  Alison,  of 
 Drawyers,  Keithtas,  of  Elizabethtown,  and  Tennent, 
 of  Freehold,  were  sent  to  minister  to  them  in  holy 
 things.  The  congregation  was  almost  wholly  of 
 Scottish  descent,  some  probably  being  from  Free- 
 hold, some  from  other  parts  of  New  Jersey,  and 
 a  few  from  old  England.  The  church  was  organized 
 at  the  close  of  the  French  war,  in  1763.  A  building 
 was  soon  commenced,  and  their  first  pastor  was  the 
 Rev.  William  Hannah,  a  graduate  of  King's  College, 
 in  New  York  city,  and  a  licentiate  of  Litchfield 
 Association.  'WTien  and  by  whom  ordained  is  not 
 known,  but  he  was  "  received  into  Dutchess 
 County  Presbytery,"  on  October  18th,  1763,  when 
 he  was  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Albany.  Mr.  Han- 
 nali  remained  pastor  about  two  years,  and  it  may  be 
 added  that  he  was  afterwards  suspended  from  the 
 ministry,  in  1767,  for  having  abandoned  its  work  and 
 accepted  a  commission  from  the  Governor  to  practice 
 as  an  attorney. 
 
 The  Rev.  Amh-ew  Bay  was  the  second  pastor.  He 
 was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle,  in 
 1748,  and  belonged  to  that  part  of  it  which  adhered 
 to  the  Synod  of  New  York.  Ho  became  pastor  of 
 the  Albany  Church  about  1769,  and  remained  there 
 till  1774,  when  he  settled  at  Newton,  L.  I.  He  sub- 
 sequently experienced  some  difficulty  with  his  con- 
 gregation, and  retired  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
 Synod  in  1776.  In  1775  the  Church  at  Albany  had 
 permission  from  the  Synod  to  place  itself  under  the 
 ciire  of  the  Presbytery  of  New  York,  but  it  had  to 
 
 struggle  with  many  trials  incident  to  the  times,  and 
 remained  without  a  pastor  until  after  the  .  lose  of  the 
 Revolution.  In  178.5  the  congregation  was  incorpo- 
 rated, and  on  the  8th  of  November,  of  that  year, 
 the  Rev.  John  McDonald  was  ordained  and  installed 
 pastor  of  the  church  I)y  the  Presbytery  of  New  York. 
 He  continued  in  that  office  till  the  year  1795.  Sub- 
 sequently to  his  removal,  the  pulpit  was  supplied 
 for  two  years  by  the  Rev.  David  S.  Bogart,  a  licenti- 
 ate of  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church.  In  the  year 
 1798,  the  Rev.  Elipluxlet  Nott,  D.  D.,  became  pastor 
 of  the  church,  and  remained  till  1804.  His  succes- 
 sors were  the  Rev.  John  B.  Roineyn,  called  in  1804, 
 and  remaining  till  the  close  of  1808.  The  Rev. 
 )Villiam  Xcill,  D.  D.,  called  in  1809,  and  remaining 
 till  the  middle  of  1816.  The  Rev.  Arthur  J.  Stans- 
 hury,  called  in  1817,  and  remaining  till  the  Spring 
 of  1821.  The  Rev.  Henry  R.  Weed,  D.  D.,  called  in 
 18-22,  and  remaining  till  the  Autumn  of  1829.  The 
 Rev.  John  N.  Campbell,  i>.  n. ,  called  in  1830,  and  re- 
 maining thirty-four  years. 
 
 There  are  no  dates  accessible  to  the  writer  from 
 which  can  l)e  ascertained  what  seasons  of  revival  may 
 have  occurred  previously  to  the  ministry  of  Dr. 
 Campbell.  From  the  number  received  on  examina- 
 tion, into  the  church,  in  two  years,  1826  and  1827, 
 under  the  ministry  of  Dr.  Weed,  viz. :  seventy-two, 
 it  is  evident,  however,  that  there  must  have  been  a 
 season  of  unusual  interest  at  that  time.  During  Dr. 
 Campbell's  ministry  of  twenty  years  there  were 
 added  to  the  church  five  hundred  and  eighty-two 
 persons:  on  examination,  three  hundred  and  fifty- 
 four,  on  certificate,  two  hundred  and  twenty-eight. 
 Two  revivals  occurred  during  that  period,  the  former 
 in  1831.  In  that  and  the  following  year  one  hundred 
 and  six  persons  united  with  the  church  on  examina- 
 tion. The  latter  occurred  in  1840,  during  wh'  h 
 year  eighty-three  persons  were  received  on  exam;  ja- 
 tion.  There  was  also  a  season  of  more  than  usual 
 interest  iu  1843. 
 
 The  original  trustees,  in  1763,  were  John  Macomb, 
 David  Edgar,  Samuel  Holliday,  Robert  Henry,  Abra- 
 ham Lyle  and  John  Monro.  The  elders  were  Robert 
 Henry,  David  Edgar  and  Matthew  Watson. 
 
 The  first  house  of  worship  was  on  a  high  hill, 
 facing  Hudson  street,  on  a  lot  bounded  on  the  east 
 by  William  street,  on  the  north  by  Beaver  street, 
 on  the  south  by  Hudson  street  and  on  the  west  by 
 Grand  street.  It  was  a  building  of  convenient  size, 
 fronting  to  the  east,  with  a  bill  steeple,  and  cost 
 £2813,  York  currency.  The  second  house  of  worship 
 was  erected  in  1793,  and  was  a  fine,  large  building; 
 it  was  remodeled  and  fitted  up  with  great  taste,  in 
 1831.  The  location,  however,  had  become  a  noisy 
 one,  and  the  great  prosperity  of  the  church  under 
 Dr.  Campbell,  seemed  to  demand  the  erection  of  a 
 more  convenient,  spacious  and  suitable  edifice,  and 
 such  an  one  was  erected.  It  was  a  noble  specimen  of 
 Gothic  architecture;  wiis  commenced  in  the  Autumn 
 
THE  GEBMAN  THEOLOGICAL 
 
 932 
 
 sfHoof.,  OF  xewabk:  y.  J. 
 
 of  1847,  and  was  opened  and  dedicated  to  the  worship 
 of  Almighty  Clod  on  SablMth,  March  10th,  1850. 
 The  lot  on  which  this  edifice  was  built  was  on  Hud- 
 son street,  150  feet  in  length,  and  on  Philip  street, 
 on  which  it  fronted,  about  148  feet  in  breadth,  enclosed 
 by  an  ii'on  fence  of  Gothic  pattern. 
 
 Rev.  James  M.  Ludlow  succeeded  Dr.  Campbell, 
 and  was  ordained  and  installed  in  November,  1864. 
 Though  but  recently  graduated  from  Princeton 
 Theological  Seminary,  Jlr.  Ludlow  brought  mental 
 culture,  genius  and  fine  intellectuiil  and  spiritual 
 discernment  to  this,  his  first  pastorate ;  and  there  was 
 a  healthful  growth  of  the  church  during  his  ministry, 
 which  was  continued  till  November,  1868,  when  he 
 accepted  a  call  from  the  Collegiate  Reformed  Church, 
 New  York  city.  Dr.  Ludlow  is  now  pastor  of  the 
 Westminster  Presbyterian  Church,  Brooklyn.  He 
 was  followed  by  Rev.  John  M.  C.  Blayney,  who  was 
 installed  October  24th,  1869,  and  filled  the  ministerial 
 office  ^vith  great  fidelity  till  February  1st,  1880,  when, 
 principally  on  account  of  a  change  of  climate  being 
 necessary  to  preserve  the  failing  health  of  his  family, 
 he  tendered  his  resignation. 
 
 During  his  ministry  here  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
 Divinity  was  conferred  upon  Mr.  Blayney  by  Union 
 College.  AVhile  he  was  pastor  valuable  improve- 
 ments in  the  church  structure  .were  perfected,  in- 
 volving, with  the  purchase  of  a  new  organ,  an  outlay 
 of  some  fifteen  thou.sand  dollars. 
 
 There  were  periods  of  special  spiritual  awakening 
 during  his  p;istorate,  and  his  solid  qualities  of  mind 
 and  heart  endeared  Dr.  Blayney  to  his  congregation, 
 and  gained  for  him  the  respect  and  confidence  of  the 
 entire  community. 
 
 Rev.  Walter  D.  Nicholas  succeeded  Dr.  Blayney, 
 and  was  installed  in  September,  1880,  having  pre- 
 viously filled  the  pastoral  office  in  Temple  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Philadelphia. 
 
 Like  his  last  two  predecessors,  Mr.  Nicholas  is  a 
 young  man,  and  endowed  with  an  acute  intellect, 
 superior  discrimination  and  versatility  of  mind;  his 
 pulpit  etTorts  are  characterized  by  fervor  and  earn- 
 estness, and  there  is  no  doubt  that,  under  the  divine 
 blessing,  with  increasing  years,  increasing  usefulness 
 awaits  him. 
 
 The  beautiful  edifice  referred  to  above,  having  been 
 occupied  for  only  a  generation,  was  disposed  of  during 
 the  piist  Summer  (1883),  to  the  Hudson  Avenue 
 Methodist  Church,  for  the  reason  that  the  pastor, 
 officers  and  members  of  the  congregation,  in  view  of 
 the  westward  tide  of  the  city's  population,  had  felt 
 impelled  to  place  themselves  in  the  van  of  this  move- 
 ment, and  had  determined  to  locate  and  build  another 
 house  of  worship  nearly  a  mile  away,  on  the  corner 
 of  State  and  Willett  streets,  facing  the  beautiful 
 AVashington  Park. 
 
 Mr.  Nichola.s,  the  present  pastor,  has  entered  upon 
 this  undertaking  with  indomitable  energy,  and  has 
 the  hearty  and  active  concurreuce  of  his  people. 
 
 The  expenditure  for  the  site,  buUding  and  furnish- 
 ing of  the  new  edifice  will  approximate  $110,000, 
 about  §45,000  of  which  has  already  been  subscribed, 
 and  $25,000  realized  from  sale  of  the  former  edifice. 
 
 The  new  church,  though  of  a  diverse  style  of  archi- 
 tecture  from  the  former   elegant   one,  is  after  the 
 \  design  of  the  distiuguished  arcjiitect,  J.  C.  Cady,  of 
 New  York,  and  is  a  beautiful  ecclesiastical  structure. 
 
 The  congregation  are  now  worshiping  in  the  Law 
 School  building,  on  Stiite  street,  ;ind  anticipate  thi; 
 completion  and  occupancy  of  the  new  chmch  by 
 March  1st,  1884. 
 
 The  G-erman  Theological  School  of 
 Ne'wark,  N.  J.  This  Institution  had  its  origin 
 in  a  successful  mission  work  among  the  German 
 people  of  Newark  and  vicinity. 
 
 The  First  Missionary  period  extended  from 
 1848  to  1869.  The  beginning  was  in  the  pious  zeal 
 of  an  humble  layman,  now  for  many  years  pastor  of 
 the  Second  German  Presbyterian  Church  of  Cincin- 
 nati, O.,  the  Rev.  G.  William  Winnes.  He  was  then 
 recently  from  the  Barmer  Mission  House,  in  Germany, 
 and  was  inspired  by  the  missionary  spirit  of  that  Insti- 
 tution. Impressed  with  the  religious  condition  of  his 
 countrymen  in  Newark,  he  was  so  stirred  in  soul  that 
 he  began  immediately  to  preach  (as  a  layman).  At 
 his  first  service  were  seven  hearers,  consisting  of 
 his  "  brother  and  a  few  saloon  keejjers."  A  promis- 
 ing congregation  soon  grew  into  an  organized  church, 
 before  he  was  ordained.  He  had  meanwhile  come 
 into  contact  with  Presbyterian  pastors,  and  his 
 church,  as  well  as  himself,  sought  the  care  of  the  Pres- 
 bytery. Within  a  few  years  the  little  church  became 
 the  German  mother  church  of  the  Presbytery  and  of 
 the  Synod.  Church  after  church  was  organized,  in 
 Newark,  Pater.son,  Bloomfield  and  Orange,  one  of 
 the  two  in  Patersou  by  the  Old  School  branch,  all 
 the  others  by  the  New  School  branch,  and  a  widening 
 success  was  opened.  The  cheering  characteristic  was 
 that  the  Germans  led  the  way  in  religious  labors  for 
 their  countrymen. 
 
 The  one  dilRculty  in  responding  to  the  demand  for 
 the  development  of  their  new  opportunities  was  in 
 the  procurement  of  sufficient  suitable  German  pastors. 
 The  successive  trial  of  adventurers,  and  even  of  good 
 men  from  the  father-land,  resulted  in  repeated 
 liiilures.  The  two  principal  pastors,  whose  churches 
 were  growing  in  importance,  urged  the  Presbytery  of 
 Newark  to  undertake  the  education  of  a  special 
 German  ministry.  After  much  delay  and  much 
 reluctjince,  the  Presbytery  began  the  definite  con- 
 sideration of  enlarged  missionary  plans. 
 
 A  MISSIONARY  THEOLOGICAL  SCHOOL. 
 
 In  1864  the  Presbj'tery  appointed  a  Commission  to 
 consider  the  establishment  of  a  theological  class. 
 The  German  pastors  had  assured  their  American 
 brethren  that  proper  candidates  could  be  obtained, 
 and  four  stmlents  were  pri'sented  from  the  First 
 German    Presbyterian   Church  of  Newark.     A  pro- 
 
r!j)53©^!^Y= 
 
 GRYNAEUSDE  KALMANCE 
 COUNTNA0ASDAYCOUNTPERENYI 
 COUNT-PETER  PETROVICH 
 
 SYLVtSTREHUIiaillAH  HEW  TESTAMENT  A0I57I 
 
 COVENANT- ERLAUADI562 
 
 HELVETIC  CONFESSION 
 
 EZENGER_ADI558 
 PEACE5VIENNA  ADI606 
 PEACE'' HNZEADI645 
 
 EDICT-TOLERATI0NOCT?7)78l,' 
 
]VIem;orv  Tablet  [  for  items  worthy  of  permanent  record.) 
 
THE  OERWA.y  TITEOLOGTCAL 
 
 933 
 
 SCHOOL,  OF  KEWASK,  K.  J. 
 
 visional  Faculty  was  appointed,  consisting  of  the  Rev. 
 Johann  U.  Guenther,  pastor  of  the  First  German 
 Church,  and  of  the  Rev.  George  C.  Seibert,  pii.  D., 
 pastor  of  the  Third  German  Chiircli,  of  Newark,  as 
 Instructors  in  German,  and  of  Rev.  Joseph  Few 
 Smith,  D.  D.,  of  Newark,  and  Rev.  Charles  A.  Smith, 
 D.  D.,  of  East  Orange,  as  Instructors  in  English. 
 The  four  students  were  boarded  in  the  house  of  the 
 Rev.  SI.  Gu  en  tiler,  and  the  lectures  and  recitations 
 were  held  in  the  Lecture-room  of  his  church.  The 
 instruction  began  on  September  20th,  18G9,  and  in- 
 eluded  at  the  tirst,  in  the  German  language,  the  sub- 
 jects of  Hebrew,  Biblical  History,  Pastoral  Work 
 and  German  Grammar,  and  in  the  English  lan- 
 guage, once  or  twice  a  week.  United  States  History, 
 Natural  Philosophy,  English  Grammar  and  Compo- 
 sition. The  number  of  students  increased  during 
 the  year  to  nine.  The  second  year  the  number 
 became  eleven,  and  the  little  building  used  as  a 
 dormitory  was  removed  to  a  neighboring  lot,  and  en- 
 larged so  that  it  could  accommodate  fourteen.  The 
 third  year  the  students  numbered  si.xteen,  and  a 
 permanent  location  became  necessary.  The  ' '  Bloom- 
 field  Academy,"  in  the  town  adjoining  Newark,  was 
 therefore  purchased,  in  1872,  and  in  the  Autumn  of 
 the  same  year  the  Institution  was  moved  thither. 
 
 The  removal  to  the  new  location  was  followed,  the 
 next  Autumn,  by  the  formal  election  of  a  Faculty. 
 The  Rev.  Charles  E.  Knox,  then  Secretary  of  the 
 Board  of  Directors,  was  elected  President  and  Pro- 
 fessor of  Homiletics,  Church  Government  and  Pas- 
 toral Theology,  and  the  Rev.  George  C.  Seibert,  PH.D., 
 was  elected  Professor  of  Biblical  Exegesis  and  The- 
 ology, both  of  whom  were  installed  at  an  inaugural 
 service  on  the  day  of  prayer  for  colleges,  in  January, 
 1874,  in  the  First  Church  of  Newark,  N.  J.  The 
 Institution  was  divided  into  a  Theological  and  an 
 Academic  Department,  the  course  being  three  years 
 in  each  department. 
 
 Harry  E.  Richards,  M.  D.,  was  elected,  in  1878, 
 Professor  of  Mathematics  and  of  Natural  Science  in 
 the  Academic  Department,  and  has  since  served  with- 
 out compen.sation.  In  1882  the  Academic  Department 
 was  made  to  conform,  in  part,  to  the  character  of  a 
 German  Gymnasium,  and  its  course  extended  to  four 
 years.  The  Theological  Professors  devote  one  hour  a 
 day  to  this  department,  and  a.ssistant  lostructors  take 
 the  additional  subjects  required.  The  Preparatory 
 Department  is  now  open  for  the  admission  of  other 
 students  than  those  studying  theology.  The  purpose 
 is,  with  the  same  force  of  instruction,  to  educate  lay 
 helpers  to  the  ministry,  at  tlie  same  time  with  the 
 education  of  pastors. 
 
 The  first  theological  cUuss  of  eight  members  was 
 graduated  in  1874.  The  number  of  students  has 
 usually  been  from  twenty  to  twenty-five. 
 
 DIEECTOES  AND  CHAETEE. 
 
 The  Board  of  Directors  is  elected  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Newark,  but   is  composed   in   part  of   uumbei-s 
 
 outside  the  Presbytery.  The  first  Board  was  elected 
 in  1869.  The  Charter  was  procured  on  February  2d, 
 1871.  Tlie  corporate  title  remains,  "The  German 
 Theological  School  of  Newark,  N.  J.,"  the  removal 
 of  the  Institution  locating  it  but  a  mile  and  a  half 
 outside  the  city.  The  number  of  Directors  was 
 originally  nine,  five  clergymen  and  fi\e  laymen.  A 
 supplement  to  the  Charter  permits  the  number  to  be 
 enlarged  to  twenty-five.  The  election  of  director? 
 and  of  professors  is  subject  to  the  approval  of  the 
 General  Assembly,  under  whose  care  the  Institution 
 was  taken,  at  the  re-union  in  1870. 
 
 By  the  provisions  of  the  Charter,  "  whenever,  from 
 a  cessation  of  German  immigration,  or  from  any  other 
 cause,  it  may  be  deemed  inexpedient  longer  to  main- 
 tain said  Institution  as  a  distinctive  German  Theolo- 
 gical School,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  directors,  with 
 the  approval  of  the  Presbj^^ery  of  Newark,  and  of  the 
 General  Assembly  of  the  Pre.sbj'terian  Clmrch  of  the 
 United  States,  to  use  the  property  and  funds  for  any 
 other  branch  of  theological  education,  or  to  transfer 
 its  property  and  funds  to  any  other  Theological 
 Seminary." 
 
 FtlNDAMENTAL   PEIXCIPLE.S. 
 
 The  following  are  the  special  principles  on  which 
 the  Institution  is  based: — 
 
 In  order  to  reach  any  powerful  body  of  foreign 
 people,  in  a  Urge  way,  there  must  be  a  native  minis- 
 try, springing  from  among  the  people  themselves. 
 
 In  view  of  the  great  power  of  the  German  people 
 in  this  land,  it  is  wise  to  concede  the  German  lan- 
 guage during  the  period  of  transition. 
 
 Success  in  German  churches  among  adult  Germans, 
 by  ministers  preaching  exclusively  in  the  English 
 tongue,  is  exceptional,  depends  on  special  individual 
 genius,  and  cannot  be  depended  upon  for  a  general 
 si/stcm  of  evangelization. 
 
 In  order  to  bring  the  German  mind — educated 
 through  a  long  history  so  entirely  different  from  our 
 own — into  sympathy  with  our  doctrine  and  practice, 
 a  rightly-devised,  wisely-conducted  indoctrination  of 
 the  German  mind  is  necessary. 
 
 This  indoctrination  of  the  German  people  must  be 
 systematic,  patient  and  continued,  and  must  distinctly 
 recognize  in  the  German  the  historic  and  mental 
 conditions  on  which  it  is  to  act. 
 
 There  must  be  an  Institution  which  shall  indoctri- 
 nate those  who  are  to  indoctrinate  the  masses,  in 
 which  Institution  the  Professors  shall  make  this 
 problem  a  special  study,  and  where  the  instruction 
 shall  h;ive  constant  and  special  reference  to  this 
 object. 
 
 The  instruction  should  be  in  both  the  languages — 
 English  and  German. 
 
 The  seminary  should  bring  the  student  at  gradua- 
 tion to  a  position  in  medio,  viz.,  on  the  one  hand,  in 
 full  sympathy  vrith  the  American  Cliristian  mind,  in 
 the  doctrine,  polity  and  practice  of  the  Scriptures; 
 and  on  the   other  hand,  in  full  .sympathy  with  the 
 
TSE  GERMAN  SCHOOL. 
 
 934 
 
 THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY. 
 
 German  mind,  in  language  and  in  domestic  and  social 
 lU'e.  The  graduate,  as  an  indivulual,  should  gravi- 
 tate toward  the  German  flock;  the  paster  and  flock, 
 as  a  mass,  should  gravitate  together  towards  the 
 American  life. 
 
 To  incorporate  our  German  Theological  School 
 with  any  one  of  our  English  seminaries  would  be  to 
 put  in  jieril  the  object  lor  which  the  Institution  is 
 founded,  and  would  probably  defeat  its  end.  The 
 practical  effect  of  the  education  of  German  ministers 
 by  our  estaljlished  American  theological  seminaries 
 has  been  to  educate  away  the  student  from  the  Ger- 
 man people,  thus  gaining  the  individual  pastor,  but 
 losing  the  flock. 
 
 FIXAXCIAL   SUPPORT. 
 
 The  financial  maintenance  of  the  Institution  has 
 been  almost  entirely  by  benevolent  contributions 
 from  churches  and  individuals.  An  endowment 
 fund  of  about  $30,000  had  been  collected  from  1870 
 to  1873.  It  advanced  to  ?36,000  from  1873  to  1878, 
 but  during  the  general  Unancial  depression  of  1874  to 
 18~S,  $10,771  of  this  fund  was  borrowed  for  current 
 ex  ises.  The  amount  has  now  been  repaid,  except 
 about  $600,  and  this  balance  is  secured  by  subscrip- 
 tions. 
 
 The  present  endowment  is  a  little  over  $40,000, 
 which  includes  the  following  separate  funds: — 
 
 Buildings  and  Grounds 514,500 
 
 Newark  Professorship 22,000 
 
 Scholarships 4,000 
 
 Total S40,6lX) 
 
 THE   BEGINNINGS  OF  RESULTS. 
 
 Tlie  following  table  exhibits  the  condition  of  the 
 churches  under  the  care  of  the  Alumni  dtiring  the 
 last  two  years,  aud  the  increase  in  spiritual  and 
 benevolent  results  during  the  last  year: — ■ 
 
 1881-2  1882-3 
 
 Number  of  .\lumni 31  33 
 
 German  churches    and  missions  under   the    cure    of 
 
 Alumni 33  31 
 
 Church  members 2,694  3,292 
 
 Sunday-school  members 3,766  4,6lu 
 
 Churches  resultingfrom  the  labors  of  .\lumni 9  10 
 
 Additions  to  the  Church  : — ■ 
 
 On  examination 338  677 
 
 On  certiticato 24  09 
 
 Total 362  746 
 
 Contributions : 
 
 Benevolent  objects 51,034  $1,355 
 
 General  .\sseuibl,v,  etc 115  130 
 
 Congregational  olijects 20,134  33,260 
 
 Miscellaneous  objects 960  1,682 
 
 Total , 22,243     36,427 
 
 The  churches  under  the  care  nf  fourteen  Alumni — 
 graduates  of  the  first  two  claases  (1874  and 
 1875)  have  contributed.  lUtrimj  the  ptiel  year, 
 for  all  the  above  objects S22,472 
 
 The  churches  under  these  fourteen  .Mumni  contri- 
 buted fur  all  the  above  objects,  Irom  1874 
 
 and  1875  up  to  .\pril,  1882 886,596 
 
 Up  to  .\pril,  1883 108,534 
 
 The  same  churches,  before  these  Alumni  assumed  the 
 care,  contributed  for  the  siime  objects,  for 
 the  :!i''ie  number  of  years 40,409     4?.72.'» 
 
 The  IK/  gain  under  these  first  two  classes  is  840,187  $59,809 
 
 Theological  Seminary,  Danville,  Ky.  The 
 General  Assemlily,  in  1833,  resolved  "  to  establish  an 
 additional  Theological  Seminary,  of  the  tir.st  class,  in 
 the  West,"  and  after  an  extended  discussion,  it  was 
 resolved  to  locate  it  at  Danville,  Ky.,  that  place 
 having  received,  on  the  first  ballot,  a  majority  of  the 
 two  hundred  and  thirty-three  ballots  cast.  Accord- 
 ingly, the  new  Seminary  was  called  the  Dant-'tHe  Tliin- 
 loffical  Seminari/.  Tlie  plan  of  the  Princeton  Semi- 
 nary was  provisionally  adopted,  and  a  committiu' 
 appointed  to  revise  it  and  report  to  tlie  next  General 
 A.s.sembly,  in  detail,  a  complete  plan  for  the  new 
 .Seminary.  A  full  Faculty  was  elected,  composed  as 
 follows:  Kev.  R.  J.  Breckenridge,  D.  I>.,  LL.  D., 
 Professor  of  Exegetic,  Didactic  and  Polemic  The- 
 ology; the  Rev.  E.  P.  Humphrey,  D.  1).,  Professor  of 
 Biblical  and  Ecclesiastical  History;  the  Rev,  P..  M. 
 Palmer,  D.  D. ,  Professor  of  Oriental  and  Biblical 
 Literatuie,  and  the  Rev.  Phineas  B.  Gurley,  D.  1)., 
 Professor  of  Pastoral  Theology,  Church  Government 
 and  the  Composition  and  Delivery  of  Sermons;  and 
 it  was  ordered  that  the  first  session  be  opened  on  the 
 13th  day  of  October,  1853,  by  the  Professors  elect,  or 
 as  many  of  them  as  might  accept  the  chairs  tendered 
 to  them. 
 
 The  overture  presented  to  the  Assembly  by  the 
 twelve  commissioners  from  the  Kentucky  Presby- 
 teries undoubtedly  had  a  potent  influence  in  deter- 
 mining the  lociition  of  the  new  seminary.  In  it  the 
 Synod  and  people  of  Kentucky  were  pledged  to  con- 
 tribute $20,000  towards  the  endowment  of  one  of  the 
 chairs,  let  the  Institution  be  located  where  it  might, 
 upou  condition  that  three  other  chabs  should  be 
 endowed  with  a  like  sum;  and  $00,000  and  ten  acres 
 of  land  for  a  site,  should  it  be  located  at  or  near 
 Danville.  The  hand  of  Dr.  R.  J.  Breckinridge  can 
 be  clearly  seen  in  this  paper,  and  his  was  the  hand, 
 too,  that  initiated  and  guided  the  noble  eftbrt  that 
 made  it  possible  to  make  such  a  propo.sition  to  the 
 Assembly.  He  was  a  commissioner  from  "West  Lex- 
 ington Presbytery,  and  was  made  Chairman  of  the 
 Standing  Committee  ou  Theological  Seminaries;  and, 
 as  Chairman  of  said  committee,  it  belonged  to  him 
 to  draw  the  priucijial  papers  relating  to  the  est;iblisli- 
 ment  of  the  Danville  Seminary.  He  also  drew  the 
 plan,  which  was  approved  by  the  Assembly  of  the 
 following  year.  In  all  these  writings  his  marked 
 individuality  appears.  His  great  powers  were  now 
 at  full  maturity  ;  his  mind,  ever  alert  and  of 
 rare  activity,  was  enriched  with  large  and  varietl 
 stores  of  knowledge;  his  influence  in  the  Church  was 
 greater  than  that  of  any  living  man,  and  jierhaps 
 greater  than  anyone  man  had  ever  exerted;  his  dis- 
 crimination of  truth  was  nice,  his  gra.sp  of  it  un- 
 commonly vigorous,  his  ability  to  stiite  it  iu  precise, 
 lucid  and  forcible  terms  most  remarkable.  He  was 
 wonderfully  fascinating  at  times  iu  his  intercourse 
 with  young  men,  impress<'d  tliem  with  bis  liroad 
 generalizations,    and    .stimulated   their   faculties   to 
 
THEOLOGICAL  fiEMIXABY, 
 
 935 
 
 DANVILLE,  KY. 
 
 unwonted  actiWty.  Though  sometimes  impatient  of 
 the  drudgery  of  teaching,  lie  possessed  the  liighest 
 qualities  of  a  great  teacher,  and  entered  ou  his  -work 
 as  a  Professor  of  Theology  with  a  genuine  zeal  to 
 serve  the  Churth  and  its  adorable  Head  therein.  All 
 the  interests  of  the  Institution  received  his  vigilant, 
 unwearied  care ;  and  to  Kobert  J.  Breckenridge, 
 rather  than  to  any  other  man,  may  he  applied  the 
 title  of  Founder  of  the  Danville  Theological  Seminary. 
 
 Drs.  Palmer  and  Gurley  had  declined  the  chairs' 
 to  which  they  had  hren  elect<Hl;  nevertheless,  Drs.  ! 
 •  Breckenridge  and  Humphrey,  with  the  as.sistance  of 
 theKev.  J.  G.  Reaser  (now  Dr.  Keaser  of  St.  Louis), 
 as  teacher  of  Oriental  and  lUljlical  Literature,  opened 
 the  new  Seminary  at  the  time  appointed  hy  the 
 A.s.sembly.  In  the  meantime,  the  Cincinnati  school 
 had  ceased  to  exist;  the  one  at  New  Albany  was  con- 
 tinued till  after  the  organization  of  the  Seminary  of 
 the  Northwest  by  the  Assembly  of  1859,  into  which 
 it  was  then  merged.  Though  Dr.  Humphrey  had 
 been  less  prominent  in  the  councils  of  the  Church 
 than  Dr.  Breckenridge,  he  was  by  no  means  an  un- 
 known man.  He  had  been  Moderator  of  the  Gen- 
 eral Assembly  of  1851, and  had  been  elected  to  a  chair 
 in  Princeton  by  the  following  A.ssemb]y.  His  open- 
 ing sermon  in  1853  had  attnicted  an  unusual  degree 
 of  attention.  His  reputation  for  scholarship  and 
 culture  was  high;  and  he  was  widely  known  as  a 
 faithful  piistor,  an  able  and  eloquent  preacher,  a 
 judicious  counsellor  and  an  accomplished  gentleman. 
 He  was  also  considered  a  model  for  the  rising  minis- 
 try of  the  Church.  Around  these  eminent  nu'U  and 
 the  Institution  they  were  inaugurating,  gathered  the 
 affections,  the  hopes  and  the  praj-ers,  of  a  large  bod}' 
 of  Presbyterian  people  in  the  West  and  Southwest, 
 but  especially  in  Kentucky.  The  Presbyterians  of 
 Kentucky  regarded  the  Institution  as,  in  some  sense, 
 their  own.  They  rallied  around  it  with  a  most 
 affectionate  interest;  and,  above  all,  the  blessing  of 
 God  seemed  to  rest  upon  it.  The  first  session  twenty- 
 three  students  were  in  attendance;  the  second, 
 thirty-seven;  the  third,  forty-five;  the  fourth,  tliirtj'- 
 .si.x;  the  fifth,  forty;  the  .sixth,  forty-seven;  the  sev- 
 enth, fifty-two;  and  the  eighth,  forty-two.  The 
 eighth  session  ended  after  the  outbreak  of  the  Great 
 Rebellion.  In  the  meantime,  the  Faculty  had  been 
 filled  up  by  the  election,  in  lS,")fi,  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
 Stuart  Robinson,  to  the  chair  of  Church  Government 
 and  Pastor.al  Theology',  and,  in  isr>7,  of  the  Rev. 
 Stephen  Yerkes,  to  the  chair  of  Biblical  and  Oriental 
 Literature.  In  1858,  after  a  service  of  only  two 
 sessions,  Dr.  Robinson  removed,  to  Louisville.  He 
 was  a  man  of  genial  disposition,  of  restless  activity 
 of  mind,  of  remarkable  capacity  for  labor  and  delight 
 in  it,  a  learned,  devoted  and  successful  instructor, 
 and  a  strong,  brilliant  prea<'her.  All  cla.sses.of  people 
 heard  him  gladly.  The  removal  of  sn<h  a  man 
 was  a  serious  loss.  But  no  man  or  men,  however 
 great  or  good,  could  sustijin   the  Institution,  at  the 
 
 crisis  reached  in  1861.  It  was  wrecked,  but  not 
 utterly,  amid  the  storms  of  civil  war.  Its  doors 
 remained  open  during  those  four  dreadful  years  of 
 internecine  strife,  with  the  exception  of  two  months, 
 while  the  larger  i)art  of  Kentucky  was  under  the 
 heel  of  a  Southern  army;  but,  of  course,  the  number 
 of  students  was  greatly  reduced. 
 
 In  December,  IHGl,  the  Southern  General  Assembly 
 was  constituted.  This  division  of  the  Church  cut  off 
 at  one  blow  the  major  part  of  the  special  field  of  the 
 Danville  Seminary,  and  its  difficuJties  were  further 
 aggravated  by  the  division  of  the  Synod  of  Kentucky, 
 in  October,  1806.  Moreover,  by  the  reunion  of  the 
 Old  and  New  School,  in  1869,  Lane  Seminary  -nas 
 brought  into  direct  competition  with  it  in  all  that  re- 
 mained of  its  original  field.  It  is  to  be  remembered, 
 too,  that  its  endowment  never  was  completed,  as  had 
 been  expected,  and  that,  from  this  cause,  it  always 
 suffered  serious  disadvantages.  But,  notwithstanding 
 all  the.se  drawbacks,  the  Institution  struggled  on 
 from  year  to  year,  maintaining  a  full  course  of  in- 
 struction, by  a  full  Faculty,  nearly  all  the  while,  its 
 exercises  being  intermitted  only  twice,  and  then  but 
 for  a  year  each  time.  Since  its  organization,  about 
 two  hundred  and  fifty  young  men  have  been  ma- 
 triculated, of  whom  .somewhat  le.ss  than  a  half  com- 
 pleted their  course  of  study  within  its  walls. 
 
 In  April,  1883,  four  very  worthy  men,  all  of  whom 
 had  taken  the  entire  three  years'  course  at  Danville, 
 and  "sustained  a  most  admirable  examination  before 
 the  Board  of  Directors,"'  were  granted  the  usual  cer- 
 tificate. Upon  their  departure,  however,  only  three 
 students  remained  in  the  Seminary.  At  the  same 
 time  it  was  found  that  three  professorial  chairs  were 
 vacant,  by  reason  of  recent  resignations  which  had 
 been  accepted,  and  that  the  resignation  of  the  fourth 
 and  only  remaining  Profes,sor  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
 President  of  the  Board.  In  these  circum.stances,  and 
 after  long  and. earnest  deliberation,  the  Board  de- 
 termined that  it  was  not  expedient  to  fill  the  vacant 
 chairs  at  that  time,  but  referred  that  subject  to  the 
 ne.xt  annual  meeting.  It  was  also  resolved,  "that 
 the  cour.se  of  study  in  the  Seminary  be  continued  for 
 the  next  Seminary  year  under  the  in.struction  of  one 
 Professor;"  and  the  only  remaining  Professor  "was 
 requested  to  withdraw  his  resignation  and  continue 
 his  services  for  the  year  to  come,  teaching  such 
 students  in  the  various  branches  of  theology  as  may 
 be  matriculated  under  the  rules,"  This  request  was 
 complied  with.  But  since  the  last  meeting  of  the 
 Board  the  two  Committees  of  Conference  appointed 
 by  the  two  Assemblies  (Northern  and  Southern),  in 
 May,  1883,  have  met  and  agreed  to  recommend  to 
 their  respective  As,semblie.s  "An  equal  joint  u.se 
 and  occupancy  of  the  Seminary,  on  condition  that 
 this  occupancy  be  in  perpetuity,  and  that  the  Semi- 
 nary be  removed  to  Louisville,  Ky."  And  here  the 
 history  of  this  School  of  the  Prophets  rests  for  the 
 present. 
 
THEORY  OF  REVIVALS. 
 
 936 
 
 THEOR  y  OF  RE  VI]  'A  LS. 
 
 Theory  of  Revivals.  "The  fol  lowing  things, ' ' 
 says  the  liv\.  Albert  Barnes,  "  will  express  what  is 
 meant  by  a  revival  of  reliiijion ;  or  the  following  truths 
 are  essential  elements  in  the  theory  of  such  arevival : — 
 
 "1.  There  may  he  a  radical  and  permanent  chaiiffe  in  a 
 man's  mind  on  the  subject  of  religion.  This  change  it 
 IB  customary  to  express  by  the  word  regeneration,  or 
 the  new  birth.  It  suppo.ses  that,  before  this,  man  is 
 entirely  alienated  from  God,  and  that  he  first  begins 
 to  love  Him  when  he  experiences  this  change.  The 
 previous  state  is  one  of  sin;  the  subsi'ijueut  is  a  state 
 of  holiness;  the  former  is  deatli,  the  latter  is  life. 
 The  former  is  the  agitation  of  a  troubled  sea,  which 
 cannot  rest;  the  latter  calmness,  peace,  joy.  This 
 change  is  the  most  thorough  through  which  the 
 human  mind  ever  pa.sses.  It  effects  a  complete  re- 
 volution in  the  man,  and  his  opposite  states  are 
 characterized  by  words  that  express  no  other  states 
 in  the  human  mind.  Tliis  change  is  instantaneous. 
 The  exact  amount  nuiy  not  be  known;  and  the  pre- 
 vious seriousness  and  anxiety  may  be  of  longer  or 
 shorter  continuance ;  but  there  is  a  moment  when 
 the  heart  is  changed,  and  when  the  man  that  was 
 characteristically  a  sinner  becomes  characteristi- 
 cally a  Christian.  This  change  is  alwajs  attended 
 with  feeling.  The  man  is  awakened  to  a  sense 
 of  his  danger;  feels,  with  more  or.  less  intensity, 
 that  he  is  a  sinner;  resolves  to  abandon  liis  sins  and 
 seek  for  pardon;  is  agit;xted  with  conflicts  of  greater 
 or  less  intensity  on  giving  up  his  sins;  finds  greater  or 
 feebler  obstacles  in  his  way;  and  at  last  resolves  to 
 cast  himself  on  the  mercy  of  God  in  the  Kedeemer, 
 and  to  become  a  Christian.  The  result  is,  in  all 
 ca.ses,  permanent  peace  and  joy.  It  is  the  peace  of 
 the  soul  when  pardon  is  pronounced  on  the  guilty, 
 and  when  the  hope  of  immortal  glory  first  dawns  on 
 a  benighted  mind.  It  may  be  beautifully  illustrated 
 by  the  loveliness  of  the  landscape  when  the  sun  at 
 evening  breaks  out  after  a  tempest;  or  by  the  calm- 
 ness of  the  ocean  as  it  subsides  after  the  storm.  In 
 the  fact  that  such  a  change  may  occur,  all  Christians 
 agree;  in  such  a  change  is  laid  the  whole  theory  of  a 
 revival  of  religion.  Let  many  sinners  simultaneously 
 turn  to  God.  Let  conversions  to  Christ,  instead  of 
 being  few  and  for  between,  become  numerous,  rapidly 
 occurring,  and  decided  in  their  cliaracter,  and  you 
 have  all  that  is  usually  meant  when  we  speak  of  re- 
 vivals, so  far  as  conversions  are  concerned.  Still 
 these  are  all  individual  conversions,  accomplished  in 
 each  case  by  the  Holy  Spirit,  and  in  exact  accordance 
 with  the  design  of  the  gospel,  and  evincing  its  glory. 
 Each  one  is  converted  in  the  same  way,  by  the  same 
 truth,  by  tlie  sjime  great  agent,  the  Holy  Spirit,  as 
 tliongh  he  were  alone,  and  not  another  mind  had  been 
 awakened  or  converted.  It  is  the  conversion  of  a 
 number  of  individuals  from  sin  to  holiness,  and 
 from  Satan  unto  God.  Look  on  the  heavens  in  a  clear 
 night,  and  you  will  have  an  illustration  of  what  we 
 mean.      The  st;irs  that  are  set  in   that  broad   zone 
 
 of  light  which  stretches  over  the  firmament — the 
 milky  way — are  single  stars,  each  subject  to  its 
 own  laws,  moving  in  its  own  sphere,  glorious, 
 probably,  in  its  own  array  of  satellites;  but  their 
 rays  meet  and  mingle — not  less  beautifully  be- 
 cause the  light  of  millions  is  blended  together. 
 Alone,  they  all  .show  God's  power  and  wisdom; 
 blended,  they  evince  the  same  power  and  wis- 
 dom when  he  groups  beauties  and  wonders  into 
 one.  So  in  conversion  from  sin  to  God.  Take  the 
 ease  of  a  single  true  eonvei-siou  to  God,  and  extend  it 
 to  a  community — to  many  individuals  pa.ssing- 
 through  that  change,  and  you  have  all  the  theory  of 
 a  revival  of  religion.  It  is  bringing  together  many 
 conversions;  arresting  simultaneously  many  minds; 
 perhaps  condensing  into  a  single  place,  and  into  a 
 few  weeks,  the  ordinary  work  of  many  distant  places 
 and  many  years.  The  essential  lact  is,  that  a  sinner 
 may  be  converted  by  the  agency  of  the  Spirit  of  (lod 
 from  his  sins.  The  same  power  which  changes  him 
 may  change  others  also.  Let  substantially  the  same 
 views  and  feelings  and  changes  which  exist  in  the 
 case  of  the  individual  exist  in  the  case  of  others;  let 
 a  deep  seriousness  pervade  a  commtinity,  and  a  spirit 
 of  prayer  be  diffused  there;  let  the  ordinary  h-iunts 
 of  pleasure  and  vice  be  forsaken  for  the  places  of 
 devotion,  and  you  have  the  theory,  so  far  as  I  know, 
 of  a  revival  of  religion. 
 
 "2.  The  second  fact  i.i,  Unit  there  mny  tie  times  in  the 
 life  of  a  Christian  of  unusual  peace  and  Joy.  To  what- 
 ever it  may  be"  owing,  it  will  be  assumed  as  a  foct — 
 for  the  truth  of  which  I  now  depend  on  an  appeal  to 
 the  Christian's  own  feelings — that  there  are  times  in 
 his  life  of  far  more  than  usual  elevation  in  piety; 
 times,  when  his  'peace  is  like  a  river,'  and  his  love 
 to  God  and  man  'like  the  waves  of  the  sea.'  There 
 are  times  when  he  feels  an  irresistilile  longing  for 
 communion  with  God;  when  the  breath  of  praise  is 
 sweet;  when  everything  seems  to  be  full  of  God; 
 when  all  his  feelings  prompt  him  to  devotion;  and 
 when  he  becomes  so  impressed  with  the  great  truths 
 of  Christianity,  and  filled  with  the  hope  of  heaven, 
 that  he  desires  to  live  only  for  God  and  for  the  skies. 
 Earthly  objects  lose  their  lustre  in  his  view;  their 
 brightest,  gayest  colors  fade  away ;  and  an  insatiable 
 panting  of  soul  leads  him  away  from  these  to  hold 
 communion  with  the  Kedeemer.  A  light,  pure, 
 tranquil,  eonstiint,  is  shed  on  all  the  trftths  of  reli- 
 gion, and  the  desire  for  the  salvation  of  children,  part- 
 ners, parents,  friends,  of  the  (^hurch  and  of  the  world, 
 enchains  all  the,  affections.  Then  to  ])ray  is  e:usy, 
 and  to  converse  with  Christians  and  with  sinners  is 
 ea-sy,  and  the  ])rospeet  of  boundless  wealth  and  of  the 
 brightest  honors  would  be  glaiUy  exchanged  for  the 
 privilege  of  converting  and  saving  a  single  .soul. 
 
 "Wlien  this  occurs  in  a  churcli,  and  these  feelings 
 pervade  any  considerable  portion  of  the  people  of 
 God,  there  is  a  revival  of  religion  so  far  as  the  church 
 is  concerned.     Let  Christians,  as  a  body,  live  mani- 
 
THEORY  OF  REVIVALS. 
 
 937 
 
 THOM. 
 
 festly  under  llie  influcnie  of  their  religion;  let  a 
 feelin{!;of  devotion  pervade  a  whole  chinch,  such  as 
 j-oii  have  felt  in  the  favored  times  of  your  piety,  and 
 there  would  he  a  revival  of  reli^^ion — a  work  of  griM'C 
 that  would  soon  extend  to  other  niincis,  and  catch, 
 like  spreading  tires,  ou  the  altars  of  other  hearts. 
 I^et  a  Christian  community  feel,  on  the  great  subjects 
 of  religion,  v?hat  individual  Christians  sometimes 
 feel,  and  should  always  feel,  and,  so  far  as  the 
 church  is  concerned,  there  would  he  all  the  phenomena 
 that  exists  in  a  revival  of  religion.  A  revival  in 
 the  church  is  a  revival  in  individual  hearts,  and 
 nothing  more.  It  is  when  each  individual  Christian 
 Ipccouies  more  seu.sihleof  his  obligations,  more  prayer- 
 ful, more  holy,  and  more  anxious  for  the  salvation 
 of  men.  Let  every  professing  Christian  awake  to 
 what  he  should  be,  and  come  under  the  full  influence 
 of  his  religion,  and  in  such  a  church  there  would  be 
 a  revival.  Such  a  sense  of  obligation,  and  such  joy 
 and  peace  and  love  and  zeal  in  the  indi\-idual  mem- 
 bers of  a  church,  would  be  a  revival.  But  in  the 
 most  earnest  desires  for  your  own  salvation,  there  is 
 no  violation  of  any  of  the  proper  laws  of  Christian 
 action.  In  great,  streniu)us  and  combined  etforts  for 
 the  salvation  of  others,  in  unceasing  prayer  for  the 
 redemption  of  all  the  world,  there  is  no  departure 
 from  the  precepts  of  Christ,  nor  from  the  spirit  which 
 he  manifested  on  earth. 
 
 "3.  The  third  fea/ure  that  occurs  in  a  rcriral  of  rcliginn, 
 to  which  it  is  proper  to  direct  our  attention,  is,  that  an 
 cxiensire  influence  goes  occr  a  communiti/,  and  afeciswith 
 seriousness  many  who  arc  not  ultimafeli/  concerted  to  Ood. 
 Many  individuals  are  usually  made  serious;  many 
 ga.y  and  worldly  amusements  are  suspended;  many 
 persons  not  accustomed  to  go  to  a  place  of  prayer 
 are  led  to  the  sanctuary- ;  many  formerly  inditferent 
 to  religion,  or  opposed  to  it,  are  now  willing  to  con- 
 verse on  it;  many,  perhaps,  are  led  to  prayer  in 
 secret  and  to  read  the  Bible,  who  betbre  had  wholly  j 
 neglected  the  means  of  grace.  Jlany  who  never  enter 
 into  tile  kingdom  of  God  seem  to  be  just  on  its  bor- ! 
 ders,  and  hesitate  long,  whether  they  shall  give  up 
 the  world  and  become  Christians,  or  whether  they 
 shall  give  up  their  serious  impressions  and  return  to 
 their  former  indifference  and  sins.  The  subsiding  of 
 a  revival,  or  the  dying  zeal  of  Cliristians,  or  .some 
 powerful  temptation,  or  a  strong  returning  tide  of 
 worldliness  and  vanity,  leave  many  such  persons 
 still  with  the  world,  and  their  serious  impressions 
 vanish — perhaps  to  return  no  more. 
 
 "4.  It  remains  only  to  be  added  as  an  essential  feature 
 in  a  revival,  that  it  is  produced  •  hy  the  power  of  the 
 Holy  Ghost.  It  is  not  the  work  of  man,  however 
 human  agency  may  be  employed.  Imperfections 
 there  may  be,  and  things  to  regret  there  may  be,  as 
 in  all  that  man  touelies  tluTC  are ;  but  the  phenomenon 
 itself  we  regard  as  the  work  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  alike 
 beyond  human  jiower  to  produce  it,  and  to  control 
 it.     '  Tlie  \vind  bloweth  where  it  listeth,  and  thou 
 
 hearest  the  sound  thereof,  and  canst  not  tell  whence 
 it  Cometh,  or  whither  it  gocth;'  and  such  is  the 
 work  of  the  Spirit,  alike  in  an  individual  conversion, 
 or  in  a  revival  of  religion.  The  wind,  sometimes 
 gentle,  sometimes  terrific,  scunetimes  sulTicient  only 
 to  bend  the  heads  of  the  field  of  wheat,  or  to  shake 
 the  leaf  of  the  aspen,  .sometimes  sweeping  in  the 
 fury  of  the  storm  over  hills  and  vales,  llustratcs 
 the  way  in  which  God's  Spirit  influences  human 
 hearts.  You  have  seen  the  pliant  osier  bend  gently 
 before  the  zephyr,  and  the  flowers  and  the  fields  of 
 grain  gently  wave  in  a  summer's  eve.  So  gently 
 does  the  Spirit  of  God  breathe  upon  a  Cliurch  and 
 people.  So  cjilm,  so  lovely,  so  pure  are  those  influ- 
 ences which  incline  the  mind  to  prayer,  to  thought, 
 to  Christ,  to  heaven.  You  have  seen  the  clouds  grow 
 dijrk  in  the  Western  sky.  They  roll  upward  and 
 onward,  unfolding  themselves,  and  throwing  their 
 ample  volumes  over  the  heavens.  The  lightnings 
 play  and  the  thunder  rolls,  and  the  tornado  sweeps 
 over  hills  and  vales,  and  the  proud  oak  crashes 
 on  the  mountains.  '  The  wind  blows  where  it 
 pleases;'  and  thus,  too,  the  Spirit  of  God  passes 
 with  more  than  human  power  over  a  community, 
 and  many  a  stout-hearted  sinner,  Hke  the  quivering 
 elm  or  oak,  trembles  under  the  influences  of 
 truth.  They  see  a  dark  cloud  gathering  in  the 
 sky;  tbey  hear  the  thunder  of  justice;  they  see  the 
 heavens  fla.sh  along  their  guilty  path;  and  they  are 
 prostrated  before  God,  like  the  forest  before  the 
 mighty  tempest.  The  storm  passes  by  and  the  sun 
 rides  serene  again  in  the  heavens,  and  the  universal 
 nature  smiles — beautiful  emblem  of  the  effect  of  a 
 revival  of  religion." 
 
 Thorn,  Rev.  John  Culbertson,  the  son  of  John 
 and  Mary  (Culbertson)  Thorn,  was  born  in  Clarion 
 county.  Pa.,  April  19th,  1830.  After  graduating  at 
 Jefferson  College  with  honor,  in  18.")3,  he  was  a  teacher 
 in  Eldcrsridge  Academy.  Pa.,  for  two  years.  In  18.^5 
 he  was  chosen  to  take  charge  of  the  Senior  Alale  De- 
 partment of  the  Natchez  Institute,  Miss.,  and  filled 
 this  position  for  two  years,  highly  esteemed  by  all 
 who  knew  him.  He  studied  theology  at  Princeton 
 Seminar}^,  was  licensed  to  preach  by  Saltsburg  Pres- 
 bytery, in  January,  18.59.  On  May  19th,  of  the  same 
 year,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Wayne.sburg,  Chester  county.  Pa.,  where  he 
 was  greatly  beloved,  and  labored  with  much  success. 
 In  .Tuly,  186.5,  he  received  a  unanimous  call  to  the 
 Pine  Street  Church,  St.  Louis,  JIo.,  and  entered  upon 
 his  labors  in  October.  The  ministry  thus  commenced 
 was  full  of  promise,  but  destined  to  a  speedy  t»-r- 
 mination.  He  died,  November  28th,  1865.  Mr.Thom's 
 gentle  manners,  temperate  spirit,  intellectual  vigor, 
 and  manifest  piety  and  devotion  to  his  work,  won  him 
 popularity  and  gave  him  success  as  a  pre.icher.  As  a 
 presbyter,  he  w.as  marked  by  faithfulness,  diligence 
 and  promptness.  It  was  a  rule  with  him,  when  trav- 
 eling, never  to  let  an  opportunity  of  speaking  to  a 
 
THOMAS. 
 
 938 
 
 THOMPSON. 
 
 fellow-traveler  about  his  soul  go  by  unimproved. 
 His  end  was  peace.  AVith  the  word  "heaven"  on 
 his  lips,  he  .sank  into  unconsoiousiR'ss,  and  calmly 
 bnatlifd  liis  life  away. 
 
 Thomas,  Thomas  Ebenezer,  D,  D.,  was  boru 
 in  Clu-liuslord,  Kiigluiid,  DccciuIht  'IM,  1H1:J.  He 
 graduated  at  Jlianii  University,  O. ,  in  1834,  after 
 which  lie  engaged  in  teaching  at  Rising  Sun,  Ind. ,  and 
 Franklin,  O.  He  was  licen-sed  to  preach  the  gospel 
 by  tlie  I'resbytery  of  Oxford,  in  October,^  1836,  and 
 ordained  by  the  Presbj'tery  of  Cincinnati,  in  July,  1837. 
 lie  was  pastor  at  Harri.son,  0.,  1837-8;piustor  at  Hamil- 
 ton, O.,  1838-49  ;  President  of  Hanover  College, 
 1849-54 ;  Professor  of  Biblical  Literature  and  Exegesis, 
 in  tlie  Tlieological  Seminary,  New  Albany,  Ind., 
 18j4-7:  stated    supply    of   the    First   Presbyterian 
 
 THOMAS  EBENEZKR  TIIOMAfl,   D.D. 
 
 Church,  New  Albany,  Ind.,  18.")G-58j  pastor  of  the 
 First  Church,  Dayton,  O.,  18.')8-71,  and  Professor  of 
 New  Testament  Greek  and  Exegesis,  in  Lane  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  (J.,  1871-5.  He  died  February  3d, 
 1875. 
 
 Dr.  Tliomas  was  an  earnest  man,  and  exhibited 
 great  <nergy  and  decision  of  cliaracter.  He  was  a 
 scliolar  of  high  order,  and  a  pri:aclier  of  peculiar 
 elo(iuence.  lie  followed  his  convictions  of  duty  at 
 all  hazards.  He  was  frank  and  fearless  in  the  avowal 
 of  his  opinions,  and  there  was  no  dilliculty  in  deter- 
 mining on  whidi  side  of  a  question  he  stood.  He 
 excelled  as  u  debater,  and  always  appeared  to  advan- 
 tage in  the  discu.ssions  of  the  judicatories  of  the 
 Church.  By  tliose  wlio  knew  him,  lie  was  regarded 
 as  an  able,  conscientious  and  faithful  man  in  all  the 
 positions  he  occupied. 
 
 Thompson,  George  Washington,  D.  D.,  was 
 born  in  New  Providence,  N.  J.,  October  10th,  1819; 
 graduated  at  Hutgcrs  College,  N.  J. ;  studied  theology 
 at  Princeton,  and  w;us  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Lrunswick,  After  spending  a  short  time  as 
 assistant  minister  in  the  Church  at  Danvilltr,  Pa.,  he 
 was  installed  pastor  of  the  churches  of  .MiUlinburg 
 and  New  ISerlin,  in  1841  or  1842.  During  the  time 
 of  this  pastorate  he  preached  also  at  Hartleton, 
 where  a  cluirch  was  soon  formed.  In  1847  he  be- 
 came pastor  of  the  church  of  Lower  Tuscarora, 
 which  he  served  until  liis  deatli,  January  2."<th,  1804. 
 Dr.  Tliompson  was  a  man  of  pleasing  person  and 
 winning  address.  He  had  a  most  genial  spirit,  which 
 helped  to  endear  him  to  his  friends.  He  had  an 
 acute,  ready,  practical  mind.  His  preaching  wxs  char- 
 acterized by  plainness,  pointeduess,  persuasiveness, 
 and  especially  by  adaptedness.  He  was  peculiarly 
 qualified  to  labor  in  revivals  of  religion.  He  w;is  a 
 man  of  faith  and  prayer  and  chiUl-like  dependence 
 on  Christ.  He  was  a  prompt  and  useful  friend  ot 
 the  Boards  of  our  Church.  His  labors  :is  a  pastor 
 were  successful,  and  in  various  ways  he  e.xerted  a 
 large  influence  for  good. 
 
 Thompson,  Rev.  John,  came  from  Ireland  as 
 a  probationer,  in  1715,  and  was  ordained  and  in.stalled 
 in  April,  1717,  pastor  of  the  congregation  in  Lewes, 
 Del.,  where  he  remained  until  September,  1729.  He 
 accepted  a  call  from  Jliddle  Octorara,  but  being  har- 
 assed by  disseiisioiLS  among  his  people,  he  removed, 
 in  1732,  to  Chestnut  Level.  In  17:!8,  he  visited  the 
 Valley  of  Virginia,  and  being  released  from  his  charge 
 July  31.st,  1744,  made  his  home  in  the  Valley.  In 
 I  1744,  he  visited  North  Carolina,  and  again  in  1751. 
 He  published  at  Williamsburg,  in  1749,  an  "  Expli- 
 cation of  the  Shorter  Catechism."  He  was  then 
 laboiing  in  .Vnulia.  lie  died  in  1753,  in  Centre,  N.  C. 
 Thompson,  Hon.  John,  an  elder  in  the  First 
 Presliyteiian  Church,  Poughkcepsie,  X.  V.,  was  born 
 at  Khineheek,  N.  V.,  July  4th,  isil!).  Here  he  re- 
 ceived his  academical  education.  He  was  admitted 
 to  the  New  York  Bar  in  1830.  In  his  profession  he 
 has  commanding  talent  and  influence.  He  was  Rep- 
 resentative in  the  Thirty-fifth  Congress,  from  Dutchess 
 and  Columbia  counties,  N.  Y.  He  has  rare  forensic 
 and  rhetorical  gilts,  which  give  grace  to  his  ]ien  and 
 sti'iiigtli  to  his  utterance.  He  is  a  diligent  student, 
 with  (leci<le(l  literary  and  theological  ti  iidencies,  and 
 has  found  time  among  his  many  labors  to  write  and  give 
 to  the  world  several  well-written  e.s.say.s,  ono  on  "In- 
 spiration," another  on  the  "Atonement,"  and  another 
 on  the  "Inner  Kingdom."  He  has  also  published 
 two  articles,  one  on  the  "Holy  Spirit,"  the  other  a 
 vindication  of  the  "Miracles  of  the  Ne\vTest;iment." 
 Mr.  Thompson's  lectures  have  been  many,  and, when- 
 ever announced,  to  crowded  houses.  At  college  anni- 
 versaries he  has  beeua  fi'e(iiuiit  siH'aker.  Both  Vale 
 I  and  I'niim  Colleges  have  given  him  the  honorary 
 I  degree  of  .\.  .M.     lie  united  with    the  I'resbyteriau 
 
THOMPFION. 
 
 939 
 
 THOMSON. 
 
 Church,  in  Ponghkecpsic,  February  14th,  1830,  on 
 profession  of  faith,  and  for  fifty-three  years  has  been 
 a  steady  and  stron;;  adherent  to  its  fortunes,  a 
 woikiT  in  tile  j)raycr-nieeting  and  Sabbath  seliool. 
 
 Thompson,  Miss  J.  O.  This  is  not  a  familiar 
 name  to  the  world  of  fashion  or  of  scienee,  nor  to 
 many  outside  of  one  division  of  the  Christian  host. 
 But  to  thousands  of  Presbyterian  women  and  children 
 at  home  and  abroad  it  is  known,  as  associated,  from 
 their  beginning,  with  the  two  magazines.  Woman's 
 Work  for  Woman  and  Children's  Work  for  Children. 
 As  editor  of  these  periodicals,  Jliss  Thompson  was 
 liccnliarly  identified  with  the  work  of  the  women  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  for  Foreign  Missions  during 
 the  twelve  years  jirccediiig  her  death. 
 
 It  was  the  desire  of  her  heart,  in  early  life,  to  be  a 
 foreign  missionary,  but  her  health  would  not  permit 
 it.  A  close  association  with  the  life  for  which  she 
 had  longed  was,  however,  given  her,  through  her 
 sister,  who  went  to  India  unman  ied,  and  afterwards 
 became  Mrs.  C.  B.  Newton.  We  may  not  doubt  that 
 the  will  to  do  the  more  active  service  was  accepted  by 
 the  Lord,  nor  that  Miss  Thompson  did  as  real  and 
 effective  work  for  foreign  mis.sions  in  her  quiet  place 
 at  home  as  if  the  wish  of  her  heart  had  been  fulfilled. 
 And,  indeed,  it  was  not  a  small  or  light  labor  which 
 she  performed  in  this  connection.  Beginning,  in  1870, 
 with  a  list  of  500  subscriptions,  .she  saw  Woman's 
 Work,  in  a  few  years,  .sent  yearly  to  over  10,000  sub- 
 scribers, and  Children's  Work,  started  in  1876,  to  a 
 still  larger  number. 
 
 As  her  work  grew  upon  her  hands,  complications 
 and  diificulties  growing  sometimes  al.so  out  of  it,  she 
 went  on  cjuietly  and  patiently,  under  tlie  shadow  often 
 of  weakness  and  pain,  but  single-hearted  and  faithful, 
 until  she  received  the  summons  to  ' '  depart  and  be 
 with  Christ."  So  timid  and  retiring  was  Miss  Thomp- 
 son that  she  would  shrink  from  the  thought  of  having 
 much  said  about  her  in  print,  yet  it  is  due  to  her 
 memory,  and  to  the  cause  she  .so  much  lo\ed,  to 
 make  a  record  of  her  earnest,  faithful,  patient  labors, 
 in  season  and  out  of  season,  and  her  consistent  walk 
 and  conversation,  which  left  no  room  for  doubt  that 
 she  lived  habitually  very  near  to  God. 
 
 Thompson,  Rev.  Le-wis  O.,  graduated  in  1863, 
 at  Beloit  College,  Wis.,  and  was  awarded  the  Saluta- 
 tory of  his  class.  He  studied  theology  at  Union 
 Theological    Seminary,    New    York    city,    and    was 
 
 licensed  to  preach  bv  the  Fourth   Presbytery  of  New  I 
 
 *       *  i 
 
 York.     In  ISfifi  he  delivered  the  Master's  Oration  at 
 
 the  eomraencement  of  his  alma  mater,  and  received 
 the  degree  of  A.M.  In  the  .August  following  he 
 was  elected  a  Professor  at  the  Northwestern  Univer- 
 sity, Watertown,  Wis.,  and  ordained  to  the  Cliristian 
 ministry  by  the  Presbytery .  of  Minnesofci,  January 
 •28th,  18(>9.  He  was  c;Uled  back  to  Watertown,  as 
 President  of  the  Northwestern  University,  in  the 
 Spring  of  18G9,  and  in  187()  accepted  the  unanimous 
 call  of  the  Second  Presbyterian   Church  at    I'eoria, 
 
 111.,  which  position  he  filled  most  acceptably,  till 
 failing  health  compelled  him  to  tender  his  resignation, 
 in  .luly,  li^*3.  Mr.  Thompson's  intellectual  attain- 
 ments and  marked  ability  have  secured  the  re.speet, 
 and  his  genial  Christian  character  th(^  alfection,  of  a 
 wide  and  growing  circle  of  friends.  He  is  the  author 
 of  several  popular  books,  among  which  are,  "The 
 Presidents  and  their  Administrations,"  "Nothing 
 Lost,"  "  The  Prayer  Meeting  and  its  Improvement," 
 "How to  Conduct  Prayer  Meetings,"  and  "  Nineteen 
 Cliristian  Centuries  in  Outline." 
 
 Thompson,  Pinckney,  M.  D.,  fifth  son  of  Wil- 
 liam and  Jane  Thompson,  was  born  in  Livingston 
 county,  Ky.,  in  1838.  He  graduated  in  the  Medical 
 Department  of  the  University  of  Louisville,  in  18.5!!. 
 He  was  ordained  a  ruling  elder  in  the  church  of  Hen- 
 derson, Ky . ,  in  186.5.  For  fifteen  years  he  was  Super- 
 intendent of  the  Pre-sbyterian  Slission  Sabbath  school, 
 of  which  he  .still  has  charge.  Dr.  Thompson  is  Presi- 
 dent of  the  Kentucky  State  Board  of  Health,  al.so 
 of  the  Board  of  Tru.stees  of  the  Hender.son  Colored 
 School. 
 
 Thompson,  Rev.  Samuel,  was  received  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Donegal,  November  16th,  1737,  and 
 ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  two  churches  of 
 Upper  and  Lower  Pennsborough,  Pa.,  Noycniber  14th, 
 1739.  This  pastorate  continued  for  nearly  ten  yeiirs. 
 In  174.5,  he  was  released  from  his  charge  of  Lower 
 Pennsborough  (now  Silvers  Spring),  "  im  account  of 
 bodily  weakne.s.s. "  Under  his  labors  the  congrega- 
 tion of  Upper  Pennsborough  became  very  numerous 
 and  influential.  His  p;ustoral  relation  to  it  ceased 
 November  14th,  1749.  He  then  went  to  reside  at 
 Great  Conewago,  in  Adams  county,  near  Gettysburg, 
 where  he  was  installed  pastor,  and  his  labors  were 
 accompanied  mth  the  Divine  blessing.  On  several 
 occa.sions  he  was  sent  to  supply  destitute  settlements 
 in  Virginia.  In  1779  he  requested  leave  to  resign  his 
 charge,  "on  account  of  his  infirmitiesof  oldage, "  and 
 his  people  granted  him  '"  a  gratuity  for  his  support." 
 Although  this  request  was  eomplie<l  with,  he  continued 
 in  this  p.'irtial  connection  with  the  congregation  until 
 April  29th,  1787,  when  his  death  took  place,  after  a 
 ministry  in  this  region  of  fortj'-six  years. 
 
 Thomson,  Hon.  Alexander,  was  an  active 
 member  and  a  ruling  elder  in  the  Presbj'terian  Cliurch 
 of  Falling  Spring,  Chambersburg,  Pa.,  near  to  which 
 place  he  was  born,  .lanuary  12tli,  1788.  Wlien  a 
 young  man,  he  was  invited  to  the  home  of  the  Rev. 
 Mr.  Grier,  at  Northumberland,  to  pursue  his  own 
 studies,  and  instruct  the  sons  of  his  friend  in  Greek 
 and  Latin.  After  three  j'cars  spent  in  this  occupa- 
 tion, he  went  to  Bedford,  to<ikchargeof  the  Academy 
 there,  and  studied  law  with  Judge  Riddle.  After 
 being  admitted  to  the  Bar,  he  soon  attained  the  con- 
 fidence of  the  public,  both  as  a  man  and  as  a  lawyer. 
 He  w:us  elected  to  the  ]  louse  pf  Representatives  in  the 
 State  Legislature,  and  afterwards  represented  the 
 district  in  Congress,  from  18-24  to   182(J.     To  the  dis- 
 
THOMSON. 
 
 940 
 
 THOMSOX. 
 
 chargf  of  his  public  duties  he  Iirouftht  the  sjuiie  un- 
 tiring industry  and  scrupulous  fidelity  that  were  his 
 characteristics  through  life.  About  the  end  of  his 
 Congressional  career  he  filled  a  Judgeship  for  a  very 
 sliort  time,  in  the  city  of  Lancaster,  and  then  became 
 President  Judge  of  the  Judicial  District  composed 
 of  the  counties  of  Somerset,  Bedford  and  Franklin, 
 holding  that  position  until  his  term  expired,  under 
 the  limited  tenure  of  the  amended  Constitution  of 
 1h:!S,  when  he  at  once  entered  upon  a  laborious  and 
 successful  ])ractice  in  the  district. 
 
 In  addition  to  his  professional  labors  in  the  courts, 
 Judge  Thomson  filled  the  Professorship  in  the  Law 
 School  connected  with  Marshall  College,  from  which 
 Institution  he  received  the  degree  of  LL.  D.  Through- 
 out life  he  maintained  an  unsullied  character.  As  a 
 Judge,  he  was  laborious,  able,  conscientious  and 
 dignified.  As  a  lawyer  he  was  esteemed,  not  only 
 for  his  industry  and  courtesy,  but  for  liis  legal  and 
 literary  attainments.  He  commanded  the  confidence 
 of  the  profession  and  the  community  by  his  moral 
 and  religious  worth. 
 
 Thomson,  Rev.  Eberle  W.,  was  born  in  De- 
 catur county,  Indiana,  January  ^oth,  1h:?9.  In  1863 
 he  graduated  at  Hanover  College,  and  in  1866  com- 
 pleted his  theological  course  at  Princeton  Seminary. 
 In  1865  he  was  licensed  by  White  Water  Presbytery, 
 and  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Iowa,  September, 
 1807.  He  preached  at  Sharon,  Iowa,  for  two  years, 
 and  supplied  the  Church  at  Ottumwa,  Iowa,  for  six 
 months. 
 
 In  1869  he  took  charge  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Rushville,  Indiana,  and  during  a  very  prosperous 
 pastorate  of  five  years  continued  his  labors  there. 
 This  church  was  signally  blessed  with  spiritual 
 growth  and  activity  during  his  pastorate.  In  May, 
 1874,  he  took  charge  of  the  Church  at  Kirkwood,  111., 
 where  he  continues  his  labors  as  one  of  the  mo.st 
 efficient  and  successf\il  pastors  in  the  West. 
 
 As  a  preacher,  Mr.  Thomson  is  plain,  jjractical 
 and  evangelical,  his  sermons  never  failing  to  open  up 
 some  of  the  most  important  doctrines  of  the  gospel, 
 and  make  a  good  impression  on  the  attentive  hearers. 
 As  a  piustor,  he  is  entirely  at  home;  anu)ng  his  people, 
 knowing  them  all,  both  young  and  old,  and  assuring 
 every  one  of  his  watchful  care  and  interest  in  his 
 welfare.  As  a  citizen,  a  man  among  men,  few  min- 
 isters of  the  gospel  stand  higher  than  Mr.  Thom.son. 
 He  is  favorably  known,  and  cordially  welcomed  by 
 all  who  know  him,  whatever  be  their  religious 
 views. 
 
 Thomson,  Samuel  Harrison,  Ph.  D.,  LL.  D., 
 son  of  James  and  Sarah  (Henry)  Thomson,  was  born 
 in  Micholas  county,  Ky.,  August  SOth,  1813.  His 
 father  was  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and 
 was  a  descendant  of  a  long  line  of  Presbyterians, 
 tracing  back  from  Donegal,  Ireland,  into  Scotland. 
 His  father's  brother,  Kcv.  John  Thomson,  i).  ».,  was 
 eminent  in  his  day,  and   the  father  of  William  M. 
 
 Thomson,  D.  D.,  author  of  "The  Land  and  Book," 
 written  while  missionary  in  Syria.  His  mother, 
 Sarah  Henry,  was  of  a  family  numbering  among  its 
 members  many  ministers,  some  of  whom  were  emi- 
 nent. 
 
 Mr.  Thomson  graduated  at  Hanover  College,  Ind., 
 in  1837,  and  in  1844  was  elected  Professor  of  Jlathe- 
 matics  in  the  same  College.  Although  he  was  or- 
 dained to  the  ministry  in  1837,  yet  he  was  never  a 
 settled  pastor,  his  life-work  being  in  the  college, 
 where  he  labored  patiently  and  skillfully  to  develop 
 the  intellects  of  his  students,  and  direct  their  hearts 
 in  the  way  of  goflline.ss.  His  influence  on  character 
 was  somewhat  remarkable.  AVhilst  severe  in  the  de- 
 nunciation of  evil,  he  was  merciful  to  the  evil-doer. 
 His  life  was  inspired  by  righteousness.     Xumbers, 
 
 \.    \--     v\\\\    ^      N--^^v-   l^\\    ^^X^N"' 
 
 S.VSU'EI,    HARRISON   THOMSUN,  PH.  It..  I.L.  D. 
 
 since  his  death,  which  occurred  at  Pasiidena,  Cal., 
 September  2d,  1882,  have  testified  that  through  his 
 example  and  influence  they  were  led  to  consecrate 
 their  lives  to  high  and  holy  purposes. 
 
 Dr.  Thomson  was  a  man  of  broad  an<t  <le(  p  learn- 
 ing. In  18.')2  he  published  "The  Mosaic  Account 
 of  Creation,"  also  "  (Jeology  an  Inleriireter  of  Scrip- 
 ture." In  1871  he  issued  a  i)amiilil(t  on  "  Human 
 Depravity,"  and  in  lS7(i  one  entillcd  "Our  Fall  in 
 Adam."  In  his  last  years  he  was  engaged  in  prepar- 
 ing a  work  for  the  press,  which  he  hoped  would  ren- 
 der more  intelligible  to  the  ordinary  reader  the 
 bles.sed  truths  of  the  Bible,  so  hidden  by  figurative 
 language,  but  before  it  was  completed,  he  was  call<d 
 to  enter  within  the  veil,  and  see  and  enjoy  the  glories 
 of  the  redeemed. 
 
TITOBy. 
 
 941 
 
 THORSWELL. 
 
 Thorn,  Rev.  David,  wxs  ordained  l)_v  Doiiegiil 
 I'lLsbyteiy,  between  Jlay,  174(i,  and  May,  1747,  and 
 was  settled  at  Chestnut  Level.  He  died  in  1750. 
 His  son,  William,  -was  the  first  minister  at  Ale.xan- 
 dria,  Va.,  and  died  in  early  life. 
 
 Thornton,  Hon.  Jarries  D.,  son  of  William  M. 
 and  Elizalxth  (.\nderscini  Thornton,  wa.s  liorn  in 
 Cumberland  county,  .State  of  Virginia,  on  the  l-ithof 
 
 tueky,  in  HOM,  and  studied  law  with  .Judges  Nieholas 
 and  Benjamin  ilills.  lii'  Wius  ordained  an  elder  in 
 Paris  Presbj-teriau  (;iiuroh,  1838,  and  retained  the 
 office  till  his  death.  He  was  the  oldest  member  of 
 the  Bar  in  the  county  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He 
 represented  his  county  in  the  Legislature  for  one 
 year,  and  in  the  Senate  for  eight  years.  He  was  a 
 jMTsonal  friend  of  Henry  Clay  and  the  leader  of  the 
 Wliig  party  in  his  county  for  numy  years.  He  was  a 
 gentleman  of  the  old  .school,  very  courteous  and 
 genial  with  his  friends,  and  affable  towards  all  with 
 whom  he  had  intercourse.  He  oftt-u  represented  his 
 Presl)ytery  in  the  General  As-sembly  of  the  Church, 
 and  his  counsel  was  always  wise,  yet  conservative. 
 
 Thorn-well,  James  H.,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Marl- 
 borough District,  S.  C,  Deceml)er  Slth,  1812.  He 
 entered  the  Junior  class  in  South  Carolina  College, 
 January  4th,  1830,  and  graduated  the  following  year, 
 with  the  highest  honoi-s.  He  was  licensed  by  Bethel 
 Presbytery,  and  in  1834  was  ordained  and  itistalled 
 pastor  of  the  Church  at  Lancaster  Court  House,  and 
 soon  after  the  churches  of  AVaxhaws  and  Six  Mile 
 were  added  to  his  charge,  preaching  to  them  as 
 stated  supply.     This    relation    existed    until     1837, 
 
 ll".V.     JASIKS    n.    TllliliNT-.iN. 
 
 .January,  1823  ;  was  educiited  at  the  University  of 
 Virginia  ;  graduating  at  five  of  the  schools  of  the 
 Academic  Department  in  that  Institution,  he  finished 
 hiscoujse  of  study  there  in  July,  1841.  Mr.  Thorn- 
 ton was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  the  State  of  Alabama 
 about  December,  1848,  and  came  to  California  in 
 June,  1854.  He  was  present  in  the  first  prayer- 
 meetingever  held  in  the  Calvary  Presbj-tenan  Church, 
 in  San  Francisco,  and  was  elected  elder  in  said 
 Church  about  Jlay,  18.57.  He  is  now  an  elder  in  St. 
 John's  Presbj-terian  Church  of  the  same  city.  He 
 was  appointed  Judge  of  the  District  Court  of  the 
 Twenty-third  Judicial  District  of  California,  in 
 April,  1878,  which  position  he  held  about  two  years, 
 when  he  was  elected  to  his  present  position  as  Asso- 
 ciate Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  California  for 
 the  long  term  of  eleven  years..  Judge  Thornton  is  a 
 learned  and  upright  judge,  and  a  good  type  of  the 
 courteous,  dignified  Christian  gentleman. 
 
 Thornton,  JohnR.,  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  of  Paris,  Ky.,  thirty-five  years;  was  born  in 
 Caroline countj',  Va.,  Novemlwr  4th,  1786;  died  De- 
 cember 4th,  1873,  aged  eighty-seven  years.  He  moved, 
 with  his  father,  Col.    Anthony  Thornton,  to    Keu- 
 
 JAMES  H.  THOE.VWELL,  D.D. 
 
 when  he  was  elected  to  the  Professorship  of  Logic, 
 Belle-Lettres  iuid  Criticism,  to  which  Metaphysics 
 was  soon  added. 
 
 After  performing  the  duties  of  Professor  two  years, 
 he  was  called  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Colum- 
 bia, S.  C,  as  pastor,  which  he  accepted  and  was 
 installed  January  1st,  1840,  by  Charleston  Presby- 
 tery.    At  the  end  of  this  year  he  w;is  again  elected 
 
TIMBER  RIDGE  CHURCH. 
 
 942 
 
 TIMBER  EIDGE  CHURCH. 
 
 to  a  Professorship  in  South  Carolina  College,  that  of 
 Sacred  Literature  and  Evidences  of  Christianity. 
 During  the  year  IMX,  owing  to  failure  of  health,  he 
 visited  Europe,  and  ouhis  return,  entered  with  \igor 
 upon  his  duties.  He  remained  in  this  Professorship 
 ten  years,  when  he  accepted  a  call  as  pastor  of  Glebe 
 Street  Church,  Charleston,  S.  C.  This  relation 
 existed  but  a  few  months,  when  he  accepted  the 
 Presidency  of  South  Carolina  College,  and  returned 
 to  Columbia,  S.  C.  He  entered  upon  his  duties 
 January,  1852,  and  remained  in  this  position  until 
 the  Autumn  of  1854,  when  he  was  elected  Professor 
 of  Tlicology  in  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church  in  the  United  States.  Soon  after 
 entering  upon  his  duties  as  Professor  in  the  Seminarj', 
 he  became  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Columbia,  and 
 thus  he  continued  to  labor  until  his  death. 
 
 Dr.  Thornwell  was  a  man  of  marked  ability  and 
 great  influence.  Samuel  Henry  Dickson,  M.  D.,  Pro- 
 fessor in  the  .Jefferson  Medical  College,  and  a  life-long 
 friend,  says  of  him:  "Take  him  for  all  in  all,  we 
 shall  seldom  see  his  ccjual.  As  a  pastor,  kind,  affec- 
 tionate and  worthy  of  all  reliance;  as  a  pulpit  orator, 
 a  model  of  glowing  z<'al  and  fervid  eloquence;  as  a 
 teacher,  gifted  with  peculiar  ability  in  the  communi- 
 cation of  knowledge,  unexcelled  in  disciplinary 
 prudence,  exemplary  in  personal  conduct  and  de- 
 meanor, humble  and  indefatigable  in  his  search  after 
 truth,  and  utterly  fearless  in  announcing  and  main- 
 taining it.  Such  was  the  character  of  Dr.  Thornwell, 
 and  such  his  life,  useful  and  happy  in  a  degree  almost 
 unexampled.  His  early  death  was  indeed  a  severe 
 infliction,  a  public  calamity  darkly  overshadowing  a 
 large  circle  of  loving  friends  and  a  communit3'  whose 
 profound  sorrow  under  the  bereavement  is  mingled 
 with  grateful  and  reverential  remembrance" 
 
 Timber  Ridge  Cliurcli.Virginia.  Rockbridge 
 county,  Va.,  received  her  first  white  inhabitants  in 
 1T37.  In  the  Fall  of  that  year  Ephraim  McDowell 
 and  his  wife,  both  advanced  in  years,  with  their  sons 
 Jam<>s  and  John  and  daughter  Mary,  and  her  hus- 
 band, James  Greenlee,  on  their  way  from  Pennsyl- 
 vania, the  landing-place  of  emigrants  from  the  British 
 Dominions,  to  Beverly's  Manor,  encamped  on 
 Lin\'cl's  Creek  for  the  night.  An  enterprising 
 man  named  ISenjamin  Burden,  from  New  Jersey,  but 
 then  a  resident  of  Frederick  county,  ^'a.,  presented 
 himself  at  their  encampment,  and  asking  permission 
 to  pa.ss  tlie  night  in  their  (■omj)aiiy,  was  cheerfully 
 made  partaker  of  their  food  and  lire  During  the 
 evening  he  informed  the  family  that  the  Governor 
 had  promised  him  a  grant  of  100,000  acres,  on  the 
 head  waters  of  tlie  James  river,  as  soon  as  he  would 
 locate  a  hundred  settlers.  In  the  course  of  the  con- 
 versation, lie  Icarnid  that  .John  .McDowell  had  sur- 
 veying in.stniments  with  him,  and  could  use  them, 
 and  he  ])roposed  that  Mr.  McDowell  should  go  with 
 him  and  a.ssi.st  in  laying  off  his  tra<t,  otlering  him, 
 for  his  services,  a  thousand  acres,  at  his  choice,  for 
 
 himself,  and  two  hundred  acres  each,  for  his  father 
 and  brother  and  brother-in-law,  for  which  he  would 
 make  them  a  title  as  soon  as  the  Governor  gave  him 
 his  patent,  which  would  be  when  a  hundred  cabins 
 were  erected.  The  next  day  Burden  and  McDowell 
 went  to  the  house  of  Col.  John  Lewis,  on  Lewis 
 Creek,  near  where  Staunton  now  stands,  and  there 
 the  bargain  was  properly  ratified.  From  Jlr.  Lewis' 
 they  went  up  the  valley  till  they  came  to  North 
 river,  a  tributary  of  the  James,  which  they  mistook 
 for  the  main  river,  and  at  the  forks  commenced  run- 
 ning a  line  to  lay  off  the  proposed  tract.  McDowell 
 chose  for  his  residence  the  place  now  called  the  Red 
 House;  the  members  of  the  family  were  located 
 around,  and  cabins  were  built.  The  neighborhood  was 
 called  Timber  Ridge,  from  a  circumstance  which 
 guided  the  location.  This  part  of  the  valley,  like 
 that  near  the  Potomac,  was  mostly  destitute  of  trees, 
 and  covered  with  tall  gra.ss  and  pea-vines.  The 
 forest  trees  on  this  ridge  guided  these  pioneers  in 
 their  choice  and  in  the  name.  Burden  succeeded  in 
 procuring  the  erection  of  ninety-two  cabins  in  two 
 years,  and  received  his  patent  from  the  Governor, 
 bearing  date  November  8th,  17.39. 
 
 The  first  church  building  on  Timber  Ridge  was  of 
 wood,  and  stood  about  three  miles  north  of  the  pre- 
 sent stone  building,  and  less  than  a  mile  south  of  the 
 Red  House,  on  the  west  side  of  the  road,  near  an  old 
 burying-ground  in  the  woods,  where  there  are  now 
 seen  many  graves  and  a  few  monuments.  In  the 
 division  which  t(jok  place  iu  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
 in  the  years  1741-5,  this  congregation  sympathized 
 with  the  New  Side,  and  were  supplied  with  mission- 
 aries from  the  Presbyteries  of  New  Castle,  New 
 Brunswick  and  New  York.  In  1748  they,  in  con- 
 junction with  the  people  of  Forks  of  James,  made 
 out  a  call  for  the  ministerial  services  of  William 
 Dean,  of  New  Castle  Presbytery.  The  race  of  this 
 warm  and  ardent  preacher  was  soon  brought  to  a 
 close.  His  death  occurred  soon  after  this  call.  In 
 1753  this  congregation  united  with  New  Pro- 
 vidence in  presenting  a  «ill  to  Mr.  John  Brown,  a 
 graduate  of  Nassau  Hall,  Princeton,  in  1749,  and  a 
 licentiate  of  New  Castle  Presbytery.  He  ha'l  visited 
 the  frontiers  and  was  willing  to  cast  his  lot  among 
 them.  The  paper  containing  his  c;ill  has  been  pre- 
 served by  his  descendants  in  Kentucky.  The  amount 
 of  .salary  promised  by  the  commissioners  who  pre- 
 sented the  call  to  Presbytery  is  not  known.  Mr. 
 Brown's  residence  was  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
 from  the  north  end  of  the  \-illage  of  Fairfield, 
 in  the  direction  of  New  Providence,  a  Aery  con- 
 venient position  for  his  extensive  charge.  The 
 elders  in  Timber  Ridge  in  his  time  were  William 
 McClung,  .\rchibald  Alexander,  Daniel  Lyle,  John 
 Lyle,  John  McKay,  Alexander  McCleur,  and  John 
 Davidson.  In  New  Providence,  .John  Houston, 
 Samuel  Houston,  James  'Wilson,  Andrew  Steel  and 
 John  Robin.son. 
 
TINKLING  SPRING  CHURCH. 
 
 943 
 
 TINKLING  SPRING  CHURCH. 
 
 Refore  the  time  of  Mr.  Rnnvn,  there  was  a  classical 
 school  at  New  rrovidciue,  and  Mr.  Kobtrt  Ale.\aiuler 
 taught  in  the  bouiuls  of  Timber  Kiilge  the  first  cla.ssi- 
 cal  school  in  the  Valley.  Mr.  Browu  kept  up  a 
 flourishing  "  grammar  school  "  near  his  residence. 
 In  1774  the  Presbytery  of  Hanover  adopted  the 
 school,  and  appointed  William  tJraham  teacher,  under 
 the  Ciire  of  Mr.  Brown.  In  1777  the  school  was 
 removed  to  Timber  Ridge.  From  thence  it  was 
 removed  to  the  neighborhood  of  Lexington.  For  a 
 series  of  years  its  history  is  inwoven  with  the  life  of 
 "William  Graham.  It  is  now  Washington  College. 
 In  October,  17(i7,  Mr.  Brown  resigned  the  ministerial 
 charge  of  Timber  Ridge  congregation  and  confined 
 his  labors  to  New  Providence  the  latter  years  of  his 
 residence  in  Virginia. 
 
 After  the  Academy  became  established  at  Le.xing- 
 ton,  and  that  village  grew  in  importance  and  was 
 'supplied  with  regular  prejiehing,  Timber  Kidge  was 
 greatly  curtailed  on  that  side,  and  by  a  similar 
 increase  of  Fairfield  it  was  lessened  on  the  other  side. 
 But  there  has  ever  been,  imder  the  variety  of  p;istors 
 and  supplies  since  the  timeof  Mr.  Graham,  acongrega- 
 tion  of  great  worth  as.serabling  in  the  stone  church  now 
 giving  evident  signs  of  age.  The  a.ssotiations  with  the 
 house,  and  the  very  rocks  around,  remain  vividly  in 
 the  hearts  of  those  accustomed  in  youth  to  a.ssemble 
 here  on  the  Lord's  Day.  Governor  JleDowell,  of  Vir- 
 ginia, passed  this  meeting-house  always  with  rever- 
 ence, often  with  tears,  and  when  he  came  in  sight  of 
 the  great  rock,  the  landing  place  of  his  father  and 
 mother  and  himself  when  a  child,  on  the  Sabbath  day, 
 he  was  often  known  to  have  raised  his  hat,  with  a 
 burst  of  emotion. 
 
 In  1796,  Mr.  Brown,  weighed  down  with  the  infir- 
 mities of  age,  resigned  his  charge  of  New  Providence, 
 welcomed  Mr.  Samuel  Brown  as  sueces.sor  in  influence 
 and  usefulness,  and  removed  to  Kentucky.  The 
 inscription  over  his  grave  in  Frankfort  is — 
 
 "The  tomb  of  the  Rev.  .Tohn  Bruwn,  wlio,  after  graduating  at 
 Nassau  Hall,  devoted  liimself  to  tlie  ministry,  and  eettl-'d  at  N't'W 
 Providence,  Rockbridge  county,  Virginia.  At  that  place  lie  was 
 stated  pastor  forty-four  years.  In  the  decline  of  life  he  removed  to 
 this  country,  to  spend  the  feeble  remainder  of  his  days  with  his 
 children.  He  died  in  the  seventy-fifth  year  of  his  age,  \.  D. 
 1803." 
 
 Tinkling  Spring  Chvirch,  Augusta  Countij.  Vir- 
 ginia. About  si.x  miles  from  Wavnesborough,  and 
 six  from  the  "City  of  Asylums"  (Staunton),  upon 
 a  hillside,  half  concealed  by  forest  trees,  and  a  .short 
 distance  from  the  road  from  the  Gap  to  Staunton,  is 
 the  house  of  worship  of  the  Tinkling  Spring  con- 
 gregation. To  this  hill  and  svyectly  flowing  spring 
 come  in  crowds,  on  the  Sabbath,  the  young  men  and 
 maidens  with  the  old  men  and  matron.s — the  place 
 where  their  great-grandfathers,  emigrating  from  the 
 Presbyt?rian  country  in  the  North  of  Ireland,  with 
 their  families,  their  politics  and  their  religion,  came 
 regularly  for  the  services  of  the  s;inctuary.  There, 
 in  a  log  building  finished  ofl"  by  the  widow  of  John 
 
 I 
 
 Pre.ston,  " the  shipma.ster  of  Dublin,"*  John  Craig, 
 the  first  settled  I'resljyterian  minister  in  Virginia 
 after  the  days  of  Makemie,  preached  the  go.si)el  for 
 twenty-four  years.     The  southern  part  of  the  con- 
 
 !  gregation  of  the  "Triple  Forks  of  the  Shenandoah," 
 which  formerly  .stretched  acro.ss  the  valley  from  Rock- 
 fi.sh  Gap  to  the  Ridge,  in  the  western  horizon,  had 
 some  dilfieulty  in  deeiding  on  the  place  for  their  church 
 building,  and  for  a  short  time  worshiped  indifferent 
 parts,  at  stands  or  tents.     At  length  the  larger  portion 
 
 ,  of  this  southern  section  ehose  this  hill,  on  account  of 
 its  eentral  position,  and  the  refreshing  spring  that 
 gushed  forth  with  a  peculiar  scnmd — and  took  the 
 name  of  Tinkling  Spring.  {Sec  Opecquon  Church, 
 Stone  Church.) 
 
 In  the  various  Indian  wars  and  in  the  Revolution, 
 this  congiegati<m  showed  its  patriotism,  and  sent 
 forth  fathers  and  sons  to  meet  the  enemy  in  battle. 
 Some  of  the  leading  military  men  in  the  expedition 
 against  the  Indians  were  from  this  congregation. 
 When  a  call  was  made  for  militia  to  aid  General 
 Greene  against  Cornwallis,  Tinkling  Spring  sent  her 
 sons.  Mr.  Waddell,  their  minister,  addres.sed  to  the 
 soldiers  at  Midway,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  con- 
 gregation, the  parting  sermon.  In  the  battle  at 
 Guilford  C'ouit  House,  these  men  were  found  in  the 
 hottest  of  the  fight.  Some  were  among  the  slain. 
 Some  brought  away  deep  wounds  from  s;ibre  cuts,  and 
 bore  the  scars  through  a  long  life,  protracted  in 
 some  cases  to  more  than  fourscore  years. 
 
 The  graveyard  of  Tinkling  Spring  congregation  is 
 to  the  west  of  the  church,  surrounded  by  a  stone 
 wall,  in  shape  of  a  section  of  a  horse-shoe,  divided 
 at  the  toe.  Here  is  a  white  marble  slab  to  the  mem- 
 ory of  the  third  minister,  the  Rev.  .lohn  McCue.  Mr. 
 Craig,  the  first  pastor,  lies  in  the  gra%-eyard  of 
 Augusta  Church,  Mr.  Waddell,  in  Louis;i,  under  an 
 apple  tree,  in  a  place  chosen  by  himself,  near  where 
 the  counties  of  Orange,  Albemarle  and  Louisa  meet. 
 Mr.  McCue  was  suddenly  removed,  September  20th, 
 1818,  in  the  sixty-sixth  year  of  his  age.  His  congre- 
 gation assembled  for  worship  on  Sabbath  morning. 
 His  family  preceded  him  a  little  on  their  way  to  the 
 house  of  God.  After  a  time  a  messenger  informed  the 
 g-athered  people  that  his  lifeless  corpse  had  been 
 found  near  his  own  gate.  "WTiether  he  had  fallen 
 from  paralysis,  or  the  restiveness  of  his  horse,  can 
 never  be  known.  His  ministry  extended  over  twenty- 
 seven  years.  Another  marble  slab  covers  the  fourth 
 minister,  the  Rev.  James  C.  Willson,  who,  having 
 served  this  chureh  twenty-one  years,  was  suddenly 
 called  away  on  the  10th  of  January,  1840.     He  had 
 
 *  The  descendants  of  "  .John  Preston,  the  shi^imaater  of  Dublin," 
 consisting  ttf  large  numbers  of  his  own  name,  and  of  the  McDowells, 
 Breckinridges,  Cabells  and  others,  scattered  over  the  valley  of  Vir- 
 gini.l,  South  Carolina,  Kentucky  and  Missouri,  about  thirty  yean) 
 since,  under  the  efforts  of  Gitvernor  James  McDowell,  combined  in 
 erecting  to  his  memory  a  beautiful  shaft,  in  a  central  part  of  the  old 
 burying  gri-'und  of  Tinkling  Spring. 
 
TODD. 
 
 944 
 
 TONGUES,  CONFUSIOS  OF. 
 
 devoted  that  day  to  praying  for  and  writing  to  an 
 alwent  son,  whom  he  liad  hoped  to  see  engaged  in  the 
 ministry  of  the  gospel.  Stepping  into  the  post-office 
 in  apparently  nsuul  licalth,  he  s:it  down  and  gasped, 
 and  never  moved  again.  Neither  Mr.  McCue  nor 
 Mr.  AVillsou  sustained  the  pastoral  relation. 
 
 The  southwestern  end  of  the  graveyard,  which  is 
 full  of  mounds,  but  without  a  single  inscription,  is 
 the  resting-plaee  of  the  a-shes  of  the  ancestors  of 
 many  of  the  families  in  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  men 
 who.se  names  are  woven  by  their  descendants  in  the 
 web  of  political  and  religious  courts,  in  colors  too 
 vivid  to  be  unnoticed  or  mistaken.  Thest,  are  the 
 sepulchres  of  men  that  turned  the  wilderness  into 
 habitations,  and  after  assembling  on  that  hillside  to 
 worship  the  God  of  their  fathers,  are  gathered  there 
 to  wait  the  coming  of  the  Son  of  God,  when  the 
 graves  shall  give  up  their  dead. 
 
 Some  dis.s;itisfaction  having  arisen  in  the  congre- 
 gation, on  account  of  the  efforts  of  Sir.  Craig's  dele- 
 gates to  obtain  by  law  arrears  of  salary  due  him  as 
 pastor,  the  people  persistently  declined  forming  any 
 pastoral  rehition  with  any  succeeding  minister  till 
 1S40.  After  the  death  of  Mr.  Willson,  the  church 
 called  Rev.  B.  M.  Smith,  then  pastor  of  the  church 
 in  Danville,  Va.,  who  accepted  the  call,  and  was  in- 
 stalled in  the  early  part  of  the  following  "Winter. 
 He  continued  in  thi.s  service  till  November,  184.'5, 
 when  he  was  called  to  Staunton.  Heretofore  "Waj- nes- 
 boro,  a  village  in  the  ea-stern  part  of  the  congrega- 
 tion, which  constituted  part  of  the  charge  known  as 
 "Tinkling  Spiingand  'Wayne.sboro,"  with  about  one- 
 third  of  the  whole  charge,  became  the  centre  of  the 
 Waynesboro  Church,  as  a  separate  charge.  Over  this 
 church  the  Kev.  'William  T.  Richardson  was  called 
 and  settled  as  pastor,  in  1846.  He  was  succeeded 
 by  Rev.  S.  J.  Baird,  D.  D.,  after  a  pa.storate  of  nearly 
 twenty  years.  Dr.  Baird's  sucee.s.sor  is  Rev.  Frank 
 McCutchan,  by  whose  judicious  effort  was  built  one 
 of  file  most  ta.stel'ul  churches  in  the  Valley.  He  is 
 still  the  pa.stor.  Of  the  "Tinkling  Spring"  part, 
 Kev.  R.  1,.  Dabney  became  pastor  in  1847,  and  on 
 his  translation,  in  1853,  to  a  professorship  in  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  C.  S. 
 Sr.  Lee,  after  a  few  years  of  vacancy  and  supplies. 
 Mr.  Lee  resigned  and  went  West  some  five  or  six 
 years  since,  and  w;us  succeeded  by  Rev.  Dr.  G.  B. 
 Striekler,  who  has  recently  accepted  a  call  to  Atlanta, 
 Ga.,  and  the  Church  is  vacant. 
 
 Todd,  Rev.  John,  is  s;iid  to  have  been  a  weaver 
 before  he  ententd  Princeton  College,  where  he  gradu- 
 ated in  1749.  He  -was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  Brunswick,  November  13th,  1750. 
 Immediately  after  his  licensure  he  went  to  Virginia, 
 and  Ix't^ime  an  assistant  to  the  Rev.  Samuel  Davies, 
 in  Providence  Cliurch.  Aft<T  the  removal  of  Mr. 
 Davie.s  to  Princeton,  Mr.  Todd  became  the  leading 
 Presbyterian  ])reacher  in  that  region.  During  the 
 Kevolutiou  he  was  a  staunch  Whig.     While  pa.stor  in 
 
 Virginia  he  taught  a  clas.sical  school,  and  the  Rev. 
 James  Waddel,  who  was  at  time  reading  divinity 
 with  Mr.  Davies,  a-ssisted  him  in  teaching.  He  died 
 July  27th,  1793. 
 
 Tokens,  Tesseraa  or  Tickets,  were  written 
 testimonials  to  character,  much  in  use  in  the  Primi- 
 tive Church.  By  me;ins  of  letters,  and  of  brethren 
 who  traveled  about,  even  the  most  remote  churches 
 of  the  Roman  Empire  were  connected  together.  When 
 a  Christian  arrived  in  a  strange  town,  he  first 
 inquired  for  the  church,  and  he  was  there  received 
 ;is  a  brother,  and  provided  with  everything  needful 
 for  his  spiritual  or  corporeal  sustenance.  B>it  since 
 deceivers,  spies  with  evil  intentions,  and  false  teachers, 
 abuse  the  confidence  and  the  kindness  of  Christians, 
 some  measure  of  precaution  became  necessary,  in 
 order  to  avert  the  many  injuries  which  might  result 
 from  this  conduct.  An  arrangement  was  therefore 
 introduced,  that  only  such  traveling  Christians  shoulcf 
 be  received  as  brethren  into  churches  where  they 
 were  strangers,  as  could  produce  a  testimonial  from 
 the  minister  of  the  church  from  which  they  came. 
 
 Tongues,  Confusion  of.  The  diflereut  nations 
 of  the  world  are  at  tlie  present  day  yet  more  sepa- 
 rated by  the  diversity  of  their  speech  than  they  arc 
 by  geographical  distance  and  position.  There  is  a 
 natural  tendency  in  tongues  to  diverge.  The  habits, 
 the  wants,  the  productions  of  one  people  vary  from 
 those  of  another,  and  therefore  words  and  phnuses 
 are  needed  and  will  be  formed  by  the  one  which,  as 
 unueces.sary,  ar^  never  even  conceived  by  the  other. 
 Thus  we  see  continually  new  words  establishing 
 them.selves  in  ourown  language,  keeping  pace  with  the  . 
 progress  of  invention;  photograph,  telegram,  are 
 familiar  examples.  Again,  if  there  is  a  commingling 
 of  dificrent  tribes,  there  will  be  in  course  of  time  a 
 tongue  compounded  of  the  dialects  they  severally 
 spoke.  Thus  of  modern  English,  the  Roman,  Saxon 
 and  Norman  ingredients  may  yet  be  distinguished. 
 
 Seeing  tliat  there  is  such  a  variety  of  languages  in 
 the  world,  it  is  a  ([ucstion  whether  they  have  been 
 produced  in  the  ways  just  indicated,  or  whetlier  at 
 any  period  there  w;is  a  more  sudden  development  of 
 change.  Those  best  qnalified  to  form  a  judgment 
 agree  in  reducing  the  almost  innumerable  exist- 
 ing dialects  to  a  very  small  number  of  families. 
 Scholars  have  abundantly  demonstrated  that,  ex- 
 cluding certain  .•American  and  African  languages,  the 
 rest  might  be  arranged  in  three  families,  called,  as 
 Miix  Mliller  and  many  other  philologists  denomi- 
 nate them,  the  Semitic,  the  Arian  and  the  Turanian 
 families.  Dr.  Bunsen  is  very  nearly  of  the  Siime 
 mind,  and  deduces  tongues  from  the  Semitic,  the 
 Iranian  and  the  Turanian  stocks.  Moreover,  he  thinks 
 that  there  are  mutual  material  afliuities  perceptible, 
 which  seem  to  imply  a  common  descent.  And 
 there  are  indications,  too,  that  American  and  African 
 tcmgues,  not  formally  ranked  under  the  three  great 
 families,   exhibit  types    not    altogethir   dissimilar, 
 
TONGUES,  CONFUSION  OF. 
 
 945 
 
 TORREY. 
 
 wliiih  j)()int  to  uiie  or  othtr  ol'  tluiu  ;i.s  :i  source.  The 
 examiuation,  therefore,  of  tlie  existiiif^  phenomena 
 of  language  iinchiubtedly  corroborate  the  Scripture 
 assertion  tliat  for  sometime  after  the  ileluge  '"the 
 whole  earth  wjw  of  one  language  ami  of  oncsj)ecch  " 
 (Gen.  xi,  1). 
 
 Many  philologists,  however,  maintain  that  for  the 
 developments  ami  diversities  now  existing  a  vast  suc- 
 cession of  age.s — far  more  than  the  Scripture  chro- 
 nology allow.s — must  have  elapsed.  To  meet  this  ac- 
 knowledged difluiilty  the Scrijiture alleges  the  .sui«'r- 
 natural  interference  of  God  (Gen.  xi,  •2-!)).  Those  who 
 object  to  miraculous  intervention  at  all,  of  course, 
 cavil  at  the  statement.  They  must  be  replied  to  on 
 the  broad  groiuid  of  principli:  (we  iUmvh).  But  such 
 as  see  nothing  incongruous  in  (Jod's  moral  govern- 
 ment of  the  world  He  has  formed,  and  who  deem  the 
 Scripture  credible  when  it  relates  supernatural  enuall)- 
 with  ordinary  events,  will  acknowledge  the  harmony 
 of  the  inspired  record  with  the  results  of  investiga- 
 tion— one  original  tongue,  an  impul.se  of  change  bj' 
 the  divine  touch,  the  natural  ramifications  of  that 
 change  in  the  v:ust  variety  of  existing  tongues.  And 
 that  there  w;us  time  for  these  so  far  to  diverge  as  they 
 have  done  from  the  stock  to  which  they  belong  is 
 proved  by  the  fact  that  in  modern  times,  in  otir  own 
 ilays,  a  new  dialect  is  known  to  establish  itself  in  the 
 course  of  a  few  years,  or  sometimes  even  months. 
 
 The  matter  is  well  discus.sed  by  Duns,  in  his  "Bibl. 
 Nat.  Science,"  vol.  I,  pp.  280-'291;  and  his  conclusions 
 are:  "1st,  that  human  language  wa.s  originally  the 
 direct giftof  Ciod  to  man;  2d,  that  at  Babel  He  showed 
 His  .sovereignty  over  His  own  gift  in  interfering  with 
 it,  that  it  might  subserve  His  purposes  after  the  flood 
 as  it  had  done  before;  3d,  that  language  Wiis  originally 
 one;  and  4th,  as  a  sound  and  legitimate  deduction 
 from  this,  that  the  human  nice  was  from  the  be- 
 ginning one."  Kalisch  agrees  so  far  a.s  to  say  thiit 
 "the  linguistic  researches  of  modern  times  have  more 
 and  more  confirmed  the  theory  of  one  primitive 
 Asiatic  language,  gradually  developed  into  the  various 
 modifications  by  external  agencies  and  influences." 
 
 It  was  (jod's  purixjse,  when  the  faniiliis  of  Noah's 
 descendants  multiplied,  that  they  should  overspread 
 the  earth  ;  and,  according  to  an  old  tradition,  Xoah 
 w;is  to  command  their  migration  and  to  divide,  iis  it 
 were,  the  world  among  thera.  But  they  did  not 
 choose  to  so  separate.  In  the  plain  of  Shinar,  multi- 
 tudes of  themrg.solvedto  settle,  and  to  establish  there 
 a  proud  sovereignty.  Nothing  w;xs  better  fitted  to 
 disappoint  their  plansthau  to  confound  their  speech; 
 they  were  compelled  to  leave  iififinished  the  vast 
 tower  they  had  commenced,  ••iround  which  Babylon 
 afterwards  clustered,  and  to  go  forth  apart,  dwelling, 
 according  to  their  generations,  in  the  various  regions 
 of  the  globe.  The  ruin  now  called  Bira  Nimrud  has 
 been  supposed  to  be  the  remnant  of  the  mighty  tower 
 commenced  in  the  plain  of  Shinar.  It  may  oeeui)y 
 the  s;ime  site;  but  the  existing  fragment.s  are  of  a 
 
 less  ancient  building,  one,  it  would  seem,  erected  or 
 completed  by  Nebuchadnezzar.  It  may  be  added 
 that  a  cuneiform  inserijjtion  by  this  king  at  Borsippa, 
 where  the  tower  stood,  hius  been  interpreted  by  Dr. 
 Oppert.  It  comprises  a  notice  of  the  confusion  of 
 tongues:  " .Since  a  remote  time  people  had  aban- 
 doned it,  without  order  expressing  their  words." 
 
 It  is  well  to  observe  that  we  mu.st  not  class  the 
 three  families  of  languivges  according  to  the  three 
 sons  of  Noah ;  tho,se  of  Haraitic  descent  are  sometimes 
 found  using  what  are  called  .Semitic  tongues.  15ut  to 
 discuss  this  part  of  the  subject  is  imp<jssible  in  the 
 present  work.  It  must  sufBce  to  .s;iy  that  the  con- 
 fusion at  Babel  did  not  regard  tribes  as  such;  for  it 
 cannot  be  satisfactorily  shown  that  the  Semitic 
 families  received  one  form  of  speech,  the  Japhetic 
 '  another,  the  Hamitie  a  third. 
 
 Torrence,  Joseph  'William.,  D.  D.,  the  ninth 
 child  of  Joseph  and  Mary  (JlcCreary)  Torrence, 
 was  born  July  '21.st,  1831.  His  grandfather,  Samuel 
 Torrence,  was  an  elder  in  the  Dunlap's  Creek 
 Cliurch,  Presbytery  of  Redstone,  Ijetween  the  years 
 1780  and  1800.  His  par<'nts  were  both  brought 
 tip  under  the  pastorate  of  Dr.  Jacob  .lennings, 
 in  that  church.  Having  graduated  at  Ohio  Central 
 College,  at  Iberia,  Ohio,  Jnne,  1858,  and  having 
 completed  the  study  of  theology  at  the  same 
 place,  under  the  instruction  of  Rev.  George  Gordon, 
 its  president,  he  w:us  licen.sed  to  preach  the  same 
 year,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Central  Ohio,  of  the  Free 
 Presbyterian  Church.  He  was  p;istor  of  the  Free 
 Presbyterian  churches  of  fiercer  and  Harrisville, 
 Pa.,  from  18.)8  to  18(j4,  and  at  Clarksville,  Mercer 
 county.  Pa.,  from  1804  to  1868.  In  18(!7  he  and  his 
 church  were  received  by  the  Presbytery  of  Beaver 
 (O.  S.).  He  was  pastor  of  the  Presbj*teriau  Church  of 
 Frankfort,  Ind.,  from  1868  to  1872;  supply  of  the 
 Church  at  Covington,  Ind.,  in  1872-3;  p.-ustor  of  the 
 churches  of  Waveland  and  Bethany,  Ind.,  from  1873 
 to  187!);  and  of  the  Third  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Toledo,  from  187!)  to  the  present  time. 
 
 Dr.  Torrence  isan earnest,  straightforward  preacher. 
 He  makes  free  use  of  the  Scriptures  in  his  si-rmons. 
 Having  a  ready  command  of  language,  while  making 
 aireful  preparation,  he  usually  preaches  without  a 
 manuscript.  He  is  a  faithful  pastor  and  a  successful 
 worker  in  the  Master's  Vineyard. 
 
 Torrey,  David,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  Bethany, 
 Pa.,  November  13th,  1818.  He  graduated  in  Amherst 
 College  in  1843,  the  valedictorian  of  his  cla.ss.  He 
 studied  theology  at  Andover  Seminary  and  I'nion 
 Seminary  (N".  Y.),  graduating  at  the  latter  in  184(i. 
 He  then  was  Tutor  at  Amherst  College  for  a  year, 
 and  directly  after  this  opened  and  conducted  t'or  two 
 years  a  private  grammar  school.  He  act-epted,  in 
 December,  1849,  a  call  to  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  Delhi,  N.  Y.,  where  he  wsis  the  greatly  beloved 
 and  honored  p;ustor  for  ten  and  a  half  years.  After 
 a  successl'ul  pastorate  of  live  years  in  the  First  Pres- 
 
TORRi: 
 
 94G 
 
 TRACY. 
 
 'bytcriun  Church,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. ,  he  accepted  a  call  to 
 the  Church  of  Ann  Arbor,  which  he  served  lor  a 
 short  time.  After  an  absence  abroad  for  more  than 
 a  year,  for  health's  sake,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 I'nsbyterian  Chunh  of  Cazenovia,  X.  Y.,  where  he 
 remained  until  ill  health  again  compelled  his  resig- 
 nation, in  1881. 
 
 In  personal  bearing  Dr.  Torrey  is  at  once  genial 
 and  dignified,  loving  the  things  which  make  for 
 peace,  and  yet  always  fearless  in  maint;iining  prin- 
 ciple. In  intercourse  with  his  parishioners  he  knew 
 how  to  be  affiible  without  any  trace  of  obsequious- 
 ness, and  was  revered  by  them  as  a  wise  counsellor 
 and  a  true  and  sympathizing  friend.  He  has  always 
 manifested  a  peculiar  interest  in  young  men,  and  ob- 
 tained agrcat  hold  upon  them  in  each  of  his  parishes. 
 His  preaching  is  thoughtful  without  being  abstruse, 
 able  without  being  ambitious,  and  scholarly  without 
 being  pedantic.  Each  of  his  parishes  has  parted 
 with  him  with  great  reluctance,  and  he  maintains 
 the  warmest  ])lace  in  the  affections  of  them  all. 
 
 Torry,  Stephen,  ruling  elder  and  licensed 
 preachfr,  was  born  at  Bethany,  Pa.,  in  November,  1808, 
 when  the  surrounding  region,  known  as  the  "  Beech 
 Woods,"  was  mostly  a  hea^Tly-timbered  wilderness. 
 A\'Tien  he  was  only  eight  years  old  he  was  accustomed 
 to  find  his  way  for  miles  through  the  wood§,  alone, 
 on  horseback,  to  carry  messages  and  bags  of  bread 
 and  pork  to  parties  of  workmen  or  surveyors  that 
 were  under  the  eai-e  of  his  father. 
 
 He  bec;ime  a  Sunday-school  teacher  almost  as  soon 
 as  there  were  any  Sunday  schools,  about  1820,  and 
 from  that  time  his  religious  activity  Wiis  constant, 
 as  was  also  his  business  diligence. 
 
 During  about  forty  years  of  his  active  life,  Mr. 
 Torry  constantly  had  a  "  ParLsh  "  a  few  miles  out 
 from  his  home,  to  which  he  went  on  Sundays,  after 
 the  morning  service,  and  held  a  Sunday  scliool  in 
 tlie  afternoon  and  a  neighborhood  meeting  in  the 
 evening,  and  where  he  visited  lamilies  as  oftt'U  as 
 practicable  during  the  week.  Within  the  range  of 
 two  or  three  of  these  parishes  permanent  Presbyterian 
 churches  have  been  established,  and  from  the  harvests 
 which  he  has  reaped  from  these  obscure  fields,  the 
 "good  seed,"  which  con.sists  of  "the  children  of 
 the  kingdom."  has  be<>n  skittered  all  over  the  land. 
 Thus  lie  illustratid  the  aggressive  power  of  the 
 elder's  office,  and  also  its  educating  power,  by  becom- 
 ing so  capable  a  t<'acher  and  lay  preacher,  that  when 
 he  was  more  than  sixty  years  old  his  Presbytery 
 (Lackawanna)  took  him  away  from  his  business  and 
 made  him  Pre.sbyterial  missionary  for  a  large  terri- 
 tory, covering  the  Eastern  coal  region  of  Pennsyl- 
 vania, in  whirh  work  he  is  still  (is-'l)  fruitfully 
 engaged,  at  tlu^  age  of  seventy-live  years. 
 
 Tracy,  Rev.  Charles  Chapin,  was  born  in 
 East  Smithli.ld,  I'a.,  October  :5Ist,  18;W;  graduated 
 at  Williams  College  in  18G4,  and  at  the  Union  Tlieo- 
 loeical   Seminary,  New  York,  in  1807,  and  was  or- 
 
 [  daified  July  7th,  1867.  On  August  24th  of  that  year 
 i  he  set  sail  as  a  missionary  for  Turkej-,  in  Asia.  He 
 labored  at  Marsovan,  in  seminary  and  station  work, 
 between  two  and  three  years.  His  wife's  health  be- 
 coming impaired,  he  took  her  to  the  capital  for  treats 
 I  ment,  where  he  wa.s  located  after  her  recovery  for 
 three  years.  Soon  after  his  settlement  there  he  was 
 instrumental  in  estaldishing  the  first  illustrated 
 children's  paper  ever  jjublished  in  the  Empue.  Tliis 
 little  pictorial  lie  had  the  charge  of  near  three  years, 
 jirintingit  in  Armenian,  .Vrnuno-TurkishandGra'co- 
 Turkish.  During  the  same  time  he  wa.s  writing,  for 
 two  years,  "Letters  to  Oriental  Families,"'  published 
 in  the  ICninfietlcal  ir((7.7^,and  afterwards  in  book  form. 
 When  the  needs  of  the  Theological  Seminary  re- 
 quired it,  Mr.  Tracy  returned  to  Marsovan,  in  1872. 
 There,  during  the  following  three  years,  in  which  he 
 taugnt  in  the  Seminary,  he  also  preached,  wrote  a 
 Commentaiy  on  Hebrews,  also  on  Daniel,  and  trans- 
 lated Butler's  Analogj'  for  his  ela.ss.  In  187,5  he  made 
 a  visit  to  his  native  country,  for  rest,  after  which  he 
 returned  to  his  work,  reaching  Marsovan  on  the 
 eleventh  anniversary  of  his  first  arrival  there.  His 
 devotion  to  the  missionary  work  is  now  much  deeper 
 than  ever.  His  heart  is  much  in  the  establishment 
 of  "  The  College  of  Anatolia, "  all  the  more  beeau.se 
 the  Jesuits  are  on  hand,  struggling  too  succes-sfully 
 to  supplant  the  Protestant  missionaries  in  education. 
 In  reporting  himself  to  his  theological  class  record, 
 he  says,  "I'm  writing  for  one  weekly  paper  a  series 
 of  articles  entitled  '  Be  a  Man,'  and  addres.sed  to  the 
 yo.nng  men  of  the  Ea.st,  attempting  to  be  a  mental 
 and  moral  tonic  to  the  limp  spirit  of  Turkdom." 
 
 Tracy,  William,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Norwich, 
 Conn. ,  June  2d,  l.-<07.  He  was  a  student  in  Williams 
 College  nearly  three  years,  and  a  member  of  the  clxss 
 which  graduat,ed  in  I8:i3,  but  as  he  left  before  it 
 graduated,  his  name  does  not  apjiear  among  the  gradu- 
 ates of  the  college.  After  lea\  ing  college,  he  taught 
 about  one  year  at  Lexington,  Ky. ,  and  then  spent 
 about  a  year  at  Andover  Seminary,  and  between  one 
 and  two  years  at  Princeton  Seminary.  He  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  (A.ssembly's)  Second  Pres- 
 bytery of  Philadelphia,  October  8th,  IS'S'y,  and  w;us 
 or<lained  Ijy  the  same  body,  April  12th,  1830,  as  an 
 evangelist. 
 
 Having  devoted  liinisclf  to  the  I'oreign  Missionary 
 work,  he  sailed  for  India  November  23d,  1830,  and 
 after  spending  some  months  iu  JIatlras,  reached 
 the  Madura  district,  which  was  to  be  his  field  of 
 labor,  October  9th,  18:i7.  He  soon  after  took  up  liis 
 residence  at  Tirumangalum,  where  he  conimence<l 
 his  laboi-s.  Here  he  established  a  boarding  school, 
 which  afterwards  grew  into  the  higli  grade  Semi- 
 nary of  l'a.sumalai,  liaving  fifty  pupils.  Here  he 
 spent  the  next  twenty-two  years  of  his  life,  except  a 
 ]ieriod  between  18.">0  and  18.'i4,  when  he  was  ab.sent 
 on  a  ^isit  to  the  United  States.  More  than  two 
 hundred  and   fifty  young  men  passed  through  th« 
 
TRADITIONS. 
 
 947 
 
 TRANSFIGURATIOX  OF  CHRIST. 
 
 course  of  study  in  this  school  wliilo  it  was  under  innovations  and  corruptions  which  the  fancies  of 
 liis  administration,  ncaiiy.all  of  wliom  hciarae  pro- 1  men  may  devise,  and  would  make  void  the  law  of 
 lessed  Christians,  and  afterwards  held  positions  of  :  God.  But  as  our  Lord  strongly  condemned  the 
 us,  fulness  and  honor.  He  prepared  many  text-hooks  Jewish  traditions,  .so  we  justly  reject  the  m:Lss  of 
 in  theology  and  liilde  .study,  and  gave  important  aid    tradition  received  by  the  Romish  Church. 
 
 in  revising  the  Tamil  Bible.     After  a  second  visit  to 
 
 Transfiguration  of  Christ.    This  very  remark- 
 
 .■Vmeriea,  iu  1S70,  he  lived  and  labored  at  Tlrupuva-   able  occurrence  in  our  Lord's  life  is  recorded  bj-  three 
 
 of  the  Evangelists  (Matt,  xvii,  Mark  i.\,  Luke  i.\). 
 The  substiince  of  what  we  learn  from  their  accounts 
 is,  that  upon  a  certain  occ;i.sion  Jesus  took  Peter, 
 James  and  John  into  a  high  mount;iin,  apart  from  all 
 
 nam.  On  November  8th,  1877,  he  and  Mrs.  Tnicy 
 welcomed  their  youngest  son,  the  Rev.  James  Tnicy, 
 and  his  wife,  from  the  United  States,  as  missionaries 
 to  share  their  labors  and  their  home.      But  now 
 
 the  aged  missionary's  work  was  done.  He  die<l  ;  other  society,  an.l  that  He  was  there  transfigured 
 November  2sth,  1X77,  in  the  seventy-first  year  of  before  them.  His  face  shining  as  the  sun,  and  Hi's  rai- 
 hisageand  the  forty-first  of  his  missionary  ,ser\iee.  ment  whiteasthe  light;  that  moreover  there  appeared 
 He  was  cou.scious  to  the  end,  and  liis  mind  was  at  unto  them  Moses  and  Elias  conversing  with  Him; 
 P'^"'^^'  I  and  that  while  they  spake  together  on  the  subject 
 
 Dr.  Tracy  was  a  man  of  active  mind,  keen  wit  and  1  of  His  death,  which  was  soon  afterward  to  take  place 
 cheerful  di-sjiosition.  He  was  gifted  with  great  '  at  Jerusalem,  a  bright  cloud  overshadowed  them, 
 penetration,  prudence,  practical  good  sense  and  and  a  voice  out  of  the  cloud  proclaimed,  "  This  is 
 kindly  manners,  and  he  was  greatly  beloved  by  both  my  beloved  Son,  in  whom  I  am  w.Hl  pleased."  The 
 the  old  and  the  young.  I  Apostle  Peter,   adverting  to  this  memorable  occur- 
 
 Traditions.  The  i  radii  ioii.t  of  men  cannot  be  ^  rence,  .says,  "We  have  not  followed  cunningly  de- 
 allow.dto  supplement  Scripture  as  a  rule  of  faith,  vised  fables  when  we  made  known  unto*j"ou  the 
 because  the  Scriptures,  while  undertaking  to  lead  [  power  and  coming  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  but 
 men  to  a  saving  knowledge  of  God,  never  once  were  cye-witne.s.ses  of  his  majesty.  For  he  received 
 .ascribe  .authority  to  any  such  a  supplementary  rule,  from  God  the  Father  honor  and  glory,  when  there 
 Traditions  have  been  a  fertile  source  of  corruption  in  c.ime  such  a  voice  to  him  from  the  excellent  glory, 
 religion,  both  among  Jews  and  Christians.  The  Jews  'This  is  my  beloved  Son,  in  whom  I  am"  wt-11 
 pretended  that  besides  what  .Moses  committed  to  plea.sed.'  And  this  voice  which  came  from  heaven 
 writing,  he  received  from  God  a  variety  of  revelations,  we  heard,  when  we  were  with  him  in  the  holv  mount" 
 which   he    communicated    verbally   to   Aaron,    and    (2  Peter,  i,  16-18).     This  event  is  to  be  considered: 
 
 which  were  orally  transmitted  from  generation  to 
 generation.  These  traditions  multiplied  exceedingly, 
 especially  after  the  spirit  of   prophecy  was  with- 
 
 1.  As  a  solemn  confirmation  of  the  prophetic  office 
 of  Christ.  2.  As  designed  to  sujjport  the  faith  of 
 the  disciples,  which  was  to  be  deeply  tried  by  Hi; 
 
 drawn  from  the  Church;  and  whc-n  Christ  appeared  appro.aching  humiliation;  and  to  afford  consolation 
 on  earth  He  found  the  Jews  so  far  degenerated,  that  to  the  human  nature  of  our  Lord  Himself,  by  giving 
 their  religion  consisted  almost  entirely  in  the  observ-  Him  a  foretaste  of  "  the  jov  set  before  him. ""  3.  .Vs 
 ance  of  such  traditions.  Hence  we  find  Him  declar-  ,  an  eml)lem  of  humanity  glorified  at  the  resurrection, 
 ing,  "Ye  have  made  the  commandment  of  God  of  |  4.  As  declaring  Christ  to  be  superior  to  Moses  and 
 mme  efTect  by  your  tradition."  "  In  vain  they  do  Elias,  the  giver  and  the  restonr  of  the  law.  .5.  As 
 worship  me,  te;iching  for  doctrines  the  command- 1  an  evidence  to  the  disciples  of  the  existence  of  a  sepa- 
 nients  of  men  "  (Matt.  xv.  6,  9).  In  the  same  way  rate  state,  in  which  good  men  consciously  enjoy  the 
 have  a  multitude  of  the  eorruptjons  in  the  doctrine    felicity  of  heaven.  '  6.  As  a  proof  that  the  bodies  of 
 
 and  worship  of  the  Uomish  Church  sprung  up. 
 They,  after  the  example  of  the  Jews,  pretend  that 
 Christ. and  His  apostles  delivered  many  things  which 
 are  not  found  in  the  Scrij)tures,  and  which  h.ave  come 
 down  to  us  by  tradition.  But  how  can  it  be  shown 
 that  those  articles  of  nligion  or  institutions  of  wor- 
 
 good  men  shall  be  so  refined  and  changed,  as,  like 
 Elias,  to  live  in  a  state  of  immortality,  and  in  the 
 presence  of  God.  7.  As  exhil)iting  the  sym])athy 
 which  exists  between  the  Church  iu  heaven  and  the 
 Church  on  earth,  and  the  instruction  which  the  for- 
 mer receives  from  the  events  which  take  ]>lace  in  the 
 ship,  which  they  say  lune  come  down  by  tra<lition,  '  latter:    Moses  and  Elias  conversed  with  our  Lord  on 
 
 were  really  received  from  the  mouth  of  Christ  or 
 from  the  teaching  of  His  apostles?  Or,  supposing 
 that  they  were  derived  from  this  source,  how  can  it 
 be  ascertained  that  they  have  been  conveyed  down 
 
 His  approaching  death,  doubtless  to  receive,  not  to 
 convey  information.  8.  As  maintaining  the  grand 
 distinction,  the  infinite  difference,  between  Christ 
 and  all  other  prophets;  He  is  "TitE  sox."    "  That  is 
 
 to  us  without  alter.ation  or  corruption  ?  The  fact  is, "  my  hlovcd  Son,  hear  him."  It  has  been  observed, 
 many  of  these  traditions  which  are  called  apostolic  j  with  much  truth,  that  the  c'ondition  in  which  Jesus 
 can  be  traced  to  their  commencement  at  a  period  Christ  appeared  among  men,  huml)le,  weak,  i)oor  aii<l 
 mn.h  Liter  than  that  of  the  apostles.  To  admit  un-  j  dcsi)ised,  was  a  true  and  continual  transfiguration; 
 written   traditions  wonld   open   a   door  for   all  the  I  whereas  the  transfiguration  itself,  in  which  He  showed 
 
TRAVELLI. 
 
 948 
 
 TRIXITY. 
 
 Himself  in  the  real  splendor  of  His  glory,  was  His 
 true  and  natural  condition. 
 
 Travelli,  Rev.  Joseph  S.,  was  born  in  Phila- 
 delijhia,  Pa.,  April  21st,  1809.  After  spending  some 
 time  at  the  Abingdon  Academy,  under  the  care  of  the 
 Rev.  Robert  Steel,  he  took  charge  of  Blackberry 
 Academy,  Harford  county,  Md.  He  graduated  at 
 Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  in  1833,  and  studied  theology 
 in  the  "Western  Theological  Seminary.  He  was 
 married  to  Miss  Susan  Irwin,  of  Allegheny,  Pa., 
 March  31st,  1836.  In  July  of  that  year  he  sailed 
 from  Boston,  with  his  wife,  as  a  missionary  of  the 
 .V.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  to  Singapore,  in  the  East  Indies,  as  a 
 missionary  to  the  Malays.  He  was  placed  in  special 
 charge  of  the  Missionary  Boarding  School,  which  was 
 started  about  the  latter  part  of  the  year  1836,  with  some 
 thirteen  or  fourteen  pupils.  In  three  years  the  num- 
 ber increased  to  nearly  sixty.  In  1840  Mrs.  Travelli's 
 impaired  health  required  her  return  to  the  United 
 States.  5Ir.  Travelli  was  obliged,  in  about  eight 
 months,  and  for  the  same  reason,  to  return  also. 
 Both  subseciuently  desired  to  resume  their  mission 
 work,  but  under  the  advice  of  many  friends  they 
 finally  decided  not  to  risk  a  climate  which  had  proved 
 so  disastrous. 
 
 In  1842  Mr.  Travelli  reorganized  the  Sewickley 
 Acadeiny,  near  Pittsburg,  and  continued  it  in 
 successful  operation  for  nearly  twenty-five  years.  In 
 1865  or  1866,  he  became  the  General  Agent  of  the 
 Freedmen's  Aid  Commission  of  Western  Penns3'lvania, 
 E.  Ohio,  and  W.  Virginia,  and  rendered  it  valuable 
 service.  He  was  for  some  ten  years  teacher  in  the 
 Western  Penitentiary  of  Pennsylvania,  closing  his 
 useful  work  there  in  July,  1883.  Mr.  Travelli  still 
 resides  at  Sewickley.  He  is  a  gentleman  of  good 
 attainments,  winning  address,  obliging  and  benevo- 
 lent spirit,  and  rejoices  in  every  opportunity  for 
 doing  good.  He  is  faithful  to  duty,  and  highly 
 esteemed  by  his  brethren  in  the  ministry,  and  by  the 
 community  in  which  he  lives. 
 
 Travis,  Rev.  Mordecai  Moore,  was  born 
 October  22d,  1827,  in  Columbiana  county,  Ohio.  He 
 graduated  at  Jefferson  College,  and  at  the  Western 
 Theological  Seminary,  in  1859.  His  first  field  of 
 labor  was  a  missionary  one,  consisting  of  a  group  of 
 churches  in  Athens  and  Hocking  counties,  O.  Here 
 he  remained  about  three  years,  during  the  last  of 
 which  he  was  Superintendent  of  the  Public  Schools 
 of  Athens.  In  1862,  he  removed  into  the  boundaries 
 of  the  Presbytery  of  Zanesville,  and  remained  till 
 1868,  engaged  in  teaching  and  superintending  the 
 schools  in  Newark  and  iireaching  to  the  Church  at 
 Brownsville,  Muskingum  county.  In  1869  he  became 
 pastor  of  the  Church  at  Chenoa,  111.,  where  he  has 
 been  for  about  fourteen  years.  Mr.  Travis,  through- 
 out his  life,  has  been  faithful  in  the  discharge  of  his 
 ministerial  duties.  He  shuns  not  to  declare  the 
 whole  counsel  of  God.  He  enjoys  the  confidence  and 
 affection  of  the  people  among  whom  he  now  labors. 
 
 Treat,  Rev.  Josepli,  graduated  at  Princeton 
 College  in  1757,  and  acted  iis  Tutor  for  two  years  after 
 his  graduation.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Xew  Brunswick,  in  1760.  In  October,  1762,  he 
 was  installed  as  colleague  of  Rev.  Dr.  Bo.stwick,  in 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  New  York  city. 
 AMien  the  Revolutionary  War  began,  the  congrega- 
 tion was  scattered,  and  all  the  ministers  left  the  city. 
 Mr.  Treat  never  returned,  but  supplied  the  churches 
 of  Lower  Bethlehem  and  Greenwich,  in  Sussex  county, 
 N.  J. ,  until  his  death,  in  1797. 
 
 Treat,  Rev.  Richard,  born  at  Milford,  Conn., 
 September  25th,  1708;  graduated  at  Yale  in  1725, 
 and  was  installed,  by  Philadeljihia  Presbytery, 
 pastor  of  the  church  at  Abingdon,  Pa.,  December 
 30th,  1731.  In  1739,  while  hearing  "SNTiitefield  preach, 
 he  was  convinced  of  his  formal  state,  and  becanw 
 deeply  exercised  in  regard  to  his  personal  salvation. 
 In  consequence  of  a  division  in  the  congregation  at 
 Abingdon  he  resigned  the  charge,  about  1742.  The 
 Presbj-terians  at  Jlilford,  Conn.,  made  out  a  call  for 
 him,  August  lOtli,  1743,  but  the  Presbytery  advised 
 him  not  to  accept  it.  He  published  his  sermon, 
 preached  in  1747,  at  the  ordination  of  Lawrence,  in 
 the  Forks  of  Delaware,  and  on  the  death  of  President 
 Finley.  He  labored  to  the  close  of  his  days,  having 
 preached  on  ' '  the  West  Branch  of  the  Forks  ' '  (Allen 
 township)  shortly  before  his  decease.  He  died, 
 November  20th,  1778,  being  reverenced  as  a  peace- 
 maker and  a  man  full  of  good  works. 
 
 Trinity.  This  word  does  not  occur  in  Scripture: 
 it  hixs  been  devised  by  theologians  to  e.vpress  that 
 which  the  Scripture  plainly  teaches,  that  in  the  unity 
 of  the  Godhead  there  are  three  persons;  that  in  the 
 mode  of  His  subsistence  the  Divine  being  is,  in  some 
 way  incomprehensible  to  us,  three  and  }-et  one. 
 
 There  are  ma«y  passages  in  the  Old  Testament 
 which  prove  a  plurality  of  persons  in  the  Godhead; 
 such  as  those  pa.ssages  in  which  one  divine  person  is 
 introduced  as  speaking  of  or  to  another.  To  these 
 we  can  only  refer.  Gen.  i,  26;  iii,  22;xi,  7;  Ps.  xlv, 
 6,  7;  ex,  1;  Isa.  vi,  8.  All  these  texts  plainly  point 
 out  a  plurality  of  persons  in  the  Godhead.  But  it  is 
 evident  from  Scripture,  not  only  that  there  isa  plii- 
 raliti/,  but  also  that  there  is  a  Trinily,  or  only  three 
 jKrsoitf!,  in  the  Godhead.  This  is  plain  from  Isa. 
 Ixi,  1, where  our  Divine  Redeemerthus  speaks  :  "  The 
 Spirit  of  the  Lord  God  is  upon  Hie;  because  the  Lord 
 hath  anointed  me, ' '  etc.  Here  one  divine  person  is 
 the  speaker;  he  speaks  of  another  divine  person, 
 whom  he  styles  the  Spirit:  and  of  a  third  divine  per- 
 son, whom  he  calls  the  Lord  God.  The  work  of  crea- 
 tion is  ascribed  to  the  agency  of  throe  distinct 
 persons  (Ps.  xxxiii,  6):  "By  the  word  of  the  Lord 
 were  the  heavens  made,  and  all  the  host  of  them  by 
 the  breath  of  his  mouth."  Here  three  are  distinctly 
 pointed  out,  the  Father,  the  Word,  or  the  Sou  of  God, 
 and  the  Breath  of  his  mouth,  which  can  be  no  other 
 than   the   Holy  Spirit.     But  in  the  New  Testament 
 
TRINITY. 
 
 949 
 
 TBUNKEV. 
 
 this  doctrine  is  still  more  explicitly  revealed.  In  the 
 history  of  oiu'  Lord's  baptism  we  have  a  plain  inti- 
 mation of  the  mj-stery  of  the  Ti-inity  (Matt,  iii,  16, 
 17).  The  Failu'i;  hy  an  audible  voice  from  heaven, 
 bears  testimony  to  the  incarnate  Kedeemer;  the  .yo«,  in 
 huuiau  nature,  is  baptized  by  John;  and  the  Soly 
 S^yirit  descends  ujK)n  Him  in  a  visible  manner. 
 Hence  the  primitive  Chri.stians  VLsed  to  .say  to  any 
 who  doubted  the  truth  of  this  doctrine,  "  Go  to  Jor- 
 dan, and  there  you  will  see  the  Trinity."  Plainer 
 still  is  this  truth  from  the  form  of  words  appointed 
 to  be  used  in  Christian  baptism:  "  Baptizing  them  in 
 the  name  of  the  Father,  and  of  the  Son  and  of  the  Holy 
 Ghost  "  (llatt.  xxviii,  19).  To  baptize  in  the  name  of 
 one,  is  to  baptize  by  His  authority  and  dedicate  to 
 His  service.  This  is  competent  only  to  a  divine 
 person.  Now,  if  the  Father,  in  whose  name  we  are 
 baptized,  be  a  person,  so  must  the  Sou  and  the  Holy 
 Ghost,  for  we  are  bajitized  in  their  name,  as  well  as 
 in  the  name  of  the  Father.  The  apostolic;il  benedic- 
 tion furnishes  another  proof  of  a  Trinity;  "  The 
 grace  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  the  love  of  God,  and 
 the  communion  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  be  with  yon  all  " 
 (2  Cor.  xiii,  14).  "  This  is  evidently  a  prayer,  which 
 it  would  be  impiety  and  idolatry  to  address  to  any 
 other  but  God.  Yet  three  persons  are  distinctly 
 addressed,  and  consequently  are  recognized  as  pos- 
 sessed of  divine  perfections;  as  knowing  our  wants, 
 and  hearing  our  requests, .  and  able  to  do  what  we 
 ask;  as  the  fountain  of  all  the  blessedness  implied  in 
 the  terms,  grace,  love  and  communion."  "We  have 
 a  most  explicit  testimony  to  this  doctrine  (1  John  v, 
 7),  "There  are  three  that  bear  record  in  heaven,  the 
 Father,  the  AVord  and  tlie  Holy  Ghost,  and  these 
 three  are  one."  The  genuineness  of  this  text  has 
 been  much  disputed,  but  the  truth  of  the  doctrine  does 
 not  rest  on  a  single  te.xt,  as  has  been  already  shown. 
 
 In  a  book  compiled  by  ordinary  men,  some  attempt 
 would  probably  have  been  made  to  explain  the 
 mystery  of  tlie  Trinity,  at  all  events  to  define  the 
 terms  of  the  doctrine.  Scripture  makes  none.  For 
 human  language  is  inadequate  to  such  a  task,  or 
 even  if  language  were  not  inadequate,  the  human 
 understanding  could  not  have  grasped  the  full  knowl- 
 edge of  a  theme  so  high.  But  it  by  no  means  follows 
 that  we  are  to  reject  a  thing  as  fact  becau.se  it  is 
 above  our  comprehension.  Continually,  in  ordinary 
 life,  we  admit  that  to  be  true  which  we  caimot 
 explain.  It  is'  to  the  fact,  then,  as  Scripture  teaches, 
 that  we  must  look.  And  as  a  fact,  the  Scripture 
 reveals  the  doctrine  of  the  Trinity  in  two  ways,  first  in 
 passages  (some  of  whicli  have  been  noticed)  in  which 
 the  Father,  Son  and  Holy  Spirit  are  mentioned  together 
 as  God,  and  secondly,  in  passages,  too  numerous  for 
 mention  here,  which  speak  of  each  as  divine. 
 
 The  doctrine  of  the  Trinity  is  not  a  matter  of  mere 
 speculative  interest.  It  essentially  aft'ects  our  views 
 of  God  as  the  object  of  our  worship,  whether  we 
 regaid  Him  as  one  in  essence,  and  one  in  person,  or 
 
 admit  that  in  the  unity  of  this  Godhead  there  are 
 three  equally  Divine  persons.  These  are  two  very 
 different  conceptions.  Both  cannot  be  true.  The 
 God  of  tho.se  who  deny  the  Trinity  is  not  the  God 
 of  those  who  worship  the  Trinity  in  Unity,  nor  on 
 the  contrary ;  so  that  one  or  the  other  worships  what 
 is  "  nothing  in  the  world,"  and,  for  any  rculiti/  in  the 
 object  of  worsliip,  might  as  well  worshii)  a  pagan 
 idol,  which  also,  says  St.  Paul,  "is  nothing  in  the 
 world."  If  God  be  Father,  Son  and  Holy  Ghost,  the 
 duties  owing  to  God  will  be  duties  owing  to  that 
 triune  distinction,  which  mu.st  be  paid  accordingly; 
 and  whoever  leaves  any  of  them  out  of  his  idea  of 
 God,  comes  so  far  short  of  honoring  God  perfectly,  and 
 of  serving  Him  in  proportion  to  the  manifestations  He 
 
 ,  has  made  of  Himself. 
 
 As  the  object  of  our  woi-ship  is  affected    by   our 
 
 !  respective  views  on  this  great  subject,  so  also  is  its 
 character.  We  are  between  the  extremes  of  pure  and 
 acceptable  devotion  and  of  gross  and  offensive 
 idolatry,  and  must  run  to  one  or  the  other.  If  the 
 doctrine  of  the  Trinity  be  true,  then  those  who  deny 
 it  do  not  worship  the  God  of  the  Scriptures,  I)ut  a 
 fiction  of  their  own  framing;  if  it  be  false,  the  Trini- 
 tarian, by  paj"ing  divine  honors  to  the  Son  and  to  the 
 Holy  Ghost,  is  equally  guilty  of  idolatry,  though  in 
 another  mode. 
 
 Trouillard,  Lattrent  Philip,  a  French  l{e- 
 formed  or  Huguenot  minister,  associated  with 
 Priolean  as  pastor  of  the  French  Protestant  Churdi 
 of  Charleston,  S.  C.  He  was  tlie  son  of  Pierre 
 Trouillard,  pa.stor  at  Sedan,  and  afterward  at  La 
 Ferte-on-Vidame,  where  the  son  was  born.  He  left 
 Charleston  in  1(>99,  and  became  pastor  of  tlie  French 
 refugees  settled  on  the  western  branch  of  Cooper 
 river,  where  he  died  in  1711. 
 
 Trunkey,  Hon.  John,  LL.D.,  is  a  Justice  of  the 
 Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania,  and  a  ruling  elder 
 in  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Franklin,  Pa.  In 
 these  offices  he  does  honor  alike  to  Church  and  State. 
 Judge  Trunkey  was  born  October  26th,  182?,  and 
 spent  his  early  life  on  the  farm  that  was  cleared  up  fiv 
 his  fatlier.  His  education  was  commenced  in  the 
 common  school  of  the  county,  and  carried  forward 
 through  private  schools  and  the  academy  until  he 
 was  prepared  to  commence  the  active  preparation  for 
 
 I  the  profession  he    had    chosen    for    his    life-work. 
 
 j  Having  studied  law  in  the  office  of  the  Hon.  Samuel 
 Griffith,  he  wasadmitted  to  theBarof  Jlercer  county 
 in  18.>1,  and  commenced  practice  as  the  partner  of 
 his  legal  preceptor.  He  worked  on  diligently,  and 
 with  great  carefulness,  mastering  the  details  of  his 
 profession,  and   lajing  a  broad  foundation  for  the 
 
 I  work  of  coming  days.  In  the  Autumn  of  1866  he 
 was  elected  Judge  of  the  Twentj'-eighth  Judicial 
 District  of  Pennsylvania,  comijosed  of  the  counties  of 
 
 j  Mercer  and  Venango,  and  after  a  service  of  ten  years 
 he  was  re-elected,  in  1876.  In  1877  he  was  elected 
 Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania,  which 
 
TRUNKEY. 
 
 950 
 
 TULLY. 
 
 positiou  he  holds  at  the  present  time.  During  his 
 public  life  his  residence  was  Mercer,  until  1872,  when 
 he  transferred  his  home  to  Franklin,  Pa. 
 
 Judge  Truukey  was  elected  a  ruling  elder  in  the 
 Church  of  Franklin,  in  1876,  and  served  for  three 
 years  inost  efficiently  and  acceptably  as  Superintend- 
 ent of  its  Sabbath  school.  In  attendance  upon  the 
 courts  of  the  Church,  he  has  uniformly  shown  his 
 interest  by  taking  part  in  their  discussions  and  in 
 giving  the  advantage  of  his  judgment  and  counsel  in 
 all  their  affairs.  He  has  been  a  successful  man  in  the 
 various  walks  of  life.  One  great  reason  for  this  has 
 been  his  unvarying  determination  to  do  well  every- 
 thing he  undertook.  For  everything  there  has  been 
 forethought  and  diligent  preparation. 
 
 HON.  JOHN  TRUNKET. 
 
 His  Christian  character,  from  the  beginning,  has 
 been  e.xemplary  and  earnest.  In  his  practice  as  a 
 lawyer,  his  course  has  always  been  consistent,  digni- 
 fied and  faithful  alike  to  the  interests  of  justice  and 
 the  cause  of  his  clients.  As  a  j  udge,  he  was  impartial, 
 patient  and  forbearing.  Whilst  never  in  luiste  in 
 the  trial  of  causes,  he  yet  endeavored  so  to  master 
 the  issue  before  him  that  business  was  despatched 
 with  promptness  and  accuracy.  As  a  Justice  of  the 
 Supreme  Court,  his  opinions  have  great  weight  with 
 his  associates,  and  give  general  satisfaction  to  the 
 country,  securing  him  the  reputation  of  an  industri- 
 ous, careful  and  tliorough  jurist. 
 
 Truth,  KnoAvledge  of,  Essential  to  Salva- 
 tion. ' '  Tluit  in  the  case  of  sane  adult  persons, ' '  says 
 Dr.  A.  A.  Hodge,  "a  knowledge  of  Christ  and  a, vol- 
 untary acceptance  of  Him  is  essential  in  order  to  a  per- 
 
 sonal interest  in  His  salvation  is  proved :  1.  Paul  argues 
 this  point  explicitly:  If  men  call  upon  the  Lord  they 
 shall  be  saved ;  but  in  order  to  call  ux)oni  Him  they 
 must  believe,  and  in  order  to  believe  they  must  hear; 
 and  that  they  should  hear,  the  gospel  mu.st  be 
 preached  unto  them.  Thus  the  established  order  is: 
 Salvation  cometh  by  faith,  laith  cometh  by  hearing 
 and  hearing  by  the  Word  of  God  (Rom.  x,  14-17; 
 Matt,  xi,  "27;  John  xiv,  6;  xvii,  3;  Acts  iv,  12). 
 
 "2.  God  has  certainly  revealed  no  purpose  to  save 
 any  except  those  who,  hearing  the  gospel,  obey,  and 
 lie  requires  that  his  people,  as  custodians  of  the  gos- 
 pel, should  be  diligent  in  disseminating  it  as  the 
 appointed  means  of  saving  souls.  Whatever  lies 
 beyond  this  circle  of  sanctified  means  is  unrevealed, 
 unpromised,  uncovenanted. 
 
 "3.  The  heathen  in  mass,  with  no  single  definite 
 and  unquestionable  exception  on  record,  are  evidently 
 strangers  to  God,  and  going  down  to  death  In  an  un- 
 saved condition.  The  presumed  possibility  of  being 
 saved  without  a  knowledge  of  Christ  remains,  after 
 eighteen  hundred  years,  a  possibility  illustrated  by 
 no  example." 
 
 Tully,  Rev.  Andre'W,  was  born  at  Potsclose, 
 Roxburgshire,  Scotland,  May  30th,  1812.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Lafayette  College,  in  1837,  and  at  Princeton 
 Theological  Seminary  in  1840.  He  was  licensed  by 
 Newton  Presbytery,  April  29th,  1840,  and  ordained 
 and  in.stalled,  November  24th,  1840,  pa.stor  of  Upper 
 and  Lower  Jlonnt  Bethel  churches,  having  labored 
 in  them  to  some^ extent  as  a  supply  the  previous  sum- 
 mer. Lower  Mount  Bethel  desiring  his  entire  ser- 
 vices, he  was  released  from  the  Upper  Church,  April 
 26th,  1842.  He  was  released  from  Lower  Mount 
 Bethel  Church,  October  4th,  1853,  after  thirteen  years 
 of  faithful  and  successful  pastoral  labor,  and  Novem- 
 ber 9th,  18.53,  was  installed  pastor  of  Harmony 
 Church,  in  the  same  Presbytery.  Here  he  remained 
 until  April  16th,  1861,  when  the  pastoral  relation 
 was  dissolved.  He  then  supplied  the  Church  at 
 Morrisville,  Pa.,  1861-66,  when  he  accepted  a  call  to 
 the  Second  Church  of  Wantage,  at  Beemerville,  Sus- 
 sex county,  N.  J.,  where  he  was  installed  September 
 4th,  1867,  and  from  which  he  was  released  April  16th, 
 1873.  His  next  and  last  charge  was  the  Church  of 
 Upper  Mount  Bethel,  in  which  he  had  over  thirty 
 years  before  begun  his  pastoral  work,  where  he  was 
 installed  November  2d,  1873,  and  labored  until  his 
 Master  ^ade  him  come  up  higher.  He  died  April 
 5th,  1880,  full  of  the  peace  and  hope  of  the  gospel. 
 His  last  words  were:  "Nearer,  my  God,  to  Thee." 
 Mr.  Tully  was  universally  respected  and  loved.  He 
 was  a  man  of  warm  heart,  of  frank  and  genial  manners, 
 aud  of  generous  impulses.  As  a  preacher,  he  was  able 
 and  scriptural,  exhilnting  an  unction  which  carried 
 the  truth  powerfully  to  the  hearts  of  his  hearers. 
 As  a  pastor,  he  was  watchful,  industrious,  attentive, 
 kind,  sympathizing  and  judicious.  Large  gatherings 
 in  gracious  revivals  marked  some  of  his  pastorates. 
 
TULLY. 
 
 951 
 
 TYLER. 
 
 Tully,  Rev.  "William  Kelly,  eldest  sou  of  Rev.  ' 
 David  TuUy,  D.n.,  -nus  bora  in  Princeton,  N.  Y., 
 November  9th,  18.51.  He  was  a  student  at  Lafayette 
 College,  18(58-9;  graduated  at  Princeton  Tlieological 
 Seminary  in  1875,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Newton,  N.  J.,  June  9th,  1874.  He 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  Chm-ch  of  Medina,  N.  Y., 
 June  7th,  1875,  and  wiis  installed  its  pastor,  October 
 l.lth,  1875.  Here  his  labors  were  largely  blessed. 
 (',)nsiderations  of  health  led  to  the  resignation  of 
 this  charge,  July  1st,  1877.  On  January  1st,  1878, 
 he  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of  tlie  Ocean  Street 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Jacksonville,  Florida,  where 
 he  lias  since  ministered.  Mr.  Tnlly  is  ;iu  eloquent 
 speaker,  both  in  the  pulpit  and  on  the  platform.  He 
 is  very  faithful  as  a  pastor.  He  has  done  and  is  i 
 doing  much  for  the  cau.se  of  Pre,sbvterianisni  and 
 Missions  in  the  South.  He  is  the  author  of  a  number 
 of  the  "Business  Men's  Tracts." 
 
 Turner,  Rev.  Douglas  Kellog-g,  was  the 
 fourth  child  of  Bela  and  Mary  (Nash)  Turner,  and 
 was  born  in  Stockbridge,  Mass.,  December  17th, 
 18-23.  Having  graduated  at  Yale  College,  in  1843,  he  j 
 pursued  the  study  of  theology  at  Andover  and  Yale 
 Theological  Seminaries;  was  licensed  to  preach  b}' 
 the  Hampden  East  Association  of  Slassachu-setts,  in 
 1846;  taught  an  academy  at  Hartsville,  Bucks 
 county.  Pa.,  one  year  and  a  half,  and  w;is  ordained 
 and  installed  pastor  of  the  Xeshaminy  Prcsbj-terian 
 Church,  of  Warwick,  at  Hartsville,  April  18th,  1848, 
 by  the  Fourth  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia.  After  a 
 pastorate  of  twenty-five  years  he  resigned  his  charge 
 April  20th,  1873.  He  is  the  author  of  an  octavo 
 volume,  "The  History  of  Neshaminy  Church,"  from 
 17:iG  to  1876,  containing  sketches  of  Rev.  "William 
 Tenuent,  Sr.,  and  his  sons,  "  Log  College, "  etc.  In 
 1883  he  became  Corresponding  Secretary  and  Libra- 
 rian of  the  Presbyterian  Historical  Society  in  Phila- 
 delphia. Sir.  Turner  is  an  excellent  preacher,  an 
 alile  writer,  and  held  in  high  esteem  by  his  brethren. 
 
 Turner,  Rev.  James,  the  sou  of  Richard  and 
 Nancy  (Johns)  Turner,  wiis  born  in  Bedford  county, 
 Va.,  May  7th,  1759.  His  hopeful  conversion  took 
 jilace  in  1789.  Soon  after  he  began  a  course  of  public 
 exhortation.  In  this  way,  it  became  known  that  be 
 had  a  remarkalile  talent  for  public  speaking,  as  well 
 as  uncommon  zeal  for  the  promotion  of  Christ's  king- 
 dom, and  the  Presbytery  of  Hanover,  within  whose 
 bounds  he  was  exercising  his  gifts,  soon  encouraged 
 him  to  give  himself  formally  to  the  work  of  the  min- 
 istry. Accordingly,  on  October  aoth,  1701,  at  the 
 age  of  thirty-two,  he  was  licensed  by  that  Presbytery 
 to  preach  the  gospel,  the  full  literary  course  required 
 by  the  Presbyterian  Book  of  Discipline  not  being 
 exacted  in  his  case,  as  it  w;us  judged  to  be  one  of 
 those  extraordinary  cases  which  would  justify  de- 
 parture from  the  rule.  On  the  28th  of  July,  1792, 
 he  was  ordained  to  the  work  of  the  ministry,  and 
 installed    as    colleague    pa.stor  with    the   Rev.    Mr. 
 
 Mitchel,  in  what  was  then  called  the  Peaks  congre- 
 gation, but  which  was  really  three  congregations  with 
 one  session.  He  also  took  charge  of  the  New  London 
 congi'egation.  Here  he  spent  the  whole  of  his  min- 
 i.sterial  life.  He  died  January  8th,  1828.  In  his 
 power  over  men,  as  a  preacher,  Mr.  Turner  was  ac- 
 knowledged to  be  without  a  rival  among  the  clergy 
 of  Virginia.  Dr.  "\V.  S.  Plumer  say.s — "I  never  saw 
 but  one  James  Turner  in  the  pulpit,  and  I  do  not 
 expect  ever  to  see  another.  I  have  never  seen  any 
 man  sway  an  audience  as  he  did.  Old  and  young, 
 learned  and  unlearned,  saint  and  sinner,  the  white 
 man  and  the  black  man,  felt  and  owned  his  power."' 
 
 Tuttle,  Joseph  Farrand,  D.  D.,  was  born  at 
 Bloomfield,  N.  J.,  March  12th,  1818.  He  graduated 
 at  Mar.  College  in  1841;  studied  theology  at  Lane 
 Seminary,  1841-3,  and  was  ordained  in  April,  1846, 
 by  Marion  Presbytery.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Second 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Delaware,  Ohio,  1846-7;  col- 
 league pastor,  Rockaway,  N.  J.,  1847-62;  President 
 of  "Wabash  College,  1862-81.  Dr.  Tuttle  is  a  fine 
 scholar,  an  able  preacher,  and  throughout  his  life 
 has  been  earnest  and  successful  in  the  service  of  the 
 Master. 
 
 Tuttle,  Rev.  Moses,  was  born  in  New  Haven 
 ■June  25th,  1715.  In  1747  he  was  ordained  the  first 
 minister  in  Granville,  Mass,  and  was  dismissed  in 
 1753.  Here  his  short  ministry  was  blessed  with 
 prosperity  and  peace.  In  1756  he  was  a  member  of 
 the  New  Side  Presbytery  of  New  Castle,  and  was 
 then  employed  in  Kent  county,  Del.  On  the  union 
 he  was  joined  to  the  Lewes  Pre.sbytery.  In  1764  he 
 belonged  to  the  New  York  Presbytery,  and  withdrew 
 in  1769.  He  died  at  Southold,  L.  I.,  it  is  said,  in 
 April,  1771.  After  his  release  from  Granville,  he 
 preached  in  various  places,  and  died  in  peace. 
 
 Tyler,  George  Palmer,  D.  D.,  son  of  Royall 
 and  Mary  (Palmer)  T3-ler,  was  born  in  Brattleboro, 
 Vt.,  December  10th,  1809;  graduated  at  Yale  College 
 in  1836;  studied  theology  at  Lnion  Seminary;  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Third  Presbytery  in  1839; 
 ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Lowville,  Lewis  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1840; 
 in  l'<53  accepted  a  call  to  his  native  village,  Brattle- 
 boro, Vt.,  where  he  remained  pastor  for  thirteen 
 years,  when  he  resigned  and  immediately  took  tem- 
 porary ch;u-ge  of  a  church  at  Buckport,  Me.  The 
 climate  proving  too  severe  he  returned  to  New  York, 
 and  in  1869  became  pastor  of  the  Olivet  Presby- 
 terian Church,  in'the  village  of  Lausingburg,  N.  Y., 
 until  given  ui)  at  the  union  of  the  Old  and  New 
 School  branches,  when  he  took  charge  of  the  Slemo- 
 rial  I'resbyterian  Church  of  Troy,  for  two  years.  After 
 that  the  old  Olivet  Church  was  revived  in  a  new 
 locality,  and  Mr.  Tyler  resumed  his  place  as  pastor. 
 Middlebiuy  College  conferred  the  degree  of  D.  D., 
 in  1865.  The  various  churches  to  which  he  minis- 
 tered lived  in  peace  and  grew  in  numbers.  Dr.  Tyler 
 has  been  faithful  and  successful  in  liis  ministry. 
 
VHL. 
 
 95-> 
 
 CNDERHILL. 
 
 u 
 
 XThl,  Rev.  Erskine,  was  born  at  Poughkeepsie, 
 X.  Y..  April  l--!th,  1S41.  He  graduated  at  the  Uni- 
 versity of  New  York,  in  1860,  and  studied  theology 
 at  the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Xew  York  city. 
 He  was  teacher  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  18G3-71; 
 Secretary  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association, 
 Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  1872-5,  and  Assistant  Secretary 
 of  the  International  Executive  Committee,  of  the 
 Young  Men's  Christian  Association,  Poughkeepsie, 
 N.  Y.,  1875-. 
 
 Umsted,  Rev.  Justus  Thomas,  was  born  in 
 Chester  county,  Pa.,  January  2-2d,  1820.  He  studied 
 theology  at  Princeton  Seminary.  His  fields  of  labor 
 have  been:  stated  supply  at  South  Bend,  Ind.,  1848-9; 
 pastor  at  Musc;itine,  Iowa,  1850-53;  pa.stor  at  Keokuk, 
 1855-8;  pastor  at  Fagg's  Manor,  Pa.,  1860-72;  pastor 
 at  St.  George's,  Del.,  1872-6,  and  pastor  at  SmjTna, 
 1877-.  Mr.  Umsted  is  a  forcible  and  ftiithful 
 preacher,  and  iis  a  presbyter,  diligent  in  the  dis- 
 charge of  duty.  The  divine  blessing  has  accompanied 
 his  ministry. 
 
 Unbelief,  the  refusing  of  as.sent  to  testimony.  It 
 is  often  taken  for  dLstrust  of  Uod's  faithfulness,  but 
 more  particularly  for  the  discrediting  of  the  testimony 
 of  God's  Word  concerning  his  Son  (John  iii,  18,'  19; 
 xvi,  9).  "It  includes  di.saftection  to  God,  disre- 
 gard to  His  Word,  prejudices  against  the  Redeemer, 
 readiness  to  give  credit  to  any  other  than  Him,  in- 
 ordinate love  to  the  world,  and  preferring  of  the 
 applause  of  men  to  the  ai)probation  of  God."  "  Un- 
 belief," says  an  old  and  able  writer,  "  is  the  greatest 
 sin,  as  it  is  the  foundation  of  all  sin;  it  was  Adam's 
 first  sin;  it  is  a  sin  against  the  gospel.  It  strikes 
 peculiarly  at  God,  is  the  greatest  reproa<;h  of  Him, 
 robs  Him  of  His  glory,  is  a  contradiction  to  His  will, 
 and  a  contempt  of  His  authority."  The  causes  of 
 u:5bclief  are  Satan,  ignorance,  pride  and  sensuality. 
 The  danger  of  it  is  great;  it  hardens  the  heart,  tills 
 with  presumption,  creates  impatience,  deceives  with 
 error,  and  linally  exjioscs  to  condemnation  (John 
 iii,  11). 
 
 Underhill,  Judge  Henry  B.,  .son  of  Abraham 
 and  .Mary  (Raymond)  Underbill, was  born  September 
 11th,  1H21,  in  the  city  of  Troy,  N.  Y.,  where  his 
 father  was  for  many  years  a  prominent  merchant. 
 At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  was  received  into  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  that  city,  then  under  the  pastoral 
 charge  of  N.  S.  Beman.  I>.  I>.,  of  which  church  his 
 parents  were  members.  He  was  graduated  at 
 Amherst  College,  in  1845,  and  spent  eight  years  there- 
 after in  teaching,  two  years  in  Massachusetts  and  six 
 years  in  Mississippi.   lntheSi)ringof  1854  he  removed 
 
 to  California,  and  spent  the  next  six  years  in  mercan- 
 tile pursuits  in  the  city  of  Stockton.  He  then  applied 
 himself  to  the  .study  of  law,  to  which  he  had  pre- 
 viously devoted  his  leisure  time,  and  was  admitted 
 to  the  Bar  in  December,  1860.  In  1868  he  was  elected 
 County  Judge  of  San  Joaquin,  Cal.  At  the  close  of 
 his  term  of  office,  in  1868,  he  was  employed  by  the 
 Central   Pacific  Railroad  Company  as   attorney,   to 
 
 JUDtiE   UCNBV    B.    UNDEBllILL. 
 
 secure  the  right  of  way  for  the  railroads  being  built 
 by  said  company,  and  by  the  Soutliern  Pacific  liiilroad 
 Company,  and  to  attend  to  other  real  estate  matters, 
 and  hohis  that  position  at  the  present  time.  He  was  a 
 member  of  the  Session  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Stockton  for  eighteen  years,  and  for  three 
 y(;ars  thereafter  was  an  elder  in  Calvary  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  San  Francisco.  For  a  number  of  years 
 piust  he  had  been  eminently  successful  as  teacher  of 
 the  adult  Bible  class  in  the  Sabbath  school  of  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Oakland,  and  having 
 removed  to  San  Francisco,  holds  the  same  jiosition  in 
 the  Sabbath  school  of  Calvary  Presbyterian  Church. 
 Judge  Underhill  is  one  of  the  examples  among 
 laymen  which  prove  that  there  is  no  conflict  between 
 culture  and  Christianity;  that  men  of  the  most 
 varied    attainnunts,   eminent    in    professional    life, 
 
UNDERWOOD. 
 
 953 
 
 VXIOX  OF  BELIEVERS. 
 
 second  to  none  in  intellectual  force,  still  find  their 
 liigTiest  enjoyment  in  the  work  of  the  Church,  and 
 even  in  the  teaching  of  its  time-honored  doctrines  in 
 the  Sabbath  school.  In  all  the  enterprises  of  the 
 Presbj-terian  Church  on  the  Pacific  Coast  the  counsel 
 of  Judge  Underbill  is  sought  among  the  first.  He 
 was  one  of  the  committee  ajipoiuted  to  inaugurate 
 the  new  college  moTemeut,  and  is  at  present  a  mem- 
 ber of  its  Board  of  Trustees.  A  fine  personal  pres- 
 ence, rare  tact  and  courtesy,  marked  ability  and 
 transparent  sincerity,  are  the  elements  of  Judge 
 Uuderhill's  great  influence  and  popularity. 
 
 TJnder^vood,  Rev.  Henry  Beman,  was  born 
 in  Irvington,  X.  J.,  December  Soth,  18:59.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Williams  College,  in  1862,  and  studied  the- 
 ology at  Union  and  Andover  Theological  Seminaries. 
 He  was  ordained,  January  19th,  1866,  and  sustained 
 the  relation  of  stated  supply  to  the  following 
 churches :  .Ringwood,  111.,  1865-7;  East  Long  Jleadow, 
 Mass.,  1867-8;  Marlborough,  N.  H.,  1869;  Ba.xter 
 SiJrings,  Kansas,  1869-70;  Hillsboro'  Bridge,  N.  H., 
 1871-.3;  Algona,  Iowa,  1873-5.  After  a  life  of  dUi- 
 gence  and  usefulness  in  the  Master's  service,  Mr.  Un- 
 derwood died,  September  2d,  1875. 
 
 Union,  Hsrpostatical,  is  the  union  of  the 
 human  nature  of  Christ  with  the  Divine,  constituting 
 two  natures  in  one  person.  Not  consubstantially,  as  the 
 three  persons  in  the  Godhead,  nor  physically,  as  soul 
 and  body  united  in  one  person,  nor  mystically,  as  is  be- 
 tween Christ  and  believers,  but  so  as  that  the  manhood 
 subsists  in  the  second  person,  yet  without  making 
 confusion,  both  making  but  one  person.  It  was 
 miraculous  (Luke  i,  34,  35),  complete  and  real: 
 Christ  took  a  real  human  body  and  soul,  and  not  in 
 appearance;  iuseparable  (Heb.  vii,  25). 
 
 Union  of  Believers  to  Christ.  The  union 
 of  Clirist's  people  to  Him  is  represented  as  the  found- 
 ation of  an  interest  in  His  benefits,  in  passages  such 
 as  the  following  :  "Of  him  are  ye  in  Christ  Jesus, 
 who  of  God  is  made  unto  us  wisdom,  and  righteous- 
 ness, and  sanctifiealion,  and  redemption.^'  There  is, 
 therefore,  now  no  eondemnation  to  them  that  are  in 
 Christ  Jesus'. "  "  That  I  may  be  found  in  him,  not 
 having  mine  own  righteousness,  which  is  of  the  law, 
 but  that  which  is  through  the  faith  of  Christ,  the 
 righteousness  which  is  of  God  by  faith. ' ' 
 
 This  union  is  also  represented  by  the  strongest  ex- 
 pressions language  can  supply.  It  is  compared  to 
 the  union  of  a  vine  and  its  branches  (John  xv,  4,  5). 
 To  the  union  of  our  food  with  our  bodies  (.lohn  vi, 
 56,  57).  To  the  union  of  the  body  with  the  head 
 (Eph.  iv,  15,  16).  To  the  conjugal  union  (Eph.  t, 
 23,  30).  To  the  union  of  a  king  and  his  subjects 
 (Matt.  XXV,  34,  40).  To  a  building  and  its  founda- 
 tion (1  Peter,  ii,  2,  4,  5;  Eph.  ii,  21,  22). 
 
 The  bonds  of  this  union  are  the  Spirit  and  Faith. 
 The  Spirit  being  in  Him  and  in  them  makes  them 
 truly  one.  The  distance  between  Christ,  who  is  in 
 heaven,  and  believers,  who  are  upon  earth,  is  no  ob- 
 
 stacle, because  the  Spirit  is  omnipresent.  Through 
 His  intervention,  not  merely  a  figurative,  but  a  real 
 union  is  effected;  there  is  one  living  principle  in  the 
 Head  and  the  members  (1  Cor.  vi,  17,  12,  13;  1  John 
 iil,  24;  iv,  13).  The  principal  bond  of  the  union 
 between  Christ  and  His  people  is  the  Spirit.  But, 
 as  the  union  is  mutual,  something  is  necessary  on 
 their  part  to  complete  it,  and  this  is  faith.  Hence 
 Christ  is  said  to  dwell  in  our  hearts  by  faith.  This 
 faith  is  not  merely  a  natural  act  of  the  mind,  assent- 
 ing to  the  truth  of  the  gospel,  as  it  assents  to  any 
 other  truth,  upon  credible  testimony,  but  it  is  a 
 supernatural  act,  an  effect  produced  by  the  power 
 of  the  Spirit  of  gi-ace,  and  is  such  a  persuasion  of 
 the  truth  concerning  the  Saviour  as  calls  forth  exer- 
 cises suitable  to  the  nature  of  its  object.  It  is  a  cor- 
 dial approbation  of  the  Saviour,  a  hearty  consent 
 to  His  offers,  an  acceptance  of  Him  in  His  entire 
 character  as  "made  of  God  unto  us  wisdom,  an<l 
 righteousness,  and  sanctification,  and  redemption" 
 (1  Cor.  i,  30). 
 
 It  is,  we  repeat,  in  truth,  and  not  merely  by  a  figure 
 of  speech,  that  Jesus  Christ  and  His  disciples  are  said 
 to  be  one.  They  are  one,  not  only  in  sentiment  and 
 affection,  by  consent  of  mind  and  heart,  but  by  a  real 
 conjunction,  their  persons  being  united  to  His  person. 
 The  Spirit  of  Christ  actually  dwells  in  the  souls  of 
 believers.  Hence,  He  is  said  to  live  in  them,  and 
 they  are  said  to  abide  in  Him.  Some  regard  the  idea 
 of  such  an  union  as  a  dream  of  enthusiasm;  but  the 
 humble  Christian  is  content  to  believe  the  testimony 
 of  Scripture,  and  cannot  withhold  his  assent  to  a  fact 
 of  which,  although  he  is  unable  to  explain  it,  the 
 evidence  which  he  finds  in  himself  is  conclusive.  He 
 who  is  led  by  the  Spirit,  enlightened,  assisted  and 
 comforted  by  Him,  cmnot  doubt  that  Christ  dwells 
 in  him.  This  union  is  :  1.  Spiritual.  It  is  on  this 
 account  that  it  is  diiiicult  to  conceive  it.  The  same 
 spirit  lives  in  our  exalted  Redeemer,  and  in  His  peo- 
 ple upon  earth,  and  hence,  although  separated  from 
 Him  and  from  one  another,  they  are  but  one.  2. 
 Without  Confusion.  It  is  a  union  of  persons,  which 
 imports  that  the  parties  concerned  in  it  continue  as 
 much  distinct  individuals  as  before.  As  our  Saviour 
 cannot  participate  in  the  infirmities  of  His  people, 
 except  by  sympathy,  so  they  cannot  participate  in 
 His  divine  excellences,  which  are  incommunicable. 
 Christ  and  they  are  truly  united,  but  there  does  not 
 result  a  unity  of  essence,  or  of  person,  for  it  is  not 
 effected  immediately,  but  through  the  intervention 
 of  the  Spirit,  and,  con.sequently,  there  is  no  confasion 
 of  natiu'e  or  persons;  so  that  Christ  is  incarnate  in 
 believers,  or  they  are  deified  in  Him.  3.  Indissoluble. 
 There  is  no  reason  to  apprehend  that  Christ  will  dis- 
 solve the  union,  because  He  is  not  fickle  in  His  at- 
 tachments, apt  to  be  disgusted  and  easily  irritated, 
 but  having  a  gracious  design  to  accomplish,  will  per- 
 severe till  it  be  completed.  Those  whom  He  loves 
 He  loves  to  the  end.     It  will  not  be  dissolved  by  any 
 
r.yjo.y  cjnnc'jj. 
 
 954 
 
 WEST  vntoixiA. 
 
 ac-t  of  His  people.  They,  indeed,  have  inconstant '  house  erected  thereon,  then  the  log  church  on  Indian 
 hearts,  and,  from  their  own  changeableness,  or  from  ,  Creek  was  abandoned,  and  the  more  spacious  and 
 the  influence  of  external  temptations,  they  might  re-  \  comfortable  court-house  was  allowed  the  congrega- 
 nounce  their  connection  \\  ith  liini,  hut,  as  He  prays    tion  for  their  worsliip.     The   name  of  Union  being 
 
 that  their  faith  may  not  Aiil,  so  the  Spirit,  dwelling 
 in  their  hearts,  preserves  it  amidst  the  dangers  to 
 which  it  is  exposed.  (See  Rom.  viii,  3."),  :J7:  John  x, 
 2:?.) 
 
 Keing  united  to  Christ,  believers  have  fellowship 
 
 given  to  the  couuty  seat,  caused  the  congregation 
 thereafter  to  bear  the  name  of  Union,  and  the  organ- 
 ized church  to  be  introduced  into  the  Presbytery  of 
 "  Old  Haiwver  ''  as  the  "  Church  of  Union."  When 
 the  weather  was  pleasant,  and  large  numbers  came 
 
 with  Him  in  His  sufferings  and  death,  and.are  there-  j  together,  particularly  on  Communion  occasions,  the 
 foresaid  to  be  "crucified  and  dead  with  Christ  "' congregation  assembled  for  worship  in  a  shady  sugtir- 
 (Kom.  vi,  6,  81.  Thej'  have  also  fellowship  with  tree  grove  adjacent  to  the  village. 
 Christ  in  His  resurrection;  for  they  are  "raised  up  to- j  The  majority  of  the  early  settlers  in  that  region 
 gether  with  Him,"  and  have  communion  with  Hira  ;  emigrated  from  the  "Valley  of  Virginia,"'  and  were 
 in  His  life  (Eph.  ii,  6;Ual.  ii,  20).  They  have  fellow-   generally  of  ".Scotch-Irish"  desceut,  with  a  goodly 
 
 ship  with  Him  in  His  victories.  He  si)oiIcd  princi- 
 palities and  powers,  overcame  the  world;  destroyed 
 death,  and  vanquished  the  grave  for  them;  and  they 
 shall  be  made  more  than  conquerors  over  all  these 
 enemies,  through  Him  (Rom.  viii,  37).     They  have 
 
 number  of  English,  Irish  and  German,  the  posterity 
 of  whom  form  a  respectable  and  influential  portion 
 of  the  community  at  the  present  time.  The  first  set- 
 tlers around  Union,  and  in  convenient  reach  of  the 
 first  Presbyteri.an  Church,  were  the  Alexanders,  Dun- 
 
 corarannion  with  Him  in  all  the  benefits  which  he  laps,  Eyrnsides,  Erskines,  Hutchinsons,  Capertons,' 
 purchased;  hence  they  are  said  to  be  "  made  partakers  ;  Estills,  Grays,  Hanlys,  Vawters,  Wood  wards,  Haynes, 
 of  Christ,"  and  to  be  '.'  complete  in  Him  who  is  the  Chambers,  Dunbars,  Ben.sons,  Beirns,  Boyds,  Leacees, 
 head  of  all  principality  and  power"  (Heb.  iii,  14;  '  Nickells,  Youngs,  Glenus,  Keenans,  Kelleys,  Alder- 
 Col,  ii,  10);  they  have  an  interest  in  His  righteous- j  sons,  Pattons,  Clarks,   Campbells,  Ewlngs,  Wileys, 
 
 ne.ss,  by  which  He  fulfilled  the  law  in  their  room,  and 
 are  thus  entitled  to  the  blessing  of  justification;  they 
 are  adopted   into  the  family  of  heaven,   and  made 
 
 Parkers,  Shanklins,  Francis,  Neels,  etc. 
 
 The  first  permanent  settlement  of  the  whites,  within 
 the  limits  of  what  are  at  present  the  counties  of 
 
 heirs  of  God,  and  joint  heirs  with  His  Son  Jesus  j  Greenbrier  and  Monroe,  was  about  the  year  1769. 
 Christ;  they  are  s:mctified  in  soul,  body  and  spirit,  i  Not  long  after  the  permanent  settlement  of  the 
 being  enabled  by  His  grace  to  die  more  and  more  country,  missionaries  labored  among  the  people  both 
 unto  sin,  and  live  unto  righteousness;  they  now  sit  in  Greenbrier  and  what  is  now  Monroe  counties, 
 in  heavenly  plaees  with  Christ  as  tlieir  representing  ;  According  to  tradition,  a  Mr.  Crawford,  who  came 
 head,  and  in  due  time  they  shall  be  glorified  in  their    from  the  South  branch  of  the  Potoraat,  was  the  first 
 
 own  persons  together  with  Him  (Eph.  ii.  6;  Col.  ii. 
 4).  In  short,  all  things  are  theirs,  as  the  apostle 
 Panl  a.s.serts;  and  he  founds  their  title  to  all  things 
 upon  their  union  to  Christ:  "  .\11  things  are  yours: 
 whether  I'aul,  or  .\pollo.s,  or  Cephas,  or  the  world 
 
 missionary  who  came;  the  names  of  Frazier  Read  and 
 some  others  were  mentioned,  but  nothing  definite  is 
 known  as  to  the  periods  of  their  labors,  the  length 
 of  time  any  of  them  preached,  or  by  whom  they  were 
 commissioned.     Their  preaching,  nevertheless,  .seems 
 
 or  life,  or  death,  or  things  present,  or  things  to  come:  |  not  to  have  been  without  gratifying  results;  since, 
 all  are  yours,  and  ye  are  Christ's,  and  Christ  is  God's"  i  within  comparatively  few  years,  before  the  year  ISos' 
 (1  Cor.  iii,  22,  2:5).  fpersons  were  living  within  this  region  who  professed 
 
 Union  Presbyterian  Chiirch,  West  Virginia.  [  religion  under  theministryofthe.se  missionaries,  and 
 The    l>resbyterian   church   now    called   Union    was  I  were,  some  of  them,  burning  and  shiniu'r  li<rhts  in 
 
 originally  known  by  the  name  of  "Good  Hope," 
 and  afterwards  "  Concord,"  bearing  one  or  the  other 
 ofthc.se  names  as  long  as  the  congregation  worshiped 
 
 the  Church. 
 The  Rev.  .John  McCue  organized  the  Church  now 
 '  bearing  the  name  of  Union.  As  JNIr.  JlcCue  was  the 
 in  the  first  building  erected  for  their  r.^ifVious  ser- j  first  minister  of  t lie  Presbyterian  Church  who  set- 
 vices.  That  house,  whi.h,  it  ha.s  been  pretty  siitis-  tied  in  any  part  of  this  region,  and  was  the  or-anizer 
 factonly  a.scertain.d,  was  built  about  the  year  1794,  '  of  the  Union  Church,  then  Ciilled  "Good  Hope  " 
 stood  about  one  and  on.-half  mil.s  south  of  the  vil-  j  and  having,  moreover,  been  a  self-denving,  faithful 
 hige  of  Union,  in  the  midst  of  towering  oaks,  over-  '  minister  of  the  go.spel,  who  prepared  the  way  for  the 
 looking  the 'deep  vale  through  which  Indian  Creek  ;  easier  and  more  successful  labors  of  those  who  came 
 makes  its  way.  It  Wius  built  of  unhewn  logs,  on  a  after  him,  it  is  meet  that  he  should  be  held  in  grate- 
 stone  foundation,  and  was  twenty-live  fc-et  sijuare.  j  fnl  and  affectionate  remembrance.  To  this  end  wo. 
 WTien  the  county  of  Monroe  was  set  off  from  the  '  present  the  following  sketch  of  his  life,  prepared  bv 
 counties  of  Greenbrier  and  Hnlctourt,  by  Acts  of  the    his  grandson,  J.  Marshall  McCue,  Esq.,' with  the  aid 
 
 General  -Vssembly  of  Virginia  ( 1799  an<l  ls02),  and  a    of  .some  others: • 
 
 village  laid  out  for  the  county  .seat,  with  a    eonrt-        "  The  Rev.  John  MeCue  was  the  chL'st  son  of  .Tohn 
 
rxiox  cHcncH, 
 
 }VEST  VIRGIXIA. 
 
 MeCue,  and  Elleanor  Matthews,  natives  of  Ireland, 
 but  at  .the  time  of  their  marriage  residents  of  Penn- 
 sylvania. He  was  born  about  the  year  1752.  About 
 the  year  1765  his  parents  moved  to  the  county  of 
 Xelsou,  Va.,  and  settled  about  two  miles  soutli  of  the 
 place  now  known  as  '  Axton  Station. '  They  obtained 
 a  grant  from  George  III,  for  seventy-one  acres  of 
 laud,  beariug  date  in  1771,  .still  in  the  possession  of 
 their  descendants. 
 
 '•When  young  McCue  decided  to  obtain  an  educa- 
 tion, he  could  receive  but  little  ai<l  from  his  lather, 
 who  had  a  large  family  and  limited  means.  The  mo.st 
 he  could  do  was  to  aUow  his  son  to  retain  whatever 
 wages  he  might  earn  from  manual  labor.  In  pur- 
 suance of  his  object,  it  is  remembered,  that  he  would 
 cross  the  Blue  Ridge  Jlountain,  at  Rockfish  Gap,  toil 
 a.s  a  day  laborer  in  the  fields  of  South  river,  and 
 return  to  his  home  at  night.  The  books  and  tuition 
 paid  for  in  this  manner  were  duly  appreciated.  His 
 name  appears  in  the  catalogue  of  Washington  Col- 
 lege, previous  to  the  charter  of  1782,  with  the  degree 
 of  X.  B.  He  was,  therefore,  doubtless,  among  the 
 early  pupils  of  the  famous  '  Liberty  Hall  Academy, ' 
 to  which  the  Washington  and  Lee  University,  Va.,  is 
 indebted  for  its  origin. 
 
 • '  He  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  at  Timberridge 
 Church,  May  22d,  1782,  and  at  the  same  time  ap- 
 pointed to  labor  a  portion  of  his  time,  under  the 
 direction  of  the  Presbytery  ('Old  Hanover'),  in 
 Greenbrier  county,  Va.,  Monroe  not  being  set  off 
 from  it.  In  one  year  after  his  licensure  he  preached 
 his  sermon  for  ordination  at  'Old  Monmouth 
 Church,'  Va.  (May  20th,  1783),  and  the  ordination 
 services  were  ordered  to  take  place  on  the  first  Wed- 
 nesday of  August  following,  among  the  people  of  this 
 AYestern  region,  where  he  had  spent  a  year  as  an 
 evangeli.st;  at  this  time  it  appears  the  churches  of 
 Union  and  Lewisburg  were  organized  and  he  installed 
 as  their  Pastor,  the  churches  being  then  denominated 
 'Camp  Union'  and  'Good  Hope.'  The  former 
 was  afterwards  denominated  the  •  Church  of  Lewis- 
 burg. ' 
 
 "September  2(lth,  1791,  Mr.  McCue  was  released 
 from  his  charge  of  the  churches  in  Greenbrier  and 
 Monroe,  and  accepted  a  call  from  Tinkling  Spring 
 Church,  with  which  church  the  people  of  Staunton 
 were  to  have  a  portion  of  his  pastoral  services. 
 
 "It  appears  from  the  Records  of  'Old  Hanover 
 Presbytery,'  that  while  his  main  charge  was  in 
 Greenbrier  (then  embracing  Monroe),  he  was  active 
 and  vigilant  in  .attending  to  the  spiritual  interests  of 
 many  localities,  particularly  in  the  southwest  and 
 western  xjortions  of  Virginia.  It  is  probable  that  he 
 was  the  very  first  to  preach  the  gospel  in  'the  Sinks," 
 'the  Levels  of  Pocohonfcis, '  the  'Head  of  Green- 
 brier '  '  Tygarts  Valley,'  and  nnmerons  other  places. 
 "  His  labors  in  Greenbrier  and  Jlonroe  continued 
 through  a  period  of  nine  years  and  four  months.  He 
 was  the  pastor    of   Tinkling   Spring    twenty  seven 
 
 yeai's.  He  reared  a  large  and  highly  respected  family 
 of  five  sons  and  as  many  daughters.  Some  of  his 
 sons,  sons-in-law,  and  their  children  occupied  posi- 
 tions of  houor  and  trust,  as  those  remember  who  are 
 fomiliar  with  the  legal  and  political  history  of  Au- 
 gusta county,  Va."     {See  Tinkling  Spring  Churrli.) 
 
 Mr.  McCue.  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Benjamin 
 Grigsby,  as  the  minister  of  the  gospel  in  the  wide 
 field  occupied  by  the  congregation  known  as  tlie 
 "Church  of  Union,"  embracing  the  whole  of  what 
 is  now  the  county  of  Monroe  and  p.'yt  of  Greenlirier. 
 About  the  year  18().5-G,  Mr.  (iri.gsby  received  a  call  to 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Norfolk.  Va.,  where  his 
 labors  were  terminated  in  1810,by  Him  who  "holdsthe 
 stars  in  His  right  hand,"  being  yet  in  the  vigor  of 
 i  life  and  in  the  midst  of  much  usefulness  as  a  minis- 
 '  ter  of  Christ,  Tradition,  among  those  who  were  the 
 descendants  of  Mr.  Grigsby's  parishioners  in  Monroe 
 and  Greenbrier,  represents  him  as  having  been  much 
 belovedasa  man,  and  distinguished  for  his  ability  and 
 fidelity  as  a  pastor,  that  his  sermons  were  generally 
 inii)ressive,  and  that  at  all  times  he  was*  heard  by 
 every  class  with  marked  attention. 
 
 The  Rev.  Dr.  John  McElhenny  came  to  this  country 
 in  the  year  1808,  and  was  installed  as  the  pastor  of  the 
 United  churches  of  Lewisburg  and  Union.  When  he 
 was  settled  here,  and  for  many  years  afterwards, 
 there  was  no  Presbyterian  minister  on  the  east 
 nearer  than  Lexington,  none  on  the  west  this  side 
 of  the  Ohio  river,  and  none  north  or  south  for  at 
 least  one  hundred  miles.  It  may  be  said,  therefore, 
 as  his  labors  could  n»t  be  confined  to  the  two  congre- 
 gations over  which  he  was  set  as  pastor,  in  conse- 
 (luence  of  the  frequent  and  urgent  solicitations  to 
 preach  in  adjacent  counties,  that  his  real  field  of 
 lalwr  was  some  two  hundred  miles  square.  (See  his 
 sketch. ) 
 
 The  first  elders  who  served  the  Church  of  Union, 
 so  far  as  can  be  learned,  were  James  Chambers,  who 
 served  with  Rev.  B.  Grigsby;  William  Shanklin, 
 ordained  in  1805;  Owen  Neel  and  William  Haynes, 
 probably  ordained  about  the  same  time;  Robert 
 Shanklin,  in  1810. 
 
 I  The  first  church  built  by  the  Presbyterians  in 
 j  Union  was  erected  on  the  southeastern  corner  of  the 
 village,  a  frame  building.  It  had  a  good  Session 
 hou.se,  or  apartment,  attached  to  it,  which  was  also 
 used  for  some  time  as  a  school-room.  How  long  this 
 building  stood  we  have  not  learned.  It  was  suc- 
 ceeded by  a  large  and  more  costly  brick  edifice, 
 which  was  still  occupied  by  the  congregation  when 
 the  present  pastor  entered  upon  his  duties  here,  iu 
 the  year  1842.  It  was  built  on  the  site  of  the  first ;  not 
 being  properly  con.structed  it  became  unsafe,  and 
 many  were  afraid  to  enter  it  when  a  crowd  was 
 expected;  hence  it  became  necessary  to  erect  another, 
 and  a  new  site  was  obtained,  beiug  donated  by  the 
 liberality  of  the  late  Hon.  A.  T.  Caperton,  just  out- 
 side of  "the  corporate  limits  of  the  xillage,  on  the 
 
UMUX  THKULOaiCAL  SSMIXAKi' 
 
 956 
 
 NEW  ruKK  CITY. 
 
 north.  It  was  dedicated  in  the  year  1855,  and  bids 
 fair,  at  this  time,(1883),  to  be  lor  a  h>iig  time  a  goodly 
 temple  for  the  worship  of  the  living  Ood. 
 
 Dr.  McElhenny  jircached  to  the  Church  of  Union 
 from  October  ^d,  1808,  till  1834,  a  ]K'riod  of  twenty- 
 six  years.  On  the  19th  of  March,  18:!5,  the  Re%\ 
 David  R.  Preston  w;i.s  chosen  ])astor  of,  the  church. 
 He  accepted  the  call  and  all  the  preliminary  arrange- 
 ments were  made  for  his  installation  as  pastor,  but 
 he  declined;  but  as  their  stated  supply,  preached  to 
 them  regularly  ti^l  the  last  of  August,  1841,  whenhe 
 resigneil  Mr.  Preston's  preaching  was  always  in- 
 structive, ))crhaps  too  commonly  didactic  ratlier  than 
 practical,  to  be  immediately  and  extensively  eft'ective. 
 
 The  Church  at  L'niou  was  without  a  minister  from 
 August  29th,  1841  (when  Eev.  D.'  R.  Preston  gave 
 up  the  charge),  till  October  25th,  1842,  when  Rev. 
 Samuel  R.  Houston,  D.  D.,  was  elected  their  stated 
 .supply,  and  as  svich  served  them  till  .January  4th, 
 1845,  when  he  wius  installed  over  them  a.s  pastor. 
 Mr.  Houston  had  been  a  missionary  in  Greece  and 
 Turkey,  lal)oring  under  the  direction  of  the  ".4«icn- 
 can  Board  of  Commisaioners  for  Forvign  Missions," 
 and  having  been  providentially  prevented  from  re- 
 turning to  the  East  (although  every  necessary 
 arrangement  had  been  made  for  his  doing  so),  the  way 
 was  open  for  his  acceptance  of  a  call  to  labor  in  this 
 country;  and  he  has  now  (1883)  been  ministering  to 
 the  ])eople  of  Monroe  for  nearly  forty-one  years. 
 While  the  Church  of  Union  was  undivided  and  em- 
 braced the  dillerent  out-stations  served  by  Dr.  Hous- 
 ton, there  were  received  into  the  communion  of  the 
 church,  under  his  ministry,  two  hundred  and  eighty- 
 eight  members.  "When  the  church  was  divided,  and 
 the  congregation  connected  with  the  \illaee  or- 
 ganized (1854)  into  a  distinct  chunli,  tlic  number 
 of  members  was  only  sixty-eight.  Since  that  time 
 one  hundred  and  fourteen  have  been  added.  At  an 
 out-station  on  the  knobs,  west  of  Virginia,  a  small 
 buihling  was  erected  in  the  year  1858,  for  the  ac- 
 commodation of  the  members  residing  there,  where 
 the  pastor  administers  the  Sacrament  of  the  Supper 
 regularly  once  a  year.  The  elders  of  the  church  at 
 this  time  (1883)  are:  Ucnjamiu  Crigsby  Dunlap, 
 Walter  Douglass,  Andrew  II.  .Toliuson,  F.  1).  Wheel- 
 wright, ordained  October  lllth,  1.880;  Samuel  Adger 
 Houston,  ordained  October  10th,  18S0. 
 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  Xi-w  York  ciiy. 
 The  movement  that  issued  in  Ihe  founding  of  this 
 Institution  first  took  shajx-  in  the  .\utumn  of  the  year 
 1835.  A  friend  (Rev.  Absalom  Peters,  I),  n. )  called 
 one  day  on  the  Rev.  William  Patton,  ii.  d.,  one  of 
 the  active  originators  of  the  enter|)rise.  to  advise  with 
 him  as  to  the  disposal  of  some  funds  which  a  book- 
 seller (.Mr.  Oliver  Halstcdiof  New  York  desired  to 
 appropriate  to  some  good  ol)jcet.  "  T/Ct  him  giv(^  the 
 sum  towards  the  founding  of  a  theological  seminary 
 in  Xcw  York."  was  the  reply.  His  friend  remon- 
 strated,  raised  olijcctions  to  the  project,  and  said, 
 
 "Itis  no  place  for  a  seminary.  ■'  The  matter  was  then 
 argued  at  considerable  length. 
 
 This  conference  resulted  in  a  consultation,  first 
 with  the  bookseller  (whose  funds,  however,  were 
 never  obtained),  and  then  with  a  few  prominent 
 merchants,  whose  generous  benefactions  had  already 
 given  them  prominence  in  the  walks  of  benevolence. 
 The  project  was  received  with  favor.  A  meeting  of  a 
 few  ministers  and  laymen  of  kindred  sympathies  was 
 informally  called.  It  was  held  at  the  house  of  Mr. 
 William  M.  Halstcd,  No.  60  Walker  street.  The  more 
 the  matter  was  talked  of  and  thought  of,  the  more  it 
 seemed  to  be  of  God's  ordering.  At  length,  a  formal 
 meeting  was  held,  Saturday,  October  10th,  at  the 
 house  of  Sir.  Knouies  Taylor,  No.  8  Bond  street.  In 
 addition  to  Mr.  Taylor,  eight  other  persons  were 
 present:  Messrs.  William  M.  Hoisted,  Bicliard  T. 
 HaineH,  Ahijah  Fisher,  and  Marcus  Wilbur,  Rev.  Ab- 
 salom Peters,  D.  D.,  Rev.  Henry  White,  Rev.  William 
 Patton,  and  Rev.  Erskine  Mason.  After  a  full  inter- 
 change of  views,  it  was  then  and  there  voted  nnani- 
 mou.sly  "That  it  is  expedient,  depending  on  the 
 blessing  of  God,  to  attempt  to  establish  a  theological 
 seminary  in  this  citj'. " 
 
 Other  meetings  followed  weekly,  at  the  same  place, 
 with  a  continual  enlargement  of  the  circle.  Promi- 
 nent among  the  additional  attendants  were  the  Rev. 
 Drs.  Thomas  McAuley  and  Thomas  H.  Skinner;  the 
 Rev.  Messrs.  John  C.  Brigham,  Ichabod  S.  Spencer, 
 William  Adams,  Asa  D.  Smith,  Elijali  P.  Barrows, 
 Henry  A.  RowUsid,  Charles  Hall  and  Henry  G.  Lud- 
 low; and  Messrs.  Fisher  Howe,  John  Nitchie,  Lowell 
 Holbrook,  James  C.  Bliss,  M.  D.,  Cornelius  Baker, 
 Anson  G.  Phelps,  Rufus  L.  Kevins,  Charles  Butler, 
 Charles  Starr,  John  L.  Mason,  Norman  White,  Oliver 
 Wilcox  and  Alexis  Baker.  It  was  thought  that  the 
 establishment  of  the  .seminary  would  involve  an  ex- 
 pense of  sixty-five  thousand  dollars.  At  their  meet- 
 ing of  November  !)th  a  subscription  was  called  for, 
 payable  in  five  annual  installments;  the  first,  on  the 
 first  day  of  June,  1836,  provided  that  not  less  than 
 sixty  thou.sand  dollars  had  been  subscribed.  The 
 sum  of  thirty-one  thou.sand  dollars  was  then  assumed 
 by  those  present,  an  additional  subscription  of  ten 
 thousand  dollars  was  reported  at  the  next  meeting, 
 and  every  encouragement  was  given  that  the  whole 
 sum  would  shortly  be  secured. 
 
 Measures  were  taken  at  once  to  procure  a  location, 
 and  to  erect  a  suitable  edifice  for  the  seminary.  A 
 plot  of  ground,  two  hundred  feet  square,  between 
 Sixth  and  Eighth  streets,  extending  from  Greene  to 
 Wooster  streets,  four  full  lots  on  each  street,  was  se- 
 lected. It  formed  a  part  of  the  property  of  "The 
 Sailors'  Snug  1  larbor, ' '  which  shortly  before  had  been 
 located  in  the  old  Randall  mansion,  on  Broadway, 
 above  Ninth  street.  It  was  subject  to  an  annual 
 ground-rent  of  eight  hundred  dollars.  The  lea.se  was 
 purcha.sed  for  eight  thousand  dollars.  The  locality 
 was  well  up-town— quite  on  the  outskirts  of  the  city. 
 
VXIOX  THEOLOaiCAL  SEMINARY,  957 
 
 .Y£ir  YORK  riTY. 
 
 The  location  was  deemed  quite  eligible,  near  enough 
 to  the  business  portion  of  the  city,  and  sufficiently 
 remote  for  a  quiet  literary  retreat. 
 
 A  jjermanent  corps  of  instructors  was  now  to  be 
 secured.     The  first  choice  of  the  Directors  for  the 
 Chair  of  Theology  was  the  Rev.  Jmiiii  Edwards,  D.D., 
 of  Andover,   Jlass.,   and   for  the   Chair  of  Biblical 
 Literature,  Prof.  Joseph  Addison  Alexander,  of  Prince- 
 ton, X.  J.     Both  appointments  were  declined.     Pro- 
 fessors Extraordinary  (Eev.  Drs.  ThomaslIcAulei/ and 
 Thomas  H.   Skinner,  and    Rev.  Messrs.  Ichabod  A. 
 Spencer,  Erskine  Ma^on  and  Henry  White)  were  ap- 
 pointed from  among  the  ministerial  members  of  the 
 Board.    On  the  last  day  of  September  the  Rev.  Henri/ 
 White,  the  pastor  of  the  Allen  Street  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  New  York,  was   appointed  to,  and  soon 
 after  accepted,  the  Chair  of  Theology.     The   Eev. 
 Thomas  SIcAuleij,  D.  D.,  the  pastor  of  the   Murray 
 Street  Presbyterian  Church,  and  the  first  President 
 of  the  Board,  was  chosen  Professor  of  Pastoral  The- 
 ology and  Church  Government,  with  the  position  of 
 President  of  the  Institution.     The  Rev.  Prof.  George 
 Howe,  of  Columbia,  S.  C. ,  was  also  chosen  to  the  Chair 
 of  Biblical  Literature.  Dr.  JIcAuley  accepted,but  Prof. 
 Hoice  declined.     The  services  of  two  regular  Profes- 
 sors, and  of  several  Professors  Extraor<linary,  having 
 thus  been  secured,   the   Recorder   was  authorized, 
 November  24th,  1836,  to  announce,  in   the  public 
 prints,  that  the  Seminary  would  be  opened  on  the 
 first  Monday   of    December    following.     Promptly, 
 therefore,  on  the  5th  day  of  December,  thirteen  young 
 men  presented  themselves  at  the  house  of  the  Presi- 
 dent, No.  112  Leonard  street,  and  were  duly  enrolled 
 as  theological   students.      A  fortnight  later.   Prof. 
 Edward  Robinson,  D.  D.,  late  of  Andover,  Mass.,  was 
 chosen  to  the  Chair  of  Biblical  Literature.     At  the 
 end  of  a  mouth  he  accepted,  and  entered  upon  his 
 work.     Ten  additional  students  were  enrolled  during 
 the  first  year. 
 
 The  new  seminary  had  tbui?  far  acciuired  no  "local 
 haliitation. "  The  necessities  of  the  ea.se  made  the 
 institution  somewhat  ''peripatetic."     The  plans  for 
 
 The  next    desideratum  for  the  seminary  was  a 
 theological  library,   and  for  the  attainment  of  this 
 a  kind  Providence  opened  the  way.     An  immense 
 collection  of  rare  and  valuable  books  was  in  the  pos- 
 session of  Leander  Van  Ess,  who,  when  Roman  Cath- 
 olic Professor  of  Divinity  in  the  ancient  University 
 of  Marburg,   gave  himself  with  intense  interest   to 
 the  study  of  the  original  Scriptures,  and  was  thereby 
 led,  through  divine  grace,   into  the  liberty   of  the 
 children  of  Clod.     C4rown  old  and  infirm,  he  had  re- 
 tired from  the  University  to  the  quiet  little  town 
 of  Alzey,  in  Hesse-Darmstadt,  west  of  the   Rhine, 
 about  equal  distance  from  Mayence  and  Worms,  and 
 offered  his  great  library  for  sale.     It  had  cost  Dr. 
 Van  Ess  fifty  thousand  florins,  but  in  April,    1838, 
 was  purcha.sed  for  the   seminary,  for  ten  thousand 
 florins,  its  whole  cost  to  the  Institution,  when  it  ar- 
 rived in  October,  all  charges  paid,  being  five  thou- 
 .sand  and  seventy  dollars  and  eight  cents.     It  was  re- 
 ceived just  in  time  to  &ad  its  way  into   the  alcoves 
 of  the  library  room  of  the  new  building,  and  it  has 
 served  as  an  invaluable  nucleus  around   which  to 
 cluster  the  needful  volumes  of  the  modern  press. 
 
 The  .second  year  of  instruction  had  closed  with  an 
 enrollment  of  fifty-six  students.  The  third  year  had 
 opened  with  a  large  accession.  The  new  seminary 
 building  was  dedicated  December  12th,  1838.  Three 
 years  had  now  elapsed  since  the  incipient  movement. 
 A  "local  habitation  "  had  been  .secured,  a  large  and 
 rare  library  had  been  provided,  a  full  and  able  Fac- 
 ulty inducted,  and  a  position  attained  among  the  first 
 three  seminaries  of  the  land.  An  Act  of  Incorpora- 
 tion was  obtained  March  27th,  1839,  from  the  Legis- 
 lature of  the  State,  the  name  "  Union"' having  been 
 given  it  at  Albany,  to  distingui.sh  it  probably,  from 
 the  Episcopal  Seminary  on  Twentieth  street,  a  name 
 not  desired,  much  less  chosen,  by  the  board,  but  pro- 
 phetic of  the  position  that  the  Institution  has  ever 
 since  maintained. 
 
 After  severe  financial  struggles,  for  some  years,  a 
 gracious  Providence  interposed,  and  the  necessary 
 support    for    the   seminary    was    received.      Large 
 
 the  buildinff  having  at  length  been  completed  and  '  amounts  were  contributed  by  the  friends  of  the  Insti- 
 
 approved,  contracts  were  made  for  the  erection  of  a 
 seminary  building  on  University  Place,  and  of  four 
 professors'  hou.ses  in  the  rear  on  Greene  street.  Early 
 in  March,  1837,  the  work  was  fairly  begun,  but  with 
 utterly  inadequate  resources,  owing  nuiinly  to  the 
 facts,  that  the  great  fire  in  the  city  had  crippled 
 quite  a  number  of  the  patrons  of  the  seminary  and 
 that  financial  embarrassment  prevailed  throughout 
 the  country.  From  two  of  the  warm  friends  of  the 
 Institution,  however,  at  the  close  of  the  year,  loans 
 amounting  to  twenty-seven  thousand  dollars,  secured 
 by  mortgage  on  the  grouuds  and  prospective  buildings 
 
 tution,  which  were  crowned  by  the  princely  gift,  by 
 Mr.  James  Brown,  of  New  York  city,  oi  three  hundred 
 thousand  dollars.  To  furnish  proper  accommodations 
 for  the  overflow  of  students,  two  of  the  four  houses 
 originally  owned  by  the  seminary,  and  sold,  were  re- 
 purcha.sed,  together  with  a  third  house  on  the  corner 
 of  Clinton  place.  The  latter  building  was  connected 
 with  the  former  by  an  additional  edifice,  in  1875. 
 The  seminary  building,  at  the  same  time,  was  ren- 
 dered much  more  commodious  and  attractive  by  a 
 large  addition  on  its  northern  side,  and  by  a  refur- 
 nishing of  the  chapel  and  students'  rooms,  providing 
 
 were  obtained,  and  the  work  of  construction,  which  j  thus  much  larger  space  also  for  the  library,  which 
 had  been  suspended,  was  resumed.     The  second  year  |  had  then  grown  to  more  than  thirty-three  thousand 
 of  instruction  had  commenced,  and  thirty  new  stu-  ,  volumes, 
 dents  had  been  enrolled.  1      Thus  has  Union  Seminary  grown   and  prospered. 
 
i:\JO.\  THEOLOaiCAL  SEMISMIY, 
 
 958 
 
 yjKGIXIA. 
 
 Through  mnch  and  severe  tribulation  it  has  attained  | 
 to  a  iM>sition  of  influence  excelled  by  none  other  in 
 the  land.  Its  student.s  are  found  in  evcrj'  section,  in 
 marly  every  State,  of  the  Union.  They  are  occupying 
 influential  jmlpit.-*  in  our  largest  towns  and  cities.  In 
 all  the  iiiHir  States,  and  in  the  outlying  hamlets  of 
 the  older  States,  they  are  laboring,  with  apostolical 
 zeal,  to  '-buihl  the  old  w;i.ste  places"  and  "raise  up 
 the  foundations  of  many  generations."  They  arc 
 fonnil  in  our  aciwleinies,  colleges  and  seminaries,  form- 
 ing the  minds  and  cultivating  the  hearts  of  the  rising 
 'generation.  On  every  continent  and  ocean-group  of 
 islands  they  are  toiling  to  raise  the  heathen  from  their  : 
 degradation  and  corruption,  and  train  them  for  God 
 and  glory.  Union  Seminary  is  a  mighty  power  in 
 the  worhl — a  grand  instrumentality  for  building  up 
 the  kingd<mi  of  our  Lord  .Tesus  Christ  among  men. 
 
 The  Faculty  of  I'nion  Seminary  consists,  at  pres- 
 ent, of  Hev.  Roswell  D.  Hitchcock,  i>.  i).,  ll.  d., 
 Pnmlnit  and  Waahbiifn  Professor  of  Church  History  ; 
 Kev.  William  G.  T.  Shedd,  1).  D.,  LL.  D.,  Booserclt  Pro- 
 fiKior  of  Systematic  Theology;  Rev.  PhilipSchaff,  D.D., 
 I.L.  It.,  Jitililirin  Professor  of  Sacred  Lileraturc ;  Rev. 
 George  L.  Prentiss,  D.I).,  Sliiiner  and  Mr.ilpin  Pro- 
 frsMtr  of  Pastoral  Theoloijy,  Cliiinh  Polity  and  Jlission 
 Work;  Rev.  Charles  A.  liriggs,  i).  D.,  Davenport  Pro- 
 fi.-.itir  of  Ilibrew  and  the  Cmjntile  I.anrjuaycs;  .Secretary 
 and  Librarian,  Rev.  Thomas  S.  Hastings,  l>.  D.,  Bron-n 
 Professor  of  Sacred  Rhetoric,  and  Rev.  Francis  Brown,  | 
 .\.  M..  Associate  Professor  in  the  Department  of  Biblical 
 Philology. 
 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  in  Virg-inia, 
 has  its  loc'ition  within  a  t'vw  huiuired  \;trds  of 
 IIampden-.Sidney  College.  The  seminary  grew  out  of 
 the  theological  school  or  department  connected  with 
 the  college.  (See  the  notice  of  that  Institution.)  As 
 early  iis  the  close  of  the  last  century  the  necessity  for 
 measures  to  provide  for  the  professional  training  of 
 candidates  had  engaged  the  serious  attention  of  the 
 Synod  of  Virginia  and  its  Presbyteries,  Hanover  and 
 I>exington  especially.  In  1796  a  t  eological  class 
 was  organized  by  tho  Rev.  William  Graham,  rector 
 of  Libej-ty  Half  .\eademy.  In  l^<(l.")-(i  l)rs.  Alexander 
 and  .1.  II.  It  ice  had  colhcted  funds  for  a  library  for 
 a  tlieological  school.  When  the  Assembly  sent  down 
 to  the  Presbyteries  an  overture  asking  a  vote  on 
 theestabli.shmentof  one  seminary  or  .several  .sy nodical 
 .schools,  the  majority  preferred  one,  and  thus  in  1812 
 Princeton  Seminary  was  Ibunded.  While  aciiniescing 
 in  the  ])r<-fi'rence  of  the  majority,  and  its  churches 
 aiding  in  carrying  out  the  jtlan  of  the  A,s.sembly,  the 
 Synod  thought  it  wise  to  have  its  own  schools,  and 
 n))p(>inli'il  Dr.  lloge  its  Professor  of  Theology.  He 
 performed  the  duties  of  this  ollicc  till  bis  death,  in 
 1820. 
 
 .\fter  an  ini'flV'ctual  effort  to  .secure  a  successor,  the 
 Synod  remitted  the  scheme  of  a  School  of  Theology 
 to  the  Presbytery  of  Hanover,  which  had  initiated 
 the  cnteriiise  when  first  .sc>t  on  foot.    The  Presbvterv, 
 
 in  1823-4,  established  a  seminary  entirely  distinct 
 from  the  college,  and  elected  Dr.  J.  H.  Rice  a  Profes- 
 sor. The  Presbytery,  by  Trustees  of  the  Seminary, 
 proceeded  to  prepare  buildings,  and  the  Institution 
 was  opened,  formally,  January  1st,  1824,  when 
 Dr.  Rice  made  his  inaugural  discourse.  Three 
 students  had  commenced  the  regular  course  in 
 1823;  within  less  than  eight  years  the  nuniher  in- 
 creased to  fifty.  The  Presb-i'tery  delivered  the  In- 
 stitution, in  ]>^26-7,  to  the  control  of  the  Synods 
 of  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  which  appointed, 
 each  twelve  Directors,  the  first  meeting  of  the 
 Board  being  held  in  November,  1827.  The  funds 
 then  amounted  to5!40,000,  of  which  §15,000  had  been 
 invested  in  buildings  and  a  library,  and  there  were 
 also  l?2(l, 000  in  unpaid  sul)scriptions.  By  great  labor. 
 Dr.  Rice  collected  from  various  sources  in  Virginia 
 and  North  Carolina,  and  especially  in  New  York  and 
 Boston,  considerable  additions  to  the  funds,  and  at 
 his  death,  in  September,  1831,  more  buildings,  ade- 
 quate to  accommodate  nearly  ninety  students 
 and  three  Professors,  were  in  progress  to  completion. 
 His  death  very  much  retarded  the  growth  of  the 
 seminary.  But  by  persevering  efibrts,  on  the  open- 
 ing of  the  war,  provision  had  been  made  for  lour  I'ro- 
 fes.sors,  and  the  number  of  students  had  reached 
 about  forty.  The  disasters  of  the  war  occasioned  the 
 lo.ssof  a  large  part  of  the  funds,  and  rendered  what 
 was  left  unproductive  for  a  year.  Friends  in  Balti- 
 more aYid  New  York  supplied  adequate  means  to 
 sustain  it  for  a  year;  and  with  help  from  those  cities, 
 Boston,  Chicago,  St.  Louis  and  Louisville,  its  per- 
 manent funds  were  largely  iucrea-sed,  and  by  1870,  . 
 reached  a  sufficient  amount  for  sustaining  four  Profes- 
 sors; and  now  otliir  additions  provide  a  total  of  about 
 .$70,000  of  funds,  the  interest  of  which  is  applied,  in 
 the  form  of  scholarships,  to  aid  indigent  candidates. 
 The  number  of  students  has  for  several  years  ranged 
 from  fifty  to  seventj".  The  present  Professors  are 
 Rev.  B.  M.  Smith,  D.D.,  ll.d.,  of  Oriental  Literature; 
 Rev.  Thomas  E.  Peck,  D.D.,  ll.d.,  of  Theology;  Rev. 
 H.  C.  Alexander,  D.D.,  of  New  Testament  Literature; 
 Rev.  G.  B.  Strickler,  D.  D.,  of  Church  History  and 
 Polity;  and  R<'v.  W.  W.  Moore,  Assistant  in  Oriental 
 and  Biblical  Literature. 
 
 Unity,  oneness,  wbether  of  sentiment-,  ^uffection, 
 or  behavior  (Ps.  cxxxiii,  1).  The  unity  of^the  faith 
 is  an  equal  belief  of  the  same  great  truths  of  (rod, 
 au'l  the  ])ossession  of  the  grace  of  faith  in  a  similar 
 form  and  degree  (Eph.  iv,  13).  The  unity  of  the 
 Spirit  is  that  union  between  Christ  and  His  .saints  by 
 which  the  s;ime  Divine  Spirit  dwells  in  both,  and 
 they  have  the  same  dispositions  and  aims,  and  that 
 unity  of  the  saints  among  themselves  by  which,  being 
 joined  to  the  same  Head,  and  having  the  same  Spirit 
 dwelling  in  them,  they  have  the  same  graces  of  faith, 
 love,  hope,  etc.,  and  are  rooted  and  grounded  in  the 
 same  doctrine  of  Christ,  and  ha\e  a  mutual  affection 
 to  and  care  for  one  another  (Eph.  iv,  3). 
 
VXITY  OF  THE  BIBLE. 
 
 959 
 
 UXITY  OF  THE  BIBLE. 
 
 Unity  of  the  Bible.  The  Bible  holds  a  position 
 at  once  independent  and  nnicjue  in  the  history 
 and  the  literature  of  the  world.  It  cannot  be  classed 
 with  books  of  science,  though  its  descriptions  of 
 nature  excited  the  admiration  of  Humboldt,  by  their 
 
 fidelity  and  coniprehen.sivcness,  and  its  schedule  or»  history 
 
 ground  plan  of  the  creation  is  verified  more  and  more 
 by  modern  astronomy  and  geology. 
 
 It  cannot  be  cl'assed  with  historical  works,  though 
 Bunsen,  after  all  his  toil  upon  the  monuments  and 
 traditions  of  Egypt,  with  a  view  to  detcrmiue  her 
 "place  in  Universal  History,"  has  aptly  said  that 
 "History  was  born  in  that  night  when  Moses,  with 
 the  Law  of  God,  moral  and'  spiritual,  in  his  heart, 
 led  the  pcojile  of  Israel  out  of  Egypt;  "  and  Ewald 
 says  of  the  "  Book  of  Or!(/ins,"  which  he  regards  as 
 in  part  the  foundation  of  the  Pentateuch,  that  ' '  this 
 is  the  first  work  known  to  us  that  seeks  to  arrange 
 infinitesimal  details  of  origin  in  one  comprehensive 
 genealogy;  "  and  he  speaks  also  of  the  stress  which 
 the  Hebrew  Scriptures  "  laid  upon  the  Divine  clement 
 in  history,  without  in  the  least  marring  its  human 
 truthfulness  " — of  their  "  grandeur  of  material,  and 
 their  simple  force  of  representation, "  as  a  peculiaiity 
 by  which  "  Hebrew  historiography  stands  so  alone  in 
 antiquity,  and  serves  for  us  too  as  a  perpetual  model." 
 
 The  Bible  does  not  properly  belong  to  the  depart- 
 ment of  Mental  Philosophy,  though,  as  Lord  Bacon 
 has  said,  "  God  makes  nse  of  our  reason  in  His  illu- 
 .  minations,  inoculating,  as  it  were.  His  revelations 
 into  the  notions  and  comprehensionsof  our  Reason; '' 
 and  therefore,  we  ought  in  every  way  to  exercise 
 reason  in  matters  of  religion,  "  provided  the  mind  be 
 enlarged,  according  to  its  capacity,  to  the  greatness 
 of  the  my.steries,  and  not  the  mysteries  contracted 
 to  the  narrowness  of  the  mind. 
 
 And  yet  again,  the  Bible  is  not  strictly  a  treatise 
 npon  Ethics  or  Theology.  Though  it  assumes  a  know- 
 ledge of  moral  distinctions,  and  of  the  being,  the 
 attributes  and  the  government  of  God,  derivable 
 from  the  light  of  nature;  and  though  it  adds  to  this 
 in  the  Ten  Commandments  of  the  Old  Testament  and 
 the  Sermon  on  the  Mount  in  the  New,  the  .highest 
 conceptions  of  moral  truth  and  duty;  and  though  in 
 the  Psalms  and  Prophecies  of  the  Old  Testament,  and 
 in  the  discourses  of  Christ  and  the  writings  of  the 
 Aiiostles  in  the  New,  it  presents  views  of  God,  of  the 
 soiil,  of  moral  cliaracter  and  of  the  future  life,  which 
 no  other  book  contaius,  and  which  in  their  spiritu- 
 ality and  sublimity  must  forever  mark  this  as  a 
 book  apart  from  and  above  all  works  of  speculation 
 or  imagination  upon  such  themes — yet  the  Bible  does 
 not  pressnt  these,  its  peculiar  and  distinguishing 
 topics,  in  the  form  of  articles  cf  faith  or  of  theses  in 
 Ethics  or  Theology.  We  would  not  think  of  classing 
 it  with  Butler's  Analogy,  or  with  the  writings  of 
 Augustine,  Leighton,  Calvin.  There  is  no  one 
 alcove  of  a  classified  library  in  which  this  Book 
 would  find  its  special  and  appropriate  place. 
 
 Historical ;  containing  perhaps  the  earliest  authentic 
 records  of  the  human  race,  the  history  of  the  Jewish 
 nation  for  fifteen  hundred  years,  the  biography  of 
 Jesus  of  Nazareth,  and  the  narrative  of  the  planting 
 and  spread  of  Christianity — yet  the   Bible  is  not  a 
 
 Pociicnl ;  witii  a  sublimity  and  beauty  of  objective 
 description,  and  a  depth  and  pathos  of  subjec"tive 
 feeling,  in  the  Psalms,  the  Book  of  Job,  the  prophe- 
 cies of  Isaiah  and  John,  unsurpassed  in  any  poetry 
 of  ancient  or  modern  times;  and  with  an  adaptation  ' 
 to  universal  human  nature  that  neither  Homer,  Dante, 
 Shakspeare  nor  Goethe  can  approach,  ye*  the  Bible  is 
 not  itself  a  poem. 
 
 Lff/islntive ;  as  embodying  the  best  codeof  autiquity 
 in  the  statutes  of  a  particular  nation,  and  a  moral  law 
 that  rules  the  wide  empire  of  earth  and  time,  yet  the 
 Bible  is  not  a  book  of  j  urisprudence. 
 
 Philosophical ;  as  addressing  to  reason  the  profound- 
 est  problems  in  the  nature  of  being  and  the  govern- 
 ment of  the  moral  universe,  ta.sking  the  highest  intel- 
 lects with  the  argument  of  Paul  and  the  inner  sense 
 of  John,  yet  the  Bible  is  not  a  book  of  logic  or  of 
 philosojihy. 
 
 Nor  can  we  even  class  it  with  other  sacred  books, 
 the  Vedas  of  the  Hindus,  the  Zendavesta  of  the  Per- 
 sians, the  Koran oi  the  Moslem;  for  we  cannot  regard 
 the  Bible  simply  as  the  sacred  book  of  the  Hebrews, 
 or  the  text-book  of  Christian  doctrine  and  worship, 
 or  the  manual  of  personal  faith  and  devotion.  It  has 
 its  place  in  history  and  in  humanity;  it  is  not  merely 
 of  the  past,  but  for  the  present  and  future  also;  not 
 for  a  race,  but  for  the  world,  not  for  an  age,  but  for 
 all  time.  It  is  a  book  of  universal  truths  for  uni- 
 versal man.  And  by  reason  of  its  doctrines  concern- 
 ing God  and  man,  and  its  union  of  the  divine  with 
 the  human  for  the  perfecting  of  mankind,  it  stands 
 forever  ajiart  as  TiiE  Book. 
 
 This  Book,  which  cannot  be  classified  with  any 
 other,  but  which,  viewed  merely  as  a  literary  jiroduc- 
 tion,  exhibits  so  many  forms  of  comjiosition,  has  yet 
 a  unity  of  its  own,  which  marks  an  inherent  spiritual 
 life.  The  Bible  which  we  are  accustomed  to  see 
 and  handle  as  one  book,  bound  togc-ther  within  the 
 same  covers,  or  at  most  divided  into  two  parts,  the 
 Old  Testament  and  the  New,  in  reality  consists  of 
 sixty-six  distinct  productions,  the  works  of  about 
 forty  different  authors.  The  composition  of  these 
 many  books  extended  through  a  period  of  one  thou- 
 .sand  six  hundred  years,  from  the  time  of  Moses, 
 more  than  one  thousand  five  hundred  years  before 
 Christ,  to  the  death  of  the  apostle  John,  near  the 
 close  of  the  first  century  of  our  era.  More  strictly 
 .speaking,  there  was  an  interval  of  about  four  hund- 
 red years  between  the  close  of  the  Old  Testament 
 writings  and  the  beginning  of  the  New;  so  that  the 
 composition  of  the  thirty-nine  books  of  the  Old  Te.s- 
 tament  stretches  over  a  period  of  one  thousand  one 
 hundred  years  from  Moses  to  Malachi.     Som.etime3 
 
rXITY  OF  THE  BIBLE. 
 
 960 
 
 VXITY  OF  THE  BIBLE. 
 
 in  this  period  there  were  long  intervals  between  one  \ 
 prophet  and  another.  Thus,  after  the  five  books  of 
 Muses  and  tlie  book  of  Job,  tlie  oldest  hooks  of  the 
 Canon,  though  the  historical  records  of  the  Jewish  j 
 nation,  and  especially  their  religious  annals,  were 
 carried  regularly  forward,  there  were  no  new  books  i 
 of  piety  and  derotiou  until  the  time  of  David,  an 
 interval  of  more  than  four  hundred  years.  At  a  later 
 period,  after  two  or  three  centuries,  several  of  the 
 prophets  were  nearly  contemporary. 
 '  The  twenty-seven  books  of  the  Xew  Testament 
 were  all  composed  in  the  course  of  sixty  years  after 
 the  crucifixion,  and  all  the  eight  writers  of  those 
 books,  JIatthew,  Mark,  Luke,  John,  Paul,  Peter, 
 James,  Jude,  were  contemporaries,  and  had  personal 
 knowledge  one  of  another.  Yet  they  did  not  com- 
 pose by  concert,  with  a  view  to  making  one  joint  pro- 
 duction as  the  standard  Christian  book;  but  each 
 Avrote  his  Gospel  or  his  Epistles  in  his  own  time  and 
 way,  and  for  an  object  directly  before  him.  Hence 
 the  books  of  the  Xew  Testament  are  not  arranged  in 
 the  form  of  a  series  of  essays  or  treatises  designed  to 
 supplement  each  other,  but  each  fulfills  .some  specific 
 purpose  of  the  writer,  while  they  all  contribute  to 
 the  same  general  end.  This  fact  points  to  the  con- 
 viction of  .some  common  superintendence  over  the 
 writers. 
 
 The  thirty-nine  distinct  books,  ))y  perhaps  thirty 
 diflferent  authors,  that  make  up  the  Old  Testament, 
 were  not  prepared  as  an  encyclopedia  is  prepared,  by 
 allotting  to  each  writer  particular  subjects  and  then 
 cla-ssifying  the  several  productions  in  one  work;  nor 
 were  they  ^vritteu  consecutively,  each  writer  in  turn 
 taking  up  the  work  where  his  predecessors  had  left 
 it;  nor  were  these  books  the  production  of  a  certain 
 school  whose  di.sciples  from  time  to  time  expounded 
 or  defended  its  opinions;  but  these  books,  l)ound 
 together  as  one,  were  the  independent  compositions 
 of  men  living  many  years,  and  in  some  cases,  many 
 centuries  apart.  Judge,  then,  of  the  probability  that 
 forty  distinct  authors,  in  sixty-six  separate  works, 
 written  at  intervals  during  1600  years,  would  agree 
 in  their  conception  and  statement  of  some  of  the 
 liighest  themes  of  thought  that  can  be  suggested  to 
 the  human  mind.  Can  the  history  of  science  or  of 
 philosophy  furnish  a  parallel  ?  We  shall  come  back 
 to  this  point  presently;  I  now  wish  simply  to  fix  the 
 fact  that  the  Bible  is  made  up  of  many  books,  by  many 
 men,  who  wrote  apart  from  one  another,  and  often  at 
 wide  intervals  of  time. 
 
 Again,  the  books  that  make  up  the  Bible  were 
 written  in  dijTerent  eimnirics,  under  various  forms  and 
 eondidons  of  national  life  and  of  eirilization,  and  in 
 different  Uinijnatjcs.  The  books  of  the  Pentateuch 
 were  written  probably  in  the  Desert  of  Sinai,  though 
 under  the  manifest  influence  of  Egj-ptian  culture; 
 the  book  of  Job  has  the  air  of  the  archaic  life  of  the 
 Eastern  desert;  the  historical  books  of  the  Old  Testa- 
 ment, the  Psalms  and  Proverbs,  and  several  of  the 
 
 Prophecies  were  written  in  Palestine;  the  Prophecies 
 
 of  Ezekiel  and  Daniel,  and  the  story  of  Esther,  the 
 Jewish  queen,  were  written  in  the  land  of  the  Chal- 
 deans, duriugthe  captivity;  the  Gospels  and  some  of 
 the  Epistles  were  written  in  Palestine;  but  most  of 
 the  Epistles  were  written  away  from  Judea  and  its 
 associations,  in  A.sia  Minor,  in  Greece  and  in  Italy. 
 Hence,  though  the  writers  concerned  in  the  produc- 
 tion of  the  Bible  were  of  one  race,  it  is  diificult  to 
 conceive  of  circumstances  and  associations  more 
 diversified,  and  even  opposite,  than  those  in  which 
 they  severally  wrote;  now,  under  the  shadow  of  the 
 monuments  of  Egypt,  and  trained  in  the  learning 
 and  art  of  her  early  civilization;  now  in  the  wild 
 freedom  and  grandeur  of  the  desert,  and  amid  the 
 simple  manners  of  wandering  tribes;  now  at  the 
 capital  of  the  Babylonian  empire  in  the  height  of  its 
 luxury  and  splendor;  now  in  the  comparative  seclu- 
 sion of  Judea,  among  an  agricultural  people  of  plain 
 habits  and  tastes  an<l  of  no  literary  ambition ;  or  at  the 
 religious  capital,  in  presence  of  the  glory  of  the  temple 
 and  its  ritual ;  oragaiuin  timeof  war,  when  Judea  was 
 invaded  and  the  temple  laid  waste,  or  the  stranger  and 
 Gentile  ruled  in  the  land ;  and  yet  again,  firom  such 
 seats  of  pagan  wealth,  commerce,  art,  luxury,  idola- 
 try and  dominion,  as  Corinth,  Ephesus  and  Rome. 
 Thus  amid  the  widest  contrasts  of  place,  society,  gov- 
 ernment and  religion,  and  in  contact  with  all  the 
 leading  forms  of  civilization  and  of  empire  for  six- 
 teen centuries,  these  forty  writers,  themselves  of  one . 
 narrow  and  often  de-spised  race,  produced  the  books 
 that  compose  our  Bible.  What  were  the  chances  that 
 they  would  agree  in  their  owti  views  of  truth,  and 
 especially  in  setting  forth  the  highest  spiritual 
 truth,  uutinged  by  the  social,  literary  and  religious 
 influences  around  them  ? 
 
 They  wrote  in  diflferent  tongues;  the  old  Testa- 
 ment writers  in  Hebrew,  except  that  Daniel  and 
 Ezra,  and  to  some  extent  Zechariah,  show  the  influ- 
 ence of  the  Chaldee  upon  their  style;  the  New  Testa- 
 ment writers  in  Greek,  except  that  the  gospel  of  Mat- 
 thew may  have  been  first  written  in  Aramean,  the 
 Chaldee  dialect  which  the  Jews  brought  back  from  the 
 captivity,  then  the  common  language  of  Palestine,  and 
 probably  the  vernacular  of  our  Lord  Himself.  And 
 these  books  collectively  make  up  the  main  body  of 
 the  literature  of  the  Hebrews,  who  were  not  a 
 literary  people.  In  other  nations  of  antiquity  we 
 trace  the  rise,  the  "progress,  and  the  decay  of  a' 
 national  literature,  from  rude  beginnings  up  to  a 
 higher  culture,  then  back  into  a  fragmentary  decline. 
 But  here  Moses  is  as  suldime  as  John,  Isaiah  is  as 
 weighty  as  Paul,  and  all  the  books  are  marked  by 
 the  same  moral  characteristics,  which  distinguish 
 them  from  other  writings  of  antiquity.  How  shall 
 we  account  for  this,  if  there  was  not  a  divine  superin- 
 tendence over  them  all  ? 
 
 In  estimating  tlu-se  books  of  the   Bilile  from  the 
 point  of  unity,  we  must  take  into  account  also  tte 
 
VXITl'  OF  THE  BIBLE. 
 
 961 
 
 UNITY  OF  THE  BIBLE. 
 
 great  variety  of  social  jyositioti  and  of  intellectual  culture 
 among  their  writers.  Jloses  and  Paul  were,  in  the 
 proper  seuse,  men  of  education.  Moses,  from  his 
 position  at  court,  as  the  adopted  son  of  Pharaoh's 
 daughter,  had  access  to  the  schools  of  learning  which 
 then  placed  the  Egyptian  priesthood  at  the  head  of  the 
 science  of  the  world.  The  tradition  is  sanctioned  by 
 Stephen,  that  he  "was  learned  in  all  the  wisdom  of 
 the  Egyptians  "  (Acts  vii,  22).  Paul  was  trained  in 
 the  chief  school  of  Judea,  under  the  fomous  Gama- 
 liel, and  his  native  Tarsus  was  a  seat  of  Grecian  cul- 
 ture (Acts  xxU,  3),  with  which  his  letters  and  speeches 
 prove  him  to  have  been  familiar.  Luke  also  was  an 
 educated  physician  (Col.  iv,  4),  and  his  style  gives 
 evidence  of  his  training.  Daniel  and  Nehemlah 
 (Dan.  V,  29;  Neh.  i,  11)  held  official  posts  at  the 
 pagan  court  of  Babylon,  then  the  leading  empire  of 
 the  world;  and  Solomon  was  himself  a  king,  whose 
 wealth  and  power  excited  the  wonder  of  surrounding 
 nations. 
 
 On  the  other  hand,  David  was  a  shepherd  boy 
 (1  Sam.  xvi,  11),  and  afterward  a  warrior,  with  no 
 leisure  for  literary  culture,  though  he  created  a 
 Psalter  for  all  ages  and  people.  Amos  was  a  herds- 
 man, and  was  keeping  his  flocks  in  Tekoa  when 
 called  to  become  a  prophet  (Amos  i,  1,  and  vii,  14, 
 15).  Jlost  of  the  writers  of  the  Old  Testament  are 
 unknown  to  us,  except  by  name;  and  the  writers  of 
 the  New  Testament,  with  the  exception  of  Paul  and 
 Luke,  were  men  of  no  education,  men  taken  directly 
 from  the  humbler  walks  of  life  and  made  the  apostles 
 of  a  new  religion  for  mankind. 
 
 What,  then,  are  the  probabilities  that  forty  writers, 
 differing  thus  widely  in  their  antecedents  and  their 
 surroundings — men  taken  from  the  court  and  from 
 the  sheepfold,  from  the  school  and  from  the  fishing 
 smack — would  agree  in  their  presentation  of  moral 
 and  spiritual  truths  which  had  tasked  the  most 
 philosophical  and  the  best  disciplined  minds  ?  that 
 without  concert  these  would  form  a  school  of  thought 
 more  comprehensive,  more  harmonious,  and  more 
 permanent  than  any  school  of  Greeee  ? 
 
 And,  to  complete  the  survey,  we  must  keep  in 
 ■siew  the  diversity  of  style  and  2)lan  in  the  composition 
 of  the  sixty-six  books  that  make  up  our  Bible.  We 
 have  books  of  history;  the  history  of  mankind  at 
 large  from  the  creation  until  the  dispersion  into 
 different  nations  after  the  flood;  a  history  brief  and 
 fragmentary,  and  chiefly  religious,  but  perhaps  the 
 oldest  document  in  the  world.  After  this  comes  the 
 history  of  the  Jewish  people,  with  references  to  sur- 
 rounding nations  with  whom  they  were  brought  in 
 contact  by  the  fortunes  of  war.  These  histories  are 
 interspersed  with  brief  biographical  sketches  of  patri- 
 archs, prophets  and  kings. 
 
 We  have  also  lyrical  poems  of  the  highest  order,  and 
 
 didaetic  compositions,  §uch  as  the  books  of  Proverbs 
 
 and  Ecclesiastes;  there  are  idyls  too,  such  as  the  book 
 
 of  Ruth  and  the  Song  of  Solomon;  and  the  hook  of 
 
 61 
 
 Job  has  a  dramatic  cant.  The  Prophecies  are  partly 
 poetic  visions,  partly  historical  pictures,  and  partly 
 moral  discourses.  The  New  Testament  is  made  up 
 of  the  four  Gospels,  which  give  us  in  fragnu'nts  the 
 life  of  Christ,  of  the  history  of  the  planting  of  Chris- 
 tianity, with  a  biography  of  Paul,  of  numerous  letters 
 discussing  points  of  Christian  doctrine  and  practice, 
 and  of  the  grand  prophetic  poem,  the  Revelation,  by 
 John.  Now,  what  is  the  probability,  by  any  ordinary 
 rules  of  literary  composition,  that  such  a  variety  of 
 books,  poetical,  historical,  ethical,  philosophical, 
 narrative,  epistolary ;  written  by  so  many  authors, 
 of  such  diversified  position  and  attainments;  written 
 in  so  many  different  places  and  at  intervals  so  distant 
 — is  there  any  probability  whatever,  that  these  works 
 would  be  found  to  agree  in  their  presentation  of  cer- 
 tain truths,  the  most  sublime  and  the  most  moment- 
 ous that  can  be  entertained  by  the  mind  of  man  ? 
 
 Now  let  us  look  at  certain  characteristic  features 
 of  these  .several  books  which  stamp  them  with  a 
 unity  of  origin  and  of  plan,  beyond  the  possibility  of 
 chance  or  the  probability  of  human  contrivance. 
 
 I.  They  agree  throughout  in  their  representation  of 
 the  nature  and  the  character  of  God,  and  this,  the  highest 
 conception  of  the  Supreme  Being  that  the  human  mind 
 has  ever  formed.  Everywhere  in  the  Bible  God  ap- 
 pears as  a  Spirit,  having  life  in  Himself,  and  the 
 Author  of  life  to  all  creatures.  His  power,  His  wis- 
 dom. His  presence.  His  knowledge,  in  a  word  all  the 
 attributes  of  His  being,  are  infinite  and  eternal.  The 
 account  of  the  Creation  and  the  Ten  Commandments 
 in  the  books  of  Moses  present  God  as  an  Infinite  and 
 Almighty  Spirit  as  distinctly  as  does  Paul  in  his 
 speech  at  Athens.  Isaiah's  vision  of  the  divine 
 majesty  and  glory  is  as  spiritual  and  sublime  as  the 
 visions  of  John  eight  hundred  years  later.  When 
 Jesus  said  "God  is  a  spirit,  and  they  that  worship 
 him  must  worship  him  in  spirit  and  in  truth,"  this 
 was  the  same  view  of  the  divine  nature  that  David  a 
 thousand  years  before,  had  uttered  in  the  139th 
 Psalm:  "Whither  shaU  I  go  from  thy  spirit,  or 
 whither  shall  I  flee  from  thy  presence  ?  Thou  under- 
 standest  my  thoughts  afar  off." 
 
 The  Oneness  of  God  in  His  being  is  taught,  or 
 rather  is  assumed  and  recognized,  equally  by  all  the 
 writers  of  the  Bible,  in  all  their  books.  Under  what- 
 ever aspect  God  is  presented,  whether  His  unity  is 
 insisted  upon  in  opposition  to  the  many  gods  of  the 
 heathen,  or  He  Himself  is  revealed  by  the  three  names 
 of  the  Father,  the  Son  and  the  Holy  Spirit,  He  is 
 always  one  and  the  same— the  only  living  and  true 
 God.  Moses  worships  Him,  saying,  "  Before  the 
 mountains  were  brought  forth,  or  ever  thou  hadst 
 formed  the  earth  and  the  world,  even  from  everlast- 
 ing to  everla-sting,  thou  art  God  (Ps.  xc,  2) ;  and 
 John,  in  the  Revelation,  adores  the  Lord  God 
 Almighty,  "which  was,  and  is,  and  is  to  come" 
 (Rev.  i,  4;  iv,  8). 
 The  Holiness  of  God  is  uniformly  presented  by  the 
 
UNITY  OF  THE  BIBLE. 
 
 962 
 
 UNITY  OF  TEE  BIBLE. 
 
 writers  of  the  Bible  as  His  crowning  excellence,  the 
 sum  of  His  moral  attributes,  the  very  essence  and 
 glory  of  His  character.  He  is  "the  Holy  One  of 
 Israel;"  '' the  Holy  One  who  iuhabiteth  eternity;" 
 He  is  worshiped  in  heaven  by  angels,  by  cherubim 
 and  seraphim,  as  "Holy,  Holy,  Lord  God  Almighty." 
 His  house  must  be  holy.  His  ministers  must  be  holy, 
 His  people  must  be  holy,  all  that  would  pertain  to 
 Him  or  receive  His  favor,  must  be  or  become  holy, 
 for  He  is  holy. 
 
 Now  this  riew  of  the  Divine  character,  which  is 
 uniform  in  the  Scriptures,  is  also  peculiar  to  the 
 Bible.  It  is  not  borrowed  from  other  books  or  from 
 other  religions. 
 
 Some  philosophers  of  Greece  and  Rome — notably 
 Socrates,  Plato,  Cicero  and  Epictetus — approached 
 the  conception  of  one  spiritual  God,  infinite  in  His 
 nature  and  perfect  in  His  attributes.  Yet  their  best 
 thoughts  concerning  God  were  crude  and  vague,  and 
 they  themselves  were  in  doubt  of  their  own  specula- 
 tions. For  the  most  part,  even  the  religious  treatises 
 of  antiquity  contain  very  mixed  and  imperfect  notions 
 of  the  divine  Being  and  His  attributes,  while  beyond 
 the  pale  of  the  Hebrew  nation  Polytheism  was  nni- 
 ver-sal  in  practice.  In  all  the  literature  of  antiquity 
 the  books  tliatcompose  the  Bible  are  the  only  writings 
 that  sharply  and  unequivocally  teach  that  there  is 
 but  OXE  God,  a  pure  Spirit,  whose  nature  is  infinite, 
 whose  attributes  are  perfect.  And  when  we  examine 
 into  the  character  of  the  gods  of  the  Old  World,  even 
 among  the  most  cultivated  nations,  Egypt,  Babylon, 
 Greece,  Rome,  we  find  monstrosities  of  the  imagina- 
 tion, one-sided  virtues  marred  by  imperfections,  de- 
 formities, frailties,  passions,  and  even  by  positive 
 and  other  outrageous  vices.  If  the  gods  should  ap- 
 pear on  Chestnut  street,  in  the  garb  and  with  the 
 manners  of  Olympus,  you  would  send  them  to  Moya- 
 mensing,  unless  the  "Black  Crook"  has  accustomed 
 you  to  their  style.  Nowhere  did  the  ancient  myth- 
 ology approach  to  the  idea  of  a  God  of  perfect  holiness, 
 or  to  absolute  holiness  of  character  as  essential  to  a 
 right  conception  of  the  Supreme  Being.  Its  gods 
 were  either  distorted  images  of  human  qualities,  or 
 photographs  of  human  characters,  with  virtues  and 
 defects  intensely  and  even  coarsely  magnified. 
 
 ■\Vith  such  imperfect  and  unworthy  views  of  God 
 ■  continually  before  them  in  the  literature  and  the  re- 
 ligions of  all  mankind,  how  came  it  to  pass  that 
 these  foi-ty  men  of  an  obscure  race,  shepherds,  hus- 
 bandmen, fishermen,  or  if  scholars,  then  acquainted 
 with  the  theology  of  Egypt,  of  Greece  and  of  Rome; 
 men,  some  of  whom  were  captives  under  idolatrous 
 nations,  and  others  ofiScials  in  courts  where  idol  wor- 
 ship wa.s  conducted  with  state  m;ignificence ;  how 
 came  it  to  pass,  that  these  men,  writing  at  such  "divers 
 times,"  centuries  apart,  and  in  such  "divers  man- 
 ners," have  given  to  the  world  a  conception  of  God 
 in  His  spirituality.  His  unity.  His  infinity,  and, 
 «bove  all,  in  His  holiness,  which  no  other  minds  had 
 
 ever  attained  to,  and  which  is  confessedly  the  highest 
 possible  conception  of  the  Supreme  Being? 
 
 We  can  account  for  this  intellectual  and  moral 
 phenomenon — without  a  parallel  in  literature — if  we 
 believe  that  God  spake  through  these  writers;  that 
 He  was  revealed  unto  them  so  that  they  dLscerned 
 His  character,  realized  His  presence,  were  moved  by 
 His  Spirit.  But  cau  we  account  for  their  doctrine  of 
 God  in  any  other  way  ? 
 
 I  am  far  from  claiming  that  Monotheism  was  an 
 original  discovery  of  the  Hebrew  mind.  Indeed,  the 
 study  of  comparative  M3'thology  points  to  Mono- 
 theism, under  some  crude  conception,  as  the  primitive 
 Religion — with,  perhaps,  the  Sun  as  its  earliest  S3'ra- 
 bol,  from  which  radiated  at  length  the  manifold  forms 
 of  a  symbol- worship  that  degenerated  into  the  gro.ss- 
 ness  of  idolatry.  But  the  peculiarity  of  the  Mono- 
 theism of  the  Bible  is  the  singleness  and  pureness  of 
 its  conception  of  God  as  a  Spirit,  with  the  powers 
 and  attributes  of  Spirit  in  their  infinity — the  Jehovah, 
 the  I A5I ;  the  Eternal,  the  Unchanging,  the  Almighty-; 
 the  Creator  of  all  things,  the  universal  Lord — the 
 tenacity  with  which  it  adheres  to  PersonaUti/,  while 
 other  systems  beginning  in  Monotheism  run  to  Pan- 
 theism, or  to  the  personification  of  Nature ;  the  per- 
 sonal relations  into  which  the  Bible  brings  the  Divine 
 Spirit  with  the  human  spirit,  through  His  moral 
 government,  His  holy  laws.  His  paternal  love;  and, 
 above  all,  the  peculiarity  of  the  Biblical  presentation 
 of  God,  is  expressed  in  the  one  word  Holiness,  which, 
 as  applied  to  Jehovah,  has  no  synonym. 
 
 The  impression  of  this  Biblical  idea  of  God  is 
 strengthened,  if  we  keep  in  mind  that  the  sacred 
 writers  do  not  enter  into  argument  concerning  the 
 being  and  character  of  God ;  do  not  write  on  behalf 
 of  a  .system  of  theology,  with  its  theses  and  definitions 
 to  be  maintaiufd  by  proof;  do  not  reason  like  meta- 
 physicians upon  tlie  nature  of  the  Divine  Being;  but 
 give  forth  their  sublime  conception  of  God  as  an  in- 
 tuition of  their  souls,  as  if  they  saw  and  felt  that 
 which  they  speak.  They  assert  or  declare  the  spirit- 
 uality and  the  holiness  of  God  as  first  truths,  with 
 which  they  are  already  familiar.  And  the  impression 
 is  still  further  heightened  by  the  fact  that  this  Bibli- 
 cal idea  of  God  takes  hold  upon  the  universal  mind 
 of  man  with  a  reality  and  a  power  that  no  other  the- 
 ology can  gain.  What  Socrates,  Plato,  Cicero  thought 
 concerning  God,  what  the  sacred  books  of  the  Egyp- 
 tians, the  Chinese  and  the  Hindoos  teach  on  this 
 subject,  is  a  matter  of  curiosity,  and  is  of  use  in  the 
 comparison  of  opinions;  yet  none  of  these  ^dews  seize 
 upon  the  minds  and  hearts  of  mankind  at  large  with 
 the  con\detion  that  this  belief  is  a  necessity  to  their 
 own  spiritual  life.  But  the  Bible  takes  hold  upon 
 the  human  mind  in  all  ages,  among  all  nations, 
 in  all  conditions,  with  the  same  conviction  that 
 its  God  is  a  reality,  and  that  this  one,  infinite, 
 almighty,  eternal,  holy  Spirit  is  the  God  with 
 whom  we    have    to    do.     This    peculiarity    of   the 
 
UXITV  OF  THE  BIBLE. 
 
 963 
 
 VNITT  OF  TBE  BIBLE. 
 
 Biblical  presentation  of  God  la  admirably  stated  by 
 Isaac  Taylor,  in  his  analysis  of  the  139th  Psalm. 
 "  The  element  of  the  Infinite  finds  a  coalescent  sur- 
 face, a  point  of  adhesion,  in  the  individual  conscious- 
 ness ;  a  conscioasness  towards  God  which  removes  all 
 other  beings  from  our  view,  and  which  leaves  us, 
 each  for  himself,  alone  with  his  Creator  and  Judge. 
 God  is  everywhere  present,  in  the  -vastness  of  the 
 upper  heavens,  in  the  remotest  recesses  of  Sheol, 
 everywhere,  to  the  utmost  borders  of  the  material 
 universe  ;  but  these  afiirmations  of  a  universal  truth 
 are  advanced  in  apposition  to  a  truth  which  is  more 
 affecting,  or  which  is  of  more  intimate  concernment 
 to  the  devout  spirit  ;  this  spirit,  its  faults,  its  terrors, 
 its  aspirations  ;  and  this  animal  frame,  of  which  it  is 
 the  tenant,  is  in  the  hand  of  God,  and  is  dependent 
 upon  His  bounty,  and  is  cared  for  in  whatever  relates 
 to  its  precarious  welfare  ;  and  thus  is  so  great  a  theme, 
 the  Divine  Omniscience,  brought  home  to  its   due 
 culmination  in  an  outburst  of  religious  feeling:  '  How 
 precious  also  are   thy  thoughts  unto  me  ;  O  God ! 
 how  great  is  the  sum  of  them  !  If  I  should  count 
 them,  they  are  more  in  number  than  the  sand;  when 
 I  awake,  I  am  still  with  thee.'     ^\Tience  came  an 
 idea  of  God  so  living,  so  real,  so  universal   in  its 
 applications,  so  commanding  in  its  power?     Is  it  not 
 the  book  that  contains  it — a  book  into  whose  whole 
 texture  is  woven  this  supernatural  idea  of  God — is 
 not  this  book  a  revelation  of  God  to  the  soul  of 
 man  ? ' ' 
 
 Equally  marked  and  characteristic  is  the  teaching 
 of  this  book  with  respect  to  the  government  of  God. 
 In  other  ancient  books  of  philosophy  and  religion  we 
 find  vague  and  uncertain  speculations  touching  a 
 Providence  and  the  care  of  the  gods  for  men.  Some 
 leave  the  world  to  fate  ;  some  represent  a  favoritism 
 among  the  deities  toward  persons  or  classes  ;  some 
 govern  the  world  by  fixed  laws;  some  make  it  the 
 arena  of  conflicts  between  rival  divinities;  some  see 
 nothing  but  chance  and  human  will.  But  in  the 
 Bible  we  find  the  grand  conception  of  the  personal 
 government  of  God  co-extensive  with  the  creation; 
 all  things  are  upheld  by  the  word  of  His  power;  all 
 creatures  are  fed  by  His  bounty;  His  tender  mercies 
 are  over  all  His  works. 
 
 Here,  too,  we  find,  far  more  pronounced  than  in  any  I  demption  of  the  race. 
 
 and  righteousness  in  the  world  ?  How  came  this  idea 
 of  the  Government  of  God  to  be  found  in  this  book 
 alone,  unless  God  Himself  revealed  it? 
 
 The  Bible,  which  is  so  striking  and  peculiar  in  its 
 views  of  God,  is  none  the  less  so  in  its  view  of  Man. 
 Though  it  describes  man  as  degraded  morally  and 
 socially  by  sin,  it  does  not  degrade  him  as  to  his 
 origin,  does  not  develop  him  from  the  ape.  On  the 
 one  hand  it  represents  man  as  the  offspring  and  the 
 image  of  God,  and  thus  links  his  origin  with  the 
 divinity;  on  the  other  hand  it  represents  him  as 
 fallen  and  debased,  through  the  sinful  abuse  of  his 
 noble  and  immortal  powers;  but,  at  the  same  time,  it 
 shows  him  capable  of  restoration,  and  provides  the 
 means  of  his  recovery.  This  view  of  man,  which  Ls 
 the  key  to  his  whole  history,  and  which  is  responded 
 to  by  every  conscience,  is  a  peculiarity  of  the  Scrip- 
 ture, which  points  for  its  origin  to  Him  who  knows 
 what  is  m  man,  who  searcheth  the  reins  and  trieth 
 the  hearts. 
 
 And  again,  in  the  standard  of  character  which  it  sets 
 up  before  us,  and  in  the  rule  of  life  which  it  lays 
 upon  ns,  the  Bible  exhibits  a  unity  of  purpose  as 
 well  as  a  purity  and  sublimity  of  conception  un- 
 paralleled in  the  ethics  of  the  world.  Man's  whole 
 nature,  spiritual,  ethical,  social,  and  the  whole  range 
 of  his  relations  to  God,  to  the  family,  to  his  neighbor, 
 to  society,  are  comprehended  in  the  Ten  Command- 
 ments ;  and  every  motive  of  action,  in  every  sphere, 
 is  analyzed  and  defined  in  the  Sermon  on  the  Mount. 
 This  searching  analysis,  this  rigid  test,  this  severe 
 requirement,  this  lofty  ideal,  may  well  inspire  awe 
 in  a  mind  conscious  of  its  own  imperfections  :  but  at 
 the  same  time  it  awakens  hope,  because  the  character 
 which  the  Bible  requires  of  men  commends  itself  to 
 their  moral  approbation,  and  brings  the  highest  in- 
 centives to  its  own  attainment.  "SATiile  a  .socialistic 
 philosophy  seeks  to  entertain  us  with  the  promise  of 
 "the  Coming  Man" — alas,  ever  a  vague  and  distant 
 vision— the  Bible  sets  before  us  the  XeiD  Man  in 
 Christ,  "which,  after  God,  is  created  in  righteousness 
 and  true  holiness"  (Eph.  iv,  24).' 
 
 I  have  reserved  until  now  the  most  convincing,  as 
 
 weU  as  the  most  inspiring  unity  of  the  Bible,  in  the 
 
 hope  it  ever  holds  up  to  humanity  through  the  re- 
 
 The  treatment  of  this  theme, 
 
 other  religious  system  of  antiquity,  the  doctrine  of  a 
 moral  government  of  God  over  individuals,  over  na- 
 tions, over  the  entire  race;  a  government  by  moral 
 law,  with  sanctions  of  good  and  evil  in  this  life,  and 
 
 especially  by  Paul   and   John,    blends   the   deepest 
 
 philosophy  of  religion   with  the  loftiest  poetry  of 
 
 devotion  ;   it  exhibits  the  unity  of  thought  in  the  . 
 
 Bible  ;  the  unity  of  plan  in  the  religion  which  the 
 
 with  rewards  and  punishments  in  the  hereafter;  a  Bible  reveals ;  the  unity  of  purpose  m  dmne  Provi- 
 
 government  in  which  God  is' personally  active,  and  donee,  unfolding  and  fulfiUing  this  plan;  the  unity 
 
 to  whose  ends  the  whole  course  of  Providence  is  sub-  of  development  in  history  as  this  great  purpose  of 
 
 servient.     Thence  came  this  unique  and  sublime  redemption  moves  onward  through  the  ages; 
 idea -of  the  Moral  Euler  and  Judge  of  the  world,  a 
 representation  that  illastrates  the  whole  history  of 
 
 and 
 
 the  past,  that  takes  hold  upon  each  individual  con- 
 
 the  unity  of  end  in  the  final  accord  of  the  physical 
 and  moral  universe  through  the  triumph  of  Good 
 over  Evil,  of  Salvation  over  Sin.     The  recovery  of 
 
 science   that  o-ivcs  ground  for  penal  sanctions  under    man  was  announced  on  the  day  of  his   apostacy ; 
 human' laws,  and  hope  of  the  final  triumph  of  justice!  though,  by  the  very  terms  of  that  announcement, 
 
UNITY  OF  THE  BIBLE. 
 
 9fi4 
 
 UNITY  OF  THE  BIBLE. 
 
 this  recovery  would  involve  a  long  conflict  between 
 the  seed  of  the  woman  and  the  serpent.  But  the 
 method  of  that  recovery  was  a  mystery,  obscurely 
 hinted  at  by  prophets  who  knew  not  what  the  Spirit 
 that  was  in  them  did  testify ;  more  and  more  pro- 
 nounced through  symbols  and  the  later  prophecies ; 
 at  length  unveiled  in  the  incarnation  of  Christ;  but 
 still  a  mystery  of  the  divine  love,  for  the  ever  un- 
 folding glories  of  Eternity.  In  all  this  the  spiritual 
 is  in  close  analogy  with  the  natural,  iis  unfolding  and 
 interpreting  the  mind  of  God. 
 
 Progressive  development,  unveiling  more  and  more 
 some  hidden  unity  of  plan,  carrying  out  rudimental 
 ideas  through  various  changes  of  structure  and  con- 
 dition toward  a  completed  .system,  is  the  latest  doc- 
 trine of  science  concerning  physical  nature,  organized 
 being  and  human  society.  Though  in  some  quarters 
 this  doctrine  is  c;irricd  to  an  extreme  not  warranted 
 by  fact,  and  the  unscientific  attempt  h;i3  been  made 
 to  reduce  the  phenomena  of  consciousness,  the  spon- 
 taneous and  the  reflective  movements  of  the  intellect, 
 and  the  executive  and  moral  acts  of  the  will,  to  the 
 control  of  physical  causes ;  yet  Progress  through 
 changes,  and  Unity  through  variety,  and  System 
 through  details,  is  written  upon  the  w^hole  face  of 
 nature  and  the  whole  course  of  history. 
 
 Prof.  .Vgiussiz,  versed  in  so  many  branches  of  natu- 
 ral history,  gives  it  as  tlie  sum  of  all  his  studies  in 
 Nature,  that  in  eliussifying  creation  under  the  order 
 and  arrangement  of  modern  sciences,  wo  have  not 
 invented  a  .system  of  thought  for  Nature,  but  have 
 simply  translated  into  human  langmige  the  thoughts 
 of  the  Creator,  which  were  expressed  in  the  primitive 
 relations  of  animal  life,  and  there  emltodied  for  our 
 study;  that  we  are  not  introducing  order  into  chaos 
 by  the  mode  in  which  we  classify  and  arrange  our 
 knowleilge  ;  but  in  our  attempts  to  expound  Nature 
 we  are  only  the  unconscious  interpreters  of  Divine 
 thoughts;  that  the  science  is  not  in  ourselves,  but  In 
 Nature,  or  rather  in  "the  plan  whose  foundations 
 were  laid  in  the  dawn  of  creation,  and  the  develop- 
 ment of  which  we  are  laboriously  studying,  the 
 great  divisions  under  which  we  arrange  the  animal 
 kingdom  being  but  headings  to  the  chapters  of  the 
 great  book  which  we  are  rea<ling. "  And  having  re- 
 duced his  principles  of  <la.ssiruation  to  thirty  distinct 
 specificat  ions  of  Wi«M(/A<  exhibited  in  Nature,  he  adds: 
 "The  combination  in  time  and  space  of  all  these 
 thoughtful  conceptions  exhibits  not  only  thought; 
 it  shows  also  premeditation,  power,  wisdom,  great.' 
 ne.ss,  prescience,  omni.sciencc,  providence.  In  one 
 word,  all  these  facts,  in  their  natural  connection, 
 jjroclaim  aloud  the  One  flod,  whom  man  may  know, 
 adore  and  love;  and  Natural  History  must,  in  good 
 time,  bec<ime  the  analysis  of  the  thought.s  of  the 
 Creator  of  the  I'niverse,  as  manifested  in  the  animal 
 and  vegetiible  kingdoms,  as  well  as  in  the  inorganic 
 world." 
 
 Now,  just  as  the  discovery  of  this  original  plan  in 
 
 the  creation,  to  which  science  leads  us  back  through 
 long  and  gradual  steps  of  its  unfolding,  jjouits  to  a 
 higher  unitj'  of  thought  and  wUl — the  conception  and 
 action  of  a  supreme  Intelligence,  and  shows  the 
 mind  of  God  in  the  book  of  Nature,  so  does  that 
 prophetic  plan  of  the  new  creation,  which  we  trace  as 
 the  primitive  and  formative  conception  of  the  Scrip- 
 tures through  every  period  of  their  development, 
 show  the  mind  of  God  in  this  Book  revealing  His 
 purpose  of  ridemi)tion  as  men  were  able  to  receive 
 it,  until  the  whole  sublime  mystery  was  unveiled  by 
 the  incarnation  of  Christ;  ever  the  same  purpose,  the 
 same  promise,  the  same  plan;  the  lines  of  prophecy, 
 of  ritual,  and  of  history  converging  more  and  more, 
 until  "in  the  dispensation  of  the  fullness  of  times  " 
 (Eph.  i,  10) — the  plenary  dispensation,  the  dispensa- 
 tion characterized  by  fullness — all  things  were 
 summed  up  together  in  Christ,  as  all  parts  and  func- 
 tions of  the  body  are  gathered  up  in  and  under  the 
 head. 
 
 Here  the  analogy  of  the  animal  kingdom  holds 
 both  in  the  normal  and  in  the  exception:il  methods 
 of  development.  The  Vertebrate  type,  ' '  which  began 
 during  the  Pateozoic  era  in  the  prone  or  horizontal 
 fi.sh,"  passed  into  "  the  locomotive  series"  through 
 the  reptile,  the  bird,  the  ennobled  mammal,  and 
 received  its  crownin  "the  cephaJic  development"  in 
 man — the  fore-limbs  being  made  to  subserve  the 
 purpose  of  the  head.  In  this  long  process  eras  are 
 sometimes  marked  by  the  extinction  of  li^dng  species, 
 and  the  appearing  of  new  species  under  the  compre- 
 hensive type.  This  answers  to  the  miracle,  which 
 comes  in  at  distant  intervals  to  mark  some  higher 
 phase  in  the  grand  prophetic  iypo,  until  the  whole  is 
 cephalized  (the  very  word  of  Paul) — summed  up  un- 
 der Christ  as  the  Head. 
 
 If  we  run  back  a  little  along  these  lines,  we  shall 
 see  how  thus  unity  of  plan  in  the  sphere  of  spiritual 
 life,  like  the  unity  in  the  sphere  of  animal  life,  re- 
 flects the  mind  of  God,  and  stamps  the  Scriptures  as 
 the  utterance  of  His  thought  and  will  concerning 
 man.  The  evidence  of  the  plan  itself,  the  grandeur 
 of  its  conception,  the  brightening  glory  of  its  un- 
 veiling, and  the  comjirehensive  blessings  of  its  con- 
 summation— these  all  wituess  that  we  have  here  no 
 "cunningly  devised  iiible,"  but  "holy  men  of  God 
 -spake  as  moved  by  the  Holy  Ghost "  (2  Pet.  i,  16,  21). 
 
 First  we  find  in  the  Bible  a  unity  of  promise  con- 
 cerning the  redemption  of  man.  It  was  a  striking 
 and  almost  an  exceptional  feature  in  Christ  as  a 
 teacher,  that  He  did  not  profess  to  introduce  a  new 
 and  original  system  of  truth,  as  is  so  much  the  man- 
 ner of  great  t<\achers  in  .s<-ience  and  philosophy,  and 
 of  the  founders  of  religious  beliefs,  but  came  to  com- 
 plete a  foregoing  revelation  and  to  finish  an  ap- 
 pointed work.  "Think  not  that  I  am  come  to 
 destroy  the  law,  or  the  prophets;  I  am  not  come-  to 
 destroy,  but  to  fulfill  "  (JIatt.  v,  1 7)— or  rather  to  >/7 
 out — to  expand  in  their  true  spirit,  and  carry  on  to 
 
UNITY  OF  THE  BIBLE. 
 
 965 
 
 UNITY  OF  THE  BIBLE. 
 
 completion.     He  confirmed  His  own  doctrine  by  aj)-  ,  less  wanderings  of  solifciry  men  like  Al)raham  and 
 pealing   to    Moses   and  the   propliets:    "Search  the    Jacob,  who  had  nothing  to  build  upon  but  faith;  in 
 
 scriptures,  for  they  are  they  which  testify  of  me; 
 Had  ye  believed  Moses,  ye  would  have  believed  me ; 
 for  he  wrote  of  me.  If  ye  believe  not  his  writing, 
 how  shall  ye  believe  my  words"  (John  v,  39,  40). 
 Again,  in  giving  his  own  summary  of  the  law  of  love, 
 
 the  wild  encampment  of  a  horde  of  fugitiv(^s  just 
 escaped  from  serfdom  into  the  desert;  from  the  thnme 
 of  a  consolidated  kingdom,  renowned  in  arms, 
 favored  in  Ibreign  alliance,  and  glorious  with  the 
 tokens   of  Jehovah's  presence;   amid   the  dismem- 
 
 he  said :   "  On  these  two  couiniandnients  hang  all  the  ;  bcred  fragments  of  that  s;une  kingdom,  and  in  the 
 law  and   the  prophets"  (John  i,  4oj.     His  disciples   exile  of  the  people  of  God,  who,  sitting  by  the  rivers 
 
 recognized  this  connection  between  Jesus  and  the 
 ancient  Scriptures;  as  when  Philip  said  to  Nathanacl, 
 "We  have  found  him  of  whom  Moses  in  the  law, 
 and  the  prophets  did  write ' '  (John  iv,  25) ;  and  the 
 woman  of  Samaria  said  to  Jesus,  "  I  know  that  Mes- 
 sias  cometh,  which  Ls  called  Christ  "  (JIatt.  xxii,  40) 
 
 of  IJabylon,  for  very  grief  couUl  not  sing  the  songs 
 of  Zion  to  their  mocking  wiptors;  under  a  foreign 
 rule,  and  in  times  of  religious  decline  and  social  cor- 
 ruption that  seemed  to  render  hopeless  the  idea  of 
 reviving  and  deliverance ;  when  we  thus  follow  through 
 so  many  and  so  distant  steps,  so  many  and  so  con- 
 
 and  the  constant  argument  of  the  apostles  in  tlieir  trary  conditions,  these  fragmentiiry  prophecies,  and 
 early  preaching  w;us  that  Jesus  of  Nazareth  fulfilled,  find  them  ever  adhering  to  one  type  and  following 
 in  His  person,  all  the  conditions  of  ancient  prophecy  one  line  of  development,  and  pointing  t«  one  perfect 
 and  promise. 
 
 Going  back  now  upon  this  line  of  promise  to  the 
 later  prophets  of  the  Hebrew  Scriptures,  we  find  in 
 Malachi  and  Zechariah  the  announcement  of  the 
 coming   Purifier,  the   Deliverer,  the  Shepherd,  the 
 
 King,  the  liedeemer,  with  v;u-ious  marks  of  identity, 
 all  which  were  verified  in  Christ. 
 
 Going  back  a  century  earlier,  to  Daniel,  then  afar  oft' 
 at  the  court  of  Babylon,  we   find   predictions  of  the 
 
 Messiah  as  a  Redeemer,  with  specifications  touching 
 
 His  character  and  work  which  were  marvelously  filled 
 
 out  in  Christ. 
 
 Yet  again  two  centuries  further  back,  in  the  prophet 
 
 Isaiah,  we  find  the  most  detailed  delineation  of  the 
 
 Messiah  to  come  as  the  Child  of  Hope,  as  the  Com- 
 forter of  His  people,  ;is  the  suffering  Kedeemer,  as  the 
 
 Prince  of  Peace. 
 
 Once  more;  in  the  height  of  the  kingdom  of  Israel, 
 
 when  David  had  brought  the  tribes  to  be  united  at 
 
 home  and  respected  abroad,  we  find  in  his  prophetic 
 
 Psalms  the  announcement  of  a  Son  before  whom  he 
 
 bowed  as  his  Lord,  of  whom  he  predicted  an  ever- 
 lasting kingdom  and  \'ictory  over  death. 
 
 Then  following  back  the  course  of  ages  to  Moses, 
 
 to  Jacob,  to  Abraham,  and  across  the  flood  up  to  the 
 
 very  gate  of  Eden,  we  find  fewer  and  dimmer,  but 
 
 still  legible  and  unmistakable — like  ancient  inscrip- 
 tions on  the  rocks  of  Sinai,  like  footprints  to  be  traced 
 
 in  the  beds  of  sandstone — the  promises  of  the  great 
 
 Prophet  and  Lawgiver,  like  unto  Moses,  of  the  Shiloh, 
 
 the  Prince  of  Peace,  who  shall  gather  the  peoples  to 
 
 Himself,  of  the  Seed  of  Abraliam,  in  whom  all  nations 
 
 shall  be  bles.sed,  of  the  Seed  of  the  woman,  which 
 
 shall  bruise  the  serpent's  head. 
 
 When  we  consider  the  va.st  intervals  of  time  by 
 
 which    these    prophecies    are     separated    one    from 
 
 another,  as  by  the  stepping-stones  of  centuries,  the 
 
 great  variety  of  circumstances,  places  and  conditions 
 
 in  which  they  were  uttered;  in  the  infancy  of  the 
 
 race,  and  at  the  moment  when  sin  and  death  seemed 
 
 to  have  destroyed  all  hope  for  mankind;  in  the  home- 
 
 and  glorious  consummation,  there  is  nothing  in  all 
 that  science  has  discovered  of  the  permanence  of 
 types,  and  the  unity  of  plan,  and  the  development 
 of  system  in  the  natural  world,  that  can  exceed  in 
 impression  this  proof,  from  the  unity  of  the  promise 
 of  redemption,  of  the  finger  of  God  inditing  and  un- 
 folding the  whole. 
 
 This  impression  is  deepened  when  we  follow  back 
 tlie  line  of  ritual  and  .symbol.  How  fully  did  Christ 
 instruct  His  disciples,  and  how  continually  did  the 
 apostles  insist,  that  His  suft'erings  and  death  were 
 a  fulfillment  of  the  sacrificial  and  ritualistic  system  of 
 the  Old  Testament.  "  As  Moses  lifted  up  the  serpent 
 in  the  wilderness,  even  so  must  the  Son  of  Man  be 
 lifted  up  (John  iii,  14).  "  Thus  it  behooved  Christ 
 to  suffer,  and  all  things  must  be  fulfilled  which  were 
 written  in  the  law  of  Moses,  and  in  the  prophets,  and 
 in  the  Psalms,  concerning  me  "  (Luke  xxiv,  26,  46). 
 At  His  first  public  appearance,  Jesus  w:us  pointed 
 out  as  "the  Lamb  of  God  which  fciketh  away  the 
 sins  of  the  world  "  (John  i,  29),  and  he  among  the 
 apostles  who  was  best  versed  in  the  laws  and  customs 
 of  the  Hebrews  argued,  that  since  "  Christ  our  pass- 
 over  was  .sacrificed  for  us,"  and  as  High  Prie-st  had 
 pas.sed  into  the  heavens,  there  w:us  no  more  need  of 
 oblation  or  priesthood. 
 
 Now,  through  the  whole  Bible  history  of  the  Jews, 
 we  find  from  the  date  of  their  organiz;ition  as  a  nation 
 a  system  of  sacrifices,  framed  first  as  a  compcnsiition 
 or  atonement  for  certain  civil  and  ceremonial  offences, 
 and  next  as  expressing  the  need  of  a  propitiation  in 
 ajiproaching  to  God.  The  systenv  was  cumbersome 
 and  meaningless,  except  in  this  latter  view.  But 
 going  back  of  the  Levitical  ritual  instituted  in  the 
 wilderness,  to  Xoah  as  tlic  priest  of  a  new  world,  and 
 liack  again  beyond  the  flood,  to  Abel,  we  find  a  cus- 
 tom of  sacrifice  for  which  no  mere  natural  instinct  or 
 reason  can  fully  account.  In  the  system  of  Moses  we 
 know  this  was  expressly  enjoined  by  God;  and  the 
 prophets,  while  they  denounced  any  neglect  or  abuse 
 of  sacrifice  as  a  crime,  also  insisted  that  the  sacrifice 
 
UNITY  OF  THE  BIBLE. 
 
 966 
 
 VXITY  OF  THE  BIBLE. 
 
 ■was  worthless  unless  its  spiritual  significance  was 
 kept  in  view  by  the  offerer.  Here,  then,  we  have  the 
 same  principle  of  unity  and  of  development  in  the 
 lunguiigcMif  symbol  und  ritual  as  in  the  verbal  pro- 
 mise: the  primitive  rudimental  conception  of  sacrifice 
 by  way  of  atonement  for  sin;  this  couceijtion  unfolded 
 in  a  great  number  and  variety  of  siicrifices,  in  which, 
 however,  the  central  figure  was  ever  the  Lamb  slain, 
 and  the  central  thought  the  redemption  of  sin;  and 
 all  these  emblems  and  types  meeting  in  Christ  by  His 
 own  interpretation  of  His  death  and  the  exposition  of 
 it  by  the  aiiostUs  as  the  consummation  of  this  sj-stem, 
 which  then  vanished  away  as  but  the  prophetic 
 shadow,  tlie  outline  sketch  of  the  true,  when  the 
 Laiul)  slain  from  the  foundation  of  the  world  was 
 offered  once  for  all,  to  take  away  sin.  And  so  the 
 death  of  Christ  verifies,  interprets  and  transfigures 
 that  mysterious  system  which  had  else  remained  with- 
 out a  key.  The  unity  that  runs  through  the  religion 
 of  the  Bible  in  its  treatment  of  sin  and  reconciliation, 
 a  treatment  foreign  to  all  rationalistic  conceptions  of 
 man's  approach  to  God,  argues  the  divine  impress 
 upon  the  original  conception,  the  law  of  its  unfolding, 
 the  dread  mystery  and  glory  of  its  consummation 
 through  the  cross. 
 
 There  remains  yet  another  line  in  this  unfolding  of 
 redemption,  which  weaves  this  argument  into  a  three- 
 fold cord  which  cannot  be  broken;  the  Dililicjil  history, 
 whose  unity  is  the  development  of  the  kingdom  of 
 God  in  the  world.  The  public  appearing  of  Christ 
 was  heralded  by  John  the  Baptist  as  the  ushering  in 
 of  "the  kingdom  of  (iod;"  Jesus  began  His  ministry 
 by  preaching  "  the  Gospel  of  the  kingdom  of  God;" 
 He  announced  to  His  hearers  the  glad  tidings  that 
 the  kingdom  of  God  was  nigh  to  them,  was  among 
 them,  and  might  be  within  them.  Disdaining  all 
 the  kingdoms  of  the  world  as  the  bribe  of  Satan,  re- 
 fusing the  ]iopMlar  cry  that  would  have  proclaimed 
 Him  king  of  tlie  Jews,  checking  the  enthusiasm  of 
 His  disciples  wlien  they  would  have  fought  or  died 
 for  a  royal  .Messiah,  He  nevertheless  declared  Himself 
 a  kijig,  the  anointed  Son  of  God,  challenged  the 
 allegiance  of  men  to  Himself  as  Lord,  and  asserted 
 the  sure  and  perpetual  triumph  of  His  kingdom. 
 
 Running  back  through  the  Old  Testament  Scrip- 
 tures, we  find  this  conception  of  a  righteous  and 
 glorious  kingdom  to  be  S('t  up  in  tlie  latter  days  held 
 forth  continually,  both  ius  the  hope  of  Israel,  and  as 
 the  consummation  of  (iod's  purposes  of  grace  for 
 mankind. 
 
 Wc  go  back  to  that  primitive  scene  of  the  patri- 
 arch of  the  twelve  tribes,  dying  in  a  strange  land, 
 his  sons  gathered  around  him,  ;vs  he  braces  himself 
 u])on  the  edge  of  his  coiuh,  and  leans  ujion  tlie  top 
 of  his  staff  and  worships  tlie  God  before  whom  his 
 fatliers,  "  .Miraham  and  Is;uu',  did  walk,"  and  as  his 
 dimmed  eyi's  lirighten  with  the  vision  of  the  future, 
 we  hear  him  say,  with  the  c<infidence  of  a  seer  to 
 whom  that  vision  is  reality,  "The  scejitre  shall  not 
 
 depart  from  Judah,  nor  a  lawgiver  from  between  his 
 feet,  until  Shiloh— the  Peace — shall  come;  and  unto 
 him  shall  the  gathering  of  the  people  be"  (Gen. 
 xlix,  1(1).  Hardly  is  David  seated  upon  his  throne 
 in  Judah,  and  tlie  ark  that  had  rested  in  Shiloh 
 brought  up  to  Zion,  when,  .-Is  if  to  disclaim  the  ful- 
 fillment of  Jacob's  prediction  in  himself,  the  Psalmist 
 prophesied  anew  the  coming  of  the  Lord's  anointed, 
 who  should  have  "  the  heathen  for  his  inheritance, 
 and  the  uttermost  parts  of  the  earth  for  his  jwsses- 
 sion  "  (Ps.  ii). 
 
 But  though  Judah  in  the  time  of  her  prosperity 
 miLst  still  wait  for  the  consummation  of  her  kingdom, 
 yet  in  her  times  of  depression  and  fear  the  promise 
 is  renewed  to  revive  her  hope.  Isaish  then  lit'ts  up 
 his  voice  like  a  trumpet,  rallying  the  discomfited 
 and  despairing  people:  "Unto  us  a  child  is  born, 
 unto  us  a  son  is  given;  and  the  government  shall  be 
 upon  his  shoulder;  and  his  name  shall  be  called 
 Wonderful,  Counsellor,  the  Mighty  God,  the  Ever- 
 lasting Father,  the  Prince  of  Peace.  Of  the  increase 
 of  his  government  and  peace  there  shall  be  no  end, 
 upon  the  throne  of  David,  and  upon  his  kingdom,  to 
 order  it  and  to  establish  it  with  judgment  and  with 
 justice  from  henceforth,  even  forever  "  (Isa.  ix,  6,7). 
 And  Zechariah,  making  the  hills  of  Palestine  vocal 
 with  the  welcome  to  Messiah,  sings,  "  Rejoice  greatly, 
 O  daughter  of  Zion ;  shout,  O  daughter  of  Jerusalem ; 
 behold  thy  king  cometh  unto  thee"  (Zech.  ix,  9); 
 and  Micah  reaches  forth  the  prophetic  benediction  to 
 Bethlehem,  "  Though  least  among  the  thousands  of 
 .ludah,  yet  out  of  her  shall  he  come  forth  that  is  to 
 be  ruler  in  Israel,  whose  goings  forth  have  been  from 
 of  old,  from  everlasting  "  (Micah  v,  2). 
 
 And  all  the  history  of  the  ages  is  brought  to  crys- 
 tallize about  this  single  thread  of  the  promised  king- 
 dom of  the  Messiah.  It  is  wonderful  with  what 
 tenacity  of  assertion  the  Bible  holds  to  this  conception 
 of  the  kingdom  of  God ;  it  is  amazing  with  what 
 majesty  of  purpose,  Avhat  stateliness  of  march,  the 
 Providence  of  God  moves  ever  toward  the  con- 
 summation of  that  kingdom  in  the  coming  of  Christ. 
 Men,  kings,  peoples,  dynasties,  empires,  as  brought 
 within  the  contemplation  of  this  Book,  are  nothing, 
 save  as  they  touch  upon  tnis  kingdom,  and  are  the 
 agents  or  opponents  of  its  progress.  Kgyjjt,  .Vrabla 
 and  Tyre,  As.syria,  Babyion  and  Persia,  the  later 
 JIaccdonian  and  Roman  empires,  all  are  of  no  account 
 save  as  they  help  or  hinder  the  unfolding  of  the  king- 
 dom of  God.  The  covenant  with  Abraham  posited 
 that  kingdom  in  the  oath  of  Jehovah  as  the  guaran- 
 tee of  its  universality  and  its  peri)ctuity;  the  consti- 
 tution of  Israel  under  a  Theocracy  erected  before  the 
 world  a  symbol  of  this  divine  kingdom,  and  jirin  ided 
 within  itself  the  means  of  its  spiritu:il  develoiiment; 
 and  when  the  fullness  of  time  had  arrived  for  the 
 spiritual  to  burst  its  shell  and  stand  forth  in  the 
 beauty  of  Righteousness,  the  majesty  of  Truth,  the 
 power  of  Love,  then  the  polity,  like  the  ritual,  fell 
 
UNITY  OF  THE  BIBLE. 
 
 967 
 
 UNITY  OF  THE  BIBLE. 
 
 away,  and  syra1x)l,  prophecy  and   history  met  and 
 were  fulfilled  in  Christ. 
 
 From  a  wider  range  of  view  I  might  describe  the 
 preparation  in  human  society,  in  governments,  re- 
 ligions, philosophies,  laws,  for  the  entering  in   of 
 
 "  Blessed  be  the  God  and  Father  of  our  Lord  Jesus 
 Christ,  who  hath  blessed  us  with  all  spiritual  bless- 
 ings in  heavenly  jdaces  in  Christ;  according  as  he 
 hath  chosen  us  in  him  before  the  foundation  of  the 
 world.    ...    in  whom  we  have  redemption  through 
 
 Christianity  as  a  fresh  infusion  of  life  and   power   his  blood,  the  forgivenc^ss  of  sins,  according  to  the 
 
 from  above  into  a  dissolving  civilization — a  decaying, 
 despairing  world;  and  following  down  the  course  of 
 ^iuman  aflairs,  might  also  show  to  what  extent  Christi- 
 anity has  moulded  moilern  society,  and  been  the  cen- 
 tral force  in  the  history  of  human  progress — Christ 
 the  unity  of  humanity  past  and  to  come.  But  the 
 subject  limits  me  to  the  internal  evidences  of  such 
 unity  found  within  the  Bible  itself.  And  when  we 
 consider  the  sublimity  of  redemption  as  a  scheme  of 
 thought,  the  mysterious  pathos  and  power  of  the 
 symbols  by  which  it  was  shadowed  forth,  the  vast- 
 ness  of  the  kingdom  in  which  it  was  embodied  as  its 
 consummation,  we  have   in   these  ideas  picked  up 
 
 riches  of  his  grace;  having  made  known  to  us  the 
 mystery  of  his  will,  according  to  his  good  ph^asure 
 which  he  hath  purposed  in  himself;  that  in  the  dis- 
 pensation of  the  fullness  of  times  he  might  gather 
 together  in  one  all  things  in  Chiist,  both  which  are 
 in  heaven,  and  which  are  on  earth;  even  in  him; 
 according  to  the  working  of  his  mighty  power,  which 
 he  wrought  in  Christ  when  he  raised  him  from  the 
 dead,  and  set  him  at  his  own  right  hand  in  the 
 heavenly  phices,  far  above  all  principality,  and  power, 
 and  might,  and  dominion,  and  every  name  that  is 
 named,  not  only  in  this  world,  but  also  in  that  which 
 is  to  come;  and  hath  put  all  things  under  his  feet, 
 
 along  the  track  of  ages  in  the  line  of  this  book,  and    and  gave  him  to  be  the  head  over  all  things  to  the 
 
 found  nowhere  else,  a  unity  of  promise,  of  ritual  and 
 of  history,  unfolding  a  unity 'of  plan,  that  no  growth 
 of  a  national  literature,  no  process  of  national  devel- 
 opment, no  philosophy  of  history  can  account  for. 
 Such  mighty  conceptions  could  have  originated  only 
 in  the  mind  that  encircles  all  worlds,  foresees  all 
 ages,  directs  all  events;  and  the  progressive  unity  of 
 redemption  through  all  the  lines  of  Prophecy,  Ritual 
 and  History  iu  the  Bible,  is  the  unveiling  there  of 
 the  mind  of  God.  The  phenomenon  of  this  book 
 has  no  parallel  except  iu  the  book  of  creation  writ- 
 ten by  the  same  hand;  and  how  does  the  moral  tran- 
 scend the  material  ? 
 
 Oh  for  the  tongue  of  Bante,  to  sing,  as  from  the 
 highest  circle  of  Paradise  he  beheld  the  magnificent 
 
 church,  which  is  his  body,  the  fullness  of  him  that 
 filleth  all  in  all  "  (Eph.  i). 
 
 Viewing  now  the  Bible  as  a  whole,  we  find  it 
 marked  by  a  tone  or  style  above  the  common  range 
 of  human  thought  and  feeling.  When  we  compare 
 the  style  and  thought  of  particular  books  with  the 
 kno-mi  intellectual  advantages  of  their  authors,  when 
 we  remember  that  David  was  a  shepherd,  and  John 
 a  fisherman,  we  feel  that  something  more  than  native 
 genius  or  poetic  inspiration  was  needed  to  produce 
 such  compositions  from  such  minds.  And  through 
 the  whole  book  there  is  a  tone  of  spiritual  elevation, 
 a  style  of  thought,  feeling  and  expression,  concern- 
 ing God,  the  soul,  the  invisible  world,  the  future 
 state,  that  is  always  sustained  by  these  writers  and 
 
 ■vision  of  all  the  events  of  Time  consummated  in  the    is  not  equaled  or  approached  by  any  others. 
 
 Redemption,  and  sang 
 
 "  Behold  the  hosts 
 Of  Christ's  triumphal  march,  and  all  the  fruit 
 Harvested  hy  the  rolling  of  these  spheres. 
 There  are  tho  wisdom  and  the  Omnipotence 
 That  oped  the  thoroughfares  'twixt  heaven  and  earth 
 For  which  there  erst  had  been  so  long  a  yearning." 
 
 Oh,  for  the  vision  of  Kepler,  to  discern  in  the  move- 
 ments of  the  planets  the  timing  of  Christ's  advent, 
 and  see  all  the  heavenly  bodies  marshaled  to  do 
 homage  at  His  throne! 
 
 Oh,  for  the  fire  of  Handel,  to  kindle  prophecy  and 
 story,  and  even  suffering,  into  song;  and  set  all  things 
 in  earth  and  heaven  aglow  with  the  music  of  Jles- 
 siah's  triumph,  from  the  symphony  of  shepherds  to 
 the  chorus  of  the  redeemed !    - 
 
 But  neither  Dante,  nor  Kepler,  nor  Handel,  nor  all 
 that  poetry,  science  and  music  might  render  to  such 
 a  theme,  could  once  approach  this  magnificent  epic 
 of  Paul,  which  represents  all  things  celestial  and  ter- 
 restrial, physical  and  moral,  \-isible  and  invisible, 
 from  the  first  inception  of  the  creation  to  its  final 
 consummation,  as  ordered  for  and  centred  in  Christ. 
 
 We  find  all  the  books  that  compose  the  Bible  per- 
 vaded  by  one  spirit  and  object,  clearly  dirinc;  it  is, 
 that  by  precept,  by  example,  by  a  reconciliation  pro- 
 vided and  a  guidance  promised,  they  may  restore  man 
 to  the  likeness  of  God,  and  make  him  a  partaker  of 
 the  divine  blessedness  by  making  him  a  partaker  of 
 the  di\-ine  holiness.  Jlen  of  great  genius  sometimes 
 write  so  obscurely  that  both  the  moral  and  the 
 meaning  of  their  works  are  hidden  from  the  majority 
 of  readers.  Not  to  speak  of  Jean  Paul  Richter,  who 
 is  an  enigma  to  German  scholars,  who  will  decide 
 what  Tennyson  meant  to  accomplish  by  his  poem  of 
 "Maud,"  or  Robert  Browning  by  his  "Sordcllo;" 
 or  whether  Kant  believed  in  a  personal  God  or  iu  a 
 pantheistic  soul  ;  or  whether  Swedeuborg  believed 
 that  anything  was  real,  or  actual,  or  literal,  outside 
 or  inside  of  his  own  brain.  How  often  do  we  lay 
 aside  the  writings  of  a  man  of  reputed  genius  with 
 the  despairing  question,  "  What  is  he  driving  at?" 
 But  one  can  never  have  a  doubt  of  what  the  Bible  is 
 aiming  at.  There  is  no  book  so  real  as  this,  a  book 
 of  realities,  grand,  glorious,  palpable,  terrible.  Its 
 God  is  a  real,  living  God.     Its  law  is  a  reality.     Its 
 
UNPARDONABLE  SIN. 
 
 968 
 
 UNPARDONABLE  SIN. 
 
 spiritual  world  is  a  reality.  Its  threatenings  against 
 evil-doers  are  realities;  its  promises  and  hopes  are 
 realities;  its  Siilvation  is  a  reality;  its  life  and  death, 
 its  resurreetion  and  judgment,  its  heaven  and  hell 
 are  realities.  And  these  realities  have  an  object; 
 they  are  not  like  the  drapery  of  Jlilton's  "  Paradise 
 Lost,"  or  of  Dante's  "Inferno."  The  Bible  aims 
 throughout  to  make  men  better.  Perfection  of  char- 
 acter is  its  aim;  and  the  revelation  of  God  in  His 
 holiness  and  His  mercy,  in  His  law  and  His  redemp- 
 tion is  its  means. 
 
 As  when  you  see  wheels,  shafts,  pins,  bands  lying 
 apart,  each  finished  in  itself,  yet  each  adapted  to 
 others,  you  know  that  .some  machine  is  contemplated 
 by  the  founder,  though  you  may  not  see  how  to  put 
 it  together;  but  when  you  see  the  machine  put  to- 
 gether and  in  action,  you  perceive  new  fitness  in 
 every  part  and  the  grand  combination  of  all  for  one 
 end ;  so  in  the  several  books  of  the  Bible,  you  dis- 
 cover an  adaptation  to  the  same  end,  but  in  the  com- 
 pleted volume  you  behold  the  grand  hurmony  of  all 
 the  books  in  one  object — the  restoration  of  a  sinful 
 raee  to  its  Paradise  in  God  !  The  mind  that  con- 
 ceived such  a  plan,  and  slowly  unfolding  it,  part  by 
 part,  through  the  ages,  brought  it  together  finished 
 in  this  book,  must  be  divine.  The  Bible  is  a  sublime 
 symphony  framed  about  the  theme  of  man's  recon- 
 ciliation with  God.  The  theme  runs  through  differ- 
 ent keys  and  various  movements,  but  the  listening 
 car  catches  it  again  and  again;  it  emerges  from  the 
 chaos  of  the  Fall  in  the  song  of  Jloses,  the  servant  of 
 God ;  the  harps  of  David  and  I.saiah  give  it  a  distincter 
 and  sublimer  utterance;  the  angels  breaking  the 
 silence  of  the  midnight  air  chant  it  over  Bethlehem; 
 it  rises  more  clear  and  waxes  more  loud  in  the  dox- 
 ologies  of  Paul  and  the  choruses  of  John,  until  it  rolls 
 through  the  arches  of  heaven  in  one  magnificent 
 choral  of  earth  and  sky,  the  song  of  Moses  and  the 
 Laml). — ,7.  P.  Thompmn,  n.  T).,   LI,.  D. 
 
 Unpardonable  Sin,  The.  ''The  unpardonable 
 sin,"  says  the  Ivev.  Dr.  Kichard  Watson,  '"  is,  accord- 
 ing to  some,  the  ascribing  to  the  devil  the  miracles 
 which  C'lirist  wrought  by  the  power  of  the  Holy 
 Ghost.  This  sin,  or  bUisphemy,  as  it  should  rather 
 be  called,  many  Scribes  and  Pharisees  were  guilty  of, 
 who,  beholding  our  Lord  do  His  miracles,  affirmed 
 that  He  wrought  them  by  Beelzebub,  the  prince  of 
 devils,  whieli  was,  in  elTict,  calling  the  Holy  Gho.st 
 Satan,  a  most  horrililo  blasplicmy;  and  as  on  this 
 ground  they  rejected  Christ,  and  salvation  by  llim, 
 their  sin  could  certjiinly  have  no  forgiveness  (Mark 
 iii,  '2'2-:50).  No  one,  therefore,  could  beguilty  of  this 
 blasphemy,  except  those  who  were  spectators  of 
 Christ's  miracles.  There  is,  however,  another  view 
 of  this  unpardonable  offence,  which  deserves  consid- 
 eration: The  sin  or  blasphemy  against  the  Holy 
 Ghost,  says  Bishop  Tomline,  is  mentioned  in  the 
 first  three  gospels.  It  appears  that  all  the  three 
 evangelists  agree  in  representing  the  sin  of  lilasphemy 
 
 against  the  Holy  Ghost  as  the  crime  which  would 
 not  be  forgiven;  but  no  one  of  them  affirms  that 
 those  who  had  ascribed  Christ's  power  of  casting  out 
 devils  to  Beelzebub  had  been  guilty  of  that  sin  ;  and 
 in  St.  Luke  it  is  not  mentioned  that  any  such  charge 
 had  been  made.  Our  Saviour,  according  to  the 
 account  in  St.  JIatthew  and  St.  Mark,  endeavored  to 
 convince  the  Jews  of  their  error;  but  so  far  from  aecn.s- 
 ing  them  of  having  committed  an  unpardonable  sin 
 in  what  they  had  said  concerning  him,  he  declares 
 that  '  whosoever  speaketh  a  word  against  the  Son  of 
 man,  it  shall  be  forgiven  him; '  that  is,  whatever  re- 
 proaches men  may  utter  against  the  Son  of  Man  dur- 
 ing His  ministry,  however  they  may  calumniate  the 
 authority  upon  which  He  acts,  it  is  still  possible  that 
 hereafter  they  may  repent  and  believe,  and  all  their 
 sins  may  be  forgiven  them;  but  the  reviling  of  the 
 Holy  Ghost  is  described  as  an  offence  of  a  far  more 
 heinous  nature:  '  The  blasphemy  against  the  Holy 
 Ghost  shall  not  be  forgiven  nnto  men.'  'He  that 
 shall  blaspheme  against  the  Holy  Ghost  hath  never 
 forgiveness.'  'Unto  him  that  blasphemeth  against 
 the  Holy  Ghost  it  shall  not  be  forgiven.'  It  is 
 plain  that  this  sin  against  the  Holy  Ghost  could  not 
 be  committed  while  our  Saviour  was  upon  earth, 
 since  He  always  speaks  of  the  Holy  Ghost  as  not 
 being  to  come  till  after  His  ascension  into  Heaven. 
 A  few  days  after  that  great  event,  the  descent  of  the 
 Holy  Ghost  enabled  the  Apostles  to  work  miracles, 
 and  communicated  to  them  a  variety  of  other  super- 
 natural gifts,  ff  men  should  ascribe  these  powers  to 
 Beelzebub,  or  in  any  respect  reject  their  authority, 
 they  would  blaspheme  the  Holy  Ghost,  from  whom 
 they  were  derived;  and  that  sin  would  be  unjiardon- 
 able,  because  this  was  the  completion  of  the  evidence 
 of  the  divine  authority  of  Christ  and  His  religion; 
 and  they  who  rejected  these  last  means  of  conviction 
 could  have  no  other  opportunity  of  being  brought  to 
 faith  in  Christ,  the  only  appointed  condition  of  par- 
 don and  forgiveness.  The  gi'eater  heinousuess  of  the 
 sin  of  these  men  would  consist  in  their  rejecting  a 
 greater  body  of  testimony;  for  they  are  supposed  to 
 be  acquainted  with  the  resurrection  of  our  Saviour 
 from  the  dead,  with  His  ascension  into  heaven,  with 
 the  minicnlous  descent  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  and  with 
 the  supernatural  powers  which  it  communicated; 
 circumstiiuces,  all  of  which  were  enforced  by  the 
 .\postles  when  they  preached  the  gospel,  but  none 
 of  which  could  be  known  to  those  who  refused  to 
 acknowledge  .Jesus  as  the  Messiah  during  His  actual 
 ministry.  Though  this  was  a  great  sin,  it  was  not 
 an  unpardonable  one;  it  might  be  remedied  liy  subse- 
 quent belief,  by  yielding  to  subsequent  testimon}% 
 But,  on  the  other  hand,  they  who  finally  rejected  the 
 j  accumulat<'d  and  com))lete  evidence  of  Jesus  being 
 j  the  Messiah,  as  exhibited  by  the  inspired  .Vpostles, 
 I  precluded  themselves  from  the  possibility  of  convic- 
 j  tion,  because  no  further  testimony  would  be  alVorded 
 I  them,  and  conse(|uently,  there   being  no  means  of 
 
UNPARDONABLE  SIN. 
 
 969 
 
 UPSON. 
 
 repentance,  they  woukl  be  incapable  of  forgiveness 
 and  redemption.  Hence  it  appears  that  the  sin 
 against  the  Holy  Ghost  consisted  in  finally  rejecting 
 the  gospel  as  preached  by  the  Apostles,  who  con- 
 fii-med  the  truth  of  the  doctrine  which  they  taught 
 '  by  signs  and  wonders,  and  divers  miracles  and  gifts 
 ofthe  Holy  Ghost'  (Heb.  ii,  4).  It  was  unpardonable, 
 because  this  was  the  consumniatiou  of  the  proofs 
 afforded  to  the  men  of  that  generation  of  the  divine 
 mission  of  Christ.  This  sin  w:is  manifestly  distinct 
 from  all  other  sins,  it  indicated  an  invincible  obsti- 
 nacy of  mind,  an  impious  and  unalterable  determina- 
 tion to  refuse  the  offered  mercy  of  God.  It  would 
 appear  from  this,  that  those  only  committed  or  could 
 commit  this  irremissible  offence,  who  were  witnesses 
 of  the  mighty  works  wrought  by  the  Holy  Spirit  in 
 the  Apostles  after  Christ's  ascension  and  the  day  of 
 Penteco.st.  Our  Lord's  declaration  appears  chiefly  to 
 respect  the  Jews.  This  view  will  serve  to  explain 
 those  passages  in  the  Epistle  to  the  Hebrews  in 
 which  the  hopeless  case  of  Jewish  apostates  is  de- 
 scribed." 
 
 "  The  cases  which  in  our  times,"  says  Dr.  Andrew 
 Fuller,  "  appear  to  approach  the  nearest  to  this  sin 
 are  those  of  persons  who  apostatize  from  the  truth 
 after  having  enjoyed  great  religious  advantages, 
 obtained  much  light,  felt  strong  convictions,  and 
 made  considerable  progress  in  reforming  their  con- 
 duct. The  apostacy  of  such  characters,  as  of  some 
 among  the  Hebrews,  is  sometimes  sentimental.  Having 
 long  felt  the  gospel  way  of  salvation  to  grate  upon 
 their  feelings,  they  fall  in  with  some  flesh-pleasing 
 scheme,  either  that  of  open  infidelity,  or  some  one  of 
 those  which  approach  the  nearest  to  it,  and  now, 
 their  conduct  becoming  ciiually  loose  with  their 
 principles,  when  reproved  by  their  friends  they  keep 
 themselves  in  countenance  by  professing  to  have 
 changed  their  sentiments  in  religious  matters.  In 
 them  is  fulfilled  what  was  predicted  of  some  by  the 
 Apostle  Paul:  'They  received  not  the  love  of  truth, 
 that  they  might  be  saved.  And  for  this  cause  God 
 shall  send  them  strong  delusions,  that  they  should 
 believe  a  lie,  and  be  damned.' 
 
 "The  apostacy  of  others,  like  those  described  in  the 
 Second  Epistle  of  Peter,  is  of  a  more  practical  nature. 
 Having  long  felt  the  yoke  of  religion  galling  to  their 
 inclinations,  they  burst  the  bonds  and  let  loose  the 
 reins  of  lust,  and  to  ward  off  reproof  and  keep  them- 
 selves in  countenance,  they  aftect  to  treat  all  religion 
 with  contempt,  raking  together  the  faults  of  pro 
 fes,sing  Christians  as  an  excuse  for  their  own  iniqui- 
 ties. Such  ch;rracters  are  commonly  the  worst  of  all 
 and  the  most  dangerous  to  .society;  nor  do  I  recollect 
 any  instance  of  their  having  been  '  renewed  again 
 unto  repentance;'  'twice  dead,'  they  seem  doomed 
 to  be  '  plucked  up  by  the  roots.'  In  them  is  verified 
 what  our  Lord  speaks  of  a  man  out  of  whom  should 
 be  cast  an  unclean  spirit,  which  goeth  forth  in  search 
 of  a  new  habitation,  seeking  resjt  but  finding  none, 
 
 and  at  length  resolves  on  a  return  to  his  old  abode.' 
 'And  when  he  cometh,  he  findeth  it  empty,  sweptand 
 garnished.  Then  he  goeth  and  tuketh  with  him  seven 
 other  spirits  more  wicked  than  himself,  and  they 
 enter  in  and  dwell  there,  and  the  last  state  of  that 
 man  is  worse  than  the  first. ' 
 
 ' '  With  respect  to  dejected  tnindu,  let  it  be  observed, 
 that  no  person,  let  his  crimes  have  been  what  they 
 may,  if  he  be  grieved  at  heart  for  having  committed 
 them,  and  sincerely  ask  forgiveness  in  the  name  of 
 Christ,  needs  to  fear  that  he  shall  be  rejected.  Sucli 
 grief  is  itself  a  proof  that  he  has  not  committed  the 
 sin  against  the  Holy  Ghost,  beciiuse  it  is  a  mark  of 
 that  sin  to  be  accompanied  with  a  hard  and  impeni- 
 tent heart.  Such  characters  maj'  feel  the  remorse  of 
 a  Cain,  a  Saul,  or  a  Judas,  but  a  tear  of  godly  .sorrow 
 never  dropped  from  their  eyes." 
 
 Upson,  Anson  Judd,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  is  the 
 eldest  son  of  Dana  Judd,  and  Mary  F.  (Clarke) 
 Upson.  He  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Novem- 
 ber 7th,  1823.  At  the  death  of  his  father,  he  Wius 
 removed,  at  an  early  age,  to  the  home  of  his  maternal 
 grandfather,  in  Utica  N.  Y.  Receiving  his  prepara- 
 tory education  at  the  Utica  Academy,  he  entered  the 
 Sophomore  class  of  Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  N.Y., 
 and  was  graduated  in  1843,  with  one  of  the  highest 
 honors  of  his  class.  Immediately  after  graduation 
 he  began  the  study  of  the  law,  in  the  office  of  Messrs. 
 Spencer  and  Kernan,  of  Utica.  But  in  1845  he  ac- 
 cepted a  tutorship  in  Hamilton  College,  and  in  1849 
 was  appointed  Adjunct  Professor  of  Rhetoric  and 
 Moral  Philosophy  in  the  same  Institution.  In  1853 
 he  was  made  Professor  of  Logic,  Rhetoric  and  Elocu- 
 tion in  the  same  college,  and  held  this  chair  until 
 1870. 
 
 He  united  with  the  Presbyterian  Cluirch  in  Clinton, 
 N.  Y.,  November  4th,  1856,  and  having  studied 
 theology  under  the  direction  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  W.  S. 
 Curtis,  of  Hamilton  College,  was  licensed  to  preach 
 by  the  Presbytei-y  of  Utica,  June  29th,  1859,  and  or- 
 dained by  the  same  Presbytery,  at  Rome,  N.  Y., 
 January  29th,  1868 ;  October  23d,  1870,  he  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church, 
 .■Vlbany,  N.  Y.,  as  the  successor  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
 W.  B.  Sprague  ;  September  14th,  1880,  he  was  in- 
 augurated Professor  of  Sacred  Rhetoric  and  Pastoral 
 Theology  in  the  Auburn  Tlieological  Seminary ; 
 February  11th,  1874,  Dr.  Upson  was  elected,  by 
 the  Legislature  of  New  York,  a  member  of  the 
 Board  of  Regents  of  the  University,  a  Board  which 
 has  the  supervision  of  all  the  colleges  and  academies 
 of  the  State.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the  General 
 As.senibly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  twice,  in 
 1871  and  again  in  1877.  In  1870  he  received  the 
 degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  Hamilton  College, 
 and  in  1872  was  elected  a  trustee  of  the  same  college. 
 In  1880  he  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws 
 fiom  Union  College.  From  1847  to  1870,  while  con- 
 !  uected  \vith  Hamilton  College,  Dr.  Upson  delivered 
 
VALLANDianAM. 
 
 970 
 
 .VANARTSDALEN. 
 
 many  literary  and  historical  lectures  iii  the  State  of 
 Xew  York  and  in  the  Westeru  Stiites.  He  has  writr 
 ivn  \arious  articles  for  magazines  and  reviews,  and 
 has  published  many  occasional  sermons  and  addresses. 
 The  students  under  Dr.  Upson,  hoth  while  he  was 
 I'rofessor  of  Elocution  at  Hamilton  College,  and 
 while  Professor  of  Rhetoric  at  Auburn  Seminary,  re- 
 garded him  as  singularly  fitt<'d  for  the  gi-eat  work  of  j 
 instructing  and  training  young  men  for  public  speak-  j 
 ing.  He  combines  the  rare  faculties  of  acquisition 
 and  communication,  and  is  able  to  impart  knowledge 
 and  inspire  enthusiasm.  The  high  rank  of  Hamilton 
 College,  in  the  nuitter  of  preparation  for  the  rostrum 
 and  pulpit,  the  use  of  the  pen  and  the  use  of  the 
 tongue,  is  mainly  attributable  to  the  genius  and 
 talent  of  one  who  could  condescend,  from  the  Pro- 
 fes.sor's  chair,  to  give  a  stammering,  awkward  student 
 such  painstaking  drill  as  that  to  which  Demosthenes 
 owed  his  oratorical  efficiency. 
 
 Dr.  Upson,  whether  as  a  Tutor  or  Professor, 
 preacher  or  pastor,  husband,  son  or  friend,  stands 
 high  with  those  who  best  know  him. 
 
 Ustick,  Rev.  Hugh  Ste'wart,  son  of  William 
 A.  Ustick  and  Mary  Stewart,  was  born  at  Blooming- 
 burg,  Ohio,  September  9th,  18;i2.  He  graduated  at 
 Miami  University,  in  1853,  began  his  theological 
 studies  in  New  Albany  Seminary,  the  ensuing  Fall, 
 and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  Chillicothe  Presbj'tery, 
 in  1855.  He  was  installed  as  pastor  of  the  Church  in 
 Hamilton,  Ohio,  in  May,  1857.  His  labors  there 
 were  much  blessed.  Instant  in  season  and  out  of 
 season,  he  brought  everything  to  bear  upon  the  great 
 work  of  winning  souls  to  Christ.  The  constant  feel- 
 ing of  his  heart  was, ''the  time  is  short,"  and  he  toiled 
 as  one  who  should  give  an  account  of  his  stewardship. 
 He  died  on  the  31st  of  October,  in  the  year  of  his  in- 
 stallation. He  wa.?  greatly  beloved  for  his  Christian 
 excellence,  and  his  death  was  deeply  lamented. 
 
 Y 
 
 Vallandigham,  Rev.  Clement,  was  born, 
 March  7th,  177^,  in  what  was  then  Virginia,  now  Al- 
 legheny county,  Pa.  His  father  was  Col.  George 
 Vallandigham,  a  native  of  Virginia,  but  one  of  the 
 pioneer  settlers  of  Western  Pennsylvania,  and  one 
 who  took  an  active  part  in  defence  of  the  settlements 
 against  the  incursions  of  the  Indians.  Mr.  Vallan- 
 digham graduated  at  Jefferson  College  in  1804,  and 
 studied  theology  with  the  Rev.  Dr.  John  McMillan. 
 He  was  licensed  to  preach,  June  2.5th,  1806.  In  May, 
 1H07,  he  removed  to  New  Lisbon,  Ohio,  and  on  the 
 21th  day  of  June  following  he  was  ordained  and  in- 
 stalled jiastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  that 
 place.  There  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life, 
 during  the  whole  of  that  time  officiating  as  pastor  of 
 that  church,  and  part  of  the  time  having  also  charge 
 of  the  congregations  of  Long's  Run  and  Salem.  He 
 died  on  the  21st  day  of  October,  1839,  greatly  beloved 
 and  regretted  by  a  people  among  whom  his  minis- 
 terial labors  had  been  eminently  successful. 
 
 Vallandigham,  James  L.,  D.  D.,  is  a  native 
 of  New  Lisbon,  (). ,  and  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Clement 
 Vallandigliain,  who  was  for  thirty-two  years  pa-stor 
 of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  that  place.  He 
 griuluated  at  Jefferson  College,  maintaining  a  high 
 standing  in  a  class  of  thirty.  After  graduating,  he 
 taught  for  si.K  years  in  several  places.  He  was  ad- 
 mitted to  the  Bar,  and  practiced  law  in  his  native 
 town  until  1813,  when  he  commence<l  the  study  of 
 theology  under  the  direction  of  A.O.  Patter.son,  n.  D., 
 who  was  then  ])ast()r  of  the  First  I'resbytcrian  Church 
 of  that  ]>lace.  .\lter  l)eing  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  New  Lisbon,  he  continued  to  teach  for 
 
 some  time.  In  1850  he  was  ordained  and  installed 
 as  pastor  of  the  churches  of  Princess  Anne  and  Re- 
 hoboth,  in  Somerset  county,  Md.  On  May  14th,  1854, 
 he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  churches  of  White  Clay 
 Creek,  Head  of  Christiana,  and  Newark,  Del.  In 
 1860  he  resigned  the  charge  of  the  Newark  Church, 
 continuing  in  charge  of  the  other  two  churches  until 
 1875.  In  that  year  he  became  pastor  of  the  Head  of 
 Christiana  alone,  and  has  continued  in  that  relation 
 ever  since.  . 
 
 Dr.  Vallandigham's  preaching  has  always  been 
 earnest,  practical,  instructive  and,  in  a  good  degree, 
 doctrinal.  All  the  churches  under  his  care  have  been 
 l)lessetl  with  extensive  revivals  and  large  additions. 
 Each  of  the  three  churches  under  his  p;»storal  care 
 erected  a  new  edifice  during  his  connection  with 
 them,  and  each  is  now  a  separate  pastoral  charge.  In 
 1881  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  was  con- 
 ferred upon  hira  by  Westminster  College,  Mo.  He 
 has  published  the  life  of  his  brother,  the  Hon.  C.  L. 
 Vallandigham,  two  editions  of  an  "Address  on  the 
 Evils  of  Intemperance,"  was  at  one  time  an  assistant 
 editor  of  a  Temperance  paper,  has  frequently  con- 
 tributed to  the  press,  and  is  the  author  of  the  "  His- 
 torical Sketches  of  the  Presbyterian  Churches  of  the 
 State  of  Delaware,"  published  in  the  "  Encyclopedia 
 of  Delaware."  Dr.  Vallandigham  still  resides  in 
 Newark,  and  enjoys  the  unabated  affection  and  confi- 
 dence of  all  the  congregations  of  which  he  has  been 
 pa.stor,  aiul  flic  respect  of  the  community  at  large. 
 
 Vanartsdalen,  Rev.  Jacob,  a  native  of  Somer- 
 set county,  N.  J.,  w;us  ordained  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  New  Brunswick,  June  19th,  1771,  and  in  1774  took 
 
VANCE. 
 
 971 
 
 VAN  DYKE. 
 
 charge  of  the  Church  of  Springfield,  N.  J.,  where  he 
 continued  in  the  orderly  aud  lUithful  performance  of 
 the  duties  of  his  oflSce,  as  far  as  his  health  permitted, 
 for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century.  He  was  re- 
 leased from  his  charge  May  6th,  1801,  and  died 
 October  •.>4tli,  Isij.S. 
 
 Vance,  Rev.  Hugh,  received  his  license  to 
 preach  from  Donegal  Presbytery,  about  1771,  and  in 
 1772,  was  ordaini-d  and  settled  as  pastor  of  Tnscarora 
 and  Back  Creek  churches,  Va.  He  died,  December 
 31st,  1791. 
 
 Vance,  Rev.  Joseph,  was  born  in  Washington 
 county.   Pa.,  October  8th,  1837.     He  graduated  at 
 Washington  College  in   1858,  at  the  Western  The- 
 ological Seminary  in  1861,  and  was  licensed  to  preach 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Wa.shiugtou,  April  19th,  1860. 
 He  was  settled  as  pastor   of  the  Church  of  Beaver 
 Dam,  Wisconsin.     In  September,  1865,  he  was  called 
 to  the  pastorate  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Vincennes,  Ind.,  where  he  labored  with  great  accept- 
 ance till  July,  1874.     During  the  Summer  of  1875  he 
 supplied  the  pulpit  of   the    Presbyterian   Church, 
 Reading,  Pa.      In   December  of   that  year  he  was 
 ciilled  to  the  First   Presbyterian  Church,  Carlisle, 
 Pa.,  of  which  he  still  has  charge.     Mr.  Vance  is  char- 
 acterized by  great  gentleness  of  manner.     His  know- 
 ledge of  men  is  wide  and  accurate,  whOst  his  judgment 
 is  always  tempered  by  a  Christ-like  charity.   Sympa- 
 thetic in  all  his  pastoral  relations,  his  ministrations 
 from  house  to  house  are  peculiarly  welcome  and  effi- 
 cient.   His  preaching  necessarily  partakes  of  his  quali- 
 ties as  a  man.  In  manner  he  is  simple,  direct,  conversa- 
 tional— a  manner  which  is  the  natural  outcome  of  a 
 logical  mind,  chaste  imagination  and  devout  heart. 
 He  is  of  the  Johannean  rather  than  the  Pauline  type 
 of  ministers.     He  is  popular  in  the  community  in 
 which  he  lives,  loved  by  his  people,  and  his  general 
 work  in  the  ministry  has  not  been  without  seals  of 
 the  Divine  approval.     The   old   historic  church  of 
 which  he  has  charge  is  strong   in   numbers,   social 
 iulhience  and  sterling  religious  life. 
 
 Van  Oleve,  Rev.  Robert  Stansbury,  was 
 bora  at  Beaver  Sleadow,  Pa.,  Octoljcr  16th,  1842. 
 He  graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1863, 
 and  studied  theology  at  Princeton  Seminary.  He 
 was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of  Erie, 
 December  14th,  1866,  was  stated  supply  atWestfield, 
 N.  Y.,  1866,  pastor  1868-9,  and  since  1870  has  been 
 pastor  of  the  Church  at  Leetsdale,  Pa.  He  is  an 
 instructive  and  impressive  preacher,  blessed  in  his 
 ministry  and  beloved  by  liis  people. 
 
 Van  Doren,  Rev.  WiUiarn,  was  born  at  Griggs- 
 town,  N.  J.,  March  14th,  1814.  Ha  graduated  at 
 New  Jersey  College,  in  1835,  and  studied  theology 
 at  Princeton  Seminary.    He  was  Professor  at  Colum- 
 
 ton  and  Visalia,  Cal.,  1862-67;  and  Principal  at 
 Watson ville,  1867-75.  He  died  at  Watsonville,  Cal., 
 December  3d,  1877.  He  was  a  gentleman  of  strong 
 and  cultivated  intellect,  and  excelled  as  an  instructor. 
 Van  Dyke,  Henry  Jackson,  D.D.,  was  born 
 in  Abingdon,  Montgomery  county.  Pa.,  March  2d, 
 1822.  He  graduated  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
 vania, in  1843,  also  studied  at  Yale  College,  and 
 completed  his  theological  course  at  Princeton  Semi- 
 nary in  1845.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Third  Presby- 
 tery of  Philadelphia,  in  June,  1845.  He  was  pastor 
 of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  Bridgeton,  N.  J., 
 1845-52,  and  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Germantown,  Pa.,  18.52-3,  in  both  which  fields  his 
 labors  were  successful,  when  he  was  called  to  his 
 present    charge,   the  First  Presbyterian    Church   of 
 
 HENBY  J.\CKSON  VA.V  DYKE,  D.D. 
 
 Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  In  1872,  after  the  faithful  labors 
 of  nineteen  years,  he  resigned  the  pastorate  of  the 
 church  in  Brooklyn,  to  accept  a  call  to  a  leading 
 Presbyterian  church  in  Nashville,  Tenn.  Before 
 entering  permanently  upon  his  duties  in  Nashville, 
 he  went  abroad,  and  on  his  return,  when  about  to 
 undertake  them,  the  Brooklyn  church  gave  him  a 
 call  to  resume  his  pastorate,  which  he  finally  accepted. 
 Here  he  has  since  continued,  the  congregation  having 
 largely  increased  under  his  ministry,  besides  enjoy- 
 ing the  most  gratifying  evidence  of  spiritual  and 
 temporal  prosperity. 
 
 Dr.  Van  Dyke  has  an  earnest  and  active  tempera- 
 ment.    He  is  very  cordial  with  all,  ardent  in  his 
 
 bia  College,  Missouri  in  1837;  Professor  in  the  Mis- 
 souri State  Universitv,  in  1843;  Principal  at  Lex-  I  friendship  and  sympathies,  and  has  the  courage  for 
 intrton     Mo  ,    1843-50;    Professor   in    Westminster  ^  any  effort  or  enterprise  which  he  deems  to  be  right. 
 CoUege   Mo.,'  1850-62;  Teacher  at  Napa  City,  Stock-  [  He  is  very  firm  in  his  convictions  of  truth  and  duty, 
 
VANDYKE. 
 
 979 
 
 VANNUY8. 
 
 and  maintains  them  at  all  hazards.  He  is  a  very 
 effective  speaker.  His  voice  is  strong  and  harmonious, 
 and  he  displays  that  style  of  vigorous  reasoning 
 which  is  at  once  proof  of  sincerity  and  ability.  He 
 preaches  with  striking  powers  of  pathos  and  logic. 
 Among  his  published  sermons  are  "Moses,  the  Ser- 
 vant of  the  Lord,"  "How  Old  Art  Thou?"  "  The 
 Commandment,  with  Promise,"  "The  Conversion  of 
 Saul,"  "Politics  for  Christmas,"  "Giving  Thanks 
 for  All  Things,"  "  The  Character  and  Blessedness  of 
 the  Peacemaker."  These  sermons  all  show  much 
 originality  of  thought,  clearness  of  expression  and 
 earnest  eloquence.  In  1870  Dr.  Van  Dyke  wasjiromi- 
 nent  in  the  movement  for  the  reunion  of  the  Northern 
 and  Southern  Presbyterian  Church.  He  was  one  of 
 a  Committee  of  the  General  Assembly .  convened  at 
 Philadelphia,  who  were  sent  to  the  General  Assembly 
 in  session  at  Louisville.  In  1876  he  was  Moderator 
 of  the  General  Assembly  at  its  meeting  at  Brooklyn. 
 He  has  a  high  standing  in  the  Church  as  an  authority 
 on  doctrine  and  discipline. 
 
 Van  Dyke,  Rev.  Henry  J.,  Jr.,  was  born  No- 
 vember Kith,  1852,  in  Germantown,  Pa.     He  gradu- 
 
 RF.V.   BF.NRY   .r.   VAN    DYKE,  JR. 
 
 ated  fro7u  Brooklyn  Polytechnic  Institute  in  1869; 
 entered  Princeton  College  with  the  class  of  1873, 
 and  took  the  Junior  Orator  prize;  was  the  successful 
 writer  of  three  prize  essays,  and  received  the  Senior 
 prize  in  English  literature,  graduating  with  the 
 English  Salutatory  and  licUnt  Ictlirs  oration.  He  en- 
 tered Princeton  Seminary  in  187 1;  delivered  the 
 Master's  oration  at  college  in  Is76;  was  corresponding 
 editor  oi'  the  PhiUulelphia  rresbyterian,  editor  of  the 
 
 "Princeton  Book,"  and  was  licensed  to  preach  in 
 1876.  In  1877,  he  went  to  Germany,  was  matricu- 
 lated in  the  University  of  Berlin,  and  studied,  for 
 two  terms.  New  Testament  criticism  and  Christology, 
 under  Professors  Dorner  and  Weiss.  He  was  called 
 to  the  United  Congregational  Church,  in  Newport,  in 
 December,  1878,  and  during  his  ministry  there  the 
 I  church  was  blessed  with  marked  prosperity.  In 
 September,  1882,  he  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of  the 
 Brick  Church,  Fifth  Avenue  and  Thirty-seventh 
 street.  New  York.  The  call  was  accepted,  and  he 
 was  installed  in  January,  1883,  immediately  after 
 which  the  debt  of  the  church  was  paid,  and  twenty- 
 two  thousand  dollars  were  contributed  for  repairing 
 and  decorating  the  building.  Mr.  Van  Dyke  is  a 
 contributor  to  Harper's  Maijaziuc,  The  Conlciiijiorar;/, 
 Princdon,  Prinlii/teriaii  Rcricics,  etc.  He  is  a  fine 
 .scholar,  a  writer  of  decided  ability,  and  an  able, 
 attractive,  impressive  and  successful  preacher. 
 
 Van  Dyke,  Rev.  John  P.,  was  born  in  Adams 
 county,  Pa.,  October  18th,  1803.  He  graduated  at 
 Miami  Univer-sity  in  1826;  studied  theology  with 
 Rev.  Dr.  Bishop,  of  Miami  University,  and  in  1828 
 was  licensed  by  Miami  Presbytery.  In  June,  1829, 
 he  was  installed  over  West  Union  Church,  Ohio,  and 
 during  twenty-three  years  here  labored  with  great 
 earnestness  and  acccptableness.  In  1852  he  removed 
 to  Red  Oak,  Ohio,  and  served  that  church  until  1854, 
 when  he  was  called  to  Frankfort  Church,  Indiana. 
 Here  he  labored  as  stated  suppl,v,  not  accepting  the 
 call,  owing  to  the  illness  of  himself  and  family.  He 
 subsequently  accei^ted  a  call  to  Pleasant  Ridge  Church, 
 Ohio.  He  died  August  13th,  1862.  He  was  an  able 
 divine,  remarkable  for  bis  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
 Scriptures,  and  for  his  .skill  in  their  interpretation. 
 His  preaching  was  eminently  doctrinal,  and  yet  it 
 had  such  an  experimental  odor,  and  was  so  earnestly 
 and  practically  applied,  as  to  secure  much  good  fruit. 
 His  daily  walk  was  ever  such  as  to  exemplify  his 
 teachings. 
 
 Vannuys,  Henry  Logan,  D,D.,  was  born  in 
 Shelby  county,  Kentucky,  on  the  3d  of  November, 
 1829.  His  father,  Tuuis  Vaunuys,  was  an  exemplary 
 Christian  and  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church.  His 
 mother.  Kate  Demares,  of  Huguenot  blood,  was  a 
 woman  of  remarkable  strength  of  character  and  most 
 devoted  piety.  He  was  prepared  for  college  under 
 private  tuition,  and  graduated  at  Hanover  College, 
 Ind.,  in  1848.  Studied  theology  in  the  Seminary  at 
 Princeton,  N.  J.,  and  graduated  there  in  1852.  He 
 was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Indian- 
 apolis, and  began  preaching  in  Goshen,  Elkhart 
 county,  Ind.,  Ogtober,  1852.  He  organized  the  Pres- 
 byterian Chur(!h  of  Goshen,  on  the  12th  of  Manh, 
 1853,  and  on  the  16th  of  the  next  June  he  was  or- 
 dained and  installed  its  pastor,  by  the  Lake  Presby- 
 tery, and  ever  since  has  been,  and  now  is,  the  accept- 
 able, faithful  and  much  loxed  pastor  of  the  church  so 
 organized  by  him. 
 
VAN-  RENSSELAER. 
 
 973 
 
 VAN  TRIES. 
 
 He  is  a  man  of  strong  will,  clear  conceptions,  gen- 
 erous impulses,  and  scrupulously  tender  of  the  rights 
 of  others.  His  life  is  singularly  pure,  and  all  his 
 acts  are  strongly  characteristic  of  good  common  sense. 
 He  has  few  or  no  enemies.  His  sermons  are  terse  in 
 style,  pure  in  diction,  logical  in  thought,  e%'incing 
 great  research  and  studious  preparation,  and  yet  free 
 
 eration.  Happily,  in  his  case,  Christianity  early 
 assumed  the  dominion  in  his  heart,  so  that  he 
 passed  safely  the  ordeal  to  which  Providence  sub- 
 jected him,  and  came  out  of  the  walks  of  the  most 
 elegant  refinement,  willing  to  work  in  any  part  of 
 the  blaster's  vineyard  in  which  he  could  be  useful. 
 He  was  held  in  the  highest  esteem  by  his  brethren  in 
 
 from  all  ostentatious  display.  His  morning  sermons  |  the  ministry,  and  by  all  the  communities  in  which 
 are  especially  interesting,  and  listened  to  with  marked  |  he  lived  and  labored.  He  was  Moderator  of  the 
 attention,  being  filled  with  Biblical  citations,  historic  '  General  Assembly  in   1857,  and  a   Director  of  the 
 
 references,  poetic  gems  and  earnest  religious  pathos. 
 He  is  a  diligent  student  and  ripe  scholar,  and  in  1881 
 Wabash  College  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
 D.  D.,  an  honor  most  worthily  bestowed. 
 
 Van  Rensselaer,  Cortlandt,  D.D.,  was  one 
 of  the  Church's  most  beloved  and  useful  men.  He 
 was  born  in  Albany,  N.Y.,  May  26th,  1808;  graduated 
 
 CORTLANDT  VAN  aE.N'SSELAER,  D.D. 
 
 at  Yale  College  in  1827,  and  studied  theology  at 
 Union  Seminary,  Va.,  and  at  Princeton.  He  %vas 
 ordained  as  evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of  West 
 Hanover,  1835;  was  missionary  to  the  slaves  in 
 Virginia,  1833-5;  pastor  at  Burlington,  N.  J.,  1837- 
 40;  stated  supply  of  the  Second  Church,  Washington, 
 D.  C,  1841-2;  agent  of  Princeton  Seminary,  1844; 
 Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Education,  1840-60;  and 
 editor  of  the  Home,  School  and  Church  and  Presbijterian 
 Magazine.     He  died  in  Burlington,  July  25th,  1860. 
 
 Dr.  Van  Rensselaer  had  his  birth  and  education 
 amidst  decidedly  Christian  influences,  and  yet 
 amidst  those  temptations  to  a  life  of  indolent  ease 
 which  are  always  inci<lent,  especially  in  this  country, 
 to  a  condition  of  great  opulence  and  worldly  consid- 
 
 Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  always  devoted  to 
 its  interests.  "  The  office  which  he  held  during  the 
 greater  part  of  his  professional  life,  discharging  its 
 duties  not  only  most  faithfully,  but  gratuitously, " 
 says  Dr.  W.  B.  Sprague,  "placed  him  at  the  head  of 
 one  of  the  great  fountains  of  influence  by  which  the 
 Seminary  is  sustained.  'WTio  that  knew  him  will 
 ever  forget  the  fertility  of  his  mind  in  projects  of 
 Christian  usefulness,  and  the  exuberance  of  his 
 charity  in  carrying  them  into  efl'ect  ?  Who  can  for- 
 get the  kindliness  of  his  smile,  the  meekness  and 
 modesty  of  his  spirit,  the  firmness  with  which  he 
 adhered  to  his  own  mature  convictions,  and  the 
 graceful  facility  and  generous  indulgence  with  which 
 he  met  the  adverse  opinions  of  others,  his  practical 
 obliviousness  of  worldly  rank,  his  wit,  sometimes 
 talking  the  form  of  a  delicate  inuendo,  and  sometimes 
 doing  the  work  of  a  two-edged  sword;  his  zeal  and 
 energy,  shrinking  from  no  sacrifices,  halting  at  no 
 obstacles,  and  revealing  a  heart  deeply  in  communion 
 with  Him,  '  who,  though  he  was  rich,  for  our  sakes 
 bcciime  poor  ?  '  His  death  was  the  signal  for  mourn- 
 ing much  beyond  the  limits  of  his  own  communion. 
 The  marble  that  marks  the  place  of  his  grave  might 
 well  bear  the  inscription:  'An  exalted  specimen  of 
 sanctified  humanity.'  " 
 
 Van  Tries,  Samuel,  was  born  in  Shirleysburg, 
 Pa.  His  early  life  was  spent  in  Franklin  county 
 and  Bedford  county  (now  Fulton),  where  he  engaged 
 in  the  manufacture  of  iron.  Subsequently  he  re- 
 moved to  one  of  his  fiirms  at  the  head  of  Penn's 
 Creek,  in  Penn's  Valley,  Centre  county.  Pa.  In  1851 
 he  removed  to  Potter's  Mills,  Pa.,  where  he  resided 
 for  sixteen  years.  He  then  removed  to  Bellefonte, 
 where  he  spent  the  evening  of  his  days,  and  where 
 he  died,  August  21st,  1883,  in  the  eighty-first  year 
 of  his  age.  Mr.  Van  Tries  united  with  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Sinking  Creek,  of  which  he  was  for 
 years  an  active  and  consistent  member.  Subsequently 
 he  was  chosen  an  elder,  which  office  he  filled  with 
 fidelity  and  gieat  acceptance.  As  an  elder,  he  was  a 
 model.  The  interests  of  Zion  were  ever  near  his 
 heart.  He  subordinated  all  other  interests  to  his 
 religious  interests.  He  had  a  tongue  ever  ready  to 
 speak  intelligently  and  earnestly  for  Christ,  and  his 
 consistent  Christian  life  gave  force  to  all  his  utter- 
 ances. By  his  earnest  prayers,  his  prudent  counsel, 
 his  tender  sympathy,  and  his  unimpo^ichable  sincerity, 
 he  was  an  eflicient  helper  to  his  pastor.     He  was  a 
 
VAN  VOBST. 
 
 974 
 
 VEDDEB. 
 
 dilifjCPiit  and  intelligent  student  of  the  Bible,  as  his 
 unobtrusive  utterances  in  the  Bible  class,  in  the 
 meeting  for  prayer  and  in  Christian  converse  fully 
 testified.  With  all  his  other  excellencies,  he  was  a 
 modest  man.  Ready  to  defer  to  others  rather  than  to 
 thrust  himself  into  the  front ;  shrinking  from  rather 
 than  courting  prominence;  depreciative  of  rather  than 
 disposed  to  magnify  himself.  With  such  a  life,  as 
 might  be  anticipated,  his  death  was  peaceful. 
 
 Van  Vorst,  Hooper  C. ,  LL.  D. ,  was'  born  in  the 
 city  of  Schenectady,  State  of  New  York.  He  wa.s. 
 graduated  at  Union  College,  New  York,  in  1839.  He 
 pursued  the  study  of  the  Law  at  Schenectady  until 
 1841,  when  he  removed  to  Albany,  where,  having 
 finislied  his  studies  and  entered  upon  the  practice  of 
 his  profession,  he  Wiis  shortlj'  afterwards  appointed 
 
 HOOPER  C.  V.\N  VORST,  LL.D. 
 
 by  the  Municijjal  Board,  Attorney  and  Counsel  to  the 
 City,  which  office  he  held  for  several  years.  While 
 in  college  he  became  a  professor  of  religion,  and 
 united  with  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Schenectady, 
 tlicn  \ind(r  the  charge  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Backus,  and  in 
 .Mbany  ho  was  a  member  of  the  church  of  which  the 
 Hcv.  Dr.  .Tolin  N.  Campbell  was  pastor.  In  18.33  he 
 rcmo\('d  to  the  city  of  New  York,  where  he  was 
 quite  extensively  engaged  in  the  practice  of  the  Law, 
 until  1868,  when  he  was  appointed,  by  the  Governor 
 of  the  State,  a  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas. 
 In  1871  he  was  chosen  by  the  people  to  be  a  Justice 
 of  the  Superior  (Jourt  of  the  City  of  New  York  for  a 
 term  of  fcjurtcen  years.  Since  the  year  1873,  how- 
 ever, lie  has,  under  tlie  designation  of  the  Governor 
 of  the  State,  been  sitting  iu  the  Supreme  Court,  hold- 
 
 ing circuits  and  special  terms,  but  rendering  occa- 
 sional service  iu  the  Superior  Court.  Upon  coming 
 to  New  York  city,  in  1853,  he  united  with  the  Fifth 
 Avenue  Presbyterian  Church,  now  under  the  pastorate 
 of  Kev.  Dr.  John  Hall,  but  then  under  the  charge  of 
 Dr.  James  W.  Alexander.  For  several  years  he  was 
 Superintendent  of  the  Sunday  school,  and  is  now  an 
 elder  of  that  church.  Before  bis  election  to  the 
 Bench,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Education, 
 having  charge  of  Public  Instruction  in  the  city 
 of  New  York  ;  and  he  is  now  a  member  of  the 
 Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  and  a  Trustee  of  the  "Children's  Aid  So- 
 ciety." He  was  a  Commissioner  from  the  Presby- 
 tery of  New  Y'ork  to  the  General  Assembly  which 
 met  at  Saratoga,  in  Jlay,  1883. 
 
 His  private  and  social  life  has  been  marked  by 
 sincerity,  simplicity  of  manners,  warm  and  constant 
 friendships,  and  active  sympathy  with  charitable  and 
 religious  concerns.  His  manner  on  the  Bench  hiis 
 never  been  wanting  in  courtesy,  and  that  "  patience 
 and  gravity  of  hearing"  which  has  been  said  to  b'e  an 
 essential  part  of  justice.  His  natural  temperament  is 
 averse  to  extremes,  and  in  his  administration  of  j  ustice 
 he  seems  to  have  borne  in  mind  what  Bacon  says 
 of  Judicature :  "  ^Vliere  the  wine  press  is  hard 
 wrought,  it  yields  a  harsh  wine  that  fcistes  of  the 
 grape  stones. "  His  judicial  course  has  been  charac- 
 terized by  learning,  impartiality  and  inflexible  ad- 
 herence to  the  law  and  equity  of  the  cases  brought 
 before  him.  His  written  opinions  are,  in  style,  clear, 
 and  in  reasoning,  cogent  and  comprehensive.  Not 
 unfrequently,  where  appeals  have  been  taken  from 
 his  decisions,  the  Appellate  Court  has  adopted,  in  Juec 
 rerbn,  his  opinions  as  its  own.  Since  his  a.s.signment  to 
 the  Supreme  Court,  a  large  part  of  its  equity  business 
 in  the  city  of  New  Y'ork,  has  come  before  him.  To 
 have  filled  all  the  offices  with  which  he  has  been  in- 
 trusted by  the  confidence  of  his  fellow-citizens,  with- 
 out a  shadow  of  distrust,  and  especially  to  have  dis- 
 charged in  so  clear  a  manner  his  high  judicial  func- 
 tions, to  the  general  satisi^iction  of  the  Bar  and  the 
 public,  in  a  great  city,  whose  citizens,  selecting  their 
 own  magistrates,  elected  him  to  its  highest  court 
 when  the  political  party  to  which  he  belonged  was  in 
 a  large  minority,  must  be  taken  as  no  light  confirma- 
 tion of  his  many  titles  to  the  honor  and  esteem  with 
 which  his  career  has  been  attended. 
 
 Vedder,  Charles  Stuart,  D.  D.,  is  the  son  of 
 .\lbert  A.  and  Susan  (Fulton)  Vedder,  and  wa.s  born 
 in  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  October  7th,  18-26.  Having 
 graduated  at  Union  College  in  1851,  he  remained 
 there  as  Tutor  for  one  year.  He  entered  the  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  of  Columbia,  S.  C,  October,  1860, 
 and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  Charleston  Presbytery, 
 in  April,  1861.  He  w;is  called  to  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Summerville,  S.  C,  iu  the  same  year,  and 
 remained  there  until  November,  1866,  when  he  was 
 called  to  the  French  Protestant  (Huguenot)  Church, 
 
VENABLE. 
 
 975 
 
 VEXABLE. 
 
 of  Charleston,  S.  C. ,  of  which  he  is  still  the  pastor.  He 
 received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  the 
 New  York  University,  and  from  Charleston  College 
 in  1876. 
 
 Dr.  Vedder  is  a  man  of  varied  gifts,  wide  and  accu- 
 rate scholarship,  and  elegant  culture.  Clierishing  a 
 preference  for  historical  and  literary,  rather  than 
 philosophical  studies,  he  has  kept  abreast  of  the  age 
 
 and  in  1843  was  appointed  Tutor  of  Mathematics  in 
 the  college,  the  duties  of  which  office  he  performed 
 for  two  years,  at  the  same  time  pursuing  the  study 
 of  law.  In  1846  he  was  elected  to  the  chair  of 
 Mathematics  and  Astronomy  at  Hampden-Sidney, 
 which  position  he  held  for  more  than  ten  year.s. 
 The  session  of  1847-48  he  spent  at  the  University  of 
 Virginia,  in  the  study  of  Mi.xed  Mathematics  and 
 Engineering,  and  established  for  himself  a  reputation 
 for  Mathematical  ability  unsurpassed  in  the  history 
 of  that  Institution.  In  1852  he  went  abroad  to  avail 
 himself  of  the  advantages  of  foreign  Universities. 
 From  January,  1856,  for  one  year,  he  occupied  the 
 chair  of  Phj'sics  and  Chemistry  in  the  University  of 
 Georgia.  In  January,  1858,  he  accepted  the  chair  of 
 Mathematics  and  Astronomy  in  South  Carolina  Col- 
 lege, and  discharged  the  duties  of  his  department 
 with  marked  ability  and  success.  In  1865  he  was 
 elected  to  the  chair  of  Mathematics  in  the  University 
 of  Virginia,  where  he  now  is,  every  day  adding  to  his 
 reputation  as  a  learned  mathematician,  an  accom- 
 plished scholar,  a  teacher  of  extraordinary  ability 
 and  tact,  and  the  encourager  of  all  that  is  good  and 
 lionorable  among  men. 
 
 CHARLES  STUAST  VEDDEK,  D.  D. 
 
 in  his  chosen  departments  of  learning;  and  his  ample 
 stores  of  knowledge  are  always  at  his  command, 
 either  in  the  pulpit,  on  the  platform,  or  in  the 
 social  circle.  His  sermons  are  carefully  prepared, 
 original  and  fresh  in  matter,  polished  and  often  bril- 
 liant in  style,  impressive  and  eloquent  in  delivery. 
 Dr.  Vedder  never  uses  a  manuscript.  Of  a  fine  poetic 
 sensiliility,  and  marvelous  fiicility  in  versification, 
 he  has  produced  manycharmiug  lyrics  that  have  been 
 favorably  received.  His  warm,  sympathetic  nature, 
 his  genial  humor,  his  broad  charity,  his  rare  conver- 
 sational powers,  and  his  passionate  fondness  for 
 children,  have  made  him  the  favorite  of  all  classes  in 
 the  community,  as  well  as  the  admired  and  beloved 
 pastor.  His  noble  public  spirit  has  ever  generously 
 responded  to  the  frequent  calls  for  his  valuable  ser- 
 vices in  the  cause  of  education  or  temperance,  and  of 
 philanthrophy.  The  amiable  -and  gentle  virtues  for 
 which  his  character  is  most  conspicuous  are  allied 
 with  great  independence,  dignity  and  manliness. 
 
 Venable,  Charles  Scott,  LL.  D.,  was  born  at 
 Longwood,  in  Prince  Edward  county,  Va.,  April 
 19th,  1827.  He  graduated  at  Hampden-Sidney  Col- 
 lege in  1842,  remained  another  year  :is  a  resident 
 graduate,  in  the  further  prosecution  of  his  studies, 
 
 CHABLES   SCOTT  VENABLE,    LL.  D. 
 
 Professor  Venable  was  one  of  the  five  commis- 
 sioners, under  Professor  Stephen  Alexander,  of  Prince- 
 ton, appointed,  in  1860,  to  visit  Labrador  and  observe 
 the  solar  eclipse  of  that  year.  In  1874  he  was  ap- 
 pointed ™itor  to  the  Miller  Manual  Labor  School,  in 
 Albemarle  county,  Va.,and  still  continues  to  .serve 
 that  Institution  of  beneficence  -with  the  most  inter- 
 ested zeal.  He  has  published  several  mathematical 
 works,  which  are  recognized  as  of  very  great  merit 
 
VENABLE. 
 
 976 
 
 WADDEL. 
 
 He  has  been  an  active  and  nseful  elder  in  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church  at  Charlottesville,  since  1878,  and 
 was  a  delegate  to  the  Pan-Presbyterian  Council  which 
 met  in  Philadelphia  in  1880.  Professor  Venable's  qual- 
 ities of  mind  and  heart  fit  him  a<lmirably  for  the  po- 
 sition which  he  holds.  He  is  a  model  college  officer. 
 His  dignity  of  deportment,  his  love  for  young  men  and 
 sympathy  with  them,  are  very  marked,  and  reuder 
 him  very  attractive  to  his  pupils.  In  all  things  he  is 
 straightforward  and  honest.  He  is  not  simjily  a 
 learned  and  accomplished  mathematician,  but  a- 
 scholar  of  varied  and  extensive  acquirements;  a  man 
 of  broad  views,  great  public  spirit,  and  active  and 
 enlightened  sympathies. 
 
 Venable,  Rev.  Henry  Isaac,  was  born  in  Shelby 
 county,  K<-ntucky,  June  28tli,  1811.  He  graduated 
 at  Centre  College  in  1830;  at  Union  Theological  Sem- 
 inary, Virginia,  in  1834,  and  in  the  same  year  was 
 licensed  by  West  Hanover  Presbytery.  In  1834  he 
 sailed  as  a  missionary  for  Zulu  Land,  in  South  Africa, 
 where  he  labored,  with  great  earnestness  and  self- 
 denial,  until  he  was  driven  from  his  field  by  war. 
 when  he  returned  to  the  United  States,  in  March, 
 1839.  He  supplied  the  Church  at  Paris,  Illinois,  from 
 October  1st,  1839,  until  December  1st,  1841.  At  the 
 latter  date  he  founded  the  Edgar  Female  Academy, 
 at  Paris.  He  was  stilted  supply  at  Charleston,  Illi- 
 nois, from  1853  to  1856 ;  then  of  Oakland  Church, 
 from  April  1st,  1856,  to  May  1st,  1860,  at  which  date 
 he  was  inst;illed  its  pastor,  and  continued  so  until 
 H65.  After  this  he  supplied  the  Church  at  Newton, 
 Illinois,  then  Carlisle  and  Claiborne  churches,  and 
 York  Church,  all  in  Illinois.  In  1870  he  became  Prin- 
 cipal of  Edg;ir  Collegiate  Institute,  at  Paris,  and  con- 
 tinued so  until  a  short  time  before  his  death.  May 
 '22d,  1878.  Mr.  Venable  was  a  truly  godly  man,  an 
 earnest  and  faithful  minister  of  the  gospel,  a  true  and 
 
 faithful  friend,  universally  esteemed  and  loved  by  his 
 brethren. 
 
 Vermilion  Institute.  A  Presbytcrial  Academy 
 at  Hayesville,  Ashland  county,  Ohio,  founded  in 
 1846;  donated  to  the  Presbytery  of  Richland  in  1849. 
 The  Presbyteries  of  Wooster  and  Coshocton  afterwards 
 took  part  in  its  support  and  management.  After  the 
 reunion,  in  1870,  it  belonged  to  Wooster  Presbytery 
 alone,  until,  in  1875,  when,  on  account  of  various  dif- 
 ficulties, it  was  sold  to  the  citizens  of  Hayesville. 
 
 The  Rev.  W.  W.  Colniery,  D.D.,  the  Rev.  Sanders 
 Diefendorf,  D.D.,  and  Professor  A.  F.  Ross,  ll.d., 
 were  successively  Principals  of  Vermilion.  John 
 Simpson,  ph.d,  was  for  many  years  a  valued  In- 
 structor in  Mathematics  and  the  Natural  Sciences, 
 and  the  Rev.  T.  K.  Davis  was  for  several  years  Pro- 
 fessor of  Languages.  The  school  will  ever  be  a:S.soci- 
 ated  most  closely  with  the  name  of  Dr.  Diefendorf, 
 who  presided  over  it  nearly  all  the  time  it  was  a 
 Presbytcrial  Academy.  Before  the  opening  of  Wooster 
 University,  in  1870,  Vermilion  served  as  a  college  for 
 many  of  the  O.  S.  Presbyterians  in  Ohio.  It  had  a 
 large  patronage,  over  two  hundred  students  being  in 
 attendance  for  several  years,  and  it  was  eminently 
 useful.  Students  who  went  there  avowed  infidels  or 
 utterly  careless  about  eternal  things,  because  they 
 came  from  irreligious  families,  were  converted  to  the 
 faith  and  entered  the  gospel  ministry.  Down  to 
 1875,  more  than  one  hundred  of  the  Hayesville  stu- 
 dents had  become  ministers  of  Christ.  Some  of  them 
 are  occupying"  prominent  positions  in  the  Church, 
 and  several  have  been  efficient  missionaries  in  foreign 
 lands.  Both  .sexes  were  received  on  an  equality  from 
 the  beginning.  And  the  number  of  Christian  wives 
 and  mothers  and  lady  teachers,  at  home  and  on  mis- 
 sion fields,  who  received  their  inspiration  and  spiritual 
 impulse  at  "  Old  Vermilion"  is  quite  large. 
 
 w 
 
 ■Waddel,  James,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  Newry,  in 
 the  North  of  Ireland,  in  July,  1739.  His  parents 
 migrated  to  America  in  his  infancy,  and  settled  in 
 the  Southeastern  part  of  Pennsylvania,  on  White 
 Clay  Creek.  As  a  student  in  the  school  of  Rev.  Dr. 
 Finley,  at  Nottingham,  he  enjoyed  excellent  advan- 
 tages for  both  intellectual  and  moral  culture.  Such 
 was  his  proficiency,  especially  in  the  classics,  that 
 Dr.  Finley  took  him  at  an  early  age  to  be  his  assists 
 ant.  Afterward  he  was,  for  a  year  or  more,  an  as- 
 sistant in  the  celebrated  school  of  Rev.  Robert  Smith, 
 n.  D.,  at  Pe(]uea,  Lancaster  county,  Pa.  Traveling 
 South,  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  the  Rev.  Samuel 
 Davies.  in  Hanover  county,  Va.,  and.  though  having 
 been  studying  medicine  before  this,  was  persuaded 
 
 by  Mr.  Davies  to  abandon  it  and  enter  the  ministry. 
 He  studied  theology  under  the  direction  of  the  Rev. 
 Mr.  Todd,  of  Louisa  county,  and  was  licensed  to 
 preach  the  gospel,  April  2d,  1761,  by  the  (Old)  Pres- 
 bytery of  Hanover. 
 
 On  the  7th  of  October,  1762,  Mr.  Waddell  accepted 
 a  call  from  the  churches  of  Lancaster  and  Northum- 
 berland, Va.,  and  on  the  16th  of  June  he  was  or- 
 dained at  Prince  Edward.  The  ill  effect  of  the  cli- 
 mate upon  his  health,  in  connection  with  the  inroads 
 of  the  Revolutionary  War,  led  him,  about  the  year 
 1776,  to  resign  his  charge  and  remove  to  the  Valley 
 of  the  Shenandoah.  On  May  1st,  1776,  he  received 
 a  call  from  Tinkling  Spring  Church,  in  Augusta. 
 '  Forsome  time  his  labors  were  confined  to  this  Church. 
 
WADDELL. 
 
 977 
 
 WADDELL. 
 
 but  afterward  they  were  shared  by  the  congregation 
 at  Staunton.  In  1785  he  removed  to  an  estate  which 
 he  had  purchased  at  the  Eastern  base  of  the  Blue 
 Ridge.  He  preached  in  several  churches  in  the 
 neighborhood,  and  also  became,  for  the  fourth  time, 
 a  cla.ssical  teacher,  and  received  pupils  iu  his  own 
 house. 
 
 Some  time  after  his  removal  to  Louisa,  Dr.Waddel 
 was  overtaken  with  the  calamity  of  blindness,  but  he 
 continued  to  preach,  availing  himself,  in  his  prepara- 
 tions, of  the  assistance  of  ditfereut  members  of  his 
 family,  in  finding  the  text,  consulting  the  commen- 
 taries, etc.,  and  the  efifect  of  his  preaching  was  not  a 
 little  heightened  by  the  fact  that  he  was  seen  to  be 
 speaking  in  total  darkness.  His  latter  days  were 
 eminently  serene  and  happy.  Before  his  decease  he 
 gave  orders  that  all  his  manuscripts  should  be  com- 
 mitted to  the  flames,  that  his  funeral  should  be  con- 
 ducted in  the  most  simple  manner,  and  that  his  body 
 should  be  borne  to  the  grave  by  his  owu  servants. 
 His  death-,  which  was  a  bright  scene  of  Christian 
 triumph,  occurred  on  the  17th  of  September,  1805. 
 
 Slost  persons  are  familiar  with  the  glowing  de- 
 scription given  of  Dr.  Waddel's  preaching  by  William 
 Wirt,  in  the  Britinh  Spy.  He  was  peculiarly  elo- 
 quent and  impressive,  and  greatly  admired  by  the 
 intelligent  and  refined.  James  Barbour,  Governor 
 of  Virginia,  told  an  eminent  physician  in  Philadel- 
 phia, that  Dr.  Waddel,  whose  pupil  he  had  been, 
 had  spoiled  him  in  regard  to  hearing  other  preachers. 
 
 Waddell,  John  Newton,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  young- 
 est son  of  Rev.  Dr.  Moses  Waddel,  of  South  Carolina, 
 was  born  April  2d,  1812,  at  Willington,  S.  C.  He 
 prepared  for  the  University  of  Georgia,  at  Athens, 
 Ga.,  and  graduated  in  that  Institution,  .\ugust  5th, 
 1829.  He  joined  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  1839, 
 in  Green  county,  Ala. ;  was  taken  under  care  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  Tuskaloosa,  in  the  same  year;  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Mississippi,  September 
 loth,  1841;  and  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Tombeckiee,  September  23d,  1843.  He  was  first 
 settled  as  preacher  at  Mount  Hermon,  Smith  county. 
 Miss. ;  then  at  Mount  Moriah,  Newton  county,  Miss., 
 alternating  with  Montrose,  Miss.  This  continued 
 until  1848,  when,  removing  to  Oxford,  Miss.,  he  sup- 
 plied the  church  there  in  conjunction  with  Hopewell 
 Church,  near  Oxford.  Here  he  continued  until  1857. 
 He  then  supplied  LaGrange  Church,  where  he  was 
 associated  with  Dr.  .T.  H.  Gray.  After  acting  as 
 agent  of  Synod  of  Alabama  for  establishing  the 
 Orphan  Asylum  at  Tuskeegee,  Ala.,  he  supplied 
 Oxford  Church  again,  from  1865  to  1872,  partly  with 
 Hopewell  Church.  In  1874  he  removed  to  Memphis, 
 Tenn.,  and  supplied,  as  his  last  charge,  Lauderdale 
 Street  Church  until  1879. 
 
 Dr.  Waddell's  work  has  been  largely  connected  with 
 
 literary  institutions,   in  all  of  which  he  has  won  a 
 
 high  reputiition.      He  taught  the  academy  from  1830 
 
 to  1834,  at  Willington,  S.  C,   and  taught  another 
 
 62 
 
 academy  irom  1842  to  1848,  at  Montrose,  Miss.  He 
 was  then  elected  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages  in 
 the  University  of  Mississippi,  where  he  ser\-Bd  until 
 1857.  He  was  then  called  to  La  Grange  Synodical 
 College,  as  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages,  serving 
 as  such  until  1860,  when  he  w;is  made  President  of 
 the  same  college,  which  oftice  he  held  until  the  college 
 was  closed  by  the  war.  In  1865,  called  to  the  Uni- 
 versity of  Mississippi  as  Chancellor,  he  served  in  this 
 capacity  until  1874.  Resigning  to  accept  the  Secretary- 
 ship of  Education  of  the  Southern  Church,  he  served 
 in  this  office  until  1879,  when  he  accepted  a  call  to 
 the  Chancellorship  of  the  Southwestern  Presbyterian 
 University.     He  is  still  occupying  this  position. 
 
 Dr.  Waddell  was-  Jloderator  of  the  General  Assem- 
 bly of  the  Southern  Presbyterian  Church  in  its  meet- 
 ing at  Baltimore,  in  1868.  His  whole  ministry  has 
 been  one  of  great  activity  and  widely  extended  use- 
 fulness. Blessed  with  a  vigorous  constitution,  and 
 until  withia  the  last  few  years  with  fine  health,  he 
 has  done  an  unusual  amount  of  service  in  all  his  dif- 
 ferent charges.  As  a  preacher,  he  is  always  evangeli- 
 cal, instructive  and  attractive.  He  is  eminently  con- 
 servative in  all  his  doctrinal  views,  and  may  be  re- 
 garded as  a  representative  man  of  the  Southern 
 Church.  It  is,  however,  as  an  educator  that  he  has 
 won  his  widest  reputation.  Much  of  his  life  has  been 
 spent  in  this  department  of  work.  In  the  instruc- 
 tion of  youth  and  in  the  government  of  collegiate 
 institutions  he  seems  to  have  inherited  the  genius  of 
 his  distinguished  father.  Eminently  wise  iu  coun- 
 sel, judicious  and  practical  in  all  his  methods,  he  has 
 never  failed  to  secure  the  respect,  confidence  and  af- 
 fection of  young  men  in  all  the  institutions  of  educa- 
 tion with  which  he  has  been  connected.  There  is 
 probably  no  man  in  all  the  Southern  Church  who 
 could  be  placed  before  him  in  this  respect.  Nor  are 
 there  many  in  all  the  country  who  to  an  equal  de- 
 gree possess  those  high  qualities  of  thorough  scholar- 
 ship, practical  wisdom,  good  sense,  firmness  and  afta- 
 bility  which  make  the  popular  and  efficient  college 
 president. 
 
 "Waddell,  Moses,  D.  D.,  was  of  Irish  parentage. 
 He  was  born  in  Rowan  (now  Iredell)  county,  N.  C, 
 July  29th,  1770.  He  received  his  academic  education 
 at  a  school  which  was  opened  in  the  neighborhood 
 under  the  name  of  Clio's  Nursery.  He  was  engaged 
 iu  teaching  from  1784  to  1788,  at  several  places  in 
 North  Carolina  and  Georgia.  He  graduated  at  Hamp-  . 
 den-Sidney  College  in  1791 ;  and  was  licensed  by  the 
 Hanover  Presbytery,  of  Virginia,  to  preach.  May 
 12th,  1792.  In  1793  or  1794  he  opened  a  school  in 
 Columbia  county,  Ga.,  and  in  1801  a  school  in 
 Vienna,  Abbeville  District,  S.  C.  Here  he  remained 
 I  until  1804,  when  he  removed  to  Willington,  a  country- 
 seat  of  his  owu  establishment,  about  si.x  miles  south 
 of  Vienna.  In  1818  he  was  elected  President  of  the 
 University  of  Georgia,  and  in  May,  1819,  entered 
 upon  the  duties  of  this  office.    Under  his  administra- 
 
WADDLE. 
 
 978 
 
 WADSWORTH. 
 
 tiou  the  Institution  attained  a  measure  of  prosperity 
 altogether  unequaled  in  its  previous  history.  Here 
 he  remained  until  August,  1829,  when  he  resigned 
 his  place,  and  in  February  follo\ving  he  returned  to 
 Willington.  This  was  the  close  of  a  course  of  pre- 
 ceptorial labors  that  had  continued  forty-five  years. 
 His  labors  in  the  ministry  continued  six  or  seven 
 years  longer.  Dr.  Waddell  closed  his  pre-eminently 
 useful  life,  July  21st,  1840.  His  character,  as  a 
 Christian,  was  unexceptionable.  His  piety  burned 
 with  a  steady  flame.  He  was  active  and  constant  m 
 the  discharge  of  his  ministerial  duties,  and  he  shrunk 
 from  no  labor  which  his  ecclesiastical  relations  im- 
 posed upon  him.  "He  discharged,"  says  the  Hon. 
 J.  C.  Calhoun,  "punctually  and  faithfully  the  various 
 duties  attached  to  all  his  private  relations.  He  was 
 sociable  and  amiable,  but  not  without  a  due  mixture 
 of  sternness  and  firmness.  As  a  minister  of  the 
 gospel,  he  was  pious,  zealous,  and  well  versed  in 
 theology  generally.  His  style  of  preaching  was  jjlain, 
 simple,  earnest.  He  addressed  himself  much  more 
 to  the  understanding  than  to  the  imagination  or 
 passions.    As  a  teacher  he  stands  almost  unrivaled." 
 
 "Waddle,  Rev.  John,  was  born  July  4th,  1837, 
 in  Ohio  county,  "West  Virginia.  After  graduatiug  at 
 Franklin  College  (New  Athens,  Ohio),  in  1858,  and 
 at  the  Allegheny  (U.  P.)  Theological  Seminary,  in 
 1862,  he  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the 
 United  Presbyterian  Church  at  Decatur,  Oliio,  in  1863. 
 In  18(>!)  he  received  and  accepted  a  call  to  the  United 
 Presbyterian  Church  at  Kirkwood,  Illinois,  where  he 
 lal)()reU,  with  great  profit  to  the  church,  and  holding 
 a  very  higli  place  in  the  esteem  of  the  community, 
 until  August,  1876,  when  he  resigned  the  charge  of 
 this  church  to  accept  a  call  to  the  Presb.yteriau  Church 
 of  Knoxville,  Illinois,  in  the  Peoria  Presbytery.  This 
 church  Jlr.  Waddle  continues  to  serve,  with  great 
 accejjtance  and  profit. 
 
 As  a  preacher,  Mr.  W^addle  is  clear,  concise,  forc- 
 ible, direct,  scriptural,  orthodox  and  especially  spir- 
 itual. Never  resorting  to  the  sensational  to  attract  or 
 interest,  he  always  comes  to  the  pulpit  with  .some- 
 thing fresh  and  instructive,  which  attracts  to  hold. 
 His  delivery  is  always  imi)ressive,  though  varying 
 greatly  with  tlie  character  of  his  theme.  Sometimes 
 unimpassioued  and  quiet,  but  more  frequently  with 
 considerable  action,  unconsciously  using  the  arts  of 
 the  elocutionist,  and  sometimes,  especially  when  he 
 speaks  without  notes,  he  becomes  somewhat  dramatic, 
 when  he  sways  an  audience  with  great  power.  He  is 
 considered  one  of  the  leading  pulpit  orators  of  Central 
 Illinois.  As  a  pastor,  3Ir.  Waddle  is  best  estimated 
 by  the  uniform  personal  attachment  of  his  jieople. 
 
 "Wadsworth,  Charles,  D.  D.,  son  of  Henry 
 and  JIary  Ann  (Bradley)  Wadsworth,  was  born  at 
 Litchfield,  Conn.,  May  8th,  1814;  graduated  from 
 Union  College,  New  York,  1837;  after  his  graduation, 
 tiiught  one  year  in  Canajoharie,  N.  Y. ;  spent  two 
 years,    1838-1840,     in     Princeton     Seminary;    was 
 
 licensed  by  Troy  Presbytery,  October  23d,  1840;  was 
 ordained  by  the  same  Presbytery,  February  ITth, 
 1842,  and  on  the  same  day  installed  pastor  of  the 
 Second  Church  of  Troy,  N.  Y^,  from  which,  after 
 eight  years  of  brilliant  and  most  successful  pulpit 
 service,  he  was  released,  Alarch  5th,  1850.  From 
 March  20th,  1850,  to  April  3d,  1862,  he  was,  with 
 great  popularity  and  effectiveness,  pastor  of  the  Arch 
 Street  Church,  Philadelphia.  He  was  installed  No- 
 vember 5th,  1862,  over  Calvary  Church,  San  Fran- 
 cisco, Cal.,  and  after  it  had  been  greatly  enlarged  and 
 strengthened  by  his  labors,  he  was  released,  Novem- 
 ber 13th,  1869.  He  was  installed  December  19th, 
 1869,  pastor  of  the  Third  Reformed  Dutch  Church, 
 Philadelphia.  In  1873  this  church  irnitcd  with  the 
 Western  Presbvterian  Church,  under  the  new  name 
 
 CHABLES  WADSWOBTH,   D.  n. 
 
 of  Immanuel  Presbyterian  Church.  The  court 
 having  decided  that  this  church  could  not  hold  the 
 church  property  of  the  Third  Eeformed  Church,  in 
 February,  1878,  Immanuel  Church  was  united  with 
 the  Clinton  Street  Church,  under  the  name  of  the 
 Clinton  Street  Immanuel  Church,  and  Dr.  Wads- 
 worth was  installed  its  pastor,  March  2oth,  1879,  con- 
 tinuing to  be  so  until  his  death,  April  1st,  1882.  Dr. 
 Wadsworth  was  gifted  with  a  brilliant  and  inex- 
 haustible imagination,  great  pathos  of  tone  and  earn- 
 estness of  manner,  a  power  of  presenting  gospel 
 truth  in  a  wonderfully  fresh  and  impressive  manner. 
 For  a  long  course  of  years  the  large  churches  in 
 which  he  preached  were  densely  packed  with  eager 
 hearers.  In  private  life  he  was  ordinarily  shy, 
 diffident  and  reserved,  but  among  his  special  friends, 
 was  cordial,  frank,  and  often  full  of  humor. 
 
WAGXER. 
 
 979 
 
 WALLACE. 
 
 Wagner,  General  Louis,  a  prominent  and 
 active  elder  of  the  JIarket  Square  Presbyteriaa 
 Church,  Germantown,  Pa.,  and  the  eflieient  Super- 
 intendent of  its  Sabbath  school,  was  bora  in  the 
 city  of  Giessen,  Germany,  August  4th,  1838.  He 
 accompanied  his  parents  to  this  country  in  his  boy- 
 hood, and  learned  the  business  of  lithographic  print- 
 ing in  Philadelphia,  which  he  continued  until  l^ifil. 
 At  present  he  is  engaged  in  the  Insurance  Ijusiuess. 
 General  "Wagner  was  a  member  of  the  City  Councils, 
 1867-73,  and  was  President  of  the  Common  Council, 
 1869-70.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Board  of  Public 
 Education,  1870-73.  He  has  been  a  member  of 
 the  Board  of  Managers  of  the  Almshouse.  He  has 
 always  been  deeply  interested  in  movements  looking 
 to  moral  reform,  and  has  been  specially  active  and 
 prominent  in  his  advocacy  of  the  Temperance  cause. 
 By  his  natural  ability,  indomitable  perseverance  and 
 strict  integrity,  he  has  won,  in  a  high  degree,  public 
 confidence  and  esteem. 
 
 Waith,  Rev.  William,  was  born  in  Hereford- 
 shire, England,  April  17th,  1796;  became  an  attorney 
 in  London ;  emigrated  to  America  in  1832,  and  spent 
 a  few  years  in  secular  business.  On  September  6th, 
 1837,  he  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  Bulialo  Pres- 
 bytery. He  ministered  successively  to  a  Church  in 
 Burton,  in  Napoli,  in  Ellington,  in  Silver  Creek,  and 
 in  Ripley,  in  which  last  field  he  died  in  the  midst 
 of  his  labors,  June  4th,  1860.  He  was  a  man  of  un- 
 lailing  warmth  and  generosity,  approachable,  kind 
 and  charitable  to  the  lowliest  sons  of  grief;  frank  and 
 fearless,  without  a  particle  of  harshness  or  rancor;  a 
 determined  foe  to  oppression  in  all  its  forms;  a  fast 
 friend,  ever  bright  and  cheerful,  full  of  hope;  a  good 
 preacher,  Calvinistic  and  Presbyterian,  without  big- 
 otry; a  laborious  and  faithful  pastor. 
 
 Wales,  Rev.  Eleazer,  settled  at  Crosswicks,  or 
 Crossweeksung,  soon  after  1730,  but  obtained  leave 
 from  Philadelphia  Presbytery  to  resign  the  charge, 
 September  19th,  1734,  on  account  of  inadequacy  of 
 support.  He  was  called  to  Millstone,  September  19th, 
 1735,  and  joined  East  Jersey  Presbytery,  within  the 
 bounds  of  which  it  lay.  Mr.  Wales  was  one  of  the 
 first  members  of  New  Brunswick  Presbytery.  He  is 
 mentioned  incidentally,  once  or  twice,  in  Whitefield's 
 Journal,  as  having  come  to  Amwell  and  New  Bruns- 
 wick to  meet  him.  His  name  is  also  seen  in  Bralnerd's 
 Diary,  among  the  contributors  to  the  support  of  his 
 mission.     He  died  in  1749. 
 
 Walker,  Rev.  Richard,  son  of  Richard  and 
 Sarah  (Henderson)  Walker,  was  born  in  West  Nant- 
 meal  Township,  Chester  county,  Pa.,  May  1st,  181-2. 
 He  learned  the  trade  of  a  blacksniith,  and  practiced 
 it  untU  his  thoughts  were  turned  to  the  ministry. 
 At  the  age  of  twenty  years  he  was  received,  on  profes- 
 sion of  his  faith,  to  the  communion  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Brandywine  Manor,  under  the  min- 
 istry of  the  Rev.  J.  N.  C.  Grier,  D.D.  He  received  his 
 academical  education  at  the  Hopewell  Academy,  and 
 
 then  continued  his  .studies  under  the  direction  of  the 
 Rev.  John  M.  Dickey,  d.d.,  at  Oxford,  Pa.,  for  about 
 one  year.  He  entered  Princeton  Seminary  in  1839, 
 and  spent  two  years  in  study  there ;  was  licen.sed  by 
 the  Third  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  April  8th, 
 1841 ;  was  ordained  by  the  same  Presbytery  at  Bridge- 
 ton,  N.  J.,  April  21st,  1842;  was  stated  supply  of  the 
 Womelsdorf  Church,  Pa.,  1842;  wiis  installed  pastor 
 of  the  Allentown  and  Catasauqua  churches.  Pa., 
 May  31st,  1844,  and  released,  January  11th,  1859. 
 He  then  went  to  Philadelphia,  to  take  charge  of  a 
 projected  church  on  Tioga  street,  where  he  labored  as 
 stated  supply  for  three  years,  during  which  the 
 church  was  organized  and  a  church  edifice  erected 
 for  its  accommodation.  He  then  returned  to  Allen- 
 town,  where  he  taught  a  private  school  for  several 
 years.  In  1867  he  labored  in  the  mountains,  near 
 Alburtis,  Pa.,  where  over  thirty  souls  were  converted. 
 These  became  the  nucleus  around  which  the  Lock 
 Ridge  Church  was  afterwards  formed.  He  continued 
 to  preach  in  Alburtis  most  of  the  time,  and  occa- 
 sionally in  other  churches,  until  1870,  when  he  was 
 invited  to  devote  all  his  time  to  Lock  Ridge.  Under 
 his  ministry  the  church  at  Lock  Ridge  was  organized 
 and  a  house  of  worship  erected.  For  eight  years  he 
 pre.ached  to  that  people  every  Sabbath,  making,  in 
 all,  ten  years  of  service  among  them,  with  little  pe- 
 cuniary reward,  but  to  the  salvation  of  many  souls. 
 This  was  his  last  field  of  active  labor.  He  was  an 
 earnest  man,  of  thorough  integrity  and  of  fine  Chris- 
 tian character.  He  died  at  his  residence  in  Allen- 
 town,  Pa.,  May  10th,  1882. 
 
 Wallace,  Dr.  Benjamin  J.,  was  born  in  Erie, 
 Pa.,  June  10th,  1810.  He  made  a  profession  of  re- 
 ligion in  his  twelfth  year.  In  1827,  after  trying  law 
 and  clerkship,  he  entered  West  Point  as  a  military 
 cadet,  but  believing  himself  called  to  a  higher  ser- 
 vice, he  left  West  Point  and  studied  theology  in 
 Princeton  Seminary.  Here  he  felt  himself  at  home. 
 In  1834  he  was  settled  in  Russellville,  Ky.  In  1837 
 he  was  installed  over  the  Church  in  York,  Pa.  In 
 1846  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Languages  in  New- 
 ark College,  Del.  In  1852  he  was  selected  iis  editor 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Quarterly  Review.  He  died  July 
 25th,  1862. 
 
 Dr.  Wallace's  style, both  as  a  preacher  and  reviewer, 
 was  characterized  by  great  vivacity  and  freshness. 
 He  was  very  active  in  ecclesiastical  aftairs.  His  hist 
 words  were,  "I  move  into  the  light." 
 
 Wallace,  Charles  Clark,  D.D.,  was  Viorn  in 
 the  city  of  New  York,  June  3d,  1832,  and  was  the 
 third  child  of  William  and  Anna  (Clark)  Wallace. 
 He  graduated  from  the  New  York  University  in  1H>3, 
 and  from  Union  Theologicid  Seminary  in  1856;  was 
 licensed  by  the  Third  Presbytery  of  New  York,  April 
 9th,  1853,  and  was  by  the  same  ordained  and  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Union  Presbyterian  Church,  Tremont, 
 N.  Y.,  June  4th,  1856,  then  a  new  enterprise  in  the 
 [  outskirts  of  the  city;  October  11th,  1860,  accepted  a 
 
WALLACK. 
 
 980 
 
 WALLACE. 
 
 call  to  the  pastorate  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.,  aud  w;is  settled  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Elizabeth,  February  1st,  1864;  resigned  to 
 become  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Placerville,  California.  After  a  successful  pastorate 
 and  the  erection  of  a  new  house  of  worship,  returned 
 East,  March  1st,  1868. 
 
 Dr.  Wallace  is  the  author  of  several  printed  ser- 
 mons, which  have  had  extensive  circulation,  among 
 which  jS  "  Positiven&ss  in  Preaching,"  delivered  as 
 the  reti]ing  Moderator  of  the  Synod  of  New  York. 
 He  is  also  an  occasional  contributor  to  the  religious 
 press.  As  a  preacher,  he  is  always  sound,  sensible 
 and  earnest;  as  a  pastor,  faithful  and  affectionate;  as 
 a  presiding  officer,  dignified,  discriminating  and 
 decided,  and  in  all  relations  a  Christian.gentleman. 
 
 "Wallace,  Rev.  J.  Albert,  is  the  eighth  of 
 twelve  children  of  Rev.  Benjamin  and  Mary  (Ander- 
 son) Wallace,  and  was  born  at  Soddy,  Hamilton 
 county,  Tenn.,  January  16th,  1846.  Graduated  at 
 King  College,  Bristol,  Tenn.,  1871,  and  at  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  Va.,  1874.  He  was  lioen.sed 
 to  preach  by  Knoxville  Presbytery  at  Athens,  Tenn., 
 1873,  and  ordained  by  Holston  Presbytery,  Synod  of 
 Nashville,  April,  1874.  He  was  stated  supply  to 
 Jonesboro'  and  Johnson  City  churches  from  June, 
 1874  to  June,  1876.  Served,  in  the  same  capacity, 
 Mo.ssy  Creek  Church,  from  June,  1876,  to  June,  1879. 
 From  th.at  position  he  was  called  to  the  Professorship 
 of  Mental  and  Moral  Philosophy,  in  King  College, 
 Bristol,  Tenn.,  which  he  still  occupies,  suppljdngat 
 the  same  time,  as  stated  supply,  Greenspring  Church, 
 Va.,  aud  Arcadia  Church,  Tenn.,  having  supplied 
 the  Blountville  Church  the  first  two  years  of  his 
 Professorship,  instead  of  Greenspring.  He  is  a  very 
 attractive  preacher.  His  preaching  is  highly  evan- 
 gelic;il  and  practical,  his  style  lucid  and  yet  ornate, 
 and  his  delivery  graceful  and  impa.ssioned. 
 
 Wallace,  Rev.  John,  the  son  of  Charles  and  Ann 
 (Truman)  Wallace,  was  born  near  the  Gap,  Lancaster 
 county,  Pa.,  October  1st,  1791.  He  was  self-educated, 
 both  in  regard  to  his  cla-ssical  attainments  and  the- 
 ology. He  was  licensed  by  New  Castle  Presbytery, 
 and  ordained  by  the  same  Presbytery  in  1832,  and 
 installed  as  pastor  of  the  Pequea  Church  in  Lancaster 
 county,  Pa.  This  was  his  only  charge.  He  labored 
 faithfully  among  this  people.  He  was  highly  es- 
 teemed by  his  ministerial  brethren,  and  was  known 
 throughout  the  whole  region  of  his  labors  as  an  emi- 
 nently good  and  faithl'ul  man. 
 
 Wallace,  Rev.  Marcus  Jediah,  wa.s  born 
 June  19th,  1819,  in  Cabarrus  county,  N.  C.  Gradu- 
 ated at  the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1849,  and  at 
 Princeton  SiMuinary  in  1852.  He  wiis  licensed  by 
 New  Brunswick  Presbytery,  April  28th,  1852.  He 
 began  his  ministry  in  Texas,  where  he  preached  two 
 years,  from  January,  18.')3,  to  January,  18.5.5,  as  supplj- 
 to  the  churches  of  .lelVcrson  and  Hickory  Hill,  having 
 been  ordained  as  an  evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 
 Ea.stern  Texas,  April  4th,  1853,  at  Church  Hill,  Rusk 
 county,  Texas.  Next  he  supplied  Hickory  Hill  and 
 Smyrna  churches,  from  January,  1855,  to  January, 
 1860,  when  he  moved  to  his  last  and  longest  field  of 
 labor,  and  became  supply  of  Marlbrook  and  Green- 
 wood (now  Hope)  churches,  in  Ouachita  Presbytery, 
 Arkansas.  Here  he  labored  assiduously  and  taithfully 
 for  more  than  eighteen  years,  until  his  death,  which 
 occurred  June  21st,  1878,  in  the  sixtieth  year  of  his 
 age.  He  had  no  fear  of  death,  but  during  his  sick- 
 ness often  expressed  a  wish  to  live  longer,  .so  that  he 
 might  do  something  more  for  the  Master.  But  his 
 work  w;is  done,  and  well  done.  He  was  an  honest, 
 earnest,  faithful  preacher  of  the  gospel,  a  firm  and 
 devoted  friend,  true  in  all  the  relations  of  life. 
 
 Wallace,  Rev.  Matthe'w  Gr.,  a  graduate  of 
 Princeton  College  in  1795;  studied  theology  with  the 
 Rev.  Nathan  Grier,  of  Brandy  wine  Manor,  Pa.,  and 
 removed  immediately  to  Ohio.  Mr.  Wallace  was 
 among  the  first  Presbyterian  mini.stcrs  who  settled 
 in  Ohio.  About  the  year  1802  he  became  pastor  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Cincinnati,  which 
 had  been  founded  in  1790,  by  Rev.  Da\-id  Rice.  After- 
 wards he  preached  at  Springfield,  Hamilton,  and 
 other  places  in  Ohio.  •  He  was  in  the  ministry  nearly 
 sixty  years,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life  resided 
 in  Terre  Haute,  lud.,  without  charge,  where  he  died 
 August  12th,  1854. 
 
 Wallace,  Robert,  Sr. ,  was  born  in  the  North  of 
 Ireland,  in  1733;  came  to  America  at  eighteen  years 
 of  age;  settled  and  married  in  the  State  of  Delaware; 
 moved  to  Ohio  in  1801,  and  died  in  1828,  in  the 
 ninety-sixth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  elected  to  the 
 eldership  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  Cin- 
 cinnati, July  10th,  1817,  and  held  the  office  till  his 
 death.  He  was  an  exemplary  Christian.  A  zealous 
 patriot  in  the  Revolution,  he  was  sometimes  under 
 the  immediate  command  of  Washington,  and  received 
 his  approbation  on  the  field  of  battle. 
 
 Wallace,  Robert  Ho'ward,  D.  D.,  was  bom 
 in  Moutgoraery,  N.  Y.,  November  12th,  1796.  His 
 parents  were  members  of  the  Reformed  Presbyterian 
 Church,  with  which  he  connected  himself  at  the  age 
 of  eighteen.  In  1821  he  removed  his  church  rela- 
 tions to -the  Associate  Reformed  Church  of  Neeley- 
 town,  N.  Y.  His  education,  ordinary  and  classical, 
 was  very  complete,  under  the  supervision  of  Rev.  Dr. 
 McJinipsey  of  Montgomery  Academy,  with  whom  he 
 also  studied  theology.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by 
 the  Associate  Reformed  Presbytery  of  New  York, 
 September  15th,  1824.  By  solicitation  of  the  Board 
 of  Domestic  Missions  of  the  Associate  Reformed 
 Church,  he  went  on  a  hor.seback  mission  of  explora- 
 tion as  far  west,  by  way  of  Buffalo,  as  Detroit,  the 
 limit  of  civilization  at  that  time  in  that  direction. 
 Returning  to  his  native  State,  he  was  in.stalled, 
 October  6th,  1825,  pastor  of  the  churches  of  Little 
 Britain  and  Caledonia,  his  only  charge,  where  he 
 was  eminently  successful,  and  where  he  remained 
 
WALLACE. 
 
 981 
 
 ■WALLACE. 
 
 until  his  death,  February  9th,  1868.  In  1836  his 
 son,  Rev.  R.  Howard  Wallace,  was  a.ssociated  with 
 him  in  the  pastorate,  soon  alter  which  the  church 
 and  pastors  changed  their  relation  to  the  Presby- 
 terian Church.  Dr.  Wallace  was  a  man  of  great 
 influence  in  his  Denomination.  Poor  health  and  con- 
 stitutional modesty  led  him  to  shrink  from  publicity. 
 He  was  eminently  manly,  courteous  and  affectionate. 
 A  clear,  logical,  vigorous  sermonizcr  and  thinker,  he 
 was  always  eft'ective.  His  style  was  terse  and  chaste, 
 a  mingling  of  the  doctrinal,  practical  and  pathetic. 
 His  manner  was  very  impressive.  As  a  pastor,  he 
 was  peculiarly  judicious,  faithful  and  sympathetic. 
 
 Wallace,  Rev.  Robert  Ho'ward,  only  son  of 
 the  Rev.  Robert  H.  Wallace,  D.  D.,  Wiis  born  in  Little 
 Britain,  Orange  county,  N.  Y.,  December  20tli,  1828. 
 His  father  was  the  pa.stor,  for  forty-four  years,  of  the 
 Old  Scotch  Church  in  that  place.  He  graduated  from 
 Union  College,  Schenectady,  with  the  highest  honors, 
 in  18.50,  and  studied  theology  partly  with  his  Hither 
 and  partly  in  the  Associate  Reformea  Theological 
 Seminary  at  Newburgh,  N.  Y.  After  spending  a  j'ear 
 or  two  in  agricultural  pursuits,  for  recruiting  his 
 health,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  A.  R.  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  York,  in  May,-  18.54,  after  which  he 
 spent  an  efficient  pastorate  of  two  years  with  the 
 Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  of  Spring- 
 field, N.  Y.  In  1856  he  was  invited  to  act  as  colleague 
 with  his  father,  in  consequence  of  the  feeble  health 
 of  the  latter,  and  was  subsequently  installed.  Some 
 time  previous  to  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1868,  both 
 the  pastors,  with  the  church,  transferred  their  relation 
 to  the  Presbyterian  Church.  On  the  death  of  Dr. 
 Wallace  he  remained  in  full  cliarge  of  the  chureli 
 until  January,  1883,  a  period  of  twenty-seven  years, 
 father  and  son  sjjending  more  than  seventy  years  of 
 labor  in  the  same  pulpit.  He  resigned  the  charge  on 
 account  of  impaired  health,  from  overwork. 
 
 Mr.  Wallace  is  a  man  of  more  than  ordinary  mental 
 vigor,  well  read  in  every  department  and  a  frequent 
 contributor  to  current  literature.  He  is  clear  and 
 versatile  as  a  thinker,  a  strong,  logical  sermonizer, 
 with  a  shade  of  poetry  iu  his  composition,  and  a  vein 
 of  the  p.athetic.  His  pulpit  manner  is  graceful, 
 earnest  and  impressive.  He  always  preaches  without 
 manuscript.  The  true  marrow  of  the  gospel  pervades 
 his  preaching,  and  God  has  blessed  it.  W^ith  integrity 
 of  character  he  possesses  aoiirtesy  of  manner  and  pe- 
 culiar conversational  ability. 
 
 "Wallace,  Rev.  'William,  the  son  of  John  and 
 Margaret  (Anderson)  Wallace,  was  born  in  Chester, 
 county.  Pa.,  Slarch  17th,  1787.  He  finished  his  edu- 
 cation at  Jefferson  College;  studied  theology  under  the 
 direction  of  James  Hervey,  d.d.,  and  was  licensed  by 
 Steubenville  Presbytery  in  the  Spring  of  1821.  As  a 
 domestic  missionary  he  went  through  the  new  settle- 
 ments of  Eastern  Ohio.hunting  up  families  of  the  Pres- 
 bj-terian  order,  and  when  finding  one  or  more  such 
 families  in  any  destitute  place,  he  would  give  out  an 
 
 appointment  for  preaching,  and  in  this  way  was  in- 
 strumental in  gathering  up  and  forming  nuclei  from 
 which  have  arisen  some  of  our  more  prominent  con- 
 gregations. He  was  chairman  of  the  committee  of 
 Presbytery  which  organized  several  churches,  and 
 among  them  the  churches  of  Nottingham  and  Free- 
 port,  Ohio,  of  which  he  became  pastor  in  1822,  and 
 continued  so  for  eighteen  years.  He  died  December 
 18th,  1841.  He  was  a  man  of  ardent  piety  and  prac- 
 tical worth.  He  was  faithful  and  successful  as  a  pastor. 
 .\s  a  preacher,  he  was  plain  and  textual,  his  sermons 
 being  rather  expository  than  topical.  He  was  dili- 
 gent in  his  attendance  upon  the  courts  of  the  Church. 
 
 "Wallace,  Hon.  "William  A.,  was  born  Novem- 
 ber 28th,  1827,  in  Huntingdon  county,  Pa.,  of 
 Scotch-Irish  parentage,  Presbyterian  on  both  sides; 
 received  an  academic  education,  studied  law,  ad- 
 mitted to  the  Bar  before  he  was  twenty  years  of  age. 
 He  soon  became  proficient  in  land  law,  ranked  at  the 
 head  of  his  profession,  and  has  been  successful  as  a 
 lawj'er  and  business  man.  Many  of  the  reported 
 decisions  of  the  Supreme  Court  point  out  his  ability 
 and  influence  in  settling  principles  affecting  titles  in 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 In  1862  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  and  was 
 re-elected  1865,  1868,  1871  and  1874,  serving  con- 
 tinuously from  January,  1863,  to  March,  1875.  He 
 was  a  conservative  legislator.  Many  laws  now  upon 
 the  Statute  Book  came  from  his  pen,  especially  in 
 1874,  when  the  new  Constitution  required  appro- 
 priate legislation.  He  was  foremost  in  that  necessary 
 and  important  work.  One-third  of  the  statutes  of 
 that  session  were  framed  by  him,  including  the  cor- 
 poration, city  and  partnership  statutes.  In  1875  he 
 was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate,  serving  a 
 term  of  six  years  with  ability  and  usefulness  to  his 
 State.  He  was  the  political  head  of  his  party  there. 
 Against  his  will,  he  was  returned  to  the  State  Senate 
 in  1882,  and  the  sessions  of  1883  were  marked  by  the 
 work  of  his  hand  in  the  Arbitration  Statute,  and  the 
 amendments  to  our  general  railroad  law,  making  it 
 more  liberal  than  it  had  ever  been  before.  The  pre- 
 vention of  strikes  among  laboring  men  and  the  invi- 
 tation of  foreign  capital  to  the  State  to  build  railroads 
 were  the  purposes  of  these  two  statutes. 
 
 After  the  4th  of  March,  1881,  he  became  interested 
 in  developing  the  mineral  resources  of  Central  Penn- 
 sylvania, and  he  is  now  the  head  of  a  large  railroad 
 enterprise,  pushing  its  lines  into  Central  Pennsylva- 
 nia and  securing  competition  and  additional  trans- 
 portation for  the  soft  coal  and  iron  ores  of  his  lo- 
 cality. 
 
 Mr.  Wallace  has  showTi  himself  a  faithful  public 
 servant,  an  able  constitutional  lawyer,  and  a  shrewd, 
 energetic  and  successful  business  man.  In  private 
 life,  and  in  a  large  circle  of  friends,  he  is  held  in 
 high  esteem.  He  is  a  worshiper  in  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  at  Clearfield;  h.as  several  times  acted  as  one 
 of  it.s  Trustees;  was  one  of  the  Building  Committee 
 
WALLER. 
 
 982 
 
 WAMPLER. 
 
 when  the  large  new  church  edifice  was  erected,  and 
 contributed  liberally  for  this  purpose. 
 
 Waller,  Rev.  David  Je-wett,  was  horn  in 
 Wilke.sbarrc,  I'a.,  January  Kith,  IHlf,.  After  gradu- 
 ating at  Williams  College,  in  IftU,  he  entered  the  j 
 Theological  .Seminary  at  Princeton,  and  took  a  regu- 
 lar course.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Northumberland,  May  1st,  1h:!9.  He  has  been  p;is- 
 toratBloomsburg,  Pa.,  1839-71;  stated  supply  at  Ber- 
 wick and  Brier  Creek,  1838-42;  and  mis.sionary, 
 residing  at  Bloomsburg,  1871—.  Mr.  Waller  is  ai 
 gentleman  of  plca-sing  address,  energy  of  character, 
 and  decided  intellectual  ability.  As  a  preacher,  he 
 is  clear,  logical  and  instructive.  He  has  been  Moder- 
 ator of  the  Synod  of  Phihuhlphia.  He  is  tlioroughly 
 conversant  with  tlw  law  of  t)ie  Churcli,  and  in  its 
 judicatories  is  a  ready,  independent  and  forcible 
 speaker. 
 
 Wallis,  Rev.  James,  was  born  at  Sugar  Creek 
 in  1702.  He  received  his  early  education  at  Liberty 
 Hall,  in  Charlotte,  and  took  his  collegiate  course  at 
 Winnsborough,  S.  C.  He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the 
 church  in  New  Providence  in  17!IJ,  and  remained  in 
 charge  of  the  same  congregation  till  his  death,  which 
 occurred  in  the  year  Isl!).  Besides  performing  his 
 duties  as  a  minister,  he  was  for  several  years  at  the 
 head  of  a  classical  school.  He  was  a  trustee  of  the 
 University  of  North  Carolina  from  1810  till  his 
 death. 
 
 "Walsh,  Rev.  Henry,  tlie  son  of  William  and 
 Sarah  Walsh,  was  born  near  Dublin,  Ireland,  August 
 .5th,  1834.  He  Wius  for  a  time  a  student  at  Oglethorpe 
 Universitj',  Ga.,  went  through  the  regular  course  at 
 Princeton  Tiieological  Seminary,  and  w;is  licensed 
 by  Raritiin  Presbytery  in  18.52.  He  was  pastor  of 
 Carmel  and  Macedonia  churches,  N.  C,  and  Edmis- 
 ton  Church,  Miss.,  all  of  which  he  served  faithfully 
 and  acceptably.  His  death  occurred  February  14th, 
 1861.  Mr.  Walsh  was  a  man  of  noble  and  generous 
 impulses,  warm  in  his  attachments,  genial,  and  uni 
 formly  cheerful  in  disposition,  would  make  any  sac- 
 rifice to  serve  his  friends,  and  took  the  deepest 
 interest  in  all  with  whom  he  wasconneeted.  He  was 
 characterized  by  uncommon  energy  and  perseverance, 
 and  was  never  happier  than  when  promoting  some 
 benevolent  object.  Liberal  himself,  he  sought  on  all 
 occjLsions  to  make  others  so,  u))on  gospel  principles 
 and  from  gospid  motives. 
 
 "Walton,  Rev,  "William  C,  was  born  in  Han- 
 over county,  Va.,  Xnvcnibcr  1th,  17!)3.  In  the 
 Autumn  of  1^11  he  repaired,  under  the  direction  of 
 the  Prcjibytery  of  Winchester,  to  Hampden-Sidney 
 College.  On  the  22d  of  October,  1814,  he  was 
 licensed  to  preach  the  gospel,  though  he  was  still  a 
 student  at  Hampden-Sidney,  and  remained  there  a 
 considerable  time  aft<Twards.  After  j)reaching  for 
 some  time  to  the  congregatitms  of  Smilhtield  and 
 Berryvllli',  on  the  2."'>tli  of  April,  1M18,  he  was 
 ordained  by  Hie  Presbytery  to  the  work  of  the  gospel 
 
 ministry,  and  on  the  fith  of  May  was  installed  pastor 
 of  the  Church  in  Hopewell.  Early  in  1823  he 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  Third  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 Baltimore,  where  he  remained  about  t'ighteen  months 
 and  then  returned  to  Virginia.  After  laboring  in 
 various  places,  and  suffering  almost  constantly  from 
 bodily  indisposition,  he  accepted  a  call,  in  the  Spring 
 of  1827,  to  tlie  Second  Presbyterian  Church  in  Alex- 
 andria, and  was  installed  as  its  pastor  on  the  3d  of 
 July  following.  In  August,  1832,  he  became  pastor 
 of  the  Free  Church  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  which 
 relation  he  continued  until  his  death,  vrhich,  after  a 
 scene  of  Christian  triumph  such  as  is  rarely  witnessed, 
 occurred  Fi^bruary  18th,  1834.  The  most  promi- 
 nent characteristic  of  Mr.  Walton's  ministry  seems 
 to  have  been  his  unceasing  direct  eft'orts  to  promote 
 revivals  of  religion.  A  very  interesting  memoir  of 
 his  life  was  published  in  1837,  by  the  Rev.  Joshua 
 Danforth,  d.d.  He  represents  him  as  having  been 
 one  of  the  most  zealous  and  devoted  of  ministers.  In 
 a  letter,  he  says  of  him,  "  He  was  gentle  in  temper, 
 never  denunciatory,  remarkable  for  amenity  of  man- 
 ners, opinions,  life.  He  loved  souls  and  the  glory  of 
 God." 
 
 "Wampler,  Rev.  John  Matthias,  was  the  third 
 son  of  Leonard  and  Anna  Mary  (Martiu)  Wampler, 
 and  was  born  in  Littlestowu,  Adams  county.  Pa., 
 January  20th,  1811.  His  parents  and  ancestors  for 
 some  generations  back  were  of  the  German  Reformed 
 Church.  He  made  a  profession  of  religion  at  and 
 was  received  iiUo  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Steubenville,  Ohio,  then  under  the  pastorate  of  the 
 late  Rev.  C.  C.  Beatty,  D.D.,  IJ-.D.,  in  August,  1831. 
 He  was  the  first  of  his  kindred  known  to  him  to 
 make  this  diversion  from  the  Church  connection  of 
 his  ancestors,  yet  no  truer  Presbyterian  of  the  West- 
 minster line,  doctrinally  considered,  lives  to-day. 
 
 Hi-  followed  the  printing  business,  including  his 
 apprenticeship,  some  ten  years.  A  part  of  this  time 
 he  wius  iissociated  with  Rev.  Drs.  W.  L.  Breckinridge 
 and  Jos.  G.  Monfort  in  originating  and  jniljlisbing 
 the  Prtuhijlerian.  Hcrahl,  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  during 
 the  progress  of  the  O.  S.  and  N.  S.  Presby- 
 terian controversy.  He  commenced  his  literary 
 studies  in  The  Miami  University,  Oxford,  Ohio, 
 under  the  Presidency  of  Rev.  Dr.  R.  H.  Bishop,  in 
 January,  1839,  and  graduated  there  in  1843,- under 
 the  Presidency  of  Rev.  Dr.  George  Junkin.  He 
 studied  theology  under  Rev.  Dr.  .loseph  (laybaugh, 
 in  the  Associat(?  l{eformed  Theological  Seminary,  at 
 O.Kl'i>r<l,  Ohio,  and  w;us  licensed  to  ]>reach  the  gospel, 
 April,  184.5,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Oxford,  aud  or- 
 dained to  the  work  of  the  ministry  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Indianapolis,  in  August,  1848.  •  After  ten  years 
 pastoral  work,  two  ye;irs  at  Shelbyville,  and  eight 
 at  Monticello,  Ind.,  on  invitation,  he  united  with  his 
 former  a.ssociate,  Dr.  J.  G.  Monfort,  as  joint  pro- 
 prietor and  editor  of  the  I'lcshi/ttiiiin  of  the  \t'iiit, 
 afterwards    the     l'ri.iliyl<-r.     from  January,    1857,   to 
 
WANAMAKER. 
 
 983 
 
 WANAMAKER. 
 
 November,  1870.  In  April,  1871,  he  removed  from 
 Cincinnati  to  Oxford  for  rest  and  the  education  of  some 
 of  his  children.  Four  years  of  his  stay  tliere  he  min- 
 istered to  a  neighboring  church.  lu  May,  1881,  on 
 invitation,  he  returned  to  Cincinnati,  and  became  one 
 of  the  editors  of  the  Herald  and  Presbyter,  a  leading 
 paper  in  the  Presbyterian  Church,  which  position  he 
 holds  at  this  writing. 
 
 Time  has  dealt  gently  with  Mr.  Wampler.  At 
 seventy-two  he  is  still  compact,  erect  and  vigorous, 
 capable  of  enduring  much,  physically  and  mentally. 
 Unobtrusive  modesty,  dignified  manliness  and  great 
 kindness  of  heart  characterize  his  nuinuer.  His 
 preaching  is  logical,  clear  and  impressive,  strong  in 
 Scriptural  proofs,  filled  with  the  pith  and  marrow  of 
 the  gospel.  As  an  editor,  he  is  prudent,  practical, 
 perspicuous,  scholarly  in  exegesis,  incisive  and  de- 
 structive in  polemics,  as  is  attested  by  his  .contest 
 with  Bishop  Kingsley  some  twenty  years  ago,  while 
 Dr.  Kingsley  was  editing  the  Western  Christian  Adro- 
 cate,  and  chose  to  antagonize  Calvinism. 
 
 Wanamaker,  John,  was  born  in  Philadelphia, 
 in  1838.  With  the  ordinary  advantages  of  school 
 education,  his  early  youth  was  spent  in  a  clerkship 
 in  several  mercantile  establishments  in  the  city.  Sub- 
 sequently engaging  in  business  for  himself,  his  career 
 was  a  decided  success.  He  made  a  profession  of  faith 
 in  the  church  of  the  late  Rev.  John  Chambers,  i).  D., 
 of  whom  he  was  a  great  f;ivorite.  Active  as  a  Chris- 
 tian, he  set  himself,  with  much  skill,  energy  and 
 perseverance,  to  the  work  of  doing  good.  He  started, 
 in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  city,  a  Sunday  school, 
 in  a  shoemaker's  shop.  This,  at  the  time,  was  a 
 section  of  Philadelphia  greatly  in  need  of  spiritual 
 culture,  but  under  the  religious  appliances  brought 
 by  him  to  bear  upon  it,  it  soon  began  to  present  an 
 improved  and  promising  aspect.  One  after  another 
 the  saloons  with  which  the  region  had  abounded  dis- 
 appeared, pleasant  homes  were  built  in  their  places, 
 and  morality  and  Sabbath  observance  succeeded 
 disorder  and  vice.  As  time  advanced,  a  beautiful 
 stone  structure  arose,  with  these  words  graven  on  its 
 front:  "A  Little  Child  Shall  Lead  Them."  On  Sun- 
 days three  thous;vnd  scholars  gathered  in  the  spacious 
 assembly  room.  This  room  was  of  itself  attractive, 
 with  its  frescoes  of  blue  and  gold,  and  its  cool  silvery 
 fountain  in  the  centre.  Presently,  too,  the  adjoining 
 church  was  built,  for  the  twelve  hundred  members 
 which  had  grown  up  from  the  Sabbath-school,  Mr. 
 Wanamaker  giving  $60,000  toward  this  enterprise,  as 
 a  thank-offering  for  God's  blessing  on  his  work  (see 
 Bethany  Presbyterian  Church).  . 
 
 On  his  twenty-third  birthday  he  decided  to  embark 
 in  the  clothing  business.  Two  of  his  mottoes  were; 
 "He  is  a  rewarder of  them  that  diligently  seek  Him," 
 and  "  No  man  is  ever  lost  on  a  straight  road."  Soon 
 his  wonderful  business  capacity  began  to  show  itself, 
 and  has  continued  to  do  so  until  the  present  time,  at 
 which  he  is   the    owner  of  three  stores,    covering 
 
 nearly  seven  acres,  one  of  them  the  largest  retail 
 dry  goods  store  in  America,  with  3000  employees. 
 When  the  Centennial  Exposition  was  talked  of,  and 
 Philadelphia  looked  about  for  men  to  aid  in  the  vast 
 enterprise,  John  Wananuiker  was  one  of  the  fiTst 
 called  to  the  National  work.  He  was  made  chairman 
 of  the  Bureau  of  Revenue,  and,  with  the  aid  of  the 
 Board  of  Finance,  he  raised  the  first  million  dollars; 
 he  was  chairman  of  the  Press  Committee  that  brought 
 the  subject  before  the  whole  country,  and  with  much 
 labor  and  judicious  management,  he  .stood  by  and 
 helped  carry  the  enterprise  through  to  its  success. 
 From  its  very  inception  he  has  been  a  prominent 
 member  of  the  Young  Men's  Christian  A.ssociation  in 
 the  city,  was  its  President  for  thirteen  years,  until  his 
 resignation  in  1883,  and  has  given  it  $100,000. 
 
 JOHN    WANAMAKKR. 
 
 Mr.  Wanamaker  has  fciken  an  active  part  in  every 
 good  work  in  Philadelphia.  He  was  one  of  the 
 fouuders  of  the  Christian  Commission.  The  Moody 
 meetings  received  from  him  an  earnest  support.  He 
 hius  built  a  church  near  his  country  home  at  Jenkin- 
 town;  has  aided  hospitals  and  orphanagi'S,  and  from 
 year  to  year  gives  very  largely  in  private  charities. 
 He  is  a  gentleman  of  warm  winsomeness  of  tempera- 
 ment that  will  keep  him  always  young.  As  a  speaker, 
 he  is  forcible  and  impressive.  He  is  characterized 
 liy  unflagging  industry  and  the  strictest  system.  On 
 his  business  desk  are  the  words,  framed,  "Xulla  dies 
 sine  linra — no  day  without  a  line."  He  has  hosts 
 of  friends,  and  is  evidently  happy  in  using,  for  the 
 grand  purposes  of  religion  and  humanity,  the  signal 
 prosperity  and  the  large  influence  which,  under 
 Providence,  he  has  acquired. 
 
WARD. 
 
 984 
 
 WASHINGTON  COLLEGE. 
 
 "Ward,  Ferdinand  De  Wilton,  D.  D.,  comes 
 of  a  sturdy  stock,  morally,  iuttllectually,  physically. 
 He  Wius  born  at  Hcrj^cii,  Monroe  county,  N.  Y.,  July 
 9th,  1812.  He  graduated  at  Union  College,  N.  Y., 
 in  1831,  and  studied  theology  at  Princeton,  N.  J. 
 He  wivs  stated  supply  at  Albion,  N.  Y.,  1834;  stated 
 8ui>ply  of  the  Tenth  Church,  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
 1835-6;  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Rochester,  August  31st,  1836,  and,  in  that 
 yejir,  ;is  a  missionary  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M.,  sailed 
 for  India,  and  made  the  proWnces  of  Madura  and 
 Madras  the  centres  of  ten  years  of  faithful,  and,  under 
 the  blessing  of  God,  fruitful  missionary  labor.  Since 
 his  return  to  his  native  country,  he  has  been  stated 
 supply  of  the  First  Church,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  1849; 
 piustor  of  the  Second  Church,  Genesfeo,  1849-58;  pas- 
 tor of  the  Central  Church,  Geneseo,  1858-61;  stated 
 supply  at  Phelps,  Groveland  and  East  Avon,  N.  Y. ; 
 pastor  of  the  Central  Church,  Geneseo,  1866-71,  and 
 District  Secretary  of  the  American  Bible  Society, 
 1871-5.  In  all  his  varied  spheres  of  labor  he  has 
 been  greatly  blessed,  and  enjoyed  a  deserved  popu- 
 larity for  his  sterling  character,  of  which  benevolence 
 is  a  leading  ornament. 
 
 Ur.  Ward  published  a  volume  in  Tamil,  at  Madras. 
 He  is  also  the  author  of  "  India  and  Hindus," 
 "Christian  Life,"  "  Summer  Vacations  Abroad," 
 "History  of  Rochester,"  "Religious  History  of 
 Livingston  County,  New  York,"  besides  numerous 
 smaller  publications,  all  of  which  indicate  ripe 
 scholarship,  and  have  met  witli  the  most  encourag- 
 ing reception.  Dr.  Ward  still  maintaius  his  cherished 
 home  at  Geneseo,  where,  in  a  community  that  loves 
 him  much,  he  spends  his  time,  impelled  by  a  con- 
 stant desire  and  effort  to  do  all  the  good  he  can. 
 His  hand,  heart,  pen  and  voice  are  continually  at 
 work  for  the  promotion  of  the  grand  causes  of  hu- 
 manity and  religion. 
 
 "Wardlaw,  Thomas  Delacey,  D.  D.,  was  born 
 at  Warreupoint,  County  Down,  Ireland,  November 
 Ist,  1826;  graduated  at  Belfa-st  College  in  1844;  came 
 to  the  United  .States  in  June,  1846,  and  entered  Prince- 
 ton Seminary  that  year,  where  he  graduated  in  1849. 
 He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbji^ry  of  New  Bruns- 
 wick, February  7th,  1H49. 
 
 He  lM'g:in  to  preach  lus  stated  supply  at  Port  Carbon, 
 Pa.,  .May  l.st,  1849;  was  ordained  and  installed  as  pas- 
 tor, January  29th,  1850,  and  continued  in  this  relation 
 until  October  5th,  18.V2,  when  he  accepted  a  call  to 
 the  Church  at  Paris,  Ky.  He  wius  instiiUed  at  the 
 latter  place  April  6th,  IH54,  and  rele:used  March  29th, 
 18.38,  when  he  ;ii:cept«-d  a  call  to  the  Church  at  Clarks- 
 ville,  Tenn.,  from  which  he  was  released  Novemlwr 
 23d,  1H67.  He  then  removed  to  Shell)yville,  Tenn., 
 where  he  continued  to  reside  to  the  end  of  his  life. 
 AtShelbyville  he  became  Principal  of  a  Young  Ladies' 
 Seminary,  which  he  conducted  with  singular  ability 
 and  success,  at  the  sjime  time  supplying  the  neigh- 
 boring Church  at  Petersburgh,  from   1868  to  1871, 
 
 and  that  of  Bethsalem,  from  1871  to  1877.  He  died, 
 August  29th,  1879. 
 
 Dr.  Wardlaw  w;i.s  a  man  of  superior  scholarship 
 and  extensive  lit*!rary  culture.  He  was  a  close 
 student,  prepared  for  the  pulpit  with  grejit  care,  and 
 his  sermons  were  models  of  composition,  full  of  well- 
 digested  thought,  presented  with  freshness  and  earn- 
 estness. He  was  somewhat  metaphysical,  but  always 
 lucid  and  logical.  As  a  pivstor,  he  w;is  greatly  be- 
 loved and  valued  by  the  churches  under  his  charge. 
 He  was  a  constant  friend,  a  true  man,  a  genial 
 companion,  simpU?  and  unostentatious  in  manner, 
 strong  in  his  convictions,  firm  iis  a  rock,  yet  becom- 
 ingly tolerant  of  the  opinions  of  those  who  differed 
 from  him.    As  a  teacher,  he  was  eminently  successful. 
 
 "Warfleld,  Benjamin  Breckinridge,  D.  D., 
 is  the  oldest  son  of  his  parents,  William  Warfield 
 and  Mary  C.  Breckinridge,  oldest  daughter  of  Dr. 
 R.  J.  Breckinridge.  He  was  born  at  Lexington  Ky., 
 November  5th,  1851,  and  graduated  at  the  College  of 
 New  Jersey  in  1871,  and  at  Princeton  Seminary  in 
 1873,  after  which  he  pursued  his  theological  studies 
 for  a  time  at  Leipsic,  Germany.  He  was  stated  sup- 
 ply of  Concord  Church,  Ky.,  1875;  of  the  First 
 Church,  Dayton,  O.,  1876;  and  of  the  First 
 Church,  Baltimore,  Md.,  1877.  He  was  ordained  an 
 evangelist  by  the  Pre.sbytery  of  Ebenezer,  April  26th, 
 1879.  In  1878  he  was  appointed  Instructor  in  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary,  Allegheny,  Pa.,  and 
 in  1879  was  elected  Professor  of  New  Testament 
 Literature  and  'Exegesis  in  the  same  Institution, 
 which  chair  he  .still  occupies,  and  with  much  ability 
 and  acceptableness.  Dr.  Warfield 's  scholarship,  for 
 one  so  young,  is  of  a  high  order,  and  promises  well 
 for  the  future.  He  has  contributed  several  valuable 
 critical  papers  to  the  Presbyterian  Eeview  and  the 
 Suullirni  Prcuhi/lerinn  Review,  and  is  the  author  of  an 
 excellent  tract  entitled  "  The  Divine  Origin  of  the 
 Bible,"  which  has  been  published  by  the  Presby- 
 terian Board  of  Publication. 
 
 Warford,  Rev.  John,  was  licensed  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  Brunswick  in  1776,  and  was  ordained 
 in  1777.  In  July,  1789,  he  w;is  installed  p:vstor  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Salem,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
 preached  for  fourteen  years.  H  is  heart  was  enlisted 
 in  the  cause  of  Christian  philanthropy  and  missionary 
 enterprise. 
 
 Washington  College  (no-w  Washington 
 and  Lee  University),  is  in  Lexington,  Va.  In 
 1771  the  Presl)yt(^ry  of  Hanover  took  into  considera- 
 tion the  great  expediency  of  erecting  a  seminary  of 
 learning.  The  result  of  this  consideration,  delayed 
 for  several  years,  was  finally  reached  in  1774.  On 
 the  nucleus  of  a  school  taught  by  Rev.  John  Brown, 
 pastor  of  New  Providence  Church,  the  Presbytery 
 organized  the  Augusta  Academy,  retaining  Mr. 
 Brown  in  its  general  inspection,  and  employing  Mr. 
 William  Graham,  a  recent  graduate  of  Nassiiu  Hall, 
 as  teacher.     In  1776-7  the  acatlemv  was  removed  to 
 
WASHINGTON  COLLEGE. 
 
 9a5     WASHING  TON  &  JEFFEBSON  COLLEGE. 
 
 Timber  Ridge,  a  Board  of  Trustees  of  twenty-four 
 gentlemen,  including  Mr.  Graliam,  then  rector,  was 
 appointed,  Presbytery  reserving  "  ibrever  tlie  right 
 of  \-isit;ition."  Buildings  were  erected  on  land  given 
 for  the  purpose,  and  funds  secured  to  procure  books 
 and  apparatus.  The  school  was  prosperous.  But  the 
 troubles  of  war  decreased  the  number  and  also  the 
 income  of  the  teachers.  Mr.  Graham  moved  to  a 
 farm  near  Lexington,  still  retaining  the  superin- 
 tendence of  the  school.  This  plan  proved  inexpe- 
 dient, and  an  eligible  site  about  three-fourths  of  a 
 mile  from  Lexington  being  secured  and  buildings 
 erected,  the  school,  now  called  "Liberty  Hall,"  in 
 keeping  with  the  spirit  of  the  time,  was  removed  to 
 this  new  location.  Mr.  GrAham  continued  rector  till 
 1797.  Meanwhile,  in  1789,  he  had  formed  a  "class 
 for  students  of  theology,"  the  first  ever  formed  in 
 Virginia.  General  Washington  having  received  from 
 the  Legislature  of  Virginia  one  hundred  shares  of  the 
 "James  River  Canal  Company,"  he  generously  ap- 
 propriated the  donation  to  the  Liberty  Hall  Academy, 
 the  name  of  which  was  changed  to  Washington 
 Academy.  The  Trustees  had  been  incorporated  in 
 1783,  and  authorized  to  confer  degrees. 
 
 From  1798  to  1799  Dr.  Samuel  L.  Campbell  was 
 rector.  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  George  A.  Baxter, 
 who,  on  the  change  of  chart<'r,  by  which  the  academy 
 became  a  college,  in  1^1:?,  became  President  in  1829; 
 he  was  succeeded  by  Lewis  Marshall,  M.D.,  1830,  and 
 he  by  Henry  Vettake,  ll.d,  in  1834.  Rev.  Dr. 
 Henry  Ruffner  presided  over  the  Institution  from 
 1836  to  1848.  The  college  was  made  his  sole  legatee 
 bj'  Mr.  John  Robinson,  and  received  about  $40,000 
 net  proceeds  of  his  estate. 
 
 During  Dr.  Ruflfner's  presidency  the  college  re- 
 ceived a  donation  by  the  Cincinnati  Society  of 
 $25,000.  Deducting  for  erection  of  building  and  other 
 expenses,  there  remained  of  these  sums  and  $.50,000, 
 Washington's  donation,  about  .5100,000  of  vested 
 funds,  when  Rev.  Dr.  George  Junkin  succeeded  Dr. 
 RutFner  in  1848.  He  having  resigned,  about  the 
 opening  of  the  war,  the  college  remained,  till  its 
 close,  without  a  President.  Four  Professors  and  two 
 Tutors  had  been  a.ssociatcd  with  Dr.  Junkin.  In 
 186.5  the  Trustees  called  to  the  presidency  Gen.  Robert 
 E.  Lee,  whose  life  of  active  and  successful  administra- 
 tion was  cut  short  in  1870,  and  he  was  succeeded  by 
 his  son,  Gen.  Geo.  W.  Custis  Lee.  The  charter  of 
 the  College  was  again  changed,  raising  the  Institu- 
 tion to  the  grade  of  a  University.  Large  additions 
 have  been  made  to  its  fund  during  the  period  of  1866 
 to  1883.  Now,  there  are,  including  the  President, 
 eight  Professors  and  three  assistant  Instructors.  The 
 Institution,  notwithstanding  its  separation  from  all 
 formal  relations  to  the  Presbyterian  Church,  has  still, 
 in  its  Board  of  Trustees  of  fifteen  members,  fourteen 
 by  education  Presbyterians,  and  of  them,  twelve  are 
 ministers,  elders  and  members  of  the  Church.  Of 
 the  Faculty,  a  majority  are  officers  and  members  of 
 
 the  same  Church.  The  Institution  is  still  a  feeder 
 of  Union  Seminary. 
 
 "Washing-ton  and  Jefferson  College,  Pa. 
 The  history  of  tliis  Institution  is  essentially  that  of 
 higher  e<lucation  in  Western  Pennsylvania.  The  tirst 
 settlers  of  tha'  region  planted  the  school  and  the 
 church  while  engaged  in  clearing  away  the  forests 
 and  defending  their  houses  again.stthe  Indians.  The 
 pioneer  Presbyterian  ministers  favored  the  establish- 
 ment of  iicademies  in  which  pious  young  men  might 
 be  instructed  in  the  rudiments  of  classiciil  learning, 
 with  a  view  to  their  preparation  for  preaching  the 
 gospel.  Siu-h  schools  were  conducted  from  as  early 
 as  1782,  in  Washington  county,  by  Dr.  John  McMil- 
 lan, at  Chartiers,  by  Dr.  Thaddeus  Dod  at  Ten  Mile, 
 and  by  Dr.  Jo.seph  Smith  at  Buffalo,  in  connection 
 with  their  ministerial  work.  As  early  as  1787  an 
 academy,  chartered  by  the  State,  was  established  at 
 Washington,  of  which  two  years  later,  Dr.  Dod  w:is 
 appointed  the  Principal.  In  1791  a  similar  Institu- 
 tion was  chartered  and  founded  at  Canonsburg,  to 
 which  the  pupils  of  Dr.  McMillan's  Latin  School 
 were  soon  transferred.  It  was  the  germ  from  which 
 Jefferson  College  grew,  and  for  which  a  charter  was 
 obtained  in  1802.  In  like  manner  the  Wijshington 
 Academy  developed  into  Washington  College,  which 
 received  it,s  charter  in  1806. 
 
 The  first  President  of  Jefferson  College  was  Rev. 
 John  Watson,  who  had  been  a  student  of  the  Canons- 
 burg Academy.  He  was  elected  August  29th,  1802, 
 and  died  in  November  of  the  siirae  year.  The  office 
 was  filled  successively  by  Rev.  James  Dunlap,  Rev. 
 Andrew  Wylie,  D. n..  Rev.  William  McMillan,  A.  M., 
 Rev.  Matthew  Brown,  n.i).,  i.L.l).,  Rev.  R.  J.  Breck- 
 inridge, D. n.,  LI.. I).,  Rev.  Alexander  B.  Brown,  d.d., 
 Rev.  .Joseph  .\lden,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  and  Rev.  David  H. 
 Riddle,  D.D.,  LL.D. 
 
 Rev.  Matthew  Brown  became  pastor  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Washington  and  Principal  of  the 
 .\cademy  in  180.5.  When  the  charter  of  Washington 
 College  was  .secured,  the  next  year,  he  was  elected  to 
 the  Presidency,  and  retained  the  position  for  eleven 
 years.  His  succes.sors  in  office  were  Rev.  Andrew 
 Wj'lle,  D.D.,  Rev.  David  Elliott,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Rev. 
 David  McConaughy,  d.d..  Rev.  James  Clark,  D.D., 
 Rev.  James  I.  Brownson,  D.D.  (Pro.  7'fm.),  and  Rev. 
 John  W.  Scott,  D.D.,  LL.D.  The  distinguished  edu- 
 cators who  served  the  Colleges  of  Jefferson  and  Wash- 
 ington, as  Presidents,  were  seconded  in  their  labors 
 by  able  and  devoted  men  who  filled  the  several 
 chairs  of  instruction.  They  einnot  even  be  named 
 in  this  sketch,  but  their  work,  performed  under  many 
 discouragements,  lives  in  the  grateful  memories  of 
 hundreds  who  were  helped  by  them  in  the  paths  of 
 knowledge.  These  Institutions  attracted  students 
 from  all  parts  of  the  West  and  South,  and  Eastern 
 Pennsylvania,  and  their  alumni  have  always  taken 
 high  rank,  both  in  the  Church  and  State.  A  healthy 
 and  dominant  religious  influence  preraUed  in  them 
 
WASHINGTON  AND 
 
 986 
 
 JEFFERSON  COLLEGE,  PA. 
 
 throughout  their  history.  Revivals  of  religion  of 
 great  power  oecurred  at  intervals,  which  resulted  in 
 the  conversion  of  many  of  the  students,  and  the  con- 
 secration of  not  a  few  to  the  ministry  of  the  gospel. 
 A  large  majority  of  the  Trustees  and  Professors  have 
 been  connected  with  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and 
 from  that  Denomination  their  support  was  chiefly 
 derived.  From  ISri'Z  to  1S6,5  Wa.shington  College  was 
 under  the  care  of  the  Synod  of  Wheeling.  An  ample 
 return  for  all  expenditures  made  in  their 'behalf  was 
 received  in  tlie  number  of  niinisters  educated  in  their 
 halls.  Of  three  thousand  graduates  over  fourteen 
 hundred  became  preachers  of  the  gospel. 
 
 But  their  contiguity  and  the  fact  that  they  ap- 
 pealed to  the  same  constituency  alike  for  patronage 
 and  peeuuiary  support,  operated  as  a  barrier  to  their 
 sultieient  endowment.  Many  enlightened  friends  of 
 education  withheld  their  help,  under  a  conviction 
 that  no  sufficient  reason  appeared  for  the  co-e.xi.stenee 
 of  two  colleges,  having  identical  aims,  and  under 
 circumstances  calculated  to  excite  rivalry  and  inspire 
 efforts  to  build  up  one  at  the  expen.se  of  the  other. 
 Efforts  to  bring  about  a  union  were  often  made,  be- 
 ginning :us  early  ;is  1H07.  and  repeated  in  1815,  1817, 
 1843,  1817  and  1852  ;  but  all  negotiations  to  this 
 end  were  fruitless  until  Kev.  Charles  C.  P.eatty,  D.D., 
 1,1..  I}.,  of  Steubenville,  Ohio,  nuide  an  offer  of  fifty 
 thoiLsand  dollars,  conditioned  upon  a  union.  The 
 time  at  which  this  generous  proposal  was  made  was 
 propitious  for  securing  its  favorable  consideration. 
 The  number  of  students  had  been  reduced,  owing  to 
 the  large  numbers  of  young  men  who  had  entered 
 the  military  service  of  the  country.  The  sale  of 
 (Ileal)  scholarships  by  both  Institutions,  gave  them 
 an  insnflicient  endowment,  and  cut  off  all  income 
 that  had  lormerly  been  derixed  from  tuition  fees. 
 The  advance  in  prices  incident  to  war  times  increased 
 their  financial  embarrassments,  and  rendered  their 
 continuance  impo.ssible  without  debt  or  increase  of 
 resources.  These  circumstances,  in  a  measure,  pre- 
 ])ared  the  way  for  the  acceptance  of  Dr.  Beatty's 
 proposition. 
 
 By  an  -Act  of  the  Legislature,  passed  March  4th, 
 18(!5,  Washington  and  .left'erson  College  wa.s  estab- 
 lished. It  w;is  provided  that  the  Senior,  Junior  and 
 Sophomore  Classes  should  be  instructed  at  Canons- 
 burg,  and  the  studies  of  the  Kreshman  Class  and 
 the  Scientific  and  Preparatory  Departments  should 
 be  conducted  at  Washington.  Kev.  Jonathan  Ed- 
 wards, I). !>.,  was  elected  President,  and  Rev.  Jatnes 
 Hlack,  !).!>.,  Vice-President  anil  Executive  of  the 
 department  at  Washington.  This  dual  arrangement 
 continued  four  years,  and  furnished  sniTieicnt  evi- 
 dence that  it  WM  an  impracticable  mode  of  manage- 
 ment. The  Board,  acting  upon  unmistakable  indi- 
 cations of  public  sentiment,  applied  to  the  Legisla- 
 ture for  an  amendment  to  the  Charter,  which  was 
 pa.'ised  pibrnary  'ZSth,  1869,  authorizing  the  con- 
 solidation of  the  departments  and  their  location  at  a 
 
 place  to  be  determined  by  a  majority  of  two-thirds  of 
 the  Board.  Under  the  provisions  of  this  act  the 
 college  was  finally  located  at  Washington.  The  de- 
 cision being  unsatisfactory  to  some  who  had  favored 
 the  choice  of  Canonsburg,  suit  was  entered  to  test 
 the  legality  of  the  proceedings  by  which  the  result 
 had  been  attained.  The  action  of  the  Board  was  sus- 
 tained by  an  unanimous  decision  of  the  Supreme 
 Court  of  Penn.sylvania,  and  an  appeal  being  taken  to 
 the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  it  was  in 
 like  niaiuaer  affirmed  by  that  high  tribunal. 
 
 In  April,  1869,  Dr.  Edwards  resigned  the  presidency 
 to  accept  a  call  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Second  Pres- 
 byterian Church  of  Baltimore.  The  office  was  filled 
 temporarily  by  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  J.  Wilson,  of  the 
 W^esteru  Theological  Seminary,  and  Rev.  Dr.  James 
 I.  Brownson.  Kev.  George  P.  Hays,  u.  D.,  was 
 elected  President  August  3d,  1870.  During  the  legal 
 troubles,  an  injunction  forbidding  the  teaching  of 
 the  upper  classes  at  Washington  caused  the  majority 
 of  the  students  to  enter  other  colleges,  and  the  pa- 
 tronage of  the  college  was  largely  turned  away;  but 
 under  the  atlministration  of  Dr.  Hays,  the  number 
 of  students  increased.  Efforts  were  soon  started 
 which  resulted  in  the  erection  of  a  large  and  elegant 
 college  building.  The  Chair  of  Agriculture  and 
 Correlative  Branches  was  endowed  by  Dr.  F.  J. 
 Lemoyne,  of  Washington,  Pa.,  who  subsequently 
 endowed  the  Chair  of  Applied  Mathematics.  Dr. 
 Charles  C.  Beatty  further  signified  his  interest  and 
 confidence  by  "the  endowment  of  the  Steubenville 
 Professorship  of  Greek.  By  these  large  gifts  the 
 future  of  the  college  seemed  to  be  .secured.  Its 
 former  friends  were  encouraged  and  many  new  ones 
 were  gained.  Dr.  Hays  resigned,  June  '20th,  1881,  to 
 engage  in  pastoral  work  in  Denver,  Colorado.  He 
 was  succeeded  by  Rev.  James  D.  Moffat,  D.  n.,  who 
 was  elected  November  16th,  1881,  and  inaugurated 
 June  20th,  1882.  His  administration  began  under 
 favorable  au.spices. 
 
 The  Faculty  now  consists  of  the  President  and 
 nine  Professors.  The  college  possesses  buildings  and 
 grounds  worth  more  than  one  hundred  thou.sand  dol- 
 lars, and  a  productive  endowment  of  two  hundred 
 thousand  dollars.  This  endowment  will  be  increased 
 in  due  time  by  the  reception  of  about  thirty  thousand 
 dollars  beiiueathed  by  the  late  Dr.  Beatty. 
 
 The  following  classification  of  the  Alumni  of  col- 
 lege, including  the  graduates  of  the  colleges  before 
 and  since  their  union,  will  he  of  interest,  as  indicat- 
 ing in  sonu>  measure  the  character  of  work  done: 
 Of  the  whole  number  of  graduates,  3196,  about  80 
 per  cent,  entered  the  three  professions  of  Law,  Med- 
 icine and  the  Ministry,  and  a  good  proportion  of  the 
 rest  engaged  in  teaching.  1406,  or  44  J  per  cent,  of  all 
 graduates  entered  the  ministry,  a  larger  number  and 
 proportion,  it  is  believed,  than  any  other  college  re- 
 lated to  th('  Presbyterian  Church  can  claim.  Since 
 the  union  in  1865, 169,  ortiearly  40  jwr  cent,  of  gradu- 
 
f  fi^..  f :' 
 
WATESBURY. 
 
 988 
 
 WATSON. 
 
 ates  have  entered  the  ministry.  It  may  not  1)6 
 i  mproper  to  add  the  numbers  of  those  who  may  he 
 said  to  have  reached  eminence  in  their  professions. 
 United  States  Senators,  6  or  8;  members  of  Congress, 
 over  50;  Cabinet  officers,  6;  Judges  of  Courts,  60; 
 Presidents  of  Colleges,  46;  College  Professors,  75; 
 Profe.s.sors  in  Theological  Seminaries,  25;  Principals 
 of  Female  Colleges,  25. 
 
 Waterbury,  Jared  Bell,  D.  D.,  was  horn  in 
 the  city  of  Xew  York,  August  11th,  1799;  graduated, 
 with  high  honors,  at  Yale  College  in  1822;  was  a 
 student  two  years  in  Princeton  Seminary,  and  was 
 licensed  to  pre:ich  November  13th,  1825,  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  York.  He  was,  for  a  time,  an  agent 
 for  the  American  Bible  Society,  and  then  became  pas- 
 tor of  a  church  at  Hatfield,  Mass.  Whilst  residing 
 there,  he  published  a  small  volume  entitled  "Advice 
 to  a  Young  Christian,  by  a  Village  Piistor,"  which 
 was  widely  read  and  very  useful.  In  1829  he  was 
 called  to  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  and  remained  for  two 
 years  in  a  happy  and  useful  ministry,  which  he  was 
 compelled  to  resign  on  account  of  ill  health.  For 
 nearly  fourteen  years  from  February  20th,  1833,  he 
 was  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Hudson, 
 N.  Y.,  and  his  earnest  and  fervent  pulpit  serWces, 
 his  genial  and  social  manners,  his  glowing  and  un- 
 tiring zeal,  and  his  godly  life,  secured  for  him  the 
 unbounded  affection  and  respect  of  the  whole  Chris- 
 tian community.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Bowdoin 
 Street  Church  in  Boston,  Mass. ,  from  September  15th, 
 1846,  until  June,  1857.  Subsequently  he  served  as 
 a  city  missionary  in  Brooklyn,  with  great  earnest- 
 ness, until  stricken  down  with  paralysis.  His  death 
 occurred  December  31st,  1>I76. 
 
 Dr.  Waterbury  was  a  man  of  warm  piety,  and 
 always  watchful  for  opportunities  of  winning  souls 
 to  Christ.  As  a  pastor,  he  was  faithful,  sympathetic 
 and  earnest.  In  his  prime  he  was  a  preacher  of  un- 
 usual excellence  and  power.  He  wrote  much  for  the 
 religious  new.spapers,  and  published  a  considerable 
 numbir  of  sermons  and  tracts,  besides  .six  or  eight 
 volumes.  Amonghislast  utterances  was  this:  "Jesus 
 is  with  me,  .Jesus  is  with  nie. " 
 
 Watkins,  Judge  Francis  Nathanael,  is  now 
 nearly  .seventy  j-ears  of  age,  but  older  in  merit,  as  a 
 citizen,  an  upright  judge  and  faithful  and  beloved 
 ruling  elder.  Of  a  pious  ancestry,  many  eminent  in 
 both  Church  and  State,  he  has  not  only  followed  the 
 good  examples  .set  before  him,  but  has  added  lustre 
 to  names  well  known  and  honored  in  the  Stiite  to 
 which  he  belongs.  In  the  church  Session  of  the 
 Fannville  Church,  in  Virginia,  he  has  always  been  a 
 ready  and  efficient  aid,  and  indeed  leader,  in  all  that 
 was  proposed  for  the  promotion  of  sound  doctrine, 
 pure  church  order  and  the  piety  of  the  charge,  over 
 which  he  h;is  long  held  the  part  of  an  overseer.  Early 
 introduced,  under  l^se  parentjd  care,  to  the  com- 
 munion of  the  church,  and  at  an  early  period  of 
 mature  life  into  the  office  of  ruling  elder,  he  has 
 
 faithfully  sustained  himself,  by  God's  grace,  in 
 "works  of  faith  and  labors  of  love."  He  has  ever 
 been  found  on  the  side  of  truth  and  righteousness, 
 in  all  the  relations  of  society.  While  acting  as  a 
 judge,  few  of  his  decisions  were  properly  revoked  by 
 higher  courts,  and  when  a  ruthless  and  disgraceful 
 partisanship  deprived  him  of  the  office  he  honored, 
 the  entire  community,  irrespective  of  party,  still 
 deeply  mourned  the  event.  As  the  financial  officer 
 of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Uuion  Seminary,  his 
 services  have  been  invaluable.  He  has  so  cared  for 
 the  funds  committed  to  his  trust  and  management, 
 for  nearly  forty  years,  that  not  only  has  not  a  cent 
 been  lost  through  any  fault  of  his  own,  but  thous- 
 ands of  dollars  have  been  added  to  the  investments, 
 by  his  sound  judgment  and  prompt  efforts.  Though 
 his  many  and  pressing  public  duties,  have  prevented 
 his  frequent  appearance  in  the  higher  Church  courts, 
 yet  when  present,  he  has  proved  sound  in  judgment 
 and  zealous  for  the  interests  of  Zion.  Long  may  he 
 yet  live  to  adorn  his  station  ! 
 
 Watkins,  Rev.  John  S.,  was  born  at  Mayo, 
 Halifax  county,  Va.,  January  4th,  1844.  He  was 
 educated  at  Brooklyn  Academy,  Hampdeu-Sidney 
 College  and  the  University  of  Virginia,  at  the  last 
 of  which  Institutions  he  gradiiated  in  1867.  After 
 teaching  for  two  years,  he  studied  theology  at  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  Va.,  and  was  noted  while 
 a  student  for  fidelity  and  proficiency  in  his  studies. 
 In  1872  he  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel,  and 
 was  installed  the  same  year  pastor  of  Roanoke  Church, 
 Roanoke  Presbytery,  in  which  relation  he  continued 
 for  six  years.  He  took  charge  of  the  First  Presbyte- 
 rian Church  of  Raleigh,  N.  C,  in  September,  1878, 
 of  which  he  has  the  pastoral  oversight  at  present. 
 Mr.  Watkins  is  a  godly  man,  a  diligent  pastor  and  a 
 profitable  preacher.  He  is  gentle  in  spirit  and  man- 
 ner, but  of  unswerving  principle;  thoroughly  in 
 accord  with  the  doctrinal  standards  of  the  Church 
 of  which  he  is  an  honored  and  able  minister,  and  yet 
 of  marked  independence  of  mind  and  character; 
 gracious  and  pleasing  in  his  intercourse  with  men, 
 yet  sincere  and  manly.  He  is  earnest  and  successful 
 in  the  gieat  work  to  which  his  life  is  consecrated. 
 
 Watson;  Rev.  John,  was  born  of  poor  but 
 respectable  parents,  west  of  the  mountains  of  Penn- 
 sylvania. When  a  boy,  he  lived  with  a  gentleman 
 keeping  a  tavern  and  retail  store,  who  taught  him 
 writing  and  arithmetic,  in  order  that  he  might  be  a 
 useful  a.ssistant  in  his  business.  Every  leisure  mo- 
 ment was  devoted  by  young  Watson  to  the  study  of 
 such  books  as  he  could  command.  Judge  Addison, 
 of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  the  Western  Dis- 
 trict of  Pennsylvania,  lodged  at  the  public  house 
 where  the  lad  lived,  and  returning  to  his  lodgings 
 one  night  at  a  late  hour,  after  the  family  had  retired 
 to  rest,  found  the  young  barkeeper  reading  Horace  by 
 lire-light.  The  Judge  promised  to  bring  him  suit- 
 able Ijooks  at  the  next  session  of  the  Court.     When 
 
WATSOX. 
 
 989 
 
 watson: 
 
 that  time  arrived,  Watson,  anticipating  the  hostler, 
 seized  the  bridle  of  Judge  Addison's  horse,  and  at 
 the  same  time  cast  an  impatient  look  at  the  port- 
 manteau. "  I  have  brought  you  the  books,  my  lad, ' ' 
 said  the  Judge.  ' '  Never, ' '  said  Watson,  when  relat- 
 ing this  incident,  "did  I  experience  a  more  joyful 
 moment.  My  heart  was  so  full  I  could  not  utter  a 
 word."  A  Latin  Grammar,  ^Esop's  Fables,  Selectie 
 Veteri  Testamento,  and  a  good  Latin  Dictionary, 
 formed  the  treasure. 
 
 Having  diligently  improved  himself,  as  he  had 
 leisure  in  his  business,  in  the  ancient  classics,  and  in 
 various  branches  of  literature  and  science,  young 
 Watson,  through  the  influence  of  Rev.  Dr.  John  5Ic- 
 Jlillan,  to  whom  his  worth  became  known,  was 
 appointed  as  assistant  teacher  in  the  Academy  of 
 Canonsburg.  After  eighteen  mouths  Dr.  McMillan 
 procured  him  a  place,  on  the  Leslie  Fund,  in  the 
 College  of  New  Jersey.  Here  he  took  charge  of  the 
 grammar  school,  in  order  to  sustain  himself,  in  part, 
 during  his  education,  and  at  the  same  time  recited  in 
 his  class.  During  his  college  course  he  w;is  distin- 
 guished for  his  excellent  standing  as  a  scholar,  for  his 
 amiable  disposition,  conciliatory  manners,  unblem- 
 ished morals,  and  unaffected  piety.  On  returning  to 
 his  native  State,  he  was  immediately  chosen  Princi- 
 pal of  the  Academy  at  Canonsburg,  and  soon  after, 
 by  an  able  and  powerful  appeal  to  the  Legislature, 
 he  obtained  the  charter  of  Jefferson  College. 
 
 Mr.  Watson  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  in 
 1798,  one  year  or  less  after  he  left  college.  Soon 
 after  his  licensure,  he  accepted  a  call  to  a  small  con- 
 gregation about  three  miles  from  Canonsburg,  and 
 continued  to  preach  regularly  to  this  people  on  the 
 Sabbath,  and  occasionally  on  week  days,  until  a  short 
 time  before  his  death,  which  occuiTcd  November  30th, 
 1802.  Mr.  Watson,  in  the  pulpit,  had  at  his  com- 
 mand a  ready  flow  of  simple,  chaste,  and  sometimes 
 elegant  language,  which  enabled  him  to  express  his 
 thoughts  without  effort,  in  the  most  intelligible  man- 
 ner. He  made  no  appeals  to  the  passions,  aiming 
 solely  to  enlighten  the  understanding  and  touch  the 
 conscience.  In  these  two  points  he  was  very  success- 
 ful; for  his  language  was  so  simple  and  natural 
 that  it  could  be  understood  by  a  child,  and  his  aim 
 so  honest  and  direct  that  it  brought  conviction  to 
 the  heart. 
 
 "Watson,  Rev.  Samuel  Lytle,  the  son  of  David 
 and  Margaret  (.^dams)  Watson,  wiis  born  at  Bethel, 
 York  county,  S.  C,  February  5th,  1798.  He  gradu- 
 ated from  South  Carolina  College  in  1820;  taught  for 
 two  years,  to  procure  the  means  of  continuing  his 
 studies;  entered  Princeton  Seminary  in  1823,  and  was 
 regularly  graduated  thence  in  1826;  was  licensed  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  South  Carolina,  November  17th, 
 1826;  went  immediately  as  a  missionary  to  .\labama, 
 then  a  new  and  thinly  settled  State,  where  he  re- 
 mained nearly  a  year,  Montgomery  being  the  chief 
 place  of  his  labor.     He  then  returned  and  was  or- 
 
 dained as  an  evangelLst  by  the  Presbytery  of  South 
 Carolina,  March  loth,  1828.  In  November  of  the 
 same  year  he  became  stated  supply  of  the  Steele 
 Creek  Church,  Mecklenburg  county,  N.  C. ,  and  was 
 installed  as  its  pastor  by  the  Concord  Presbj'tery, 
 May  22d,  1829.  Here  he  labored,  with  great  success, 
 and  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  people,  until  March 
 13th,  1840,  when  the  pastoral  relation  was  dissolved 
 on  his  acceptance  of  a  call  from  the  Bethel  Church, 
 S.  C,  over  which  he  was  installed,  April  25th,  1840. 
 In  this  church  he  labored  as  pastor  for  forty-two 
 years,  a  fact  that  speaks  volumes  for  the  faithfulness 
 and  the  devotion  of  the  pastor,  and  for  the  sincerity 
 of  the  people  iu  their  attachment  to  God's  worship 
 and  the  ambassador  whom  He  sent  to  them.  In  Sep- 
 tember, 1882,  he  asketl  the  Presbytery  to  dissolve 
 the  pastoral  relation,  on  account  of  the  infirmities 
 of  age,  which  rendered  him  unable  to  discharge  its 
 duties.  But  he  still  preached  as  opportunity  oc- 
 curred. His  last  sermon  was  on  the  third  Sabbath 
 before  his  death.  He  died,  November  13th,  1882,  in 
 his  eighty-fifth  year.  In  his  last  hours  he  was  calm 
 and  peaceful,  fully  sustained  by  the  hopes  of  the 
 gospel  he  had  so  long  and  laitbfully  preached.  Mr. 
 Watson  w;is  a  man  of  fine  personal  appearance,  cheer- 
 ful in  conver.sation,  with  a  voice  full  of  melody  in  age, 
 as  that  of  youth.  Quiet  and  unostentatious  in  all 
 that  he  did,  scrupulously  avoiding  everything  like 
 display,  he  exerted  a  gentle  yet  persistent  and  unfal- 
 tering influence  for  good,  which  only  the  registers  of 
 eternit}'  can  exliibit. 
 
 "Watson,  James  Clemson,  D.D.,  was  born  in 
 Donegal  township,  Lancaster  county.  Pa.,  January 
 27th,  1805;  graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey, 
 in  1827,  and  studied  theology  at  Princeton  Seminary. 
 He  was  licensed  by  the  Pre.sbytery  of  Philadelphia 
 April  22d,  1830;  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Carlisle,  October  14th,  1832,  and  on  the  same  day 
 was  installed  pastor  of  the  L'nited  churches  of  Get- 
 tj'sburg  and  Great  Conewago.  Here  he  labored 
 nearly  seventeen  years,  until  he  was  released, 
 August  29th,  1849.  His  next  charge  was  at  Clinton, 
 N.  J.,  where  he  was  installed,  November  21st,  1849, 
 and  was  released  December  3d,  1850.  His  third 
 charge  was  at  Kingston,  N.  J.,  where  he  was  in- 
 stalled February  19th,  1851,  and  was  released  Octo- 
 ber 17th,  1854.  His  fourth  and  last  charge  was  at 
 MUton,  Pa.,  where  he  was  installed  December  14th. 
 1854,  and  continued  until  he  was  released  by  death. 
 
 In  the  be;iutiful  region  of  the  Susquehanna,  where 
 Dr.  Watson  spent  the  last  quarter  of  a  century  of 
 his  life  and  ministry,  he  acquired  a  wide  and  great 
 influence.  His  ministerial  work  in  the  church  at 
 Milton  was  a  most  faithful  and  successful  one.  The 
 closing  months  of  his  life  were  darkened  by  the  great 
 misfortune  which  befell  his  town  and  congregation, 
 through  a  sweeping  conflagration,  in  which  their 
 plea-siint  house  of  worship  was  consumed.  He  was  a 
 man  of  positive  convictions,  and  was  quite  ready  to 
 
WATT. 
 
 990 
 
 WAVNE. 
 
 utter  them.  He  stood  in  the  old  patlis,  taught  the 
 old  theology,  and  strove  to  build  up  his  church  on 
 solid  Scriptural  foundations,  lie  died  August  31st, 
 18S0,  in  the  seventy-sixth  year  of  his  age. 
 
 Watt,  Rev.  James,  :i  graduate  of  Princeton  Col- 
 lege in  176:5,  was  ordained  and  installed  p:ustor  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Cliureh  at  Cape  M-'y,  N-  •!■,  l>y  the  First 
 Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  in  1770.  Mr.  Watt  died 
 November  li)th,  1789.  His  tombstone  has  the  fol- 
 lowing inscription : 
 
 "If  rlisintcrested  kindness,  integrity,  justice  and  tnitli  deserve 
 the  trilmlary  tear,  here  it  is  claimed." 
 
 Watt,  Rev.  James  B.,  was  born  in  Fairfield 
 Di.striet,  South  Carolina,  April  Ith,  1820.  After  .spend- 
 ing .some  time  in  ICrskine  College,  he  studied  theology 
 privately  with  James  Boyce,  D.  D.,  of  Due  West,  S.  C, 
 and  was  lieiiised  by  the  First  Presl)yt<'r3-  of  the  As- 
 sociate Reformed  Synod  of  the  South.  When  he  had 
 labored  some  years  successfully  in  several  congrega- 
 tions of  the  As.sociate  Reformed  Church,  he  changed 
 his  ecclesia-stical  connection,  being  received  into  Con- 
 cord Presbytery  in  1858,  immediately  after  which  he 
 took  charge  of  Big  Steel  Creek  and  Plea.sant  Hill 
 chnrclKS,  and  was,  in  a  short  time,  duly  installed. 
 Here,  for  nearly  two  years,  he  labored,  in  .season  and 
 out  of  season,  the  Lord  crowning  his  labors  with  suc- 
 cess and  giving  him  as  mui-h  favor  in  his  new  sphere 
 as  in  his  old.  He  died,  September  Ifith,  1860,  in  hope 
 of  a  blissful  immortality.  Mr.  Watt  was  popular  as 
 a  man  in  the  private  walks  of  life.  As  a  preacher, 
 he  w:us  equally  popular — always  instructive  and  reach- 
 ing the  hearts  of  his  hearers.  As  a  pastor,  he  was 
 laborious,  preaching  from  house  to  house.  He  was 
 the  author  of  several  meritorious  versifications  of 
 choice  Psalms,  and,  as  correspondent  of  Thf  Due  West 
 Trii'arnpr,  he  wrote  freely  for  tin;  press. 
 
 Waugh,  Rev.  Samuel,  w;i.s  a  native  of  Penn- 
 sylvania. He  was  licensi^d  by  Donegal  Presbytery 
 in  1777,  and  was  settled  a-s  the  pastor  of  the  united 
 churches  of  Pennsborough  and  Monoghan,  Pa.,  in 
 1782,  in  which  relation  hi'  continued  till  bis  death, 
 in  January,  1807.  Mr.  Waugh  was  a  sound  divine, 
 a  very  acceptable  preacher  and  highly  esteemed  by 
 his  people. 
 
 Waxier,  William  Hall,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
 phia, December  i:5th,  1837.  He  received  his  educa- 
 tion mainly  at  Port  Royal  Seminary,  a  Mathematical 
 and  Cl:ussical  Institute,  near  Frankford.  He  gradu- 
 ated from  the  Law  Departuu'ut  of  the  University  of 
 Penn.sylvania,  .Tuly  3d,  18(!0;  was  admittjd  to  the 
 Bar,  Jantiary  l!tth,  1861,  and  at  once  energetically 
 engaged  in  practice.  He  is  a  prominent  member  of 
 and  ruling  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He 
 was  one  of  the  originators  and  Secretary  of  the 
 Frankford  and  Philadelphia  Passenger  R;iilway  Com- 
 pany, afterward  merged  into  t)ie  Second  and  Third 
 Streets  road,  and  is  an  oflicer  in  various  other  local 
 corporations,  including  the  North  Cedar  Hill  Ceme- 
 tery  Company,  of  which   he   is  a  Director  and   an 
 
 originator.  He  has  earnestly  devoted  himself  to  his 
 profession,  in  which  he  has  been  very  successful  by 
 his  strong  intellect  and  inherent  energy. 
 
 Wayland,  Abraham,  M.  D.,  was  a  native  of 
 Virginia,  born  in  1792.  After  pursuing  the  practice 
 of  medicine  in  that  State  until  1837,  he  went  to  Mis- 
 souri, aiul  settled  in  Clarke  county.  He  was  confi- 
 dent of  his  eou\ersion  in  early  childhood,  but  he  did 
 not  publicly  confess  Clirist  until  18:52.  In  the  year 
 1S16,  the  year  in  which  the  first  Presbyterian  organi- 
 zation was  formed  on  Missouri  soil,  he  organized 
 what  he  believed  to  hsTve  been  the  first  Sabbath  school 
 west  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  Soon  after  his  removal  to 
 Mis.souri,  he  and  his  brother  began  holding  a  prayer- 
 meeting  at  St.  Francasville,  which  culminated  in  a 
 revival  of  great  power,  and  which  was  conducted 
 by  them  three  weeks  without  the  presence  of  a 
 preacher.  As  the  result  of  this  meeting,  a  large 
 numberof  persons  were  converted,  and  three  churches 
 were  organized  in  the  town,  one  of  them  a  Presby- 
 terian church,  known  as  the  DesMoines  Church,  of 
 which  Dr.  Wayland  became  an  elder.  Those  three 
 churches  were  the  first  of  any  kind  organized  in 
 Clarke  county. 
 
 Dr.  Wayland  was  "not  slothful  in  business, "  and 
 by  means  of  a  lucrative  practice  he  was  blessed 
 with  large  fortune.  To  give  of  his  means  to  the 
 Lord  was  a  joyful  privilege  and  pleasant  duty;  and 
 he  was  enabled  to  give  during  his  life  the  sum  of 
 seventi/  thoumnd  dollars,  one-third  of  his  entire  estate. 
 His  piety  was  no 'less  conspicuous  by  the  fervency  of 
 spirit  with  which  he  served  the  Lord.  He  was  a 
 man  of  faith,  prayer  and  earnest  attachment  to  God's 
 House.  His  presence  and  counsel  in  the  courts  of 
 the  Church  will  long  be  remembered  by  those  who 
 had  the  privilege  of  his  fellowship  there.  Dr.  Waj'- 
 land,  full  of  years  and  blessing,  passed  to  his  reward 
 April  21st,  187."). 
 
 Wayne,  Rev.  Benjamin,  w;is  born  June  4tli, 
 1824,  in  New  Orleans,  La. ;  graduated  at  Oakland 
 College,  Jli.ss.,  in  184.5;  at  Princeton  Seminary  in 
 1848,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Second  Presbytery  of 
 Philadelphia,  October  6th,  1847.  Mr.  Wayne  never 
 w;is  an  installed  pastor.  He  was  called  to  become 
 piistor  of  the  Church  at  Plaquemine,  Iberville  Parish, 
 La.,  in  18.50.  He  declined  the  call,  but  served  that 
 Church  as  stated  supply  for  six  years,  IS.jO  to  1856. 
 In  1860  h(^  began  to  preach  in  what  was  then  known 
 as  .lefterson  City,  a  suburb  of  New  Orleans,  now  an- 
 nexed to  it,  and  called  the  Sixth  District  of  the  city. 
 In  1861  a  church  wa.s  organized  there,  now  known 
 as  the  Napoleon  Avenue  Presbj-terian  Church,  which 
 Mr.  Wayne  continued  to  supply  until  his  death. 
 From  1856  to  1860,  inclusive,  he  acted  as  Agent  for 
 the  Trustees  of  the  Synodieal  Board  of  Publication, 
 first  for  the  collection  of  funds  in  the  Synod  of  Mis- 
 sissippi, and  afterwards  in  the  general  management  of 
 its  book-store  in  New  Orleans.  In  addition  to  his 
 duties  as  preacher  iuid  agent,  in  1869,  he  accepted  a 
 
WEA  VER. 
 
 991 
 
 WEED. 
 
 position  ;vs  princiiial  iu  a  public  school  iu  New 
 Orleans,  which  he  held  until  near  the  time  of  his 
 death.  This  event  occurred  August  21st,  1879.  Mr. 
 Wayne  was  a  useful  citizen  and  an  assiduous  and 
 earnest  minister,  laboring  with  untiring  zeal  where 
 his  lot  had  been  cast,  among  all  classes  and  condi- 
 tions of  people.  He  had  won  the  esteem  and  regard 
 of  all  who  knew  him. 
 
 "Weaver,  Philip,  ruling  elder.  Mr.  Weaver  was 
 born  iu  Manchester  county,  Md.,  May  31st,  1806. 
 Kemoved  in  early  life  to  Selma,  Ala.,  where  he  died, 
 September  4th,  1875.  He  was  installed  as  elder  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Selma,  Ala.,  in  June, 
 1846.  At  that  time  Selma  was  a  small  village,  and 
 the  church  but  recently  organized.  As  a  successful 
 merchant,  in  a  growing  town,  he  wielded  an  immense 
 influence  for  good.  The  old  records  show  that  lie  was 
 regular  in  his  attendance  upon  the  meetings  of  Session, 
 and  faithful  iu  taking  heed  to  himself,  to  all  the  flock 
 over  which  the  Holy  Ghost  had  made  him  an  overseer. 
 During  successive  pastorates  he  stood  in  his  lot  as  a 
 ruler ;  and  to  his  liberal  contributions,  unobtrusive 
 piety,  untiring  energy  aud  fervent  prayer,  much  of 
 the  growth  of  this  church  is  to  be  attrilmted.  Hav- 
 ing served  his  generation  well  and  faithl'ully,  he  "fell 
 asleep,"  iu  a  good  old  age,  beloved  by  all. 
 
 "Webb,  Rev.  Joseph,  the  son,  probably,  of  the 
 minister  of  Green's  Farms,  Conn.,  graduated  at  Yale 
 in  1715,  and  became  a  member  of  Synod  in  1720, 
 being  the  pastor  of  Newark.  He  is  said  to  have 
 been  dismissed  from  his  pastoral  charge  in  1736;  his 
 name  is  mentioned  as  a  member  of  Sj'uod  till  1740. 
 He  and  his  son,  a  student  in  Yale  College,  were 
 drowned,  October  21st,  1741,  while  crossing  the  ferry 
 at  Saybi'oo'k,  Conn. 
 
 "Webb,  Rev.  Robert  A.,  second  .son  of  Robert 
 C.  and  Elizabeth  (Dootch)  Webb,  was  born  in  La- 
 fayette county,  near  Oxford,  Miss.,  September  20th, 
 1856;  entered  Culleoka  Institute,  in  Maury  county, 
 Tenn.,  in  1871,  and  after  remaining  there  three  years 
 and  a  half,  eutered  the  Sophomore  Class  in  Stewart 
 College,  now  the  Southwestern  Presbyterian  Uni- 
 versity, at  Clarksvillc,  Tenn.,  and  graduated,  with  the 
 honors  of  the  class,  in  1877.  In  September  of  the 
 same  year  he  entered  the  Theologiciil  Seminary  at 
 Columbia,  S.  C,  and  completed  the  course  iu  May, 
 1880.  He  was  licensed  at  McMinnville,  Tenn.,  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Nashville,  April  19th,  1880,  and 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Bethel,  S.  C,  April 
 1st,  1882.  After  this,  Mr.  Webb  supplied  Moore  Me- 
 morial Church,  Nashville,  Tenn.,  the  Pre-sbyterian 
 Church  at  Albany,  Ga.,  and  the  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Charleston,  S.  C.  He  is  now  settled  as 
 pastor  over  Bethel  Church,  Y'ork  county,  S.  C. 
 
 "Webster,  Rev.  Richard,  was  born  in  Albany, 
 X.  Y'.,  July  14th,  1811,  and  early  became  a  subject 
 of  converting  grace.  He  graduated  at  Union  College 
 in  1829,  aud  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary  iu 
 1834.     He  was  anxious  to  go  on  a  foreign  mission  to 
 
 India,  but  his  deafness  proved  an  insurmountable 
 obstacle.  He  then  determined  to  devote  himself  to 
 missionary  labors  at  home.  He  began  his  career  at 
 South  Eastou,  but  shortly  after  organized  a  church 
 at  Mauch  Chunk,  November  1st,  1835,  over  which  he 
 was  settled  as  pastor.  His  labors  were  not  contined 
 to  this  spot,  but  extended  over  the  coal  region  in 
 the  counties  of  Lehigh,  Northam]>ton,  Columbia,  etc. 
 He  aided  in  founding  a  dozen  churches,  and  was  the 
 father  of  Luzerne  Presbytery.  He  died  June  19th, 
 1856,  in  the  forty-fifth  year  of  his  age. 
 
 When  it  wiis  announced  to  him  that  he  was  dying, 
 he  expressed  his  doubts,  because  he  felt  naturally, 
 and  in  the  full  possession  of  all  his  faculties.  "  If  it 
 be  death,  it  is  such  a  death  as  1  have  never  dreamed 
 of.  I  never  dreamed  of  such  a  heaven.  It  is  most 
 glorious,  but,  what  is  wonderful,  it  is  not  strange. 
 It  is  only  a  brighter  home. ' '  Such  was  the  euthanasia 
 of  this  excellent  man,  expiring  in  the  prime  of  life. 
 
 Mr.  Webster  had  a  tenacious  memory,  a  fondness 
 for  antiquarian  lore  and  a  familiarity  with  the  details 
 of  church  history  that  was  astonishing.  His  deafness 
 and  near-sighteduess  drove  him  to  solitiiry  studies, 
 particularly  in  the  line  of  historical  research.  He 
 had  poetical  gifts,  but  published  nothing.  He  was 
 genial  and  social,  given  to  .sportive  and  .satirical  sal- 
 lies, full  of  anecdote  and  sparkling  wit,  yet,  withal, 
 a  man  of  prayer,  submitting  with  patience  to  his  lot, 
 and  exemplary  as  a  pastor,  attentive  and  tender  in 
 affliction.  He  was  a  frequent  correspondent  for  the 
 religious  periodicals,  under  the  signature  of  K.  H. 
 He  prepared  a  "Digest  of  the  Acts  of  the  General 
 Assembly,"  and  materials  for  a  "History  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,"  published  as  a  posthumous 
 work  by  the  Presbyterian  Historical  Society. 
 
 "Webster,  Rev.  Samuel  Eyres,  was  born  in 
 Chester  county.  Pa.,  July  26th,  1848;  studied  theo- 
 logy at  Princeton  Seminary,  and  was  ordained  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Westminster,  Ajjril  11th,  1871.  He 
 was  pastor  of  Bellevue  Church,  Gap,  Pa.,  1871-5;  of 
 the  First  Church,  Mansfield  (Washington),  N.  J., 
 187.5-80,  to  which  chiuches  more  than  500  persous 
 were  added  during  his  ministry,  and  since  the  latter 
 year  has  had  charge  of  the  First  Church,  WUliams- 
 port.  Pa.,  where  his  labors  have  been  signally  blessed. 
 He  is  a  thoroughly  orthodox,  strong  and  impres- 
 sive preacher,  and  a  most  laborious  pastor.  He 
 is  loyal  to  the  Standards  an<l  faithful  iu  presenting 
 the  doctrines  of  the  Church.  He  is  a  bold  and  coura- 
 geous man  of  God,  and  denounces  sin  in  its  various 
 forms  with  an  uncompromising  voice.  He  is  one  of 
 the  rising  pjistors  of  the  Church,  and  stands  in  the 
 front  ranks  of  the  young  preachers  of  our  day.  {See 
 First  PrcAytcrian  Church,  M'illiamsport,  Pa.) 
 
 Weed,  Henry  Ro'wland,  D.  D.,  was  born  at 
 Ballston,  N.  Y.,  July  20th,  17S9;  graduated  at  Union 
 College  in  1812,  and  at  Princeton  Theological  Semi- 
 nary in  1815.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  New  York,  January  4th,  1816;  wiis  pastor  at  Ja- 
 
WEIR. 
 
 992 
 
 WELCH. 
 
 maica,  L.  I.,  N.  Y.,  1816-22  ;  pastor  of  the  First 
 Church,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  1822-29;  Agent  of  the  Board 
 of  Education,  1830-32;  stated  supply  of  the  First 
 Church.  Whecliuj;,  Vu.,  for  some  months,  then  pastor 
 until  UTO,  tliouj^h  for  a  few  years  preceding  his 
 resignation,  through  the  infinuities  of  age,  the  active 
 duties  of  the  pulpit  and  pastorate  devolved  upon  his 
 Junior  co-piistor,  the  Kev.  D.  W.  Fisher.  Dr.  Weed 
 was  an  able,  earnest,  faithful  and  successful  preacher. 
 He  contributed  occasionally  anonymous  Articles  to 
 the  religious  periodicals  of  the  Church,  including 
 the  Biblical  Repertory,  but  avoided  regular  authorship. 
 For  the  ase  of  his  own  Bible  cUuss,  he  published  a 
 series  of  questions  on  the  Confession  of  Faith,  which 
 was  aft4Twar(ls  j)ublislu'd  by  the  Presbyterian  Board 
 (if  Publication.  He  died  at  Philadelphia,  December 
 nth,  1M70. 
 
 "Weir,  James  Wallace,  was  bom  at  Harri.sburg, 
 Pa.,  August  9th,  1805.  His  great-grandfathers,  Weir 
 and  Wallace,  fought  together  in  the  siege  of  Derry; 
 their  grandchildren  (Samuel  Weir  and  Mary  Wal- 
 lace) met  ou  the  bank  of  the  Susquehanna  a  hundred 
 years  after,  aiul  were  united  in  marriage. 
 
 In  1824  ilr.  WVir  undertook  to  edit  a  small  religi- 
 ous paper,  and  with  this  view  learned  type-setting. 
 Whilst  thus  engaged,  he  received  an  appointment  in 
 a  bank  at  Rarrisburg,  which  he  accepted.  For  five 
 years  he  was  clerk  in  the  Branch  Bank  of  Pennsyl- 
 vania, located  there;  for  eleven  years  he  was  Teller 
 in  the  Harrisburg  Bauk,  and  for  thirty-one  years  was 
 Ca.shicr  of  the  same  Institution,  which  is  now  known 
 a-s  the  Harrisburg  National  Hauk,  and  which,  under 
 his  cjishiersliip,  greatly  ])ros])ered. 
 
 ilr.  Weir  w;is  a  writer  of  force  and  varied  ability, 
 and  the  author  of  several  poems  of  much  merit  The 
 primipal  productions  of  his  pen  are  a  "  Treati.se  on 
 Sabbath-school  In.struction,"  "  Duties  of  Laymen, " 
 aud  "Social  Prayer,"  all  of  which  were  received  with 
 marked  favor,  and  recommended  by  gentlemen  of 
 high  literary  standing. 
 
 Mr.  Weir  w;us  an  elder  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 at  Harrisburg,  from  IHIJl  until  his  death;  was  con- 
 nected with  the  Sunday  school  about  til'ty  year.s,  and 
 Wits  Superintendent  of  the  sc:h()i)l  of  that  Church  for 
 over  forty  years.  I  le  was  one  of  the  first,  firmest  and 
 most  influential  friends  of  the  anti-slavery  and  tem- 
 perance caases.  In  18.59,  ho  Wius  elected  a  corjMjrate 
 member  of  the  Americivn  Board  of  Commissioners  for 
 Foreign  Missions,  and  long  continued  to  promote  its 
 interests  in  every  way  in  his  power. 
 
 Mr.  Weir  resided,  with  the  exception  of  si.\  month.s, 
 in  the  city  of  his  birth,  and  his  .steadliust  residence 
 oidy  tended  to  increxse  liis  inlluence  and  to  endear 
 him  more  and  more  to  his  neighlmrs.  On  his  seven- 
 tieth birtliday  the  personal  friends  of  the  distin- 
 guished financier  united  in  an  ovatiou  of  respect  to 
 him,  such  as  is  not  often  paid  to  men  who  had  a  purely 
 jirivate  character.  Xo  man  better  deserved  it  than 
 James  Wallace  Weir.     No  man  iu  the  State  had  a 
 
 more  unsullied  reputation,  and  no  man  in  any  com- 
 munity, reaching  the  age  of  seventy,  had  a  purer 
 personal  reputation.  Uprightness,  benevolence, 
 energy,  geniality,  courage  in  duty,  fidelity  in  earth's 
 various  relations,  all  sanctified  and  adorned  by  re- 
 ligion, eminently  marked  his  .symmetrical  character. 
 
 Welch,  Ransom  Bethune,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  is  a 
 native  of  Greenville,  N.  Y.  He  graduated  from 
 Union  College  in  1846,  and  studied  theology  at 
 Andover  and  Auburn.  Ordained  and  installed  at 
 Gilloa,  N.  Y.,  by  the  Classis  of  Schoharie,  1854; 
 Gilloa,  1854-6;  CatskUl,  1856-69;  Professor  oft 
 Logic,  Rhetoric  and  English  Literature  in  Union 
 College,  1860-76,  and  since  1S76,  has  been  Professor 
 of  Christian  Theology  iu  Auburn  Seminary.  He 
 received  the  degree  of  D.D.,  from  Kutgers  College  iu 
 1868,  also  from  the  University  of  the  City  of  Jvew 
 York,  1868,  and  the  degree  of  LL.D.,  from  Maryville 
 College,  1872.  Dr.  Welsh  is  an  eminent  scholar,  a 
 forcible  writer  and  an  instructor  of  marked  ability. 
 He  has  published  "  Notes  on  Theology,"  "  Faith  and 
 Modern  Doubt."  also  many  articles,  addresses,  etc. 
 
 Welch,  Thomas  R.,  D.  D.,  son  of  John  Welch 
 
 THOMAS  B.  WELCH,  D.  D. 
 
 and  B.  J.  Hiee,  was  born  in  Je,s.samine  comity,  Ky., 
 September  l.lth,  1^2.").  }la\ing  ]>ursued  preparatory 
 -study  at  Bethel  .Vcademy,  iu  Nicholsville,  he  entered 
 Centre  College,  May,  1844,  and  was  graduated,  A.  B., 
 September,  1846.  After  a  year  spent  in  reading  law 
 and  teaching  school,  he  passed  to  the  Theological 
 Seminary  at  Princeton,  in  September,  1847,  where 
 hi'  remained  two  sessions  and  was  then  licensed  to 
 preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  West  Lexington,  Sep- 
 
WELLFORD. 
 
 893 
 
 WENTWORTH. 
 
 terabcr,  1849.  During  the  next  year  he  supplied 
 the  pulpit  at  AVarsaw,  Ky.,  after  which  he  resumed 
 his  theological  studies  in  the  Xew  Albany  (Ind.) 
 Seminary,  from  which  he  received  the  usual  certifi- 
 cate, May,  1851.  Proceeding  at  once  to  take  charge 
 of  the  Church  at  Helena,  Ark.,  he  remained  there 
 eight  years,  when  he  w;is  called  to  the  Church  at 
 Little  Rock.  His  ordination  took  place  at  the  hands 
 of  the  Presbytery  of  Arkansas,  iu  session  at  Batcs- 
 ville,  April  11th,  18.Vi. 
 
 He  became  pastor  of  the  First  Church  at  Little 
 Rock,  the  capital  of  the  State,  iu  December,  18.")!). 
 There  he  still  abides,  beloved  of  men  and  approved 
 of  God. 
 
 His  uhim  muter  conferred  ou  him  the  degi-ee  of  D.  D. , 
 in  1870.  In  1872  he  was  Moderator  of  the  General 
 Assembly  at  Richmond,  Va.  In  1877  he  was  a  mem- 
 ber of  the  First  General  Presbyterian  Council  at 
 Edinburgh.  Iu  1880  he  represented  the  State  of 
 .\rkaMsas  at  the  Centenary  Sunday-school  Celebra- 
 tion iu  London.  He  is  President  of  the  Board  of 
 Trustees  of  Arkansas  College,  and  a  Director  of  the 
 Southwestern  Presbyterian  University  at  Clarksville, 
 Tenn.,  of  which  Institution  he  was,  a  year  ago. 
 elected  a  Professor  and  Vice-Chaucellor;  a  positiou 
 he  declined,  in  obedience  to  the  decision  of  his  Pres- 
 bytery that  he  .should  not  leave  his  pastoral  charge. 
 
 Dr.  Welch  has  had  a  busy  life,  and  nuide  au  envi- 
 able record.  Of  fine  presence,  genial  manners,  read.\ 
 sympathy,  he  finds  welcome  everywhere.  Especially 
 are  they  attached  to  him  who  have  experience  of  his 
 wise  and  faithful  pastoral  ministry  in  seasons  of 
 perplexity,  wandering,  sickness  or  sorrow.  A  well- 
 grounded  theologian,  a  clear  thinker,  a  lucid  ex- 
 positor, he  is  a  model  preacher  of  the  go.spel,  rightly 
 dividing  the  Word,  shunning  not  to  declare  all  the 
 counsel  of  God,  feeding  the  flock,  and  warning  and 
 entreating  them  who  arc  without. 
 
 By  long  residence,  abundant  labors,  eminent  ad- 
 ministrative ability.  Dr.  Welch  is  the  Presbyterian 
 Nestor  of  Arkansas,  and  no  man  iu  the  State  is  held 
 in  higher  esteem  or  wields  a  stronger  influence. 
 
 Wellford,  Hon.  Beverly  Randolph,  third 
 son  of  Dr.  Beverly  R.  Wellford,  President  of  National 
 Medical  Association,  1853,  and  Professor  of  Materia 
 Medica,  in  the  Medical  College  of  Virginia,  1854-70; 
 was  born  in  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  May  10th,  1828. 
 Mr.  Wellford  graduated  in  the  Centennial  Class,  1847, 
 of  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  and  began  the  practice 
 of  law  in  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  in  September,  1849. 
 In  1854  he  removed  to  Richmond,  Va.,  where  he 
 continued  the  practice  of  his  profession,  and  was 
 elected,  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Virginia,  Judge 
 of  the  Seventh  Judicial  Circuit,  including  the  city 
 of  Richmond  and  county  of  Henrico,  in  JIarch,  1870, 
 and  re-elected  by  the  General  Assembly,  December, 
 1878,  for  an  additional  term  of  eight  years.  He  was 
 baptized  in  the  Presbyterian  Church,  of  Fredericks- 
 burg, Va.,  of  which  both  his  parents  were  members, 
 63 
 
 under  the  ministry  of  Rev.  Samuel  B.  WUson,  n.D., 
 who  died  when  a  Professor  in  Union  Theological 
 Seminary.  Judge  Wellford  w;is  received  as  a  coni- 
 municaut  in  the  sxime  church,  on  profession  of  faith, 
 in  1853,  and  afterward  removed  to  Richmond,  where 
 he  w-as  ordained  as  ruling  elder,  in  the  First  I'res- 
 byterian  Church,  in  1857;  was  elected  by  the  Southern 
 
 U0.\.    BEVKULy    ft.VNnuLI'II    WELLFORD. 
 
 General  A.ssembly,  in  18(i(;,  a  member  of  the  "Com- 
 mittee of  Publicati(m,"  which  position  he  .still  fills. 
 
 Wentworth,  Stephen  Girard,  belonged  to 
 that  large  and  \vell-knowu  family  which  came  to 
 this  country  from  England  many  years  ago.  He  was 
 born  iu  Williamstown,  Mass.,  October,  1811.  Early 
 in  life,  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  and  without  means,  he 
 came  to  Monroe  county  (now),  W.  \a.,  where  he  re- 
 mained for  six  years.  In  1837  he  nu)ved  to  Browns- 
 ville, Saline  county.  Mo.,  where  he  resided  for  threi; 
 years.  He  removed  to  Lafayette  county.  Mo.,  iu 
 1840,  where  he  has  since  lived,  uu).st  of  the  tinu-  in 
 Lexington. 
 
 Mr.  Wentworth  united  with  the  (O.  S.)  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Lexington,  JIo.,  in  1844,  then  under 
 the  ministry  of  Dr.  J.  L.  Yantis.  He  w;is,  in  1847, 
 elected  deacon,  and  served  the  Church  faithfully 
 as  treasurer  for  many  years.  In  1872,  having  "ob- 
 tained a  good  degree,"  he  was  chosen  ruling  elder, 
 which  office  beheld  while  he  lived. 
 
 By  industry,  energy,  frugality  and  wisdom,  he  soon 
 began  to  acquire  property,  which  he  not  only  kept 
 and  increased,  but  used  wisely  and  well.  Besides 
 .sharing  in  every  good  word  and  work  in  his  church 
 and  community,  and  conferring  many  private  benefac- 
 
WEST. 
 
 994 
 
 WESTESX  SEMIKAHr. 
 
 ticms  of  which  the  public  knew  nothing,  he  gave 
 largely  to  the  cause  of  eiluaition.  The  "  Elizabeth 
 AuU  Seminary,"'  a  school  for  young  ladies  belonging 
 to  his  church,  more  than  once  received  substantial 
 tokens  of  his  friendship,  while  the  "  Weutworth 
 JIale  Academy,"  of  Lexington,  Mo.,  owes  its  exist- 
 ence to  his  liberality,  and  will  doubtless  long  perpet- 
 uate his  name  and  that  of  his  son,  in  whose  memory 
 it  was  founded. 
 
 As  a  Christian,  Mr.  Weutworth  was  (juiet  and  un- 
 assuming, but  earnest  and  sincere;  as  an  officer,  he 
 was  "  found  faithful,''  always  ready  to  do  the  duty 
 laid  on  hira;  as  a  friend  and  neighbor,  he  was  peace- 
 able, generous  and  kind,  and  as  a  citizen,  tru.stworthy 
 and  large-he;irted.  A  good  man  and  true,  he  loved 
 God  and  served  his  generation  by  the  will  of  God. 
 
 "West,  Nathanael,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  the  prov- 
 ince of  Ulster,  Ireland,  in  the  year  1794;  pursued  his 
 theologiciil  studies  in  Edinburgh,  and  entered  the 
 ministry  in  1820,  in  the  Independi'ut  connection. 
 He  emigrated  to  this  country  in  1834,  and  was  in- 
 stalled pastor  of  the  Church  of  Meadville,  Pa.,  May 
 11th,  1836.  This  relation  continued  until  June  2Gth, 
 1838.  He  subse(iuently  labored  at  Northeast,  Pa.; 
 Monroe,  Mich. ;  Pittsburg,  McKeesport,  Belmont  and 
 Hestonville  (united).  Pa.  He  died  September  2d, 
 1804. 
 
 Dr.  West  was  endowed  by  nature  with  a  stalwart 
 frame,  great  powers  of  endurance,  and  an  energy  that 
 was  almost  invincible  under  ordinary  difficulties.  In 
 mind  he  was  gifted  above  the  ordinary  range  of  men. 
 although  his  mental  characteristics  were  peculiar. 
 His  powers  of  analysis  and  his  strength  of  memorj- 
 were  astonishing.  His  knowledge  of  the  Scriptures 
 Wiis  such,  that  he  could  not  only  quote  at  length 
 verbatim,  but  give  chapter  and  verse.  In  this  respect 
 he  wiLS  almost  literally  a  living  concordance.  As  a 
 preacher,  he  was  original,  fluent  and  eminently  Scrip- 
 tural and  instructive.  In  the  Old  Testament  Scrip- 
 tures, in  every  tree  and  shrub,  in  every  nail  and 
 stone  of  the  temple,  he  .saw  something  that  pointed 
 to  the  gospel  -and  the  work  of  Christ.  From  his 
 treasure  he  brought  forth  things  new  and  old. 
 
 Westcott,  Lorenzo,  was  bom  July  21st,  1828, 
 at  Fairton,  N.  J.  He  graduated  at  the  College  of 
 New  Jersey,  at  Princeton,  in  18.52,  and  at  the  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  there,  in  18.5.').  He  was  Tutor  in 
 Princeton  College  from  .January  to  June,  1850;  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  April 
 26th,  18.54 ;  from  May  to  December,  1855,  supplied 
 the  pulpit  of  the  First  Church  of  Wilmington,  Del., 
 in  the  absence  of  its  pastor ;  was  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Na.s.sau,  October  ICth,  1850,  in  Brook- 
 lyn, N.  Y.,  and  on  the  same  day  installed  as  pastor 
 of  the  Greene  Avenue  Church  in  that  city,  where  he 
 labored  until  that  relation  was  di.s.s()lve<l,  A])ril  21.st, 
 1858.  He  then  became  p;istor  of  the  Warrior  Run 
 Church,  at  McEwcnsville,  Pa.,  over  which  he  was  in- 
 stalled by  the  Presbytery  of  Northumberland,  June 
 
 15th,  1859.  Here  he  labored  faithfully  and  success- 
 fully, being  greatly  beloved,  until  he  was  released, 
 May  2d,  1805. 
 
 On  June  1st,  1865,  Mr.  Westcott  became  Professor 
 in  Lincoln  University,  Chester  county.  Pa.,  and  con- 
 tinued to  labor  wLth  great  assiduity  in  that  pasition 
 until  June  30th,  1872,  when  he  entered  upon  a  Pro- 
 fessorship in  Howard  University,  at  Washington, 
 D.  C,  continuing  to  fill  it  until  his  death,  which 
 occurred  June  5th,  1879.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
 purity  of  life,  a  courteous  gentleman,  a  wise  presbyter, 
 a  faithful  minister  of  the  gospel,  an  able  Professor, 
 a  warm-hearted  Christian.  He  was  profoundly  in- 
 terested in  the  eduaition  and  elevation  of  the  colored 
 race,  and  zealoasly  consecrated  thereto  his  strength 
 and  talents  and  skill.  Great  numbers  of  those  whom 
 he  taught  and  helped  deeply  mourned  his  departure. 
 
 "Western  Theological  Seminary,  Allegheny, 
 Pa.  The  founders  of  this  Institution  were  among 
 the  most  sagacious  and  penetrating  men  of  their 
 times.  And  yet  the  title  by  which  they  desired  that 
 it  should  be  known,  shows  how  limited  were  their 
 conceptions  of  the  developments  which  were  to  occur 
 in  the  early  future  of  our  country.  They  called  it 
 the  Western  Theological  Seminary,  a  designation 
 which,  though  appropriate  then,  could  only  be 
 thought  of  now  for  a  theological  Institution  located 
 on  the  Pacific  coast. 
 
 A  complete  history  of  this  seminary  was  prepared 
 .some  years  ago.  by  the  Rev.  .Tames  I.  Brownson,  D.D., 
 and  maybe  fqund  in  the  "Centenary  Memorial,"  a 
 volume  published  at  Pittsburg,  in  1876.  From  this 
 record,  containing  a  graceful  tribute  to  the  character 
 and  usefulness  of  the  Institution,  much  of  the  follow- 
 ing has  been  condensed. 
 
 With  a  desire  to  provide  for  the  great  Valley  of  the 
 Mississippi,  the  General  Assembly  of  1825  resolved 
 that  it  was  expedient  to  establish  a  theological  .seminary 
 in  the  West.  Five  coramLssioners  were  appointed 
 to  examine  sites  and  report  to  the  Directors.  These 
 commissioners  were:  General  Andrew  .Tackson,  of 
 Tennessee;  Hon.  Benjamin  MilLs,  of  Kentucky ;  Hon. 
 John  Thompson,  of  Ohio;  Rev.  Messrs.  Obadiah  Jen- 
 nings and  Andrew  Wylie,  of  Pennsylvania. 
 
 The  first  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Directors  was 
 held  in  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  July  1.5th,  1*25,  and  in 
 November  of  tlie  same  year  they  met  in  Washington, 
 Pa.  In  April,  1826,  they  convened  in  ^^^leeling, 
 Va.,  when,  after  considering  oilers,  nine  of  which 
 were  from  Ohio,  one  from  Indiana,  and  two  from 
 Pennsylvania,  a  decision  was  made  in  favor  of  Alle- 
 gheny, Pa.  Sharp  competition  had  been  displayed 
 in  reaching  this  result,  and  when  the  report  w;ls 
 made  in  the  General  Assembly,  the  contest  was  re- 
 newed. With  the  hope  of  securing  harmony,  the 
 subject  was  referred  to  the  A.ssembly  of  1>*27,  liy 
 which,  in  due  time,  th(!  .selection  of  Allegheny  was 
 confirmed. 
 
 The  offer  made  bv  Alleghenv  was  a  donation  of 
 
WESTERS  THEOIOGICAI.  6EM1NAKV,  IILEUHEST,  PA. 
 
WESTERX  THEOLOGICAL 
 
 99fi 
 
 SEMI. y Any.  alleghexv,  pa. 
 
 |SJO,000  in  installments,  together  with  the  release  of 
 eighteen  iicres  from  the  one  linudrcil  whi<h  had  beeii 
 set  apart  in  the  original  li)cation  of  the  town  for  the 
 purpose  of  a  common  pa-iture,  these  eighteen  acres 
 being  worth  in  fee  simple  about  $30,000.  The 
 acceptance  of  these  acres  became  the  occasion  of  pro- 
 tracted and  vexatious  litigation,  which  was  only  ter- 
 minated December  3d,  1849,  when  all  the  ground, 
 except  about  one  acre,  Wiis  deeded  to  the  city  of 
 Allegheny,  under  the  obligation  of  a  perpetual  lease, 
 the  city,  on  the  other  hand,  landing  itself  for  a  per- 
 petual loan  of  $:{r).()0(),  with  an  interest  of  S-JIOO,  to' 
 be  paid  semi-annuaHy. 
 
 Tlie  original  location  of  the  seminary  building  was 
 on  what  is  now  known  a.s  Monument  Hill,  a  very  ex- 
 pensive excjivation  having  been  necessary  to  prepare 
 for  the  substantial,  capacious  and  imposing  building, 
 which  in  due  time  appeared.  Though  portions  of  the 
 interior  were  in  an  unfinished  condition  for  several 
 j'ears,  it  was,  nevertheless,  ready  for  occupation  in 
 the  Spring  of  1*31.  It  contained  a  cbiipcl,  with  a 
 gallery,  in  which  was  the  library,  and  about  eighty 
 dormitories  for  stuihnts.  This  building,  with  which 
 many  interesting  and  precious  recollections  are  con- 
 nected, was  destroyed  by  fire  in  the  Winter  of  1854. 
 The  difficulty  of  securing  an  adequate  supply  of 
 water  for  ordinary  purposes  had  always  been  one  of 
 the  penalties  of  the  elevated  location,  and  when  the 
 building  w;us  found  to  be  on  fire,  its  rapid  destruction 
 was  regarded  ii-s  inevitable,  mo.st  of  the  inmates 
 escaping  with  the  loss  of  all  they  possessed. 
 
 As  negotiations  with  the  city  had  already  resulted 
 in  an  agreement  to  relinqui.sh  the  location  on  Monu- 
 ment Hill,  measures  were  at  once  adopted  to  rebuild 
 the  Institution  on  the  reserved  ground,  where  it  now 
 stands.  In  the  meantime  the  exercises  were  con- 
 ducted with  but  little  interruption,  in  the  rooms  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church.  Allegheny. 
 
 The  present  struc-turis  of  tlie  seminary  are  eight 
 in  number.  The  main  building,  containingthe  chapel, 
 cla-ss  rooms  and  twenty  dormitories,  is  healthfully 
 and  beautifully  located,  facing  the  West  Park,  where 
 it  can  he  .seen  by  travelers  entering  the  city  on  the 
 Pittsburg  and  Cleveland,  and  the  Pittsburg,  Fort 
 Wayne  and  Cliic:igo  Uaihv.iys.  It  w.as  built  in  1S.").1, 
 at  a  cost  of  a  little  ovi-r  •'B:22,000.  On  either  side  of 
 this  main  building  are  two  houses  for  the  Profe.s.sors. 
 The  two  on  the  west  side  were  built  in  18.')4,  and 
 will  bo  remembered  by  some,  as  having  been  occu- 
 pied for  several  years  by  Drs.  Elliott  and  .Tacobus. 
 Those  on  the  east  were  built  in  1856  and  were  occu- 
 pied by  Drs.  Plumer  and  Wilson. 
 
 The  remaining  three  structures  are  at  a  distance  of 
 one  square  west,  on  tlie  opposite  side  of  Ridge  avenue. 
 The  central  building  is  .Memorial  llall,  containing 
 superior  accommodations  for  lifty-nine  students, 
 each  suit  of  rooms  consisting  of  a  parlor  and  a  bed 
 chamljer.     The  original  building,  known  as  Beatty 
 
 Mrs.  Hetty  E.  Beatty,  of  Steubenville,  O.  Neither 
 the  name  nor  the  arrangement  of  the  building  had 
 ever  fully  met  the  approval  of  the  honored  patron  of 
 the  Institution  who.se  benevolence  it  was  inteudcd  to 
 commemorate.  In  l^Tfi,  therefore,  E<v.  Dr.  C.  C. 
 Beatty  proposed  to  rebuild  and  enlarge  this  structiu-e, 
 at  a  cost  of  820,000,  on  condition  it  should  be  known, 
 as  Memorial  Hall.  In  November,  1877,  this  hall  was 
 formally  dedicated. 
 
 On  the  west  of  Memorial  Hall  is  the  Library,  a 
 fire-proof  building,  erected  in  1876,  containing  2-2,658 
 volumes,  and  well  adapted  in  all  its  appointments  to 
 the  purposes  for  which  it  was  reared.  On  the  east  of 
 Memorial  Hall  is  the  latest  accession  to  the  property 
 of  the  Institution,  consisting  of  a  large  dwelling, 
 which,  according  to  the  purpose  of  Dr.  Beatty,  will 
 give  place  in  a  few  years  to  two  Professors'  houses, 
 for  which  the  grounds  are  amply  sufficient. 
 
 The  Professors  who  have  filled  the  chairs  of  this 
 Institution  have  been  recognized  as  amomg  the  most 
 godly,  learned  and  influential  mini.sters  of  their 
 times.  As  suggestive  of  pleasant  and  profitable 
 reminiscenses,  their  names,  departments  and  periods 
 of  service,  are  here  given.  Jacob  I.  Janeway,  l).n., 
 Theology,  1828-29;  Luther  Halsey,  D.D.,  Theology, 
 1829-36,  and  History  and  Church  Government,  1836 
 -37;  John  W.  Nevin,  D.  D.,  Oriental  and  Biblical 
 Literature,  1829-40;  David  Elliott,  D.D.,  LL.n.,  The- 
 ology, 1836-54,  and  Polemic  and  Historical  Theologj' 
 and  Church  Government.  1854-74;  Lewis  W.  Green, 
 D.  n..  Oriental  and  Biblical  Literature,  1840-47; 
 .Vlcxander  T.  McGill,  D.D.,  History  and  Church  Gov- 
 ernment, 1841-54;  Melancthon  W.  Jacobus,  D.  n. , 
 LI,.  D.,  Oriental  and  Biblical  Literature,  1851-76; 
 William  S.  Plumer,  D.D.,  Theology,  1854-62;  Samuel 
 J.  Wilson,  D.  D.,  LL.D., 'Church  History,  18.57-83; 
 WilHiimM.  Paxton,  D.l>.,  Sacred  Rhetoric,  1860-72; 
 Archibald  A.  Hodge,  n.  D.,  Theology,  1864-77;  Wil- 
 liam H.  Hornblower,  n.D.,S.acred  Rhetoric.  l>*71-83; 
 Samuel  T.  Lowrie,  D.D.,  Xew  Testament  Literature 
 and  Exegesis,  1874-77. 
 
 Four  of  these  Profes.sors  have  died  during  the 
 period  of  official  connection  with  the  Institution. 
 The  Summer  of  1883  will  be  remembered  long  and 
 sadly  for  that  dark  and  mystc^rious  dispensation  by 
 which,  within  two  months.  Professors  Win.  H.  Horn- 
 blower  and  S.  J.  Wilson  were  removed  by  death. 
 
 The  present  Faculty  is  as  follows:  Willianr  H. 
 .Jeffers,  D.  D.,  LI,.  D.,  Old  Testament  Literature  and 
 Exegesis;  elected  in  1877.  Samuel  H.  Kellogg,  n.n., 
 Didactic  and  Polemic  Theology  and  Lecturer  on  com- 
 parative religions;  elected  in  1877.  Benjamin  B. 
 Warfield,  D.  D.,  New  Testament  Literature  and  Exe- 
 gesis; elected  in  1878.  Tlumias  H.  Uobin.son,  n. I)., 
 .Sacred  Rhetoric,  Church  Government  and  Pastoral 
 Theology;  elected  in  ]-^8:?.  Robert  Dick  Wilson,  .\.M., 
 Instructor  in  Biblical  and  E(Tlesiastical  History,  and 
 History  of  Doctrines;  elected  in  1883.     An  instructor 
 
 Hall,  w;is  reared  in  1859,  through  the  generosity  of,  in  Elocution  is  also  employed  during  each  term. 
 
WESTEBVELT. 
 
 997 
 
 WESTMINSTER  CONFESSION. 
 
 This  seminary  had  always  been  umler  the  care  of 
 the  General  Assembly,  by  which  its  directors  and 
 professors  were  chosen,  until  1870,  when  it  accepted 
 the  powers  offered  by  the  action  of  the  General 
 Assembly  (see  minutes  of  Assembly  for  1870,  jjage 
 (i-2),  and  its  directors  have  since  fulfilled  their  trust 
 in  accordance  with  this  new  plan,  projjosed  at  the 
 time  oftlie  re-uaion.  Its  Board  of  Directors  is  com- 
 posed of  forty  meml)crs,  in  fourcUisses,  and  its  Board 
 of  Trustees,  having  charge  of  its  financial  affairs.  Is 
 composed  of  twenty-one  members,  in  three  chusses. 
 
 .Some  years  ago,  the  Elliott  Lectureship  was 
 founded  by  the  Alumni  of  the  Seminar\',  providing 
 for  a  course,  each  year,  on  some  subject  related  to  the 
 evidences  of  the  Cliristian  religion.  In  October, 
 1879,  Alexander  F.  Mitchell,  D.  D.,  of  the  University 
 of  St.  Andrews,  Scotland,  delivered  a  course  of 
 lectures  on  the  History  of  the  Westminster  Assembly. 
 
 In  1880  a  course  of  study  was  established  for  those 
 w  ho  might  wish  to  enjoy  the  advantages  of  a  fourth 
 year.  The  number  of  those  who  avail  themselves  of 
 it  is  increasing. 
 
 There  are  endowments  for  thirty-two  scholarships 
 and  five  professorships.  The  endo^vraents  amount  to 
 8400,000,  and  the  real  esbite  is  worth  .$7.5,000. 
 
 There  can  be  no  more  suitivble  conclusion  to  this 
 brief  history,  than  a  tribute  to  the  character  and 
 infl^uence  of  that  munificent  benefactor  of  the  Insti- 
 tution, Charles  Clinton  Beatty,  D.D.,  LL.  D.  He  wiis 
 appointed  one  of  its  Directors  in  .1827,  and  at  the" 
 time  of  his  death  he  was  the  President  of  its  Board 
 of  Directors.  For  more  than  fifty  years  he  gave  it 
 his  ^vise  counsels  and  his  earnest  prayers.  Seldom 
 absent  from  the  meeting  of  either  Directors  or  Trus- 
 tees, he  was  always  thoroughly  acquainted  with  its 
 spiritual,  sanitary  and  financial  condition.  H<;  gave 
 to  its  treasury,  at  various  periods,  more  than  $200,000, 
 and  the  influences  originating  in  these  acts  are  tell- 
 ing to-day  at  the  ends  of  the  earth,  and  they  will 
 continue  to  operate  while  time  shall  last. 
 
 Westervelt,  Rev.  William  E.,  is  the  seventh 
 son  and  youngest  child  of  Peter  A.  and  Catharine 
 Burdans  "Westervelt,  and  was  born  near  the  city  of 
 Paterson,  N.  J.,  January  17th,  1829.  His  classical 
 course  was  pursued  under  private  teachers,  all  Presby- 
 terian clergymen,  in  Paterson  and  in  Johnstown,  N.  Y. 
 He  entered  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton 
 in  September,  18.51,  and  graduated  in  the  Spring  of 
 18,57.  In  .4.pril  of  the  siime  year  he  w;is  licensed  to 
 ]irc.ach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of  Passaic,  and 
 for  six  months  from  the  1st  of  the  ensuing  June  he 
 supplied  a  mission  station  in  Windham,  Conn.,  under 
 care  of  the  Home  Board.  He  was  ordained  and  in- 
 stalled the  first  p.astor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  ' 
 in  Bloomsbury,  X.  J.,  in  April,  18.58;  and  from  Sep-  I 
 tember,  1861,  to  April,  1864,  he  supplied  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Burlington,  Iowa.  In  November, 
 186.5,  he  was  installed  pa.stor  over  the  Presbyterian 
 
 Brunswick,  where  he  labored  with  success  for  five 
 years;  then  was  called  to  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  Xew  Hamburg,  X.  Y.,  which  he  served  as  pastor  un- 
 til November  1st,  187(i.  From  .January,  1877,  to  .\pril, 
 1880,  he  supplied  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  ililler- 
 ton,  N.  Y.  After  a  few  montlis  of  rest,  he  su])plied  lor 
 nine  months  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Chesapeake 
 City,  Md. ;  and  on  the  1st  of  November,  1881,  he 
 entered  upon  his  labors  in  his  present  field,  Roxbo- 
 rough,  Philadelphia,  and  was  installed  on  the  30th  of 
 the  same  month. 
 
 "Westminster  Confession  of  Faith.  Most 
 of  the  Confessions  of  the  Keformed  and  Lutheran 
 churches  were  composed  by  singU'  authors,  or  by  a 
 small  group  of  theologians  to  whom  the  task  of 
 drawing  up  a  standard  of  doctrine  had  been  com- 
 mitted. Thus,  Luther  and  llelancthon  were  the 
 principal  authors  of  the  Augsburg  Confession,  the 
 common  standard  of  faith  and  bond  of  union  of  the 
 Lutheran  churches. .  The  Second  Helvetic  Confession 
 was  composed  by  BuUinger,  to  whom  the  work  was 
 entrusted  by  a  number  of  Swiss  theologians,  and  the 
 celebrated  Heidelberg  Catechism  was  comjiosed  by 
 Ursinus  and  Olivianus,  who  had  been  appointed 
 thereto  l)y  Fredrick  III,  Crown  Prince  of  the  I'ala- 
 tinate.  The  old  Scotch  Confession,  which  was  the 
 standard  of  the  Pre-sbytcriau  Church  of  Scotland  for 
 nearly  one  hundred  years  before  the  adoption  of  the 
 Westminster  Confession,  was  composed  by  a  com- 
 mittee of  si.x  theologians,  at  tlie  liead  of  whom  was 
 .John  Knox,  appointed  by  the  Scottish  Parliament. 
 The  Thirty-nine  Articles  of  the  Church  of  England 
 and  of  the  Episcopal  Church  of  .Vraerica  were  i>re- 
 paretl  l)y  the  bi.shops  of  that  church  in  1562,  as  the 
 result  of  the  revision  of  "  The  Forty-two  Articles  of 
 Edward  VI, "  which  had  been  drawn  up  by  Arch- 
 bishop Cranmer  and  Bishop  Ridley,  in  15.51. 
 
 The  "  Canons  of  the  Svnod  of  Dort,"  of  high 
 authority  among  all  the  Reformed  Churches,  and  the 
 Standard  of  the  Church  of  Holland,  were,  on  the 
 other  hand,  drawn  up  by  a  gi'eat  international  S,\niod 
 convened  in  Dort  by  the  States  (rcneral  of  the  Nether- 
 lands, and  composed  of  ri'prescntatives  of  all  the  Re- 
 formed churches  except  that  of  France.  And  the  Con- 
 fession of  Faith  and  Catechisms  of  our  Chvirch  were 
 drawn  up  by  a  large  and  illustrious  National  Assem- 
 bly of  divines  and  civilians  convened  in  Westminster, 
 England,  by  the  Long  Parliament,  from  July  1st, 
 1643,  to  February  22d,  1648.     (See  Catechisms.) 
 
 "For  a  considerable  time  after  the  A.s.sembly  com- 
 menced its  deliberations,"  says  Hithcringlon,  "the 
 chief  subjects  which  occupied  its  attention  were  the 
 directories  for  public  worship  and  ordination,  and 
 the  form  of  Church  government,  includiug  the  power 
 of  Church  censure.  Till  some  satisfactory  conclu- 
 sions had  been  reached  on  these  points  the  Assembly 
 abstained  from  entering  upon  the  less  agitating  but 
 not  less  important  work  of  framing  a  Confession  of 
 Faith.     But  having  completed  their  ta.sk.  so  far  as 
 
WESTMINSTER  COXFESSION. 
 
 998 
 
 WESTJIflXSTEB  COXFESSIOK 
 
 depended  upon  themselves,  they  appointed  a  com- 
 mittee to  prepare  and  arrange  the  main  propositions 
 which  were  to  l>e  discussed  and  digested  into  a  system 
 by  the  Assemljly.  Tl\e  members  of  this  committee 
 were  Dr.  JIi>yli%  I)r  Gouge,  Jlessrs.  Hcrlc,  Gataker, 
 Tuckney,  KcynoUls  and  Vines,  with  tlie  .Scottish 
 commissioners.  These  learned  and  able  divines  began 
 their  labors  by  arranging,  in  the  most  systematic 
 order,  the  various  great  and  sacred  truths  which  God 
 hiis  revealed  to  man,  and  reduced  the.se'  to  thirty- 
 two  distinct  heads  or  chapters,  each  baring  a  title  ■ 
 expressive  of  its  subject.  These  were  ag-jin  sub- 
 <livided  into  sections,  and  the  committee  formed 
 tliemselvcs  into  several  sub-committees,  each  of  whom 
 took  a  .si)ecilic  topic,  for  the  sake  of  exact  and  con- 
 centrated deliberation.  When  these  sulvcommittees 
 had  completed  their  respective  tasks,  the  whole  was 
 laid  before  the  entire  committee,  and  any  alterations 
 suggested  and  debated  till  all  were  of  one  mind. 
 And  when  any  title  or  chapter  had  been  thus  fully 
 prepared  by  tlie  committee,  it  was  reported  to  the 
 Assembly,  and  again  subjected  to  the  most  minute 
 and  careful  invcstig:ition,  in  every  paragraph,  sen- 
 tence and  word.  It  is  exceedingly  gratifying  to  be 
 able  to  state,  that  throughout  the  deliberations  of  the 
 Assembly,  when  composing  the  Confession  of  Faith, 
 there  prevailed  almost  an  entire  and  perfect  harmony. 
 There  appear,  indeed,  to  have  been  only  two  subjects 
 on  which  any  difference  of  opinion  existed  among 
 them.  The  one  of  these  was  the  doctrine  of  election, 
 concerning  which,  as  Baillie  sjiys,  they  had  long  and 
 tough  debates.  'Yet,'  he  adds,  'thanks  to  God. 
 all  is  gone  right,  according  to  our  mind'  (Baillie, 
 vol.  II,  p.  :52.5).  The  other  was,  that  'the  Lord  Jesus, 
 !>s  King  and  Head  of  His  Church,  has  therein  ap- 
 pointed a  government  in  the  hand  of  church  officers, 
 distinct  from  the  civil  magistrate,'  which  appears  as 
 the  fundamentid  proi)osition  of  the  chapter  entitled, 
 'Of  Church  Censures.'  This  proposition  the  A.sseni- 
 hly  manifestly  intended  and  understood  to  contain 
 a  principle  directly  and  necessarily  opposed  to  the 
 very  e.s.sence  of  Krastiani.sm,  and  it  was  regarded  in 
 the  same  light  by  the  Erastians  themselves,  conse- 
 (juently  it  became  the  subject  of  long  and  earnest 
 discn.ssion.  and  was  strenuously  opposed  by  Lightfoot 
 and  Coleman,  especially  the  latter.  But  Coleman 
 falling  ill  and  ilyiiig,  before  the  debate  was  concluded, 
 it  w;is  carried,  the  sole  di.s.sentient  voice  being  that  of 
 Lightfoot. 
 
 *♦»**♦ 
 
 "Some  discu.ssion  took  place  on  the  thirty-first 
 chapter  in  the  Confession,  respecting  Synods  and 
 Councils ;  but  that  subject  also  was  carried  in  the 
 expres-s  language  of  the  Assembly,  and  without  anj' 
 Kra-stian  modilication.  The  first  half  of  the  Confes- 
 si<m  was  laid  iK'fore  the  Parliament  early  in  October, 
 1(>4(!,  and  on  the  •Jlith  of  November  the  remainder 
 w;iH  ])roduce(l  to  the  .V*.scmbly  in  its  completed  form, 
 when  the  I'rolocutor  returned  thanks  to  the  commit- 
 
 tees, in  the  name  of  the  As-sembly,  for  their  gieat 
 pains  in  perfecting  the  work  committed  to  them. 
 It  was  then  carefully  transcribed,  and  on  the  3d  of 
 December,  1646,  it  was  presented  to  Parliament,  by 
 the  whole  As-sembly  in  a  body,  under  the  title  of 
 '  The  humble  advice  of  the  A.s,sembly  of  Divines 
 and  others,  now  by  the  authority  of  Parliament 
 sitting  at  Westminster,  concerning  a  Confession 
 of  Faith.'  On  the  7th,  Parliament  ordered  'five 
 hundred  copies  of  it  to  be  printed  for  the  mem- 
 bers of  both  Houses,  and  that  the  Assembly  so 
 bring  in  their  marginal  notes,  to  prove  every  part 
 of  it  by  Scripture'  {\nitelocke,  p.  233).  There  is 
 strong  rea.son  to  believe  that  the  House  of  Commons 
 demanded  the  insertion  of  the  Scripture  text  for  the 
 purjiose  of  obtaining  an  additional  period  of  delay, 
 as  indeed  Baillie  pretty  plainly  intimates. 
 
 "The  Assembly,  accordingly,  resumed  their  task, 
 and  after  encountering  a  number  of  interposing  ob- 
 stacles, again  produced  the  Confession  of  Faith,  with 
 full  Scriptural  proofs  annexed  to  all  its  propositions, 
 and  laid  it  before  the  Parliament  on  the  29th  day 
 of  April,  1647.  The  thanks  of  the  House  were  given 
 to  the  Assembly  for  their  labors  in  this  important 
 matter,  and  '  six  hundred  copies  were  ordered  to  be 
 printed  for  the  use  of  the  Houses  and  the  Assembly, 
 and  no  more,  and  that  none  presume  to  reprint  the 
 same  till  further  orders'  {Rushicorth,  vol.  vi,  p.  473). 
 
 "The  appointed  number  of  copies  baring  been 
 printed,  they  were  delivered  to  the  members  of  both 
 houses  by  Mr.  "Byficld,  ou  the  19th  of  May,  when  it 
 was  resolved  to  consider  the  whole  production,  arti- 
 cle by  article,  previous  to  its  being  published  with 
 the  sanction  of  Parliament,  as  the  Confession  of  Faith 
 held  by  that  church  on  which  they  meant  to  confer 
 the  benefits  of  a  national  establishment.  But  the 
 deliberations  of  the  Parliament  were  interrupted  by 
 the  insurrection  of  the  army,  and  the  numerous  pro- 
 tracted and  unsatisfactory  negotiations  in  which  they 
 were  engaged  with  the  King,  so  that  they  had  not 
 completed  their  examination  of  the  Confession  till 
 Jlarch,  1648.  On  the  22d  day  of  that  month  a  con- 
 ference was  held  between  the  two  houses,  to  comi)are 
 their  opinions  respecting  the  Confession  of  Faith,  the 
 result  of  -which  is  thus  stated  by  Kushworth:  '  The 
 Commons  this  day  (March  ■22d),  ata  conference,  pre- 
 sented the  Lords  with  the  Confession  of  Faith  j)a.s.scd 
 by  them,  with  .some  alterations,  viz. :  That  they  do 
 ivgree  with  their  lordships,  and  so  with  the  Assem- 
 bly, in  the  doctrinal  part,  and  desire  may  l>e  made 
 public,  that  this  kingdom,  and  all  the  Kefornu'd 
 churches  of  Christendom,  may  see  the  Parliament 
 of  England  differ  not  in  doctrine.  In  some  particu- 
 lars there  were  .some  phrases  altered;  as  in  that  of 
 tribute  being  due  to  the  m;igistrate,  they  put  (/lies; 
 the  degree  of  marriage  they  refer  to  the  law  estab- 
 lished; particulars  in  discipline  are  recommitted,  and 
 for  the  title,  they  make  it  not  '  A  Confemioii  of  I'dilh.' 
 because  not  so  running,  '  I  confam,'  at  the  beginning 
 
WESTMINSTER  CONFESSION. 
 
 999 
 
 WESTMINSTER  fUCKCII. 
 
 of  every  section,  but,  "  Articlc.i  of  Faith  ar/rccd  upon  by 
 both  hollies  of  Parliament,^  as  most  suitable  to  the  for- 
 luer  title  of  the  Thirty-nine  Articles'  [Rushworih, 
 vol.  vii,  p.  lO.'J.'j). 
 
 ' '  Such  was  the  last  positive  enactment  miule  by 
 the  English  Parliament  respecting  the  Confession  of 
 Faith,  for  the  subsequent  mention  made  of  it,  and 
 of  other  particulars  in  Presbyterian  Church  goverii- 
 lucnt,  during  the  course  of  their  negotiations  with 
 the  king,  were  not  enactments,  but  attempts  at 
 accommodation  with  His  llajesty,  with  the  view  of 
 endeavoring  to  secure  a  satisfiictory  b;vsis  for  a  perma- 
 nent peace  to  Church  and  State.  And  it  will  be 
 observed,  that  the  only  material  defect  mentioned  in 
 this  reported  conference  between  the  Houses  is,  that 
 'particulars  in  discipline  are  recommitted.^  These 
 'particulars'  are  said  to  have  been  the  thirtieth 
 chapter,  '  Of  Church  Censures ; '  the  thirty-first  chap- 
 ter. 'Of  Synods  and  Councils;'  and  the  fourth  sec- 
 tion of  the  twentieth  chapter,  '  Of  Christian  Liberty 
 and  Liberty  of  Conscience.'  The  enumeration  of 
 these  particulars  rests  on  the  authority  of  Xeal 
 (vol.  ii,  p.  429),  which  is  by  no  means  unimpeach- 
 able, but  it  is  in  itself  probable,  being  quite  con- 
 sistent with  the  views  of  the  Erastians,  whose  chief 
 hostility  was  directed  against  the  power  of  Church 
 discipline,  of  which  the  chapters  specified  contain  an 
 explicit  sfaitement  according  to  the  .judgment  of  the 
 As.sembly.  It  is  of  some  importance  to  remark,  that 
 these  'particulars  in  discipline'  were  not  rcJeetoZ  by 
 the  English  Parliament,  an  is  generally  as.serted,  but 
 merely  recommitted,  or  referred  to  a  committee  to  be 
 more  maturely  considered.  But  as  the  Parliament 
 itself  not  long  afterwards  fell  under  the  power  of  the 
 army,  and  wiis  at  length  forcibly  dissolved  by  Crom- 
 well, the  committee  never  returned  a  report,  and 
 consequently  these  particulars  were  never  either 
 formally  rejected  or  ratified  by  the  Parliament  of 
 England." 
 
 ' '  The  Confession  of  Faith  and  Larger  and  Shorter 
 Catechisms  of  the  Westminster  Assembly, ' '  says  Dr. 
 A.  A.  Hodge,  "were  adopted  by  the  original  Synod 
 in  North  America,  A.  D.,  172i),  as  the  '  Confession  of 
 Faith  of  this  Church, '  and  it  has  been  received  as 
 the  standard  of  faith  by  all  the  branches  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Churi;h  in  Scotland.  England,  Ireland 
 and  Ameriei,  and  it  is  highly  reverenced,  and  its 
 Catechisms  used  as  a  means  of  public  instruction,  by 
 all  the  Congregational  bodie-s  of  Puritan  stock  in  the 
 world. 
 
 "Although  the  "Westminster  A.s.sembly  resolutely 
 excluded  from  their  Confession  all  that  they  recog- 
 nized as  savoring  of  Erastian  error,  yet  their  opinions 
 as  to  church  estiblishments  led  to  views  con- 
 cerning the  powers  of  civil  magistrates  concerning 
 religious  things  [circa  sacra),  which  have  always l)een 
 rejected  in  this  country.  Hence,  in  the  original 
 'Adopting  Act,'  the  Syno<i  declared  that  it  did  not 
 receive  the  pivs.sages  relating  to  this  point   in   the 
 
 Confession,  '  in  any  such  sense  ;is  to  suppose  the 
 civil  magistrate  hath  a  controlling  power  over  Synods 
 with  respect  to  the  exercise  of  their  ministerial 
 authority,  or  power  to  persecute  any  for  their  reli- 
 gion, or  in  any  sense  contrary  to  the  Protestant  suc- 
 cession to  the  throne  of  Great  Britain. ' 
 
 "And  again,  when  the  Synod  revised  and  amended 
 its  Standards,  in  1787,  in  preparation  for  the  organ- 
 ization of  the  General  .\sseml)ly,  in  1789,  it  'took 
 into  consideration  the  last  paragraph  of  the  twentieth 
 chapter  of  the  Westminster  Confession  of  Faith,  the 
 third  paragraph  of  the  twenty-third  chapter,  and  the 
 first  paragraph  of  the  thirty-first  chapter,  and  having 
 made  .some  alterations,  agreed  that  the  said  para- 
 graphs, as  now  altered,  be  i)rinted  for  consideration.' 
 As  thus  altered  and  amended,  this  Confession  and 
 these  Catechisms  were  adopted  ius  the  doctrinal  part 
 of  the  Constitution  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 America  in  17S>!,  aud  so  stand  to  this  day." 
 
 The  original  articlesof  the  Westminster  Confession 
 as  to  the  civil  magistrati;  which  are  altered  in  ««/■ 
 confession  are  as  follows : — 
 
 Westm.  Conf.  cliap.  20,  §  4,  of  certain  offenders  it 
 is  said:  "  They  may  be  proceeded  against  by  the  cen- 
 sures of  the  Church  and  by  the  power  of  the  civil 
 magistrate."  Chap.  2:?,  ?  3:  "The  civil  magistrate 
 may  not  assume  to  himself  the  administration  of  the 
 Word  and  sacraments,  or  the  power  bf  the  keys  of 
 the  kingdom  of  heaven,  yet  he  hath  authority,  and 
 it  is  his  duty,  to  take  order,  that  unity  ami  peace  be 
 preserved  in  the  Church,  that  the  truth  of  God  be 
 kept  pure  and  entire,  that  all  bhuspliemie.s  and 
 heresies  be  suppressed,  all  corruptions  and  abuses  in 
 worship  and  discipline  prevented  or  reformed,  and 
 all  ordinances  of  G(jd  duly  settled,  administered  and 
 observed.  For  the  better  effecting  whereof,  he  hath 
 power  to  Kill  synods,  to  be  present  at  them,  and  to 
 provide  that  whatsoever  is  trans;icted  in  them  be 
 accordingto  the  mindof  God."  Chap.  31,  ?  2:  ''As 
 magistrates  maj'  lawfully  call  a  synod  of  ministers 
 aud  other  fit  persons  to  consult  and  ad^^se  with 
 about  matters  of  religion,  so,  if  magistrates  be  open 
 enemies  to  the  Church,  the  ministers  of  Christ  them- 
 selves, by  \nrtue  of  their  office,  or  they  with  other 
 lit  persons,  upcni  delegation  from  their  churches,  may 
 meet  together  in  such  assemblies. ' ' 
 
 It  is  proper  to  a<ld  that,  in  the  act  preliminary  to 
 the  Adopting  Act,  the  General  Synod  of  our  Church, 
 whilst  in  the  act  of  enforcing  the  adojition  of  the  Con- 
 fession upon  office-bearers,  yet  in  regard  to  privat«- 
 memlKTS  declares  itself  willing  to  "admit  to  fellow- 
 ship in  siicrcd  ordinances  all  such  as  we  have  grounds 
 to  believe  Christ  will  at  liust  admit  to  the  kingdom 
 of  heaven"  (See  Baird's  Digest,  I'.ook  I,  ?  71.  In 
 lS3i1,  the  General  As.sembly  put  forth  a  similar  state- 
 ment (See  Book  vii,  ?  2,  b). 
 
 Westminster  Presbyterian  Church,  nf  Min- 
 neapolis. Minnc.tota,  was  org-aniziil  August  2:{d,  18.'j7, 
 by  a  committee  of  the  Presbytery  of  St.  Panl,  con- 
 
WESTMINSTER  CIICBCII, 
 
 1000 
 
 MINNEAPOLIS. 
 
 sisting  of  Eev.  J.  G.  Riheiaaffer  aiul  Rev.  J  I.  ilaltby. 
 Eight  persons  wero  enrolled  as  niemlwrs,  and  Mr. 
 A.  W.  Oliver,  now  deceased,  was  elected  and  installed 
 ruling  elder.  The  lirst  church  building  wa.s  dedicated 
 about  three  and  a  half  years  later,  JIarch  ITth,  1S61. 
 Rev.  ,T.  G.  Riheldafter,  D.  D.,  preached  the  sermon. 
 During  the  first  ten  years  succeeding  the  organization 
 the  congregation  was  supplied  by  Rev.  Benjamin 
 Dorrance,  Rev.  Levi  Hughes,  Rev.  James  McKee, 
 Eev.  Robert  Strong  and  Rev.  Robert  A.  Condit,  in 
 the  order  named.  ^Ir.  Condit,  now  a  Professor  in 
 Coe  College,  Iowa,  w:us  the  first  installed  ii;istor,  and 
 served  the  church  for  three  years.  During  his  min- 
 istry the  church  edifice  wjis  enlarged,  iu  order  to  meet 
 the  exigencies  of  the  growing  congregation.  The  Rev. 
 Robert  F.  Sample  entered  upon  the  pastorate  March 
 8th,  1368,  in  response  to  a  call  extended  to  liim  the  pre- 
 •^ious  January,  whilst  supplWng  the  Andrew  Church, 
 in  the  eastern  division  of  the  citj'.  The  merabershiii 
 at  this  period  was  about  100,  and  the  eldershii)  con- 
 sLsted  of  Slessrs.  A.  W.  Oliver,  J.  C.  Williams,  L.  H. 
 Williams  and  C.  E.Vanderburgh.  In  1870  the  church 
 building  wxs  again  much  enlarged,  but  the  extension 
 soon  proved  inadequate.  The  corner-stone  of  the 
 present  edifice  was  laid  July  13th,  1880.  Rev.  Daniel 
 Stewart,  n.D.,  pastor  of  the  Park  Avenue  Church, 
 Minneapolis,  Rev.  W.  T.  Beatty,  D.D.,  of  Pittsburg, 
 Pa.,  and  Rev.  J.  B.  Donald.son,  of  II;istings,  Minn., 
 assisted  the  pastor.  Dr.  Sami)li',  iu  tlie  interesting 
 exercises,  which  attracted  an  immense  audience.  The 
 erection  of  the  large  structure  was  much  delayed  by 
 the  difficulty  encountered  in  tran.sporting  the  stone 
 from  the  quarries  of  Lake  Superior.  The  spacious 
 Lecture-room  was  occupied  for  the  first  time  August 
 loth,  1882.  The  main  audience  room  was  completed 
 u  few  months  later,  and  the  church  was  dedicated, 
 without  debt,  on  the  third  Sabbath  of  its  occujiancy, 
 March  11th,  1883.  The  sermon  was  preached  by 
 Rev.  Herrick  Johnson,  d.d.,  then  Moderator  of  the 
 General  As.scmbly.  The  dedicatory  prayer  was  of- 
 fered by  the  pastor.  Drs.  Edward  D.  Neill,  J.  G. 
 Riheldaffer  and  others  assisted  in  the  services,  which 
 were  attended  by  about  two  thousand  persons.  Al- 
 though the  capacity  of  the  church  was  large,  it  was 
 .taxed  to  the  utmost  from  the  first,  and  the  congre- 
 gation, which  has  already  .sent  out  two  colonies,  and 
 '  was  maintaining  three  missions,  inaugurated  a  new 
 enterprise,  under  the  au-spices  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Alliance,  in  another  i)art  of  tiie  city,  now  known  as 
 the  Bethlehem  Church. 
 
 The  Westminster  Church  edifice  is  built  of  brown 
 stone,  and  with  its  great  proportions,  deep  reveals,  and 
 ma.ssive  towers,  has  a  substantial  appearance,  which 
 suggests  that  it  has  been  built  for  all  t  ime.  It  is  entered 
 throiigh  three  broad  ])ortals,  and  from  tlie  large  lialls 
 pleasant  stairways  lead  to  the  audience  room  and  gal- 
 leries above.  The  lecture  room  is  on  the  first  floor, 
 and  around  it  are  located  Sunday -.school  and  Bible- 
 class  rooms  and  parlors.     The  pastor's  study  occupies 
 
 the  second  story  of  the  large  south  tower,  and  com- 
 municates ^-ith  the  pulpit.  The  main  audience  room 
 is  sixty-eight  by  ninety  feet,  and  fifty  feet  in  height. 
 The  floor  slopes  on  three  sides  from  the  outside  walls 
 to  the  centre  of  the  fourth,  where  the  pulpit  is 
 located,  the  radiating  point  for  the  seven  aisles, 
 di\'iding  the  circular  sweep  of  pews  into  convenient 
 lengths.  The  gallery  is  remarkably  graceful  in  its 
 outline,  and  the  large  organ  occupying  the  space 
 above  the  pulpit  is  incased  in  an  elaborate  frame 
 which  harmonizes  with  the  rich  walnut  finish  of  the 
 church.  The  frescoing,  with  its  delicate  shadings 
 and  cha.ste  designs,  is  considered  a  marvel  of  beauty, 
 This  commodious  church,  with  a  frontage  of  one 
 hundred  and  thirty-four  feet,  a  depth  of  eighty-nine 
 feet,  the  main  spire  one  hundred  and  ninety  feet  in 
 height,  one  of  the  best  apiwinted,  most  beautiful,  and 
 acoustically  most  perfect  church  edifices  in  this  coun- 
 try, was  erected  au<l  furnished  at  a  cost  of  one  hun- 
 dred and  fifty  thousand  dollars. 
 
 But  the  glory  of  the  house  is  the  divine  presence.. 
 The  spiritual  life  and  growth  of  the  church  is  a  sub- 
 ject of  devout  gratitude.  Precious  revivals  have 
 been  enjoyed  at  ditferent  periods.  The  preaching  of 
 the  gospel,  the  great  facts  of  sin  and  salvation  by  the 
 cross  emphasized,  and  the  office  and  work  of  the 
 Holy  Ghost  made  continually  prominent,  has  gath- 
 ered the  largest  congregation  and  membership  in 
 the  Northwest.  The  present  pastorate  has  extended, 
 at  the  present  date  (1884),  through  sixteen  years,  and 
 the  influence  of  Westminster  Church  reaches  to 
 remote  regions.  It  is  represented  in  the  foreign 
 field  by  Rev.  Graham  C.  Campbell,  at  Gaboon,  Africa, 
 and  by  Mrs.  Robert  M.  Mateer,  at  Cheifor,  China. 
 Its  Sabbath  school  is  characterized  by  Scriptural 
 intelligence,  spirituality  and  benevolence,  and  the 
 Ladies'  Missionary  societies  by  great  devotion  to 
 the  interests  which  led  to  their  formation.  The 
 entire  history  of  this  church  is  a  signal  commentar\- 
 on  the  words  of  Christ:  "And  I,  if  I  be  lifted  up, 
 will  draw  all  men  unto  me."  {See picture  of  church, 
 p.  803.) 
 
 To  this  sketch  of  Westminster  Church,  we  add 
 notices  of  the  other  Presbyterian  churches  in  Jlin- 
 neapolis. 
 
 ANDREW   CHUKCH. 
 
 The  Westminster  and  Andrew  Churches  are  twins, 
 with  respect  to  the  date  of  permanent  organization. 
 Both  were  organized  at  the  same  time,  and  by  the 
 same  committee  of  Presbytery.  The  Andrew  w;;s 
 !  then  kno^\-n  as  the  "Fust  Pre-sbyterian  Church  of 
 St.  Antliou}-."  Its  earliest  beginning  may  be  dated 
 from  181!)-.")0  when  Rev.  E.  D.  Xeill  preached  on 
 alternate  Sundays  at  the  Falls.  In  July,  1750,  Rev. 
 Wm.  T.  Wheeler,  formerly  a  Congregational  minister 
 to  Africa,  commenced  preaching,  at  the  request  of 
 Mr.  Neill ;  and  the  members  being  mostly  Presby- 
 terians, it  was  decided  to  call  the  church  the  "First 
 Presbyterian   Church   of  St.  Authouy."      Rev.   Jlr. 
 
WESTMINSTER  CHURCH, 
 
 1001 
 
 MINNEAPOLIS. 
 
 AATieeler  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Ch:vs.  Secomhe,  who  1360,  it  was  reorganized  by  Rev.  A.  G.  iaililson,  a.s  a 
 persuaded  the  society  to  drop  the  Presbyterian  name  succes.<ior  of  the  "First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Min- 
 aud  be  known  as  the  "Congregational  Society."  nesota,"  and  was  in  fact  the  continuation  of  the  Pres- 
 ^Tien  the  Presbyterian  element  of  the  society  finally  byterian  Church  of  St.  Peter  or  Fort  Suelling,  the 
 organized  as  a  church  in  IS.j",  the  former  name  was  j  oldest  church  of  any  denomination  in  the  State,  the 
 resumed,   but  the   Congregational   portion  may  be  .  St.  Peter  Church  ha\-ing  been  or       "^ 
 
 considered  ;is  the  original  of  the  present  Congrega- 
 tional Church  Society  of  the  East  Division. 
 
 The  first  members  of  the  '  'First  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  St.  Anthony"  were  Richard  Chute,  Mrs.  Mary  E. 
 Chute,  Mrs.  Margaret  Edwards,  S.  H.  Lea,  Joseph 
 Van  Eman  and  Mrs.  S.  Van  Eman.  Richard  Chute 
 was  elected  ruling  elder,  and  acted  as  clerk  of  the 
 Sessions  until  July  10th,  1867,  when  he  was  succeeded 
 by  Gen.  H.  P.  Van  Cleve.  In  June,  1858,  Rev.  Levi 
 Hughes,  of  Logansport,  Ind.,  w;ia  engaged  to  preach 
 both  for  this  church  and  for  the  Westminster,  at  a 
 salary  of  $1000  per  year.  The  first  prayer  meeting 
 was  held  in  "Edwards'  Hall,"  October  7th,  1858, 
 and  on  the  tenth  of  the  same  month  a  Sunday  school 
 was  organized,  with  six  teachers  and  twelve  scholars. 
 In  Januarj',  1860,  Mrs.  Catharine  Andrews  and 
 daughter,  of  New  York  city,  donated,  through  the 
 "Church  Extension  Board,"  $51000,  to  aid  in  erecting 
 a  church  buUding;  and,  by  act  of  legislature,  a  year 
 later,  the  name  was  changed  to  "Andrew  Presby- 
 terian Church,"  in  honor  of  the  donors. 
 
 A  building  was  erected  on  Second  street  and  about 
 Fourth  avenue,  southeast,  and  was  dedicated  April 
 14th,  186-2.  In  May,  1860,  the  Rev.  Jlr.  Hughes  re- 
 moved from  the  city  and  was  succeeded  in  Septem- 
 ber following  by  Rev.  James  McKee,  who  remained 
 until  1865.  From  June  17th,  1866,  to  March  8th, 
 1868,  Rev.  R.  F.  Sample  was  pastor,  and  during  this 
 time  thirty-four  members  were  added  to  the  society. 
 From  March  1st,  1369,  to  March  1st,  1870,  Rev.  David 
 Pelton  .served,  and  was  succeeded  May  1st,  1870,  by 
 Rev.  Isa:xc  W.  Montfort,  who  acted  until  July,  1872. 
 In  November,  1870,  the  buUding  was  removed  to  its 
 present  site  on  Fourth  street,  between  Seventh  and 
 Eighth  avenues,  southeast.  Rev.  David  Stewart  was 
 pastor  from  August  1st,  187-3,  to  May,  1875,  and 
 Professor  E.  J.  Thompson,  of  the  University,  supplied 
 from  May  16th,  1875,  to  May  26th,  1877.  Rev.  C. 
 T.  Chester  was  then  engaged  as  pastor  and  served 
 four  years.  After  the  Rev.  Mr.  Chester's  pastorate, 
 Rev.  J.  H.  Edwards  supplied  for  a  time,  but  the  society 
 remained  \^-ithout  a  regular  pastor  until  the  recent 
 engagement  of  Rev.  Peter  Stryker,  D.D.,  of  Saratoga 
 Springs,  under  whose  ministrations  the  church  is 
 now  prospering  finely,  with  a  membership  of  over 
 one  hundred,  and  a  Sunday  school  of  over  two  hun- 
 dred scholars. 
 
 PARK   AVENUE   PRESBYTEKIAIT 
 
 Church  was  organized  May  22d,  1853,  by  Rev.  G.  H 
 
 anized  at  the  Fort, 
 June  14th,  1835,  by  Rev.  Thomas  S.  Williamson. 
 
 The  first  buUding  owned  by  the  society  was  located 
 on  the  comer  of  Eighth  street  and  First  avenue, 
 .south.  The  present  building  on  Park  avenue  and 
 Tenth  street  was  completed  about  ten  years  ago. 
 Rev.  D.  Stewart,  n.D.,  was  pastor  from  June,  1875, 
 to  1881,  since  which  time  the  present  pastor  Rev. 
 S.  M.  Campbell,  D.D.,  has  served.  Tliis  church 
 maintains  the  Bloomington  Avenue  Mission,  which  is 
 in  charge  of  Rev.  Mr.  Bowers  with  J.  A.  Tyler  as 
 Sunday-school  superintendent.  The  Mission  will 
 probably  be  organized  this  year  as  a  separate  church. 
 Park  Avenue  Church  has  over  three  hundred  commu- 
 nicants, andaSunday  school  of  fourhundrod  mcmber.s. 
 Its  contributions  to  various  objects  have  been  liberal. 
 
 THE  FRAXKLIX   AVEXrE   PRESBYTERIAN 
 
 Church  was  formally  organized  December  21st,  187.''>, 
 in  a  building  previously  occupied  by  the  First  Church, 
 that  had  been  moved  to  a  lot  donated  by  Rev.  George 
 W.  Jackson.  A  Sunday  school  had  been  held  in 
 that  locality,  as  a  mission  from  Westminster  Cliurch, 
 since  January.  1873.  The  pulpit  was  supplied  by 
 Professor  E.  J.  Thompson  and  Rev.  E.  D.  Neill 
 until  July  1st,  1874,  when  Rev.  A.  A.  Kiehle  took 
 charge,  and  remained  until  succeeded  by  Rev.  I. 
 Faries,  in  February,  1878.  The  present  jiastor  is 
 Rev.  D.  E.  Wells. 
 
 The  society  has  a  membership  of  one  hundred, 
 with  a  Sunday  school  of  over  foirr  hundred  pupils, 
 under  the  super intendency  of  Judge  C.  E.  Vandef- 
 burgh,  who  has  done  much  for  the  church,  although 
 himself  an  elder  in  the  Park  Avenue  Church. 
 
 THE  FIFTH   PRESBYTERIAN 
 
 Church,  which  occupied  its  cosy  new  building,  in 
 Oak  Lake  addition,  on  Sabbath,  February  16th,  1884, 
 for  the  first  time,  was  started  in  1873,  as  a  mission 
 from  Westminster  Church.  It  was  organized  as  a 
 church  in  1879,  with  Rev.  A.  W.  Benson  as  pastor, 
 succeeded  after  five  months  by  Rev.  Da^-id  Rice,  D.  D. , 
 who  was  followed  l)y  Rev.  R.  Macquesten,  the  pres- 
 ent pastor. 
 
 The  church  has  a  membership  of  about  si.\ty,  and 
 a  Sunday  school  of  over  two  hundred  pupils.  The 
 new  building  has  a  pleasant  location  on  Lj-ndale 
 avenue  in  Oak  Lane  addition.  The  erection  of  the 
 edifice  was  commenced  in  1382,  and  is  now  nearly 
 completed  at  a  cost  of  $8000. 
 
 BETHLEHEM  PRESBYTERI.VX 
 Church  is  the  youugcst  child,  but  promises  well.     It 
 
 Pond  the  pioneer  missionary,  as  the  "  First  Presby-  ]  was  formerly  organized  January  4th,  1884,  at  a  meet- 
 terian  Church  of  Minneapolis."  It  prospered  for  a  ing  held  in  Avery's  Hall,  on  Nicollet  avenue  and 
 time  but  the  members  finally  became  scattered  and  \  Twenty-sLxth  street.  It  had  previously  existed  for 
 for  fi've  years  ser^-ices  were  suspended.     August  19th,  |  about  a  year  as  a  mission  from  Westminster  Church. 
 
WHdLLUS. 
 
 1002 
 
 WHEELER. 
 
 Rev.  Josejih  Lanman  is  the  pastor  in  charge  of  the 
 society,  wliich  lias  now  about  forty  inembers.  R.  L. 
 StiUiuan  hxs  douated  to  tlie  society  the  building  for- 
 merly used  by  Westniiuster  Chureli.  Tlic  building 
 \vill  be  repaired  and  moved  to  a  lot  on  Blaisdell 
 avenue,  in  a  locality  now  being  rapidly  populated. 
 
 "Whallon,  Rev.  Edward  Payson,  the  .son  of 
 Kev.  Thonia.s  and  Harriet  8.  (Ijickle)  Whallon,  was 
 born  in  Putnamville,  Ind.,  March  30th,  1849.  He 
 graduated  at  Hanover  College  iu  186.t;  studied  the- 
 ology for  two  years  at  the  Northwestern  Theological 
 Seminary,  and  wa.s  licensed  by  the  I'resbytery  of 
 Madison  (O.S.),  April  13th,  1870.  He  supplied,  for 
 abmit  one  year  and  a  half,  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Kasson,  Minn.,  where  he  w:us  ordained  by  the 
 I'resbytery  of  Winona,  April  25th,.  1871.  He  sub- 
 sequently spent  one  yciir  in  the  Union  Theological 
 Seminary,  New  York  city,  where  he  graduated  in 
 1872.  He  was  pa.stor  of  the  Church  of  Liberty,  Ind. , 
 from  May,  1873,  until  August,  1878.  He  was  in- 
 stalled pastor  of  the  Church  of  Vineennes,  Ind.,  in 
 1"'7.'<,  and  still  holds  this  position,  to  the  great  accept- 
 aue('  of  the  congregation.  He  was  elected  a  Trustee 
 of  Hanover  College  in  1879,  and  re-elected  in  1883. 
 In  1882,  upon  the  consolidation  of  the  Synods,  he 
 was  elected  Stated  Clerk  of  the  Synod  of  Indiana. 
 A  faithful  preacher  and  pastor,  a  good  organizer  and 
 a  methodical  worker,  a  large  degree  of  success  has 
 crowned  his  labors. 
 
 "WTiarey,  Rev.  James,  was  born  in  Rutherford 
 county,  X.  C,  June  l.".th,  1789.  He  entered  Hamp- 
 den-Sidney  College,  and  while  he  pursued  his  studies, 
 he  paid  for  his  board  by  teaching  .several  children  iu 
 the  family  of  the  steward.  It  is  supposed  that  he 
 never  graduiited,  but  prosecuted  both  his  literary  and 
 theologic;il  course  simult^meously.  Here  he  spent 
 about  five  years,  being  employed,  during  jxirt  of  the 
 time,  as  Tutor  in  college.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
 the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of  Hanover,  in  1818. 
 He  commenced  his  ministry  in  the  counties  of  Am- 
 herst and  Nelson,  spending  a  portion  of  his  time  as 
 I'rincipal  of  an  academy.  He  continued  to  labor  in 
 Amherst  but  a  year  and  a  half.  In  the  following  [ 
 Spring  he  went  on  a  missionary  tour  through  the 
 eastern  portion  of  the  State,  having  received  a  com- 
 mi.ssion  from  the  Young  Jlen's  Missionary  Society  of 
 liichmond.  Subsequently  he  consented  to  become 
 chaplain  of  Hampden-Sidney  College  and  pa.stor  of 
 the  College  Church  for  one  year.  Here  his  labors 
 were  greatly  blessed.  Near  the  close  of  the  year 
 IX22  he  went  to  the  village  of  Cartersville,  and 
 lalwred  for  a  time,  but  wiis  not  long  suffered  to  re-  i 
 main  iu  this  position.  His  able  and  useful  ministry 
 at  the  College  w;ls  "known  and  read"  of  many. 
 The  churches  of  Bird  aiul  Providence,  in  (Joochland 
 county,  gave  him  a  U!ianimous  call,  which  ho  ac- 
 cepted, and  was  installed  their  pastor  in  1824.  Here 
 after  eighteen  years  of  useful  labor,  ho  ended  his  ' 
 days.      He  died   Ajnil  291h,  ls42.      .Mr.  Wharey  was 
 
 a  good  scholar.  His  mind  acted  slowly,  but  safely 
 and  vigorously.  His  style  of  composition  often  ro.se 
 to  a  high  degree  of  beauty.  He  wrote  for  the  reli- 
 gious periodicals  of  the  day,  on  a  variety  of  topics. 
 A  series  of  articles  which  he  furnished  for  the  Soiil/i- 
 cm  Religious  TeUijmph,  on  the  subject  of  Baptism,  and 
 another  .series  in  the  .same  paper,  on  Church  Historj', 
 were  so  popular  that  their  publication  in  a  more 
 durable  form  was  called  for,  and  they  were  published 
 in  separate  volumes.  He  was  a  good  and  useful  man, 
 loving  to  preach,  to  serve  on  committees,  or  to  engage 
 in  any  service,  however  humble,  to  which  the  voice 
 of  his  brethren  or  the  voice  of  Providence  might 
 seem  to  call  him. 
 
 WTieeler,  Francis  Bro-wn,  D.D.,  is  of  minis- 
 terial descent,  his  father,  grandfather  and  four  uncles 
 having  been  clergymen.      He  was    born   iu   North 
 
 *"U.4.\CIS   Bluiwx   WHEELER,   D.P. 
 
 Adams,  Miuss. ;  graduated  at  the  University  of  Ver- 
 mont iu  1842;  studied  theology  at  Andover  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  and  was  pastor  of  the  Congrega- 
 tional Church  at  Jericho  Centre,  Vt,  from  January 
 22d,  184."),  until  January  2d,  1850.  During  this  pius- 
 torate  he  wiis  for  two  years  Superintendent  of  the 
 common  schools  in  Chittenden  county,  Vt.  From 
 May  29th,  1850,  to  September  7th,  1854,  he  was  pas- 
 tor of  the  Congregational  Church  in  Brandon,  Vt. 
 On  the  (Jth  of  December,  1854,  he  took  charge  of  the 
 First  Congregational  Church  in  Saco,  Maine.  His 
 pa-storate  there  was  one  of  marked  success  and  power, 
 being  ble,s,sed,  in  the  Winter  of  1857-8,  with  a  won- 
 derful display  of  Divine  grace  in  the  congregation, 
 and  resulting  in  large  accessions  to  the  Church.    The 
 
WHELPLEY. 
 
 1003 
 
 WUITAKEU. 
 
 health  of  his  family  required  him  to  relinquish  this 
 tieUl,  and  he  accejittd  a  call  from  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Poughkeepsie,  X.  Y.,  over  which  he 
 was  installed  May  12th,  1859.  Here  he  has  since 
 labored  very  faithfully  and  acceptably.  Frequent 
 additions  have  been  made  to  his  congregation,  and  at 
 two  different  times  there  have  been  special  revival 
 ingatherings.  His  church  has  liad  a  steady  and  solid 
 growth. 
 
 Whilst  Dr.  ^^^leeler  is  Calvinistic  in  his  theology, 
 he  is  broadly  and  thoroughly  identified  with  all  true 
 progress  wherever  found.  In  his  preaching,  he  is 
 simple,  practical  and  emotional;  free  and  uncon- 
 strained in  manner,  with  rare  gifts  in  extemporaneous 
 utterance.  As  a  psistor,  he  is  eminently  faithful  to 
 his  flock.  Dr.  Wheeler  hiis  been  a  volumiuoas 
 writer  for  the  religious  and  secular  press;  has  pub- 
 lished several  sermons;  given  especial  addresses  on 
 many  public  occasions,  and  is  the  author  of  many 
 hymns,  some  of  which  have  found  their  way  into 
 books  of  praise. 
 
 "Whelpley,  Rev.  Philip  Melancthon,  was 
 born  in  Stockbridge,  JIa.ss. ,  in  December,  1794. 
 Thoroughly  educated  by  his  father,  who  was  one  of 
 the  most  accomplished  teachers  of  his  day,  in  1812 
 he  commenced  the  study  of  theology,  under  the  di- 
 rection of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Richards,  of  Newark,  N.  J., 
 and  was  licensed  to  jireach  early  in  October,  1814, 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Jersey.  On  April  2.5th,  1815, 
 he  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  congregation  in  New  York.  Here  he 
 passed  the  whole  of  his  brief  ministerial  life,  his 
 death  occurring  July  17th,  1824.  His  career,  though 
 short,  was  brilliant  and  useful.  He  was  character- 
 ized by  gracefulness  of  manner,  elegance  of  diction, 
 melody  of  voice  and  eloquence  of  thought.  His 
 preaching  was  progressively  good,  and  spiritual  and 
 eflective  till  the  close  of  his  ministry.  He  was 
 valued  by  his  co-presbytsrs.  Among  his  last  ex- 
 pressions he  was  heard  to  say,  ' '  The  Lord  Jesus  is 
 near.     The  will  of  the  Lord  be  done. ' ' 
 
 WTierry,  Rev.  Elwood  Morris,  was  born  at 
 South  Bend,  Pa.,  JIarch  2(!th,  184:5.  He  graduated 
 at  Jeflersou  College  in  1862,  and  after  his  graduation 
 was  engaged,  for  a  time,  in  teaching.  He  was  or- 
 dained an  Evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of  Donegal, 
 May  8th,  1867.  He  w.is  missionary  in  India,  at 
 Rawal  Pindi,  1868-69,  and  at  Lodiana,  1869.  He  re- 
 turned to  his  native  country  several  years  ago,  and 
 spent  a  short  time,  during  which  he  rendered  good 
 service  in  kindling  mi.ssionary  zeal  in  the  churches, 
 and  then  went  back  to  Lodiana,  where  he  now  is 
 earnestly  serving  the  cause  he  so  much  loves. 
 
 ■WTliUdin,  Alexander,  was  liorn  in  Philadel- 
 phia, January  28th,  1808.  His  parents  were  both 
 members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  His  father 
 w;is  a  sea-captain,  and  a  native  of  New  Jersey.  In 
 1812,  leaving  France'  on  a  return  voyage  to  this 
 country,  he  never  reached  our  .shores,  no  tidings  of 
 
 his  fate  ever  coming  to  relieve  the  suspense  of  the 
 bereaved  family.  This  sad  event  left  the  subject  of 
 tills  .sketch  an  orphan  at  the  early  age  of  four  years. 
 Tlie  widowed  mother,  with  her  son  and  two  daughtere, 
 went  to  reside  at  the  old  homc-stea<l,  in  Cape  May 
 county,  N.  J.  Tliere,  on  the  old  farm  near  the  court- 
 house, he  lived  for  twelve  years.  In  his  sixteenth 
 year  he  returned  to  l'hila(li'l])liia,  and  entered  a 
 store,  as  a  clerk. 
 
 In  1832  Mr.  Wlulldin  started  business  for  himself, 
 and  continued  in  mc;cantile  life  until  1881,  when, 
 on  account  of  declining  health,  he  withdrew  from 
 active  pursuits.  For  twenty-one  years  he  was  con- 
 nected with  the  Old  Pine  Street  Presljyterian  Church, 
 and  was,  during  that  time,  with  the  exception  of  the 
 first  year,  a  Ruling  Elder,  and  zealously  devoted  to 
 the  duties  of  his  office.  For  twenty-three  years  he 
 has  filled  the  same  position,  with  the  same  spirit,  in 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  Broad  and  Green,  of  which 
 the  Rev.  K.  1).  Harper,  D.  I).,  is  now  pastor. 
 
 During  his  long  and  useful  life  Mr.  Whilldin  luis 
 been  called  to  many  prominent  positions  of  honor 
 and  responsibility,  the  duties  of  all  of  which  he  has 
 discharged  with  fidelity — credit  to  himself  and  ad- 
 vautivge  to  the  institutions  and  associations  he  repre- 
 sented. He  has  been  for  sixteen  years  a  Director  of 
 the  American  Sunday-school  Uuiou,  for  fifteen  years 
 President  of  the  Philadelphia  Sabbath  .Association, 
 for  twenty  years  President  of  the  American  Life  In- 
 surance Company,  for  twenty-three  years  a  Director 
 of  the  Children's  Union  Home,  for  forty-one  years  a 
 Director  of  the  Seamen's  Friend  Society,  for  thirty- 
 five  years  a  Manager  of  the  Pennsylvania  Colonization 
 Society,  for  thirty  years  a  Trustee  of  Lincoln  I'ni- 
 versity,  for  fifteen  years  a  Trustee  of  the  Oeneral 
 Assembly,  and  a  Director  of  the  Presbyterian  Hos- 
 pital since  its  organization,  ilr.  Whilldin  is  a  devoted 
 friend  of  the  cause  of  Temperance.  He  h;us  always 
 been  very  liberal  in  support  of  the  interests  of  religion 
 and  humanity.  His  record  is  that  of  a  model  mer- 
 chant, courteous  gentleman,  generous  philanthropist 
 and  exemplary  Christian. 
 
 ■WMtaker,  Epher,  D.D.,  is  a  sou  of  Rcuel  an<l 
 Sarah  (Westcottl  Whitaker,  and  was  born  in  Fair- 
 field township,  CHimberland  county,  X.  J.,  March 
 27th,  1820.  He  graduated,  with  the  highest  honors 
 of  his  class,  in  July,  1847,  at  Delaware  College;  at 
 the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York  city,  in 
 1851 ;  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Third  Pre-sbj-tery 
 of  New  York,  in  April,  1851 ;  and  on  September  10th, 
 of  the  same  year,  was  ordained  and  installed  pa.stor 
 of  the  First  Church  of  Southold.  Long  Island,  where 
 he  continues  to  discharge  the  duties  of  his  office. 
 
 For  forty-five  years  Dr.  Whitaker  has  written 
 freely  for  the  press.  He  published,  in  1865,  a  vol- 
 ume entitled  "  New  Fruits  from  an  Old  Field;"'  in 
 1872,  a  small  collection  of  his  hymns;  and  in  1881, 
 an  elaborate  "History  of  Southold,  Its  First  Cen- 
 tury, from  1640  to  1740,"  and  the  next  year  he  super- 
 
WUITAKER. 
 
 1(M)4 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 vised  the  iiriutiiig  of  the  first  volume  of  the  "South- 
 old  Town  Records,  from  1(;.>1  to  1793."  Many  of 
 his  separate  sermons  and  acldresses — ))io<rrai)hic;vl, 
 patriotic,  educational,  etc.,  have  been  printed.  Six 
 times  he  ha.s  represented  the  Presbytery  of  Long 
 Lslaud  in  the  General  A.ssembly.  He  was  Moderator 
 of  the  Synod  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey  during 
 the  year  ISGO-l,  and  of  the  Synod  of  Long  Island 
 <luring  the  year  1872-:!.  He  has  served  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Long  Island  ivs  Stated  Clerk  for.  the  last 
 twenty-eight  years,  and  continues  this  service.  The 
 congregiition  of  .Southold,  under  Dr.  Whitaker's  pas- 
 toral care,  has  greatly  improved  the  church  edifice, 
 doubU-d  the  size  and  value  of  the  parsonage,  bought 
 the  site  of  the  chapel  and  built  the  edifice,  purchased 
 the  grounds  .and  erected  and  estiiblished  the  Southold 
 Academy,  which  belongs  to  the  church,  and  enlarged 
 the  church  cemetery.  And  though  most  of  the 
 young  people  of  the  congregation  remove  to  the 
 cities  or  to  the  West,  yet  the  membership  of  the 
 cluircli  ha.s  increa.sed  during  his  pivstorate.  He  has 
 jireached  as  often  as  three  times  a  week  throughout 
 liis  iiiiiiistry. 
 
 Whitaker,  Rev.  Nathanael,  was  born  on 
 Long  Island,  February  22d,  17'.22,  and  graduated  at 
 Niissau  Hall  in  1752.  He  Wiis  installed  p;i.stor  of  the 
 congregation  in  Chelsea,  near  Norwich,  Conn.,  Feb- 
 ruary 25th,  1761.  He  went  to  (Jreat  Britain  with 
 the  Kev.  .Sansom  Occ'um,  of  the  Mohcgan  tribe,  to 
 solicit  funds  for  a  mi.ssion  school,  among  the  Indians, 
 and  they  had  great  success.  On  his  return,  he 
 accepted  a  Ciill  to  the  Second  Church  iu  Salem,  Mas.s., 
 May  yth,  170!).  In  1773,  he,  with  fourteen  friends, 
 withdrew,  formed  a  Presbyterian  congregation, 
 whii'h  w;is  called  the  Third  Church,  and  united  with 
 Hoston  Pre.sbytery,  NoviMuber  •27th,  1773.  On  the 
 breaking  out  of  tlie  war,  he  esi)oused  warmly  the 
 cjiuse  of  independence.  He  removtMl  to  JIaine  and 
 subse<|uently  to  Virginia,  and  died  January  21st, 
 17!I5,  at  Woodbridge. 
 
 White,  Charles,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  Randolph, 
 M;is.s.,  iJecembcr  2-<th,  17i)5;  graduated  at  Dartmouth 
 College,  with  the  first  honors  of  his  chiss,  in  1821, 
 and  received  his  theologic;il  education  at  Andover, 
 Miuss.  -Vfter  preaching  for  a  time  at  Thetford,  he 
 was  settle-d  over  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Cazeno- 
 via,  N.  Y.,  and  again  at  Owego,  N.  Y.,  from  which 
 charge  he  was  dismis.sed,  after  his  election  to  the 
 Presi<lency  of  AVaba-sh  College,  He  entered  ui)on  the 
 duties  of  his  office  in  October,  1841,  so  that  bis  presi- 
 dency w;is  of  just  twenty  yciirs'  continuance.  From 
 the  first  lie  discharged  its  duties  to  the  entire  Sivtis- 
 faction  of  the?  trustees,  the  patrons,  and  the  students 
 under  his  care,  liy  his  intellectual  strength,  and 
 his  rich  and  varied  learning,  he  commanded  their 
 respect,  and  by  his  gicat  siniidicity  of  character  and 
 goodnes.s,  he  won  tlii'ir  all'ections.  He  died  Octolier 
 29th,  18(n.  President  White's  puli)it  productions 
 were  generally  ri(h  sjiciinxens  of  elaborate  thought 
 
 and  iK)lished  diction.  In  theology,  he  wa.s  sound  and 
 conservative,  preferring  one  clear  ' '  Thus  .s;iith  the 
 Lord,"  to  a  thousand  brilliant  and  plausible  specula- 
 tions. 
 
 "WTiite,  Emerson  Elbridg-e,  A.  M.,  LL.  D., 
 son  of  Jonas  White  and  Sarah  (Gregory)  White,  was 
 lK)rn  in  Mantua,  Portage  county,  Ohio,  January  10th, 
 1829.  He  was  educated  at  Ewinsburg  (Ohio)  Acad- 
 emy and  the  Cleveland  University.  He  taught  iu 
 Ewin.sbuTg  Academy  and  Cleveland  University  (In- 
 structor in  JIathematics),  and  has  since  filled  the 
 positions  of  Princijial  of  the  Brownell  Street  School, 
 Cleveland,  1851;  the  Cleveland  Central  High  School, 
 1854;  Superintendent  of  the  Public  Schools  of  Ports- 
 mouth, Ohio,  1856;  State  Commissioner  of  Common 
 !  Schools  of  Ohio,  1863;  and  President  of  Purdue 
 University,  Lafayette,  Ind.,  1876-83.  He  was  Presi- 
 dent of  the  Ohio  Teachers'  Association  in  1863;  of 
 the  National  Superintendents'  Association  in  ISGti; 
 of  the  National  Educational  Association  in  1872,  and 
 is  now  President  of  the  National  Council  of  Educa- 
 tion— the  highest  and  most  important  educational 
 organization  in  the  country.  He  was  editor  and  pro- 
 prietor of  the  Ohio  Educational  Monthly  from  1861  to 
 1875,  and  of  the  National  Teacher  from  1870  to  1875. 
 He  was  the  writer  of  the  memorial  to  Congress  on  the 
 National  Bureau  of  Education,  and  author  of  the 
 accompanying  bill  introduced  into  the  House  by 
 General  Garfield,  of  Ohio,  and  subsequently  pa.ssed. 
 He  is  also  the  author  of  several  valuable  school  text 
 books,  and  of  a  large  number  of  papers  and  addresses 
 on  Education,  which  have  been  published  from  time 
 to  time  and  widely  circulated. 
 
 Dr.  ^^^lite  has  been  an  elder  in  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  since  1863,  and  was  a  delegate  to  the  World's 
 Presbyterian  Council  at  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  iu 
 1877.  He  has  won  his  way,  through  native  ability 
 and  much  of  earnestness  and  devotion,  to  the  front 
 rank  of  American  teachers.  He  has  sho^^■n  large 
 capacit}'  for  organization  and  for  effective  administra- 
 tion, and  has  had  a  wide  and  succftssful  experience  iu 
 college  work.  Asa  speaker,  he  is  both  winning  and 
 forcible,  especially  in  the  discussion  of  educational 
 topics.  As  an  elder,  he  has  always  been  highly 
 u.seful,  both  in  our  particular  church  and  in  Presby- 
 tery and  Synod,  where  his  influence  has  been  highly 
 prized. 
 
 White.  Erskine  Norman,  D.  D.  (son  of  Nor- 
 man White  and  Mary  A.  Dodge),  was  born  in  New 
 York,  May  31st,  1833.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale 
 College  in  1854,  and  at  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
 New  York,  in  1857.  After  studying  a  year  or  two 
 abroad,  he  was  ordained,  Juno  7th,  1859,  by  the  Pe- 
 formed  Dutch  Cla.ssis  of  New  York.  He  was  pastor  of 
 the  K.  D.  Church  of  Staten  Island,  from  1859  to  1862; 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  New  Eochelle,  N.  Y., 
 from  18(i2  to  1868;  of  the  Westminster  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  from  1868  to  1874,  and 
 of  the  West  Twenty-third  Street  Church,  New  York 
 
WHITE. 
 
 1005 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 city,  since  1874.  He  received  the  degree  of  S.  T.  D. 
 from  the  University  of  New  York,  1874.  He  is  one 
 of  the  Directors  of  the  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
 and  is  upon  the  Building  Committee  for  the  new 
 buildings.  He  has  published  a  few  occasional  .ser- 
 mons; a  history  of  the  West  Twenty-third  Street 
 Church,  and  several  articles  in  the  Reviews.  Two 
 translations  in  the  American  Theological  Quarterly; 
 "Infant  Baptism,"  in  The  Presbyterian  Quarterly 
 and  Princeton  Bcinew,  1873,  and  "The  Reorgani- 
 zation of  Synods."  in  The  Presbyterian  licvicw, 
 1881. 
 
 Dr.  'Uniite  was  a  member  of  the  Assembly's  Special 
 Committee  of  Seven,  which  in  1880  reported  the 
 Overtures  for  the  consolidation  of  the  Sj'nods  and 
 the  enlargement  of  their  powers,  and  which,  by  its 
 j  udiciou.s  management,  carried  those  Overtures  through 
 the  Presbyteries.  He  was  one  of  the  working  mem- 
 bers of  that  committee.  To  him  w;is  specially  as- 
 signed the  consolidation  f(^ature  of  the  movement : 
 and  to  his  wise  leadership  in  connection  with  Presi- 
 dent Darling,  the  church  is  indebted  especially  for 
 the  adoption  of  the  Consolidation  Act  by  the  As- 
 sembly of  1881.  He  has  been  engaged,  without  in- 
 terruption, in  pastoral  work  for  nearly  twenty-five 
 years.  No  man  stands  higher  in  New  York  Presby- 
 tery. He  is  a  genial  friend,  an  instructive  preacher, 
 a  faithful  and  successful  pastor,  a  conscientious  and 
 jirudent  pre.sbyter,  devoted  to  our  Church  and  to  its 
 Head  and  always  at  work  for  both. 
 
 "WTlite,  Henry,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  Durham, 
 N.  Y.,  June  19th,  1800.  He  was  graduated  at  Union 
 College,  in  1824,  with  high  honor,  having  especiallj' 
 distinguished  himself  in  the  departments  of  mathe- 
 matics and  philosophy.  He  then  pursued  his  theo- 
 logical studies  at  Princeton.  His  only  pastorate  was 
 in  tlie  Allen  Street  Church,  New  York,  over  which 
 he  was  installed  during  the  Winter  of  1827-8,  and 
 where  he  remained  until  he  was  elected  Profcs.sor  of 
 Theology  in  Union  Seminary,  at  the  time  of  its 
 founding,  1836.  This  professorship  he  retixined 
 until  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  August 
 2.5th,  1850. 
 
 Dr,  White,  as  a  Pharos,  stood  above  the  shoals  of 
 theological  speculation.  Whoever  sailed  by  him 
 avoided  wreck.  He  w:vs  a  steady  warning  to  keep 
 the  open  sea,  or  to  anchor  in  the  roadstead.  He  had 
 little  syi:ii3athy  with  that  cla.ss  of  minds  which  love 
 most  the  dangerous  places  of  theological  study.  Not 
 that  he  would  leave  such  places  unsounded,  unsur- 
 veyed,  but  that  he  distrusted  the  fascinations  which 
 such  places  have  for  the  venturesome  and  the  curious. 
 His  system  was  pre-eminently  clear  and  simple. 
 I  lis  aim  was  to  teach  what  he  himsel  f  had  learned 
 from  the  Bible  as  a  rerclation.  That  which  the 
 Scriptures  did  not  reveal  he  was  not  anxious  to  ex- 
 plain. He  peculiarly  disliked  the  mists  of  German 
 philosophy,  by  which  the  students  of  his  day  were 
 often  befogged. 
 
 Dr.  White's  preaching  was  remarkably  lucid  and 
 strong.  He  at  once  alarmed  and  attracted  his  liearers. 
 If  Sinai  thundered  from  liis  ])ulpit,  the  light  of  the 
 Cross  also  beamed  there,  like  that  of  the  seven  lamps 
 which  burned  with  steady  radiance  amid  the  flashes 
 of  the  Apocalyptic  vision  of  the  throne.  Circling 
 about  all  the  syraljols  of  terror  w:us  the  sign  of  mercy, 
 the  "rainbow,  in  sight  like  unto  an  emerald."  He 
 was  still  in  the  vigor  of  manhood  when  he  died,  bnt 
 ready  to  be  unclothed  and  clothed  tipon.  During 
 the  last  year  of  his  earthly  life,  he  su]>plied  the  pulpit 
 of  the  Sixteenth  .Street  Presbyterian  Church,  in  New 
 York,  and  there  preached,  not  only  with  the  power, 
 but  also  with  the  success  of  his  earlier  days,  using 
 old  weapons,  repeating  old  victories. 
 
 White,  Rev.  James  C,  w.os  born  at  Lancaster, 
 Mass.,  October  12th,  1806,  where  his  ancestors  settled 
 in  1647.  At  two  years  of  age  James  went  to  live 
 with  his  uncle,  Dca.  Samuel  Farrar.  of  Lincoln,  Ma.ss. 
 At  fifteen  he  became  a  clerk  in  Boston,  where  he 
 afterwards  established  "  White's  Bonnet  and  Dry 
 Goods  Store,"  over  which  his  sign  remained  forty 
 years.  In  182.5  he  was  converted  and  united  with 
 the  church  of  which  Dr.  Lyman  Beecher  was  pastor. 
 He  was  one  of  the  original  members  of  Salem  Street 
 Church,  and  for  many  years  one  of  its  deacons.  In 
 1840  he  entered  Lane  Theological  Seminary  at  Cin- 
 cinnati; w;is  appointed  Chaplain  in  the  Cincinnati 
 Hospital  and  County  Jail,  and  graduated  in  1843. 
 
 In  1841  and  1842,  Mr.  AVhite  gathered  and  organ- 
 ized the  Tabernacle  Presbyterian  Church  in  that  city, 
 and  remained  its  pastor  until  1850.  On  account  of 
 failing  health,  he  then  went  abroad  and  spent  a  year. 
 Upon  his  return  he  organized  the  Congregiitional 
 Church  in  Springfield.  Ohio,  where  he  remained  until 
 1854,  when  he  was  called  to  the  Plymouth  Congrega- 
 tional Church  of  Clevel.and,  and  was  its  pastor  for 
 ■seven  years.  From  1861  to  1866  he  wa-s  pastor  of  the 
 "Free  Congregational  Church"  at  Providence.  He 
 then  ;iccepted  a  Gill  to  the  First  Orthodo.x  Congrega- 
 tional Church,  of  Dayton,  Ohio  (which  he  had  organ- 
 ized while  a  pa.stor  at  Springfield).  He  removed  to 
 Chicago  in  1869,  and  was  p-a-stor  of  the  Oakland  Church 
 for  three  years,  when  the  disasters  connected  with  the 
 "great  fire "  led  him  to  accept  a  call  from  the  Pop- 
 lar Street  Presbyterian  Church,  Cinciruiati,  in  the 
 \ncinity  where  he  was  licensed,  ordained  and  installed 
 thirty  years  before.  With  this  church  he  still  con- 
 tinues his  labors.  Sir.  Wliite  is  a  practical  preacher, 
 of  deep  nervous  intensity  and  persn:isive  appeal, 
 drawing  around  him  business  men  and  j-oung  people 
 with  great  social  and  affectionate  power.  He  is  now 
 at  the  age  of  feevcnty-seven,  but  "his  eye  is  not 
 dimnvcd  nor  his  natural  force  abated.''  In  184.5,  Mr. 
 ^Vllite  published  "  Religion  as  it  Should  Be,"  which 
 went  through  three  editions.  He  has  al.so  recently 
 written  "Personal  Reminiscences  of  Dr.  L_\-Tnan 
 Beecher."  Many  discourses  and  lectures  have  also 
 I  been  published. 
 
WHITE. 
 
 KMM) 
 
 WHITE. 
 
 Mr.  White  has  the  degree  of  A.  M.  from  Witten- 
 herg  College.  Althonjjh  much  ongiiged  in  organizing 
 or  roorgjinizing  chiirclics and  buihlinf; churc-h  edifices, 
 a  thousiind  persons  lia\e  united  with  the  churches 
 undtr  his  i-are. 
 
 WHite,  John,  Sr.  wa-s  the  eldest  child  of  Thomas 
 and  Jane  i  Reynolds)  White,  of  Scotch-Irish  descent, 
 and  w:vs  born  near  Emmittsburg,  Frederick  county, 
 Maryland,  in  the  year  17B4.  His  education  was  re- 
 ceived in  the  schools  and  acatlemies  of  his  native 
 county.  In  early  life  he  engaged  in  agricultural 
 pursuits  at  "Harmony  Grove,''  near  Frederick  city. 
 Md.,  where  he  lived  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He 
 united  with  the  Presbyterian  Cliurch  in  Frederick 
 city  a  short  time  after  its  organiaition,  and  was 
 elected  and  ordained  a  ruling  elder  of  the  same 
 church  in  Ir^iO,  during  the  pasfonite  of  Hev.  Patrick 
 Davidson.  He  .served  the  church  in  this  office  until 
 his  death,  which  occurred  October  7th,  1833. 
 
 Sir.  White  was  a  man  of  sterling  worth  to  the 
 community  in  which  he  lived  and  to  the  church  of 
 wliich  he  was  a  model  member,  faithful  elder,  and 
 liberal  supporter.  He  w:us  a  Christian  of  devoted 
 piety.  His  son,  Mr.  AVilliam  WHiite,  luis  been  a 
 deacon  for  forty  years  in  the  sj\me  church  in  which 
 he  was  an  elder;  and  his  daughter.  Miss  Sarah  A. 
 ■ftTiite,  like  her  father,  is  its  most  generous  contribu- 
 tor, and  one  of  its  most  faithful  and  devoted  mem- 
 bers. 
 
 Rev.  Joseph  Smith,  n.  n.,  an  eminent  divine,  who 
 w;is  Mr.  White's  pastor  when  he  died,  «Tote  concern- 
 ing him:  ""Few  have  surpii.ssi-d  him  for  a  life  of 
 inilustry,  strict  integrity,  and  generous  kindness  and 
 hospitality  of  disposition.  .  .  .  The  foundation 
 on  which  he  had  placed  his  immortal  hopes  did  not 
 fail  him  in  the  hours  of  sickness  and  at  the  approach 
 of  death.  The  light  of  peace  and  Christian  hope 
 broke  in  upon  his  soul  and  shone  steadily  and  calmly, 
 :i3  he  entered  the  dark  valley.  .  .  .  And  thus, 
 in  the  full  e.xercise  of  hi.s  re;i.son  and  under  the  sun- 
 shine of  the  Holy  Ghost,  he  'slept  in  Jesu.s.'  " 
 
 "WTiite,  Rev.  Nathan  G-rier,  was  Ijorn  at 
 Fagg's  Manor,  Pa.,  April  llth,  IwlO.  He  graduated 
 at  Dickinson  College,  Pa.,  in  1828.  After  leaving 
 college  he  was  engaged  for  a  time  in  teaching.  He 
 studied  theology  at  Princeton  Seminary.  He  was 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle,  June  llth, 
 1831,  and  installed  pastor  of  the  churches  of  JlcCon- 
 nellsburg,  (Ireen  Hill  and  Wells  Valley,  Pa.  These 
 churches  he  served  faithfully  and  successfully  for 
 thirty  years.  In  1-IG4  he  took  charge  of  the  Church 
 at  Williamsburg,  Pa.,  where  his  earnest  labors  were 
 blessed.  This  pastorate  he  resignetl  in  1883.  Jlr. 
 ■WTiitc  is  a  man  of  modest,  retiring  di.spo.sition,  but  of 
 decided  ability.  He  has  Ven  very  faithful  during 
 his  ministry  of  fifty  years, 'and  is  liiglily  esteemed  by 
 his  brcthrin. 
 
 white.  Rev.  Robert,  was  born  in  Montgomery 
 county.  Pa.,  about  the  year  178.'),  received  his  cla-ssi- 
 
 cal  education  at  Norristown,  under  the  direction  of 
 General  Porter;  studied  theology  under  the  Kev. 
 Nathan  Grier,  of  the  Forks  of  Brandywine;  becinie 
 pastor  of  the  Church  at  Fagg's  Manor  in  1810,  and 
 
 [  after  a  faithful  and  successful  ministry  there,  of 
 twenty-five  years,  died  September  2Uth,  183.5.  He 
 published  a  sermon  designed  to  prove  that  Job  was 
 Melchisedec.  His  successor  in  the  ministry,  the  Eev. 
 Alfred  Hamilton,  said  of  him:  ''  His  people  reg-arded 
 him  with  great  affection,  and  thought  him,  as  he  was 
 in    truth,    a     laborious,    tender-hearted,   prayerful 
 
 "p;i.stor. " 
 
 "WTiite,  Rev.  Sylvanus,  was  born  in  171)4; 
 graduated  at  Harvard  University  in  17'23.  and  was 
 ordained  by  a  Council.  November  17th,  1727,  pastor  of 
 the  Church  of  Southampton,  where,  amid  confusions 
 and  divisions  glowing  out  of  the  great  revival,  he 
 
 I  seems  to  have  dwelt  in  peace  among  a  united  people. 
 After  a  ministry  of  fifty-five  years,  in  which  he  was 
 honored  and  revered,  and  happy  in  the  affections  of 
 a  large  and  warmly  attached  congregation,  he  died, 
 October  22d,  1782. 
 
 White,  Rev.  "Williani  P.,  was  born  in  Honey- 
 brook,  Pa.,  in  1840.  He  was  brought  into  the  churcli 
 early  in  life.  He  partly  prepared  himself  for  Am- 
 herst College,  where  he  graduated  in  1867.    He  gradu- 
 
 !  ated  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in  1870,  and 
 was  licensed  by  the  Presb.\-tery  of  Donegal  in  1869. 
 He  was  called  to  be  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Plymouth. 
 Pa.,  and  ordained  and  installed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Lackawanna  in  1870.  In  this  relation  he  continued 
 thirteen  years,  with  the  divine  blessing  on  his  labors. 
 He  w;is  stilted  clerk  of  the  Presbytery.  He  has  been 
 a  valuable  correspondent  of  the  Presbtfierian,  and  a 
 contributor  for  various  papers.  A  number  of  sermons 
 have  been  published  by  him.  He  was  an  earnest 
 advocate  of  Temperance  and  co-lal)orer  of  Rev.  Thomas 
 P.  Hunt  in  Wyoming  Valley.  In  April,  1883,  he  was 
 called  to  his  present  promising  charge  at  Mt.  Airy, 
 Philadelphia.     Mr.  White  is  a  rigorous  wTiter,  an 
 
 ]  able  pre;icher,  a  good  pastor,  and  a  very  useful  mem- 
 ber of  the  judicatories  of  the  church. 
 
 1     'White,  "William   Spottswood,  D.  D.,   was 
 
 I  born  in  tlie  county  of  Hanover,  Va.,  July  30th.  1800. 
 
 ,  His  parents  were  connected  with  the  congregation 
 gathered  in  that  part  of  the  colony,  by  the  Rev. 
 Samuel  Davics.  His  collegiate  education  was  at 
 Hampden-Sidney,  and  while  a  student  of  that  Insti- 
 tution, the  ministry  of  its  venerable  President,  Dr. 
 Moses  Hoge,  was  blessed  in  awakening  such  convic- 
 tion of  sin  as  led  to  his  conversion.  His  theological 
 instruction  w;is  under  the  Rev.  John  H.  Rice,  D.D., 
 and  he  Avas  one  of  the  first  students  under  that  erai- 
 
 '  nent  Professor  of  Theology  in  Union  Seminary.  He 
 w:us  licensed  to  preach  the  gosi)el  by  the  Presbrtery 
 of  East  Hanover,  in  1827.  His  first  field  of  labor  was 
 in  the  counties  of  Nottoway,  Amelia,  Lunenburg  and 
 Dinwiddie,  during  which  time  his  ordination  took 
 place.     In  1832,  he  removed  to  Scottsville,  and  be- 
 
WHITIXO. 
 
 1007 
 
 WHITING. 
 
 came  pastor  of  the  church  in  that  place.     Here  his  j 
 hihors,  as  before,  were  greatly  prospered.     After  two 
 years  he  accepted  au  appointment  as   General  Agent 
 of  the  Virginia   (a   branch   of   the  American)  Tract 
 Society,   with  a  special  reference  to  the    "Volume 
 Enterprise."     After  two  years  of  very  arduou.s  and 
 successful  labor,  he  was  settled  as  pastor  in  Cbarlottes- 
 A-ille.     During  his  residence  there  he  conducted  a 
 large  and  prosperous  female  school,  and  was  twice 
 elected  Chaplain  to  the  University  of  Virginia.     In 
 1848  he  became  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  Lexington,  which  w;is  his  home  to  the  end  of  life. 
 If  this  outline  were  filled  with  the  details  which 
 might  be  supplied,  it  would  present  before  us  the 
 portrait   of  a   beloved,    devoted    servant   of   Christ, 
 worthy  of  the  admiration  of  all,  and  to  be  held  in 
 everlasting  remembrance.     Dr.  WTiite  was  a  man  of 
 no  common  endowments.     With  no  relish  for  subtle 
 speculations  of  any  sort,  he  had  a  solid,  vigorous  un- 
 derstanding, a  thoroughly  good  common  sense,  a  -svide 
 knowledge  of  men  and  the  springs  of  human  action, 
 together  with  a  remarkable  tact  in  finding  access  to 
 them.     He  w;is  an  able,  earnest  and  most  succe.s.sful 
 preacher,  with  a  rare  gift  for  illustrating  the  subject 
 in  hand,  both  by  similitudes  and  by  incidents  from 
 general  history,  and  by  those  which  had  come  under 
 his  own  observation.     In  every  field  in  which  he  was  [ 
 called  to  labor  his  ministry  had  an  ample  .seal  of  the  j 
 Divine  blessing.     His  fine  social  qualities,  together  | 
 with  his  tender  .sympathy,  .amiable,  pacific  disposition  ' 
 and  fervent  piety,  endeared  him  to  all  as  a  friend  and 
 a  pastor.    He  was  an  eminently  wise,  good  and  loving  j 
 husband  and  father,  and  his  household  was  a  scene  of  | 
 domestic  affection.     On  account  of  failing  health  his 
 piistoral   charge  was  resigned  some  time  before  his 
 death,  which  took  place  November  29th,  1873.     It 
 was  full  of  Christian  peace.     His  memory  is  precious, 
 and  his  name  remains  among  the  good  .and  the  great 
 which  so  profusely  adorn  and  enrich  the  history  of 
 the  Synod  of  Virginia. 
 
 "wiiiting    Rev.  Albert,  was  born  in  Milton, 
 Saratoga  county.  X.  Y.,  May  27th,  1847,  and  was  a 
 son  of  Jonathan  and  Hester  Maria  (Gilbert)  ^NTiiting. 
 "     He  was  graduated  at  Union  College  in  1869,  and  in 
 the  same  year  entered  Princeton  Seminary,  graduat- 
 ing in  1873.     He  was  licensed  by  Xew  Bruns\vick 
 Pr'^sbytery,  April  10th,  1872,  and  was   ordained  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Perth,  then  in  connection  with  the 
 Established   Church  of  Scotland,  at   Perth,  Lanark 
 county,    Ontario,    Canada,    Jxily   30th,    1872.      ilr. 
 "Whiting  never  labored  in  an  organized  church  either 
 as  pastOT  or  stated  supply.     In  ilay,  1870,  soon  after 
 his  licensure,  he  began  to  preach  in  remote  settle- 
 ments among  the  Canadian  forests,  and  continued 
 the  same  work  during   the   Summers  of   1871  and 
 1872,  his  field  covering    parts  of   Lanark,  Fontenac 
 and  Kenfrew  counties,   Ontario,   where  he  preached 
 in  log  school-houses,  in  shanties,  and  sometimes  in 
 the  open  woods.     But  his  heart  was   in  the  work  of 
 
 Foreign   Missions.      Having  been  accepted   by   the 
 Presbyterian   Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  he  sailed 
 for  China  in  the  Summer  of  1874.     After  spending  a 
 few  months  at   Suchow,   after  his  arrival,  he  went 
 with  his  wife  and  the  licv.  Charles  Leman,  to  estab- 
 lish a  station   at  Nanking.      The   difficulties   were 
 many,  but  he  overcame  them  all ;  made  warm  friends 
 of  those  who  opposed  him;  gained  the  respect  of  his 
 Mandiirin  neighbors,   and  was  accompli.shiug   great 
 good.     Theucarae  the  terrible  famine  in  Xorthern 
 China.     American  Christians  responded   to  the  ap- 
 peals for  help,  and  the  missionaries  were  called  on 
 to  disburse  the  funds.     In  March,  1878,  a  call  was 
 made  for  volunteers  to  go  into  the  province  of  Shansi 
 and  carry   relief   to   the    dying    multitudes.      Mr. 
 Whiting  at  once  ottered  his  services,  although  fully 
 appreciating  the  risks.     His  wife  seconded  his  plans. 
 Having  reached  Fai  Yuen,  he  w:is  attacked  by  typhus 
 fever,  under  which  he  rapidly  siink,  and  died  April 
 2oth,  1878,  in  the  thirty-first  year  of  his  age,  very 
 peacefully  and  resignedly.     He  was  a  noble  young 
 man,  of  strong  faith  and  earnest  consecration  to  the 
 Master's  work. 
 
 "Wiiiting,  John,  w:us  born  in  Luray,  Page  county, 
 Va.,  March  4th,  1811.     In  his  early  manhood  he  re- 
 moved to  Montgomery,  Alabanuv,  and  w;»s  a  distin- 
 guished ornament  of  the  city  and  State.     He  was  for 
 twenty-five  years  an  eminently  useful  member,  and 
 for  twenty-three  years  a  highly  honored  and  beloved 
 ruling  elder,  of  the  Presbjterian  Church  in  Mont- 
 gomery, Ala.     When  he  was  miide  the  hopeful  sul>- 
 ject   of    renewing   grace,    he   devoted  himself  with 
 determined  purpose  to  the  service  of  his  redeeming 
 Lord,  by  a  public  profession  of  his  foith.  and  from 
 that  period  his  life  was  one  uniform  exhibitioo  of 
 modest  piety  and   beautifully  consistent  Chri.stian 
 deportment.     "When  elected  to  the  responsible  office 
 of  a  ruling  elder,  he  gave  himself  up  to  the  high 
 duties  which  that  imporbint  position  involved,  with  a 
 diligence,  a  steadiness  and  a  perseverance  which  never 
 foltered,  ever  interested  in  the  peace,  unity  and  purity 
 of  the  Church,  and  ever  ardent  in  his  aspirations  for 
 the  promotion  of  vital  piety  and  the  extension  of  the 
 gospel.     Though  naturally  modest,  unobtrusive,  and 
 even  diffident  of  himself,  he  w:vs  nevertheless  a  highly 
 intelligent,  a  firm  and  unflinching  ad vociite  for  every- 
 thing that  was  true,  just,  honest,  pure,  lovely  and  of 
 good  report;  and  constantly  set  his  face,  like  a  flint, 
 not  only  against  all  errors  in  doctrine,  but  against 
 every  form   of  immorality  in   life.      Hence,  in  the 
 church,  the  Sunday  school,  the  social  prayer  meeting 
 and  in  the  community  his  influence  was  always  felt, 
 and  was  of  the  most  salutary  and  beneficial  char- 
 acter. 
 
 In  compliance  with  the  wishes  of  the  public.  Mr. 
 "UHiiting  accepted  and  undertook  the  management  of 
 the  Sou'th  and  North  Alabama  Riilroad,  au  enterprise 
 which  was  reg.irded  greatly  important  to  the  future 
 wellare  of  the  State  of  Alabama.     To  improve  the 
 
WHITTLESEY. 
 
 1008 
 
 WIESTLING. 
 
 fiiianciul  condition  of  this  lastitiition,  with  the  ac- 
 tivity and  energj'  so  char.icterLslic  ol'the  man,  he  was 
 induced  to  visit  the  Xurth  when  in  a  state  of  (eeble 
 hi-alth,  needing  rest  and  (|niet  rather  than  exposure 
 to  a  journey  rendered  dangerous  liy  fatigue  and  acci- 
 dent. It  was  under  these  circumstances  he  gave  up 
 his  life,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  in  the  service  of 
 his  country.  After  a  very  brief  illness,  in  the  me- 
 ridian of  his  fame,  in  the  vigor  and  maturity  of  his 
 faculties,  on  the  5th  of  Feljruary,  18(ii),  at  the  Astor 
 HoiLse,  in  tlie  city  of  New  York,  he  breathed  out  his 
 earthly  life,  within  a  month  of  closing  his  58th  year, 
 and  entered  inli)  rest. 
 
 His  last  words  wen."  memoral)le.  They  were 
 B|X>kcn  to  his  medical  attendant  and  friend,  and  are 
 thus  touchingly  given  by  him:  "The  day  before  he 
 
 JUMN    WIIITINi;. 
 
 died  there  was  a  bright  flash  of  his  fleeting  spirit  that 
 I  can  never  forget.  His  eyes  were  closed,  he  was 
 uttering  incoherent  words,  and  it  seemed  that  rea.son 
 had  fore\er  fled;  when  he  opened  his  bright  eyes, 
 fixed  them  on  mine,  and  said,  in  a  slow,  steady  voice. 
 
 '  Dr.  K ,  thvre   are  tita  thai   bind   a   man   to  hin 
 
 fnmily,  his  friends  and  Ilia  countri/;  but  lo  one  who  feels 
 that  he  has  endeavored  lo  do  his  dull/  lo  Cod  and  man, 
 anil  \ehose  trust  is  Jirinly  Jijred  in  ('hrisi,  ihalh  has  no 
 terrors. '  ' ' 
 
 His  passage  through  the  dark  valley,  though  un- 
 cheercd  hy  the  j)reseiice  of  his  dearest  kindred  and 
 most  intimate  Christian  brethren,  was  made  bright 
 by  the  i>rrsencc  of  his  llideennr. 
 
 Whittlesey,  Rev.  Eleazer,  was  prnbably  a 
 native  of  Bethleni,  Conn.     He  graduated  at  Nassau 
 
 Hull  in  17  jy,  and  was  licensed  by  New  Castle  Presby- 
 tery in  IT.'iO.  For  a  time  he  supplied  vaciincies.  A 
 log  cluireh  wa.s  put  up  near  Muddy  Creek,  in  Teach 
 Bottom  Township,  York  county.  Pa.,  and  there  Mr. 
 ^Vhitfle.sey  preached,  g;ithering  the  congregations  of 
 Slate  Ridge  and  Chanceford.  He  al.so  Labored  faith- 
 fully in  Harford  county,  Sid.,  and  was  the  mejins  of 
 establishing  a  number  of  congregations.  He  was  a 
 man  tenderly  loved  for  his  zeal  and  integrity.  He 
 died  Deiember '21st,  M'A. 
 
 Wick,  Rev.  William,  was  born  at  Southamj)- 
 ton,  L.  I.,  in  17G8.  He  received  his  classie;il  and 
 scientific  education  at  Canonsburg  Academy,  Pa., 
 and  studied  theology  under  the  direction  of  the  Kev. 
 Dr.  John  McMillan.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
 '  August  28th,  179!),  and  was  ordained  and  installed 
 piustor  of  the  two  churches  of  Youngstown  and  Hope- 
 well, September  3d,  1800  To  these  churches  his 
 liiljors  were  mainly  devoted,  though  he  spent  con- 
 siderable time  as  a  missionary  in  the  destitute  .settle- 
 ments. His  death  took  place  March  29tli,  l-il.5.  He 
 had  the  reputation  of  being  an  excellent  man  and  a 
 faithful  missionary. 
 
 Wiestling,  B.  J.,  M.D.,  a  ruling  elder  in  the 
 Cliurch  in  Middletown,  Pa.,  was  born  September 
 16th,  1805,  near  Harrisburg,  and  was  the  son  of  Dr. 
 Samuel  C.  Wiestling,  a  native  of  Lower  Saxony,  who 
 came  to  this  country  about  17(!0.  He  belonged  to  a 
 family  distinguished  for  it.s  physicians.  Two  of 
 his  older  brothers  were  men  of  note  in  the  profession, 
 and  two  of  his  sons  also  are  in  the  same  calling.  For 
 five  generations  some  members  of  the  family  have 
 been  in  the  profession.  Dr.  'Wiestling  read  medicine 
 with  his  two  brothers,  and  then  studied  at  the  Uni- 
 versity of  I'ennsylvania,  where  he  graduated  in  1827. 
 He  located  at  Middletown,  Pa.,  in  March,  18:52,  and 
 continued  in  practice  there,  highly  successful  and 
 greatly  beloved,  until  his  death,  which  occurred  July 
 30th,  1883. 
 
 Dr.  Wiestling  was  no  ordinary  man.  It  may 
 justly  be  said  of  him  that  in  all  the  relations  of  lile 
 he  was  one  of  the  best  of  men.  Skilled  and  success- 
 ful in  his  profession,  and  greatly  beloved  and  trusted 
 by  his  patients  for  his  wi.se  e;ire  and  tender  symi)athy 
 in  their  suiferings,  it  was  as  a  husband  and  father  and 
 as  a  Christian  that  his  character  was  most  marked. 
 He  made  his  home  a  i)lace  of  great  attractiveness  by 
 the  generous  hospitality  and  piety  that  filled  it.  He 
 confessed  Christ  when  j-oung,  and  became  a  ruling 
 elder  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Middletown  on 
 October  29th,  1850,  and  continued  in  the  office  until 
 his  death.  lie  wjis  a  most  intelligent  ami  devoted 
 Christian.  With  a  mind  clear  and  vigorous,  he  had 
 a  heart  so  deeply  interested  in  the  doctrines  of  the 
 gospel  that  he  became  a  thorough  and  eiithusiiustic 
 student  of  the  Bible  and  spiritual  things.  His 
 familiarity  with  the  Scriptures,  and  his  ability  to 
 ciiuite  them,  were  (juite  remarkable.  He  w;is  quite 
 superior  as  a  theologian,   especially  searching    the 
 
MILEV. 
 
 1009 
 
 WILLARD. 
 
 Word  of  God  lor  the  things  that  >K>ie  directly  upon  of  foiuraon  Schools,  mid  wiis  re-ekrt.d  to  the  siiiiie 
 the  liighest  experiences  of  tlie  Christian  life.  His  ^  office  six  times  in  succession.  This  position  he 
 mind  and  heart  were  daily  and  hirjiely  occupied  |  occupU-d  with  much  credit  to  him.self  and  great 
 with  religious  themes.  }lis  devotion  to  Christ 
 was  nncjuestioncd.  He  was  a  complete  and  un- 
 doubted believer  in  spiritual  verities,  and  lived  in 
 habitual  communion  with  them.  He  loved  the 
 truth,  rejoiced  in  it,  lived  by  it.  Few  men  could  be 
 I'ound  who  were  .so  eager  and  incjuisitive  in  studying 
 and  mecLitating  upon  the  great  themes  of  thought  in 
 the  New  Test;iment  as  was  Dr.  AViestling.  As  a 
 direct  result  of  his  earnest  religious  life,  he  was  free 
 from  spiritual  doubts  and  fears,  and  '•  made  his  call- 
 ing and  election  sure."  Cliaritable  toward  others; 
 kind  and  generous  in  feeling;  a  faithful  church  ofli- 
 cer;  a  tender  hu.sband  and  loving  father;  upright, 
 prayerful  and  irreproachable  in  life;  he  has  left  a 
 name  and  memory  that  will  be  gratefully  recalled  by 
 all  who  learned  to  know  liiiu. 
 
 "Wiley,  Calvin  Henderson,  D.  D.,  .son  of  David 
 L.  and  Anne  Wiley,  was  born  near  .Vlaniance  Church, 
 
 CALVl.S    UENDEBSO.V    WILEV,    D.  I). 
 
 (Jiiilforil  couiity,  X.  C,  February  3d.  HI!).  He  en- 
 tered the  Junior  Class  in  the  University  of  North 
 Carolina,  taking  at  the  .s;ime  time  the  studies  of  the 
 Sophomore  Cla.ss,  and  winning  the  highest  honors  in 
 1>oth.  He  was  graduated  in  the  year  1840,  and 
 having  studied  law  during  the  Senior  course,  was 
 axlmitted  to  the  Bar  in  the  Winter  of  1840-41.  He 
 .served  two  years  in  the  Legislature,  in  the  House  of 
 Commons  (1850-.j"2),  when  he  was  actively  engaged 
 in  devising  and  promoting  mea.sure,s  of  public  value. 
 In  1852  he  was  electi-d  the  first  State  Superintendent 
 64 
 
 advauUige  to  the  State.  On  retiring  from  it,  he 
 received,  through  the  Legislature,  the  thanks  of  a 
 grateful  people,  and  history  honors  him  as  the 
 "Father  of  Common  Schools  in  North  Carolina."' 
 He  has  held  the  position  of  Trustee  of  the  State 
 University  for  a  number  of  years,  and  is  officially 
 connected  with  gra<led  .schools,  ;ls  Chairman  of  the 
 Board  of  Commissioners,  in  his  town. 
 
 Dr.  Wiley  is  the  author  of  .several  publications  of 
 literary  merit  and  public  value,  among  which  are 
 "Alamance,"'  "Koanoke,"  and  a  "  Hi.story  of  the 
 State,"  designed  as  a  te.\tlx>ok  for  common  sclumls. 
 He  was  also  one  of  the  founders  of  the  North  Curolina 
 Prcsbylerian.  Having  previously  studied  theology, 
 he  was  licenseil  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Orange  in  Is.j."),  and  in  ls(;(;  hv  was  ordained 
 sine  iiiuh)  by  the  s;>me  Ixxly,  and  although  he  haa 
 never  been  settled  as  pastor,  he  has  been  abundant  iu 
 labors  as  a  minister  of  Christ.  As  a  preacher,  he  is 
 strong,  practical  and  eminently  Scriptural,  his  dis- 
 courses being  always  instructive,  earnestly  delivered, 
 and  often  marked  with  passages  full  of  feeling  and 
 power.  In  18()y  Dr.  Wiley  accepted  an  appointment 
 as  General  Agent  of  the  Ameriain  Bible  Society  for 
 Middle  and  East  Tennes.see.  In  1874  he  w:is  tran.s- 
 ferred  to  North  Carolina,  and  two  years  later  South 
 Carolina  was  included  in  his  field.  He  is  a  man  of 
 strength  and  intense  activity,  courteous  iu  bearing 
 and  atlable  in  manner,  and  for  intellectual  worth, 
 wide  sympathies  and  sturdy  devotion  to  the  best 
 interests  of  his  native  State,  is  second  to  none  of  his 
 contemporaries. 
 
 Willard,  Mrs.  Carrie  McCoy,  daughter  of 
 Joseph  White,  M.n.,  was  Iwrn  at  Newcjistle,  Pa.,  May 
 3d,  1853.  She  early  manifested  a  strong  missionary 
 spirit,  forming  a  society  of  little  girls  In-fore  she  was 
 eleven  years  old.  In  her  eleventh  year  she  had  a 
 protracted  sickness,  descending  .so  low  as  to  be  appar- 
 ently dead.  From  this  she  never  fully  recovered;  so 
 that  her  work  has  been  performed  in  spite  of  much 
 physical  weakness.  During  this  early  sickness,  while 
 too  weak  to  leave  her  room,  s!ie  wrote  notes  to  her 
 plajTnates  on  the  subject  of  religion.  When  suffi- 
 ciently recovered  to  be  carried  into  the  church  she 
 made,  in  her  twelfth  year,  a  jiublic  profession  of  her 
 faith  in  Christ.  The  state  of  her  health  prevented 
 her  from  taking  the  usual  course  of  studies  pursued 
 by  girls. 
 
 Early  manifesting  a  talent  for  drawing  and  pjiint- 
 ing,  she  commenced  lessons  with  a  teacher  at  home. 
 .Vfterward  her  art  studies  were  prosecuted  at  the 
 .\c;idemy  at  Cincinnati  and  the  National  Ac:ideniy 
 at  New  York,  finishing  with  jwrtrait  painting  at 
 Pittsburg,  Pa.  In  Septeml)er,  ls74,  she  accepted  the 
 position  of  teacher  of  jiainting  and  drawing  at  the 
 College,   Monmouth.   111.,   where  she  remained  two 
 
WILUAMS. 
 
 1010 
 
 WILLIAMS. 
 
 yeare.  On  April  24th,  1879  she  ivas  married  to  Rev. 
 Eugene  S.  Willanl.  lu  tlie  Spring  of  1S71  they  were 
 commissioned  as  missionaries  to  tlie  Chikat  tribe,  at 
 the  head  of  Lynn  channel,  in  Southeastern  Alaska. 
 From  her  home  among  the  glaeiers  airs.  Willard 
 commenced  a  series  of  mission  letters  that  awak- 
 ened great  enthusiasm  in  the  localities  where  they 
 were  received,  and  which  afterward  were  gathered 
 together  and  published  in  a  volume  for  mission 
 libraries. 
 
 "Williams,  Rev.  Augustus  W.,  was  born  in  the 
 city  of  Syracuse,  X.  Y.,  October  Sl.st,  1844.  His 
 parents  removed  to  Battle  Creek,  Michigan,  in  1846, 
 where  he  received  his  primary  education.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Marietta  College,  Ohio,  in  1869,  delivering 
 one  of  the  philosophical  orations  and  being  elected  a 
 member  of  the  Phi  Beta  Kappa  Society.  He  studied 
 theolog)-  at  Lane  Seminary,  and  under  the  tuition  of 
 his  uncle,  Rev.  Lucius  J.  Root,  at  Upper  Alton,  111. 
 He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Lan- 
 sing, April  10th,  1872.  He  became  stated  supply  to 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  Greenca.stle,  Indiana,  July 
 1st,  1872,  and  was  so  until  July  1st,  1874.  For  three 
 months  he  preached  for  the  Church  at  Shelbj^ille,  111. 
 After  an  absence  of  several  years  abroad,  he  was  in- 
 stalled pastor  of  the  "Wharton  Street  Church,  Phila^ 
 delphia,  October  5th,  1875,  and  still  continues  in  this 
 relation.  He  is  a  faithful  preacher  and  presbj-tcr,  and 
 earnestly  active  in  doing  good. 
 
 ■Williams,  Rev.  Benjamin  H.,  who  was,  from 
 1844  to  ls54,  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Pine  Ridge, 
 Presbytery  of  Mississippi,  was  distinguished  by  his 
 personal  worth,  his  scholarly  acquisitions  and  his 
 fidelity  as  a  minister.  Jlr.  Williams  was  a  native  of 
 New  Jersey;  was  graduated  at  the  Princeton  Semi- 
 nary, in  1842,  and,  until  his  settlement  at  Pine 
 Ridge,  labored  as  a  domestic  missionai;>-  in  Louisiana, 
 lu  18.i4  he  was  called  to  the  Church  at  Yicksburg, 
 and  commenced  his  pastorate  with  unusual  promise 
 of  u.sefulness.  It  pleased  God,  however,  early  to  re- 
 move him  to  a  higher  ministry.  He  fell  a  victim  to 
 the  yellow  fever,  with  which  the  city  of  his  residence 
 was  scourged,  during  the  Fall  of  1855. 
 
 "Williams,  Jesse  L.,  a  ruling  elder  in  the  First 
 Presljyterian  Church  of  Fort  AVayne,  Ind.,  was  born 
 May  6th,  1807,  in  Xorth  Carolina,  near  Guilford 
 Court  House,  the  vicinity  of  one  of  the  battle-fields 
 of  the  Revolutionary  "VS'ar.  His  parents  were  mem- 
 bers of  the  Society  of  Friends.  "When  he  was  seven 
 years  old  the  family  removed  to  the  North,  residing 
 first  in  Cincinnati,  and  subsequently  near  Richmond, 
 Ind.  While  yet  a  youth  he  joined  an  engineering 
 corps,  making  the  first  examining  survey,  with  the 
 then  bold  view  of  connecting  the  Lakes  and  the  Ohio 
 river  by  a  canal.  He  was  thus  engaged  in  the  loca- 
 tion and  construction  of  the  Miami  Canal  in  the 
 State  of  Ohio.  The  State  of  Indiana;  entering  upon 
 a  similar  enterprise,  its  Legislature  invited  Mr.  Wil- 
 liams to  undertake,  ;vs  Chief  Engineer,  the  building 
 
 of  its  canal,  known  as  the  Wabash  and  Erie.  This 
 work  he  a.ssumed  when  he  was  twenty-five  years  of 
 age,  and  in  that  capacity  was  connected  with  it  from 
 its  inception  to  its  completion,  and  until  its  super- 
 sedure  by  the  later  system  of  railways.  For  the  past 
 twenty-five  ycar.she  has  been  interested  in  railroads, 
 projecting  lines  and  furthering  their  construction. 
 
 Since  1832  Fort  Wayne  has  been  the  place  of  Mr. 
 Williams'  residence.  In  1830,  while  yet  a  young 
 man,  he  became  a  Presbyterian.  Arriving  at  the 
 little  town  in  the  forests  of  Northern  Indiana,  he 
 found  a  Presbyterian  church,  recently  organized, 
 under  the  care  of  the  Rev.  James  Chute.  The  fol- 
 lowing year  he  was  made  a  ruling  elder,  in  which 
 office  he  has  ever  since  continuously  served.  From 
 the.  very  first  days  of  pioneer  hardship  and  struggle, 
 
 JFSSE  L.  WII.LIA.1IS. 
 
 he  was  not  only  closely  identified  with  his  local 
 church,  but  maintained  an  active  interest  in  the 
 general  cause  of  Presbytcrianism  throughout  his  .sec- 
 tion of  country,  showing  hospitality  to  all  exploring 
 I  Home  Missionaries,  enjojing  wide  personal  acquaint- 
 ance with  the  ministry  throughout  the  State,  and 
 encouraging  and  aiding  many  a  young  Timothy  in 
 the  early  "day  of  small  things."  He  has  been  an 
 eificient  Director  of  the  Theological  Seminarj'  of  the 
 Northwest  from  its  organization  to  the  present,  and 
 a  frequent  attendant  as  Commissioner  at  the  meetings 
 of  Presbytery,  Synod  and  General  Assembly,  in  the 
 business  of  which  he  has  taken  an  active  and  influ- 
 ential part. 
 
 "Williams,  Joshua,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Chester 
 county,  I'a.,  August  8th,  1767,  and  was  of  Welsh 
 extraction.     He  graduated  at  Dickinson  College,  in 
 
WILLIAMS. 
 
 1011 
 
 WILLIAMS. 
 
 1795,  at  the  age  of  twenty-eight,  and  studied  theology 
 ■with  Dr.  Cooper,  pastor  of  the  Middle  Spring  Church, 
 Preshytery  of  Carlisle.  His  first  charge  was  Paxton 
 and  Derry,  October  2d,  1T99.  He  was  installed  over 
 the  Church  of  Big  Spring  (or  Newville)  Church, 
 April  14th,  1802,  where  he  labored  for  twenty-seven 
 years,  till  1829,  when,  in  consequence  of  the  infirmi- 
 ties of  age,  he  resigned. 
 
 Dr.  Williams,  though  quiet  and  unassuming  in  his 
 general  demeanor,  was  an  acute  reasoner,  a  profound 
 metaphysician  after  the  school  of  Edwards,  a  well- 
 read  theologian,  a  grave  divine,  an  evangelical  and 
 didactic,  but  earnest  preacher.  He  was  much  sought 
 after  as  a  theological  instructor.  Rev.  David  Elliott, 
 D.D.,  one  of  his  students,  considered  him  as  having 
 an  intellect  of  high  order,  and  fitted  to  rank  with  the 
 most  gifted.  Upon  his  tombstone,  in  the  cemetery 
 at  New\'ille,  is  the  following  inscription,  which  was 
 ■written  by  the  Eev.  J.  W.  Nevin,  D.D. : — 
 
 "In  memory  of  Joshua  ■Williams,  D.D.,  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  at  Big  Spring,  from  A.  D.,  ISDl  to  .\.D.,  18-29;  called  home 
 August  21st,  A.D.,  1838,  iu  the  seventy-first  year  of  his  age. 
 
 "A  man  of  vigorous  and  comprehensive  mind;  in  thought  acute, 
 original  and  profound ;  learned  and  able  in  his  profession ;  firm,  en- 
 lightened and  independent  in  his  views  of  truth  ;  as  a  preacher, 
 sound,  evangelical  and  instructive,  and  in  bis  general  walk  and 
 character,  a  consistent  Christian,  whose  life,  systematically  ordered 
 by  principle,  rather  than  by  impulse,  adorned  the  gospel  which  be 
 proclaimed  to  others.  Though  formed  to  take  rank  with  the  con- 
 spicuous of  the  age,  he  shrunk  from  observation  while  living,  and 
 courted  no  fame  beyond  the  sphere  of  bis  own  pastoral  charge. 
 Here  bis  memory  is  embalmed  in  many  hearts,  and  bis  voice  "will 
 long  continue  to  be  heard  from  the  grave  where  he  sleeps  :  may  it 
 find  an  echo  in  every  spirit,  and  he  iig  the  'still  small  voice  '  from 
 heaven,  that  leads  to  righteousness  and  to  God." 
 
 ■Williams,  Meade,  C,  D.  D.,  son  of  Jesse  L. 
 "Williams  and  Susan  (Creighton)  Williams,  was  born 
 in  Indianapolis,  lud.,  December  18th,  1840.  He  was 
 earl}-  dedicated  to  the  Lord  in  the  laith  of  the  cove- 
 nant. He  was  brought  \\p  in  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.  He 
 graduated  at  Miami  University,  with  one  of  the 
 honors  of  the  cla.ss,  in  1861;  at  Princeton  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  in  1864,  and  was  licensed  to 
 preach,  a  few  weeks  after  lea\-ing  the  Seminary,  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Fort  Wayne.  He  supplied  for  three 
 months  one  of  the  Presbyterian  churches  in  Circle- 
 ville,  Ohio.  In  October,  ISO.i,  he  was  settled  at 
 Sterling,  HI.,  and  continued  to  be  pastor  there  nearly 
 eight  years.  He  resigned  a  pastorate  of  four  years 
 in  Sandusky,  Ohio,  ou  account  of  failing  health. 
 After  q,  year's  respite  he  began  labor  in  the  Church  at 
 AVilliamsport,  Md.  Since  November,  1880,  he  has 
 been  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Princeton,  111.  Dr. 
 AVilliams  is  an  instructive  and  successful  preacher. 
 He  has  contributed  articles  frequently  to  the  different 
 religious  papers,  many  of  which,  displaying  ability, 
 have  been  on  points  of  interest  connected  with  the 
 revision  of  the  English  New  Testament.  | 
 
 "Williams,  Rev.  Stephen,  was  born  in  Somer-  1 
 setshire,    England.       He  emigrated   to  the   United 
 States  when  young,  and  having  made  a  profession  of . 
 
 religion,  he  was  taken  under  the  care  of  Baltimore 
 Presbytery,  in  May,  1824,  and  licen.sed  to  preach  the 
 gospel,  but  was  never  ordained.  He  began  his  labors 
 in  the  ministry  among  the  sailors,  having  charge  of 
 the  Seamen's  Bethel  in  Baltimore.  He  subsequently 
 became  city  mi.ssionary,  preaching  in  the  missionary 
 Institutions,  and  in  the  streets  and  lanes,  and  visiting 
 the  poor,  sick,  afflicted  and  dying.  He  probably  at- 
 tended as  many  funerals,  assisted  as  many  brethren, 
 and  supplied  as  many  churches,  as  any  minister  that 
 ever  lived  in  Baltimore.  He  had  the  respect  and 
 confidence  of  almost  every  one  who  knew  him.  He 
 died  December  l.'rth,  1866. 
 
 "Williams,  "William  "W.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Vernon,  Oneida  county,  N.  Y.,  October  25th,  1821. 
 For  fifty  years  his  father  was  an  elder  in  the  Presby- 
 terian Church   iu   Vernon,    and   the  son  was  early 
 
 ^>;^y*-v> 
 
 WILLIAM    W,    WILLIA-M?^,   P.U 
 
 taught  the  principles  and  practice  of  the  religion  of 
 Christ.  ^\"lien  seventeen  years  of  age  he  experienced 
 that  great  change,  the  new  birth,  and  soou  after- 
 ward joined  the  church.  He  prepared  for  college  at 
 Veruou  Academy  and  Dr.  Da-^id  Nelson's  Mission 
 Institute,  at  Quincy,  111.  He  took  his  college  course 
 at  Amherst,  and  graduated  from  the  Auburn  Semi- 
 nary in  1846,  aud  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Cayuga,  and  by  the  Onondaga  Presbytery 
 ordained,  at  Camillus,  1848,  and  at  the  same  time  and 
 place  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  church  in 
 that  vOlage.  In  1853  he  was  Ciilled  to  the  First 
 Church,  in  Toledo,  Ohio,  and  installed  p:i.stor,  where 
 he  has  remained  for  more  than  thirty  years.  His 
 ministry  in  Toledo  has  been  one  of  eminent  success. 
 
WILLIAMSON. 
 
 1012 
 
 WILLIAMSON. 
 
 When  he  entered  on  that  field  he  found  many  and 
 stuliborn  hindrances  to  the  progress  of  the  ■Nvork  he 
 had  taken  in  hand,  hut  the  Master  has  greatly 
 blessed  the  marked  -ivisdom  and  faithfulness  of  his 
 plans  and  labors,  so  that  938  members  have  been  re- 
 ceived into  the  church,  and  the  society  has  become 
 strong  and  influential.  It  is  by  far  the  largest  church 
 in  the  Presbytery  of  Maumee,  and  it  abounds  in  the 
 Tvork  of  the  Lord  in  all  appropriate  directions.  One 
 church  building  has  been  enlarged  and  two  others 
 built  for  the  parent  society,  and  two  fine  chapels  for 
 mission  churches. 
 
 Dr.  Williams"  manner,  both  in  private  and  in  pub- 
 lic, is  eminently  gentle,  persuasive  and  courteous, 
 and  so  long  as  strength  shall  be  given  him  for  his 
 work  he  will  remain  in  Toledo,  held  in  honor  and 
 love  by  all  who  know  him.  A  large  part  of  bis  suc- 
 cess has  resulted  from  his  labors  in  his  Sunday  school. 
 He  ha.s  himself  acted  as  its  superintendent,  and  it 
 would  be  difficult  to  find  a  school,  large  or  small, 
 which  has  had  better  management  or  yielded  better 
 results. 
 
 "WilUamson,  Rev.  Alexander,  was  born  near 
 Newville,  Pa.,  September  l~th,  1797;  graduated  at 
 Jefterson  College,  Pa.,  in  1818;  was  missionary  in 
 Jlississippi,  1823-5;  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Salem,  April  8th,  1825;  was  stated 
 supply  at  Corydon,  Ind.,  182.5-35;  at  Lebanon,  1835-9; 
 at  Delphi,  1839-42,  at  Monticello  and  Indian  Creek, 
 TJ42-6;  and  at  Corydon,  1846-9.  He  died  at  Cory- 
 don, Ind.,  July  14th,  1849,  leaving  the  record  of  an 
 earnest,  faithful  and  devoted  minister  of  the  go.spel. 
 
 "Williamson, Hugh,  M.D.,  F.R.S.,  was  born  in 
 "VWst  Nottingham  township,  Chester  county,  Pa., 
 December  5th,  1735,  and  from  his  very  earliest  child- 
 hood gave  strong  indications  of  marked  intellectu- 
 ality. He  graduated  at  the  Philadelphia  College, 
 May  17th,  1757;  studied  theology  fi!»r  a  time  under 
 the  diriction  of  Kev.  Dr.  Samuel  Finley,  and  in 
 17'^9  went  to  Connecticut,  where  he  still  pursued  his 
 tlicologiciil  studies,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  the 
 gospel.  He  preached  but  a  short  time — not  exceed- 
 ing two  years — when  he  found  that  his  health  was 
 not  adeijuate  to  the  duties  of  the  office,  and  left  the 
 pulpit  and  entered  upon  the  study  of  medicine. 
 .Vbout  1700  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Mathe- 
 matics in  Philadelphia  College,  but  continued  his 
 medical  studies,  which,  after  1764,  were  completed  at 
 tlie  University  of  Edinburgh,  in  London,  and  at 
 Utrecht. 
 
 Dr.  "Williamson  practiced  medicine  in  Philadelphia 
 for  a  few  years.  In  1768,  he  was  chosen  a  member  ' 
 of  the  American  Philosophical  Society.  In  1770  he 
 ])ublished  Observations  on  Climate  in  the  "  American 
 I'liilosophical  Transactions."'  In  1772  he  visited  the 
 West  Indies,  to  collect  contributions  in  aid  of  the 
 Academy  at  Newark,  Del.  In  1773  he  went  with 
 Rev.  John  Ewing  to  Europe,  to  solicit  further  aid  for 
 this  Institution.     On  his  return  to  this  countrv  he 
 
 settled  at  Edenton,  N.  C.  At  the  close  of  the  war 
 he  served  as  a  representative  of  Edenton,  in  the 
 House  of  Commons  of  North  Carolina.  He  was  next 
 sent  to  Congress  from  "the  old  North  State,"  where 
 he  continued  for  three  years,  as  long  a  term  as  the 
 law  at  that  time  allowed.  He  was  a  member  on 
 that  memorable  occasion,  December  23d,  1783,  when 
 Washington,  at  Annapolis,  tendered  his  commission 
 and  claimed  the  indulgence  of  retiring  from  the  public 
 service,  and  his  fine  commanding  figure  is  prominent 
 in  the  grand  picture  of  this  sublime  scene,  which  was 
 painted  by  Trumbull,  and  which  now  adorns  the 
 rotunda  of  the  Capitol  at  "^'ashington.  In  1786  he 
 was  one  of  the  few  delegates  sent  to  Annapolis  to 
 revise  and  amend  the  Articles  of  Confederation  of  the 
 Union,  and  in  1787,  he  was  a  delegate  from  North 
 
 IR-GIE  WtLLIAMSOX,  M.D.,  F.R.S. 
 
 Carolina  to  the  Convention  which  framed  the  Con- 
 stitution of  the  United  States.  He  was  a  zealous 
 advocate  of  the  new  Constitution,  and  was  a  member 
 of  the  State  Convention  which  adopted  it.  He  served 
 in  the  first  and  second  Congress,  and  then  declined  a 
 re-election. 
 
 In  1789,  Dr.  Williamson  removed  to  the  city  of 
 New  York,  where  he  continued  industriously  to  write 
 on  various  philosophical  subjects;  was  an  advocate 
 of  the  great  New  York  caual  system,  an  active  pro- 
 moter of  philauthropie,  literary  and  scientific  insti- 
 tutions, and  in  1812,  gave  to  the  world  his  "History 
 of  North  Carolina."  He  died  May  22d,  1819.  He  was 
 an  ornament  to  his  country,  and  one  of  the  most 
 eminent  and  useful  men  which  it  has  yet  produced. 
 An  interesting  memoir  of  him  was  prepared  and  pub- 
 
]nLLIAJI.sOX. 
 
 1013 
 
 WILLI.UISOX. 
 
 lished  by  the   clistinguisbed  Dr.    Hosack,    of   New  I 
 York,  aud  lias  now  a  place  in  the  Transactions  of  the 
 Xew  York  Historical  Society. 
 
 "Williamson,  Rev.  James,  was  one  of  four 
 brothers  who  entered  the  mini.stry  in  the  Presby- 
 terian Church.  He  wa.s  bom  near  Newville,  Pa., 
 Jvme  11th,  1795;  graduated  at  Washington  College, 
 Pa.,  in  1817;  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Luzerne,  in  June,  1821;  was  stated  supply  at  Athens 
 Pa;  pastor  of  Silver's  Spring  Church,  Pa.,  1623-38; 
 of  the  Church  at  Milton,  1838-45;  of  the  churches 
 of  Hazleton  and  Jliffliubnrg,  of  the  churches  of  Xew 
 ^Vindsorand  Tanej-town,  ild.,  1849-51;  of  the  Church 
 at  Athens,  Pa.,  1854-58;  of  the  Church  of  ^Vest  Kisha- 
 coquillas,  1858,  and  stated  supply  of  the  Church 
 of  Little  Valley.  He  died  JIarch  10th,  1865.  Mr. 
 Williamson  was  an  earnest  Christian,  a  good  preacher 
 and  a  faithful  pastor.  He  was  a  gentleman  of  dig- 
 nified bearing  and  very  agreeable  manners,  highly 
 esteemed  by  his  brethren  in  the  ministry  and  by  the 
 congregation  of  which  he  had  charge. 
 
 "Williamson,  Rev.  Moses,  son  of  David  and  Ta- 
 mar  (^ilcKuight)  Williamson,  was  born  near  Xewville, 
 Pa.,  Slay  7th,  1802.  He  graduated  at  Dickinson  Col- 
 lege, Carlisle,  Pa.,  in  1824;  taught  for  a  short  time  in 
 the  Academy  at  Bellefonte,  Pa. ;  graduated  at  Prince- 
 ton Seminary  in  1828,  afterwards  spent  sbc  months 
 at  Andover  Seminary,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Carlisle,  April  28th,  1828.  From  October, 
 1828,  until  September,  1829,  he  supplied  the  Church 
 at  Christiana,  Del.,  at  the  same  time  preaching  at 
 Elkton,  Md.,  where  there  was  at  that  time  no  church 
 organization.  After  supplying  the  Church  at  Cold 
 Spring,  Cape  May  county,  N.  J.,  for  some  time,  he 
 was  installed  as  its  pa.stor,  July  6th,  1831.  In  this 
 pastoral  charge  he  continued  to  labor  patiently  and 
 faithfully  over  forty-nine  years,  during  which  time 
 there  were  added  to  his  church  not  less  than  four 
 hundred  and  ninety  persons.  He  died  October  30th, 
 1.8S0,  in  the  seventy-ninth  year  of  his  age.  His  end 
 was  peace.  There  wius  not  a  cloud  in  his  spiritual 
 .sky.  His  last  words  concerning  his  future  were, 
 "Christ  is  all  my  desire."  He  was  an  eminently 
 o-ood  man,  and  was  beloved  by  .ill  who  knew  him. 
 
 ■WiUiamson,  Rev.  Samuel  McCuUoch,  was 
 a  native  of  Xorth  Carolina,  and  giaduated  at  Y'ale 
 College  in  1823.  He  removed,  in  1826,  to  Tennessee, 
 with  a  view  to  enter  upon  the  practice  of  the  legal 
 profession,  but  after  some  time  was  led  to  devote 
 himself  to  the  serWce  of  Christ;  then,  sacrificing  his 
 worldly  interests,  he  placed  himself  under  the  tuition 
 of  Dr.  Blackburn,  and  in  1829,  was  licensed  to  preach 
 by  Shiloh  Presbytery.  After  "travelling  as  a  mis- 
 sionary in  Western  Tennessee,  and  laboring  for  a 
 brief  period  among  the  Chickasaw  and  Choctaw 
 Indians,  he  settled,  in  the  Fall  of  1830.  at  Memphis, 
 where  he  soon  succeeded  in  gathering  a  prosperous 
 congregation,  and  by  his  con.stancy  aud  firmness,  in 
 improving  the  moral  tone  of  the  community. 
 
 In  connection  with  his  charge  at  Memphis,  which 
 he  retained  for  three  years,  he  preached  at  two  other 
 stations,  one  ten  and  the  other  twenty-four  miles 
 distant.  It  was  not  uncommon  for  him  to  preach 
 five  times  in  a  week,  and  in  order  to  fulfill  his  ap- 
 pointments he  was  often  obliged  to  make  his  hors.' 
 swim  the  swollen  streams  which  abounded  in  that 
 region  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year.  His  labors  as 
 an  Evangelist  were  particularly  successful.  On  re- 
 mo\ing  from  Memphis  he  labored  first  with  the 
 Mountain  and  Covington  congregations,  and  sub.se- 
 quently  at  Lagrange  and  Bethany,  until  his  death, 
 in  1846.  Unsparing  in  his  devotion  to  the  great  work 
 of  his  life,  ilr.  Williamson  accomplished  much  during 
 his  short  ministry.  For  activity  and  energy  of  mind, 
 clearness  of  thought,  impressiveness  and  earnestne-ss 
 of  manner,  and  fervid  unaffected  eloquence,  he  had 
 not  his  superior,  either  in  the  pulpit  or  at  the  Bar,  in 
 the  whole  Western  District. 
 
 "Williamson,  Samuel,  D.D.,  son  of  Samuel  and 
 Ann  (Starr)  Williamson,  was  born  in  I'ork  District, 
 S.  C,  June  12th,  1795,  began  his  academical  studies 
 with  Rev.  James  Wallis,  and  was  graduated  from 
 South  Carolina  College  in  1818,  with  high-class  stand- 
 ing. He  studied  theology  with  Eev.  James  Adams, 
 of  South  Carolina;  was  licensed  by  Concord  Presby- 
 tery April  14th,  1822,  and  ordained  by  the  same  and 
 installed  pastor  of  Providence  Church,  Ma3'  24th, 
 1827.  Having  taught  classical  schools  with  success, 
 both  before  and  after  his  ordination,  he  was  chosen 
 Professor  of  Mathematics  in  Davidson  College,  in 
 1840,  and  in  the  following  year  promoted  to  the 
 presidency,  which  post  he  occupied  till  his  resig- 
 nation, in  1854.  During  his  presidency  he  received 
 the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity.  From  1857  till 
 1876  he  served  the  churches  of  Washington  and 
 Columbus,  in  Arkansas,  where  he  died,  March  12th, 
 1882. 
 
 Dr.  Williamson  was  a  man  of  remarkable  mental 
 vigor,  a  fluent  and  impressive  i>reacher,  industrious, 
 active  and  fiiithful.  By  his  skill,  prudence  and 
 patience  he  conducted  the  new  College  of  Davidson 
 through  its  most  trying  period  of  existence.  He  was 
 at  the  same  time  President,  Pastor  and  Professor  of 
 Rhetoric,  Logic,  Moral  and  Jlental  Philosophy, 
 ilineralogj-.  Geology,  Chemistry,  Political  Economy 
 and  International  Law,  and  meanwhile,  had  to  con- 
 duct a  poorly  endowed  college,  so  as  to  satisfy  its 
 patrons,  retain  its  students,  keep  up  its  finances  and 
 plea.se  a  Board  of  forty-eight  Trustees.  Though  im- 
 measurably overworked,  he  kept  the  college  alive  in 
 troublous  times,  almost  till  the  arrival  of  a  brighter 
 era,  when,  with  ample  endowment,  it  was  able  to 
 launch  forth  on  a  happier  career.  The  Church  in  the 
 Carolinas  owes  to  Dr.  Williamson  a  debt  of  gratitude 
 for  those  years  of  toil  and  self-<lenial.  His  memory 
 is  still  precious  in  the  hearts  of  the  long  list  of 
 students  who  were  trained  for  usefulness  under  his 
 CTuiding  counsels.     His  closing  years  were  spent  in 
 
\yjLLI.\MSOS\ 
 
 1014 
 
 WILSOX. 
 
 the  Txxsora  of  his  family,  ami  his  remains  rest  in  the 
 cemetery  of  the  Tresbyterian  C'hurcli  in  Woshiugtou, 
 A  rkaiis;\s. 
 
 "Williamson,  Rev.  ■William,  was  edncated  in 
 Seotland,  his  native  eountry,  and  came  to  Virginia 
 with  a  view  to  engage  as  a  teacher,  lie  w:i.s  licensed 
 to  preach  hy  the  Pre.sbytery  of  Hanover,  October  r2th, 
 17!I2,  and  w:is  ordained  the  next  year.  He  resided 
 for  a  time  near  Ctordonsvillc,  and  preached  in  the 
 adjacent  congreg-ations,  but  afterwards  removed  to 
 the  valley  of  the  Shenandoah,  and  took  his  position 
 in  'Warren  county,  near  Front  Royal.  He  subse- 
 quently removed  to  Loudon  county,  establislied  a 
 cliLssieal  sihool  near  Middleburg,  anil  preached  in  thi' 
 counties  of  Loudon  and  Fauquier,  !us  he  could  lind 
 opportunity.  He  continued  hi.s  labors  till  he  w:us 
 about  eighty  years  of  age.  He  wa.s  a  man  of  power- 
 ful intellect,  and  a  Iwld  and  exciting  pre:icher. 
 
 "Willson,  Rev.  Robert  Edmund,  w:\s  born  in 
 Amcnia  (now  Xorthixst ),  X.  Y.,  March  S^th,  Ij^OT; 
 graduated  from  Hamilton  College  in  l-^:!!,  and  studied 
 theoldgj'  at  E-.ist  Windsor  anil  Auburn  Seminaries. 
 He  was  ordained  and  installed  at  llammond.sport, 
 X.  Y.,  by  the  Presbytery  of  l{;ith,  December,  18;58, 
 where  he  remained  fourteen  yejirs.  He  was  at  Cor- 
 ning four  years,  Clyde  fourteen  years,  Havana  five 
 and  a  half  years,  an  evangelist  residing  in  Hnd.son, 
 X.  Y.,  1875-8,  and  since  then  has  lived  in  Phihulel- 
 phia,  Pa.  His  life  has  been  one  of  fidelity  to  duty 
 and  usefulness  in  the  Master's  service.  Jlr.  Willson 
 ha.s  jjublished  "  A  lievicw  of  a  Farewell  Sermon  by 
 the  liev.  Ml',  liuss,"  and  sermons,  reviews  and  ar- 
 ticles. 
 
 "Wilmot,  Rev.  "Walter,  w.ts  1>orn  at  South- 
 ani|)lon,  Long  Island,  in  1709;  graduated  at  Yale  in 
 \''.V>,  anil  was  installed  jKLstor  at  .Jamaica,  April  12th, 
 1738.  In  the  great  revival,  .Tamaiea  wxs  highly 
 favored.  Mr.  Wilmot  died  August  Gtli,  1744.  He 
 was  greatly  beloved  by  his  pinple. 
 
 "Wilson,  Alexander  Or.,  D.  D.,  was  a  student 
 of  Eldcrsridge  Academy,  Pa.,  the  iutellectiial  ami 
 religious  birth-place  of  so  many  great  and  good  men. 
 After  graduating  at  JelTerson  College,  in  1H.")(!,  ho  be- 
 came Aasociate  Principal  of  llcaver  Academy  for  one 
 year.  He  then  went  to  Xatchez,  Miss.,  and  after 
 teaching  five  months  in  a  family,  he  became  Principal 
 of  the  High  School  l)rp:irtniiut,  and  then  Super-! 
 intendent  of  the  Xatchez  Institute,  the  public  school  | 
 of  the  city.  He  studied  tlieology  in  the  Seminary  of 
 the  Ni>rlhwest,  at  Chicago,  and  was  pastor  of  the 
 Church  at  Oiianga,  111.,  from  \'*i'<'t  till  l-<70.  He  w:i.« 
 then  called  to  Beloit,  Wis.,  and  remained  there  for  a 
 year  as  pastor.  His  next  pastoral  charge  wiia  the 
 Cliureh  at  Strcjitor,  HI.,  where  ho  remained  till  IS?."), 
 when  he  removed  to  Iowa,  and  w:uM  Priifes,sor  of  An- 
 cient Languages  and  head  of  the  Faculty  in  Parsons 
 College,  from  l"-".")  to  l'^78.  He  Bul)sei|uently  w,-i.s  ' 
 Profes.sor  of  I^it  i  n  and  lliblical  Instruilion,  ami  Prin- 
 cipal of  Ferry  Hall,  in   Lake  Forest  University,  111. 
 
 He  was  5Ioderator  of  the  S.niod  of  Xorthern  Hlinois. 
 in  the  famous  Patton  and  .Swing  trial,  and  managed 
 the  deliberations  of  that  body  with  great  ability  and 
 fairness.  Dr.  Wilson  is  a  gentleman  of  scholarly  at- 
 t;»inments,  atfable  disposition,  and  beloved  by  those 
 who  know  him.  He  now  resides  at  Elgin,  III.,  and  is 
 Principal  of  the  Elgin  Academy. 
 
 "Wilson,  Rev.  A.  "W.,  w;is  a  native  of  .South 
 Carolina,  ami  w;»s  blest  in  having  had  in  early  life  • 
 excellent  religiotis  training.  He  graduated  at  David- 
 son College  in  187:5,  and  at  the  Theological  Seminary 
 of  Columbia  in  l'<7fi,  and  a  year  prior  to  that  event 
 he  received  license  from  Bethel  Presliytery  to  preach 
 the  gospel  of  Christ.  Mr.  Wilson  went  to  Mi.-isissippi 
 in  the  Fall  of  the  year  1''76,  and  entered  upon  a  field 
 of  labor,  embracing  the  churches  of  Greenwood  and 
 Roebuck,  in  the  Yazoo  Valley.  His  introduction 
 there  awakened  general  interest,  and  gave  new  life 
 to  Prcsbyterianisra  in  that  comparatively  destitute 
 section.  He  raised  the  standard  of  the  Cross  before 
 the  eyes  of  those  who  seldom  heard  the  voice  of  min- 
 isters of  the  Word.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Presbytery 
 of  Central  Mississippi,  held  at  the  Roebuck  Church, 
 in  October,  1>*7(),  he  was  received  from  P.ethel  Pres- 
 bytery as  a  licentiate,  and  a  call  for  one-half  his  time, 
 from  the  church  in  which  Presbytery  met,  was 
 placed  in  his  hands.  He  was  accordingly  ordained 
 and  installed  pastor.  On  the  27th  day  of  December 
 of  that  year  he  was  united  in  marriage  with  Miss  Mary 
 1 1.  Carothers,  daughter  of  Rev.  W.  W.  Carothers,  of 
 ."^umnierlielil,  Ala.,  and  .soon  after  settled  in  the  town 
 i)f  Cri'enwood.  To  the  two  churches  he  continued  to 
 labor  until  the  end  of  his  life,  giving  al.so  a  part  of 
 his  services  in  the  liist  two  years  to  Teoc  Church  in 
 Carroll  county.  The  influence  which  he  wielded 
 l)ecame  strong  and  extensive.  The  hearts  of  the  people 
 were  won  by  the  minister, and  the  work  w.as  prosecuted 
 in  earnest  .spirit.  His  strength  w;i.s  mainly  in  the 
 pastoral  work,  which  extended  over  a  wide  district. 
 He  was  willing  ami  adapted  to  this  department  of 
 niinistirial  duty;  hence  he  could  not  rest  at  ease 
 when  the  impression  existed  in  his  mind  that  the 
 sick  conid  he  comforted,  the  poor  assisted,  or  sinners 
 moved  to  seek  Clirist  by  his  personal  efforts. 
 
 Jlr.  Wilson  was  a  niau  of  truly  missionary  spirit, 
 and  ))aid  frequent  visits  to  vacant  churches.  Modest, 
 social,  unjussuming  and  zealous,  he  gained  the  good 
 will  of  the  masses.  As  a  preacher,  he  w.a.s  earnest, 
 faithl"Ml,  and  often  very  impressive  in  the  pulpit.  By 
 untiring  labors,  ami.able  and  unselfish  spirit,  and  by 
 personal  sjicrifices  made  for  the  einse  of  the  Master, 
 he  acquired  the  name  and  character  of  a  nu)del  Chris- 
 tian, and  proved  himself  a  faithful  minister  of  Jcsns 
 Christ.     He  died  April  Ist,  1882. 
 
 "Wilson,  Rev.  Daniel  Love,  the  youngest  son 
 of  .lames  and  Margaret  Wilson,  was  born  uearChnnh- 
 ville,  Augusta  county,  Va.,  February  Kith,  is  111. 
 He  was  graduated,  with  high  honors,  at  Washington 
 ami   Lee  University,  Lexington,  Va.,  in  1''70.     The 
 
WILSON. 
 
 1015 
 
 WILSOX. 
 
 I 
 
 same  year  he  entercil  I'liion  Theologieal  Seminary, 
 Va.  In  A])iil.  H7 1.  Lexin-rton  Presbytery  licensed 
 him  to  preach  the  gospel,  and  in  September,  ordained 
 and  installed  him  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Broadway,  ' 
 Va.  After  a  successful  pastorate  of  five  years,  he 
 became  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Pulaski,  Term.,  ! 
 ^vlK•re  he  now  resides.  Mr.  Wilson  is  a  young  man 
 ofsiholarly  attainments  and  habits.  As  a  minister, 
 he  has  been  eminently  successful.  During  his  min- 
 istry at  Broadway,  there  w.-i-s  a  large  ingathering  of 
 souls.  He  is  a  man  of  pleasant  address,  and  a 
 preacher  of  more  than  ordinary  ability. 
 
 "Wilson,  Rev.  David  Morrison,  was  born 
 March  6th,  1819,  in  Charlesto^vll,  N.  H.  In  1S28  the 
 family  removed  to  Ohio.  He  spent  1838-9  at  Wood- 
 ward High  School,  Cincinnati,  and  was  a  student, 
 1840-4,  at  Pleasant  Hill  Academy.  He  graduated  at 
 Lane  Theological  Seminary,  June  9th,  1847.  On 
 October  Kith,  l-'47,  he  was  ordained  at  a  meeting  of 
 Synod  at  College  Hill,  and  the  same  day  -was  married 
 to  Miss  Emeline  B.  Tomlinson.  December  29th, 
 1847,  Mr.  and  Jlrs.  "Wilson  set  sail  for  Boston,  under 
 appointment  of  the  American  Board,  a.s  missionaries 
 to  Syria,  arriving  at  Beirut,  March  8th,  the  following 
 year. 
 
 Sir.  "Wilson  was  a.ssociated  with  Rev.  Horace  Foot, 
 at  Tripoli,  Syria,  from  Xovemljer,  1848  to  Xovember, 
 1851,  when  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Foot  left  for  the  United 
 States.  In  the  Summer  of  18.')4,  however,  Sir. 
 "Wilson  superintended  the  Slission  Female  School,  at 
 .Mnih,  on  Mount  Lebanon.  In  the  Spring  of  1861, 
 on  account  of  the  failure  of  Sirs.  Wilson's  health, 
 they  returned  to  the  United  States. 
 
 Soon  after  their  arrival  in  this  country.  Sir.  Wilson 
 took  charge  of  the  Congregational  Church  at  New 
 London,  Butler  county,  Ohio,  where  he  engaged  in 
 tlie  work  of  teaching  and  preaihing  until  October 
 12th,  1864,  when  he  removed  to  RadnDr,  Delaware 
 ciiunt.y,  Ohio,  and  was  staled  supplj'  of  the  Congre- 
 gational Church  at  that. place  until  December,  1867, 
 when  he  removed  to  Athens,  Tenn.,  where  he  has 
 since  resided,  having  charge  of  a  Presbyterian  Church 
 known  as  Slars  Hill,  and  another  a  few  miles  distant, 
 at  Pleasant  Forest. 
 
 Mr.  Wilson,  is  a  man  of  extensive  reading  and 
 varied  information,  and  i>ossessing  a  retentive  and 
 ready  memory,  no  one  can  listen  to  his  conversation 
 without  being  surprised  at  his  wide  range  of  knowl- 
 edge in  history,  theology,  and  in  Biblical  and  general 
 literature,  and  in  his  wise  discrimination  iu  the  nse 
 of  the  facts  at  his  command.  Mr.  Wilson  is  a  man 
 of  clear  judgment,  strong  convictions,  indomitable 
 and  persevering  in  his  efforts  to  promote  the  cause  of 
 truth  and  righteo\isness. 
 
 His  missionary  lifi',  both  at  home  and  abroad,  has 
 been  one  of  no  little  toil  and  self-sacrilice  for  the 
 Master.  Ever  faithful  and  indefatigable  in  his 
 work,  be  still  felt  grieved,  in  leaving  the  foreign  lield, 
 that  the  result.s  of  his  labors  were  not  fuller  and 
 
 more  apparent.  But  he  planted  better  than  he 
 thought,  for  the  seed  he  sowed  in  tears  has  since 
 sprvnig  up  and  yielded  an  abundant  harvest. 
 
 "Wilson,  Henry  Ro'wan.D.  D.,  was  born  near 
 Gettysburg,  Pa.,  August  7th,  1780.  He  graduated  at 
 Dickinson  College  in  1798,  and  having  prosecuted 
 his  theological  studies  under  the  direction  of  Dr. 
 Xi.sbet,  partly  in  connection  with  his  college  course 
 and  partly  after  he  had  completed  it,  he  was  licensed 
 to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Carli.sle,  in  1801.  His 
 first  charge  was  a  congregation  in  Belh'fonte,  in  1802, 
 of  which  he  w:us  the  founder.  He  was  also  Princi])al 
 of  the  academy  in  the  s;ime  place.  In  \'*i)6  he  was 
 made  Profes.sor  of  Languages  in  Dickinson  College, 
 acting  part  of  the  time  as  assistant  to  Dr.  Da\  idson, 
 jKustor  of  the  church  at  Carlisle.  In  1813  he  was 
 installed  over  Silver's  Spring  Church,  and  in  182.3 
 over  the  Church  of  Shippensburg.  In  both  charges 
 he  was  diligent  and  successful.  From  18:!8  till  1843 
 he  was  General  Agent  of  the  Board  of  Publication. 
 In  1842  he  was  installed  over  Xeshaminy  Church, 
 where  he  was  greatlj'  beloved;  but  his  health  giving 
 way,  he  resigned  in  1848.     He  died  March  22d,  1848. 
 
 Dr.  Wilson  was  an  eminently  faithful  and  success- 
 ful preacher.  He  was  Stated  Clerk  of  the  Synod  of 
 Philadelphia  (Old  School)  for  twenty-three  years,  up 
 to  the  date  of  his  decease,  and  the  minutes  were 
 beautifully  kejit.  He  was  tall  and  athletic,  and  of 
 dignified  presence.  His  life  was  an  eventful  one. 
 More  can  be  .said  of  him  than  that  he  pa.ss<d  through 
 scenes  of  some  interest,  grew  old,  and  then  died. 
 He  had  that  steadiness  of  purpose  and  energy  of 
 execution  for  which,  from  his  earliest  labors  in  the 
 gospel,  there  was  a  demand.  He  was  one  of  those 
 ministers  who,  by  their  character,  stamp  an  impres- 
 sion upon  the  times  iu  which  they  live,  give  a  fixed- 
 ness to  the  order,  the  government,  tlie  instruction 
 and  standard  of  piety  in  the  Church,  Vy  which  they, 
 j  being  dead,  yet  speak.  His  ministerial  labors  were 
 abundant.  His  preaching  was  marked  by  all  that 
 seriousness  of  manner  and  weight  of  instruction 
 I  which  are  the  fairest  ornaments  of  the  Christian 
 I  pulpit.  He  wivs  ruled  by  a  sense  of  duty  in  his 
 labors.  Xot  the  increase,  but  the  it-ork  was  his.  Not 
 the  measure  of  hissuccess,  butthe  command  of  Christ 
 and  the  a-ssuranee  that  God  would  bless  and  prosper  His 
 own  truth — this  w.ts  the  rule  and  the  measure  of  his 
 toil.  For  months  before  resigning  his  last  charge  he 
 was  carried  from  his  bed  to  the  church  and  placed  in 
 a  chair,  in  which  posture  he  delivered  his  message, 
 amidst  nnich  bodily  weakness  and  snffering.  He 
 died  with  the  language  of  praise  upon  his  lips,  most 
 beloved  by  those  who  knew  him  best  and  lamented 
 by  all  pious  men  of  every  name. 
 
 "Wilson,  Hugh  Nesbitt,  D.  D.,  w.is  born  at 
 Elizabeth,  N.  .!.,  May  7th,  \-^Vi.  He  graduated  at 
 the  College  of  New  Jersey  in  1830,  and  at  Princeton 
 Theological  Seminary  in  l'^34.  During  the  years 
 1833-35,  he  was  Tutor  in  the  College,  and  proved 
 
n'lLso.y. 
 
 vnr. 
 
 WILSOX. 
 
 himself  a  faitlifiil.  thorough  aiitl  al>le  instructor.  I 
 He  w;fi  licfiisfd  by  tile  I'rishytery  of  KUzalK-thtown. 
 April  '2'M,  l^X),  and  ordaiiK-<l  as  an  evangelist  liy 
 the  Kime  PreKlijIen',  OetolMT  7tli.  in  the  Siimc  j-ear. 
 As  pastor  of  the  Chnrch  at  S>nthanipton,  Long  Isl- 
 and, for  nearly  sixteen  years,  his  lalwrs  were  largely 
 blessed,  and  he  enjoyed  the  unboanded  love  of  an 
 attaehed  jx'ople.  For  rea-sons  connected  -n-ith  his 
 health,  he  resipne*!  this  charge  April  13th,  18,52. 
 June  2:$cl.  in  the  same  year,  he  w;us  installed  over 
 the  Cliureh  at  Haekett«towii,  X.  ,1.,  where  he  lalwred 
 six  years,  with  great  acceptance  and  success.  In  May,' 
 ISl*,  he  lH'<-ame  pastor  of  the  Si-cond  Reformed 
 Dutch  Church,  of  Xew  Brunswick,  X.  .1.,  an<l  lal>orc<l* 
 there  four  years.  In  l^^J-l  he  was  again  installed 
 aa  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Southampton.  But  after  ■ 
 three  years,  his  health,  which  had  for  a  long  time 
 l>ecn  far  from  strong,  hop<-lc.s.sly  failed,  and  he  re- 
 signed, Slay  1st,  1^*07.  After  this  date,  he  resided 
 in  (Jerniantown,  Philadelphia,  until  his  death,  which 
 occurred  June  -Ith,  l^T?".  Dr.  Wilson  was,  in  the 
 truest  .sense  of  the  term,  a  Christian  gentleman.  He 
 was  a  fine  cla.ssieal  scholar,  and  a  man  of  extensive 
 reading.  As  a  preacher,  he  was  earnest,  atfcctionate,  ' 
 instructive  and  popular.  The  blessing  of  God  at- 
 tend" d  his  lalMirs  in  every  phu'c  where  he  was  settled,  j 
 
 "Wilson,  James  Duncan,  D.  D.,  wiis  Ijorn  at  | 
 Spring  Mills,  Centre  county.  Pa.,  April  Sd,  1830. 
 He  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in  18.")8,  and  at 
 the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Xew  York  city,  in 
 l^ej.  After  teaching  for  a  j-car  in  the  acailemy  at 
 Lewiston,  he  was  stat<-d  sujijily  of  the  Sjiring  Street 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Xew  York,  until  1"'(>3,  when 
 he  iK-came  its  pastor,  in  which  relation  he  continued 
 until  1869.  During  his  ministry  here,  the  church 
 was  bles.sed  with  great  prosp«>rity.  On  retiring  from 
 this  charge,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Central  Presby- 
 terian Church  in  the  same  city,  where  he  li:is  since 
 hilMiri'd  with  diligence,  acceptahleness  and  succcs.s. 
 Dr.  AVilson  is  a  gentleman  of  genial  spirit  and  at- 
 tr.ictive  manner.  He  is  endowed  with  a  strong  in- 
 tellectual cajKicity.  He  is  in  the  fullest  sense  a 
 worker.  Activity  of  mind  and  Inxly  with  him  is  his 
 most  happy  condition.  As  a  preacher,  he  is  scholarly, 
 faithful,  and  often  very  eflirctive.  As  a  psistor,  he  is 
 earnestly  devoted  to  the  welfare  of  his  congregation. 
 •  and  is  by  them  held  in  aflectiouate  regard,  for  his 
 fidelity. 
 
 ■Wilson,  James  P.,  D. D.,  was  Imrn  in  Lewes, 
 r>el.  He  gnwluated  at  the  University  of  Pennsyl- 
 vania, in  IT'*"*.  He  acte<l,  tor  some  time,  as.Surveyor- 
 fJenenil  for  the  SUite  of  Di^laware.  He  w:ts  admitted 
 to  practii*  at  the  liiir.  The  uncxp«'cted  death  of  his 
 wife,  and  the  a.<<.sikssination  of  his  brother  before  his 
 eyes,  made  such  an  impression  of  the  im|>ortance  of 
 eternal  things  that  he  iiuitted  the  law  for  the  pulpit. 
 He  was  ordained  p;islor  of  the  Lewes  Church,  as  suc- 
 ces.s«r  <if  his  father,  in  1"MI|.  In  HOl!  lie  accepted  a 
 nill  from  the  First  Church  in  Phihulelpliia.     In  .May. 
 
 li*2fl,  he  retired  to  his  farm,  a  little  south  of  the  vil- 
 lage of  Harts\  ille,  Bucks  county,  about  twenty  miles 
 from  the  city,  on  account  of  the  infirm  state  of  his 
 health,  preaching,  nevertheless,  to  his  congregation 
 :us  often  a-s  his  liialth  pcnnitted.  For  some  years  1h»- 
 fore  his  death  his  infirmities  compelled  him  to  preach 
 sitting  on  a  high  chair  in  the  pulpit.  His  resignation 
 of  his  pastoral  charge  was  accepted  in  the  Spring  of 
 183(). 
 
 Dr.  Wilson  was  characterized  by  a  few  eccentricities, 
 but  tluy  were  overlooked,  or  only  excited  a  smile,  in 
 view  of  his  sterling  worth.  As  a  preacher,  he  was 
 perfectly  <lelil><'rate  and  unimpassioned,  handling  the 
 most  abstruse  subjects  in  a  masterly  manner,  sjK-ak- 
 ing  for  an  hour  without  the  least  assistance  from 
 notes,  yet  drawing  on  the  stores  of  a  memory  replete 
 with  recondite  learning,  cspcH-ially  of  the  Greek  and 
 I^itin  Fathers.  He  w:is  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
 learned  divines  of  the  day.  He  was  of  a  tall  and 
 lank  ligure,  and  ]iallid,  from  a  habit  of  blooil-letting. 
 His  published  works  consisted  of  "Occasional  Ser^ 
 mon.s,"  a  '"  Hebrew  Grammar  without  Points,"  '"Lec- 
 tures on  the  Xew  Testament, "  an  edition  of  Ridge- 
 ley's  "  Body  of  Divinity,  with  Xotes,"'  treatises  on 
 church  government,  on  which  subject  he  held  some 
 peculiar  notions,  etc. 
 
 Dr.  AVilson's  remains  are  buried  in  a  spot  selected 
 by  him.self,  in  the  graveyard  of  Xe-shaminy  Church, 
 near  the  tomb  of  the  celebrated  William  Tennent, 
 thelbnnder  of  the  "  Log  College.''  Ou  his  monument 
 is  the  following  inscription: — 
 
 J.\MES  P.  \VILSOX.  D.  D. 
 
 Born.  Fibruary  ilst,  ITtiO.  Dieil,  Decemlwr  9lli.  lS3n. 
 
 riiu-idii  liic  iMu:e  qiiifsco,  Jncobus  P.  Wilson,  per  annoe  bia  B(>pt<*in 
 comiMMiii  litod,  (tacni  exinile  dogmata  tractans.  Quid  sum  et  fui,  jam 
 niwciri,  viator.  Quid,  tlie  supn-ma,  vi  debts.  Brevi  quid  ip^o  fatunu, 
 nunc  pvctoro  versa.    Natus,  1709.    Obiit,  1831). 
 
 For  the  benefit  of  the  reader  who  is  not  familiar 
 with  the  I«itin  language,  this  may  Ih?  tr.in.slated  thus: 
 
 "II»Ti>  I,  Jam<-4  P.  Wilson,  rest  in  calm  jM^ace.  During  fonrti^on 
 vMir*  1  practicttt  law,  tbenceforward  treating  of  sacred  tlienies. 
 Now,  traveler,  you  Icnow  what  I  am  aud  have  bi-en  What  I  am 
 atxiut  to  \}f,  on  the  last  day  yon  will  see.  Now  dwell,  in  yuur  mind, 
 on  what  yuu  yourself  will  be  in  a  short  time." 
 
 "Wilson,  Rev.  John,  as  early  as  1702,  preached 
 in  the  Court  House  at  Xewcastle,  Del.,  but  h:ul  no 
 piustoral  relation  to  the  congreg-.ition  there.  In  1708 
 the  Presbytery  directed  hiui  to  preach  alternately, 
 on  the  Sabl>ath,  at  Xewca.stle  and  White  Clay,  and 
 monthly,  on  a  wcek-<lay,  and  (juarterly  ona  Sabbath, 
 at  AiMM|uinimy.  In  1710  he  w;is  succeeded  by  Mr. 
 .\ndersoii,  at  Xewcastle,  and  probably  devoted  all  his 
 time  to  White  Cl.ty  till  his  death,  in  1712.  He  con- 
 ducted the  Presbytery's  corre.sjwndence  with  divided 
 or  uneasy  c-ongrcgations,  with  Scotland,  and  with  Sir 
 Fdmonil  Harrison,  in  London. 
 
 "Wilson,  John  Leighton,  D.D.,  was  born  in 
 .Sumter  county,  S.  C,  JIarch2.''>lh,  1.809.  His  parents 
 were  William  :inil  Jane  (.Tanu's)  AVilson.  He  gradu- 
 ated :it  Union  College,  Xew  York,  in  1829.     Taught 
 
WILSOK. 
 
 1017 
 
 WILSOX. 
 
 school  one  year  at  IfailriU's  Point,  near  Charleston, 
 S.  ('.  Graduated  at  the  Theolof;ical  Seminary,  Co- 
 Inniljia,  S.  C,  in  18153,  being  a  nicnilier  of  the  first 
 cla.ss  of  that  Institution;  ordained  in  tlie  S])ring  of 
 l";!;},  as  a  missionary  to  Africa,  by  Harmony  Pres- 
 bytery. Studied  Arabic  at  Andover.Seminary,  Miuss., 
 during  tlie  .Summer  of  ls:?;i.  In  Xovember,  1833,  he 
 sailed  from  Baltimore,  Md.,  on  a  voyage  of  explora- 
 tion to  Western  Africa,  returning  the  following 
 Spring.  As  the  result  of  this  exploration,  he  decided 
 on  Cape  Palnias,  Western  Africa,  a.s  the  most  prom- 
 ising place  to  commence  his  missionary  work.  Ex- 
 tended accounts  of  this  exploration  were  jmblished  in 
 the  Mifi^ioiKiri/  Hcriild,  of  Boston,  in  the  year  1834. 
 In  May,  1S34.  he  was  united  in  marriage  to  Jliss 
 Jane  Elizabeth  Bayard,  of  Savannah,  Ga.,  daughter 
 
 JOHN    LEIGHTON   WILSON,   D.D. 
 
 of  Nicholas  Bayard,  M.  D.,  and  Miss  Mcintosh,  the 
 daughterofGcn.  Lauchlin  Mcintosh,  of  Revolutionary 
 note.  In  1834  Jlr.  and  Mrs.  Wilson  sailed  for  Cape 
 Palmas,  where  they  arri\ed  at  the  close  of  the  year. 
 Thej'  remained  at  Cape  Palmas  seven  years.  During 
 these  ycar.s  they  accomplislied  the  following  work: 
 a  Church  of  forty  members  organized,  more  than  a 
 liundred  native  youth  educated,  the  Grcbo  language 
 reduced  to  writing,  a  gran\mar  and  dictionary  of  the 
 language  published,  the  gcspels  of  Matthew  and  John 
 translated,  and,  with  si.'c  or  eight  other  small  vol- 
 umes, published  in  the  native  language.  In  1842 
 Mr.  and  Jlrs.  Wilson  removed  to  the  Gaboon  river, 
 1:JII0  miles  southeast  of  Cape  Palmas,  and  commenced 
 a  new  mission  amongst  the  Mpongwe  people.  Here, 
 again,  the  language  was  reduced  to  writing  for  the 
 
 first  time.  A  grammar,  a  vocabulary,  portions  of 
 the  Bible,  and  a  number  of  small  volumes  were 
 pul)lished  in  the  native  language.  In  the  Si)ring  of 
 18.5.3,  owing  to  the  failure  of  Jlr.  Wilson's  health, 
 he  and  his  wife  returned  to  America.  In  the  Autumn 
 of  18r)3  he  entered  the  ollice  of  Foreign  Missions  in 
 Xcw  York,  and  continued  to  discharge  tlie  duties  of 
 that  office  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Civil  'War,  when 
 he  returned  to  his  home  in  the  South.  In  1854  he 
 I  received  the  title  of  D.  D.  from  Lafayette  College, 
 Easton,  Pa.  At  the  organization  of  the  Southern 
 Presbyterian  Cliurch,  Dr.  WiLson  was  appointed  Sec- 
 retary of  Foreign  Missions.  This  ollice  he  has 
 continued  to  hold  to  the  present  date  (1883),  without 
 I  interruption.  During  this  period,  for  seven  years,  the 
 Home  Jli-ssion  work  was  combined  with  that  of 
 Foreign  Missions,  Dr.  'Wilson  having  care  of  both. 
 
 In  18.54  Dr.  '^'ilson  published  a  volume  of  five 
 hundred  pages  on  "Western  Africa,  Its  Historj',  Con- 
 dition and  Prospects."  Dr.  Livingstone  pronounced 
 this  book  the  best  volume  on  that  part  of  Africa  ever 
 published.  In  18.53  a«trong  etl'ort  was  m.ade  in  the 
 British  Parliament  to  withdraw  the  Briti.sh  sijuadron 
 from  the  coast  of  Africa,  under  the  inipres.sion  that 
 the  foreign  slave  trade  could  not  be  broken  up.  Dr. 
 'Wilson  wrote  a  pamphlet,  showing  that  the  imjires- 
 siou  was  erroneous,  and  indicating  what  was  want- 
 ing to  make  the  eft'ort  to  suppress  the  slave  trade 
 successful.  Tlie  pami)hlet  fell  into  the  hands  of 
 Lord  Palmerston,  and  was,  by  his  order,  published 
 in  the  Uiiifcd  ,Scrricc  Journal,  afterwards  in  the 
 ■'  Blue  Book  "  of  Parliament.  An  edition  of  10,000 
 copies  was  circulated  througliout  the  kingdom.  Lord 
 Palmerston  informed  Dr.  Wilson  that  this  pamphlet 
 put  an  end  to  all  opposition  to  the  continuance  of  the 
 squadron,  and  in  less  than  five  years  the  trade  itself 
 was  brought  to  an  end. 
 
 During  his  residence  in  New  York  Dr.  Wilson 
 acted  as  editor  of  the  Foreign  Department  of  the 
 Home  and  Foreign  liccord,  and  since  that  time  has 
 edited  "  The  Missionary."  He  has  published,  in 
 whole  or  part,  thirty  Annual  Reports  on  Foreign  Mis- 
 sions and  seven  on  Home  Missions.  He  has  published 
 thirty  or  more  articles  in  the  Southern,  Presbyterian 
 Eei'ieu;  and  in  other  literary  and  scientific  Reviews. 
 While  in  Africa,  Dr.  Wilson  procured  and  sent  to  the 
 Boston  Society  of  Natural  History  the  first  specimen 
 of  the  gorilla  known  in  modern  times. 
 
 Dr.  Wilson  has  a  comman<ling  presence.  His 
 features  are  clearly  marked  and  indicate  ijhysical  and 
 intellectual  strength.  His  manly  form  is  gr.iced  with 
 (juiet  dignity.  AtlUble  and  courteous  in  address,  he 
 exerts  over  those  about  him  a  great  charm.  His 
 varied  information  makes  him  the  attractive  centre 
 of  the  social  circle.  He  is  just  in  judgment,  wise  in 
 counsel,  practical  in  methods,  and  endowed  in  an 
 eminent  degree  with  executive  ability.  His  life  has 
 been  devoted  to  foreign  missions,  both  in  tlie  a(ti\e 
 service  in  the  lield  and  in  the  direction  and  manage- 
 
ir7i.s'o.v. 
 
 1018 
 
 WILSON. 
 
 ment  of  the  work  from  the  office  at  home.  In  this 
 work  he  has  achieved  his  greatest  distinction,  and  for 
 it  will  he  longest  remembered.  Dr.  Wilson's  public 
 life  has  now  covered  fifty  years.  These  fifty  years 
 have  recorded  wonderful  progress  in  the  foreign 
 mi.ssion  work.  They  constitute  a  great  missionary 
 age  in  the  history  of  the  Church.  It  is  only  fair  to 
 remark  that  araimgst  the  great  workers  in  this  branch 
 of  Christian  service,  Dr.  Wilson  stands  with  the  first. 
 He  is  still  in  the  vigorous  exercise  of  his  powers,  the 
 able  and  efficient  Secretary  of  Foreign  Missions  for 
 the  Southern  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 "Wilson,  John  Makemie,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 .Mecklenburg  county,  N.  C,  within  the  bounds  of  the 
 Sugar  Creek  Congregation,  in  1769.  In  his  boyhood 
 he  was  the  intimate  friend  and  playmate  of  Andrew 
 Jackson,  and,  young  as  they  were,  they  are  said  to 
 have  shared  largely  in  the  patriotic  spirit  of  the  times. 
 He  graduated  at  Hampden-Sidney  College,  with  the 
 highest  honor,  in  1791,  and  studied  theology  under  the 
 direction  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  James  Hall.  In  1793  he  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Orange,  and 
 itunu'd lately  after  he  was  sent,  by  the  Commission  of 
 Synod,  on  a  missionary  tour  through  the  counties  of 
 the  lower  part  of  North  Caroliua.  He  was  ordained 
 as  pastor  in  Burke  county,  about  1795.  His  labors 
 in  Burke  coiinty  were  eminently  successful,  both  in 
 planting  new  churches  and  in  ministering  to  the 
 growth  of  those  already  in  existence,  and  when  he 
 left  the  county  he  carried  with  him,  in  a  high  de- 
 gree, the  grateful  respect  and  good-will  of  those  who 
 had  enjoyed  his  ministrations.  In  1801  he  accepted 
 a  call  from  the  congregations  of  Kocky  Kiver  and 
 Philadelphia,  in  which  he  labored  for  about  eleven 
 years.  He  commenced  a  school  in  1812,  which  he 
 continued  for  about  twelve  years,  and  twenty-five 
 pupils  of  which  became  ministers  of  the  gospel.  As 
 a  teacher,  he  was  at  once  eminently  popular  and 
 successful.     He  died  July  30th,  1831. 
 
 Dr.  Wilson  possessed  a  strong,  penetrating  and 
 well  cultivated  mind.  Soundness  of  judgment, 
 energy  of  purpose,  ami  great  prudence,  were  striking 
 features  of  his  character.  His  pi(!ty  was  manifested, 
 not  by  impulses,  but  by  works  of  righteousness.  He 
 had  a  peculiar  talent  for  ministering  to  the  happiness 
 of  others.  His  manner  of  preaching  was  marked  hy 
 a  faithful  and  judicious  exhibition  of  the  truth.  As 
 a  nuMuber  of  the  judicatories  of  the  Church,  no  man 
 of  his  day  was  held  in  higher  repute.  In  this  de- 
 partment of  ministerial  duty  it  was  universally  con- 
 ceded that  he  possessed  almo.st  unrivaled  power. 
 
 Wilson,  Joseph  R.,  D.  D.,  is  the  youngest  son 
 of  the  late  Judge  James  Wilson,  of  Stcubenville,  O., 
 and  was  born  in  that  town  February  28th,  1826.  He 
 graduated  at  Jefferson  College,  as  valedictorian  of 
 his  class,  in  18l.">,  and  then  commenced  his  studies 
 in  theology  at  Allegheny  Seminary  (Presbyterian), 
 comi>leting  them  at  Princeton.  He  was  liccn.sed  to 
 preacli  the  gosp<d  by  the  Presbytery  of  Stcubenville, 
 
 in  1848;  was  called,  in  1849,  to  the  Chartiers  Church, 
 in  what  was  then  known  as  the  Presbytery  of  Ohio, 
 by  which  body  he  was  in  that  same  year  ordained 
 and  installed. 
 
 In  IS.ll   Jlr.  Wilson  accepted  a  Professorship  of 
 
 Natural  Sciences  at  Hampden-Sidney   College,  Va., 
 
 whence  he  was  called  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
 
 Staunton  in  1854,  and  from  there,  in   18.57,  to  the 
 
 much  larger  Church  at  Augusta,  6a.     Meanwhile,  he 
 
 I  received  the  title  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  Ogle- 
 
 I  thorpe  University,  which  was  then  in  a  flourishing 
 
 condition,  near  Milledge^•ille,  Ga.     Dr.  WiLson's  pa.s- 
 
 torate  in  Augusta  embraced  thirteen  years  of  ha]ipy 
 
 j  and  successful  labor,  which,  in  1870,  he  reluctantly 
 
 left,  to  obey  the  order  of  his  General  Assembly  to 
 
 enter  upon  the  duties  of  the  Professorship  of  Homi- 
 
 SKIMI    R.  WILSON,  D.  D. 
 
 letics  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Columbia,  S.  C. 
 This  Institution  failing  pecuniarily  and  in  other  re- 
 .spects  not  necessary  to  particularize,  he  removed  to  the 
 city  where  he  now  resides,  as  pastor  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Wilmington,  N.  C. 
 
 In  1861  Dr.  Wilson  was  elected  Permanent  Clerk 
 of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 (South) ;  in  1865  was  chosen  its  Stated  Clerk,  which 
 office  he  still  holds,  and  in  1879  was  the  Assembl}''s 
 Moderator  duriug  its  sessions  at  Louisville,  Ky.  He 
 is  a  thorough  scholar,  an  accomplished  theologian,  a 
 powerful  preacher  and  a  devoted  pastor. 
 
 Wilson,  Joshua  Lacy,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Bedford  county,  Va.,  September  22d,  1774.  After 
 his  father's  death,  the  family  settled  in  Kentucky. 
 When  twenty-two  years  of  age,  he  entered  the  Ken- 
 
WILSOK 
 
 1019 
 
 WILSOX. 
 
 tucky  Academy,  at  Pisgah,  where  lie  remained  about 
 a  year,  then  spent  a  year  ami  a  half  at  a  private  school, 
 and  subsequently  taught  a  school  himself  in  Frankfort, 
 Ky.  During'  his  residence  here  he  commenced  the 
 study  of  law.  Having  decided  to  enter  the  ministry, 
 he  went  to  live  In  the  fomily  of  Rev.  James  Vance, 
 who  was  then  engaged  in  conducting  a  classics,! 
 school  near  Louisville.  He  assisted  in  the  school, 
 at  the  same  time  pursuing  his  theological  studies 
 under  the  direcrtion  of  Mr.  Vance.  He  was  licensed 
 to  preach  in  1802,  and  was  ordained  in  October,  1804, 
 when  he  took  charge  of  the  churches  of  Bardstown 
 and  Big  Spring.  In  1805  he  sat  as  a  member  of  the 
 Commission  of  Synod  in  the  Cumberland  difficulties. 
 In  180S,  he  became  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Cincinnati,  where  he  remained  for  thirty- 
 eight  years,  part  of  the  time  teaching  a  chissical 
 school. 
 
 Though  Dr.  "Wilson  possessed  originally  a  vigorous 
 constitution,  it  was  gi-eatly  impaired,  while  he  was 
 yet  in  early  manhood,  by  a  protracted  illness  occa- 
 sioned by  exposure  in  rescuing  a  lad  from  drowning. 
 His  ministry  was  e-xercised  in  the  midst  of  much 
 bodily  suffering,  and  for  a  long  period  he  was  obliged 
 to  preach  in  a  sitting  jjosture,  and  sometimes  with 
 his  eyes  entirely  closed,  on  account  of  an  inflamma- 
 tion induced  by  studying  before  daylight,  it  being 
 his  custom  for  many  years  to  rise  at  three  o'clock  in 
 the  morning.  He  died  August  14th,  1846,  after  most 
 intense  suffering,  but,  in  the  midst  of  it  all,  evincing 
 the  mosttrau(iuil  submission  to  his  heavenly  Father's 
 will. 
 
 Dr.  Wilson  published  quite  a  number  of  sermons. 
 He  was  highly  acceptable  as  a  pastor.  In  social 
 intercourse  he  was  always  friendly  and  agreeable. 
 As  a  preacher,  at  the  period  of  his  greatest  strength, 
 he  was  decidedly  among  the  ablest  of  the  day.  -  His 
 sermons,  though  not  read,  were  clear  and  logical  in 
 their  structure.  No  matter  whether  he  exhibited 
 doctrine  or  enforced  duty,  he  did  it  with  an  air  of 
 strength  and  biildness  that  showed  his  hearers  that 
 he  deeply  realized  the  importance  of  what  he  was 
 saying  and  that  he  was  bent  upon  making  them  feel 
 it  too.  In  an  ecclesiastical  judicatory  he  was  per- 
 fectly at  home,  and  was  always  felt  to  be  a  con- 
 trolling spirit.  He  was  perfectly  familiar  with  the 
 forms  of  ecclesia-stical  procedure,  and  in  the  most  in- 
 volved cases  was  never  perplexed  as  to  the  cause 
 which  ought  to  be  pursued.  In  or  out  of  a  delibera- 
 tive body,  he  would  have  followed  his  convictions  of 
 duty,  if  they  had  required  him  to  break  every  earthly 
 tie  or  even  led  him  to  the  martyr's  stake. 
 
 "Wilson,  Rev.  Le-wis  Feuilleteau,  was  born 
 at  St.  Christojiher's,  one  of  the  "West  India  Islands, 
 in  June,  1753.  He  was  sent  to  a  grammar  .school  in 
 London,  at  which  he  continued  uutil  lie  completed 
 his  seventeenth  j-ear,  at  which  time  he  accompanied 
 an  uncle,  who  migrated  to  America  and  .settled  in 
 New  Jersey.      He   was  graduated,  with  honor,  at 
 
 Princeton  College,  in  1773.  He  commenced  the  study 
 of  divinity  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  "Wither.spoou, 
 in  1774,  and  soon  after  this  he  was  chosen  Tutor  in 
 the  college,  and  held  the  office  about  one  year. 
 Being  interrupted  in  his  theological  studies  by  the 
 breakin*  up  of  the  college,  he  studied  medicine,  em- 
 barked in  the  cause  of  American  independence,  and 
 entered,  as  a  surgeon,  the  Continental  army,  which 
 position  he  filled  several  years.  Some  time  afterward 
 he  settled  as  practicing  physician  in  Princeton,  X.  J. 
 In  1786  he  took  up  his  residence  in  Iredell  county, 
 N.  C,  and  in  1791  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Orange  Presbytery.  His  efforts  in  the  pulpit,  from 
 the  first,  were  received  with  marked  approbation,  and 
 in  a  short  time  several  resj)ectable  congregations  en- 
 deavored to  secure  him  as  their  pastor.  In  June, 
 1793,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Fourth  Creek 
 and  Concord  churches,  and  continued  in  this  relation 
 about  ten  years,  with  uninterrupted  harmonj'.  He 
 died,  in  perfect  peace,  December  11th,  1804.  Mr. 
 "Wilson  occupied  a  highly  respectable  rank  as  a 
 preacher.  "  The  language  of  his  precepts  and  prac- 
 tice," says  Dr.  E.  II.  Morrison,  "  was  one."  By  a  life 
 and  conversation  conformed  to  the  gospel,  he  silently 
 exhorted  those  to  whom  he  ministered,  as  the  great 
 Apostle  of  the  Gentiles  did  the  churches — "  My  little 
 children,  be  ye  followers  of  me,  even  as  1  am  a 
 follower  of  Christ.' 
 
 "Wilson,  Rev.  Matthe^v,  was  born  in  Xew 
 London,  Chester  county,  Pa.,  January  loth,  1731; 
 was  licensed  by  New  Castle  Presbytery  before  May, 
 1754,  and  was  employed  to  teach  the  languages  in  the 
 Synod's  School,  at  Newark.  He  was  installed  before 
 May,  1755,  pastor  of  Lewes  and  Cool  Spring  churches, 
 Delaware,  and  he  w;is  .sent,  for  three  mouths,  in  the 
 follow  ing  Spring,  to  Virginia,  where  the  congregation 
 at  Indian  Kiver,  in  1768,  became  part  of  his  charge. 
 He  was  engaged  as  a  teacher,  a  physician  and  a  pas- 
 tor, and  w;us  eminent  in  all  these  professions.  He 
 was  skilled  in  jurisprudence,  and  highly  esteemed 
 for  his  counsel.  He  w;is  zealous  iu  the  cause  of 
 American  indejiendence,  and  inscribed  the  word 
 "Liberty"  on  his  cocked  hat,  that  no  one  might 
 doubt  his  .sentiments.     He  died  March  30th,  1790. 
 
 "Wilson,  Rev.  Miles  C,  was  born  iu  Kishaco- 
 quillas  Valley,  Mifflin  county,  Pa.,  July  12th,  1829, 
 and  had  his  preparatory  education  at  Jlilnewood 
 Academy-.  He  was  a  fine  scholar,  and  a  good  debater,  a 
 methodical  thinker,  and  in  every  way  a  pleasant,  genial 
 man.  After  graduating  at  Jefferson  College,  in  18.36, 
 he  entered  Princeton  Seminary,  but  his  health  fail- 
 ing .somewhat,  in  the  winter  of  1857,  he"  went  South 
 in  the  Spring,  and  engaged  in  teaching  at  LaFayette, 
 Ala. ,  and  afterwards  started  a  school  of  his  own  at 
 Montgomery.  In  the  Fall  of  1859  he  returned  to 
 Princeton  Seminary,  and  graduated  in  the  Spring  of 
 1861.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presb^-tcry  of  Hunt- 
 ingdon, in  1860,  and  taught  for  several  years  in  acade- 
 mies and  select  schools  after  lea\-ing  the  seminary. 
 
WILSON. 
 
 1020 
 
 WILSON. 
 
 preaching  occasionally,  as  time  and  opportunity 
 afforded.  In  1868  he  went  to  Iowa,  spending  some 
 time  in  Sioux  City,  preaching  also  in  .St.  Joseph,  Mo., 
 and  became  stated  supply  of  the  church  in  .Sidney, 
 Iowa,  and  continued  to  preach  there  till  the  time  of 
 his  death,  .Tune  l.'Sth,  1870.  MTiile  serving  this 
 church,  a  new  huilding  wa.s  erected,  to  which  he  con- 
 tributed nearly  all  his  Siilary. 
 
 "Wilson,  Rev.  Peter,  was  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Xew  Brunswick,  about  1785,  and  was 
 settled  as  pastor  at  Hackettstown  and  Mansfield 
 Presbyterian  churches,  X.  J.,  where  he  remained 
 until  his  de.ith,  .Tuly  •2At\x,  17H!t. 
 
 Wilson,  Robert  G.,  D.D.,  the  son  of  John  and 
 MarvlWray)  Wilson,  was  born  in  Lincoln  county, 
 N.  C,  December  30th,  17()8.  He  graduated  at  Dick- 
 inson College,  Pa.,  in  1790,  and  studied  theology 
 under  the  direction,  partly  of  his  pastor,  the  Rev.  Mr. 
 Cummins,  and  partly  of  the  Rev.  William  C.  Davis. 
 He  wa-s  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  .South 
 Carolina,  April  Kith,  1793,  and  on  May  ^^d.  1794, 
 was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  Upper  Long 
 Cane  Church,  in  .Abbeville  district.  He  had,  at  the 
 same  time,  the  charge  of  the  Church  at  Greenville. 
 During  his  connection  with  these  churches  his  labors 
 were  signally  blessed  to  their  edification  and  enlarge- 
 ment. 
 
 He  was  offered  a  professorship  in  South  Carolina 
 College,  and  wa.s  also  invited  to  become  Principal  of 
 an  academy,  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  with  very  flattering 
 jH-cuniary  prospects  in  each  case,  but  he  declined 
 these  otters,  and  accepted  a  call  to  the  pastorate  of  a 
 snuiU  church,  then  lately  organized  in  Chillicothe,  O., 
 with  a  salary  of  only  four  hundred  dollars.  Here 
 he  gave  half  his  labors,  for  seven  years,  to  Union 
 Church,  five  miles  from  the  town.  He  was  honored 
 with  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity,  by  the  College 
 of  New  Jersey,  in  1818. 
 
 Dr.  Wilson  remained  pa-stor  of  the  church  at  Chilli- 
 cothe nineteen  years,  greatly  beloved  by  his  people 
 and  fellow  citizens,  and  signally  blcs-sed  in  his  labors. 
 In  1824  he  resigned  his  charge,  by  advice  of  Presby- 
 tery, and  accepted  an  invitation  to  the  Presidency  of 
 the  Ohio  University,  at  Athens.  Over  this  Institu- 
 tion he  continued  to  preside,  with  great  acceptable- 
 ness  and  success,  until  1839,  when,  on  account  of  the 
 incn-a.sing  infirmities  of  age,  he  resigned  the  office 
 and  returned  to  Chillicothe.  Xot  content  to  renuiin 
 inactive,  h<!  here  labored  as  .t,  stated  supply  for  Union 
 Church  for  seven  years.  He  died  April  17th,  18.51. 
 Dr.  Wilson,  as  a  prc;icher,  was  solemn,  instructive, 
 impressive,  and  often  aftecting,  in  respect  to  both 
 manner  and  matter.  He  excelled  as  a  member  of  the 
 judicatories  of  the  Cliurch.  He  was  firmly  and  fully 
 established  in  the  faith  and  order  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  and  was  jealous  of  any  ettorts  that  seemed  to 
 liini  designed  to  modifv  cither. 
 
 Wilson,  Rev,  Robert  W..  the  .son  of  liev. 
 liobtrt  and  Klizabeth  (Harris)  Wilson,  was  boiii  in 
 
 Washington,  Ma.sou  county,  Ky..  July  12th,  1821. 
 He  was  educated  in  Miami  University,  Ohio,  and 
 began  his  di^-inity  studies  in  Lane  Theological  Semi- 
 nary, finishing  his  course  in  the  A.ssociate  Reformed 
 Presbyterian  Theological  .Seminarj',  Oxford,  Ohio. 
 He  was  licensed  by  Oxford  Presbytery  in  1842,  and 
 the  following  year  was,  by  the  same  Presbytery, 
 ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  Bethel  Church, 
 Butler  county.  Ohio.  Here  he  labored  with  zeal  for 
 five  years,  when  he  resigned  to  assist  in  the  manage- 
 ment of  the  Salem  Academy,  South  Salem,  Oliio. 
 ^NTiilst  engaged  in  teaching,  he  preached  for  two 
 years  at  Rocky  Spring  Church.  He  was  then  in\'ited 
 to  the  Church  at  Bloomingburg.  Ohio,  as  co-pastor 
 with  the  Rev.  William  Dickey,  and  entered  upon  his 
 work  in  October,  18.51.  When  Father  Dickey  was 
 called  to  glory,  Mr.  AVilson  became  jjatstor  of  the  con- 
 greg.ation  and  served  it  with  great  fidelity.  As  a 
 preacher,  he  blended  the  doctrines  of  grace  with  the 
 practical  duties  of  our  holy  religion.  In  his  daily 
 walk  and  conversation  he  exemplified  the  doctrines 
 of  the  gospel  and  adorned  his  ministry.  He  was  a 
 man  of  unusual  and  retiring  modesty,  tender  and 
 aftectionate  sympathies,  uniform  and  cheerful  piety, 
 aft'able  and  gentle  manners,  and  of  untiring  and  self- 
 denying  devotion  to  the  office  and  work  of  a  bishop. 
 Ever  ready  to  visit  the  sick  and  attend  at  the  house 
 of  mourning,  he  gained  the  affection  of  all  classes  in 
 the  community  and  was  known  by  old  and  young 
 only  to  be  loved. 
 
 Wilson,  Rev.  Sanauel,  graduated  at  Princeton 
 College  in  1782.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Newcastle,  and  was  called  to  the  pastor- 
 ate of  Big  Spring  (now  Newville),  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Pennsylvania,  March  21st,  1786.  In  this 
 charge  he  remained,  laboring  faithfully,  acceptably 
 and  sucessfull}-,  until  called  to  his  reward  in  1799. 
 There  is  yet  in  the  hands  of  one  of  the  descendants 
 of  Mr.  Wilson,  at  Newville,  the  call  which  was  given 
 to  him,  signed  by  two  hundred  and  four  persons,  in 
 which  the  congregation  binds  itself  ''top-ay,  on  his 
 l)i'i  ng  ordained  to  be  our  minister,  and  for  his  dis- 
 charge of  his  duties  of  said  office,  the  siini  of  one 
 hundred  and  fifty  pounds,  Pennsylvania  currency,  in 
 specie,  and  allow  him  the  use  of  the  dwelling-hovi.se, 
 barn,  and  all  the  clear  land  on  the  glebe.  ))0.sse.ssed  by 
 our  former  minister,  also  plenty  of  timber  for  rails 
 and  firewood,  likewise  a  sufficient  securit.y  for  the 
 payment  of  the  above-mentioned  sums  during  his 
 incumbency." 
 
 Wilson,  Samuel  B.,  D.D.,  Professor  of  Theology 
 in  Union  Seminary,  Va.,  was  born  in  South  Carolina, 
 about  the  year  1782.  He  served  his  generation,  by 
 the  will  of  Grod,  in  the  ministry  of  the  gospel,  for  a 
 period  of  over  sixty  years.  His  entrance  into  the 
 ministry  was  through  the  methods  of  study  pursued 
 by  candidates  before  the  existence  of  theological 
 seminaries.  With  characteristic  fidelity  he  had 
 made  his  preparation,  with  the  tlioroughness  which 
 
WILSOX. 
 
 10-21 
 
 jriLsox. 
 
 produced  the  abiding  results  of  his  labors  in  his 
 
 pastoral  life  of  thirty-seven  years,  and  constituted 
 the  basis  of  his  ability  in  the  training  of  students 
 coming  under  his  instruction.  In  all  his  ministerial 
 relations,  as  preacher,  pastor,  presbyter  and  professor, 
 he  was  sound  in  doctrine,  easy  and  graceful  in  speech, 
 sensible  and  j  udicions  iri  counsel  among  his  people 
 and  in  tlie  church  courts,  and  to  all  with  whom  he 
 had  to  do,  ever  the  pattern  of  a  finished  Christian 
 gentleman.  In  his  declining  years,  when  deafness 
 had  almost  destroyed  his  successful  performance  of 
 liis  duties,  every  proiiosition  made  by  him  for  resign- 
 ing his  position  was  promptly  put  aside  by  his  col- 
 leagues and  the  authorities  of  the  seminary;  not  onlj' 
 because  his  long  and  foithful  services  justified  the 
 Board  to  their  constituents  in  retaining  him  in  the 
 status  of  an  Emcriliis  Profoifor,  but  also  because  all 
 who  knew  his  relations  and  influence  felt  that  the 
 Institution  ivas  the  better  for  the  presence  of  such  a 
 man  in  its  walls,  even  should  he  not  enter  a  lecture 
 room.  After  a  long  and  painful  decline,  through  all 
 of  which  he  illustrated  eminently  the  traits  of 
 meekness  and  patience  and  the  sentiments  of  abiding 
 faith  and  love  to  His  Redeemer,  he  fell  asleep  in 
 Jesus,  in  the  month  of  August,  1869.  Two  of  his 
 sons  and  three  of  his  grandsons  entered  the  ministry, 
 and  one  of  his  daughters  married  a  minister.  The 
 blessing  of  Isaiah  lix,  21,  still  follows  his  descendants. 
 
 "Wilson,  Samuel  Jennings,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  was 
 born  near  the  town  of  Washington,  Pennsylvania,  in 
 the  year  1823.  His  father,  Henry  Wilson,  died  more 
 than  thirty  years  ago.  His  excellent  mother,  Jlrs. 
 Jane  Dili  Wilson,  to  whose  Christian  training  and 
 self-denying  devotion  to  his  interests  he  confessed 
 himself  a  large  debtor,  was  permitted  to  live  until  she 
 realized  her  rich  reward  in  the  distinguished  honor 
 and  success  of  her  son.  His  elder  brother,  the  Rev. 
 Thomas  Dill  Wilson,  another  object  of  the  same 
 mother's  devotion,  died  in  1858,  when  in  full  success 
 as  pastor  of  the  Pre-sbyterian  Church  of  Xenia,  Ohio, 
 leaving  two  sons,  children  of  the  covenant,  both  now 
 acceptable  ministers  in  the  Church  of  their  ancestry. 
 
 Dr.  Wilson's  youth  was  spent  on  the  farm  where 
 he  was  born,  with  only  the  advantage  of  ordinary 
 country  schools,  until  his  entrance  as  a  student  into 
 Washington  College.  He  was  graduated  from  that  In- 
 stitution in  1852,  receiving  the  first  honor  of  his  cla.ss. 
 It  was  in  1849,  during  a  powerful  rcNival  in  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Washington,  under  the  early 
 ministry  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Brownson,  that,  along  with 
 many  other  students  of  the  college,  he  was  brought 
 to  accept  Christ  and  confess  him  before  men.  From 
 the  college  he  at  once  pa.ssed  into  tlie  AVe.stern  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  at  Allegheny,  Pa.,  and,  with  simi- 
 lar standing,  was  graduated,  in  18.55.  Receiving 
 licensure  from  the  Presbytery  of  Washington,  he  sup- 
 plied the  First  Church  of  Steubenville,  O.,  for  a 
 .season,  during  the  absence  of  its  pa.stor,  the  Rev.  H. 
 G.  C'omingo,  in  Europe.      Shortly  afterwards  he  re- 
 
 ceived a  unanimous  call  to  the  pastorate  of  the 
 Second  Church  of  Wheeling,  but,  under  urgency, 
 declined  it  to  accept  the  position  of  assistant  instructor 
 in  the  Seminary,  out  of  which  as  a  student  he  had 
 jast  passed.  For  a  Summer  session  of  five  months, 
 during  his  theological  course,  he  had  admirably  con- 
 ducted the  deijartment  of  Ancient  Languages  in  his 
 Alma  Mater,  suddenly  made  vacant  by  the  death  of 
 Prof.  Nicholas  Murray. 
 
 His  marked  success  as  instructor  led  to  his  unani- 
 mous election,  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1857,  as 
 Professor  of  Ecclesiastical  History  and  Homiletics  in 
 the  seminary,  into  which  chair  he  was  formally  in- 
 stalled April  27th,  1858.  In  accordance  with  their 
 decided  preference,  and  in  the  enjoyment  of  their 
 full  confidence,  he  thus  took  his  place  in  the  Faculty, 
 
 SAMUEL  JENNINGS  WILSON,  D.  D.,  LL.D. 
 
 along  with  those  lionored  servants  of  God,  Drs. 
 Da\-id  Elliott,  Melancthou  W.  Jacobus  and  AVilliam 
 S.  Plumer.  These  venerable  men  have  all  since  been 
 called  to  their  reward  and  "their  works  do  follow 
 them. ' '  The  lapse  of  a  quarter  of  a  century,  duly  cele- 
 brated by  the  Alumni,  April  18th,  1883,  amidst  the 
 closing  exercises  of  the  session,  found  the  Junior  ad- 
 vanced to  his  seventh  year  as  the  Senior  Professor  of 
 the  beloved  seminary  he  served  so  well.  With 
 some  modification,  his  chair  of  instruction  was  that  of 
 "  .Sacred  and  Ecclesiastical  History  and  the  History 
 of  Doctrines."  The  death  of  Dr.  Jacobus,  in  1876, 
 devolved  upon  him  the  executive  headship  of  the 
 Institution.  And  there  he  continued,  in  the  highest 
 honor  and  usefulness,  having  been  permitted  to  im- 
 press himself  upon   the   characters   of  four   or  five 
 
WILSON. 
 
 1022 
 
 WINES. 
 
 hmidrfd  ministers  of  tho  Prosbyterian  Church,  a 
 };<)'iilly])r(>p<>rtion  of  whom  .sound  the  trumiict  of  the 
 f^ospul  in  tho  lands  of  heathenism.  To  his  ability, 
 vij;ilance  anil  steudfa.stn<'.s.s  the  continued  jirosperity 
 of  the  seminary  is  largely  due.  lu  the  fullness  of  his 
 strength  he  was  the  accepted  leader  of  an  enterprise 
 founde<l  in  the  faith  and  devotion  of  the  fathers  of 
 Presliyterianisni  in  Western  Pennsylvania,  and  if  the 
 past  1)1'  a  true  prophecy  of  the  future,  the  blessings 
 yet  to  be  exjjected  from  that  most  excellent  school  of 
 the  proj)hets  are  beyond  human  calculation.  He 
 died  August  17th,  1883. 
 
 Whilst  Dr.  Wilson's  accurate  and  varied  learning 
 would  have  qualified  him  for  tiny  chair  in  the  semi- 
 nary, he  was  also  one  of  the  most  eloquent  and 
 acceptable  preachers  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 Along  with  his  professorship  he  acted  as  pastor, 
 f(jr  a  number  of  years,  of  the  Sixth  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Pittsburg,  only  ceasing  on  account  of 
 his  increased  responsibilities  as  .senior  Professor. 
 Many,  also,  were  the  efforts  made  from  time  to 
 time  to  win  him  to  some  of  the  most  prominent 
 pulpits  in  the  land.  But  he  was  ever  true  to 
 the  manifest  call  of  the  Church  and  her  Lord. 
 Few,  if  any,  of  our  prominent  men  have  been  so 
 fre(|Uently  called  iipon  to  deliver  addresses  on 
 (•ollege  commencement  and  other  public  occasions, 
 or  have  acijuitted  themselves  more  satisl'actorily. 
 At  the  age  of  fortj'-six  years  he  priwided,  with 
 great  success,  over  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
 reunited  Presbyterian  Church,  as  its  INIoderator,  in 
 1874,  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  and  his  opening  .sermon 
 the  following  year,  at  Cleveland,  upon  the  world-wide 
 work  and  promised  glory  of  the  Cluuch,  will  long  lie 
 remembered  as  one  of  the  most  able  and  effective  dis- 
 courses ever  li.stened  to  by  that  venerable  body.  In 
 Iik<'  TuaniKT  he  was  made  the  first  Moderator  of  the 
 consolidated  Synod  of  Pennsylvania,  which  held  its 
 .sessions  in  Harrisburg,  in  October,  1882.  Upon  the 
 con.solidation  of  the  two  colleges  in  Western  Penn.syl- 
 vania,  in  March,  1860,  under  the  joint  name  of  Wash- 
 ington and  Jefferson  College,  he  was  induced  to  act 
 ;us  temporary  President  for  the  remainder  of  that 
 year,  and  thus  graduated  the  class  of  18()9.  He 
 was  also  an  clBcient  Trustee  of  the  nniti'd  college 
 from  the  first,  and  was  at  the  time  of  his  death 
 Vice-President  of  the  Board.  In  1861,  only  three 
 years  after  hLs  inauguration  at  Allegheny,  he  re- 
 ceived the  honorary  degree  of  D.  1).  from  the 
 authorities  of  Wa.shington  College,  and  some  years 
 later  the  title  of  LL.  D.  was  conferred  ui)on  him 
 l)y  one  of  the  colleges  of  Ohio. 
 
 This  sketch  may  be  fitly  (closed  by  reference  to  I)r. 
 Wilson's  representative  service  in  connection  with 
 the  Presbyterian  Alliance.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
 .Toint  Committee  which  assembled  in  Loudon  and 
 adopted  the  constitution  of  that  body.  His  very  able 
 paper  on  "The  Distinctive  Principles  of  Presby- 
 tcrianLsm,"  read  belbre  the  Second  General  Council  [ 
 
 of  the  Alliance,  at  Philadelphia,  in  1880,  attracted 
 marked  attention,  and  had  been  accounted  one  of  the 
 .soundest  and  best  contributions  of  that  great  body  to 
 the  cause  of  Biblical  truth.  He  had  also  been  chosen 
 by  the  last  General  Assembly  as  one  of  its  representa- 
 tives in  the  Third  Council,  which  is  to  meet  in  1884, 
 at  Bel  fiist. 
 
 "Wilson,  Samuel  Ramsay,  D.  D.,  was  born  at 
 Cincinnati.  Uhio,  .June  4th,  I8l8.  He  graduated  at 
 Hanover  College,  Ind.,  in  1836,  and  completed  his 
 professional  studies  at  Princeton  Theological  Semi- 
 nary. He  was  licensed  bv  the  Presbytery  of  New 
 Brunswick,  August  5th,  1840,  and  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Cincinnati,  April  26th,  1842.  He  was 
 associate  jiastor  with  liis  father  in  the  First  Church 
 of  Cincinnati  from  1842  to  1346,  and  then  pastor  until 
 1861.  In  1862  he  took  charge  of  the  Grand  Street 
 Church,  New  York  city,  where  he  remained  a  year 
 and  a  half.  From  1S64  to  186.5  he  was  in  charge  of 
 the  JIulberry  Church,  Ivy.,  and  from  1865  to  1880  he 
 was  pastor  of  the  First  Church  of  Louisville,  Ky.  In 
 1880  he  accepted  the  pastorate  of  the  Second  Church 
 of  Madison,  Ind.,  where  he  remained  two  years  and 
 a  half,  when  he  removed  to  East  Scranton,  Pa. 
 
 Dr.  Wilson  is  a  strong  and  able  theologiati,  and  an 
 earnest  gospel  preacher.  Strongly  conservative  in 
 his  theology,  thoroughlj'  Presbyterian  in  his  feelings, 
 and  having  the  courage  of  his  convictions,  he  luvs 
 frequently  been  engaged  in  controversy  in  regard  to 
 Church  polity  and  doctrine.  In  his  prime  he  was 
 one  of  the  ablest  preachers  in  the  Presb.vterian 
 Church. 
 
 "Winchester,  Rev.  Samiiel  G.,  was  born  in 
 Harford  county,  JIil.,  February  17th,  1805.  At  an 
 early  period  he  developed  a  talent  for  oratory.  He 
 gave  himself  to  the  study  of  the  law,  but  becoming 
 converted  under  the  preaching  of  Dr.  W.  Nevins,  he 
 turned  his  back  on  the  law  and  determined  to  become 
 a  preacher  of  the  gospel.  His  father  was  so  offended 
 that  he  disinherited  hira.  After  pursuing  the  full 
 cour.se  of  study  in  the  Seminary  at  Princeton,  he  was 
 ordained  pastor  of  the  Sixth  Church  of  Philadelphia, 
 May  4th,  iK'.M).  After  seven  years  there  spent,  his 
 failing  health  induced  him  to  accept  a  call  to 
 Natchez,  Miss. ,  where  he  remained  four  years.  He 
 died,  of  congestion  of  the  brain,  August  31st,  1841,  at 
 the  early  age  of  thirty-six. 
 
 Mr.  Winchester  was  tall  and  slender,  and  had  an 
 open,  prepos,sessing  countenance  and  pleasant  voice. 
 }U'  di.speused  with  notes,  and  knew  how  to  blend  the 
 didactic  and  the  hortatory.  He  w;is  a  practical 
 dcb.atcr,  and  forced  his  antagonists  to  respect  his 
 youth.  His  pulilishcd  writings  were  a  few  tractates 
 of  practical  character. 
 
 "Wines,  Rev.  Frederick  Howard,  was  born 
 at  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  April  9th,  1838.  He  graduat<Ml 
 at  Washington  College,  Pa.,  in  1857,  and  for  a  time 
 was  Tutor  in  the  Institution.  He  was  stated  sujiply 
 of    Calvary    Church,    Springfield,   Mo.,  1860-1;  or- 
 
WliXG. 
 
 1023 
 
 WISNEB. 
 
 Uained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Saugamon,  October 
 •2ath,  I8G0;  pastor  of  the  First  Church,  Springfield, 
 111.,  1865-69,  and  Secretary  of  Board  of  Charities, 
 Illinois,  1869.     His  residence  is  at  Springfield. 
 
 Wing,  Con-way  Phelps,  D.D.,  was  born  on 
 the  Jluskinguni,  twelve  miles  above  Marietta,  Ohio, 
 February  13th,  1809;  graduated  at  Hamilton  College 
 in  1828,  at  Auburn  Theological  Seminary  in  1831, 
 and  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Church 
 at  Lodus,  Wayne  county,  N.  Y.,  by  the  Presbytery 
 iif  Seneca,  Septemlier  27th,  1832,  where  he  labored 
 with  success.  In  1836  he  accepted  a  call  to  a  church 
 in  Ogden,  N.  Y.,  where  he  also  labored  four  j-ears, 
 with  large  accessions  to  his  church.  From  1838  he 
 was  pastor  of  the  Presbj-terian  Church  in  Jlonroe, 
 Mich.     After    spending  six  months  in    Tennessee, 
 
 CONW.VY  P1IELPS  WING,  D.D. 
 
 preaching  to  Presbyterian  churches  at  Pulaski  and 
 Columbia,  he  accepted  a  call  to  a  church  in  Hunts- 
 ville,  Ala.  April  28th,  1848,  he  was  installed  pastor 
 of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Carlisle,  Pa.  This 
 relation  he  sustained,  with  great  fidelity  to  his  duties 
 and  marked  earnestness  and  ability  as  a  preacher, 
 respected  and  beloved  by  those  who  knew  him,  until 
 October,  1875,  when  he  resigned  his  charge. 
 
 Dr.  AVing  is  an  earnest  Christian,  a  cultivated  and 
 genial  gentleman,  an  accomplished  scholar,  a  grace- 
 ful writer  and  an  able,  instructive  and  impressive 
 expounder  of  divine  truth.  Among  his  other  publi- 
 cations are  articles  in  the  Preshyterian  Qiinrlerly  Bc- 
 I'iew,  the  chief  of  which  were  two  on  Abelard,  two 
 on  the  "  Historical  Development  of  the  Doctrine  of 
 the  Atonement,"  one  on  "The  Permanent  in  Chris- 
 
 tianity, ' '  one  on  ' '  Miracles  and  the  Order  of  Nature, ' ' 
 in  the  3Icthodisi  Quarteili/.  He  was  also  the  writer 
 of  two  elaborate  articles  on  ' '  Federal  Theology, ' ' 
 and  "Gnostics  and  Gnbsticism,"  in  McClintock's 
 and  Strong's  Cyclopsedia,  and  in  1868  he  trans- 
 lated, with  large  additions.  Dr.  C.  F.  Kling's  Com- 
 mentary on  Second  Corintliians,  for  Dr.  SchatFs 
 American  edition  of  Lange's  Commentary. 
 
 Wishard,  Rev.  Samuel  Ellis,  was  born  De- 
 cember 18th,  182,),  in  Johnson  county,  Ind.  He 
 graduated  from  Wabash  College  in  1853,  and  com- 
 pleted his  theological  studies  at  Lane  Seminary  in 
 1856.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  Ajiril,  1855,  and 
 the  same  year  was  appointed  a  missionary  to  Turkey 
 by  the  American  Board.  But  in  that  desired  work 
 he  was  not  permitted  to  enter.  During  a  four  years' 
 pastorate  at  Eushville,  111.,  from  1857,  and  a  six 
 years'  pastorate  at  Tecumseh,  Mich.,  his  ministry 
 was  greatly  blessed.  Equally  manifest  tokens  of 
 divine  favor  were  vouchsafed  on  his  labors  at  Battle 
 Creek,  IMich. ,  and  at  Franklin,  Ind.,  and  in  a  marked 
 manner  on  his  service  for  tliree  years  as  an  evangelist, 
 aiding  pastors  in  si)ecial  revival  work.  In  May, 
 1880,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Fifth  Church,  Chicago. 
 The  three  following  years  were  years  of  spiritual 
 blessing  to  that  church.  In  August,  1883,  he  en- 
 gaged as  S.yuodical  missionary  for  the  State  of  Ken- 
 tucky. 
 
 Mr.  AYishard  has  given  to  the  press  a  memorial 
 volume  of  the  Rev.  F.  R.  Gallagher,  a  history  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Franklin,  Ind.,  several  tracts 
 and  weekly  articles  in  the  HiraJd  and  Presbyier  news- 
 paper.    He  has  preached  more  than  3500  sermons, 
 and    held    4100    prayer  and  Bible   meetings.     His 
 controlling  purpose  seems  to  be,  not  to  please  men, 
 I  but  to  suve  them.      He  is  a  faithful,  fearless,  forcible 
 '  preacher,  presenting  the  claims  of  God  with  such 
 I  clearness  and  honest  earnestness,  as  to  leave  no  ex- 
 cuse to  the  drowsy  professor  or  hiding-place  for  the 
 convicted  sinner.     There  is  withal  a  quaint  humor 
 sparkling  out  through  his  glowing  utterances  that 
 enhances  their  power  and  attractiveness. 
 
 "Wisner,  "William  Carpenter,  D.  D.,  was 
 born  in  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  December  7th,  1808.  He 
 graduated  at  Union  College  in  1830.  He  first  studied 
 law,  then  studied  theology  privately.  He  was  or- 
 dained pastor  of  the  Third  Church,  Rochester,  N.  Y., 
 October  24th,  1832.  His  fields  of  labors  were:  Roch- 
 ester, 1831-2;  Athens,  Pa.,  East  Avon,  N.  Y.,  eight- 
 een months;  Second  Church,  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  1836; 
 Lower  Church,  Lockport,  N.  Y.,  1837-42;  First 
 Church,  Lockport,  1842-76.  He  died  July  14th, 
 1880.  Dr.  Wisner  was  Moderator  of  the  General 
 Assembly  in  St.  Louis,  in  1855.  He  published  "  Pre- 
 lacy and  Parity,"  1844,  and  many  sermons  and  arti- 
 cles. He  was  a  man  of  inexhaustible  and  irresistilile 
 humor  and  drollery,  and  of  solid  greatness  of  attain- 
 ments and  of  character. 
 
 Dr.  Wisner  was  for  some  thirteen  years  a  member 
 
U'ISWELL. 
 
 1024 
 
 WITHERSPOON. 
 
 of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Auburn  Theological 
 Seminary.  The  Board  of  Commissioners,  at  the  meet- 
 ing in  1881,  in  the  record  which  they  made  of  their 
 testimony  to  his  high  character  and  valuable  services, 
 said:  "A  man  of  high  attainments  and  honorable 
 distinction  in  the  Presbyterian  Church,  he  gave  to 
 the  Board  of  which  he  was  a  member  the  benefit  of 
 timely  counsels  and  great  practical  wisdom,  and 
 never  ceased  to  manifest  a  deep  and  anxious  interest 
 in  the  welfare  and  usefulness  of  this  beloved  .Semi- 
 nary. And  it  should  also  be  mentioned  as  a  proof 
 of  this,  and  as  a  mark  of  his  generosity,  that  one  of 
 his  latest  acts  was  that  of  presenting  to  the  Seminary 
 his  carefully  selected  private  library,  to  be  added  to 
 the  library  of  this  Institution,  and  also  a  portrait  of 
 liis  father,  the  Rev.  Dr.  "William  Wisner,  of  Ithaca. 
 And  while  we  bow  to  God's  will  in  depriving  us  of 
 his  assistance,  we  thankfully  record  our  estimate  of 
 his  high  character,  and  his  untiring  devotion  to  the 
 interests  of  theological  learning." 
 
 'Wls'well,  George  Franklin,  D.  D.,  was  born 
 at  'Whitehall,  X.  Y.,  in  18-30.  He  was  educated  in 
 Middlebury  College;  a  student  in  the  Union  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  1841-4;  ordained  June  18th,  1845. 
 He  was  pastor  at  Southold  (L.  I.)  N.  Y.,  1845-50; 
 Financial  Secretary  of  the  Union  Theological  Semi- 
 nary, 1850-3;  pastor  at  Peekskill,  N.  Y.,  1853-6; 
 pastor  at  'Wilmington,  Del.,  1856-67,  and  since  1867 
 has  been  in  charge  of  the  Green  Hill  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  Dr.  '^'iswell  is  an  affable 
 gentleman,  a  faithful  pastor  and  an  able  and  success- 
 ful preacher.  He  was  a  member  of  the  N.  S.  Re- 
 union Committee,  in  place  of  Dr.  Thomas  Brainerd. 
 He  is  an  active  and  efficient  member  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Board  of  Publication.  He  moves  forward 
 quietly  in  tjie  discharge  of  his  duties  to  his  congre- 
 gation, has  their  confidence  and  aftection,  and  is 
 favored  with  the  divine  blessing  on  his  ministry. 
 
 'Withero'w,  Rev.  Benjamin  Hcward,  was 
 born  at  Fairfield,  Pa.,  February  23d,  1840;  graduated 
 at  Jeflerson  College  in  1859;  studied  theology  at 
 Allegheny  Seminary,  aud  was  ordained  by  the  Pres- 
 b^'i-tery  of  Burlington,  August  30th,  1864.  He  was 
 pastor  at  Cream  Ridge,  N.  J.,  1864-69,  aud  at  Co- 
 lumbia, Pa.,  1869-73,  in  both  which  charges  he 
 labored  faithfully  and  successfully,  having  the  confi- 
 dence and  esteem  of  his  people.  He  died  in  Ship- 
 pen.sburg.  Pa.,  February  7th,  1876. 
 
 "Witherspoon,  A.  J.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Lan- 
 caster, S.  C.  He  graduated  at  the  South  Carolina 
 College.  After  studying  theology  privately,  he  was 
 licensed  by  Bethel  Presbytery,  and  devoted  himself 
 to  the  Foreign  Mission  field,  but  the  state  of  his 
 health  prevented  him  carrying  his  solemn  purpose 
 into  execution.  He  had  pastoral  charge  of  Montpe- 
 lier,  Geneva  and  Laurel  churches,  in  Marengo  county, 
 Ala.,  where  his  labors  were  blessed.  After  relin- 
 quishing this  position,  he  went  to  Mobile  and  took 
 charge  of  Warren  Chapel  Mi.ssion,  which  was  formed 
 
 into  a  church  in  eighteen  months.  He  organized 
 five  churches,  as  evangelist  of  South  Alabama  Presby- 
 tery. For  some  years  he  has  had  charge  of  the 
 Bethel  Chapel  for  Seamen,  in  New  Orleans.  Here  he 
 has  accomplished  much  good  liy  his  faithful  labors. 
 This  usefullustitution,  .so  worthy  of  public  sympathy 
 and  support,  was  founded  in  1877;  begun  upon  a 
 small  scale,  accommodating  about  250  persons  in  the 
 reading  room  and  concert  hall,  aud  now  it  proWdes 
 entertainment  for  800. 
 
 Witherspoon,  John,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  was  a  branch 
 of  a  very  respectable  family,  which  had  long  pos- 
 sessed considerable  lauded  property  in  the  East  of 
 Scotland.  He  was  lineally  descended  from  John 
 Knox,  well-known  as  a  distinguished  instrument  of 
 spreading  the  reformed  religion  in  that  part  of  the 
 
 JOHN  WITHER-SPOO.N,  D.  P.,  LL.D. 
 
 United  Kingdom.  He  was  born,  February  .5th,  1722, 
 and  his  father  was  at  that  time  minister  of  the  par- 
 ish of  Yester,  about  eighteen  miles  from  Edinburgh. 
 His  father  was  eminent,  not  only  for  piety,  but  for 
 literature,  and  for  a  habit  of  extreme  accuracy  in  all 
 his  writings  and  discourses.  Young  '^'itherspoon 
 was  very  early  sent  to  the  public  school  at  Hadding- 
 ton, where  his  father  spared  no  expense  in  his  educa- 
 tion. He  had  been  at  that  seminary  but  a  little 
 while  when  he  attracted  particular  notice;  he  was  dis- 
 tinguished for  assiduity  m  his  studies,  for  soundness 
 of  judgment,  and  for  clearness  and  quickness  of  con- 
 ception among  his  schoolfellows,  many  of  whoni 
 afterward  filled  some  of  the  higest  stations  in  the 
 literary  and  political  world.  At  the  age  of  fourteen 
 he  entered  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  where  he 
 advanced  with  a  great  degree  of  credit  in  all  the 
 
WITHERSPOOX. 
 
 1025 
 
 WITHERSPOON,  STATUE  OF. 
 
 branches  of  learning,  until  the  age  of  twenty-one, 
 when  he  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel.  When  a 
 student  at  the  Divinity  Hall,  his  character  stood 
 remarkably  high  for  his  taste  in  sacred  criticism,  and 
 for  a  precision  in  thinking  and  a  perspicuity  of 
 expression  rarely  attained  at  so  early  a  period. 
 
 From  Beith,  where  he  was  first  settled  as  pastor, 
 he  Soon  received  a  call  to  the  large  and  flourishing 
 town  of  Paisley,  where  he  enjoj'ed  great  reputation, 
 and  labored  with  uncommon  success.  During  his 
 residence  at  Paisley,  he  was  invited  to  Dublin,  in 
 Ireland,  to  take  the  charge  of  a  large  and  respectable 
 congregation.  He  w:vs  also  incited  to  Rotterdam,  in 
 the  United  Provinces,  and  to  the  town  of  Dundee, 
 in  his  own  country,  but  he  could  not  be  induced  to 
 cjuit  such  a  sphere  of  comfort  and  usefulness  as  Pais- 
 ley offered  him.  He  rejected  also,  iu  the  first  instance, 
 the  invitation  of  the  trustees  of  tlie  College  of  Xew 
 Jersey,  in  America.  But,  urged  by  all  the  friends 
 whose  j  udgment  he  most  respected,  and  whose  friend- 
 ship be  most  valued,  hoping,  too,  that  his  siicrifice 
 might  be  more  than  repaid  by  his  being  made 
 peculiarly  useful  in  promoting  the  cau.se  of  Christ  and 
 the  interests  of  learning  in  the  New  World,  and  know, 
 ing  that  Jersey  College  had  been  con.secrated  from 
 its  foundation  to  those  great  objects  to  which  he  had 
 devoted  his  life,  he  consented  on  a  second  application. 
 And  true  it  is,  that  after  the  election  of  Dr.  Wither- 
 spoon  to  the  presidency,  learning  received  an  ex- 
 tension that  was  not  known  before  in  the  American 
 Seminaries.  He  introduced  into  their  philosophy  all 
 the  most  liberal  and  modern  improvements  of  Europe; 
 he  made  the  philosopliical  course  embrace  the  general 
 principles  of  policy  and  public  law;  he  incorporated 
 with  it  sound  and  rational  metaphysies,  equally  re- 
 mote from  the  doctrines  of  fatality  and  contingency, 
 from  the  barrenness  of  the  schools,  and  from  the  ex- 
 cessive refinements  of  those  contradictory  but  equally 
 absurd  and  impious  classes  of  skeptics,  who  either 
 wholly  deny  the  existence  of  matter,  or  maint;iin 
 that  nothing  but  matter  exists  in  the  universe.  The 
 number  of  men  of  distinguished  talents  in  the  dif- 
 ferent professions  who  received  the  elements  of  theii- 
 education  under  Dr.  Witherspoon  demon.strates  how 
 eminent  his  services  were  to  the  College  of  New 
 Jersey. 
 
 Dr.  ^yitherspoon  continued  directing  the  Institu- 
 tion of  which  he  was  President,  with  incre;ising  suc- 
 cess, till  the'  commencement  of  the  American  War, 
 but  that  calamitous  event  suspended  his  functions 
 and  dispersed  the  college.  He  then  entered  upon  a 
 new  scene,  and  appeared  in  a  new  character.  Still, 
 however,  he  shone  with  his  usual  lu.stre.  Knowing 
 his  distinguished  abilities,  the  citizens  of  Xew  .ler- 
 .sey  elected  him  a  delegate  to  the  convention  which 
 formed  their  republican  constitution.  In  this  con- 
 vention he  appeared,  to  the  astonishment  of  all  the 
 members  of  the  legal  profession,  as  profound  a  civil- 
 ian as  he  confessedly  was  a  philosopher  and  divine. 
 65 
 
 I>om  the  Revolutionary  committees  and  conventi 
 of  the  State,  he  was  sent,  early  in  the  year  177G 
 a  representative  of  the  people  of  Xew  Jersey,  to 
 Congress  of  United  America.  He  was  seven  yea 
 member  of  that  body,  which,  in  the  face  of  inni 
 erable  difficulties  and  dangers,  secured  to  Araeric 
 the  establishment  of  their  independence.  Dr.  Witl 
 spoon  was  always  firm  amidst  the  most  gloomy ; 
 formidable  aspects  of  aflairs,  and  always  displa 
 the  greatest  presence  of  mind  in  the  most  embarr 
 ing  situations.  His  name  is  aflixed  to  the  Deel: 
 tion  of  Indeiiendence. 
 
 Towards  the  close  of  his  life,  however.  Dr.  W 
 erspoon  felt  and  gratified  an  inclination  to  retire  11 
 the  political  scene,  on  which  he  had  long  acted  v 
 uncommon  dignity  and  usefulness.  H(^  withdrew 
 a  great  me;isure,  from  the  exercise  of  all  the  pu 
 functions  that  were  not  immediately  connected  v 
 the  duties  of  his  sa<red  office.  For  more  than 
 years  before  his  desith  he  suffered  the  loss  of  his  si| 
 which  continued  to  hasten  the  progress  of  his  oi 
 disorders.  These  he  bore  \rith  a  patience  and  a  di 
 fulness  rarely  to  be  met  with,  even  in  those  emii 
 for  wisdom  and  piety.  His  activity  of  mind 
 an.Kiety  to  be  useful  would  not  permit  him,  ever 
 this  depressing  situation,  to  desist  from  the  exer 
 of  his  ministry  and  his  duties  in  the  college. 
 was  frequently  led  into  the  pulpit,  both  at  home 
 abroad,  during  his  blindness,  and  he  always  aequi 
 himself,  even  then,  in  his  usually  accurate,  impi 
 ive  and  excellent  manner.  He  had  the  hapi)inesi 
 enjoying  the  full  use  of  his  mental  powers  to  the  a 
 hist.  He  died,  Xovember  l.jth,  1794,  in  the  sevei 
 third  year  of  his  age.  The  College  of  Xew  Jei 
 lost  in  him  a  most  distinguished  President,  Ame 
 one  of  her  ablest  statesmen,  and  the  Church  of  CI 
 one  of  her  most  valiuible  ministers.  His  writii 
 which  are  well  known,  were  collected  into  four 
 umes,  octavo,  and  of  which  a  unitbrm  edition 
 published  at  Philadelphia,  in  1803,  and  at  Edinbui 
 in  1804,  iu  nine  volumes,  l'2mo. 
 
 "Witherspoon,  Statue  of.  As  an  expressio 
 their  admiration  of  Dr.  John  Witherspoon,  and 
 his  eminent  services  to  the  church  and  the  countr 
 majestic  statue  of  him  has  been  erected  by  his  friei 
 in  Fairmount  Park,  Philadelphia.  Tlie  site  is 
 Lansdowne  Drive,  just  east  of  Memorial  Hall, 
 foundation  of  the  pedestal  having  been  completed 
 Tuesday,  Xovember,  16th,  1875,  in  the- presence  c 
 considerable  number  of  ministers,  ruling  elders  i 
 laymen,  together  with  a  deputation  from  the 
 Andrew's  Society  of  Philadelphia.  After  prayer 
 the  Rev.  W.  W.  Barr,  D.D.,  of  the  United  Pres 
 terian  Church,  the  corner-stone  of  the  monument  i 
 laid  by  the  Rev.  George  W.  Musgrave,  D.D.,  LL 
 On  account  of  the  inclemency  of  the  weather, 
 afisembly  proceeded  to  Machinery  Hall,  of  the  Cent 
 nial  Buildings,  where  the  Rev.  AVilliam  P.  Bre 
 D.D.     (to    whose     comihendable    and    indefatiga 
 
WITHERSPOOX.  STA  TUE  OF. 
 
 1026 
 
 WITHEESPOOX. 
 
 activity  the  whole  enterprise  mainly  owes  its  success), 
 occupying  the  chair,  an  addi'ess  was  delivered  by  the 
 Eev.  William  Adams,  d.d.,  ll.d.,  of  New  York.  At 
 the  conclusion  of  the  oration  a  handsome  Presby- 
 terian flag  was  presented  by  the  young  ladies  of  West 
 Spruce  Street  Presbyterian  Church  of  Philadelphia 
 to  the  Centennial  Committee  of  the  General  Assem- 
 bly. It  Wiis  presented  by  George  Junkin,  Esq.,  and 
 received  by  Col.  J.  Ross  Snowdou,  chairman  of  the 
 committee. 
 
 On  Friday,  October  20th,  1876,  the  colossal  statue 
 of  the  colossal  Presbyterian  statesman,  patriot  and 
 divine  w;is  unveiled,  in  the  pre.sence  of  a  large  con- 
 course of  people,  many  of  whom  had  come  from  a  dis- 
 tance to  witness  the  interesting  occasion.  The  Rev. 
 William  P.  Breed,  l>.  D. ,  Moderator  of  the  Synod  of 
 Philadelphia,  assisted  by  the  Rev.  Thomas  McCauley, 
 Moderator  of  the  Synod  of  New  Jersey,  took  charge 
 of  and  conducted  the  exercises.  Prayer  was  offered 
 by  the  Rev.  Dr.  George  W.  Musgrave.  Dr.  W.  O. 
 Johnstone  announced  the  one  hundredth  psalm. 
 Scripture  selections  were  read  by  the  Rev.  .T.  B.  Dales, 
 n.D.  The  Rev.  Henry  C.  McCook,  D.I).,  gave  a  his- 
 tory of  the  effort  to  erect  the  monument.  The  Eev. 
 Stephen  W.  Dana,  D.D.,  Secretary  of  the  Centennial 
 Committee,  then  announced  the  hymn  : — 
 "  Great  God  of  nations,  now  to  thee 
 
 Our  hymn  of  gratitude  we  raise. 
 With  humble  heart  and  bimding  knee 
 
 We  offer  thee  our  song  of  praise." 
 
 The  contents  of  the  corner-.stone  were  stated  by  the 
 Rev.  Samuel  Irena>ns  Prime,  D.  D. ,  one  of  the  earliest 
 and  warmest  friends  of  the  enterprise.  The  recital 
 of  the  inscriptions  was  then  given  as  follows,  by  the 
 Rev.  Wm.  M.  Paxton,  D.  D.,  of  New  York: — 
 
 On  the  ca.st  side: — • 
 
 *'  .lohn  Witherspoon.  d.  d.,  ll.  d.,  a  Hneal  descendant  of  John  Knox. 
 Born  in  Ccotland,  February  .5tli,  1722 ;  ordained  minister  in  tlie  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  1745;  President  of  tlie  College  of  Xew  Jersey,  176.S- 
 1704.  The  only  clergyman  in  the  Continental  Congress.  A  signer  of 
 the  Declaration  of  Independence.  Dieil  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  November 
 15th..  1704."' 
 
 On  the  west  side: — 
 
 "This  statue  is  erected  under  the  authority  of  a  committee  ap- 
 pointed by  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Cbuich  in  the 
 United  States  of  America,  July  Ith,  lS7l>." 
 
 On  the  south  side: — 
 
 '■  Proclaim  liberty  throughout  all  the  land  unto  all  the  inhabit- 
 ants thereof." — Lev.  .\x,  10. 
 
 Ou  the  north  side: — 
 
 "For  my  o\ia  part,  of  i]roperty   I  have  some;  of  reputation 
 more ;  that  repuhition  is  staked,  that  property  is  pledged,  on  the 
 is<nc  of  this  contest.     .\nd  although  these  gr.ay  hairs  must  soon 
 descond  into  the  sepulchre,  I   would  infinitely  rather  that  they  t 
 should  descend  thither  by  the  hand  of  the  executioner  than  desert 
 at  this  crisis,  the  sacred  cause  of  my  country." — br.  WUherspoon, 
 .     Just  as  Dr.  Paxton  pronouni:ed  the  word  eountry   • 
 the  lion.  D.  W.  Wood.s,  of  Lewistown,  Pa.,  a  grand- { 
 son  of  Dr.  Witherspoon,  pulled  a  coid,  and  the  flag 
 wliich  had  enveloped   the   .statue    fell,  suddenly  ex- 
 posing to    view   tlie  colosslH   form  of  Witherspoon.  | 
 
 After  the  shouts  of  applause  which  this  unveilin.g 
 evoked.   Dr.  Paxton  resumed  his  address.     At   its 
 conclusion,  the  Rev.  J.  Addison  Henry,  n.D.,  of  the 
 sub-committee,  then  gave  out  the  hymn: — 
 "  God  bless  our  native  land." 
 
 This  was  followed  by  an  oration  by  His  Excellency, 
 Joseph  D.  Bedle,  Governor  of  New  Jersey,  I'resident 
 of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Princeton  College.  The 
 statue  was  presented  to  the  Fairraount  Park  Com- 
 mission, by  the  Hon.  J.  Ro.ss  Snowdou,  ll.d..  Chair- 
 man of  the  General  Assembly's  Centennial  Com- 
 mittee, and  accepted  by  the  Hon.  John  Welsh,  Presi- 
 dent of  the  Fairmount  Park  Commission.  Thanks 
 to  the  Park  Commission  were  extended,  in  behalf  of 
 the  General  Assembly's  Centennial  Committee,  by 
 the  Re V.  George  Hale,  D.  D. ,  Treasurer  of  the  Com- 
 mittee. The  doxology  was  announced,  with  some 
 remarks,  by  the  Bev.  Alfred  Nevin,  D.D.,'  ll.d. 
 After  the  singing  of  the  doxology,  the  benediction 
 was  pronounced  by  the  Eev.  James  McCosh,  D.D., 
 LL.D.,  who,  also,  in  response  to  loud  calls  from  the 
 crowd,  made  an  address.  Dr.  MeCosh  was  followed 
 in  a  brief  speech  by  Dr.  Stuart  Robinson,  of  Louis- 
 ville, Ky.,  who  was  also  called  out  by  the  crowd. 
 
 The  whole  enterprise  received  a  most  fitting  climax 
 in  the  services  of  Sabbath  evening,  the  22d  of  Octo- 
 ber, when,  in  the  West  Spruce  Street  Presbyterian 
 Church,  the  Rev.  W.  S.  Plumer,  D.  D. ,  LL.  D. ,  of  Co- 
 lumbia, S.  C. ,  delivered,  by  request  of  the  Centennial 
 Committee  of  the  General  Assembly,  in  the  presence 
 of  a  hu'ge  and  intelligent  congregation,  a  discourse 
 upon  the  life  and  writings  of  Dr.  Witherspoon.  Thus 
 were  concluded  the  exercises  in  connection  with  an 
 event  which  acquires  peculiar  importance  from  the 
 fact  that  this  statue,  so  far  as  known  to  us,  is  the 
 first  statue  of  a  Christian  man,  as  such,  yet  erected 
 in  our  Ri'public. 
 
 "Witherspoon,  Rev.  Thomas  S.,  was  licensed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  South  Alabama,  October  2:!(1, 
 1830,  and  ordained  November  10th,  1832.  His  whole 
 ministerial  life,  of  fifteen  years,  was  spent  within  the 
 bounds  of  the  Synod  of  Alabama,.  His  talents  were 
 commanding,  and  apparently  without  an  effort  he 
 made  himself  familiar  with  any  subject,  if  not  master 
 of  it.  He  was  a  sound  Presbyterian,  a  ready  debater 
 and  an  able  preacher.  His  influence  was  deservedly 
 great.  He  was  a  lovely  man  and  a  faithful  minister.  At 
 the  time  of  his  death  (October  20th,  1845),  he  was 
 engaged  in  raising  funds,  by  appointment  of  Synod, 
 for  the  endowment  of  the  Alabama  Professor.ship  in 
 Oglethorpe  University.  When  the  endowment  wivs 
 completed,  after  his  decease,  the  Synod,  in  testimony 
 of  their  high  appreciation  of  his  worth  and  services, 
 substituted  the  name  of  Witherspoon  lor  that  of 
 Alabama,  thus  making  it  the  WdUvrxponn  Profemor- 
 sJiip.  The  Presbytery  of  Alabama,  in  a  minute 
 adopted  relative  to  the  death  of  Mr.  Witherspoon, 
 April  3d,  18.}6,  says:  "He  had  labored  long  and 
 faithfully  and  well.     He  fell  at  his  post,  on  the  field 
 
WITHKOW. 
 
 1027 
 
 WITNJESS  OF  THE  SPIRIT. 
 
 of  labor,  beloved  of  the  ehurches,  wept  by  bis 
 numerous  spiritual  children,  lamented  by  his 
 brethren  of  Presbytery,  and  honored  of  God.  His 
 was  a  bright  star,  that  suddeuly  set  in  unclouded 
 lustre." 
 "Withrow,  John  Lindsay,  D.  D.,  was  born  at 
 
 causality),   "the  Spirit  itself  bearetb  witness  with 
 our  spirit,  that  we  are  the  children  of  God." 
 
 2.  The  act  of  the  Holy  Spirit  which,  in  the  passage 
 above  quoted,  is  termed  "witness,"  is  elsewhere 
 denominated  a  settling  and  an  earnest  (2  Cor.  i;  22; 
 Eph.  i,  13,  14).     The  apostle  may  have  alluded  to 
 
 CoatesviUe,  I'a.,  ilarch  I'Jth,.  1S37  ;  gr 
 
 iduatcd  at  the   the  custom,  prevalent  among  all  nations,  of  marking 
 
 College  of  New  Jersey,  in  1860;  studied  theology  at 
 Princeton,  and  was  ordained  by  the  second  Presby- 
 tery of  Philadelphia,  May  22d,  1863.  His  first  pas- 
 toral charge  was  the  Church  at  Abington,  Pa.,  1863-8. 
 He  was  pastor  of  the  Arch  Street  Church,  Philadel- 
 phia, Pa.,  186S-73;  pastor  of  the  Second  Church.  In- 
 dianapolis, Ind.,  1873-6;  and  is  at  present  pastor  of 
 the  Park  Street  Congregational  Church,  Boston,  JIass. 
 Dr.  Withrow  is  a  gentleman  of  geuial  and  benevolent 
 spirit,  and  of  much  energy  of  character.  In  all  his 
 pastoral  settlements  he  has  attained  a  high  popularity 
 for  his  pulpit  ability  and  achieved  success.  He  is 
 also  a  graceful  writer,  often  contriljuting  to  religious 
 journals. 
 
 "Witness  of  the  Spirit.  There  can  be  no  ques- 
 tion in  regard  to  the  reality  of  the  icitiussinr/  of  the 
 Spirit,  for  it  is  expressly  declared  that,  ''The  Spirit 
 itself  beareth  witness  with  our  spirit,  that  we  are  the 
 children  of  God"  (Rom.  viii,  16).  What  is  this 
 witness?  We  believe  it  to  be  the  teslimoni/  of  the 
 Sjm-it  in  the  Word  of  His  grace,  in  which  he  fully  and 
 plainly  declares  that  all  such,  and  only  sttch,  as  are  de- 
 serihed  in  Scripture  are  Ihe  children  of  God.  In  such 
 passages  as  these  :  John  i,  2;  1  John  iii,  24;  1  John 
 iii,  10;  Matt,  v,  10;  1  John  v,  4;  1  John  ii,  5,  the 
 Spirit  designates  the  graces  and  dispositions  whieb 
 prove  our  adoption.  He  enables  those  who  possess  them 
 to  perceive  these  evidences,  to  compare  their  charac- 
 ters with  the  Scriptural  marks  of  trial,  and  beuee  to 
 conclude  and  infer  that  they  are  the  children  of  God 
 
 This  belief  is  confirmed  by  the  following  consider 
 atious: — - 
 
 1.  The  whole  train  of  the  Apostle's  reasoning  in 
 the  chapter  shows  that  the  witness  spoken  of  is  a 
 testimony  founded  on  observing  the  graces  of  the 
 Spirit.  The  words  are  connected  with  the  two  pre- 
 ceding verses:  "As  many  as  are  led  by  the  Spirit  of 
 God,  they  are  the  sons  of  God."  As  many  as  resign 
 themselves  to  the  guidance  of  the  Spirit's  influences, 
 show  that  they  are  brought  into  covenant  relation 
 with  God.  "And  ye,"  who  are  real  Christians, 
 "have  not  the  Spirit  of  bondage  again  to  fear  ;"  ye 
 are  not  animated  with  a  servile  spirit,  that  merely 
 trembles  at  the  rod  of  a  master;  "but  ye  have  received 
 the  Spirit  of  adoption  "—the  jioble,  ingenuous  and 
 atfectionate  disposition  of  children 
 
 with  a  seal  the  goods  bought,  that  the  owner  might 
 know  and  claim  them,  or  to  the  custom  of  setting  a 
 seal  upon  what  was  dedicated  to  God,  or  to  be  offered 
 to  him  in  sacrifice,  or  to  its  necessity  in  making 
 instruments  of  writing  valid,  or  to  the  seals  of  princes, 
 which  are  wont  to  bear  their  image.  In  any  of  these 
 senses,  the  expression  applied  to  believers  means, 
 that  when  God  by  his  Spirit  seals  his  people  as  his 
 own,  he  impresses  on  them  his  eternal  purity  and 
 truth,  which  remains  upon  the  heart,  just  like  the 
 impression  which  is  left  upon  the  wax  by  the  seal. 
 It  is  the  evidence  by  which  they  are  known  as  his; 
 they  have  the  image  of  their  Father  enstamped  upon 
 them  by  the  Spirit  of  promise. 
 
 The  phrase  "earnest  of  the  Spirit"  presents  the 
 same  view  of  the  subject.  An  earnest  is  a  pledge  of 
 something  promised ;  a  part  of  the  price  agreed  for 
 between  a  buyer  aud  seller,  by  giving  and  receiving 
 of  which  the  bargain  is  ratified;  a  part  of  the  prom- 
 ised inheritance  granted  now  in  token  of  the  pos- 
 session of  the  whole  hereafter.  This  earnest,  which 
 is  the  same  as  the  seal,  and  so  similar  to  the  witness 
 of  the  Spirit,  cannot  be  a  noted  declaration,  or  sudden 
 suggestion;  it  is  that  grace  which  is  "glory  begun 
 below,"  the  vital,  gracious,  and  sanctifying  intlu- 
 ences  of  the  Holy  Ghost. 
 
 3.  The  same  truth  is  established  by  considering 
 what  is  the  uniform  language  of  the  Scriptural  saints, 
 when  declaring  their  confidence  in  the  pardon  of  their 
 sins,  and  their  title  to  heaven.  They  point  to  the 
 graces  which  the  Holy  Spirit  has  wrought  in  their 
 hearts,  to  the  good  works  which  he  has  enabled  them 
 to  perform.  "Hereby  do  we  know  that  we  know 
 him,  if  we  keep  his  commandments"  (1  John  ii,  3). 
 Paul  knew  that  a  "crown  of  righteousness  was  laid 
 lip"  for  him,  because  he  had  "fought  a  good  fight," 
 and  had  "kept  the  faith."  This  is  the  constant 
 language  of  the  saints  of  Scripture,  and  it  is  un- 
 necessary to  quote  the  many  texts  that  declare  it; 
 they  uniformly  derive  their  confidence  from  consider- 
 ing that  they  have  that  holiness  and  love  to  God, 
 which  are  at  once  the  marks  and  the  fruits  of  union 
 to  Christ. 
 
 The  view  of  the  subject  now  presented  is  sustained 
 
 by  the  opinions  of  .some  of  the  greatest  divines  and 
 
 whereby  we  I  holiest  men  that  have  adorned  the  Church.     Flavel, 
 
 in  his  "Sacramental  Jleditations, "  says:  "  In  sealing 
 
 cry,  Abba,  Father  " — whereby  we  are  disposed  to  go 
 to  God,  and  act  towards  Him,  as  children  to  a  parent.  \  or  witnessing  to  the  believers,  the  Spirit  doth  not 
 By  thus  leading  us,  and  giving  us  the  disposition  of  1  make  use  of  an  audible  voice,  nor  of  the  ministry  of 
 children,  he  proves  that  we  bear  a  child-liie  relation  |  angels,  nor  of  immediate  aud  extraordinary  revela- 
 to  God.  For  (this  is  the  exposition  of  Doddridge,  tions;  but  He  makes  use  of  His  own  graces  implanted 
 whoadds"for"  to  complete  the  sense,  and  show  the   in    our  hearts,    and  of   his  own    promises  written 
 
WOMJ.X,  TUE  .VISSIOX  OF. 
 
 1028 
 
 iro.i/.i.v,  THE  Jiissiox  of. 
 
 in  the  Scripture,  and  in  this  way  He  usually  brings 
 the  (loubtt'ul,  trembling  heart  of  a  believer  to  rest 
 anil  comfort."  President  Edwards,  in  his  "  Treatise 
 on  the  Affections,"  observes:  "Many  have  been  the 
 misAiicfs  that  have  arisen  from  a  false  and  delusive 
 notion  of  the  witness  of  the  Spirit;  that  it  is  a  kind 
 of  inward  voice,  suggestion,  or  declaration  of  God 
 to  man;  that  he  is  beloved  of  Him,  pardoned, 
 elected,  or  the  like;  sometimes  with  and  some- 
 times without  atext  of  Scripture;  and  many  have  been 
 the  false  and  vain,  though  very  high,  aftectious  that 
 have  arisen  from  hence.  And  it  is  to  be  feared 
 that  many  tliou.sands  of  souls  have  been  eternally 
 undone  by  it."  "The  Spirit,"  remarks  Baxter, 
 ' '  witnesses  our  sonship  as  a  re;vsonable  soul  witnesseth 
 that  yon  are  a  man,  and  not  a  beast.  You  find  by 
 the  acts  of  reason  that  you  are  a  reasonable  soul,  and 
 then  you  know  that,  having  a  reasonable  soul,  you 
 an-  certainly  a  man;  so  you  find  by  the  works  or 
 fruits  of  the  Spirit  that  you  have  the  Spirit,  and  then 
 finding  that  you  have  the  Spirit,  you  may  certainly 
 know  that  you  are  the  child  of  Clod.  Take  heed, 
 therefore,  of  expecting  any  such  wituess  of  the  Spirit 
 as  some  expect,  viz:  a  discovery  of  your  adoption 
 directly,  without  first  discovering  the  signs  of  it 
 within  you,  as  if,  by  an  inward  voice,  He  should  say 
 xinto  you,  'Thou  art  a  child  of  God,  and  thy  sins 
 arc  pardoned.'  "  "  The  Spirit  bears  testimony  to  the 
 sonship  of  believers,"  says  I'r.  Dick,  "when  He 
 brings  to  light,  by  His  operations  upon  their  souls, 
 the  evidences  of  their  adoption;  and  thus  makes  their 
 relation  to  God  as  manifest  as  if  He  assured  them  of 
 it  with  an  audible  voice."  "  I  could  not,"  says  Dr. 
 Chalmers,  "without  making  my  own  doctrine  out- 
 strip my  own  experience,  vouch  for  any  other  inti- 
 mation of  the  Spirit  of  God  than  that  which  He  gives 
 in  the  act  of  making  the  Word  of  Ciod  clear  unto 
 you-'and  the  state  of  your  own  heart  cU'ar  unto  you. 
 From  the  one  you  draw  what  are  its  promises;  from 
 the  other  what  are  your  own  personal  characteristics; 
 and  the  application  of  the  first  to  the  second  may 
 conduct  to  a  most  legitimate  argument,  that  you, 
 personally,  are  one  of  the  siived;  and  that  not  a  tardy 
 or  elaborate  argument  cither,  Imt  with  an  evidence 
 quick  and  powerful  .is  the  light  of  intuition." 
 
 Woman,  The  Mission  of.  In  an  admirable 
 sermiin  on  this  subject.  Dr.   Adolphc  Monod  .says  : — 
 
 "  I  open  to  the  first  pages  of  tlie  first  book,  so  well 
 named  Genesis,  because  it  reveals  the  secret  of  all 
 existences  in  their  wonderful  origin,  and  throws  out 
 to  us,  as  if  .spontaneously,  the  highest  philosophj'  in 
 primitive  acts,  recounted  with  the  simplicity  of  primi- 
 tive times.  There,  immediately  after  those  few  words 
 in  which  God  .sums  up  the  general  missi(.n  of  human- 
 ity, 'Let  us  m;ike  man  in  our  ini:ige,' do  we  dis- 
 cover another,  in  which  he  sums  up,  in  like  manner, 
 the  special  mission  of  woman^  before  creating  her  in 
 her  turn  :  '  It  is  not  good  that  man  should  be  alone; 
 I  will  make  him  a  helpmeet  for  him, '    This  applies  to 
 
 every  woman ;  not  simply  to  the  one  who  is  married : 
 for  Eve  is  not  only  the  wife  of  the  first  man;  she  is 
 also  the  first  woman;  and,  the  representative  of  all 
 her  .sex,  as  Adam  is  of  ours,  she  presents  in  herself, 
 as  in  a  sort  of  miniature,  a  type  of  her  sex. 
 
 "Let  us  start  out  with  this  thought,  which  presides 
 at  your  very  birth;  and  let  us  take,  as  our  guide  in 
 developing  it,  the  inspired  oracles  of  the  old  and  new 
 economy.  "We  shall  not  be  in  danger  of  going  asti'ay 
 in  a  path  where  God  himself  has  marched  before  us. 
 And  well  is  it  that  your  own  heart  will  achieve  the 
 demonstration,  and  oblige  you  to  say,  while  listening 
 to  the  claims  of  God"s  Word  tipon  you,  Yes,  this  is 
 truly  what  I  ought  to  be;  this  is  truly  what  I  ought 
 to  do. 
 
 "  'It  is  not  good  that  man  should  be  alone.'  Loaded 
 with  the  gifts  of  God,  he  still  wants  something,  of 
 which  he  is  himself  ignorant,  or  of  which  he  knows 
 nothing  except  by  a  vague  presentiment — a  helper 
 'like  to  himself;'  without  which  life  is  to  him  but 
 a  solitude,  and  Eden  a  desert.  Endowed  with  a 
 nature  too  communicative  to  be  self-sufficient,  he  de- 
 mands a  partnership,  a  support,  a  complement,  and 
 only  half  lives  while  he  lives  alone.  Made  to  think, 
 to  talk,  to  love,  his  thought  is  in  search  of  another 
 thought,  to  stimulate  it  and  reveal  it  unto  itself  ;  his 
 word  dies  away  in  sadness  on  the  air,  or  awakens  a 
 mere  echo  which  does  violence  to  it,  rather  than  re- 
 sponds to  it;  and  his  love  knows  not  where  to  fasten 
 itself,  and,  falling  back  upon  himself,  threatens  to 
 become  a  devouring  self-love.  His  whole  being,  in 
 fine,  aspires  to  another  self;  but  that  other  self  does 
 not  exist:  'For  Adam  there  was  not  found  a  help- 
 meet.' The  visible  creatures  which  surround  him 
 are  too  far  heJow  him;  the  invisible  Being  who  has 
 given  him  life,  too  far  ahore  him,  to  unite  their  con- 
 dition to  his.  Tlirn,  God  formed  woman,  and  the 
 great  problem  was  solved.  Behold  here,  what  Adam 
 demanded;  that  other  .self  which  is  himself,  and  at 
 the  s.ame  time  not  himself.  Woman  is  a  companion 
 whom  God  has  given  to  man  to  charm  his  existence, 
 and  to  double  it  by  sharing  it  with  another.  Her 
 vociition,  by  birth,  is  a  vocation  of  charity. 
 
 "To  this  vocation  corresponds  the ^)?ace  which  God 
 has  assigned  to  woman.  It  is  not  an  inferior  place; 
 woman  is  not  only  a  helper  for  man,  but  a  helper 
 'like  to  himself. '*  She  ought,  then, to  march  along 
 as  his  equal,  and  it  is  only  in  this  condition  that  she 
 can  bring  to  him  the  assistance  which  he  requires. 
 But  it  is,  nevertheless,  a  secondary  and  depend- 
 ent place;  for  woman  was  formed  after  man,  made 
 for  man,  in  short,  taken  from  man.     This  last  char- 
 
 j  acteristic  speaks  volumes  to  man.     Taken  from  him. 
 
 ]  '  she  is  bone  of  his  bone,  and  flesh  of  his  flesh, '  and 
 so  closely  united  to  him  that  he  aumot  depreciate 
 lier  without  depreciating  himself.     But  at  the  same 
 
 •Thia  ia  the  rendfriii!;  of  tliw  French  for  "helpmeet," — Vn  aide 
 ecmblable  &  lui. — Transl, 
 
M^OMAX,   THE  .VISSIOX  OF. 
 
 1029 
 
 WOMAX,  THE  ailSSIOX  OF. 
 
 time  taken  from  hira,  she  owes  to  him  the  life  which  I  woman  must  obey,  and  she  shall  be  blessed  in  her 
 she  breathes  and  the  name  wliich  she  bears.  By  1  obedience:  'Blessed  above  women  shall  Jael  be, 
 what  ri.'ht— I  ought  to  say  with  what  7hy„(— can  she  |  blessed  shall  she  be  above  women  in  the  tent.'  But 
 dispute°with  him"  the  first  rank?  Her  position  by  j  then,  as  ever,  aside  from  what  is  essential  to  the 
 birth  is  a  position  of  humility.    A  vocation  of  cli.irity    extraordinary  ministry  with  which  she  is  clothed 
 
 in  respect  to  man,  in  a  position  of  humility  next  to 
 man  :  This  is  the  mission  of  woman.  As  to  the  rest, 
 that  vocation  and  that  position,  revealed  by  the  same 
 acts,  resulting  from  the  same  principle,  are  so  in- 
 separable in  the  formation  of  woman,  that  we  may 
 include  them  in  the  general  idea  of  renunciation, 
 bearing  in  turn  upon  sell-will  and  self-glory. 
 
 "  This  commentary  upon  Bloses  I  have  taken  from 
 Saint  Paul  recalling  to  the  Corinthians  the  condi- 
 tion of  woman,  in  order  to  justify  his  prohibition  to 
 her  of  praying  or  prophesying  with  the  head  uncov- 
 ered. This  subject  does  not  require  him  to  enlarge 
 upon  woman's  vocation  of  charity;  he  merely  indi- 
 ciites  it  in  .saying  '  the  woman  was  created  for  the 
 man.' 
 
 '  •  But  observe  in  what  terms  he  explains  her  position 
 of  humility:  'But  I  would  have  you  know,  that  the 
 head  of  every  man  is  Christ;  and  the  head  of  the 
 ■woman  is  the  man;  and  the  head  of  Christ  is  God. 
 Tlie  man  is  the  image  and  glory  of  God ;  but  the  woman 
 is  the  glory  of  the  man.  Neither  was  the  man  created 
 for  the  woman;  but  the  woman  for  the  man.'  Is  not 
 this  the  doctrine  which  I  just  found  in  Genesis? 
 But  this  doctrine  the  Apostle  enforces  with  a  rigor 
 which  would  be  out  of  place  in  any  other  mouth ; 
 and  for  the  general  idea  of  dependence  at  which  I 
 pause,  he  suhstitutes  the  more  precise  one  of  subordi- 
 nation. He  concludes  from  thence  that  woman  ought, 
 'becau.se  of  the  angels,'  who  contemplate  what  is 
 passing  upon  the  earth,  and  particularly  in  the 
 church,  'to  bear  upon  her  head  a  mark  of  the 
 authority '  under  which  she  is  placed.  Man,  whose 
 birth  formed  a  part  of  that  great  work  of  creation 
 which  inspired  the  angelic  songs  of  joy,  being  the 
 image  and  glory  of  God,  owes  it  to  God  to  appear 
 with  the  head  lifted  up  to  the  view  of  the  whole 
 universe.  But  woman,  whose  formation  is  an  event 
 of  the  second  scheme,  aud,  so  to  speak,  of  a  family 
 character,  being  the  glory  of  the  man,  owes  it  to  him 
 to  remain  hidden  in  a  comparatively  narrow  inclosure, 
 as  a  modest  spouse  in  her  own  home. 
 
 ' '  The  intention  of  the  Apostle  is  the  more  marked  as 
 the  instructions  which  he  gives  here  are  intended  for 
 woman  in  rare  cases.  For  it  is  only  as  an  exception 
 that  a  woman  can  be  called  to  pray  or  prophesy  be- 
 fore men.     The  order  which  God  has  established  for 
 
 she  should  remain  a  woman,  according  to  St.  Paul, 
 and,  all  inspired  as  she  is,  to  caution  the  man,  should 
 remember  that  she  is  'the  glory  of  the  man,'  and 
 should  withdraw  herself  from  the  eyes  of  the  world. 
 ' '  Such  bei  ug  the  order  of  creation,  it  remains  to  in- 
 quire if  the  primitive  mission  of  woman  was  changed 
 by  the  foil  of  our  race,  which  disturljcd  so  deeply  the 
 work  of  God.  Satan  commenced  by  beguiling  the 
 woman,  after  which  he  employed  her  to  beguile  man; 
 a  doubly  skillful  move,  by  which  he  was  most  sure 
 to  succeed  with  her,  because  she  is  weaker  than  man, 
 and  close  to  man,  and  because  she  has  greater  power 
 over  him  than  he  has  over  her.  But  has  this  sweet 
 empire  been  given  to  her  that  she  may  domineer 
 over  the  conscience  of  man,  become  a  snare  to  him 
 rather  than  a  support,  and  return  to  him,  for  the  life 
 which  she  received  from  him,  sin  and  death?  God 
 punished  her  for  her  abandoned  charity,  by  that 
 supreme  suffering  without  which  she  could  not  hence- 
 forth continue  the  race  of  man;  and  for  her  unac- 
 knowledged humility,  by  abasing  still  lower  her 
 condition.  '  Thy  desires  shall  be  unto  thy  husband, 
 and  he  shall  rule  over  thee.'  Woman  is  compelled 
 to  look  to  her  husband  for  all  that  she  desires — here 
 is  her  increased  dependence;  and  to  live  under  his 
 authority — here  is  her  dependence  converted  into 
 submission. 
 
 "Think  not,  meanwhile,  that  she  ceases  to  be  an 
 '  helpmeet '  unto  him.  Alas  !  when  was  this  tender 
 aid  more  needed  ?  Such  is  the  mercy  of  God,  that 
 the  moment  in  which  He  humbles  woman  is  also  the 
 moment  in  which  He  confers  upon  her  a  ministry 
 greater  and  more  humane  than  ever.  In  order  to  ele- 
 vate and  re-establish  between  the  two  sexes  the  dis- 
 turbed eciuilibrium,  it  is  by  a  virgin  that  He  will  one 
 day  give  to  man  the  longed-for  Restorer,  who  shall 
 destroy  the  works  of  the  devil;  and  the  first  nanie 
 under  which  He  announced  His  Son  to  the  world  is 
 that  of  the  'seed'  of  the  woman:  'And  I  will  put 
 enmity  between  thee  and  the  woman,  aud  between 
 thy  seed  and  her  seed;  it  shall  bruise  thy  head,  aud 
 thou  shalt  bruise  his  heel.'  Thus,  the  relations  are 
 not  essentially  changed  by  the  tiill;  the  vocation  of 
 woman  is  still  one  of  charity,  and  her  position  that 
 of  humility.  Only  everything  has  taken  a  more 
 serious  character;  the  charity  has  become  more  spirit- 
 
 a  certain  end  he  is  free  to  modify  so  as  the  better  ual,  exercised  in  a  more  profound  humility.  Ashamed 
 to  gain  that  end.  We  sometimes  see  that  in  promot-  j  of  herself,  and  anxious  to  re-establish  herself,  woman 
 ing  the  good  of  man,  a  woman  is  called  to  depart  lives  henceforth  but  to  repair  the  wTong  which  she 
 from  the  way  prescribed  to  her;  it  may  be  to  prophesy,  had  done  to  man,  in  heaping  upon  him,  with  the 
 as  the  women  of  Corinth,  as  the  four  daughters  of  consolation  which  can  sweeten  the  present  bitterness 
 Philip,  the  deacon,  or  as  the  mother  of  King  Lemuel.  I  of  sin,  the  warnings  which  may  prevent  its  eternal 
 It  may  be,  as  Deforah,  to  judge  a  people,  or  even  to  bitterness, 
 preside  over  a  mighty  expedition.      In  such   cases  1      "Another  commentary  borrowed  from  St.  Paul:  'I 
 
WU-UAX,   THE  MISSIO.X  OF. 
 
 1030 
 
 WOMAX,    THE  3nSSI0N  OF. 
 
 ■will  that  Tvomen  adorn  themselves  in  modest  apparel, 
 with  shamefaceduess  and  sobriety;  not  with  broidered 
 hair,  or  gold,  or  pearls,  or  costly  array;  but  (which 
 becometh  women  professing  godliness)  with  good 
 works.  Let  the  woriian  learn  in  silence,  with  all  sub- 
 jection. But  I  suffer  not  a  woman  to  teach,  nor  to 
 usurp  authority  over  the  man,  but  to  be  in  silence; 
 for  Adam  was  first  formed,  then  Eve.  And  Adam 
 was  not  deceived,  but  the  woman,  being  deceived,  was 
 in  the  tran.sgression.  Notwithstanding  she  shall  be 
 saved  in  cliild-bcaring,  if  they  contiiuie  in  foith  and 
 oharit}',  and  holiness  with  sobriety.'  Woman,  says 
 tlie  Apostle  here,  was  second  in  birth  and  first  iu  sin 
 — double  reason  why  she  should  continue  in  an  atti- 
 tude of  modesty,  silence  and  submission.  Behold 
 here,  in  no  equivocal  terms,  the  place  of  humility 
 that  we  have  already  assigned  to  woman.  But  the 
 Apostle  would  have  her  make  it  a  place  of  honor  by 
 Christian  beneficence.  There  is  a  chaste  adorning 
 which  admiral)ly  befits  her — that  of  good  works ; 
 tj<mtl  vorLs,  these  are  the  tresse.s,  the  gems,  the  jewels, 
 the  adorniugs  which  give  her  beauty  in  the  eyes  of 
 God  and  man.  Nor  is  this  all.  Woman  shall  procure 
 salvation  for  man,  at  the  sanie  time  that  she  obtains 
 it  for  herself,  by  the  child-bearing  of  the  promised 
 seed.  This  salvation  a  woman  shall  give  to  the 
 world,  in  the  fullness  of  time,  by  giving  birth  to  the 
 Saviour ;  but  the  woman,  whoever  .she  may  be,  will 
 also  give  it  to  him  in  her  way,  who  teaches  him  to 
 know  and  love  the  Saviour.  Here  again  is  this  mis- 
 sion of  charity  which  we  have  assigned  to  woman, 
 and  which  imposes  upon  her  the  obligation,  we  say 
 rather  which  confers  upon  her  the  privilege,  of  con- 
 secrating herself  with  redoubled  tenderness,  not  only 
 to  the  consolation  of  suffering  man,  but  also  to  the 
 salvation  of  sinful  man,  whose  attention  she  shall 
 turn  to  Jesus  Christ. 
 
 "Woman  is  then,  according  to  Scripture,  which  is 
 to  say  according  to  God,  since  the  creation,  and  more 
 especially  since  the  fall,  a  companion  given  to  man,  to 
 labor  for  his  good,  and  above  all  for  his  spiritual  good, 
 in  an  attitude  at  once  modest  and  submissive. 
 
 "  Thus  Scripture  instructs  us  ;  and  nature  teaches 
 the  same  lessons.  The  task  assigned  by  God  to  each 
 half  of  the  race  discovers  itself  iu  their  dispositions, 
 reveals  Itself  in  their  in.stincts.  Consult,  now,  your- 
 selves, and  tell  me  why  you  were  so  created,  if  not 
 for  the  mission  which  we  have  recognized  as  yours  by 
 the  Word  of  God. 
 
 "Your  place,  we  have  said,  is  a  place  of  (lep<'ndence 
 and  humility.  Upon  this  point  St.  Paul  hesitates 
 not  to  appeal  to  the  instinctive  convictions  of  his 
 readers,  when,  after  forbidding  a  woman  to  pray  or 
 jirophe.sy  with  her  head  uncovered,  he  adds:  '  Judge 
 in  yourselves;  is  it  comely  that  a  woman  pray  unto 
 God  uncovered  ?  Doth  not  even  nature  itself  teach 
 you,  that  if  a  man  have  long  hair  it  is  a  .shame  unto 
 him  ?  But  if  a  woman  have  long  hair,  it  is  a  glory 
 to  her,  for  her  hair  is  given  her  lor  a  covering?' 
 
 These  principles  appear  so  incontestable  to  the 
 Apostle  that  they  cannot  be  denied,  except  by  an 
 unworthy  spirit  of  chicanery,  which  ought  not  to  be 
 entertained.  '  But  if  any  man  seem  to  be  conten- 
 tious, we  have  no  such  custom,  neither  the  churches 
 of  God.'  Evidently,  the  long  or  short  hair  charac- 
 terizes here  a  general  and  profound  distinction  be- 
 tween man  and  woman. 
 
 "  When  man  goeth  forth  from  his  house  and  gives 
 himself  to  his  labor  until  the  evening,  he  chooses 
 outward  activity  for  his  task,  public  life  for  his  do- 
 main and  the  world  for  his  theatre.  What  do  I  say  ? 
 He  presents  himself  in  the  sight  of  the  angels,  and 
 places  himself  in  affinity  with  the  entire  universe. 
 He  cannot  carry  too  far  the  name  and  the  image  of 
 that  God  whom  he  has  a  mission  to  represent,  not 
 only  xipon  the  earth,  but  before  the  whole  creation. 
 To  resist  the  feeling  which  calls  him  to  go  forth,  in 
 order  to  shut  himself  up  within  the  narrow  circle  of 
 the  domestic  hearth,  this  would  be  on  his  part  weak- 
 ness, forgetfulness  of  himself,  infidelity  to  his  mis- 
 sion; nothing  more  remains  but  to  put  a  spindle  into 
 his  hands  and  a  distaff  at  his  feet. 
 
 "But  it  is  altogether  different  with  woman;  the 
 heart  is  her  theatre;  the  domestic  life  her  sphere; 
 the  in-door  activity  her  work;  and  the  long  hair 
 with  which  the  Apostle  is  pleased  to  see  her  covered 
 is  an  emblem  of  an  entire  existence,  hidden  and  silent, 
 in  the  bosom  of  which  she  accomplishes,  most  faith- 
 fully and  most  honorably,  the  primary  obligations 
 of  her  sex.  '.Woman,'  says  a  great  writer  of  the 
 age,  '  is  a  flower  which  emits  not  its  perfume  except 
 in  the  shade.'  To  retire  from  notice,  to  remain 
 quiet,  to  devote  herself  to  her  dependents,  to  keep 
 the  house,  to  govern  the  family,  this  is  her  modest 
 ambition.  If  the  wi.se  man  paints  for  us  'a  woman, 
 noisy  and  turbulent,  appearing  in  the  streets,  whose 
 feet  abide  not  in  the  house,'  you  will  recall  the 
 woman  to  whom  this  applies. 
 
 "Indeed,  is  not  the  humble  sphere  which  we  a.s- 
 sign  to  woman  the  one  for  which  her  whole  being  is 
 predisposed  and  designed  beforehand  ?  ,  That  more 
 delicate  conformation,  but  more  frail;  that  more 
 rapid  pulsation  of  her  heiirt;  that  keener  nervous 
 sensibility;  that  exciuisiteness  of  her  organs,  and 
 even  the  delicacy  of  her  features;  all  contribute  to 
 make  her,  according  to  the  expression  of  Peter,  '  a 
 weaker  vessel,'  and  render  her  constitutionally  unfit 
 for  stern  and  unyielding  cares,  for  affairs  of  state, 
 for  the  labors  of  the  cabinet,  for  all  that  yields 
 renown  in  the  world. 
 
 "And  do  not  her  intellectual  powers  hold  her  equally 
 distinct  ?  It  is  sometimes  asked  whether  they  are 
 equal  to  tho.se  of  man.  They  are  neither  equal  nor 
 unequal ;  they  are  different ;  having  been  wLsely 
 adapted  to  a  different  end.  For  the  work  reserved  to 
 man,  woman  has  faculties  inferior  to  tho.se  of  man, 
 or  rather  she  is  not  adapted  to  it.  •I  speak  hereof 
 the  rule,  not  of  the  exceptions.      That  there  nuiy  be 
 
WOMAN,  THE  MISSION  OF. 
 
 1031 
 
 WOMAN,  THE  MISSION  OF. 
 
 among  women  some  minds  fitted  for  cares  confined  j  rassments;  that  elasticity  shall  I  say?  or  that  inde- 
 primarily  to  the  other  sex;  or  that  there  may  be  for  ]  tatigable  weakness;  that  exquisite  delicacy  of  feeling; 
 an  ordinary  woman  some  situations  belonging  to  '  that  tact  so  studied,  if  it  were  not  instinctive;  that 
 i-'cd  to  fill  in  default  of  his    fidelity  of  perfection  in  little  things;  that  adroit  in- 
 
 mau  which  she  is  oblif! 
 
 doing  it,  I  readily  grant,  provided  these  exceptions 
 are  clearly  indicated  by  God,  or  demanded  by  the 
 interests  of  humanity.  After  all,  in  the  mission  of 
 woman,  humility  is  but  the  means,  charity  is  the 
 end,  to  which  all  must  be  subordinated;  and  why 
 should  not  God,  who  has  made  exceptions  of  this 
 nature  in  sacred  history,  also  make  them  in  general 
 history?  Be  that  as  it  may,  I  leave  the  exceptions 
 to  God,  and  to  the  individual  conscience;  and,  jeal- 
 ous of  discussiug  irritating,  personal  or  even  dis- 
 puted questions,  I  confine  myself  here  to  the  rule. 
 
 "Now,  as  a  rule,  that  comprehensive  glance  into 
 politics  and  science  which  embraces  the  world,  that 
 bold  flight  of  metaphysics  and  of  the  lofty  poetry 
 which,   transcending    its    limits,  ventures   into  the 
 void  of  thought  and  imagination,  this  is  not  the  busi- 
 ness of  woman.     Laiujuaije  even,  above  all  ours  (let 
 us  not  sacrifice  this  useful  remark  to  the  fear  of  pro- 
 voking a  light  smile),  language,  that  simple  philoso- 
 phy of  the  people,  often  more  profound  than  that  of 
 the  schools,  this  sieve  of  the  common  reason,  which, 
 of  all  the  bold  expressions  of  the  individual  mind, 
 allows  only  those  to  pass  which  respond  to  the  good 
 sense  of  all,  proves  this.   It  does  not  permit  a  woman 
 to  make  herself  notorious.     It  will  not  apply  to  her 
 the  word  '  man '  accompanied  by  a  feminine  termi- 
 nation, except  as  an  expression  of  ridicule  or  blame. 
 The  epithets  taken  from  public  life  honor  man,  but 
 dishonor  woman  in  different  degrees.     To  cite  only 
 those    examples  which    the  delicacy  of  this    place 
 authorizes,  endeavor  to  say,  a  'woman  of  science,'  a 
 'great  woman,'  a  'woman  of  affairs,'  a  'woman  of 
 state; '  in  like  manner  talk  of  a  '  dmnrsHc  woman  ! ' 
 "  But,  on  the  contrary,  while   she  acts  within  a 
 narrow  circle — narrow  in  extent,  but  vast  in  influence 
 — where  we  exhort  woman,  with  the  Scriptures,  to 
 limit  her  action,  she  has  faculties  superior  to  those  of 
 man,  or  rather  which  belong  to  her  alone.    There  she 
 finds  her  compensation,  while  .she  shows  herself  mis- 
 tress of  the  domain,  and  calls  into  use  those  secret 
 resources  which  I  should  call   admirnhle,  were  it  not 
 that  a  more  tender  feeling  inspires  me  towards  her 
 and  God  who  endowed  her  with  them ;  that  practical 
 insight  which  we  might  say  is  all  the  more  unerring 
 beciiuse  quick;  that  glance  which  seems  to  prefer  to 
 be  more  brief  that  it  may  be  more  clear;  that  art  of 
 penetrating  into  hearts  by,  I  know  not  what  subtle 
 road,  to  us  unknown  and  impracticable;  that  inces- 
 .sant  omnipresence  of  mind  and  body  at  all  points  at 
 once;  that  vigilance  as  exact  as  unperceived;  those 
 numerous  and  complicated  expedients  of  domestic 
 administration,  always  at  hand;  access  always  open 
 to  every  appeal;  and  that  perpetual  audience  given  to 
 all  the  world;  that  freedom  of  action  and  of  thought 
 
 dustry  to  accomplish  what  she  will  with  her  fingers; 
 that  charming  grace  with  which  she  animates  the 
 sick,  cheers  the  drooping,  awakens  the  sleeping  con- 
 •science,  opens  the  heart  long  closed;  and,  in  fine,  all 
 the  many  things  which  we  know  not  how  to  discern 
 or  to  accomplish  without  borrowing  her  hands  or  her 
 
 eyes. 
 
 "But,  after  all,  to  what  advantiige  is  the  statement 
 of  these  facts,  when  we  can  appeal  to  an  inward  senti- 
 ment, planted  by  the  Creator  in  the   depths  of  your 
 soul,  and  which  has  preceded  all  per.sonal  reflections, 
 all  the  announcements  of  others,  and  e\  en  the  testi- 
 mony of  the  Book  of  God  ?     That  chiistity,  that  mod- 
 esty, to  which  a  woman  never  ceases  to  pretend,  even 
 after  she  has  ceased  to  keep  it — what  is  this  but  the 
 proof  engraven  upon  your  heart,  and  transferred  irre- 
 si.stibly    to    your    countenance,  that   order,   repose, 
 honor,  is  found  for  you  in  an  attitude  of  dependence 
 and  reservedness?  Dependence  and  reserve;  the  right 
 of  which  never  appears  more  inalienable  than  in  cer- 
 tain  delicate  occasions,  when  the   same    nature  is 
 making  a  cruel  play  in  efforts  of  one  part  against  the 
 other,  without   either  obtaining    a  victory.     What 
 woman,  conscious  of  this  dependence,  has  not  wished, 
 at  least  sometimes,  the  arm  of  a  man  for  support,  and 
 for  a  shelter  the  name  of  a  man  ?     But  what  woman 
 also,  in    the  feeling   of  this  reserve,   keeps  not   her 
 wish   within   her   own    bosom,    waiting   till   she  is, 
 sought — waiting,  if  need    be,  till    death,    hastened 
 perhaps  by  the  inward  fire  with  which  she  would 
 rather  be  consumed  than  let  it  outwardly  be  known  ? 
 ' '  This  invariable  order  of  marriage,  which  assigns 
 the  initiative  to  man,  and  the  appearance  of  which 
 you  will  not  allow,  is  not  a  refinement  of  civilization, 
 nor  even  a  scrupulousness  of  the  gospel;  it  is  a  law 
 imposed  by  woman,  upon  all  times,  without  except- 
 ing the  most  barbarous,  and  upon  all  nations,  without 
 excepting  the  most  savage.     I  exaggerate.     I  have  a 
 vague   remembrance  of  having  read,  in  I  know  not 
 what  account  of  a  distant  voyage,  that  a  people  was 
 discovered  among  whom  woman  takes  the  first  step. 
 Only,  it  is  a  country  where  she  is  degraded  to  the 
 rank  of  the  brute,  and  men  are  cannibals. 
 
 ' '  If  nature  is  in  harmony  with  revelation  as  to  the  ' 
 place  which  becomes  your  sex — one  of  humility — it 
 is  equally  so  as  to  the  task  belonging  to  it — one  of 
 '  charity.  Here,  again,  here  above  all,  that  which  is 
 I  within  the  Bool-  is  confirmed  by  that  which  is  within 
 the  heart  of  woman.  For  what  is  your  natural  in- 
 clination, if  it  is  not  to  lore?  I  forget  not,  in  speak- 
 ing in  this  way,  that  your  sex  is  no  more  exempt 
 than  ours  from  the  egotism  which  reigns  in  fallen 
 humanity.  But  try  to  recollect  yourself,  and  to 
 withdraw  into  the  depths  of  your  being;  penetrate 
 
 the  midst  of  bitt<?r  pains  and  accumulated  eml)ar-  :  beyond  the  ravages  which  sin  hiis  made  there,  even 
 
n'OMAX,   THE  3IISSI0X  OF. 
 
 1032 
 
 WOJIAX.   THE  JllSSIOy  OF. 
 
 to  that  primitive  ground  (allow  rae  the  expression) 
 which  came  forth  from  the  hands  of  God,  and  tell 
 me  if  love  is  not  its  essence  and  base.  '  More  super- 
 ficial than  man  iu  everything  else ;'  a  Christian 
 thinker  has  said,  '  Woman  is  more  profound  in  love. ' 
 We  are  familiar  with  that  touching  word  of  a  woman, 
 'Love  is  only  an  episode  in  the  life  of  man;  it  is  an 
 entire  history  in  the  life  of  woman.'  (Madame  De 
 Stael.)  She  might  have  said  yet  more:  it  is  her 
 whole  being.  Your  origin  itself,  as  Moses  narrates 
 it,  sufficiently  indicates  this.  That  of  man,  formed 
 from  inanimate  du,st,  has  something  more  super- 
 natural, more  striking,  more  magniticent  about  it; 
 that  of  woman,  taken  from  the  throbljing  flesh  of 
 sleeping  man,  seems  more  intimate,  more  loving, 
 more  tender. 
 
 "But,  as  regards  love,  it  is  less  the  derjree  than  the 
 character  that  is  important.  Love  is  the  depth  of 
 your  being,  but  what  love?  Think,  and  you  will 
 find  it  to  be  that  which  most  predisposes  you  to  the 
 vocation  of  benevolence  a,ssigned  you  by  the  Scrip- 
 tures. There  are  two  kinds  of  love:  the  love  which 
 receives,  and  the  love  which  gives;  the  first  delights 
 itself  in  the  feeling  which  it  inspires  and  the  sacri- 
 fices which  it  obtains.  The  second  satisfies  itself  in 
 the  sentiment  which  it  approves  and  in  the  sacrifices 
 it  accomplishes.  These  two  kinds  of  love  hardly 
 exist  separate,  and  woman  knows  them  both.  But 
 do  I  presume  too  much  of  her  heart  in  thinking  that 
 with  her  the  second  predominates ;  and  that  her 
 device,  borrowed  from  the  unselfish  love  of  which 
 our  Saviour  has  given  us  an  example,  is  this:  'It  is 
 more  blessed  to  give  than  to  receive '  ?  To  be  loved, 
 I  know  it  well,  my  sisters,  is  the  joy  of  your  heart; 
 alas!  a  joy  jierhaps  refused;  but  to  love,  to  devote 
 yourselves  out  of  love,  is  the  need  of  your  soul;  it  is 
 the  law,  even,  of  your  existence,  and  a  law  which  no 
 one  should  hinder  you  from  obeying.  Man  also 
 knows  how  to  love  and  must  love;  it  is  in  love  that 
 St.  Paul  sums  up  all  the  obligations  that  married  life 
 imposes  upon  him:  'Husbands  love  your  wives,'  as 
 he  sum  sup  those  of  woman  in  submission:  'Wives 
 submit  yourselves  unto  your  own  husbands.'  But 
 we  are  now  occupied,  not  with  the  faculty  of  the 
 obligation,  but  with  the  inclination. 
 
 "Now  love,  it  mu.st  be  acknowledged,  is  less  spon- 
 taneous, less  disinterested  in  man  than  iu  woman. 
 "It  is  less  spontaneous.  Man  often  needs  to  conquer 
 himself  before  he  can  love;  woman  only  needs  to 
 listen  an<l  to  follow  her  inward  impulse.  This  is  the 
 reason,  perhaps,  why  Scripture,  which  frequently 
 coniniands  the  husband  to  love,  refrains  from  en- 
 forcing it  u])ou  tlie  wife,  as  if  she  were  competent, 
 from  her  nature  to  sujjply  it.  But,  above  all,  it  is 
 more  ilishilerested.  Man  loves  woman  more  for  him- 
 self tJian  for  her;  woman  loves  man  less  for  herself 
 than  for  him.  Man,  because  he  is  not  sufficient  unto 
 himself,  loves  her  whom  God  has  given  to  him; 
 woman,  becau.se  she  feels  hersell'  impelled  to  love 
 
 him  whom  God  has  given  to  her.  If  solitude  de- 
 presses man,  it  is  because  life  has  no  charm  apart 
 from  an  'helpmeet ; '  if  woman  dreads  to  live  alone, 
 it  is  beciiuse  life  is  without  an  aim,  unless  she  can 
 be  an  '  helpmeet '  to  some  one.  We  might  say  of 
 her,  if  I  may  be  permitted  this  reference,  for  the  sake 
 of  the  serious  spirit  in  which  I  hazard  it,  We  love 
 her  because  she  first  loved  us. 
 
 "Moreover,  what  is  the  sentiment  which  has  become 
 among  all  nations  and  languages  of  the  earth  the 
 tyi^e  of  a  love  at  once  pure,  living  and  profound?  It 
 is  woman's  love;  maternal  love;  maternal  love, 
 which  exhausts  life  without  exhausting  itself,  and 
 which,  after  suffering  everything,  labors  by  day  and 
 watches  by  night,  considering  itself  sufficiently 
 repaid  with  a  caress  or  a  smile;  maternal  love,  cele- 
 brated as  well  by  moralists  as  by  poets,  but  who.se 
 praises,  we  believe,  may  be  included  in  this  one: 
 that  paternal  love,  itself,  gives  it  the  pre-eminence. 
 "SVliat  do  I  say?  This  .same  love  is  that  of  which 
 God  made  choice,  when  He  sought  among  all  human 
 affections  an  emblem  for  the  love  which  He  Himself 
 bears  to  His  people.  '  But  Zion  said,  the  Lord  hath 
 forsaken  me,  and  my  Lord  hath  forgotten  me.'  We 
 might  expect  to  see  our  Father  iu  Heaven  replying  to 
 this  doubt  which  offends  Him,  by  making  an  appeal 
 to  the  love  of  a  father  for  his  child.  But  no,  to  a 
 mother's  love  he  appeals;  and  to  this  mother  He 
 gives  the  name  of  wninan,  as  if  to  give  honor  to  the 
 treasure  of  riches  deposited  in  the  heart  of  woman, 
 found  in  the  heart  of  the  mother:  '  Can  a  wonuin 
 forget  her  sucking  child,  that  she  should  not  have 
 comjiassiou  on  the  sou  of  her  womb  ?  yea,  they  may 
 forget,  yet  will  I  not  forget  thee. ' 
 
 "But  if  such  is  the  heart  of  woman,  how  can  we  fail 
 to  recognize  a  soil  prepared  expressly  for  this  vocation 
 of  charity,  whicli  the  Scriptures  assign  to  you  close  to 
 man  ?  Love  not  only  inspires  woman  with  a  desire  to 
 furnish  this  career  of  devotion,  but  it  also  gives  her 
 the  courage  for  it.  Couraye,  that  is  the  word.  Yes,  at 
 the  risk  of  seeming  to  advance  a  paradox,  I  was 
 about  to  say  there  is  a  kind  of  courage,  and  that 
 which  is  the  most  nece-ssary  to  do  good,  which  impels 
 your  sex  much  further  than  ours.  I  speak  not  of 
 active  courage;  here  man  excels  you,  and  ought  to 
 excel.  You  j'ield  to  him  without  regret  the  merit  of 
 intrepidity  which  would  ill  become  your  sex ;  and  a 
 man  of  spirit  has  dared  to  say,  and  that  without 
 violating  the  truth,  that  '  women  affect  fear  as  men 
 do  courage.  I  speak  of  passive  courage,  which  is 
 more  constantly  required  than  any  other  in  the  daily 
 and  humble  practice  of  good  works,  and  of  which 
 woman  furnishes  the  most  beautiful  examples.  Man 
 knows  best  how  to  do;  woman,  best  how  to  endure. 
 Man  is  more  enterprising,  woman  more  patient;  man 
 more  l)oId,  woman  more  strong.  Would  you  be  con- 
 vinced of  it  ?  Behold  her  in  that  sorrow  of  sorrows 
 re.served  to  her  sex,  at  the  cost  of  which  is  human 
 life;  see  her  and  compare  her  with  man,  iu  solitude. 
 
W03IAX,   THE  .VISSIOX  OF. 
 
 1033 
 
 WOMAN,   THE  3IISSI0X  OF. 
 
 iu  sickness,  in  poverty,  in  widowhood,  in  oppression, 
 in  secret  martyrdom.  I  s:iy  designedly  .^irni  martyr- 
 dom ;  for  in  pnblic  martyrdom  man  maiutaiiiis  him- 
 self in  the  rank  of  honor  by  the  grandeur  of  the 
 theatre;  but  when  it  comes  to  that  martj-rdom 
 cautiously  and  cruelly  hidden  in  the  subterranean 
 cells  of  the  Inquisition,  be  assured  the  advantage  is 
 on  the  side  of  woman.  God  knew  all  this,  when  he 
 portioned  out  life  so  that  woman  should  have  more 
 of  sufferings  and  less  of  pleasure  than  man;  at  least 
 if  we  do  not  place  in  the  first  rank  the  pleasure  of 
 doing  good.  This  pleasure  woman  enjoys  even  in 
 suffering,  and  attaches  her.self,  by  her  suffering,  to 
 him  for  whom  she  sufiers. 
 
 -  "To  a  being  thus  formed,  who  dare  dispute  her 
 vocation  of  self-sacrifice  ?  a  vocation  which  her  heart 
 revealed  to  her  ages  before  a  line  of  Scripture  was 
 given  to  the  world  !  Tell  nie  not  that  Scripture 
 alone  holds  woman  to  the  special  obligation  imposed 
 upon  her  to  labor  for  man's  spiritual  good,  by  a  holy 
 charity  which  seeks  God  and  eternity  for  him 
 before  everything  else.  Admirable  to  behold  !  nature 
 has  provided  for  it:  not,  it  is  true,  sufficiently  to 
 make  up  for  the  teachings  of  revelation,  but  enough 
 to  make  up  for  their  deficiency,  enough  to  make 
 them  perceived.  For  who  does  not  know  that 
 woman's  keener  sensibility,  her  more  open  heart, 
 her  more  sensitive  conscience,  her  le.ss  logical  mind, 
 her  finer  and  more  delicate  temperament,  render  her 
 more  accessible  to  piety,  while,  at  the  same  time,  her 
 occupations  being  less  abtruse,  less  continuous,  less 
 absorbing,  than  ours,  leave  her  more  leisure  for 
 prayer  and  freedom  for  the  services  of  God?  Who 
 knows  not  also  that  the  fir.st  conditions  of  success  in 
 spiritual  mission  which  everything  contributes  to 
 mark  out  for  her,  are  found  less  in  activity,  in  word, 
 in  direct  action,  which  man  almost  entirely  appro- 
 priates to  himself,  than  iu  that  penetrating  influence 
 of  example,  of  silence,  of  self-forgetful uess,  which  is 
 peculiar  to  the  woman  who  is  truly  a  woman? 
 
 ' '  Yes,  we  declare  it  boldly,  if  Scripture  is  not  right, 
 if  woman  was  not  made  for  a  mission  of  charity  in 
 humility,  nature  has  missed  its  aim ;  for  woman  has 
 been  called  to  one  work  and  prepared  for  another. 
 
 "  Yet  understand  us  aright;  I  have  not  entered  this 
 place  to -flatter  woman,  but  to  sanctify  her.  In  say- 
 ing that  nature  has  prepared  you  for  the  duty  which 
 Scripture  imposes  upon  you,  I  have  not  meant  to  say 
 that  you  are',  in  your  natural  state,  capable  of  fulfill- 
 ing it.  By  one  of  those  contradictions  which  the  fall 
 has  introduced  into  our  race,  troubling  the  work  of 
 creation  without  destroying  it,,  woman  is  at  the  same 
 time  prepared  and  unprepared  for  her  vocation;  pre- 
 pared, inasmuch  as  she  possesses  peculiar  qualities 
 which  wondrously  adapt  themselves  to  it;  unpre- 
 pared, inasmuch  as  she  has  other  qualities  which  in- 
 terfere with  it.  'It  is  the  enemy  who  has  done 
 this.'  In  the  same  heart  where  the  hand  of  God 
 deposited  the  precious  germs  of  a  life  conformed  to 
 
 the  mission  of  woman,  Satan  has  secretly  sowed 
 those  noxious  germs  which  choke  or  neutralize,  the 
 first.  He  has  done  more.  He  has  sought,  with 
 his  infernal  skill,  to  corrupt  these  healthful  germs 
 iu  your  heart,  and  to  gather  from  good  seed  evil 
 fruit. 
 
 "  Yes,  these  precious  resources  with  which  the  Crea- 
 tor has  endowed  you  to  accomplish  your  work,  the 
 tempter  knows  how  to  convert  into  obstacles  to  this 
 same  work.  Under  his  mysterious  and  formidable 
 influence  we  see  this  activity  degenerate  into  rest- 
 lessness; this  vigilance  into  curiosity;  this  tact  into 
 artifice;  this  penetration  into  temerity;  this  prompt- 
 ness into  nn.steadine.ss;  this  gracefulness  into  co- 
 quetry; this  taste  into  studied  eloquence;  this  versa- 
 tility into  caprice;  this  aptness  into  presumption; 
 this  influence  into  intrigue;  this  power  into  domina- 
 tion; this  sensitiveness  into  irritability;  this  power 
 of  loving  into  jealousy;  this  necessity  of  being  useful 
 into  a  passion  to  please. 
 
 "  The  two  principal  tendencies  which  we  have  recog- 
 nized in  woman,  humility  and  charity,  have  been 
 perverted.     The  same  mental  peculiarity  which  as- 
 signs to  her  the  narrow  circle  of  home  as  her  siihere, 
 inclines  her  to  take  small  views  of  things,  and  to 
 centre  her  attention  upon   a  single  point,  with  a 
 strength  proportioned  to  the  narrowness  of  the  field 
 which  she  embraces;  and,  little  accustomed  to  doubt 
 either  of  things  or  of  herself,  impatient  of  contradic- 
 tion for  want  of  believing  more  than  she  can  under- 
 stand, she  enters  insensibly  upon  a  way  of  haughti- 
 ness, by  a  road  which  ought  to  lead  to  humility.    And 
 then  this  same  necessity  of  the  heart  which  impels 
 her  to  love  and  to  self-devotement,  exposes  her  to  the 
 danger  of  self-seeking,  even  in  self-forgetfulness,  and 
 of  carrj-ing   this  renunciation  to  extremes — hardly 
 willing  that  good  should  he  done  unless  she  can  have 
 a  hand  in  it;  jealous  of  the  man  she  would  help  and 
 please  without  rivalry;  envious  of  the  woman  who 
 also  aspires  to  help  and  please  ;  jealous,  envious — 
 note  it  well — from  very  strength  of  love,  but  a  love 
 transformed  into  passion  and  self-wUl,  in  the  dread 
 laboratory  of  the  temper  !     Then  woman,  whom  we 
 cheerfully  believe  superior  to  man  in  spiritual  things, 
 if  the  essence  of  holiness  is  love,  and  the  essence  of 
 love  sacrifice,  applies  to  evil  noble  instincts,  which 
 might  enable  her  to  excel  in  goodness,  and  delivers 
 herself  up  to  sin  with  an  abandon,  at  the  same  time 
 energetic  and  heedless,  such  as  man  hardly  under- 
 stands; carrying  to  a  greater  extent  than  he,   vain 
 glory,  egotism,  avarice,  intemperance,  anger,  hatred, 
 cruelty,  love  of  the  world,  and  forgetfulness  of  God, 
 as  if  she  would  justify  the  old  adage,  'the  greater 
 the  height  the  greater  the  foil. '    The  heart  of  woman 
 is  the  richest  treasure  upon  earth;  but  if  it  is  not 
 God's  treasure,  it  becomes  the  treasure  of  the  devil ; 
 and  one  might  be  tempted  sometimes  to  think  that 
 instead  of  having  been  given  by  God  to  man  to  be  an 
 'helpmeet'  to  him,  the  devil  formed  her,  saj-ing.  It 
 
WOMAN,    Till-:  JIISSJOX  OF. 
 
 1034 
 
 WOMAX.    THE  MISSION  OF. 
 
 is  not  good  tliat  luun  should  lie  alone;  I  will  nuike  :i 
 snare  Ibr  liini. 
 
 ''Accuse  me  not  of  slandering  woman.  I  no  more 
 cahimuiate  her  now  than  1  Haltered  her  a  moment 
 since.  I  spoke  then,  and  speak  still,  according  to  the 
 Bible.  The  Scriptures,  which  delineate,  with  so  much 
 complacenc}',  the  graces  of  woman  and  her  humble  ' 
 virtues,  present  her  ftiults  and  wandering  with  a . 
 vividness  unusual  to  them,  and  which  they  seem  to 
 re-serve  for  this  subject  alone.  St.  Paul,  knows  no 
 worse  scourge  for  the  church  than  those  women  whom 
 he  describes  in  his  first  Epi.stle  to  Timothy.  'For; 
 of  this  sort  are  they  which  creep  into  houses,  and  1 
 lead  captive  silly  women  laden  with  sins,  led  away  ' 
 with  divers  lusts,  ever  learning,  and  never  able  to 
 come  to  the  knowledge  of  the  truth.'  In  the  same 
 book  of  Proverbs  which  closes  with  a  sublime  de- 
 scription of  tliB  virtuous  woman,  Solomon  overwhelms 
 with  the  strokes  of  his  bitter  and  almost  satirical 
 eloquence,  not  only  the  abandoned  woman,  whose 
 murderous  work  no  one  has  described  with  a  more 
 holy  horror  (ye  young,  ponder  his  maxims !),  but 
 every  woman  unfaithful  to  the  mi.ssion  which  she  has 
 received  of  God.  The  foolish  woman,  '  who  plucketh 
 down  her  hou.se  with  her  hands;'  the  brawling  woman 
 whose  companionship  is  more  grievous  than  '  to 
 dwell  in  the  corner  of  the  house-top,  or  in  a  desert 
 land;'  the  vicious  woman,  '  who  is  as  rottenness  in 
 the  bones  of  her  husband;'  the  odious  woman,  who 
 is  '  one  of  the  four  things  which  disquiet  the  earth ; ' 
 the  fair  woman  without  discretion,  whose  beauty  is 
 as  '  a  jewel  in  a  swine's  snout; '  the  contentious 
 woman,  '  this  continual  dropping  in  a  very  rainy  day ; 
 who.soever  hideth  her  hideth  the  wind,  and  the  oint- 
 ment of  his  right  hand  which  bctraycth  it.self. '  This 
 siime  Solomon,  in  old  age,  gathering  up  the  remem- 
 brances of  his  whole  life,  conA^ssesthat  ho  had  vainly 
 sought  a  woman  after  his  own  heart.  'And  I  find 
 more  bitter  than  death  the  woman  whose  heart  is 
 snares  and  nets,  and  her  hands  as  bands;  whoso 
 plc;i.seth  God  shall  escape  from  her,  but  the  sinner 
 shall  be  taken  by  her.  Behold,  this  have  I  found, 
 .siiith  the  preacher,  counting  one  by  one  to  find  out 
 the  account,  which  yet  my  soul  seekcth,  but  I  find 
 not;  one  man  among  a  thousand  have  I  found,  but  a 
 woman  among  all  tliose  have  I  not  found.' 
 
 "These  astonishing  declarations  the  Bible  confirms 
 and  completes  by  its  narratives,  which  are  so  many 
 le.s.sons.  After  explaining  by  Eve  the  entrance  of  sin 
 into  the  world,  it  explains  to  us  by  Adah  and  Zillah, 
 Lamech  the  first  polygamist  and  blasphemer;  by  the 
 daughters  of  men  ensnaring  the  .sons  of  (lod,  the  cor- 
 ruption of  the  earth  and  the  deluge;  by  Hagar,  the 
 faith,  the  charity,  the  peace  of  Abraham  for  a  time 
 <listurbed;  by  the  women  of  thi'  house  of  Laban,  the 
 faithfulness  of  Jacob  for  long  time  concealed;  bj- 
 .ludith  and  Bashemath,  the  ])rolane  indifference  of 
 Esau;  by  the  revenge  of  an  adulterous  wife,  the 
 injustice;  of  Potiphar;  by  the  daughters  of  Moab,  the 
 
 most  terrible  jdagues  of  Israel  in  the  desert;  by  the 
 daughters  of  Canaiin,  her  wickedness  and  idolatry 
 after  the  conquest;  by  Delilah,  the  shameful  Inimilia- 
 tion  of  Sam.son;  by  the  companion  of  tlie  Levite  of 
 Ephraim,  a  whole  tribe  cut  olT;  ijy  Bath.sheba,  Da\  id 
 ceasing  to  be  David;  by  strange  women,  Solomon 
 serving  other  gods,  and  gathering  from  fall  after  fall 
 the  warnings  which  he  would  at  a  later  period  give 
 to  the  world;  by  Jezebel,  wicked  Ahab,  perjurer  and 
 murderer;  by  Athaliah,  the  kings  of  Judah  following 
 in  the  way  of  the  kings  of  Israel ;  by  Herodias,  Herod 
 beheading  John  the  Baptist  in  spite  of  him.self;  by 
 the  Jewish  women,  Paul  and  Barnabas  persecuted 
 and  driven  from  Antioch;  by  the  prophetic  woman 
 of  the  Apocal.yp.se,  the  corruption  of  the  whole  earth. 
 Holy  liberty  of  the  Scriptures,  which  declare  equally 
 the  good  and  evil,  not  to  exalt  human  nature  nor  to 
 humiliate  it,  but  to  give  glory  to  God  who  creates 
 the  good  and  repairs  the  evil !  This  heart  of  woman, 
 so  ardent  but  so  passionate,  so  tender  but  so  jealous, 
 so  delicate  but  so  susceptible,  so  impulsive  but  so 
 hasty,  so  sensitive  but  so  irritable,  so  strong  but  so 
 weak,  so  good  but  so  badj  must  be  subdued  and 
 transformed,  in  order  that  the  sap  of  life  which  inun- 
 dates it  may  return  to  its  legitimate  course,  diffusing 
 itself  wholly  in  the  flowers  of  humility  and  the  fruits 
 of  charity! 
 
 "Subdued  and  Ininsfnnncd :  but  by  whom  ?  Ah !  from 
 whom  could  you  expect  this  grace,  but  from  the  Son 
 of  God,  who,  not  content  with  having,  through  the 
 organ  of  his  iivspired  servants,  restored  your  place 
 and  revealed  your  mission,  has  come  Himself  to  show 
 you  the  ideal  of  it  in  His  life,  and  to  open  for  you  the 
 way  to  it  by  His  cross?  Jesus  living,  perfect  type  of 
 the  gentle  virtues  as  of  the  strong,  is  an  example  for 
 woman  as  for  man;  and  Jesus  crucified,  sole  victim 
 who  expiates  sin,  is  the  only  source  of  this  holy  love 
 which,  varying  merely  in  the  application,  frees  from 
 sin  both  man  and  woman.  But  between  man  and 
 woman,  if  Jesus  could  sooner  find  access  on  the  one 
 side  than  on  the  oth  er,  would  it  not  be  on  the  part 
 of  woman?  He,  who  is  love;  He,  who  '  canie  not  to 
 be  ministered  unto,  but  to  minister;'  He  who  satis- 
 fied himself  only  in  privation  and  sacrifice;  He,  in 
 fine,  who  took  upon  Him  our  nature  in  order  to 
 ai5cribe  tlu;  highest  charity  in  the  most  inofound 
 humility? 
 
 "Ami  mi.stakcn,  my  sisters  (it  is  for  you  to  say),  ■ 
 am  I  mistaken  in  thinking  that  there  is  nothing  upon 
 earth  more  in  sympathy  with  Jesus  Christ  than  the 
 heart  of  woman  ?  Superfluous  question  !  Ah,  no,  I 
 411U  not  deceived,  or  your  heart  would  deny  all  its 
 instincts!  The  Christian  faith,  so  truly  founded  in 
 the  depths  of  liumanity  that  it  is  not  wonderful  only 
 beciiuse  common,  adapts  itself  so  marvelou.sly  to  all 
 the  needs  of  your  moral  being,  that  you  cannot  be 
 truly  woman  except  upon  condition  of  receiving  the 
 gospel.  The  Christian  woman  is  not  only  the  best  of 
 women,  but  at  the  .same  time  most  truly  a  woman. 
 
^rn^rAX,  the  missiox  of. 
 
 1035 
 
 WOMAN,   THE  MISSION  OF. 
 
 Oh  you,  then,  who  would  accomplish  the  liuinble  and  Testament,  who  died  in  faith  hefore  coming  to  the 
 hencvolrnt  m'ission  of  your  svK—bcnivih  tin'  (voss,  or  Saviour,  '  not  havinj;  received  the  promises,  hut 
 ,jj,,.,,j. ,  having   seen   them   afar   off    and   embraced    them ;' 
 
 "Indeed,  my  dear  sisters,  the  first  aid  which  man  ;  ueitlier  of  the  pious  Sarah,  nor  the  modest  Rebekah, 
 has  a  riglit'to  expect  from  you  is  spiritual  aid.  It  is  nor  tlie  tender  Ruchel,  nor  the  heroic  Deborah,  nor 
 little  t«°be  indebted  to  you  for  the  consolation  of  this    the  humble  Ruth,  nor  the  sweet  wife  of  Elkauah, 
 
 nor  of  the  prudent  Abigail,  nor  of  the  interpid   Riz- 
 
 life  of  a  day,  if  he  owes  not  to  you,  so  far  as  it  is  in 
 your  power,  the  possession  of  eternal  life.  Not  only 
 that  true  charity  which  subordinates  time  to  eternity,  : 
 demands  it  of  you,  but  justice  itself,  as  we  have 
 shown  from  the  Scriptures.  Your  .sex  has  an  original 
 wrong  to  repair  towards  ours,  and  a  spiritual  wTong. 
 That  with  which  we  reproach  you  in  the  fall  where 
 we  have  followed  you,  if  we  feel  not  bouml  to  restrict 
 our  reproaches  to  ourselves,  is  not  that  death  which 
 you  have  introduced  into  the  world,  neither  that  em- 
 bittered life  which  your  sympathy  even  cannot  always 
 alleviate — it  is  a  much  grciiter  evil,  the  only  real  and 
 absolute  evil— ,S'i)i,  which  the  first  man  was  doubtless 
 inexcusable  in  committing,  but  which  he  was  be- 
 guiled to  commit  by  woman. 
 
 "Imagine  Eve  kneeling  with  Adam  beside  the  corpse 
 of  one  .sou  murdered  by  the  other,  whom  the  divine 
 curse  drives  far  out  upon  the  wild  and  solitary  earth. 
 In  sight  of  the  visible  and  present  fruits  of  sin,  and 
 with  the  thoughts  of  its  invisible  and  future  results, 
 if  the  tender  look  of  Ad;un  said  not  to  Eve,  '  Give 
 me  back  the  tavor  of  my  God  !  give  me  back  my 
 peac-e  with  my.self !  give  me  back  the  days  of  Eden, 
 and  my  sweet  innocence,  and  my  holy  love  for  the 
 Saviour  and  for  thee  ! ' — tloubt  not  that  she  said  all 
 this  to  herself  !  To  her,  it  seemed  very  little  to  heap 
 upon  him  the  consolations  of  earth,  if  she  could  not 
 bring  to  him  those  of  Heaven;  and,  unable  to  repair 
 the  wrong  she  had  done  him,  .she  urges,  she  implores 
 him  to  turn  his  weeping  eyes  to  the  Deliverer  prom- 
 ised to  repair  all,  to  re-est;iblish  all,  and  to  open  to 
 the  fallen  but  reconciled  race  a  second  Eden,  more 
 beautiful  than  that  to  which  the  sword  of  the  cheru- 
 bima  henceforth  forbade  entrance.  If  such  are  the 
 sentiments  of  Eve,  let  her  be  blessed,  although  she 
 be  Eve !  With  this  heart,  Eve  approximates  Mary; 
 and  in  the  woman  who  ruined  the  world  by  sin,  I 
 discover  already  the  woman  who  will  save  it  by  giv- 
 ing to  it  the  Saviour. 
 
 ""Well,  now,  this  that  she  would  do.  do  yourselves. 
 Though  no  one  of  you  has  been  an  Eve  to  man,  yet 
 be  each  of  you  a  Mary  to  him,  aud  give  him  a  Saviovu-1 
 This,  this  is'  your  task  !  But  if  you  respond  not  to 
 it,  refusing  to  pass  your  life  in  the  exercise  of  bene- 
 ficence, you  shall  fail  of  your  calling ;  and,  after 
 having  been  saluted  of  man  l)y  the  name  of  'good 
 woman,'    'deaconess,'    or    'sister    of   charity,'   you 
 
 pah,  nor  of  the  retiring  Shunamite.     We  confine  our- 
 selves to  the  women  of  the  New  Testament. 
 
 "  Beneath  the  cross,  Mary,  more  touching  now  than 
 at  the  cradle,  offering  herself  without  a  murmur  to 
 the  sword  which  pierces  her  soul,  associates  herself 
 with  the  sacrifice  of  her  son  hy  a  love  more  sub- 
 lime   than    any  other  after  that  of  the    adorable 
 Son,  and    presents  to    us  a   type  of  the  Christian 
 woman,  who  knows  not   how   to  aid  and  to  love 
 but  in  keeping    her   eyes   fixed   upon    '  Jesus,   and 
 him    crucified.'      Beneath    the    cross,    Anna,    the 
 prophetess,  type  of  the  faithful  woman,  gives  glory 
 first,  in  this  same  temple,  where  'she  served  God 
 day  and  night  with  fastings   and  prayers,'  to   Him 
 whom  the  aged  Simeon  had  confessed  by  the  Spirit, 
 and  in  spite  of  her  fourscore  and  four  years,  renews 
 the  energy  and  activity  of  youth  '  to  speak  of  Him 
 unto  all  them  that  looked  for  redemption  in  Jeru- 
 .salem. '     Beneath  the  cross,  Mary  of  Bethany,  type 
 of  the  contemplative  woman,  eager  for  the  one  thing 
 needful  and  jealous  of  that  good  part,  sits  now  at  the 
 feet  of  Jesus  aud  feeds  in  silence  upon  the  word  of 
 life:  aud  at  another  time,  in  the  same  silence,  anoints 
 those  blessed  feet  with  pure  spikenard,  of  great  price, 
 and  wipes  them  with  the  hairs  of  her  head,  as  if  she 
 could  not  find  a  token  sufficiently  tender  of  her  re- 
 spect and  love.      Beneath  the   cross,    Martha,   her 
 sister,  type  of  the  active  woman,  sometimes  lavishes 
 her  unwearied  attentions  upon  a  brother  whom  she 
 loved,    sometimes    busies   herself  for    the    Saviour 
 whom  she  adored,   serving  Him   in    every-day   life, 
 invoking  His  aid  in  bitter  suffering,  and  blessing  Him 
 in  the  joy  of  deliverance.     Beneath  the  Cross,  the 
 Canaanitish  mother,  type  of  the  persevering  woman, 
 surpassing  in  faith  and  light  tho.se  apostles  whom 
 she  wearies  wdtli  her  cries,  triumphs  over  the  silence, 
 refusal,  disdain  even,  by  which  the   Lord  himself 
 seems  to  contend  against  her  invincible  prayer,  and 
 wrests  from  Him  at  last,  with  the  cure  so  much  de- 
 sired, the  most  brilliant  homage  that  any   child  of 
 .\dara  ever  obtained:   '  Oh,  woman,  great  is  thy  faith  ! 
 be  it  unto  thee  as  thou  wilt. '     Beneath  the  cross, 
 Mary  Magdalene,  freed   from  seven  devils,  type  of 
 the  grateful  woman,  surpassing  these  same  apostles 
 in  love  and  courage,  after  them  at  Calvary  and  be- 
 fore them  at  the  sepulchre,  is  also  chosen  from  among 
 
 shall  be  accounted  of  God,  'as  sounding  brass  and  a  |  them  all,  the  first  to  behold  her  Lord  as   He  comes 
 
 tinkling  cymbal ! '  But,  how  can  you  give  the  Saviour 
 to  others,  if  you  do  not  possess  Him  in  your  own 
 heart?  Women  who  hear  me,  j-et  again — hencalh  the 
 cross,  or  never ! 
 
 "  A\'e  say  ni>thing  of  those  holy  women  of  the  Old 
 
 forth  from  the  tomb,  and  charged  to  carry  the  good 
 news  of  His  resurrection  to  those  who  would  an- 
 nounce it  to  the  world.  Beneath  the  Cross,  Dorcas, 
 'full  of  good  works  and  alms  deeds,'  type  of  the 
 charitable  woman,  after  a  life  consecrated  to  the  n-1  ic'f 
 
WOJIAX'S  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
 
 1036 
 
 OF  HOME  MISSIOXS. 
 
 of  the  poor  and  of  the  widows  of  Jojipa,  in  her  death 
 shows  Avliat  she  was  to  tlie  Church  l>y  the  void  she  left 
 in  it,  and  by  the  tears  she  caused  to  flow ;  and,  in  the 
 same  spirit,  I'licbe,  the  deaconess  ofCenchrea,  "a 
 succorer  of  many,"  and  in  particular  of  the  Apostle 
 Panl,  gives  birth  in  all  succeeding  times,  by  her  ex- 
 ample, to  a  multitude  of  de;«3onesses,  clothed  or  not — 
 it  little  signifies — with  this  official  title  before  men. 
 Beneath  the  cross,  Priscilla,  type  of  the  servant  of 
 Jesus  Christ,  shares  with  Aijuilla,  her  husband,  many 
 of  those  perils  incurred  to  preserve  to  the  Church  of 
 the  Gentiles  their  great  missionary,  or  engages  in 
 those  conversations  by  which  tlie  faith  of  the  eloquent 
 Apollos  was  enlightened  and  strengthened;  and,  in 
 the  Siime  spirit,  Lydia  hazards  her  life  by  opening 
 her  house  to  the  apostles,  which,  trartsformed  at  once 
 into  a  church,  becomes  the  centre  of '  evangelical 
 charity  in  Philippi  and  Macedonia. 
 
 "  Mliat  more  shall  I  say  ?  Shall  I  speak  of  Julia, 
 and  LoLs,  and  Euodias,  and  Sintyche,  and  JIary,  and 
 Persis,  and  Salome,  and  Tryphena,  and  Tryphosa, 
 and  of  the  many  women  of  the  gospel,  and  of  so  many 
 others  who  have  followed  in  their  steps,  the  Perpe- 
 tuas,  the  Monicas,  the  Slary  Calamys,  and  the  Eliza- 
 beth Frys?  Beneath  the  cro.ss,  with  the  Bible  in 
 hand — this  Bible,  to  which  no  human  creature  owes 
 more  than  she,  both  in  respect  to  the  world  and  to 
 Christ — beneath  the  cross — it  is  there  that  I  love  to 
 see  woman  !  Restored  to  God,  to  man,  to  herself,  so 
 worthy  in  her  submission,  so  noble  in  her  humility, 
 .so  strong  in  her  gentleness,  gathering  all  the  gifts  j 
 she  has  received  to  consecrate  them  to  the  services  of 
 humanity,  with  an  ardor  which  we  hardly  know  how 
 to  exhibit  except  in  passion,  she  obliges  lis  to  confess 
 that  she  who  effaced  our  primitive  holiness,  is  also 
 she  who  now  offers  of  it,  on  this  apostate  earth,  the 
 brightest  image." 
 
 "Woman's  Executive  Cominlttee  of  Home 
 Missions  of  flu-  Preshi/trrinn  Churrli.  This  Commit- 
 tee was  organized  in  New  York  city,  December  12th, 
 1878. 
 
 Its  formal  organization  was  the  culminating  of 
 work  commenced  years  before  in  widely  separated 
 sections  of  the  Church.  Women's  societies  for  Home 
 Missions  date  back  to  the  commencement  of  the  cen- 
 turj-.  "  The  Femtile  Cent  Societies"'  of  New  Hamp- 
 shire, established  in  l-^O.'i.  have  Rused  in  that  State 
 over  §100,001)  for  Home  Mi.s.sions.  Similar  societies 
 existed  in  other  States.  In  the  larger  number  of 
 churches,  however,  woman's  work  took  the  form  of 
 "sewing  societies,"  and  was  satisfied  with  the  pre- 
 paration of  one  or  more  "boxes"  of  clothing  for 
 home  missionaries.  In  18G9  Rev.  Sheldon  Jack- 
 son Ix-came  Snijerintendent  of  Presbyterian  Missions 
 for  the  Rocky  Mountain  Territories.  "Within  his 
 field  were  all  the  .Mormons,  nearly  all  the  Mexicans, 
 and  a  large  number  of  the  Indians  of  the  United 
 States.  He  early  realized  that  the  only  effective 
 method    of  resiching   them    ^vith    the    gospel  was 
 
 through  mission  schools.  But  the  charter  and  custom 
 of  the  Board  of  Home  Missions  prevented  its  en- 
 gaging in  school  work.  In  1"'67  a  few  Christian 
 women  of  different  denominations,  under  the  lead  of 
 Mrs.  E.  T.  Throop  Martin,  formed  a  Union  Mission- 
 ary Society,  to  establish  schools  in  New  Mexico  and 
 Arizona.  This  suggested  to  Dr.  Jackson  the  forma- 
 tion of  a  "VX'oman's  Home  Mission  Society  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  to  carry  on,  in  connection  with 
 the  Board  of  Home  Slissions,  the  school  work  among 
 Mexicans,  Mormons  and  Indians.  He  at  once  coni- 
 menced  its  advocacy  in  the  newspapers  and  public 
 addrcs.scs,  and  when,  in  1872,  he  commenced  the 
 publication  of  the  Fdi-Li/  Mmtnttnn  Prvxhyterian,  it 
 was  made  the  special  advocate  of  "Women's  Home 
 Mission  Societies.  In  1873  the  Presbyteries  of  Colo- 
 rado and  Wyoming  (Utah),  under  his  leadership, 
 recommended  the  organization  of  distinct  societies  of 
 women  for  home  missions.  .In  the  same  year  he  ijre- 
 pared  and  published  a  blank  constitution  for  their 
 u.se.  In  this  movement  he  was  ably  seconded  by 
 Rev.  Henry  Kendall,  D.D.,  Senior  Secretiiry  of  the 
 Board  of  Home  Jlissions. 
 
 Together  they  persistently  kept  woman's  work  in 
 Home  Missions  prominently  before  the  Church  and 
 Committees  of  successive  General  Assemblies,  with 
 the  following  results: — • 
 
 The  Assemblies  of  1873  and  '73  recommended  that 
 the  women,  not  content  with  making  "boxes  of 
 clothing"  the  measure  of  their  interest  in  Home 
 Missions,  should  also  contribute  money. 
 
 The  Assembly  of  1874  reiterated  the  recommenda- 
 tion to  raise  money,  designated  the  months  of  Octo- 
 ber, November  and  December  as  the  time,  and 
 directed  the  Board  of  Home  Missions  to  appoint  in 
 the  various  centres  suitable  women,  who  should  take 
 the  oversight  of  the  work. 
 
 Tlie  Assembly  of  187.")  took  a  long  step  forward,  and 
 recommended  the  organization  af  a  distinct  Woman's 
 Home  Mission  Society,  with  auxiliary  societies,  under 
 the  advice  and  control  of  the  Board  of  Home  Missions 
 or  its  ofScers.  Upon  this  several  SjTiods  and  Presby- 
 teries recommended  the  formation  of  societies. 
 
 The  A.ssembly  of  1876  took  another  advanced  step, 
 and  recommended  to  the  Synods  to  appoint  commit- 
 tees of  in  omen  to  co-operate  with  the  Board  in  this 
 special  work.  In  responseto  this  the  seven  Synods 
 of  Albany,  Cincinnati,  Colorado,  Michigan,  New 
 .lersey,  New  "\'ork  and  Pittsburg  appointed  commit- 
 tees. 
 
 With  the  increase  of  "Woman's  Societies"  the 
 school-work  began  to  :i.ssume  such  proportions  that 
 it  had  to  be  recognized.  Consequently,  the  Assembly 
 of  1877,  recognizing  the  fact  of  its  existence,  formally 
 authorized  the  Board  of  Home  Missions  to  assume 
 the  charge  of  it  and  enlarge  it  as  rapidly  as  the 
 Woman's  societies  provided  the  funds. 
 
 At  the  As.semblies  of  1. 87.5-0-7,  Drs.  Kendall  and 
 Jackson  conducted  popular  meetings  in  behalf  of  this 
 
rro.i/.i-v.s'  EXECUTIVE  coynriTTEE.      1037 
 
 WOOD. 
 
 movement,  which  have  been  since  continued  by  the  i  been  consolidated  into  the  twenty-one  in  the  United 
 Woman's  Executive  Committee.  St^ites,  eighteen  were  auxiliary.     The  receipts  were, 
 
 Although  the  General  Assembly  of  1S75  had  for  the  year  1S79  (three  months),  S22-S7.32;  1879-80, 
 recommended  the  organization  of  a  Woman's  Home  |  §11,467.49;  1880-81,  $27,793.24;  1881-82,  §53,084.83; 
 Mission  Society,  and  fourteen  Synods  had  appointed  1882-83,  §67,857.32. 
 auxiliary  committees,  yet  up  to  1878  the  movement       The  senior  Secretary 
 
 had  not  culminated  in  a  central  society. 
 
 In  view  of  this.  Dr.  Sheldon  Jackson,  during  the 
 Winter  and  Spring  of  1878,  corresponded  with  women 
 known  to  be  deeply  interested  in  Home  Missions  in 
 different  parts  of  the  Church,  with  reference  to  a 
 
 Mrs.  F.  E.  H.  Haines,  dis- 
 played great  executive  ability  in  the  management  of 
 the  affairs  of  the  Society,  and  in  its  formative  period 
 was  its  life  and  front.  From  1879  to  1883  al)Out 
 fifty  leaflets  have  been  printed  and  circulated  by  the 
 tens  of  thousands.     The  Society  has  also  organized 
 
 convention  for  the  organization  of  a  central  Society    and  held  a  large  number  of  public  meetings  in  various 
 durino-  the  meeting  of  the  General  Assembly  at  Pitts-    parts  of  the  Church 
 
 burg.  This  convention  met  in  the  First  Pre.sbyteriau 
 Church  of  Pittsburg,  on  the  24th  of  May,  1878,  with 
 Mrs.  W.  A.  Herron  in  the  chair  and  Mrs.  W.  X. 
 Paxton,  Secretary.  The  result  of  the  meeting  was 
 the  appointment  of  a  committee  of  twelve  ladies  to 
 confer  with  the  Ladies'  Board  of  Missions  in  New 
 York,  as  to  their  willingness  to  devote  themselves  as 
 a  society  exclusively  to  Home  Missions,  thereby 
 becoming  the  AVoman's  Home  Mission  Society  of  the 
 Presb3-terian  Church.  In  case  the  Ladies'  Board 
 decUned  the  proposal,  then  the  committee  were 
 empowered  to  call  another  meeting  and  complete  an 
 independent  organizatian.  Mrs.  S.  F.  Scovel  was 
 made  chairman  and  Mrs.  O.  E.  Boyd,  secretary  of 
 this  committee. 
 
 The  conference  took  place  in  New  York  city,  July 
 11th,  1878,  the  committee  having  speut  the  preced- 
 ing day  at  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  in  special  prayer  for 
 the  presence  and  direction  of  the  Holy  Spirit. 
 
 The  Ladies'  Board  declining  to  make  the  pro- 
 posed change  iu  their  organization,  the  committee 
 called  a  convention  of  the  Sjnodical  Committees  to 
 meet  in  New  Y'ork  city,  Deceraljer  12th,  1878.  This 
 meeting  resulted  iu  the  formal  organization  of  the 
 
 "Wood,  R3V.  Charles,  is  the  only  son  of  (elder) 
 John  J.  and  JIary  Wood,  and  w;is  born  iu  the  city  of 
 Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  June  3il,  1851.  Having  graduated 
 at  Haverford  College,  Pa.,  in  1870,  he  entered  the 
 Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton,  where  he  com- 
 pleted his  professional  education  iu  1873.  He  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  West  Chester, 
 iu  1872,  and  immediately  upon  graduation  from 
 Princeton  w.as  called  to  the  Central  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  over  which  he  was  installed 
 in  1374.  Resigning  his  charge  in  1878,  he  went 
 abroad  for  a  year's  study  in  Germany  and  a  two 
 years'  trip  around  the  world.  Upon  his  return,  in 
 November,  1881,  he  became  pastor  of  the  Fourth 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Albany,  N.  Y.,  where  he  still 
 continues. 
 
 Mr.  Wood  is  gifted  with  a  rare  physique,  capable 
 of  prolonged  and  continuous  labor.  His  methods  of 
 work  are  systematic  and  successful,  each  hour's  task 
 being  accomplished  with  almost  unvarying  exactness 
 within  the  hour.  The  chmch  life  of  his  pastorate 
 has  been  vigorous,  constant  and  fruitful,  numerous 
 conversions  and  increased  liberality  marking  every 
 year.     With  a  spirit  of  earnest  piety,  he  has  united 
 
 Woman's  Executive  Committee  of  Home  Jlissions.  ,  the  intelligence  of  much  reading  and  the  culture  of 
 with  Mrs.  A.shbel  Green,  President;  Mrs.  S,  F.  !  extended  foreign  acquaintance  and  study.  As  the 
 Scovel  and  Mrs.  J.  B.  Dunn,  vice-Presidents;  Mrs.  pulpit  successor  of  two  moderators  of  the  General 
 F.  E.  H.  Haines,  Corresponding  Secretary;  Mrs.  J.  1  Assembly,  Drs.  John  C.  Lord  aud  Henry  Darling,  his 
 D.  Bedle,  Recording  Secretary;  and  Mrs.  M.  E.  mental  and  social  powers  have  been  early  put  to  the 
 Boyd,  Treasurer.  The  columns  of  the  Rocki/  Mountain  test.  As  the  delegate  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Presbyterian  being  off'ered,  that  paper  was  made  the  j  the  United  States  to  the  General  Assemblies  of  Scot- 
 official  organ  of  the  Committee.  In  the  Spring  of  laud  in  1S79,  he  had  the  approbation  of  all  auditors. 
 1880  • '  The  Woman's  Board  of  Missions  of  the  South-  :  His  preaching  has  been  designated  as  ' '  complete  in 
 west,"  and  in  February,  1382,  "The  Woman's  Board  ]  analysis,  accurate  in  statement,  cha.ste  in  style 
 of  Home  and  Foreign   Missions  of  Long  Island, 
 
 He 
 IS  a  frequent  contributor  to  periodical  literature, 
 mostly  of  sketches  of  travel.  His  published  vol  umes 
 are:  "A  Memorial  of  Dr.  John  C.  Lord, "  and  "  Saun- 
 terings  in  Europe." 
 
 "Wood,  Rev.  Francis  Marion,  was  born  at 
 Fairton,  N.  J.,  Jime  23d,  1834,  and  graduated  at 
 New  Jersey  College  in  1858.  He  pursued  his  theo- 
 logical studies  at  Princeton.  He  was  stated  supply 
 of  the  Broadway  Church,  Cincinnati,  O.,  in  1861,  and 
 lowing  statistics:  In  1876,  seven  Synods,  auxiliary;  of  the  Bt-thel  Church,  Toledo,  1361-2.  He  was  or- 
 in  1877,  fourteen;  in  1878,  twenty-two;  in  1879,  I  dained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Miami,  August  22d, 
 twenty-seven;  and  in   1882,  when   the  Synods  had  !  1862.     He  was  pastor  at  Jersey,  O.,  1862-9;  pastor 
 
 connected  their  home  work  ^vith  the  Executive 
 Committee.  In  April,  1883,  "The  Ladies'  Board  of 
 ilissions  of  New  York"  discontinued  their  home 
 department,  and  their  work  in  the  State  of  New  Y'ork 
 was  happily  and  harmoniously  consolidated  with  the 
 Woman's  Executive  Committee,  making  one  grand 
 National  Society  of  Presbyterian  women. 
 The  growth  of  the  movement  is  shown  bv  the  fol- 
 
WOOD. 
 
 103a 
 
 M'uon. 
 
 elect  at  Clifton,  1870-1;  pastor  at  Marshall,  Mich., 
 1871-(i;  stated  supply  of  Howard  Street  Church, 
 Sau  Francisco,  Cal.,  1876;  pastor  at  Oxford.  Ohio, 
 1876-9,  and  since  1881  has  heeu  stated  supply  of  the 
 Church  at  Xenia,  O. 
 
 Wood,  Rev.  Prank  A.,  was  the  eldest  child 
 of  I'rof  Alphonso  and  Lucy  (Baldwin)  Wood,  and 
 Wiis  horn  in  Merideu,  N.  H.,  February  10th,  1845. 
 He  was  graduated  at  the  University  of  the  City  of 
 New  York,  with  honor,  in  the  year  1868.  During 
 senior  year  in  college,  he  became  a.ssistant  in  the 
 Astor  Library,  which  post  he  filled  until  May,  1871. 
 In  consequence  of  an  appeal  made  in  behalf  of  the 
 Syria  Mission,  by  Kev.  Dr.  Jessup,  Mr.  Wood  decided 
 to  tit  himself  for  service  in  that  field.  Passing 
 through  the  seminary,  he  wa-s  licensed  to  preach, 
 April  l-ith,  1871,  and  in  the  following  month  was 
 graduated,  among  the  foremost  of  his  class.  Having 
 received  an  appointment  to  the  Syria  Mission,  he  was 
 ordained  an  evangelist,  by  the  Presbytery  of  West 
 Chester,  October  24th,  1871.  The  next  day  he  was 
 married,  and  sailed  with  his  wife  for  their  field  of 
 labor. 
 
 .\fter  ten  months'  .study  of  the  Arabic,  Mr.  Wood 
 w:us  sent  to  Zahleh,  a  new  station  ou  the  eastern 
 slope  of  the  Lebanon.  There  he  labored  two  years  and 
 a  half,  when,  upon  the  departure  of  Mr.  Calhoun,  he 
 was  appointed  to  take  his  place  as  Principal  of  the 
 Abcih  Academy.  He  faithfully  discharged  the  duties 
 of  tills  post,  ever  making  it  his  chief  object  to  bring 
 his  scholars  to  a  saving  knowledge  of  Christ  Jesus. 
 In  January,  1878,  it  was  decided  to  close  the  Academy, 
 and  Mr.  AVood  was  to  have  been  removed  to  the 
 Sidon  field;  but  in  ilay, he  was  attacked  with  severe 
 illness,  and  died  on  the  20th  of  July. 
 
 One  of  his  brother  missionaries  has  testified  in  these 
 words:  "  I  never  heard  him  speak  an  angry  word;  I 
 never  saw  him  do  a  selfish  act.  Wherever  he  went 
 he  won  all  hearts.  He  was  a  cheerful  toiler.  He  was 
 never  discouraged.  He  would  always  look  on  the 
 bright  side.  He  always  had  a  light  heart  for  his 
 Miister's  service.  He  was  a  sun-shining  Christian. 
 His  influence  over  his  brethren  was  like  electric  cur- 
 rents. He  thrilled  them  with  his  enthusiasm.  He 
 being  dead,  yet  speaketh." 
 
 Wood,  Rev.  Halsey  A.,  was  born  September 
 7th,  17!)3,  in  Ballston,  Saratoga  county,  N.  Y.; 
 studied  theology  in  Princeton;  was  settled  as  pastor 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Churi'h  in  Amsterdam,  in  the 
 Spring  of  1816,  and  died  November  26th,  1825.  He 
 was  a  man  of  fine  personal  bearing,  of  an  eminently 
 genial  spirit,  of  a  \-igorous  and  discriminating  mind, 
 of  admirable  social  qualities,  of  eminent  devotedness 
 to  his  work  as  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  and  greatly 
 blessed  in  his  labors. 
 
 Wood,  James,  D.  D.,  was  born  near  Saratoga, 
 N.  Y.,  .Inly  12th,  179f);  graduated  at  Union  College 
 in  1822;  stuilied  theology  at  Princeton,  and  was 
 licensed  by  Albany  Presbj'tery.     Dr.  Wood  was  suc- 
 
 cessively pastor  at  Amsterdam,  N.  Y. ;  Agent  of  the 
 Board  of  Education  of  the  Presbyterian  Church; 
 Professor  in  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the  North- 
 west (while  located  at  Hanover  and  New  Albany); 
 Associate  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Education  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  Philadelphia;  President  of 
 Hanover  College,  lud. ;  Moderator  of  the  General 
 Assembly  in  l-<64;  and  first  President  of  Van  Rens- 
 selaer Institute,  Hightstown,  N.  J.,  where  he  died 
 April  7th,  1867. 
 
 Dr.  Wood  was  regarded  by  his  brethren  as  one  of 
 the  best,  wisest  and  most  useful  ministe-rs  of  our 
 Church.  The  important  positions  which  he  w;us 
 called  upon  to  fill  are  proofs  of  the  high  estimation  in 
 which  he  was  held.  His  sound  judgment,  dignified 
 manners,  amiable  temper,  combined  with  his  learu- 
 
 JAMESWOOD,  I).  P. 
 
 ing  and  energy,  secured  for  him  a  wide  and  happy 
 influence  in  the  Church.  He  was  eminently  a  good 
 man.  His  theology  was  of  the  soundest  Westminster 
 type.  He  was  devotedly  attached  to  young  men, 
 especially  to  those  seeking  the  ministry.  His  excel- 
 lent tract  on  the  ' '  Call  to  the  Sacred  Office  ' '  is  more 
 often  sought  for  by  our  pastors  to  place  in  the  hands 
 of  young  men  than  any  other  production  of  the  kind. 
 In  all  the  places  in  which  he  lived  and  labored  he 
 secured  the  esteem  and  affection  of  the  comnnniity, 
 as  one  whose  life  was  a  bright  example  of  the  gospel 
 which  he  faithfully  preached. 
 
 Wood,  Jeremiali,  D.  D.,  was  born  November 
 11th,  1801,  iu  Greenfield,  N.  Y. ;  graduated  at  Union 
 College,  in  1824,  and  entering  Princeton  Theological 
 Seminary  in  1823,  remained  there  over  two  years. 
 He  was  licensed  by  the  I'resbytery  of  Albany,  August 
 
WOODBRIDGE. 
 
 1039 
 
 WOODBRIDGE. 
 
 Ifitli,  1*3(!,  and  began  liis  labors  at  Maylicid,  X.  Y.. 
 witliin  tlio  limits  of  that  Presbytery,  on  November 
 2()tli,  of  the  same  year.  He  w;i.s  ordained  as  an 
 evangelist  bj'  the  Presbytery  of  Albany,  January  10th, 
 18"3ft,  and  continued  his  work  as  a  stated  supply 
 at  Mayfield  until  Seirtember  2d,  1840,  ^vhen  he  was 
 called  to  be  pastor  at  that  place;  was  installed  Sep- 
 tember 2'2d.  1><41,  and  continued  to  labor  on  in  the 
 same  field  until  his  death,  through  a  period  of  very 
 nearly  fifty  years. 
 
 Dr.  'Wood  was  a  man  of  clear  intellect  and  of  un- 
 usual power  in  the  pulpit  and  in  debate.  He  was  a 
 wise  counsellor,  and  his  opinions  always  commanded 
 respect  among  his  brethren.  His  deep  piety,  con- 
 sistent life  and  faithful  labors  made  him  an  uncom- 
 monly successful  pastor,  and  he  was  trul3'  beloved  by 
 his  people.  During  his  long  ministry  he  was  per- 
 mitted to  .see  many  glorious  revivals  among  them.  In 
 one  of  these,  in  1873,  the  membership  of  his  church 
 was  almost  doubled.  He  died  June  Gth,  1876,  in  the 
 seventy-fifth  year  of  his  age. 
 
 "Woodbridg-e  Presbyterian  Chtrrch,  New 
 Jersey,  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  the  Presbyterian 
 body.  An  early  settler  is  quoted  as  writing  home  to 
 Scotland,  in  1684,  "There  are  here  very  good  religious 
 people.  They  go  under  the  name  of  Independents, 
 but  arc  most  like  to  Presbyterians."  The  church 
 for  a  time  was  really  a  town  institution,  under  a  kind 
 of  ''  Church  and  State  "  arrangement.  Under  "Town 
 Meeting"  management,  the  earliest  form  of  church 
 service  seems  to  have  been  a  union  of  Independency, 
 Prcsbj'terianism  and  Establishment.  We  have  the 
 first  notice  to  secure  a  minister  in  1669.  The  Rev. 
 Samuel  Treat  was  the  first  secured;  his  term  of  ser- 
 vice was  brief.  Several  followed  him,  in  an  equally 
 brief  way,  until  1679,  when,  sending  to  England  and 
 making  an  appeal  to  Rev.  Richard  Baxter,  Rev.  John 
 Allen  was  sent  them.  He  had  charge  of  the  church 
 for  about  seven  years,  and  died  among  them,  greatly 
 honored  and  beloved. 
 
 Rev.  Archibald  Rid^lp  who  had  been  imprisoned 
 in  Scotland  for .  preaching  in  the  open  air,  followed 
 him.  In  turn  he  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Samuel  Shep- 
 herd, who  remained  the  minister  of  the  town  until 
 1707,  wheu  the  more  distinctively  Presbyterian  or- 
 ganization was  effected  under  the  lead  of  Rev.  Nath- 
 aniel Wade;  an  old  church  record  states  this  fact  and 
 the  membership  at  that  time.  The  church  was  re- 
 ceived into  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia  in  1710. 
 Rev.  JohnPierson,  of  Connecticut,  followed  Mr.  Wade 
 and  proved  a  most  eflicient  pastor  for  about  forty 
 years.  Under  him  a  royal  charter  was  obtained  from 
 Queen  Anne,  to  a  considerable  grant  of  land,  which 
 in  part  still  constitutes  the  cemetery  and  parsonage. 
 Rev.  Nathaniel  AMiitaker  succeeded  Mr.  Pier.sou  for 
 five  years.  Rev.  X/.e\  Roe,  D.  D.,  followed  him  in 
 1763.  Under  him  a  union  was  effected  between  the 
 Church  of  Woodbridge  and  Metuchen,  by  which  for  a 
 number  of  years  they  had  one  pastor  and  one  Session, 
 
 though  distinct  in  their  temporalities;  that  arrange- 
 ment ceased  about  1790.  Dr.  Roe's  pastorate  reached 
 a  period  of  fifty-three  years,  e.xtendiug  through  the 
 Revolution.  He  sleeps  with  his  people.  Dr.  Henry 
 Mills  succeeded  him  in  1816,  afterward  elected  to  a 
 Professorship  in  Auburn  Theological  Seminary.  The 
 Sabbath  school  of  the  church — one  of  the  oldest  in  New 
 Jersey — ^had  its  origin  under  him.  Rev.  William  B. 
 Barton  assumed  the  pastorate  in  1822,  and  died  after 
 a  work  of  nearly  thirty  years.  In  1852  Rev.  Wm.  M. 
 Martin  accepted  a  call,  and  was  succeeded  by  Rev. 
 George  C.  Lucas,  in  186:3 — both  .still  living  and  work- 
 ing— followed  again  by  the  present  incumbent,  Kev. 
 Joseph  M.  McNulty,  d.d.,  installed  in  July,  1874. 
 
 The  church  in  that  long  history  has  had  some 
 precious  revivals.  An  Epi.scopal  Church  was  organ- 
 ized from  it  in  1711,  and  a  Congregational  Church  in 
 187.5.  It  has  never  been  very  large,  but  always  quite 
 strong  and  influential.  It  has  had  three  buildings  on 
 or  near  the  same  site.  The  first  one  was  erected  in 
 1675.  The  second  one  was  about  thirty  feet  .square, 
 unpainted,  inside  or  out;  no  steeple  or  bell  and  no 
 stoves.  It  had  two  doors  of  entrance,  one  at  the  end 
 and  one  at  the  side,  ^vith  one  stairway  at  the  left  of 
 the  pulpit.  This  gave  place  to  the  present  structure 
 in  1803.  The  latter  has  been  elegantly  remodeled, 
 inside  and  out,  with  the  addition  of  a  spacious  and 
 beautiful  Sabbath-schoolroom,  parlors,  etc.,  since  the 
 commencement  of  the   present  pastorate. 
 
 "Woodbridge,  Sylvester,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Sharon,  Conn.,  June  15th,  1813,  and  graduated  from 
 Union  College  in  1830.  He  pursued  his  theological 
 studies  at  Auburn  and  Princeton,  and  was  ordained 
 and  installed  at  Westhampton,  L.  I.,  by  Long  Island 
 Presbytery,  April,  1836.  His  subsequent  fields  of 
 labor,  in  all  of  which  he  has  labored  diligently  and 
 with  success,  have  been  Hampstead,  November  1st, 
 1837;  Benicia,  Cal.,  1849;  Howard  Street  Church, 
 San  Francisco,  1870;  and  Woodbridge  Church,  San 
 Francisco,  1876;  of  which  he  still  has  charge.  Dr. 
 Woodbridge  preaches  the  gospel  with  plainness  and 
 power,  and  is  successful  in  winning  .souls  to  Christ. 
 
 "Woodbridge,  Timothy,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Stockbridge,  Mass.,  November  24th,  1784.  He  en- 
 tered Williams  College  in  1799.  In  the  course  of  his 
 Sophomore  year  he  lost  the  sight,  first  of  one  eye  and 
 tln'U  of  the  other,  and  the  remainder  of  his  life  was 
 passed  in  total  darkness.  In  1809  he  became  a  student 
 in  the  then  new  Theological  Institution  at  Andover, 
 and  in  due  time  was  regularly  licensed  to  preach  the 
 gospel.  He  accepted  an  invitation  to  preach  at  Green 
 River,  Columbia  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1816,  and  two 
 years  later  was  formally  set  apart  as  the  pastor  of 
 that  church.  Here  he  continued,  laboring  with  great 
 zeal  and  diligence,  twenty-six  j'ears,  and  during  this 
 time  he  had  the  pleasure  to  witness,  in  connection 
 with  his  labors,  several  powerful  revivals  of  religion. 
 From  1842  to  1851  he  ^as  the  successful  pastor  of  the 
 Church  at  Spcncertown.      Subsequently,   until  his 
 
WOODMULL. 
 
 1040 
 
 WOODS. 
 
 death,  he  lived  in  comparative  retirement,  preaching 
 occasionally,  giving  important  aid  to  tlie  cause  of 
 education,  and  ready  to  lend  a  lielping  hand  to  everj- 
 good  cause.  It  may  be  doubted  whether,  as  a  "blind 
 preacher,  ■'  he  had  his  equal  since  the  days  of  Waddel. 
 
 WoodhuU,  Rev.  George  Spafiford,  -nas  the 
 son  of  the  Rev.  John  Woodhull,  of  the  chuss  of  176G, 
 at  Princeton  College.  After  graduating  at  that  Insti- 
 tution (1790),  he  studied  law  for  two  years,  and 
 medicine  for  one  year,  but  determining  to  enter  the 
 ministry,  he  w;i3  licensed  by  the  Prcsbjtery  of  New 
 Brunswick,  Xovember  lltli,  1797,  and  was  ordained 
 and  iiistivlled  p;istor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
 Cranberry,  X.  J.,  June  6th,  1798.  Here  he  remained 
 until  1800,  when  he  was  chosen  p;istor  of  the  Church 
 in  Princeton.  For  twelve  years  he  labored  here 
 faithfully  and  successfully.  In  1832  he  resigned  his 
 charge,  and  spent  the  last  two  years  of  his  life  as  pas- 
 tor of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Middletown  Point, 
 X.  J.,  where  he  died  December  2oth,  1834.  He  was 
 eminently  blameless  and  exemplary  in  his  life,  emi- 
 nently peaceful  and  happy  in  his  death. 
 
 "Woodhull,  John,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Suffolk 
 county,  Long  Island,  and  graduated  at  Princeton 
 College  in  1766.  He  studied  theology  with  the  Kev. 
 John  Blair,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 New  Castle  in  1768,  and  commenced  his  career  %vith 
 much  more  than  ordinary  popularity.  On  one  occa- 
 sion, while  preaching  as  a  licentiate,  sixty  persons 
 were  hopefully  converted  by  hearing  him  i^reach  in 
 a  private  house.  He  had  many  calls,  but  chose  to 
 settle  at  Leacock,  Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  where  he 
 was  iiLstalled,  August  1st,  1770.  Dr.  "U'oodhuU  was 
 a  strenuous  Whig,  aud  while  in  this  charge  advocated 
 the  aiuse  so  eloquently  from  the  pulpit,  that  he  suc- 
 ceeded in  enlisting,  as  soldiers,  every  male  member 
 of  his  congregation  capable  of  bearing  arms,  he  going 
 with  them,  :is  chaplain.  lu  1779  he  succeeded  the 
 Eev.  "William  Tenncnt,  at  Freehold,  N.  J.  During 
 many  years  of  his  ministry  he  conducted  a  grammar 
 school,  aud  superintended  the  studies  of  young  men 
 preparing  for  the  ministry.  He  was  a  trustee  of 
 Princeton  College  for  forty-four  years. 
 
 "Woodruff,  Rev.  Benjamin,  was  the  son  of 
 Samuel  AVoodruff,  an  eminent  merchant  of  Elizabeth- 
 town,  N.  J.  After  graduating  at  I'rinccton  College, 
 he  pursued  the  study  of  theology,  probably  with  his 
 pitstor,  Kev.  Elihu  Spencer.  In  due  time  he  was 
 licensed  to  preach,  and  on  March  14th,  17.'>9,  was 
 ordained  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  "West- 
 field,  N.  J.  During  the  forty-four  years  of  liis  min- 
 istry atWestfield,  he  greatly  endeared  himself  to  his 
 people  by  his  preaching  and  pastoral  intercourse,  and 
 always  and  everywhere  commanded  profound  respect. 
 He  died  April  3d,  ls(i:!. 
 
 "Woods,  Henry,  D.  D.,  was  born  on  July  2d, 
 1838,  in  JIarion  county,  JIo.  He  gradiiated  at  Wash 
 ington  College,  Pa.,  in  18.J7;  and  at  the  Western 
 Theological  Seminary   in   1862;   having  meanwhile 
 
 spent  the  Summer  vacation  of  1861  in  conducting 
 the  dep;irtment  of  Mathematics  in  his  Ahna  Mater. 
 He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Baltimore. 
 After  supplying  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Steuben ville,  O.,  for  six  months,  he  was  elected  its 
 pastor,  and  was  ordained  and  installed  October  22d, 
 1862.  Here  he  remained,  with  great  acceptance  and 
 success,  until  April,  1867,  when,  suffering  from  the 
 effects  of  an  attack  of  diphtheria,  which  troubled  him 
 in  pulpit  service,  he  accepted  the  Chair  of  Ancient 
 Languages  in  Washington  and  Jefferson  College. 
 Upon  the  consolidation  in  1869,  he  became  Professor 
 of  Latin,  and  this  place  he  has  held  ever  since, 
 except  an  interval  of  three  years,  during  which  he 
 filled  the  Chair  of  Greek.  During  nearly  all  of  this 
 period  of  service  in  the  college,  he  has  also  preached 
 
 HENRY   WOODS,  D.D. 
 
 the  gospel,  having  for  a  time  supplied  the  Church  of 
 Upper  Ten  Mile,  the  Second  Church  of  AVashington, 
 and,  since  1871,  the  Church  of  East  Euti'alo. 
 
 Dr.  AVoods  is  an  accurate  scholar,  a  graceful  writer, 
 a  pleasing  and  effective  speaker,  and,  by  reason  of 
 his  finely  balanced  character  and  winning  manners, 
 is  a  general  favorite.  Being  conservative  in  spirit,  he 
 never  fails  to  hold  the  ground  which  he  has  achieved. 
 His  excellent  judgment  and  tender  sympathy  also 
 make  him  a  centre  of  loving  confidences.  Students 
 and  parishioners  alike  hold  him  in  the  highest  per- 
 sonal respect.  His  ministry  has  been  blessed  with 
 .spiritual  fruits,  notably  so  in  1879,  when  sixty-six 
 converts  were  added  to  the  roll  of  his  church.  He 
 was  a  member  of  the  General  Assembly  in  1876  at 
 Brooklyn,  and  by  that  body  was  appointed  its  delegate 
 
WOODS. 
 
 1041 
 
 WOODS. 
 
 to  convey  fraternal  salutations  to  the  General  Assem- 
 bly of  the  United  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 Woods,  James  S.,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Cumber- 
 land county,  Pa.,  April  18th,  1793;  gnitluated  at 
 Dickinson  College,  under  the  Presidency  of  Dr.  John 
 McKnight;  obtained  his  theological  education  at 
 Princeton,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New 
 
 enduring  friend.     He  was  beloved  by  his  brethren, 
 and  by  the  people  among  whom  he  labored.     He  was 
 a  good  man,  a  devoted    minister,   and  an  exalted 
 though  lowly  Christian.     He  turned  many  to  right- 
 eousness, who  will  shine  as  the  stars,  forever  and  ever. 
 Woods,  Rev.  John.  E.,  was  born  in  the  hounds 
 of  Bethel  congregation,  eight  miles  south  of  Pitts- 
 burg, Pa.,  May  29th,  1831.     He  graduated  at  Jeffer- 
 son College  in  185-2,  and  was  licensed  by  Ohio  Pres- 
 bytery in  April,   1856.     After  being  pastor  for  two 
 years  at  Bentonsport,  Iowa,  he  settled  in  Lithopolis, 
 Ohio,  and  in  July,  1859,  he  was  installed  by  Colum- 
 bus Presbytery  as  pastor  of  the  church  in  that  place. 
 In  his  ministerial  laljors  at  Lithopolis  he  was,  in  a 
 high  degree,  able  and  faithful,  and  also  very  success- 
 ful.    The  church  was  much  edified,  botli  in  respect 
 of  improvemeut  in  spirituality  and  increase  of  the 
 number  of  communicants  and  hearers.     Under  his 
 ministry  there  was  a  season  of  "  refreshing  "  in  1860-1. 
 He  died  August  25th,  1862.     Mr.  Woods  was  a  good 
 man,   of   sound    intellect    and    devoted    piety;    of 
 amiable  disposition,  modest  and  unobtrusive  in  his 
 deportment;  conscientious  and  punctual  in  the  ful- 
 fillment of  his  obligations.     As  a  minister,  he  was 
 faithful  to  his  trust  and  made  "full  proof  of  his 
 ministry.'' 
 Woods,   Hon.  William   Allan,  was  born  in 
 
 JAMES   S.    WOODS,  D.  D. 
 
 Brunswick  in  1817.  His  first  settlement  was  in  Mif- 
 flin county,  Pa.,  whither  he  came  in  1819.  From 
 this  time  until  1822  he  labored  as  an  evangelist  in 
 the  Valley  of  the  Juniata,  from  Lewistown  to  Shade 
 Gap.  Through  this  field,  embracing  McVeytovm, 
 Newton-Hamilton  and  Shirleysburg,  he  laid  the 
 foundations  for  the  present  churches.  Here  he  is 
 claimed  as  the  father  of  Presbyterianism.  Often  he 
 preached  in  private  houses,  .school-houses  and  barns. 
 He  resided,  at  first,  in  the  vicinity  of  McVeytown, 
 and  was  called,  in  1822,  to  take  charge  of  the  Lewis- 
 town  and  McVeytown  churches.  In  the  Spring  of 
 1823  he  moved  to  Lewistown,  and  continued  the  pas- 
 tor of  the  church  there  until  the  time  of  his  death,  a 
 space  of  nearly  forty  years. 
 
 Although  Dr.  Woods  gave  but  little  time  to  liter- 
 iiry  studies  after  his  entrance  upon  the  work  of  the 
 ministry,  he  was  a  good  classical  scholar.  He  taught 
 i  school  while  he  resided  at  McVeytown,  and  for 
 some  time  after  his  settlement  at  Lewistown  had 
 <;harge  of  the  Academy,  a  classical  school  he  was 
 (nstrumental  in  building.  Textual,  evangelical, 
 methodical  and  earnest,  Dr.  Wood's  preaching  every- 
 where commanded  attention  and  secured  edification. 
 Che  cause  of  Temperance  found  in  him  an  early  and 
 66 
 
 HON.    WILLIAM    ALLAN    WOODS. 
 
 Marshall  county,  Tenn.,  May  16th,  1837.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Wabash  College,  with  high  honor,  in  the  class 
 of  1859.  The  next  year  he  served  as  Tutor  in  his 
 Alma  Slater,  and  the  next  as  teacher  in  the  Academy 
 at  Marion,  Indiana,  where,  after  a  diligent  study  of 
 the  law,  he  was  admitted   to  the   Bar.     In  March. 
 
WOOSTER,   UNIVERSITY  OF. 
 
 104:2 
 
 WOOSTER,   UNIVERSITY  OF. 
 
 1862,  he  removed  to  Goshen,  Elkhart  county,  and 
 began  the  practice  of  his  profession — manifesting 
 such  ability  as  soon  brought  him  to  the  front  rank. 
 In  1867  he  represented  liis  county  in  the  Legislature, 
 and  was  recognized  as  one  of  the  most  useful  mem- 
 bers. Three  years  later  he  was  chosen  Judge  of  the 
 Circuit  Court,  and  in  1878  was  re-elected  to  tliat 
 office  without  opposition. 
 
 Judge  Woods  had  only  fairly  entered  on  his  second 
 terra  when,  in  1880,  he  was  chosen  one  of  the  Jastices 
 of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana,  and  served  in  that 
 high  office  till  his  resignation  in  May,  1883.  At  the 
 time  of  his  resignation,  he  was  Chief  Justice,  and  was 
 commissioned  to  the  office  which  he  now  Iiolds — 
 United  States  District  Judge  for  the  District  of  In- 
 diana, succeeding  the  Hon.  Walter  Q.  Gresham,  the 
 present  Postmaster-General. 
 
 Judge  Woods,  as  a  speaker,  is  distinguished  by 
 clearness  and  force.  He  is  a  gentleman  of  \\;ide  and 
 sound   learning  and  of  admirable  courtesy.     As  a 
 
 "Resolved,  That  we  enter  upon  the  work  of  estab- 
 lishing the  University  of  Wooster,  with  the  single 
 purpose  of  glorifying  God,  in  promoting  sanctified 
 education,  and  thus  furthering  the  interests  of  the 
 Church,  and  its  extension  over  the  whole  earth.       ' 
 
 "Resohril,  That  we  will,  in  every  way  possible, 
 strive  to  imbue  all  our  oiJerations  with  the  spirit  of 
 Christianity,  and  bring  religious  influence  and  in- 
 struction to  bear  earnestly  upon  all  who  may  be 
 connected  with  the  Institution. ' ' 
 
 The  University  has  been  carefully  conducted  in  the 
 .spirit  of  its  founders,  by  the  selection  of  Christian 
 teachers,  loyal  to  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  by 
 the  active  promotion  of  i)icty  among  the  students. 
 A  strong  religious  sentiment  has  prevailed.  Sevei'al 
 revivals  of  religion  have  been  enjoyed. 
 
 There  have  been  in  attendance,  since  the  opening 
 in  1870,  1.510  .students,  of  whom  ;5;>!)  have  been  young 
 women;  907  have  been  in  the  Collegiate  Department. 
 It  has  graduated  317  students,  of  whom  41  have  been 
 
 \\.JuSTER   VM\ 
 
 Judge,  he  is  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  and 
 comprehensive  grasp  of  the  law,  and  the  application 
 of  it  to  the  case  in  hand.  Of  studious  habits,  well- 
 balanced  mind,  conscientiousness  in  the  discharge  of 
 his  official  duty,  he  is  a  man  of  whom  his  country 
 may  well  be  proiid  and  be  thankful  for  in  a  day  when 
 there  is  such  need  of  integrity,  combined  with  great 
 ability,  in  public  functionaries.  He  is  an  elder  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 Wooster,  University  of,  at  Wooster,  Wayne 
 county,  O.,  was  founded  in  1866.  It  belongs  to  the 
 Synod  of  Ohio.  The  citizens  of  Wooster  gave  twenty- 
 one  acres  of  land,  "beautiful  for  situation,"  and 
 buildings  costing  upwards  ol'  $100,000.  The  churches 
 subscribed  an  endowment  of  $250,000.  And  on  Sep- 
 tember ~th,  1870,  it  was  opened  with  fifty  students, 
 the  Rev.  Willis  Lord,  D.  D.,  President,  assisted  by 
 an  able  Faculty. 
 
 The  spirit  of  the  University  may  be  learned  from 
 the  following  resolutions,  passed  at  the  first  meeting 
 of  the  Board  of  Trustees  : — 
 
 hUSlTV,   UUIn 
 
 young  women.  It  has  sent  forth  into  the  field  75 
 ministers  of  the  gospel,  who  are  laboring  in  twenty 
 Statesof the  Union;  audit  is  represented  by  minis- 
 ters and  teachers  in  the  mission  fields,  both  at  home 
 and  abroad.  Not  less  than  forty  others  of  its  alumni 
 are  preparing  to  enter  the  ministry,  and  in  the  pres- 
 ent classes  are  not  less  than  fifty  students  who  have 
 the  ministry  in  view. 
 
 The  flourishing  and  jjopular  Medical  Department 
 of  the  University  is  located  in  Cleveland. 
 
 A  Musical  Department,  organized  in  1882,  under 
 the  leadership  of  Professor  Karl  Merz,  is  meeting  a 
 long  felt  want  at  Wooster,  and  is  a  wonderful  success. 
 
 The  Rev.  A.  A.  E.  Taylor,  D.  D. ,  succeeded  Dr.  Lord, 
 as  President,  in  1873.  His  administration  has  been 
 eminently  successful,  and,  worn  down  by  the  cares  of 
 ten  years'  laliorious  service,  he  has  just  retired  (June, 
 1883),  to  the  great  regret  of  all  the  friends  of  the 
 University.     His  successor  is  Dr.  S.  F.  Scovel. 
 
 The  motto  of  Wooster  University  is  Christo  et 
 LiTEEls,  and  the  extraordinary  growth  of  this  j'outh- 
 
WORDEN. 
 
 1043 
 
 WORE  ALL. 
 
 Il 
 
 fill  Institution  (566  students,  in  all  departments,  in 
 1883)  speaks,  in  language  not  to  be  mistaken,  of  the 
 advantage  of  building  our  educational  enterprises  ou 
 the  sure  Foundation,  Christ,  and  of  keeping  our 
 colleges  under  the  watch  and  care  of  the  Church. 
 
 "Worden,  James  Avery,  D.  D.,  was  born  at 
 Oxford,  O.,  December  10th,  1811,  and  graduated  at 
 Jliami  University  in  1S61.  He  i)ursued  his  theo- 
 logical studies  at  Princeton.  He  was  ordained  hy 
 the  Presbytery  of  Jlohawk,  February  14th,  1867; 
 stated  supply  of  the  First  Church,  Oswego,  N.  Y., 
 1866,  and  co-pastor  1867-71.  He  became  pastor  of  | 
 the  Second  aiurch,  Steubenville,  O.,  in  1872,  and 
 continued  in  this  relation,  with  success,  until  1878. 
 He  was  Superintendent  of  Sabbath-school  work  in 
 the  Presbvt<'rian  Board  of  Publication,  in  1878-80; 
 and  since  that  time  h;\s  been  Secretary  of  Sabbath- 
 school  work,  in  the  same  Board,  devoting  himself 
 zealously  and  acceptably  to  the  claims  of  his  office. 
 
 Word  of  God.  Sometimes  Scripture  a.scribes 
 to  the  "Word  of  God  certain  suijernatural  effects, 
 and  often  represents  it  as  animatt'd  and  active  :  "  He 
 .sent  his  word  and  healed  them"  (Psalm  cvii,  20). 
 It  also  signifies  what  is  v\Titten  in  the  sacred  books  of 
 the  Old  and  New  Testament  (Luke  xi,  28;  James  i, 
 22),  the  divine  law  which  teaches  and  commands  good 
 things  and  forbids  evil  (Ps:ilm  cxix,  101),  and  is  used 
 to  express  every  promi.se  of  God  (Psalm  cxix,  25,  etc.), 
 and  prophecy  or  vision  (Isa.  ii,  1).  This  term  is  like- 
 wise consecrated  and  appropriated  to  signify  the  only 
 Son  of  the  Father,  the  uncreated  "Wisdom,  the  second 
 Person  of  the  most  holy  Trinity,  equal  to  and  con- 
 substantial  with  the  Father.  John  the  Evangelist, 
 more  expressly  than  any  other,  has  opened  to  us  the 
 mystery  of  the  "Word  o(  Vnnl  (John  i,  1-3). 
 
 "There  were,"  says  Mr.  Ayre,  "  forcshadowings 
 of  this  term  in  the  Old  Testament  (r.  g.  Ps.  xxiii,  6; 
 cvii.  20;  cxix,  89;  Isa.  xi,  8).  In  such  p».s.s;iges  we 
 can  scarcely  limit  the  meaning  to  an  uttered  word  or 
 command.  Many  truths  were  announced  indi.stinctly 
 in  the  earlier  revelation,  which  received  by  degrees  a 
 fuller  embodiment,  and  were  at  length  brought  into 
 thorough  prominence  in  the  gospel.  Thus  names  that 
 at  first  seemed  but  to  express  a  divine  attribute  were 
 seen  afterwards  to  indicate  a  divine  Person.  So  the 
 '  word'  was  taken  up  by  Jewish  writers  with  perhaps 
 .somewhat  of  a  Messianic  application.  The  term  is 
 adopted  by  the  Chaldee  paraphrasts.  Thus  in  Deut. 
 xxvi  17,  18,  it  is  said:  '  Ye  have  appointed  the  iporrf 
 of  God  a  king  over  you  this  day,  that  he  may  be  your 
 God.'  The  Alexandrian  Jew,  Philo,  continually 
 speaks  of  the  Logos.  But  his  philosophy,  a  mixture 
 of  Platonism  and  Judaism,  was  imperfect,  and  his 
 language  far  from  precise. 
 
 "When  great  religious  truths  are  to  be  unfolded  to 
 men,  existing  words  must  be  used  as  the  instruments 
 of  such  teaching.  They  very  probably  will  reijuire 
 a  heightening  or  a  limitation  of  their  sense;  and  this 
 a  divinely  instructed  teacher  will  take  care  to  sup- 
 
 ply. St.  John,  appropriating  the  term  Logos,  o: 
 AVord,  as  fitly  describing  One  from  whom  the  divLni 
 utterances  proceeded,  shows  at  once  what  he  mean 
 by  declaring,  '  In  the  beginning  was  the  "Word,  au( 
 the  "VN'ord  was  with  God,  and  the  "V\'ord  was  God 
 The  same  was  in  the  beginning  with  God.  All  thing 
 were  made  by  him;  and  without  hiiu  was  not  any 
 thing  made  that  was  made  '  (John  i,  1-3).  There  i 
 an  unmistakable  difference  between  the  idea  thu 
 conveyed  and  that  of  Philo.  The  "Word  here  spoke 
 of  is  not  merely  an  attribute.  He  is  a  Person,  existin 
 before  all  creatvires,  from  the  beginning,  the  Forme 
 of  created  things,  eternally  with  God,  God  himsel 
 He,  manifested  in  flesh,  developed  that  fuUness  o 
 grace  and  truth  which  ancient  sages,  in  whom  nevei 
 theless  Ho  spoke,  had  but  partially  proclaimed.  H 
 was  essentially  the  life  of  the  world,  from  whom  a 
 the  illumination  and  vi\il"yiug  principle  in  man  mu; 
 proceed. 
 
 ""SN'ords  could  not  more  emphatically  express  tl 
 dignity  of  the  Only-begotten,  or  the  transcende: 
 glory  of  the  manifestation  of  the  '"Word  of  Lift 
 (1  John  i,  1-2) ;  and  truly  indeed  are  we  taught  to  d 
 sire  to  receive  out  of  His  fullness  'grace  for  grace 
 (.Tohn  i,  16)." 
 
 I  "Work,  Rev.  'Williain  Ramsay,  son  of  Andre 
 and  Anna  (Anderson)  "\York,  was  born  in  Lancast 
 ,  county,  Pa.,  October  10th,  1810.  He  was  graduat< 
 '  from  AVashington  College,  Pa.,  in  1834; spent eightec 
 months  as  a  teacher  in  the  Academy  at  Lancaste 
 Pa.  (1834-183."));  studied  for  two  years  in  Princet( 
 Seminary  (183.J-183G),  and  one  year  in  AUeghei 
 Seminary  (1837-8);  was  licen.sed  by  the  Presbytery 
 Xew Castle,  April  18th,  1838;  was  ordained  audi 
 stalled  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  "Whi 
 Clay  Creek,  Del.,  by  the  s;ime  Pre-sbytery,  Decemb 
 3d,  1840;  was  installed  also  jointly  over  the  Chri.stiai 
 Church,  December  22d,  184.5;  was  released  from  i'. 
 pastoral  charge  of  these  churches,  April  14th,  184 
 He  then  removed  to  Pottstown,  Pa.,  where  he  found 
 the  Cottage  Seminary  for  young  ladies,  and  was  i 
 Principal,  and  the  stated  supply  of  the  Pottsto\ 
 Presbyterian  Church,  from  1848  to  1858.  In  1858 
 took  up  his  residence  in  Philadelphia,  and  organiz 
 the  congregation  and  built  the  Trinity  Presbv'teri; 
 Church,  which  he  served  as  stated  supply  from  18 
 to  1861.  From  1861  to  1863,  he  was  an  agent  for  t 
 Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication.  He  then  spe 
 four  years  as  agent  for  Lincoln  University,  and  t 
 years  as  agent  for  Howard  University.  For  sevei 
 years  he  was  without  a  charge,  but  diligently  engag 
 in  various  services  for  the  Church.  His  life  was  giv 
 to  useful  work,  and  his  quiet,  modest,  gentle  ways  w 
 the  respect  and  affection  of  many  with  whom  he  m 
 During  a  long  illness  he  suffered  greatly,  but  wait 
 patiently  and  peacefully  until  his  release  came.  ] 
 died  December  27th,  1882,  in  his  seventj'-third  yei 
 "WorraU,  John  M.,  D.D.,  third  son  of  Kev.  Ise 
 and  Jane  (Iloughland)  Worrall,  w;us  born.  May  25( 
 
WOSEELL. 
 
 1044 
 
 WBIGHT. 
 
 1825,  in  Clark  county,  Indiana,  near  tlie  city  of  Louis- 
 ville, Ky.,  which  city  had  been  the  home  of  his  ances- 
 tors, and  to  which  he  was  also  removed  in  childhood. 
 He  was  graduated  at  Anderson's  Collegiate  Institute, 
 in  June,  1848,  taking  the  first  honors  of  his  class. 
 
 He  studied  theology  at  the  New  Albany  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  now  the  Seminary  of  the  Northwest, 
 and  was  graduated  in  June,  1851.  In  Jlay,  of  the 
 same  year,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  New  Albany.  In  November  following  he  was 
 ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Third  Pres- 
 bs'terian  Church  of  Oxford,  Ohio,  known  at  that  time 
 as  the  University  Church. 
 
 In  October,  1854,  he  was  transferred  to  the  pastor- 
 ate of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Covington, 
 Ky.,  where  he  labored  for  nearly  twenty-three  years, 
 with  tireless  energy  and  marked  success.  In  June, 
 1877,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Eighth 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Chicago,  where  he  remained 
 for  five  years,  removing  thence  in  June,  1882,  to  the 
 city  of  New  York,  to  become  the  pastor  of  the  Thir- 
 teenth Street  Presbyterian  Church,  where  he  is  now 
 laboring. 
 
 Dr.  Worrall's  ministerial  life  of  thirty-three  years 
 in  one  special  aspect  meets  fully  the  apostolical  inj  unc- 
 tion: "Always  abounding  in  the  work  of  the  Lord." 
 Few  have  eqiialed,  probably  none  snrjjasscd,  him  in 
 the  amount  of  work  done  outside  his  own  field  in  the 
 way  of  aiding  his  brethren  during  periods  of  special 
 religious  interest.  At  such  times  his  services  were 
 always  in  urgent  demand.  In  the  palmy  da.vs  of  the 
 old  Synod  of  Kentucky  a  place  among  the  foremost 
 of  her  orators  was  freely  conceded  to  him. 
 
 Dr.  Worrall  is  a  man  of  commanding  presence, 
 easily  approached,  looking  always  at  the  brighter 
 side,  and  ever  reflecting  on  others  the  radiance  of  his 
 own  sunny  spirit.  As  a  pastor,  he  wins  the  universal 
 confidence  and  affection  of  his  people,  by  his  large 
 sympathy,  quick  and  delicate  perception  and  judi- 
 cious counsels.  In  the  midst  of  pressing  pastoral 
 cares  little  time  has  been  left  him  for  purely  literary 
 work,  but  from  time  to  time  sermons,  addresses  and 
 contrilnitions  to  the  religious  liress  have  appeared 
 from  liis  pen. 
 
 Worrell,  Charles  Flavel,  D.D.,  son  of  Joseph 
 and  Elizabeth  (Edwards)  Worrell,  was  born  in  Chester 
 co\inty,  Pa.,  June  30th,  1805.  He  was  graduated 
 from  Lafayette  College,  Pa.,  1836.  From  college  he 
 went  immediately  to  Princeton  Seminary,  where  he 
 spent  four  years,  and  was  regularly  graduated,  1840. 
 He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Newton,  October 
 2d,  1839.  During  his  last  year  in  the  Seminary, 
 1839-40,  he  supplied,  for  much  of  the  time,  the 
 churches  of  Knowlton  and  Blairstown,  in  Nevrton 
 Presbytery,  and  in  1840-41,  still  residing  in  Princeton, 
 he  preached  half  his  time  at  Titusville,  N.  J.  He 
 was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  Newton  Presbytery, 
 December  Kith,  1841.  From  July,  1841,  he  supplied, 
 for  half  his  time,  the  Second  Upper  Freehold  (now 
 
 Perrineville)  Church,  and  from  April  1st,  1843,  for 
 his  whole  time  supplied  the  same  church  until  March 
 9th,  1843,  when  he  was  installed  pastor.  Here  he 
 labored  twenty-five  years,  until  he  was  released, 
 March  9th,  1868,  after  which  he  supplied  the  Plum- 
 sted  Cluirch,  at  New  Egypt,  N.  J.,  for  one  year, 
 1868-69.  His  next  and  last  charge  was  at  Squan 
 Village,  N.  J.,  where  he  was  installed  January  31st, 
 1872,  and  released  October  6th,  1880.  He  then  re- 
 tired, in  very  infirm  health,  to  his  farm  at  Perrine- 
 ville, N.  J.,  where  he  died,  January  27th  1881. 
 
 Dr.  Worrell  was  a  man  of  great  activity  and  en- 
 ergy, a  plain  but  Scriptural  and  impressive  preacher, 
 earnest  and  faithful  as  a  pastor.  He  was  an  eminent 
 proficient  in  music,  and  by  his  vocal  powers  added 
 greatly  to  the  interest  of  his  ser^nces. 
 
 "Worts,  Rev.  Conrad,  probablj^  licensed  in  Ger- 
 many, was  taken  up  as  a  probationer  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  New  Brunswick,  September  3d,  1751,  and 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Rockaway,  N.  J., 
 June  5th,  1752.  He  was  dismissed  October  21st, 
 1761,  and  probably  entered  into  the  German  Re- 
 formed Church. 
 
 "Wotherspoon,  Rev.  Robert,  a  native  of  Scot- 
 land, was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Pres- 
 Ij.yterian  Congregation  at  Apoquinimy,  May  13th, 
 1714.  He  bought  a  farm  in  1715,  which  still  belongs 
 to  his  descendants.     He  died  in  May,  1718. 
 
 Wray,  Rev.  John,  was  born  in  Donegal,  Ireland, 
 in  the  year  1800.  He  studied  theology  in  Princeton, 
 N.  J.,  and  was  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Philadelphia,  July  18th,  1841.  For  nine 
 years  (1841-50)  he  was  a  mis.sionary  of  our  Board  of 
 Foreign  Missions,  at  Allahabad,  India,  and,  returning 
 on  account  of  ill-health,  served  the  Church  at  Beech- 
 woods,  Pa.,  twenty-one  years.  In  1871,  owing  to 
 blindness  and  the  infirmities  of  age,  he  retired  from 
 active  service.  He  died  at  Brockwayville,  Pa., 
 August  16th,  1883.  Throughout  his  final  illness  he 
 maintained  his  patient,  trusting,  cheerful  spirit.  He 
 was  highly  esteemed  by  his  brethren,  and  by  the 
 community  in  which  he  lived  and  labored,  as  a  faith- 
 ful and  earnest  minister  of  Jesus  Christ.  He  is  the 
 man  of  whom  a  little  heathen  girl,  when  asked, 
 "What  is  holiness?"  said,  "Holiness  is  living  as 
 Mr.  Wray  lives." 
 
 Wright,  Benjamin  Franklin,  was  born  in 
 Warrington,  Pa.,  August  30th,  1808.  He  resided  in 
 Hartsville and  Cireen  county,  Pa.,  till  1847,  when  lie 
 removed  to  Philadelphia.  In  1855  the  suburlis  and 
 rural  districts  of  the  county  of  Philadelphia  were 
 consolidate<l  under  one  city  government.  The  next 
 year,  1856,  he  was  elected  to  the  Common  Council. 
 After  being  two  years  in  this  office,  he  resigned,  and 
 was  appointed  Building  Inspector  of  the  city,  in 
 which  capacity  he  .served  three  years,  and  subse- 
 quently being  appointed  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
 State  of  Pennsylvania,  he  served  as  Building  In- 
 spector eleven  years  more,  at  a  period  when  I'hila- 
 
WRIGHT. 
 
 1045 
 
 WRIGHT. 
 
 clel])hi;i  was  growing  in  size  and  population  with 
 rapidity  unequaled  in  its  history,  and  when  the 
 labors  and  responsibilities  of  the  office  were  very 
 arduous.  During  this  period  he  was  chosen  again 
 a  member  of  the  Common  Council.  He  was  in 
 important  positions  in  the  city  more  than  sixteen 
 years,  and  was  widely  esteemed  and  respected. 
 He  was  a  consistent  and  useful  member  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church.  Having  lost  several  members 
 of  his  family  by  death,  the  remains  of  all  of 
 whom  were  buried  at  Neshaminy,  he  took  a  deep 
 interest  in  the  erection  of  the  chapel  at  the  graveyard 
 there,  in  1871.  Unexpectedly  to  all  his  friends,  Mr. 
 Wright's  death  occurred  suddenly,  in  Philadelphia, 
 March  6th,  1876,  when  he  was  in  the  sixty-eighth 
 year  of  his  age.  After  appropriate  funeral  se^^•ices  in 
 the  city,  and  in  the  cemetery  chapel  at  Xeshaminy, 
 his  body  wa,s  interred  there,  among  his  kindred. 
 
 Wright,  Edward  "W.,  D.  D.,  the  son  of  Eev. 
 John  Wright,  was  born  in  Lancaster,  Ohio,  April, 
 1817;  was  educated  in  Miami  University;  studied  the- 
 ology at  Princeton  and  Allegheny,  and  was  licensed 
 and  ordained  as  an  evangelist  by  Logansport  Presby- 
 tery in  October,  1839.  From  1840  he  wixs  pivstor  of 
 the  Church  in  Lafayette,  Ind.,  for  five  and  a  half 
 years.  He  then  acted  as  agent,  in  the  West,  for  the 
 Presbyterian  Board  of  Education,  when  he  accepted 
 a  call  from  the  church  in  Delphi,  Ind.  This  relation 
 continued  for  twenty  years,  his  labors  only  ceasing 
 
 Church  in  Newark,  N.  J.,  during  the  absence  of  the 
 regular  pastor.  Rev.  J.  Few  Smith,  D.  D.  Subse- 
 quently, he  was  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
 Fredonia,  N.  Y. ,  for  foiirteen  years,  and  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church  at  Ripley,  N.  Y.,  for  twelve  years. 
 He  now  resides  at  Amherst,  Mass.  Dr.  Wright  is 
 an  excellent  preacher,  and  has  been  singularly  happ^- 
 in  his  pastoral  relations.  The  churches  under  his 
 care  have  been  built  upon  solid  foundations  and  in 
 the  spirit  of  unity  and  peace.  By  his  counsels  of 
 l)rudence  he  has  commanded  influence  and  respect 
 among  his  people  and  in  ecclesiastical  bodies. 
 
 Wright,  John,  was  one  of  the  first  members  of 
 the  Session  of  Eehoboth  Church,  in  the  Presbytery 
 of  Redstone,  and  a  man  of  considerable  prominence 
 and  influence.  He  first  appears  in  the  West  as 
 acting  commissary  to  Colonel  Forbes'  Scotch  Regi- 
 ment in  recapturing  Fort  Duquesne  after  Grant's 
 defeat.  He  took  an  active  part  in  public  affairs, 
 his  name  appearing  on  the  minutes,  an  excep- 
 tional case,  as  John  Wright,  Esq.  As  much  as 
 any  one  else,  he  was  influential  in  the  establishment 
 of  Rehoboth  Church.  He  lived  to  be  ninety-four 
 years  old.  His  grandson,  Williamson  Wright,  Esq., 
 of  Logansport,  Ind.,  says:  "  My  grandfather  had  at 
 the  Forks  of  Yough  a  blockhouse  and  stockade,  and 
 on  a  visit  to  see  him,  in  1826,  I  remember  his  placing 
 his  trembling  hand  on  my  head,  tiuning  my  youth- 
 ful eyes  to  his,  and  saying,  '  Jly  sou,  thank  God  you 
 
 with  failure  of  strength  to  labor  longer.    In  this  field  ;  live  in  these  days,  when  you  can  go  to  church  without 
 
 he  had  marked  success,  and  was  greatly  beloved  by  his 
 people.  Being  advised  by  his  physician  that  removal 
 from  the  malarious  region  where  he  had  so  long 
 resided  might  restore  his  health,  at  least,  in  part,  he 
 accepted  the  librarianship  of  the  Board  of  Colportage 
 of  Pittsburg  and  Allegheny  Synods,  and  entered 
 upon  his  new  duties  with  great  zeal,  wisdom  and 
 success,  but  was  called  to  his  rest,  September  17th, 
 186.5. 
 
 Dr.  Wright,  as  a  minister,  ever  sought  to  magnifj' 
 his  office.  He  was  vigilant  to  protect  and  advance 
 every  interest  entrusted  to  Ms  care.  His  mind  was 
 eminently  wakeful;  he  was  a  true  watchman;  he 
 loved  his  work,  and  felt  his  personal  acconntabOity 
 to  his  God  and  Saviour.  He  possessed  flue  social 
 (lualities,  and  manifested  his  sympathy  with  every 
 class  in  society.  As  a  preacher,  he  was  instructive, 
 Scriptural  and  edifying.  His  .sermons  always  afforded 
 proof  of  patient  and  prayerful  study,  and  they  were 
 delivered  in  a  solemn  and  reverential  manner.  His 
 life  was  one  of  usefulness,  and  his  end  was  peace  and 
 resignation  to  the  will  of  God. 
 
 Wright,  Ed-win  S.,  D.  D.,  was  Ijorn  iu  Bethany, 
 Pa.,  ISIarch  31st,  1815.  After  completing  his  theo- 
 logical course  at  Andover  Seminary,  he  engaged  in 
 teaching  a  year  and  a  half,  in  Virginia.  He  was  then 
 settled  as  pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  in 
 Acworth,  N.  H.     After  a  pastorate  of  ten  years,  he 
 
 a  rifle.  There  is  where  the  old  blockhouse  stood 
 which  your  father  has  told  you  of,  and  when  our  log 
 church  was  not  safe,  we  resorted  to  it  with  our  rifles 
 in  hand,  taken  from  those  stacked  inside  our  church 
 door,  to  protect  our  women  and  children  to  get  into 
 the  blockhouse.'  " 
 
 Wright,  Rev.  John  Eliot,  was  born  in  La- 
 fayette, Indiana,  December  17th,  1842,  and  was  gradu- 
 ated liy  Jefl'erson  College,  iu  1862.  He  was  licensed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Logansport,  in  1864,  and,  re- 
 turning to  Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  he  com- 
 pleted the  full  course  of  study  in  1865.  Being  ordained 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Allegheny,  December  27th,  1866, 
 and  installed  in  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Alleglieny,  a.s  co-pastor  with  Eev.  L.  L.  Conrad,  he 
 continued  in  this  position  till  1868,  when  he  accepted 
 a  call  to  the  Church  of  Greenville,  Mercer  county, 
 Pa.  From  1874  till  1878  he  was  pastor  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Walnut  Hills,  Cincinnati,  and 
 from  1878  till  1882  he  was  engaged  in  serving  the 
 Church  of  Madison,  Wisconsin.  After  this  he  labored, 
 for  a  short  time,  in  the  Jefferson  Park  Church, 
 Chicago.  Ha\ing  removed  to  Philadelphia,  he  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  ]\Iarket  Square  Church  of 
 Germantown,  April  25th,  1883. 
 
 Mr.  Wright  is  of  cordial  and  inspiring  address, 
 with  cultivated  tastes  and  great  quickness  of  obser- 
 vation and  movement,  an  instructive  and  persuasive 
 
 supplied  for  seven  months  the  Second  Presbyterian  |  preacher,  -vvith  habits  of  logical  and  accurate  sermon- 
 
WEIGHT. 
 
 1046 
 
 WVALUSIXG  CHURCH,  PA. 
 
 iziiig;  a  watchful  and  diligent  pastor,  taking  compre- 
 hensive oversight  of  all  interests  in  his  charge,  and 
 experiencing  encouragement  in  constant  accessions 
 under  the  stated  preaehing  of  the  Word. 
 
 "Wrig-ht,  Rev.  ■William  John,  LL.  D.,  was 
 born  in  "Wevbridge,  Vt.,  August  3d,  1831;  graduated 
 at  Union  College,  N.  Y.,  and  studied  theology  at 
 Union  Seminary,  Xew  York,  and  at  Princeton,  N.  J. 
 He  was  ordained  an  Evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Xew  Brunswick,  June  20th,  1863.  He  was  co-pastor 
 at  Ringoes,  N.  J.,  186.5-7;  pa.stor  at  Poraeroy,  Ohio, 
 1868-71;  stated  supply  at  Wellsburg,  W.  Va.,  1875. 
 He  was  Professor  of  JIathematics  at  Wilson  College, 
 Pa.,  1876-7;  evangelist  at  Cape  May,  X.  J.,  and  Bur- 
 lington, Vt.,  1880.  He  is  at  present  pa-stor  of  the 
 church  at  Morris  Plain.s,  X.  J.'  Dr.  Wright  has 
 published  several  works  on  mathematics,  which 
 display  ability  and  have  attracted  considerable  at- 
 tention. 
 
 "Wright,  Rev.  W.  W.,  was  born  near  Hunts- 
 ville,  Alabama,  about  the  year  1822.  He  graduated 
 at  Lane  Seminary  in  1847,  and  entered  upon  his 
 labors  in  Xorth  Alabama.  He  removed  to  Walnut 
 Hills,  Ohio,  in  1848.  He  subsequently  preached  at 
 Reading  and  Sharon,  Ohio,  and  at  Covington,  Ken- 
 tucky. He  died  in  Covington,  July  5th,  1S62.  He 
 was'  a  man  of  amiable  disposition,  genial,  a  good 
 .scholar,  warm-hearted,  earnest  preacher,  and  a  popu- 
 lar pastor. 
 
 Wyalusing-  Presbjrterian  Church,  Pa.  Wya- 
 lusing  is  eminently  historic  ground.  For  more  than 
 a  centurj'this  place  has  been  favored  with  the  preach- 
 ing of  Christ's  glorious  gosjiel,  and  the  fruits  of  that 
 preaching  are  now  being  enjoyed  by  the  fourth 
 generation  of  those  who,  through  much  sacrifice, 
 established  here  the  sanctuary  of  the  Slost  High. 
 
 Xear  this  place,  and  within  the  bounds  of  this  con- 
 gregation, there  was  established  a  Christian  Mission, 
 in  the  latter  half  of  the  seventeenth  century,  by  the 
 Moravians  or  United  Brethren,  which,  under  God, 
 was  productive  of  good  results,  especially  among  the 
 Indians  of  the  region. 
 
 After  the  abandonment  of  the  Indian  Jlission  of 
 Friedenshcutten,  the  first  public  Christian  worship 
 held  in  tliis  valley  was  in  the  house  of  Mrs.  Lucretia 
 Miner  York,  under  the  direction  of  an  old  man  whose 
 name  w:i.s  Baldwin,  li\-ing  near  Browntown,  in  the 
 latter  part  of  the  year  1785.  This  old  man  and  his  wife, 
 with  Mrs.  York,  were  the  only  religious  persons  at 
 that  time  in  this  neighborhood.  These  two  families 
 agreed  to  meet  every  Sabbath  for  religious  worship, 
 and  invited  their  neighbors  to  join  them.  The  old 
 man  read  a  psalm  and  oftcred  prayer,  and  Mrs.  York's 
 .son,  Manassah  Miner,  read  a  selected  .sermon.  The 
 good  effects  of  this  service  were  soon  apparent.  At- 
 tendance upon  the  meetings  became  quite  general,  ; 
 Sabbath  profanation  in  a  great  measure  ceased,  and 
 the  good  order  and  morals  of  the  community  greatly 
 improved.     Thus  commenced  in  the  wilderness  the 
 
 public  worship  of  Jehovah,  which  has  ever  since 
 been  maintained  in  this  valley. 
 
 Of  Mrs.  York,  who  was  the  nursing  mother  to  this 
 church,  and  whose  descendants  have  ever  since 
 formed  a  large  portion  of  its  membership,  it  may  not 
 be  amiss  to  say  a  few  words.  Lucretia,  daughter  of 
 Manassah  Miner,  was  born  in  Stonington,  Ct.,  Feh- 
 ruary,  1730.  The  family  is  said  to  have  belonged  to 
 the  Royal  house  of  Prussia,  were  strict  Protestants, 
 and  possessed  of  considerable  wealth.  In  her 
 eighteenth  year  .she  was  married  to  Amos  York.  Mr. 
 Miner,  having  given  his  daughter  a  considerable 
 tract  of  land  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wy.ilusing  creek, 
 in  1773  Mr.  York  moved  his  family  to  Wyoming,  and 
 the  following  Spring  moved  up  the  river  and  settled 
 upon  his  lands.  The  difficulties  which  culminated  in 
 the  War  of  the  Revolution  soon  commenced,  and  ilr. 
 York  was  known  to  be  an  ardent  "WTiig. 
 
 On  the  12th  and  13th  days  of  February,  1777,  snow 
 fell  to  an  unusual  depth.  On  the  next  morning,  the 
 14th,  Mr.  York,  while  at  a  neighboring  settlement, 
 was  captured  by  a  baud  of  Indians,  hurried  from  his 
 family,  and  marched  to  Canada.  The  journey  was 
 one  of  incredible  hardship  and  suffering.  Mr.  York 
 was  subsequently  exchanged,  and  arrived  at  his  native 
 place,  in  Connecticut,  where  he  died  nine  days  before 
 his  family  reached  there. 
 
 The  helpless  family — a  mother  and  eight  children, 
 her  son  seven  years'  of  age  and  her  youngest  child 
 only  three  weeks  old,  were  thus  left,  in  the  depth  of 
 winter,  without  protection,  with  but  little  clothing, 
 bedding  or  provisions,  the  Indians  having  plundered 
 them  of  most  of  their  substance,  in  a  land  of  strangers, 
 and  surrounded  by  enemies.  They  soon  removed  to 
 the  old  Indian  village,  where  several  white  families 
 were  then  living,  and  the  next  Spring  went  down 
 the  river,  to  W3-oming.  She  was  present  at  the  ter- 
 rible battle  which  was  fought  there,  in  which  her  son- 
 in-law,  Capt.  Aholiab  Buck,  was  killed,  leaving  her 
 widowed  daughter  with  an  infant  four  months  old. 
 As  soon  as  it  was  safe  to  do  so,  she  set  out  with  her 
 son,  eight  daughters  and  her  orphan  grandchild,  for 
 her  home  in  Connecticut.  In  the  year  1785  .she  re- 
 turned to  Wj'alusing,  where  she  resided  until  her 
 death,  October  30th,  1818,  in  the  eighty-eighth  year 
 of  her  age,  respected  and  beloved  by  a  large  circle  of 
 relatives  and  acquaintances.  She  was  a  woman  of 
 remarkable  energy,  deep  piety,  and  ardently  attached 
 to  the  doctrines  of  the  Church,  and  ever  manifested, 
 even  to  her  dying  day,  the  warmest  interest  in  its 
 welfare. 
 
 In  the  years  from  1786  to  1793  sever.al  pious  fami- 
 lies settled  in  the  neighborhood.  The  Rev.  Ira  Con- 
 dit  visited  them  occasionallj',  as  a  missionary,  and  on 
 the  30th  day  of  June,  1793,  organized  the  first  Pres- 
 byterian church  in  the  whole  valley  drained  by  the 
 Xorth  Branch  of  the  Susquehanna.  The  meeting  w.as 
 held  in  a  log  school-house  which  stood  very  near  the 
 place  where  this  church  now  stands.     The  organiza- 
 
Wi'ALVSING  CHURCH,  PA. 
 
 1047 
 
 WYALV8ING  CHURCH,  PA. 
 
 tion  consisted  of  thirteen  members,  wliosc  names  are 
 as  follows  :  Uriah  Terry,  Lucretia  York,  Justus  Gay- 
 lord,  Jr.  and  Lucretia,  his  wife,  Zachariah  Price  and 
 Rnth,  his  wife,  Mary  Lewis,  Abigail  Wolls,  Sarah 
 Rockwell,  Anna  Camp,  James  Lake,  Thomas  On  iatt, 
 and  Hannah  Bcckwith.  Uriah  Terry  was  at  the 
 siime  time  ordained  and  instaUed  Ruling  Elder. 
 
 In  1795  the  Rev.  Daniel  Thatcher  visited  the 
 church,  and  the  record  shows  that  they  contributed 
 for  him  S4.0(i,  an  amount  which,  though  small  in 
 itself,  was  large  when  we  take  into  the  account  the 
 mean's  of  its  members,  and  the  small  amount  of  money 
 in  circulation  among  them.  Isolated  by  many  miles 
 of  dense  forests  from  older  settlements,  with  but  few 
 implements  of  agriculture,  living  in  log  houses  in  an 
 uncleared  country,  none  being  able  to  cultivate  but  a 
 ,few  acres  of  land,  and  having  but  just  enough  pro- 
 visions to  subsist  on,  the  only  wonder  is  how  they 
 could  have  given  so  much.  At  this  time  the  meet- 
 ings were  held  in  the  old  school-house  where  the 
 church  was  organized,  and  though  several  of  the 
 members  lived  some  miles  distant,  with  only  foot- 
 paths through  the  woods  to  their  dwellings,  none 
 having  wagons  and  but  few  having  horses,  yet  it  was 
 seldom  that  one  was  absent  from  the  appointed  place 
 of  worship. 
 
 On  the  23d  of  Septemlier,  1>^09,  the  Rev.  Manassah 
 :\Iiuer  York  commenced  his  labors  at  "Wyalusing,  and 
 was  ordained  in  the  October  foltowing  by  Rev.  Jlessrs. 
 Hoyt  and  Benedict.  Uv.  York  was  abundant  in 
 labors,  and  as  the  fruit  of  his  toil  many  were  added 
 to  the  church. 
 
 Mr.  York  being  an  ardent  admirer  of  Congrega- 
 tionalism, the  church  was  induced  to  assume  that 
 form  of  church  government.  This  change  was  made 
 the  more  easily  trom  the  foct  that  most  of  the  settlers 
 here  were  from  Connecticut,  holding  their  land  under 
 Connecticut  titles,  were  in  frequent  correspondence 
 with  their  friends  at  home,  and  were  by  education 
 familiar  with  Congregational  usage.  Then  there 
 were  no  Presbyterian  churches  near  with  which  this 
 could  affiliate;  also  the  Congregational  churches  of 
 that  day  usually  adhered  strictly  to  the  Westminster 
 Standards.  In  foct,  this  church  always  maintained 
 its  adherence  to  those  Standards  firm  unto  the  end. 
 
 Accordingly,  on  the  iid  of  September,  1809,  the 
 church  assumed  the  Congregational  form  of  govern- 
 ment. At  this  meeting  Mr.  York  was  called  to  be 
 pastor  of  the  church  and  Wiis  ordained  and  settled 
 the  27th  of  October  following,  and  in  1811,  the 
 church  having  adopted  the  constitution  of  the 
 Luzerne  Association,  became, a  part  of  that  body. 
 During  the  nine  years  which  Mr.  York  remained 
 with  the  church  it  continued  to  enjoy  a  large  measure 
 of  prosperity,  and  every  year  witnessed  additions  to 
 its  membership.  After  Mr.  York  left,  there  was  no 
 stated  preaching  for  several  years.  Rev.  Salmon 
 King  and  Ebenezer  Kingsbury  were  occasionally 
 present  and   administered  the  sacrament.     In  1S26 
 
 the  church  was  visited  by  a  committee  of  Presbytery, 
 and  initiatory  steps  were  taken  which   ultimately 
 resulted  in  the  church  becoming  Presbyterian  again. 
 As  the  valley  of  the  Wyalusing  became  more  thickly 
 settled,  the  meetings  were  most  frequently  held  in 
 the  .school-house  at  Merryall.     As  this  became  too 
 strait  for  the  increasing  congregations  which  assem- 
 bled there  (for  in  those  days  they  ciime  from  Stevens- 
 ville,   Wyalusing  and  Terrytown),  the  question  of 
 having  a"  more  suitable  house  of  worship  had  been 
 frequently  discussed,  and  after  a  great  deal  of  exer- 
 tion a  subscription  sufficient  to  warrant  the  under- 
 taking was  raised,  and  Mr.  Justus  Lewis  agreed  to 
 build  the  house,  which  was  commenced  in  1828  and 
 dedicated  nearly  three  years  afterward.     As  showing 
 something    of   the   difficulty   with    which    such   an 
 undertaking  was  carried  on  in  those  days,  Mr.  Lewis 
 says  that  on  that  subscription  he  did  not  receive  one 
 dollar  in  money,   but  took  grain,  i^roduce,  lumber, 
 or  whatever  the  people  could  spare,  to  the  amount 
 which  had  been  subscribed.     In  1830  Rev.  Simeon 
 R.  Jones  commenced  preaching  for  the  church  and 
 continued  for  nearly  two  years.     He  is  said  to  have 
 been  a  very  kind-hearted  man  and  a  fluent  preacher. 
 In   1831   (March    31st),    the   church   having    had 
 under  consideration  for  some  time  the  subject    of 
 changing  its  ecclesiastical  connection,  unanimously 
 pas.sed  the  following  resolution:— 
 
 "Resolved,    That   we   unitedly  agree  to  become  a 
 Presbyterian  church." 
 
 This  resolution  was  signed  by  twenty-six  persons 
 —just  double  the  original   number  with  which  the 
 church    was   first    organized,    although   nearly   one 
 hundred  had  been  added  to  the  church  on  profession 
 and  several  by  letter.     Of  these  some  had  died,  two 
 or  three  had  been  excommunicated,  some  had  moved 
 out  of  the  county,  and  others  had  been  dismissed  to 
 form  adjacent   churches.     On  the  7tb   of  April  the 
 church  called  Mr.  George  Printz  to  the  pastorate,  and 
 on  the  28th  of  June  following,  the  Presbytery  of  Sus- 
 quehanna met  with  the  church.  This  is  the  first  meet- 
 ing of  Presbytery  at  Wyalusing  of  which  there  is  any 
 record.     At  this  meeting  Aden  Stevens,  John  Taylor, 
 William  Bradshaw,  Hiram  Stevens  and  Chester  Wells 
 were  ordained  ruling    elders.      Mr.  Printz  was  or- 
 dained and  installed  pastor  of  the  churches  of  Wya- 
 lusing and  Braintrim,  serving  the  latter  church  one- 
 fourth  of  the  time,  and  the  recently  completed  church 
 edifice  at  Merryall  was  dedicated  to  the  worship  of 
 Almighty  God.  Thus  Presbyterianism  was  again  estab- 
 lished inthis  valley,  and  the  church,  entering  its  new 
 house,  under  the  stated  services  of  its  pastor  enjoyed 
 several  years  of  uninterrupted   prosperity  and  in- 
 creased in  numbers  and  influence.     The  Session  of 
 I  the  church  at  once  commenced  making  regular  con. 
 tributions  to  the  benevolent  operations  of  the  Church, 
 which  have  been  continued  to  the  present. 
 
 On  the  8th  of  December,  1843,  the  congregation 
 invited  the  Rev.  S.  F.  Colt  to  become  their  pastor, 
 
wyALU^iyQ  cuuiiCJi,  I'.i. 
 
 1043 
 
 \rrcHE. 
 
 ■which  iuvitatiou  he  accepted  aiul   coiumenced  his 
 hibors  with  the  church  tlie  bijj;iiiiiing  of  the  next' 
 year.     In  the  early  part  of  Mr.  Coifs  pastorate,  con-  ' 
 siderable   religious   interest  was   niaiiile.sted   in  the 
 congregation,  and  at  the  communion,  April  7th.  1>'I4. 
 eighteen  persons  were  adde<l  to  the  cluinli.     During 
 this  year  the  jjarsonage   for  the  church  was  com-  j 
 menced  at  Merryall,  and  alter  much  exertion,  was  ! 
 comideted,  at  an  expense  of  $8o0.     Jlr.  Colt  served  j 
 the  church  acceptably  for  ahout  ten  years,  when,  at 
 the  request  of  Presbytery,  lu;  resigned  the  pivstorate 
 to  take  charge  of  Uu:  Sus(juehanna  Collegiate  Insti- 
 tute, an  Institution  under  the  care  of  the  Presbyter}', 
 and  which  was  erected  mainly  through  Jlr.  Colt's 
 efforts.     At  this  time  the  members  of  the  church 
 were  scattered  over  a  large  extent  of  territory,  and 
 it  was  Mr.  Colt's  policy  to  gather  them  together  in  , 
 their  .several  neighborhoods  for  religious  worship, 
 prepanitory  for  separate   church  organizations.     In 
 tliis  way  were  laid  the  foundations  of  the  churches 
 of  Herrick,  Ptevensville,  Meshoppen,  Push  and  Wya- 
 lusing  Second,  which  were  organized  about  the  time 
 or  soon  after  Jlr.  Colt  left  Wyalusing. 
 
 On  the  12th  of  January,  1854,  a  committee  of 
 Presbytery,  raised  in  answer  to  a  petition  of  several 
 members  of  the  old  church  and  some  others,  met  in 
 the  school-house  near  liy  this  spot  and  organized  the 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  AVyalusing.  Thus 
 this  town  hecame  the  birth-place  of  two  Presbyterian 
 churches,  which  have  exercised  a  marked  influence 
 on  the  religiiius  interests  of  the  peojile  of  this  valley. 
 The  Second  Church  was  constituted  with  the  follow- 
 ing named  persons:  John  R.  Welles,  Mary  A.  Welles, 
 Ellen  J.  Welles,  William  H.  Welles,  Deborah  A.  Stal- 
 ford,  A.  F.  Eastman,  H.  S.  Clark,  Henry  Oaylord, 
 Martha  Gaylord,  Lorinda  IT.  Gaylord,  Gustavus  A. 
 Gaylord,  Urania  StaUbrd,  .loel  Stalford,  Xafhan  Staf- 
 ford, Lydia  Stalford,  Jlary  K.  Ingham,  Deborah  E. 
 Ingham,  Moses  Eileuberger  and  Elizabeth  his  wife, 
 James  Ganiljle  and  his  wife  Isabel,  William  (Jamljle 
 and  his  wife  Irene,  and  Elizabeth  Gamble,  X.  N. 
 Gamlde,  Ahigail  T.  Gamble,  a7id  Deborah  11.  Gamble, 
 in  all  twenty-seven  persons.  John  R.  Welles,  Henry 
 Gaylord  and  William  Gamble  were  ordained  elders, 
 and  Rev.  .John  AVliite  was  tlie  stilted  supi)ly  of  the 
 church  until  f  lie  Spring  of  l-TiT.  During  Jfr.  White's 
 .stay  here  nine  persons  were  added  to  the  clinrch,  most 
 of  tliem  hy  letter  from  other  churches.  The  erection 
 of  this  building  was  commenced  belbro  the  church 
 was  organized,  and  was  dedicated  to  the  worship  of 
 Alniiglity  God  tlie  next  year. 
 
 In  January,  1838,  the  Rev.  Thomas  S.  living  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  church,  and  continued  in  this 
 relation  until  August  :?lst,  l>i(il.  On  the  first  Safi- 
 bath  in  September  of  the  same  year  Ihe  present  ]y.\s- 
 tor.  Rev.  Da\-id  Craft,  Ijegan  iircacliiiig  in  the  church 
 on  Salibath  morning,  and  at  l^iirbanks,  Terrytown 
 and  Sugar  Run  on  alternate  Sabbath  afternoons.  On 
 October  11th,  1^(1:!,  the  iiieiiilMrs  residing  on  the  other 
 
 side  of  the  river,  eleven  in  number,  were  dismissed 
 to  form  the  Church  of  Terrytown,  which  was  organ- 
 ized hy  a  committee  of  Presbytery  on  the  15th  of  the 
 same  month.  On  the  Kith  of  January,  18G6,  the  con- 
 gregation, in  connection  with  the  Church  of  Teny- 
 town,  called  their  stated  supply  to  become  their  pas- 
 tor, and  he  was  inst;illed  liy  a  committee  of  Presby- 
 tery over  this  church,  the  28th  of  Fehruary  following, 
 and  the  next  evening  instiilled  pastor  of  the  Terry- 
 town Church.  The  Terrytown  Church  requiring  his 
 .services  every  Sabbath  afternoon  compelled  the  aban- 
 donment of  the  station  at  Fairbanks.  The  churches 
 of  Wyalusiug  and  Terrytown  shared  in  the  revival 
 witli  which  tlie  churches  of  the  Presbytery  were 
 visited  in  the  Winter  of  1866.  And  in  the  Winter  of 
 1869  that  community  enjoyed  another  sea.son  of  deep 
 religious  interest. 
 
 Wyche,  Rev.  Robert  P.,  was  the  son  of  slave 
 parents,  Norwick  Wyche  and  Lucinda  (Bridgers) 
 Wyche.  He  was  born  in  Granville  count}-,  Jf.  C, 
 July  Pith,  1850.  For  five  years  he  worked  on  a  farm, 
 but  at  the  age  of  fifteen  he  learned  liis  father's  trade, 
 that  of  a  carpenter,  and  for  four  years  he  pursued 
 this  employment.  Having  learned  to  spell  and  read 
 at  a  niglit-school,  he  became  anxious  for  a  liberal  edu- 
 cation, hut  knew  not  liow  this  was  to  be  obtained. 
 Finally,  in  1870,  when  he  w;xs  twenty  years  old,  the 
 way  was  opened  for  him  to  follow  out  the  desire  of  his 
 heart,  and  he  entered  Biddle  Institute,  Charlotte, 
 N.  C.  Here  his  upright  character  and  industry  soon 
 won  for  him  the  esteem  and  confidence  of  his  teachers, 
 and  when  his  scanty  means  gave  out  they  procured 
 for  him  a  scholarship.  Mrs.  A.  C.  Brown,  of  New 
 York  city,  was  the  kind  douor  of  this  scholarship, 
 which  was  continued  through  his  entire  normal  and 
 collegiate  course.  He  aided  himself  hy  te;ichiug 
 during  his  vacations. 
 
 Ill  1877  he  was  graduated  from  Biddle  University, 
 and  in  the  Autumn  of  the  same  year  was  taken  under 
 tlie  care  of  the  Catawba  Presbj^ery,  as  a  candidate 
 for  the  ministry.  After  two  years  spent  in  study- 
 ing theology  at  Biddle,  his  health  h.iving  become 
 somewhat  impaired,  he  was  advised  to  lay  aside 
 these  studies  for  a  time,  and  accordingly  accepted  a 
 position  as  teacher  in  tlie  Jit.  Tabor  graded  school, 
 Columbu-;,  Teiin.  At  the  end  of  the  year  the  Presby- 
 tery called  him  to  sujiply  the  Charlotte  Church, 
 and  he  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel.  He 
 pursued  liis  theological  course  while  supplying  the 
 church  as  a  licentiate.  He  was  graduated  ijom 
 the  Theological  Department  of  Biddle  University  in 
 1881.  and  w;is  ordained  in  the  Autumn  of  the  same 
 year  as  an  evangelist.  In  this  work  he  is  stiU 
 engaged. 
 
 A  mail  of  sterling  worth,  characterized  by  modesty 
 and  good  judgment,  faithl'nluessto  duty  and  earne.st- 
 ness  of  purpose,  lie  is  doing  an  excellent  work  for 
 his  race  by  helping  on,  both  by  precept  and  example, 
 their  moral  improvement  and  elevation. 
 
WYLIE. 
 
 1049 
 
 WYA^KOOP. 
 
 "Wylie,  Rev.  A.  McElroy,  was  born  in  Bloom- 
 ingtou,  Iml.,  December  12th,  ls33,  ami  was  graduated 
 at  the  State  University,  of  which  his  father  was  then 
 I'residcnt,  in  the  class  of  18o2,  after  which  he  taught 
 the  classics  privately  for  three  years  in  Philadelxjhia. 
 He  is  a  brother  of  Judge  Wylie,  of  Washington,  D.C., 
 and  the  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Andrew  TVylie,  who 
 became  President  of  Washington  College,  Pa.,  in 
 1812,  subsequently  was  President  of  JeSersou  Col- 
 lege, of  the  same  State,  and  died  at  the  head  of  the 
 Indiana  State  University.  Froia  his  father  he  has 
 that  sterling  Scotch-Irish  blood  which  is  so  famous 
 for  manliness,  truthfulness,  grit  and  tenacity.  Mr. 
 W^-lie  pursued  his  theological  studies  at  the  Epis- 
 copal Seminary  of  Virginia,  where  his  devotion 
 to  study,  and  his  ability  as  a  thinker  and  writer 
 placed  him  in  the  first  rank  of  the  institution.  After 
 .•1  service  of  twelve  years  in  the  Episcopal  ministry, 
 he  entered  the  Presbyterian  Church,  to  which  his 
 forefathers  had  belonged,  at  the  time  of  the  reunion 
 of  the  old  and  new  school  branches  in  1870.  For  a 
 year  he  devoted  himself  to  writing  for  the  press, 
 and  in  this  work  displayed  remarkable  versatility 
 of  talent  as  well  as  vast  general  information,  and 
 achieved  marked  success.  Preferring  pastoral  work, 
 he  accepted  the  charge  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 atKyack,  N.  Y.,  succeeding  the  Rev.  Dr.  Francis  L. 
 Pattou.  Some  time  since  he  resigned  this  charge, 
 and  became  pastor  of  the  church  in  Newtown,  Bucks 
 county,  Pa.,  which  relation  still  continues.  Jlr. 
 Wj'lie's  strong  points  are  intense  love  of  truth,  origin- 
 ality of  thought,  keen,  independent  research,  and  a 
 disposition  to  get  at  the  foundation  of  things.  His 
 style  is  clear  and  simple,  and  yet  picturesque.  He 
 defines,  expounds  and  elucidates  truth,  and  teaches 
 rather  than  arouses,  and  thrills  by  eloquence  and 
 oratory.  Firmness  ol  will,  singleness  of  purpose, 
 disinterested,  unselfish,  laborious  and  energetic  de- 
 votion to  study  and  work  have  ever  characterized 
 him. 
 
 Wylie,  Rev.  John,  the  son  of  Rev.  James  and 
 Susan  McF.  Wylie,  was  born  in  Stillwater,  N.  Y., 
 October  2d,  1842.  He  graduated,  with  honor,  in  1861, 
 at  New  Jersey  College,  and  studied  theology  at 
 Princeton.  In  the  vacation  of  his  second  j'ear  at  the 
 Seminary,  he  was  employed  by  the  Slission  Board  of 
 the  Canadian  Presbj'terian  Church,  at  Silver  Hill, 
 Canada  West,  and  his  sojourn  and  labors  there  were 
 signally  blessed  to  the  people  of  his  care.  He  was 
 licensed  by  New  Brunswick  Presb3'tcry,  and  ordained 
 by  it,  at  the  same  time  with  his  brothers,  Richard 
 and  James  S.,  April  23d,  1864.  For  a  year  he  was 
 stated  supply  of  the  Witherspoon  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Princeton,  N.  J.,  an  organization  of  colored 
 people.  He  then  settled  at  Eugene  city,  Oregon,  as 
 pastor  of  the  church  in  that  place,  where  he  was  emi- 
 nently successful.  His  missionary  spirit  led  him  to 
 forego  very  tempting  offers  i  n  the  Eastern  States  and  in 
 California,  and  carried  him  far  away  to  the  frontier, 
 
 where,  after  nobly  contending  for  the  faith,  while  he 
 w:i3  able,  literally  being  spent  in  the  service  of  the 
 Lord,  he  laid  his  armor  aside  and  entered  into  rest, 
 January  2Tth,  1866.  His  grateful  people  have  erected 
 over  his  grave  a  suitable  monument. 
 
 "Wylie,  WLlliain,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Washington 
 county,  Pa. ,  July  10th,  1776.  He  attended  the  school 
 taught  by  Rev.  T.  Dod,  in  Washington,  Pa.,  and  con- 
 tinued after  the  school  was  removed  to  Canonsburg, 
 Pa.,  where,  under  the  control  of  Mr.  David  Johnston, 
 he  pursued  his  classical  studies  successfully.  Emigrat- 
 ing to  Kentucky,hestudied  theology  there, supporting 
 himself  by  teaching,  and  was  in  due  time  licensed  by 
 West  Lexington  Presln-tery.  JIarch  5th,  1802,  he 
 was  installed  pastor  of  Upper  and  Lower  Sandy  and 
 Fairfield  churches,  at  that  time  in  the  Presbytery  of 
 Ohio.  February  6th,  1805,  he  joined  the  Presbytery 
 of  Redstone,  and  was  shortly  after  installed  pastor 
 of  Rehoboth  and  Round  Hill  churches,  remaining  in 
 this  connection  until  1810,  when  he  removed  to 
 Uniontowu,  Pa.  During  his  residence  here  he 
 preached  in  the  court-house  and  in  the  orchards  and 
 groves  in  the  vicinity,  and  thus  worked  faithfully 
 and  zealously  until,  when  he  left,  there  were  the 
 elements  out  of  which  there  was  shortly  gathered  a 
 vigorous  and  growing  church,  with  a  house  of  wor- 
 ship and  a  strong  Presbyterian  influence  pervading 
 the  whole  community.  In  1823  he  removed  to 
 Wheeling,  Va.,  and  labored  as  stated  supply  for  the 
 Wheeling  aud  West  Liberty  churches  untQ  1832. 
 
 Dr.  Wylie's  tall  stature,  his  peculiarly  solemn  and 
 expressive  features  aud  tones  of  voice,  mingled  with 
 great  personal  dignity,  gave  him  unwonted  power  as 
 a  preacher.  As  a  pastor,  he  was  kind  and  sympa- 
 thizing. He  died  in  Wheeling,  Va.,  on  Sabbath 
 morning,  the  9th  of  May,  1853,  aged  eighty-two 
 years.  He  had  continued  actively  engaged  in  the 
 ministry  until  he  had  passed  his  eightieth  year,  when 
 he  sustained  serious  injury  from  a  fall,  by  which  he 
 was  ever  after  deprived  of  the  use  of  his  limbs ;  yet 
 he  so  much  loved  the  preaching  of  the  everlasting 
 gospel  that  he  was,  at  his  own  request,  at  various 
 times  carried  to  the  house  of  God,  and  addressed  pro- 
 foundly interested  and  admLrLng  congregations  from 
 his  arm  chair,  with  an  ability  and  unction  not  much 
 below  his  former  years.  During  his  jirotracted  and 
 lingering  season  of  confinement  and  suft'ering  his 
 spiritual  enjoyments  were  of  a  high  order,  and  could 
 not  fail  to  commend  the  gospel  to  all  who  visited 
 him.  The  last  period  of  his  ministry,  including  some 
 twenty  or  more  years,  was  spent  in  pastoral  connec- 
 tion with  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Newark, 
 Ohio,  and  thither  his  body  was  removed,  to  repose 
 among  those  whom  he  had  long  loved  aud  faithfully 
 served  iu  the  gospel. 
 
 Wynkoop,  Rev.  Stephen  Rose,  son  of  David 
 and  .Vun  (lIcNair)  Wynkoop,  was  born  at  North- 
 ampton, Bucks  county.  Pa.,  November  24th,  1806. 
 He  graduated  at  Union  College.  N.  Y..  with  honor. 
 
wrxKoop. 
 
 1050 
 
 YANTIS. 
 
 in  the  class  of  1829.  Ai'ter  leaving  college  he  was 
 engaged  in  teaching,  first  in  Albany,  ^.  Y.,  and 
 afterward  in  Steubenville,  Ohio.  In  1833  he  was  in- 
 vited by  the  Prudential  Committee  of  the  American 
 Board  to  proceed  to  the  west  coast  of  Africa,  with  his 
 friend  and  classmate,  Rev.  J.  Leighton  Wilson,  for 
 purposes  of  missionary  exploration.  They  sailed 
 from  Baltimore,  November  28th,  1833,  and  returned 
 to  New  York,  April  13th,  1834,  having  made  careful 
 examination  of  the  coast  from  Monrovia  to  Cape 
 Palmas.  Their  report  was  adopted  by  the  Board,  and 
 Mr.  Wilson  returued  to  Aiiica.  Jlr.  Wyukoop,  how- 
 ever, remained  at  home  to  prosecute  his  theological 
 studies,  and,  his  health  being  considerably  iraiiaired 
 by  fever  contracted  in  Africa,  all  further  idea  of  the 
 mission  was  given  up. 
 
 After  supplying  for  some  months  the  pulpit  of  the 
 Tabernacle  Church  in  Philadelphia,  he  received  an 
 invitation  to  preach  in  the  First  Church  of  Wil- 
 mington, Del.  After  his  ordination,  August  7th, 
 1838,  he  began  his  ministrj-  in  Wilmington;  was 
 installed  pastor,  June  22d,  1839,  and  labored  there 
 for  nearly  twenty  years,  with  unwearied  dUigence, 
 fidelity  and  marked  success.  This  relation,  on 
 a<XM)unt  of  Impaired  health,  was,  to  the  deep  regret 
 of  his  congregation,  dissolved  April  13th,  18.58.  For 
 three  years  thereafter  he  lived  in  New  Haven.  Tlie 
 years  1862-68  were  largely  spent  in  travel  at  home 
 and  abroad,  accompanied  by  his  wife.  In  1869  they 
 removed  their  residence  to  Princeton,  N.  J.  In  1870- 
 72,  they  made  an  extensive  tour  around  the  world, 
 visiting  the  missions  in  Japan  and  China,  spending 
 more  than  a  year  with  their  missionary  son  in  Northern 
 India,  and  retiu'niug  home  by  way  of  Egypt  and  the 
 Holy  Land. 
 
 It  was  a  great  sorrow  to  Jlr.  Wynkoop  to  be  laid 
 aside  from  the  more  active  duties  of  the  ministry. 
 He  did  good,  however,  in  every  opportunity  that 
 offered,  by  voice  and  pen.  He  was  a  man  of  wide 
 sympathies,  genial  and  kindly  in  manner,  peculiarly 
 attractive  to  children,  yet  grave  withal;  a  wise  coim- 
 .sellor,  a  trusted  friend,  and  greatly  loved  by  those 
 who  knew  him.     He  died,  Juue  8th,  1876,  bearing 
 
 full  testimonj-,  to  the  last,  of  his  perfect  trust  in  the 
 God  and  Saviour  he  had  served  so  long. 
 
 Wynkoop,  Rev.  TJieodore  S.,  was  the  oldest 
 child  of  the  Kev.  Stephen  E.  and  Aurelia  (Mills) 
 Wynkoop,  and  was  born  in  Wilmington,  Delaware, 
 November  22d,  1839.  He  was  received  into  the  full 
 communion  of  the  church  when  fourteen  years  of 
 age;  entered  Y''ale  College  in  1857,  and  graduated  in 
 1861,  when  he  entered  Princeton  Theological  Semi- 
 nary, graduating  in  1864.  In  October,  1864,  he  was 
 ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Second  Presby- 
 terian Church  (O.  S.)  of  Huntington  L.  I.,  then 
 j  ust  organized.  During  his  four  years'  pastorate,  the 
 church  bixilt  a  house  of  worship,  and  grew  rapidly, 
 experiencing  a  fruitful  revival  of  religion.  In  the 
 Theological  Seminary  Mr.  Wynkoop  had  become 
 greatly  interested  in  foreign  missions,  especially  in 
 connection  with  the  weekly  missionary  prayer-meet- 
 ing, which  all  then  connected  with  the  Seminary  will 
 remember;  this  interest  was  strengthened  by  subse- 
 (lueut  correspondence  with  various  missionary  friends; 
 and  when,  in  1868,  the  Furrukhabad  Slissionof  North 
 India  formally  called  him  to  that  field,  he  resigned 
 his  pastorate  and  went  to  India,  being  appointed  to 
 Allahabad,  where  be  remained  so  long  as  he  continued 
 to  labor  in  India.  Besides  the  ordinary  duties  of  the 
 foreign  missionary',  Mr.  W'ynkooj)  took  part  in  start- 
 ing the  Indian  Ernngclicat  Eei-iew,  which  has  maiu- 
 tjiined  itself  with  succe.ss,  to  the  present  time,  as  the 
 common  organ  of  all  Protestant  missionaries  in  India. 
 He  also  did  .excellent  serrice  for  several  years  as 
 Secretary  of  the  North  India  Tract  Society,  in  promot- 
 ing the  formation  of  a  Hindi  and  I'rdu  Christian  litera- 
 ture. In  1872  he  was  actively  instrumental  in  plan- 
 ning and  beginning  the  Theological  Training  School 
 of  the  Synod  of  India,  in  which  he  labored,  with  great 
 diligence,  until  1876,  when  having  but  just  returned 
 from  a  six  months'  furlough  in  America,  he  was 
 reluctantly  compelled,  by  the  death  of  his  father,  to 
 give  up  his  missionary  work  for  an  indefinite  time.  In 
 1878  he  was  called  to  the  Western  Presbjiierian  Church 
 of  Washington  D.  C,  where  he  has  been  laboring  till 
 the  present  time,  ^vith  acceptance  and  success. 
 
 Tantis,  John   Lapsley,  D.  D.,    was  bom   of  '  to  the  full  work  of  the  ministrv  in  1830.     His  first 
 
 John  and  Priscilla  Yaiitis,  on  the  14th  of  September, 
 18(J4,  in  Lancast<'r,  G-arrard  county,  Ky.  His  father 
 was  prominent  in  the  legislative  asseml)lics,  both  in 
 Kentucky  and  Missouri.  The  early  edncittion  of 
 Dr.  Yantis,  though  not  thoroughly  collegiate,  was  in 
 some  respects  better,  under  the  careful  training  of 
 Rev.  Samuel  Finley.  He  was  licensed  by  Transyl- 
 vania Presbytery  in  April,  1829,  and  was  ordained 
 
 charge  was  Stanford  and  Lancaster,  Ky.  In  1833  he 
 moved  to  Saline  county.  Mo.,  as  the  pioneer  minister 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  Private  and  school- 
 houses  were  his  first  church  buildings.  Liberty, 
 Richmond,  Dover,  Columbia,  Fulton  and  Lexington 
 were  his  successive  fields.  He  established  an  im- 
 portant .school  at  Sweet  Springs,  in  1849.  In  18.')2  he 
 removed  to  Oregon  and  sow  ed  the  seeds  of  Presby- 
 
liOiHIEilO^,  il@^M!!A  = 
 
 GENERAL 
 JOHN  ZISCA 
 
 THEINVINCIBLE 
 A  0  )360-1424 
 
 WACCNBURC 
 
 JOANNES      HUS 
 
 80R  NAD     137J 
 
 EXUSTUS  NON  CONVICTUS' 
 
 JULY  6'-AD141S 
 
Nl  EMORY  Tablet  ( for  items  worthy  of  permanent  record.) 
 
YATES. 
 
 1051 
 
 rEO^^A^^s. 
 
 terianism  for  three  years.  He  was  then  called  back 
 to  Jlissouri  to  take  charge  of  Richmond  College.  In 
 1859  he  became  pa.stor  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Danville,  Ky.  He  moved  again  to  Mis- 
 souri in  1861,  and  after  preaching  again  to  several 
 different  churches,  he  died  very  suddenly,  on  May 
 28th,  1882. 
 
 Dr.  Yantis'  character  was  striking  and  unique. 
 With  an  originality  that  is  seldom  found,  he  threw 
 out  his  great  thoughts  that  riveted  the  attention  of 
 the  learned  and  unlearned.  He  wrote  some,  read 
 much  and  thought  a  great  deal.  His  quickness  and 
 strength  of  perception  enabled  him  to  grasp  and 
 simplify  the  most  difficult  subjects.  His  manner 
 of  delivery  was  straightforward,  bold,  earnest  and 
 impressive.  His  frankness  and  honesty  made  him 
 respected  and  honored  by  all  good  people.  He  ab- 
 horred all  ' '  ways  that  are  dark  and  tricks  that  are 
 vain."  He  had  no  patience  with  deceit  or  vanity. 
 He  was  as  gentle  as  a  laml),  with  the  boldness 
 and  strength  of  a  lion.  While  he  left  no  volume 
 of  writings,  his  work  as  an  evangelist  and  minister 
 has  made  a  lasting  irapre.ssion  upon  thousands,  and 
 he  was  not  only  a  pioneer,  but  one  of  the  fathers, 
 of  Presbyterianism  in  Western  ilissouri. 
 
 Yates,  Rev.  "William  Black,  son  of  Jo.seph 
 and  Elizabeth  Ann  (Seylor)  Yates,  was  born  in  Charles- 
 ton, S.  C,  February  19th,  1809.  He  united,  on  pro- 
 fession of  his  faith,  with  the  Scotch  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Charleston,  S.  C,  in  1829;  spent  a  year  in 
 the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Prince  Edward, 
 Virginia;  entered  Princeton  Seminary  in  1830,  and 
 remained  there  nearly  one  year;  completed  his  theo- 
 logical course  in  the  Columbia,  S.  C,  Seminary,  and 
 was  graduated  thence  with  its  first  class;  was  licensed 
 by  the  Charleston  Union  Presbytery.  April  3d,  1833: 
 was  .stated  supply  of  the  First  Church  in  Charleston, 
 S.  C,  during  the  absence  of  the  pastor  in  Europe,  in 
 1833;  was  ordained  as  an  evangelist  by  the  same  Pres- 
 bytery, December  8th,  1835,  having  been  engaged 
 for  some  months  previous  in  labor  among  the  seamen, 
 to  which  his  entire  life  was  thenceforward  devoted, 
 as  chaplain  and  pastor  of  the  Seamen's  Bethel  in 
 Charleston.  For  this  work  he  had  special  qualifica- 
 tion. His  frank,  fearless,  straightforward  character 
 gave  him  instant  power  over  the  sailors,  and  nobly 
 did  he  luse  it,  never  failing  to  embrace  an  opportunity 
 for  their  moral  and  religious  welfare.  The  Seamen's 
 Bethel  was  made  prosperous  and  flourishing,  and  the 
 name  of  "  Parson  Yates, "  as  he  was  familiarly  and 
 affectionately  called,  was  widely  known  and  honored. 
 His  congregation  often  included  some  who  would  enter 
 no  other  sanctuary.  The  rough  sailor  hushed  the 
 words  of  profanity  in  his  presence,  and  blaspheming 
 lips  learned  to  pray.  For  forty-six  years  he  gave  him- 
 self, with  unwearied  diligence,  to  this  work,  until  the 
 weight  of  years  and  the  pressure  of  disease  compelled 
 him  to  transfer  it  to  other  and  younger  hands.  He 
 died,  July  19th,  1882. 
 
 I  Yeisley,  Rev.  Greorge  C,  son  of  Jacob  and 
 Elizabeth  S.  Yeisley,  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md., 
 January  21st,  1849.  He  graduated  from  the  Balti- 
 more City  College  in  1865.  Entering  the  Soijhomore 
 class  in  the  College  of  Xew  Jersey  he  graduated,  with 
 honor,  in  the  year  1870.  He  pursued  his  theological 
 studies  in  the  Princeton  Seminary,  and  was  licensed 
 to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  PhOadelphia,  Xorth, 
 ilarch  26th,  1873.  Upon  leaving  the  Seminarj'  he 
 took  charge  of  the  Presbytetiau  Church  of  Rogers- 
 ville,  Tenn.,  for  si.x  months.  Receiving  an  invitation 
 to  become  the  assistant  of  the  Rev.  John  C.  Backus, 
 D.  D.,  of  Baltimore,  he  accepted  the  position  and 
 discharged  its  duties,  with  great  acceptance,  for  two 
 years.  In  November,  1875,  he  was  called  to  the 
 pastorate  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Hudson, 
 N.  Y.,  and  was  installed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Columbia,  December  30th,  1875. 
 
 Mr.  Yeisley's  endowments  fit  him  in  a  special 
 manner  for  the  work  of  the  ministry.  His  ability  as 
 a  writer  and  sjjeaker  was  marked  in  his  early  youth, 
 and  in  college  he  ranked  as  one  of  the  first  orators  of 
 his  cla.ss.  These  gifts  he  has  diligently  cultivated, 
 making  them  instriunental,  through  the  blessing  of 
 God,  to  the  salvation  of  souls  and  the  up-building  of 
 the  Church.  His  sermons,  clear  and  direct  in  style, 
 are  earnestly  and  impressively  delivered.  He  is  a 
 faithful  pastor,  winning  the  love  and  confidence  of 
 his  people  by  his  sincere  and  constant  interest  in  their 
 welfare.  His  administrative  ability  is  e\-inced  in 
 the  temporal  prosperity  of  the  Church  at  Hudson. 
 During  his  pastorate  debts  of  long  .standing  have  been 
 removed,  and  the  church  property  has  been  exten- 
 sively repaired  and  beautified.  His  brethren  in  the 
 ministry  have  recognized  his  fidelity  as  a  presbyter 
 by  electing  him  Jloderator  of  Presbytery  and  Synod, 
 and  by  confiding  to  him  the  chairmanship  of  .several 
 imjiortant  committees.  His  present  church  is  Mr. 
 Yeisley's  first  pastoral  charge,  and  after  a  ministry, 
 at  this  date,  of  more  than  eight  years,  he  remains  in 
 Hudson,  to  the  satisfaction  of  his  people,  and  his 
 increasing  usefulness  in  the  community. 
 
 Yeomans,  Edward  Dorr,  D.D.,  son  of  the 
 Rev.  John  W.  Yeomans,  D.  D.,  was  born  at  North 
 Adams,  5Ia.ss.,  September  27th,  1829.  In  1842  he 
 finished  the  Junior  year  at  Lafayette  College,  of 
 which  his  father  was  then  President,  before  he  had 
 reached  the  fifteenth  year  of  his  age.  His  father  then 
 moved  to  PhOadelphia  and  endeavored  to  enter  him 
 for  the  Senior  year  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
 but  the  rules  of  the  Institution  forbidding  the  gradu- 
 ation of  one  so  young,  he  pursued  his  studies  at 
 home,  under  his  father's  direction.  Subsequently  he 
 received  the  honorary  degree  of  Jlaster  of  Arts  from 
 Princeton  College.  After  studying  theology  under 
 his  father's  direction,  at  Danville,  and  then  for  a  year 
 at  Princeton  Seminary,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  the 
 gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of  Northumberland,  April 
 21st,  1847,  at  the  early  age  of  seventeen  and  a  half 
 
YEOMANS. 
 
 1052 
 
 YOUNG. 
 
 years.  After  his  licensure,  he  was  stated  supply  Tit 
 New  Columbia,  Pa.,  1847-9;  Principal  of  the 
 Academy  at  Danville,  Pa.,  1847-50;  pastor  at  Warrior 
 Run,  Pa.,  1854-8;  pastor  of  Fourth  Church,  Trenton, 
 N.  J.,  1859-63;  pastor  of  St.  Peter's  Church,  Eo- 
 chester,  N.  Y.,  1863-7,  and  pastor  of  the  Central 
 Church,  Orange,  N.  J.,  where  he  died,  August  '25th, 
 1868. 
 
 Dr.  Yeoinans  was  an  excellent  preacher  and  a 
 faitlil'ul  pastor.  His  literary  labors,  outside  of  his 
 regular  ministerial  labor,  were  maiuly  in  the  line  of 
 German  translation.  He  rendered  into  English 
 "Schaff's  Apostolic  Church"  and  "Schaif's  Lectures 
 on  America."  He  had  sujierior  ability  in  this  de- 
 partment of  literary  labor.  His  mental  faculties 
 were  naturally  of  a  high  order,  and  they  had  been 
 carefully  and  unremittingly  cultivated.  His  piety 
 was  deep  aud  all-controlling,  and  of  the  most  cheer- 
 ful tj-pe.  He  w;«  a  man  of  the  strictest  integrity. 
 He  was  remarkably  genial,  and  was  possessed  of  the 
 rare  faculty  of  adapting  himself  to  every  class  of 
 society  and  of  winning  the  respect  and  aflfectiou  of 
 all. 
 
 Yeomans,  John  "William,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Hinsdale,  Mass.,  January  7th,  1800.  He  graduated 
 at  Williams  College  in  1824,  with  the  second  honor 
 in  his  cla-ss.  He  was  for  the  succeeding  two  years 
 Tutor  in  the  College,  after  which  he  pursued  a  regu- 
 lar course  of  theological  study  in  the  Seminary  at 
 Andover,  Mass.  In  1828  he  was  installed  jiastor  of 
 the  Church  at  North  Adams,  Mass.  In  1832  he 
 became  pastor  of  the  First  Congregational  Church. 
 Pittsficld,  Mass.  In  1834  he  was  called  to  the  Fir.st 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Trenton,  N.  J.  In  1841  he  ac- 
 cepted the  Presidency  of  Lafayette  College,  Easton, 
 Pa.,  and  in  1845  he  became  p:istor  of  the  Mahoning 
 Church,  Danville,  Pa.,  in  which  relation  he  contin- 
 ued until  his  death,  June  22d,  1863. 
 
 Dr.  Yeomans  was  a  man  of  strong  and  original 
 mind.  His  industrj^  was  remarkable.  As  a  ju-eacher, 
 he  was  instructive,  impressive  and  often  highly  elo- 
 quent. His  powers  of  observation  and  retentive 
 memory  had  richly  furnished  his  mind,  and  made 
 his  conversation  valuable.  He  was  tender-hearted 
 and  devoted  in  his  attachments.  Above  all,  he  was 
 a  man  of  faith  and  prayer,  of  deep,  intelligent  and 
 Scriptural  piety.  Aud  his  religion,  both  in  thouglit 
 and  practice,  both  personal  and  pastoral,  was  moulded 
 througliout  by  an  earnest  faith  in  the  historical 
 covenant  of  grace,  as  contained  in  the  Scriptures. 
 Upon  the  doctrine  of  this  covenant  he  loved  to  study, 
 to  preach  and  to  speak.  And  as  a  distinct  fruit  of 
 his  faith  and  practice  in  it,  he  saw  all  his  children 
 continue  steadfast  in  the  way  of  the  Christian  life, 
 and  two  of  his  sons  iuinisters  of  the  gospel.  Dr. 
 Yeomans  was  Moderator  of  the  General  Assembly 
 in  ISfiO. 
 
 Yerkes,  Stephen,  D.  D.,  wa,s  born  June  27th. 
 1817,  in  Bucks  county,  Pa.     He  graduated  at  Yak- 
 
 College,  in  the  distinguished  class  of  1837,  as  one  of 
 its  foremost  scholars.  Studied  theology  privately 
 under  the  care  of  the  Presbytery  of  Baltimore  and 
 under  the  direction  of  the  late  Dr.  Robert  J.  Breckin- 
 ridge, while  engaged  in  teaching  in  the  city  and 
 county  of  Baltimore.  Was  licensed  October  8th, 
 1840.  Ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  what  is  now 
 Chestnut  Grove  Church,  Baltimore  county,  in  1843; 
 and  of  Bethel  Church,  Harford  county,  in  1848. 
 While  engaged  almost  constantly  in  preaching,  either 
 as  pastor  or  stated  supply  of  various  churches  in 
 Maryland  and  Kentucky,  his  great  life  work  has 
 been  that  of  instruction.  He  was  Principal  of  the 
 Classical  Department  of  Presbyterian  High  School  of 
 Baltimore  from  1839  to  1843;  and  conducted  a  board- 
 ing school  for  boys  in  Baltimore  county,  1843  to  1852. 
 He  was  then  elected  Profes.sor  of  Ancient  Languages 
 in  Transylvania  University  at  Lexington,  Ky.,  where 
 he  remained  until  1857.  During  all  this  time  he 
 acted  as  pastor  of  Bethel  Church,  seven  miles  from 
 Lexington,  and  was  greatly  beloved  by  the  people  of 
 his  charge,  and  they  by  him.  In  May,  1857,  he  was 
 elected  by  the  General  Assembly,  which  met  in  Lex- 
 ington that  year.  Professor  of  Oriental  and  Biblical 
 Literature  in  Danrille  Theological  Seminary  at  Dan- 
 ville, Ky.  His  Professorship  was  changed,  in  1869,  to 
 that  of  Biblical  Literature  and  Exegetical  Theology, 
 in  which  he  has  remained  ever  since,  although  during 
 this  time,  under  two  temporary  suspensions  of  the 
 work  of  the  Seminary,  he  occupied  for  one  year  the 
 chair  of  Greek,  and  for  another  year  that  of  Mental 
 and  Moral  Philosophy  in  Centre  College  at  Danville. 
 
 As  an  instructor  in  all  these  various  departments. 
 Dr.  Yerkes  has  been  eminently  successful,  and  is 
 well  known  as  a  thorough  teacher.  As  a  preacher, 
 he  is  always  heard  with  pleasure  and  profit,  by  those 
 who  love  the  gospel  in  its  purity  and  simplicity. 
 His  modes  of  thought  are  characterized  by  great 
 exactness  and  logical  clearness,  while  his  manner  is 
 that  of  one  thoroughly  in  earnest  and  full  of  his 
 subject,  without  any  eflbrt  at  mere  oratorical  eft'ect. 
 Out  of  the  pulpit  his  manner  combines  a  serious 
 dignity  with  sincere  cordiality,  winning  for  him 
 many  warmly  attached  friends  wherever  he  is  known. 
 
 Young,  Rev.  G-eorge  Drummond,  son  of 
 William  and  Sarah  Drununond  Young,  was  born  at 
 Wilmington,  Del.,  July  9th,  1804;  graduated  at  the 
 College  of  New  Jersey  in  1834,  and  at  Princeton  Semi- 
 nar}-  in  1837.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Wilmington,  April  11th,  1837,  and  was  ordained 
 as  an  evangelist  by  the  same  Presbytery,  October 
 21st,  1837.  For  some  time  after  his  ordination  he 
 preached  at  Perryville  and  C'harlestown,  Md.  He 
 then  .set  his  face  westward,  and  preached,  as  stated 
 supply,  at  Hartford,  Ohio,  from  September,  1839, 
 until  1847;  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Cliurch  at 
 Ellsworth,  Ohio,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Ti-umbuU, 
 June  1st,  1847,  and  w;is  released  from  that  charge 
 June  loth,  1849;   then  at  Southington,  Ohio,  from 
 
YOUNG. 
 
 1053 
 
 YOUNG. 
 
 July  1st,  1849,  to  June,  1854;  then  at  Augusta,  111., 
 from  Juue  3cl,  1854,  to  1858;  and  lastly,  at  Camanche, 
 Iowa,  from  Slay  1st,  1858,  to  1872.  After  the  latter 
 date  he  resided  at  Lyons,  Iowa,  in  ill  health.  In  all 
 the  years  of  his  active  ministry  he  was  a  faithful, 
 earnest  and  successful  preacher  of  the  gospel.  He 
 died  January  IGth,  1880.  He  was  an  Israelite  indeed, 
 in  whom  was  no  guile. 
 
 Young,  John  Clarke,  D.D.,  was  horn  in 
 Greencastle,  Pa.  His  father  was  an  excellent 
 elder  in  the  Preshyterian  Church  of  that  place. 
 He  was  educated  at  Dickinson  College,  under  the 
 celebrated  Dr.  John  Mason.  His  theological  course 
 was  pursued  at  Princeton.  In  the  third  year 
 he  was  chosen  Tutor  In  the  college.  After  finishing 
 his  studies,  and  being  licensed,  he  was  first  called  to 
 
 JOHN  CLARKE  YOfXG.  P.O. 
 
 the  Church  in  Lexington,  Ky.  His  preaching  there 
 made  a  profound  imi^ression,  and  his  ministry  was 
 successful  in  a  high  degree.  After  a  few  years.  Dr. 
 Young  was  called  to  the  Presidency  of  Danville  Col- 
 lege, where  his  life-work  was  afterward  spent.  He 
 was  popular  with  the  students,  and  greatly  revered 
 by  the  friends  of  the  college.  His  ministry  was 
 greatly  blessed  to  the  awakening  and  conversion  of 
 the  students.  He  organized  -a  second  church  in 
 Danville,  to  which  he  statedly  ministered  for  man}- 
 years,  and  where  the  students  attended.  He  took  an 
 active  part  in  the  discussions  on  slavery  and  emanci- 
 pation in  Kentucky,  and  was  the  author  of  a  report 
 on  the  subject  in  the  Synod. 
 
 Dr.  Young  was  Moderator  of  the  Assembly  which 
 met  in  Philadelphia  in  1853,  and  presided  over  the 
 
 deliberations  of  that  body  with  great  ability  and 
 universal  acceptableness.  The  latter  years  of  his  life 
 were  marked  by  disease,  which  terminated  his  use- 
 fulness in  1857.  Dr.  Young  was  an  able  and  sound 
 divine,  a  faithful  and  successful  teacher,  of  a  logical 
 mind  and  warm  heart.  His  loss  to  the  Church  and 
 the  cause  of  learning  was  deeply  deplored,  and  his 
 memory  is  fondly  cherished  by  all  who  knew  and 
 loved  him. 
 
 j  Young,  Loyal,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Charlemont, 
 Mass.,  July  1st,  IrtOti.  After  studying  privately, 
 with  Eev.  Asa  Brooks,  of  Virginia,  aud  Kev.  A.  G. 
 FairchUd,  D.D.,  of  Pennsylvania,  he  entered  Jeflerson 
 College,  aud  graduated  in  1828.  He  graduated  at  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary  in  1832;  was  licensed 
 to  preach  by  the  Presbjtcry  of  Ohio,  June  21st,  1832; 
 was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Allegheny  (now 
 Butler),  December  4th,  1833,  and  at  the  same  time 
 installed  pastor  of  the  Church  of  Butler,  Pa.  This 
 pastoral  relation  he  sustained,  acceptiibly  and  usefully, 
 for  nearly  thirtj'-five  years. 
 
 In  1868  Dr.  Young  was  installed,  November  10th, 
 over  the  church  of  Buckhanuon,  and  November  11th, 
 over  the  Church  of  French  Creek,  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  West  Virginia.  He  continued  in  the  former  of 
 these  about  two  years,  aud  in  the  latter  more  than 
 seven  years,  when  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  I'arkersburg,  W.  Va.  Here 
 he  labored  five  years.  Since  retiring  from  that  field, 
 he  has  labored  as  a  missionary  at  AVinfield,  Point 
 Pleasant  and  Pleasant  Flats,  in  Putnam  and  Mason 
 counties,  W.  Va.  Dr.  Young  is  a  man  of  decided 
 ability,  and  has  been  very  useful  in  his  long  ministry. 
 He  is  the  author  of  a  Commentary  on  Ecclesiastes, 
 and  of  three  or  four  minor  works.  He  was  the 
 Principal  of  the  Witherspoon  Institute,  in  Butler,  Pa., 
 and  of  the  French  Creek  Institute,  in  French  Creek, 
 W.  Va.  He  was  for  some  years  a  Director  in  the 
 Western  Theological  Seminary.  He  was  honored 
 by  the  Synod  of  Pittsburg  in  being  twice  elected  as 
 their  Moderator,  and  by  the  Synod  of  Allegheny  in 
 being  once  elected  theirs.  He  has  also  been  honored 
 by  his  Presbyteries  in  being  sent  by  them  seven  times 
 as  their  delegate  to  the  Genei'al  Assembly. 
 
 Young,  Robert,  Esq.,  ruling  elder,  was  the 
 eldest  son  of  Henry  and  Anne  Young,  and  was  born 
 in  Martha's  Vineyard,  Mass.,  January  3d,  1769.  He 
 emigrated  to  AVestern  Virginia,  in  the  Fall  of  1811. 
 He  was  a  prominent  actor  in  the  organization  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  of  French  Creek,  aud, 
 with  Aaron  Gould,  its  first  ruling  elder.  He  was  a 
 .Justice  of  the  Peace,  for  many  years,  of  Lewis  and 
 afterward  of  Upshirr  county.  He  visited,  two  or 
 three  times,  all  the  families  of  Lewis  county,  Va., 
 while  assessing  the  property,  and,  in  behalf  of  the 
 American  Bible  Society,  supiilied  with  the  Bible  all 
 that  were  destitute.  All  his  children  arriving  at 
 maturitj-,  eight  in  number,  united  with  the  Church 
 of  French  Creek.    One  of  his  sons,  Rev.  Lo3'al  Young, 
 
YOUNG. 
 
 1054 
 
 ZEAL. 
 
 D.  n.,  and  two  of  his  grandsons,  are  Presbyterian 
 ministers;  three  of  his  sous  and  six  of  his  grandsons 
 became  ruling  elders ;  and  four  of  his  ])osterit y  became 
 ministers  of  other  evangelical  churches.  His  influence 
 for  good  -was  great. 
 
 Young,  Rev.  Samuel  Hall,  is  the  sixth  son 
 of  Rev.  Loyal  Young,  D.  D.,  and  Mrs.  Margaret  P. 
 Young  (John.ston).  He  was  born  at  Butler,  Pa., 
 September  I'^th,  1847.  Having  acquired  a  good 
 classical  education  at  the  AVithcrspoon  Institute,  of 
 Butler,  he  went  to  INIichigan  with  the  view  of  study- 
 ing law  under  his  brother,  Watson  J.  Young,  Esq., 
 of  Benzonia,  in  that  State.  At  a  revival  in  that 
 place  in  the  Winter  of  1867-8,  he  was  one  of  the 
 converts,  and  immediately  dedicated  himself  to  the 
 gospel  ministry.  After  further  study  and  teaching, 
 he  entered  the  Junior  class  of  the  University  of 
 Wooster,  Ohio,  where  he  was  graduated,  June  30th, 
 1875.  He  studied  theology  one  year  at  Princeton 
 and  two  years  at  Allegheny.  He  was  licensed  to 
 preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of  West  Vir- 
 ginia, and  was  ordained  by  the  same  Presbytery, 
 May  5th,  1878,  as  an  evangelist  to  Alaska.  In  the 
 June  following  he  went  to  Fort  Wrangle  as  a  Home 
 Missionary,  where  he  organized  the  first  Presby- 
 terian Church  in  Alaska.  Great  success  has  crowned 
 his  labors  there  among  the  Stickeen  Indians,  he 
 having  been  preceded  there  by  Mrs.  J.  R.  McFar- 
 land,  whose  pioneer  work  as  a  teacher  cannot  be  too 
 highly  estimated.  Rev.  S.  Hall  Young  married 
 Miss  Fannie  E.  Kellogg,  who  also  preceded  him 
 as  a  teacher  to  Sitka,  Alaska,  and  who  has  organ- 
 ized an  Industrial  School  for  Indian  boys  at  Fort 
 Wrangle. 
 
 Young-,  "William  C,  D.  D.,  was  born  April 
 23d,  1842,  in  Danville,  Ky.     His  parents  were  the 
 
 Rev.  Dr.  John  C.  and  Cornelia  Crittenden  Young. 
 He  took  both  his  collegiate  and  theological  course  of 
 education  at  Danville,  the  former  at  Centre  College, 
 of  which  his  father  was  then  President,  the  latter  at 
 Danville  Seminary.  He  graduated  from  college  in 
 the  Class  of  '59,  and  spent  the  following  year  in 
 teaching  in  the  Classical  High  School  in  Holly 
 Springs,  Miss.  After  two  years  spent  in  general 
 reading  and  traveling,  he  entered  the  Seminary  in 
 I'^Gi,  and  before  graduation,  in  1866,  accepted  a  call 
 to  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church,  Covington,  Ky., 
 where  he  remained  till  1870,  spending  seven  months 
 of  that  year  in  Europe  and  Palestine.  He  moved  to 
 Madison,  Ind.,  in  the  Fall  of  1870,  where  he  spent 
 nearly  two  years  as  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church.  In  1872  he  accepted  a  call  to  Fullerton 
 Avenue  Church,  Chicago,  111.,  where  he  remained 
 until  the  Spring  of  1878,  when  he  returned  to  his 
 native  State,  and  has  since  resided,  having  accepted 
 a  call  to  the  Central  Presbyterian  Church,  of  Louis- 
 ville, Ky.  Dr.  Young  has  been  greatly  bles.sed  in  his 
 labors  in  all  the  fields  he  has  been  called  to  occupy. 
 He  justly  stands  high  as  a  preacher,  being  able, 
 earnest,  instructive  and  imjiressive.  As  a  pastor,  his 
 course  is  marked  with  fidelity,  and  as  a  presbj'ter  he 
 is  true  to  duty,  and  wields  a  strong  influeuce. 
 
 Youngs,  Rev.  David,  a  grandson  of  the  Rev. 
 John  Youngs,  the  first  minister  of  Southold,  Long 
 Island,  was  born  in  that  town  in  1719,  and  graduated 
 at  Y'ale  in  1741.  Dr.  Hopkins,  of  Newport,  speaks 
 very  favorably  of  his  fervency  of  spirit  and  of  his 
 successful  endeavors  for  the  unconverted.  He  was 
 ordained  by  Xew  Brunswick  Presbytery,  October  12th, 
 1743;  in  1746  joined  New  York  Presbytery,  and  be- 
 came a  menrber  of  Suffolk  Presbytery  in  May,  1749. 
 He  died,  before  May,  1752. 
 
 z 
 
 Zahnizer,  Rev.  George  "Wright,  was  born  in 
 MercL-r,  Pa.,  M.irch  19th,  1823.  He  graduated  at 
 JelTarson  College  in  1846,  and  was,  for  a  time,  Tutor 
 in  the  college.  He  studied  theology  at  Princeton 
 Seminary,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  tlie  gospel  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Erie,  April  10th,  1851.  He  was 
 ordained  by  the  same  Presbytery,  September  7th, 
 1853,  and  installed  as  pastor  of  the  congregation  of 
 Conneautville,  Crawlbrd  county.  Pa.  He  was  released 
 from  this  charge  on  the  13th  of  April,  1859,  and  dis- 
 missed to  the  Presbytery  of  Huntingdon,  when  he 
 became  pastor  of  the  church  in  that  place,  in  which 
 relation  he  continued  until  1875.  He  has  been  .stated 
 supply  of  the  Second  Church  of  Mercer,  Pa.,  since 
 1875.  Mr.  Zahnizer  is  an  able  and  faithful  preacher, 
 and  has  been  largely  blessed  in  his  ministry. 
 
 Zeal.  An  earnest  temper  which  may  spring  from 
 either  commendable  or  imperfect  and  evil  motives.  It 
 is  often  ascribed  to  God  (2  Kings  xix,  31;  Isa.  ix,  7; 
 xxxvii,  32;  Ezek.  v,  13).  And  men  are  sometimes 
 commended  for  the  zeal  they  show,  when  it  is  an 
 enlightened  zeal,  and  evinces  itself  in  exertions  for 
 God's  glory  (Numb,  xxv,  11-13;  2  Cor.  vii,  11;  ix,  2). 
 But  sometimes  zeal  for  God  is  assumed  as  a  cloak  for 
 selfishness,  as  in  the  case  of  Jehu,  who  desired  to  gain 
 the  crown  of  Israel,  but  "took  no  heed  to  walk  in  the 
 law  of  the  Lord  "  (2  Kings  x,  16,  31).  Ignorant  or 
 mi.sdirected  zeal  may  incline  men  to  persecute  the 
 Church  and  true  servants  of  Christ  (Rom.  x,  2;  Phil. 
 iii,  6).  Zeal,  to  be  a  Christian  grace,  must  be 
 grounded  on  right  principles,  directed  to  a  right  end, 
 and  must  not  be  a  transient  emotion  (Gal.  iv,  18). 
 
ZExns. 
 
 1055 
 
 ZIVELT. 
 
 Zenos,  Rev.  Andreas  C,  was  born  at  Constan- 
 tinople, Turkey,  August  13tli,  1855.  He  graduated 
 at  Robert  College,  Constantinople,  in  1873.  He  was 
 teacher  for  a  time  in  the  University  of  Athens,  Greece. 
 He  studied  theology  in  the  Seminary  at  Princeton, 
 X.  J.,  and  w:i3  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New 
 Brunswick,  Jlarch  31st,  1880.  He  was  stated  supply 
 at  Elmer,  N.  J.,  in  1880;  ordained  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Lackawanna,  September  29th,  1881,  and  since  that 
 time  has  been  pastor  of  Harmony  Church,  Brandt,  Pa. , 
 where  he  is  acceptable  and  successful  in  his  labors. 
 
 Zion,  Ploughed  as  a  Field.  The  prophet 
 Micah  predicted:  "Therefore,  shall  Zion,  for  your 
 sake,  be  ploughed  as  a  field,  and  Jerusalem  shall  be- 
 come heaps  and  the  mountain  of  the  house  as  the 
 high  places  of  the  forest"  (iii,  12).  How  literally 
 and  strikingly  this  prophecy  was  fulfilled ! 
 
 Now,  as  soon  as  the  Roman  army  had  no  more 
 people  to  slaj'  or  to  plunder,  because  there  remained 
 none  to  be  the  objects  of  their  fur_v,  Csesar  gave 
 orders  that  they  should  now  demolish  the  entire  city 
 
 and  temple It  was  so  thoroughly  laid 
 
 even  with  the  ground  by  those  that  dug  it  up  to  the 
 foundation,  that  there  was  left  nothing  to  make  those 
 that  came  thither  believe  it  had  ever  been  inhabited. 
 — Jospphus,  Jewish  War  (Lib.  vii,  c.  1,  |  1). 
 
 After  the  final  destruction  of  the  temple  by  the 
 arms  of  Titus  and  Hadrian,  a  ploughshare  was  drawn 
 over  the  consecrated  ground  as  a  sign  of  perpetual 
 interdiction. — Gihhon,  Drclineand  Fall,  chap.  23. 
 
 At  the  time  when  I  visited  this  sacred  spot  ( Mount 
 Zion)  one  part  of  it  supported  a  crop  of  barley,  an- 
 other was  undergoing  the  labor  of  the  plough. — 
 Sichardson,  Trai-els. 
 
 Zion  (Grerman)  Presbyterian  Church  was 
 organized  at  Fosterburg,  Madison  county,  111.,  Octo- 
 
 ber 12th,  1857,  by  Revs.  J.  G.  Schaible  and  H. 
 Blanke,  with  twenty  members.  Up  to  the  Fall  of 
 1877  the  church  was  served  by  three  ministers — H. 
 Blanke,  J.  H.  Reints  and  August  Busch,  who  en- 
 tered upon  their  work  in  1857,  1869  and  1873, 
 respectively. 
 
 The  first  elders  were  Fred  Wortmau  and  C.  Breu- 
 ken.  Afterwards  P.  A.  Scheldt,  Earnest  Wortmaii 
 and  C.  F.  Lobbig.  In  August,  1878,  the  church 
 adopted  the  time  service  method,  at  the  same  time 
 reducing  the  Board  to  two,  C.  Breuken  and  P.  H. 
 Scheldt.  This  church  has  had  a  membership  of  one 
 hundred  and  thirty-nine,  in  all,  from  the  beginning. 
 Its  present  membership  is  eightj'-nine.  A  house  of 
 worship  was  built  soon  after  the  organization,  which 
 cost  about  five  hundred  dollars.  A  parsonage  was 
 erected  at  the  same  time,  at  a  cost  of  about  four  hun- 
 dred dollars.  Additions  have  been  made  to  the  par- 
 sonage since,  so  that  the  present  value  of  the  church 
 property,  including  house  of  worship,  parsonage  and 
 grounds,  is  about  $1500.  Since  the  Fall  of  1877,  this 
 church  was  without  a  pastor.  During  the  Spring  and 
 Summer  of  1878  it  was  served  by  a  licentiate,  Albert 
 F.  Beyer,  then  a  student  of  Danville  Seminary,  whom 
 the  church  elected  their  pastor,  and  who  was  ordained 
 over  them  May  14th,  1879,  by  a  committee  of  Alton 
 Presbytery.  The  church  building  is  situated  in  T. 
 6  N.,  R.  9  W.,  Sec.  14,  N.  E.  quarter  of  S.  W.  quarter 
 of  the  section. 
 
 Zively,  Rev.  John  Henry,  was  born  at  Shelby- 
 ville,  Tenn. ,  October  29th,  1824.  He  studied  theology 
 at  Lane  Seminary,  1844—15;  at  Union  Seminary,  New 
 York,  1845-47;  and  was  ordained  April,  1848.  He 
 was  stated  supply  at  Midway,  Ky.,  1847-49;  pastor 
 at  Huntsville,  Ala. ,  1 849-51 ;  stated  supply  at  Au.stiu, 
 Tex.,  1851-53;  and  Evangelist,  Tex.,  1853-. 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 67 
 
T   LOVE  Thy  kingdom,  Lord ! 
 
 The  house  of  Thine  abode  ; 
 The  Church  our  blest  Redeemer  saved 
 "With  His  own  precious  blood. 
 
 I  love  Thy  Church,  O  God  ! 
 
 Her  walls  before  Thee  stand, 
 Dear  as  the  apple  of  Thine  eye, 
 
 And  graven  on  Thy  hand. 
 
 If  e'er  to  bless  Thy  sons 
 
 My  voice  or  hands  deny, 
 These  hands  let  useful  skill  forsake, 
 
 This  voice  in  silence  die. 
 
 For  her  my  tears  shall  fall. 
 
 For  her  my  prayers  ascend, 
 
 To  her  my  cares  and  toils  be  given, 
 Till  toils  and  cares  shall  end. 
 
 Beyond  my  highest  joy 
 
 I  prize  her  heavenly  ways, 
 
 Her  sweet  communion,  solemn  vows. 
 Her  hymns  of  love  and  praise. 
 
 Sure  as  Thy  truth  shall  last, 
 
 To  Zion  shall  be  given 
 The  brightest  glories  earth  can  yield, 
 
 And  brighter  bliss  of  heaven. 
 
ABBEY. 
 
 1059 
 
 ABSOLUTION. 
 
 A 
 
 Abbey,  Rev.  Ed^ward  William,  was  bom  at 
 Gleuora,  N.  Y.,  March  l-2th,  1S48.  He  graduated  at 
 Hamilton  College  iu  18T1,  and  at  Lane  Seminary  in 
 1874.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Vincennes  Presby- 
 tery, April  28th,  187.5.  He  was  pastor  at  Terre 
 Haute,  Ind.,  1874-9;  at  Logansport,  1880,  and  took 
 charge  of  the  Chm-ch  at  Hamilton,  Ohio,  at  the  close 
 of  the  year  1880.  He  is  an  in.structive  and  impres- 
 sive preacher,  and  his  ministry  has  been  attended 
 with  success. 
 
 Abbott,  Rev.  Pitson  Joseph,  was  born  at 
 Cobleskill,  N.  Y.,  Augu.st  11th,  1833.  He  graduated 
 at  Union  College  in  18(31,  and  studied  theology  at 
 Princeton  Seminary.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Albany,  October  17th,  1866;  was  stated 
 supply  at  Sidney,  N.  Y.,  1864-8;  at  Chazy,  1868-71; 
 pastor  at  Jefferson,  1872-4;  stated  supply  at  Canons- 
 Yille,  1874-5.  He  died  at  Centre  Village,  N.  Y., 
 May  11th,  1875. 
 
 Abernathey,  Rev.  John  Jefferson,  was  born 
 at  Duulaiwville,  Ind.,  September  7th,  1836.  He 
 graduated  at  Miami  University  in  1860,  and  studied 
 theology  at  Princeton  Seminary.  He  was  Principal 
 of  A\Tiite  Water  Academy,  Md.,  1863-4.  He  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Louisville,  August  8tli, 
 1866;  was  stated  supply  at  Pennsylvania  Run,  Ky., 
 1864-9;  and  Big  Bend,  1867;  teacher  at  Bell  Grove 
 and  Edenwood,  1868-71 ;  pastor-elect  at  Ridgewood, 
 1869-72.  He  died  at  Terre  Haute,  Ind.,  October 
 12th,  1873. 
 
 Abomination  of  Desolation.  This  phrase 
 seems  to  be  used  (Dan.  xi,  31)  as  a  general  designa- 
 tion for  whatever  denotes  the  triumph  of  idolatrous 
 power  over  the  sanctuary  of  God.  Its  more  particu- 
 lar reference  in  the  New  Tesfciment  is  to  the  Roman 
 armies  under  Titus  (Dan.  ix,  27;  xii,  11,  compared 
 with  Matt,  xxiv,  15).  The  images  of  their  gods  and 
 emperors  were  delineated  on  the  ensigns  of  the 
 Romans;  and  the  ensigns  themselves,  especially  the 
 eagles,  which  were  carried  at  the  heads  of  the  legions, 
 were  objects  of  worship;  and  therefore,  according  to 
 the  style  of  Scripture,  an  abomination.  The  horror 
 with  which  the  Jews  regarded  them  sufficiently 
 appears  from  two  I'acts  mentioned  by  Josephus — 
 Pilate's  attempt  to  put  his  troops  in  winter  quarters 
 at  Jerusalem,  and  Vitellius'  proposing  to  march 
 through  Judea  to  attack  Aretas,  king  of  Petra.  The 
 people  supplicated  and  remonstrated  against  both,  on 
 religious  accounts,  to  such  a  degree  that  Pilate  was 
 obliged  to  remove  his  army  and  Vitellius  to  march 
 his  troops  another  way.  Jerome  informs  us  that  the 
 Jews  themselves  applied  Dan.  ix,  27,  to  the  Romans. 
 
 The  appearance  of  their  idolatrous  banners,  therefore, 
 at  Jeru-salem,  was  the.prophetic  sign  that  "  the  deso- 
 lation thereof  was  nigh. ' '  The  evangelists  Matthew 
 and  Mark  add  to  our  Lord's  prediction  in  a  paren- 
 thesis, "  Whom  readelh,  let  him  understand;"  hereby 
 intimating  that  this  event  was  approaching,  though 
 yet  future,  when  their  histories  were  published,  and 
 that  the  reader  who  consulted  his  own  safety  would 
 do  well  to  retire  seasonably  from  the  devoted  city 
 (Matt,  xxiv,  15;  Mark  xiii,  14).  In  forty  years  from 
 the  time  "  the  Messiah  was  cut  off"  by  wicked  liands 
 (to  u.se  the  sublime  language  of  Bossuet) ,  ' '  the  Roman 
 eagle  descended  and  Judi'a  was  no  more  ! " 
 
 Abraham,  Rev.  Andre'w,  was  born  at  Florida, 
 N.  Y'.,  October  12th,  1818.  He  graduated  at  Union 
 College  in  1844,  and  at  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
 1848.  He  was  ordained  October  13th,  1848;  Foreign 
 Missionary  at  Mapumulo,  South  Africa,  1849-74;  ' 
 .spent  1874-5  in  the  United  States,  and  resumed  his 
 missionary  work  at  Mapumulo,  in  1875. 
 
 Absolution  signifies  acquittal.  It  is  taken  also 
 from  tliat  act  whereby  the  priest  declares  the  sins  of 
 such  as  are  penitent  remitted.  The  Romanists  hold 
 absolution  a  part  of  the  sacrament  of  penance,  and 
 the  Council  of  Trent,  and  that  of  Florence,  declare 
 the  form  or  essence  of  the  sacrament  to  lie  in  the 
 words  of  absolution,  "  I  absolve  thee  of  thy  sins." 
 According  to  this,  no  one  can  receive  absolution 
 without  the  privity,  consent  and  declaration  of  the 
 priest;  except,  therefore,  the  priest  be  willing,  God 
 him.self  cannot  pardon  any  man.  This  is  a  doctrine 
 as  blasphemous  as  it  is  ridiculous.  The  chief  passage 
 on  which  they  ground  their  power  of  absolution  is  that 
 in  John  XX,  23:  "Whosoever  sins  ye  remit,  they  are  re- 
 mitted unto  them,  and  whosoever  sins  ye  retain,  they 
 are  retained."  But  this  is  not  to  the  purpose;  since 
 this  was  a  special  commission  to  the  apostles  them- 
 selves, and  the  first  preachers  of  the  gospel,  and  most 
 probably  referred  to  the  power  he  gave  them  of  dis- 
 cerning spirits.  By  virtue  of  this  power,  Peter  struck 
 Ananias  and  Sapphira  dead,  and  Paul  struck  Elymas 
 blind.  But,  supposing  the  passage  in  question  to 
 apply  to  the  successors  of  the  apostles,  and  to  min- 
 i.sters  in  general,  it  can  only  import  that  tlieir  office  is 
 to  preach  pardon  to  the  penitent,  a-ssuring  those  who 
 believe  that  their  sins  are  forgiven  through  the  merits 
 of  Jesus  Christ,  and  that  tho.se  who  remain  in  unbelief 
 are  in  a  state  of  condemnation.  Any  idea  of  authority 
 given  to  fallible,  uninspired  men  to  absolve  sinners, 
 dilferent  from  this,  is  unscriptural ;  nor  can  we  see 
 much  utility  in  the  terms  ministerial,  or  declarative 
 absolution,  as  adopted  by  some  di\dnes,  since  absolu- 
 
ACKER. 
 
 1060 
 
 ADOPTIOX. 
 
 tion  is  wholly  the  prerogative  of  God;  and  the  terms 
 alKive  mentioned  ni;iy.  to  say  the  le;ist,  have  no  good 
 influence  on  the  minds  of  the  ignorant  and  super- 
 stitious. 
 
 Acker,  Rev.  Henry  Jacob,  was  born  at  Cats- 
 kill,  N.  Y.,  November  jyth,  1->:J2.  He  graduated  at 
 Williams  College  in  1836;  at  Union  Theological  Semi- 
 nary, Xew  York  city,  in  IS.'iO,  and  was  ordained  June 
 23d  of  that  year.  He  was  stated  supply  at  Green- 
 port,  Long  Island,  X.  Y.,  1^59-60;  pastor  at  Amity. 
 X.  Y.,  186tM!:?;  in  the  employ  of  the  American  Tract 
 Soeietj',  1865-6!);  pastor  at  Pleasant  Valley,  X.  Y., 
 1869-72;  teacher  and  .stated  supply  at  Brainerd,  N.Y., 
 1872-73.  He  died  at  Brainerd,  January  3d,  1874.  His 
 funeral  Wius  at  Pleasant  Valley  Church,  in  whose 
 churchyard  his  body  rests.  Mr.  Acker  was  an  en- 
 thusiiustic  worker  in  the  .service  of  his  Lord.  He 
 wrought  with  all  his  might,  and  with  great  simplicity 
 of  ijurpose.     Hisdcatli  was  peaceful  and  triumphant. 
 
 Adams,  Rev.  Frederick  H.,  born  in  London, 
 England,  June  22d,  1823'.  Graduated  at  the  Univer- 
 sity of  New  York,  18.58,  and  at  Union  Theological 
 Seminary,  X.  Y.,  1861.  W:us  ordained  April  25th, 
 1865,  and  was  stated  supply  at  Con-stantia,  X.  Y., 
 1861-4;  at  Marquette  (L.  S.I,  Mich.,  186.5-6;  at 
 Salina,  Mich.,  1867-9;  at  Wilson,  X.  Y.,  1870-5;  and 
 at  Xi'W  Hartford,  Conn. ,  1875. 
 
 Adams,  Rev.  John  Qiiincy,  was  born  in 
 Ogdcn,  Monroe  county,  X.  Y.,  Augu-st  8th,  1849. 
 His  father,  a  farmer,  was  for  many  years  an  elder  in 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  died  in  1869.  His 
 mother  is  still  living,  to  be  a  blessing  in  the  home  and 
 church  of  her  son.  He  graduated  from  Rochester 
 University  in  1874,  and  from  Auburn  Tlieological 
 Seminary  in  1877.  He  was  st  ited  supply  and  pastor 
 elect  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  Mexico,  X.  Y.,  till 
 Xovcmber,  1878.  He  was  ordained  by  Syracuse 
 Presbytery  in  June,  1878,  and  was  pastor  of  the 
 Walnut  Street  Church,  Evansville,  Ind.,  from  De- 
 cember, 1878,  to  October,  1881,  when  he  w;us  obliged 
 to  leave  on  account  of  ill  he^alth.  He  has  been  p.istor 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  Boulder,  Col.,  1881-. 
 Mr.  Ailams  is  a  good  preacher,  and  has  been  faithful 
 and  successful  in  his  ministry. 
 
 Adoption.  An  act  by  which  one  tiikes  another 
 into  his  family,  owns  him  for  his  son  and  appoints 
 him  his  heir.  The  Greeks  and  Romans  had  many 
 regulations  concerning  adoption.  It  docs  not  appear 
 that  adoption,  properly  so  called,  w;i3  formerly  in  use 
 among  the  .lews.  Moses  makes  no  mention  of  it  in 
 his  laws;  and  the  ca.se  of  Jacob's  two  grandsons 
 (Gen.  xlviii,  14)  seems  rather  a  substitution. 
 
 Ailoption,  in  a  theological  8en.se,  is  that  act  of 
 God's  free  grace  by  which,  npon  our  being  justified 
 by  faith  in  Christ,  we  are  received  into  the  family 
 of  God,  and  entitled  to  the  inheritance  of  heaven. 
 Tliis  appears  not  so  much  a  distinct  act  of  God,  as 
 involved  in.  and  neces,s:irily  flowing  from,  our  .justi- 
 fication; so  that  at  le;ust  the  one  always  implies  the 
 
 other.     Xor  is  there  any  good  ground  to  suppose  that 
 in  the  Xew  Testament  the  term  adoption  is  used  with 
 
 I  any  reference  to  the  civil  practice  of  adoption  by  the 
 Greeks,  Romaas,  or  other  heathens,  and  therefore, 
 it  is  not  judicious  to  illustrate  the  te.xts  in  which  the 
 word  occurs  by  their  formalities.  The  Apostles,  in 
 using  the  term,  appear  to  have  had  before  them  the 
 simple  view,  that  our  sins  had  deprived  us  of  our 
 sonship,  the  f^xvor  of  God,  and  the  right  to  the  inher- 
 itance of  eternal  life;  but  that,  upon  our  return  to 
 
 I  God,  and  reconciliation  with  riim,  our  forfeited  priri- 
 leges  were  not  only  restored,  but  greatly  heightened, 
 through  the  paternal  kindness  of  God.     They  could 
 
 [  scarcely  be  forgetful  of  the  afl'ecting  parable  of  the 
 
 j  prodigal  son;  and  it  is  under  the  same  view  that  St. 
 
 [Paul  quotes  from  the  Old  Testament,  '"Wherefore 
 come  out  from  among  them,  and  be  ye  separate, 
 .saith  the  Lord,  and  touch  not  the  unclean  thing,  and 
 I  will  receive  you,  aud  I  will  be  a  Father  unto  you, 
 and  ye  shall  be  my  sons  and  daughters,  saith  the 
 Lord  Almighty." 
 
 Adoption,  then,  is  that  act  by  which  we  who  were 
 alienated,  and  enemies,  and  disinherited,  are  made 
 the  sons  of  God  and  heirs  of  his  eternal  glory.  "  If 
 children,  then  heirs,  heirs  of  God  aud  joiut  heirs  with 
 Christ;  "  where  it  is  to  be  remarked,  that  it  is  not  in 
 our  own  right,  nor  in  the  right  of  any  work  done  in 
 us,  or  which  we  ourselves  do.  though  it  should  be  an 
 evangelical  work,  that  we  become  heirs;  but  jointly 
 with  Christ,  and  in  His  right. 
 
 To  this  stiite  belong,  freedom  from  a  servile 
 spirit,  for  we  are  not  servants  but  sons;  the  si)ecial 
 love  and  care  of  God  our  heavenly-  Father;  a  filial 
 confidence  in  Him;  free  access  toiHim  at  all  times 
 and  in  all  circumstances;  a  title  to  the  heavenly  in- 
 herifciuce;  and  the  Spirit  of  adoption,  or  the  witness 
 of  the  Holy  Spirit  to  our  adoption,  which  is  the 
 foundation  of  all  the  comfort  we  can  derive  from 
 those  privileges,  as  it  is  the  only  means  by  which  we 
 can  know  that  they  are  ours. 
 
 The  la,st  mentioned  great  privilege  of  adoption 
 merits  special  attention.     It  consists  in  the  inward 
 
 i  witness  or  testimony  of  the  Holy  Spirit  to  the  son- 
 ship  of  believers,  from  which  flows  a  comfortable 
 persuasion  or  conviction  of  our  present  acceptance 
 with  God,  and  the  hope  of  our  future  and  eternal 
 glory.  This  is  taught  in  several  passages  of  Scrip- 
 ture : — ■ 
 
 Rom.  viii,  15,  16:  "For  ye  have  not  received  the 
 spirit  of  bondage  again  to  fear,  but  the  Spirit  of 
 adoption,  whereby  we  cry,  Abba,  Father.  The  Spirit 
 itself  beareth  witness  with  our  spirit  that  we  are  the 
 children  of  God."  In  this  passage  it  is  to  be  remarked, 
 1.  That  the  Holy  Spirit  takes  away  "  fear,"  a  servile 
 
 I  dread  of  God  as  offended.     2.  That  the  "  Spirit  of 
 
 I  God  "  here  mentioned  is  not  the  pcr.sonified  spirit  or 
 
 I  genius  of  the  gospel,  as  some  would  have  it,  but  ''the 
 Spirit  itself."  or  Himself,  and  hence  He  is  called  in 
 
 i  the  Galatian.s,  "  the  .Spirit  of  his  Son,"  which  cannot 
 
ADOPTIOX. 
 
 1061 
 
 ADVENT. 
 
 mean  the  genius  of  the  gospel.  3.  That  He  inspires 
 a  filial  confidence  in  God,  as  our  Father,  which  is 
 opposed  to  "  tlie  fear"  produced  by  the  "  sjjirit  of 
 bondage."  4.  That  He  excites  this  filial  confidence, 
 and  enables  us  to  call  God  our  Father,  by  witnessing, 
 bearing  testimony  with  our  spirit,  "that  we  are  the 
 children  of  God." 
 
 Gal.  iv,  4-6:  "But  when  the  fullness  of  tlie  time 
 was  come,  God  sent  fortli  liis  Son,  made  of  a  woman, 
 made  under  tlie  law,  to  redeem  tliem  that  were  under 
 the  law,  that  we  might  receive  tlie  adoption  of  .sons; 
 and  because  ye  are  sous,  God  hath  sent  forth  tlie 
 Spirit  of  his  Son  into  your  hearts,  crying,  Abba, 
 Father."  Here  also  are  to  be  noted,  1.  The  means 
 of  our  redemption  from  under  (the  cur,se  of)  the  law, 
 the  incarnation  and  sufferings  of  Christ.  2.  That  the 
 adoption  of  sous  follows  upon  our  actual  redemption 
 from  that  curse,  or,  in  other  words,  upon  our  pardon. 
 3.  That  upon  our  being  pardoned,  the  "Spirit  of  the 
 Son"  is  "sent  forth  into  our  hearts,"  producing  the 
 same  effect  a.s  that  mentioned  in  the  Epistle  to  the 
 Komans,  viz.,  filial  confidence  in  God,  "crying, 
 Abba,  Father. ' '  To  these  texts  are  to  be  added  all 
 those  passages,  so  numerous  in  the  New  Testament, 
 which  express  the  coufidence  and  the  joy  of  Chris- 
 tians ;  their  friendship  with  God ;  their  confident 
 access  to  Hira  as  their  God ;  their  entire  union  and 
 delightful  intercourse  with  Him  in  spirit. 
 
 This  has  been  generally  termed  the  doctrine  of 
 assurance,  and,  perhaps,  the  expressions  of  St.  Paul, 
 "  the  full  assurance  of  faith,"  and  "  the  full  assur- 
 ance of  hope,"  may  warrant  the  use  of  the  word. 
 Eut  as  there  is  a  current  and  generally  understood 
 sense  of  this  terra,  implying  that  the  a.ssurance  of 
 our  present  acceptance  and  sonship  implies  an  a.ssur- 
 ance of  our  final  perseverance,  and  of  an  indefea.sible 
 title  to  heaven;  the  phrase,  a  comfortable  persuasion 
 or  conviction  of  our  j  ustificiition  and  adoption,  arising 
 out  of  the  Spirit's  inward  and  direct  testimony,  is  to 
 be  preferred. 
 
 There  is,  also,  another  reason  for  the  sparing  and 
 cautious  use  of  the  term  a.ssurance,  which  is,  that  it 
 seeius  to  imply,  though  not  necessarilj-,  the  absence 
 of  all  doubt,  and  shuts  out  all  those  lower  degrees  of 
 persuasion  which  may  exist  in  the  experience  of 
 Christians.  For  our  faith  may  not  at  first,  or  at  all 
 times,  be  equally  strong,  and  the  testimony  of  the 
 Spirit  may  have  its  degrees  of  clearness.  Neverthe- 
 less, the  fullness  of  this  attainment  is  to  be  pressed 
 upon  every  one  :  "  Let  us  draw  near,"  says  St.  Paul 
 to  all  Cliristiaus,  "  with  full  a,ssuranceof  faith." 
 
 It  may  serve,  also,  to  remove  an  objection  some- 
 times made  to  the  doctrine,  and  to  correct  an  error 
 which  sometimes  pervades  the  statement  of  it,  to  ob- 
 serve that  this  a.ssurance,  persua,sion  or  conriction, 
 whichever  term  be  adopted,  is  not  of  the  essence  of 
 justifj-ing  faith;  that  is,  ju.stifying  faith  does  not  con- 
 sist in  the  assurance  that  I  am  now  forgiven,  through 
 Christ.    This  would  be  obviously  eoutnidictorv.    For 
 
 we  must  believe  before  we  can  be  j  ustified ;  m  uch  more 
 before  we  can  be  a.ssured,  in  any  degree,  that  we  are 
 justified;  this  persuasion,  therefore,  follows  justifi- 
 cation, and  is  one  of  its  results.  But  though  we 
 must  npt  only  distinguish,  but  separate,  this  persua- 
 sion of  our  acceptiince  from  the  faith  which  ju.stifies, 
 we  must  not  separate  it,  but  only  distinguish  it,  from 
 justification  itself  With  that  tome  in,  as  concomit- 
 ants, adoption,  the  "  Spirit  of  adoption,"  and  regener- 
 ation. 
 
 Advent,  The  Second  {yj  T.apuuaia  rou  oUio  r«8 
 fh(lijw-tiu,'ii.ixtt.  xxiv,  27;  zou  xiipinu,  1  Thess.  iii, 
 13) ;  a  phrase  used  in  reference  to  the  revelation  of 
 Christ  from  heaven,  predicted  in  the  New  Testament ; 
 His  "appearing,  the  second  time,  without  sin,  unto 
 salvation,"  This  stupendous  event  was  often  fore- 
 told by  Christ  Himself,  and  is  prominentl.y  exhibited 
 throughout  the  apostolic  writings.  "  The  Son  of 
 Man,"  said  Jesus,  "shall  come  in  the  glory  of  his 
 Father,  with  his  angels  "  (Matt,  xvi,  27).  After  His 
 ascension,  the  announcement  was  made  to  His  dis- 
 ciples: "  This  same  Jesus  .  .  .  shall  so  come  in  like 
 manner  as  }-e  have  seen  him  go  into  heaven  ' '  (Acts  i, 
 11).  "Behold,  he  cometh  with  clouds,"  says  John, 
 "and  every  eye  shall  .see  him"  (Rev.  i,7),  "When  he 
 shall  appear,  we  shall  be  like  him  "  (1  John  iii,  2). 
 St.  Paul  represents  Christians  as  "looking"  and 
 "waiting  for  the  coming  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  "  (1 
 Cor.  i,  7).  As  to  the  time  of  His  coming,  we  find  Him 
 sajing  to  his  disciples:  "There  be  some  standing  here 
 who  shall  not  taste  of  death  till  they  see  the  Son  of 
 Man  coming  in  his  kingdom  "  (Matt,  xvi,  2S).  "  Ye 
 shall  not  have  gone  over  the  cities  of  Israel  until  the 
 Son  of  Man  be  come  "  (Matt,  x,  23).  "They  shall  see 
 the  Son  of  Man  coming  in  the  clouds  of  heaven  with 
 power  and  great  glory.  .  .  .  This  generation  shall 
 not  pass  away  till  all  these  things  be  fulfilled"  (Matt, 
 xxiv,  30-34).  "The  coining  of  the  Lord  draweth 
 nigh  ' '  (James  V,  8).  As  to  the  purpose  of  His  coming, 
 we  read:  "Then  .shall  he  reward  every  man  according 
 to  his  works  "  (Matt,  xvi,  27).  "The  Lord  him.self 
 shall  descend  from  heaven  with  a  shout  .  .  .  and 
 the  dead  in  Christ  shall  rise  first,"  (1  Thess.  iv,  16). 
 "He .shall  judge  the  quick  and  the  dead  at  his  appear- 
 ing and  his  kingdom"  (2Tim.  iv,  1).  "Behold,  I 
 come  quickly,  and  my  reward  is  with  me,  to  give 
 every  man  according  as  his  work  shall  be  "  (Rev. 
 xxii,  12). 
 
 Various  opinions  have  prevailed  as  to  the  meaning 
 of  these  and  .similar  declarations,  and  as  to  the  time 
 and  manner  of  their  accomplishment.  In  some  of 
 the  apostolic  churches,  as,  for  instance,  at  Thessa- 
 lonica,  there  were  some  who  regarded  the  advent  as 
 imminent.  At  any  hour  Christ  might  come  !  That 
 this,  however,  was  not  the  apostolic  belief,  is  evident 
 from  2  Thess.  ii,  3,  4,  where  St.  Paul  affirms  that 
 "that  day  shall  not  come,  except  there  come  a  falling 
 away  first,  and  that  man  of  sin  be  revealed,  the  sou 
 of  perdition."     Events  were  thus  to  occur,  prior  to 
 
ADVENT,  THE  SECOND. 
 
 1062 
 
 ADVENT,  THE  SECOND. 
 
 the  advent,  which  rendered  its  being  so  near  as  they 
 supposed  impossible. 
 
 Among  the  early  post-apostolic  Christians,  we  find 
 the  expectation  of  the  advent  becoming  blended  with 
 that  of  the  millennium,  or  thousand  years  of  rest  and 
 blessedness  anticipated  for  the  Church  on  the  earth. 
 Persecuted  by  the  Pagan  oppressor,  it  was  a  delightful 
 solace  to  believers,  in  those  dark  and  evil  days,  to 
 regard  Christ  as  being  about  to  come  in  person  to 
 terminate  the  sufferings  of  His  faithful  people,  and 
 receive  them  to  be  partakers  of  His  glory.  Then,  at 
 His  appearing,  His  eucmi«s  should  be  overthrown.  His 
 departed  .saints  raised  from  their  graves  to  meet  Him, 
 and  His  entire  Church  e.^alted  to  a  position  of  .security 
 and  triumph,  in  which  they  should  reign  with  Him 
 over  the  earth  and  thus  enjoy  a  rich  pre-libation  of  the 
 everlasting  blessedness  of  heaven.  These  expecta- 
 tions, as  cherished  by  some,  were  doubtless  charac- 
 terized by  Scriptural  sobriety  and  j  udiciousne.ss ;  but, 
 in  the  minds  of  others,  they  were  tinctured  with 
 much  that  was  fanciful  and  extravagant,  and  that  was 
 evidently  derived  rather  from  the  Jewish  synagogue 
 than  from  the  school  of  the  apostles. 
 
 After  the  triumph  of  Christianity  over  Paganism, 
 at  the  opening  of  the  fourth  century,  these  views 
 began  to  decline.  Basking  in  the  sunshine  of  im- 
 perial favor,  and  giving  law  from  the  throne  of  the 
 CiEsars,  the  Church  seemed  to  herself  to  have  already 
 entered  on  the  millennial  rest.  The  advent,  there- 
 fore, came  to  be  regarded  as  an  event  which  should 
 follow,  not  precede,  the  millennium.  It  was  thus  pro- 
 jected into  the  far  distant  future,  and  was  to  be  the 
 prelude  to  the  consummation  of  all  things. 
 
 Some  of  the  early  Reformers,  among  whom  was 
 Luther,  entertained  a  view  similar,  in  some  respects, 
 to  this.  To  them,  at  that  advanced  period  of  the 
 world's  history,  it  seemed  that  the  millennium  must 
 have  already  run  its  course,  and  a-s  if,  therefore,  the 
 coming  of  Christ  and  the  end  of  the  world  were  nigh. 
 Others,  however,  recognizing  in  Papal  Rome  the 
 mystic  Babylon  of  the  Apocalypse,  and  finding  them- 
 selves engaged  in  the  very  heat  of  conflict  with  it, 
 and  unable,  moreover,  to  discern,  in  the  dark  ages 
 that  had  preceded,  anything  like  the  ble.ssed  rest  they 
 anticipated  for  the  Church,  were  led  to  the  adoj)- 
 tion  of  views  more  in  accordance  with  those  generally 
 enterUiined  at  the  present  day.  These  may  be 
 epitomized  as  follows: — 
 
 There  are  many  earnest  and  devout  Chri.stians  who 
 maintain  it  to  be  the  duty  of  the  Church  to  antici- 
 pate the  advent  as  nigh,  and  to  live  in  daily  expecta- 
 tion of  the  coming  of  her  Lord.  Her  attitude,  say 
 the}',  should  be  that  expressed  in  the  words  of  the 
 apostle:  "  Looking  for  the  blessed  hope,  and  the 
 glorious  appearing  of  the  great  God  and  our  Saviour 
 Jesus  Christ;  who  gave  himself  for  us"  (Titus  ii,  13). 
 The  command  of  Christ  to  His  disciples  is  obligatory 
 on  His  people  now — Be  ye  "  like  unto  men  that  wait 
 for  their  Lord  "  (Luke  xii,  36).     "Watch,  therefore, 
 
 for  ye  know  not  what  hour  your  Lord  doth  come" 
 (Matt,  xxiv,  42). 
 
 But  how,  they  ask,  can  the  Church  maintain  this 
 attitude  of  expectation,  if  she  believes  that  a  thousand 
 years  are  to  elapse  before  the  advent  ?  The  advent, 
 therefore,  must  be  j9rc-millennial.  Christ  will  soon 
 appear  visibly  to  establish  Hiskingdom  and  introduce 
 His  universal  reign.  The  Church,  with  her  present 
 agencies  and  instrumentalities,  is  inadequate  to  the 
 conversion  of  the  world.  Her  present  work,  there- 
 fore, is,  by  the  preaching  of  the  gospel,  to  make  up 
 the  number  of  the  elect.  These,  at  His  coming,  shall 
 constitute  "the  Bride,  the  Lamb's  wife;"  that  "  glori- 
 ous Church"  which  Christ  "shall  then  present  to  him- 
 self, having  neither  spot,  nor  wrinkle,  nor  any  such 
 thing."  Then  all  His  enemies  shall  be  put  under  His 
 feet.  The  earth  shall  be  purified  by  fire,  and  wicked- 
 ness consumed  out  of  it.  Along  with  the  fullness  of 
 the  Gentiles,  the  Jews  shall  be  brought  into  the 
 Church  and  restored  to  their  own  land.  Then,  either 
 in  the  earthly  Jerusalem  below,  or,  as  some  imagine, 
 in  the  heavenly  Jerusalem  visibly  manifested  above 
 it,  Christ  will  reign  with  His  risen  and  glorified 
 saints.  Then  "  all  nations  whom  he  has  made  .shall 
 come  and  worship  before  him, ' '  and  ' '  all  the  ends  of 
 the  earth  see  the  salvation  of  God." 
 
 There  are  others  to  whom  these  anticipations, 
 fascinating  as  they  are  to  many,  seem  based  on 
 erroneous  interpretations  of  Scripture.  Christ's 
 kingdom,  they  argue,  is  not  a  kingdom  of  the  future 
 merely;  it  has  already  come.  It  began  when  He 
 ascended,  and  sat  down  as  "  Lord  of  all  "  (Acts  x,  36) 
 at  the  right  hand  of  the  Father.  Then  He  was 
 "made  head  over  all  things  to  the  Church  "  (Eph.  i, 
 22).  Christ,  therefore,  reigns  now,  and  "must  reign 
 till  he  hath  put  all  enemies  under  his  feet"  (1  Cor. 
 XV,  25).  "AH  power  in  hcttven  and  on  earth"  having 
 been  "given  "  to  Him,  He  already  posses.ses  all  that  is 
 requisite  for  the  fulfillment  of  His  purposes  and  the 
 extension  of  His  reign,  visibly  and  manifestly, 
 throughout  the  world.  His  kingdom,  which  began 
 to  be  manifested  when,  on  the  day  of  Pentecost, 
 through  the  outpouring  of  the  Spirit,  multitudes 
 were  brought  to  the  obedience  of  the  faith,  will  come 
 with  growing  power  and  fullness  till  it  has  come 
 universally,  and  the  Father's  "  will  is  done  on  earth, 
 even  as  it  is  done  in  heaven." 
 
 As  to  its  being  the  duty  of  the  Church  to  be  look- 
 ing and  waiting  for  the  coming  of  her  Lord,  they 
 maintain  that  several,  at  least,  of  the  passages  from 
 which  this  is  inferred  have  been  misunderstood,  and 
 have  reference,  not  to  that  real  and  personal  coming 
 which  is  yet  future,  but  to  that  spiritual  coming,  in 
 the  exercise  of  judgment  on  the  Jewish  Church  and 
 nation,  which  is  now  pa-st.  They  aflirm,  moreover, 
 that  even  those  who  maintain  this  to  be  the  duty  of 
 the  Church,  are  themselves  unable  to  fulfill  it,  inas- 
 much as,  expecting,  as  they  do,  certain  events  to  pre- 
 cede the  advent,  they  must  necessarily  be  looking  oat 
 
ADVENT,  THE  SECOND. 
 
 1063 
 
 AIKMAN. 
 
 rather  for  those  events  thau  for  the  advent  which  is 
 to  follow  them.  For  example,  from  certain  Old 
 Testament  prophecies,  it  is  generally  maintained  by 
 them  that,  prior  to  the  advent,  the  Jews,  while  yet 
 unljelieving,  will  be  restored  to  their  own  land;  that 
 after  dwelling  there  for  a  season  in  peace,  and  attain- 
 ing to  considerable  prosperity,  a  confederacy  of 
 nations  will  be  formed  against  them;  that  they  will 
 lie  assailed  by  the  armies  of  Gog;  and  that,  just  in 
 this  crisis  of  their  fate,  Christ  will  appear  \-isibly  for 
 their  deliverance.  Then,  converted  to  the  faith  of 
 the-gospel,  they  will  say:  "Blessed is  hethatcometh 
 in  the  name  of  the  Lord!"  How,  then,  can  pre- 
 millenarians,  entertaining  such  expectations,  be  look- 
 ing daily  for  the  coming  of  the  Lord  !  They  must 
 necessarily  be  looking  rather  for  those  events  which 
 they  believe  shall  precede  it.  But  this  is  precisely 
 the  position  of  post-millenarians,  though  the  events 
 anticipated  by  them,  including,  as  they  do,  the 
 millennium,  must  occupy  a  much  more  lengthened 
 interval  of  time.  The  advent,  however,  say  they,  is 
 an  event  of  such  surpassing  interest  and  importance, 
 that,  however  far  distant  in  the  future  it  may  be,  to 
 the  eye  of  faith  it  should  ever  appear  as  nigh.  They 
 insist,  moreover,  on  this,  as  inconsistent  with  a  pre- 
 millennial  advent,  that  there  is  not  in  the  New  Tes- 
 tament any  passage  having  undeniable  reference  to 
 the  advent,  in  which  Christ  is  said  to  come  for  the 
 purpose  of  reigning  on  the  earth.  He  is  represented 
 as  coming  to  raise  the  dead,  to  judge  the  world,  and 
 distribute  to  men  their  final  awards;  but  never  as 
 coming  to  establish  His  kingdom  or  begin  His  reign. 
 Why  not?  Because,  say  they.  His  kingdom  is  already 
 established  and  His  reign  already  begun.  The  advent, 
 therefore,  cannot  be  pre-mUlennial.  It  must  be 
 a  post-milleimial  event. 
 
 Resembling  this  view,  though,  in  one  important 
 resjjcct,  differing  from  it,  is  that  held  by  a  third  class 
 of  Christians.  Believing  that  Christ's  coming  is  to 
 follow  the  millennium,  not  precede  it,  they  maintain 
 that  the  character  of  this  era  has  been  altogether 
 misunderstood;  that,  instead  of  being  a  period  of 
 rest  and  triumph  for  the  Church,  it  is  to  be  a  period 
 of  trial  and  conflict;  and  that,  if  not  already  p;ist,  it 
 is  rapidly  hastening  to  a  close.  According  to  this 
 view,  the  coming  of  Christ,  with  the  end  of  all 
 things,  is  drawing  nigh. 
 
 This  article  would  be  incomplete  were  we  not  to 
 notice  another  view  which  haa  recently  been  put 
 forth  with  considerable  power,  and  is  now  finding 
 acceptance  with  many.  According  to  this  hypothesis, 
 the  second  advent  is  p;i,st  already.  Christ  Himself 
 foretold  its  nearness.  He  was  to  "come  in  his  king- 
 dom "  before  some  of  his  disciples  "  tasted  death;  " 
 before  they  had  "gone  over  the  cities  of  Israel;"  be- 
 fore that  generation  had  "passed  away."  Christ's 
 own  declarations  regarding  His  advent,  say  they, 
 thus  invariably  either  affirmed  or  implied  that  it  was 
 near.     They  were  fulfilled,  partly  in  His  coming,  by 
 
 the  outpouring  of  His  Spirit  on  the  day  of  Pentecost, 
 to  establish  His  reign  among  men ;  and  partly  in  the 
 judgments  which,  in  that  generation,  fell  on  the 
 Jewish  community,  by  which  the  Mosaic  economy 
 was  abolished,  and  the  age  (ai'cuy)  or  "world"  that 
 then  was,  brought  to  a  final  end.  The  reference  to 
 the  advent  in  the  "Acts  of  the  Apostles,"  and  in  the 
 Epistles,  they  maintain,  are  but  reproductions,  some- 
 what varied,  of  Christ's  own  declarations;  while,  in 
 nearly  all  of  them,  it  is  evident,  either  from  the  lan- 
 guage employed  or  the  connection  in  which  it  stands, 
 that  thft  writers  were  looking  for  the  advent  before 
 the  passing  away  of  the  then  existing  generation. 
 Along  with  Dr.  Owen  (see  his  sermons  on  3  Pet.  iii, 
 11),  they  imagine  the  prediction  of  St.  Peter — "  the 
 earth  and  the  works  that  are  therein  shall  be  burned 
 up" — to  foretell,  not  the  destruction  of  the  world, 
 but  the  destruction  of  Judaism,  and  the  passing  away 
 of  the  heavens  and  earth  of  the  Levitical  dispensation. 
 Believing  the  Apocalypse  to  have  been  written  prior 
 to  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem,  they  think  it  has 
 reference  mainly  to  that  event,  and  perhaps,  in  con- 
 nection with  it,  to  the  overthrow  of  pagan  Eome. 
 
 According  to  this  hypothesis,  Christ  has  already 
 come.  He  is  already  seated  "on  the  throne  of  his 
 glory,  and  before  him  even  now  are  gathered  all 
 nations."  The  judgment  is  now  going  on;  the 
 wicked  are  passing  away  "  into  everlasting  punish- 
 ment, and  the  righteous  into  life  eternal."  Men  be- 
 come consciously  the  subjects  of  this  judgment,  as 
 they  pass  from  the  sphere  of  the  visible  among  unseen 
 and  everlasting  things. 
 
 It  will  be  perceived  that  this  hypothesis  leads  to 
 the  following  conclusions:  That  Scripture  nowhere 
 foretells  the  destruction  of  our  world;  that  the  human 
 race  may  be  propagated  on  this  earth  forever;  that 
 if  the  advent  be  passed  already,  so  also  is  the  resur- 
 rection which  was  to  precede  it,  and  which  must, 
 therefore,  have  been  a  resurrection  of  souls  from 
 Hades,  and  not  of  bodies  from  the  grave;  or,  if  a 
 resurrection  of  bodies,  then  not  a  visible  resurrec- 
 tion; and  finally,  that  the  resurrection  now  takes 
 place  at  death,  in  the  emerging  from  the  mortal 
 frame  of  a  body,  which,  invisible  to  human  eye,  is 
 spiritual,  incorruptible  and  glorious. 
 
 Many  grave  and  apparently  insuperable  objections 
 to  this  hypothesis  will  at  once  suggest  themselves  to 
 the  mind  of  the  thoughtful  reader;  but  it  is  not  neces- 
 sary that  these  should  be  stated  here. — Kitto's  Diet. 
 
 Aikman,  Robert,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  the  city 
 of  New  York,  June  29th,  1816.  Leaving  school  at  an 
 early  age,  he  was  employed  as  a  clerk  in  mercantile 
 affairs,  until  about  twenty-one  years  old.  Then, 
 turning  toward  the  ministry,  he  prepared  for  college, 
 and  was  graduated  from  Yale  in  the  class  of  1843. 
 After  teaching  a  year  he  entered  Union  Theological 
 Seminary,  in  New  York,  completing  his  course  in 
 1847,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Fourth  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  York,  on  the  9th  of  April.     He  was 
 
ALBIGENSES. 
 
 1064 
 
 ALLEX. 
 
 soon  called  to  the  charge  of  a  mission  field  in  Cov- 
 entry, Khode  Island,  and  was  ordained  to  the  gospel 
 ministry  by  the  Congregational  Association  of  that 
 State,  November  11th,  1847.    In  March,  1850,  he  be- 
 came assistant  pastor  of  the  First  Presbj-terian  Church 
 of  Troy,  N.  Y. ,  then  under  the  care  of  Rev.  N.  S.  j 
 Beman,  D.  D.     Ee,sigaing  that  position  he  was  called,  i 
 December  3d,  1851,  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Third  ^ 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Elizabeth,   N.  J.,  tien  he-  j 
 ginning  its  existence,  over  which,  as  its  .lirst  pastor, 
 he  was  installed,  March  1st,  1852.     After  a  pastorate 
 there  of  seventeen  years  he  was  called  to  the  charge 
 of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  JIadison,  N.  J., 
 and   installed  as  pastor,  June  2d,   1869.     He  con- 
 tinues still  in   that  charge,  faithful  in  duty,  and 
 with  the  Divine  blessing  attending  his  labors.     He 
 is  an   able  preacher,   and   highly    esteemed  by  his 
 brethren. 
 
 Albigenses,  a  body  of  reformers  about  Toulouse, 
 and  the  Alljigenses  in  Languedoc,  who  sprung  up  in 
 the  twelth  century,  and  distinguished  themselves  by 
 their  opposition  to  the  Church  of  Rome.  They  were 
 charged  with  many  errors  by  the  monks  of  those 
 days,  but  from  these  charges  they  are  generally 
 acquitted  by  the  Protestants,  who  consider  them  only 
 as  inventions  of  the  Roman  Church  to  blacken  their 
 character.  The  Albigenses  grew  so  formidable,  that 
 the  Catholics  agi-eed  upon  a  holy  league  or  crusade 
 against  them.  Pope  Innocent  III,  desirous  to  put 
 a  stop  to  their  progress,  stirred  up  the  great  men  of 
 the  kingdom  to  make  war  upon  them.  After  suffer- 
 ing from  their  persecutors,  they  dwindled,  by  little 
 and  little,  till  the  time  of  the  Reformation,  when 
 such  of  them  as  were  left  fell  in  with  the  Vaudois, 
 and  conformed  to  the  doctrine  of  Zwinglius  and  the 
 disciples  of  Geneva.  The  Albigenses  have  been  fre- 
 quently confounded  with  the  Waldenses,  from  whom 
 it  is  said  they  differ  in  many  respects,  both  as  being 
 later  far  in  point  of  time,  as  having  their  origin  in  a 
 different  country,  and  as  being  charged  with  divers 
 heresies,  particularly  Manicheism,  from  which  the 
 Waldenses  were  exempt.      (See  WdUlcnacii.) 
 
 Alexander,  Rev.  Samuel  R.,  w.os  a  native 
 of  Bourbon  county,  Ky.  After  being  licensed  to 
 preach  the  gospel,  he  went  to  the  region  of  Yincennes, 
 Ind.,  in  1823.  The  serWces  of  his  installation,  in 
 Yincennes,  were  held  in  the  court-house.  There  was 
 then  no  Presbyterian  church  in  the  county.  He 
 was  pastor  of  the  Indiana  Church,  so  cjiUcd  because 
 there  was  then  no  other  Presbyterian  church  in  the 
 territory,  perliaps  the  only  Protestant  church  of  any 
 kind.  In  1854,  after  a  pastorate  of  thirty  years,  he 
 resigned  the  charge.  Subsequently,  ivs  health  per- 
 mitted, he  labored  in  other  churches.  He  died  near 
 Yincennes,  February  17th,  1884,  in  the  eighty-second 
 year  of  hLs  age.  His  interest  in  the  church  was 
 stcadfiist.  He  wa.s  a  constant  attendant  on  public 
 service,  frequently  a.ssisting.  He  lived  and  died  a 
 good  si-rvant  of  the  Master. 
 
 Allbright,  Rev.  William  Hervey,  was  born 
 in  Blisworth,  Northamptonshire,  England,  Novem- 
 ber 25th,  1849,  being  the  oldest  of  the  ten  children 
 of  John  and  Elizabeth  Allbright.  He  united  with 
 the  "  General  ■'  Baptist  Church  of  Blisworth,  in  1869, 
 and  transferred  his  membership  to  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Camden,  N.  Y.,  1871,  having  come 
 to  this  country  in  1870.  Pursuing  his  preparatory 
 studies  in  Camden  Union  School  and  Whitestown 
 Seminary,  he  graduated  from  Hamilton  College,  in 
 due  course,  187G,  aud  from  Auburn  Theological  Semi- 
 nary in  1879.  On  June  6th  of  that  year  he  was 
 ordained  pastor  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Auburn,  N.  Y.,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Cajiiga,  which 
 position  he  still  holds,  January  1st,  1884. 
 
 Of  robust  health,  evangelical,  earnest  and  untiring 
 in  pulpit  and  pastoral  work,  he  has  decided  encour- 
 agement in  the  edification  of  his  church  and  the 
 co-operation  of  his  people. 
 
 A  notable  and  grateful  feature  in  Mr.  AUbright's 
 experience  is  his  having,  as  neighboring  successful 
 pastors  in  the  same  city,  two  of  his  theological  class- 
 mates, the  Rev.  Charles  Carroll  Hemenway,  of  the 
 Central  Presbyterian  Church,  and  the  Rev.  George 
 B.  Stewart,  of  the  Calvary  Presbyterian.  Church, 
 the  three  accepting,  before  graduation,  the  calls  to 
 their  respective  charges,  almost  under  the  .shadow  of 
 the  Seminary. 
 
 Allen,  Heman  Hojrt,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Can- 
 ton, St.  Lawrence  county,  N.  Y.,  October  16th,  1828. 
 His  parents  wpre  Marcus  and  Lucia  Allen,  who  were 
 born  and  married  near  Mid  dtebury,  Vt.  His  grand- 
 father Allen  was  a  cousin  of  Col.  Ethan  Allen,  of 
 Ticonderoga  fame.  His  grandmother  Allen  was  a 
 sister  of  Jlyron  AVinslow,  one  of  the  earliest,  if  not 
 the  first,  of  American  missionaries.  On  the  mother's 
 side  he  is  a  de.scendant  of  Henri  Liris  Fabrique,  one 
 of  those  who  escaped  from  Lyons  in  the  horrors  of 
 St.  Bartholomew.  On  the  father's  side,  Scotch-Irish 
 Presbyterian;  on  the  mother's  side,  French  Hugue- 
 not; it  will  be  seen  there  was  no  special  love  for 
 Romanism  in  that  stock.  Dr.  Allen's  father  moved 
 West  in  August,  1832,  when  the  son  was  not  quite 
 four  years  old.  Though  he  was  so  young  at  the 
 time,  he  distinctly  remembers  passing  Niagara  Falls. 
 The  family  settled  in  Harrison  county,  Ind.,  but  in 
 October,  1833,  removed  to  Breckinridge  county,  Ky. 
 Shortly  after,  the  first  and  only  Presbyterian  church 
 in  the  county  w;is  organized  at  Cloverport.  The 
 family  were  part  of  its  original  membership.  Tlie 
 father  was  elected  an  elder,  and  remained  so  until 
 his  death,  in  1866. 
 
 He  was  received  to  the  communion  of  the  church 
 in  the  Spring  of  1846,  in  his  eighteenth  year.  He 
 remained  on  his  father's  farm  till  his  twenty-first 
 year,  wheu,  having  decided  to  enter  the  ministry,  \w 
 began  the  work  of  getting  an  education,  not  having 
 one  dollar  with  which  to  begin.  He  was  received 
 under  the  c;u-e  of  the  Presbytery  of  Louisville  in  the 
 
ALLEN. 
 
 1065 
 
 ANALOGY  OF  FAITH. 
 
 Spring  of  1849.     He  entered  the  Freshman  class  of 
 Centre  College  in  September,  1851.  and  graduated  in 
 1S55,  being  the  Valedictorian  of    the   class.     Hon. 
 John  Young  I'.rowii,  Col.  W.  C.  P.  Breckinridge,  Gov. 
 Thomas   T.    Crittenden,   Revs.  II.   M.  Scudder  and 
 William  George  were  among   his    classmates.     He 
 entered  Danville  Theological  Seminary  in  September, 
 1855,  and  graduated  in  April,  1S58,  and  was  licensed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Louis\ille,  at  Qoverport,  April, 
 1.858.     In  June  following  he  took  charge  of  churches 
 at  Cynthiana  and  Mount  Plea.s;mt,  Harrison  county, 
 Ky.,  remaining  there  one  year.     He  was  installed 
 pa-storof  the  Bethel  Church,  near  Lexington,  in  Sep- 
 tember, 1859.     This  church  had  long  been  uTider  the 
 ministry  of  Rev.  Robert  Marshall,  so  well  known  in 
 the  early  ministry  of  Kentucky.     HaWng  connected 
 with  the  p.a.storal  work  that  of  teaching  a  school,  a 
 severe  attack  of  throat  disease  compelled  him  to  give 
 up  preaching  and  to  resign  his  charge,  in  April,  1861. 
 For  four  years  he  was  the  successful  Financial  Agent 
 of  the  Danville  Theological  Seminary  and  Centre 
 College.     In  February,  1865,  he  resumed  ministerial 
 work,  preaching  to  the  churches  at  Glasgow  and 
 Mumfordsville,  Ky.,  one  year.     In  January,  1866,  he 
 became  editor  of  the  Western  Presbyterian,  in  Louis- 
 ville, Ky.,  and  for  four  years,  by  his  judgment  and 
 skill,  rendered  important  service  to  the  Church.     He 
 was  called  to  the  pastorate  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church,  St.  Charles,  JIo.,  in  October,  1870,  where  he 
 remained  for  two  years,  and  was  greatly  blessed  in 
 his  work.     During  that  time  a  beautiful  house  of 
 worship  was  erected,  at  a  cost  of  over  $16,000,  and 
 more  than  one  hundred  members  were  added  to  the 
 church.     He  returned  to  Kentucky  in  October,  1872, 
 to  be  the   pastor  of  Olivet  Church,  Shelby  county, 
 which  pastorate  he  resigned,  in  September,  1877,  and 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  Church  at  Princeton.     Failing 
 health  compelled  him  to  relimiuish  this  charge  in  the 
 Spring  of  1880.     Through  his  untiring  efforts,  and  at  ' 
 much  personal    sacrifice,  the    Princeton  Collegiate 
 Institute  was  founded,  under  the  care  of  the  Presby- 
 tery, and  he  became  its  Principal  in  the  Fall  of  1880, 
 where  he  is  still  laboring,  with  much  succes.s.     He 
 was  a  member  of  the  General  Assemblies  of  1870 
 (Re-union)  and  1880;  was  Jloderator  of  the  Synod  of 
 Kentucky  in  1376,  and  has  been  an  efficient  member 
 of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  Centre  College,  and  of  the 
 Board  of  Directors  of  D.mville  Theological  Seminary 
 for  ten  years  p.ast,  having  been  President  of  the  latter 
 Board  for  several  years. 
 
 Dr.  Allen  loves  his  Church  and  State  and  country. 
 He  is  a  staunch  believer  in  and,  defender  of  the  doc- 
 trines and  polity  of  the  Church ;  preaches  with  ability 
 and  excels  in  addresses,  and  as  a  debater  and  coun- 
 sellor, in  ecclesia-stical  bodies. 
 
 Allen,  Rev.  Perry  S.,  was  the  youngest  child 
 of  Richard  B.  and  Slary  Allen,  and  was  born  in 
 Salem  congregation,  Butler  coimty.  Pa.,  July  4th. 
 1853.     His  preparatory  training  for   college  was  at 
 
 I  West  Sunbury  and  Glad  Run  academies,  and  his  col- 
 lege course  at  the  University  of  Wooster,  O.  He 
 graduated  at  the  "Western  Theological  Seminary,  the 
 youngest  member  of  his  class,  in  1877.  He  was 
 I  liceniTed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Butler  in 
 1876,  and  the  following  summer  supplied  the  churches 
 of  Cochranton  and  Jlilledgeville.  At  the  end  of  his 
 seminary  course  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  at  Edenburg,  Clarion  county.  Pa., 
 where  he  labored  for  about  eighteen  months.  He 
 was  called  from  this  field  to  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Sharon,  Pa.,  in  September,  1878,  where 
 he  served  four  years,  when  he  was  called  to  Warren, 
 Pa.,  where  he  still  is  the  pastor,  beloved  by  his 
 people  and  successful  in  his  labor. 
 
 AUis,  Rev.  John  M.,  is  the  second  son  of  Thomas 
 C.  and  Julia  A.  (Mather)  Allis,  and  was  born  in  Dan- 
 ville, Canada,  December  15th,  1839.  He  was  gradu- 
 ated at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  in  1866,  and  at 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York,  in  1869.  He 
 was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  York, 
 in  1868,  and  was  ordained  to  the  gospel  ministry  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Albany,  in  1869, 
 
 For  two  years  he  was  in  charge  of  a  mission  church 
 in  connection  with  Dr.  Sprague's  Church,  of  Albany, 
 X.  Y.  He  was  then  called  to  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Lansing,  Jlichigan, 
 
 His  wife's  failing  health  sent  him  to  Southern 
 California,  where  he  served  several  Home  Mission 
 churches  in  one  charge,  from  which  work  he  was 
 called  to  the  Larkin  Street  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 S.an  Francisco,  Cal.,  which  he  served  nearly  five  years. 
 In  1880  he  became  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Lafayette,  Ind.,  and  remained  until  called, 
 in  1883,  by  the  Board  of  Foreign  Mi-ssious,  to  take 
 charge  of  the  work  of  establishing  a  normal  school 
 and  a  theological  seminary  in  connection  with  the 
 mission  work  in  Valparaiso,  Chili,  S.  A.  A  man 
 of  vigorous  and  cultured  intellect  and  earnest 
 purpose,  he  presents  the  truth  of  the  gospel  forc- 
 ibly and  faithfully;  while  in  all  pa.storal  and  gen- 
 eral Christian  work  he  is  devoted,  energetic  and 
 untiring. 
 
 Analogy    of  Faith.      When    any    passage    is 
 
 explained  by  a  reference,  not  to  any  one  or  more  texts, 
 
 but  by  a  reference  to  the  general  tenor  of  Scripture, 
 
 it  is  then  said   to  be  interpreted  according  to  the 
 
 ANALOGY,  OR  RULE  OF  FAITH.     We  have  examples 
 
 of  this  kind  of  reference  in  Gal.    v,   14,  and  again 
 
 1  in  1  Cor.  xv,  3,   11,  where   the  apostle  states  the 
 
 facts  and  doctrines  connected   with  the  death  and 
 
 !  resurrection  of  Christ,   and  then  proceeds  to   prove 
 
 other  facts  and  doctrines  from  them. 
 
 •      This  analogy  of  fiiith  is  called  in  the  Bible,  "the 
 
 I  Scriptures"  (1  Cor.   xv,   3,4);  "  all  the  law,"  as  in 
 
 'Gal.   V,   14;  and    "the  mouth  of  all  the  prophets" 
 
 (Actsiii,18).  "The  analogy  of  faith  "is  the  expression 
 
 used  by  the  Apostle  Paul,  in  Rom.  xii,  6,  where  he 
 
 exhorts  those  who  expound  the  Scriptures  (or  pro- 
 
AaWalogv  of  faith. 
 
 1066 
 
 AXALOGY  OF  FAITH. 
 
 phesy)  to  do  it  according  to  the  proportion  or  analogy, 
 the  nu'usure  or  rule  of  faith. 
 
 The  expression,  therefore,  is  identical  with  "the 
 whole  tenor  of  Scripture;"'  and  the  doctrine  which  is 
 founded  upon  it  is  taken  from  all  the  texts  relating 
 to  one  subject,  when  impartially  compared;  the 
 expressions  of  each  being  restricted  by  those  of  the 
 rest,  and  the  whole  explained  in  mutual  consistency. 
 
 (1)  Grod  is  set  forth  in  Scripture,  for  exaiiiple,  as 
 a  Spirit,  omniscient,  and  holy  and  supreme.  All 
 passages,  therefore,  which  seem  to  represent  Him  as 
 material,  local,  limited  in  knowledge,  in  power  ol- 
 in  righteoii.sness,  are  to  be  interpreted  agreeably  to 
 these  revealed  truths. 
 
 (2)  If,  again,  any  expo.sitor  were  to  explain  the 
 passages  of  Scripture  which  speak  of  justification  by 
 faith  as  if  it  freed  us  from  obligations  to  holiness, 
 such  an  interpretation  must  be  rejected,  because  it 
 counteracts  the  main  design  and  spirit  of  the  gospel. 
 
 (3)  In  Prov.  xvi,  4,  it  is  said,  "The  Lord  has 
 made  all  things  for  himself;  yea,  even  the  wicked  for 
 the  day  of  evil."  The  idea  that  the  wicked  were 
 created  that  they  might  be  condemned,  which  some 
 have  founded  upon  this  pa.s.sage,  is  inconsistent  with 
 innumerable  parts  of  Scripture  (Psa.  cxlv,  9;  Ezek. 
 xviii,  23;  2  Pet.  iii,  9).  The  meaning,  therefore,  is, 
 as  determined  by  the  analogy  of  faith,  that  all  evil 
 shall  contribute  to  the  glory  of  God,  and  promote 
 the  accomplishment  of  his  adorable  designs. 
 
 It  is  thus  that  philosophy  interprets  natural  ap- 
 pearances. When  once  a  general  law  is  established, 
 particular  facts  are  placed  under  it,  and  any  appear- 
 ance that  seems  contradictory  is  specially  examined; 
 and  of  two  explanations  of  the  apparent  anomaly, 
 that  one  is  selected  which  harmonizes  best  with  the 
 general  law. 
 
 The  use  of  the  parallel  pa.ssages  of  Scripture  in 
 determining  wlietber  language  is  figurative  or  literal 
 is  of  great  moment.  God,  for  example,  often  repre- 
 sents himself  a.s  giving  men  to  drink  of  a  cup  which 
 lie  holds  in  his  hand;  they  take  it,  and  fall  prostrate 
 on  the  ground  in  fearful  intoxic;ition.  The  figure  is 
 used  with  much  brevity,  and  without  explanation, 
 in  some  of  the  prophets  (Nahum  iii,  2;  Hab.  ii,  16; 
 Psa.  Ixxiv,  8).  In  Lsaiah  li,  17-23,  it  is  fully  explained, 
 and  the  meaning  of  the  image  becomes  clear.  The 
 intoxication  is  desolation  and  helplessness,  more  than 
 can  be  borne;  and  the  cup  is  the  I'ury  (or  righteous 
 indignation)  of  Jehovah. 
 
 In  reading  Acta  ii,  21,  we  find  it  said,  that  "  who- 
 soever shall  call  on  the  name  of  the  Lord  shall  be 
 saved;"  and  the  question  may  be  asked,  What  is 
 meant  by  calling  upon  the  name  of  the  Lord  ?  Mat^ 
 thew  tells  us,  that  "not  every  one  that  saith  Lord  ! 
 Lord  !  shall  enter  into  the  kingdom  of  heaven;  "  .so 
 that  the  pa.s,s:ige  is  not  to  be  understood  in  its  literal 
 and  restricted  sen.se.  On  referring  to  Komans  x,  11-11, 
 and  1  Corinthians  i,  2,  we  find  that  this  language,  which 
 is  quoted  from  the  prophet  Joel,  implied  an  admis- 
 
 sion of  the  Messiahship  of  Christ,  and  reliance  on  the 
 doctrines  which  he  revealed. 
 
 It  is  obvious  that,  while  the  figurative  meaning  of 
 a  word  has  generally  some  reference  to  its  literal 
 meaning,  it  must  not  be  supposed  to  include  in  the 
 figurative  use  all  that  is  included  in  the  literal: 
 similitude  in  some  one  respect,  or  more,  being  sufii- 
 cient  to  j  ustify  the  metaphor. 
 
 Christ  calls  his  disciples  his  sheep,  and  the  points 
 of  comparison  are,  clearly,  his  affection  for  them, 
 his  care  over  them,  and  their  confidence  and  attach- 
 ment to  him.  Common  sense  discovers  and  limits 
 the  application  of  the  terras.  Christ  himself  is 
 called,  with  smaller  limits,  the  Lamb,  with  special 
 relation  to  his  character  and  sacrifice.  So  sin  is 
 called  in  Scripture  a  debt;  atonement,  the  payment 
 of  a  debt;  pardon,  the  forgiveness  of  a  debt.  But 
 we  must  not  hold  the.se  terms  so  rigidly  as  to  main- 
 tain th.at,  because  Christ  died  for  man's  sin,  therefore 
 all  will  be  finally  saved;  or  that,  because  he  has 
 obeyed  the  law,  therefore  sinners  are  free  to  live  in 
 sin.  Men  are  dead  in  sin,  but  not  so  dead  as  to  be 
 free  from  the  duty  of  repentance;  nor  are  they  guilt- 
 less if  they  disregard  the  Divine  call.  These  prin- 
 ciples are  suiBciently  obvious  when  applied  to 
 passages  which  contain  figures  founded  upon  material 
 objects.  They  are  even  more  important,  though  less 
 easy,  when  applied  to  passages  which  contain  figures 
 taken  from  human  nature  or  common  life.  Jlore 
 errors,  probably,  have  arisen  from  pushing  analogical 
 expressions  to  an  extreme  than  from  any  other  single 
 cause;  and  against  this  tendency  the  sober,  earnest 
 student  of  the  Bible  needs  to  be  specially  upon  his 
 guard. 
 
 To  a.scertain,  therefore,  the  meaning  of  any  passage 
 of  Scriptiu'e,  whether  the  words  be  employed  figura- 
 tively or  literally,  we  must  ask  the  following  ques- 
 tions: ^liat  is  the  meaning  of  the  terms?  If  they 
 have  but  one  meaning,  that  is  the  sense.  If  they 
 have  several,  we  then  ask,  ^\^lich  of  those  meanings 
 is  required  by  other  parts  of  the  sentence  ?  If  two  or 
 more  meanings  remain,  then.  What  is  the  meaning 
 required  by  the  context,  so  as  to  make  a  consistent 
 sense  of  the  whole  ?  If,  still,  more  than  one  mean- 
 ing remains.  What,  then,  is  reciuired  by  the  general 
 scope?  And  if  this  question  fail  to  elicit  but  one 
 reply,  \\Tiat,  then,  is  required  by  other  passages  of 
 Scripture  ?  If,  in  answer  to  all  these  questions,  it  is 
 found  that  more  than  one  meaning  may  still  be  given 
 to  the  passage,  then  both  interpretations  are  true; 
 and  we  must  fi.x  on  the  one  which  best  fulfills  most 
 of  the  conditions,  or  must  look  elsewhere  for  some 
 further  guide. 
 
 It  is  import4int  to  observe  that,  whether  the  lan- 
 guage we  examine  be  figurative  or  literal,  and 
 whether  it  be  used  in  history  or  in  prophecy — in 
 allegory  or  in  ])lain  discourse — these  rules  are  equally 
 applicable.  There  is  not  one  rule  for  tropes,  and 
 another  for  words  in  their  proper  sense;  nor  is  there 
 
ANDERSON. 
 
 1067 
 
 ARCHAEOLOGY. 
 
 one  rule  for  interpreting  the  words  of  the  parables  of 
 
 Scripture,  and  another  for  interpreting  the  words  of 
 its  historical  statenicnts.  It  is  true  tlmt  in  history 
 or  narrative  we  exjifct  to  find  words  used  in  their 
 literal  sense;  wliile  in  poetry  or  allegory  the  tigura- 
 tive  may  be  expected  to  predominate.  We  apply, 
 however,  the  same  rules,  needing  some,  indeed,  more 
 in  one  case  than  in  the  other;  but  still  taking  the 
 sense  which  the  words  express,  as  that  sense  is 
 defined  and  limited  (if  it  be  so)  by  the  whole  of  the 
 sentence,  by  the  context,  by  tlic  scope  of  the  writer, 
 and  by  other  parts  of  the'  Bible. 
 
 Anderson,  Hon.  D.  O.  The  subject  of  this 
 sketch  is  a  ruling  elder  in  the  Jackson  Street  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  Mobile,  Ala.  He  is  the  son  of 
 Samuel  T.  Anderson,  one  of  the  pioneers  of  Tennessee, 
 and  was  born  in  the  town  of  Pulaski,  Tenn.,1816. 
 He  received  his  education  in  the  same  town,  chiefly 
 under  the  tuition  of  that  eminent  Christian  scholar, 
 the  Rev.  William  S.  Lacy.  He  studied  law  with  the 
 late  Judge  Bramlet,  of  Pulaski,  Tenn.,  and  was  ad- 
 mitted to  the  Bar  in  1838.  In  the  course  of  that 
 year  he  removed  to  Alabama,  and  settling  in  Demop- 
 olis,  pursued  the  practice  of  his  profe.ssion  in  that 
 place  until  the  year  1850,  when  he  removed  to  Mobile, 
 where  he  now  resides.  In  1843  he  was  elected  a 
 member  of  the  Alabama  Legislature,  and  in  1844 
 was  chosen  Presidential  elector  on  the  Whig  ticket. 
 
 In  18.53  Jlr.  Anderson  was  elected  by  the  Legisla- 
 ture Solicitor  of  the  Mobile  Circuit,  which  office  he 
 filled  for  the  space  of  four  years.  It  was  in  the  dis- 
 charge of  the  duties  of  this  office  that  his  great  abili- 
 ties as  a  lawyer  and  his  sterling  principle  as  a  man 
 became  conspicuous.  In  entering  upon  the  office  he 
 felt  that  he  a.ssumed  the  obligations  of  a  sacred  trust, 
 which  in  the  integrity  of  his  heart  he  strove  to  meet. 
 
 The  result  was,  that  the  administration  of  the 
 criminal  law  in  the  district  soon  assumed  a  higher 
 tone.  The  law  became  a  terror  to  the  evil.  Those 
 who  were  found  to  be  law  breakers  he  prosecuted 
 with  relentless  zeal  and  consummate  skill,  regardless 
 of  what  might  be  their  social  position,  or  wealth  or 
 power. 
 
 He  was  again  elected  to  the  Legislature,  and  served 
 from  1872  till  1876.  He  was  elected  Speaker  of  the 
 House  for  his  second  term,  which  office  he  tilled  with 
 distinction. 
 
 As  a  lawyer,  Jlr.  Anderson  excels  in  addressing  the 
 jury.  He  is  &  pleasing  and  impressive  speaker.  His 
 style  is  chaste,  his  language  simple  and  select;  his 
 manner  earnest  and  dignitied.  His  bearing  toward 
 the  Bench,  the  Bar  and  the  j\iry  is  courteous  and 
 frank,  commanding  the  confidence  and  respect  of  all. 
 In  disposition  and  temperament  he  is  genial  and 
 kind;  of  a  warm  and  generous  sympathy;  a  sincere 
 and  steadfa.st  friend.  From  all  exhibitions  of  envy 
 or  malice  he  is  singularly  free.  His  acquaintance 
 with  polite  literature  is  extensive.  Few  men,  not 
 professional  theologians,  are  as  well  acquainted  with 
 
 the  best  orthodox  exegetical  productions  of  the  day. 
 Having  no  fondness  for  controversial  writings,  his 
 tastes  have  led  him  to  the  higher  plane  of  experi- 
 mental and  devotional  studies.  These  pursuits  have 
 fitted  him  to  be  an  able  teacher  of  the  Bible  class,  a 
 work  in  which  he  takes  delight.  In  all  the  relations 
 of  life  he  has  maintained  the  character  of  a  high- 
 toned  Christian  gentleman;  honored  and  beloved  in 
 his  family,  in  the  church  and  by  his  friends;  to  his 
 pastor  a  prudent  counsellor,  an  appreciative  listener, 
 a  liberal  supporter  and  a  sympathizing  friend. 
 
 Anderson,  Rev.  Robert  Burton,  D.  D.,  was 
 born  in  Granville  county,  X.  C,  January  8th,  1833. 
 His  father  was  a  native  of  Kilmarnock,  Scotland, 
 and  his  mother  a  daughter  of  Col.  Robert  Burton,  an 
 officer  of  the  Revolution.  The  family  removed  to 
 Lincoln  county,  N.  C,  during  the  childhood  of  their 
 son,  who  early  attended  the  Old  Field  schools,  and 
 afterward  was  prepared  for  college  at  the  Caldwell 
 Institute,  under  Dr.  Alexander  Wilson.  He  was 
 graduated  from  Princeton  College  in  18.54.  In  1856 
 he  professed  his  faith  in  Clirist,  and  in  October,  1856, 
 entered  Columbia  Seminary,  remaining  three  years. 
 In  April,  1859,  he  was  licensed  by  Concord  Presby- 
 tery, and  supplied  several  churches  until  1862.  In 
 May,  1862,  he  was  ordained  by  Concord  Presbytery, 
 and  installed  over  Bethel  Church.  He  supplied  the 
 Church  of  Concord  Town  awhile,  and  then  became 
 Principal  of  the  Yorkville  Female  Institute,  in  South 
 Carolina,  and  supplied  Bethesda  Church.  Declining 
 a  call  to  that  church,  and  also  one  to  Holly  Springs, 
 Miss.,  he  took  charge,  in  1871,  of  the  churches  of 
 Slorganton  and  Newton,  and  was  installed  pastor 
 over  them  in  1875,  by  Concord  Presbytery,  where  he 
 now  is. 
 
 In  1881  he  received  the  degree  of  D.  D.  from  the 
 Southwestern  Presbyterian  University. 
 
 Dr.  Anderson  is  an  impressive  preacher,  and  his 
 discourses  have  the  charm  of  freshness,  fervor  and 
 felicity  of  statement.  While  he  holds  tenaciously 
 the  old  evangelical  doctrines,  his  methods  of  presen- 
 tation are  often  new,  original  and  striking.  No 
 audience  ever  tires  under  his  discourses.  The  genial 
 kindness  of  his  heart,  and  the  charm  of  his  conver- 
 sation, combine  to  attat'h  to  him  all  who  come  within 
 the  sphere  of  his  inlluence.  His  discretion  and 
 administrative  ability  induced  his  brethren  to  elect 
 him  as  Chairman  of " '  Committee  of  Oversight. " '  whose 
 business  it  is  to  watch  over  all  the  churches  of  the 
 Presbytery. 
 
 Archaeology,  Summary  of  its  Testimonies 
 to  the  Bible,  n'.  B.  Cooper,  Secretary  of  the  Society 
 of  Bihle  Arclueology,  says  :  "  From  the  monuments  of 
 Assyria  come  to  us  fresh  confirmations  of  the  Old 
 Testament;  that  mighty  empire  has  witnessed  for  the 
 truth  of  the  Bible  in  an  unexpected  manner,  and  with 
 no  uncertain  voice.  From  the  ruins  of  her  palaces 
 has  her  history  been  disinterred,  and  from  the  muti- 
 lated walls  of  her  temples  have  her  theology  and 
 
ARXES. 
 
 1068 
 
 ArTHEXTicirr  of  scsiPTmEs. 
 
 poetry  been  restored.  The  conquest  ol'  Palestine  is 
 recorded  in  the  annals  of  Sennacherib,  and  the 
 cylinder  of  Tiglath-pileser  describes  his  inrasion  of 
 Palestine,  The  names  of  Jehu,  of  Amaziah,  of  Heze- 
 kiah.  of  Omri,  Ahaz  and  Fzziah.  have  been  made 
 oat.  The  very  cLiy  which  sealed  the  treaty  between 
 the  kings  of  Judah  and  Assyria,  with  the  impreses 
 of  their  joint  seal  upon  it,  is  preserved  in  the  Xineveh 
 g3llery .  The  library  of  Assurbanipal.  in  twenty  thou- 
 sand irairments,  contains,  among  other  scientific  trea- 
 tises, such  a^  a-=tronomical  notices,  granuuarical  essays, 
 tables  of  verbs,  genealogies,  etc..  an  hisiorico-geo- 
 graphical  account  of  Babylonia  and  the  surrounding 
 coontries.  As  iar  as  these  fi-^ments  have  been 
 translated,  the  district  and  tribal  names  given  in  the 
 Bible  correspond  very  closely  with  them." — Faith  and 
 Frte  TJiouqht.  p.  -i^;. 
 
 Armes,  George  Wells,  youngest  son  of  Owamel 
 and  Olive  Armes,  was  bom  July  11th.  1830.  at  Xorth 
 Hadley,  Mass.  In  1~34  his  parents  removed  to 
 Western  Michigan,  where  their  four  sons  were 
 reared  on  a  farm,  amid  the  privations  and  hardshije 
 of  frontier  life,  and  were  taught  to  labor  and  practice 
 economy,  the  elements  of  their  future  success.  At 
 the  age  of  eighteen  George  was  given  his  time,  and 
 having  accumulated  a  few  hundred  dollars,  emigrated 
 to  California  in  l-vJi.  He  united  with  Howard  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  on  profession  of  his  iaith,  March 
 iJd,  1559.  Inilay,  l56"2,  he  became  superintendent  of 
 the  Sabbath  school,  and  in  1504  was  elected  an  elder 
 in  that  church,  and  served  in  both  capacities  until 
 his  removal  to  Oakland,  in  lS«>o.  During  that  year 
 he  was  elected  ruling  elder  and  superintendent  of  the 
 Sabbath  school  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Oakland;  has  held  both  positions  until  the  present 
 time.  He  is  now  also  President  of  the  Alameda  and 
 Contra  Costa  Bible  Society  of  the  Alameda  county 
 S.  S.  Association,  and  of  the  Oakland  Branch  of  the 
 C.  L.  S.  C. ;  also  Trustee  of  the  State  C.  L.  S.  C,  and 
 of  the  San  Francisco  Benevolent  Association. 
 
 AYlule  not  seeking  promotion,  Mr.  Armes  has  been 
 unanimously  elected  to  these  and  many  other  im- 
 portant positions,  and  has  so  discharged  the  duties 
 devolving  upon  him  as  to  secure  most  satisfactory 
 results  and  perfect  harmony  among  all  his  oo-laborers. 
 With  a  mind  fertile  in  expedients,  he  has  marked  exe- 
 cutive ability.  He  is  an  indefatigable  worker,  and 
 always  ready  to  help  a  good  cause  at  any  expense  of 
 labor  and  self-denial.  He  is  entirely  devoid  of  cant  or 
 mock  dignity,  free  and  ea<y  in  manner,  enthusiastic, 
 persistent,  hopeful  and  buoyant,  carrying  beneath  the 
 rilvery  tokens  of  age  a  young  heart,  as  beneath  the 
 snow  on  the  roof  there  may  be  warmth  and  good 
 cheer  within,  ilr.  Armes  has  had  associatt-d  with 
 him  in  bu-siness,  thrt)ngh  all  these  years,  his  brother. 
 Charles  William,  who  has  also  been  for  years  an  elder 
 of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Oakland,  and  but 
 for  his  infirmity  of  deafness,  would  be  as  noted  as  his 
 brother  in  all   good    enterprises,    and  is  now  held 
 
 equally  high  in  the  esteem  of  the  church  and  the 
 public 
 
 Atkinson,  Charles  Moody,  A.  M.,  D.  D., 
 voungest  child  of  Moses  L.  and  Charlotte  D.  Atkin- 
 son, w^is  bom  in  Xewburyport,  ilass.,  June  17th. 
 '  1S19.  He  served  as  an  apprentice  to  the  watch- 
 '  maker's  trade  four  years;  was  prepared  for  college  by 
 Rev.  John  C.  March;  graduated  at  Amherst  College, 
 1?44;  Principal  of  Fellenburg  Academy.  Greenfield, 
 Mass.,  1S45;  graduated  at  the  Union  Theological 
 Seminary.  1545;  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Congrega- 
 tional Association  of  Xew  York  and  Brooklyn.  1545; 
 ordained  at  Grenada.  Mississippi,  by  the  Presbvtery 
 of  Lexington,  South,  1549;  General  Agent  and  Cor- 
 '  responding  Secretary  of  the  Svnod  of  Mississippi, 
 lSo2;  pastor  of  Madison  Presbyterian  Church,  Can- 
 ton. Miss..  1553-65;  evangelist  of  the  Presbytery  of 
 Central  Mississippi  till  1574;  acting  pastor,  Dnrant, 
 Mi^.,  till  1575;  since  1575,  evangelist  of  Presbytery 
 of  New  Orleans  for  the  Tiche  county.  La. .  with  the 
 care  of  the  churches  at  Thibodeaux.  Morgan  City  and 
 CentreviUe;  Moderator  of  the  "United  Synod" 
 South,  at  HuntsvUle,  Ala.,  I860,  and  of  the  Synod 
 of  Mississippi,  1567.  The  honorary  degree  of  Doctor 
 of  Divinity  was  conferred  upon  him  by  King  College, 
 Tennessee,  1575.  The  degree  of  A.  M.,  from  Amherst 
 College,  Mass.,  1547. 
 
 Authenticity  of  the  Scriptures.  The  term 
 Scriptures  signifies  trriiiny<  in  general,  but  is  appro- 
 priated to  the  Word  of  God,  which  is  also,  by  way  of 
 
 '  eminencv,  called   the  Bible    or    book,  because    it  is 
 I  "  ' 
 
 incomparably   the    best  of  all  books.     The   sacred 
 
 books  are  divided  into  the  Old  Testament  and  the 
 New  Testament.     The  former  includes  those  books 
 which  were  written  under  the  old  dispensation  of  the 
 covenant  of  grace,  or  prior  to  the  incarnation  of  the 
 Son  of  God;  the  latter  includes  those  books  which 
 j  were  written  after  the  commencement  of  the  neic  dis^ 
 '  pengation,  or  posterior  to  the  advent  of  Christ.     The 
 I  apostle  Paul  lays  a  foundation  for  this  distinction; 
 for  he  uses  the  phrases  Old  Testament  and  Xew  Tes- 
 tament, and  in  one  instance  designates  the  writings 
 of  Moses  and  the  prophets  by  the  former  title  I  "2  Cor. 
 iii,  14 1.     The  word   canon  literally  signifies  a  rule, 
 and  was  early  used  to  designate  the  inspired  Scrip- 
 tures, which  form  a  perfect  rule  of  faith  and  life. 
 
 The  sacred  .Scriptures  are  now  collectc-d  into  one 
 volume,  but  that  volume  contains  a  considerable 
 number  of  separate  Ixioks,  written  by  diflFent  persons 
 and  in  different  ages.  How,  then,  do  we  ascertain  the 
 authenticity  and  genuineness  of  each  of  these  books, 
 and  why  do  we  receive  them  as  canonical,  to  the 
 exclusion  of  all  others?  In  determining  a  question 
 of  this  kind,  we  must  employ  the  same  method  which 
 we  follow  when  the  genuineness  of  any  other  book  is 
 the  subject  of  investigation.  How  do  we  know  that 
 the  books  which  biar  the  names  of  Homer,  Horace, 
 Tacitus  and  Livy,  were  really  composed  by  them, 
 but  by  the  uniform  testimony  of  all  succeeding  ages? 
 
AJ-ERr. 
 
 1069 
 
 AWAKEXIXO. 
 
 In  the  same  way  do  we  ascertain  that  the  writings  of 
 the  apostles  and  evangelists  are  genuine:  we  have  the 
 testimonj-  of  their  contemporaries  and  immediate 
 successors,  who  are  the  most  competent  witnesses  in 
 this  case.  The  task  of  searching  the  records  of  an- 
 tiquity has  been  undertaken  by  learned  men,  and 
 execnte<l  vrith  great  industry  and  zeal.  The  result 
 of  their  inquiries  is,  that  the  books  now  included  in 
 the  Xew  Testament  were  received  as  inspired  by 
 •  the  primitive  Church,  and  numerous  passages  were 
 quoted  from  them  by  the  earliest  Christian  writers; 
 ■  that  catalogues  of  these  books,  which  coincide  with 
 ours,  are  inserted  in  the  works  of  different  authors 
 who  flourished  in  the  third  and  fourth  centuries ;  and 
 that  these  books  were  publicly  read  in  Christian  con- 
 gregations, and  were  continually  appealed  toby  Chris- 
 tian writers,  as  the  standard  of  faith,  and  the  supreme 
 j  ndge  of  controversies.  The  canon  of  the  Old  Testament 
 is  ascertained  by  a  short  process;  we  know  that  the 
 Jews  arranged  their  sacred  books  into  three  classes, 
 the  Law,  the  Prophets  and  the  Hagiographa,  or  holy 
 writings.  Xow,  our  Lord,  just  before  His  ascension, 
 thus  addressed  His  disciples  :  ' '  These  are  the  words 
 which  I  spake  unto  you,  whUe  I  was  yet  with  you. 
 that  all  things  mast  be  fuluUed  which  were  written 
 in  the  law  of  Moses,  and  in  the  prophets,  and  in  the 
 Psalms  concerning  me"'  (Luke  xxiv,  44).  The 
 Psalms  are  here  put  for  the  Hagiographa,  probably 
 because  they  were  the  principal  books,  or  occupied 
 the  first  place  in  that  division.  Our  Lord,  by  adopt- 
 ing this  common  di%Tsion  of  the  sacred  books,  which 
 comprehended  all  the  Hebrew  Scriptures,  ratified  the 
 canon  of  the  Old  Testament,  as  it  was  received  by  | 
 the  Jews.  This,  however,  does  not  determine  what  par- 
 ticular books  were  then  included  in  the  sacred  volume ; ' 
 but  on  this  point  we  have  the  testimony  of  the  Jewish 
 historian,  Josephus,  who  indeed  does  not  name  the 
 books  of  the  Old  Testament,  but  he  numbers  them, 
 and  so  describes  them  that  there  is  scarcely  room  for 
 any  mistake.  His  testimony  is  corroborated  by  that 
 of  several  of  the  early  Christian  fathers,  who  have 
 furnished  us  with  catalogues  of  the  books  of  the  Old 
 Testament,  from  which  it  appears,  that  the  canon 
 then  existing  was  the  same  as  that  which  we  now 
 possess.  Besides,  a  Greek  translation  of  the  Old 
 Testament,  known  by  the  name  of  The  SepUuiffint. 
 was  made  two  hundred  and  seventy  years  before  the 
 Christian  era,  in  which  are  the  same  books  that  are 
 at  present  found  in  the  Hebrew  copies.  [See  Inspira- 
 tion.) 
 Avery,  Rev.  Eugene  H.,  was  born  at  Sherburne, 
 
 Chenango  county,  X.  Y.,  Jlay  15th,  1837.  The  family 
 having  removed  to  Illinois,  in  184.5,  his  youth  was 
 pa-ssed  on  a  prairie  larm.  He  graduated  at  Eeloit 
 College,  Wisconsin,  in  18.>?.  After  teaching  for  a 
 year  in  a  classical  school  at  Galena,  HL,  he  pursued 
 his  theological  course  at  ITnion  Seminary,  Xew  York. 
 He  then  .spent  a  year  in  European  travel.  He  was 
 ordained  in  April,  1363.  After  preaching  for  about 
 a  year,  in  Eoscoe,  HI.,  he  became  the  pastor  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  'Vrarren,  HI.,  in  June,  1~64. 
 Here  he  remained  for  nearly  six  years,  and,  on  Feb- 
 ruary 1st.  1570,  entered  upon  his  labors  in  .Sioux  City, 
 Iowa.  This  was  a  rapidly  growing  fix>ntier  city — a 
 gateway  to  the  great  regions  beyond.  He  proved  to 
 be  just  the  man  for  that  important  pulpit.  For  our 
 Church  in  Sioux  City,  in  northern  Iowa,  Nebraska 
 and  Dakotah  he  did  a  most  xalnable  and  successful 
 work.  After  nearly  twelve  years  in  that  field,  and 
 leaving  a  new  church  building  behind  him,  he  was 
 reluctantly  released  by  his  congregation  and  Presby- 
 tery, to  ac-cept  a  call  to  the  Church  of  Vinton,  then, 
 perhajis,  the  largest  church  in  lowx  Here  he  still 
 li  ves  and  labors,  with  great  acceptance  and  ever  in- 
 creasing influence  in  the  community.  Presbytery  and 
 State.  He  Ls  also  President  of  the  Board  of  Trustees 
 of  Coe  College,  at  Cedar  Bapids,  lowx 
 
 A'W^Trening  is  the  term  descriptive  of  the  be- 
 ginning of  conversion  as  a  divine  work,  because  in 
 Scripture  parlance  the  unrepentant  sinner  is  ' '  asleep ' 
 (,Eph.  V,  14  .  According  to  the  mental  and  moral 
 condition  of  the  sinner  will  be  the  outward  form  of 
 the  awakening,  either  sudden  or  slow,  vehement  or 
 quiet.  It  must,  however,  be  acknowledged,  that  a 
 genuine  Christian  life  is  quite  conceivable  without 
 any  '"  awakening"  at  all,  for  many  grow  up  in  un- 
 broken fellowship  with  God.  and  enter  into  conscious 
 tilth  and  love  and  joy;  not,  it  is  true,  without  con- 
 viction of  their  lost  condition,  and  repentance  of 
 sins,  but  without  any  perceptible  b^inning  of  a 
 Christian  experience.  It  is  to  be  borne  in  mind  that 
 the  " awakening  ■ '  in  any  case  is  only  a  beginning; 
 the  awakened  one  is  not  yet  converted,  regenerated, 
 only  on  the  way  to  conversion ;  hence  it  is  possible 
 for  such  persons  to  fall  asleep  again,  as  has  fi^uently 
 been  the  case.  This  truth  explains  the  wholesale 
 falling-away  which  ustially  follows  a  great  revivaL 
 The  machinery  of  revivals  pixxluces  many  converts 
 who  are  awakened,  but  who  never  get  any  farther. 
 But,  when  God  speaks,  the  soul  hears  and  obeys. 
 Those  who  are  the  subjects  of  his  grace,  walk  through, 
 life  the  exjwnents  of  righteousness. 
 
BALDWIX. 
 
 1070 
 
 BAPTIS3I. 
 
 B 
 
 Baldwin,  Rev.  Dwight,  M.  D.,  was  born  at 
 Durham,  X.  Y..  September  •2\n\\,  1798.  and  graduated 
 from  Yale  in  1*31,  and  from  .Vuburn.  ls-29.  Ordained 
 at  Utica,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Oneida,  October  6th, 
 1830,  he  embarked  for  the  Sandwiih  Lslauds,  and" 
 ■w;is  stationed  at  Waimea,  in  Hawaii,  from  1831  to 
 1836,  and  then  transferred  to  Lahaina.  A  medical 
 education  materially  aided  his  missionary  work  and 
 added  to  its  results.  He  corresponded  to  his  associates 
 who  have  made  so  enWable  record  for '  themselves, 
 and  who,  l)esides  what  they  have  done  for  the  people 
 for  whom  they  immediately  labored,  have  so  eflect- 
 ively  vindicated  the  cause  of  evangelizing  the  most 
 hopeless  of  the  heathen. 
 
 BaldVTin,  John  C,  w.as  born  in  Vermont,  but 
 spent  his  business  life  in  New  York  city,  and  on  retir- 
 ing from  trade,  sought  a  quiet  home  in  Orange,  X.  J., 
 managing  large  commercial  operations  with  signal 
 success;  his  donations  began  with  liis  profits,  kept 
 pace  with  them,  and  reached  an  immense  sum.  He 
 g:ive  $20,000  for  the  endowment  of  the  Presidency  of 
 Wabash  College,  and  in  1867  contributed  $10,000  to 
 Hamilton  College.  He  also  bequeathed  to  Middle- 
 bury  College,  Williaras  College,  Hamilton  College 
 and  Waba.sh  College,  each,  over  $30,000.  It  appear- 
 ing, after  Mr.  Baldwin's  death,  that  he  had  promised 
 $15,000  to  Ma^y^•ille  College,  Tenn.,  intending  to 
 present  it  as  a  gift,  that  sura  was  paid  by  the  other 
 colleges,  lea\-ing  their  several  portions  $37,960.  He 
 directed  that  the  money  should  be  securely  invested, 
 and  its  income  applied  towards  the  support  and  edu- 
 cation of  indigent  students,  members  of  some  Chris- 
 tian Church,  holding  the  doctrine  of  the  di^•inity  of 
 Clirist  as  held  by  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the 
 United  States  of  .America,  preference  being  given  to 
 those  who  stand  highest  in  the  gra<le  of  scholarship, 
 and  scholarship  being  equal,  preference  to  be  again 
 given  to  those  who  purpose  to  devote  their  lives  to 
 the  gospel  ministry.  It  has  been  understood  that 
 Mr.  Bahhvin  disbursed  more  in  Ijenevolence  during 
 his  life  than  he  bequeathed  to  it  at  his  death,  and 
 he  kept  up  his  giving  while  "the  last  enemy  "  wxs 
 a.s.sailing  him,  and  fell  with  offerings  to  loved  friends 
 and  prized  objects  in  his  hands. 
 
 Baptism  is  a  Sacrament  of  the  New  Testament 
 instituted  by  Christ.  .John,  the  harbinger  of  Chri.st, 
 wiis  the  first  who  administered  baptism  by  divine 
 authority.  The  Lord  "sent  him  to  baptize  with 
 water;  "  and  "  there  went  out  unto  him  all  the  land 
 of  Judea,  and  they  of  Jerusiilem,  and  were  all  bap- 
 tized of  him  in  the  river  of  Jordan,  confessing  their 
 sins"  (John  i,  33;  Mark  i,  4).  Jesus,  after  he  entered 
 
 on  his  public  ministry,  employed  his  apostles  to  bap- 
 tize tho,se  who  Ciime  to  him;  for  "Jesus  himself 
 baptized  not.  but  his  disciples"  (John  Iv,  2).  The 
 baptism  of  John  w.is  a  sign  of  faith  in  Christ  as 
 shortly  to  be  revealed ;  whereas  the  baptism  of  the 
 disciples  of  Je.sus  was  an  expression  of  laith  in  him 
 as  already  come.  But  baptism  was  not  formally 
 appointed  as  a  perpetual  ordinance  in  the  Xew  Testa- 
 ment Church  until  after  the  resurrection  of  Christ, 
 when  He  gave  the  following  commission  to  His  dis- 
 ciples: "Go  ye,  therefore,  and  teach,"  or  makedisci- 
 l)les  of  "all  nations,  baptizing  them  in  the  name  of 
 the  Father,  and  of  the  Son,  and  of  the  Holy  Ghost; 
 teaching  them  to  observe  all  things  whatsoever  I 
 have  commanded  you:  and  lo,  I  am  with  you  alway, 
 even  unto  the  end  of  the  world"  (Matt,  xxviii, 
 19,  20).  These  words  not  only  contain  an  express 
 institution  of  baptism,  but  also  a  plain  intimation  of 
 the  will  of  Christ  that  this  ordinance  should  be  con- 
 tinued in  the  Church  in  all  succeeding  ages;  for  He 
 promised  to  be  with  His  disciples  in  executing  His 
 Oommi.ssion,  not  only  to  the  end  of  that  age,  but  "  to 
 the  end  of  the  world."  Baptism  has,  accordingly, 
 continued  to  b?  practiced  by  all  sects  of  Christians, 
 with  the  exception  of  the  Quakers.  It  appears  to 
 them  that,  as  it  is  the  distinguishing  character  of  the 
 gospel  to  be  the  dispensation  of  the  Spirit,  the  bap- 
 tism of  water  was  only  a  temporary  institution,  and 
 .  is  now  superseded  by  the  baptism  of  the  Spirit.  But 
 it  cannot  be  iiuestioued.  that  the  apostles  did  use  the 
 baptism  of  water  after  the  dispensation  of  the  Spirit 
 had  commenced.  The  apostle  Peter  makes  a  distinc- 
 j  tion  between  being  baptized  in  the  name  of  Christ 
 and  recei\-ing  the  Holy  Cihost ;  and  he  actually  dis- 
 pensed baptism  to  those  who  had  previously  received 
 the  Holy  (ihost  (.Vets  ii,  38;  x,  47).  It  appears, 
 therefore,  to  have  been  the  judgment  of  Peter  that 
 the  baptism  of  the  Spirit  does  not  supersede  the  bap- 
 tism of  water. 
 
 HOW    .VD.MINISTERED. 
 
 Ihe  administration  of  baptism  in  the  name  of  the 
 Father,  and  of  the  Son,  and  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  signi- 
 fies that  we  are  baptized  by  the  authority  of  the  jier- 
 sons  of  the  Holy  Trinity.  They  all  concurred  in 
 giving  this  institution  to  the  Church,  as  they  all  co- 
 operate<l  in  our  salvation,  of  which  it  is  a  sign.  It  is 
 a  memorial  of  the  love  of  the  Father,  in  sending  his 
 .Son  to  be  the  Saviour  of  the  world,  of  the  love  of  the 
 Son  in  .i-ssuniing  our  nature  and  dving  for  our  sins, 
 and  of  the  love  of  the  Spirit  in  coming  forth  to  purify 
 our  .souls.  The  united  wisdom,  and  power  and  grace 
 of  the  subsistences  in  the  Divine  essence  were  dis- 
 
BAPTISM. 
 
 1071 
 
 BAPTISM. 
 
 played  in  the  jedemption  of  fallen  man,  and  our  the  Spirit  of  Christ.  It  is  not  intended  that  remis- 
 admission  to  the  new  covenant  is  their  eonj  unct  act.  sion  of  sins  and  regeneration  are  inseparably  connected 
 Again,  the  administration  of  baptism  in  the  name  with  baptism;  for  out  Confession,  in  a  subsequent 
 of  the  Father,  and  of  the  Son,  and  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  section  (.->th\  expre.s.sly  guards  against  the  opinion 
 signifies  that  we  are  baptized  into  the  laith  and  pro-  |  "that  all  that  are  baptized  are  undoubtedly  regen- 
 felsion  of  the  Holy  Trinity.  We  are  baiitized  to  their  erated."  3.  It  is  a  sign  and  seal  of  the  party  baptized 
 name.  This  mysterious  doctrine  of  our  religion,  that  being  devoted  to  God,  and  engaged  to  walk  in  new- 
 there  are  three'  Persons  in  one  undivided  essence,  [  ness  of  life.  Baptism  is  a  dediciting  ordinance,  in 
 eijual  in  power  and  glory,  is  explicitly  and  solemnly  which  the  party  baptized  is  solemnly  given  up  to 
 recognized:  and  it  follows,  that  whoever  afterward  :  God  to  be  His  and  for  Him,  now,  wholly  and  for- 
 denies  this  fundamental  truth,  under  whatever  pre-  I  ever.  He  is,  as  it  were,  enlisted  under  Christ's  ban- 
 text,  whoever  ascribes  divinity  to  the  Father  alone,  '  ner,  to  fight  against  the  de^-il,  the  world  and  the 
 and  pronounces  the  Son  and  the  Spirit  to  be  inferior  flesh.  He  is  bound  to  renounce  every  other  lord  and 
 to  him,  renounces  the  laith  which  he  was  bound  by  master,  and  "  to  serve  God  in  holiness  and  righteous- 
 the  most  sacred  engagements   to  maintain.      But  a    ness  aU  the  day s  of  his  life. " ' 
 
 simple  acknowledgment  of  the  Trinity  does  not  fulfill 
 the  design  of  our  baptism.  We  are  required  to  re- 
 gard the  persons  of  the  Godhead  with  devout  aflfec- 
 
 SUBJECTS   OF   BAPTISM. 
 
 These  are,    not  only    believing   adults,    but   the 
 children  of  believing,  covenanting  parents.  Anti-pedo- 
 
 tions,  corresponding  to  the  manifestations  of  them  in  j  baptists  found  what  they  consider  as  an  unanswerable 
 redeiuption;  to  look  up  with  reverence  and  love  to  j  argument  against  the  baptism  of  infants  upon  the 
 the  Father  as  our  Father;  to  feel  our  obligations  to  connection  of  faith  with  baptism.  "  If  it  is,"'  they 
 the  Son,  and  to  depend  upon  him  alone  for  pardon  say,  "required  that  he  who  is  baptized  should  be- 
 and  eternal  life;  and  to  expect  from  the  Holy  Ghost  lieve,  it  follows  that  children  ought  not  to  be  bap- 
 those  gracious  operations  and  aids  by  which  we  shall  tized,  because  they  are  not  capable  of  faith."  The 
 be  sanctified  and  prepared  for  heaven,  and  those  con-   argument  h;is  a  specious  appearance,  which  imposes 
 
 solations  which  will  be  a  source  of  peace  and  trans- 
 cendent happiness,  amidst  the  difliculties  and  dis- 
 tresses of  life. 
 
 IMPORT    OF    B.\.PTISM. 
 
 Our  Confession  of  Faith,  Chapter  xxviii,  Section  1, 
 says:  Baptism  is  a  sacrament  of  the  New  Testament, 
 ordained  by  Jesus  Christ  (ilatt.  xxviii,  19),  not  only 
 for  the  solemn  admission  of  the  party  baptized  into 
 
 on  superficial  thinkers;  but  when  it  is  thoroughly 
 canvassed,  it  will  be  found  to  be  destitute  of  force. 
 When  our  Lord  says,  "He  that  believeth  and  is  bap- 
 tized, shall  he  saved,"  He  no  doubt  teaches  that  bap- 
 tism should  be  admiuLstered  to  a  believer;  but  if 
 we  infer  that  none  but  a  believer  should  be  baptized, 
 let  us  observe  the  consequence  which  will  follow 
 from  His  words.    Faith  is  made  as  necessary  to  salva- 
 
 the  visible  Church  (1  Cor.  xii,  13),  but  also  to  be  tion  as  to  baptism ;  and  it  is  as  fairly  deducible  from 
 unto  him  a  sign  and  seal  of  the  covenant  of  grace  ,  His  words  that  none  can  be  saved,  as  that  none  should 
 (Rom.  iv,  11;  Col.  ii,  11,  12),  of  his  ingrafting  into  j  be  baptized  but  believers.  Thus,  children  are  ex- 
 Christ  (Gal.  i'ii,27;  Rom.  vi,  r-,),  of  regeneration  (Tit.  eluded  from  heaven,  as  well  as  from  this  initiatory 
 iii,  5),  of  remis.sion  of  sins  (Mark  i,  4),  and  of  his  '  rite.  This,  however,  our  adversaries  will  not  allow, 
 giving  up  unto  God,  through  Jesus  Clirist,  to  walk  in    They  admit,  as  well  as  we,  that  many  children 
 
 newness  of  life  (Rom.  vi,  3,  4) ;  which  sacrament  is, 
 by  Clirist's  own  appointment,  to  be  continued  in  his 
 Church  until  the  endof  the  world  (Matt,  xxviii,  19, 20). 
 This  section  declares  the  ends  of  baptism:  1.  It  is 
 a  solemn  admission  of  the  party  baptized  into  the 
 ■\-isible  Church,  and  to  all  its  pri\-ileges.  "It  sup- 
 poses the  party  to  have  a  right  to  these  privileges, 
 before,  and  does  not  mal;e  them  members  of  the  vi.s- 
 
 saved;  and,  consecjuently,  admit  that  what  is  required 
 from  adults  in  order  to  their  eternal  happiness  is  not 
 required  from  infants.  If  they  will  be  consistent, 
 they  must  further  admit  that  this  text  speaks  of 
 adults  alone;  and,  consequently,  that  the  argument 
 drawn  from  it  against  the  baptism  of  infants  is 
 a  sophism,  more  being  contained  in  the  conclusion 
 than  in  the  premises.     It  evidently  speaks  of  adults. 
 
 ible  Church,  but  admits  them  solemnly  thereto.  And  for  it  supposes  them  to  be  capable  of  faith.  But  be- 
 therefore  it  is-  neither  to  be  called  nor  accounted  cause  laith  is  made  necessiiry  to  their  baptism,  it  is 
 christening,  that  is,  making  them  Christians,  for  the  not  made  necessary  to  the  baptism  of  infants,  any 
 inlants  of  believing  parents  are  born  within  the  cove-  |  more  than  it  is  necessary  to  the  salvation  of  infants 
 nant,  and  so  are  Christians  and  visible  church  '  because  it  is  necessary  to  the  salvation  of  adults, 
 members;  and  by  baptism  this  right  of  theirs  is  j  And  with  respect  to  infants,  since,  according  to  our 
 acknowledged,  and  they  are  solemnly  admitted  to  the  antagonists,  the  thing  signified  is  granted  to  them, 
 privileges  of  church  membership."  2.  It  is  a  sign  it  will  not  be  ea.sy  to  assign  a  good  reason  why  the 
 and  seal  of  the  covenant  of  grace,  and  of  the  benefits    sign  should  be  denied. 
 
 of  that  covenant.  These  benefits  are,  ingrafting  into  The  duty  of  baptizing  the  children  of  believing 
 Christ,  or  union  with  Him ;  the  remission  of  sins  by  '  parents,  says  an  aide  writer,  is  evident  from  the  fol- 
 virtuc  of  the  blood  of  Christ;  and  regeneration  by    lowing  considerations  : — 
 
BAPTISM. 
 
 107 
 
 BAPTISM. 
 
 1.  This  duty  is  reasonable  in  itself,  and  in  accord- 
 ance with  our  lied  uffeetions.  In  the  children  of  those 
 we  love,  we  all  naturally  feel  a  peculiar  interest.  A 
 good  prince  would  wisli,  and  would  pro%"ide,  that  the 
 children  of  his  beloved  and  faithful  iriends  should  be 
 placed  in  near  relation  to  himself.  And  shall  it  be 
 supi)osed  that  the  Prince  of  Life  will  not  regard,  with 
 tokens  of  peculiar  favor,  the  children  of  His  covenant 
 people  ? 
 
 2.  The  analogy  of  God's  covenant  dealings  in  past 
 ages  is  in  favor  of  the  doctrine  of  infant  baptism.  lu 
 all  the  covenants  which  God  has  hitherto  made  with 
 men,  children  have  been  connected  with  their  parents. 
 Thus  it  was  in  the  covenants  with  Adam,  with  Noah, 
 with  Abraham  and  with  David.  God  dealt  favorably 
 with  the  children  of  Lot  for  their  father's  sake,  and 
 He  declares  himself  to  be  a  God  keeping  covenant 
 with  those  that  love  him  "to  a  thousand  genera- 
 tions." How  unlikely,  then,  that  in  the  covenant 
 of  the  Christian  Church  God  has  swerved  from  the 
 invariable  economy  of  His  covenant  dealings,  and  sun- 
 dered the  connection  between  believing  parents  and 
 their  children  ? 
 
 3.  Had  children  been  deprived  of  their  interest  in 
 the  covenant  under  tlie  gospel  dispensation,  believing 
 Jewish  parents  in  the  primitive  Church  would  un- 
 doubtedly have  complained.  In  the  daj'S  of  the 
 ajwstles,  many  thousands  of  the  Jews  believed,  who 
 were  "all  zealous  of  the  law."  They  were  tenacious 
 even  of  their  former  burthens;  and  would  they  cheer- 
 fully relinquish  their  accustomed  privileges?  Yet 
 we  hear  not  a  word  of  complaint  on  the  subject. 
 There  was  no  objection  to  the  gospel,  by  friend  or  foe, 
 on  this  ground.  It  is  morally  certain,  therefore,  that 
 in  respect  to  covenant  relations  aud  privileges,  '  'their 
 children  were  as  aforetime"  (.Ter.  xxx,  20). 
 
 4.  It  is  a  conclusive  argument  in  favor  of  infant 
 baptism,  that  baptism,  is  now  suhxtiluled  in plaee  ofcii- 
 cutncision.  In  support  of  this  proposition  it  may  be 
 observed : — 
 
 (1).  That  the  visible  Church  has  been  substantially 
 t?ie  name  under  both  dispensations.  It  has  held  essen- 
 tially the  same  doctrines,  enjoyed  the  same  spiritual 
 promi.ses,  and  professed  the  same  religion,  the  religion 
 of  the  Uible.  The  religion  of  the  Old  Testament  is 
 not  distinct  from  that  of  the  Xew,  like  the  religion 
 of  Brahma  or  Mohammed.  In  all  essential  particu- 
 lars it  is  the  same,  and  has  been  professed  by  the 
 Church  in  all  agi«. 
 
 The  Cliureh,  uuiler  both  dispen.sations,  is  repre- 
 sented as  the  same  in  various  passages  of  the  Scrip- 
 ture. The  ancient  predictions  of  the  ingathering  of 
 the  (Jentiles,  and  of  the  future  prosperity  and  glory 
 of  the  Church  were  made,  not  to  a  new  Church  to  be 
 established  under  the  gospel,  but  to  the  Zion  of  the 
 Old  Testament,  the  Church  at  that  time  existing  in 
 Israel  (see  Isa.  Ix,  and  xlix,  20,  21).  Our  Saviour 
 predicted  that  nuiny  should  ' '  come  from  the  East,  and 
 irom  the  West,  and  sit  down  with  Abraham,  Is;iac  and 
 
 Jacob,  in  '  the  same  '  kingdom  of  heaven,"  the  same 
 visible  Church,  from  which  "  the  children  of  the 
 kingdom,"  the  Jews,  ".should  be  cast  out,"  and  that 
 the  same  "kingdom  of  God,"  in  which  the  Jews  had 
 been  unfaithful,  "should  be  taken  from  them,  and 
 given  to  a  nation  bringing  forth  the  fruits  thereof" 
 (Matt,  viii,  11,  12;  xxi,  43).  In  perfect  accordance 
 with  these  predictions,  Paul  represents  the  Gentile 
 believers  as  grall'ed  into  the  same  olive  tree  from  which 
 the  Jews,  for  their  nnbelief,  were  broken  off,  and 
 into  which  the  con\erted  Jews  shall  be  gral5'ed  again 
 (Rom.  xi,  17).  In  view  of  these  reiiresentations, 
 nothing  is  more  cert;iin,  than  that  the  visible  Church, 
 under  both  disi>ensation.s,  has  been  substantially  the 
 same  body.  But  baptism  is  now,  what  circumcision 
 was  formerly,  an  instituted  pre-requisite  to  a  regular 
 standing  in  the  visible  Church.  Consequently,  baji- 
 tism  is  substituted  in  place  of  circumcision. 
 
 (2)  The  eorrnant  of  the  Church,  under  both  dis- 
 pensations, has  been  essentially  the  same.  This  is 
 evident  from  the  identity  of  the  Church.  The  Church 
 is  constituted  by  its  covenant,  so  that,  if  the  former 
 is  unchanged,  the  latter  must  be.  The  covenant  of 
 the  Church  under  the  former  dispensation  was  the 
 covenant  with  Abraham.  Consequently  this,  in  its 
 full  and  spirilital  import,  must  be  regarded  as  the 
 covenant  of  the  Church  now.  The  covenant  with 
 Abraham  has  never  been  abolished.  It  is  spoken  of 
 in  the  Old  Testament  as  "everlasting,"  aud  in  the 
 Xew  as  to  exist  "  forever"  (Gen.  xvii,  7;  Luke  i,  55). 
 It  is  represented  by  Paul  as  a  covenant  of  ' '  promise, ' ' 
 and  as  ' '  confirmed  of  God  in  Christ, "  and  we  are 
 assured  that  the  law,  which  was  four  hundred  and 
 thirty  years  after,  cannot  disannul  it,  and  render  it 
 of  no  etTect  (Gal.  iii,  17).  Believers  uuder  the  gospel 
 are  .spoken  of  as  children  of  the  covenant  with  Abra- 
 ham (Acts  iii,  25).  It  is  on  account  of  their  interest 
 in  this  covenant  that  they  are  denominated  ' '  Abra- 
 ham's seed  (Gal.  iii,  29),  and  that  Abraham  is  so 
 often  represented  as  the  father  of  all  them  that  be- 
 lieve." "He  received  the  sign  of  circumcision,  a 
 seal  of  the  righteousness  of  the  faith  which  he  had  yet 
 being  nncircumcised,  that  he  might  be  the  father  of 
 all  them  that  believe"  (Rom.  iv,  11).  It  is  evident 
 from  Sciiptures  such  as  these,  that  the  covenant  of 
 the  Church,  like  the  Church  it-self,  has  been  essentially 
 the  same  under  both  dispensations ;  and  that  this  coven- 
 ant is  the  covenant  with  Abraham.  But  of  this 
 covenant,  liaptism  is  now  what  circumcision  was 
 formerly,  tlie  visible  token.  Hence,  baptism  has 
 come  in  place  of  circumcision. 
 
 (3)  Baptism  and  circumcision  are  oi  precisely  the 
 same  import.  Circumcision  was  both  a  sign  and  a  seal. 
 As  a  sign,  it  represented  the  circumcision  of  the  heart, 
 or  regeneration.  "Circumcision  is  of  the  heart,  in 
 the  spirit,  and  not  in  the  letter  (Rom.  ii,  29).  As  a 
 seal,  it  confirmed  "the  righteousness  of  faith,"  or 
 the  covenant  of  grace  (Rom.  iv,  2).  Baptism,  too, 
 is  both  a  sign  and  a  seal.     As  a  sign,  it  is  an  emblem 
 
BAPTISM. 
 
 :073 
 
 BAPTIS3I. 
 
 token  of  the  coveuaut  Tvas  abolished,  au  ordinance 
 was  established  in  tlie  mine  Church,  and  appended  to 
 the  same  covenant,  of  precisely  similar  import.  How 
 is  it  possible,  then,  to  resist  the  conclusion,  that  the 
 latter  is  substituted  for  the  former  ? 
 
 (4)  The  Scriptures  countenance  the  idea  that  bap- 
 tism is  substituted  in  place  of  circumcision.  "  Be- 
 ware," says  the  apostle,  "  of  the  concision,''  or  those 
 persons  who  lay  an  exorbitant  stress  on  the  rite  of 
 circumcision;  "for  we,"'  we  who  have  been  baptized, 
 "are  the  circumcision,  who  worship  God  in  the  spirit  " 
 (I'hil.  iii,  2,  3).  Again,  to  the  C'olossians,  he  says, 
 "Ye  are  circumeiscrl,  with  the  circumcision  made 
 without  hands,  in  putting  off  the  body  of  the  sins  of 
 the  flesh  by  the  circumcision  of  Christ,  buried  with 
 him  in  baptism  "  (Col.  ii,  11,  12).  In  other  words,  ye 
 are  circumcised,  having  been  baptized.  It  is  admitted 
 tliat  the  circumcision  and  baptism  here  spoken  of  are 
 both  spiritual.  But  if  the  two  ordinances  are  spirit- 
 lUilly  the  same,  and  the  one  was  instituted  in  the 
 Church  on  the  removal  of  the  other,  is  not  this  the 
 substitution  of  the  one  for  the  other  ? 
 
 (5)  The  primitive  Christian  fathers  considered  bap- 
 ti.sm  as  ha\-ing  come  in  the  place  of  circumcision. 
 Our  limits  forbid  us  to  cite  particular  passages.    Who 
 
 of  "  the  washing  of  regeneration, "  or  the  baptism  of  Him  in  any  other  way  ?  Under  these  circumstances, 
 the  Holy  Ghost.  As  a  seal,  it  assures  those  who  i  instead  of  needing  an  express  command  to  authorize 
 receive  it,  and  whose  characters  are  conformed  to  its  I  the  baptism  of  children,  the  disciples  needed  an 
 sjicred  Import,  that  their  faith  is  imputed  to  them  for  !  express  prohibition  to  prevent  their  doing  it.  But  no 
 ■  ;hteousne.ss.     It  thus  appears  that  when  the  ancient   such  prohibition  was  given. 
 
 6.  Christand  His  apostles  taught  and  practiced,  ju.st 
 as  we  might  expect,  ou  supposition  they  intended 
 that  children  should  be  baptized,  and  just  as  we 
 should  not  expect  on  the  contrary  supposition.  In 
 order  to  determine  what  we  might  or  might  not  ex- 
 pect of  Christ  and  His  apostles,  it  will  be  necessary 
 to  keep  in  mind  the  established  cu-stoms  of  the 
 period  in  which  they  lived.  In  the  Jewish  Church, 
 children  had  always  been  connected  with  their 
 parents.  They  early  received  the  token  of  the  ever- 
 lasting covenant.  Also  the  children  of  proselytes  were 
 connected  In  covenant  with  their  parents,  and  enti- 
 tled to  the  initial  rites  of  circumcision  and  baptism. 
 And  now  what  might  be  expected  of  Christ  and  His 
 apostles,  on  the  supposition  they  intended  to  put  an 
 end  to  this  state  of  things  ?  Xot  silence,  surely. 
 Silence  would  be  a  virtual  approbation  of  it.  On 
 this  supposition,  they  would  have  lost  no  opportunity 
 of  insisting  that  the  ancient  covenant  connection 
 between  children  and  parents  was  abolished,  and  must 
 no  more  be  recognized  In  the  rites  of  the  Church. 
 But  did  they  pursue  such  a  course  ?  Never,  in  a 
 single  instance. 
 
 What,  then,  might  be  expected  of  Christ  and  His 
 apostles,  on  supposition  they  intended  that  the  estab- 
 
 ever  will  take  the  trouble  to  consult  "Wall's  History  lished  covenant  connection  of  children  with  their 
 of  Infant  Baptism,  "  vol.  i,  chapters  6-1.5,  will  find  [  parents  should  be  continued?' Not,  indeed,  that  they 
 that^  many  of  the  early  llither.s,  as  Justin,  Cyprian,  ^  should  enjoin  it  hj  express  precepts  ;  for  this  would  be 
 
 to  enjoin  expressly  what  every  one  already  under- 
 stood and  practiced.  But  they  would  be  likely  often 
 to  allude  to  this  connection  with  approbation,  and  to 
 drop  expressions  which  implied  it.  They  would  be 
 likely,  also,  as  occasions  occurred,  to  baptize  house- 
 holds, when  those  at  tlie  head  of  them  made  profession 
 of  their  laith.  And  this,  it  hardly  need  be  said,  is  the 
 course  which  our  Saviour  and  the  apostles  actually 
 pursued.  Christ  applauded  the  practice  of  bringing 
 infants  to  receive  His  blessing,  and  declared  that  "of 
 such  is  the  kingdom  of  God  "  (Luke  x\iii,  15).  He 
 spoke  of  little  children  being  received  in  His  name,  or 
 as  belontjinij  to  Him  (Mark  ix,  37,  41).  Peter  taught 
 believing  parents  that  the  promise  was  to  them  and 
 to  their  children  (Acts  ii,  39).  Paul  affirms  that  "the 
 blessing  of  Abraham,"  an  import;int  part  of  which 
 consisted  in  the  covenant  connection  of  his  children, 
 "has  come  ou  the  Gentiles  through  Jesus  Christ;" 
 and  he  denominates  the  children  of  believing  parents 
 holy  (Ckil.  iii,  14;  1  Cor.  vii,  14).  He  repeatedly  bap- 
 tized households  on  the  profession  of  parents,  or  of 
 tho.se  who  had  the  charge  of  them.     Lydia  believed 
 
 B:isil,  Ambrose,  Augustine  and  Chrvsostom,  speak 
 expressly  on  this  point.  They  considered  baptism 
 as  the  Christian  circumcision,  and  as  standing  in  the 
 .place  of  circumcision. 
 
 But  if  this  is  true,  and  if  such  was  the  under- 
 standing of  the  Church  in  the  times  nearest  the 
 apostles,  then  the  question  about  baptizing  infants 
 is  at  an  end.  There  certainly  was  a  command  to 
 circumcise  inftmts;  and  if  baptism  is  substituted  in 
 place  of  circumcision,  the  same  command  is  valid  in 
 I'avor  of  their  baptism. 
 
 5.  The  Jewish  proselyte  baptism  furnishes  a  conclu- 
 sive argument  for  the  baptism  of  children.  At  the 
 time  of  our  Saviour's  appearance,  and  long  previous, 
 the  Jews  had  been  accustomed,  not  only  to  circum- 
 cise their  proselytes,  bnt  to  baptize  them.  And  they 
 were  accustomed  to  baptize  children  with  their 
 parents.  In  proof  of  this,  see  "  Wall's  Introduction 
 to  the  History  of  Infant  Baptism. ''  But  when  our 
 Saviour  gave  the  command,  "Go  ye  and  teach  (or 
 proselyte)  the  nations,  baptizing  them  in  the  name  of 
 the  Father,  and  of  the  Son,  and  of  the  Holy  Ghost, 
 
 must  not   His   disciples  have   understood   Him  to    and  she   and   her   household   were   baptized.      The 
 intend  that  kind  of  baptism  to  which  both  He  and  !  jailer  believed,  and   he  and  all  his   were  baptized 
 
 they  had  been  accustomed,  viz.  the  baptism  of  children 
 with  their  parents?     How  could  they  have  understood 
 68 
 
 straightway.     Paul  also  baptized  the  hou.sehold  of 
 Stephauus  (1  Cor.  i,  16). 
 
liAl'TlaM. 
 
 1074 
 
 BAPTISM. 
 
 7.  The  testimony  of  history  is  conclusive  in  favor 
 of  the  practice  of  infant  baptism.  It  has  been  ob- 
 served already,  that  the  Cliristian  fathers  considered 
 haptLsm  as  having  come  in  the  place  of  circumcision. 
 Justin,  who  wrote  only  about  forty  years  after  the 
 death  of  John,  saj's:  "We  have  not  received  this  car- 
 nal circumcision,  but  the  spiritual  circumcision;  and 
 we  have  received  it  by  haptism.'"  Is  it  not  manifest 
 from  this  p.issage  what  must  have  been  the  opinion 
 of  Justin  in  regard  to  the  important  (question  before 
 us? 
 
 Irenaeus,  who  wrote  a  few  years  later  than  Justin, 
 says:  "  Christ  came  to  save  all  persons  who  by  Him 
 (rcnmcuntur  in,  Deum)  are  baptized  unto  God,  infants 
 and  little  ones,  and  children,  and  youths,  and  elder 
 persons."  The  only  objection  to  this  testimony  is, 
 that  Irena?us  here  expresses  baptism  by  a  word  which 
 literally  denotes  regeneration,  putting,  by  a  common 
 figure,  the  thing  signified  for  the  sign.  That  he 
 really  intended  to  express  baptism  by  this  word  is  so 
 evident  from  his  use  of  it  in  other  instances,  and 
 from  the  general  u.sage  of  the  fathers,  that  Dr.  Wall 
 does  not  hesitate  to  speak  of  the  above  passage  as  an 
 ' '  express  men  tion  of  baptized  infants. ' '  And  ^\1iiston, 
 a  learned  Baptist,  admits  the  same.  ' '  This, ' '  says  he, 
 "  is  a  thing  undeniable  by  any  modest  arguer." 
 
 Tertulliau,  who  was  contemporary  with  Irenseus, 
 although  he  advises  to  delay  baptism  in  the  case  of 
 infants  and  unmarried  persons,  yet  speaks  most  ex- 
 pressly of  infant  baptism  as  a  prevailing  and  estab- 
 lished practice. 
 
 Origen,  who  was  born  within  eighty-five  years  of 
 the  death  of  John,  and  was  descended  from  Christian 
 aueestars  who  must  have  lived  in  the  apostolic  age, 
 speaks  repeatedly  and  expressly  of  infant  baptism, 
 and  declares  that  the  practice  had  come  down  from 
 the  apostles. 
 
 .Subsequent  to  this  period,  infant  baptism  is  men- 
 tioned often,  and  in  the  most  positive  terms,  by  all 
 the  principal  Christian  fathers,  as  Cyprian,  Optatus, 
 Basil,  Gregory,  Ambrose,  Chrj-sostom,  Jerome  and 
 Augustine.  It  is  recognized  in  the  acts  of  councils, 
 as  well  as  the  writings  of  individuals.  It  is  repre- 
 sented as  resting  on  apostolic  e.vample  and  authority. 
 Indeed,  the  right  of  infants  to  baptism  was  denied  by 
 no  one  in  the  primitive  Church,  except  those  who 
 rejected  water  baptism  altogether.  Pelagius,  in  his 
 controver.sy  with  Augustine,  had  strong  inducements 
 to  deny  it,  so  strong  that  he  was  reported  by  some  to 
 have  done  so;  but  he  repels  the  charge  as  an  injurious 
 slander.  "Men  slander  me,"  .says  he,  "as  if  I 
 denied  the  sacrament  of  baptism  to  infants."  "I 
 never  heard  of  any,  not  even  the  most  impious  here- 
 tic, who  denied  baptism  to  infants." 
 
 Dr.  Wall,  who  has  so  thoroughly  investigated  the 
 history  of  infant  baptism  as  to  leave  little  to  be  done 
 by  those  who  come  after  him,  assures  us  that  the  first 
 body  of  men,  of  which  he  cim  find  any  account,  who 
 denied  baptism  to  infants,  were  the  Petrobrusiaus,  a 
 
 sect  of  the  Albigenses,  in  the  former  part  of  the 
 twelfth  century.  And  Milner  says  that,  "a  few 
 instances  excepted,  the  existence  of  Auti-pcdobaptlsm 
 seems  scarcely  to  have  taken  place  in  the  Church  of 
 Christ  till  a  little  after  the  beginning  of  the  Keform- 
 ation. ' ' 
 
 Such,  then,  is  the  history  of  infant  baptism;  and 
 the  argument  from  this  source,  in  favor  of  the  divine 
 origin  and  authority  of  the  practice,  is  deemed  con- 
 clusive. If  infant  baptism  does  not  rest  on  the  ground 
 of  apostolic  example,  how  can  it  be  accounted  I'or 
 that  it  should  have  been  introduced  so  early  into  the 
 Chuich,  and  prevailed  so  universally,  and  that,  too, 
 without  a  whisper  of  dissension,  or  a  note  of  alarm  ? 
 We  have  catalogues  extant  of  all  the  different  sects  of 
 professing  Christians  in  the  four  first  centuries — the 
 very  period  when  infant  bajitism  must  have  been  in- 
 troduced, if  it  were  not  of  di^'ine  original — ^in  which 
 the  differences  of  opinion  which  obtained  iu  tho.se 
 times  respecting  baptism  are  particularly  recounted 
 and  minutely  designated.  Yet  there  is  no  mention 
 of  any,  except  those  who  denied  water  baptism 
 altogether,  who  did  not  consider  infant  bajitism  as  a 
 divine  institution.  Is  it  not  certain,  then,  that  in- 
 fant baptism  is  a  divine  institution;  that  it  is  not  an 
 innovation,  but  was  sanctioned  by  the  apostles  them- 
 selves? On  this  ground,  and  this  only,  "  all  sacred 
 and  profane  history  relating  to  the  subject  appears 
 plain  and  consistent,  from  Abraham  to  Christ,  and 
 from  Christ  to  this  day." 
 
 It  has  been  objected  against  the  ailministration  of 
 baptism  to  infants,  that  it  can  be  of  no  advantage  to 
 them,  becau.se  they  are  incapable  of  understanding, 
 or  even  percei\'ing  the  transaction.  But,  besides  that 
 it  may  be  productive  of  the  most  beneficial  effects  at 
 a  future  jieriod,  when  they  come  to  know  its  mean- 
 ing, and  reflect  upon  its  solemn  obligations;  it  is  of 
 no  small  moment  that  it  introduces  them  into  the 
 society  of  the  people  of  God.  If  the  effectual  fervent 
 prayer  of  a  righteous  man  availeth  much,  we  ought 
 to  set  some  value  upon  the  prayers  which  are  oficred 
 up  by  ministers  and  people  for  the  young,  who  are 
 to  succeed  them  in  the  profession  of  the  truth.  If  a 
 religious  education  is  of  unspeakable  benefit,  it 
 is  one  of  the  happy  fruits  of  their  baptism,  in  which 
 their  parents  engaged  to  instill  into  their  minds  the 
 principles  of  piety  and  morality.  If  the  company  of 
 good  men,  their  counsels,  their  admonitions,  their 
 example,  are  calculated  to  be  useful,  theyenjoythe.se 
 in  consequence  of  their  adoption  into  an  association 
 separated  from  the  world  lying  iu  wickedness. 
 
 MODE   OP   BAPTISM. 
 
 Our  Confession  of  Faith  (chap,  xxviii,  section  3), 
 says : — ■ 
 
 "Dipping  of  the  person  into  the  water  is  not 
 necessary,  but  baptism  is  rightly  administered  by 
 pouring  or  sprinkling  water  upon  the  person."  * 
 
 •  Hob.  ix,  10,  19-22 ;  .A.cts  ii,  41,  xvi.  33 ;  Mark  vii,  4. 
 
BAPTISM. 
 
 1075 
 
 BAPTISM. 
 
 "We  are,  indeed,  perfectly  satisfied,"  says  the  Rev. 
 Thomas  Dicksou  Baird,  "that  if  the  mode  of  baptism 
 had  been  at  all  essential  to  its  valid  administration, 
 we  would  have  had  more  specific  instructions,  either 
 by  precept  or  example,  in  relation  to  it.  But  as  the 
 mode  in  general  use  is  denounced  with  great  confi- 
 dence, and  those  who  have  been  received  in  this  form 
 are  declared  unbaiitized  and  still  out  of  coxenant 
 with  God,  it  is  not  unimportant  to  inquire  whether 
 these  things  are  so. " .  He  then  proceeds  to  the  fol- 
 lowing argument  in  support  of  the  mode  of  baptism 
 by  affusion  or  sprinkling: — 
 
 I.  The  typical  actions  and  representations  by  which 
 baptism  was  prefigured  under  the  former  dispensation. 
 
 Some  of  the  principal  actions  to  which  we  refer 
 were  washing  with  water,  anointing  with  oil  and 
 sprinkling  with  blood,  which  were  employed  to  rep- 
 resent the  purification  and  unction  of  the  Spirit,  and 
 the  sprinkling  of  the  blood  of  Jesus.  In  allusion  to 
 this,  the  apostle  speaks  of  the  laver,  or  washing- 
 place  of  regeneration,  the  anointing  of  the  Holy 
 Ghost,  and  the  blood  of  sprinkling.  In  the  sacra- 
 ment of  the  Passover,  the  sprinkling  of  blood  was 
 typically  employed,  as  well  as  in  the  ratification  of 
 the  Sinai  covenant,  and  at  other  times  similar  cere- 
 monies were  used  (Ex.  xii,  7,  and  xxiv,  6-8,  with 
 Heb.  ix,  18-22).  In  the  consecration  of  Aaron  and 
 his  sons,  we  find  washing  with  water,  sprinkling 
 with  blood 'and  anointing  mth  oil,  the  principal  cere- 
 monies used.  We  are  not  informed  of  the  mode  of 
 washing;  but  the  circumstances  are  not  favorable  to 
 the  impression  that  immersion  was  employed.  The 
 laver  was  placed  between  the  taljernacle  of  the  con- 
 gregation and  the  altar,  that  the  priests  might  "  wash 
 their  hands  and  feet  thereat."  It  could  not  be 
 large,  as  it  had  to  be  carried  through  all  their 
 journeys.  If,  therefore,  they  were  washed  all  over, 
 it  is  probable  that  'it  was  by  affusion.  It  is  a  con- 
 firmation of  this  view,  that,  in  allusion  to  this  laver, 
 the  apostle  says:  "  According  to  his  mercy  he  saved 
 us,  by  the  washing  (or  laver)  of  regeneration  and 
 renewing  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  shed  upon  us  abundantly 
 through  Jesus  Christ  our  Saviour."  From  this 
 phraseology,  as  well  as  from  the  circumstances  we 
 have  noticed,  it  appears  very  plain  that  this  washing 
 was  all  performed  by  affusion,  or  shedding  upon  the 
 subject  to  be  washed;  but  the  hands  and  feet  are 
 particularly  specified  as  the  parts  to  be  washed 
 tliereat.  The  blood  was  applied  to  the  extremities 
 of  their  right  ears,  thumbs  and  toes,  and  the  altar 
 and  the  people  were  sprinkled,  as  well  a-s  the  priests. 
 The  priests,  too,  were  anointed  with  the  oil  by  its  being 
 poured  on  the  head.  This  ointment,'  which  they  were 
 forbidden  to  imitate,  was  peculiarly  fitted  to  repre- 
 sent the  inimitable  graces  of  the  Spirit.  This  oint- 
 ment was  never  renewed,  say  the  Jews,  after  the 
 captivity,  on  which  Patrick  says,  "Providence  over- 
 ruling that  want,  as  a  presage  of  the  better  unction 
 of  the  Holy  Ghost  in  gospel  times,  the  variety  of 
 
 whose  gifts  w;is  typified  by  the  variety  of  these  sweet 
 ingredients."  Leprosy  was  a  loathsome  disease,  to 
 which  our  moral  corruption  is  frequently  compared, 
 and  the  mode  of  ceremonial  purification,  as  typify- 
 ing the  efficacy  of  the  blood  and  Spirit  of  Christ  when 
 sprinkled  upon  the  conscience,  is  thus  recognized  by 
 David  in  his  expres.sion  of  penitence:  "Purge  me 
 with  hyssop,  and  I  shall  be  clean;  wash  me,  and  1 
 shall  be  whiter  than  snow."  Hyssop,  scarlet  wool, 
 water  and  blood,  were  the  ingredients  necessary  in 
 preparing  and  applying  the  purifying  mixture. 
 Would  our  limits  permit  we  might  multiply  refer- 
 ences; but  in  the  washing  with  water,  which  repre- 
 sents the  sanctifying  influences  of  the  Word  and 
 Spirit  of  God — in  the  application  of  blood,  which 
 refers  to  the  atoning  sacrifice  of  Christ — and  in  anoint- 
 ing with  oil,  which  emblematizes  the  unction,  gifts, 
 and  graces  of  the  Holy  Spirit — all  are  represented  as 
 poured,  shed,  sprinkled,  applied  with  the  finger,  and 
 similar  methods  of  partial  application,  and  especially 
 to  or  on  the  head.  And  surely  these  actions  refer  to 
 the  .same  things  represented  in  baptism. 
 
 II.  The  prophecies  and  exhortations  of  Scripture,  in 
 relation  to  the  subject. 
 
 In  the  predictions  respecting  the  dispensation  of 
 the  Spirit,  we  usually,  not  to  say  always,  find  some 
 term  employed  expressive  of  affusion  or  sprinkling. 
 Wisdom  is  represented  as  saying,  ' '  Turn  you  at  my  re- 
 proof; behold,  Iwill;9o«ro«imySpiritunto you;  I  will 
 make  known  my  words  unto  you"  (Prov.  i,  23). 
 Isaiah,  speaking  of  the  desolations  of  the  Jews,  inti- 
 mates that  they  would  continue  "  until  the  Spirit  be 
 poured  out  upon  us  from  on  high  "  (Lsa.  xxxii,  15), 
 plainly  referring  to  the  affusion  of  the  Spirit  under 
 the  gospel  dispensation.  Again,  the  same  prophet 
 .says,  in  another  place,  "For  I  will  j)our  water  upon 
 him  that  is  thirsty,  and  floods  upon  the  dry  ground; 
 I  will  pour  my  Spirit  upon  thy  seed,  and  my  blessing 
 upon  thine  offspring  "  (lsa.  xliv,  3). 
 
 The  prophet  Ezekiel,  speaking  of  the  same  events, 
 says,  ' '  Then  xvill  I  sprinkle  clean  water  tipon  you,  and 
 ye  shall  be  clean;  from  all  your  filthiness,  and  from, 
 all  your  idols  will  I  cleanse  you"  (Ez.  xxxvi,  25). 
 And  in  a  promise  securing  to  his  people  the  perma- 
 nence of  these  blessings,  he  says,  "Neither  will  I 
 hide  my  face  any  more  from  them ;  for  I  have  poured 
 out  my  Spirit  upon  the  house  of  Israel,  saith  the 
 Lord  God  "  (Ez.  xxxix,  29).  This  mode  of  applica- 
 tion is  also  used  in  relation  to  the  special  influences  of 
 the  Spirit.  "  I  will  pour  up(m  the  house  of  David, 
 and  upon  the  inhabitants  of  Jerusalem,  the  Spirit  of 
 grace  and  of  supplications  "  (Zech.  xii,  10).  Thus 
 we  see  the  constant  phraseology  of  the  Bible,  in  rela- 
 tion to  these  things,  is  altogether  on  the  side  of 
 affusion  or  sprinkling.  There  is,  therefore,  nothing 
 of  weight  to  sustain  the  form  of  immersion,  and  still 
 less  to  exclude  all  other  modes  of  application. 
 
 III.  The  practice,  or  examples,  recorded  in  the 
 New  Testament. 
 
BAPTISM. 
 
 1076 
 
 BAPTISM. 
 
 1.  Of  these  examples  the  first  that  occurs  is  that  of  ! 
 John's  baptism.      Although  not  Christian  baptism, 
 John's  is  introduced  with  much  couiidence  as  an  ex-  j 
 ample  of  the  mode,  and  the  onlt/  Scrijjtural  mode   of  | 
 atlniiuistration.     To  this  assumption  it  may  be  ob- 
 jected, that  it  would   be   necessary  to   sustain   the 
 exclusive  mode  by  showing,  not  only  that  some  had 
 been  immersed,  but  that  none  had  been  baptized  in 
 any  other  form,  or  otherwise  some  precept  to  forbid 
 it.     The  friends  of  immersion  are  bopnd  to  do  this, 
 or  their  position  is  not  supported. 
 
 With  respect  to  John,  the  language  of  the  sacred 
 historian  is,  that  they  "were  baptized  of  Him  in  Jor- 
 dan" (Matt,  iii,  6),  and  that  "Jesus  when  he  was 
 baptized  went  up  straightway  out  of  the  water  "  ( v, 
 16).  It  has  been  demonstrated  by  a  number  of  writers, 
 that  into  and  out  of,  which  appear '  to  contain  the 
 whole  strength  of  the  argument,  are  as  correctly 
 translated  to  and  from,  and,  frequently,  will  not  bear 
 any  other  meaning.  But  our  limits,  and  a  ^vish  to  be 
 understood  by  the  most  unlearned,  remind  us  of  the 
 expediency  of  passing  this  view,  more  especially  as 
 it  has  been  conclusively  done  by  others.  To  the 
 English  reader,  however,  we  would  say,  that  the 
 most  zealous  advocate  of  immersion,  if  dipping  his 
 feet  in  a  small  vessel,  or  passing  through  a  small  pond, 
 even  less  than  a  foot  deep,  would  never  think  of  using 
 other  language  than  that  he  went  into  the  water,  or 
 through  the  water,  and  had  come  out  of  the  water. 
 Let  this  be  marked  as  a  Iruiitm,  and  then  let  lis  in- ' 
 quire,  why  it  is  that  going  into  or  coming  out  of 
 water,  on  all  other  occasions,  are  unhesitatingly  ap- 
 plied to  partial,  and  even  to  very  little  wetting ;  but 
 when  they  are  applied  to  baptism,  they  must  intend 
 nothing  less  than  the  submersion  of  the  whole  body. 
 
 But  why  was  much  water,  or  many  waters  or 
 streams  .so  necessary,  if  a  partial  application  were 
 .sufficient  ? 
 
 .ludea  was  a  warm  country;  ablutions  of  various 
 kinds  were  very  frequent,  bj-  habit,  for  health  and  I 
 comfort,  and  for  religious  forms,  and  water  for  the.se 
 washings  and  for  drinking,  for  such  a  multitude,  in  a 
 country  in  many  parts  of  which  %vaters  were  scarce,  I 
 required  a  place  such  as  the  neighborhood  of  Jordan,  , 
 where  water  was  plenty.     This  is  a  very  plain  case.  ' 
 But  still  :nore:  running  water  was  mucli  prized  by  | 
 the  Jews,  often  called  living  water,  and  in  the  observ- 
 ance of  .some  of  their  rites  it  was  positively  required. 
 For  the  cleansing  of  the  leper — for  the  water  of  puri- 
 fication— and  for  other  uses.     (See   Xum.    xix,    17; 
 Lev.  xiv,  5,  51,  52).  In  Jeremiah,  .Tehovah  is  denomi- 
 nated the  "fountain  of  liWng  waters"   (Jer.  ii,   l.T 
 and  xvii,  13. )     Our  Saviour,  at  the  well  of  Samaria, 
 and   on  the  great  day  of  tlie   fea.st,   uses  the  .same 
 figure  to  represent  heavenly   or   spiritual  blessings; 
 and  in  the  Apocalypse  the  believer  is  promised  an  | 
 introduction  to  "living  fountains  of  waters,"  and  to 
 "drink  of  the  waters  of  life."     It  is,   therefore,  no 
 way  surprising,  that  for  the  use  of  the  multitude  and 
 
 for  the  purpose  of  a  religious  rite,  a  running  stream 
 or  streams  should  be  selected.  If,  then,  John  went 
 so  far  as  to  lift  the  water  with  a  vessel  or  with  his 
 hand,  he  went  into  the  water  and  came  out  of  it;  and 
 if  he  had  any  regard  to  the  Old  Testament  observances, 
 it  was  applied  by  sprinkling  or  by  allusion.  Assur- 
 edly, however,  there  is  nothing  to  prove  that  immer- 
 sion was  the  form,  or  that  no  other  is  lawful  in  the 
 administration  of  this  sacrament. 
 
 2.  The  tliiy  of  Pentecost  affords  us  the  next  ex- 
 ample. Christ  said  to  his  disciples,  ' '  Tarry  ye  in 
 the  city  of  Jeru.salem  until  ye  be  endued  with  power 
 from  on  high"  (Luke  xxiv,  49).  Again,  "John  truly 
 baptized  with  water,  but  ye  shall  be  baptized  with 
 the  Holy  Ghost,  not  many  days  hence  "  (Acts  i,  5). 
 Now,  if  baptism  means  immersion,  they  must  have 
 been  immersed  ^vith  the  Holy  Ghost.  We  shall  see, 
 however,  in  what  form  this  baptism  was'  etfected. 
 "  And  suddenly  there  came  a  sound  from  heaven  as 
 of  a  rushing  mighty  wind,  and  it  filled  the  house 
 where  they  were  sitting.  And  there  ai^peared  cloven 
 tongues,  like  as  of  fire,  and  it  sat  upon  each  of  them. 
 And  they  were  all  filled  with  the  Holy  Ghost,  and 
 began  to  speak  with  other  tongues,  as  the  Spirit  gave 
 them  utterance  "  (Acts  ii,  2-4).  The  rushing  sound 
 filled  the  house — those  present  were  filled  with  the 
 Spirit,  not  immersed  with  it — and  the  symbol  of  its 
 communication,  gifts  and  operations,  sat  on  their 
 heads,  as  tongues  of  flame.  This  was  in  exact  cor- 
 respondence _with  the  actions,  tyi)es  and  predictions 
 of  the  Old  .Testament,  and  the  sprinklings  and  out- 
 pourings there  mentioned.  Certainlj',  tlien,  immer- 
 sion has  nothing  to  sustain  it  in  the  prophecy  or  in 
 the  fulfillment,  in  the  type  or  in  the  antityiie. 
 
 We  next  remark,  that  when  Peter  addressed  the 
 collected  multitude,  it  was  the  tliird  hour  of  the  day, 
 according  to  the  Jewish  reckoning,  that  is,  nine  of 
 the  clock — after  this  the  discourse  took  effect,  but 
 how  much  time  he  occupied  we  know  not,  only  the 
 historian  says  that,  "  with  many  other  words  he  ex- 
 horted them. ' '  Now  there  is  no  risk  in  the  assertion, 
 that,  under  these  circumstances,  immersion  was  not 
 only  improbable,  but  impossible.  AVe  hear  nothing 
 of  preparation  for  immersion  in  the  place  where  they 
 were — nothing  of  their  retiring  for  the  purpose  ; 
 matters  which  would  scarcely  have  been  passed  over 
 by  the  history  had  they  taken  place;  and  the  same 
 remark  will  apply  to  the  baptism  of  Paul,  Cornelius, 
 the  jailer,  and  others.  We  conclude,  therefore,  that 
 neither  the  time  occupied — the  circumstances  attend- 
 ants— the  multitude  assembled,  nor  the  language  in 
 which  the  transactions  are  recorded,  will  at  all  sus- 
 tain the  oi)iniou  of  immersion  having  been  the  mode 
 of  baptism  on  that  occasion. 
 
 'S.  The  last  instance  our  limits  will  permit  us  to 
 notice,  is  that  of  the  Ethiopian  (Acts  viii,  36).  Let 
 us  then  notice,  that  the  Ethiopian  was  reading  the 
 prophet  I.saiah;  that  the  Bible  was  not  divided  into 
 chapters  for  twelve  hundred  years  after  the  time  when 
 
BAEKLEV. 
 
 W" 
 
 BARS. 
 
 this  occurred;  the  division  was  by  prophecies  or  sub- 
 jects, not  by  chapters;  that  the  prophecy  which  the 
 eunuch  was  perusing  is  in  the  53d,  and  commenced 
 at  the  13th  verse  of  the  preceding,  or  52d  chapter; 
 and  that  the  last  verse  of  the  52d  chapter,  in  this 
 })rophecy  of  the  Messiah,  says,  "  So  shall  he  sprinkle 
 many  nations."  It  was  from  this  very  prophecy 
 that  Philip  "began  at  the  same  Scripture  and 
 preached  to  him  Jesus."  Now  when  the  passage 
 they  took  spake  of  sprinkling,  would  the  preacher 
 say,  not  so,  it  must  be  immersion.  Is  it  at  all 
 probable,  that  the  Ethiopian  or  PhUip  would  think 
 of  immersion,  when  considering  this  part  of  Scrip- 
 ture? Again,  when  the  eunuch  yielded  his 
 assent  to  the  gospel  offer,  and  they  had  come  to  a 
 stream,  the  abrupt  manner  of  the  exclamation  would 
 evince  that  they  had  no  water,  and  perhaps  no  vessel 
 in  company.  Whether  surprise,  or  joy,  or  both,  were 
 expressed,  his  exclamation,  "See,  here  is  water,"  or 
 as  the  original,  "See!  water!"  evinces  much  interest 
 in  the  thing,  but  little  about  the  form.  But  the  history 
 says,  ' '  And  they  went  down  both  into  the  water, 
 both  Philip  and  the  eunuch,  and  he  baptized  him." 
 The  argument  here  is  short.  If  inlo  necessarily 
 means  immersion,  Philip  was  immersed  as  well  as 
 the  eunuch,  for  they  went  both  into  the  water.  As 
 this  is  not  supposable  and  not  ]iretcuded,  hdo  does  not 
 necessarily  mean  immersion,  and  from  all  the  circum- 
 stixnces  we  cannot  see  that  it  is  supported  here  or 
 anywhere  else  in  Scripture.  • 
 
 1.  From  what  has  been  said,  we  Infer  that  no 
 language  of  Scripture,  and  no  practice  of  the  Church, 
 proves  one  single  case  of  unquestionable  immersion, 
 in  the  administration  of  baptism. 
 
 2.  That  in  some  of  the  instances  of  baptism  recorded, 
 immersion  was  not  only  improbable,  but  seems  to 
 have  been  impracticable. 
 
 3.  That  the  iLse  of  the  word  into,  to  mean  immer- 
 sion exclusively,  is  a  straining  of  language  beyond  i 
 its  proper  or  legitimate  use,  and  entirely  gratuitous.  ■ 
 
 4.  That,  therefore,  immersion  is  not  necessary;  but 
 the  ordinance  is  rightly  administered  by  sprinkling 
 or  affusion,  which  best  represents  the  sprinkling  of  ' 
 the  blood  of  Jesus  and  the   aftasion  of   the   Holy 
 Spirit. 
 
 Barkley,  Rev.  James  Morrison,  the  oldest 
 living  child  of  John  C.  and  Eliza  (ilorrison)  Barkley, 
 was  born  near  Statesville,  N.  C,  November  22d, 
 1846.  He  graduated  at  the  College  of  New  Jer.sey, 
 1876,  and  the  following  September  he  entered  the 
 Theological  Seminary,  at  Princeton,  where  he  gradu- 
 ated three  years  later.  As  a  student,  he  was  faithful 
 to  his  work,  and  very  popular  and  useful  among  his 
 fellows,  over  many  of  whom  he  exercised  strong 
 Christian  influence.  Licensed  to  preach  on  April  8th, 
 1879,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Jlonnouth,  he  was 
 ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Wicklift'e  Pre.s- 
 b3'tcrian  Church.  Newark,  N.  ,T.,  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Newark,  May  !)th,  of  the  same  year.  His  pastorate 
 
 there,  in  a  church  which  had  been  divided  and  de- 
 l^lcted  by  dis.sensions,  was  greatly  blessed.  The 
 church  filled,  the  membership  increased,  and  the 
 spirit  of  Christian  unity  returned. 
 
 In  the  Summer  of  1883  he  was  mvited,  for  the 
 second  time,  to  become  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Hillsdale,  Mich.  Much  to  the  regret  of 
 his  Newark  charge,  he  was  constrained  by  the  state 
 of  Mrs.  Barklcy's  health  to  accept  the  call,  and 
 entered  upon  his  new  work  October  1st,  1882. 
 
 Mr.  Barkley  was  born,  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry,  in 
 the  old  "  Seceder "  Presbyterian  Church,  and  was 
 brought  up  on  Rouse's  version  of  the  Psalms  and  on 
 the  Assembly's  Shorter  Catechism.  Recreant  neither 
 to  his  blood  nor  to  his  training,  he  joins  warm  and 
 generous  fervency  of  spirit  with  virile  and  contented 
 adherence  to  established  convictions.  His  sermons, 
 some  of  which  have  been  published  in  pamphlet  form, 
 and  his  devoted  pastoral  labors,  attest  this  twofold 
 fidelity.  He  has  always  been  peculiarly  interested 
 in  Christian  work  among  young  men,  and  has  more 
 than  once  been  solicited  to  accept  responsible  posi- 
 tions in  connection  with  Young  Men's  Christian  Asso- 
 ciations. 
 
 Barnum,  Russell,  a  ruling  elder,  departed  this 
 life  at  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y.,  September  19th,  1883.  Mr. 
 Barnum  had  been  a  ruling  elder  in  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  for  the  period  of  fifty-five  years.  For  nearly 
 fifty  years  he  was  an  elder  in  the  church  at  Slug 
 Sing.  A  good  man  and  true,  earnest  and  devout  in 
 spirit,  he  loved  the  Church  of  God,  and,  according  to 
 his  ability,  it  was  his  delight  to  serve  her  interests. 
 He  was  a  man  of  simple  faith,  true  to  his  convictions 
 of  duty,  punctual  and  diligent  in  all  that  pertained 
 to  his  office  as  an  elder,  earnest  and  faithful  in  all 
 his  duties  as  a  professed  disciple  of  Jesus  Christ. 
 Greatly  respected  by  all,  "  ha\-ing  served  his  gener- 
 ation, he  fell  on  sleep." 
 
 Barr,  Rev.  John  Campbell,  is  the  second  of 
 eleven  children  of  Samuel  and  Sibella  (Bell)  Barr,  and 
 was  born  in  Huntingdon  county.  Pa.,  on  the  4th  day 
 of  January,  1824.  His  literary  studies  were  pursued 
 at  Tuscarora  Academy  and  at  Jefferson  College,  Cau- 
 onsburg.  Pa.  He  graduated  at  this  latter  In.stitu- 
 tion  in  18.50.  He  studied  theology  in  Cincinnati,  in 
 a  seminary  conducted  for  a  few  years  by  Rev.  Drs. 
 N.  L.  Rice,  James  Hoge  and  WiUis  Lord,  and  was 
 licensed  by  the  Cincinnati  Presbvtery  in  the  Spring 
 of  1853.  He  performed  missionary  work  and  taught 
 in  the  western  part  of  Ohio  and  in  Indiana  till  the 
 Fall  of  1855,  when  he  was  called  to  the  Church  of 
 Princeton,  111. ,  where  he  was  ordained  and  installed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Rock  River.  In  the  Fall  of 
 1857  he  moved  to  Maiden,  HI.,  to  take  charge  of  a 
 new  field,  in  which  he  was  instrumental  soon  after  in 
 organizing  a  church,  of  which  he  became  pastor.  He 
 continued  in  this  field  seven  years,  during  six  of 
 which  he  supplied  Arlington  also,  a  church  which  he 
 gathered   and  was   instrumental    in  organizing.      In 
 
BARRON. 
 
 1078 
 
 BEGGS. 
 
 lSfi4  he  was  called  to  a  churcli  newly  organized  at 
 Geneseo,  111.,  where  he  continued  seven  years;  and  in 
 the  Fall  of  1871  was  called  to  the  Church  of  Alex- 
 andria, Huntingdon  county,  Pa.,  where  he  still 
 reraain.s  as  pastor.  Mr.  Barr  is  a  good  preacher,  and 
 a  faithful  and  .successful  laborer  in  the  Jliister's  ^■ille- 
 yard. 
 
 Barron,  D.  H. ,  D.D.,  was  horu  at  Pine  Grore 
 Mills,  Centre  county.  Pa.,  August  29th,  1828.  He 
 i;eceived  his  academical  training  at  Miluwood  Acad- 
 emy, under  the  Rev.  James  Y.  McCinues,  gradu- 
 ated at  Ji'fferson  College  in' 1853,  and  at  the  Western 
 Tlieological  Seminary  in  1858.  He  was  licensed  in 
 1857  by  the  Presbytery  of  Allegheny  City,  was  called 
 to  the  Church  of  Mount  Pleasant,  and  ordained  and 
 installed  pastor  by  the  Presbytery  of  Eedstoue,  iu 
 18.58.  He  was  Killed  to  the  Church  at  HoUidays- 
 burg,  Pa.,  his  present  charge,  ia  the  Fall  of  1861, 
 and  so  has  been  pastor  there  over  twenty-two  years. 
 Dr.  Barron  is  an  iustructi've  and  impressive  preacher, 
 and  a  faithful  and  valuable  presbyter.  His  pastoral 
 duties  are  discharged  with  great  fidelity.  His  min- 
 istry has  been  largely  blessed.  He  is  held  in  high 
 esteem  by  his  brethren.  His  long  pastorate  at  HoUi- 
 daysburg  attests  his  prudence,  usefulness  and  accejjt- 
 ableness,  and  has  greatly  endeared  him  to  his  congrega- 
 tion. 
 
 Bartholomew^'s  Day,  The  3fassacre  of  St., 
 .Vugust  24th,  1.572.  On  August  18th  the  wedding 
 ti)ok  place,  in  Paris,  of  Henri  of  Beam,  King  of  Na- 
 varre, the  head  of  the  Huguenot  party,  and  JIargaret 
 of  Valois,  a  sister  to  Charles  IX,  and  daughter  of 
 Catherine  de  Jledici.  On  this  occasion  a  great  num- 
 ber of  Huguenot  noblemen  had  assembled  in  Paris, 
 and  the  impression  which  they  made  on  the  court 
 and  the  populace  seems  to  have  been  one  of  mingled 
 hatred  and  fear.  An  incident  added  to  the  general 
 threatening  state  of  the  situation.  By  a  freak  of  his 
 fickle  mind,  Charles  IX  seemed  to  have  thrown  him- 
 self into  the  arms  of  Admiral  Coliguy,  and  prepared 
 to  make  front  against  the  dowager-queen,  his  mother, 
 the  Duke  of  Anjou,  his  brother,  and  the  party  of  the 
 Gui.ses.  In  view  of  this  danger,  the  idea  of  Catherine, 
 which  she  hud  often  hinted  at  to  her  two  sons,  and 
 repeatedly  intimated  to  the  papal  legate  and  the 
 ambassador  of  Philip  II,  namely,  to  kill  all  the 
 Huguenots,  suddenly  ripened.  At  three  o'clock  in 
 the  morning  of  August  21th,  .\dmiral  Coligny  w;us 
 murdered  in  his  hou.se,  and  his  body  was  thrown  out 
 of  the  window.  He  had  been  wounded  on  Friday, 
 August  22d,  and  was  sick  in  bed.  Then  the  tocsin 
 of  Saint  Germain-r.Vu.xerrols  was  sounded,  and  the 
 general  massacre  began.  The  retinue  of  the  bride- 
 groom, lodged  in  the  Louvre,  was  slain  in  the  court- 
 yard. All  over  the  city  the  houses  of  the  Huguenots 
 were  ransiicked  and  i)illaged  and  fired,  and  the  in- 
 mates were  drawn  down  into  the  street  to  be  slaugh- 
 ter<-d.  Those  who  attempted  to  llee  were  jnirsued 
 and  hunted  like  g-arae.     The  king  stood  himself,  and 
 
 fired  from  a  ivindow  iu  the  palace.  Between  five  and 
 six  thousand  persons  were  thus  killed  in  Paris,  and 
 by  royal  order  the  sjvme  scenes  were  enacted  iu  all 
 the  great  cities  of  France,  Orleans,  Bourges,  Troyes, 
 Lyons,  Rouen  and  Toulouse.  In  all,  about  thirty 
 thousand  persons  were  murdered.  As  soon  as  the 
 news  was  received  in  Rome,  the  cannons  of  St. 
 Angelo  were  fired,  a  solemn  Te  Drum  was  sung,  and 
 the  Pope  struck  a  medal,  bearing  on  the  one  side  his 
 own  portrait,  and  on  the  other  a  picture  rudely  rep- 
 resenting the  massacre.  Roman  Catholic  writers  de- 
 fend the  Pope,  on  the  ground  of  ignorance,  but  it 
 took,  at  all  events,  some  time  to  make  the  medals. 
 
 Bateman,  Rev.  Newi;on,  LL.D.,  was  born  in 
 New  Jersey,  July  27th,  1822.  He  graduated  at  Hli- 
 nois  College  iu  184:?,  and  studied  theology  at  Lane 
 Seminary,  18413—4.  He  was  principal  of  a  classical 
 school  in  St.  Louis,  JIo.,  1845-6;  Professor  in  St. 
 Charles  College,  5Io.,  1847-50;  principal  of  public 
 school  in  Jacksonville,  111.,  1851-7;  principal  of 
 Female  Academy,  1857-8;  State  Superintendent  of 
 I  Public  Instruction,  1858-74;  and  President  of  Knox 
 College,  Galesburg,  111.,  1875-81. 
 
 Beattie,  Rev.  T.  Cumming,  is  the  oldest  son 
 of  Da\-id  and  Isabella  Beattie,  and  was  born  in 
 Scotchtown,  N.  Y.,  July  2od,  1854.  He  graduated 
 at  Princeton  College  in  1878;  studied  theology  at 
 Union  Theological  Seminary  one  year,  and  graduated 
 at  Princeton  Seminary  in  1882.  June  27th,  1882,  he 
 was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  large  and 
 flourishing  church  of  Chester,  N.  Y.,  where  he  stiU 
 continues,  blessed  in  his  labors  and  beloved  by  his 
 congregation. 
 
 Beggs,  Joseph,  D.D.,  was  born  near  Dun- 
 gannon,  count}'  Tyrone,  Ireland,  September,  1830. 
 He  entered  Belfast  College  in  1848,  and  spent  one 
 year  under  the  instruction  of  the  celebrated  Dr. 
 Henry  Cooke.  He  then  removed  to  this  country,  and 
 immediately  entered  Lafayette  College  at  Easton,  Pa., 
 from  which  Institution  be  graduated  in  1851,  with 
 the  highest  honor,  as  valedictorian  of  his  class.  He 
 then  took  the  full  course  at  Princeton  Theological 
 Seminary,  receiving  his  diploma  in  1855.  In  May  of 
 the  s;ime  year  he  was  ordained  by  the  Second  Presby- 
 tery of  Philadelphia,  and  installed  as  pastor  of  the 
 Church  of  Roxborough  in  Philadelphia.  In  that 
 charge  he  at  once  commenced  a  mission  at  the  Falls 
 of  Schuylkill,  a  district  of  the  city  clo.se  by.  On 
 November  7th,  18.56,  he  had  that  new  mission  organ- 
 ized into  a  church,  and,  iu  185il,  became  its  pastor. 
 Under  his  ministry  it  soon  grew  into  an  important, 
 self-sustiiining  congregation,  and  built  a  fine  house 
 of  worship  as  well  as  an  excellent  parsonage,  which 
 are  unincumbered  with  debt. 
 
 That  church  has  proved  one  of  the  most  successful 
 enterprises  iu  its  Presbytery,  and  will  .soon  celebrate 
 the  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  his  installation  as  its 
 first  and  only  pastor. 
 
 Dr.  Beggs  is  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  wisest 
 
BEGINNING. 
 
 1079 
 
 BELL. 
 
 and  most  infliuutial  pastors  in  the  city.  For  many 
 years  he  has  been  the  Stated  Clerk  of  his  Presbytery, 
 and  has  taken  an  active  part  in  all  the  aiTalrs  of  that 
 body,  being  looked  up  to  for  counsel  and  aid  in  every 
 undertaking  for  the  promotion  of  the  cause  of  Christ 
 and  His  Church  within  its  bounds.  In  the  year 
 187:i  he  was  a  delegate  from  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  this  country  to  the  General  Assembly  of  Ireland, 
 and  delivered  an  address  before  that  body  in  its  meet- 
 ing in  Belfast,  which  was  listened  to  -n-ith  marked 
 attention.  The  honorary  degree  of  D.  D.  was  con- 
 I'erred  on  him,  iu  1882,  by  Lafayette  College,  of 
 which  he  was  an  alumnus. 
 
 Beginning,  denotes,  1.  The  first  part  of  time  In 
 general.  Gen.  i,  1.  2.  The  first  jiart  of  a  particular 
 period;  as  of  the  year;  of  the  duration  of  the  state  or 
 kingdom  of  the  Hebrews.  Ex.  xii,  2;  Isa.  1,  2(5. 
 3.  The  first  actor,  or  the  cause  of  a  thing.  Numb. 
 X,  10;  Mic.  i,  13.  4.  That  which  is  most  excellent. 
 Prov.  1,  7;  i.x,  10.  From  the  beginning  is,  1.  From 
 eternity,  ere  any  creature  was  made.  2  Thess.  ii,  13; 
 Prov.  viii,  23.  2.  From  the  very  fi^rst  part  of  time. 
 1  John  iii,  8.  3.  From  the  beginning  of  a  particular 
 period;  as  of  Christ's  public  ministry.  John  viii,  25. 
 Christ  is  called  the  beginning,  and  the  beginning  of 
 the  ereiition  of  God;  he  is  from  eternity,  and  gave 
 being  to  time  and  every  creature.  Rev.  i,  8,  and 
 iii,  14;  Col.  i,  18. 
 
 Bell,  David  S.,  a  younger  brother  of  William  A. 
 Bell,  entered  into  service  as  an  elder  in  Tinkling 
 Spring  Church,  not  very  many  years  before  his  brother 
 finished  his  career.  He  had  been,  in  very  early  life, 
 the  sirbject  of  religioiLs  impressions,  which,  as  was 
 too  often  the  case  fort3'-five  years  ago,  were  misap- 
 prehended by  religious  advisers,  and  he  was  prema- 
 turely admitted  to  the  communion.  But  preserved 
 by  God's  pro\ddeuce  from  going  into  courses  of 
 flagrant  vice,  and  retaining  the  results  of  a  pious 
 mother's  teachings,  he  was  brought,  a  second  time, 
 to  make  a  profession  of  faith,  and  thirty  years  or 
 more  of  consistent  living  in  the  mid.st  of  great  trials 
 has  proved  the  sincerity  of  his  profession.  He  was, 
 soon  after  this  last  step,  called  iuto  the  eldership. 
 Here  his  characteristic  .sound  sense,  his  earnest  piety 
 and  his  enterprise  and  energy  have  conspired  to 
 develop  in  him  the  most  excellent  featitre  of  a  ruling 
 elder.  Like  his  brother,  he  has  always  been  ready 
 for  the  post  of  duty,  even  when  a  post  of  .sacrifice  of 
 personal  ease  and  comfort;  with  increaseof  age,  there 
 does  not  appear  any  decrease  of  the  most  lively 
 interest  in  the  welfare  of  the  church  of  which  he  is 
 a  member,  or  of  the  Church  at  large.  Such  is  the 
 confidence  in  his  prudent  and  wise  foresight,  that  he 
 has  acquired  the  cordial  support  of  his  colleagues  in 
 his  measures,  as  well  as  that  of  the  bulk  of  the  people ; 
 and  yet  he  has  not  presumed  in  putting  himself 
 forward,  nor  assumed  the  position  of  a  dictator.  It 
 is  a  blessing  of  inestimable  value  to  a  church,  to 
 have  such  a  man  iu  the  eldership.     Though  advanced 
 
 in  years,  he  has  not  yet  reached  a  period  when  the 
 infirmities  of  old  age  are  likely  to  arrest  his  useful- 
 ness, and  his  position  iu  one  of  the  largest  and  most 
 efficient  churches  of  Lexington  Presbytery  will  lead 
 all  to  pray  that  his  valuable  life  may  be  yet  con- 
 tinued many  years,  and  God's  blessing  be  on  him 
 through  all  changes,  till  the  last  great  change  may 
 introduce  him  to  hear  the  plaudit,  "  Well  done, 
 good  and  faithful  servant,  enter  thou  into  the  joy  of 
 thy  Lord." 
 
 Bell,  "William  Allen,  was  introduced  into  the 
 elder.ship  of  the  Staunton  Church,  Va.,  at  an  early 
 period  of  his  adult  life.  Theeldestsonof  piousparent- 
 age,he  became,  on  reaching  mature  age,  at  once  a  com- 
 fort to  his  parents  by  his  early  piety,  and  an  example  to 
 the  younger  members  of  the  family.  He  .soon  settled 
 on  a  farm,  near  Staunton,  and  became  a  successful 
 tiller  of  the  soil.  With  no  ambition  for  oflace,  he  never 
 sought  its  distinctions  or  its  cares,  but  addressed  him- 
 self to  the  honest  and  honorable  vocation  of  a  farmer, 
 with  the  sound  common  sense  which  marked  his 
 character  and  an  intelligent  comprehension  of  his 
 duty,  derived,  iu  part,  from  his  native  powers  of  dis- 
 crimination between  right  and  wrong,  and,  in  part, 
 from  habitual  as.sociation  with  his  .seniors  in  age 
 and  superiors  in  knowledge.  On  entering  upon  the 
 duties  belonging  to  the  elder.ship,  he  displayed,  at 
 once,  those  enlarged  and  enterprising  views  of  the 
 position  he  held  which  at  once  placed  him  in  the 
 front  rank  with  many  of  longer  experiences.  He 
 was  not  only  his  pastor's  fast  friend  and  judicious 
 counsellor,  but  the  leader  in  every  effort  for  increasing 
 the  pecuniary  resources  and  developing  the  power  of  the 
 church,  as  God's  chosen  agency  for  making  the  world 
 better.  Until,  at  a  comiiaratively  recent  period, 
 deacons  were  electedand  ordained,  he  himself  brought  , 
 to  the  management  of  the  secular  interests  of  the 
 church  the  same  enterprise  and  eflScient  energy 
 which  he  has  evinced  in  the  conduct  of  his  private 
 affairs,  and  after  the  Board  of  Deacons  was  consti- 
 tuted, he  continued  to  take  care  for  securing  its  full 
 efficiency.  He  always  made  his  arrangements  to 
 attend  meetings  of  the  higher  courts  to  which  he  was 
 appointed,  with  conscientious  fidelity,  at  whatever 
 risk  might  be  incurred  to  his  private  interests.  At 
 one  period,  of  several  years'  duration,  owing  t<) 
 peculiar  causes,  no  one  of  his  colleagues  was  able  to 
 attend  such  meetings,  and  his  regularity  in  that 
 duty  procured  for  him  the  complimentary  title  of 
 "  Standing  Committee  of  Staunton  Church  to  attend 
 Synod,  Presbytery,  and  often  General  Assembly." 
 His  last  days,  in  1877,  were  days  of  pain  and  suft'er- 
 ing  in  the  flesh,  but  the  "joy  of  the  Lord  "  was  his 
 exceeding  "strength  "  to  the  closing  hour. 
 
 Bell,  William  B.,  was  boru  in  Staffi)rd  county, 
 Va.,  January  17th,  1811;  removed  to  Montgomery, 
 Ala.,  in  1834,  and  engaged  in  merc^antile  business. 
 In  1842  the  firm  of  W.  B.  and  A.  K.  Bell  was  formed, 
 and  continued  until  187.5.     During  this  long  period 
 
BELL. 
 
 loso 
 
 BIBLE. 
 
 of  thirty-three  years,  and  amidst  no  ordinary  vicissi- 
 tudes, and  embarrassments  at  times,  Mr.  William 
 Hell,  with  his  worthy  associate  brother,  maintained 
 a  character  of  stainless  honor.  In  his  vocation,  as  a 
 merchant,  he  had  the  coniidence  and  respect  not  only 
 of  his  particular  friends  and  customers,  but  of  the 
 community,  for  his  undeviating  rectitude  and  irre- 
 pmachalile  pnrity  and  correctness  of  principle.  In 
 all  matters  of  business,  his  own  and  others,  intrusted 
 to  him,  he  discharged  the  obligations  involved  in 
 them  with  scrupulous  integrity.  As  »  gentleman,  he 
 was  courteous  in  his  manners,  and  in  all  his  inter- 
 course in  society  kind  aud  respectful.  He  was  a  man 
 of  sound  judgment;  cautious  in  forming  his  opinions, 
 he  w:us  still  more  so  in  expressing  them.  He  had  a 
 1)enevolent  spirit,  that  disposed  him  not  only  to 
 judge  charitiibly,  but  to  bestow  favors  whenever  it 
 was  in  his  power.  He  had  great  strength  of  purpose, 
 and  though  he  pursued  his  objects  uo.iselessly,  he  pur- 
 sued them  with  untiring  patience  and  perseverance. 
 
 As  a  Christian,  his  piety  was  intelligent  and  earn- 
 est, yet  modest  and  unassuming.  His  whole  deport- 
 ment was  that  of  a  sincere  follower  of  the  meek  and 
 lowly  Jesus.  At  an  early  period  of  his  Christian  life 
 Mr.  Bell  was,  by  the  unanimous  suflrage  of  the 
 church,  elected  to  the  sacred  and  resi)onsible  office 
 of  ruling  elder.  Having  accepted  and  been  solemnly 
 set  apart  to  the  office,  he  was  careful  to  ' '  stir  up  the 
 gift "  that  was  in  him,  so  that  his  service  was  most 
 acceptiible  and  useful.  Few  men  better  understood 
 than  he  did  the  duties  and  responsibilities  of  the 
 office  of  ruling  elder,  or  had  a  more  intelligent  and 
 unswerving  attachment  to  the  doctrines  and  govern- 
 ment of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  He  was  eminently 
 fitted  by  grace,  aud  diligent  endeavor  and  constant 
 exercise,  to  fulfill  the  duties  of  his  office.  His  true 
 aud  tender  heart  c;irried  very  largely  and  lovingly 
 the  weight  of  the  spiritual  intere.sts  of  the  church, 
 counselling  and  encouraging  its  members  and  in 
 every  pious  way  caring  for  them.  His  influence  for 
 good  was  seen  and  felt  in  everything  pertaining  to 
 the  prosperity  of  the  church.  He  was  always  wel- 
 <-ome  among  the  families  of  the  church,  who  kuew 
 him  about  as  well  as  they  did  their  pastor,  and 
 greatly  respected  and  esteemed  him.  His  interest 
 in  the  children  of  the  church  and  congregation,  his 
 anxiety  for  their  religious  instruction,  and  his  zeal 
 for  the  welfare  of  their  souls,  were  such  :is  to  secure 
 to  him  the  warm  affections  of  parents  and  children. 
 He  was  superintendent  of  the  Sabbath  school  for 
 seventeen  consecutive  years;  and  in  this  department 
 of  .service  for  Clirist  his  effi)rts  were  made  to  the 
 extent  of  his  opportunities. 
 
 Mr.  Bell  was  widely  known  to  the  ministers  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  and  was  greatly  esteemed  by 
 them.  His  presence  in  the  ecclesiastical  courts  of 
 Presbytery  and  Synod,  to  which  he  was  frequently 
 delegated,  and  his  counsels  and  services,  were  highly 
 valued. 
 
 His  last  years  were  years  of  great  physical  debility 
 and  prostration.  But  his  Christian  trust  and  hope 
 never  forsook  him;  and  amid  the  jierishing  elements 
 of  the  outward  man  might  be  discerned  verj-  clearly 
 the  features  of  the  inward  man,  renewed  after  the 
 image  of  Him  who  created  him. 
 
 Long  ere  the  shadows  of  his  evening  fell  around 
 him  he  was  fully  prepared — "perfected" — "'madi' 
 meet  "  for  the  blissful  realms  of  glory.  He  departed 
 this  life,  at  his  residence  in  Montgomery,  on  the 
 morning  of  the  1st  day  of  January,  1879,  in  the  sixty- 
 eighth  year  of  his  age. 
 
 *'  The  memory  of  the  just  is  blessed." 
 
 Benevolence,  Beneficence.  The  former  is  the  love 
 of  mankind  in  general,  accompanied  with  a  desire  to 
 promote  their  happiness,  and  is  distinguished  from 
 the  latter,  which  is  the  practice,  while  benevolence 
 is  the  desire,  of  doing  good.  Benevolence  must  be 
 universal,  reaching  to  every  man  without  exception ; 
 but  l)eneficence  cannot  l)e  so  universal,  for  it  is  neces- 
 sarily confined  by  several  considerations,  such  as  our 
 knowledge  of  objects  and  their  diflerent  circirm- 
 stances,  as  well  as  our  own  abilities  and  opportuni- 
 ties of  exercising  them.  The  duties  of  benevolence 
 include  those  we  owe  to  men,  purely  on  the  ground 
 of  their  being  of  the  same  .species  as  our.selves,  those 
 we  owe  to  our  country,  those  we  owe  to  families  and 
 individuals,  and  those  we  owe  to  God.  The  ohjectn 
 of  our  beneficence  are  likewise  all  those  who  are  in 
 the  sphere  of  our  influence  and  action,  without  respect 
 of  party  or  sect.  The  means  of  beneficence  are  com- 
 munication of  temporal  supplies  (Gal.  vi,  6),  prayer 
 (Jas.  V,  16),  .sympathy  (Rom.  xii,  15),  Christian 
 communion  (Col.  iii,  l(i). 
 
 Bible,  The  Anterior  Probability  of  Its 
 Character.  "Whilst  I  attempt  to  show,  as  now  I 
 desire  to  do,  that  the  Bible  should  ))e  just  the  book 
 it  is,  fron\  considerations  of  anterior  probability,  I 
 must  expand  the  subject  a  little;  dividing  it,  first, 
 into  the  likelihood  of  a  revelation  at  all ;  and  sec- 
 ondly, into  that  of  its  expectable  form  and  character. 
 
 "The  first  likelihood  has  its  birth  in  the  just  be- 
 nevolence of  our  heavenly  Father,  who,  without  dis- 
 pute, never  leaves  His  rational  creatmes  unaided  by 
 some  sort  of  guiding  light,  some  manifestation  of 
 Himself,,  so  needful  to  their  happiness,  some  sure 
 word  of  consolation  in  sorrow,  or  of  brighter  hope  in 
 persecution.  That  it  must  have  been  thus  an  a  priiiri 
 proliability  has  been  all  along  proved  by  the  innu- 
 merable pretences  of  the  kind  so  constant  up  and 
 down  the  world;  no  nation  ever  existed  in  any  age 
 or  country  whose  seers  and  wise  men,  of  whatever 
 name,  have  not  been  believed  to  hold  converse  with 
 the  Godhead.  We  may  judge  from  this  how  probable 
 it  must  ever  have  been  held.  The  sages  of  Old 
 Greece  were  sure  of  it,  from  reason ;  and  not  less  sure, 
 from  accepted  superstition,  those  who  reverenced  the 
 Brahmin,  or  the  priest  of  Heliopolis,  or  the  medicine 
 man  among  the  liocky  Mountains,  or   the  Llama  of 
 
BIBLE,  THE  ANTERIOR 
 
 1081 
 
 PROBABILITY  OF  ITS  CHARACTER. 
 
 old  Mexico.  I  kuow  that  our  iguorance  of  some 
 among  the  most  brutalized  species  ol'  ii\aiikiud,  as 
 the  Bushmen  in  Cafiraria  and  the  tribes  of  New 
 South  Wales,  has  failed  to  find  among  their  rites 
 au3thiug  akin  to  religion ;  but  what  may  we  not  yet 
 have  to  learn  of  good  even  about  such  iioor  outcasts  ? 
 How  shall  we  prove  this  negative?  For  aught  we 
 know  their  superstitions  at  the  heart  may  be  as  deep 
 and  as  deceitful  as  in  others;  and,  even  on  the  con- 
 trary side,  the  exception  proves  the  rule;  the  rule 
 that  every  people  concluded  a  revelation  so  likely, 
 that  they  have  one  and  all  contrived  it  for  them- 
 selves. 
 
 "Thus,  .shortly,  of  the  first:  and  now,  secondly,  how 
 should  God  reveal  Himself  to  men  ?  In  such  times 
 as  those  when  the  world  was  yet  young,  and  the 
 Church  concentrated  in  a  family  or  an  individual,  it 
 would  probably  be  an  immediate  oral  teaching;  the 
 Lord  would  speak  with  Adam ;  He  would  wal-k  with 
 Enoch;  He  would,  in  some  pure,  ethereal  garb,  talk 
 with  Abraham,  as  friend  to  friend.  And  thereafter, 
 as  juen  grew  and  worshipers  were  multiplied.  He 
 would  give  some  favored  servant  a  commission  to 
 be  His  ambassador:  He  would  say  to  an  Ezekiel, 
 '  Go  unto  the  house  of  Israel  and  speak  my  words 
 to  them.'  He  would  bid  Jeremiah,  'Take  thee  a 
 roll  of  a  book  and  write  therein  all  the  words  that  I 
 have  spoken  to  thee.'  He  would  give  Daniel  a 
 deep  vision,  not  to  be  interpreted  for  ages,  '  Shut  up 
 the  words  and  seal  the  book  even  to  the  time  of  the 
 end;'  He  would  make  Moses  grave  His  precepts  in 
 the  rock,  and  Job  record  his  trials  with  a  pen  of  iron. 
 For  a  family,  the  Beatific  Vision  was  enough ;  for  a 
 congregated  nation,  as  once  at  Sinai,  oral  proclama- 
 tions; for  one  generation  or  two  around  the  world,  the 
 zeal  and  eloquence  of  some  great  'multitude  of 
 preachers;'  but,  indubitably,  if  God  willed  to  bless 
 the  universal  race,  and  drop  the  honey  of  his  words 
 distilling  down  the  hour-glass  of  Time,  from  gener- 
 ation to  generation,  even  to  the  latter  days,  there  was 
 no  plan  more  probable,  none  more  feasible,  than  the 
 pen  of  a  ready  writer. 
 
 "Further,  and  which  concerns  our  argument,  "\\liat 
 were  likely  to  be  the  characteristic  marks  of  such  a 
 revelation  ?  Exclusively  of  a  pervading  holiness,  and 
 wisdom,  and  sublimit)-,  which  could  not  be  dispensed 
 with,  and  in  some  sort  should  be  worthy  of  the  God ; 
 there  would  be,  it  was  probable,  frequent  evidences 
 of  man's  infirmity,  corrupting  all  he  touches.  The 
 Almighty  works  no  miracles  for  little  cause;  one 
 miracle  alone  need  be  current  throughout  Scri  pture :  to 
 wit,  that  which  preserves  it  clean  and  safe  from 
 every  perilous  error.  But,  in  the  succession  of  a 
 thousand  scribes,  each  copying  from  the  other,  needs 
 must  that  the  tired  hand  and  misty  eye  would  occa- 
 sionally misplace  a  letter:  this  was  no  nodus  worthy 
 of  a  God's  descent  to  dissipate  by  miracle. 
 
 ''Again:  the  original  prophets  themselves  were 
 men  of  various  characters  and  times  and  tribes.    God 
 
 addresses  men  through  their  reason.  He  bound  not 
 down  a  seer  '  with  bit  and  bridle,  like  the  horse  that 
 hath  no  understanding,'  but  spoke  as  to  a  rational 
 being,  '  WTiat  seest  thou  ?  '  '  Hear  my  words  ; ' 
 '  Give  ear  unto  my  speech.'  Was  it  not  then  likely 
 that  the  previous  mode  of  thought  and  providential 
 education  in  each  holy  man  of  God  should  mingle 
 irresistibly  with  his  inspired  teaching  ?  Should  not 
 the  herdsman  of  Tekoa  plead  in  pastoral  phrase,  and 
 the  royal  son  of  Amoz  denounce  with  strong  author- 
 ity ?  Should  not  David,  whilst  a  shepherd,  prai.se 
 God  among  his  flocks,  and  when  a  king,  cry,  '  Give 
 the  King  thy  judgments? '  The  Bible  is  full  of  this 
 human  indix-iduality ;  and  nothing  could  be  thought 
 as  humanly  more  probable;  but  we  must,  with  this 
 diversity,  connect  the  other  probability  also,  that 
 which  should  show  the  work  to  be  divine;  which 
 would  prove  (as  is  literally  the  case)  that,  in  spite  of 
 all  such  natural  variety,  all  such  unbiased  freedom, 
 both  of  thought  and  speech,'  there  pervades  the  whole 
 mass  a  oneness,  a  marvelous  consistency,  which 
 ■Would  be  likely  to  have  been  designed  by  God, 
 though  little  to  have  been  dreamt  by  man. 
 
 '  'Once  more  on  this  full  topic.  Difficulties  in  Scrip- 
 ture were  expectable  for  many  reasons;  I  can  only 
 touch  a  few.  Man  is  rational  as  he  is  responsible: 
 God  speaks  to  his  mind  and  moral  powers;  and  the 
 mind  rejoices  and  moralities  grow  strong  in  conquest 
 of  the  difficult  and  search  for  the  mysterious.  The 
 muscles  of  the  spiritual  athlete  pant  for  such  exertion, 
 and  without  it  they  would  dwindle  into  trepid  imbe- 
 cility. •  Curious  man,  courageous  man,  enterprising, 
 shrewd  and  vigorous  man,  yet  has  a  constant  enemy 
 to  dread  in  his  own  indolence;  now,  a  lion  in  the 
 path  will  wake  up  Sloth  himself  ;  and  the  very  diffi- 
 culties of  religion  engender  perseverance. 
 
 "Additionally:  I  think  there  is  somewhat  in  the 
 consideration  that,  if  all  revealed  truth  had  been 
 utterly  simple  and  easy,  it  would  have  needed  no 
 human  interpreter;  no  enlightened  cla.ss  of  men,  who, 
 according  to  the  spirit  of  their  times,  and  the  occa- 
 sions of  their  teaching,  might,  '  in  season  and  out  of 
 season,  preach  the  word,  reprove,  rebuke,  exhort,  with 
 all  long  sufiering  and  doctrine. '  I  think  there  ex- 
 isted an  anterior  probability  that  Scripture  should  be, 
 as  it  is,  oftentimes  difficult,  obscure,  and  requiring 
 the  aid  of  many  wise  to  its  elucidation;  because, 
 without  such  characteristic,  those  many  wise  and 
 good  would  never  have  been  called  for.  Suppose  all 
 truth  revealed  as  clearly  and  indisputably  to  the 
 meanest  intellect  as  a  sum  in  addition  is,  where  were 
 the  need  or  use  of  that  noble  Christian  company  who 
 are  everywhere  man's  almoners  for  charity  and  God's 
 ambassadors  for  peace  ? 
 
 "A  word  or  two  more,  and  I  have  done.  The  Bible 
 would,  as  it  seems  to  me  probable,  be  a  sort  of  double 
 book;  for  the  righteous  and  for  the  wicked;  to  one 
 class  a  decoy,  baited  to  allure  all  sorts  of  generous 
 dispositions;    to  the  other  a  trap,   set  to  catoh  all 
 
BIGLKR. 
 
 1082 
 
 BIO  SPRING  CHURCH. 
 
 kinds  of  evil  inclinations.  In  these  two  senses,  it 
 would  address  tbe  -whole  family  of  man;  and  every 
 one  should  find  in  it  something  to  his  liking.  Purity 
 should  there  perceive  green  i)astures  and  still  waters, 
 and  a  tender  Shejihcrd  for  its  innocent  steps;  and 
 carnal  appetite  sliould  here  and  there  discover  some 
 darker  spot,  which  the  honestj'  of  heaven  had  filled 
 with  memories  of  its  chiefest  servants'  sins,  some 
 record  of  adultery  or  murder  wherewith  to  feast  his 
 maw  for  condemnation,  ^\^lile  the  good  man  should 
 find  in  it  meat  divine  for  every  earthly  need,  the 
 sneerer  should  proclaim  it  the  very  easiest  manual 
 for  liis  jests  and  lewd  profanities.  The  unlettered 
 shouUl  not  lack  humble,  nay,  vulgar,  images  and 
 words,  to  keep  himself  in  countenance;  neither  should 
 the  learned  look  in  vain  for  reasonings;  the  poet  for 
 sublimities;  the  curious  mind  for  mystery;  nor 
 the  sorrowing  heart  for  prayer.  I  do  discern,  in  that 
 great  Book,  a  wondrous  adaptability  to  minds  of 
 every  calibre;  and  it  is  just  what  might  antecedently 
 have  been  expected  of  a  volume  writ  by  many  men 
 at  many  different  eras,  yet  all  superintended  by  one 
 ma.ster  mind;  of  a  volume  meant  for  every  age,  and 
 nation,  and  country  and  tongue  and  people;  of  a 
 volume,  which,  as  a  two-edged  sword,  wounds  the 
 good  man's  heart  with  deep  conviction,  and  cuts 
 down  'the  hoary  head  of  him  who  goeth  on  still  in 
 his  wickedness. ' 
 
 '  'On  the  whole,  respecting  faults,  or  incongruities, 
 or  objectionable  parts  in  Scripture,  however  to  have 
 been  expected,  we  must  recollect  that  the  more  they 
 are  viewed,  the  more  the  blemishes  fade  and  are 
 altered  into  beauties. 
 
 "A  little  child  had  picked  up  an  old  stone,  defaced 
 with  time-stains;  the  child  said  the  stone  was  dirty, 
 covered  with  blotches  of  all  colors;  but  his  father 
 brings  a  microscope,  and  shows  to  his  astonished 
 glance  that  wliat  the  child  thought  dirt  is  a  forest  of 
 beautiful  lichens,  fruited  mosses,  and  strange  lillipu- 
 tian  plants,  with  shapely  animacules  hiding  in  the 
 leaves,  and  rejoicing  in  their  tiuy  shadow.  Every 
 blemish,  justly  seen,  had  turned  to  be  a  beauty;  and 
 nature's  works  are  vindicated  good,  even  as  the  Word 
 of  Grace  is  wise." — Tupper^s  "  Probabilities  an  Aid  to 
 Faith." 
 
 Bigler,  Hon.  William,  was  born  at  Sher- 
 mansburg,  I'a.,  January  1st,  1814.  He  received 
 a  fair  school  education,  learned  the  printing  busi- 
 ness with  his  brother,  from  1830  to  1833,  at 
 Bellcfonte,  and  established  and  carried  on  success- 
 fully a  paper  in  Clearfield  for  a  number  of  years. 
 He  subsequently  disposed  of  his  paper  and  entered 
 into  mercantile  pursuits.  In  1841  he  was  elected  to 
 the  state  Senate,  chosen  Speaker  in  the  Sjjring  of 
 1M43,  and  at  the-  opening  of  the  session  of  1844.  In 
 October  following,  lie  wius  re-elected  to  the  Senate. 
 In  1849  he  w;us  appointed  a  Revenue  Commissioner. 
 In  18.')1  he  was  elected  (lovernor  of  the  State,  serving 
 lor  three   years.      During  his  term  of  office  several 
 
 very  important  measures  were  adopted  by  the  Legis- 
 lature, the  principal  of  which  were  the  establishing 
 the  office  of  County  Superintendent  of  Common 
 Schools,  and  the  founding  of  the  Pennsylvania  Train- 
 ing School  for  Feeble-llinded  Children. 
 
 In  .Tanuary,  18.55,  Governor  Bigler  was  elected  for 
 the  term  of  six  years  to  the  United  States  Senate, 
 where  he  discharged  his  duty  with  ability  and 
 fidelity.  He  was  a  prominent  delegate  of  the  Con- 
 stitutional Convention  of  1873,  and  to  his  labors  are 
 ascribable  a  number  of  the  beneficial  features  of  this 
 instrument.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  and  most 
 earnest  champions  of  the  Centennial  Exposition  of 
 1876,  and  represented  Pennsylvania  in  the  Board  of 
 Finance,  and  his  elforts  ministered  greatly  to  its  suc- 
 cessful issue.  A  short  time  after  this  memoralile 
 occasion  he  departed  this  life,  at  his  residence  in 
 Clearfield,  Pa. 
 
 Governor  Bigler  was  a  gentleman  of  dignified  bear- 
 ing, firm  purpose,  good  executive  ability  and  honest 
 efforts  and  aims.  He  was  a  useful  elder  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church  at  Clearfield,  and  threw  his  influence 
 in  favor  of  what  he  believed  would  exalt  humanity 
 and  glorify  God. 
 
 Big  Spring  Church,  XcwviUe,  Pa.  The  early 
 Presbj'terians  of  Cumberland  Valley  had  a  fondness 
 for  naming  their  churches  after  springs.  Hence  we 
 find  in  that  territory  Falling  Spring,  Rocky  Spring, 
 Middle  Spring,  Big  Spring  and  Silvers  Spring. 
 
 The  Rev.  Tliomas  Craigliead  (elsewhere  noticed), 
 was  the  fii'st  pastor  of  Big  Spring  congregation,  or 
 Hopewell,  as  it  was  then  called.  He  entered  into 
 this  relation  with  it  in  1738.  In  regard  to  his  salary, 
 it  is  only  recorded  that,  "A  list  of  subscriptions 
 being  produced,  the  commissioners  agreed  that  Mr. 
 Craighead  shall  have  the  benefit  of  all  future  sub- 
 scriptions." Preriously  to  this  settlement  it  would 
 seem  that  Mr.  Craighead  was  stated  supply  at  Car- 
 lisle and  Silvers  Spring  (or  Upper  and  Lower  Penns- 
 borough),  for,  in  1738,  it  was  ordered  by  presbytery 
 ' '  that  the  two  societies  in  Pennsburg  pay  to  Mr.  Craig- 
 head the  two-thirds  of  sixteen  pounds  for  the  half 
 year  that  he  was  appointed  to  supply  there,  and  that 
 the  people  of  Mr.  Craighead's  congregation  make  up 
 the  other  third." 
 
 About  the  time  of  Mr.  Craighead's  settlement  at 
 Hopewell,  there  was  some  difficulty  existing  between 
 that  congregation  and  the  one  at  Upper  Pennsborough, 
 in  relation  to  the  proposed  erection  of  a  meeting-house 
 by  the  former.  The  nature  and  issue  of  this  diffi- 
 culty, the  subjoined  extracts  from  the  Presbyt«rial 
 Records  will  serve,  in  some  degree,  to  explain : — 
 
 "June  2'2d,  1737.  A  supplication  from  the  people  of 
 Hopewell  being  presented,  requesting  the  concurrence 
 of  Presbytery  to  draw  a  CiiU  to  Mr.  Thomas  Craighead, 
 the  Presbytery,  finding  some  inconvenience  in  re- 
 ference to  the  situation  of  one  of  their  houses,  don't 
 see  cause  to  concur  with  them  at  present,  but  do 
 appoint  Mr.  Black  to  supply  at  Pennsboro'  on  the 
 
BIG  SPRING  CHURCH. 
 
 1083 
 
 BIG  SPRING  CHURCH. 
 
 last  Sabbath  of  July,  and  on  the  week  following  to 
 convene  that  people  mid  the  people  of  Hopewell,  at 
 James  McFarhm's,  in  order  to  inquire  if  Pennsboro' 
 will  agree  that  Hopewell  build  a  meeting-house  at 
 Great  Spring,  and  make  a  report  thereof  at  our  next." 
 
 "August  31st,  1737.  Mr.  Black  reports  that  he 
 supplied  at  Pennsboro',  and  convened  the  people  and 
 those  of  Hopewell  on  the  Monday  following,  and 
 heard  them  confer  about  the  meeting-house  proposed 
 to  be  built  at  Great  Spring,  but  the  parties  did  not 
 agree  about  the  same. ' ' 
 
 Subsequently,  "Presbytery  voted,  by  a  great 
 majority,  not  to  alter  the  bounds  of  the  congregation 
 of  Pennsboro',"  and  "disapproved  the  people  of 
 Hopewell  building  a  meeting-house  j  ust  on  the  border 
 of  Pennsboro'  congregation. ' ' 
 
 Mr.  Craighead,  thougli  called  in  1737,  was  not  in- 
 stalled until  October,  1738.  This  servioe  was  con- 
 ducted by  the  Rev.  Alexander  Craighead,  an  "  edict," 
 by  order  of  Presbytery,  having  been  sent  "to  be 
 published  timeously  before."  After  Mr.  Craighead's 
 decease,  in  June,  1739,  Mr.  James  Lyon,  of  Ireland 
 (and,  at  the  time  of  his  La\'ltation,  under  the  care  of 
 the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle),  supplied  the  pulpit  at 
 Hopewell  for  .some  months.  After  his  term  of  ser- 
 vice had  expired.  Big  Spring  w;is  connected  with 
 Rocky  Spring  and  Middle  Spring,  as  a  charge.  The 
 Sessional  records  of  the  last  mentioned  congregation 
 stiite  (174i!)  that  "the  minister  and  elders  of  Big 
 Spring,  Middle  Spring  and  Rocky  Spring  met  at 
 Middle  Spring,  in  order  to  settle  the  division  of  the 
 minister's  labors  among  the  three  congregations. ' '  The 
 arrangement  agreed  upon  at  this  meeting  was  ' '  that 
 the  minister's  labors  be  equally  divided  in  a  third 
 part  to  each  place,  as  being  most  for  the  glory  of  God 
 and  good  of  his  people."  It  was  also,  "upon  the 
 motion  of  the  elders  of  Big  Spring,  left  to  them,  the 
 people,  and  Mr.  Blair,  to  converse  among  themselves 
 in  respect  to  the  subscriptions  of  the  Big  Spring  con- 
 gregation. ' '  Mr.  Blair  was  installed  pastor  of  these 
 churches,  December  '27th,  1742.  [See  Blair,  Rev. 
 John. ) 
 
 The  next  point  at  which  it  is  possible  to  write  with 
 any  confidence  of  the  regular  occupancy  of  the  pulpit 
 at  Big  Spring,  is  17.'>9.  In  that  year  the  Rev.  George 
 Duffield  was  installed  over  Carlisle  and  Big  Spring. 
 According  to  the  terms  of  his  call,  one-third  of  his 
 time  was  to  be  given  to  Big  Spring  and  two-thirds  to 
 Carlisle.  In  1761  an  effort  was  made  by  the  former 
 congregation  to  obtain  the  half  of  Mr.  Duffield's 
 labors,  but  this  effort  was  not  sanctioned,  for  reasons 
 which  were  regarded  as  satisfactory  by  Presbytery, 
 and  among  which  was  an  apprehension  that  Mr. 
 Duffield's  constitution  would  not  be  able  to  endure, 
 any  length  of  time,  the  fatigue  of  being  the  one-half 
 of  his  time  at  Big  Spring.  Mr.  Duffield  was  called, 
 in  1771,  to  the  pastorate  of  Old  Pine  Street  Chuicb, 
 Philadelphia.     (See  his  Sketch. ) 
 
 Mr.  Duffield's  succes.sor  at  Big  Spring  wa.s  the  Kev. 
 
 ^\'illiam  Linn.  The  congregation  at  this  time  seems 
 to  have  increased  sufficiently  to  justify  them  in  se- 
 curing the  time  and  labor  of  a  pastor  for  themselves 
 alone.  When,  precisely,  Mr.  Linn  was  called  to  this 
 pastorate,  cannot  be  ascert;iined,  for  it  was  registered 
 in  that  portion  of  the  Records  of  Presbytery  which 
 cannot  be  found.  It  was,  however,  there  is  strong 
 reason  to  believe,  before  the  year  1778.  In  1784  Mr. 
 Linn  was  released  from  the  charge,  at  his  own  re- 
 quest, that  he  might  accept  the  Presidency  of  Wash- 
 ington Academy,  in  Somerset  county,  Maryland. 
 
 A  call,  dated  21st  March,  1786,  was  presented  by 
 the  congregation  to  the  Rev.  Samuel  Wilson,  which 
 was  accepted.  Mr.  Wilson  remained  with  them  until 
 his  death,  which  occurred  in  March,  1799.  In  this 
 call  (a  copy  of  which  is  yet  in  the  hands  of  the  de- 
 .scendants  of  Mr.  Wilson,  at  New^alle),  the  congre- 
 gation engaged  to  pay  him  "the  sum  of  one  hundred 
 and  fifty  pounds,  Pennsylvania  currency,  in  specie, 
 and  allow  him  the  use  of  the  dwelling  house,  barn 
 and  all  the  clear  land  on  the  glebe,  pos.sessed  hy  our 
 former  minister;  also,  plenty  of  timber  for  rails  and 
 firewood;  likewise  a  sufficient  security  for  the  pay- 
 ment of  the  above  mentioned  sums  during  his  in- 
 cumbency." The  Rev.  Jo.shua  Williams  was  called 
 to  Big  Spring  in  1801,  and  installed,  April  14th, 
 1802.     (See  his  Sketch.) 
 
 Soon  after  the  withdrawal  of  Dr.  Williams  fn.im 
 the  Church  at  Big  Spring  (1830),  the  Rev.  Robert 
 McCachren,  a  native  of  Chester  county.  Pa.,  and  a 
 licentiate  of  the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle,  was  called 
 to  be  its  pastor.  This  call  he  accepted,  and  in  this 
 relation  he  continued  until  it  was  resigned  in  October, 
 1851.  Mr.  McCachren's  labors  were  not  without 
 encouraging  success.  The  number  of  members  added 
 to  the  congregation  during  his  connection  with  it 
 was  four  hundred  and  eightj-five.  During  the  second 
 year  of  his  ministry  the  church  w;is  favored  with  a 
 season  of  the  .revival  of  religion,  which  resulted  in 
 an  accession  of  seventy- three  to  the  list  of  commu- 
 nicants. Some  of  the  precious  fruits  of  that  awak- 
 ening remain  there  to  this  day.  Mr.  McCachren, 
 since  his  resignation,  has  not  accepted  of  another 
 charge.  He  still  resides  in  Newville,  preaching  as  he 
 has  opportunity,  and  highly  esteemed  by  the  com- 
 munity in  which  he  has  .so  long  lived.  Mr.  McCach- 
 ren's successors  have  been,  Rev.  J.  S.  H.  Henderson, 
 1853-62;  Rev.  Philip  H.  Mowry,  n.  D.,  December, 
 1863-8,  and  Rev.  E.  Erskine,  D.  D.,  who  has  filled 
 the  pastorate  since  1870. 
 
 The  earliest  elders  of  Big  Spring  Church  now 
 known  were  John  Carson,  John  McKeehan,  John 
 Hell,  David  Ralston,  Sr.,  Thomas  Jacobs,  Alexander 
 Thompson,  William  Lindsay,  Atcheson  Laughlin, 
 all  of  whom  served  under  the  ministry  of  the  Rev. 
 Samuel  Wilson,  and  some  of  them  part  of  the  time 
 of  his  successor. 
 
 The  first  church  erected  at  Big  Spring  stood  in 
 the  graveyard  now  in  use  by  thecimgregation,  within 
 
BrLLIXGSLEr. 
 
 1(« 
 
 BLAjy. 
 
 a  iev  rods  of  Tbe  ptesoit  bnitding.  and  was  erected 
 about  the  Tear  ITi*.  It  iras  a  plain  log  bnildina; 
 aitd  had  a  "  smdy  '"  attaebed  to  it.  At  trhat  precise 
 time  the  jBcseni  bouse  of  -w-orship  was  erwted  i*  not 
 known,  but  it  was.  in  all  probabilirr.  during  the 
 earir  part  of  the  ministry  oi  the  Rev.  Mr.  Wilson. 
 UntO  the  year  1?4:2  it  was  a  plain  stone  bnilding. 
 hario^  three  doMSv.  wttb  the  pnlpit  on  the  north 
 side,  and  pews  with  high  straight  backs,  and.  <m  the 
 whole,  indieaiii^  laare  regard  {or  the  essential  than 
 the  cum&maMe  and  the  omainental:  but  at  that 
 time  it  w^s  remodeled,  in  modem  style,  and  has 
 anoe  'lit^i  be»i  greatly  improved  in  a^^arance. 
 90  that  now  it  ruiks  with  the  handsomest  chnrc-bes 
 in  the  Pnesbytery.  It  is  capable  of  aooMnmodating 
 about  six  hnndred  persons,  and  on  Sabbath  is  well 
 filled  with  an  intelligent  and  deront  cMigregation. 
 ■n>e  sire  which  it  ocmpies.  a  few  rods  northward 
 fiiom  the  town,  is  a  most  eligible  one.  and  from  it 
 tfaeie  is  a  beaotifDl  view  of  the  sorroondii^  neigfa- 
 borfaood.  Back  m  it.  at  a  short  distance,  rolls  gently 
 akaig  tbe  dear  and  lovely  stream  &om  which  it  has 
 reeeivied  its  name,  and  whidi  for  ages  has  been 
 flowing  on  a{^nrently  tbe  same,  whilst  the  crowds 
 that  have  weekly  been  gathering  oa  its  brink  have. 
 one  atiier  another,  lain  down  within  tbe  sound  of  its 
 mnimois,  to  sie^  the  sle^p  that  knows  no  waking. 
 till  the  resorrectkm  rmmpeT  shall  utter  its  voice. 
 
 •Rmingrfgiy-  RfTP-  Amos  S.,  was  bom  of  pious 
 parents,  near  East  Palestine.  Ohio.  October.  ISIS. 
 He  gndnated  at  J^feisiHi  Collese.  under  Kev.  B.  J. 
 Breckinridge.  D.D..  in  1547.  FTi''  theological  train- 
 ing w»  in  the  AHegbeny  Seminary.  Being  licensed 
 to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Lisbon,  in  1551. 
 his  first  pastmral  charge  was  the  Presbyterian  Chorch 
 ai  East  PUestine.  Ohio,  the  congregation  in  wiuch  he 
 Ind  bees  .    "     t.     Here  his  ordination occnrred- 
 
 SoooaAr-  jUed  to  the  Church  of  Slippery 
 
 Rock.  Presbytery  of  Beaver,  over  which  he  wse 
 installed  in  lri.>4.  After  a  few  years;.  Mr.  Billingsley 
 became  ooeotibe  ptonffrs  of  the  Church,  and  nnd^- 
 a  commisiao  from  tbe  Board  of  Home  Hisaons,  be 
 went  to  labor  in  Xebraska.  Tbe  gold  ferer  picrail-  | 
 Wiy  in  Denv^er.  Colorado,  early  in  l^Sl  he  went  to 
 paeath  to  tbe  people  there.  He  reor^nized  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Clmnji  of  I>enver.  Subsequently, 
 be  became  pastor  of  the  Pre^^— erian  Church  of 
 Iberia.  «Jhio.  where  be  labor*- .  -  ■  r9.  when  be 
 
 accepted  a  eommisaon  from  tl ::>«  on  jlis- 
 
 ■^ioas  for  Freedmen.  and  was  located  at  Stalesville. 
 Xorth  Gnolina.  where  be  has  since  labored  'with 
 effieiancT. 
 
 Beades    being    an    ey  -  w^paper    oorres- 
 
 poodein,  Mr.  Billingsley  "r  "f  two  books: 
 
 "■  From  tbe  Flag  to  tbe  Crueo     .nii^  f  Kev. 
 
 George   \rhiteneld-""     Of  tbe    latv  ':i^oos 
 
 pseas  has  spoken  in  terms  of  high  commendatitm. 
 
 XatoraL  plain  and  simple  in  his  manners.  Hr.  Bil- 
 lingsley is  a  man  easily  approached.     Tme.  kind  and 
 
 <iiitbfti1  be  makes  warm  friends  and  ''holds  tbem 
 long."  He  is  thoronghly  Calvinistic,  and  a  close  stu- 
 dent. Laborious  and  enthnsiasiic,  as  a  preacher.be 
 often  rides  twenty  or  thirty  miles  and  preaches  thn?e 
 limes  a  day.  He  never  stops  lor  bad  weather.  His  style 
 of  preaching  is  warm,  earnest  and  forcible.  With 
 the  Cro«  of  Christ  for  his  theme,  he  always  carries 
 bis  congregation  with  him-  An  old  colored  elder 
 said  of  one  of  his  sermons:  "It  came  tight  from 
 Jesns." 
 
 •Rino-yiaTTi  Ed'ward,  was  bom  in  Salisbury. 
 Conn..  August  1st.  livl:  arrived  in  Detroit.  Mich., 
 in  1~'2~.  and  died  in  IV-troit.  Xovember  ■24th.  l^Tl. 
 He  early  became  an  elder  in  the  First  Presbrterian 
 Church,  some  time  between  his  arrival  and  the  year 
 1^2  or  1S33.  and  was  tbe  dert  of  Session  for  a  long 
 series  of  years,  and  ever  the  right-hand  man  and  de- 
 voted attendant  npon  the  pastor  in  all  bis  official 
 duties;  especially  active  in  his  duties  as  deacon,  in 
 looking  after  the  sick.  He  was  a  just.  kind,  gener- 
 ous, tuthfol  and  honest  man  tow-ards  God  and  his 
 fellow  men:  and  at  his  death  his  record  was  as  pure 
 and  unspotted  as  the  marble  that  covered  his  hal- 
 lowed remains. 
 
 Bisbop,  Rev.  Sereno  Ed^waxds,  was  bom  in 
 Eaawalod,  Hawaii.  February.  1S?7:  united  with  the 
 Washington  Street  Church  in  Eochester.  X.  Y.. 
 April,  l>4-2:  graduated  from  Amherst  College  in 
 1*46;  at  Anbnm  Theological  Seminary  in  1S.51.  and 
 was  married  to  Miss  Cornelia  A.  Sessions,  of  Albany. 
 X.  T..  >lay  31st.  Isri  He  was  ordained  and  in- 
 stalled in  Xew  York  city,  by  the  Third  Presbytery 
 of  Xew  York.  June.  Ii5'2:  Seamen's  Chaplain  at 
 Tahaina  Is53-€i2:  Missionary  at  Haua.  1^63-^; 
 Principal  of  Lahainaluna  Seminary.  1865-7.  and  is 
 still  readent  there. 
 
 Blain,  Rev.  Samuel  "Wilson,  was  the  only  .=<hi 
 of  the  Eev.  Iianiel  and  Mary  Hanna  Blain.  and  was 
 lorn  in   Lexington.  Va..   February  Jrth.  1~07.      He 
 entered  Washington  College   ( now  Washington  and 
 Lee  TTniversity !.  in  which  his  father  had  been  a  Pro- 
 fessor, in  1821.  and  was  graduated  in  l-^25.     He  then 
 stodied  law  for  two  and  a-half  years.     After  three 
 y--    -     "  rl  in  Florida,  Georgia  and  others  of  the 
 
 S-  -    .-<^.  be  jHac-ticed  law  at  Lewisbnrg,  Va. 
 
 now'-"  util  December,  1SS4.     In  January. 
 
 1~35,    ..  .   Union  .Seminary.   Ta..  where  he 
 
 completed  the  theological  course  and  was  licensed  to 
 preach  by  Leiingion  Presbytery,  at  Union  Church, 
 in  1^37.     His  fii^  ministerial  labor  was  as  a  domestic 
 misaonaiy  in  Amherst  county.  Va.     For  a  year  he 
 preached  at  Soottsville.   Albt-marle  county,  and  at 
 P  -nty.     In  1840  he  accepted  a 
 
 f^  :..  in  Albemarle  county,  and 
 
 led  pa.<toT  of  this  church  by 
 .  :-rry.  in   1^1.      His   pastoral 
 r»:  <3(Hitinaed  until  18S4.  when,  for  a  year. 
 
 be  .,^  . .....    ..^iportage  agent  of  the  Synod  erf"  Virginia. 
 
 In  1853  be  established  a  female  school  at  his  resi- 
 
 W 
 
BLAIR. 
 
 1*%5 
 
 BLI-& 
 
 1  Albenaile,  «Ua^  keeoodaeted  t«««jrfully  iJig  the  iran  TiariTW  al  Qxiivd  Fnsatts,  S.  J-.  aad 
 nnta  ISSa,  vbea  he  loaoTied  to  WilliaBsiiai]^  Ta.  at  gaaaoo,  Fe^i^lvaaiaL  He  vae  iastrnMeual  ia 
 Here^iaaddiaoBtotbemanaseaentof  Us&nB,he   openiaE  dwxuliaad  fiw  tevego  «>  Itbaea,  K.T.. 
 
 tiii„ht  1  miill  rrhcrnl.  rnA  lm-'"~t — '~^ "    i^     "  l^onilmMiBgli^iaflroad&o™  Senato* 
 
 PRsbyteiian  OuirA  at  B^er'5,  on  ToHc:  lirer,  ke    i.  i,w*kh  wa9«pe«di»  IrSL  Heseemii 
 
 pfcaAedtfKie.aii^  at  BonitOdiitarf.ia  James  Gt^  lie  ri^  <*  way  Mr  aad  lar^T  »ded  in  Ae  «»- 
 taaatr,  antfl  l^fii  Afer  the  -war  be  labored  as  ^traetka  of  the  on^iBal  Ddawan.  Lackawa^n  and 
 Ashlaod  and  at  otfaer  poms  in  Haaorrer  coanty.  In  'WestEiBBafln!«d.mPt«Myl»a«ia;asal9»««the'Wai- 
 1.771  be  settkd  «  paetiar  oC  the  Picsbytoian  Cfamdi  r™  Baflraad,  in  Xew  Jeraer,  wkiA  enasnJidated  Hae 
 at  CanoHton  Kj.  TlieinfirBiitiesof  age  eompeDed  was  opEoed  in  1SS&  Fn»aihBtiaic««beh«btt» 
 the  idin^aishmait  of  this  dLxr^e  in  ItTT,  and  snee  IbseIt  fagagrd  in  nOraad  imUnt^  in  Iowa.  'V*  i*- 
 OarttiiaebebasTeadedinLoaisTine,  Ky.,  wberebe  eoosia,  Eamas,  Sttrr*^,  ItekaCa,  Muwui  and 
 sdn  KwEs  and  comtiDoea  to  preaeb  »?  opponaaiiy  Texas.  He  was  a  laibfr  rf  lie  ii»  baosd  «f 
 ofioa.  diraeaas  of  fteUaiaaPSaac,  and  bmU  tie  first  nil- 
 
 Mr.  Blain's  abaadaat  and  BseAd  lafaoB  baTe  bE£B   roadtbni^AI<»irai»enDitttwTtkiiatO«aia.    He 
 inaeoin|niatiTrfj-bnmWe^lieie,aDdlaigElTgiatai-  hie  teca  abo  bgg^  iatorrstnJ  ia  ^e  1 
 loQs.     This  19  in  ieepa^  wiib  a  rinrartfT  angalarir 
 modest  and  imastimii^     TTnaaitntiaas  exeepi  to  do 
 good,  be  bas  always  sfarank  uoia  pn  itaaw  wbid  > 
 would  make  biia  eoa^icBOOs.      Havi^  iia|au»ed| 
 exceDeat  offnttnmties,  bis  srimfar-hip  is  aoMnif,  | 
 and  bis  mod  ciiltrnited  aadv^  jand^ed.    Hi$' 
 pd^it  laqMiatiop  bas  always  been  can^al,  aad  Us 
 senBOBafab^iard^ofBi^it.     Hsstylebaebe^ 
 too  doee  and  afgnmentatrie  to  ^abe  ii^  what  s 
 ededapopolar  -pteatba.    As  a  pgEaa-aad  taemA. 
 bewilleva'  be  bdd  in  tender  naaembngBce  by  all 
 who  know  bin.     Genial,  wai^t4>earted  aad  sympa-  "^, 
 
 di^e,  bis  ministry  fioaa  boose  to  boose  bas  lardy 
 beenfTCfUfd,  e^eaaStf  taoaB^  tie  aSieted.  Mere 
 tbanall,  biseminaii  laaybae  beai  aad  sifll  ^  an 
 rniftiHn^  soaiceof  1ile»^. 
 
 Slazr,  John  I.,  was  bom  on  die  bonbs  -jI  tbe 
 Ddawaze.  a  ^Km  dsssmee  below  Bdrideie.  X.  J.. 
 Ai^iet  -Sd.  ISOa.  His  gramt&thfr,  Jokn  Ebxi. 
 eaa^iated  cram  Seadand  to  America,  between  1130 
 and  1740.  James,  the  fuller  of  Jobn  I.,  was  bom  at 
 Osfiad,  X.  J..  August  5di.  1769.  He  manied  SMbel 
 Jn^y.  of  Green  wkb,  X.  J.,  who  bore  to  bim  seiioB 
 ^ons  and  three  da^aas.  ef  wbieisoas  Joka  L  was 
 the  iMrd^  His  boyhood  dares  wcie  ^^it  in  ^e 
 oidinaiy  labors  of  the  &na.  and  in  jijjiIjh^  tibe 
 district  sdioidiar  a  Kw  terms,  whoe  bis  text-boots 
 were  Webeso-'s  Spelling  Book,  the  TwgH^  Bfadpr,  '  uaimd  inm, 
 and  Baboll's  Axithmetie.  His  edm  iliimil  advaa-  miDiasaeFesaf  laad.  ;ffis1 
 tnj"  howerer.  ended  when  he  w^  cIev«B  years  of  poipases.  colleges,  rrbnni^  <baii'h>.s.  rte..  thaee  of 
 a^e.  at  wbieb  tiate  be  ezitaed  the  state  of  bis  coi^a.  tie  Fteskyteoaa  order  beng  bis  piUUi^aee.  ba\e 
 Jodge  Blair,  at  H<^>e.  X.  J.,  ior  the  parpoee  of  leara^  been  wa  half  a  mitlico  of  doDacs.  Smii^  the  oh- 
 ii^  the  meicantile  lioaoess.  "With  a  ^ton  insa^  jeete  of  bs  b»  m  fji  liams  ^oy  he  aaoniaaed  Hair 
 mpdoo.  oecastooed  by  the  death  of  bis  Kufaer,  he  Pr^iyterial  Academy,  xt  Sairstewn.  X.  J.,  dooased 
 reaanned  hae  till  l^'a.  when  he  went  into  bo-JnfT  to  &e  Pieatwieiy  of  Xewtoa;  La&yette  CMkee,  as 
 with  bis  cODsin.  Jobn  SUr.  at  WbifSMwa.  Aner  IJeion.lVam»jl>aaia;aaBdAeCaBege«f  XewJasCT, 
 twx>  years  be  SEomed  entire  eoBiioI  of  the  bosiBess,  at  Ptineetoo.  Mi^  Bfair  has  been  a  Bk^oo^  attendaatt 
 and  lor  tony  years  thereafia-  was  a  praminait  t^oaaads^parterof  dePresbyaoiaaChBRh. 
 merclBUit  in  the  re^oo.  owning  or  having  an  interte*  KKss.  Janafitan,  'R^qj.,  was  bam  at  Saada^h. 
 in  stwes  at  3faik^Hao*.  Puliaa,  HanETiOe  and  Tezmoot.  Jtily  13tb.  1719;  w^  gtadaaied  at  Stei- 
 JifaiEOBsbiii*.  as  wen  as  at  Bbirsanra.  He  also  month  GoD^e  in  1^4,  aad  became  a  otiaea  of 
 owned  sarvteral  ^rist  mills  and  a  coctoa  mency.  Froai  Gainesville.  Alabama.  Jrwatry  ?th.  1S3S. 
 1>M  to  l>l(>he  waslarslviiKtrBmentaliacscaidEh-  tiller 
 
BODi',  3IAN'S,  CIIANGIXG. 
 
 1086 
 
 BOVELLE. 
 
 vacated  by  the  Indians.  Here  he  spent  the  remain- 
 ing forty-four  years  of  his  long  life,  and  W!;s  com- 
 pletely identified  with  and  took  an  active  part  in  all 
 that  pertiiined  to  its  interest  in  hoth  temporal  and 
 spiritual  things.  He  w;is  one  of  the  original  members 
 of  the  Prisbj  tprian  Church,  organized  April  1st,  1837, 
 and  became  a  ruling  elder,  December  8th,  1849. 
 Hence,  as  he  departed  this  life  July  27th,  1879,  he 
 was  a  member  for  forty-four  years,  an  elder  for  thirty 
 years,  and  Superintendent  of  the  Sunday  school  for 
 twenty-five  years,  always  manifesting  a  deep  interest 
 in   the  school. 
 
 Mr.  Bliss  was  a  man  of  unusually  sound  judgment, 
 great  firmness  of  purpose,  deep  conscientiousness, 
 and  hence,  was  relied  on  in  Church  and  State.  His 
 brethren  in  the  Church  sought  and  iighly  valued  his 
 counsels;  and  the  same  was  the  ease  in  the  political 
 world,  and  he  was  often  called  upon  to  occupy 
 honorable  positions  in  the  State. 
 
 A  lawyer  by  profession,  he  gained  not  only  an  hon- 
 orable position  at  the  Bar,  but  also  a  goodly  share  of 
 this  world's  goods,  which  he  bountifully  used  for  the 
 Church  and  for  all  worthy  benevolent  objects.  He 
 held  himself  to  be  the  Lord's  steward. 
 
 Body,  Man's,  Changing-  Perpetually.  J.  P. 
 Cooke,  Professor  of  Chemistry,  in  Harvard  University, 
 .says:  "The  materials  of  our  bodies  are  being  con- 
 stantly renewed,  and  the  great  mass  of  their  structure 
 <-hanges  in  less  than  a  year.  At  every  motion  of  your 
 arm,  and  at  every  breath  you  draw,  a  portion  of  the 
 rau.scles  concerned  is  actually  burnt  up  in  the  etlbrt. 
 During  life,  in  .some  utterly  mysterious  manner,  be- 
 yond the  range  of  all  human  science,  the  various 
 gases  and  vapors  of  the  atmosphere,  together  with  a 
 .small  amount  of  a  few  earthy  salts,  are  elaborated 
 into  various  organized  structures.  They  first  pa.ss 
 into  the  organism  of  the  plant,  and  thence  are  trans- 
 ferred into  the  body  of  the  animal;  but  no  sooner  are 
 they  firmly  built  into  the  animal  tissues  than  a  de- 
 structive chiinge  begins,  by  which,  before  long,  they 
 are  restored  to  the  air  or  the  soil,  only  to  renew  the 
 same  cycle  of  ceaseless  change.  Life,  during  its 
 whole  existence,  is  an  untiring  builder,  the  o.xygen 
 of  the  ;itmosphere  a  fell  destroyer,  and  when  at  last 
 the  builders  cease,  then  the  spirit  takes  its  llight  into 
 tlu^  eternal  world,  and  leaves  the  frail  tenement  to  it.s 
 appointed  end.  Dust  returns  to  the  dust,  and  these 
 mortal  mists  and  vapors  to  the  air. 
 
 "1  know  that  there  are  some  who  entertain  a 
 vague  fear  that  these  well-established  facts  of  chem- 
 istry conflict  with  one  of  the  most  cherished  doctrines 
 of  the  Christian  fiiith;  but,  .so  far  from  this,  I  find 
 that  they  elucidate  and  confirm  it.  Modern  .scientific  i 
 discoveries  have  shown  that  our  only  al:i(ling  sub- 
 stance i.s  merely  the  pa.ssing  .shadow  of  our  outward 
 Ibrm;  that  these  bones  ami  muscles  are  dying  within 
 us  every  day;  that  onr  whole  life  is  an  unceasing 
 metemp.sychosis,  and  that  the  final  death  is  but  one 
 phase  of  the  perpetual  change.     Thus  the  idea  of  a 
 
 spiritual  body  becomes  not  only  a  possible  concep- 
 tion, but,  more  than  this,  it  harmonizes  with  the 
 whole  order  of  nature;  and  now  that  we  can  better 
 trace  the  process  of  growth  in  the  organic  world,  and 
 understand  more  of  tlicir  hidden  secrets,  the  inspired 
 words  of  Paul  have  acquired  fresh  power,  and  convey 
 to  us  a  deeper  meaning  than  they  ever  gave  to  the 
 early  Fathers  of  the  Church.  Chemistry  has  shown 
 us  that  it  is  the  form  alone  (not  the  substance)  of  our 
 mortal  bodies  which  is  permanent,  and  that  we 
 retain  our  personality  under  conslatit  change;  and 
 lastly,  in  organic  nature,  the  sprouting  of  the  seed, 
 the  breaking  of  the  bird  from  the  egg,  the  Inirsting 
 of  the  butterfly  from  the  chrysalis,  and  ten  thousand 
 other  transmutations  not  less  wonderful,  which  we 
 are  daily  witnessing  around  us,  all  unite  their 
 analogy  to  elucidate  and  confirm  the  glorious  and 
 comforting  doctrine  of  a  material  re.surrection  in 
 form." — RiUijion  and  Chcmislrt/,  pp.  103-106. 
 
 Book  of  Life,  or  Book  of  the  Livixc;,  or 
 Book  of  the  Lord  (Psa.  Ixix,  28).  It  is  very 
 proliahle  that  these  descriptive  phrases,  which  are 
 frequent  in  Scripture,  are  taken  from  the  custom  ob- 
 served generally  in  the  courts  of  princes,  of  keeping 
 a  list  of  persons  who  are  in  their  service,  of  the 
 provinces  which  they  govern,  of  the  officers  of  their 
 armies,  of  the  number  of  their  troops,  and  sometimes 
 even  of  the  names  of  their  soldiers.  Thu.s  Moses  de- 
 sires Grod  ratlK-r  to  blot  him  out  of  his  book  than  to 
 reject  Israel  (Exod.  xxxii,  32).  When  it  is  said  that 
 any  one  is  written  in  the  book  of  life,  it  means  that 
 he  particularly  belongs  to  God,  is  enrolled  among  the 
 number  of  his  friends  and  servants.  When  it  is  said, 
 ' '  blotted  out  of  the  book  of  life, ' '  this  signifies 
 erased  from  the  li.stof  God's  friends  and  servants;  as 
 those  who  are  guilty  of  treachery  are  struck  otf  the 
 roll  of  officers  belonging  to  a  prince.  It  is  probable, 
 also,  that  the  primitive  Christian  churches  kept  lists 
 of  their  members,  in  which  those  recently  admitted 
 were  enrolled;  these  would  take  a  title  analogous  to 
 that  of  the  book  of  life,  or  the  Lamb's  b(pk  of  life; 
 as  this  term  occurs  principally  in  the  Kevdation,  it 
 seems  likely  to  be  derived  from  such  a  custoni  (Rev. 
 iii,  5;xxii,  19).  Something  of  the  same  nature  we 
 have  in  Isaiah  iv,  3,  where  the  prophet  alludes  to  such 
 as  "  were  written  among  the  living  in  Jerusalem;  " 
 that  is,  enrolled  among  the  citizens  of  that  city  of 
 God,  to  which  the  Christian  Church  was  afterwards 
 compared.  In  a  more  exalted  sense,  the  book  of  life 
 signifies  the  book  of  justification ;  or  the  register  of 
 those  who  through  grace  have  been  chosen  to  eternal 
 life  in  Christ  (Luke  x,  20;  Phil,  iv,  3;  Rev.  xiii,  8; 
 xvii,  8;  xx,  12,  !.">;  xxi,  27). 
 
 Bovelle,  Rev.  John  V.,  son  of  Dr.  Stephen 
 Bovelle,  by  his  .second  wife,  was  born  JuneSth,  179:), 
 at  Abingdon,  Va.  He  was  educated  at  Washington 
 College,  Tenn.,  and  was  licensed  to  preach,  in  1819, 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Abingdon.  In  1821  he  was 
 elected  successor  to  Rev.  John  W.  Doak,  M.D.,  D.D., 
 
BOVELLE. 
 
 1087 
 
 BRADFORD. 
 
 in  the  Presidency  of  Washington  College.  He  held 
 this  office  eight  years,  during  which  time  he  was  also 
 pastor  of  the  Salem  and  Leesburg  churches.  In  the 
 Spring  of  18'29  he  removed  to  Edgar  county,  111., 
 and  died  there,  November  18th,  ]8I!0.  He  w:is  held 
 in  high  esteem  as  an  eloquent  and  forcible  preacher 
 of  the  gospel. 
 
 Bovelle,  Stephen,  D.D.,of  Huguenot  descent, 
 was  born  in  Cumberland  county,  Pa.,  in  1770,  and 
 was  educated  at  Dickinson  College,  under  the  Presi- 
 dency of  Dr.  Nisbct.  When  he  was  about  twenty- 
 one  years  of  age  his  father  removed  his  family  to 
 the  territory  of  Ohio.  Stephen  being  the  oldest 
 child,  soon  afterward  went  to  Kentucky,  put  himself 
 under  the  tuition  of  Dr.  David  Eice,  and  under  him 
 studied  theology.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  in  1796 
 or  1797.  In  1798  he  left  Kentucky  and  went  to 
 Abingdon,  Va.  After  two  or  three  years  he  became 
 a  member  of  the  Presbji^ery  of  Greenville,  Tenn. 
 Upon  its  dissolution,  in  1804,  he  had  assumed  the 
 pastorate  of  the  Sinking  Spring  and  Green  Spring 
 Churches,  in  Virginia,  witliin  the  bounds  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  Abingdon.  Here  was  his  home  for 
 nearly  thirty-five  years.  Besides  his  pastoral  work 
 he  was  much  of  the  time  engaged  in  teaching.  In 
 1811,  and  again  in  1819,  he  made,  by  appointment  of 
 the  General  Assembly,  missionary  tours  into  Indiana. 
 In  1837  he  removed  to  Missouri.  He  died  at  the 
 age  of  seventy,  in  December,  1840,  at  Paris,  111., 
 while  visiting  relatives  in  that  place. 
 
 Dr.  Bovelle  commanded  a  wide  influence  as  an 
 instructive  preacher  of  the  Word.  An  occasional 
 sermon  published  in  the  National  Preacher  called 
 forth  from  Dr.  A.  Alexander,  the  remark,  it  is  said, 
 that  he  knew  of  no  minister  of  our  Church  in  the 
 Western  country,  who  could  write  a  better  sermon 
 than  Dr.  Stephen  Bovelle. 
 
 Boyd,  Adam,  was  the  son  of  John  Boyd  and 
 Elizabeth  Young,  daughter  of  Sir  William  Young. 
 He  was  born  in  Pennsylvania  in  1746.  His  grand- 
 father, John  Boyd,  was  born  in  or  near  Edinburgh, 
 Scotland,  in  1690.  Born  in  this  country,  the  grand- 
 son yet  inherited  the  peculiarities  of  the  Scotch 
 character.  By  occupation  Mr.  Boyd  was  a  carpenter. 
 He  was  still  a  young  man  when  the  War  of  the 
 Revolution  opened,  and  entered  into  tlie  conflict  with 
 patriotic  order,  serving  through  four  campaigns,  and 
 participating  in  the  battles  of  Brandy  wine,  German- 
 town  and  Princeton,  as  an  officer."  At  the  close  of 
 his  military  career  he  held  the  place  of  chief  of 
 transportation.  In  1783  he  removed  from  Cumber- 
 land county  to  Harrisburg,  and_  made  it  his  perma- 
 nent home.  Here  he  was  elected  an  elder  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  in  1794.  Mr.  Boyd  bore  a  high 
 reputation  among  his  fellow-citizens,  and  was  often 
 selected  by  them  for  positions  of  honor  and  trust, 
 serving  as  the  presiding  officer  of  the  first  Town 
 Council,  as  County  Treasurer  for  many  years,  as 
 County  Commissioner,  as   Director  of  the  Poor,   as 
 
 Chief  Burgess,  and  in  other  important  trusts.  As  a 
 citizen  and  public  officer,  he  stood  very  high  in  the 
 estimation  of  the  people,  and  was  honored  with  office 
 as  long  as  he  would  consent  to  accept  it.  He  was  a 
 man  of  fine  abilities  and  literary  taste,  decided  in  his 
 opinions,  of  industrious  habits  and  strictest  integrity. 
 In  person,  he  was  stoutly  built,  of  blue  eyes,  sandy 
 hair  and  fair  complexion,  benevolent  in  heart  and 
 life,  kind  and  genial  in  countenance  and  bearing. 
 As  an  officer  of  the  Church,  he  was  greatly  esteemed 
 and  beloved,  and  enjoyed  the  confidence  of  all  who 
 knew  him.  The  interests  of  the  Church  and  of  Zion 
 at  large  engaged  his  warm  devotion.  His  death 
 occurred  on  May  14th,  1814,  in  the  sixty-eighth  year 
 of  his  age,  and  the  twenty-first  year  of  his  eldership. 
 
 Boyd,  Rev.  Joseph.  R.,  pastor  of  the  Church  of 
 Lancaster,  O.,  was  born  in  Guernsey  county,  O., 
 .July  23d,  1835.  His  parents  were  members  of  the 
 United  Presbyterian  Church,  at  New  Concord,  O. 
 He  graduated  at  Franklin  College  in  18o9,  entered 
 the  United  Presbyterian  Seminary  that  Autumn,  and 
 was  licen.sed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Alle- 
 ghen}-,  in  the  Spring  of  1802.  After  spending  another 
 year  in  the  seminary,  he  settled  in  a  church  in  the 
 neighborhood  of  where  he  was  born  and  brought  up. 
 Having  preached  there  four  years,  he  was  sent  to  a 
 mission  field  under  the  care  of  the  Presbytery  of 
 Xenia,  at  Wilmington,  O. ;  where  he  remained  two 
 years,  and  while  there  changed  his  views  on  the  mat- 
 ter of  close  communion.  Leaving  that  field  and  the 
 church  in  the  Autumn  of  1869,  he  immediately  set- 
 tled at  Liberty,  Indiana,  and  connected  himself  with 
 the  Presbytery  of  Whitewater.  In  the  pastorate  of 
 this  church  he  continued  until  1872,  when  he  received 
 and  accepted  a  call  to  the  church  of  which  he  now 
 has  charge,  and  in  which,  during  the  twelve  years  of 
 his  ministry,  he  has  labored  with  a  good  deal  of  suc- 
 cess. He  is  a  practical  and  faithful  preacher,  con- 
 scientious in  discharging  duty,  prosecutes  his  work 
 with  energy,  and  is  esteemed  for  his  consistent  and 
 exemplary  character. 
 
 Bradford,  Rev.  AAT'illiam  H.,  was  born  in  Coop- 
 erstown,  N.  V.,  August  5th,  1814,  the  youngest  often 
 children  of  Esek  and  Huldah  (Skinner)  Bradford,  and 
 of  the  sixth  generation  from  William  Bradford,  second 
 Governor  of  I'lymouth  Colony.  He  prepared  for 
 college  at  the  Cortland  Academy,  Homer,  and  gradu- 
 ated from  Hamilton  in  1833,  with  Rev.  Julius  Foster, 
 Rev.  S.  P.  M.  Hastings,  Rev.  Dr.  David  Malin  and 
 Prof  Oren  Root  among  his  classmates.  He  then 
 studied  law  for  two  years,  designing,  perhaps,  to 
 make  that  his  profession;  but  he  had  publicly  jiro- 
 fessed  the  Saviour  in  the  Church  at  Homer,  while 
 attending  the  academy  there,  and  his  vows  to  the 
 Lord  turned  him  to  the  ministry.  Finishing  the 
 curriculum  at  Auburn  Theological  Seminary,  he  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Cayuga,  and 
 in  1838  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Tioga, 
 and  installed  in  Berkshire,  N.  Y.,  the  only  parish  in 
 
BRIGGS. 
 
 1088 
 
 Butin. 
 
 which  he  ever  settled.  In  1840  he  entered  the  office 
 of  the  New  York  Ecangelid,  and  spent  seventeen  years 
 there  as  assistant  and  principal  editor.  The  main 
 work  of  his  life  was  performed  in  this  situation,  and 
 performed  with  consummate  grace  and  ability.  The 
 most  unassuming  and  gentle  of  men,  he  wielded  a 
 ready  and  powerful  pen,  guided  by  a  faultless  taste 
 and  supplied  by  large  and  varied  knowledge,  escajiing 
 the  irritations  wliich  editors  almost  universally  pro- 
 duce, and  yet  free  and  frank  and  positive  in  what  be 
 wrote.  lie  died,  April  1st,  1861.  Mr.  Bradford 
 inspired  invariable  respect,  and  there  was  a  cliarm 
 about  him  that  drew  all  hearts  to  him.  Seldom  are 
 intellect,  intelligence,  cultivation  and  energy  so 
 combined  with  modesty  and  attractiveness. 
 
 Briggs,  Charles  Augustus,  D.  D.,  eldest  son 
 of  Alanson  T.  and  Sarah  (Berrian)  Briggs,  was 
 born  in  the  city  of  New  York,  January  15th,  1841. 
 
 CHAFtLBS  AUaUSTUa   BRIOQS,   D.D. 
 
 He  stndied  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  1857-60; 
 the  Union  Tlicological  Seminary,  New  York,  1860- 
 63,  and  tlie  University  of  Berlin,  Germany,  1866-69. 
 Four  years  were  spent  in  mercantile  pursuits  with 
 his  father.  In  the  city  of  New  York.  He  became 
 pa-stor  of  the  Presbyterian  Cluirdi,  Hoselle,  N.  J., 
 in  1870,  and  Professor  of  Hebrew  and  Cognate  lan- 
 guages in  the  Union  Theological  Seminary,  New- 
 York,  in  1874,  where  he  still  remains.  In  1880  Dr. 
 Briggs  became  one  of  the  founders  and  managing 
 editors  of  the  Preshyterian  Review.  Besidcj  numerous 
 artich'S  and  addresses  in  various  newspapers,  periodi- 
 cals and  encyclop;edias,  lie  transhitcd  and  edited,  in 
 iissociation   with   others,  the   cuniment;uics   ou   the 
 
 Psalms  and  Ezra  in  Lange's  Commentaries  and  also 
 Biblical  i^ttidi/  in  1883.  Dr.  Briggs  is  a  gentleman  of 
 genial  spirit  and  winning  address.  He  is  a  diligent 
 and  enthusiastic  student,  a  vigorous  writer,  an  inde- 
 pendent thinker,  and  holds  a  high  rank  as  a  scholar. 
 He  fills  most  acceiitably  the  Professorship  which  he 
 now  occupies  ia  the  Theological  Seminary  of  which 
 he  was  once  a  student,  and  is  highly  esteemed  by  his 
 lirethreu  for  his  excellent  social  qualities,  Christian 
 character  and  acknowledged  erudition. 
 
 Brown,  Rev.  Edward  John,  is  the  second 
 child  of  Matthew  and  Martlia  Brown,  who  were 
 natives  of  Argj'leshire,  Scotlaiid.  He  was  born  De- 
 cember 22d,  1849,  where  Avoudale,  a  suburb  of 
 Cincinnati,  now  stands.  He  was  graduated  from 
 Hanover  College,  Hanover,  Ind. ,  with  the  valedictory 
 of  his  class,  in  the  year  1873.  He  then  entered  Lane 
 Theological  Seminary,  and  taking  the  full  course, 
 graduated  in  1876.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  b^'  the 
 Presbytery  of  Cincinnati,  in  the  Spring  of  1875. 
 Dm-ing  tlie  Summer  of  1875  he  supplied  the  pulpit 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  London,  Ohio.  After 
 supplying  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Harrison,  O., 
 about  a  year,  from  the  completion  of  his  theological 
 coiu'se,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  pastorate  of  said 
 ehurch,  and  was  ordained  and  installed,  April  26th , 
 1877.  He  resigned  this  charge  October,  1882,  and 
 accepted  an  invitation  to  supply  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Newton,  Kansas.  Mr.  Brown  is  a 
 man  of  sincere  piety,  strict  integrity  and  large 
 benevolence,  e%'er  ready  to  assist  by  his  means,  as  well 
 as  by  his  sympathy,  the  needy  and  the  unfortunate. 
 He  is  a  faithful  pastor,  and  preaches  with  earnestness 
 and  plainness,  desiring  to  be  understood  by  his 
 audience. 
 
 Brown,  Samuel  Robbins,  D.D.,  was  born  at 
 Ellington,  Ct.,  June  16th,  1810.  He  graduated  at 
 Yale  College  in  1832.  He  was  Professor  in  the  Deaf 
 and  Dumb  Institute,    New  York  city,    1832-5;   in 
 
 [  Columbia  Theological  Seminary,  1836-7;  in  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  1837-8.  He  was  ordained 
 October  14th,  1838;  Foreign  Missionary,  Hong  Kong, 
 China,  1838-46,  without  charge;  New  York  city, 
 1847-9;  teacher  at  Owasco,  N.  Y.,  1850-2;  pastor 
 (R.  D.)  Sandbeach,  N.  Y.,  1852-8;  Foreign  Mission- 
 ary, Kanagawa,  Japan,  1859-63;  Foreign  Slissionary, 
 
 j  Yokohama,  Japan,  1862-7;  United  Sfcites,  1867-70; 
 Foreign  Missionary,  Nagasaki,  Japan,  1870. 
 
 Bush,  Rev.  Samuel  "W.,  was  a  native  of  Vir- 
 ginia, but  brought  up  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  in  a  religious 
 circle,  and  in  the  First  Church,  largely  under  the 
 ministry  of  the  sainted  Dr.  Henry  R.  Weed,  and 
 with  the  fine  advantages  of  the  academy  of  which 
 Dr.  T.  Romeyn  Beck  was  the  principal,  and  Rev. 
 Dr.  Peter  Bullions  the  classical  professor.  On  reach- 
 ing his  majority,  he  read  law  at  Lenox,  Mass..  and 
 edited  a  newspaper,  but  some  time  after  his  admission 
 to  the   Bar  he  returned  to  the  ministry,  and  pur- 
 
 ,  sued  theological  study  at  .\iiburn  Seminary,  passing 
 
BU8HNELL. 
 
 1089 
 
 BUTLER. 
 
 thidiigh  the  lull  course,  1830-9.  He  exercised  his 
 ministry  at  Skaneateles,  Norwich,  Cooperstown  and 
 Binghaniton,  and  filled  the  chaplaincy  ot'  the 
 Biughamton  Inebriate  Asylum  for  ten  years,  and 
 until  his  death,  in  the  seventieth  year  of  his  age, 
 March  21st,  1877.  Modest  and  retiring,  he  did  not 
 "mind  high  things,"  and  yet  his  appearance  and 
 manners  as  a  gentleman,  his  good  understanding  and 
 intelligence,  his  manifest  sincerity  and  his  unflinch- 
 ing and  unfailing  devotion  to  hi.s  calling,  introduced 
 him  into  cultured  congregations,  and  made  him 
 accepbible  and  useful  to  them.  Particularly  was  he 
 adajited  to  the  last  post  he  held.  His  sympathy  and 
 gentleness,  and  patience  and  Christian  benevolence, 
 his  assiduity  and  judgment,  made  him  the  best  of 
 counsellors  and  succorers  for  the  victims  of  vice 
 whom  he  sought  to  reclaim,  and  among  them,  per- 
 haps, he  performed  the  most  valuable  labor  of  his 
 life. 
 
 Bushnell,  Ebenezer,  D.D.,  was  born  Novem- 
 ber ].8th,  IS'J--!,  at  Granville,  Ohio,  to  which  village 
 his  parents  Thomas  and  Charlotte  (Bailey)  Bushnell 
 removed  from  Norwich,  Conn.  Of  the  same  stock 
 sprang  Dr.  Albert  Bushnell,  the  heroic  African  mi.s- 
 sionary,  his  cousin  and  dear  friend.  Entering  the 
 We.stern  Reserve  College  in  his  twentieth  year,  he 
 graduated  in  his  twenty-fourth.  In  spite  of  hindrance 
 from  weak  eyesight,  he  came  out  third  in  a  class 
 which  claimed  a  number  of  able  men.  Studying 
 under  the  Faculty  of  Theology,  then  joined  to  West- 
 ern Re-serve,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  April,  1848. 
 Becoming  Tutor  in  the  college  he  was  not  ordained 
 until  June  1 .5th,  1851,  at  Burton,  Ohio,  where  he  was 
 pastor  until  April  1st,  1857,  the  date  of  his  removal 
 to  Tremont,  Ohio.  Here  he  labored  over  twenty- 
 five  years,  resigning  in  September,  1883,  to  return  to 
 the  service  of  his  aima  mater  as  Treasurer  of  the  new 
 Western  Reserve  University  at  Cleveland.  Mean- 
 time he  had  served  his  Synod,  the  Western  Reserve 
 and  afterwards  the  Toledo,  as  Stated  or  Permanent 
 Clerk,  for  about  twelve  years,  and  his  college  as 
 Trustee  from  1861.  In  1879  he  was  made,  by  Presi- 
 dent Hayes,  Visitor  at  Annapolis  Naval  Academy  and 
 an  honored  guest  at  the  White  House.  In  dose  co- 
 operation with  Mr.  Hayes,  he  helped  to  establish  the 
 Burchard  Library,  endowed  1873,  by  the  President's 
 uncle,  a  parishioner  and  devoted  friend,  and  the 
 Green  Spring  Academy,  founded  1881.  While  ear- 
 nestly serving  the  public,  he  educated  seven  sons  and 
 daughter,?,  and  u.sed  to  say :  "I  take  seven  children 
 to  church  and  am  always  sure 'of  a  congregation." 
 Dr.  Bushnell,  as  a  preacher,  leaderand  man  has  been 
 a  light  that  ' '  shineth  unto  all  that  are  in  the  house, ' ' 
 his  house  being  his  own  Church,  Pre.sbj'tery,  Synod 
 and  University.  He  has  never  published  save  for 
 them,  and  that  in  the  newspapers  of  the  day.  He  is 
 a  laborer  who  makes  every  field  tilled  by  him  pro- 
 
 ductive, and  among  the  fruits  are  loving  friendships 
 in  many  hearts,  marked  with  not  a  single  thorn. 
 
 Bushnell,  Rev.  Horace,  the  second  child  of 
 Rev.  Horace  and  Caroline  (Hastings)  Bushnell.  was 
 born  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  March  31st,  183G.  Having 
 graduated  at  Farmers'  College,  in  1859,  he  entered 
 Lane  Theological  Seminary  the  same  year,  and  com- 
 pleted the  regular  course  of  study  in  the  Spring  of 
 1862.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Miami 
 Associjition  of  Congregational  ministers,  in  the  Spring 
 of  1861,  but  ordained  by  Madison  Presbytery  (N.  S.), 
 September  30th,  1863. 
 1  During  fourteen  j'ears  he  snpiilied  various  small 
 churches  in  Southern  Indiana,  and  in  the  Spring  of 
 1877  removed  to  Kansas,  and  was  sent  by  the  S3Taodi- 
 cal  Missionary  to  Minneapolis,  a  new  town  on  the 
 Solomon  river.  Here  he  remained  for  nearly  five 
 years,  when,  being  called  to  the  pastorate  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Concordia,  in  the  same  State, 
 he  removed  there,  and  was  installed  pastor,  January 
 11th,  1882,  in  which  relation  he  still  continues.  He 
 is  a  good  preacher,  active  in  the  Master's  service,  and 
 has  the  divine  blessings  on  his  labors. 
 
 Butler,  Rev.  Henry  Seymour,  A.  M.,  was 
 born  in  the  city  of  New  York,  December  19th,  1840. 
 He  was  the  youngest  child  of  Henry  and  Martha 
 (Hinsdale)  Butler,  who  gave  him  to  the  ministry 
 from  his  birth.  Ha\'ing  graduated  at  the  College  of 
 New  Jer.se\-,  in  1862,  he  taught  the  Academy  at  Jla- 
 hopac  Falls,  N.  Y.,  for  more  than  a  year,  and  then 
 entered  the  Theological  Seminary  in  Princeton,  from 
 which  he  received  his  diploma  in  April,  1866,  being 
 at  that  time  a  Tutor  in  the  College. 
 
 Having  received  a  call  from  the  churches  of  Co- 
 lumbus and  Bu.stleton,  N.  J.,  he  vras  ordained,  in 
 October,  1866,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Burlington,  and 
 duly  installed.  This  pastoral  relation  was  dissolved, 
 on  account  of  sickness,  in  April,  1868,  and  the  year 
 following  was  spent  in  suppljdng  pulpits  in  West- 
 chester, N.  Y.,  and  elsewhere. 
 
 With  restored  health  he  accepted  a  call  to  Clear- 
 field, Pa.,  and  in  June,  1869,  entered  upon  a  pastorate 
 of  nearly  fifteen  years  iai  that  place.  In  January, 
 1884,  he  received  a  unanimous  call  to  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Blairstown,  N.  J.,  and  was  installed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Newton,  in  April  of  that  year,  be- 
 coming, by  his  office.  President  of  the  Board  of  Trus- 
 tees of  the  Blairstown  Pre.sbyterial  Academy.  Mr. 
 Butler  was  Moderator  of  the  Presbytery  of  Hunting- 
 don, in  the  years  1876  and  1877,  and  of  the  Synod  of 
 Harrisburg,  in  1880-81,  and,  by  appointnrent  of  the 
 General  Assembly,  Convener  of  the  new  Synod  of 
 Pennsylvania,  at  Harrisburg,  in  October,  1882.  W^ith 
 deep  regret  and  sorrow  he  was  dismissed  from  the 
 Presbytery  of  Huntingdon  to  take  up  the  work  to 
 which  Gtod  had  called  him,  in  New  Jer.sey,  February 
 5th,  1884. 
 
 69 
 
CALHorX. 
 
 1090 
 
 CALVIXIS.M. 
 
 c 
 
 Calhoun,  Rev.  Simeon  Howard,  was  born  in 
 Boston,  August  15th,  1804,  and  died  at  Buffalo, 
 December  14th,  1876.  He  was  graduated  a,t  Wil- 
 liams College  in  1829;  studied  law;  wa-s  converted, 
 and  came  back  to  his  Alma  Mittcr  as  Tutor.  In  1837 
 he  went  to  the  Levant,  as  Agent  of  the  American 
 Bible  Society;  but  in  1844  became  a  mi.ssionary  under 
 the  Americiin  Board,  subseciuently  under  the  Presby- 
 terian Board.  His  field  of  operation  was  the  Semi- 
 nary at  Abeik,  on  the  slopes  of  Lebanon.  He  returned 
 home  in  1874.  Mr.  Calhoun  was  a  most  devoted 
 missionary,  and  the  epithet  he  bore,  the  "Cedar  of 
 Lebanon,"  proves  how  he  was  regarded.  He  was 
 rarely  gifted,  yet  content  to  spend  his  life  in  compara- 
 tive obscurity.  He  published,  in  Arabic,  Scripture 
 Helps,  Beirut,  second  edition,  18G9. 
 
 Calvin  in  the  Prayer  Book.  A  rctent  writer 
 quotes  the  highly  respected  authority  of  ,1.  H.  Blunt, 
 inhLs  "Annotated  Book  of  Common  Prayer,"  against 
 the  charge  that  certain  important  pai'ts  of  the  Epis- 
 copal Prayer  Book,  viz. :  the  Sentences,  the  Exhorta- 
 tion, Confession  and  Absolution,  were  borrowed  from 
 Continental  Presbyterian  liturgies.  Mr.  Blunt  says: 
 "It  must  be  concluded  that  those  who  revised  the 
 Prayer  Book  in  1552  were  entirely  responsible  for  its 
 composition."  "  The  General  Confession  appears  to 
 be  an  original  composition  of  some  of  the  revisers;" 
 and  "  the  Absolution  was  composed  by  the  re%Tsers 
 of  lo5"2,  evidently  with  the  old  form  of  absolution 
 which  was  used  in  the  Prime  and  Compline  services 
 before  them." 
 
 It  might  be  sufficient  to  reply  to  this  that  the 
 Prayer  Book  of  1549  had  none  of  these  features,  while 
 the  Strasburg  Liturgy  of  John  Calvin,  which  was 
 published  in  England  between  that  date  and  the 
 issue  of  the  Revised  Book»of  Common  Prayer,  con- 
 tained them  all.  The  Strasburg  Protestants  had 
 taken  refuge  from  persecution  in  England,  where 
 they  had  a  congregation  of  their  own  at  Glastonbury, 
 in  Somersetshire. 
 
 Their  pa.stor,  whose  name  was  Latinized  into  Pol- 
 lanus,  had  published,  in  1551,  an  edition  of  their 
 Order  of  Worship.  This  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
 revisers  of  the  Anglican  Liturgy;  and  since  no  scruple 
 was  felt  at  borrowing  aid  from  Prcsl)yterian  sources 
 in  tlie  preparation  of  this  work,  or  in  carrying  for- 
 ward the  English  Reformation  in  general,  it  would 
 seem  to  be  plain,  prima  facie,  to  what  source  the 
 revisers  of  15.52  were  indebted  for  the  new  elements 
 thus  introduced.  That  there  were  in  the  Sarum 
 Missal,  and  in  the  older  liturgies  from  which  it  was 
 cumpiled,  forms  corresponding  to  some  of  these — the 
 
 Al^solution,  for  instance — it  is  by  no  means  intended  . 
 to  deny.  On  the  other  hand,  in  none  of  them  is  there 
 anything  closely  resembling  the  "Exhortation"  or 
 the  "  Sentences. "  Candid  Episcopal  writers,  there- 
 fore, like  Bishop  Brownell  (Commentary  on  the 
 Prayer  Book,  page  73),  Archbishop  Lawrence  (Ser- 
 mons on  the  Thirty-nine  Articles,  page  209),  and 
 Rev.  Evan  Daniel,  the  most  recent  and  exact  writer 
 of  all,  in  his  "  History  and  Contents  of  the  Book  of 
 Common  Prayer,"  do  not  hesitate  to  admit  the.se 
 facts.  The  latter  says:  "  From  this  work  (the  Stras- 
 burg Liturgy  of  John  Calvin,  published  in  England 
 by  Valerandus  PoUanus)  we  probably  derived  the 
 Introductory  Sentences,  and  the  Exhortation,  Confes- 
 sion and  Ab.solution." 
 
 Calvinism.  This  name  ' '  is  used  to  designate, 
 not  tlie  opinions  of  an  individual,  but  a  mode  of 
 religious  tliought,  or  a  system  of  religious  doctrines, 
 of  which  the  person  whose  name  it  bears  was  an 
 eminent  expounder.  There  have  been  from  the 
 beginning  only  three  generically  distinct  systems  of 
 doctrine,  or  modes  of  conceiving  and  adjusting  the 
 facts  and  principles  understood  to  be  revealed  in  tlie 
 Scriptures;  ,the  Pelagian,  which  denies  the  guilt, 
 corruption  and  moral  impotence  of  man,  and  makes 
 him  independent  of  the  supernatural  assistance  of 
 God.  At  the  opposite  pole  is  the  Calvinistic,  which 
 emphasizes  the  guilt  and  moral  imjiotence  of  man, 
 exalts  the  justice  and  sovereignty  of  God,  and  refers 
 salvation  absolutely  to  the  undeserved  favor  and  new' 
 creative  energy  of  God.  Between  these  comes  the 
 manifold  and  elastic  system  of  compromise  once 
 known  as  Semi-Pelagianism,  and  in  modern  times  as 
 Arminianism,  which  admits  man's  original  corrup- 
 tion, but  denies  his  guilt;  regards  redemption  as  a 
 compensation  for  innate,  and  consequently  irrespon- 
 sible, disabilities,  and  refers  the  moral  restoration  of 
 the  individual  to  the  co-operation  of  the  human  with 
 the  divine  energy,  the  determining  factor  being  the 
 human  will." 
 
 Although  Calvin  was  not  the  first  to  formulate  the 
 system  which  goes  by  his  name,  to  him,  nevertheless, 
 justly  belongs  the  praise  of  presenting  to  the  world 
 the  first  and  grandest  work  of  systematic  divinity — 
 of  recasting  Augustinianism  in  its  Protestant  form, 
 and  of  handing  it  to  the  modern  world  stamped 
 with  its  great  author's  name.  By  him  Calvinism 
 and  its  correlatives,  Presbj-terianism  in  the  Church 
 and  Republicanism  in  the  State,  were,  though  not 
 invented,  advocated  and  disseminated  with  transcen- 
 dent ability  and  success.  From  him  his  doctrines 
 passed  to  that  "  apostolical  succession  "  of  Bullinger, 
 
CALVINISM. 
 
 :091 
 
 CALVIXISJI. 
 
 Turrettin,  Witsius,  John  Owen  and  Jonathan  Ed- 
 wards, to  the  Synod  of  Dort  (1618-1!))  and  the 
 "Westminster  AssemWy  (1638),  and  so  to  the  churches 
 of  France,  Switzerhmd,  Holland,  England  and  Scot- 
 land, to  the  Independents,  the  Baptists,  and  to  the 
 I'resbyterians  in  all  lands. 
 
 In  glancing  at  Calvin's  "peculiar  -nay  of  appre- 
 hending the  truth,"  Dr.  Henry,  of  Berlin,  says: — 
 
 "  The  decisive  rule  of  knowledge  he  found  in  the 
 Holy  Scriptures.  Justification  through  Christ  he 
 made  his  central  doctrine.  But  Calvin  was  not  con- 
 tent to  look  through  the  gla.ss  darkly.  He  wished  to 
 go  behind  it,  by  the  help  of  illumining  thought,  and 
 with  a  sublime  courage,  born  of  faith,  wi.shed  every 
 disciple  of  his  to  do  the  same.  A  child  beholds  the 
 sky  and  thinks  no  more  about  it.  Calvin  looks  at  the 
 spiritual  firmament  like  an  astronomer.  In  his 
 thoughts  he  gazes  upon  Ciod's  countenance  and  upon 
 his  decrees.  This  all  men  dare  not  do.  They  fear 
 to  penetrate  the  unfathomable  abyss.  Calvin,  void 
 of  fear  and  bold,  is  borne  thither  upon  the  wings  of 
 his  living  faith.  He  knows  that  he  is  one  of  the  elect 
 of  God.  His  jircdomiuant  thought,  that  God  only  is 
 powerful,  that  before  Him  man  is  nothing,  a  vessel 
 of  God's  wrath  or  of  God's  grace,  as  God  pleases,  led 
 him,  however,  to  constant  prayer  to  the  living  God; 
 greatly  in  contrast  with  the  habits  of  modern 
 thinkers,  to  whom  God  is  but  a  law,  to  whom  self  is 
 God.  Stixrting  from  this  great  thought,  Calvin  shows 
 that  our  Maker,  with  foreknowledge  of  salvation 
 and  destruction,  determined  beforehand  that  both 
 should  be ;  that  there  should  be  saved  souls  and  lost 
 .souls;  and  decreed  their  safet}'  or  their  ruin.  Here 
 we  find  an  abyss  of  the  world  spiritual,  for  none 
 know  how  sin,  with  its  results,  is  a  thing  po.ssible  to 
 the  Holy  One,  who  has  decreed  our  existence  as  it  is. 
 Zwingle  had  taught  the  same  truth  as  did  Calvin. 
 Luther  had  also  nnfolded  it  to  Erasmus,  when  the 
 latter  declared  that  man  could  deliver  himself  by 
 good  works.  They  did  not  explain  the  mystery.  Its 
 solution  lies  in  the  secret  counsels  of  the  Most  High. 
 Cahin  dwells  upon  this  mysterious  truth,  which  lies 
 Ixhind  that  grace  of  God  which  overwhelms  him. 
 "We  here  crj':  '  Oh,  the  depth  of  the  riches  both  of  the 
 wisdom  and  knowledge  of  God !  How  un.searchable 
 are  his  judgments  and  his  ways  pa.st  finding  out!' 
 But  Calvin  felt  God's  Sjjirit  moving  him  to  blazon 
 triumphantly  the  great  thought  of  God's  sovereignty 
 and  the  utter  dependence  of  man,  in  order  to  dash  in 
 pieces  the  self-righteous  hypocrisy  of  Romanism  to 
 its  very  foundations,  just  as  Augustine,  in  his  day, 
 smote  Pelagian  self-righteousness..  Eternal  judgment 
 resounds  in  his  words  with  thunder  tones,  alarming 
 mortals.  This  same  strong  gi-asping  of  great  founda- 
 tion truths  has  given  to  Calvin's  theology  its  peculiar 
 coloring,  to  Calvin's  soul  its  lovely  piety,  and  to  the 
 world  a  new  impulse.  If  the  reproach  met  him  that 
 he  did  away  with  free  will,  he  answered  with  re- 
 newed force,  '  Commune  with  your  own  heart;  it  will 
 
 condemn  your  slothful ness;  your  conscience  will  bear 
 witness  to  your  moral  freedom.'  The  Church  of  Cal- 
 vin abounded  in  active  benevolence.  Many  Christian 
 souls  may  not  be  able  to  follow  Calvin  in  this  flight 
 of  his  thought,  yet  these  same  souls  will  render 
 their  thanks  to  God  that  Calvin  taught  the  deeper 
 meaning  of  the  Lord's  Supper;  that  he  preserved  the 
 sacrament  from  becoming  a  mere  memorial  act,  after 
 the  conception  of  Zwingle." 
 
 ' '  There  can  be  no  better  criterion  of  the  character  of 
 a  system  of  religious  doctrines  than  the  eflfects  which 
 the  belief  of  them  produces.  '  Grapes  do  not  grow 
 on  bramble  bushes.     Illustrious  natures  do  not  form 
 
 themselves  on  narrow  and  cruel  theories 
 
 The  practical  eflect  of  a  belief  is  the  real  test  of  its 
 soundness.  "Where  we  find  an  heroic  life  appearing 
 as  the  uniform  fruit  of  a  particular  mode  of  opinion, 
 it  is  childish  to  argue,  in  the  face  of  fact,  that  the 
 result  ought  to  have  been  different.'  'A  good  tree 
 cannot  bring  forth  evil  fruit,  neither  can  a  corrupt 
 tree  bring  forth  good  fruit. '  Of  this  test  Calvinism 
 hiis  no  reason  to  be  either  ashamed  or  afraid. ' ' 
 
 Calvinism  is  productive  of  the  highest  degree  of 
 moral  excellence.  "I  am  going  to  ask  you,"  says 
 Fronde,  who  is  sometimes  .sjioken  of  as  an  assailant 
 of  Calvinism,  "to  consider  how  it  came  to  pass  that, 
 if  Calvinism  is  indeed  the  hard  and  unreasonable 
 creed  which  modern  enlightenment  declares  it  to  be, 
 it  has  possessed  such  singular  attractions  in  past  times 
 for  some  of  the  greatest  men  that  ever  lived,  and  how, 
 being,  as  we  are  told,  fatal  to  morality,  because  it  de- 
 nies free  will,  the  first  symptom  of  its  operation, 
 wherever  it  established  itself,  v\;is  to  obliterate  the 
 distinction  between  sins  and  crimes,  and  to  make  the 
 moral  law  the  rule  of  life  for  States  as  well  as  persons. 
 I  shall  ask  you  again,  why,  if  it  be  a  creed  of  in- 
 tellectual servitude,  it  was  able  to  inspire  and  sus- 
 tain the  bravest  efforts  ever  made  by  man  to  break 
 the  yoke  of  unjust  authority?  When  all  else  had 
 failed,  when  patriotism  has  covered  its  face  and  human 
 courage  has  broken  down,  when  intellect  has  yielded, 
 as  Gibbon  says,  'with  a  smile  or  a  sigh,'  content  to 
 philosophize  in  the  closet  and  abroad  to  worship  with 
 the  vulgar,  when  emotion  and  sentiment  and  tender 
 imaginative  piety  have  be<;ome  the  handmaids  of 
 superstition,  and  have  dreamt  themselves  into  for- 
 getfulness  that  there  is  any  difiereiice  between  lies 
 and ;  the  slavish  form  of  the  belief  called  Cal- 
 vinism, in  one  or  other  of  its  many  forms,  has  borne 
 ever  an  inflexible  front  to  illusion  and  mendacity, 
 and  has  preferred  rather  to  be  ground  to  powder  like 
 flint  than  to  bend  before  violence  or  melt  under  ener- 
 vating tempt.ation. "  In  illustration  of  this  he  men- 
 tions "William  the  Sdent,  Luther,  Knox,  Andrew 
 Jlelville,  the  Regent  Murray,  Coligny,  Cromwell, 
 Milton,  Bunyan,  and  says  of  them  :  "The.se  were 
 men  possessed  of  all  the  qualities  which  give  nobilitj' 
 and  grandeur  to  human  nature — men  whose  life  was 
 as  upright  as  their  intellect  was  commanding  and 
 
CALVINISM. 
 
 1092 
 
 CALVINISM. 
 
 their  public  aims  untainted  with  selfishness,  un- 
 alteiahly  just  where  duty  required  them  to  be  stern, 
 but  with  the  teuderuess  of  a  woman  in  their  hearts, 
 iVank,  true,  cheerful,  humorous;  as  unlike  sour  fa- 
 natics as  it  is  possible  to  imagine  any  one,  and  able 
 in  some  way  to  sound  the  key-note  to  which  every 
 brave  and  faithful  heart  in  Europe  instinctively  vi- 
 brated." 
 
 For  attestation  of  the  truth,  that  Calvinism  has 
 uniformly  raised  the  moral  standard  of  both  indi- 
 \iduals  and  communities  by  exalting  the  Sovereignty 
 of  God,  and  emphasizing  the  moral  law,  we  have 
 but  to  compare  the  Waldeusiaus  with  the  other 
 Italians,  Geneva  under  Calviu's  rule  with  its  condi- 
 tion before  or  since,  the  Huguenots  with  their  Koman 
 Catholic  fellow-citizens,  the  Jiinsenists  with  the 
 Jesuits,  the  English  Puritans  with  the  courtiers 
 of  Charles  II,  and  finally,  all  those  sections  of 
 America  settled  by  the  Puritans  and  the  Presby- 
 terians of  Scotland,  France  and  Holland  with  those  j 
 settled  by  men  of  other  faiths,  North  America  with 
 South  America. 
 
 Calvinism  has  ever  been  the  ardent  and  effective  1 
 friend  of  civil  liberty.  Charles  I,  of  England,  gave 
 as  the  reason  why  his  father,  James  I,  had  subverted 
 the  republican  form  of  government  of  the  Scottish 
 Church,  that  the  presbyterial  aud  mouarchial  forms 
 of  government  did  not  harmonize.  Aud  De  Tocque- 
 ville,  admitting  the  same,  calls  Calvinism  "  a  demo- 
 cratic aud  republican  religion."  Calvinism  created, 
 under  God,  the  Dutch  Republic,  and  made  it ' '  the 
 first  free  nation  to  put  a  girdle  of  empire  around  the 
 world."  "It  would  certainly  be  imjust  and  futile," 
 says  Motley,  "to  detract  from  the  vast  debt  which 
 that  Ri'pulilic  owed  to  the  Genevan  Church.  The 
 Reformation  had  entered  the  Netherlands  by  the 
 Walloon  gate  (that  is,  tlirough  the  Calvinists).  The 
 earliest  aud  most  eloquent  preachers,  the  most  impas- 
 sioned converts,  the  sublimest  martjnrs,  had  lived, 
 preached,  fought,  suifered  and  died  with  the  precepts 
 of  Calvin  in  their  hearts.  The  fire  which  had  con- 
 sumed the  last  vestige  of  royal  and  sacerdotal  despot- 
 ism throughout  the  indcj>endcnt  Republic  had  been 
 lighted  by  the  hands  of  Calvinists. 
 
 "  Throughout  the  blood-stained  soil  of  France,  too, 
 the  men  who  were  fighting  the  same  great  battle  as 
 were  the  Netherlanders  against  Philip  II  and  the 
 Inquisition,  the  valiant  cavaliers  of  Dauphiny  and 
 Provence,  knelt  on  the  ground  before  the  battle, 
 smote  their  iron  breasts  with  their  mailed  hands, 
 uttered  a  Calvinistic  prayer,  sang  a  Psalm  of  Marot, 
 and  then  charged  upon  Guise  or  upon  Joyeuse,  under 
 the  white  plume  of  the  Bcarnese.  And  it  was  on  the 
 Calvinistic  weavers  and  clothiers  of  Rochelle  that  the 
 Great  Prince  relied  in  the  hour  of  danger,  as  much  as 
 on  his  mounted  chivalry." 
 
 On  every  side  we  find  the  clearest  evidence  that 
 Calvinists  have  been  the  devoted  friends  of  civil 
 liberty.      Such   wa.s   Switzerland,   not  only   during 
 
 those  periods  when  she  was  most  free,  but  those  in 
 which  she  struggled,  however  unsuccessfully,  for  her 
 freedom.  Such  were  the  Protestant  non-conformists 
 from  the  days  of  the  Reformation  to  the  death  of 
 Queen  Elizabeth.  Such  were  the  Presbyterians  in 
 the  days  of  the  first  Charles.  Such  were  those  noble 
 men,  the  Huguenots  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey, 
 as  well  as  others  of  their  suflering  companions,  who 
 fled  from  France,  and  sealed  their  testimony  with 
 their  blood,  on  the  fatal  revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
 Nantes.  Such  also  were  the  Puritans  of  New  Eng- 
 land, who,  through  the  fovor  of  Divine  Providence, 
 ojiposed,  though  not  a  bolder,  a  more  successful  re- 
 sistance to  despotic  power.  With  the  courage  of 
 heroes  and  the  zeal  of  martyrs,  they  struggled  for 
 and  obtained  the  charter  of  liberty  now  enjoyed  by 
 the  British  nation.  Even  the  historian  Hume,  whose 
 prepossessions  all  lay  on  the  side  of  absolute  mon- 
 archy, and  who  was  sufficiently  prejudiced  against  the 
 Bible,  was  constrained  to  the  confession,  ' '  that  the 
 precious  spark  of  liberty  had  been  kindled,  and  wa.s 
 preserved  by  the  Puritans  alone,  and  that  it  was  to 
 this  sect  the  English  owe  the  whole  freedom  of  their 
 constitution." 
 
 The  vast  influence  of  Calvinism  in  achieving  Ameri- 
 can Independence  is  too  well  known  almost  to 
 require  any  definite  and  detailed  statement.  "We 
 are, ' '  says  Bancroft,  ' '  proud  of  the  free  States  that 
 fringe  the  Atlantic.  The  Pilgrims  of  Plymouth  were 
 Calvinists;  the  best  influence  in  South  Carolina  came 
 from  the  Cal.vinists  of  France.  William  Penn  was 
 the  dlscii)le  of  the  Huguenots;  the  ships  from  Hol- 
 land, that  first  brought  colonists  to  Manhattan,  were 
 filled  with  Calvinists.  He  that  will  not  honor  the 
 memory  and  respect  the  influence  of  Calvin,  knows 
 but  little  of  the  origin  of  American  liberty." 
 
 The  steadfast  aud  self-sacrificing  devotion  of  the 
 Presbyterian  ministry  and  membership,  as  a  body, 
 to  their  country,  during  the  Revolution,  is  a  fact 
 which  stands  out  with  proud  prominence  on  the  page 
 of  history.  "  John  Calvin,"  says  Ranke,  "was  vir- 
 tually the  founder  of  America. "  "  The  Shorter  Cate- 
 chism," says  Dr.  A.  A.  Hodge,  "fought  through  suc- 
 cessfully the  Revolutionary  War. "  We  find,  in 
 1774,  a  meeting  of  the  Presbyterians  in  Cumberland 
 ■  Valley,  Pa.,  convened  at  Carlisle,  passing  a  series  of 
 patriotic  resolutions,  expressing  their  sympathy  with 
 the  cause  of  oppressed  America,  and  in  the  name  of 
 the  Lord  of  Hosts,  declaring  their  willingness  to  par- 
 ticipate in  the  dangers  of  the  struggle,  whenever  the 
 Government  might  demand  their  services.  And  the 
 MecMenhurg  Declaration  {which  see)  May  20th,  177.5, 
 was  adopted  by  twenty-seven  delegates,  nine  of 
 whom,  including  the  President  and  Secretary,  were 
 ruling  elders,  and  one  was  a  Presbyterian  minister. 
 
 "That  man,"  it  has  truthfully  been  remarked, 
 "  will  go  on  a  desperate  adventure,  who  shall  proceed 
 to  hunt  out  the  Presbyterian  tories  of  that  day.  Our 
 ministers  were  AVhigs,  patriots,  haters   of  tyranny, 
 
CALVIXISM. 
 
 1093 
 
 CALVIXISM. 
 
 kuown  abettors  of  the  very  earliest  resistance,  and 
 often  soldiers  in  the  field.  It  was  not  they,  nor  any 
 ofthera,  who  acted  as  guides  for  invading  Generals, 
 or  who  wrote  pasquinades  for  New  York  journals,  or 
 who  insulted  Washington  by  scurrile  letters.  On 
 these  points  we  ask  no  better  task  than  that  of  print- 
 ing a  few  documents,  when  the  truths  suggested  shall 
 be  denied.  The  name  of  a  Presbyterian  ^^^lig  stank 
 in  the  nostrils  of  truckling  courtiers,  renegade  Scots 
 and  non-juring  semi-papists,  as  much  in  the  colonies 
 as  at  home,  and  the  Revolutionary  struggle  was  car- 
 ried on,  in  a  large  part  of  the  Jliddle  and  Southern 
 States,  by  the  sinew,  sweat  and  blood  of  Presby- 
 terians. ' ' 
 
 "Among  the  Calviuistic  churches,"  says  the  Rev. 
 N.  S.  McFetridge,  D.  D.,  in  his  excellent  little  work, 
 "Calvinism  in  History  "  (published  by  our  Board), 
 "the  Congregatioualists  and  Dutch  Reformed  and 
 Presbj'teriaus  were  the  leaders,  and  ncjne  of  them 
 took  a  more  active  part  in  favor  of  independence 
 than  the  Scotch-Irish  Presbyterians.  They  threw 
 into  the  movement  all  the  fearlessness  of  the  Scotch, 
 and  all  the  fire  and  wit  of  the  Irish  character.  Hence 
 their  speeches  and  sermons  and  papers  and  bulletins 
 were  at  once  irritating  and  amusing  to  their  oppo- 
 nents."  Bancroft  accredits  to  them  the  glory  of 
 making  the  first  bold  move  toward  independence,  and 
 of  lifting  the  first  public  voice  in  its  favor.  To  the 
 Synod  of  the  Presbj'terian  Church,  convened  in  Phil- 
 adelphia in  177.5,  belongs  the  responsibility,  and 
 may  we  not  say  ihe  glory?  of  being  the  first  religious 
 body  to  declare  openly  and  publicly  for  a  separation 
 from  England,  and  to  counsel  and  encourage  the 
 people  who  werealx)nt  taking  up  arms.  It  enjoined 
 upon  its  people  to  leave  nothing  undone  that  could 
 promote  the  end  in  view,  and  called  upon  them  to 
 pray  for  the  Congi'ess  then  assembled. 
 
 Tlie  relation  of  Calvinism  to  education  is  no  less 
 conspicuous  and  illustrious.  The  little  republic  of 
 Geneva  became  the  sun  of  the  European  world.  The 
 C'alvinists  of  France,  notwithstanding  all  their  em- 
 barrassments, immediately  founded  and  sustained 
 three  illustrious  theological  schools  at  Jlontauban, 
 Laumur  and  Ledan.  The  peasantry  of  Scotland 
 excel  in  intelligence  those  of  other  European  peoples, 
 thanks  to  the  parish  schools.  In  this  country,  it  has 
 been  said,  for  the  first  two  hundred  years  of  our  his- 
 tory, "  almost  every  college  and  seminary  of  learning, 
 and  almost  every  academy  and  common  school  even, 
 had  been  built  up  and  sustained  by  Calvinists. " 
 With  Calvinism  goes  the  teacher,  with  Romanism 
 the  priest. 
 
 Wliile  it  is  true  that  every  religion  and  religious 
 party,  however  impure  its  creed,  or  temporary  its 
 success,  may  boast  its  martyrs,  it  is  nevertheless  a 
 fact  eijually  certain  and  significant  that,  beyond  all 
 others  put  together,  the  Calvinistic  churches  have 
 furnished  the  martyrs  to  Christianity  since  the  Re- 
 formation.    It  is  only  necessary  to  mention  the  Wal- 
 
 denses,  the  victims  of  the  Inquisition,  in  Italy  and 
 Spain,  the  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  the  Revo- 
 cation of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  the  victims  of  Philip 
 and  Alva,  in  Holland,  of  "Bloody  JIary,"  and  of  the 
 "High  Commission, ' '  and  of  the  ' ' Bloody  Assizes. ' ' 
 in  England,  the  Puritans  and  Covenanters,  and  vic- 
 tims of  Claverhou.se,  and  the  "Killing  Time,"  in 
 Scotland. 
 
 Again.  Calvinism  is  the  friend  of  missions.  But 
 in  this  it  is  not  alone.  No  church  of  Christ  can  for- 
 get his  command  "to  disciple  all  nations."  But 
 this  can  be  fairly  claimed  on  behalf  of  the  Calvini.sti<- 
 churches.  They  have  been — alike  in  priority  and  in 
 extent  of  enterprise  and  devotion — leaders  in  this 
 great  work.  They  have  also  excelled  in  the  thor- 
 oughness of  their  mission  educational  organizations, 
 and  in  the  manly  and  Christian  type  of  character 
 tliey  have  formed  in  the  converts  they  have  gathered 
 of  all  races  and  in  all  lands. 
 
 With  such  elements  and  achievements,  it  is  not  to  be 
 wondered  that  Calvinism,  even  when  considered  only 
 in  the  light  of  philosophical  investigation,  has  com- 
 mended itself  to  the  admiration  and  approbation  of 
 men  among  the  most  distinguished  for  intellectual 
 ability. 
 
 "Whatever  notions  of  an  exa^erated  sort"  (.says 
 Isaac  Tai/Ior,  the  iirolbund  author  of  the  "Natural 
 History  of  Enthusiasm,"  and  the  "  Physical  Theory 
 of  the  Future  Life  ")  "may  belong  to  some  Calmnisls, 
 Calvinism,  as  distinguished  from  Arminianism,  encircles 
 or  involves  great  truths,  which,  whether  dimly  or 
 clearly  discerned — whether  defended  in  Scriptural 
 sinij)licity  of  language,  or  deformed  by  grievous  per- 
 versions, will  never  be  abandoned  while  the  Bible 
 continues  to  be  devoutly  read,  and  which,  if  they 
 might  indeed  be  subverted,  would  drag  to  the  same 
 ruin  every  doctrine  of  revealed  religion.  Let  it  be 
 granted  that  Calvinism  has  often  existed  in  a  state 
 of  mixture  with  crude,  or  presumptuous,  or  prepos- 
 terous dogmas.  Yet,  surely,  whoever  is  competent  to 
 take  a  calm,  an  independent,  and  a  truly  philosophic 
 survey  of  the  Christian  system,  and  can  calculate, 
 also,  the  balancings  of  opinion,  the  antitheses  of  belief 
 — will  grant  that  if  Calvinism,  in  the  modern  sense 
 of  the  term,  were  quite  exploded,  a  long  time  could 
 not  elapse  before  evangelical  Arminianism  would 
 find  itself  driven  helplessly  into  the  gulf  that  had 
 yawned  to  receive  its  rival;  and  to  this  catastrophe 
 must  quickly  succeed  the  triumph  of  the  dead  ration- 
 alism of  Neology,  and  then  that  of  Atheism"  {Essay 
 upon  Edwards  on  the  Will). 
 
 Mr.  Froude,  who  has  no  particular  love  for  CaUin- 
 i.sm,  says  {Calvinism,  p.  4'i): — 
 
 "  Was  it  not  written  long  ago,  'He  that  mil  save 
 his  soul  shall  lose  it  ?  '  If  we  think  of  religion  only 
 as  a  means  of  escaping  what  we  call  the  wrath  to 
 come,  we  shall  not  escape  it;  we  are  already  under  it, 
 we  are  under  the  burden  of  death,  for  we  care  only 
 for  ourselves.     This  was   not  the  religion   of  your 
 
CALVIXIS.V. 
 
 1094 
 
 CAMPBELL. 
 
 fathers;  this  was  not  the  Calvinism  which  overthrew 
 spiritual  wickedness  and  hurled  kings  from,  their 
 thrones  and  purged  England  and  Scotland,  for  a  time 
 at  least,  of  lies  and  charlatanry.  Calvinism  was  the 
 spirit  which  rises  in  revolt  against  untruth;  the 
 spirit  which,  as  I  have  shown  you,  has  appeared  and 
 reappeared,  and  in  due  time  will  appear  again,  unless 
 God  he  a  delusion  and  man  be  as  the  beasts  that 
 perish.  For  it  is  hut  the  inflashing  upon  the  con- 
 science of  the  nature  and  origin  of  the  laws  by  which 
 mankind  are  governed — laws  which  exist  whether 
 we  acknowledge  them  or  whether  we  deny  them,  and 
 will  have  their  way,  to  our  own  weal  or  woe,  accord- 
 ing to  the  attitude  in  which  we  place  ourselves 
 toward  them — inherent,  like  the  laws  of  gravity,  in 
 the  nature  of  things,  not  made  by  us,  not  to  be  altered 
 by  us,  but  to  be  discerned  and  obeyed  by  us  at  our 
 everlasting  peril. ' ' 
 
 3fr.  Bancroft,  who,  while  adopting  another  religious 
 creed,  has  awarded  to  Calvinism  the  palm  for  its 
 influence  in  favor  of  religious  and  ciril  liberty,  says, 
 in  reference  to  prrdestiiKdion,  one  grand  distinctive 
 doctrine  of  Calvinism:  "This  doctrine  inspires  a 
 resolute,  almost  defiant  freedom  in  those  who  deem 
 them.selves  the  subject  of  God's  electing  grace;  in  all 
 things  they  are  more  than  conquerors  through  the 
 confidence  that  nothing  shall  be  able  to  .separate  them 
 from  the  love  of  God.  No  doctrine  of  the  dignity  of 
 human  nature,  of  the  rights  of  man,  of  national 
 liberty,  of  social  equality,  can  create  such  a  resolve 
 for  the  freedom  of  the  soul  as  this  personal  convic- 
 tion of  God's  favoring  and  protecting  sovereignty. 
 He  who  has  this  faith  feels  that  he  is  compassed  about 
 with  ev^lasting  love,  guided  with  everlasting 
 strength;  his  -s^-ill  is  the  tempered  steel  that  no  fire 
 can  melt,  no  force  can  break.  Such  faith  is  freedom, 
 and  this  spiritual  freedom  is  the  source  and  strength 
 of  all  other  freedom  "  [History  United  States,  vol.  ii, 
 p.  461). 
 
 Casielar,  the  eloquent  Spanish  .statesman,  says: 
 "  The  children  of  the  Puritans  founded  the  United 
 States,  a  liberal  and  popular  government,  where 
 human  rights  were  placed  above  all  ideas  .... 
 They  harmonized  antagonisms  which  seemed  eternal; 
 stability  with  progress,  order  with  liberty,  pui-e 
 democ'racy  with  obedience  to  the  law,  the  widest 
 freedom  of  difterent  social  tendencies  with  a  powerful 
 nationality  and  ardent  patriotism,  the  humanitarian 
 with  the  cosmopolite  spirit,  indomitable  independ- 
 ence of  the  individual  with  religious  respect  to 
 authority." 
 
 "  Tliere  is  no  sy.stem,"  says  a  writer  of  marked 
 ability  in  our  country,  "which  equals  Calvinism  in 
 intensifying,  to  the  last  degree,  ideas  of  moral  e.Kcel- 
 lence  and  purity  of  character.  There  never  was  a 
 system  since  the  world  stood,  which  puts  upon  man 
 such  motives  to  lioliness,  or  which  builds  batteries 
 which  sweep  the  whole  ground  of  sin  with  such  hor- 
 rible artillery."     "  Men  may  talk  as  much  as  they 
 
 please  against  the  Cal  vinists  and  Puritans  and  Presby- 
 terians, but  you  will  find  that  when  they  want  to 
 make  an  investment  they  have  no  objection  to  Cal- 
 vinism or  Puritanism  or  Presbyterianism.  They 
 know  that  where  the.se  systems  prevail,  where  the 
 doctrine  of  men's  obligation  to  God  and  man  is 
 taught  and  practiced,  there  their  capital  may  be 
 safely  invested."  "They  tell  us,"  he  continues, 
 "that  Calvinism  plies  men  with  hammer  and  with 
 chisel.  It  does,  and  the  result  is  monumental  mar- 
 ble. Other  systems  leave  men  soft  and  dirty;  Cal- 
 vinism makes  them  of  white  marble,  to  endure  for- 
 ever . ' ' 
 
 Campbell,  Rev.  G-eorg-e  Stuart,  M.  A.,  is  the 
 youngest  son  of  Kev.  James  K.  C'ampljell,  D.  D.,  a 
 missionary  of  the  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  to 
 India.  He  was  born,  November  5th,  1848,  in  tlie  Bay 
 of  Bengal,  under  the  American  flag,  during  the  re- 
 turn of  his  parents  from  a  visit  to  the  United  States. 
 At  an  early  age  he  iK«ompanied  his  mother  and 
 sisters  to  this  country,  and  attended  the  Classical  In- 
 stitute of  which  Dr.  Charles  Short,  now  Profe.ssor"of 
 Latin  in  Columbia  College,  New  York,  was  for  many 
 years  the  Principal.  During  this  time,  in  the  twelfth 
 year  of  his  age,  he  made  a  profession  of  religion  in 
 connection  with  the  Fir,st  Reformed  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Philadelphia.  Remaining  in  Ireland  when 
 his  mother  and  sisters  returned  to  India,  he  gradu- 
 ated at  the  Queen's  University,  Belfast,  and  after- 
 wards studied  theology  in  the  Irish  I'resb.rterian 
 College  and  in  the  halls  of  the  Reformed  Presbyterian 
 and  Free  churches  of  Scotland.  Having  received  licen- 
 sure from  the  Free  Presbytery  of  Edinburgh,  in  1870, 
 he  returned  to  America,  and  putting  himself  under 
 the  care  of  the  Central  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia, 
 he  attended  a  session  in  the  Theological  Seminary  at 
 Princeton.  Having  received  invitations  from  several 
 difterent  congregations,  he  accepted  a  call  from 
 Williamstown,  N.  J.,  and  was  ordained  and  installed 
 pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  that  place,  No- 
 vember 7th,  1871.  After  five  years  of  very  success- 
 ful labor  at  Williamstown,  in  connection  with  which 
 he  supplied  the  churches  at  Bunker  Hill  and  Frank- 
 linville,  he  accepted  a  call  to  Pho^nixville,  Pa.,  where 
 he  remained  pastor  for  four  years,  when  he  was  called 
 to  his  present  position  as  pastor  of  the  Richmond 
 Pre.sbytferian  Church,  Philadelphia,  being  installed 
 December  16th,  1880. 
 
 Mr.  Campbell's  work  in  the  ministry  has  been 
 greatly  blessed.  The  debt  resting  on  churches  to 
 which  he  has  ministered  has  been  greatly  reduced  or 
 entirely  removed,  aud  extensive  and  handsome  im- 
 provements have  been  made  in  their  places  of  wor- 
 ship. There  have  been  large  accessions  to  their  mem- 
 bership, and  the  efficiency  of  all  their  operations 
 has  been  greatly  increased.  Mr.  Campbell  is  a 
 preacher  of  sound,  evangelical  doctrine,  and  his 
 perspicuous  style,  with  his  eloquent  delivery,  render 
 him  an  impressive  speaker.     Always  readj'  for  every 
 
CAMPBELL. 
 
 1095 
 
 CANNON. 
 
 good  word  and  work,  his  indefatigable  industry,  per- 
 severance and  I'aitbfulness  have  been  rewarded  with 
 great  success.  His  courteous  manners  and  obliging 
 disposition  render  him  greatly  beloved. 
 
 Campbell,  James  Robinson,  D.  D.  Mr. 
 Campbell  was  born  near  Armagh,  county  Tyrone, 
 Ireland,  in  the  year  1800.  He  arrived  in  Philadel- 
 phia in  1824,  and  while  serving  as  a  clerk  he  devoted 
 his  spare  time  to  study,  under  the  care  of  that  distin- 
 guished classical  scholar,  the  late  Jo.seph  P.  Engles, 
 Esq.,  many  of  whose  pupils  have  obtained  great  emi- 
 nence. His  theological  studies  were  pursued  under 
 the  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  Brown  Wylie,  pastor  of  the 
 First  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church,  in  the  Reformed 
 Presbji;erian  Seminary  at  Philadelphia.  He  was 
 ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  of  the 
 Reformed  Presbj'terian  Church,  in  October,  1834. 
 He  embarked  for  India  on  the  16th  day  of  November, 
 183.5,  in  company  with  Rev.  .James  McEwen,  Messrs. 
 .lamieson,  Rogers  and  Porter.  His  station  was  Saha- 
 runpur.  Northwest  Province,  India.  He  visited  the 
 United  States  in  1847-8,  and  his  pulpit  addres.ses  on 
 thesubjectof  mis.sionsare  still  remembered  by  many. 
 
 The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity  was  conferred 
 npon  him  by  Lafayette  College,  Easton,  Pa.,  in  1856. 
 He  died  at  Landour,  Himalaya  Jlountains,  India,  on 
 the  18th  of  Septeinber,  1862,  in  the  sixty-second 
 year  of  his  age,  having  been  a  Jlissionary  in  India 
 over  twenty-six  years.  His  widow,  Mrs.  Mary  Coch- 
 ran Campbell,  survived  him  only  a  few  j'ears,  and 
 died  in  India,  on  March  19th,  1874,  ha\-ing  been 
 activel.V,  zealously  and  successfully  engaged  for  many 
 years  in  the  cause  of  Christ,  in  India. 
 
 All  of  Dr.  Campbell's  sons  who  came  to  manhood 
 have  entered  the  ministry.  The  eldest  son.  Rev. 
 Thomas  Cochran  Campbell,  died  in  Marion,  Ohio, 
 June  8th,  1862,  after  two  years'  successful  work  for 
 Christ.  The  second  son.  Rev.  .James  Robinson  Camp- 
 bell, is  the  pastor  elect  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
 Christiana,  Del.  The  third  son,  Rev.  George  H. 
 Stuart  Campbell,  is  the  pastor  of  the  Richmond  Pres- 
 byterian Church,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
 
 Having  devoted  himself  to  the  life  of  a  foreign 
 missionary,  and  a  society  having  been  formed  in 
 Mercer  county.  Pa.,  by  members  of  the  Presbyterian, 
 the  A.ssociate,  the  Associated  Reformed,  and  the  Re- 
 formed Presbyterian  churches,  to  support  a  foreign 
 missionary  in  connection  with  any  one  of  these 
 denominations,  Dr.  Campbell  was  accepted  by  them, 
 and  sent  out  to  India  under  the  direction  of  the 
 Western  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  Pittsburg. 
 He  arrived  at  Saharuupur,  his  station  in  India,  on 
 November  10th,  18:?6.  There  he  labored  assiduously 
 for  twenty-seven  years,  •nith  the  exception  of  a  short 
 period  in  1847  and  1848,  during  which  he  made  a 
 visit  to  his  native  land  and  to  America.  While  in 
 this  country,  he  delivered,  in  several  places,  a  course 
 of  lectures  on  Foreign  Missions  in  India,  which  were 
 afterwards  published  in  a  duodecimo  volume  by  the 
 
 Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Reformed  Presby- 
 terian Church.  He  also  contributed  largely  to  the 
 religious  press,  being  a  letter-writer  of  sviperior  ex- 
 cellence. He  was  indefatigable  in  his  labors,  and 
 besides  his  services  at  his  own  station,  he  made  fre- 
 quent itinerations,  and  also  acted  as  treasurer  for  the 
 entire  mission.  He  devoted  much  of  his  attention  to 
 the  education  of  the  native  youth,  in  which  he  was 
 eminently  successful,  a  large  number  of  those  under 
 his  care  having  renounced  heatheni.sm  and  received 
 the  Christian  religion,  several  of  whom  have  beconu- 
 ordained  ministers  and  licentiates  and  catechists  and 
 Scripture  readers  in  the  u^iper  and  lower  missions  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  of  the  United  States.  One 
 of  the  handsomest  churches  in  Upper  India  was 
 erected  at  Saharuupur  by  his  agency.  His  reluctance 
 to  intermit  his  labors  hastened,  if  it  did  not  cause, 
 his  death,  which  was  a  fitting  close  to  his  long  and 
 n.seful  life.  Tranquil  and  triumphant,  he  passed 
 from  earth  to  heaven;  from  sacrifice  and  toil  to  his 
 eternal  rest  and  reward.  He  was  a  man  of  warm 
 heart,  and  a  judgment  remarkably  .sagacious,  ener- 
 getic, animated,  genial,  modest,  with  a  profound 
 devotion  to  the  Saviour,  which  controlled  all  his 
 actions.  In  person  he  was  of  medium  height,  well- 
 rounded  face,  a  clear  complexion  and  a  robust 
 frame. 
 
 Campbell,  John,  a  ruling  elder,  departed  this 
 life,  near  Bell's  MilLs,  Pa.,  October  16th.  1883.  A 
 long  and  useful  life  closed  serenely  when  this  ven- 
 erable man  passed  away.  He  was  the  son  of  Robert 
 and  Rebecca  Campbell,  and  was  born  in  Kishaco- 
 quillas  Valley,  in  1804.  The  greater  part  of  his  life, 
 however,  was  spent  within  the  present  limits  of  Blair 
 county.  At  an  early  age  he  united  with  the  Presby- 
 terian Church.  He  took  part  in  the  organization  of 
 the  Logan's  Valley  Church,  nearly  fifty  years  ago, 
 and  was  at  that  time  elected  and  ordained  a  ruling 
 elder.  He  continued  to  perform  the  duties  of  his 
 office,  to  the  acceptance  and  ediiication  of  the  church, 
 until  his  death.  He  was  a  man  of  fine  character, 
 and  commanded  the  re.spect  of  all  who  knew  him. 
 His  convictions  were  always  positive,  and  he  fear- 
 lessly maintained  them,  -nithout  regard  to  conse- 
 quences. He  was  honored  also,  for  many  years,  as  a 
 nuigistrate.  He  brought  to  the  performance  of  his 
 duties  a  well-stored  mind  and  a  sound  judgment. 
 His  religious  experience  was  not  specially  demonstra- 
 tive, but  he  quietly  and  fully  rested  upon  the  merits 
 of  the  Saviour,  always  exhibiting  a  deep  interest  in 
 the  welfare  of  his  church.  His  end  was  peaceful, 
 in  keeping  with  his  well-ordered  and  Christian  life. 
 
 Cannon,  Frederick  Edwards,  D.  D.,  a  native 
 of  JIa&sachusetts,  was  of  the  class  of  1822  in  L'nion 
 College,  and  of  the  class  of  1824  in  Andover  Semi- 
 nary. Ordained  October  12th,  1825,  he  was  settled 
 at  Ludlow,  Vt.,  from  1826  to  1831,  and  at  Potsdam 
 from  1831  to  1836.  JIuch  beloved  and  pro.spered  in 
 the  pastoral  charge,  his  impaired  health  compelled 
 
CARLE. 
 
 1096 
 
 CHAPIN. 
 
 him  to  leave  it,  and  entering  the  District  Secretary- 
 ship of  the  American  Board,  in  1836,  he  remained 
 in  it,  performing  its  duties  with  diligence  and  ability, 
 until  1863,  when  health  again  impaired  required 
 him  to  resign  the  office.  Dr.  Cannon  won  the  regard 
 of  his  parishoners  by  his  excellence  and  faithfulness, 
 and  greatly  blessed  them.  Traversing  the  Western 
 part  of  the  State  of  New  Vorkin  the  interest  of  For- 
 eign Missions,  he  was  universally  known  to  the 
 churches  and  ministers  and  acceptable  to  them,  and 
 the  large  sum  he  gathered  for  this  great  cause  very 
 imperfectly  denotes  the  amount  he  acomplished  for 
 it.  Dr.  Cannon  is  a  man  rarely  well-preserved  in 
 his  advanced  years,  full  of  faith  and  love  and  all 
 graces,  and  even  more  than  ever  interested  in  every- 
 thing that  touches  the  history  and  progress  of  the 
 Kingdom.  Few  men  have  been  more  loved  and 
 honored  in  Western  New  York. 
 
 Carle,  John,  was  pastor  of  the  French  Reformed  or 
 Huguenot  Church  in  New  York,  from  August  4th, 
 17.54,  to  April  8th,  1764.  He  was  a  native  of  Nismes, 
 in  Languedoc,  France,  and  was  ordained  to  the  gospel 
 ministry  by  the  Church  of  Basle,  Switzerland.  In 
 176S  he  was  chaplain  of  the  French  Hospital  in  Lou- 
 don. He  was  of  "irreproachable  character,  very 
 intent  upon  his  .studies,"  and  "preached  moderate 
 Calviui.sm." 
 
 Carlisle,  Rev.  Hugh,  was  admitted  into  the  New- 
 Castle  Presbytery  before  September,  173.5,  probably 
 from  Great  Britain  or  Ireland.  At  that  time  New- 
 town and  Plumstead,  in  Bucks  county,  Pa.,  obtained 
 leave  of  Philadelphia  Presbytery  to  employ  him,  and 
 he  joined  that  body  in  ,Iune,  1736.  A  call  to  these 
 churches  wa-s  presented  to  him  in  May,  1737,  but  in 
 .\ugust  he  declined  !t,  on  account  of  the  distance  of  1 
 Plumstead  from  Newtown.  He  continued  to  serve  1 
 them,  and  was  sent,  in  November,  to  supply  Amwell 
 and  Bethlehem,  in  Hunterdon  county,  N.  J.,  with 
 other  vacancies.  He  is  mentioned  as  a  member  of 
 Lewes  Presbytery  in  1742. 
 
 Carre,  Bzekiel,  jiastor  of  the  ITuguenot  colony 
 in  NaiTagansett,  Rhode  Island,  1(>H6.     He  was  born 
 in  the  Island  of  Ke,  near  La  Rochelle,  France,  and  \ 
 studied  philosophy  and  theology  in  the  Academy  of  I 
 Geneva,    1670.      Before  coming  to   America,  he  was 
 pastor  of  Mirambeau,   in  Saintonge,  1680,  and  La  i 
 Roche  Chalais,    in  Guicnne,    l(is2.      When  he   left 
 Naiiagansctt,  and  whither  he  went,  is  not  known. 
 
 Catholic  (Ihroiii/lidiit  (ill,  i.  e.,  gvnrral,  univerxat). 
 This  word  early  came  into  use  among  Christians  to 
 distinguish  their  Church  from  the  .Tewish,  which  was 
 national;  later  on,  it  distinguished  the  orthodox 
 church  Irom  the  heretical  sects.  In  modern  times  it 
 has  been  arrogantly  and  absurdly  claimed  by  the 
 Church  of  Rome;  and  Protestants  usually  call  her  so, 
 although  it  were  nearer  truth  to  say  the  Roman 
 Catholic  Church.  The  ])hrase  in  the  Ajiostles'  Creed, 
 "the  Holy  Catholic  Church."  is  often  ignorantly 
 supposed  to  refer  to  the  Roman  Churtli,  liul  the  word 
 
 "catholic "  merely  means  "  universal,"  and  was  not 
 in  the  first  form  of  the  Creed.  The  phrase  is  cor- 
 rectly explained  bj' what  follows,  "the  communion 
 of  saints. "  Thus  it  simply  expresses  a  belief  that  the 
 Holy  Church,  the  communion  of  .saints,  is  not  con- 
 fined to  one  nation,  Imt  by  the  appointment  and  help 
 of  Christ  shall  be  di.ssemiuated  through  all  nations. 
 
 Chance,  J.  C,  was  born  in  the  State  of  New 
 Jersey  (Leesburg,  Cumberland  county),  in  the  year 
 1819.  He  has  been  a  resident  of  Philadelphia  since 
 early  childhood,  and  is  well-known  in  business  circles, 
 but  more  especially  in  the  religious  community  as  a 
 live  Sunday-school  man  and  efficient  church  worker. 
 In  the  Spring  of  18.55,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Cal- 
 vary Presbyterian  Church,  he  located  and  organized 
 the  Olivet  Presbyterian  Sabbath  School,  numbering 
 63  scholars,  which  now  numbers  over  700,  and  ranks 
 as  one  of  the  largest  and  most  flourishing  in  Phila- 
 delphia. Out  of  this  school  grew  the  chnrch,  which 
 has  at  the  present  time  over  800  members.  To  these 
 two  enterprises  he  has  devoted  his  life.  In  the  first 
 annual  report  of  the  "Calvary  Presbyterian  Mission- 
 ary Association,"  this  item  appears :  "  While  others 
 have  given  their  money,  he  (Mr.  Chance)  has  given 
 his  time  and  money  also,  and,  although  it  is  true  that 
 pecuniary  means  were  indispensable  to  the  erection 
 of  Olivet  Chapel,  it  is  equally  true  that  it  would  not 
 have  been  built  but  for  the  wisdom  in  planning  the 
 details,  the  sagacity  in  securing  contributions,  and 
 the  indomitable  perseverance  and  unceasing  eflbrts 
 of  the  brother  we  have  mentioned," 
 
 Mr.  Chance  is  the  first  and  only  Superintendent  of 
 Olivet  Sabbath  School,  having  held  this  office  twenty- 
 nine  years.  If  statistics  can  be  relied  upon,  he  has  occu- 
 pied this  position  for  a  longer  num  ber  of  consecutive 
 years  than  any  other  superintendent  in  the  city  of 
 Philadelphia.  He  has  also  been  a  ruling  elder  in  this 
 church  for  twenty-eight  j'ears. 
 
 Chapin,  Louis,  was  liorn  in  West  Springfield, 
 Mass. , November  3d,  1809,  the  youngest,  and  now  only 
 survivor,  of  ti^n  children  of  Moses  A.  and  Lucina 
 (Graves)  Chapin.  His  education  was  limited  to  a  few 
 terms  in  the  academies  of  Springfield,  Westfield  and 
 Hadley.  He  removed  to  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  in  the 
 Spring  of  1827,  and  for  four  years  was  clerk  in  the 
 forwarding  office  of  the  first  six -day  line  of  canal 
 boats  on  the  Erie  Canal.  Subsequently,  he  engaged 
 in  the  milling  business,  both  in  Rochester  and  Akron, 
 Ohio.  This  he  relinquished  in  1866,  and  has  since 
 dealt  in  grain.  He  has  been  a  Trustee  in  Monroe 
 County  Savings  Bank  for  thirty  years,  twenty-two 
 years  its  Vice-President,  and  is  now  President.  Mr. 
 Chapin  was  asubject  of  the  great  revival  in  Rochester, 
 under  the  preaching  of  the  Rev.  Charles  G.  Finney, 
 and  united  with  the  Third  Church  in  December, 
 1830.  Four  years  afterward  he  transferred  his  rela- 
 tion to  the  Ihick  Church,  where,  in  April,  1859,  he 
 was  chosen  and  ordained  ruling  elder,  which  oflice  he 
 has  sinrclu'ld. 
 
CHISULM. 
 
 1097 
 
 CHRisTn  xirr,  a  GGRESSI  I  'E. 
 
 Nearly  all  the  time  from  1840  to  1878,  Mr.  Cliapiu 
 ■was  Trustee  and  Treasurer  of  the  Society.  His  tou- 
 neetion  with  the  Briek  Church  Sabbath  School  began 
 with  his  nu-mbershiii  in  the  church,  aud  has  .since 
 conrinued  with  little  interruption.  For  three  years 
 he  was  Superintendent,  and  for  over  forty-live  years 
 has  been  Secretary  aud  Treasurer.  He  was  Secretary 
 of  the  New  York  State  Sunday  School  Teachers'  As- 
 sociation, organized  in  Albanj-,  in  January,  1857,  and 
 continued  as  such,  or  as  Treasiuer  or  a  meml)er  of  the 
 Executive  Committee,  tweuty-one  years.  In  Isfil  he 
 was  elected  a  corporate  member  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F. 
 llissious,  and  has  attended  more  than  half  the  annual 
 meetings  since.  He  has  represented  the  Brick  Church 
 in  nearly  all  the  meetings  of  Presbytery,  and  been 
 their  delegate  to  every  meeting  of  Synod  since  the 
 
 LOUIS  CHAPIN. 
 
 reunion  of  the  Church,  and  has  been  a  commissioner 
 to  the  General  Assembly  from  the  Presbytery  of 
 Kochester,  before  and  since  that  event,  eleven  times, 
 seven  of  which  he  has  been  Chairman  of  the  Mileage 
 Committee.  Probably  no  elder  is  better  known  by 
 the  Church  at  large  or  been  more  actively  engaged  in 
 its  service;  certainly  none  has  more  thoroughly 
 studied,  from  year  to  year,  the  minutes  of  the 
 Assembly. 
 
 Chisolm,  Rev.  James  Julius,  is  the  second 
 son  of  James  J.  and  Margaret  S.  (Bryan)  Chisolm, 
 and  was  born  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  December  8th, 
 1852.  He  graduated  at  Princeton  College  In  1874, 
 aud  at  Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in  1877.  He 
 was  licensed  to  preach  by  Charleston  Pre.sbytery  in 
 the  Spring  of  1*76.     The  same  year  he  supplied" the 
 
 I  Congregational  (Circular)  Church,  Charleston,  S.  C, 
 for  three  months,  and  the  First  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Baltimore,  JId.,  from  June  to  October,  in  1877. 
 Being  called  to  Harrodsburg,  Ky.,  the  same  year,  he 
 served  that  church,  as  stated  supply,  until  October, 
 1878,  when  he  spent  several  months  in  Europe.  On 
 his  return  he  was  ordained  and  installed  as  pastor  of 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Harrodsburg,  Ky., 
 October  19th,  1879,  where  he  is  now  preaching,  with 
 great  acceijtauce  and  success,  r 
 
 Jlr.  Chisolm  is  one  of  the  most  promising  of  the 
 young  ministers  of  the  Southern  Church.  Of  more 
 than  ordinary  administrative  abilitj-,  and  of  untiring 
 energy,  he  has  the  gift  of  infusing  his  own  glowing 
 zeal  into  the  hearts  of  his  people,  and  of  developing 
 their  capacities  for  church  work.  His  sermons  are 
 prepared  with  great  care,  and  usually  delivered  with- 
 out notes,  and  in  a  very  attractive  and  eloquent  style 
 which  never  fails  to  command  attention  and  excite 
 interest.  He  po.ssesses,  to  a  large  degree,  those  per- 
 sonal and  .social  qualities  which  belong  to  a  judicious, 
 thoughtful  and  sympathizing  pastor. 
 
 Christianity,    Aggressive    Character   of. 
 There  is  a  great  difterence  between  the  knowledge 
 given   in   consciousness  and  that  attained    liy  the 
 logical  understanding.     For  example,  all  men  know 
 from  consciousness  what  beauty  is,  but  if  the  question 
 be  asked:  What  is  beauty  ?  and  the  answer  be  .sought 
 from  the  logical  understanding,  there  is  the  greatest 
 perplexity  and  diversity.     Dissertation  after  disser- 
 tation and  volume  after  volume  have  been  written 
 in  answer  to  that  question.     So  we  all  know  what 
 Christianity  is;  but  when  the   question   is   asked, 
 I  What  is  Christianity?  the  answers  become  uncertain 
 and  divergent.     It  might  seem   useless  to  ask  the 
 question  if  we  know  without  asking,  and  cease  to 
 know  when  asked.     But  the  difficulty  is,  men  will 
 ask,  and  will  give  >vrong  answers — answers  not  merely 
 incorrect,  but  fatally  injurious.   Of  all  the  theological 
 questions  of  our  day,  especially  in   Germany  and 
 among  English  and  American  theologians  addicted  to 
 German   modes   of  thinking,  none  has    been  more 
 debated,  and    none  is  more  vitally  important  than 
 the  question,  What  is  Christianity?    If  we  are  to 
 ■  thiuk  or  speak  intelligently  of  the  aggressive  char- 
 !  acterof  Christianity,  we  must  know  what-Christianity 
 I  is.     It  has  been  defined:  1.  As  a  form  of  knowledge, 
 !  i.  e.,   the   system   of  divine   truth  revealed  in  the 
 j  Scriptures.      2.    As  that  modus  Deum  corjnosccncli  ct 
 coleiidi  introduced  by  Christ.     3.   As  simply  and  ex- 
 ,  clusively  a  life.     By  this  some  mean  a  form  or  state 
 of  the  religious  consciousness:  while  others  intend  by 
 that  expression  the  tlieanthropiclifeof  Christ  as  com- 
 municated to  His  people,  humanity  restored  in  Him, 
 as  it>was  corrupted  in  Adam.     The  objection  to  these 
 answers  is  that  they  are  too  limited.     (The  last,  as 
 explained  by  mysticism,  is  false. )     Christianity  is  a 
 form  of  kuowledge;  it  is  a  religion,  it  is  a  life.     It  is 
 not  exclusively  the  one  or  the  other,  but  it  is  all. 
 
cmnsTiAXiTy, 
 
 1098 
 
 ITS  ADVANCE. 
 
 The  best  way  to  determine  what  Christianity  is,  is  -to 
 ask  what  makes  a  man  a  Christian  in  the  true  and 
 proper  sense  of  the  term.  A  Christian  is  one  who 
 knows  and  receives  as  true  what  Clirist  lias  revealed 
 in  His  Word;  whose  inwar<l  state  (religious  conscious- 
 ness) is  determined  by  that  knowledge,  and  whose 
 life  Ls  devoted  to  tlie  obedience  and  service  of  Christ. 
 Christianity  is,  therefore,  a  system  of  doctrine,  it  is 
 an  inward  life,  and  it  is  a  rule  of  action.  When, 
 therefore,  we  speak  of  the  aggressive  character  of 
 Christianity,  we  may  mean  the  antagonism  of  truth 
 to  error,  the  expansive  power  of  the  principles  of 
 spiritual  life,  or,  the  opposition  of  good  to  evil,  of 
 holiness  to  sin,  in  the  outward  life,  or  we  may  in- 
 clude all  these,  as  they  all  are  included  in  the  reli- 
 gion of  Christ.  Or,  as  the  Scriptures  call  it  the 
 kingdom  of  God,  we  may  mean  by  the  aggressive 
 character  of  Christianity,  its  inherent  force,  by  which 
 it  tends  to  gain  more  and  more  the  complete  control 
 of  the  individual  man  anil  of  liuman  society,  by  con- 
 trolling all  the  forms  of  human  thought,  the  inward 
 character  of  men  and  their  outward  conduct. 
 
 /.  Christianity  is  thus  aggrciai it:  It  does  tend  and 
 strive  to  subdue.  1.  This  is  variously  taught  in  the 
 Scriptures.  It  is  compared  to  a  stone  cut  out  of  a 
 mountiiin,  which  gradually  fills  the  whole  earth;  to 
 a  tree  whose  branches  e.\tend  over  all  lands;  to  leaven 
 hid  in  a  measure  of  meal;  to  a  great  temple  in  the 
 ])r()ce.ss  of  erection;  to  the  sun  in  its  course  through 
 the  heavens,  and  from  tropic  to  tro|iic. 
 
 2.  It  is  deducible  from  its  nature.  Truth  is  ne- 
 cessarily antagonistic  to  error,  and  holiness  to  sin. 
 The  one  must  strive  to  overcome  the  other,  both  in 
 the  individual  and  in  the  world.  Besides,  being  a 
 religion  suited  to  the  nece.s.sities  of  all  men,  and  ab- 
 solutely essential  to  their  well-being  here  and  here- 
 after, it  cannot  be  embr:iced  by  the  individual  man 
 without  the  CDUsciousness  on  his  part  of  the  obliga- 
 tion to  uphold  and  extend  it.  A  Christian,  from  the 
 very  nature  of  the  case,  is  fired  with  zeal  for  the  glory 
 of  Christ,  and  with  love  for  his  fellow-men.  His 
 Christianity  makes  him  an  advocate  of  the  truth  and 
 a  proselyter. 
 
 3.  It  is  further  proved  and  illustrated  by  the  his- 
 tory of  the  Church.  The  original  i)romise  that  the 
 .seed  of  the  woman  should  bruise  the  serpent's  head 
 has  expanded  into  the  full  system  of  Christian  doc- 
 trine. The  one  hundred  and  twenty  di.sciples  in 
 Jeru-salcm  in  the  age  of  the  apostles  occupied  Syria, 
 Egypt,  Greece,  Italy;  and  since  then  Christianity  has 
 gained  the  civilized  world.  It  has  banished  poly- 
 theism and  idolatry;  it  has  elevated  woman,  exalted 
 man  and  moulded  human  society. 
 
 4.  It  is  proved  in  the  experience  of  every  Christian. 
 His  inward  life  is  a  progress.  He  pa.sses  from  infancy 
 to  maturity,  from  a  n-j-tn'!  (infant)  to  a  t'/.ski^' 
 (grown),  and  from  a  ri/.etoi  to  the  full  measure  of  the 
 stiiture  of  Christ.  The  triith  becomes  better  known 
 and  more  firmly  believed.     Indwelling  sin  becomes 
 
 weaker,  and  grace  stronger,  and  the  outward  life  i.s 
 made  more  and  more  consistent  with  the  gospel. 
 When  this  is  not  true,  there  is  no  true  life. 
 
 77.  To  what  in  the  aygressioe  power  of  Chrislianiti/ 
 (/«(.!'  * 
 
 1.  It  is  not  due  to  anything  in  itself  as  a  system  of 
 truth.  If  revealed  to  the  lost  in  the  other  world,  it 
 would  be  powerless.  If  revealed  to  tallen  man,  sent 
 in  books  or  by  living  teachers  to  the  heatnen,  it 
 would,  if  left  to  itself,  be  universally  rejected.  The 
 opposition  of  Satiin  and  of  the  evil  heart  would  be  too 
 much  for  it. 
 
 2.  It  is  not  due  ro  the  subjective efiect  on  tlie  hearts 
 of  those  who  are  led  to  embrace  it.  If  nothing  were 
 done  all  extra  but  to  induce  the  reception  of  the  gospel, 
 the  inward  etl'ect  and  the  outward  eflieiency  would 
 fade  away. 
 
 3.  But  it  is  supernatural  in  its  character.  It  is  due 
 to  the  purpose  of  God  and  the  co-operation  of  the 
 Spirit.  WHien  a  woman  i^uts  leaven  into  a  measure 
 of  meal,  she  is  sure  that  the  whole  will  be  leavened, 
 because  the  efiect  is  due  to  the  operation  of  invariable 
 physical  laws.  But  when  the  gospel  is  introduced 
 into  a  community  or  a  nation,  whether  it  will  take 
 root  and  extend  or  not,  depends  on  an  ab  extra  sove- 
 reign working  of  divine  power.  Hence  a  sense  of  de- 
 pendence is  to  be  acknowledged  and  cultivated.  It 
 is  because  Christianity  is  the  life  of  God  (i.  e.,  of  a 
 present  Christ),  that  it  must  prevail. 
 
 4.  Although  the  gospel  is  thus  dependent  upon 
 supernatunvl  agency  for  its  preservation  and  extension, 
 yet  human  co-operation  is  ordained  as  the  means. 
 Faith  and  love  are  the  powers  which  we  are  to  wield, 
 depending  on  the  Spirit  of  God. — CImrles  Hodge,  D.D. 
 
 Christianity,  Its  Advance.  The  following 
 article  by  Tryon  Edwards,  D.  D.,  presents  the  subject 
 elsewhere  ably  noticed  under  the  head  "  Progress  of 
 Christianity,"  with  some  new  phases,  facts  and 
 figures,  which  cannot  fail  to  be  read  with  great 
 satisfaction ; — 
 
 "One  hundred  and  twenty  years  ago  Voltaire 
 said,  'Before  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century 
 Christianity  will  have  disappeared  from  the  earth. ' 
 But  what  are  the  facts?  And  how  has  his  prediction 
 been  fulfilled? 
 
 "In  the  year  1800,  the  date  on  which  he  fixes  for  the 
 disappearance  of  Christianity,  there  were  24,000,000 
 English- speaking  people,  of  whom  14,000,000  were 
 Protestants  and  r),.'>00,000  Romani.sts.  In  1881, 
 among  the  same  English-speaking  people,  there  were 
 59,000,000  Protestants  and  13,500,000  Romanists. 
 
 "During  the  past  century  the  population  of  the 
 United  States  has  increased  eleven  fold  and  the 
 churches  thirty-seven  fiild.  Then  there  was  one 
 church  to  every  1700  inhabitants;  now  there  is 
 one  for  every  529.  Thi'U  the  church  membership  of 
 evangelical  churches  w;is  only  one  in  seventeen  of 
 the  population;  now  it  is  one  in  every  five.  Then 
 I  our  evangelical  chur(-hcs  were  only  3030;  now  tlu\' 
 
CHRISTIANITY, 
 
 1099 
 
 ITS  ADVANCE. 
 
 are  97,090.  Then  the  communicants  were  364, 872;  now 
 they  are  10,0()r>,963.  Then  tlie  ordained  ministers 
 were  26ol;  now  they  are  69,870.  Then  Sunday 
 .schools  were  almost  unknown;  now  the  numljer  of 
 teachers  and  scholars  in  them  is  .said  to  he  over 
 14,000,000.  And  the  amount  contributed  annually 
 hy  our  churches  for  benevolent  and  congregational 
 purpcsesis  $106,962,000,  of  which  §31,339,140  is  for 
 imrcly  benevolent  purposes,  and  for  sustaining  the 
 churches  and  the  ministry,  fl75,352,S66. 
 
 "When  Dr.  Dwight  took  the  Presidency  of  Yale  Col- 
 lege most  of  the  stndcnts  counted  them.«ielves  infidels 
 and  not  a  few  of  them  had  taken  the  names  of  noted  ' 
 French  iutidels,  to  show  their  contempt  for  Chris- 
 tianity.    Now,  in  21  of  our  leading  colleges,  having  j 
 45G2  students,  nearly  one-half  are  professing  Chris- 
 tians, and  more  than  one-half  of  one  of  the  largest 
 classes  in  Yale  College  are  church  members.     Yale  ' 
 College  alone  has  sent  out  over  2000  of  its  graduates  j 
 as  ministers  of  the  go.spel.     And  of  the  364  colleges  I 
 of  the  land,   by  far  the  greater  majority,  perhaps  ' 
 nearly  all,  are  Chri.stian  in  their  influence.     We  have,  ! 
 also,  in  the  United  States,  142  theologiciil  schools,  or 
 seminaries,  the  special  object  of  which  is  to  train  up 
 young  men  to  be  preachers  of  Christianity  and  pastors 
 of  Christian  churches. 
 
 "  In  1804  the  British  and  Foreign  Bible  Society  was 
 organized,  and  the  American  Bible  Society  in  1816; 
 and  the  former  has  circulated  about  9.5,000,000  and 
 tlie  latter  about  40,000,000  copies  of  the  Word  of 
 (n)d;  and,  counting  the  issues  of  other  similar  .socie- 
 ties, some  150,000,000  copies  have  been  issued,  and 
 this  in  226  diflcrent  languages,  into  which  the  Bible 
 has  been  translated.  And  an  establishment  for  the 
 publication  of  cheap  Bibles  now  occupies  the  ground 
 in  Scotland  on  which  stood  the  priory  from  which,  in 
 the  time  of  Henry  VIII,  the  Tope's  legate  published 
 a  bull  against  the  printing  of  the  Scriptures. 
 
 "In  1800  missions  were  comparatively  unknown. 
 Only  fifty  years  ago  there  were  but  502  missionary 
 stations  in  foreign  lands;  now  there  are  5765;  then 
 only  656  ordained  missionaries,  now  6696;  then 
 1256  other  laborers  and  assistants,  now  40,552;  and 
 now  it  is  estimated  that  the  communicants  in  mission 
 churches  are  8.57,332,  the  adherents  1,813,596,  the 
 day  schools  9316,  and  the  pupils  in  them  447,002. 
 
 "In  looking  to  particular  mission.s,  in  India  and 
 China,  for  example,  as  also  in  various  other  countries, 
 we  may  see  the  progress  of  Christianity.  Henry 
 Marty n,  in  his  day,  .said:  'If  I  ever  see  a  Hindoo 
 converted  to  Jesus  Christ,  I  shall  see  something  more 
 nearly  approaching  the  resurrection  of  a  dead  body 
 than  anything  I  have  ever  yet  seen.'  And  now  a 
 leader  of  an  advanced  party  of  cultivated  Hindoos 
 
 says:  '  The  spii-it  of  Christianity  has  pervaded  In- 
 dian society,  and  we  breathe  and  think  and  feel  in  a 
 Christian  atmosphere.'  And  Max  JIUller  declares 
 that  'Hindooism  is  dead;'  and  to  Norman  McLeod 
 he  said:  'From  what  I  know  of  the  Hindoos,  they 
 
 seem  to-day  riper  for  Chri.stianity  than  any  nation 
 that  e\er  accepted  the  gospel.'  The  numlier  of 
 native  Christians  in  India  is  said  to  be  nearly  600,000. 
 And  as  one  of  the  direct  or  indirect  results  of  Chris- 
 tianity in  India  there  are  in  that  country  some 
 26,000  schools,  80  colleges,  and  about  3,000,000 
 pupils. 
 
 "In  1800  there  were  no  Protestant  missions  in 
 China,  and  forty  years  ago  there  were  there  only  fi\e 
 or  six  avowed  converts  to  Christianity.  Now  29  mis- 
 sionary societies  are  at  work  in  that  land,  ha\ing 
 1058  missionaries  and  assistants,  6110  stations  and  out- 
 stiitions,  400  churches,  18,000  communicants,  between 
 300  and  400  Christian  schools,  with  7388  scholars,  20 
 theological  schools,  with  231  students,  16  missionary 
 hospitals,  and  24  dispensaries  to  aid  the  sick  and  suf- 
 fering. And  the  Emperor  of  China  has  ordered  the 
 closing  of  all  the  Buddhist  temples,  and  the  gospel  is 
 freely  preached  in  every  part  of  the  empire. 
 
 "In  Madagasair,  where,  as  late  as  1857,  some 
 2000  persons  were  put  to  death  for  adherence  to  the 
 Christian  faith,  there  are  now  1200  churches,  71,585 
 communicants,  862  schools,  with  43, 904  scholars,  and 
 in  the  past  ten  years  the  native  Christians  there  have 
 given  nearly  $1,000,000  for  the  spread  of  the  gospel. 
 The  number  of  converts  to  Christianity  gathered 
 there  during  35  years  of  missionary  labor  is  computed 
 to  exceed  the  numljer  of  converts  in  the  whole  of  tlie 
 Roman  Empire  during  the  fijst  three  centuries  of  the 
 Christian  era.  , 
 
 "In  1800  the  Sandwich  Islands  were  utterly 
 heathen,  given  up  to  the  most  abominable  licentious 
 and  idohitrous  rites  and  practices.  Now  they  are 
 not  only  Christianized  and  civilized,  but  they  have 
 all  the  appliances  of  Christian  civilization.  In  Hono- 
 lulu there  are  300  telephones  in  use,  and  some  of 
 the  planters  have  been  cutting  their  sugar-cane 
 at  night,  by  the  aid  of  electric  lights.  Their 
 churches  are,  in  some  respects,  in  advance  of  those 
 of  our  own  land.  The  first  missions  in  Japan,  which 
 have  been  so  wonderfully  prosperous,  were  started 
 by  a  contribution  of  |1000  sent  by  the  Christian 
 converts  of  these  Islands. 
 
 "  Wlien  our  missionaries  first  opened  their  schools 
 in  Syria,  they  had  to  litg  parents  to  send  their 
 daughters,  and  as  inducements  to  come,  offered 
 them  both  board  and  tuition  free.  Now  parents  beg 
 missionaries  to  receive  their  daughters,  and  gladly 
 pay  both  for  tuition  and  board.  And  there  are  now 
 7500  girls  in  their  mission  schools,  thoroughly 
 instructed  in  Christianity  and  in  all  that  may  pre- 
 pare them  for  the  future  life. 
 
 "In  1835  the  first  missionaries  landed  in  the  Fiji 
 Islands,  the  people  of  which  were  savage  and  ferocious 
 cannibals,  fighting  among  themselves  continually, 
 fattening  for  slaughter,  to  be  eaten,  the  prisoners  taken 
 in  war,  and  even  digging  up  dead  bodies  to  feast  on 
 them.  They  buried  the  sick  alive,  strangled  the 
 widows,  buried  living  victims  beside  every  post  of  a 
 
CHROXOLOGICAL  TABLE 
 
 11(10 
 
 OF  rHESBYTEKJES. 
 
 chief's  new  house,  compelling  them  to  clasp  it  while 
 the  earth  was  heaped  up  and  trodden  down  upon  their 
 heads.  Now,  in  every  one  of  their  80  inhabited 
 islands  there  is  a  tidy  church  and  a  dwelling-house 
 for  the  minister  or  teacher;  and  in  all  there  are  some 
 9U0  Wesleyau  churches  filled  with  devout  worshipers, 
 the  schools  well  attended  ;  and  the  first  sound  in  the 
 morning  and  the  last  at  night  is  that  of  hymn  sing- 
 ing and  family  prayer,  in  almost  every  dwelling. 
 
 "  As  other  lacts  of  interest,  Tokio,  in  Japan,  has 
 its  twelfth  Presbyterian  church,  the  government 
 daily  paper  advertises  the  Bible  for  sale,  and  a  large 
 convocation  of  Buddhist  priests  has  been  called  at 
 one  of  their  famous  temples,  for  the  purpose  of  abol- 
 ishing the  ancient  rules  forbidding  the  clergy  to 
 marry  or  to  eat  flesh  meat.  And  the  old  .slave  mar- 
 ket in  Zanzibar,  where  formerly  30,000  slaves 
 were  sold  every  year,  has  been  transformed  into  mis- 
 sion premises,  with  a  church,  a  mission-house,  and  a 
 school  where  Christianity  is  taught. 
 
 "Such  are  a  few  of  the  many  evidences  of  the 
 spread  of  Christianity  over  the  earth,  to  say  nothing 
 of  the  fiict  that  more  has  been  done  in  geography, 
 philology,  archaeology  and  ethnology,  and  in  all  that 
 civilizes  as  well  as  Christianizes,  indirectly  by  Chris- 
 tian missionaries,  than  by  all  the  royal  and  national 
 societies  in  the  world  that  devote  themselves  exclu- 
 sively to  these  objects.  Well  does  Lecky,  in  his 
 'History  of  European  Morals,'  say,  'The  highest 
 conception  that  has  been  formed  of  the  .sanctity  of 
 human  life,  the  protection  of  infancy,  the  elevation 
 and  final  emancipation  of  the  slave  classes,  the  sup- 
 pression of  barbarous  games,  the  creation  of  a  vast 
 and  multifarious  organization  of  charity,  and  the 
 education  of  the  imagination  by  the  Christian  type, 
 constitute  together  a  movement  of  philanthropy 
 which  has  never  been  paralleled  or  approached  in  the 
 pagan  world.'  And  well  may  we  say,  with  another, 
 that '  the  principles  and  practices  and  ideals  which  are 
 the  richest  inheritance  of  the  race  have  been  either  im- 
 planted or  stimulated  or  supported  by  Christianity. ' 
 
 "They  are,  as  the  .same  writer  says,  such  as  these: 
 '  Respect  for  woman  and  for  the  poorest  and  weakest ; 
 the  duty  of  the  prosperous  and  fortunate  to  help  the 
 unfortunate;  humanity  to  the  child,  the  jirisouer,  the 
 poor,  the  needy,  the  stranger,  and  even  the  brute; 
 opposition  to  every  form  of  cruelty,  oppression  and 
 slavery;  the  duty  of  personal  purity  and  the  sacred- 
 uess  of  marriage;  the  obligation  of  temperance  and 
 the  right  of  all  to  freedom,  intelligence  and  equal 
 political  and  social  privileges,  and  to  worship  God 
 according  to  the  dictates  of  an  enlightened  conscience. 
 All  these  princiiiles  Christianity  inculcates.  All 
 these  great  ends  Christianity  has,  to  a  wide  extent, 
 gained,  and  is  more  and  more  gaining  every  day. 
 And  if  everywhere  received  and  acted  on,  they  would 
 make  every  man  a  happy  man  and  the  wide  world  a 
 happy  world.' " 
 
 "  Christian,"  Origin  of  the  Name.  The 
 Greek  ■/./nirz-tavt)';  is  a  transliteration  of  the  Latin 
 Cltristianus,  the  nickname  meaning,  "partisan  of 
 Christ, ' '  given  by  the  people  of  Autioch  to  the  believers 
 in  the  new  religion  brought  there  by  those  driven  from 
 Jerusalem  by  the  persecution  after  Stephen's  death 
 (Acts  xi,  19,  2G).  The  name  may  liave  been  given  in 
 ridicule,  for  the  Antiochians  were  known  for  tlu-ir 
 ■scurrilous  wit;  but  the  tiyie  had  come  for  naming, 
 in  some  popular,  intelligible  way,  those  who  were  in 
 religion  neither  Gentiles  nor  Jews.  The  name  arose, 
 probably,  in  the  mistiike  that  Christ  was  a  proper 
 name;  nevertheless,  it  was  the  fittest,  most  honorable 
 possible;  it  expres.sed  the  distinguishing  features  of 
 the  Christian  religion.  It  is  a  Person,  not  a  system  of 
 ethics  or  of  divinity;  it  is  a  Life,  not  a  thought;  it  is, 
 moreover,  Christ,  the  Messiah,  the  Son  of  God,  whose 
 paitisans  we  are,  not  Jcstis,  the  Son  of  man,  a  name 
 common  among  the  Jews.  The  form  of  the  name  is 
 suggestive.  It  is  a  combination  of  the  two  wide- 
 spread languages,  Greek  and  Latin,  reminding  us 
 that  Christianity  desires  not  concealment,  but  pub- 
 licity, and  prophesying  that  in  all  tongues  the  name 
 of  Christ  shall  be  heard. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL,    TABLE    OF   PRESBYTERIES. 
 
 There  are,  probably,  some  slight  inaccuracies  in  the  following  table  (taken  from  "  Baird's  Digest "),  as,  in  some  instjicces,  the  facts  are 
 predicated  upon  defective  reports.Jf  Tlie  figtires  prefixed  indicate  the  order  of  seniority  among  the  existing  Presbyteries;  those  annexed, 
 the  number  of  ministers  originally  composing  them  severally;  those  marked  with  an  asterisk  were  erected  by  the  General  .\ssembly,  and 
 usually  have  six  mouths'  precedence  of  those  of  the  same  year  erected  by  the  Synods.  The  letters  occasionally  occurring  refer  to  notes 
 at  the  foot  of  the  page.  Tlie  dates  of  the  erection  of  other  Presbyteries,  berond  the  point  to  which  this  table  extends,  will  generally  be 
 found  in  their  sketches,  elsewhere  given. 
 
 YEAR   OF 
 ORIGIN. 
 
 NAMES   OF    PRESBYTERIES. 
 
 1716 
 
 1. 
 
 Philadelphia.                  , 
 
 1710 
 
 •2. 
 
 New  Castle.                     1 
 
 1716 
 
 Snow  Hill,  Md.  {«).       ( 
 
 1716 
 
 Long  Island  (1).             -' 
 
 1732 
 
 Donegal. 
 
 1733 
 
 East  Jersey. 
 
 1735 
 
 Lewes. 
 
 1738 
 
 3. 
 
 New  York. 
 
 I'llESBYTERIES    OUT    OF    WHICH    FORMED. 
 
 Created  by  the  subdivision  of 
 the  General  Presbytery. 
 
 New  Castle. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 New  Castle. 
 
 Union  of  E.  Jersey  and  Long  Isl. 
 
 PARENT   SYNOU. 
 
 nissoi.u- 
 
 j      TION. 
 
 1717 
 1738 
 1786 
 1738 
 
 1838 
 
 (a).  Snow  Hill,  as  erected,  consisted  of  three  members.'of  whom  one  died  witliin  the  year,  and  the  Presbytery  thus  became  extiD.:u 
 
CURUSOLOGICAL  TABLE 
 
 1101 
 
 OF  PRF.SlRYrERIES. 
 
 TFAB  AF 
 UUIOIK. 
 
 XAVES  OF  PKEgBVTERIEII. 
 
 PBESBYTEKIES  OITT  OF  WHICH   FORHED. 
 
 nzH 
 
 4. 
 
 Xew  Brunswick. 
 
 Xew  York  and  Philadelphia. 
 
 1748 
 
 ^iiillolk. 
 
 See  Book  Yl,  '/.  9(>. 
 
 1751 
 
 .Vhington. 
 
 New  Brunswick. 
 
 1755 
 
 I  lanover. 
 
 New  CiLStle. 
 
 17G-2 
 
 Sfcoiul  I'hiliuielphia  (1). 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 17<J5 
 
 Carlisle  (1). 
 
 Donegal. 
 
 1765 
 
 l,am:i.ster,  I'a. 
 
 Union  ol'  New  Ca.stle&  Donegal. 
 
 1766 
 
 Dutchess,  Jt.  y. 
 
 See  Book  YI,  I  »"• 
 
 1770 
 
 5. 
 
 Urange. 
 
 Hanover. 
 
 1781 
 
 6. 
 
 Hedstone. 
 
 Missionaries. 
 
 17.S4 
 
 South  Carolina. 
 
 Orange.                                              | 
 
 1785 
 
 Abinpilon. 
 
 Hanover. 
 
 1786 
 
 i . 
 
 Transylvania,  5. 
 
 Abingdon. 
 
 1786 
 
 8. 
 
 Lcxinfcton,  12. 
 
 Hanover. 
 
 1786 
 
 9. 
 
 Baltimore,  6.                    1 
 
 Division  of  Donegal. 
 
 1786 
 
 10. 
 
 Carlisle  (2),  22.              )' 
 
 1790 
 
 11. 
 
 Albany,  7.                        5. 
 
 Division  of  Suffolk. 
 
 1790 
 
 12. 
 
 Lon>;  Island,  12.              ) 
 
 1793   , 
 
 13. 
 
 The  Ohio,  5. 
 
 Redstone. 
 
 1794 
 
 14. 
 
 Huntinfiilon,  10. 
 
 Carlisle. 
 
 1794 
 
 15. 
 
 Wlnehester,  5. 
 
 Lexington. 
 
 1795 
 
 16. 
 
 Hudson,  7. 
 
 Dutihe.-vs  and  New  York. 
 
 1795 
 
 17. 
 
 Coneord,  N.  C,  12. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 17})6 
 
 18. 
 
 Hopewell,  5. 
 
 South  Carolina. 
 
 1797 
 
 Union,  N.  C,  5. 
 
 Abingdon. 
 
 1799 
 
 19. 
 
 W.  Lexinf^ton,  Ky.,  9. 
 
 Transylvania. 
 
 1799 
 
 20. 
 
 Washington,  1  _ 
 Chillicothe,    / 
 
 Transylvania. 
 
 1821 
 
 Name  changed. 
 
 1799 
 
 Fii-st  S.  'Carolina,  10. 
 
 •  Division  of  South  Carolina. 
 
 1799 
 
 21. 
 
 Second  S.  Carolina,  )  j;^ 
 South  Carolina,         ) 
 
 1810 
 
 Name  changed.                             ! 
 
 1800 
 
 Greenville,  Tenu.,  4. 
 
 Abingdon.                                      | 
 
 1801 
 
 22. 
 
 Erie,  Pa.,  5. 
 
 Redstone  and  Ohio. 
 
 1S02 
 
 23! 
 
 Columbia,*  3. 
 
 Albany,  N.  Y. 
 
 1802 
 
 Uncida,*  (!. 
 
 "            ,1 
 
 1802 
 
 Cumberland,  Ky.,  11. 
 
 Transylvania. 
 
 1805 
 
 Geneva,  N.  Y. 
 
 Oneida. 
 
 1808 
 
 24. 
 
 Hartford,  1  „ 
 Beaver,      /  "• 
 
 Eric. 
 
 1833 
 
 Name  changed. 
 
 1808 
 
 24. 
 
 Ivjincaster,  0  \  - 
 Zanesville,     /  '  ' 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1843 
 
 Name  changed. 
 
 1H09 
 
 25. 
 
 Londonderry,  11. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 I'^OO 
 
 Middle  Association,  18. 
 
 .See  Book  YI,  ?  116- 
 
 1809 
 
 Jersey,  26. 
 
 New  York. 
 
 1809 
 
 26. 
 
 Harmonv,  4. 
 
 First  South  Carolina. 
 
 1810 
 
 Cayuga, "N.  Y.,  8.           > 
 
 Division  of  the  Middle  Asso- 
 
 1810 
 
 Onondaga,  12.                  1 
 
 ciation. 
 
 1810 
 
 West  Tennessee,  4. 
 
 Transylvania. 
 
 1810 
 
 27. 
 
 Muhlenberg,  Ky,  9. 
 
 41 
 
 1810 
 
 28. 
 
 Miami.  O.,  5. 
 
 Washington,  O. 
 
 1811 
 
 29. 
 
 Northumberland,  Pa.,  5. 
 
 1812 
 
 30. 
 
 Favetteville,  X.  C,  9. 
 
 Orange. 
 
 1814 
 
 Grand  Kiver,  O.,  4. 
 
 Hartford. 
 
 1814 
 
 Champlain,  7, 
 
 1815 
 
 31. 
 
 Louisville. 
 
 Transylvania. 
 
 1815 
 
 32. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 West  Tenne.ss<-e. 
 
 1815 
 
 Shiloh. 
 
 W.  Teimes-seeand  JIuhlenbcrg. 
 
 1816 
 
 St.  Lawrence,  X.  Y.,  1  - 
 
 Oneida. 
 
 1828 
 
 Watertown,                  J 
 
 Name  clianged. 
 
 1817 
 
 Niagara,  3. 
 
 Geneva. 
 
 1817 
 
 Ontario,  X.  Y.,  19. 
 
 (( 
 
 1817 
 
 B.ath,  N.  Y.,  6. 
 
 (( 
 
 1817 
 
 33. 
 
 Kichland,  C,  6. 
 
 Lancaster. 
 
 1817 
 
 34. 
 
 Newton,  N.  J. 
 
 New  Brunswick. 
 
 1818 
 
 Portage,  O.,  7. 
 
 Grand  River. 
 
 1818 
 
 35. 
 
 Miss<iuri. 
 
 1819 
 
 Otsego,  N.  Y..  7. 
 
 Oneida. 
 
 Genes,see,  X.  Y. 
 
 Ont;irio. 
 
 Rochest<-r,  X.  Y.,  8. 
 
 " 
 
 '  36. 
 
 Steubenville,  8. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 rAUk.M   M.\ul>. 
 
 ;DI6flOI.U- 
 TIUN. 
 
 1790 
 1758 
 1829 
 1786 
 1766 
 1766 
 1796 
 
 1799 
 1838 
 
 New  Y'ork  and  New  Jersey. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 New  York  and  New  .Jersey. 
 
 Caroliuas. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 Carol  inas. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 New  Y'ork  and  New  Jersey. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 New  York  and  New  Jersey. 
 
 Carolinas. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Carolinas. 
 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Albany. 
 Geneva. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 New  York  and  New  .lersey. 
 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Geneva. 
 
 1838 
 
 1810 
 
 1804 
 
 1837 
 1806 
 1837 
 
 1810 
 1824 
 1837 
 1837 
 
 1849 
 
 1838 
 
 1838 
 
 I1837 
 
 1837 
 1837 
 1837 
 
 1837 
 
 1837 
 1837 
 1837 
 
 Pittsburg. 
 
CHRUXOLUairAL  TABLE 
 
 1102 
 
 OF  I'liESBYTERIEti. 
 
 YEAIl   01 
 
 NAMES   OF   PRESBYTERIES. 
 
 PRESBYTERIES   OUT   OF   WHICH    FORMED. 
 
 1                               PARENT   SYNOD. 
 
 DISSOLU- 
 TION. 
 
 37.  Wa-shington,  Pa.,  9. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 1820 
 
 38.  Troy,  N.  Y. 
 
 39.  North  RivcT. 
 
 Columbia. 
 Hudson. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 40.  Allegheny,  I'a. 
 
 Erie. 
 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 41.   Ebenezer,  Ky. 
 
 West  Lexington. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 1821 
 
 42.  Susquehanna,  Pa. 
 
 New  Jersey. 
 
 1821 
 
 43.  Columbus,  0. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1821 
 
 44.  Alabama.                        1 
 
 1826 
 
 .South  Alabama.             ( 
 
 .Name  changed. 
 
 South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 
 
 1821 
 
 45.   Georgia. 
 
 Hopewell. 
 
 ii.              t.             .( 
 
 1821 
 
 4(j.  Cincinnati. 
 
 Miami. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1821 
 
 Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  1    . 
 
 Champlain. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 1837 
 
 1829 
 
 St.  Lawrence.              j   '' 
 
 Name  changed. 
 
 1822 
 
 47.  Second  New  York. 
 
 Associate  Eeformed. 
 
 1822 
 
 Second  Philadelphia,  2. 
 
 ((                ii 
 
 1825 
 
 1822 
 
 O.swego,  N.  Y.,  5. 
 
 Oneida. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 1837 
 
 1822 
 
 48.  Athens,  0. 
 
 Lancaster. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1823 
 
 Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
 
 Niagara. 
 
 Genessee. 
 
 1837 
 
 1823 
 
 District  ol'  Columbia. 
 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 1838 
 
 1823 
 
 Huron,  O. 
 
 Portage. 
 
 Pittsburgh. 
 
 1837 
 
 1823 
 
 49.  vSalem,  la.                         ■( 
 
 Louisville. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 1848 
 
 New  Albany.                  )' 
 
 Name  changed. 
 
 1823 
 
 50.  Charleston  Union.          \ 
 
 South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 
 
 1839 
 
 Charleston.                      J 
 
 Name  changed. 
 
 1824 
 1824 
 
 51.  Newark,  N.  J.,  20. 
 
 52.  Elizabethtown,  17. 
 
 \  Division  of  Jersey. 
 
 New  Jersey. 
 
 1824 
 
 53.   North  Alabama,  9. 
 
 South  Carolina  and  Cicorgia. 
 
 1824 
 
 Meclilenburg,  N.  C,  8. 
 
 Concord. 
 
 North  Carolina. 
 
 1828 
 
 1824 
 
 54.  Bethel,  S.  C,  8. 
 
 (1 
 
 1825 
 
 Cortland,  N.  Y. 
 
 Onondaga. 
 
 Geneva. 
 
 1837 
 
 1825 
 
 French  Broad,  Tenn. 
 
 Union. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 1838 
 
 1825 
 
 55.   Madison,  la. 
 
 Salem. 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 1825 
 
 56.  AVabash,  la.                    ) 
 
 (1 
 
 (i 
 
 1830 
 
 Vincennes.                       ) 
 
 Name  changed. 
 
 1825 
 
 Newburyport,  Ma.ss. 
 
 Londonderry. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 1838 
 
 1826 
 
 Chenango,  N.  Y.,  11. 
 
 Otsego,  and  other.s. 
 
 " 
 
 1837 
 
 1826 
 
 Detroit,  Mich.,  5. 
 
 Western  Reserve. 
 
 1838 
 
 57.   Holston,  Tenn.,  7. 
 
 Abingdon. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 1827 
 
 Trumbull,  0.,  11. 
 
 Grand  Kiver. 
 
 Western  Reserve. 
 
 1837 
 
 1828 
 
 Angelica,  N.  Y.,  6. 
 
 Bath. 
 
 Geneva. 
 
 1837 
 
 1828 
 
 Centre  of  Illinois,  10. 
 
 Wabash. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 1830 
 
 1828 
 
 .58.   Tombigbee,  Miss.,  7. 
 
 Missionaries  to  the  Indians. 
 
 West  Tennessee. 
 
 1829 
 
 59.  Bedford,  N.  Y.,  12. 
 
 North  River  and  others. 
 
 New  Y'ork. 
 
 1829 
 
 Tioga,  N.  Y.,  11. 
 
 Cayuga. 
 
 Geneva. 
 
 1837 
 
 1829 
 
 60.  Oxford,  O.,  11. 
 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1829 
 
 61.   Crawfordsville,  la.,  9. 
 
 Wabash. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 1829 
 
 62.  East  Hanover,  12. 
 
 \  Division  of  Hanover,  Va. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 1829 
 
 63.   West  Hanover,  21. 
 
 1829 
 
 64.   ■\Vestorn  District,  5. 
 
 We.st  Tennessee. 
 
 West  Tennessee. 
 
 1830 
 
 Third  New  York,  1.5. 
 
 New  York. 
 
 New  Y'ork. 
 
 1838 
 
 1830 
 
 65.  Blairsville,  Pa.,  13. 
 
 Redstone. 
 
 Pitt.sburg. 
 
 1830 
 
 Cleveland,  O.,  14. 
 
 Huron. 
 
 Western  Reserve. 
 
 1837 
 
 1830 
 
 66.  Indianapolis,  la.,  7. 
 
 Madison  and  Crawfordsville. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 1830 
 
 Illinoi.s,  10.                     ^ 
 
 67.  Kaskaskia,  7. 
 
 68.  Sangamon,  5.                   J 
 
 (1 
 
 1838 
 
 1830 
 
 Divi.sion  of  Centre  of  Illinois.  ' 
 
 a 
 
 1830 
 
 li 
 
 1831 
 
 Delaware,  N.  Y.,  8. 
 
 Chenango. 
 
 Geneva. 
 
 1837 
 
 1831 
 
 69.  St.  Louis,  5. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 1831 
 
 St.  Charles,  5. 
 
 (( 
 
 (( 
 
 1840 
 
 IKU 
 
 Tabor,  Ky.,  7. 
 
 Ebenezer  and  others. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 1834 
 
 1831 
 1832 
 
 Clinton,  Miss.,  6. 
 Second    I'hiladeli)bia*  ] 
 (.\ssemblv's),  l(i.         \ 
 Third  Philadelphia.      j 
 
 Mississippi. 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Mississippi  and  S.  Alabama. 
 
 1849 
 1837  . 
 
 1834 
 
 Name  (banged. 
 
 1832 
 
 Second  Long  Island,  7. 
 
 Ijong  Island. 
 
 New  York. 
 
 1841 
 
 1832 
 1S33 
 
 Montrose,  Pa.,  10. 
 70.   Schuyler,  111.,  5. 
 
 Sus(|uehann;i. 
 
 Illinois  and  Sangamon. 
 
 New  Jersey. 
 Illinois. 
 
 1838 
 
 I>!33 
 
 71.    Palestine,  111.,  5.                 1 
 
 Crawfordsvilli-  and  Kaskaskia. 
 
 a 
 
 1833 
 
 72.  Second      Philadelphia 
 
 (Synodical),  11. 
 
 I'hiladelphia. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
CHNOXOLOGICAL  TABLE 
 
 1103 
 
 OF  FRESBYTEBIEfi. 
 
 r 
 
 » 
 
 DISSOLC- 
 
 TEAE  or' 
 
 NAMES  OF  PRESBVTF-ltlES. 
 
 rRF.SBVTERIES   OUT   OF    WHICH    FOBMED. 
 
 PARENT   SYNOD. 
 
 Tins. 
 
 ontoi.N. 
 
 1833 
 1833 
 
 Wilmington,  Del.,  10. 
 73.  Uooil  Hope,  Gii.,  \  .^^ 
 Flint  KivtT,           j      ■      1 
 
 New  Castle. 
 Hopewell. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 
 
 1838 
 
 1835 
 
 Name  changed. 
 
 1838 
 1838 
 
 18:33 
 
 St.  Jo.sepli's,  Mich.,  4. 
 
 Detroit,  8. 
 
 Western  Reserve. 
 
 Li 
 
 1833 
 
 Monroe,  Mich.,  7.             i 
 
 ' 
 
 1838 
 
 1834 
 
 Ottawa,  111, 
 
 Sangamon  and  Schuyler. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 183-t 
 
 74.  Nashville,  Tenu. 
 
 West  Tennessee. 
 
 West  Tennessee. 
 
 1834 
 
 75.  Arkansas  (a). 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Mississippi  and  S.  Alabama. 
 
 1834 
 
 7G.  Tu.scaloosa,  Ala. 
 
 South  Alaljama. 
 
 1834 
 
 77.  Wooster,  0. 
 
 Richland. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1835 
 
 78.   Marion,  O.,  8. 
 
 Columbus. 
 
 1835 
 1835 
 
 79.  Logansport,  la.,  5. 
 Koanoke,  7. 
 
 Crawtordsville. 
 Orange. 
 
 Indiana. 
 North  Caroliua. 
 
 1839 
 1840 
 
 1835 
 
 Morganton,  N.  C,  5. 
 
 Concord. 
 
 1835 
 
 80.  Amit«,        "1  _ 
 Louisiana,  j 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 1836 
 
 Name  of  Amite  changed. 
 
 1837 
 1837 
 1837 
 
 1836 
 
 Chemung,  X.  Y.,  14. 
 
 Bath. 
 
 Geneva. 
 
 1836 
 
 Maumee,  O. 
 
 Western  Reserve. 
 
 1836     ; 
 
 Loraine,  O. 
 
 ti             i( 
 
 1837 
 
 1836     1 
 
 Medina,  .0.,  10. 
 
 1836 
 
 81.  Sidney,  O.,  7. 
 
 Miami. 
 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 1836 
 1836 
 
 82.   Peoria,  III.,  7. 
 Alton,  111. 
 
 Illinois. 
 Illinois. 
 
 1838 
 
 1837 
 
 83.  Greeabriar,  Va.,  10. 
 
 Lexington. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 1841 
 
 1838 
 
 Caledonia,  N.  Y.,  8. 
 
 Disowned  Synods. 
 
 New  Jersey. 
 
 1838 
 
 84.  New  Lisbon,  0.,  8. 
 
 Beaver. 
 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 1838 
 
 85.  St.  Clairsville,  O.,  12. 
 
 Steubenville. 
 
 t' 
 
 1838 
 
 86.   Ogdensburgh,  N.  Y.,  3. 
 
 Disowned  Synods. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 1839 
 
 87.  AVest  Jersey,  12. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 88.  Karitan,  N.  J.,  9. 
 
 Newton. 
 
 New  Jer.sey. 
 
 1840 
 
 89.  Florida. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 South  Carolina  and  CJeorgia. 
 
 1840 
 
 90.  Michigan,  3. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 1840 
 
 91.  Palmyra,  Mo.,  9. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 1840 
 
 92.  Iowa,' 6. 
 
 Schuyler. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 1840 
 
 93.  Indian,  I.  Ter.  {b). 
 
 Arkansa.s. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 1841 
 
 94.  Lodiana*  (c),  4.              ) 
 
 t 
 
 1841 
 
 95.  Furrukhabad,*  4. 
 
 The  Missions  in  Northern  India. 
 
 1841 
 
 96.   Allahabad,*  6. 
 
 1841 
 
 97.  Holly Springs,Miss.,  1  ,, 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 1843 
 
 Chickasaw.                    1 
 
 Name  changed. 
 
 1841 
 
 98.  Clarion,  Pa.,  6. 
 
 Allegheny. 
 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 i 
 
 1841 
 
 99.   East  Alabama,  1 1 . 
 
 South  Alabama. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 1853 
 1853 
 
 1842 
 
 Steuben,  N.  Y.,  7.          \ 
 
 Division  of  Caledonia. 
 
 New  Jersey. 
 
 1842 
 
 AVvomiug,  N.  \'.,  12.     ( 
 
 1842 
 
 100.  Donegal,  Pa.,  12. 
 
 New  Castle. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 1842 
 
 101.   Lake,  la.,  6. 
 
 1  Logansport. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 1843 
 
 102.  Luzerne,  Pa.,  9. 
 
 Susquehanna  and  others. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 1843 
 
 103.  Cherokee,  Ga.,  4. 
 
 \  Flint  River. 
 
 South  Carolina  and  Georgia. 
 
 1843 
 
 104.  Montgomery,  Va.,  14. 
 
 Lexington. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 1843 
 
 105.   Potosi,  Mo.,  5. 
 
 St.  Louis. 
 
 Mis.souri. 
 
 1843 
 
 106.   Upper  Mis.souri,  4. 
 
 Mis.souri. 
 
 " 
 
 1843 
 
 107.   Coshocton.  O.,  9. 
 
 j  Wooster. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1843 
 
 il08.  Hocking,  0.,  5. 
 
 Lanciister. 
 
 (i 
 
 i 
 
 1844 
 
 ,109.  Buftalo  City,  12. 
 
 ;  Wyoming. 
 
 Buffalo. 
 
 '     1845 
 
 1844 
 
 New  Orleans,  5. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 .  Missi.ssippi. 
 
 1844 
 
 110.   FortWavne,  la. 
 
 Logansport. 
 
 Northern  Indiana. 
 
 1844 
 
 111.  Brazos  (d). 
 
 j  Mission  in  Texas. 
 
 1847 
 
 1845 
 
 Bowling  Green,  Kv.,  10 
 
 I  Transylvania  and  Louisville. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 1846 
 
 112.   Rock  River,  111.,  (i. 
 
 Schuyler. 
 
 I  Illinois. 
 
 1846 
 
 113.    Knoxville,  Tenn.,  5. 
 
 Holston. 
 
 West  Tennessee. 
 
 1S51 
 
 1 
 
 1846 
 
 Wisconsin,*  9. 
 
 Jlissionaries. 
 
 1 
 
 1848 
 
 114.  Ningpo,*4. 
 
 1  Missionaries  in  China. 
 
 1 
 
 (a).  The  Presbytiry  of  .Vrkansas  wiis  erected  in  18:!4,  consisting  of  five  members.  In  1842  the  Synod  of  Mississippi,  finding  thiit  it 
 had  failed  of  a  quorum  for  several  years,  and  that  but  two  members  remained,  reorganized  it,  by  setting  oft  two  additional  memljers  to  it, 
 aud  ordering  a  meeting  at  Little  Rock,  on  Friday  before  tlie  first  Sabbath  of  January,  1843. 
 
 (6).  Tlie  Presbytery  of  Indian  is  composed  of  the  Missions  of  the  .\mericau  Board  in  the  Indian  Territory. 
 
 (c).  Lodiana  Presbytery  was  constituted  by  the  members,  under  the  act  of  the  .Assembly  to  that  effect.     Book  V,  ?  12»,  a. 
 
 (rf1.  The  Presbytery  of  Brazos  was  formed  in  tlie  same  manner  as  that  of  Lodiana,  and  upon  application  received  under  the  care 
 tif  the  Synod  Iff  Mississippi,  in  1845. 
 
CLAUK. 
 
 1104 
 
 CLARKE. 
 
 YEAR  OF 
 ORIOIS. 
 
 NAMES  OF  PRESBYTERIES. 
 
 PRESBVTERIES  ODT  OF  WHICH  FORMEli. 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 PARENT    SYNOD. 
 
 DISSOLU- 
 TION. 
 
 1848 
 
 115. 
 
 Canton,*  3. 
 
 Jlissionaries  in  China. 
 
 1848 
 
 Western  Africa,'^  3. 
 
 Missionaries  in  Libeuia. 
 
 185-2 
 
 1848 
 
 116. 
 
 Creek  Natfon,  1.  Ter.,* 3. 
 
 Missionaries  to  the  Indians. 
 
 1848 
 
 117. 
 
 Mnncie,  la.,  3. 
 
 Indianapolis. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 1848 
 
 118. 
 
 Whitewater,  la.,  12. 
 
 1848 
 
 119. 
 
 Washit;i,  Ark.,  5. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Memphis. 
 
 1849 
 
 1-20. 
 
 California,*  4. 
 
 Missionaries. 
 
 1849 
 
 1-21. 
 
 Nebraska,*  (rt)  3. 
 
 Missionaries  to  the  Indians. 
 
 1849 
 
 122. 
 
 Burlington,  N.  J.,  6. 
 
 West  Jer.sey. 
 
 New  Jersey. 
 
 1849 
 
 Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  l(i. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 xVlbany. 
 
 1850 
 
 1849 
 
 1-23. 
 1-24. 
 
 Maury,  Tenn.,  8.           ) 
 Tuscumbia,  Ala.,  4.       ) 
 
 Division  of  West  Tennessee. 
 
 We.st  Teunes-see. 
 
 1850 
 
 1-24. 
 
 Connecticut,  7. 
 
 New  Y'ork. 
 
 New  York. 
 
 1850 
 
 1-25. 
 
 Ea.stern  Shore,  M(l.,  5. 
 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 1850 
 
 1-2G. 
 
 Findley,  0.,  7. 
 
 Maumee. 
 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 1850 
 
 1-27. 
 
 Cedar,  7. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 1850 
 
 1-28. 
 
 Mohawk,  X.  Y.,  7.  ' 
 
 Albany. 
 
 Albany. 
 
 1850 
 
 1-29. 
 
 Eastern  Texas,  5. 
 
 Brazos. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 1850 
 
 130. 
 
 Western  Texas,  5. 
 
 " 
 
 ( . 
 
 1850 
 
 131. 
 
 Memphis,  Tenn.,  11. 
 
 Western  District. 
 
 Jlemphis. 
 
 1851 
 
 132. 
 
 Oregon,*  3. 
 
 '  Mis.sionaries. 
 
 1851 
 
 133. 
 
 Dane,*  10.                       ") 
 
 1851 
 
 134. 
 
 Milwaukee,*  12.             [ 
 
 Division  of  Wisconsin. 
 
 1851 
 
 135. 
 
 Winnebago,*  7.              J 
 
 1851 
 
 136. 
 
 Talladega,  8. 
 
 East  Alabama. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 1851 
 
 137. 
 
 Rochester  City,  N.Y.,  8. 
 
 Buffalo  City. 
 
 Buflalo. 
 
 1851 
 
 138. 
 
 Chicago,  111.,  10. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 1851 
 
 139. 
 
 Des  Moines,  5. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 - ' 
 
 185-2 
 
 140. 
 
 Stockton,  Cal,*  3. 
 
 California  and  others. 
 
 185-2 
 
 141. 
 
 Passaic,  N.  J.,  17. 
 
 Elizabethtown. 
 
 New  Jersey. 
 
 1853 
 
 142. 
 
 Red  River. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 1853 
 
 143. 
 
 Paducah,  Ky.,  5. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 1853 
 
 144. 
 
 Allegheny  City,  17. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 ■  I'ittsburg. 
 
 1853 
 
 14.5. 
 
 Central  Texas,  4. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 1853 
 
 146. 
 
 Genessee  River,  16. 
 
 Union  of  Steuben  &  AVyoming. 
 
 Bulialo. 
 
 (a)  Nebraska  Presbytery  was  constituted  by  tbe  members,  under  the  act  of  Assembly  to  that  effect.    Book  V,  §  128,  a. 
 
 Clark,  Rev.  John,  was  born  in  the  year  1718,  I 
 as  is  sujiposed,  in  New  Jersey.  He  graduated  at 
 Nassau  Hall,  Princeton,  in  1759,  and  when  licensed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  May  9th,  1760, 
 was  sent  to  supply  the  churches  of  Tehickeu,  Allen- 
 town  and  Upper  Mount  Bethel.  He  was  ordained  by 
 the  same  Presbytery,  as  an  evangelist,  April  29th, 
 1761,  and  directed  to  supply  the  churches  of  Oxford, 
 New  Jersey,  and  Sraithfield,  on  the  Forks  of  tha  Del- 
 aware, ill  Pennsylvania.  October  13th,  17()2,  he  was 
 installed  over  the  two  congregations  of  the  Forks. 
 On  November  3d,  1707,  he  resigned  this  pastoral  re- 
 lation ;  on  December  27th,  1769,  accepted  a  call  to 
 Bethel  Church,  in  Upper  Node  Forest,  Baltimore 
 county,  of  which  he  continued  pastor  until  1775, 
 when  the  relation  was  dissolved.  He,  however,  re- 
 mained at  Bethel,  as  a  stated  supply,  till  1781,  when 
 he  removed  to  the  West.  In  this  year  he  became  a 
 supply,  and  shortly  after  the  pastor,  of  tlie  united 
 congregations  of  Bethel  and  Lebanon,  at  that  time 
 under  the  care  of  the  Presbytery  of  Redstone.  At 
 the  era  of  this  settlement  Mr.  Clark  was  past  the 
 meridian  of  life,  and  of  very  feeble  health,  and  was 
 in  appearance  grave,  sedate  and  venerable ;  and  as  a 
 preacher,   solemn   and   impressive.      He   died,   July 
 
 13th,  1797.  What  was  called  the  "Whiskey  Insur- 
 rection" occurred,  in  part,  in  the  bounds  of  his  con- 
 gregations, and  when  the  attack  was  about  to  be  made 
 on  General  Neville's  hou.se,  by  five  hundred  of  the 
 insurgents,  he,  as  a  man  of  God,  besought  them  to 
 desist.  Ill  1787  an  extensive  revival  of  religion  took 
 place  under  Mr.  Clark's  ministry.  He  was  the  Nes- 
 tor of  the  Presbytery  of  Red.stone. 
 
 Clarke,  Mrs.  Sarah  K.,  of  Utlea,  N.  Y.,  was 
 early  widowed,  and  left  to  provide  for  herself  and 
 her  family.  She  opened  a  .school,  and  acquired  such 
 repuie  iis  a  teacher,  that  when  the  Fir.st  Church  Sun- 
 day school  first  filled  the  ofiice  of  female  superinten- 
 dent, she  reluctantly  consented  to  take  the  place. 
 Dr.  M.  M.  Bagg  describes  her  as  "so  masculine  in 
 her  understanding,  and  so  feminine  in  her  in.stincts 
 and  lo\'eliness,  as  to  be  the  truest,  best  picture  of  a 
 'strong-minded  woman.'  "  "  I  have  no  more  distinct 
 recollection  of  my  mother,"  Hovey  K.  Clarke,  Esq., 
 1  of  Detroit,  remarks,  "  than  that  of  her  standing  at 
 the  side  of  the  desk  in  the  Session  room  and  conduct- 
 ing the  closing  exercises  of  the  school.  She  continued 
 in  this  service  as  long  as  she  lived.  My  last  recol- 
 lection of  her  in  health  is  in  consultation  with  Mr. 
 Parmelee,    a   few   days  before   the   fourth   of  July, 
 
CLELAND. 
 
 1105 
 
 COON. 
 
 1827,  about  the  :ipproaehing  celebration  of  that  day 
 by  the  Sabbath  schools  of  the  village."  Her  spirit 
 in  the  work  she  performed  is  indicated  by  the  fol- 
 lowing paper,  written  hastily,  on  tlie  occasion  of  the 
 last  Concert  of  Prayer  for  Sunday  schools,  as  it  so 
 happened,  that  she  attended: — 
 
 'Utica,  June  4tli,  1827. 
 "This  evening  attended  the  Saljbnth  school  Monthly  Cncert; 
 heard  much  interesting  intelligence,  and  much  to  call  forth  the 
 sympathies  and  prayers  of  every  feeling  heart,  on  beh..ldiug  the 
 moral  desolation,  the  vice  and  ignorance,  which  pervade  a  great 
 portion  of  our  country.  Now,  0  my  Saviour,  let  the  suhjcct  of 
 Sabhath  schools  rest  with  deep  weight  on  my  heart.  By  the  grace 
 of  God  assisting  me,  during  the  present  month,  I  will  endeavor, 
 1st,  to  make  Sabbath  schools  more  a  subject  of  special  prayer  ;  •2d, 
 to  enlist  my  friends  and  acquaintances  more  in  the  cause :  and  3d, 
 to  b«  more  faithful  in  my  duties  in  the  school,  and  try  to  malie  the 
 exercises  more  interesting  and  profitable,  both  to  scholars  and 
 visitors.  And  now,  0  Lord,  Thou  who  dost  witness  these,  my  reso- 
 lutions, grant  me  grace  to  put  them  into  practice,  and  Thou  shalt 
 have  all  tlie  glory." 
 
 She  died  in  the  midst  of  her  work,  1827,  and 
 "great  lamentation  was  made  over"  her.  As  her 
 last  labors  were  given  to  the  school,  so  her  last  words 
 were  addressed  to  it:  "Give  my  love  to  the  teachers. 
 I  liope  they  will  feel  their  responsibility,  and  be 
 faitliful."  The  message,  printed  on  a  card  with  a 
 mourning  border,  was  suspended  on  the  walls  of  the 
 school  room,  and  a  copy,  with  appropriate  Scriptures 
 annexed,  was  gi\-en  to  every  teacher  and  scholar. 
 
 Cleland,  Thomas  Horace,  D.D.,was  born  in 
 Mercy  county,  Ky.,  December  lOth,  1816.     He  was 
 the  second  ministerial  son  of  Thomas  Cleland,  d.d., 
 whose  fame  is  in  all  the  churches  of  Kentucky.     He 
 spent  five  years  at  Centre  College,  Danville,  Ky.    His 
 theologiail  instruction  he  received  from  his  lather, 
 and   spent,  besides,   two  years  at  Lane  and  one  at 
 Princeton.    His  first  jiastorate  was  at  Lebanon,  Ky., 
 whicli    relation   continued    twenty-nine   years,  from 
 1S41  to  1869.     Resigning  his  cliargc,  he  was  called  to 
 Lawrence,    Kansa.s,  but  was  not  permitted  long   to 
 remain  there,owing  to  an  attack  of  acute  rheumatism. 
 Since  that  time  he  has  ministered  to  various  churches 
 in   Kentucky,    at    Richmond,    Perryville,    Stanford 
 and  Point  Lick,  where  the  churches  had  become  weak, 
 through  divisions  that  followed  the  Civil  War,  in  the 
 border  States.      Dr.  C'leland  was   blessed  with   a  tine 
 mu.scular  frame,  commanding  presence  and  a  remark- 
 ably musical  voice,  which  won  his  audience  at  the 
 beginning.     His  style   was   rich,   embellished  with 
 imagery  and  illu.stration;   but    his    preaching  was 
 pre-eminently  Scriptural  and  full  of   vuiction;  and 
 precious  revivals   of   religion   have   often   been   the 
 result.     He  was  much  sought  after  on  such  ocetusions. 
 His  pen  has,  perhai)S,  been  busier,  in  his  later  life 
 than  his  tongue.     In  1864  he   founded  the  Western 
 Presbi/terian,  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  and,  conjointly  with 
 J.  L.  McKee,  was  its  editor.     He  was  the  Kentucky 
 correspondent  of  the  Herald  and  Presbyter  for  many 
 years,  has  contributed  regularly  to  the  Truth,  at  St. 
 Louis,  and  wrote  many  able  review  articles.     He  was 
 the  author  of  .several  treatises,  among  which  was  the 
 70 
 
 "Glory  of  the  Terrestial  and  Celestial."  His  life 
 has  been  very  uselul,  and  he  still  preaches  with  vigor 
 and  Scriptural  power. 
 
 Conn,  Rev.  Hugh,  was  born  in  Macgilligan,  in 
 Ireland,  aliout  1685,  and  graduated  at  the  University 
 of  Glasgow.  Having  come  to  this  country  in  Sep- 
 tember, 1715,  he  received  a  call  from  the  people  of 
 Baltimore  county,  and  was  ordained  on  the  third 
 Wednesday  of  October  following,  as  pastor  of  the  con- 
 gregation of  Patapsco.  In  September,  1719,  he  re- 
 signed his  charge  on  account  of  his  uselessness  there, 
 from  the  "paucity  of  his  flock,"  and  immediately 
 took  charge  of  the  people  on  the  east  branch  of  Poto- 
 mac and  Pamunkey.  Bladensburg  is  the  modern 
 designation  of  his  field  of  labor.  On  the  28th  of  June, 
 1752,  while  preaching  at  the  funeral  of  a  person  who 
 died  suddenly,  he  fell  back  in  his  pulpit  and  imme- 
 diately expired. 
 
 Converse,  Rev.  Francis  Bartlett,  .son  of  the 
 Rev.  Amasa  Converse,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Richmond, 
 Va.,  June  23d,  1836.  He  graduated  at  the  Univer- 
 sity of  Pennsylvania,  in  1856,  and  studied  theology 
 at  Princeton  Seminary.  He  was  stated  supply  at 
 Christ  Church,  New  Kent  county,  Va.,  1861-2;  or- 
 dained by  the  Presbytery  of  East  Hanover,  October, 
 1862.  He  is  now  editor  of  the  Christian  Observer, 
 which  is  published  at  Louisville,  Ky.  Mr.  Converse 
 is  a  gentleman  of  very  pleasing  address.  He  is  a 
 vigorous  writer,  and  with  his  able  pen,  .sound  judg- 
 ment and  untiring  energy  and  industry,  the  paper 
 which  he  conducts  has  reached  large  and  well-deserved 
 prosperity. 
 
 Coon,  Henry  P.,  M.  D.,  son  of  Peter  S.  and 
 Catharine  (Decker)  Coon,  was  born  in  Columbia 
 county,  N.  Y.,  September  30th,  1822.  He  graduated 
 at  Williams  College,  in  1844,  and  was  for  two  years 
 thereafter  Principal  of  Claverack  Academy.  He 
 studied  theology  at  Union  and  Princeton  Seminaries, 
 but  was  compelled  to  abandon  the  purpose  to  become 
 a  minister,  on  account  of  throat  disease.  He  then 
 studied  medicine,  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania, 
 graduating  in  1848,  and  began  the  practice  of  medi- 
 cine in  Syracuse,  N.  Y.  He  was  deacon  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church  of  that  place  until  1852,  when  he 
 removed  to  San  Francisco,  and  entered  upon  the  prac- 
 tice of  his  profession.  In  1854  he  assisted  in  organ- 
 izing Calvary  Church,  took  an  active  part  in  the 
 building  of  the  church  edifice,  was  elected  elder  at 
 the  first  election  after  organization,  and  also  first 
 superintendent  of  the  Sabbath  school.  In  1856  he 
 was  elected,  by  the  People's  party.  Police  Judge,  and 
 served  four  years,  just  after  the  Vigilance  Com- 
 mittee ceased  their  labors,  when  there  was  absolute 
 necessity  that  the  most  impartial  justice  should  char- 
 acterize the  administration.  In  this  eniergency  Dr. 
 Coon  distinguished  himself  and  did  invaluable  ser- 
 vice to  the  city. 
 
 In  1863  he  was  elected  Mayor  of  San  Francisco, 
 re-elected  in  1865,  and  served,  in  all,  five  years.     In 
 
COOPER. 
 
 1106 
 
 COWLES. 
 
 1872  he  retired  to  country  life,  near  Menlo  Park,  and 
 is  at  present  an  elder  in  the  llenlo  Park  Presbyterian 
 Church.  Dr.  Coon  is,  in  every  -way,  a  remarkable 
 man.  Of  powerful  physi(iue,  he  is  equally  gifted 
 with  force  of  mind  and  strength  of  character.  Nor 
 are  his  moral  and  religious  characteristics  any  the 
 less  marked.     The  traits  of  character  by  which,  pcr- 
 
 HE.S'BT  P.  COO.N,  M.  D. 
 
 haps,  he  is  most  widely  known,  are  conscientiousness 
 and  kindliness,  combined  with  a  judicial  ca.st  of  mind, 
 rendering  him  considerate  of  the  rights  and  feelings 
 of  all  parties,  and  anxious,  in  every  relation  and 
 l)i)siti()n,  to  do  just  riglit. 
 
 Cooper,  Rev.  James  H.,  is  the  son  of  the 
 Kev.  Ebenezer  and  Jane  (McMillan)  Cooper,  and  was 
 born  in  Fayette  county,  Ind.,  May  3d,  1843.  He 
 graduated  at  Miami  University  in  1861.  He  com- 
 pleted his  professional  education  in  the  Theological 
 Seminary  of  the  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 Philadelphia.  He  was  li<ensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Ohio  Presbytery  of  the  Keformcd  Presbyterian  Church. 
 in  1804.  On  Si'ptember  12th,  ls(i(j^  he  was  ordained 
 by  the  C'liicago  Presbytery  and  installed  pastor  of 
 the  Reformed  Presbyterian  congregation  of  Mount 
 Vernon,  Iowa,  and  remained  there  one  year.  In 
 April,  1868,  he  Wiis  installed  pastor  of  the  Reformed 
 Presbyterian  congregation  of  Morning  Sun,  Ohio, 
 and  labored  there  till  the  Fall  of  1871.  During  this 
 pa.storate  he  changed  his  eeclesia.stical  relationship, 
 and  in  the  Fall  of  1S7I)  enti  rid  tlie  United  Presbj- 
 terian  Church. 
 
 On  May  3d,  H77,  lie  bfcaiiic  p.istcir  of  tlic  Presby- 
 terian Cluueli  of  Miimit  Vernon,  Iowa,  iiiid  leniained 
 
 there  till  July  31st,  1883.     At  that  time  he  was 
 
 ;  chosen  Financial  Secretary  of College,  and  is 
 
 now  actively  engaged  in  laboring  in  the  interests  of 
 that  Institution. 
 
 Mr.  Cooper  has  social  qualities  of  a  very  high 
 !  order.  He  is  so  full  of  kindness  and  sj'mpatby,  so 
 attractive,  that  he  is  admired  and  esteemed  wherever 
 known.  He  is  an  earnest,  warm-hearted  Christian. 
 He  is  a  sincere,  faithful,  impressive  preacher  of  the 
 gospel.  He  labors  earnestly  for  the  glory  of  God 
 and  the  salvation  of  souls. 
 
 Countermine,  John  D.,  the  third  son  of  James 
 and  Sarah  (Morrison)  Countermine,  was  born  iu 
 Duancsburgh,  Schenectady  county,  N.  Y. ;  graduated, 
 with  honor,  at  Union  College,  in  1873.  The  same 
 year  he  entered  Princeton  Theological  Seminary, 
 where  he  completed  his  professional  education, 
 graduating  with  the  class  of  1876.  He  was  licensed 
 and  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Albany,  and 
 went  direct  from  the  Seminary  to  Esperance,  Sco- 
 harie  county,  N.  Y.  There  he  spent  about  three 
 years,  when  he  resigned  and  became  pastor  of  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church,  Medina,  N.  X.  Here  he 
 remained,  enjoying  a  successful  pastorate,  till  1882, 
 when  he  resigned  to  accept  a  unanimous  call  from  the 
 Si.xth  Presbyterian  Church,  Albany,  N.  Y'.  On  his 
 leaving  Medina,  one  of  the  local  papers  said,  "Mr. 
 Countermine  is  a  pleasant  gentleman,  an  attentive 
 pastor  and  a  preacher  of  more  than  ordinary  ability. 
 He  preaches  without  notes  and  is  an  attractive 
 speaker." 
 
 Court,  "Rev.  Robert,  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Lowell,  Mass.,  Stated  Clerk  of  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Boston,  is  a  Scotchman  by  birth.  He  is  an 
 alumnus  of  the  University  of  Glasgow;  and  won, 
 during  his  curriculum,  the  tirst  prize  for  the  best 
 essay  in  the  logic  class;  third  prize  in  moral  philoso- 
 phy, the  Ewing  gold  medal  for  best  essay  on  the 
 scholastic  philosophy,  and  the  twenty  guinea  prize 
 on  the  Sabbatli. 
 
 Mr.  Court  studied  divinity  in  the  Free  Church 
 College,  Glasgow.  He  was  ordained  in  1869,  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Iowa  City.  He  is  in  his  second  charge, 
 having  spent  five  years  of  home  mission  work  at  Mal- 
 com,  Iowa.  He  took  charge  of  the  Church  at  Lowell, 
 in  December,  187.3. 
 
 Mr.  Court  is  a  man  of  versiitile  talent,  and  of  e.\- 
 tensive  general  information;  an  acute  logician,  an 
 able  controversialist,  a  genial  and  large-hearted 
 companion,  and  an  "  able  minister  of  the  New  Testa- 
 ment." 
 
 Co'wles,  Rev.  Junius  Judson,  the  second 
 son  (and  child)  of  Junius  Alanson  and  Eliza lieth 
 (iardncrCowles;  was  born  at  Florence,  Oneida  county. 
 New  York,  October  loth,  1851.  He  was  graduated 
 from  the  da.ssicid  course  of  Whitestown  Seminary, 
 Wliitestown,  N.  Y'.,  June  22d,  1871.  In  September 
 of  the  siuno  year  he  entered  Hamilton  College,  Clin- 
 ton, N.  Y.,  from  which  Institution  he  was  graduated 
 
CREEDS  AND  CONFESSIONS. 
 
 1107 
 
 CREEDS  AND  CONFESSIONS. 
 
 in  the  Summer  of  187,"),  In  tlie  Fall  of  the  same 
 year  he  entered  Union  Theologioal  Seminary,  New 
 York  city,  where  he  completed  his  professional  edu- 
 cation. On  the  27th  of  October,  1879,  he  was  ordained 
 to  the  sospel  ministry,  and  installed  pastor  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Huntingdon  Valley,  Pa.,  by 
 the  Pre.sbytery  of  Philadelphia,  North.  Mr.  Cowle.s 
 is  an  instructive  and  impressive  preacher,  faithful  in 
 his  work,  and  is  blessed  in  his  mini-stry. 
 
 Creeds  and  Confessions.  Creed  is  derived 
 from  the  Latin  Crcdu.  Hence  the  title  .should  be 
 confined  to  such  confessions  of  our  Christian  Faith  as 
 commence  with  the  words  /  beliere,  or  We  belieee. 
 In  the  Eastern  Church,  a  creed,  or  form  of  words 
 comprehending  the  articles  of  faith,  was  called 
 matheiiia  (the  lesson),  because  it  was  learned  by  the 
 catechumens,  graphs  (the  writing),  or  kanon  (the 
 rule).  But  the  most  common  name  in  the  Greek 
 Church  was  sumbolon,  or  symbol,  which  term  has  also 
 passed  into  the  West.  Hence  creeds  and  confessions 
 are  commonly  called  symbolical  books. 
 
 There  is  some  difference  between  creeds  and  con- 
 fessions. Creeds,  in  their  commencement,  were  sim- 
 ply expressions  of  faith  in  a  few  of  the  leading  and 
 undisputed  doctrines  of  the  gospel.  Confessions 
 were,  on  the  contrary,  the  result  of  many  a  hazardous 
 and  laborious  etfort,  at  the  dawn  of  reviving  literature, 
 to  recover  these  doctrines  and  to  separate  them  from 
 the  enormous  mass  of  erroneous  and  corrupted  tenets, 
 which  the  negligence  or  ignorance  of  some,  and  the 
 artifices  of  avarice  and  ambition  in  others,  had  con- 
 duced to  accumulate  for  the  space  of  a  thousand 
 years,  under  an  implicit  obedience  to  the  ajTogant 
 pretensions  of  an  absolute  and  infallible  authority  in 
 the  Church  of  Rome. 
 
 Objections  have  been  urged  against  all  creeds  and 
 confessions  of  faith,  but  evidently  without  any  suffi- 
 cient reason.  Bej'ond  question,  formulas  of  doctrine 
 and  rules  for  conducting  the  discipline  and  worshiji 
 proper  to  be  maintained  in  the  house  of  God  are  not 
 only  necessary  and  expedient,  but,  as  the  character 
 of  human  nature  is  continually  aiming  at  innovation, 
 absolutely  requisite  to  the  settled  peace  of  the 
 Church,  and  to  the  hajjpy  and  orderly  existence  of 
 Christian  communion.  AVithin  the  limits  of  Chris- 
 tendom few  are  found  to  be  in  the  attitude  of  avowed 
 hostility  to  Christianity.  The  name  of  Christian  is 
 claimed  by  all,  and  all  are  ready  to  profess  their  be- 
 lief in  the  holy  Scriptures,  too  many  reserving  to 
 themselves  the  right  of  putting  upon  them  what  con- 
 struction they  please.  In  such  a  state  of  things, 
 without  the  aid  of  confessions.  Christian  fellowship 
 can  exist  only  in  a  very  limited  degree,  and  the  dis- 
 order of  the  Corinthian  Church,  condemned  by  the 
 Apo.stle,  would  be  realized:  "  I  am  of  Paul,  and  I  of 
 Apollos." 
 
 "  While  the  Scriptures  are  from  God,"  says  an 
 able  writer,  "the  understanding  of  them  belongs  to 
 the  part  of  men.     Men  must  interpret,  according  to 
 
 the  best  of  their  ability,  each  particular  part  of 
 Scripture  separately,  and  then  combine  all  that  the 
 Scriptures  teach  upon  every  subject  into  a  consistent 
 whole,  and  then  adjust  their  teachings  upon  difterent 
 subjects  in  mutual  consistency,  as  parts  of  a  har- 
 monious system.  Every  student  of  the  Bible  must 
 do  this,  and  all  make  it  obvious  that  they  do  it  by 
 the  terras  they  use  in  their  prayers  and  religious 
 discourse,  whether  they  admit  or  deny  the  propriety 
 of  human  creeds  and  confessions.  If  they  refuse 
 the  assi-stance  aft'orded  by  the  statements  of  doctrine 
 slowly  elaborated  and  defined  by  the  Church,  they 
 must  make  out  their  own  creed  by  their  own  unaideil 
 wisdom.  The  real  question  is  not,  as  often  pretended, 
 between  the  Word  of  God  and  the  creed  of  man, 
 but  between  the  tried  and  proved  faith  of  the  col- 
 lective body  of  God's  people  and  the  private  judg- 
 ment and  the  unassisted  wisdom  of  the  repudiator 
 of  creeds." 
 
 The  truth  of  creeds,  however,  does  not  consist  in 
 the  authority  dr  in  the  decrees  of  men,  or  of  councils, 
 but  in  their  agreement  with  the  Holy  Scriptiu'es. 
 The  power  to  give  new  laws  concerning  the  worship 
 of  God,  or  to  give  new  articles  of  faith  binding  the 
 conscience,  belongs  to  no  assembly  of  men  or  of 
 angels,  but  to  God  alone.  We  are  not  to  believe  God 
 on  account  of  the  testimony  of  the  Church,  but  the 
 Church  on  the  testimony  of  God. 
 
 The  creeds  formed  before  the  Reformation  are  very 
 few,  relate  to  the  fundamental  principles  of  Christi- 
 anity, especially  the  Trinity  and  the  Person  of  the 
 God-man,  and  are  the  common  heritage  of  the  whole 
 Church. 
 
 1.  The  Apoxtle's  Creed.  (See  Creed,  The  Apostles'.) 
 It  is  of  special  interest  and  importance,  1.  Because 
 almost  the  whole  of  it  is  expressed  in  the  very  lan- 
 guage of  the  Scriptures;  2.  Because  of  its  great 
 antiquity,  and  regular  transmission  down  to  the 
 present  time;  and,  3.  Because  it  is  the  basis  and 
 type  of  all  the  other  creeds  which  have  been  formed 
 by  the  consent  of  the  whole  Church,  and  approved 
 by  general  Synods,  for  the  purpose  of  preventing 
 and  refuting  the  perversions  and  corruptions  of 
 heretics,  by  explaining  more  fully  its  meaning. 
 
 2.  The  Nicene  Creed,  so  called,  because  it  is  a  para- 
 phrase of  that  creed  which  was  made  at  the  First 
 General  CouncU  of  Nice.  This  latter  was  drawn  up 
 by  the  Second  General  Council  of  Constantinople, 
 A.  D.  381,  and  therefore  might  be  more  properly 
 styled  the  Constantinopolitan  Creed.  The  creed  was 
 admitted  into  the  Church  as  a  barrier  against  Arius 
 and  his  followers.  The  "  filioque  "  clause  was  added 
 by  the  Council  of  the  Western  Church,  held  at  To- 
 ledo, Spain,  A.  D.  569. 
 
 3.  As,  subsequently,  heretical  opinions  sprang  up 
 in  its  bosom  with  respect  to  the  constitution  of  the 
 person  of  Christ,  the  Church  was  forced  to  provide 
 additional  definitions  and  muniments  of  the  truth. 
 One  heretical  tendency  culminated  in  Nestorianism, 
 
CREEDS  AND  CONFESSIONS. 
 
 1108 
 
 CURTIS. 
 
 which  maintains  that  the  divine  and  human  natures 
 in  ChrLst  constitute  two  persons.  This  was  con- 
 demned by  the  Creed  of  the  Council  of  Ephesus, 
 A.  D.  431.  The  opposite  heretical  tendency  culmi- 
 nated in  Eutychianism,  which  maintains  that  the 
 divine  and  human  natures  are  so  united  in  Christ  as 
 to  form  but  one  nature.  Tliis  was  condemned  by  the 
 Council  of  Chalcedon,  A.  I).  451.  These  creeds,  de- 
 fining the  laith  of  the  Church  as  embracing  two  natures 
 in  one  person,  are  received  and  approved  by  the  enthe 
 Church. 
 
 4  The  Athannsian  Creed,  long  supposed  to  have 
 been  drawn  up  by  Athanasius,  V)ishop  of  Alexandria, 
 in  the  Iburth  century,  to  justify  himself  against  the 
 calumnies  of  his  Ariau  enemies,  but  now  generally 
 allowed  to  not  have  been  his.  Dr.  Waterman  ascribes 
 it  to  Hilary,  bishop  of  Aries.  This  creed  obtained 
 in  France  about  A.D.,  850,  and  was  received  in  Spain 
 and  Germany  about  180  years  later.  \\e,  have  clear 
 proofs  of  its  being  sung  alternately  in  the  English 
 churches  in  the  tenth  century.  It  was  in  common 
 use  in  some  parts  of  Italy  in  9(10,  and  was  received  at 
 Rome  about  1014.  It  is  a  grand  and  unique  monu- 
 ment of  the  unchangeable  faith  of  the  whole  Church 
 as  to  the  great  mysteries  of  Godliness,  the  Trinity, 
 of  Persons  in  the  one  God,  and  the  duality  of  natures 
 in  the  one  Christ. 
 
 The  following  are  the  Confessions  of  the  different 
 churches : — 
 
 1.  That  of  the  Greek  Church,  entitled,  "The  Con- 
 fession of  the  True  and  Genuine  Faith, ' '  which  was 
 presented  to  Mahomet  II,  in  1453,  but  which  gave 
 place  to  the  "Orthodox  Confession  of  the  Catholic 
 and  Apo.stolic  Greek  Church,"  composed  by  Magila, 
 Metropolitan  of  Kiev,  in  Russia,  and  apjiroved,  in 
 1643,  with  great  solemnity,  by  the  Patriarchs  of  Con- 
 stantinople, Alexandria,  Antioch  and  Jerusalem.  It 
 contains  the  standard  of  the  principles  of  the  Russian 
 Greek  Church. 
 
 2.  The  Church  of  Rome,  though  she  has  always  re- 
 ceived the  Apostles',  Nicene  and  Athanasian  creeds, 
 had  no  fixed  public  and  authoritative  symbol  till  the 
 Council  of  Trent.  A  summary  of  the  doctrines  con- 
 tained in  the  canons  of  that  Council  is  given  in  the 
 creed  published  by  Pins  IV  (1564),  in  the  form  of  a 
 bull.  It  is  introduced  by  the  Nicene  creed,  to  which 
 it  adds  twelve  articles,  comprising  those  doctrines 
 which  the  Church  of  Rome  finally  adopted  after  her 
 controversy  with  the  Reformers. 
 
 3.  The  Lutherans  call  their  standard  books  of  faith 
 and  discipline,  "  Libri  Symljolici  Eeclesise  Eriingelic<F." 
 They  contiiin  the  three  creeds  above  mentioned,  the 
 Augsburg  Confession,  the  Apology  for  that  Confes- 
 sion by  Melancthon,  the  Articles  of  Smalcald,  drawn 
 up  by  Luther,  the  Catechisms  of  Luther,  and,  in 
 many  churches,  the  Form  of  Concord,  prepared  in 
 A.  D.,  1577,  by  Andraea  and  others,  for  the  purpose 
 of  settling  certain  controversies  which  had  sprung  up- 
 in  the  Lutheran  Church,  especially  concerning  the 
 
 relative  activities  of  divine  grace  and  the  human  will 
 in  regeneration,  and  concerning  the  nature  of  the 
 Lord's  presence  in  the  Eucharist. 
 
 4.  The  Confessions  of  the  Calvinistic  churches  are 
 numerous.  The  following  are  the  principal :  (1)  The 
 Helvetic  Confessions  are  three,  that  of  Ba.sle,  1530, 
 the  Summary  and  Confession  of  the  Helvetic 
 Churches,  1536,  and  the  Expositio  Simplex,  etc., 
 1566,  ascrilied  to  Bullinger.  (-2)  The  Tetrapolitan 
 Confession,  1531,  which  derives  its  name  from  the  four 
 cities  of  Strasburg,  Constance,  Memmengen  and  Lin- 
 dan,  by  the  deputies  of  which  it  was  signed,  is  attrib- 
 uted to  Bucer.  (3)  The  Palatine,  or  Heidelberg 
 Confession,  framed  by  order  of  the  Elector  Palatine, 
 John  Casimir,  1575.  (4)  The  Confession  of  the 
 (jallic  churches,  accepted  at  the  first  Synod  of  the 
 Reformed,  held  at  Paris,  1559.  (5)  The  Confession 
 of  the  Reformed  churches  in  Belgium,  drawn  up  in 
 1559,  and  approved  in  1.561.  (6)  The  Confes.sion  of 
 Faith  of  the  Kirk  of  Scotland,  which  was  that  com- 
 posed by  the  Assembly  at  Westminster,  was  received 
 as  the  standiird  of  the  national  faith  in  1688.*  (7) 
 The  Savoy  Confession,  a  declaration  of  the  faith  and 
 order  of  the  Independents,  agreed  upon  at  a  meeting 
 of  their  elders  and  messengers  at  their  meeting  in 
 the  Savoy,  1658.  (8)  The  Anglican  Confession,  or 
 Thirty-nine  Articles  of  the  Church  of  England, 
 agreed  on  in  the  convocation  held,  London,  1552. 
 They  were  drawn  up  in  Latin,  but  in  1571  they 
 were  revised,  and  subscribed  both  in  Latin  and 
 English.  «These  Articles  constitute  the  doctrinal 
 standard  of  the  Episcopal  churches  in  England, 
 Scotland  and  America. 
 
 Curtis,  Rev.  'Williarn,  Jr.,  youngest  son  of 
 Luzon  and  Henrietta  (Danforth)  Curtis,  was  born  in 
 the  town  of  Ballston,  Saratoga  county,  N.  Y.,  May 
 8th,  1844.  At  the  age  of  twelve  he  united  with  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Charlton  Village.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Princeton,  with  honor,  in  1864.  The  follow- 
 ing year  was  spent  in  Princeton  Theological  Seminary. 
 Ill  health  then  compelled  him  to  intermit  his  pro- 
 fessional studies,  but  returning  three  years  later,  he 
 graduated  with  the  class  of  1870.  He  was  licensed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Albany,  and  ordained  as  an 
 evangelist  by  the  same  Presbytery,  June  15th,  1870. 
 The  next  year  he  accepted  an  appointment  from  the 
 
 *  The  great  Baptist  preacher,  Rev.  C.  H.  Spurgeon,  4f  London, 
 in  reviewing  Dr.  Mitchell's  "  Histo'ry  of  the  Westnunster  Assem- 
 bly," remarks  that  the  Confession  drawn  up  by  that  body  "has  never 
 been  excelled,"  and  adds :  "  With  its  seriousness  and  purity  the  doc- 
 trine of  our  forefathers  still  leavens  religious  society,  and  wo  are 
 greatly  mistaken  if  there  is  not  ere  long  a  sickening  of  men's  minds 
 of  the  modern  sillabubs,  and  a  return  to  the  substantial  meat  of  the 
 good  old  times.  Thank  God  for  Scotland ;  the  plague  of  doubt  is 
 not  yet  so  current  among  her  churches  as  it  is  south  of  the  Tweed. 
 The  land  of  Knox  yet  holds  to  the  old  faith.  God  gnint  that  the 
 caterpillars  which  are  beginning  to  breed  on  Scotland's  kail  may  not 
 be  multiplied  till  tbey  eat  np  ever)'  green  thing."  By  "the  cater- 
 pillars "  he  undoubtedly  means  Professor  Robertson  Smith  and  his 
 few  followers  in  Scotland.  The  appellation  is  a  good  one,  and  it  suits 
 exactly  the  little  band  in  this  country  walking  in  their  footsteps. 
 
DAILLE. 
 
 1109 
 
 DA  VIS. 
 
 Board  of  Home  Missions,  and  having  organized 
 churches  in  Lj-udon  and  Osage  City,  Kans;us,  minis- 
 tered to  them  for  three  years,  when  ill  health  com- 
 pelled him  again  to  suspend  labor.  In  1875  he  went, 
 as  a  Home  Missionary,  to  Silver  City,  New  Mexico, 
 but  returned  the  year  following  to  his  former  charge, 
 in  Kansas,  where  he  still  labors.  For  three  years 
 past  he  has  been  pa.stor  of  the  Os;\ge  City  Church 
 alone. 
 
 Mr.  Curtis  has  had  an  eminently  successful  min- 
 .  istry,  though   constantly   embarras.sed   by   physical 
 
 weakness.  His  intellectual  gifts  are  of  a  high  order, 
 but  the  sources  of  his  power  as  a  preacher  are  found 
 very  largely  in  his  moral  and  spiritual  nature.  His 
 absolute  simplicity  and  sincerity,  combined  with 
 unquestioning  faith  in  God,  and  earnest  devotion  to 
 His  service,  have  given  to  his  prea<.hing  a  peculiar 
 rmction  and  spiritual  power. 
 
 A.S  a  pastor,  he  has  been  faithful,  wise,  sympa- 
 thetic; always  bearing  his  tlock  upon  his  heart,  and 
 alwaj's  regarded  by  them  with  affection  and  perfect 
 trust. 
 
 D 
 
 Daille,  Peter,  a  French  Riformed  or  Huguenot 
 pastor,  who  came  to  America  from  Holland,  in  16S2, 
 probably  at  the  invitition  of  the  Consistory  of  the 
 Dutch  Reformed  Church  of  New  York.  Daill6  h;ul 
 been  Professor  in  the  Protestant  Academy  of  Saumur, 
 in  France.  He  was. "full  of  tire,  godliness  and  learn- 
 ing." He  gathered  the  Huguenots  whom  he  found 
 in  New  York,  Boston,  Hackensack,  New  Paltz  and 
 other  places  into  congregations,  ministering  to  them 
 statedly  or  occasionally,  as  he  was  able.  He  was  pas- 
 tor of  the  French  Church  in  New  York,  1683  to  1696, 
 and  of  the  French  Church  in  Boston,  1696  till  his 
 death,  May  20th,  1715,  aged  sLxty-six  years.  "He 
 was  a  person  of  great  piety,  charity,  aft'able  and 
 courteous  behavior,  and  of  an  exemplary  life  and 
 conversation." 
 
 Darling,  Timothy  G.,  D.  D.,  son  of  Timothy 
 and  Lucy  (Sargent)  Darling,  was  born  at  Nassau, 
 I'.ahama  Islands,  Octolier  5th,  1842.  He  graduated 
 at  WiUiams  College,  Ma.ss.,  in  1864,  and  at  the  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  New  York  city,  in  1869,  hav- 
 ing spent  two  years  at  Princeton  Theological  Semi- 
 narj-.  He  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Brooklyn 
 in  1868.  He  was  a.ssist;int  to  the  Rev.  J.  C.  Backus, 
 D.  D.,  LL.D.,  in  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Balti- 
 more, Md.,  1870-73;  June  18th,  1873,  he  was  ordained 
 and  installed  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Albany. 
 Dr.  Darling  is  an  able  preacher,  a  faithful  pa.stor,  a 
 good  presbyter,  and  ha,s.  been  much  ble.ssed  in  his 
 ministry. 
 
 Davidson  College.  DaWdson  College  is  located 
 in  Mecklenburg  county.  North  Carolina,  and  was  so 
 called  in  honor  of  (Jencral  W.  L.  D.-ividson,  who  fell 
 in  an  engagement  between  the  British  and  Americans 
 near  that  place,  in  1781.  The  college  buildings  are 
 large,  handsome  brick  edifices,  beautifully  situated, 
 in  the  midst  of  ample,  .shady  grounds.  This  Institu- 
 tion was  first  opened  in  March,  1837,  by  Rev.  R.  H. 
 Morrison,  D.  D. ,  President,  with  assistant  Professors. 
 In  1838  it  was  chartered  by  the  Legislature.     It  was 
 
 opened  as  a  Manual  Labor  Institution,  with  about 
 one  hundred  students,  mostly  sons  of  farmers.  Three 
 hours  a  day  were  devoted  to  labor;  but  after  a  few 
 years'  trial,  the  once  popular  labor  system  was 
 abandoned.  "The  boys  would  not  work,"  was 
 a.ssigned  as  a  rea.son  by  an  old  college  citizen.  The 
 college  was  placed  under  the  control  of  a  Board 
 of  twenty-eight  Trustees,  all  men  of  distinction  and 
 eminently  qualified  for  so  important  a  tru.st.  By  the 
 constitution  of  the  college,  no  one  is  eligible  as 
 trustee,  profe-ss  or  or  teacher  hut  members  of  th 
 I'rcshyterian  Church.  Dr.  Morrison's  health  having 
 failed,  he  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Samuel  William.son, 
 as  President,  and  from  the  first  oi)ening  an  able 
 Faculty  has  sustained  the  reputation  of  the  college  on 
 to  tlie  present  time,  when  Rev.  Dr.  Hepburn  so 
 acceptably  fills  the  chair.  Its  literary  societies  are 
 well  rcfgulated  and  highly  favorable  to  intellectual 
 improvement.  The  college  libraries  number  5000  or 
 6000  volumes,  afl'ording  the  students  an  extensive 
 range  of  reading  matter.  Being  loc^ite<l  on  the  rail- 
 I  road,  midway  iM't  ween  Charlotte  and  Statesville,  it  is 
 of  easy  access  and  in  a  healthy  locality.  Through 
 the  great  liberality  of  its  founders,  by  legacies,  and 
 bj-  the  indomitable  energy  of  its  Trust<'cs  and  Faculty, 
 the  college  is  well  endowed  and  continues  prosperous, 
 sending  out  many  graduates  evi'ry  year. 
 
 Davis,  Rev.  William  Vail  Wilson,  was  born 
 in  Wilson,  Niagara  county,  N.  Y.,  February  17th, 
 1851.  Having  fitted  for  college  at  Willistou  Semi- 
 nary, Ea.sthampton,  Mass.,  he  entered  Amherst  Col- 
 lege, in  the  Fall  of  1869,  and  was  graduated  in  the 
 cla.ss  of  1873,  among  its  foremost  schol.ars.  After 
 t<'aching  one  ye^r  as  Tutor  in  Robert  College,  Con- 
 stantinople, he  pursued  his  theological  studies  at 
 .Vudover,  and  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  East 
 Hampshire  Association  of  Congregational  Ministers, 
 meeting  at  Amherst,  Mass.,  in  June,  1876.  From 
 an  Instructorship  of  Latin  in  that  college,  he  was 
 called  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Franklin  Street  Congre- 
 gational  Church,   in  Manchester,   N.    H.,  where   he 
 
DAY. 
 
 1110 
 
 DEEP  BUN  CHURCH. 
 
 was  ordained  in  September,  1877,  and  where  he  re- 
 mained till  October,  188'2,  when  be  aceepted  a  call  to 
 the  Euclid  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church,  iu  Cleve- 
 land, O. ,  of  which  he  is  now  pastor. 
 
 Mr.  Davis  was  a  superior  scholar  in  college  and  in 
 the  seminary,  and  has  been  a  hard  student  in  the 
 ministry,  and  an  intense  worker  in  the  pastoral 
 oflice.  So  far  from  conflictinj:,  as  they  too  often  do, 
 bis  pastoral  work  only  furnishes  material,  direction 
 and  inspiration  for  his  preaching.  He  writes  out  his 
 morning  sermon,  but  does  not  carry  the  manuscript 
 into  the  pulpit;  in  the  evening  he  preaches  without 
 writing,  and  in  both  cases  the  whole  man,  body,  soul 
 and  spirit,  speaks.  He  labors  for  direct  results  in 
 the  edification  of  the  church  and  the  salvation  of 
 .souls,  and  he  has  not  labored  in  vain.  The  churches 
 under  liis  care  have  grown  in  numbers  and  in  graces. 
 He  is  justly  esteemed  one  of  the  ablest,  most  devoted 
 and  most  promising  of  our  young  ministers. 
 
 Day,  Rev.  A.  R.,  son  of  William  Van  Kirk  and 
 Sarah  P.  Day,  was  born  in  Washington  county.  Pa., 
 October  2d,  1835.  He  was  educated  at  Washington 
 College,  graduating  in  the  class  of  1858.  He  studied 
 theology  at  the  Western  Theological  Seminary, 
 .\llegheny.  Pa.,  graduating  in  the  class  of  1862.  He 
 was  licensed  to  preach  in  18(il,  and  in  September, 
 18()2,  was  ordained  as  an  evangelist  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Highland,  Kansas,  and  was  sent  by  the  Board  of 
 Missions  to  Denver,  Colorado,  where  he  labored 
 earnestly,  and  with  great  success,  for  several  years. 
 
 Mr.  Day  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Colorado,  iu  1870,  and  was  its  Stated  Clerk 
 until  he  removed  to  Wisconsin,  in  ]87.'>.  He  was 
 chosen  Historian  of  the  Presbyterj'  of  Colorado,  and 
 prepared  a  history  of  the  Church  in  that  territory  for 
 a  period  of  twelve  years,  which  was  published.  A 
 discour.se  on  "  Christianity  and  Sect, ' '  one  on  "  Divine 
 Fatherhood,"  and  one  on  "Spiritual  Vision,"  are 
 among  his  published  .sermons. 
 
 As  a  man  and  minister,  Mr.  Day  has  been  highly 
 esteemed  in  the  pla<es  where  he  has  labored.  Being 
 frank,  cheerful,  .sympathetic,  and  full  of  the  spirit  of 
 tolerance  and  charity,  he  has  readily  won  his  way 
 to  the  hearts  of  the  people,  not  only  in  his  immediate 
 charge,  but  of  the  communities  with  which  his  lot 
 ha-s  been  cast.  He  prepares  his  sermons  with  care, 
 and  brings  to  the  task  the  aid  of  a  graceful  style  and 
 forcibh?  expression,  and  when  in  the  pulpit  he  secures 
 an  attentive  hearing  by  a  pleasant  and  earnest 
 delivery.  His  labors  have  been  richly  owned  of  the 
 Master  in  the  conversion  of  many  souls  and  the  up- 
 building of  the  church.  In  bis  jmsent  pastorate,  at 
 Marshalltown,  Iowa,  this  haslii<ii  prc-i'minently  the 
 ca.se. 
 
 De  BonrepOS,  David,  a  French  Reformed  or 
 Huguenot  piustor,  who  ministered  to  the  French 
 Church  in  Boston  IfJHB  to  l(i88,  and  then  became 
 l)astor  of  the  newly-formed  colony  of  French  Pro- 
 te.sUmt  refugees  in  Xew  liochelle,  Westchester  county. 
 
 N.  Y.  In  1695  or  1696  he  went  to  Staten  Island  and 
 became  pastor  of  the  French  congregation  there.  He 
 died  between  June  16th,  1733,  and  May  6th,  1734. 
 
 Deep  Run  and  Doylestown  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Pa.  Wlien  William  Tennent,  in  1726, 
 was  sent  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia  into 
 Bucks  county,  Pa.,  it  was  to  supply  "  Neshaminy 
 and  the  Upper  Congregation."  This  "Upper  Con- 
 giegation  "  was  afterward,  and  still  is,  known  as  the 
 Deep  Run  Presbyteiian  Church,  and  this  earliest 
 record  proves  not  only  that  said  church  had  an 
 acknowledged  exi.stence  as  fiir  back  as  1726,  but  also 
 that  it  was  organized  prior  to  that  date,  as  it  was 
 known  as  a  congregation  when  Tennent  entered  upon 
 his  labors  there. 
 
 This  congregation  wa,s  composed  of  Scotch-Irish 
 Presbyterians,  a  part  of  the  six  thousand  who  settled 
 in  Bucks  county  iu  1720.  These  people  were  not 
 adventurers.  They  came  with  their  church  and  its 
 membership;  with  their  sacred  covenant,  and  often 
 their  minister.  So  that  it  is  not  to  be  sujiposed  that 
 they  would  long  remain  without  recognized  social 
 worship,  and  a  house  of  God  in  which  to  assemble. 
 This  house  may  now  be  described  as  being  located  in 
 Bcdniinster  Township,  one  mile  and  a  half  from  the 
 village  of  Dublin,  and  seven  and  a  half  miles  north- 
 west from  Doylestown. 
 
 Of  this  church,  Mr.  Tennent  continued  stated 
 supply  for  a  period  of  twelve  years,  dividing  his  time 
 equally  between  it  and  the  Neshaminy  church. 
 During  Mr.  Tennent's  pastorate  the  "Upper  Con- 
 gregation "  ■waaformaUy  recognized  as  a  church,  and  in 
 1732  was  received  into  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia. 
 In  1738,  having  become  somewhat  enfeebled  by  age 
 and  abundant  labors,  Mr.  Teunent  asked  of  Presby- 
 tery an  assLstant,  and  the  Rev.  Francis  McHenry  was 
 appointed.  He  was  born  in  Ireland,  in  1710,  and 
 came  early  to  this  country.  On  his  coming  the 
 Upper  Congregation  took  the  name  of  Deep  Run 
 (from  a  stream  near  by),  and  asked  for  the  whole  of 
 his  time,  but  Presbytery  decided  that  he  should 
 preach  at  Neshaminy  and  Deep  Run  on  alternate 
 Sabbaths.  This  continued  four  years  (1742),  when 
 trouble  arose  at  Xeshaminy,on  the  Old  Side  and  New 
 Light  questions.  A  division  was  the  result  {.ve 
 Tennent)  and  another  congregation  was  formed.  Mr. 
 McHenry  was  now  installed  over  the  Old  Side 
 churches  at  Neshaminy  and  Deep  Run,  holding  his 
 office  until  his  death,  in  1757.  He  was  a  fine  scholar, 
 an  able  preacher,  and  a  man  whose  godly  life  gave 
 him  influence  wherever  he  was  known. 
 
 Aft<'r  Mr.  McHenry's  death,  the  church  had  sup- 
 plies for  four  years,  when  Rev.  James  Latta,  of 
 Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  was  invited  to  become 
 pastor.  This  invitation  he  accepted,  and  continued 
 in  the  discharge  of  his  duties  until  1770.  After  three 
 years'  supply  by  Presbj'tery,  Rev.  Hugh  McGill, 
 from  Ireland,  was  instidled  pastor,  and  served  the 
 congregation  for  three  years.     This  time  the  congre- 
 
DEEP  RUN  CHURCH. 
 
 1111 
 
 DELIVERY  OF  HERMONS. 
 
 gation  made  little  delay,  but  soon  called  Mr.  James 
 Grier.  He  was  born  and  brought  up  in  the  congie-  ! 
 gation,  educated  at  Princeton,  and  studied  theology 
 under  President  AVitherspoon.  He  was  a  preacher  of 
 the  foremost  rank,  and  a  godly  man.  After  a  pastor- 
 ate of  fifteen  years  (177fi-1791)  he  died  suddenly,  in 
 the  forty-fifth  year  of  his  age. 
 
 Seven  years  the  church  tlien  remained  dependent 
 on  supplies,  when  Mr.  Uriah  Du  Bois,  a  licentiate  of 
 the  I'resbytery  of  Philadelphia,  was  called  to  tivke 
 pastoral  charge.  Mr.  Du  Bois  was  of  French  Hugue- 
 not descent,  and  studied  theology  under  Dr.  Ashbel 
 Green,  of  Philadelphia.  He  was  ordained  and  in- 
 stalled in  1798.  In  1804  he  began  preixching  in 
 Doylestown,  and  in  1813  began  the  erection  of  a 
 church,  which  was  dedicated  on  August  13th,  1815. 
 He  continued  in  this  pastoral  relation  until  his  death, 
 in  September,  1821. 
 
 Another  season  of  supplies,  and  Mr.  Charles  Hyde 
 became  pastor.  He  was  a  licentiate  of  the  Presbytery 
 of  Eliiiabethtown,  and  was  ordained  and  installed  in 
 1823.  Mr.  Hyde  was  the  first  minister  in  whose  call 
 and  installation  the  name  of  Doylestown  is  found 
 associated  with  that  of  Deep  Run.  After  a  pastorate 
 of  six  years,  failing  health  constrained  Mr.  Hyde  to 
 resign  his  charge.  From  the  Fall  of  1899  until  No- 
 vember, 1831,  the  church  was  ministered  unto  by  ap- 
 pointments of  Presbytery.  In  this  latter  year  Mr. 
 Silas  M.  Andrews,  then  a  student  in  the  Theological 
 Seminary  at  Princeton,  N.  J.,  was  invited  to  become 
 pastor.  Upon  the  completion  of  his  full  course  of 
 study,  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia  met  in  Doyles- 
 town, Kovember  16th,  1831,  ordained  him  to  the 
 work  of  the  gospel  ministry,  and  installed  him  jiivslor 
 over  the  united  congregations  of  Deep  Eun  and 
 Doylestown,  by  which  he  had  been  called.  Thus 
 was  begun  what  was  destined  to  be  a  long  and  useful 
 pastorate.  Mr.  Andrews  supplied  not  only  his  own 
 churches,  but  the  whole  country  side  with  preaching. 
 His  work  was  owned  of  God  and  the  church  prospered 
 under  his  hand.  AVhcn  he  entered  upon  his  labors, 
 he  found  a  membership  of  ninety-three  all  told.  "WTien 
 he  entered  upon  his  rest,  he  left  a  membership  of 
 tliree  hundred  and  serenti/seven.  On  JIarch7th,  1881, 
 thi.s  good  man  died,  in  the  seventy-sixth  year  of  his  age 
 and  the  filtieth  year  of  his  pastorate.  On  March  11th 
 his  remains  were  followed  to  the  grave  by  a  sorrowing 
 multitude.  As  a  mark  of  their  love  for  their  deceased 
 pastor,  his  people  erected  a  marble  tomb  on  the  spot 
 of  his  burial  and  a  beautiful  memorial  tablet  in  the 
 chinch  where  he  so  long  and  so  faithfully  ministered. 
 On  April  9th,  1881,  the  Rev.  William  A.  Patton, 
 a  graduate  of  Union  Theologii'al  Seminary  of  New 
 York,  and  a  member  of  the  Presbytery  of  Philadel- 
 phia, North,  was  unanimously  called  to  the  pastorate, 
 and  was  duly  installed  on  May  3d,  1881,  enter- 
 ing immediately  upon  his  labors,  and  continuing 
 therein  at  this  time,  successful  and  beloved. 
 
 It  ought  to  be  stilted  here  that  the  eongregation  at 
 
 Doylestown  has  never  been  organized  as  a  separate 
 and  distinct  church.  In  its  early  history  the  minisjter 
 at  Doylestown  was  the  pastor  at  Deep  Run;  the 
 ruling  elders  at  Doylestown  were  the  Session  at  Deep 
 Run,  and  there  the  members  had  their  church  con- 
 nection, so  that  the  congregation  at  Doylestown  was 
 but  an  extension  of  the  veneral)le  parent  church. 
 Nor  has  this  relation  been  disturbed.  The  congre- 
 gations united  constitute  one  and  the  same  church, 
 having  their  spiritual  officers  in  common,  and  equal 
 privileges  of  membership.  The  present  membership 
 of  the  church  (February,  1884),  is  fuur  hundred  and 
 thirlij-ninc ;  Sabbath  school,  eight  hundred.  The 
 present  organization  is  as  follows:  Pastor,  Rev. 
 William  A.  Patton;  ruling  elders,  Benjamin  S.  Rich, 
 John  G.  Harris,  John  Beatty,  Carlyle  Shepherd,  John 
 L.  Du  Bois,  Albert  J.  Jones,  John  K.  Lovett,  Philip 
 H.  Fretz  and  Charles  H.  Matthews. 
 
 De  Gignillat,  James,  pastor  of  the  French 
 Protestant  settlement  on  Goose  Creek,  S.  C,  from 
 about  lr;90  to  1711. 
 
 Delivery  of  Sermons.  (A  Lecture  delivered  by 
 the  Bee.  Dr.  Adolphe  iliminl  to  several  classes  of  Theo- 
 logical students  at  3Iontauhan.)  "Although  the  art 
 of  recitation  depends  more  on  practice  than  on  theory, 
 it  nevertheless  has  certain  rules,  which  must  be  pre- 
 sented to  the  mind  before  you  can  address  yourselves 
 with  profit  to  the  exercises  which  are  demanded,  and 
 which  form  the  object  of  this  course.  In  commencing 
 the  lectures  of  the  year,  I  think  it  my  duty  to  lay 
 these  rules  before  you,  or  rather  to  recall  them  to 
 your  memory.  In  so  doing,  I  limit  myself  to  such 
 general  views  as  may  be  comprised  in  a  single  dis- 
 course, and,  at  the  same  time,  are  of  universal  appli- 
 cation. 
 
 "  GENEBAL  VIEWS  OF  THE  AET  OF  KECITATIOJT — ITS 
 IMPORTANCE — ITS  DIFFICULTY — ITS  NATURE — 
 INVESTIGATION   OF   A   QUESTION. 
 
 "  It  is  scarcely  necessary  for  me  to  call  your  atten- 
 tion to  the  IMPOETANCE  of  a  good  delivery.  Among 
 all  human  means,  there  is  no  one  which  con- 
 tributes more  to  fix  the  attention  of  men,  and  to 
 move  their  hearts.  The  discourse  whicli,  delivered 
 with  forced  emphasis  or  with  monotony,  leaves 
 the  hearer  cold,  and  seems  to  court  inattention, 
 would  have  attracted,  con\inced  and  melted,  if 
 it  had  been  pronounced  with  the  accent  of  the 
 soul  and  the  intonations  which  nature  commu- 
 nicates to  sentiment  and  reason.  It  is  vain  to  say 
 that  this  is  an  affair  of  mere  form,  about  which  the 
 Christian  orator  should  not  much  concern  himself. 
 Even  if  delivery  were  a  secondary  thing  with  the 
 orator,  which  indeed  it  is  not — inasmuch  as  the  state 
 of  the  mind  has  more  to  do  with  it  than  is  commonly 
 thought — it  must  always  have  a  comnuxnding  inter- 
 est for  the  hearer,  from  its  powerful  influence  on  his 
 thoughts  and  inclinations.  Hearken  to  two  men, 
 who  ought  to  be  at  home  in  this  matter — Demosthenes 
 and  Massillou.     The  greater  the  difference  between 
 
DELIVERY  OF  SERMONS. 
 
 1113 
 
 DELIVERY  OF  SERMONS. 
 
 the  kinds  of  cloquente  in  wliicli  they  respectively 
 excelled,  the  more  forclWe  is  the  testimony  which 
 they  both  bear  to  the  power  of  delivery  and  oratorical 
 action.  Demosthenes  was  ;usked  what  was  the  first 
 quality  of  the  orator  ?  '  It  is  action ;'  and  the  second  ? 
 'Action;'  and  the  third?  'Action.'  Massillon  ex- 
 pressed the  same  Judgment,  when  he  replied,  on  a 
 certain  occa-sion,  to  one  wlio  asked  him  which  he 
 thought  his  best  sermon,  '  Tliat  one  which  I  know 
 best.'  '\Miy  so,  unless  that  which  he'  knew  the  best 
 was  that  which  he  could  best  deliver  ?  We  may  be 
 allowed  to  believe  that  these  two  great  masters  of 
 the  art  exaggerated  their  opinion,  in  order  to  make 
 it  more  striking;  but  its  foundation  is  perfectly  true. 
 It  is  not  merely  a  true  opinion;  it  is  an  experimental 
 fact,  which  cannot  be  contested. 
 
 "There  is  nothing  in  what  we  have  been  saj'iug 
 whicli  should  startle  a  pious  soul.  True  piety  does 
 not  forbid  the  use  of  the  natural  faculties  which  God 
 has  allotted  to  us,  but  commands  us  to  use  the.se  for 
 His  glory,  and  for  the  good  of  our  race.  What  Bos- 
 suet  so  well  said  of  God's  inspired  servant.s,  applies 
 with  greater  reason  to  all  others:  '  True  wisdom 
 avails  itself  of  all,  and  it  is  not  the  will  of  God  that 
 those  whom  he  inspires  should  neglect  human 
 means,  which,  also,  in  some  .sort,  proceed  from 
 Him.'  The  motto  of  the  mystic  morals  is  ahstain; 
 that  of  evangelic  morals  is  consecrate.  And  surely 
 the  latter  is  above  the  former;  for  to  abstain,  it 
 is  enough  to  distrust;  but  to  consecrate,  we  must 
 believe.  E-xerci.se  yourselves,  then,  gentlemen,  with- 
 out scruple,  in  the  art  of  elocution  and  delivery; 
 but  let  it  be  in  a  Christian  sjiirit.  Let  the  art  of 
 recit;vtion  be  with  you,  not  an  end,  but  a  means.  If 
 in  your  application  to  this  exercise  you  have  no  higher 
 aim  than  recitation  itself,  and  those  praises  which 
 the  world  lavishes  on  such  as  speak  well,  you  are  no 
 longer  a  preacher;  you  are  no  longer  even  an  orator; 
 you  are  an  actor.  But  if  you  cultivate  elocution  as 
 a  means  of  glorifying  God,  and  doing  good  to  man, 
 you  fulfill  an  obligation;  and  tlu^  greater  the  zeal 
 and  labor  whicli  you  bring  to  the  ta.sk,  tlie  more  may 
 you  implore  witli  confidence  that  grace  without 
 which  the  most  eloquent  is  but  '  a  .sounding  brass 
 and  tinkling  cymbal.' 
 
 ' '  This  labor  is  the  more  necessary,  moreover,  because 
 the  DIFFICULTY  of  the  art  which  occupies  our  atten- 
 tion is  equal  to  its  importance.  This  is  i)roved  by 
 experience;  those  wlio  recite  well  are  few.  There  is, 
 however,  a  distinction  to  be  observed  between  the 
 recitation  of  tlie  actor  and  that  of  the  orator.  The 
 former  is  much  more  difhcult  than  the  latter;  and 
 good  orators  are  not  commonly  great  actors,  at  least 
 in  tragedy.  Rcarcely  one  appears  in  an  age.  For 
 the  actor  has  two  things  to  do,  of  which  the  orator 
 has  but  one.  To  the  latter  it  suffices  to  express  the 
 sentiments  which  he  actually  exi)eriences;  but  the 
 former  miist  express  the  sentiments  of  anotlier.  Now, 
 to  c„xpre.ss    these,   he   must    first   make    them    his 
 
 own;  and  this  necessity,  which  has  no  existence  in 
 the  case  of  the  orator,  demands  of  the  actor  a  study 
 altogether  peculiar,  and  apparently  constitutes  the 
 most  difficult  portion  of  his  art.  To  transform  one's 
 self  into  a  person  altogether  foreign;  to  become  in- 
 vested with  his  manners,  character,  passions  and 
 language;  and,  ncxcrtlieless,  to  remain  master  of 
 him.self  and  with  the  mind  free,  since  it  would  be  a 
 weakness  in  tlie  actor  to  confound  himself  with  his 
 part,  so  far  as  to  forget  himself  and  his  acting,  this 
 demands  a  prodigious  faculty,  and  one  which  seems 
 to  depend  on  certain  natural  dispositions  which  are 
 altogether  peculiar.  It  .seems  as  if  there  were  a  sepa- 
 rate organ  for  the  dramatic  art;  and  it  has  been  re- 
 marked that  illustrious  actors  have  not  always  been 
 men  of  commanding  intellect.  So  that  we  may  make 
 the  .same  distinction  between  the  orator  and  the  actor 
 which  Cicero  makes  between  the  orator  and  the  poet: 
 na.^ciintiirpoela;  finntnratore.^.  We  may  thank  fJod  that 
 we  depend  le.ss  on  organization,  and  that  this  power  of 
 imagination  is  not  indispensable  to  us:  our  task  is,  at 
 the  same  time,  more  noble  and  less  conipliciited.  To 
 communicate  our  thoughts  and  feelings  in  a  suitable, 
 just  and  expressive  manner,  is  all  that  we  demand. 
 
 "But  how  does  it  haijpen,  then,  that  .sjieakers 
 whose  delivery  is  good  exist  in  no  greater  numbers? 
 Leaving  out  of  view  forensic  and  parliamentary  ora- 
 tors, how  comes  it  that  there  are  Christian  preachers 
 who  sometimes  pronounce  their  discourses  without 
 action,  and  even  without  just  inflection,  and  this 
 when  n&ither  the  sincerity  of  their  belief  nor  their 
 interest  in  the  subject  can  be  called  in  question? 
 There  is  the  greater  reason  to  be  astonished  at  this, 
 because  the  same  men  often  manifest  in  animated 
 conversation  many  of  the  very  qualities  which  we 
 miss  in  their  pulpit  exercises,  so  that  they  need 
 nothing  in  order  to  make  them  excellent  speakers 
 but  to  be  themselves.  It  is  a  difficult  question;  but 
 let  us  attempt  its  solution. 
 
 "It  must  be  lioriie  in  mind,  in  the  first  place,  that 
 there  is  a  wide  distinction  between  preaching  and 
 conversation,  however  grave,  interesting  or  animated. 
 A  discourse  in  which  it  is  attempted  to  develop  one 
 or  more  propositions,  one  person  being  sole  speaker 
 for  an  hour,  before  a  numerous  audience,  has,  and 
 ought  to  have,  something  of  continuity  and  elevation 
 which  does  not  belong  to  mere  conversation.  We  are 
 no  longer  in  the  sphere  of  simple  nature.  There 
 must  be  some  calculation  of  measures,  management 
 of  voice  and  strengthening  of  intonations;  in  a  word, 
 there  must  be  self -observation;  and  where  this  begins, 
 the  speaker  is  no  longer  in  that  pure  simplicity  where 
 nature  displays  and  acts  itself  forth  unreservedly, 
 rreaching,  likewise,  demands  certain  powers,  both 
 physical  and  moral,  which  are  not  possessed  by  every 
 one,  and  which  are  not  recjuired  in  conversation.  The 
 two  cases,  therefore,  are  not  parallel;  and  this  may 
 suffice  to  .show  how  the  same  persons  may  succeed  iu 
 one  and  fail  in  the  other. 
 
DELIVERY  OF  SEHMONfi. 
 
 1113 
 
 DELIVERY  OF  SERMOm. 
 
 "This  first  diflference,  which  is  in  the  nature  ol' 
 things,  produces  another, whicli  pcrtiiins  to  tlie  orator. 
 In  atleuijjting  to  rise  above  tlie  tone;  of  ci>nversation 
 most  preachers  depart  from  it  too  Tnuch.  They  in- 
 flate their  delivery,  and  declaim  instead  of  speaking; 
 and  when  the  pompous  enters,  the  natural  departs. 
 We  must  not,  indeed,  expect  too  much ;  hut  vt^hether 
 it  be  the  influence  of  example,  or  traditionary  bad 
 ta-ste,  or  the  ease  of  a  method  in  which  capacity  of 
 lungs  goes  for  labor  of  reflection  and  energy  of  senti- 
 ment, the  foct  is  that  there  is  scarcely  one  among  us 
 who  does  not  betray  some  leaven  of  declamation,  or 
 who  preaches  with  perfect  simplicity. 
 
 "We  may  read,  recite,  or  speak  extempore.  If  we 
 read,  it  is  almost  impossible  to  a-ssumeatone  entirely 
 natural ;  either  because  the  art  of  reading  well  is  per- 
 haps more  difficult  than  that  of  speaking  well,  or 
 because  the  preacher  who  reads,  when  he  is  supposed 
 to  be  speaking,  places  himself  there!)y  in  a  kind  of 
 fal.se  position,  of  which  he  must  undergo  the  penalty. 
 It  will  be  better  to  rehearse  after  having  committed 
 to  memory;  the  preacher  .speaks  throughout  afttT  his 
 manuscript,  it  is  true,  but  he  speaks,  nevertheless. 
 Where  the  .speaker  has  prepared  his  thoughts  and 
 even  his  words,  it  is  a  matter  which  the  auditor  need 
 not  know,  and  which  a  good  delivery  can  ordinarily 
 conceal  from  those  who  are  not  themselves  in  the 
 habit  of  speaking  in  public.  The  mind,  the  voice, 
 the  attitude,  all  are  more  free,  and  the  delivery  is  far 
 more  natural.  But  can  it  he  completely  so  ?  I  do 
 not  know.  Art  may  go  very  far,  but  it  ig  art  still ; 
 and  there  is  a  certain  tone  of  .serai-declamation,  from 
 which  there  is  scarcely  any  escape;  a  tax,  as  it  were, 
 which  must  be  paid  to  method;  to  that  method 
 which  we  are,  however,  far  from  condemning,  and 
 which  seems  to  have  been  practiced  by  some  of  the 
 servants  of  God  in  whom  he  has  been  most  glorified. 
 Finally,  will  it  be  possible  to  avoid  the  inconveniences 
 ju.st  mentioned,  and  shall  we  certainly  attain  a  sim- 
 ple deliver}',  by  abandoning  ourselves  to  extempore 
 speaking?  Ibelieve,  indeed,  that  this  is  the  method  in 
 which  one  may  hope  for  the  best  delivery;  provided, 
 always,  that  the  speaker  has  so  great  a  facility,  or  .so 
 complete  a  preparation,  or,  what  is  better,  both  at 
 once,  as  U>  be  freed  from  the  necessity  of  a  painful 
 search  for  thoughts  and  words.  Without  this,  it  is 
 the  wor.st  of  all  methods,  for  matter  as  well  as  for 
 form.  But  even  where  one  has  received  from  nature 
 or  acquired  by  practice  a  genuine  facility,  and  has 
 premeditated,  with  care,  the  concatenation  and  order 
 of  his  ideas,  and  has  even  been  aided  by  the  pen 
 (which  is  almost  indispensable,  in  order  to  speak 
 well),  there  will,  nevertheless,  always  remain  some- 
 thing of  that  constraint  which  arises  from  the  re- 
 search of  what  is  to  be  said;  and  while  the  solicitude 
 about  mere  words  absorbs  much  of  the  mind's  forces, 
 the  orator  will  hardly  preserve  freedom  enough  to 
 secure,  in  all  ca.ses,  the  tones  of  nature.  In  this  way 
 simplicity  will  be  injured  by  cau.ses  dift'erent  from 
 
 those  which  affect  one  who  recites  from  memory,  but 
 scarcely  less  in  degree.  It  is  a  foet,  that  with  men 
 who  abandon  themselves  to  extempore  speaking,  false 
 and  exaggerated  intonations  are  ni>t  rare  at  those 
 moments  when  they  are  not  perfectly  free  and  com- 
 pletely nuusters  of  their  diction. 
 
 "I  have  mentioned  freedom  of  mind.  It  is  this, 
 more  than  all  the  re-st,  which  brings  the  preacher  into 
 the  natural  position,  and,  consequently,  into  the  true 
 intonation.  If  he  could  be  perfectly  at  his  ease, 
 the  greatest  hindrance  of  a  just  and  natural  elo- 
 cution would  be  removed.  But  it  is  this  whiih 
 is  chiefly  wanting,  both  in  those  who  speak  ex- 
 temi)oraneously  what  has  been  meditated  with- 
 out extraordinary  pains,  and  even  in  tho.se  who 
 rehearse  a  discourse  which  they  have  learnt  by  rote. 
 When  they  find  themselves  before  an  auditory,  they 
 become  agitated.  They  fear  to  displease;  or,  if  they 
 are  under  the  influence  of  higher  .sentiments,  they 
 fear  lest  they  shall  not  make  an  impres.sion  on  their 
 hearers;  or,  finally,  they  experience  a  vague  embar- 
 rassment of  which  they  take  no  distinct  account 
 themselves,  and  from  which  certain  pious  ministers 
 are  not  altogether  exempt.  Sometimes  it  is  the  con- 
 course which  intimidates  them;  sometimes  it  is  the 
 small  number  of  hearers ;  nay,  perhaps,  a  single 
 hearer,  more  enlightened,  more  fastidious,  or  higher 
 in  rank,  than  the  rest;  alas,  for  poor  human  heart! 
 From  the  moment  that  this  miserable  timidity 
 enters  the  soul  all  is  lost.  The  mind's  vision  is 
 troubled,  the  thoughts  are  confused,  the  feelings  are 
 blunted,  the  voice  itself  is  less  firm;  the  laboring 
 breath  fatigues  thw  lungs,  and  forebodes  an  approach- 
 ing hoarseness.  If  the  orator  speak  extempore,  he 
 will  be  in  danger  of  stopping  short;  or,  by  a  sort  of 
 Kilculation  which  takes  place  almost  without  his  own 
 knowledge,  he  will  seek  to  hide  the  poverty  of  the 
 matter  under  the  show  of  the  manner,  and  will  vent 
 common-place,  ill-developed,  though,  perhaps,  just 
 ideas  with  a  solemn  voice  and  a  declamatory  tone, 
 which  will  leave  his  hearers  as  cold  as  himself,  and 
 which,  once  adopted,  or  rather  submitted  to,  will 
 hold  him  enchained  till  the  end  of  his  discourse. 
 
 "We  hear  much  of  the  talent  and  facility  for 
 speaking.  I  am  far  from  admitting  the  principle, 
 which  (whether  justly  or  not)  is  attributed  to  .Jacotot 
 — that  all  capacities  are  equal.  Yet  it  is  an  error 
 which,  like  most  others,  is  only  the  exaggeration  of  a 
 truth.  God  has  shown  Himself,  in  the  distribution 
 of  His  gifts,  less  frugal  and  less  unequal  than  it  is 
 common  to  think;  and  as  there  is  scarcely  any  soil 
 from  which  culture  may  not  extract  at  least  necessary 
 food,  so  there  is  scarcely  any  mind  which,  under 
 proper  direction,  may  not  learn  to  speak  in  a  correct, 
 interesting  and  impressive  manner.  The  immense 
 differences  which  we  observe  between  speakers  pro- 
 ceed, less  than  is  imagined,  from  a  natural  inequality, 
 and  much  more  than  we  imagine,  from  that  other 
 inequality  which  depends  on  human  will  and  human 
 
DKLIVEHY  OF  SEJiMOXK 
 
 1114 
 
 DELlVKUr  OF  SFKMOXS. 
 
 cHbrt.  This  seems  jnst,  and  as  it  should  lie  ;  iiiid  it 
 is  true,  doubly  true,  as  to  piilpii  eloquence,  in  which 
 the  moral  element  liokls  so  considerable  a  space. 
 
 "  But  to  return  to  the  subject  which  gave  occasion 
 to  this  reflection;  the  power  with  which  certain  men 
 speak,  and  the  excellence  of  their  delivery,  arise  in  a 
 i^reat  measure  from  their  ability  to  put  themselves 
 perfectly  at  their  ease  in  a  position  where  others  are 
 embarrassed.  If  confu.sion  paralyzes  the  faculties, 
 sell-posse.ssidn  multiplies  them.  Of  t\yo  men  who 
 encounter  any  danj^er,  it  is  not  always  the  ablest  who 
 best  extric;vtos  liimself;  it  is  commonly  lie  who  keejis 
 himself  cool;  and  tlie  greatest  genius  is  good  for 
 nothing  when  frozen  by  fear.  Of  what  avail 
 would  the  best  faculties  be  to  you,  without  self- 
 possession  ?  But  he  who  is  •  at  his  ease  saj's 
 ju.st  what  he  intends,  and  ju.st  a.s  he  intends  ; 
 reflects;  checks  himself  in  a  moment,  if  necessary,  to 
 seek  a  word  or  a  thought,  and  from  the  very  pause 
 borrows  some  natural  and  expressive  accent  or  ges- 
 ture; takes  advantiige  of  what  he  sees  and  hears,  and 
 in  a  word  brings  into  use  all  his  resources;  which  is 
 sajing  a  great  deal;  for  'the  spirit  of  man  is  the 
 candle  of  the  Lord,  searching  all  the  inward  parts. ' 
 
 "You  will,  perhaps,  tell  me  that  this  confidence 
 to  which  I  exhort  you  is  rather  a  favor  to  be  wished 
 for  than  a  disposition  to  be  enjoined;  that  it  is  the 
 happy  fruit  of  temperament,  or  of  success,  or  of  native 
 talent;  and  that  it  is  not  every  one  that  chooses  who 
 can  be  at  his  ease.  I  grant  that  it  depends  jiartly  on 
 temperament;  and  this  is  a  reason  for  fortifying  it, 
 if  it  is  naturally  timid;  so  on  success;  and  this  is  a 
 reason  why  the  young  man  should  use  all  pains  to 
 make  a  good  beginning;  so  on  tiilent  itself;  and  this 
 Ls  a  reason  for  improving  that  which  may  be  pos- 
 sessed. But  there  is  another  element  which  enters 
 into  this  ease  of  manner,  and  I  both  wish  it  for  you 
 and  enjoin  it  upon  you;  it  is  Failh.  Take  your  posi- 
 tion as  the  ambassador  of  Jesus  Christ,  sent  by  God 
 to  treat  with  sinful  men;  believe  that  lie  who  sends 
 you  will  not  leave  you  to  speak  in  vain;  labor  for  the 
 salvation  of  those  whom  you  address,  as  if  it  were 
 your  own;  so  forget  yourself,  to  see  only  the  glory  of 
 God  and  the  sjilvation  of  your  hearers;  you  will  then 
 tremble  more  belbre  God,  but  less  before  men.  You 
 will  then  speak  with  liberty,  therefore  with  the  same 
 facility  and  propriety  which  you  possess  in  the  other 
 circumstances  of  life.  If  our  faith  were  perfect,  we 
 should  scjircely  be  in  more  danger  of  falling  into  false 
 or  declamatory  tones,  than  if  we  were  crying  out  to 
 a  drowniing  man  to  seize  the  rope  which  is  thrown 
 out  to  save  him. 
 
 "  I  attribute,  therefore,  the  inferiority  of  many 
 preachers  in  oratorical  delivery,  partly  to  the  dilli- 
 culty  of  public  and  continuous  disco\irses,  but  partly, 
 also,  to  the  want  of  certain  moral  dispositions. 
 Hence  it  follows  that  it  is  by  assiduous  labor  and  by 
 spiritual  i)r<)gress  that  they  mu.st  become  able  to 
 carry  iuto  the  pulpit  the  same  powers  of  si)eech  which 
 
 they  employ  elsewhere.  But  this  particular  question 
 has  diverted  us  too  far  from  our  subject;  it  is  time  to 
 return  and  give  some  account  of  icliat  constitute^i  the 
 ART  of  recitation  or  acceptable  delivery. 
 
 "  The  basis  of  every  art  is  nature,  but  nature  in  a 
 state  of  embellishment.  The  basis  is  nature;  poetry 
 and  eloquence  do  not  rest  on  conventional  rules;  it  is 
 the  heart  and  the  mind  of  man — of  man  as  he  is — 
 which  must  be  depicted,  and  which  must  al.so  be  in- 
 terested. But  it  has  for  its  basis  nature  einhclUxlicd 
 — idealized;  imilales  it,  but  it  does  not  eq;)^.  When 
 Barthelemy  describes  to  us  the  ma.ssacres  of  Septem- 
 ber, in  terms  which  cause  us  not  so  much  to  under- 
 stand, as  to  behold  with  our  own  eyes;  when  his 
 bloody  muse  has  no  other  ambition  than  that  of  in- 
 spiring the  same  horror  which  the  hideous  spectacle, 
 to  which  he  delights  to  drag  us,  would  itself  have 
 jjroduced,  Barthelemy,  with  all  his  genius,  has  been 
 tal.se  to  his  art;  here  is  neither  painting  nor  poetry, 
 but  butchery. 
 
 "I  would  not  subject  myself  to  the  jjrepossession 
 of  a  mere  artistic  view  in  treating  of  the  recitation 
 of  the  preachers.  Y'et  it  may  be  said,  in  general,  > 
 that  this  recitation  should  partake  equally  of  imita- 
 tion and  of  nature.  Listen  to  those  who  speak  well; 
 observe  them,  at  times,  when  they  are  not  obser^^ng 
 themselves;  retain  their  intonations,  and  transfer 
 them  to  your  delivery.  But  while  you  adopt,  elevate 
 them ;  imilate,  but  do  not  copy.  Do  not  luik  in  the 
 pulpit.  Too  great  familiarity  is  almost  as  great  a 
 fault  as  decl^imation ;  more  rare,  indeed,  but  never- 
 theless occurring  among  certain  preachers,  and  espe- 
 cially such  as  are  uneducated.  It  is  the  tone  of  good 
 convers;ition,  but  this  tone,  ennobled  and  exalted, 
 which  seems  to  me  to  be  the  ideal  of  oratorical 
 delivery. 
 
 "  From  these  general  considerations,  I  pass  to  those 
 exercises  whieh  are  soon  to  occupy  us;  and  the 
 remainder  of  this  discourse  will  be  employed  in  giving 
 some  DiEECTioxs,  first  for  the  physical,  and  then  for 
 the  moral  part  of  elocution. 
 
 "We  have  just  said,  and  we  shall  have  occa.sion  to 
 repeat  it,  that  the  physical  part  of  delivery  is  second- 
 ary, because  it  is  instrument4il.  In  puljlic  speaking, 
 as  in  all  the  operations  of  the  human  understanding, 
 the  organs  are  the  mere  agents  of  the  mind.  But  these 
 agents  are  indispensable,  and  in  proportion  as  they 
 obey  the  understanding,  other  things  being  equal, 
 will  the  delivery  be  effective.  We  must  not,  there- 
 fore, despise  the  physical  part  of  delivery.  We  shall, 
 nevertheless,  be  brief  on  this  point,  where  everj-  one 
 will  be  able,  with  the  aid  of  a  few  suggestions,  to 
 guide  himself 
 
 "The  ro/cc  should  be  exercised  frequently  and 
 carefully.  Endeavor  to  render  your  voice  at  the 
 s;ime  time  distinct,  strong,  sonorous  and  flexible; 
 this  can  be  attiiined  only  by  long  practice.  Labor  to 
 acquire  the  mastery  cf  your  voice.  He  who  possesses 
 this  faculty  will  find  resources,  even  in  a  refractory 
 
DELIVERY  OF  SERMOXS. 
 
 1115 
 
 DELIVERY  OF  SERMONS. 
 
 voice,  and  will  produce  great  eflFects  with  little  fatigue. 
 But  most  public  speakers  are  the  slaves  of  their  voice; 
 tliey  do  not  govern  it  so  much  as  it  governs  them.  In 
 this  case,  even  though  it  has  the  most  precious  qualities, 
 it  is  but  a  rebellious  instrument.  Ko  one  need  fear  any 
 injury  to  the  chest  from  those  daily  exercises  which 
 are  necessary  in  order  thus  to  subdue  and  discipline 
 the  voice.  If  moderate,  they  will,  on  the  contrary, 
 strengthen  it;  and  experienced  physicians  recommend 
 recitation  and  singing  to  persons  of  delicate  habit. 
 The  most  l\ivorable  time  for  these  exercises  is  an 
 hour  or  two  after  a  meal;  the  stomach  should  be 
 neither  full  nor  empty. 
 
 "  After  the  care  of  the  voice  comes  that  of  pronun- 
 ciation. There  is  a  natural  pronunciation;  by  which 
 I  mean  that  utterance  of  the  elements  of  speech  which 
 is  common  to  all  languages;  and  there  is  a  conven- 
 tional pronunciation,  or  that  which  each  nation 
 adopts  for  the  words  of  its  own  tongue. 
 
 "  The  student  should  begin   by  making  him.self 
 perfectly  master  of  the  natural  pronunciation,  and 
 learn  to  give  every  vowel  its  appropriate  sound,  and 
 to  make  the   organic  motions  belonging  to   every 
 consonant.     The  latter  point  is  the  more  important. 
 If  the  purity  of  the  vowel  sounds  conduce  much  to 
 the  grace  of  discourse,  it  is  especially  the  articula- 
 tion of  the  consonants  which  gives  it  distinctness, 
 vigor  and  expression.     A  man  who  articulates  well 
 can  make  himself  heard  at  a  distiince  without  vocif- 
 eration, even  though   he  lay  little  stress   upon  the 
 vowels;  and  this  is  the  method  to  which  actors  have 
 recourse,  when  they  make  dying  persons  speak  with 
 a  subdued  voice;  they  explode  the  consonant  while 
 they  retain  the  vowel  sound.     But  one  who  articu- 
 lates badly  will  never  make  himself  heard  at  a  dis- 
 tance; and  adding  force  to  the  vowels  will  but  increase 
 the  confusion.     It  is,  further,  in  the  utterance  of  con- 
 sonants that  the  most  usual  impediments  and  other 
 faults  occur;  and  there  is  scarcely  any  one  who  may 
 not,  on  strict  observation,  detect  himself  as  faulty 
 in  some  particulars.     One  speaks  thickly;  he  pro- 
 nounces the  r  with  the  uvula  and  in  the  throat,  in- 
 stead of  uttering  it  with  the  tongue,  against  the  palate. 
 Another  liqiH ;  in  pronouncing  the  s  he  protrudes  the 
 end  of  the  tongue  between  the  rows  of  teeth,  and 
 makes  the  English  Vi,  instead  of  a  pure  sibilation. 
 Many  fail  in  the  eft  (English  sh),  substituting  an  s,  or 
 sort  of/,  or  an  awkward  ch,  produced  by  an  oblique 
 portion  of  the  tongue.   There  is  no  one  of  these  faults 
 which  may  not  be  corrected  by  perseverance.     Yon 
 remember     the    example  of   Demosthenes,     whose 
 principal  efforts  were  directed  to  tlie  development  of 
 his  voice,  and  the  utterance  of  the  letter  r.     It  is  to 
 be  -n-ished  that  it  were  more  customary  to  exercise 
 children,  at  an  early  age,  in  the  proper  formation  of 
 sounds  and  use  of  their  organs;  there  might  thus  be 
 obtained,  without  trouble,  results  which,  at  a  more 
 advanced  age,  cost  immense  pain  and  valuable  time. 
 "There  remains  another  point,   which  is  almost 
 
 entirely  neglected  by  public  speakers,  and  which  has. 
 neverthele.ss,  great  importance;  it  is  the  art  oitaldny 
 breath  at  the  right  time.     A  man  who  takes  breath 
 properly  will  fatigue  himself  less  in  speaking  three 
 or  four  hours,  as  certain  political  orators  do,  especially 
 in  England,  than  another  in  half  an  hour;  and  the 
 orators  who  are  able  to  speak  so  long   are  either  men 
 who  have  studied  the  management  of  their  breath, 
 or  men  who  speak  much,  but  who  speak  well;  for  in 
 this  ca.se,  respiration  regulates  itself,  without  separate 
 thought,  just  as  iu  conversation.     But  it  is  by  no 
 means  the  same  when  one  recites  a  discourse  from 
 memory;  especially  if  it  is  the  discourse  of  another; 
 for  in  writing  we  take  care,  without  being  aware  ol 
 it,  to  adjust  the  length  of  the  periods  to  the  habitudes 
 of  our  lungs.     But  the  exercise  in  which  it  is  most 
 difficult  to  breathe   aright,  as  being  that  which  is 
 furthest  removed  from  the  natural  tone,  is  the  exer- 
 cise of  reading;  and  it  is  remarked  that  one  is  wearied 
 much  sooner  by  reading  than  by  speaking.     There 
 are  very  few  persons  who  can  bear  half  an  hour  of 
 reading  without  a  slight  inconvenience  of  the  organs; 
 but  there  are  many  who  can  speak  an  hour  without 
 trouble.     The  point  of  the  difficulty  is  this,  to  time 
 the  respiration  so  as  always  to  take  breath  a  moment 
 before  it  is  exhausted.     For  this  purpose,  it  is  neces- 
 sary to  breathe  quite  often,  and  to  t;ike  advantage  of 
 little  rests  in  the  delivery.     It  might  be  feared  lest 
 this  necessity  should  injure  the  utterance  and  make 
 it  frigid;  but,  on  the   contrary,  the  rests  which  are 
 thus  employed  by  one  who  is  exercised  so  as  to  use 
 them  properly,  are  as  expressive  as  the  voice  itself; 
 the  slowness  which   they  communicate   to  the  dis- 
 course is  only  that  slowness  which  gives  more  weight 
 and  vigor  to  the  thought;  so  this  happy  infirmity 
 becomes  an  additional  power. 
 
 "It  is,  lastly,  by  breathing  .seasonably,  that  the 
 speaker  will  avoid  a  fault  which  is  very  common  and 
 very  great;  that  of  letting  the  voice  fall  at  the  end 
 of  sentences,  which  renders  the  recitation  at  the  same 
 time  indistinct  and  monotonous.  This  is  the  abuse 
 of  the  rule  which  is  pointed  out  by  nature.  It  is 
 natural  to  lower  the  voice  slightly  at  the  moment  of 
 finishing  a  sentence,  at  least  iu  most  cases;  for  there 
 are  certain  thoughts  which,  on  the  contrary,  demand 
 an  elevation  of  the  voice  at  the  close.  But  the 
 Aill  is  made  too  perceptible,  and  is  tixken  from 
 too  great  a  height,  so  that  there  are  often  three  or 
 four  words  which  the  hearer  catches  with  difficulty, 
 or  does  not  catch  at  all.  This  would  be  bad  enough, 
 even  without  the  additional  evil  that  the  expression 
 is  weakened  at  the  same  time  with  the  voice.  As  a 
 general  rule,  the  voice  should  be  kept  up  to  the  end 
 of  the  sentence,  excepting  only  that  slight  depression 
 and,  as  it  were,  reflexion,  which  denote  that  the  sense 
 is  terminated.  But  to  do  this,  you  must  breathe  in 
 time,  as  it  is  because  the  lungs  are  exhausted  that 
 you  must  lower  the  voice;  for,  where  there  is  no 
 breath  there  is  no  sound. 
 
DELIVERY  OF  SERMOXS. 
 
 111(5 
 
 DELIVERY  OF  SERMOXS. 
 
 "I  eome  now  to  some  directions  as  to  the  Moral 
 Part  of  delivery. 
 
 "  The  expression  sufficiently  shows  till' point  of  view 
 miller  which  we  consider  the  whole  art  of  recitation, 
 and  in  which  we  find  the  fundamental  principle 
 which  supports  all  our  rules.  The  principle  is  this: 
 delivery  has  its  residence,  not  in  the  mouth,  but  in 
 the  srnlimiiil  and  the  thought.  It  depends  less  on 
 the  roive  than  on  the  mul.  I  should  have  been  in 
 dani;er  of  heinj;  misunderstood  if  I  bad  not  begun 
 by  making  some  reservation  iu  favor  of  the  vocal  part 
 of  delivery.  This  I  am  far  from  wishing  to  sacrifice. 
 I'ut  now  I  assume  an  instrument  fully  exerci.sed,  an 
 organ  flexible  and  strong,  a  good  pronunciation, 
 distinct  articulation  and  ea.sy  respiration.  WTien  this 
 previous  training  is  accorapli.shed,  and  when  the 
 moment  has  come  for  actual  speaking,  remember 
 that  the  delivery  is  above  all  an  affair  of  the  soul; 
 and  make  it  as  independent  as  possible  of  j'our  organs. 
 It  is  at  bottom,  the  soul  of  the  speaker,  which  ad- 
 dresses the  soul  of  the  hearer.  The  organs  of  speech, 
 on  the  one  part,  and  the  organs  of  hearing,  on  the 
 other,  are  but  intermediates  between  the  mind  of 
 him  who  speaks  and  the  mind  of  him  who  hears. 
 The  more  free  one  makes  this  communication,  the 
 more  one  forgets  the  organ,  so  as  to  bring  out  nothing 
 but  the  soul,  the  better  will  be  the  elocution.  Let 
 the  soul,  the  entire  .soul,  with  its  constant  unity,  as 
 well  as  with  its  infinite  movements,  look  through  the 
 utterance,  like  the  bottom  of  a  stream  through  per- 
 fectly limpid  water,  so  limpid  that  it  seems  not  to 
 exi.st.  The  orgaus  should  be  such  docile  and  faithful 
 interpreters  of  the  thought  as  to  .seem  not  to  be 
 present;  they  should  obey  to  a  degree  of  .self-con- 
 cealment. This  is  their  glory  and  their  mission,  and 
 tlu?  realizing  of  this  ideal  would  infer  the  i)erfection, 
 as  well  of  the  organ  as  of  the  sentiment.  This  is 
 according  to  our  fundamental  principle,  viz.:  'It  is 
 the  Hold  that  should  speak.'  We  proceed  now  to  deduce 
 from  this  certain  general  directions: — 
 
 ■'I.  The  delivery  .should  be  true,  or  just;  it  should 
 give  to  each  thought  and  each  sentiment  the  tone 
 which  iM'longs  to  it.  Why  is  such  a  tone  proper  to 
 such  an  emotion  of  the  soul  ?  Why,  for  example,  do 
 we  raise  the  voice  at  the  beginning  of  a  sentence,  and 
 let  it  fall  at  the  end,  when  we  ask  a  question  to 
 which  an  answer  is  expected?  Why  do  we  invert 
 the  method  in  that  species  of  questions  which  re- 
 ([uire  no  answer,  and  which  are  only  another  form  of 
 atlirination?  Why  does  a  certain  intonation  mark  a 
 simple  a.s.sertion,  another  a  doubt,  another  surprise, 
 another  anger,  and  the  like?  This  is  a  question 
 which  we  c;innot  answer.  We  are  a.ssured  it  is 
 so  in  nature ;  to  observe  and  reproduce  it  is  the 
 busine.s.s  of  elocution.  But  to  explain  the  secret 
 relation  which  exists  between  the  movements  of 
 the  mind  and  the  inflections  of  the  voice,  is 
 more  than  any  one  can  do,  if  we  except  Him  who 
 formed  both  the  human  soul  and  the  orgaus  which 
 
 serve  to  communicate  its  impressions.  That  there 
 are,  in  regard  to  this,  fixed  and  well-dct<'rmined 
 laws,  is  sufficiently  proved  by  the  two  following 
 observations.  In  the  first  place,  all  mim,  without 
 excepting  those  who  never  practice  public  speaking, 
 recognize  just  inflection,  when  they  hear  it  :  the 
 dramatic  art  is  founded  on  this  remark.  In  the 
 second  place,  there  are  certain  inflections  which  may 
 be  called  primitive,  and  which  remain  invariable, 
 when  we  pass  from  one  nation  and  idiom  to  another, 
 notwithstanding  the  infinite  diversity  of  all  that  is 
 conventional. 
 
 "But  how  are  we  to  discover  these  accents  of 
 nature  ?  The  first  means  which  offers  itself  to  the 
 mind  is  to  observe  them  in  others;  it  is  excellent; 
 but  we  cannot  employ  it  in  every  case.  We  do  not 
 always  find  an  occasion  to  hear  precisely  this  or  that 
 word  or  sentence,  about  which  we  are  embarrassed, 
 pronounced  by  good  speakers.  I  suppose  the  cjise, 
 therefore,  where  we  are  left  to  ourselves.  How  are 
 we  to  discover  the  accents  of  nature  ?  I  answer,  we 
 must  seek  them  in  the  .sold.  We  must  begin  by  dis- 
 cerning the  inward  impression;  and  this  impression, 
 well  caught,  will  conduct  us  to  the  intonation.  This 
 is  the  first  consequence  of  the  general  principle  which 
 we  have  laid  down  above,  or  rather  it  is  only  the 
 principle  itself  put  into  practice. 
 
 "  It  is  not  meant  that  random  trials  must  be  made 
 of  all  sorts  of  intonations,  or  that  bursts  of  voice 
 must  be  uttered  at  hazard.  We  must  sit  dowTi,  re- 
 flect, comprehend,  feel  and  silently  interrogate  the 
 mind  and  heart.  It  is  not  till  after  this  inward  labor 
 that  the  e.s.says  of  the  voice  will  be  useful;  they  will 
 succeed  in  clearing  and  animating  the  movement  of 
 mind  which  gave  them  birth.  By  these  means,  one 
 may  gradually  arrive  at  the  true  tone,  which  once 
 found,  and  e-specially  found  in  this  way,  will  abide 
 in  the  soul's  memory,  and  will  return  and  present 
 itself  at  the  moment  of  necessity.  A  very  useful 
 method  of  aiding  in  this  research  is  to  translate  the 
 thought  into  other  terms,  more  familiar  than  those 
 of  the  discourse;  or,  which  is  still  better,  to  inquire 
 how  one  would  utter  an  analogous  sentiment  in  the 
 ordinary  course  of  life.  This  care  in  tracing  the 
 language  to  the  thought,  and  questioning  the  soul 
 concerning  the  inflections  of  the  voice,  is  the  more 
 necessary,  from  the  fact  that  the  same  sentence  or 
 the  same  word  is  susceptible  of  a  multitude  of  in- 
 flections, which  the  mind  alone  can  distinguish,  per- 
 ceiving as  it  does  the  most  delicate  relations,  while 
 the  diction  and  the  pen  have  but  a  single  expression 
 for  the  whole. 
 
 "Take  a  word — the  most  insignificant  you  can 
 find — a  proper  name,  for  instance — and  this,  if  you 
 please,  a  monosyllable,  as  Paul.  For  writing  and 
 for  language,  there  is  but  this  one  word,  Paul;  but 
 there  are  ten,  twenty,  an  infinity,  for  the  soul,  and 
 the  organ  it  inspires.  By  the  mere  way  in  which 
 an  intelligi;nt  speaker,  or  better  still,  one  who  speaks 
 
DELIVER  r  OF  SERMONS. 
 
 1117 
 
 DELIVERY  OF  SERMONS. 
 
 without  observing  how,  utters  this  name,  and  with- 
 out waiting  for  him  to  add  anything,  j'ou  wUl  be 
 able  to  discern  whether  he  be  about  to  praise  or  to 
 blame;  to  tell  good  news,  or  liad;  to  encourage  a 
 design,  or  to  depart  from  it;  to  call  one  afar  otf, 
 or  at  hand;  to  question,  or  to  repel.  We  should 
 never  end,  if  we  should  try  to  enumerate  all  the 
 thoughts  -which  may  be  included  in  the  utterance  of 
 this  little  name.  Now,  amidst  this  infinite  variety, 
 what  rule  shall  guide  us?  What  other  than  that 
 the  mind,  well  exercised  and  correct,  will  find  in  de- 
 livery the  tone  which  suits  the  occa-siou  and  the 
 moment  of  si)eaking?  I  cannot,  then,  repeat  too 
 often,  speak  ex  aiiimo  {out  of  the  noul).  Perhaps  you 
 think  this  is  a  matter  of  course,  and  that  the  advice 
 is  unimportiint.  But  practice  will  convince  you  that 
 it  is  not  so. 
 
 "  Let  me  be  allowed  to  cite  the  authority  of  a  man 
 who  received  from  God  a  rare  genius,  which,  unfor- 
 tunately, he  squandered  on  vanities— I  mean  Talma; 
 listen  to  his  own  exposition,  given  in  private  to  some 
 of  his  friends;  for  he  wrote  nothing  of  importance  on 
 his  art.  It  will  be  seen  that  his  mode  of  preparation 
 Wiis  that  of  which  I  have  been  speaking;  and  it  may 
 be  believed  that  one  of  the  causes  of  that  reform 
 which  he  wrought  in  theatric  delivery  was  the  care 
 which  he  bestowed,  in  searching  for  inflections  in  his 
 soul,  and  in  employing  his  organs  only  as  docile  in- 
 struments, destined  to  reproduce  the  internal  im- 
 pressions. 
 
 "The  intonations  being  found,  we  must  give  it  a 
 degree  of  intensity  greater  than  one  would  employ  in 
 convei-sation.  From  this  comes  the  energy  of  public 
 discourse.  It  is  needless  to  say,  this  energy  should 
 bear  a  proportion  to  the  nature  of  the  subject.  It 
 will  be  at  oue  time  the  energy  of  .argument,  at  another 
 the  energy  of  pa.ssion ;  but  it  will  always  be  the 
 energy  of  propriety  and  of  truth.  This  utterance, 
 at  once  accurate  and  firm,  these  inflections,  true  and 
 struck  out  with  precision,  have  a  peculiar  charm  for 
 the  hearer,  and  can  make  a  discourse  interesting  from 
 beginning  to  end,  even  in  the  least  animated  parts. 
 "II.  The  delivery  should  be  .simple,  or  natural. 
 In  speaking  from  the  soul,  one  will  speak  simply — 
 for  the  soul  is  simple.  It  is  only  the  presence  of 
 man  which  can  make  us  affected;  when  alone  we  are 
 always  simi^le,  for  the  single  reason  that  then  we 
 are  ourselves.  The  accents  of  the  soul  are  those  of 
 nature.  It  is  these  which  we  are  to  reproduce;  and 
 we  must  take  care  not  to  sub.stitute  for  these  the 
 accents  of  conventional  artifice  or  of  arbitrary  choice. 
 It  is  necessary  that  the  hearer  .slioijld  recognize  him- 
 self, and  that  the  instinct  of  his  nature  should  be 
 satisfied  with  each  of  our  inflections.  In  other  words, 
 we  must  speak,  and  not  declaim.  I  have  already 
 said,  elevate,  ennoble  the  tone  of  conversation  and  of 
 common  life;  but  while  you  elevate,  do  not  forsake  it. 
 An  able  painter  does  not  slavishly  copy  the  traits  of 
 his  model ;  he  idealizes  them,  and  transfers  them  to 
 
 the  canvas  only  after  he  has  subjected  them  to  a 
 sort  of  transfiguration  in  his  brain;  but  even  while 
 idealizing  them,  he  so  imitates  them  that  they  may 
 be  recognized  at  once.     Thus  it  is  that  a  portrait 
 may  be  a  perfect  likeness,  and  yet  more  beautiful 
 than  the  original.     The  same  thing  occurs  in  good 
 speaking.     The  tones  of  common  parlance  are  em- 
 beUished,  and  yet  they  are   perfectly  recognizable, 
 becau.se  their  essence  is  c;irefully  preserved.     But  to 
 declaim,  to  take  a  new  tone,  because  one  is  in  the 
 pulpit — in  fine,  to  speak  as  no  one  ever  speaks,  is  a 
 grievous  fault;  while,  strange  to  say,  it  is  a  fault  very 
 common,  very  hard  to  avoid,  and  which,  perhaps, 
 none  of  us  escapes  altogether.     For  it  is  far  easier  to 
 assume  a  sustained  and  unaltering  tone,  than,  step  by 
 step,  to  follow  thought  and  sentiment  in  their  infinite 
 sinuosities;  and  then,  there  are  never  wanting  hearers 
 of  bad  taste,  for  whom  the  pomp  of  language  is  im- 
 posing.     Nevertheless,   consulting  only  the  human 
 effect  of  your  preaching— if  this  consideration  were 
 not  unworthy — the  man  who  speaks  in  the  pulpit  will 
 rise  above  him  who  (laUtiim.    Even  those  who  at  first 
 suffer  themselves  to  be  dazzled  by  the  cadence  of 
 periods  and  the  outbreaks  of  voice,  at  length  grow 
 weary,  and  are  less  pleased  with  the  artificial  preacher 
 than  with  him  whose  very  tones  make  them  feel  that 
 he  thinks  all  that  he  says.     And  what  shall  I  say  of 
 the  real  and  useful   effect  produced  by  these  two 
 preachers?      How  much  more  directly,  nay,  exclu- 
 sively, will  the  latter  find  his  way  to  the  heart  and 
 conscience  !    How  will  his  vehement  parts  be  relieved 
 by  the  calm  and  simple  tone  of  his  habitual  manner! 
 How  much  more  truly  will  he  be  wliat  he  ought,  in 
 the  sight  both  of  God  and  of  man,  by  continuing  to 
 be  himself,  and  not  stepping  aside  from  truth  in  an- 
 nouncing truth  ! 
 
 "Yes,  if  you  would  have  a  pulpit  delivery  which 
 shall  be  dignified  and  Christian,  and  which  shall 
 make  deep  impression,  speak  always  with  simplicity. 
 Say  things  as  you  feel  them.  Put  no  more  warmth 
 mto  your  manner  than  you  have  in  your  htart.  This 
 honesty  in  speaking — allow  me  the  expression — will 
 constrain  you  to  introduce  a  more  sincere  and  pro- 
 found warmth  than  you  would  ever  have  attained  in 
 any  other  way.  It  will,  besides,  have  a  salutary 
 reaction  on  your  writing,  and  even  on  your  soul. 
 For,  displaying  things  as  they  are,  it  will  bring  yoiu- 
 faults  to  light,  and  admonish  you  to  correct  them. 
 
 "I  have  spoken  of  the  pulpit.  If  it  had  been 
 proper  here  to  .speak  of  the  st;ige  many  similar  obser- 
 vations might  be  made.  Great  actors  no  longer 
 declaim;  they  speak.  Talma,  whom  I  have  so  often 
 named,  began  by  declaiming,  as  do  others.  An  inter- 
 esting circumstance  made  him  feel  the  necessity  of 
 adopting  a  new  numner,  more  conformed  to  nature; 
 and  from  that  day  he  became  another  man,  in  regard 
 to  his  art,  and  produced  extraordinary  eftects.  Tho.se 
 who  have  heard  him  wUl  tell  you  that  the  extreme 
 simplicity  of  his  playing  iistonished  them  at  first,  and 
 
DELIVEUy  OF  SERMOXK 
 
 1118 
 
 DELIVERY  OF  SEIOIOXS. 
 
 that  they  -were  tempted  to  take  him  for  a  very  ordi- 
 nary man,  •whose  only  advantage  over  others  con- 
 sisted in  a  magnificent  voice.  But  they  were  soon 
 subdued  bj'  the  power  of  nature;  and  the  vivid 
 impressions  by  which  they  were  seized  made  them 
 understand  that  the  very  simplicity  of  his  acting  | 
 constituted  its  force,  as  well  as  its  originality. 
 
 "III.  The  delivery  should  be  varied.  We  know 
 how  monotonous  it  is  in  general;  and  though  every 
 one  feels  the  grossness  of  the  fault,  few  succeed  in 
 avoiding  it.  The  be.st  means  of  doing  so  is  to  observe 
 our  principle  of  recitation  from  the  soul.  The  soul  is 
 all  full  of  variety.  If  there  are  no  two  leaves  on  a 
 tree  exactly  alike,  .still  less  are  there  two  sentiments 
 in  a  human  soul  which  are  perfectly  identical.  Listen 
 to  a  man  engaged  in  animated  conversation;  you  will 
 be  confounded  at  the  marvelous  flexibility  of  the 
 human  mind,  and  the  infinity  of  shades  to  which  it 
 can  adapt  itself  by  turns.  All  this  the  vocal  organ 
 will  deliver,  if  it  confine  itself  to  follow  the  move- 
 ments of  the  soul.  It  must,  therefore,  be  conceded, 
 that  there  is  no  reason  why  any  one  should  be  monoto- 
 nous iu  recitation.  Take  account  of  the  sense  of  each 
 sentence,  of  each  member  of  a  sentence ;  you  will  dis- 
 cover a  perpetual  mobility  in  the  thought,  and  will 
 need  only  to  infuse  abundance  of  truth  into  your 
 delivery  to  insure  for  it  abundance  of  variety.  There 
 is,  in  particular,  a  kind  of  variety  which  will  be 
 found  in  this  way,  and  which  will  spread  itself  over 
 all  the  re.st;  I  mean  variety  in  regard  to  rapiiUty  of 
 delivery.  It  is  natural  to  speak  sometimes  slow,  and 
 sometimes  fast;  sometimes,  even  very  slow;  and 
 sometimes  very  fast.  Here  is  a  word  on  which 
 one  must  dwell  a  moment;  here,  on  the  other 
 hand,  is  a  sentence  which  must  be  exploded 
 rather  than  recited,  and  which  must  be  pronounced 
 with  all  the  rapidity  of  which  the  organs  are  capa- 
 ble, in  consistency  with  precise  articulation.  An 
 elocution  which  levels  these  inequalities,  and  in 
 which  every  sentence  takes  its  turn  with  a  measure 
 always  equal,  and  almost  with  the  same  rhythm, 
 contradicts  nature  and  loses  half  its  resources.  Thia 
 monotony  must  be  broken,  at  all  hazards.  Better 
 even  would  it  be  to  employ  excessive  action  and  ab- 
 rupt transitions,  though  this  extreme  must  also  be 
 avoided,  because  it  gives  the  delivery  a  theatrical  air, 
 or  rather  because  by  exaggerating  the  nature  it  falsi- 
 ties it.  In  general,  we  speak  too  last,  much  too  fast. 
 When  any  one  speaks,  the  thoughts  and  sentiments 
 do  not  come  to  him  all  at  once;  they  ri.se  in  his  mind 
 by  little  and  little.  Now,  this  labor  and  this  delay 
 should  appear  in  the  delivery,  or  it  will  always  fail 
 of  being  natural.  Take  your  time  to  refiect,  to  feel, 
 to  let  ideas  come;  and  do  not  make  your  elocution 
 precipit;ite,  exeejit  wiicn  determined  so  to  do  bj"  some 
 peculiar  consideration.  This  necessary  rapidity  will 
 give  greater  movement  and  vivacity  to  the  delivery; 
 but  that  other  rapidity,  which  arises  only  from 
 embarrassment  and  want  of  intelligence  or  reflection, 
 
 confounds  all  the  inequalities  of  thought,  and  en- 
 genders a  manner  which  is  eflfeminate,  dull,  lifeless 
 and  uninteresting. 
 
 "IV.  Together  with  variety,  the  delivery  should 
 present  another  condition,  without  which  this  variety 
 will  itself  be  without  connection  and  support;  it  is 
 that  of  unity.  The  delivery  should  be  one.  In  other 
 words,  we  must  use  an  eftbrt  to  have  a  recitation 
 d' ensemble,  which  results  again  from  the  principle 
 which  we  laid  down  iu  the  outset.  For  if  the  words 
 are  manilbld,  the  thought  is  one  and  indivisible  in 
 the  mind.  If  we  were  pure  spirits,  we  could  com- 
 municate it  to  other  spirits  of  the  same  nature, 
 without  decomposition.  But  being  constrained  to 
 clothe  it  in  words,  we  are  constrained  to  dismember 
 it,  and  from  being  simple  in  our  soul,  it  becomes 
 multiplied  in  language.  To  seize  and  transmit  to 
 the  hearer  this  soul  thought,  to  rise  from  language  to 
 the  soul,  and  from  the  multiplicity  of  words  to  the 
 simplicity  of  intellect,  is  the  great  work  of  a  good 
 delivery.  Collecting,  then,  into  one  general  senti- 
 ment, the  various  sentiments  of  which  I  have  said  so 
 much,  it  will  deserve  the  definition  which  has  been 
 given  of  the  Beautiful,  '  Unity  iu  variety,  or  variety 
 in  unity.' 
 
 "This  is  not  to  be  accomplished,  however,  always 
 in  the  same  manner.  In  general,  we  shall,  in  a  well- 
 constructed  sentence,  avoid  giving  prominence  to  this 
 or  that  word ;  causing  the  whole  of  it  rather  to  stand 
 forth  alike,  and  sujiporting  it  to  the  end.  For  it  is 
 the  genius  of,  our  language  to  accent  constantly,  but 
 lightly,  the  end  of  every  word,  and  consequently.also, 
 the  end  of  every  sentence.  There  are,  nevertheless, 
 certain  cases  where  one  is  obliged  to  give  a  saliency  to 
 some  words,  or  even  to  a  single  word,  beeau.se  this 
 word  comprises  the  capital  idea.  Even  then,  how- 
 ever, such  words  .should  predominate  over  the  sen- 
 tence, but  not  absorb  it.  It  is  the  thought  which 
 should  always  appear,  and  always  in  its  unity.  A 
 delivery  which  is  broken,  jerking,  rising  and  falling 
 by  turns,  is  had  indeed. 
 
 "I  might  add  other  counsels,  but  these  are  such 
 as  experience  shows  to  be  most  useful;  and  by  means 
 of  the  illustrations  which  we  have  commenced,  you 
 will  yourselves  be  able  to  make  other  applications  of 
 one  general  principle,  to  which  we  must  continually 
 retiu-n,  and  in  which  ai'e  embodied  all  the  directions 
 we  have  given. 
 
 "  I  have  said  nothing  about  gestures.  It  is  a  sub- 
 ject by  itself,  and  one  which  I  have  not  time  to  treat 
 at  present.  Let  me  merely  .say  that  the  preacher 
 should  make  few  gestures,  and  these  of  a  very  simple 
 kind,  and  further,  that  they  should  be  dictated  by 
 the  emotions  of  tlie  soul,  as  well  as  by  the  inflections 
 of  the  voice. 
 
 ' '  To  sum  up  what  I  have  said,  if  you  wish  to  attain 
 to  a  good  delivery,  begin  by  preparing  your  mind  and 
 your  heart.  Then,  by  reflection,  with  the  aid  of  ob- 
 servation, search  for  the  inflections  of  the  soul,  and 
 
DE  RICUEBOURG. 
 
 1119 
 
 DIVER. 
 
 oblige  your  organs  to  conform  to  these,  humbly  and  \  Council,  in  April,  1854.  From  1859  to  1867  he  was 
 exuc'tly.  As  to  the  rest,  be  persuaded  you  will  speak  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Lake  Forest, 
 all  the  better,  the  more  you  sink  yourselves;  that  the    111.,  holding  also  for  four  years  the  Professorship  of 
 
 best  delivery  is  that  which  turns  attention  away  from 
 the  orator,  and  lixes  it  upon  what  he  says;  and  finally, 
 that  the  highestpoint  of  the  art,  especially  iu  the  case 
 of  the  preacher,  is  to  cause  himself  to  be  forgotten." 
 
 De  Richebourg,  Claudius  Philip,  first  pas- 
 tor of  the  colony  of  French  Protestant  or  Huguenot 
 refugees  at  Slanakintown,  King  William  parish, 
 Henrico  county,  Va.,  1699  to  1712.  He  removed  to 
 South  Carolina,  and  became  pastor  of  the  French 
 settlement  on  the  Santee.     He  died  iu  1719. 
 
 Dickerson,  Rev.  Archer  C,  D.D.,  was  born  at 
 
 Languages  in  Lake  Forest  University.  He  was  pastor 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Battle  Creek,  Mich. , 
 from  1870  to  1872;  of  the  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church  iu  Lafayette,  Ind.,  from  1872  to  1882,  and 
 is  now  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  College 
 Hill,  O.  He  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity 
 from  Wabash  College,  Indiana,  in  1878. 
 
 Dr.  Dickinson  is  a  gentleman  of  dignified  and 
 manly  bearing  and  refined  and  graceful  manners. 
 He  is  courteous,  self-possessed  and  discreet,  and  his 
 utterances,  public  and  private,  manifest  a  thoughtful 
 
 WUmington,  the  primitive  county  seat  of  Campbell  :  consideration  of  the  feelings  and  interests  of  others, 
 county,  Ky.,  December  18th,  1806.  Both  parents  were  :  His  sympathy  for  those  iu  afliictiun  and  trial  is 
 from  Virginia.  United  with  the  Presbyterian  Church  warm  and  tender,  but  is  ever  expressed  without 
 at  Pari-s,  Ky.,  in  his  seventeenth  year.  Educated  at  intrusiveness  or  ostentiition.  As  a  result  of  these 
 Oxford,  Ohio,  under  Dr.  E.  JI.  Bishop  and  Professor  and  other  personal  qualities,  he  has  many  friends 
 W.  H.  McGufifey.  Studied  theology  under  Dr.  Bishop,  and  few  enemies.  His  preaching  is  characterized 
 under  Cixre  of  Cincinnati  Presbytery,  sustaining  by  elegance  of  diction,  aptness  and  beauty  of  illus- 
 hiniself  through  his  literary  and  theological  course  tration,  and  clearness  and  cogency  of  reasoning,  and 
 by  teaching.  Licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  his  delivery  is  earnest  and  effective.  His  favorite 
 of  Cliuton,''synod  of  Mississippi,  iu  1832.  Orilained  themes  are  those  which  bear  directly  and  practically 
 in  1833.  Spent  several  years  missionating  in  Northern    on  Christian  life  and  character. 
 
 Mississippi,  supporting  himself  by  teaching.  He 
 came  to  Bowling  Green,  Ky.,  1839;  pastor  there 
 seventeen  years.  Then  Presbyterial  Missionary  for 
 Louisville  Presbyt-ery  four  years.  Since  and  now 
 Home  Missionary  for  several  churches,  fifty  miles 
 apart,  requiring  travel  on  horseback  of  one  hundred 
 miles  per  month,  though  now  in  the  seventy-eighth 
 year  of  his  age. 
 
 As  a  preacher.  Dr.  Dickerson  is  a  man  of  more 
 than  ordinary  ability.  He  is  clear,  clean-cut  and 
 logical  iu  argument,  persuasive  in  manner,  convincing 
 in  his  earnestness,  and,  when  truly  aroused,  over- 
 
 Dr.  Dickinson  is  one 
 of  the  leading  Presbyterian  ministers  in  the  Central 
 West. 
 
 Diefendorf,  Sanders,  D.D.,  was  born  April 
 24th,  1816,  at  Minden,  Montgomery  county,  N.  Y. 
 Graduated  at  Yale  College,  iu  class  of  1836;  came  to 
 Ohio  in  1845  and  settled  in  Holmes  county,  where  he 
 assumed  the  pastoral  charge  of  Nashville  and  Hope- 
 well churches.  He  w:us  thence  called  to  llayesville, 
 in  1849,  to  take  a  Professorship  in  Vermillion  Insti- 
 tute. From  there  to  Athens,  O.,  where  he  remained 
 two  years,  was  again  called  to  Hayesville,  as  pastor 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church  and  Principal  of  Vermil- 
 
 whelmiug  in  appeal — at  such  times  few  men  excelled  |  lion  Institute,  where  he  remained  until  May  18th, 
 
 him  in  true  pulpit  eloquence.  The  same  marked 
 abUity  and  clear-heailed  perspicuity  have  ever 
 characterized  him  as  an  ecclesiastic.  He  is  ready  and 
 able  in  debate,  yet  always  self-possessed  and  per- 
 fectly courteous  to  others.  With  the  ambition  of 
 some  men.  Dr.  Dickerson  could  have  filled  some  of 
 the  high  places  iu  the  Church.  But  with  a  true 
 modesty  and  .self-abnegation,  he  has  spent  a  long, 
 laborious  life  in  the  service  of  his  Master  in  obscure 
 mission  fields,  and  to  this  work  is  now  being  given 
 the  self-sacrificing  labors  of  a  green  old  age. 
 
 Dickinson,  "William  C,  D.  D.,  .son  of  Rev. 
 Baxter  Dickinson,  D.  D.  and  Martha  (Bush)  Dickin- 
 son, was  born  in  Longmeadow,  Mass.,  January  26th, 
 1827.  Hegraduatcdat  AmherstCoUege,  Mass.,  inl848, 
 and  pursued  his  theological  st  udies  in  Union  Theologi- 
 cal Seminary,  N.Y.,andat  Aiidover  Theological  Semi- 
 nary, graduating  at  the  latter  Institution  in  1853. 
 He  was  Tutor  in  Amherst  College  in  1851  and  1852. 
 He  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Central 
 
 1868,  when  he  was  called  to  Nebraska  by  the  Missouri 
 Presbytery,  to  found  Otoe  University.  From  there 
 he  went  to  New  York,  in  1873,  and  was  recalled  from 
 there  to  Vermillion  Institute,  in  June,  1876,  where 
 he  remained  until  the  call  of  the  Slaster  to  that  rest 
 promised  the  faithful,  in  the  beginning  of  the  year 
 1884.      (See  VcrmiUion  Jnsiitule.) 
 
 Diver,  Rev.  Charles  Frederick,  was  born  in 
 Philadelphia,  Pa.,  December  15th,  1812.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Jefferson  College  in  1839,  and  at  the  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,  New  York  city,  in  1842.  He 
 was  pastor  at  Providence,  Pa.,  1844-47;  stated  supply 
 at  Hublersburg  and  Spring  MUls,  Pa.,  1847-51;  pas- 
 tor at  Waterford,  Pa.,  1851-52;  pastor  at  CedarviUe, 
 N.  J.,  1852-61,  which  was  the  last  charge  he  accepted. 
 He  has  since  resided  in  Philadelphia,  preaching  as  he 
 has  opportunity.  Jlr.  Diver  is  a  member  of  the 
 Central  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia.  He  is  a  gentle- 
 man of  affable  disposition  and  dignified  bearing,  an 
 instructive  and  impressive  preacher,  a  faithful  pres- 
 
 Church,  iu  iliddletown,  Mass.,  by  a  Congregational   byter,  and  ready  for  every  good  work. 
 
KARL y  PRESKYTEUIANISM 
 
 1120 
 
 IN  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 
 
 Dobbs,  Rev.  Charles  H.,  was  born  in  St.  Fran- 
 cisviUe,  La.,  June  29th,  1835.  In  1859  he  graduated 
 at  Centre  College,  DanviUe,  Ky.,  with  the  second 
 honor  of  his  cla-ss.  After  pursuing  his  theological 
 studies  in  the  Seminary  at  the  same  place,  he  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  El)enezer,  in  April, 
 1861,  and  ordained  and  installed  pastor  at  Bolton, 
 Miss.,  in  July  following,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Central 
 MLssLssippi.  During  the  short  period  of  his  minis- 
 tration here  he  received  about  forty  members  into  the 
 church.  After  some  time  spent  in  the  public  service, 
 he  was  engaged  in  teaching  and  in  missionary  work 
 in  Mississijipi.  In  1867  he  was  settled  as  pastor  of 
 the  church  at  Washington,  Ky.  Weakened  by  divi- 
 sion and  strife  when  he  came,  it  grew  into  unity  and 
 strength  under  his  wise  pastorate  and  faithful 
 preaching.  Eighty-seven  members  had  been  received 
 on  jirofession,  and  a  good  church  building  had  been 
 erected,  when  he  resigned,  in  1874,  to  remove  to  Texas. 
 
 Coming  here  in  that  year  in  quest  of  health  and 
 work,  he  has  since  then  been  one  of  the  best  beloved 
 and  most  xiseful  members  of  the  Pre.sbytery  of  Cen- 
 tral Te.\as.  He  has,  during  these  ten  j'cars,  ministered 
 
 statedly  to  several,  and  as  pastor  to  two  churches, 
 and  in  all  of  them  his  labors  have  been  blessed,  and  he 
 has  gained  and  held  the  full  confidence  and  affection 
 of  the  people  whom  he  has  served.  His  last  pa,storal 
 charge  was  at  Robin.son,  when  the  church  grew  from 
 a  small  beginning  to  be  one  of  the  largest  in  the  Pres- 
 bytery. But  the  Presbytery,  recognizing  his  eminent 
 fitness  for  the  evangelistic  work,  demanded  his  .ser- 
 vices in  this  important  sphere  of  labor. 
 
 His  zeal  and  wisdom  and  success  have  fully  justi- 
 fied the  choice.  As  a  preacher,  Mr.  Dobbs  is  instruct- 
 ive, earnest  and  forcible.  He  handles  the  Word  of 
 God  in  such  a  way  that  his  ministrations  are  welcome 
 and  useful  in  the  most  cultured  towns  and  in  the  re- 
 mote frontier.  He  is  doing  an  arduous  and  most 
 valuable  work  in  planting  and  watering  churches  in 
 the  vast  and  rapidly  developing  field  in  which  he 
 has  been  Ciilled  to  labor.  Being  in  the  full  prime  of 
 physical  manhood,  and  of  a  vigorous  and  cultivated 
 intellect,  and  animated  by  the  true  spirit  of  a  self- 
 denying  herald  of  the  cross,  it  may  reasonably  be 
 hoped  that  many  years  of  usefulness  are  yet  before 
 him. 
 
 E 
 
 Early  Presbsrterianism  in  South  Carolina. 
 ' '  The  first  band  of  emigrants  to  South  Carolina, ' ' 
 says  Dr.  Gillett,  ".set  sail  in  January,  1670.  The 
 period,  in  England,  was  one  of  sharp  persecution  for 
 Dissenters.  Eight  years  before  the  terrible  Act  of 
 Conformity  had  e.xpelled  nearly  two  thousand  min- 
 isters from  their  parishes  and  pulpits.  Cavalier 
 statesmen  were  unscrupulous  enough  to  take  advan- 
 tage of  the  fruits  of  their  own  bigoted  counsels.  In 
 the  first  band,  along  with  the  commercial  agent,  w;is 
 William  Sayle,  the  Pro^jrietary  Governor,  '  probably 
 a  Presbyterian,'  who,  more  than  twenty  years  before, 
 had  attempted  to  plant  an  '  Eleutheria  '  in  the  isles 
 of  the  Gulf  of  Florida. 
 
 "The  emigrants  had  hardly  landed  before  they 
 instituted  a  polity  on  a  liberal  basis.  Representative 
 government  was  established,  and  continued  to  be 
 cherished.  It  was  in  vain  that  Locke  theorized  or 
 Shaftesbury  speculated.  The  Utopia  of  their  dreams 
 Wiis  not  to  be  realized.  It  Wius  not  long  before  Dutch 
 enterprise  ofiercd  the  colonists  the  luxury  of  cargoes 
 of  slaves.  From  the  banks  of  the  Hudson,  lured 
 by  stories  of  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  came  an 
 unlooked-for  accession  to  the  population.  In  little 
 more  than  a  year  after  the  arrival  of  the  first  colonists, 
 two  shij)S,  w'ith  Dutch  emigrants  from  New  York, 
 arrived,  and  these  were  soon  followed  by  others,  with 
 their  countrymen  from  Holland.  Even  Charles  II 
 provided,  at  his  own  expeusc^a  munificence  the  more 
 
 marked  for  its  isolation,  and  perhaps  designed  to 
 manifest  his  sympathy  with  Carolina  rather  than  New 
 England — two  small  vessels  to  transport  to  Carolina  a 
 few  foreign  Protestants.  But  the  most  considerable 
 emigration  was  from  England.  The  prospect  of 
 immunity  from  the  molestations  of  informers  and 
 acts  against  conventicles  and  non-conformity  tempted 
 Dissenters  to  a  colony  where  their  wor.sliiii  would  be 
 tolerated  and  their  rights  respected.  A  company  of 
 them  from  Somersetshire  were  conducted  to  Charles- 
 ton, by  Joseph  Drake,  brother  of  the  gallant  admiral, 
 and  the  fortune  which  the  latter  had  acquired  w;is 
 employed  to  plant  South  Carolina  with  a  people  who 
 dreaded  the  evils  of  oppression  and  the  prospect  of  a 
 Popish  successor  to  the  throne. 
 
 "  The  condition  of  Scotland,  likewise,  impelled  not 
 a  few  to  project  a  settlement  in  Carolina.  But  a 
 comjiaratively  small  number,  however,  under  the 
 lead  of  Lord  Cardross,  who  soon  returned,  crossed  the 
 Atlantic.  A  colony  of  Irish,  under  Ferguson,  re- 
 ceived a  hearty  welcome,  and  were  soon  merged 
 among  the  other  colonists.  More  important,  how- 
 ever, for  a  short  period  at  least,  was  the  accession  to 
 the  population  from  the  exiled  Huguenots.  The 
 French  king  essayed  to  torment  them  into  coaver- 
 siou,  but  he  only  tormented  them  out  of  the  king- 
 dom, and  not  a  few  found  their  way  to  the  shores 
 of  South  Carolina.  Here  were  fugitives  from  Lan- 
 guedoc  and  Saintouge  and  Bordeaux,  from  Northern 
 
EDDY. 
 
 1121 
 
 EDDY. 
 
 aud  Southern  Fi-ance,  Calviuist  Protestants  seeking 
 the  shelter  which  the  worldly  policy  of  High-Church 
 statesmen  extended  to  the  adherents  of  every  creed. 
 
 "  At  an  early  period,  also,  the  population  of  South 
 Carolina  received  into  its  bosom  a  Puritan  element 
 from  New  England.  Although,  by  the  charter  of  the 
 State,  the  Church  of  England  was  the  only  one  legally 
 recognized,  yet  it  contained  provisions  favorable  to 
 other  creeds.  The  colony,  though  founded  by  bigoted 
 Churchmen,  was  governed  by  '  Dissenters.'  Blake 
 was  a  Presbyterian  and  Archdale  a  Quaker.  There  were 
 also  in  the  colony  '  godly  Christians,  both  prepared 
 for  and  longing  after  the  edifying  ordinances  of  the 
 gospel  ' 
 
 «■*        *        »        ***         *         » 
 
 "At  Charleston,  beside  the  Huguenot  Church 
 (1686),  originating  with  the  expulsion  of  Protest- 
 ants from  France  by  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
 Nantes,  there  was,  as  early  as  1690,  a  meeting-house 
 for  a  congregation  (known,  till  1730,  indiscriminately 
 as  Presbyterian,  Congregational  and  Independent), 
 of  which  Benjamin  Pierpont  (1691-1696-T)  was  pas- 
 tor, and  whose  successors  were  Mr.  Adams  and 
 John  Cotton,  son  of  the  Boston  minister.  This,  at 
 first,  may  have  embraced  alike  settlers  from  Scot- 
 land and  from  New  England;  but  the  two  elements 
 were  not  altogether  congenial,  and  in  1730  the 
 Scotch  demanded  an  organization  of  their  own.* 
 ********* 
 
 "  In  1710,  a  letter  from  South  Carolina,  published 
 in  London,  stated  that  there  were  in  the  colony  five 
 churches  of  British  Presbyterians.  Some  of  these 
 may  subsequently  have  become  extinct.  The 
 Church  on  Edisto  Island  f  {sec  its  sketch,  pp.  208-9) 
 dates  from  1717;  that  of  Pon  Pon,  on  Walterborough, 
 of  which  Stobo,  on  leaving  Charleston,  became  pas- 
 tor, from  1728;  those  of  John's  and  James'  Islands, 
 from  1734  or  1735;  that  on  AViltown  was  many  years 
 anterior,  wliilethe  Independent  Presbyterian  Church, 
 of  Stony  Creek  dates  from  1743.  The  five  early 
 churches  must  have  been  those  of  Charleston,  Dor- 
 chester, perhaps  Wiltown  or  Edisto,  and  one  or  more 
 (in  the  Maritime  Islands." 
 
 Eddy,  ■William  "W.,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Penu 
 Yau,  N.  Y.,  December  18th,  1825.  He  was  the  son 
 of  Rev.  Chauncey  Eddj-,  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  that  town.     The  family  afterwards  removed 
 
 *  Dr.  Smythe,  ia  his''  History  of  the  Second  Presbyterian  Church, 
 of  Charleston,"  says  :  "  As  early  as  ir,90,  the  Presbyterians,  in  con- 
 junction with  the  Independents,  formed  a  church  in  Charleston, 
 wiiich  continued  in  this  united  form  for  forty  years.  During  this 
 period,  two  of  their  ministers,  the  Rev.  Messrs.  Stobo  and  Living- 
 ston, were  Presbyterians  and  connected  with  the  Charleston  Pres- 
 bytery. After  the  death  of  the  latter,  twelve  families  seceded  and 
 formed  a  Presbyterian  Church  on  the  model  of  the  Church  of  Scot- 
 land. Their  building  was  erected  in  1731,  on  the  site  of  the  present, 
 uiiich  was  completed  in  1S14." 
 
 t  In  1705  Henry  Brown  obtained  a  grant  for  three  hundred  acres 
 i>f  liind,  which,  in  1717,  he  conveyed  to  certain  persons  "in  trust 
 tor  the  benefit  of  a  Presbyterian  clergyman  in  Edisto  Island." — 
 Hodge,  i,  riSjf 
 
 71 
 
 to  Saratoga  Springs,  where,  tinder  the  instruction  of 
 Dr.  Albert  T.  Chester,  now  of  Buftalo,  N.  Y'.,  the 
 subject  of  thes3  lines  was  prepared  for  college.  He 
 pursued  his  studies  in  Williams  College,  from  which 
 he  graduated  in  1845.  After  leaving  college  Mr. 
 Eddy  taught  school  for  two  years  in  Jacksonville,  111. 
 In  1847  he  entered  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
 New  Y'ork  city,  from  which  he  graduated  in  the 
 chiss  of  1850.  Mr.  Eddy  was  a  diligent  student, 
 standing  as  to  scholarship  among  the  very  first  of  his 
 class.  For  about  a  year  and  a  half  after  lea\'ing  the 
 seminary  Mr.  Eddy  preached,  with  very  great 
 acceptance,  in  Jersey  City,  Hartford,  Boston  and 
 Norwich,  Conn.  Flattering  calls  were  tendered  to 
 him  from  some  of  these  cities,  which,  however,  he 
 refused  to  accept,  having  set  his  heart  upon  the 
 foreign  missionary  field.  His  father  before  him  had 
 desired  and  proposed  to  engage  in  this  work,  but  had 
 been  providentially  hindered.  His  earnest  desire 
 and  prayer  had  been  that  one  of  his  children  should 
 go  forth  in  his  stead.  To  this  work,  as  one  called  of 
 Ciod,  and  solemnly  consecrated  to  it  by  parental  vows, 
 his  son  cheerfully  devoted  his  life. 
 
 In  November,  1853,  Mr.  Eddy  was  married  to  Miss 
 Hannah  Maria  Coiulit,  daughter  of  Kev.  Robert 
 Condit,  D.D.,  for  forty  years  the  pastor  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian Church  of  Oswego,  N.  Y'.,  himself  a  warm 
 and  earnest  friend  and  supporter  of  the  Foreign  Mis- 
 sionary cause. 
 
 Immediately  after  his  marriage  Mr.  Eddy,  with 
 his  wife,  under  appointment  of  the  A.  B.  C.  F.  M., 
 set  sail  for  Syria,  the  very  field  to  which  his  parents, 
 twenty-eight  years  before,  had  been  appointed,  but 
 through  failure  of  health  had  been  prevented  from 
 carrying  out  their  purpose.  Thus  the  prayer  of  these 
 parents,  who  had  themselves  been  prevented  from 
 going  to  the  foreign  missionary  field,  that  they  might 
 be  able  to  send  a  substitute  in  the  person  of  one  of 
 their  children,  was  iinswered. 
 
 Having  arrived  in  Syria,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Eddy  were 
 assigned  to  the  station  at  Aleppo,  in  the  North;  but 
 when,  afte'rwards,  that  station  was  surrendered  to 
 the  Central  Turkey  Mission,  they  removed  to  Kefr 
 Shima,  near  Beirut.  Soon  after  this,  however,  they 
 were  sent  to  Sidon,  where  they  continued  their  work 
 for  twenty-one  years,  a  portion  of  the  time  being 
 associated  with  Rev.  J.  E.  Ford,  who  had  also, 
 together  with  his  wife,  been  their  companion  in 
 labor  at  Aleppo.  Under  the  ministry  of  these 
 brethren  the  churches  in  Sidon,  and  in  many  of  the 
 neighboring  towns,  were  gathered  and  organized; 
 and  the  seminary  for  girls  and  numerous  other 
 schools  in  the  surrounding  country  were  established, 
 which  are  still  in  existence,  and  are  exerting  a  wide 
 aud  hallowed  influence  through  all  the  region.  A 
 son  and  a  daughter  of  Rev.  Dr.  Eddy,  viz:  Rev.  Wil- 
 liam K.  Eddy  and  Miss  Hattie  M.  Eddy,  and  a  son 
 and  daughter  of  Rev.  Mr.  Ford,  his  former  associate, 
 1  viz:  Rev.  George  A.  Ford  aud  Miss  Sarah  A.  Ford,  are 
 
EDISru   ISLAND   CHURCH,   SOUTH    fAKOI.IVA.       (See  pp.  illtS-'.l.  112t)-'21.) 
 
EDUCATIONAL  BOARD  OF  AID 
 
 1123 
 
 FOB  COLLEGES  AND  ACADEMIES. 
 
 now  in  charge  of  tUe  work  iu  Sidou  and  in  the  imme- 
 diately surrounding  field.  Thus,  instead  of  the 
 fathers,  are  the  children.  In  the  year  1876  Mr.  Eddy 
 received  the  honorary  degree  of  D.  D.,  from  the 
 University  of  the  City  of  Jfew  York.  In  1878  Dr. 
 Eddy  was  called  from  Sidon  to  the  work  of  instruc-  [ 
 tion  iu  the  theological  seuiinary  in  Beirlit,  and  to 
 pastoral  and  editorial  work  in  that  city,  where  he 
 still  continues,  a  very  earnest,  efficient  and  faithful 
 laborer  in  the  work  to  which  he  has  so  heartily  and 
 unreservedly  devoted  his  life. 
 
 Dr.  and  Mrs.  Eddy  have  been  among  the  most 
 laliorious  and  useful  of  our  foreign  missionaries. 
 For  more  than  thirty  years  they  have  stood  in  their 
 place  and  faithfully  done  their  work,  exerting  an  in- 
 lluence  which  has  been  widely  extended,  and  which 
 has  been  owned  and  gi'catly  blessed  of  God  in  the 
 instruction  and  salvation  of  many  souls,  and  in  the 
 laying  of  foundations  and  establ  ishing  of  agencies  and 
 institutions  which  shalUong  live  to  bless  that  land  in 
 which  the  Church  of  Christ  has  so  special  an  interest. 
 Educational  Board  of  Aid  for  Colleges 
 and  Academies.  Tliis  movement  in  the  interest 
 of  higher  education  first  took  form  in  the  General 
 Assembly  of  1877,  in  the  appointment  of  a  committee 
 "to  consider  the  matter  of  enlarging  the  functions  of 
 the  Board  of  Education, ' '  having  in  ^•ie w  ' '  some  plan 
 which  should  result  in  the  better  endowment  of  our 
 collegiate  and  theological  institutions."  This  com- 
 mittee was  continued  by  the  Assemblies  of  1878, 1879 
 and  1880,  and  made  their  report  to  the  Assembly  of 
 1881,  recommending  that  the  functions  of  the  Board 
 of  Education  be  enlarged,  and  that  said  Board  be  di- 
 rected "to  inaugurate  a  system  for  the  aid  of  col- 
 leges," according  to  the  suggestions  and  principles 
 embodied  in  the  report. 
 
 To  the  same  Assembly  a  report  was  submitted  from 
 the  Standing  Committee  on  Home  Missions,  recom- 
 mending, iu  substance,  the  appointment  of  "a  per- 
 manent Committee  on  Education  in  the  West,"  to 
 have  in  charge  the  locating,  assisting  and  endowing 
 of  institutions  of  learning,  "with  special  reference 
 to  the  supply  of  missionaries  and  teachers  for  the 
 frontier."  Both  these  reports  were  finally  referred, 
 by  the  Assembly  of  1881,  to  a  "Special  Committee 
 1  in  Education, ' '  to  report  to  the  next  Assembly.  This 
 committee  made  an  informal  report  to  the  Assembly 
 iif  1882,  which  was  accepted,  and  the  committee  en- 
 larged and  continued. 
 
 The  Committee  thus  enlarged  reported  to  the 
 General  Assembly  of  1883,  arguing  so  convincingly  in 
 behalf  of  a  denominational  work  for  higher  Christian 
 education,  that  the  Assembly,  without  a  single  dis- 
 senting voice,  either  in  the  discussion  or  iu  the  vote, 
 adopted  the  recommendation  of  the  committee,  and 
 constituted  this  board.  Its  character  and  work  were 
 defined  as  follows: — 
 
 A.  The  name  of  this  board  shall  be  the  Presby- 
 terian Board  of  Aid  for  Colleges  aiul  Academies,  and 
 
 the  general  work  shall  have  the  limitations  indicated 
 by  its  title. 
 
 B.  The  board  shall  consist  of  twenty-four  memberB, 
 divided  into  three  classes,  composed  equally  of  min- 
 isters and  laymen,  and  one  class  shall  be  elected  each 
 year. 
 
 C.  The  officers  of  this  board  shall  be  a  jiresident, 
 vice-x>resident,  treasurer  and  permanent  secretary. 
 
 I).  In  the  constitution  of  the  board  the  ditVerent 
 parts  of  the  country  shall  be  equitably  represented. 
 
 E.  The  headquarters  of  the  board  shall  be  at 
 Chicago,  and  the  executive  committee  of  the  board 
 shall  be  residents  in  Chicago  or  in  the  immediate 
 vicinity. 
 
 F.  Meetings  of  the  board  may  be  held  at  different 
 points  in  the  country,  as  the  board  shall  elect. 
 
 G.  The  province  of  the  board  shall  be  to  secure  an 
 annual  oflering  from  the  churches  for  this  cause,  to 
 co-operate  with  local  agencies  iu  determining  sites 
 for  new  institutions,  to  decide  what  institutions  shall 
 be  aided,  to  assign  to  those  institutions  seeking  en- 
 dowment the  special  fields  open  to  their  appeals,  that 
 clashing  between  them  may  be  avoided,  and  to  dis- 
 
 i  courage  all  independent  appeals  to  the  Church  at 
 large. 
 
 H.  The  funds  received  by  the  board  shall  be 
 devoted  either  to  current  expenses  of  struggling 
 institutions  or  to  permanent  endowments. 
 
 The  funds  shall  be  secured  (a)  by  annual  offerings 
 from  the  churches,  mainly  for  current  expenses  of  the 
 institutions;  [h)  by  special  applications  for  endow- 
 ment, under  the  approval  and  general  direction  of  the 
 board. 
 
 1.  («)  Every  Institution  hereafter  established,  as  a 
 condition  of  receiving  aid,  shall  be  either  organically 
 connected  with  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the 
 United  States  of  America,  or  shall,  by  charter  pro- 
 vision perpetually,  have  two-thirds  of  its  Board  of 
 Control  members  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 (i)  In  the  case  of  Institutions  already  established, 
 and  not  included  under  the  above  provisions,  a:ipro- 
 priations  for  endowment  shall  be  so  made  as  to  revert 
 to  the  board  whenever  these  Institutions  shall  pass 
 from  Presbyterian  control. 
 
 (c)  In  all  other  respects  the  disbursement  of  funds 
 by  the  board  shall  be  wholly  discretionary  with  the 
 board,  both  as  to  amount  and  direction,  subject 
 always  to  the  control  of  the  General  Assembly. 
 
 4.  That  the  board  be  chartered  under  the  laws  ot 
 the  State  of  Dlinois,  and  be  empowered  to  receive 
 legacies. 
 
 Members  of  the  board  were  thereupon  appointed  by 
 the  As.sembly.  These  met  in  Chicago,  June  19th, 
 1883,  and  effected  their  organization.  The  board  is 
 chartered  under  the  laws  of  the  State  of  Illinois.  Its 
 officers  for  its  first  year  are  Rev.  Herrick  Johnson, 
 D.D.,  President;  Hon.  Homer  N.  Hibbard,  Vice- 
 President;  Mr.  Charles  M.  Charnley,  Treasurer;  Kev. 
 Hervev  D.  Ganse.  D.D.,  Permanent  Secretary 
 
EDWABIIS. 
 
 U-2i 
 
 ELKTOX  CUVRCH,  SIAIiYL.lSD. 
 
 Edwards,  Richard,  a  great  grandson  of  Presi- 
 dent Jonathan  Edwards,  was  born  near  Binghamton, 
 N.  Y.,  January,  1803.  He  removed  to  Pittsburg, 
 Pa.,  in  1825,  and  became  a  merchant;  was  one  of  the 
 founders  of  the  Third  Presbyterian  Churcli  there  in 
 1833,  and  its  first  elder,  which  otHce  he  held  till  his 
 removal  to  the  West,  in  18.56.  He  was  for  many  years 
 Superintendent  of  the  Sabbath  school  of  the  church, 
 and  by  assiduous  personal  effort,  as  well  as  liberal 
 pecuniary  support,  he  was  one  of  the  most  efficient 
 of  its  members  in  making  this  church  a  strong  and 
 influential  one. 
 
 On  settling  at  Dubuque,  Iowa,  he  took  an  active 
 part  in  the  organization  and  building  of  the  Second 
 Presbyterian  Church,  and  became  an  elder  in  it.  The 
 rapid  growth  and  success  of  this  chifi-ch  was  due 
 largely  to  his  personal  influence  and  support. 
 
 In  1862  he  returned  to  Pittsburg,  resumed  his 
 connection  with  the  Third  Church,  and  was  again 
 chosen  to  serve  in  the  eldershii^.  In  May,  1872,  on 
 account  of  a  change  of  residence  to  the  suburbs  of  the 
 city,  he  became  a  member  of  the  Shady  Side  Presby- 
 terian Church,  with  which  he  is  still  connected 
 (December,  1883). 
 
 Mr.  Edwards  was  engaged  actively  in  mercantile 
 and  manufacturing  business,  and  in  this  relation  his 
 character  was  of  the  highest  standing.  As  a  Chris- 
 tian man,  he  has  been  marked  by  the  unwavering 
 tenacity  of  his  belief  in  the  vital  elements  of  Chris- 
 tianity, a  cheerful  yielding  to  all  its  calls  of  dut}',  at 
 whatever  cost,  untiring  energy  in  its  service,  and 
 unusual  liberality  in  money  contributions,  gviided  net 
 by  impulse,  but  by  settled  and  well  ordered  princi- 
 ples. He  is  emphatically  "a  man  of  prayer."  One 
 of  his  sons,  Rev.  M.  D.  Edwards,  is  pastor  of  Dayton 
 Avenue  Presbyterian  Church,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
 
 Elder,  James,  was  born  in  Dinwiddle  county, 
 Va. ,  near  Petersburg,  October  8th,  1809.  He  removed 
 to  Middle  Tennessee,  and  settled  near  Murfreesboro, 
 Rutherford  county,  in  1815.  He  removed  again  and 
 settled  in  Marshall  county.  North  Miss.,  in  1835, 
 before  the  Indians  were  removed.  Subsequently,  he 
 settled  in  Jlemphis,  Tenn.,  in  1850,  where  he  now 
 lives.  In  1842  he  was  ordained,  by  the  Rev.  Daniel 
 Baker,  a  ruling  elder  in  the  First  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Memphis,  in  which  office  he  still  continues, 
 faithful  and  useful.  He  was  one  of  the  original 
 members  of  the  Assembly's  Executive  Committee 
 when  it  was  established  in  Memphis. 
 
 "  Elect  Infants."  Prof.  A.  F.  Mitchell,  in  his 
 recent  and  able  work  on  the  "Westminster  Assembly, 
 thus  refers  to  this  phrase  in  our  Confession  of  Faith. 
 
 "The  next  topic  to  which  I  advert  is  the  charge 
 made  against  the  Confession,  of  teaching  that  not  all 
 infants,  dying  in  infancy,  but  only  an  elect  portion 
 of  them,  are  saved.  Here  again  scrimp  justice  has 
 been  dealt  out  to  it.  Its  exact  words  are:  "Elect 
 infants,  dying  in  infancy,  are  regenerated  and  saved 
 by  Christ,  through  the  Spirit."     This  statement,  it 
 
 has  been  averred,  necessarily  implies  that  there  are 
 non-elect  infants,  dying  in  infancy,  who  are  not 
 'regenerated  and  saved.'  It  does  not  seem  to  me, 
 when  fairly  interpreted,  to  imply  any  such  thing. 
 It  might  have  been  susceptible  of  such  an  interpre- 
 tation had  it  been  allowed  to  stand  in  the  form 
 which  it  appears  to  have  borne  in  the  draft  first 
 brought  into  the  Assembly,  '  elect  of  infants, '  not 
 elect  infants.  But  the  very  fact  that  the  form  of  ex- 
 pression was  changed,  shows  how  anxious  the  divines 
 intrusted  with  the  methodizing  of  the  Confession  were 
 to  guard  against  pronouncing  dogmatically  on  ques- 
 tions on  which  neither  Scripture  nor  the  Reformed 
 churches  had  definitely  pronounced.  The  state- 
 ment occurs,  it  is  important  to  notice,  not 
 in  the  chapter  treating  of  predestination,  but  in 
 the  chapter  treating  of  effectual  calling;  and 
 is  meant,  not  to  define  the  proportion  of  infants 
 dying  in  infancy  who  shall  be  saved,  but  to  as- 
 sert the  great  truths,  that  even  they  are  not 
 exempt  from  the  consequences  of  the  fall,  but  are, 
 by  nature,  every  one  of  them,  in  the  massa  pcrdi- 
 tionis;  that  they  can  only  be  separated  from  it,  and 
 .saved,  by  the  electing  love  of  the  Father,  the  atoning 
 work  of  the  Son,  and  the  renewing  of  the  Holy 
 Ghost;  and  that  they,  however  as  yet  incapable  of 
 the  exercise  of  reason  and  faith,  may,  by  the  Holy 
 Spirit,  be  regenerated  and  made  meet  for  the  inherit- 
 ance of  the  saints  in  light."    (See  Infant  Salvation.) 
 
 Elkton  Presbyterian  Church,  Marijlnnd.  As 
 fiirbac-k  as  any  reliable  history  or  documents  furnish 
 evidence,  the  old  town  of  Head  of  Elk,  now  called 
 Elkton,  has  been  the  home  of  Presbyterian  families, 
 who  worshiped  in  the  ancient  churches  of  Pencader, 
 Head  of  Christiana,  and  the  churches  on  the  branches 
 of  the  Elk,  now  represented  by  the  Rock  Church. 
 
 Some  obscurity  would  seem,  however,  to  rest  on  the 
 precise  date  of  origin  fur  the  primitive  Presb3'terian 
 Church  in  Elkton.  Little  or  nothing  attending  its 
 early  struggles,  the  steps  taken  to  organize  the 
 church,  seems  to  be  known.  The  statement  can  be 
 made  with  confidence  that  ' '  there  appears  to  have 
 been  a  Presbyterian  element"  here  prior  to  1741. 
 The  county  records  show  that  in  the  year  1741  a 
 Presbyterian  Church  was  in  existence  here.  Local 
 traditions  have  also  fixed  the  site  of  the  "  meeting- 
 house," a  wooden  building,  in  Bow  street,  on  the 
 east  side.  The  deed  conveying  the  church  property 
 is  worthy  of  a  passing  comment.  It  was  executed  by 
 William  Alexander  and  Araminta,  his  wife,  on  June 
 1st,  1741,  to  Robert  Lucas,  Zebulon  Hollingsworth, 
 Thomas  Ricketts  and  Robert  Evan.s,  of  the  county  of 
 Cecil,  and  Province  of  Maryland,  and  David  Barr,  of 
 New  Castle  county.  These  may  be  now  but  mere 
 names  to  us.  But  they  stand  somewhat  as  the  names 
 found  in  the  closing  chapter  of  St.  Paul's  Epistle  to 
 the  Romans  stood:  A.syncritus,  Phlegon,  Hernias, 
 Patrobas,  Hermes  and  Philologus,  Julia,  Nereus 
 and    his   sister,    Olympas,   Timotheus,  Lucius,   Ja- 
 
ELKTON  CHURCH,  MARYLAND. 
 
 1125 
 
 ELKTON  CHURCH,  MARYLAND. 
 
 son.  Mere  names — not  a  syllable  of  their  per- 
 sonal history  given;  but  we  know,  from  where 
 they  stood,  that  they  were  faithful  servants  of 
 the  Lord  Jesus  Christ.  And  so  we  know  that  those 
 to  whom,  in  the  interests  of  early  Presbyterianism  in 
 Elkton,  this  deed  of  conveyance  was  given,  mere 
 names  though  they  be  to  us,  stood  for  good  Presby- 
 terians— lovers  of  their  own  faith  and  order;  true  and 
 blue  also,  if  you  will  have  it  so;  we  are  not  ashamed 
 of  our  banner.  The  deed  itself  conveyed  one  acre  of 
 ground  upon  which  to  build  a  meeting-house,  "con- 
 venient for  people  assembling  to  worship  God,  and 
 hear  His  "Word  preached,  and  for  the  use  of  such 
 ministers  of  the  Protestant  persuasion  or  religion,  and 
 particularly  the  Presbyterian  ministers,  as  shall  from 
 time  to  time  attend  there  to  preach  and  officiate  in 
 the  service  and  worship  of  Almighty  God."  It  was 
 to  be  open  to  others  of  the  Protestant  pcrsviasion  than 
 Pre.sbyterians.  This  is  the  true  spirit  of  Presby- 
 terians— generous  recognition  of  all  fellow-laborers 
 in  the  Lord;  open-hearted  and  open-handed  hospi- 
 tality to  them,  for  Christ's  .sake.  But  there  was 
 another  clause,  which  did  not  work  so  well  for  the 
 growth  of  Presbyterianism.  It  was  "provided, 
 always,  that  if  it  should  so  happen  that  the  said 
 hou.se,  so  to  be  erected  and  built,  should  be  neglected 
 and  let  decay,  or  by  accident  be  burnt  or  destroyed, 
 and  not  repaired,  so  that  no  sermon  can  be  therein 
 preached,  nor  congregation,  therein  assembled  to 
 worship  the  Almighty  God,  for  the  space  or  tii^e  of 
 three  years,"  the  entire  property  should  revert  to  the 
 original  owners.  This  fate  overtook  the  church. 
 Owing  to  divisions  resulting  from  the  Great  Schism, 
 which  for  seventeen  years  split  the  Presbyterian 
 Chiu-chinto  "  Old  Side  "  and  "  New  Side  "  congre- 
 gations, the  Elkton  Church  was  left  unused  and 
 neglected  for  three  years,  and  thus  the  entire  church 
 property  reverted  to  the  original  owners.  Schism  is 
 costly.  It  has  proved  so  in  the  history  of  all 
 churches.  The  story  of  this  division  among  the 
 churches  in  this  vicinity  is  thus  given  by  Mr.  Heber- 
 ton  in  his  "  Historical  Discourse  "; — 
 
 "The  Church  of  Elk  River,  now  the  Rock  Church, 
 suffered,  as  did  all  the  organizations  then  existing, 
 by  this  schism,  and  was  divided — the  two  parties 
 taking  the  respective  names  '  New '  and  '  Old ' 
 sides.  The  '  New  Side  '  congregation  of  the  Rock 
 Church  was  called  'East  Nottingham,'  and  was 
 under  the  pastorate  of  the  Rev.  James  Finley,  in  con- 
 nection with  the  Church  at  '  Head  of  Elk,'  as  the 
 congregation  here  at  Elkton  was  then  called.  We 
 suppose,  then,  the  Elkton  Church  was  of  the  '  New 
 Side,'  and  may  have  been  the  fruit  of  this  schism, 
 by  gathering  all  of  that  way  of  thinking  into  one  con- 
 gregation, who  lived  in  this  neighborhood,  and  jicr- 
 haps  drawing  from  Pencader  and  Head  of  Christiana 
 those  who  sided  with  the  new  departure  there. 
 
 ' '  When  the  reunion  was  consummated,  the  Elkton 
 Church,  being  deprived  of  the  pastoral  services  of 
 
 Mr.  Finley,  was  left  vacant.  The  records  of  Presby- 
 tery furni.sh  the  following  action  in  reference  to  this 
 dissolution:  'December  18th,  1700,  Judge,  that  the 
 union  between  the  Congregation  of  the  Head  of  Elk 
 and  East  Nottingham  be  dissolved,  and  consequently, 
 that  the  Head  of  Elk  is  to  be  looked  upon  as  a 
 vacancy;'  and  Pencader,  having  languished  and  been 
 greatly  weakened  during  the  continuance  of  the 
 schism,  there  seemed  to  be  a  natural  reason  why 
 Elkton  should  be  joined  to  it;  and  Presbytery,  con- 
 sequently, under  the  request  of  these  congregations, 
 united  them,  and  they  became  one  charge.  At  the 
 same  time,  Presbytery  ordered  that  there  be  a  meet- 
 ing-house built  for  the  united  congregations,  two 
 miles  nearer  Elkton  than  where  the  Pencader  Church 
 then  stood.  This  was  seemingly  disregarded,  and 
 the  people  who  worshiped  at  Elkton,  having  no 
 pastor  here,  went  to  Pencader  and  Head  of  Chris- 
 tiana, where  the  most  of  them  had  doubtless  originally 
 attended,  and  the  building  at  Elkton  was  left  unused, 
 and  was  neglected  for  the  space  of  three  years,  when, 
 according  to  the  conditions  of  the  original  grant,  the 
 acre  of  ground  in  the  centre  of  the  town  reverted  to 
 the  former  owners;  and  thus  was  lost  to  our  Presby- 
 terian element  a  valuable  portion  of  town  property." 
 
 Thus  closes  the  first  chapter  of  Presbyterian  history 
 in  this  town.  A  wide  gap  ensues  — 1741-1833. 
 Think  what  an  amount  of  American  history  this  in- 
 tervening period  covers.  Three  generations  came 
 and  went ;  the  American  Revolution  took  its  place  in 
 history  as  one  of  the  great  epoch-making  events  in 
 the  progress  of  mankind;  a  nation  was  born;  that 
 nation  made  large  and  rapid  strides,  till  it  stood  in 
 the  van  of  nations;  and  j-et  the  ecclesiastical  history 
 of  Elkton  has  only  a  few  meagre  notes  of  its  exist- 
 ence. "After  the  erection  of  the  Court  House  in 
 1791,"  we  are  told,  "it  was  occasionally  used  for 
 public  worship.  There  was  no  church  edifice  here 
 until  the  erection  of  the  Methodist  Church,  after  the 
 war  of  1812." 
 
 Elkton  Church,  then,  is  a  resurrection  from  the 
 grave  of  an  earlier  organization.  But  iis  such  it  is  an 
 illustration  and  a  proof  of  the  vitality  which  char- 
 acterizes true  Presbyterianism. 
 
 At  their  meeting  in  Wilmington,  in  April,  1831, 
 the  Presbytery  appointed  a  committee,  consisting  of 
 Messrs.  Barr,  Grier,  John  M.  Dickey,  ministers,  and 
 Willard  Hall  and  Matthew  Kean,  elders,  to  devise 
 and  report  measures  for  the  more  effectual  revival  of 
 religion  within  the  bounds  of  the  Presbytery;  and  at 
 the  same  meeting  the  report  of  this  committee  was 
 adopted,  recommending  that  "/owr  days''  meetings'" 
 be  held  by  ministers  who  were  designated  for  the 
 purpose,  in  all  the  churches;  and  also  that  a  day  of 
 humiliation  and  prayer  be  observed  in  each  con- 
 gregation prior  to  tlie  meeting. 
 
 This  plan,  thus  adopted,  was  vigorously  and  faith- 
 fully carried  out  by  nearly  all  the  ministers  and 
 churches  in  the  Presbytery.     A  great  and  powerful 
 
KI.KTOX  CHURCH,  MARYLAND. 
 
 1126 
 
 EVANGELIST. 
 
 revival  in  all  the  churches  was  the  result.  The  neigh- 
 boring churolics  of  Pcnciider  ami  Head  of  Christiana 
 partook  of  the  rich  bli'ssing.  In  Wii  "a  four  days' 
 mndnij"  w:is  h«-l(l  in  Elkton,  under  the  direction  of 
 Re\.  Dr.  Magnnv,  Kev.  Jlr.  Graham  and  other  min- 
 isters of  the  Presbytery.  The  syvices  were  held  in 
 the  Episcopal  Church,  which  was  kindly  ofifered  by 
 the  rector  and  vestry  for  the  purpose.  The  result  of 
 these  services  was  that  a  number  were  converted,  and 
 much  rcligioOs  interest  awakened  ia  the  town  and 
 neighborhood.  In  order  to  gather  these  fruits,  it 
 soon  became  api)arcnt  that  steps  must  be  taken  to 
 unite  the  numbers  of  tlie  Presbyterian  Church  re- 
 siiling  in  Klkton  into  an  organized  body,  and  appli- 
 cation was  accordingly  made  to  Presbytery.  The 
 following  entry  is  found  among  the  minutes  of  the 
 Prcsbyt<'ry  of  New  Castle,  at  their  meeting  held  in 
 St.  George's  Church,  April  2d,  1833 :—  . 
 
 "An  apjilication  was  made  by  several  members  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  residing  in  Elkton,  jMd., 
 and  vicinity,  praving  to  be  organized  as  a  church,  and 
 also  that  a  committee  be  appointed  to  administer  the 
 Lord's  Supper  in  that  place. 
 
 "Resolved,  That  their  request  be  granted.  Dr. 
 M:igraw,  Messrs.  IJnssell,  Graham  and  Stevens  were 
 appointed  a  committee  to  organize  said  church  and 
 iidminister  the  Lord's  Supper  ;  to  meet  for  this  pur- 
 pose on  Friday,  the  3d  day  of  May." 
 
 In  accordance  with  tlie  resolution  of  the  Presbytery 
 of  New  Castle,  at  St.  George's  Church,  on  the  ^d  day 
 of  April,  as  just  stated.  Dr.  Magraw,  Jlessrs.  Robert 
 Graham  and  William  A.  Stevens  met  in  the  Court 
 House,  in  Elkton,  May  3d,  1833,  for  the  purpose  of 
 organizing  a  Presbyterian  church;  and  at  the  same 
 time  the  members  of  the  Session  of  Pencader  Church 
 met  for  the  purpo.sc  of  granting  certitieates  to  such 
 members  of  Pencader  Church  as  should  desire  to 
 join  the  church  then  to  be  organized  in  Klkton.  The 
 following  persons  then  made  application  and  pre- 
 sented their  certificiites,  which  were  accepted  by  the 
 committee,  to  wit:  Andrew  SIcIntire,  James  L.  Miles, 
 Mrs.  Mary  H.  Henderson,  Mrs.  Harriet  Miles,  Mrs. 
 Mary  E.  Hollingsworth,  Sirs.  Maria  Rudulph,  Mrs. 
 Hannah  Scott,  Mrs.  Anna  Smith,  Mrs.  Ann  Mahan, 
 Miss  Sophia  Mc(^ullougli,  Mi.ss  Abby  Moore,  Miss 
 Mary  Ann  Scott,  Miss  Maria  Jane  Scott,  Miss  Ann 
 Mitdiell,  Mi.ss  Jane  E.  Mitchell,  Mi.ss  Mary  Alicia 
 Mitclull  (now  Mrs.  .John  Stump),  and  Miss  Elizabeth 
 Hays,  being  seventeen  members  admitted  on  certifi- 
 cate. John  C.  Groome,  Frisby  Henderson  and  Ed- 
 ward Wil.son  were  appointed  a  committee  to  draw  up 
 a  constitution  for  the  government  of  the  church.  On 
 Saturday,  May  4th,  Frisby  Henderson  and  Andrew 
 Mclntire,  being  elected  ruling  elders,  were  ordained 
 to  this  otiice,  and  thus  the  church  was  organized. 
 
 The  .seven  pa.storates  of  this  church  have  all  lieen 
 filled  by  worthy  nu-n.  To  name  them  is  to  commend 
 them:  Rev.  Hugh  Hamill,  Kev.  James  Mclntire,  Rev. 
 Horatio  S.    Howell,  Kev.  John  AV.  Mears,  Rev.  John 
 
 McKim  Duncan,  Rev.  Henry  Matthews  and  Rev. 
 W.  W.  Heberton. 
 
 Elliott,  Jared  Leigh,  D.  D.,  son  of  Richard  and 
 Anne  Agnes  (Gregory)  Elliott,  was  bom  in  W'a.shing- 
 ton,  D.  C,  June  '^Ith,  1807.  Possessed  of  an  adven- 
 turous disposition,  most  of  his  boyhood  and  early 
 youth  were  spent  in  roving  far  and  wide  upon  the 
 sea.  Was  gradiuited  from  the  College  of  Xew  Jersey, 
 1831;  spent  two  years,  1831-33,  at  Auburn  Theo- 
 logical Seminary,  N.  Y. ;  then  one  year,  1833-34,  in 
 Princeton  Seminary;  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  New  York,  April  13th,  1834;  and  was  ordained  an 
 evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  Octo- 
 ber 26th,  1835.  His  successive  fields  of  labor  were: 
 as  stated  supply  at  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y,  1834-35;  as 
 stated  supply  of  The  Mariner's  Church,  Philadelphia, 
 1835-36;  as  stated  supply  of  the  First  and  Second 
 churches  of  Washington  City,  and  of  the  Church  at 
 Frederick  City,  Md.,  1836-39;  as  Chaplain  in  the 
 U.  S.  Navy,  1838-42;  Agent  of  the  American  Sea- 
 men's Friend  Society  in  1843;  Chaplain  in  U.  S. 
 Army,  1844-49;  Acting  Ma.ster  in  the  IT.  S.  Navy. 
 1849-61;  Chaplain  U.  S.  Army,  1861-81.  As  a  chap- 
 lain in  the  Navy,  he  made  many  long  sea  voyages, 
 and  was  attached  to  the  South  Arctic  Exploring  Ex- 
 pedition in  1840.  Dr.  Elliott  died  at  Washington, 
 D.  C,  April  16th,  1881,  in  the  seventy-fourth  year  of 
 his  age.  He  was  a  man  of  warm  heart  and  generous 
 impulses,  a  faithful  friepd,  and  a  dc\oted  servant  of 
 Jesus  Christ. 
 
 Estes,.B.  M.,  was  born  October  10th,  1832,  in 
 Haywood  county,  Tennessee.  Removed  to  Memphis 
 in  1854;  joined  the  Second  Church,  Memphis,  in 
 1857  or  1858;  was  ordained  and  installed  a  ruling 
 elder  in  that  church  in  18.59,  and  served  as  such  until 
 1875,  when  he  joined  the  Union  Street  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Memphis.  Soon  thereafter  he  was  elected 
 and  installed  an  elder  in  that  church.  Subsequently, 
 anew  church  was  erected  by  the  congregation,  at  the 
 corner  of  Beal  and  Lauderdale  streets,  and  the  name 
 of  the  church  changed  to  the  ' '  Lauderdale  Street 
 Presbyterian  Church."  He  is  still  a  ruling  elder  in 
 this  church,  and  has  been  a  member  of  the  Executive 
 Committe  of  Education  since  its  removal  to  Memphis 
 in  1874.  Mr.  Estes  is  an  exemplary  Christian,  and 
 discharges  the  duties  to  which  the  Church  has  called 
 him  with  great  fulclity. 
 
 Evangelist,  one  who  publi.shcs  glad  tidings,  a 
 messenger  or  preacher  of  good  news.  The  persons 
 denoted  evangelists  were  next  in  order  to  the  apostles, 
 and  were  sent  by  them,  not  to  settle  in  any  particu- 
 lar place,  but  to  travel  among  the  infant  churches, 
 and  ordain  ordinary  otlicers,  and  finish  what  the 
 apostles  had  begun.  Of  this  kind  were  Philip,  the 
 deacon,  Mark,  Silas,  etc.  (.Vets  xxi,  8).  The  office 
 of  a  modern  missionary,  in  some  respects,  answers  to 
 that  of  a  primitive  evangelist.  The  title  is  more 
 particularly  given  to  the  four  in.spired  writers  of  our 
 Saviour's  life. 
 
EVANS. 
 
 1127 
 
 EXCEPTIONAL  POSITION  OF  lilHLE. 
 
 Evans,  Rev.  Daniel  H.,  tviis  the  fourth  son  of 
 John  I),  and  .lane  (Courtney)  Evans,  and  was  horn 
 ill  Ripley,  O.,  April  IHth,  18:i8.  He  was  graduated 
 at  Jliami  Universitj-,  in  1859;  hegan  his  theokigical 
 studies  in  the  Western  Theological  Seminary  the  Fall 
 of  the  same  year,  and  finished  at  Andover,  in  1862. 
 He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Pitts- 
 burg (N.  S.),  in  18(il,  and  on  the  Kith  of  April,  1863, 
 was  ordained  as  an  evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Monroe.  He  was  stated  supply  in  the  churches  of 
 Blissficld  and  Palmyra,  in  Jlichigan:  then  pa-stor  at 
 Grand  Haven;  after  that  supply  at  Minersville,  Pa., 
 and,  May  5th,  1870,  was  insfciUed  pastor  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Youngstown,  O. ;  and  this 
 relation  is  in  happy  continuance  at  date. 
 
 Mr.  Evans,  the  sixth  pastor  of  the  First  Chuich,  is 
 a  worthy  successor  to  such  faithful  ministers  as  Wil- 
 liam Wick  and  Chas.  A.  Boardman.  Called  to  its 
 pastorate  at  what  .seemed  to  be  a  critical  point  in  its 
 history,  by  the  exercise  of  a  wise  tact,  and  above  all 
 by  his  evident  "determination  to  know  nothing 
 among  his  people  save  Jesus  Christ,  and  him  cruci- 
 fied," every  trace  of  disagi-eement  soon  vanished.  As 
 a  preacher,  he  is  aceeiitable  to  the  people.  His  ser- 
 mons, though  carefully  prepared,  are  delivered  with- 
 out notes.  His  delivery  is  quiet,  though  impressive; 
 always  earnest,  he  is  at  times  elociuent.  His  thought 
 is  clear  and  Scriptural,  and  made  forcible  by  a  per- 
 suasive dignity  of  manner.  In  extemporaneous  eltbrt 
 he  is  especially  felicitous,  never  oifending  critical 
 tiuste.  As  a  pastor,  he  is  faithful  and  wise,  pos.sess- 
 ing,  in  large  degree.  Christian  common  sense. 
 
 Foivrteen  years  of  conscientious  and  succes,sful  labor 
 ha\e  endeared  him  to  his  people,  and  given  liim  a 
 secure  place  in  the  atfections  of  the  community  at 
 large. 
 
 Evins,  Hon.  John  Hamilton,  was  born  July 
 isth,  \X'M\,  in  Spartanburg  District,  in  the  State  of 
 South  Carolina.  He  is  the  third  son  of  Samuel  N. 
 and  Elizabeth  C.  Evins ;  a  grandson  of  Alexander 
 Evins,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  of 
 General  Tliomas  Jloore,  a  soldier  of  said  war,  a  Brig- 
 adier-General of  the  War  of  1812,  and  a  member  of 
 Congi'css  from  South  Carolina.  He  was  brought  up 
 in  the  bosom  of  Xazareth  (Presbj-terian)  Church,  in 
 the  District  and  State  afores;iid,  in  which  his  father 
 was,  for  many  years,  a  ruling  elder.  He  was  educiited 
 at  the  South  Carolina  College,  and  graduated  while 
 the  distinguished  logician  and  theologian,  Rev.  James 
 H.  Thornwell,  was  President  of  that  Institution.  He 
 connected  himself  with  Xazareth  Church,  under  the 
 preaching  of  the  celebrated  revivalist.  Rev.  Daniel 
 Baker,  D.  D.  He  became  a  lawyer  and  settled  in  the 
 town  of  Spartanburg,  S.  C,  where  he  still  resides.  I 
 He  is  now.  and  has  been  for  a  number  of  years  past, 
 a  ruling  elder  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Si)ar-  I 
 tanburg. 
 
 .\gain.st  his  earnest  protest,  he  was  nominated  and 
 elected  to  Congress  from  the  Fourth  District,  in  which 
 
 he  resides,  in  1876,  and  is  now  serving  his  fourth 
 term  in  that  body.  As  a  member  of  Congre.«is,  Mr. 
 Evins  has,  by  his  ability  and  Christian  character,  won 
 the  respect  and  esteem  of  all  his  associates,  and  few 
 constituencies  have  ever  given  their  Representative 
 higher  proofs  of  their  trust  and  confidence. 
 
 Ewing,  John,  D.  D.,  son  of  James  and  Rebecca 
 (Robb)  Ewing,  was  born  at  the  old  i'aniily  liome.stead, 
 ]  at  Fort  Pitt  Station,  Allegheny  county,  Pa.,  and 
 I  i)ursued  his  preparatory  studies  at  Dunlap's  Creek 
 Academy,  Fayette  county.  Pa.  In  June,  1854,  he 
 entered  Jefferson  College,  from  which  he  was  gradu- 
 ated in  1858.  In  September  of  the  .same  year  he  en- 
 tered the  Western  Thcologiciil  Seminary,  from  which 
 he  was  graduated  in  April,  1861.  He  was  licensed 
 by  the  Pre.sbytery  of  Pittsburg,  December  25th,  1860, 
 and  w:is  ordained,  as  an  evangelist,  by  the  same  Pres- 
 bytery, January  1st,  1862.  In  August,  1M61,  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Fairview.  Washington  county, 
 Pa.,  extended  to  him  a  call,  which  he  declined.  He 
 sujiplied  this  church  from  August,  1861,  till  April, 
 186li,  during  which  time  the  membership  was  greatly 
 increased.  While  supplying  the  Fairview  Church  he 
 received  a  call  to  the  Trinity  Presbyterian  Chuich, 
 Philadelphia,  and  was  installed  pastor  of  that  church, 
 ilay  6th,  186:5.  After  a  pleasant  and  successful  pas- 
 torate of  six  years,  the  relation  was  dissolved,  that 
 he  might  accept  a  call  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
 Clinton,  N.  J.  On  October  26th,  1869,  he  was  in- 
 stalled pastor  at  Clinton,  where  he  labored,  with  great 
 success,  for  fourteen  years;  then  the  pastoral  relation 
 was  dissolved,  that  he  might  accejit  a  call  to  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  at  Plymouth,  Pa.,  over  which 
 he  was  installed,  Xo^•ember  7th,  1883. 
 
 ^^^lile  a  student  in  college,  and  in  the  theolo;iical 
 seminary,  he  was  noted  for  faithful  application  to  his 
 studies.  In  1873  he  was  appointed,  by  the  General 
 Assembly,  to  represent  the  Church  in  the  General  As- 
 sembly of  the  Church  of  Scotland,  which  met  in 
 Edinburgh,  in  May,  1874.  His  address  before  that 
 body  called  forth  the  most  favorable  comments  from 
 the  press  of  Edinburgh.  He  hivs  traveled  extensively 
 through  Europe.  In  .lune,  1882,  the  College  of  Xew 
 Windsor,  Md.,  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  D.  D. 
 Dr.  Ewing  is  highly  esteemed  by  his  brethren  in  the 
 ministry.  He  possesses  rare  executive  ability,  is  a 
 diligent  student,  a  foithful  pastor  and  an  able  preachei-. 
 
 Exceptional  Position  of  the  Bible  in  the 
 "World.  The  following  /((cte,  says  Henry  Rogem^ 
 which  .show  the  jieculiar  position  the  Bible  occupies 
 among  books,  and  the  jiararaount  influence  it  has 
 exerted,  cannot  be  disjiuted. 
 
 1 .  It  is  curious  to  see  how  wonderfully  independent 
 of  race  has  been  the  welcome  given  to  tliis  book.  It 
 has  been  spontaneously  received  (by  spontaneously,  I 
 mean  as  the  fruit  of  persuasion  only,  and  to  the 
 exclusion  of  all  political  influence  or  military  -(-iolence) 
 by  men  of  far  more  various  races  and  nations  th.an  any 
 other  religious  books  ever  have  been.     I  lune  already 
 
EXCKPTinXA  L  POSITIOX  OF 
 
 1128 
 
 THE  BIBLE  IX  THE  WOULD. 
 
 conceded  that,  unhappily  for  the  Bible,  those  who 
 have  misunderstood  it,  and  therefore  wronged  it, 
 have  not  always  refrained  from  the  above  methods 
 (though  prohibited  by  itself)  of  extending  its  influ- 
 ence. But  still,  during  the  three  first  centuries,  the 
 religion  it  tciches  and  the  Ixxik  which  embodies  it 
 made  their  way.  witliout  such  questionable  allies, 
 into  almost  every  part  of  the  "  Orbis  Romanas: ''  and 
 since  that  time,  with  similar  independence  of  all 
 such  aid.  has  ma<le  similar  impressions  on  various 
 heathen  communities  in  all  quarters  of  the  world, 
 from  Greenland  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  from 
 Otaheite  to  >Iadaga.s<-ar. 
 
 Xow,  history  shows  us  that  the  progress  of  a 
 religion,  apart  from  the  fanatici.sm  or  ambition  which 
 leads  men  to  fight  for  its  diffusion,  is  almost  uniformly 
 circumscribed  by  race  and  nationality:  and  how  im- 
 pa.s.'iable  the  barrier  which  these — fortified  by  old 
 superstitions  and  the  customs  which  they  consecrate 
 — oppose  to  it.  It  is  almost  impossible,  in  ordinary 
 cases,  to  get  people  to  pay  any  attention  at  all  to  an 
 alien  religion,  except  as  a  subject  of  curious  or  learned 
 investigation;  and  we  should  be  as  much  astonished 
 :it  any  European  becoming  a  worshiper  of  Brahma  by 
 poring  over  the  Hindoo  mythology-,  as  at  a  student 
 of  Homer  becoming  a  devotee  of  Jupiter. 
 
 How  is  it.  then,  that  the  Bible  has  had  so  little 
 difficulty  in  transcending  the  bounds  of  race  and 
 nationality  ?  By  what  gift  has  it  been  capable  of 
 breaking  through  the  barriers  which,  in  general, 
 so  obstinately  enclose  each  variety  of  religious  belief? 
 An  objector  may,  perhaps,  say  it  was  not  so  with  the 
 Hebrew  Scriptures — the  greater  half  of  the  volume. 
 Why.  no:  but  that  rather  increases  the  wonder.  The 
 addition  of  the  lesser  half  altered  the  complexion  and 
 the  pro)x-rties  of  the  whole.  That  is  so  buoyant, 
 that  it  bears  up  itself  and  the  mass  which  is  attached 
 to  it,  and  which  had  been  almost  as  little  known  to 
 the  world  in  general  as  the  contents  of  other  sacred 
 l)ooks  usually  are.  Those  who  received  the  Old 
 Testament,  and  accounted  it  to  l>e  the  inspiration 
 of  the  Most  High,  yet  followc-d  the  law  of  other  re- 
 ligionists, or  nearly  .so,  and,  for  the  most  part,  kept 
 their  oracles  to  tliemselves.  The  rest  of  the  world 
 followed  their  o^vn  law.  in  caring  nothing  about  alien  ' 
 oracles  at  all.  I  have  had  occasion  to  observe,  in  a 
 previous  lec-ture,  that  the  Jews,  though  not  required 
 to  reject  proselytes — far  from  it — ^.vet  in  general  did 
 little  to  ni.ike  them;  they  seem  to  have  been  only' 
 too  well  pleased  to  think  themselves  the  exclusive  ' 
 possessors  of  a  divine  revelation,  and  to  hug  them-  i 
 selves  on  th;it  superiority.  If  they  received  prose- 
 lytes from  among  the  heathen,  it  was  with  no  verj- 
 genial  welcome;  they  acq uies<"ed  in  their  occupying  | 
 an  inferior  place, in  the  '•  Court  of  the  Gentiles,"  but 
 would  have  vehemently  protested  against  the  "mid- 
 dle wall  of  partition,"  which  shut  them  off  from  the 
 more  sacred  enclixure  1«'ing  broken  down.  On  the  ! 
 other  hand,  the  (^entiles  recoiled  as  strongly  from 
 
 the  Jews,  as  the  Jews  from  them.  Both  mntnallr 
 repelled,  in.stead  of  attracting,  one  another. 
 
 It  is,  therefore,  not  a  little  wonderful  that  the 
 Bible,  though  mth  its  larger  half  in  this  sense,  a 
 dead  weight  upon  it,  and  as  little  likely  to  pass,  by 
 spontaneous  reception,  from  race  to  race  and  Irom 
 people  to  people,  as  any  other  collection  of  so-called 
 sacred  books,  has  found  it  compuratiiili/ easy  to  break 
 through  the  barriers,  and,  as  the  ages  have  rolled  on, 
 to  migrate,  without  violence,  into  new  regions,  and 
 find  a  home  among  tribes  separated  by  every  con- 
 ceivable diflerence  of  climate,  government,  customs, 
 culture  and  religion,  from  those  which  had  previou.sly 
 accepted  it;  among  the  various  nationalities  which 
 acknowledged  the  Roman  sway,  and  among  various 
 modem  nationalities  which  succeeded  it;  among  the 
 conquering  Goths  and  other  barbarians  of  the  early 
 centuries,  and  in  the  South  Seas,  in  Africa,  and  in 
 Madaga.scar,  in  our  own  time. 
 
 Will  it  be  said  that  it  is  because  this  book,  alone 
 among  sacred  books,  teaches  a  religion  which  is  worthy 
 of  universal  reception,  enjoins  its  universal  diffusion, 
 and  is  alone  capable  of  forming  a  succession  of  men 
 heroically  bent  on  making  it  universal ?  Doubtless,  if 
 this  be  granted,  the  mystery  is  solved.  This  con- 
 cedes the  special  chiiracteristics  of  the  book  for  which 
 I  am  contending.  It  is  indeed  unlike  all  other  sacred 
 books,  if  so  much  can  be  said  for  it  ! 
 
 It  is  true,  however,  that  this  strange  volume  has 
 the  power,  wheresoever  it  got  it,  of  prompting  men  to 
 proclaim  and  to  propagate  its  contents.  Wliether  we 
 look  at  the  ancient  or  the  modem  converts  to  it.  they 
 are  som"ehow  instantly  bent  on  pro.sel_vtism. 
 
 2.  .\mong  other  singularities  of  this  book,  if  it 
 be  a  mere  production  of  human  genius,  like  any 
 other  book  or  collection  of  books  of  the  same  size, 
 may  be  mentioned  the  prodigious  liternture  which 
 it  has  evoked.  Either  it  must  have  claims  to  at- 
 tention altogether  transcendent  to  those  of  any  other, 
 even  the  greatest  compositions  of  human  genius, 
 in  order  to  account  for  men's  cea.seless  activity  in 
 translating,  illustrating,  explaining,  interpretijig, 
 propagating,  impugning  and  defending  it ;  or  we 
 must  conclude  that,  on  this  one  subject,  no  incon- 
 siderable portion  of  mankind  has  virtually  gone  mad; 
 or,  ^^ther,  that  each  successive  portion  of  the  race, 
 each  new  community  or  nation,  that  comes  under  the 
 fa-scination  of  this  book,  is  smitten  with  this  same  in- 
 curable bibliomania,  and  proceeds  to  do  in  behalf  of  it, 
 or  aijainal  it,  what  it  would  never  dream  of  doing  for 
 or  against  any  other  books  in  the  world,  sacred  or 
 profane  !  This  mysterious  book  (the  whole  or  parts  of 
 it)  speaks  no  less  than  two  hundred  languages,  and  is 
 daUy  learning  to  speak  more;  that  is,  probably  speaks 
 as  many  as  any  ten  of  the  very  chiefest  classics  of 
 human  genius,  however  widely  translated,  put  to- 
 gether; more  than  Homer,  Virgil,  Dante,  Shakesp<'are, 
 Milton,  Goethe,  Walter  .Scott,  put  together:  far  more 
 than  the  Vedxs  and  Koran,  put  together.  In  numlier- 
 
EXCEPTIONAL  POSITIOX  OF  THE 
 
 1129 
 
 BIBLE  IN  THE  WORLD. 
 
 less  cases,  again.  itha.s  allured  men  to  do  what,  so  far 
 as  we  know,  was  never  done  on  behalf  of  any  other 
 b(K)k,  howsoever  counted  "s;icred."  before.  It  has 
 induced  them,  not  only  to  encounter  everj'  form  of 
 peril  and  the  most  enormous  sellVsacrtfices,  to  get 
 the  mere  chance  of  proclaiming  the  substance  of  its 
 contents,  but  to  undergo  the  most  gigantic  labors,  in 
 order  to  translate  it  into  barbarous  and  uncouth 
 languages.  Xay,  more ;  in  a  score  of  cases  it  has 
 impelled  them  to  submit  to  the  more  arduous  pre- 
 liminary drudgery  of  giving  a  notation  and  visible 
 shape  to  languages  which  were  previously  but  a 
 '•  waudering  voice,"  and  nothing  else.  This  book 
 it  is  that  first  conferred  on  many  a  barbarous  nation 
 the  wondrous  art  of  condensing  the  volatile  vapor 
 of  human  thought  into  a  visible  form,  taught 
 them  the  first  elements  of  those  arts  which  are  the 
 necessary  condition  of  all  progress  and  civilization, 
 and  opened  to  them  the  road  which  leads  on  to  all 
 the  triumphs  of  human  intellect  and  national  great- 
 iie.ss.  Many  such  nations — perhaijs  hereafter  to  be 
 graced  by  a  muster-roll  of  names  as  illnstrions,  and 
 achievements  as  great  as  adorn  the  history  of  our  own 
 country — may  say,  as  sAe  in  great  part  must  say  also : 
 "  These  things  we  owe  to  some  obscure  missiouaries, 
 who,  like  the  birds  that  carry  the  seeds  of  forests  to 
 desert  islands,  brought  us  the  germs  of  all  these 
 blessings  in  giving  us  the  Bible.  They  first  made 
 language  visible  to  us ;  they  analyzed  the  sounds  which 
 it  represents,  expressed  them  in  an  alphabet,  reduced 
 them  to  grammatical  forms,  compiled  a  lexicon  for  us, 
 opened  to  us  the  intellectual  treasures  of  all  litera- 
 ture and  science,  and  made  it  possible  to  have  a  liter- 
 ature and  science  of  our  owu." 
 
 Meantime,  its  translators  wrought,  not  for  the  sake 
 of  these  vast  collateral  and  adventitious  benefits 
 (however  much  they  may  have  rejoiced  in  them). 
 but  simply  for  the  book's  sake,  itself;  and  would  have 
 done  the  work,  all  the  same,  if  they  had  been  sure 
 that  no  literature  but  that  one  book  would  ever  be 
 known  to  the  people  for  whom  it  was  translated.  Such 
 is  the  strange  enthusiasm  it  is  capable  of  inspiring! 
 
 Similarly,  this  book  h;is  probably  done  more  to  fix 
 and  preserve  the  languages  into  which  it  has  been 
 translated,  to  retard  the  progress  of  change  and  cor-  ! 
 ruption.  than  any  other  single  cause  whatever.  This 
 has  been  conspicuously  a  result  of  our  own  English 
 version.  I 
 
 And  it  is  only  ju.st  to  remember  that  many  lan- 
 guages, which  already  had  a  written  character,  indeed, 
 but  were  still  so  iucrusted  with  barbarism  as  to  make 
 them  wholly  unfit  for  the  purposes  of  literature, 
 have  been  largely  indebted  to  the  toil  of  those  who 
 sought  to  transfuse  the  contents  of  this  book  into 
 these  uncouth  vehicles  for  it.  This  has  often  done 
 more  to  purify  and  polish  them,  to  mould  them  into 
 forms  which  science  and  poetry  could  deign  to  use, 
 than  any  other  single  cause.  This  was  to  a  good  ' 
 extent  the  case  with  the  early  translations  into,  our 
 
 own  language  and  the  German.  The  "  Kornige 
 Sprache  ''  of  Luther's  translation,  as  a  German  critic 
 calls  it,  jilayed  no  mean  part  in  the  development  of 
 that  language. 
 
 The  pa.ssion  for  translating  the  Bible  into  other 
 tongues  has  been  intense  from  the  very  commence- 
 ment of  the  Christian  era,  and  may  probably  be  said 
 to  have  created  the  taste  for  translation  in  general. 
 The  ancients  seem  to  have  had  little  that  was  worthy 
 of  the  name.  Cicero  and  Quintilian,  indeed,  speak 
 of  the  signal  benefits  the  rhetorical  student  and 
 youthful  orator  may  derive  from  frequent  translation 
 of  fine  passages  from  the  Greek  into  their  own 
 tongue,  just  as  Lord  Chatham  commends  the  same 
 exercise  to  his  son,  William  Pitt.  But  the  practice 
 of  systematically  endeavoring  to  import  the  master- 
 pieces of  Greek  literature  into  the  Latin,  or  rice  rcrsa, 
 seems  not  to  have  been  adopted  in  the  ancient  world. 
 
 Nor  in  days  when  printing  w.as  unknown,  and 
 there  was  such  infinite  toil  and  cost  in  making  even 
 orit/inal  manuscripts  public,  is  it  any  wonder  that 
 this  sort  of  literary  labor  was  generally  declined. 
 But  no  such  difficulties  depressed  the  energies  of  meu 
 where  the  Bible  was  concerned.  By  about  the 
 middle  of  the  second  century  there  were  no  less  than 
 three  Greek  versions  of  the  Old  Testament,  in  addi- 
 tion to  the  Septuagint — those  of  AquUa,  Theodotion 
 and  Symmachus.  Still  earlier,  the  Peshito-Syriac 
 version,  including  Old  and  New  Testaments,  vvivs 
 completed.  About  the  same  time  it  appeared  in 
 Latin  (the  old  Italic).  It  was  translated  again  into 
 that  language  by  Jerome.  By  the  end  of  the  fourth 
 century  the  Scriptures  were  translated  in  whole  or 
 in  part — but  certainly  nearly  the  whole  of  the  New 
 Testament — into  Coptic,  Sahidic,  Armenian,  Ethio- 
 pic  and  Gothic.  Nor  were  the  darker  ages  without 
 their  like  triumphs.  In  the  sixth  century  it  was 
 translated  into  Georgian;  iuthe  ninth  into  Sclavonic; 
 and  various  tran.slations  of  the  gospels  and  other  parts 
 of  Scripture  into  Anglo-Saxon  and  several  other  Teu- 
 tonic languages,  were  executed  at  intermediate  dates. 
 If  it  be  said  that  reverence  for  a  supposed  "  sacred" 
 book  will  account  for  all  this,  we  must  reply — first, 
 reverence  for  other  supposed  ".sacred"  books  has 
 never  produced  anv"thing  like  it ;  and  secondly,  that 
 if,  in  this  case,  reverence  was  so  exceptionally  power- 
 ful, what  inspired  it? 
 
 One  of  the  most  interesting  books  in  the  world  to 
 look  at — few,  perhaps,  except  Professor  Max  Sliiller, 
 and  two  or  three  other  accomplished  linguists  like 
 him,  ean  read  more  than  a  few  pages  of  it — is  the 
 h.andsome  quarto  volume  entitled  "The  Bible  of 
 every  Land,"'  in  which  beautifully  printed  typo- 
 graphical .specimens  are  given  of  the  multitudiuous 
 versions  of  the  Bible  in  all  their  variety  of  alphabetic 
 characters.  It  is  impossible  to  inspect  it  without 
 feeling  what  stupendous  (and  if  the  Bible  be  not 
 more  to  the  world  than  the  Korau  or  the  Vedas, 
 Homer  or  Plato),  what  utterly  disproportionate  and 
 
KXCEl'TIOXM.    I'OSITIOX  OF   TIU: 
 
 1130 
 
 niiuj-:  IX  THE  wuRin. 
 
 wasteful  toil  man  has  foolishly  expended  on  this  one 
 volume  ! 
 
 Howmueli  more  must  we  feel  tliis  in  contemplating 
 the  enormous  masses  of  literature  to  which  it  has  given 
 birth  !  This  one  book,  not  more  than  the  three-hun- 
 dredth part  of  the  extant  Greek  and  Koinaii  literature, 
 h:us  pr()l)al)ly  attracted  to  it  and  coni-entratod  upon 
 it  more  thought,  and  prol)ably  produced  more  works, 
 explanatory,  illustrative,  apologetic — upon  its  text, 
 its  exegesis,  its  doctrines,  its  history,  its  geography, 
 ethnology,  chronology  and  evidences,  than  all  the 
 Greek  and  Roman  literature  put  together.  There  is 
 scarcely  a  tractate  in  it,  however  short,  that  has  not 
 had  more  pains  exi)euded  upon  it  tlian  many  even  of 
 the  more  voluminous  ancient  writers.  In  walking 
 through  any  great  library,  in  inspecting  any  large 
 cat;ilogue  (as  that  of  the  British  Museum  or  the 
 Bodleian),  one  is  astonished  at  tlie  immense  bulk  of 
 literature  which,  cither  directly  or  indirectly,  owes 
 its  origin  to  this  one  hook.  It  is  surprising  to  see 
 how  large  a  portion  of  tlie  huge  London  Catalogue 
 is  made  up  of  l)ooks  wliicli,  had  it  not  been  for  this 
 one,  would  never  have  liad  an  existence! 
 
 And  now,  endeavoring  for  a  moment  to  place  my- 
 self in  the  pointof  view  of  tliose  who  regard  tliis  book 
 as  a  simi)l(!  collection  of  tractates,  written  by  a  number 
 of  obscure  men,  of  no  greater  actual  endowments  than 
 those  possessed  by  many  others  (ofkui  their  equals, 
 sometimes  their  superiors),  and  all  of  them,  with 
 perhaps  one  exception  (I  refer  to  Luke;  but  even 
 that  is  doubtful),  Ijelongiug  to  one  of  the  most 
 despised  of  human  communities,  1  am  lost  in  amaze- 
 ment at  tliatiu.sanity  (I  can  call  it,  on  Hint  hypotliesis, 
 by  no  othir  name)  which  has  kept  the  most  diverse 
 nations,  but  always  those  in  the  very  van  of  all  science, 
 leiirning  and  civilization,  thus  everUistingly  poring 
 over  this  book;  illiLstrating,  interpreting,  attacking, 
 defending  it;  thinking  no  pivins  too  great  to  be  be- 
 stowed ev(!n  on  its leastsignificant parts,  and  deeming 
 it  of  more  importance  to  prosecute  this  task  than  to 
 give  themselves  to  the  like  labors  on  the  very  c/ie/- 
 d'lFiirrcs  of  human  genius. 
 
 The  "  Propaganda  "  for  this  book  is  a  phenomenon 
 w<'  should  in  vain  .seek  in  the  case  of  any  other  books, 
 Siicred  or  profane.  Tlie  Bible  Society,  for  example, 
 maybe  a  fanatical  organization;  but  fanaticism  never 
 evoked  anything  like  it  in  behalf  of  any  other  book, 
 however  revered  as  presumed  to  be  inspin^d,  or 
 admired  as  pre-eminently  instinct  with  human  genius. 
 I  observe  tliat  during  the  year  1872-7;$  no  less  than 
 2,.)i)2,9.36  copies  of  the  whole  Bible,  or  large  portions 
 of  it,  were  issued  by  the  Society,  Now,  the  "  Pub- 
 lishers' Circular"  tells  us  that  la-st  year  (1872)  4814 
 works  of  all  kinds,  including  pamphlets  (not  sermons) 
 and  reprints,  were  published  in  London;  and  if  we 
 suppose  each  impression  to  average  1000  copies 
 (rather  a  libi^ral  allowance,  and  perhaps  only  too  flat- 
 tering to  most  authors),  then  the  cojiies  of  this  one 
 old  book  issued   in    l.nudon  exceeded   the  hall'  of  all 
 
 the  copies  of  the  new  and  old  books  of  the  year  put 
 together! 
 
 A  library  maile  up  of  all  the  books  which  have 
 been  written  solely  in  defence  of  the  Bible  would  be 
 an  imposing  spectiicle.  About'a  century  and  a  half 
 ago  the  great  Fabricius  gave  a  Catalogue  Baisonni  of 
 all  the  books  that  had  been,  directly  or  indirectly, 
 e\oked  by  Christianity  down  to  his  time.  Though 
 not  exhaustive  (some  pages,  however,  are  occupied 
 with  other  subje('ts)  it  forms  a  quarto  of  more  than 
 seven  hundred  pages.  I  apprehend  that,  by  this 
 time,  a  similar  work  would  extend  to  at  least  three 
 times  the  bulk. 
 
 Equally  striking,  in  some  respects,  would  be  the 
 spectacle  of  all  those  works  which  have  been  written, 
 more  or  less,  against  the  book;  in  general  confutation 
 of  its  claims,  or  against  some  of  its  principal  facts  and 
 evidences.  The  volumes  thus  written  for  the  pur- 
 pose of  correcting  men's  eccentric  love  and  veneration 
 for  it  (eccentric  on  the  hypothesis  of  its  merely  human 
 origin),  showing  either  that  it  is  substantially  incred- 
 ible, or,  like  other  books,  a  mi.xture  of  wisdom  and 
 foil}',  would  form  a  library  of  no  inconsiderable  bulk. 
 If  collected  from  the  earliest  times  (beginuing  with 
 tlie  fragments  of  Celsnsand  Porphyry)  to  the  present 
 day,  they  would  occupy  far  more  than  a  thou.sand 
 times  the  space  of  the  one  volume  against  which  they 
 are  directed;  and  would  certainly  be  much  more 
 numerous  than  all  the  works  that  all  other  ' '  sacred  ' ' 
 books  ever  had  the  honor  of  provoking  either  fur  or 
 against  them. 
 
 If  all  these  books  were  placetl  in  one  library,  and 
 this  single  one  set  on  a  table  in  the  middle  of  it,  and 
 a  stranger  were  told  that  this  book,  affirmed  to  be, 
 for  the  most  part,  the  work  of  a  number  of  unlearned 
 and  obscure  men  belonging  to  a  despi.sed  nation  called 
 the  Jews,  had  drawn  upon  itself,  for  its  exposure, 
 confutation  and  destruction,  this  multitude  of 
 volumes,  I  imagine  he  would  be  inclined  to  say  : 
 "Then,  I  presume  this  little  book  was  annihilated 
 long  ago;  though  how  it  could  he  needful  to  write  a 
 thousandth  part  so  much,  for  any  such  purpose,  1 
 cannot  comprehend.  For  if  the  book  be  what  these 
 authors  say,  surely  it  should  not  be  very  difficult  to 
 shove  it  to  be  so;  and  if  so,  what  wonderful  madness 
 to  write  all  these  volumes  I  "  How  surprised  would 
 lie  then  be  to  learn  that  they  were  felt  not  to  be 
 enough  ;  that  similar  works  were  being  multiplied 
 every  <lay,  and  never  more  actively  than  at  the 
 present  time;  and  still  to  no  purpose  in  di.sabusiiig 
 mankind  of  this  .same  phrensy  !  He  would  learn, 
 indeed,  that  so  far  from  accomplishing  the  object,  the 
 new  volumes  are  little  more  than  necessary  to  replace 
 those  of  this  fruitful  yet  fruitless  literature  which 
 are  continually  sinking  into  oblivion — a  fate  which 
 may  be  said,  perhajis,  with  almost  equal  truth,  to 
 await  the  new  works  written  in  its  defence.  A  large 
 m,a.ss  of  these,  too,  pass  every  age  out  of  sight,  or  are 
 known  only  to  the  literarv  student. 
 
EXCEPTIONAL  POSITIOiV  OF  THE  11:51 
 
 BIBLE  JX   THE  WOULD. 
 
 But  tlie  volume  itself  survives   both  friends  and 
 foes.     "Without  heing  able  to  speak  oue  word  on  its 
 own  behalf,  but  what  it  has  already  said;  without 
 any  power  of  explanation  or  rejoinder,  in  deprecation 
 of  the  attacks  made  upon  it,  or  to  assist  those  who 
 defend  it;  it  passes  along  the  ages  in  majestic  silence. 
 Impassive  amidst  all  this  tumult   of  controver.sy,  in 
 which  it  takes  no  part,  it  might  be  likened  to  some 
 great  ship   floating  down  a  mighty  river,  like  the 
 .Amazon  or  Orinoco,  the  shores  of  which  are  inhabited 
 by  various  savage  tribes.     From  every  little  creek  or 
 inlet,  from  every  petty  port  or  bay,  sally  flotillas  of 
 c;uioes,  some  seemingly  friendly  and  some  seemingly 
 hostile,  filled  with  warriors  in  all  the  terrors  of  war 
 paint,  and  their  artillery  of  bows  and  arrows.     They 
 are  hostile  tribes,    and  soon  t\irning  their   weapons 
 against  one  another,  a.ssail  each  other,  with  great  fury 
 and  mutual  loss.    Meantime,  the  noble  vessel  silently 
 moves  on  through  the  scene  of  confusion,  without 
 deigning  to  alter  its  course  or  to  fire  a  shot;  perhaps 
 here  and  there  a  seaman  casts  a  compa,ssionate  glance 
 from  the  lofty  bulwarks,  and  wonders  at  the  hardi- 
 hood of  those  who  come  to  a.ssail  his  leviathan. 
 
 In  spite,  and  perhaps,  indeed,  in  consequence  of 
 these  attacks  (M.  Kenan's  "  Vie  de  Jesus"  in  parti- 
 cular is  said  to  have  had  this'  effect  iu  France),  the 
 book  is  more  and  more  widely  diftused,  every  year 
 multiplies  its  copies,  and  every  year  speaks  some  new 
 language. 
 
 3.  It  may  be  said,  further,  that  there  is  no  other 
 book,  and  I  think  I  might  say  no  other  ten  hooks, 
 that  have  left  so  many  or  so  deep  traces  on  human 
 literature;  none  that  are  so  olten  cited  or  alluded  to; 
 none  which  have  supplied  so  much  matter  for  apt 
 illustration,  or  been  so  often  resorted  to  for  its  vivid 
 imagery  and  energetic  diction.  It  has  lived  on  the 
 page,  not  merely  of  great  divines,  such  as  Barrow  or 
 Jeremy  Taylor.  In  such  cases,  though  genius  might  be 
 stimulated  by  the  literary  beauties  of  the  book, 
 reverence  for  it  and  familiarity  with  it  might  be 
 thought  to  account  for  so  frequent  and  spontaneous  a 
 use  of  it.  But  the  remark  is  applicable  to  modern 
 literature  generally,  on  which  the  traces  of  the  influ- 
 ence of  this  book  are  incomparably  deeper  and  more 
 legible  than  those  left  by  any  other  single  volume. 
 
 None  but  those  who  have  been  in  the  habit  of  in- 
 specting the  be.st  portions  of  modern  literature,  with 
 the  express  view  of  tracing  the  influence  of  the  Bible 
 upon  it,  can  luivo  any  adequate  idea  of  the  extent  to 
 Avhich  it  has  moulded  thought  and  sentiment,  or 
 given  strength  or  grace  to  expression.  Its  literary 
 excellencies  in  general  have  insensibly  extorted  the 
 homage  and  tinged  the  style  of  the  greatest  masters 
 of  eloquence  and  poetry,  with  little  reference  to  the 
 degree  iu  which  they  yielded  to  its  claims  on  their 
 reverence,  and  in  many  cases  though  they  rejected 
 those  claims  altogether.  Its  apophthegms,  its  ex- 
 amples, its  historical  illustrations  of  human  life  and 
 character,  its  moral  maxims,  its  lessons  of  conduct. 
 
 its  vivid  and  intense  imagery,  come  spontaneou.sly 
 to  the  lips,  as  more  exactly  or  forcibly  expressing 
 thought  and  feeling  than  anything  found  elsewhere. 
 In  re-perusing,  lately,  some  of  the  greatest  ma.sters 
 of  prose,  Bacon,  JUlton,  Cowper,  JIacaulay,  expressly 
 with  a  view  to  this  subject,  I  have  been  surprised  to 
 note  how  often,  when  struggling  to  give  emphasis  to 
 their  thought,  or  to  intensify  a  feebler  expression  of 
 it,  they  have  laid  hold,  unconsciously,  as  it  were,  of 
 Scripture  phrase  or  metaphor. 
 
 In  Bacon's  Essays,  in  his  "  Xovum  Orgauum  "  and 
 his  "  De  Augmentis,"  one  is  iierpetually  struck  with 
 the  felicity  with  which  passages  of  Scripture  are  intro- 
 duced, and,  in  the  last  two  works,  where  one  would 
 little  expect  them.     As  to  Shakespeare,  no  less  than 
 three  works  have  been  expressly  written  to  trace  the 
 influence  of  the  Bible  on  his  genius  and  writings. 
 The  matchless  energy  of  Milton's  diction  in  many 
 parts  of  his  prose  writings  is  in  no  slight  degree  due 
 to  the  use  he  has  made  of  Scripture.     In  that  lofty 
 passage  in  the  '  'Animadversions  on  the  Remonstrant's 
 Defence,"  conceived  in  the  very  spirit  of  the  Hebrew 
 poetrj',  in  which,  pledging  him.self  for  his  immortal 
 poem,  he  says,  "And  he  that  now  for  ha.ste  snatches 
 up  a  plain  ungarnished  present  as  a  thank-offering 
 to  Thee,  may  then  perhaps  take  up  a  harp  and  sing 
 Thee  an  elaborate  song  to  generations,"  in  that  most 
 splendid  passage,  some  phrase  or  clause  of  the  Scrip- 
 ture adds  energy  to  almost  every  line.     It  is  a  won- 
 derful mosaic  indeed,  but  a  mosaic  still. 
 
 Carlyle's  book  on  the  French  Revolution,  even  were 
 its  defects  as  a  history  all  that  the  most  unfriendly  critic 
 would  make  them  out  to  be,  will  be  confes,sed  by  all  to 
 be  one  of  the  most  graphic  in  our  own  or  any  other  lan- 
 o-nage.  Now^,  it  is  curious  to  .see  how  often,  indescribing 
 the  scenes  of  his  tremendous  ' '  Trilog;\'  of  Tragedies, ' ' 
 fragments  of  Scripture  language  come  unbidden  to 
 his  pen,  as  the  best  and  most  forcible  he  can  emiiloy. 
 In  re-perusing  the  work  recently,  for  the  very  purpose! 
 of   ascertaining    the  degree    in   which  phrases  are 
 interwoven,  and  examples   and    illustrations  cited, 
 fronr  the  Bible,  I  could  not  help  being  struck  with 
 their  frequency.     In  truth,  however,  it  is  no  wonder; 
 for  it  is  not  possible   to   imagine  any  phraseology 
 more  exactly  adapted  to  express  the  lurid  sublimity, 
 or  point  the  terrible  moral,  of  the  scenes  he  describes, 
 than  that  which  the  "  Law  and  the  Prophets"  often 
 launch  against  communities  that  have  "sown  the 
 wind,  and  shall  reap  the  whirlwind; "  that,  being 
 incurably  corrupt,  are  threatened  with  being  "swept 
 away  with  the  besom  of  destruction;  "  and  yet,  deaf 
 to  warning  and  chastisement,  persist  in  "treasuring 
 up  wrath  against  the  day  of  wrath."     There  is  no 
 book   in  the  world  iu  which   the  inevitable  doom 
 I  which  waits  on  guilt,  let  its  seeming  security  be  wrat 
 it  may,  is  so  vividly  set  forth  as  in  the  Bible;  nom- 
 that  so  energetically  proclaims  that  "thrones  are 
 established  only  in  righteousness,"  and  that  nothing 
 else  can  iiermanently  "e.xalt  a  nation." 
 
EXCKI'TIOXAI.  I'OSJTIOX  OF  HIBLK.         IKW 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 "There  never  was,"  says  Carlyle,  somewhere,  or 
 to  this  effect,  for  I  quote  from  memory,  "any  book 
 like  the  Bible,  and  there  never  will  be  such  another. " 
 "  Ketul  to  me,"  said  the  dying  Scott  to  his  son-in-law. 
 "What  book  .shall  I  read  to  you?  "said  Lockhart. 
 "Can  you  ask  me ? "  was  the  reply.  "There  is  but 
 one;  "  and  bade  liim  read  a  chapter  in  the  gosjiel  of 
 John.  "This  collcctiou  of  books,"  says  Theodore. 
 Parker,  in  a  i)ass;ige  of  great  eloquence,  ''has  taken 
 such  hold  of  tlie  world  as  no  other.  The  literature 
 of  Greece,  which  goes  up  like  incense  from  that  land 
 of  temples  and  heroic  deeds,  has  not  half  the  influ- 
 ence of  this  book  from  a  nation  despised  alike  in 
 ancient  and  in  modern  times.  ...  It  goes 
 equally  to  the  cottage  of  the  plain  man  and  the  palace 
 of  the  king.  It  is  woven  into  the  literature  of  the 
 scholar,  and  colors  the  talk  of  the  streets.  It  enters 
 men's  closets,  mingles  in  all  the  grief  and  cheerful- 
 ness of  life.  The  Bible  attends  men  in  sickness. 
 when  the  fever  of  the  world  is  on  them.  ...  It 
 is  the  better  part  of  our  sermons;  it  lifts  man  above 
 himself.  Our  best  of  uttered  prayers  are  in  its 
 storied  speech,  wherewith  our  fathers  and  the 
 patriarchs  i)rayed.  The  timid  man,  alK)ut  to  wake 
 from  his  dream  of  life,  looks  through  the  gla.ss  of 
 Scripture,  and  his  eye  grows  bright;  he  does  not  fear 
 to  stand  alone,  to  tread  the  way  unknown  and  distant, 
 to  take  the  death  angel  by  the  hand,  and  bid  fare- 
 well to  wife  and  babes  and  home.  .  .  .  Some 
 thousand  famous  writers  come  up  in  this  century  to 
 1>e  forgotten  in  the  ne.xt.  But  the  silver  cord  of  the 
 Bible  is  not  loosed,  nor  its  golden  bowl  broken,  as 
 Time  chronicles  his  tens  of  centuries  passed  by." 
 
 To  these  testimonies  it  were  easy  to  add  many 
 more — .some  of  them  from  men  wholly  skeptical  as  to 
 any  su])erhunuin  claims  of  the  Bible  on  our  reverence 
 or  belief.  I  am  far  from  charging  them  with  any 
 insincerity,  either  in  what  they  admit  or  in  what 
 they  deny;  but  I  would  Aiin  a.sk,  "What  must  be  the 
 qiuilities  of  the  Bil)U\  coming  "from  a  nation  alike 
 despised  in  ancient  and  modern  times,"  and  whence 
 did  it  get  them,  tliat  could  prevail  on  men  like  these 
 — men  of  eai)acious  minds,  theacutest  reason,  adorned 
 with  all  that  culture  and  ta.ste  could  bestow — to  speak 
 of  the  Bible  in  terms  they  never  would  dream  of  ap- 
 plying to  any  other  book  or  books  whatsoever  ! 
 
 I  would  not  be  misunderstood.  I  can  easily  fancy 
 the  derisive  smile  with  which  those  who  will  not  be 
 at  the  trouble  of  considering  what  ilcgree  of  import- 
 ance is  attributed  to  each  variable  element  in  a  eom- 
 jjle.v  argument  like  the  present,  may  say:  "This 
 writer  seems  to  think  that,  because  great  authors 
 have  used  the  Bible  for  purposes  of  illustration  more 
 frequently  than  other  books;  because  it  has,  no  doubt, 
 deeply  tinctured  the  literature  of  the  ages  and  nations 
 familiar  with  it,  that  (birefurr  it  mu.st  be  inspired,  and 
 of  supernatural  origin!"  Not  so.  I  mention  the  fact 
 nuTcly  as  one  of  the  "thousand  and  one"  parado.xical 
 facts  insisted  u|K)n  in  these  lecturis.      It  /<,  I  think,  a 
 
 strange  thing,  that  one  moderately-sized  book  (if  it 
 be  no  more  than  the  hypothesis  of  a  purely  human, 
 and  that  a  Jewish,  origin  assumes  it  to  be)  should 
 have  left  wider  and  deeper  traces  of  itself  on  modern 
 literature  than  any  dozen  of  the  clicf-d'cFurres  of 
 human  genius  which  grace  that  literature,  and  pre- 
 eminently on  many  of  those  elicf-cV ccurrcs  themselves. 
 Surely  it  is  a  curious  jihenomenou ;  but  it  is  only 
 one  of  many  which  beset  us  in  considering  the  pecu- 
 liarities and  the  exceptional  character  and  fortunes 
 
 1  of  this  singular  volume. 
 
 Should  it  be  said  again,  "All  this  is  accounted  for 
 by  the  reverence  which  it  has  somehow  inspired;"  in 
 part,  I  grant  it.  But  on  the  hypothesis  I  am  pro- 
 ceeding upon,  the  purely  human,  and  that,  too,  the 
 Jewish-hiunan,  origin  of  the  book,  whence  this  pro- 
 found reverence?  How  should  the  book  have  in- 
 spired it,  and  why  should  the  world  feel  it  ?  Either 
 the  Bible  is  invested  with  the  properties  which  give 
 it  this  pre-eminence,  or  it  is  not.  If  it  is,  whence, 
 considering  its  source,  did  it  get  them  ?  If  not,  how 
 came  the  world  to  invest  it  with  them  ? 
 
 I  say,  then,  it  is  euriouit  that,  supposing  the  book  to 
 be  the  unaided  product  of  men  far  less  endowed  by 
 nature  than  many  writers  of  Crreece,  Eonie,  France, 
 England  or  Germany,  and  inferior  in  culture  and 
 education,  it  should  have  exerted  greater  influence, 
 and  left  deeper  traces  on  literature  than  any  one,  or 
 any  five,  or  any  ten  writers  of  all  these  countries  put 
 together.  It  is  a  curious  phenomenon ;  curious,  I 
 say;  not  a  proof  that  the  Bible  may  not  be  merely 
 human,  but  one  of  the  many  parado.xes  which,  on 
 that  hypothesis,  compel  \is  to  ask,  as  the  Jews  con- 
 cerning Christ,  "Whence  hath  this  book  all  this 
 wisdom?" — 
 
 "Executive  Committee  of  Education,  of 
 the  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church,  in  the  United  States,"  {Southern).  This 
 Committee  was  organized  at  the  first  meeting  of  the 
 .Vssembly,  at  Augusta,  Georgia,  December  4th,  1861. 
 It  is  elected  annually,  by  the  Assembly,  and  consists 
 of  the  "Secretary  of  Education,"  a  Treasurer  and 
 nine  other  members.  Three  must  be  ruling  elder.s. 
 Five  constitute  a  quorum.  The  Secretary  is  the 
 organ  of  communication  between  the  Committee  and 
 the  AssfTubly,  and  by  standing  rule  has  a  right  to 
 the  floor  on  matters  pertaining  to  his  work.  He 
 conducts  all  the  Committee's  correspondence  and 
 superintends  its  work.  Its  object  is  to  aid  candi- 
 dates for  the  ministry,  but  they  must  be  recom- 
 mended therefor  by  their  I'rc.sbrterics  or  by  their 
 I're.sbyterial  Committees.  "  All  the  candidates  shall 
 be  solely  responsible  to  their  respective  Presbyteries." 
 The  Secretaries  have  been,  John  H.  Gray,  D.  n., 
 from  1861  to  1863;  John  Leyburn,  D.  n.,  from  ]8fi:{ 
 
 ^  to  1865;  E.  T.  Baird,  D.  D.,  from  1865  to  1874;  John 
 X.  Waddell,  n.  I).,  j.h.  i>.,  from  1874    to  1879,  and 
 
 i  E.  M.  Hichardson,  n.  I>..  from  lr>79to  1884.  the  present 
 incumbent. 
 
EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
 
 1133 
 
 OF  PVBLICATIOS. 
 
 The  Committee  was  located  at  Memphis,  Tennessee, 
 but  owing  to  the  events  of  the  war,  it  was  trans- 
 iVrred  to  Richmond,  Virginia,  in  1863,  and  was  com- 
 posed of  the  same  persons  as  the  Committee  of  Pub- 
 li<atiiin.  This  continued  until  1874,  when  it  was 
 returned  to  Memphis. 
 
 During  the  war  nothing  was  done,  as  the  young 
 men  were  in  the  army-     The  contributions,  being  in  ^ 
 Confederate  bonds  or  scrip,  became  a  total  loss.     In 
 1864  it  was  proposed  to  abolish  the  Committee,  and 
 transfer  the  work  to  the  Presbyteries.     During  this 
 di.scu.ssion  nothing  could  be  accomplished,  but  the 
 Assembly  of  1866  resolved  to  continue  the  Committee, 
 and  not  till  then   did  its  actual  labors  commence. 
 Beginning  in  1866,  with  one  candidate,  there  was  a , 
 steady  advance  until  one  hundred  and  thirty   was 
 reached,  in  1872.     Meanwhile,  the  contributions  rose 
 from  §217  to  §19,660.     The  candidates  fell  off  some- 
 what the  next  two  years,  and  there  being  a  corres- 
 ponding decrease  of  contributions,  the  Assembly  of 
 1874  tried  to  resuscitate  the  work  by  assigning  it 
 again  to  a  distinct  committee.     The  retrograde  move- 
 ment, however,  continued  until  the  number  receiv- 
 ing aid   fell   to   seventy-four,  and    the    receipts  to 
 S10,336.     The  movement  for  several  years  has  been 
 upward,  inasmuch  that  the  number  receiving  aid  in 
 1883  was  one  hundred  and  thirteen,  and  the  contri- 
 butions were  $15,224.     This  vacillation  was  chiefly 
 owing  to  two  causes,  over  which  the  Committee  had 
 no  control:     1.  The  reduction  of  receipts  and  of  can- 
 didates was  at  first  caused  by  the  commercial  strait- 
 ness  which  began  in  1872,  and  was  followed  by  the 
 financial  disasters  of  1873,  whose  effect  was  felt  for 
 several  years.     2.  Several  of  the  larger  Presbyteries, 
 ha^-ing  each  a  goodly  numl)er  of  candidates,  and 
 finding   the  Committee   straitened,  resolved  to  act 
 independently.     Three  reasons  probably  controlled 
 them;  a  desire  to  relieve  the  Committee,  the  hope  of 
 bringing  their  churches  up  to  their  duty  at  a  time  of 
 straitness,  by  pressing  the  claims  of  their  own  sons 
 on  them,  and  the  desire  to  make  the  support  of  their 
 own    candidates    certain.      Commercial    confidence 
 having    been   restored,   the    Committee  experiences 
 the  benefit  of  it  in  the  increase  of  both  candidates 
 and  contributions.     This  st;itement  shows,  however, 
 that  what  the  Committee  has  accomplished  is  not 
 fairly  representative  of  what  the  Church  has  done. 
 The   Committee  is  now  giving  evidence  of  a  very 
 healthy   growth.      There  has  never  been  any  com- 
 plaint as  to  its  administration.     In  that  respect  it  is 
 believed  always  to  have  enjoyed  the  confidence  of 
 the  Church. 
 
 Executive  Committee  of  Publication  of 
 the  Southern  Presbjrterian  Church,  was  or- 
 ganized by  the  first  General  Assembly  of  that  Church, 
 
 lation  of  a  sound  religious  literature,  as  one  of  the 
 evangelical  agencies  of  the  Church. 
 
 During  the  prevalence  of  the  war  between  the 
 States,  great  difficulties  were  encountered  by  the 
 Committee  in  its  work,  but  a  depository  was  estab- 
 lished, and  the  publication  of  a  Sabbath-school  paper 
 and  a  paper  designed  for  circulation  in  the  army  w:us 
 commenced.  Large  amounts  were  expended  in  the 
 circulation  of  religious  reading  among  the  soldiers  in 
 the  armies  of  the  Confederacy.  Considering  the  difli- 
 culties  that  were  met,  the  work  during  this  period 
 was  attended  with  great  success.  Dr.  Brown  having 
 resigned,  after  two  years'  ser^^ce,  Rev.  John  Leyburu, 
 D.D.,  was  elected  Secretary,  and  served  untU  the  close 
 of  the  war. 
 
 The  clo.se  of  the  war  found  the  Executive  Com- 
 mittee stripped  of  all  its  material  and  means  of 
 prosecuting  its  work,  the  fire  which  occurred  at  the 
 surrender  of  Richmond  having  consumed  their  oflice 
 with  all  its  contents.  But  the  General  Assembly, 
 which  met  in  December  of  the  same  year  (1865),  took 
 steps  to  reorganize  and  to  prosecute  vigorously  this 
 important  work,  and  elected  Rev.  E.  T.  Baird,  D.D., 
 Secretary.  The  depository  was  re-established,  the 
 !  Sabbath-school  paper  was  re-issued,  and  for  some 
 twelve  years  the  work  was  prosecuted  with  great 
 1  apparent  success;  but  in  the  year  1877  it  was  found 
 that  the  business  had  become  so  seriously  encum- 
 bered with  debt,  that  it  was  deemed  best  to  place  the 
 depository  in  the  hands  of  private  parties,  and  to 
 commit  the  publication  of  the  paper  also  to  private 
 parties  for  a  time.  Rev.  .Tames  K.  Hazen  was  elected 
 Secretjiry  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1877.  in  place 
 of  Rev.  E.  T.  Baird,  D.D. 
 
 Since  that  time  the  work  of  removing  the  burden 
 of  debt  has  been  so  far  successful  that  the  Committee 
 have  resumed  control  of  the  depository,  and  are  now 
 prosecuting  its  business  free  from  embarrassment  and 
 with  the  best  prospect  of  future  success.  It  has  a 
 well-appointed  depository,  adequate  to  the  supply  of 
 our  Sabbath  schools,  churches,  ministers  and  people. 
 A  series  of  Sab)>ath-school  papers  is  published,  con- 
 sisting of  The  Earniat  Worker,  a  monthly  of  thirty-two 
 pages,  designed  for  teachers  and  scholars,  containing 
 an  exposition  of  the  International  Lessons;  The  Les- 
 son Quarterly,  containing  the  International  Lessons  for 
 each  quarter;  The  Children's  Friend,  an  illustrated 
 children's  paper,  and  The  Lesson  Leaves,  with  the 
 Sunday-school  lessons  for  each  Sabbath.  These  papers 
 secure  the  patronage  of  nearly  all  our  Sabbath 
 schools. 
 
 It  is  the  purpo.se  of  the  Committee  to  aid  the  Pres- 
 byteries in  the  work  of  colportage,  by  furnishing 
 books  and  tracts  at  cost,  and  if  necessary,  supple- 
 menting the  work  by  donations ;  also  to  assist  Mission 
 
 held  in  Augusta,  Ga.,  December,  1861.     The  head-   Sabbath  schools  and  feeble  churches  by  grants  of  such 
 
 ([uarters  of  the  Committee  were  located  in  Richmond, 
 Va.,  and  Dr.  William  Brown  was  elected  Secretary. 
 The  purpose  in  view  was  the  publication  and  circu- 
 
 supplies  as  may  be  needed.  The  demand  for  this 
 work  is  very  great  in  the  field  occupied  by  the  South- 
 ern Presbyterian  Church,  and  thus  far  it  has  been 
 
EXTRAORDINARY  MEANS 
 
 1134 
 
 OF  DELIVERANCE., 
 
 very  inadequately  met;  but  the  prospect  isnowhope- 
 ful  of  being  able  to  accomplish  far  more  than  ever 
 before.     ' 
 
 Extraordinary  Means  of  Deliverance.  The 
 following  incident  in  the  life  of  that  good  man,  Rev. 
 William  Tennent,  Jr.,  of  whom  we  have  elsewhere 
 given  a  notice,  will  Ite  read  with  interest.  It  was 
 published  in  his  memoir,  which  appeared  in  The 
 Assembly's  Missionary  Magazine^  in  the  year  1806,  and 
 which  was  understood  to  be  from  the  pen  of  the  Hon. 
 Elias  Boudinot,  ll.d.  Dr.  Archibald  Alexander,  iu 
 referring  to  it  in  "The  Log  College,"  says; — 
 
 '*  There  can  be  no  doubt  about  the  authenticity  of 
 the  facts  here  stated,  however  they  maybe  accounted 
 for.  The  writer  lias  heard  the  same  facts  fropi 
 elderly  persons  wlio  never  had  seen  this  published 
 account;  and  they  were  so  public,  that  they  were 
 generally  known,  not  only  to  the  people  of  this  part 
 of  the  country,  but  they  were  currently  reported  and 
 fully  believed  in  other  States.  The  writer  has  heard 
 them  familiarly  talked  of  in  Virginia,  from  bis 
 childhood.  It  is  a  matter  of  some  regret  that  the 
 record  of  this  trial  cannot  be  found,  yet  papers  have 
 been  discovered  among  the  archives  of  the  State,  in 
 which  reference  is  made  to  this  transaction.'' 
 
 "  The  time  of  which  we  are  now  speaking  wasremarlitible  for  a  great 
 revival  of  religion,  iJl  \vliich  Mr.  Tennent  was  consiilcrably  instru- 
 mental, and  in  which  a  Mr.  John  Rowland,  brought  up  with  Mr. 
 Tennent  at  the  Log  College,  was  also  very  remarkable  for  liis 
 succeseful  preaching  among  all  ranks  of  ]>eople.  Possessing  a  com- 
 manding eloquence,  sis  well  as  other  estimable  qualities,  he  became 
 very  popular,  and  was  much  celebrated  throughout  the  country. 
 His  celebrity  and  success  were  subjects  of  very  serious  regret  to 
 many  careless  worldlings,  who  placed  all  their  happiness  in  the 
 enjoyment  uf  tenijioral  objects,  and  considered  and  represented  Mr. 
 Rowland  and  his  brethren  as  fanatics  and  hypocrites.  This  was 
 specially  applicable  to  many  of  the  great  men  of  the  then  province 
 of  New  Jersey,  aud  particularly  to  the  Chief  Justice,  who  was  well 
 known  for  hia  disbelief  of  revelation.  There  was  at  this  time  i»rowl- 
 ing  through  the  country  a  noted  man  by  the  name  of  Tom  Bell, 
 whose  knowledge  and  nnderstan<ling  were  very  considerable,  and 
 who  greatly  excelled  in  low  art  and  cunning.  His  mind  was  totally 
 debaaed,  and  his  whole  conduct  betrayed  a  soul  capable  of  descending 
 to  every  species  of  iniquity.  In  all  the  arts  of  theft,  robbery,  fraud, 
 deception  and  defamation,  he  was  bo  deeply  skilled,  and  so 
 thoroughly  practiced,  that  it  i^  believed  he  never  had  his  equal  in  this 
 country.  lie  had  been  indicted  in  alniOMt  fvcry  one  nf  the  MidtUe 
 colonies,  but  his  ingenuity  and  cunning  always  enabled  him  to  escape 
 punishment.  Tliis  man  uuhappily  resembled  Mr.  Rowland  in  his 
 external  fti)pearance,  so  as  hardly  to  be  known  from  him  without 
 the  mont  careful  examination, 
 
 "  It  so  happened  that  Tom  Bell  aixivi-d  one  evening  at  a  tavern  in 
 Princeton,  <lressed  in  a  parson's  dark  gray  frock.  On  his  entering 
 the  tavern,  about  dusk,  the  late  John  Stockton,  Esq.,  of  that  town,  a 
 pious  and  n-spectablc>  man,  to  whom  Mr.  Rowland  was  well  known, 
 went  u])  tu  Bell,  and  addressed  him  as  Mr.  Rowland,  and  was 
 inviting  him  to  go  bouio  with  him.  Hc-ll  assureil  him  of  his  mistake. 
 It  was  with  some  ihfhculty  that  Mr.  Stockton  acknowledged  his 
 error,  and  then  informed  Bell  that  it  hari  arisen  from  his  great 
 resemblance  to  Mr.  Rowland.  This  hint  was  sufficient  for  the  pro- 
 lific genius  of  that  notorious  impostor.  The  next  day  Bell  went  into 
 the  county  of  Hunterdon,  and  stopped  in  a  congregation  where  Mr. 
 Rowland  had  formerly  preached  once  or  twice,  but  where  he  was 
 not  intimately  known.  Here  he  met  with  a  member  of  the  con- 
 gregation, to  whom  he  introducrd  himself  as  the  Ri-v.  Mr.  Rowland, 
 who  had  preached  tn  tin  m  some  time  before.  This  g^i'tleman  im- 
 inedialely  invited  him  to  bis  house  to  spend  the  week;  and  begged 
 
 him,  as  the  people  were  without  a  minister,  to  preach  for  them  on 
 
 the  next  Sabbath,  to  which  Bell  agreed,  and  notice  was  accordingly 
 given  to  the  neighborhood.  The  impostor  was  treated  with  every  mark 
 of  attention  and  respect:  and  a  private  room  was  assigned  to  him  as 
 a  study,  to  prejiare  for  the  Sabbath.  The  sacred  day  arrived,  and 
 he  wixs  invited  to  ride  to  church  with  tlie  ladies,  iu  the  family  wagon, 
 and  the  master  of  the  house  accom])auied  tliem  ou  an  elegant 
 horse.  When  they  had  arrived  near  the  church,  Bell  on  a  sudden 
 discovered  that  he  had  left  hts  notes  in  his  study,  and  proposed  to 
 ride  back  for  them  on  the  fine  horse,  by  which  means  he  should  he 
 able  to  return  in  time  for  the  service.  This  jtroposal  was  instantly 
 agreed  to,  and  Bell  mounted  the  horse,  returned  to  the  house,  rifled 
 the  desk  of  his  host,  and  made  off  with  the  horse.  Wherever  he 
 stopped  he  called  lumself  the  Rev.  John  Rowland. 
 
 "  At  the  time  this  event  took  place,  Jlessrs.  Tennent  and  Rowland 
 had  gone  into  Pennsylvania,  or  Maryland,  with  Mr.  Joshua  Ander- 
 son and  Mr.  Benjamin  Stevens  (both  members  of  a  church  contiguous 
 to  tliat  where  Bell  had  practiced  his  fraud),  on  business  of  a  reli- 
 gious nature.  Soon  after  their  return,  Mr.  Rowland  was  charged 
 with  the  above  robbery;  he  gave  bouds  to  appear  at  the  court  at 
 Trenton,  and  the  affair  made  a  great  noise  throughout  the  colony. 
 At  the  Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer,  the  Judge  charged  the  Grand 
 Jury  on  the  subject  with  great  severity.  After  loug  consideration, 
 the  jury  n-turned  into  court  without  finding  a  bill.  The  Judge  v^ 
 proved  them  in  an  angry  manner,  and  ordered  them  out  again.  They 
 again  returned  without  finding  a  bill,  and  were  agaiu  sent  out  with 
 threatening  of  severe  I'unishmeut  if  they  persisted  in  their  refusal. 
 .Vt  last  they  agreed,  and  brought  in  a  bill  for  the  alleged  crime.  On 
 the  trial,  Messrs.  Tennent,  Anderson,  and  Stevens  appeared  as  wit- 
 nesses, aud  fully  proved  an  alibi  in  favor  of  Mr.  Rowland,  by 
 swearing  that  on  the  very  day  on  which  the  robbery  was  committed 
 they  were  with  Mr.  Rowland,  ajid  heard  him  preach  iu  Pennsyl- 
 vania or  Maryland.  The  jury  accordingly  acquitted  him  « ithout 
 hesitation,  to  the  great  disappointment  and  mortitication  of  his 
 prosecutors,  aud  of  many  other  enemies  to  the  great  revival  of  re- 
 ligion that  had  recently  taken  place;  but  to  the  great  joy  of  the 
 serious  and  well  disposed. 
 
 "Tlie  spirits  hostile  to  the  spread  of  the  gospel  were  not,  however, 
 so  easily  overconip .  In  their  view  an  opportunity  w;is  now  pre- 
 sented favorable  for  inflicting  a  deep  wound  on  the  cause  of  Christi- 
 anity ;  and,  iis  if  urged  on  by  the  malice  of  man's  great  enemy,  they 
 resolved  that  no  means  should  be  left  untried,  no  arte  unemployed, 
 for  the  destruction  of  these  distinguished  servants  of  God.  Blany 
 and  vari^ius  were  the  circumstances  which  still  contributed  to  in- 
 spire them  with  hopes  of  success.  The  testimony  of  the  person  who 
 liad  been  robbed  was  ])ositive,  that  Mr.  Rowland  was  the  robber;  and 
 this  testimony  was  corroborated  by  that  of  a  number  of  individuals 
 who  had  seen  Ttun  Bell  personating  Mr.  Rowland,  using  his  name, 
 and  in  possession  of  the  horse.  These  sons  of  Belial  had  been  able, 
 after  great  industry  used  for  the  purpose,  to  collect  a  mass  of  evi- 
 dence of  this  kind,  which  they  considered  as  establishing  the  fact; 
 l)ut  Mr  Rowland  was  now  out  of  their  power  by  the  verdict  of  itot 
 guilty.  Their  vengeance,  therefore,  was  directed  against  the  wit- 
 nesses by  whoso  testimony  he  liad  been  cleared ;  and  they  were 
 accordingly  arraigned  for  perjury  before  a  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions 
 in  the  county;  and  the  Grand  Jury  received  a  strict  charge,  the 
 plain  import  of  which  was  that  these  good  men  ought  to  be  in- 
 dicted. After  an  examination  of  the  testimony  on  one  side  only,  as 
 is  the  custom  in  such  cases,  the  Grand  Jury  did  accordingly  find 
 hills  of  indictment  against  Messrs.  Tennent,  Anderson  and  Stevens, 
 for  willful  and  corrupt  perjury.  Their  enemies  and  the  enemies 
 of  the  gospel  now  began  to  triumph.  They  gloried  in  the  belief 
 that  an  indelible  stain  would  be  fixed  on  the  professors  of  religion, 
 and  of  consequence  on  religion  itself;  and  that  this  new  light,  by 
 which  they  denominated  all  appearance  of  piety,  would  soon  be  ex- 
 tinguished forever. 
 
 "These  indictments  were  removed  to  the  Supreme  Court,  and 
 poor  Mr.  Anderson,  living  in  the  county,  and  conscious  of  his  entire 
 innocence,  could  not  brook  the  idea  of  lying  under  the  odium  of  the 
 hateful  crime  of  perjury ;  he  therefore  demanded  a  trial  at  the  first 
 Court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer.  This  proved  most  seriously  injurious 
 to  him,  for  he  was  pronounced  guilty,  and  most  cruelly  and  un- 
 justly condemnetl  to  stand  one  hour  ou  the  Court-house  steps,  with  a 
 paper  on  hia  breast,  whereon  was  writteu,  iu  large  letters,  '  This  is 
 
EXTRAORDINARY  MEANS 
 
 1135 
 
 OF  DELIVERANCE. 
 
 for  willful  and  cormiit  |>erjury  ; '  which  sentence  was  executed  upon 
 
 him. 
 
 "  Messrs.  Tenneut  and  Stevens  were  summoned  to  appear 
 at  the  next  court,  and  attended  accordingly,  depending  on 
 the  aid  of  Mr.  John  Coxe,  an  eminent  lawyer,  who  had  been 
 previously  employed  to  conduct  their  defence.  As  Mr. 
 Tennent  was  wholly  unacquainted  with  the  nature  of  forensic 
 litigation,  and  did  not  know  of  .any  person  living  who  could  prove 
 
 the  following  day  they  had  heard  Messrs.  Tsnnent  and  Eowland 
 preach;  that  some  nights  before  they  left  home,  he  and  his  wife 
 waked  out  of  a  sound  sleep,  and  each  told  the  other  a  dream  which 
 hadjust  occurred,  and  which  proved  to  be  the  same  in  substance,  to 
 wit,  th.at  he,  Mr.  Tennent,  at  Trenton,  was  in  the  greatest  possible 
 distress,  and  that  it  was  in  their  power  and  theirs  only,  to  re- 
 lieve him.  Considering  it  as  a  remarkable  dream  only,  they  again 
 went  to  sleep,  and  it  was   twice  repeated,  precisely  in  the  same 
 
 h;sTn"n"ocence"(all  the  persons  who  Vere  «1th  him  bemg  indicted),  j  manner  to  both  of  them.    This  made  so  deep  an  impression  on  their 
 hU  only  resource  and  consolation  was  to  commit  himself  to  the  I  minds,  that  they  set  off,  and  here  they  were,  and  would  know  of 
 
 !  mind 
 di,ine  ;ill,  and  if  he  must  suffer,  to  take  it  as  from  the  hand  of  God,  '  him  what  they  were  to  do.  Mr.  Tennent  immediately  «ent  .i.h 
 ho  he  well  knew,  could  make  even  the  wrath  of  man  to  praise  '  them  to  the  Court-house,  and  his  counsel,  on  exam.n.ng  the  man  and 
 im;.  nd  "on^ideAng  it  as  probable  that  he  might  .u«er.  he  had  ,  his  wife,  and  Ending  their  testim*y  to  be  f ,m  , o  '"^P-P-.  V^^J 
 prepared  a  sermon  to  be  preached  from  the  piUory.  if  that  should  be  j  as  they  well  might  bo,  ,n  perfec  -'--"mnt^  Before  fte  tr  al 
 '^    '  ....  ,..,..,    >  i,egiin.  another  person,  of  a  low  character,  called  on  Mr.  lennent, 
 
 and  told  him  that  he  was  so  harassed  in  conscience,  for  the  part  lie 
 
 his  fate.  On  his  arrival  at  Trenton,  he  found  the  famous  Mr.  Smith, 
 of  New  York,  father  of  the  late  Chief  Justice  of  Canada,  one  of  the 
 ablest  lawyers  in  America,  and  of  a  religious  character,  who  had 
 voluntarily  attended  to  aid  in  his  defence;  also  his  brother  Gilbert, 
 who  was  now  settled  in  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  Second  Presby- 
 terian Church  in  Phil.idelphia,  and  who  brought  Mr.  John  Kinsey, 
 one  of  the  first  counsellors  of  that  city,  for  thesame  purpose.  Messrs. 
 Tennent  and  Stevens  met  these  gentlemen  at  Mr.  Coxe's,  the  morn 
 
 had  been  acting  in  this  prosecution,  that  he  could  get  no  rest  till  he 
 had  determined  to  come  and  make  a  full  confession.  He  sent  this 
 man  to  his  counsel  also.  Soon  after,  Jlr.  Stockton,  from  Princeton, 
 appeared,  and  added  his  testimony.  In  short,  they  went  to  trial,  and 
 notwithstanding  the  utmost  exertions  of  the  ablest  counsel,  who  had 
 been  employed  to  aid  the  Attorney-General  against  Mr.  Tennent,  the 
 
 ing  before  the  trial  was  to  come  on.     Mr.  Coxe  requested  that  they     advocates  on  his  side  so  traced  every  movement  of  the  defendant  on 
 
 would  bring  in  their  witnesses,  that  they  might  examine  them  pre-    the  Saturday,  Sunday,  and  Monday,  .n  quest.on    and  ^="-fi=j    '« 
 
 Mr.  Tennent  answered  that  he  1  jury  so  perfectly  on  the  subject,  that  they  d.d  not  hes.tate  honorabh 
 
 viously  to  their  going  into  court, 
 did  not  know  of  any  witnesses  but  God  and  his  own  conscience. 
 Mr.  Coxe  replied,  '  If  you  have  no  witnesses,  sir,  the  tri.al  nmst  be 
 imt  off;  otherwise  you  must  certainly  be  convicted.   You  well  know 
 the  strong  testimony  that  will  be  brought  against  you,  and  the  exer- 
 tions that  are  making  to  accomplish  your  ruin.'    Mr.  Tennent  re- 
 plied, '  I  am  sensible  of  all  this,  yet  it  never  shall  be  said  that  I 
 have  delayed   the  trial,  or  been   afraid  to   meet   the  justice   of  my 
 connti-y.     I  know  my  own  innocence,  and  that  God,  whose  I  am, 
 and  whom  I  serve,  will  never  suffer  me  to  fall  by  these  snares  of  the 
 devil,  or  by  the  wicked  machinations  of  his  agents  or  servants. 
 Therefore,  gentlemen,  go  on  to  the  trial.'    Messrs  Smith  and  Kin- 
 sey,  who  were  both  religious  men,  told  him  that  his  confidence  and 
 trust  in  God,  as  a  Christian  minister  of  the  gospel,  was  will  founded, 
 and  before  a  heavenly  tribunal  would  be  all-important  to  him  ;  but 
 assured  him  it  would  not  avail  in  an  earthly  court,  and  urged  his 
 consent  to  put  off  the  trial.     Mr.  Tennent  continued  inflexible  in 
 his  refusal ;  on  which  Mr.  Coxe  told  him  that  since  he  was  deter- 
 mined to  go  to  trial,  he  had  the  satisfaction  of  informing  him  that 
 they  h.ad  discovered    a  flaw  in  the  indictment,  which  might  prove 
 favorable  to  him  on  a  demurrer.     He  asked  for  an  explanation,  and 
 on  finding  that  it  was  to  admit  the  fact  in  a  legal  point  of  view,  and 
 rest  on  the  law  arising  from  it,  Mr.  Tennent  broke  out  with  great 
 vehemence,  saying  that  this   was  another  snare  of  the  devil,  and 
 before  he  would  consent  to  it  he  would  suffer  death.   He  a.ssured  his 
 counsel  that  his  confidence  in  God  was  so  strong,  and  his  assurance 
 that  he  would  bring  about  his  deliverance  in  some  way  or  other,  was 
 so  great,  that  lie  did  not  wish  them  to  delay  the  trial  for  a  moment. 
 "Mr.  Stevens,  whose  faith  was  not  of  tliis  description,  and  who 
 was  bowed  down  to  the  ground  under  tlie  most  gloomy  apprehen- 
 sions of  suffering  as   his  neighbor,  Mr.  Anderson,  had  done,  eagerly 
 seized  the  opportunity  of  escape  that  was  offered,  and  was  afterwards 
 discharged  on  the  exception. 
 
 "Mr.  Coxe  still  urged  putting  off  the  trial,  charging  Mr.  Ten- 
 nent with  actiug  the  part  rather  of  a  wild  enthusiast,  than  of  a 
 meek  and  prudent  Christian  ;  but  he  insisted  that  they  should  pro- 
 ceed, and  left  them  in  astonishment,  not  knowing  how  to  act,  when 
 the  bell  summoned  them  to  court. 
 
 "Jlr.  Tennent  had  not  walked  far  in  the  street,  before  he  met  a 
 man  and  his  wife,  who  stopped  him,  and  asked  if  his  name  was  not 
 Tennent.  He  answered  in  the  affirmative,  and  begged  to  know  if 
 they  had  any  business  with  him.  The  man  replied, '  you  best  know.' 
 He  told  his  name,  and  said  that  he  was  from  a  certain  place  (which 
 he  mentioned)  in  Pennsylvania  or  Maryland;  that  Messrs.  Rowland, 
 Tennent,  Anderson  and  Stevens,  had  lodged  either  at  his  house,  or 
 in  a  house  wherein  he  and  his  wife  had  been  servants  (it  is  not 
 now  certain  which)  ata  particular  time,  which  he  named;  thaton 
 
 ■►  "  His  affectionate  congregation  felt  deeply  interested  i  n  his  critical 
 situation,  an  1  keiit  a  ilay  of  fasting  and  prayer  on  the  occasitui." 
 
 to  acquit  Mr.  Tennent,  by  their  unanimous  verdict  of  iio(  gnUty,  to 
 the  great  confusion  and  mortification  of  his  numerous  opposerv. 
 Mr.  Tennent  assured  the  writer  of  this  that  during  the  whole  of 
 this  business,  his  spirits  never  failed  him,  and  that  he  contemplated 
 the  possibility  of  his  suffering  so  infamous  a  imnishment  as  stand- 
 ing in  the  pillory  without  dismay,  and  had  made  preparation,  and 
 wi  fully  determined,  to  deliver  a  sermon  to  the  people  in  that  situ- 
 ation, if  he  should  be  placed  in  it. 
 
 "He  went  from  Trenton  to  Philadelphia  with  his  brotlier,  and 
 on  his  return,  as  he  was  rising  the  hill  at  the  entrance  of  Tren- 
 ton, without  reflecting  on  what  had  haupened,  he  accidentally  cast 
 his  eyes  on  the  pillory,  which  suddenly  so  filled  him  with  horror 
 as  completely  to  unman  him,  and  it  was  with  great  difficulty  that 
 he  kept  himself  from  falling  from  his  horee.  He  reached  the 
 tavern  door  in  considerable  danger,  was  obliged  to  he  assisted  to 
 ilismount.and  it  was  some  time  before  he  could  so  get  the  better  of 
 h)S  fears  and  confusion  as  to  proceed  on  his  journey.  Such  is 
 the  constitution  of  the  human  mind  !  It  wilt  often  resist,  with 
 unshaken  tirmness,  the  severest  external  pressure  and  violence;  and 
 sometimes  it  yields  without  reason,  when  it  has  nothing  to  fear. 
 Or,  should  we  not  rather  say,  such  is  the  support  which  God  some- 
 times affords  to  his  people  in  the  time  of  their  necessity,  and  such 
 the  manner  in  which  he  leaves  them  to  feel  their  own  weakness 
 when  that  necessity  is  past,  that  all  the  praise  may  be  given  where 
 alone  it  is  due  ? 
 
 "The  writer  sincerely  rejoices,  that  though  a  number  of  the 
 extraordinary  incidents  in  the  life  of  Mr.  Tennent  cannot  be 
 vouched  by  public  testimony  and  authentic  documents,  yet  the 
 siugular  manner  in  which  a  gracious  God  did  appear  for  this  his 
 faithful  servant  in  the  time  of  that  distress  which  has  just  been 
 noticed,  is  a  matter  of  public  notoriety,  and  capable  of  being  verified 
 by  the  most  unquestionable  testimony  and  records. 
 
 "  This  special  instance  of  the  interference  of  the  righteous  Judge 
 of  all  the  earth  ought  to  yield  consolation  to  pious  people  in  seasons 
 of  great  difficulty  and  distress,  where  there  is  none  that  seems  able 
 to  deliver  them.  Yet  it  ought  to  afford  no  encouragement  to  the 
 enthusiast,  who  refuses  to  use  the  means  of  preservation  and 
 deliverance  which  God  puts  in  his  power.  True  confidence  in  God 
 is  always  accompanied  with  the  use  of  all  lawful  means,  and  with 
 the  rejection  of  all  that  are  unlawful.  It  consists  in  an  unshaken  be- 
 lief, that  while  right  means  are  used  God  will  give  that  issue  which 
 shall  be  most  for  his  glory  and  his  people's  good.  The  extraordniary 
 occurrence  here  recorded  may  also  serve  as  a  solemn  warning  to  tlie 
 enemies  of  God's  people,  and  to  the  advocates  of  infidelity,  not  to 
 strive,  by  wicked  and  deep-laid  machinations,  to  oppose  the  suc- 
 cess of  the  gospel,  nor  to  attempt  to  injure  the  persons  and  charac- 
 ters of  those  faithful  servants  of  the  Most  High,  whom,  sooner 
 or  later,  he  will  vindicate,  to  the  unspeakable  confusion  of  all 
 who  have  pei-secuted  and  traduced  them.  " 
 
FALLING  Sl'RISG  CHURCH, 
 
 IKilJ 
 
 CHAMBERSBURG,  PA. 
 
 F 
 
 Falling  Spring  Presbjrterian  Chiirch,  Chani- 
 bersburg,  Pa.  Among  the  first  to  explore  and  settle 
 iu  Cumberland  Valley  weje  four  adventurous  broth- 
 ers, James,  Eobert,  Joseph  and  Benjamin  Chambers, 
 who  emigrated  from  the  county  of  Antrim,  in  Ireland, 
 to  the  Province  ol'  Pennsylvania,  between  the  years 
 172(i  and  17U0.  The  last  of  these  gentlemen,  wlien 
 about  twenty-one  years  of  age,  settled  where  Chani- 
 hersburg  now  stands,  in  1730,  and  "The  Falling 
 Spring"  was  the  name  given  by  liim  to  the  place  of  his 
 settlement,  at  the  confluence  of  the  large  spring  with 
 the  Conococheague  Creek,  on  the  bank  of  the  latter. 
 
 The  families  that  subsequently  located  themselves 
 on  and  near  the  waters  of  this  spring  (which  gave  the 
 name  to  the  entire  settlement,  until  1704),  were,  with 
 scarcely  an  exception,  Presbyterians,  and  .soon  organ- 
 ized a  congi'egation.  Until  the  town  of  Chambers- 
 burg  was  laid  out,  in  the  year  just  mentioned,  this 
 congregation  was  known  as  the  Congregation  of  Fall- 
 ing Spring,  but  after  that  it  wiis  called  the  Presby- 
 terian Congregation  of  Chambersburg,  and  also  that 
 of  Falling  Spring. 
 
 Col.  Benjamin  Chambers,  who  was  himself  a  Pres- 
 byterian, made  an  early  appropriation  of  some  suit- 
 able ground  for  a  graveyard,  .school -house,  and  place 
 of  public  worship.  This  was  the  romantic  cedar 
 grove  on  the  bauk  of  the  creek  in  which  the  present 
 church  stands.  In  this  grove,  and  near  the  spot 
 which  the  present  edifice  occupies,  there  was  erected 
 a  small  log  building,  which  was  used  for  the  double 
 purpose  of  a  school-house  and  place  of  worship. 
 This  building,  as  would  appear  from  the  following 
 extract  from  the  records  of  Presbytery,  at  their 
 aedcrunt  in  17:5f),  was  erected  in  that  year. 
 
 ".\  BUpplication  from  the  people  of  Ciinigiigig  was  ])rosouteil  by 
 .Tames  Lmd.s.ay,  commissioner,  wherein  they  requested  that  Mr, 
 Caven'a  ordination  be  hastened.  The  I'resliytery  inquired  of  said 
 commissioner  wliat  provision  they  had  made  for  Mr.  Caveu's  sus- 
 tenance among  lliem ;  it  was  answered,  tliat  tlieir  subscriptions 
 amounted  to  forty-six  poumls,  wliich  they  will  make  good;  and 
 what  can  bo  had  over  and  above  shall  be  allowed  him;  and  further, 
 they  will  ilj  what  they  can  to  prueuro  a  plantation  to  live  upon. 
 ThecnniuitHsioner  also  learns  in  writing  from  ttiat  people,  signify- 
 ing that  they  have  agreed  about  the  bounds  between  them  and  the 
 West  side  of  ('anigagig,  West  from  .\lexander  Duulap's  to  the  fork 
 of  the  creek,  and  thenco  the  creek  to  he  the  line  until  it  come  to  the 
 lino  of  the  Province,  and  that  they  have  agreed  that  their  other 
 Meoting-IIouso  shall  be  at  the  Falling  Spring." 
 
 This  old  building,  as  already  intimated,  was  small, 
 and  exceedingly  plain  in  its  structure.  It  Wii-s 
 formed  of  logs,  entered  by  a  door  on  the  eastern  side, 
 and  another  on  the  southern,  and  light<d  by  long, 
 narrow  wiiidows,  which  were  of  the  width  of  two 
 small  panes  of  glass,  and  reached  from  one  end  to  the 
 
 other  of  the  building.  When  this  building,  as  was 
 frequently  the  case,  was  not  of  sufficient  Ciipacity  to 
 accommodate  all  who  wished  to  worship  in  it,  the 
 congregation  abandoned  it,  for  the  time,  in  favor  of  the 
 saw-mill  of  Colonel  Chambers,  which  stood  on  the  bank 
 of  the  creek,  on  what  is  now  known  as  ' '  The  Island, ' ' 
 and  which  was  surrounded  by  a  lovely  green  plot.  On 
 that  grassy  space,  when  it  was  at  all  proper,  the 
 gathered  crowd  seated  them.selves,  and  received,  with 
 interest  and  eagerness,  the  messages  of  God  from  his 
 commissioned  ambassador. 
 
 In  the  yearl7G7  this  rude  log  building  was  demol- 
 isheil.  Its  dimensions  were  entirely  too  contracted 
 for  the  increasing  community,  and  besides,  some- 
 thing a  little  more  tasteful  was  demanded  by  the  ad- 
 vancing spirit  of  the  times.  Another  edifice,  there- 
 fore, was  erected,  in  which  the  sacred  services  of  the 
 Sabbath  might  be  performed.  This  was  considerably 
 larger  than  its  predecessor,  being  about  .3.3  by  70 
 feet,  and  was  of  better  finished  material.  It  stood 
 where  the  present  church  stands,  though  its  position 
 was  somewhat  different,  as  it  presented  a  side  view  to 
 the  street.  One  year  after  the  erection  of  this  church. 
 Colonel  Chambers,  by  deed,  conveyed  to  tru.stees  the 
 groui'.ds  that  h.ad  before  been  dedicated  to  the  u.se  of 
 the  congregation  and  burial  ground.  The  form  of 
 this  appropriation  was  as  follows  : — 
 
 "  Deed  for  ground  of  Falling  Spring  Church,  (Ultod  January  1st, 
 1708,  from  Beujamin  Chambers  and  Jane,  his  wife,  to  Patrick 
 Vance,  Matthew  Wilson.  Edward  Cook,  Robert  Patterson,  William 
 Linsley,  Jr.,  William  Gass,  and  William  Brotherton,  in  trust  for  the 
 Presbyterian  Congregation  of  Falling  Spring,  now  professing  and 
 adhering  to,  and  that  shall  hereafter  adhere  to  and  profess  the 
 Westminster  Confession  of  Faith,  and  the  mode  of  Church  govern- 
 mens  therein  contained,  Witnesseth,  That  the  said  Benjamin 
 Chambers  and  .lane,  his  wife,  as  well  for  their  reg.ard  to  the  true 
 religion  of  the  blessed  Redeemer,  Jesus,  the  Son  of  God,  and  for  and 
 i[i  consideration  of  their  regard  to  the  interest'and  advantage  of 
 said  congregation,  and  iu  consideration  of  the  rents,  convey  to  the 
 Trustees,  etc.,  yielding  and  paying  therefor  and  thereout  unto  the 
 said  B.  C,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  at  the  said  town  of  Chamheriburg, 
 on  the  fiwt  day  of  .Tune  next,  first  after  this  ilate,  the  yearly  rent  or 
 consideration  of  one  Rose,  if  required." 
 
 In  1787  the  congregation  of  Falling  Spring  was 
 incorporated  by  Act  of  Assembly,  and  has  ever  since 
 been  governed  in  its  property  affiiirs  by  trustees 
 elected  under  this  charter.  At  that  time  it  would 
 seem  that  the  congregation  was  larger  than  in  1832, 
 though  at  the  latter  period  the  population  of  Cham- 
 bersburg was  tenfold  that  of  1786.  After  the  Revo- 
 lutionary War  and  peace,  a  German  population  sup- 
 planted the  first  settlers,  and  possessed  themselves 
 of  most  of  their  choice  plantations  by  purchase,  and 
 the  f;imilies  and  descendants  of  these  settlers  moved 
 west  of  the  mountains. 
 
FALLING  SPBIXG  CHUECH, 
 
 1137 
 
 CHA3IBEBSBUBG,  PA. 
 
 The  present  cliurch  edifice  of  the  congregation, 
 ■which  was  erected  in  1803,  and  has  since  been  some- 
 what extended  in  length,  is  a  large,  beautiful  and 
 comfortable  building.  Its  elevated  site,  also,  is  a 
 most  desirable  one,  calling,  as  it  does,  for  those  who 
 worship  within  the  sanctuary  to  leave  the  associa- 
 tions and  pursuits  of  a  bustling  yet  fading  world,  and 
 come  up  to  the  service  of  the  Lord.  The  shadows 
 which  fall  around  it,  likewise,  from  the  trees  which 
 were  standing  when  the  footstep  of  the  white  man 
 first  broke  the  silence  of  the  wilderness,  are  not 
 without  their  significance,  neither  is  the  ivy  which 
 covers  its  walls,  as  if  to  bear  constant  testimony  to 
 the  truth,  that  with  a  steadiness  and  tenacity  which 
 neither  sunshine  nor  storm  nor  revol\-ing  seasons  can 
 impair,  man's  affections  should  rise  above  the  earth, 
 cleave  to  the  risen  Saviour,  and  cluster  around  the 
 Church  which  He  hath  purchased  with  His  precious 
 blood. 
 
 Thi-re  cau  be  no  doubt  that  the  congregation  of 
 Falling  Spring  was  for  a  time  supplied  by  ministers 
 sent  Iruiu  the  Presbyteries  of  Donegal  and  Newcastle. 
 In  the  minutes  of  a  meeting  of  a  committee  of  Presby- 
 tery, held  at  "  Canigagig,  16th  of  November,  1739," 
 it  is  stated  that  "Richard  O'Cahan,  Joseph  Arm- 
 strong, Benjamin  Chambers  and  Patrick  Jack,  have 
 publicly  engaged  to  pay  to  Mr.  Samuel  Thompson  the 
 sum  of  one  pound,  five  shillings,  at  or  before  next 
 meeting  of  Presbytery,  as  being  the  whole  of  arrears 
 due  him  by  the  people  at  Canigagig."  From  this 
 record  it  is  evident  that,  in  all  probability,  llr. 
 Thompson  preceded  the  Rev.  Samuel  Caven  as  pastor 
 of  "  the  people  of  Conococheague, ' '  the  name  by 
 which  the  congregations  of  Greenoastle  and  Falling 
 Spring  were  then  known.  Mr.  Caven  resigned  his 
 pastoral  relation  in  1741.  About  the  year  1767,  the 
 Rev.  James  Lang  (or  Long,  as  he  was  generally 
 called)  became  the  pastor  of  the  Church  at  Falling 
 Spring  for  one-half  his  time,  the  other  half  being 
 given  to  Greencastle,  where  he  resided.  In  1792,  in 
 compliance  with  a  "supplication"  from  the  united 
 congregations  of  Falling  Spring  and  East  Conoco- 
 cheague, the  Rev.  William  Speer  was  "appointed, 
 for  six  months,  statedly  to  supply  them,  in  rotation 
 with  their  present  pastor,  Mr.  Lang,  to  which 
 arrangement  Mr.  Lang  declared  his  hearty  consent. " 
 In  179-1  the  union  between  the  congregations  of 
 Falling  Spring  and  East  Conococheague  was  dis- 
 solved, and  the  latter  became  the  sole  charge  of  Mr. 
 Lang.  At  the  same  time  Mr.  Speer  accepted  the 
 pastorate  of  Falling  Spring. 
 
 After  being  supplied  for  a  time  by  appointments 
 of  Presbytery,  the  congregation  at  Chambersburg,  in 
 the  year  1800,  secured  the  services  of  the  Rev.  David 
 Denny,  who  was  set  over  them  in  the  Lord,  and  con- 
 tinued to  labor  among  them  until  1838,  when,  on 
 aciount  of  the  Infirmity  of  years,  his  resignation  was 
 tendered  and  accepted.  (See  his  sk-eieh .)  After  Mr. 
 Denny's  withdrawment  from  his  pulpit,  the  Rev. 
 72 
 
 William  Adam  was  chosen  to  fill  it,  in  September, 
 1839,  and  did  .so  until  April,  1841,  when  imjjaired 
 health  demanded  a  cessation  of  his  ministerial  labors. 
 The  Rev.  Daniel  McKinley  was  Mr.  Adam'ssucce.ssor, 
 and  continued  to  be  pastor  of  the  church  for  nine 
 years.  The  Rev.  Joseph  Clark  was  installed  pastor 
 of  the  congregation  in  1852,  and  continued  in  this 
 relation  until  1859.  The  Rev.  S.  J.  Nicholls  was 
 called  to  the  pastorate  in  July,  1860,  and  remained 
 with  the  church  four  years.  Mr.  Nicholls  Wiis  suc- 
 ceeded, for  brief  periods,  by  the  Rev.  Messrs.  Fine  and 
 Janeway.  In  1867  the  Rov.  J.  Aguew  Crawford,  D.D., 
 accepted  a  call,  and  still  is  pa.stor  of  the  church. 
 
 The  cemetery  of  the  Church  at  Chambersburg  Is 
 one  of  the  loveliest  homes  of  the  dead  that  is  any- 
 where to  be  seen.  Though  within  the  precincts  of 
 the  town,  it  is  yet,  in  a  great  measure,  hidden  from 
 view,  and  pervaded  by  much  of  the  solemn  still- 
 ness of  the  country.  A  wanderer  among  its  tombs 
 might  easily  imagine  himself  in  some  lonely  retreat, 
 secluded  from  the  world,  and  where  none  would  be 
 likely  to  disturb  his  meditations  or  see  the  falling 
 tear.  This  beautiful  place,  which  lies  in  the  rear  of 
 the  church,  is  skirted  on  the  north  by  the  Conoco- 
 cheague, whose  waters  flow  noiselessly  along  beneath 
 a  steep  and  high  descent.  In  the  direction  of  its 
 southern  extremity,  and  but  a  short  distance  from  it, 
 are  to  be  heard  the  murmurs  of  the  Falling  Spring, 
 as  it  rolls  onward,  .soon  to  lose  itself  in  the  deeper 
 .stream  to  which  it  pays  its  tribute.  The  time  was 
 when  this  spring  flowed  through  the  graveyard,  in 
 the  deep  ravine  which  yet  divides  it  in  a  direction 
 nearly  north  and  south,  but  it  was  at  an  early  day 
 diverted  from  this  channel  to  its  present  course,  that 
 its  power  might  be  employed  for  a  useful  and  profit- 
 able purpose.  That  ravine  is  now  occupied  with  a 
 number  of  majestic  trees,  which  have  since  grown  up 
 in  its  bosom,  and  its  sides  are  thickly  studded  with 
 smaller  ones,  and  bushes  of  various  kinds.  This, 
 indeed,  is  true  of  the  entire  yard ;  it  is  nearly  alto- 
 gether protected  in  this  way  from  the  rays  of  the  sun. 
 The  visitor  at  once,  and  with  interest,  observes  the 
 rich  shrubbery  which  adorns  the  undulating  ground 
 on  which  he  treads,  the  numerous  cedars  scattered 
 through  the  enclosure,  as  if  to  represent  the  unfading 
 recollections  of  the  departed  which  are  cherLshed  in 
 many  a  heart,  and  the  refreshing  shade  which  is 
 spread  around  him  by  stately  trees  which  once 
 sheltered  the  red  man  in  his  slumbers  after  the  toils 
 of  the  day,  and  Nvhich  yet  maintain  their  vigor  and 
 freshness  amid  the  very  ravages  of  death.  Sacred 
 spot !  How  many  warm  tears  have  gushed  upon 
 thee  !  How  many  crushed  hearts  have  poured  forth 
 their  wailings  upon  thy  passing  breeze  !  How  many 
 aftections  hast  thou  seen  to  bleed,  and  how  many 
 hopes  to  perish  !  How  many  loved  treasures  hast 
 thou  unveiled  thy  bosom  to  receive,  which  now  rest 
 beneath  the  gi'assy  mounds  which  mark  thy  surface  ! 
 How  many  sad  memories  continually  linger  about 
 
FAXATJCISJI. 
 
 1138 
 
 FIEST  CHURCH,  CARLISLE,  PA. 
 
 thee !  How  many,  too,  are  there,  among  thy  silent 
 and  shattered  occupants,  who,  beciiuse  they  died  in 
 faith  in  Him  who  is  the  Resurrection  and  the  Life, 
 shall  catch  with  triumph  the  last  trumpet's  stirring 
 sound — 
 
 "Then  buret  the  chains  in  sweet  surprise. 
 And  in  the  Saviour's  image  rise." 
 
 Fanaticism  (from  Latin  fanum,  "temple"). 
 The  term  "  fanatice  "  was  originally  applied  to  all 
 priests  who  pretended  to  receive  divine  revelation 
 and  announced  oracles,  but  more  especially  to  the 
 priests  of  Cybcle  and  Bellana,  who  were  noted 'for 
 their  wild  enthusiasm.  In  the  writings  of  the 
 satirists,  Horace,  Juvenal,  etc.,  the  word  gradually 
 changed  its  sense  and  came  to  imply  something  of  a 
 fraudulent  in-spLration,  consisting  of  hollow  e.vcite- 
 ment  and  empty  visions.  In  this  sense  it  was  still 
 used  in  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries, 
 when  applied,  for  instance,  to  Cromwell,  Mohammed, 
 the  prophets  of  the  Church  in  the  desert,  etc.  At 
 present  the  term  ''  fanaticism  "  denotes  a  state  of  the 
 mind  in  which  enthusiasm  for  an  idea  has  been 
 transformed  into  mere  hatred  of  its  opposite. 
 
 FellO"wrs,  "William  H.,  Chancellor,  ruling  elder, 
 was  born  in  Troy,  N.  Y.,  November  10th,  1808.  Re- 
 moved to  Charleston,  S.  C. ;  thence  to  Savannah,  Ga. ; 
 thence  to  Selma,  in  1833.  Died,  July  16th,  1880. 
 At  at  early  age  Chancellor  Fellows  commenced  the 
 practice  of  law,  in  Selma,  Ala.,  and  was  installed 
 ruling  elder  in  1848.  The  next  year  he  removed  to 
 Mobile,  but  returned,  and  was  reinstalled,  January 
 4th,  1852.  To  the  day  of  his  death  he  was  straight 
 as  an  Indian,  courteous  in  manner,  and  gentle  as  a 
 woman  in  language  and  deportment.  His  face  was 
 always  wreathed  with  a  heavenly  smile,  and  his  pres- 
 ence in  church  was  an  insi)iration.  For  many  years 
 he  taught  a  class  of  old  men  in  the  Sunday  school, 
 and  died  in  the  harness.  Of  remarkable  judgment, 
 and  equanimity  of  disposition,  he  commanded  the 
 unbounded  respect  and  love  of  the  Session  and  the 
 Church;  and  whenever  he  cho.se  to  express  his  decided 
 conviction,  this  was  the  end  of  all  controversy.  His 
 various  pastors  all  found  him  a  "fellow-helper  to  the 
 truth,"  and  his  funeral  text,  "An  honorable  Coun- 
 sellor *  *  *  which  also  waited  for  the  kingdom 
 of  God,"  seemed  to  strike  all  as  descriptive  of  the 
 man  and  the  venerable  ruling  elder. 
 
 Fennel,  Andrew  J.,  D.D.,  second  child  of  Cal- 
 vin and  Abigail  ((Jorham)  Fennel,  was  born  in  Ira, 
 Vermont,  June  21st,  1815.  Leaving*  the  farm  when 
 seventeen  years  of  age,  the  next  eight  j'cars  were 
 spent  in  study  and  teaching.  Afterwards  he  studied 
 three  years  in  Auburn  Seminary,  graduating  in  1843. 
 He  was  licensed  by  the  Rutland  A.ssociation  of  Con- 
 gregational ministers,  in  1842,  and  ordained  by  tlie 
 .same  body  in  1844.  He  preached  as  stated  supjily  of 
 the  Congregational  Church  in  Graton,  N.  Y.,  1843-G. 
 In  1846  he  was  called  to  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 Glen's  Falls,  N.  Y.,  where  he  is  still  actively  engaged 
 
 as  pastor  of  that  church.  Dr.  Fennel  is  well  and 
 extensively  known  as  a  sound  theologian,  a  clear  and 
 discriminating  preacher,  and  a  very  successful  pastor. 
 He  is  a  man  of  a  very  quiet  yet  genial  spirit,  and  is 
 greatly  beloved  T>y  all  who  know  him. 
 
 First  Presbyterian  Chui-ch,  Carlisle,  Pa. 
 About  the  year  17l!(;,  the  Presbyterians  erected  a  log 
 church  on  the  Conodoguiuett  Creek,  about  two  miles 
 north  of  Carlisle,  or  West  Pennsborough,  as  it  was 
 then  called,  at  a  place  known  ever  since  as  the 
 ' '  Meeting-House  Spring. ' '  No  vestige  of  this  build- 
 ing now  remains,  nor  are  there  any  of  the  oldest 
 residents  of  the  neighborhood  who  are  able  to  give 
 anything  like  a  satisfactory  account  of  it.  The  first 
 pastor  of  this  church,  the  Rev.  Samuel  Thompson, 
 from  Ireland,  was  ordained  and  instilled  November 
 14th,  1739.  It  seems  probable,  however,  that  for 
 some  time  previously  to  Mr.  Thompson's  settlement 
 the  Rev.  Messrs.  Craighead  and  Caven  had  labored 
 there,  in  the  character  of  stated  supplies. 
 
 Shortly  after  Carlisle  was  laid  out  a  Presbj'terian 
 congregation  was  organized  in  it,  and  a  church  was 
 built.  In  relation  to  this  movement,  Colonel  Arm- 
 strong, who  was  an  elder  of  the  church,  wrote  to 
 Richard  Peters,  as  follows: — 
 
 "  Carlisle,  June  ."^dth,  1757. 
 "  To-morrow  we  begin  to  haul  stones  for  the  building  of  a 
 meeting-house,  on  the  north  side  of  the  square.  There  was  no  other 
 convenient  place.  I  liave  avoided  the  place  you  once  pitched  for  a 
 church.  The  stones  are  raised  out  of  Colonel  Stanwix's  entrench- 
 ments. "We  will  want  help  in  this  political  as  well  a^  religious 
 work." 
 
 About  the  year  1760  a  license  was  obtained  from 
 Governor  Hamilton,  authorizing  the  congregation  to 
 raise,  by  lottery,  a  small  sum  of  money  to  enable 
 them  to  build  a  decent  house  for  the  worship  of  God ; 
 and  in  1766  the  minister  and  others  petitioned  the 
 Assembly  for  the  passage  of  an  Act  to  compel  the 
 ' '  managers  to  settle, ' '  and  the  ' '  adventurers  to  pay, ' ' 
 "the  settlement  of  the  lottery  having  been  for  a 
 considerable  time  deferred, ' '  by  reason  of  the  ' '  con- 
 fusion occasioned  by  the  Indian  wars."  The  Act 
 prayed  for  was  passed.  The  method  of  raising 
 money  by  lottery,  for  church  purposes  or  any  other, 
 was  not,  of  course,  at  that  time  regarded  as  it  is  now. 
 
 The  Rev.  George  Duflield  (noticed  elswbere)  was 
 instaiied  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Carlisle,  in  1761. 
 A  short  time  afterward  the  congregation  in  the 
 country,  then  under  the  care  of  the  Rev.  John  Steele, 
 constructed  a  two-story  house  of  worship  in  town, 
 and  some  time  before  the  Revolution, erected  the 
 present  "First  Presbyterian  Church,"  on  the  north- 
 west corner  of  the  Centre  Square,  which,  however, 
 has  since  been  several  times  remodeled  and  repaired. 
 The  two  congregations  ditfered  somewhat  in  doctrinal 
 views,  and  were  called  the  "  Old  Lights  "  and  "  New 
 Lights,"  in  virtue  of  a  division- which  then  prevailed 
 throughout  the  Synod.  "The  house  in  which  Mr. 
 Duffield's  congregation  worshiped,"  says  Dr.  Wing, 
 "  was  situated  on  the  East  side  of  Hanover  street. 
 
FIKST  CHUliCH,  CARLISLE,  PA. 
 
 1139         BIBST  CHURCH,  COLUMBUS,  OHIO. 
 
 uearly  opposite  the  place  where  the  Second  Presbj- 
 terian  Cliurch  now  stands.  Soon  after  Jlr.  Duflield"s 
 Tenioral  to  the  Third  Church  of  Philadelphia  (1772), 
 this  building  took  fire  and  was  entirely  consumed. 
 During  the  confusion  incident  to  the  War  of  the 
 American  Revolution  neither  congregation  appears 
 to  have  flourished,  and  soon  after  the  death  of  Mr. 
 Steele  (August,  17791,  both  congregations  worshiped 
 alternately  in  the  stone  church,  which  had  now  been 
 completed  by  Mr.  Duffield's  former  people  tini.shing 
 otf  and  occui^ying  the  gallery."  After  the  removal 
 of  Dr.  Duffield  to  Philadelphia,  and  the  death  of 
 Sir.  Steele,  the  two  congregations  united,  and  called, 
 in  1785,  the  Eev.  Robert  Davidson,  D.i).,  who  was 
 an  eminent  scholar  and  divine.  The  following  year 
 the  congregation  thus  united  was  incorporated.  Dr. 
 Davidson  was  removed  by  death,  December  loth, 
 1812.  In  connection  with  him,  and  as  his  colleague, 
 the  Eev.  Henry  R.  Wilson,  D.  D. ,  preached  some  time 
 to  the  congregation,  whilst  Professor  in  Dickinson 
 College. 
 
 Before  the  expiration  of  the  year  1815,  the  Rev. 
 George  Duffield,  a  licentiate  of  the  Presbytery  of 
 Philadelphia,  and  grandson  of  Dr.  Duffield  above  re- 
 ferred to,  received  and  accepted  a  call  to  this  church. 
 Ere  he  had  left  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the  As- 
 sociate Reformed  Church  in  New  York,  then  under 
 the  care  of  the  celebrated  John  M.  Mason,  d.d.,  his 
 merit  as  a  rising  young  preacher  had  been  observed, 
 and  a  devout  poet  of  that  day,  in  some  published 
 lines,  put  into  verse  a  prophecy  concerning  him,  in 
 these  words: — 
 
 "  Duffield,  thine  artless  eloquence  shall  win  the  soul." 
 
 He  remained  in  Carlisle  eighteen  years  and  six 
 mouths,  gathering  into  his  church  during  that  time 
 seven  hundred  persons  by  i^rofession  and  two  hundred 
 by  certificate,  making  an  average  of  about  fifty  persons 
 during  each  year  of  his  first  pastorate.  He  resigned 
 the  charge  in  1835.  {See  his  shctch.)  Dr.  Duffield 
 ended  his  days  in  Detroit,  Mich.,  and  his  remains 
 rest  under  the  shades  of  Elmwood,  where  stands  his 
 monument,  bearing,  among  others,  an  inscription, 
 cut  in  the  old  classic  language  he  so  loved  to  study, 
 but  which,  transhited,  reads  thus: — 
 
 "Here  lies  buried,  in  tlie  hope  uf  the 
 
 firiit  resurrection, 
 
 GEORGE  DUFFIELD, 
 
 Pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  in  Carlisle, 
 
 Penn'a,  for  twenty  yeara; 
 Pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Detroit 
 for  thirty  yeara. 
 A  man  pure  in  life,  holy  in  piety,  imbued  with  learn- 
 ing; in  discourse,  in  spirit  and  in  faith 
 an  example  among  the  faithful." 
 "  After  he  had  served  his  generation,  by  the  will  of 
 God,  he  fell  asleep." 
 
 The  congregation  at  Carlisle  was  subsequently 
 served  by  the  Rev.  Messrs.  Granger  and  Burrowes, 
 as  supplies,  and  the  Rev.  Messrs.  W.  T.  Sprole  and 
 E.  J.  Newlin,  as  pa.stors,  until  the  Rev.  C.  P.  Wing 
 
 a.ssumed  the  pastorate,  in  1818,  which  he  filled  with 
 great  acceptableness  and  success,  until  his  resignation 
 of  the  charge  in  1875.  The  Rev.  Joseph  Vance  suc- 
 ceeded Dr.  Wing  in  1875  and  is  still  pastor  of  the 
 church.  Around  this  venerable,  historic  church 
 many  precious  memories  cluster.  It  has  been  the 
 source  of  a  va.st  influence  for  good,  and  still  flourishes, 
 with  all  the  elements  of  extensive  usefulness  and 
 pernument  prosperity. 
 
 It  gives  us  ple;usure  to  add  to  this  sketch,  that  the 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church  of  Carlisle  is  also  in  a 
 very  flourishing  condition,  and  exerting  a  strong 
 influence  through  the  various  channels  of  Christian 
 activity.  It  was  organized  by  a  committee  of  Presby- 
 tery, January  12th,  1833,  iu  the  town  hall,  with 
 seventy-seven  members,  who  had  previou-sly  been 
 connected  with  the  First  Church.  Rev.  Daniel 
 McKinley,  D.D.,  was  its  pa.stor  from  1833  till  1838; 
 the  Eev.  Alexander  T.  McGill,  D.D.,  from  1839  till 
 1811;  the  Rev.  T.  V.  Moore,  D.D.,  from  1842  till 
 18-15.  The  succeeding  pastors  have  been  the  Rev. 
 James  Lillie,  the  Rev.  Mcrvine  E.  Johnson,  the  Rev. 
 W.  W.  Eells,  and  the  Rev.  John  C.  Bliss,  who,  in 
 1867  yielded  the  pulpit  to  the  Kev.  George  Norcross, 
 by  whom  it  is  still  occupied.  The  church  in  which 
 this  congregation  worships  is  large,  tasteful  and  con- 
 venient. 
 
 First  Presbyterian  Chtirch,  Columlms,  Ohio. 
 The  State  of  Ohio  was  formerly  included  in  that 
 territory  claimed  by  France,  extending  from  the 
 .\IIcghenies  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
 known  as  Louisiana. 
 
 A  little  more  than  one  hundred  years  ago,  through- 
 out this  va-st  and  unbroken  wilderness,  the  only 
 white  men  were  those  concentrated  about  the  few 
 aud  widely  separated  French  military  posts  and 
 trading  establishments.  Subsequently  the  soil  of 
 the  State  was  the  scene  of  frequent  conflicts,  and 
 more  than  one  armed  expedition  was  sent  into  the 
 country  to  chastise  the  Indians,  who  were  the  bloody 
 allies  of  the  French  during  their  struggle  ^\-ith  the 
 English  for  the  possession  of  the  western  country. 
 The  question  of  national  supremacy  was  finally  de- 
 cided in  favor  of  the  English,  upon  the  plains  of 
 .^^braham.  During  the  American  Revolution  the 
 hostility  of  the  Indian.s,  which  at  first  w;us  excited 
 by  the  French  against  the  English,  was,  to  the  dis- 
 grace of  the  English  nation,  unnaturally  directed 
 against  the  feeble  and  unprotected  frontier  settle- 
 ments of  their  revolted  colonies,  which  for  years 
 afterward  were  expo.sed  to  sudden  attacks,  invari- 
 ably marked  by  acts  of  the  most  wanton  and  savage 
 barbarity.  During  this  time,  and  even  before,  a  few 
 adventurers  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race  had  penetrated 
 into  these  fertile  regions,  and  carried  back  to  the 
 Atlantic  Stjites  the  most  glowing  accounts  of  the 
 great  Western  paradise.  But  not  until  after  the  close 
 of  the  War  of  Independence  was  public  attention 
 mtich  directed  towards  its  settlement. 
 
FIRST  CHUECH.  COLUMBUS,  OHIO. 
 
 1140 
 
 FIBST  CHURCH,  COLUMBUS,  OHIO. 
 
 It  is  to  the  honor  and  glory  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  that  she,  at  an  early  day,  took  measures  to 
 follow  her  children  into  the  Western  wilderness,  and 
 preach  the  gospel  among  the  feehle  and  scattered 
 settlements.  And  from  the  earliest  period  of  the 
 State  of  Ohio  her  ministers  were  found  laboring,  from 
 time  to  time,  and  from  place  to  place,  as  their  services 
 seemed  to  be  required.  As  early  as  ISO.'j  tlie  General 
 Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United 
 States  of  America,  assembled  at  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
 set  apart  James  Hoge,  to  proceed  to  Ohio  and  preach 
 the  gospel,  and,  as  if  this  was  not  a  sufficiently  large 
 field,  his  commission  also  included  "the  parts  there- 
 unto adjacent. "  In  November  of  that  year  Mr.  Hoge 
 arrived  in  Franklinton,  which  was  then  a  small, 
 though  deemed  an  important,  village,  on  the  banks 
 of  the  Scioto  river,  opposite  to  where.  Columbus  now 
 stands  (the  site  of  Columbus  at  that  time  not  having 
 even  been  laid  out),  in  comi>any  with  the  Supreme 
 Judges,  who  were  preparing  to  open  the  first  term  of 
 their  Court  in  the  county  of  Franklin — then  embrac- 
 ing within  its  limits  a  large  part  of  the  present 
 counties  of  Pickaway,  Licking,  Madison,  Union,  and 
 all  of  Delaware  and  Marion,  and  including  a  total 
 population  of  about  2000  souls,  and  an  area  of  600 
 square  miles.  As  a  pleasing  incident,  and  marking  the 
 respect  of  the  early  settlers  for  religion,  we  may  state 
 that  the  Supreme  Judges  not  only  tendered  the 
 young  missionary  the  use  of  the  Court-room,  but  they, 
 and  also  the  Grand  Jury,  adjourned  to  hear  him 
 preach.  This  sermon  was  preached  in  the  house 
 built  and  occupied  by  John  Overdier,  a  room  in 
 which  wa.s  used  as  a  Court-room.  This  first  church 
 and  first  Court  House  stood  a  few  rods  north  of  the 
 old  Court  House  in  Franklinton. 
 
 Mr.  Hoge  continued  to  preach,  and  on  February 
 8th,  1806,  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  was  regu- 
 larly organized,  and  on  the  Sabbath  following  the 
 Lord's  Supper  was  administered  to  thirteen  members 
 and  communicants.  This  church  was  the  J?c.s/  of  any 
 denomination  regularly  organized  within  the  afore- 
 said limits.  On  this  occasion,  the  Rev.  R.  G.  Wilson, 
 then  pastor  of  the  Church  in  Chillicothe,  and  after- 
 wards President  of  the  Ohio  University  for  a  number 
 of  years,  officiated  in  the  organization  of  the  church, 
 by  ordaining  the  ruling  elders,  who  had  been  pre- 
 viously chosen  b_y  the  people  at  a  meeting  which  had 
 been  held  for  the  purpose  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hoge,  who 
 was  acting  under  his  commission  as  a  missionary. 
 The  thirteen  persons  who  were  then  received  as  the 
 members  constituting  the  church  were:  Colonel 
 Robert  Culbertson  and  Mrs.  Culbertson,  William 
 Read  and  Mrs.  Read,  David  Nelson  and  Mrs.  Nelson, 
 Michael  Fisher  and  Mrs.  Fisher,  Robert  Young  and 
 Mrs.  Young,  Mrs.  Margaret  Thompson,  Mrs.  Susanna 
 McCoy  and  Miss  Catharine  Kessler.  When  the  church 
 was  organized,  Rev.  James  Hoge  was  elected  and  sub- 
 sequently ordained  a.s  pastor;  Robert  Culbertson  and 
 William   Read  were  ordained  elders,  and   Michael 
 
 Fisher  was  inducted  into  this  office  in  September, 
 1807.  Six  trustees  were  also  chosen  to  manage  the 
 secular  aflairs  of  the  congregation,  and  were  continued 
 by  subsequent  election  for  a  number  of  years.  These 
 were  Luciis  Sullivant,  John  Dill,  William  Domigan, 
 Joseph  Dick.son,  David  Nelson  and  Joseph  Hunter. 
 The  following  families  which  are  here  named,  with 
 reference  at  this  time  to  their  descendants,  were  in- 
 cluded in  the  congregation:  Robert  Culbertson  and 
 family,  William  Read,  Lucas  Sullivant,  David  Nel- 
 son, William  Shaw,  John  Turner,  Adam  Turner, 
 Joseph  Hunter,  John  Hunter,  J.  Hamlin,  S.  G. 
 Flenniken,  John  Dill,  Michael  Fisher,  J.  McGowan, 
 George  Skidmore,  Samuel  King,  William  Brown,  Sr., 
 Joseph  Park,  David  Jameson,  Andrew  Park,  John 
 Overdier,  Jacob  Overdier,  Charles  Hunter,  John 
 Lisle,  J.  Jlcllvaine,  M.  Hess,  M.  Thompson,  Robert 
 Young,  William  Domigan,  John  McCoy,-  Joseph 
 Smart,  Isaac  Smart,  S.  Powers,  Josejih  Dickson  and 
 Joseph  Cowghill.  The  call  from  the  congregation  for 
 Mr.  Hoge's  pastoral  services  was  dated  September 
 35th,  1307,  and  contained  a  promise  to  pay  him  the 
 sum  of  $300,  in  half-yearly  payments,  annually,  for 
 three-fourths  of  his  time,  until  they  should  find 
 themsehes  able  to  give  him  a  compensation  for  the 
 whole  of  his  time,  in  like  proportion.  From  this 
 feeble  beginning,  the  communicants  had  increased  in 
 five  years  to  seventy-five,  and  the  congregation  in  a 
 corresponding  degree. 
 
 In  1813  a  brick  house  for  the  use  of  the  congrega- 
 tion was  erected,  mainly  through  the  instrumentality 
 of  Lucas  Su'llivant;  before  its  completion,  however, 
 the  Commis-sariat  department  of  the  northwestern 
 army,  then  stationed  at  Franklinton,  took  possession 
 of  it  for  the  purpose  of  a  storehouse.  In  March, 
 1813,  a  ^^olent  tornado,  accompanied  with  rain,  blew 
 in  the  gable  end  of  the  building,  and  wet  the  grain 
 stored  within;  the  swelling  of  the  large  (luantity  of 
 grain,  consequent  upon  the  wetting,  burst  asunder 
 the  walls.  The  use  of  the  hou.se  was,  doubtless,  a 
 free-ivill  offering  to  the  exigencies  of  the  nation,  and 
 the  Government  subsequently  indemnified  them  for 
 the  loss  of  their  building. 
 
 Another  house  was  erected  in  1815,  in  place  of  the 
 one  destroyed,  in  which  the  congregation  continued 
 to  worship  for  several  years.  This  church  was 
 pleasantly  located  at  the  edge  of  the  village,  on  the 
 western  bank  of  the  Scioto  river,  of  which  it  com- 
 manded a  beautiful  view,  and  near  to  a  wooded 
 island,  well-known  to  the  early  settlers  and  their 
 descendants  as  the  British  Island,  from  the  fact  that  a 
 detachment  of  English  prisoners,  taken  during  the 
 war,  were  confined  there  for  a  short  time. 
 
 In  the  old  burying-ground  attached  to  the  church 
 were  laid  many  of  the  volunteer  soldiers,  who,  leav- 
 ing their  comfortable  homes  and  firesides  at  the  call 
 of  their  country,  fell  victims  to  the  exposure  and 
 pestilence  of  the  camp.  Here,  too,  was  the  final  rest- 
 ing-place of  the  early  settlers. 
 
FIRST  CHURCH,  COLUMBUS,  OHIO.         1141        FIRST  CHURCH,  CUMBERLAND,  MD. 
 
 "  Beneath  those  rugged  elms,  that  yew  tree's  shade. 
 Where  heaves  the  lurf  in  many  a  mouldering  heap, 
 Each  in  his  narrow  cell  forever  laid. 
 The  bravo  forefathers  of  the  hamlet  sleep." 
 
 From  the  first  organization  of  the  church  in  Frank- 
 linton,  the  majority  of  communicants,  and  a  con- 
 .siderahle  part  of  the  congregation,  lived  upon  the 
 eiustern  side  of  the  river,  and  in  those  early  days  it 
 ivas  thought  no  unusual  hardship  for  the  members, 
 both  male  and  female,  to  attend  worship,  even  during 
 the  most  inclement  seasons  of  the  year,  riding  on 
 horseback  along  the  bridle-paths,  over  the  present 
 site  of  Columbus,  from  a  distance  which,  going  and 
 returning,  amounted,  in  some  instances,  to  fifteen  or 
 twenty  miles. 
 
 About  the  year  1814,  the  first  house  erected  in 
 Columbus  for  religious  worship  was  a  log  cabin, 
 twenty-five  by  thirty  feet,  which  .stood  upon  a  lot  on 
 Spring  street  near  Third,  and  was  owned  by  the  Rev. 
 .Tames  Hoge.  In  this  house  the  Presbyterian  congre- 
 gation worshiped  alternately  with  the  one  in  Franklin- 
 ton  until  1818,  when  it  "was  deemed  expedient,  for 
 the  accommodation  of  a  majority  of  .said  congregation, 
 that  a  meeting-house  be  erected  in  Columbus,  for 
 public  worship,  on  such  ground  as  might  be  selected," 
 and  a  subscription  was  started  for  this  purpose. 
 
 The  proprietors  of  the  town  of  Columbus  gener- 
 ously donated  to  the  society  a  lot  of  ground,  and 
 the  congregation  added  another  thereto  by  purcha.se, 
 for  the  sum  of  $300,  upon  a  two  years'  credit. 
 These  lots  were  pleasantly  situated  on  the  bank 
 of  the  Scioto  river,  at  the  junction  of  Town  and 
 Front  streets.  Here  a  frame  house,  of  the  dimensions 
 of  forty  by  sixty  feet,  was  erected,  at  a  cost  of  $1050. 
 This  house  contained  eighty  pews,  and  could  accom- 
 modate about  four  hundred  people.  At  the  sale  of 
 the  pews  they  netted  the  sum  of  $1796.50,  the 
 highest  valuation  of  any  pew  being  but  forty  dollars. 
 This  meeting-house  was,  in  fact,  composed  of  three 
 buildings,  framed  together  in  such  a  manner  that 
 they  could  be  separated  for  removal  if  necessary.  It 
 was  nick-named  "  Trinity  in  Unity." 
 
 On  July  1st,  1821,  the  Society  resolved  that  it  should 
 thereafter  be  known  and  distinguished  as  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Congregation  in  Columbus.  In  Novem- 
 ber 19th,  1831,  the  Presbyterian  congregation  of 
 Franklintou  agreed  that  their  name  should  be 
 changed  into  that  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Congre- 
 gation of  Columbus.  It  is  thus  seen  that  the  church 
 first  founded  in  Franklinton,  in  1806,  was  but  con- 
 tinued under  a  new  name.  In  1821  that  part  of  the 
 congregation  residing  in  Truro  ijreferred  a  request 
 that  a  fourth  of  Mr.  Hoge's  time  should  be  given  to 
 them,  which  was  granted. 
 
 January  18th,  1830,  it  was  resolved  to  erect  a  new 
 house  of  worship,  and  the  building  was  erected.  In 
 architecture  it  was  quite  an  imposing  edifice,  and  a 
 great  stride  in  advance  of  its  humble  predecessor;  in 
 fact,  comparing  favorably  with  the  best  church  edi- 
 
 fices in  the  State  at  that  period.  The  congregation 
 took  possession  of  their  new  building  for  public  wor- 
 ship the  first  Sabbath  of  December,  1830. 
 
 In  18.50  Dr.  Hoge  decided  to  accept  a  call  made  for 
 one-half  of  his  time,  or  more,  by  the  Trustees  of  a 
 Theological  Seminary  at  Cincinnati.  The  Rev.  Josiah 
 D.  Smith,  after  supplying  the  pulpit  for  six  months, 
 was  elected  co-pastor,  and  installed  in  December, 
 1850,  and  continued  in  this  relation  until  1854,  at 
 which  time  he  was  installed  pastor  of  The  Westmin- 
 ster Church  of  Coliimlnis.  December  24th,  1855,  Rev. 
 D.  Hall  was  called  to  be  co-pastor  of  Dr.  Hoge; 
 entered  upon  the  regular  performance  of  his  duties 
 the  first  Sabbath  in  February,  1856,  and  resigned  his 
 charge  soon  after.  On  Friday  evening,  February  8th, 
 1856,  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  organization  of 
 the  church  was  celebrated,  with  very  interesting  .ser- 
 vices. February  28th,  1857,  at  a  congregational 
 meeting,  it  was  resolved  to  elect  two  ruling  elders, 
 whereupon  Dr.  Wm.  Awl  and  Alfred  Thomas  were 
 unanimously  chosen.  At  the  same  meeting,  the 
 resignation  of  Dr.  Hoge  as  pastor  was  accepted,  the 
 congregation  reluctantly  yielding  to  his  request,  and 
 recording  their  grateful  sense  of  his  important  ser- 
 vices, and  their  affectionate  regard  for  him.  {/See  his 
 sl-etch.)  Dr.  Hoge  had  the  following  successors  in 
 the  pastorate  of  the  First  Church :  Rev.  Edgar  Woods, 
 June  30th,  1857-February,  1862;  W.  C.  Roberts, 
 D.  D.,  November  11th,  1862-October  21st,  1864; 
 Rev.  William  R.  Marshall,  February  27th,  1865- 
 December  1st,  1869;  Rev.  J.  R.  Laidlaw,  September 
 22d,  1871-April,  1875;  Rev.  E.  P.  Hebert»n,  Sep- 
 tember 5th,  1875- April,  1877;  Willis  Lord,  D.  D., 
 s.  s.,  July,  1877-October,  1879;  John  W.  Bailey, 
 D.  D.,  April,  1881-April,  1883;  Rev.  Francis  E. 
 Marsten,  October  4th,  1883. 
 
 First  Presbyterian  Church,  Cumberland,  Md. 
 There  is  no  known  record  of  the  date  of  the  organ- 
 ization of  this  church,  but  it  is  certain  that  there 
 was  preaching  at  Cumberland,  occasionally,  by  sup- 
 plies, from  the  beginning  of  the  present  century.  The 
 congregation  was  small  and  feeble  for  many  years, 
 struggling,  as  it  were,  for  a  mere  existence.  Among 
 tho.se  who  ministered  in  holy  things  to  this  feeble 
 church,  at  different  times,  were  the  Rev.  Messrs. 
 Hays,  Kennedy,  Raymond  and  S.  H.  McDonald. 
 During  the  time  that  Messrs.  Hays,  Kennedy  and 
 Raymond  labored  here,  the  church  was  able  to  do 
 very  little  toward  the  support  of  a  pastor.  Messrs. 
 Hays  and  Kennedy  were  successively  Principals  of 
 the  Allegheny  county  Academy,  in  which  they  taught 
 for  many  years.  From. this  source  they  derived  their 
 principal  support,  and  it  is  probable,  expended 
 upon  it  their  principal  labors.  Mr.  Raymond,  at  a 
 later  date,  labored  a  part  of  his  time  in  Cumberland 
 as  a  missionary,  and  was  aided  from  the  Slissionary 
 Fund.  The  Presbyterians  in  Cumberland  for  many 
 years  had  no  place  of  worship  of  their  own,  but  wor- 
 shiped alternately  in  the  Lutheran  Church. 
 
FJEST  CHCRVH,  CCyiBEKLASl),  ilD.         1142 
 
 FIRST  CHURCH,  DESVER,  COL. 
 
 In  connection  with  the  Episcopalians,  they  at  one 
 time  erected  a  house  of  worship,  tiniler  an  agreement 
 that  each  denomination  should  have  the  right  to 
 worship  in  it  alternately,  according  to  their  resjject- 
 ive  forms.  But  in  process  of  time,  the  Presby- 
 terians were  denied  their  interest  and  privileges  in 
 the  building,  and  the  Episcopalians  very  unjustly 
 appropriated  the  entire  property  to  their  own  use. 
 Had  the  lYesbyteriaus  appeiiled  to  CiEsar  to  avenge 
 them  of  their  adversary,  the  Episcopalians  would 
 doubtless  have  been  compelled  to  abide  by  the  terms 
 of  the  agreement,  and  restore  to  the  others  their  privi- 
 lege or  its  equivalent.  But  the  Presbyterians,  as  nsnal 
 in  such  cases,  chose  rather  to  suffer  wrong. 
 
 In  the  year  ISS?  they  erected  a  house  of  worship 
 for  themselves.  45  by  55  feet,  with  a  gallery  in  the 
 end,  and  surmounted  by  a  small  cupola  and  bell. 
 At  this  time  they  were  efficiently  aided  by  the  inde- 
 fatigable efforts  and  labors  of  the  Rev.  S.  H.  McDon- 
 ald, who,  for  the  space  of  five  years,  acted  as  their 
 stated  supply.  He  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  B. 
 Wall,  who  was  installed  as  the  first  regtilar  pastor  of 
 this  church  on  the  second  Sabbath  of  July,  1S43. 
 The  Rev.  J.  H.  Symmes,  after  laboring  here  from 
 December.  1^44,  nntil  the  9th  of  April,  1S45,  was.  on 
 that  day,  installed  as  pa.stor  of  the  chnnh  by  a  Com- 
 mittee of  the  Presbytery.  The  congregation  having 
 increased  so  that  the  building  was  too  small  for  their 
 accommodation,  in  the  Anrumn  of  1?4<>  an  addition 
 of  eighteen  feet  was  made  to  the  rear,  and  a  lecture- 
 room  and  Sunday-school  room,  26  by  36  feet,  mostly 
 in  the  rear  of  the  church  edifice  as  altered. 
 
 In  the  Spring  of  1*62  the  Rev.  Mr.  Symmes  ten- 
 dered to  the  Session  his  resignation  as  pastor,  which 
 was  accepted  by  the  Trustees  on  the  2d  of  April,  who 
 nnanimonsly  adopted  a  resolution,  tendering  to  Mr. 
 Synunes  their  gratitude  for  the  zeal,  ability  and 
 industry  he  had  displayed  during  his  pastorate.  In 
 3Iarch,  1966.  the  Rev.  James  D.  Fitzgerald,  by  in\i- 
 tation  of  the  congregation,  began  ministerial  labor 
 there,  and  in  .\pril.  1^6'>,  was  installed  pastor.  On 
 June  lyth,  1*70.  the  congregation  adopted  the  recom- 
 mendation of  the  Board  of  Trustees  in  iiivor  of  the 
 purchase  of  the  '"  Deveemon  lot,"'  on  Washington 
 street,  as  a  site,  and  resolved  to  "  proceed  immediately 
 to  buUd  a  church."  In  August  the  Trustees'  com- 
 mittee, consisting  of  Messrs.  (Jordon,  McKaig  and 
 Minke.  concluded  the  purchase  of  the  said  lot  (front- 
 ing sixty  feet  on  Washington  street)  from  G.  W. 
 Case  and  F.  3Iinke.  for  the  sum  of  §5lXl*).  \  building 
 committee,  consisting  of  Me^rs.  J.  B.  H.  Campbell, 
 J.  H.  Gordon,  F.  Minke.  William  Piatt  and  W.  W. 
 McKaig.  was  appointed,  and  a  plan  submitt«-d  by  Mr. 
 Frank  E.  Davis,  architect,  of  Baltimore,  was  adopted. 
 In  3Iay,  li?71,  the  old  church  property  on  Liberty 
 street  was  sold  to  the  German  Reformed  Congregation 
 of  Cumberland,  for  the  sum  of  |15500.  The  full  tran.sfer 
 was  not  made  nntil  June.  1-'T2.  The  building  is  now 
 designated  as  ■"  Zion's"  Oiurvh.     The  laving  of  the 
 
 comer-stone  of  the  new  church  took  place  July  4th, 
 1*71.  The  ministers  present  on  the  occasion  were 
 Rev.  Drs.  Smith  and  Leyburn,  of  Baltimore;  Rev. 
 I.  X.  Hays,  of  Chambersburg,  Pa.,  and  Revs.  Fitz- 
 gerald and  Leech,  of  Cumberland. 
 
 In  AprU,  1*73,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Fitzgerald  resigne^lthc 
 pastoral  relation.  On  the  14th  of  July  the  congre- 
 gation unanimously  elected  Rev.  E.  B.  Raffensperger 
 to  the  pastorate.  The  present  pastor,  the  Rev.  J. 
 E.  Mofl;it.  began  his  pastorate  in  1S78.  The  member- 
 ship of  the  church  at  present  is  254. 
 
 First  (Central)  Presbyterian  Church,  of 
 Dearer,  Colorado.  The  First  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Denver.  Colorado,  was  organized  December  15th, 
 1S61,  by  Rev.  A.  S.  BUlingsley,  acting  under  a  com- 
 mission from  the  Board  of  Domestic  Missions.  O.  S. 
 The  services  were  held  in  International  Hall,  on 
 Ferry  street.  West  Denver,  then  known  as  "Auraria."' 
 Eighteen  members — seven  males,  eleven  females — 
 were  enrolled.  Simon  Cort  and  John  Irvine  were 
 elected  ruling  elders.  Mr.  Billingsley  remained  with 
 the  church  only  four  months,  until  April,  1S62.  The 
 little  church  was  then  without  a  pa.stor  until  Novem- 
 ber, 1*62,  when  the  ministrations  of  Rev.  A.  R.  Day, 
 a  son-in-law  of  Elder  Cort,  began.  Mr.  Day  was  then 
 supported  in  p;irt  by  the  same  Board  of  Missions. 
 He  at  once  agiutted  the  subject  of  a  church  building. 
 Major  John  S.  Fillmore,  P.  M.,  U.  S.  A.  (an  Episco- 
 palian), donated  a  lot  40  x  100  feet,  on  the  northwest 
 comer  of  the  alley  between  Lawrence  and  Arrapahoe 
 streets  on  Fifteenth  street;  and  citizens  of  all  denomi- 
 nations and  classes  contributed  generously  towards 
 the  erection  of  the  building.  The  Home  Mission 
 Board  donated  ?ti00  in  aid  of  the  enterprise,  and  a 
 brick  structure,  37  x  65  feet,  plain  but  ne-at.  and 
 sufficiently  commodious  for  the  time,  was  begun  in 
 1S63,  and  dedicated  in  the  Spring  of  1*64 
 
 February,  1*65,  Mr.  Day  resigned,  and  during  the 
 ensuing  months  the  pulpit  was  again  vacant.  Rev. 
 J.  B.  McClure,  of  Fulton,  111.,  became  pastor  in 
 October,  1*65;  acting  nntil  October,  1*67;  supported 
 in  part  by  the  Board  of  Domestic  Missions.  Again 
 the  pulpit  was  left  vacant  nntU  March,  1*6-*,  when 
 it  was  supplied  by  .A..  T.  Moore,  of  South  Bend,  Ind.. 
 for  two  months,  when,  not  realizing  the  expected  aid 
 previously  granted  by  the  Boanl,  Mr.  Moore  returned 
 to  his  home.  Another  sis  months'  vacancy  of  the 
 pulpit,  and  the  necessary  withholding  of  mission 
 funds  conspired  to  dishearten  the  little  flock.  Hitherto 
 the  church  had  enjoyed  no  connection  with  any  Pres- 
 bytery, although  supposed  geographically  witliin  the 
 jurisdiction  of  the  Presbytery  of  Manhattan,  Kansas. 
 Its  pastors  having  retained  their  former  connections, 
 no  delegates  nor  reports  were  sent  to  any  Presbytery, 
 until  August  10th,  1869,  when  the  church  was  re- 
 ceived by  the  Presbytery  of  Chicago,  from  which  it 
 came  by  certificate  into  the  Presbytery  of  Colorado, 
 August  16th.  1*70. 
 
 The  church  was  incorporated  according  to  the  laws 
 
nSST  (CEST&AL)  PRESBTTE&IA-V   CHTRCH,  wEXTXa,  OjLOB-UXj. 
 
FIRST  CHURCH,  DENVER,  COL. 
 
 1144 
 
 FIRST  CHURCH,  ELIZABETH,  N.  J. 
 
 of  Colorado,  November  20th,  1868.  Its  membership 
 was  made  up  of  those  who  had  been  received  by  letter 
 from  both  branches  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  and 
 from  other  orthodox  denominations.  Failing  to  ob- 
 tain necessary  assistance  and  encouragement  from 
 the  O.  S.  Presbyterian  Board,  on  account  of  its  em- 
 barrassed condition,  a  correspondence  was  at  once 
 opened  with  the  N.  S.  Presbyterian  Board,  resulting 
 in  the  church  being  visited  by  Rev.  E.  P.  Wells 
 (who  had  just  been  commissioned  to  Cheyenne,  Wyo- 
 ming), to  whom  the  church  extended  a  call  through 
 the  Presbytery  of  Chicago;  also  asking  to  be  enrolled 
 as  belonging  to  that  Presbj'tery ;  this  was  granted 
 and  Mr.  Wells  installed  pastor  of  the  church,  by  Rev. 
 J.  H.  Trowbridge  and  Rev.  J.  H.  Taylor,  Committee 
 of  the  Presbytery  of  Chicago,  Sunday  evening,  Novem- 
 ber 28th,  1868. 
 
 Mr.  Wells  continued  pastor  of  the  church  for  six 
 years,  greatly  beloved  Ijy  his  people,  and  peculiarlj- 
 successful  in  pastoral  labors  among  them.  During 
 his  ministrations  there  were  added  to  the  original 
 number,  upon  confession  of  faith,  90;  by  certiticate, 
 197.  The  church  received  aid  from  the  N.  S.  Board 
 for  two  years,  becoming  self-supporting  in  1871.  In 
 1874,  by  virtue  of  an  agreement  with  a  sister  church, 
 whereby  each  should  adopt  a  new  and  diiferent  name, 
 it  became  known  as  the  Central  Presbyterian  Church. 
 Rev.  Mr.  Wells  resigned  .January  1st,  1875,  to  accept 
 a  call  to  Chicago,  and  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Willis 
 Lord,  D.D.,  February,  1875.  The  necessity  of  a  new 
 church  edifice  had  been  much  felt  and  discussed 
 during  the  two  or  three  years  preceding  Mr;  Wells' 
 resignation,  resulting  in  definite  action  early  in  Dr. 
 Lord's  pastorate. 
 
 In  May,  1875,  lots  were  purchased  on  the  corner  of 
 Champa  and  Eighteenth  streets,  the  present  site, 
 100  X  125  feet,  at  a  cost  of  $6250.  A  meeting  to 
 devi.se  ways  and  means  was  called  May  11th;  about 
 $20,000  were  at  once  subscribed.  A  building  com- 
 mittee to  co-operate  with  the  Board  of  Trustees  was 
 selected.  Plans  for  the  new  building,  drawn  by  R.  S. 
 Roeschlaub,  were  adopted, at  a  meeting  held  May  17th. 
 
 May  25th  the  ladies  of  the  church  organized  what 
 has  since  been  known  as  "The  Ladies'  Organ  Fund 
 Society."  Aside  from  the  primary  object  of  their 
 organization,  they  have  paid  over  to  the  general 
 building  fund  upwards  of -$2000. 
 
 A  contract  for  the  erection  of  the  church,  leaving 
 the  main  auditorium  and  spire  incomplete,  was 
 awarded  to  Kelsey  &  Evans,  Octoljcr  i)tli,  1875,  at  a 
 cost  of  $32,000.  The  ceremony  of  laying  the  corner- 
 stone took  place  at  two  o'clock,  p,,m.,  Thursday, 
 January  6th,  1876. 
 
 During  Dr.  Lord's  pastorate  the  <)1<1  clmrcli  liuiUl- 
 ing  proved  too  .small,  and  for  a  time  the  congregation 
 worshiped  in  Guard  Hall.  Severe  illness  during  the 
 Winter  occasioned  Dr.  Lord's  resignation,  in  the 
 Spring  of  1876.  Work  upon  the  new  building  w;js 
 hastened,  though  in  the  face  of  niucli  discouragement. 
 
 The  Rev.  Alexander  Reed,  D.  D. ,  having  been  chosen 
 pastor,  arrived  from  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ,  October  25th, 
 1876,  and  upon  the  following  Sabbath,  October  29th, 
 the  first  service  was  held  in  the  new  lecture  room, 
 Dr.  Reed  officiating.  The  Spring  of  1877  found  the 
 congregation  in  a  much  embarrassed  condition  finan- 
 cially, in  debt  about  $13,000,  and  painfully  in  need 
 of  the  main  auditorium.  A  stranger,  Edward  F. 
 Kimball,  now  so  distinguished  in  the  M:;ster's  'N'ine- 
 yard,  unexpectedly  appeared  among  the  people  of  the 
 congregation,  and  upon  Sabbath,  April  1st,  1877,  as- 
 sisted by  the  earnest  appeals  of  the  pastor,  the  case 
 was  so  presented  that,  subsequently,  $30,000  were 
 subscribed. 
 
 A  contract  was  let  to  W.  J.  Evans  for  the  com- 
 pletion of  the  work,  excepting  the  spire.  Services 
 were  held  in  the  new  auditorium,  Sunday,  January 
 13th,  1878,  Dr.  Reed  preaching  in  the  morning,  and 
 Dr.  F.  M.  Ellis,  pastor  of  the  Baptist  church,  in  the 
 evening. 
 
 The  total  cost  of  the  building  and  lots  to  date  is 
 about  $50,000. 
 
 The  rofciry  system  of  eldership  was  entered  upon, 
 by  action  of  the  congregation,  in  October,  1872.  The 
 board  of  deacons  was  formed  November  9th,  1873. 
 The  first  Church  Clerk  was  elected  October  18th,  1874. 
 
 Dr.  Reed,  in  the  prosperity  and  promise  of  his 
 pastorate,  died,  greatly  lam.nted.  He  was  succeeded 
 by  the  Rev.  H.  C.  Westwood,  D.D.,  who  spent  two 
 years  of  very  successful  pastoral  work  in  the  city. 
 On  the  first  Sabbath  of  August,  1871,  Rev.  George  P. 
 Hays,  D.D.,  began  work  as  pastor.  The  debt  was 
 paid  off  the  following  winter.  Three  colonies  have 
 since  gone  out  from  the  congregation,  forming  the 
 Thirteenth  Avenue  Church,  Westminster  Church 
 and  Highland  Church.  It  supports  a  mission  school, 
 sewing  school  and  Chinese  Sabbath  school.  Its 
 annual  financial  operations  for  benevolent  and  home 
 expenses  amount  to  from  $25,000  to  $30,0(10. 
 
 First  Presbyterian  Chtirch,  Elizabeth, 
 New  Jersey.  On  the  night  of  the  25th  of  .January, 
 1780,  the  church  edifice  which  stood,  upon  the  spot 
 on  which  the  present  house  of  worship  sfcmds  was 
 destroyed  by  fire.  Tradition  relates  that  the  firing 
 of  the  building  was  the  act  of  Cornelius  Hettield,  Jr., 
 a  Tory  refugee,  whose  father  had  been  a  trustee,  and 
 w;is  then  an  honored  elder  of  the  church.  As  the 
 renegade  .son  had  destroyed  the  church  edifice,  so  the 
 father  opened  the  doors  of  a  large  ' '  Red  Storehouse, ' ' 
 on  the  south  side  of  the  creek,  near  West  Water 
 street,  that  belonged  to  him,  which  was  fitted  up  for 
 the  purpose  and  used  thenceforward  as  a  meeting- 
 house. 
 
 Some  idea  of  the  external  appearance  of  the  church 
 building  which  was  destroyed  may  be  formed  from 
 a  description  given  by  Captain  William  C.  De  Hart, 
 in  his  "  P:uss:iges  in  the  History  of  Elizabethtown:" 
 'The  Court  House  was  a  small,  frame,  .shingle-cov- 
 ered building,  which  had  never  been   adorned  with 
 
FIRST  CHURCH,  ELIZABETH,  N.  J.         1145         FIRST  CHURCH,  ELIZABETH,  N.  J. 
 
 paint,  and  in  the  same  condition  and  style  of  archi- 
 tecture was  the  adjacent  building,  the  Presbyterian 
 meeting  house,  both  of  which  respectively  occupied 
 the  ground  whereon  now  stand  tlie  structures  devoted 
 to  the  same  object.  The  church  was  ornamented  by 
 a  steeple  surmounted  by  a  ball  and  weathercock, 
 furnished  also  with  a  clock.  It  was  the  most  con- 
 .spieuous  and  the  most  valuable  building  in  the  town, 
 hallowed  as  the  structure  in  which  their  pilgiini 
 j  fathers  worshiped  God,  and  in  which  they  them- 
 selves, so  many  of  them,  had  been  consecrated  to  God 
 in  baptism,  and  in  which  the  great  and  revered 
 Dickinson,  the  honored  Spencer,  and  the  still  more 
 renowned  Whitelield,  had  preached  God's  word." 
 
 There  is  good  reason  for  believing  that  the  General 
 Assemblies  held  under  the  Proprietors  sat  in  this 
 house,  and  that  so  also  did  the  Supreme  Court.  In 
 1767  the  pulpit  was  ornamented  by  the  Ladies  with 
 an  "elegant  set  of  curtains,  which  cost  twenty-seven 
 pounds  .sterling. "  For  many  years  there  was  a  part 
 of  the  church  not  seated,  probably  reserved  as  a 
 lobby  for  the  accommodation  of  those  who  attended 
 the  Legislature  and  the  Courts.  The  precise  date  at 
 which  the  first  church  edifice  was  erected  on  this 
 spot  cannot  be  ascertained.  In  the  early  settlement 
 of  the  town,  the  ' '  town-hou.se  ' '  and  tlie  ' '  meeting- 
 house ' '  were  one.  It  is  more  than  probable  that  one 
 of  the  first  public  concerns  of  the  original  Associates 
 was  the  building  of  their  ' '  meeting-house. ' '  As  early 
 as  February  19th,  1665,  they  held  a  "meeting- 
 court,"  at  which  the  whole  town  was  present,  and 
 sixty-five  men  took  the  oath  of  allegiance  and  fidelity 
 to  King  Charles  II.  A  house  of  worship  had  most 
 likely  been  built  before  this  date;  nothing  can  now 
 certainly  be  determined  a,s  to  its  size,  cost  or  arrange- 
 ment. 
 
 In  a  letter  addressed  to  the  Elizabeth  Daily  Journal, 
 of  May  12th,  1873,  the  Rev.  Dr.  E.  F.  Hatfield,  into 
 who.se  possession  an  original  document  had  recently 
 come,  purporting  to  be  an  agreement  or  contract  be- 
 tween the  building  committee  of  the  congregation 
 and  the  carpenters  by  whom  the  old  meeting  house, 
 that  was  burnt  down  in  1780,  was  built,  and  bearing 
 date  1723-4,  A.  D. ;  Dr.  Hatfield,  in  referring  to  this 
 document,  says:  "It  will  thus  be  .seen  that  the  house 
 was  built  in  the  Summer  of  1724,  and  was  58  feet  in 
 length  and  42  in  width,  and  that  the  audience  room 
 was  24  feet  in  height.  .  .  .  An  addition  to  the 
 length  in  the  rear,  of  lOi  feet,  was  made  in  1766  so 
 that  its  final  dimensions  were  74  by  42  feet." 
 
 The  lot  on  which  the  house  was  built  included  the 
 present  burying-ground,  and  extended  on  the  West 
 to  the  river  (so  called),  and  contained  about  eight 
 acres.  When  the  Church  property  was  surveyed,  in 
 1766,  the  Tru.stees  affirmed  "that the  first  i>urcha.sers 
 and  associates  did  give  the  aforesaid  tract  of  land  for 
 the  use  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  the  record  of 
 which,  on  or  aliout  the  year  1719,  was  either  lost  or 
 destroyed."     This   statement  was  admitted  by  the 
 
 Town  Committee,  and  has  constituted  the  only  title 
 of  record  to  the  present  church  property  for  over  a 
 century  and  a  half  The  meeting-house  occupied  the 
 site  of  the  present  church,  but,  as  it  was  much 
 smaller,  it  did  not  cover  much  if  any  more  than  the 
 front  half,  the  other  half  containing  the  graves  of 
 most  of  the  first  settlers.  Graves  were  sometimes 
 dug  under  the  floor  of  the  church,  a  custom  familiar 
 to  the  early  settlers,  and  made  dear  by  association 
 with  the  habits  of  their  ancestors  in  England,  so  that 
 nearly  the  whole  area  of  the  First  Church  at  Eliza- 
 beth is  probably  occupied  with  the  dust,  which 
 awaits  the  archangel's  trump,  of  the  first  two  or  three 
 generations  of  the  people  of  the  town.  It  is  probable 
 that  for  a  long  time  the  church  and  adjoining  burial- 
 ground  was  not  enclosed,  or  if  at  all,  only  in  a  rude 
 way.  In  1762,  immediately  after  the  settlement  of 
 Rev.  Mr.  Caldwell,  it  was  voted  by  the  Trustees  that 
 "the  burial-ground  be  enclosed  with  a  close,  cedar- 
 board  fence;  also  agreed  that  a  neat  pale  fence  be 
 built  to  enclose  a  court-yard  in  the  front  and  south 
 end  of  the  church. ' ' 
 
 Some  idea  of  the  appearance  of  the  interior  of  the 
 church  at  the  time  it  was  destroj'ed  may  be  gath- 
 ered from  the  directions  given  by  the  Trustees  to  the 
 new  se.xton,  AVilliam  Woodruff,  elected  March,  1766: 
 "Once  every  three  months  the  alleys  below  the 
 pulpit  stairs  and  gallery  stairs  must  be  washed  out 
 and  well  .sanded.  For  evening  lectures  you  are  to 
 get  the  candles,  such  as  the  Trustees  shall  direct,  and 
 illuminate  the  church  in  every  part,  and  at  the  con- 
 clusion of  prayer  before  .sermon,  you  are  immediately 
 to  go  up  and  snuft"  the  pulpit  candles  and  the  rest  of 
 the  candles  in  the  church.  When  you  judge  the  ser- 
 mon to  be  about  half  finished,  you  are  once  more  to 
 snuff  the  candles  in  the  pulpit,  and  at  the  Clerk's 
 desk."  (The  most  serious  objection  to  this  rule 
 would  be  the  suspicion  that  the  sexton  might  be  open 
 to  outside  influences  to  snutfthe  candles  prematurely. ) 
 "  You  are  to  l)e  very  careful  of  the  silk  hangings  and 
 cushions,  that  they  receive  no  injury  by  dust  spots. 
 You  are  to  see  that  the  pulpit  door  be  always  opened, 
 ready  for  the  minister's  entrance,  and  the  Bible 
 opened  on  the  cu.shion.  You  are  to  prevent,  as  much 
 as  in  you  lies,  all  undue  noises  and  disorders,  and 
 suffer  no  white  boys  or  girls  to  be  standing  or  sitting 
 on  the  gallery  or  pulpit  stairs;  and  if  at  any  time 
 you  cannot  prevent  unruly  behavior  during  divine 
 service,  you  are  immediately  to  step  to  one  of  the 
 magistrates  or  elders  pre,sent,  and  inform  them  of  the 
 same.  You  are  weekly  to  wind  up  and  regulate  the 
 church  clock."  Such  was  the  venerable  chiirch 
 edifice  in  its  external  and  internal  appearance  and  in 
 its  surroundings.  "The  church  iu  which  Caldwell 
 preached,"  says  Dr.  Murray,  in  his  notes,  "was 
 cheerfully  yielded  as  a  hospital  for  sick  and  disabled 
 and  wounded  .soldiers,  as  some  of  the  aged  ones  yet 
 among  us  testily;  it  was  its  bell  that  sounded  through 
 the  town  the  notes  of  alarm  on  the  approach  of  the 
 
I-IKST  CHURCH,  ELIZABETH,  X.  J.  1140  FIRST  CHURCH,  ELIZABETH,  N.  J. 
 
 foe;  its  floor  was  not  infrequently  the  bed  of  the 
 weary  soldier,  and  the  seats  of  its  pews  the  table 
 from  which  he  ate  his  scanty  meal." 
 
 It  cannot  be  determined  with  exactness  who  served 
 the  people  as  piistor,  or  the  pulpit  supply,  for  the 
 first  few  years  of  the  first  settlement  of  the  ijlace. 
 Dr.  Hatfield  says  :  "  It  is  safe  to  conclude  that  Mr. 
 Jeremiah  Peck  came  to  this  town,  from  Newark,  as 
 early  as  1668,  on  invitation  of  the  people,  to  serve 
 them  in  the  ministry  of  the  gospel,  and  that  he  is  to 
 be  regarded  as  the  first  pastor  of  the  church  in  this 
 place."  In  the  Autumn  of  1678  he  accepted  a  call 
 to  Greenwich,  Conn.  He  was  succeeded,  in  1680,  by 
 Rev.  Seth  Fletcher.  He  came  from  Southampton,  and 
 became  minister  of  this  town  in  the  Summer  or 
 Autumn  of  1680.  His  death  occurred  in  August, 
 1682.  For  five  years  subsequent  to  his  death  the 
 church  was  without  a  pastor.  On  September  30th, 
 1687,  the  Rev.  John  Harriman  was  insfeilled  pastor 
 of  this  church;  he  died  here  in  August,  1705, 
 and  his  monument  stands  in  the  churchjard.  Soon 
 after  his  entering  on  the  pastoral  work  here,  he 
 opened  an  account  with  every  one  of  the  subscribers 
 to  his  support.  These  accounts  were  kept  in  two 
 books;  the  second,  from  1694  to  170.5,  is  now  in  pos- 
 .session  of  the  Session.  The  whole  number  of  actual 
 subscribers  was  one  hundred  and  twenty-four.  The 
 subscriptions  amounted  to  £83  lis.  Od.  A  very 
 small  part  only  of  the  subscriptions  were  paid  in 
 cash;  the  most  of  them  are  credited  with  produce, 
 meat,  grain  and  vegetables;  many  of  them  with  labor 
 by  the  day,  on  the  farm,  or  in  building  or  repairing 
 his  house  or  barn.  The  work  of  a  pastor  was  evi- 
 dently not  so  circumscribed  as  at  the  present  day. 
 Besides  preaching,  pastoral  visitation,  farming,  carry- 
 ing on  a  flour  mill  and  a  cider  press,  Mr.  Harriman 
 had  an  agency  for  furnishing  glass  to  his  neighbors. 
 He  surveyed  lands  now  and  then,  he  attended  the 
 Legislature,  as  a  deputy,  through  four  years,  and, 
 like  most  of  his  profession  in  those  days,  he  kept  a 
 boarding-school;  he  dealt  also  considerably  in  real 
 estate. 
 
 Mr.  Harriman  was  succeeded  as  pastor  by  the  Rev. 
 Samuel  Melyen.  The  ministry  of  ilr.  Jlelyen  was 
 short.  On  the  29th  of  September,  1709,  Jonathan 
 Dickinson  was  ordained  and  installed  as  pastor  of  this 
 church.  {See  his  sketch.)  Previous  to  Mr.  Dickinson's 
 settlement  as  pastor,  this  church  had  been  Inde- 
 pendent or  Congregational  in  its  form  of  government; 
 not  until  forty  years  after  its  organization  was  the 
 first  Presliytery,  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia, 
 constituted.  Dickinson,  whose  s.ympathies  were  prob- 
 ably quite  decidedly  with  Presbyterianism,  proceeded 
 ^vith  a  wise  caution  in  the  matter  of  bringing  his 
 church  into  connection  with  Presbytery,  for  his  people 
 "were  thorough  Puritans  and  men  of  spirit,  and 
 slow  to  part  with  what  they  conceived  to  be  their 
 rights."  It  is  probable  that  he  united  with  the 
 Presbytery  of  Philadelphia  in  the  Spring  of  1717, 
 
 and  that  the  church  soon  after  joined  the  same 
 Presbytery.  In  the  following  year,  September  19th, 
 1718,  it  is  noted  in  the  records  of  Synod  that  "  Mr. 
 Dickinson  delivered  one  pound,  twelve  shillings  from 
 his  congregation  of  Elizabeth  Town  for  the  fund  '  for 
 pious  u.ses.'"  "Thi.s,"  says  Dr.  Hatfield,  "was 
 undoubtedly  the  first  contribution  for  Presbyterian 
 purposes  ever  made  by  this  congregation."  The 
 church  was  represented  in  Synod  for  the  first  time 
 in  1721,  by  one  of  their  elders,  Robert  Ogden,  a  grand- 
 son of  "Old  John  Ogden." 
 
 The  Rev.  Elihu  Spencer  began  to  supply  the  pulpit 
 in  the  Spring  of  1749.  He  remained  pa.stor  about 
 seven  years.  Soon  after  his  departure.  Rev.  Abraham 
 Kettletas  supplied  the  pulpit.  His  ministry  con- 
 tinued nearly  three  and  a  half  years.  The  accounts 
 of  the  treasurer  of  the  congregation,  Samuel  Wood- 
 ruff, show  that  the  salary  of  Mr.  Kettletas  was  paid 
 by  regular  weekly  contributions  on  the  Sabbath. 
 Mr.  Kettletas  resigned  his  pastoral  charge  in  July, 
 1760,  and  was  succeeded,  after  a  vacancj-  in  the  pulpit 
 of  a  year  and  a  half,  by  the  Rev.  James  Caldwell,  who 
 took  so  signal  a  part  in  the  War  of  the  Revolution. 
 Mr.  Caldwell  was  a  Virginian,  born  in  Charlotte 
 county,  in  what  was  then  a  wilderness,  in  April, 
 1734.  A  niece  of  his  was  the  mother  of  the  Hon. 
 John  Caldwell  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina,  the 
 well-known  Senator  and  prominent  Statesman  of  the 
 South.  (See  Mr.  CuUlweirs  sketch.)  The  parish  of 
 Mr.  Caldwell  included  the  whole  of  Elizabethtown, 
 and  the  town  included  nearly  the  whole  of  the  present 
 Union  county;  the  towns  of  Union,  Springfield,  New 
 Providence,  Westfield,  Plainfield,  Rahway,  Linden 
 and  Clark,  having  since  been  organized  out  of  the 
 ancient  territorial  domain  of  Elizabethtown.  The 
 old  church  book  shows  that,  in  1776,  there  were  three 
 hundred  and  forty-five  jiew-renters  and  subscribers 
 in  the  congregation.  The  ruling  elders  at  that  time 
 were  Cornelius  Heatfield,  John  Potter,  Samuel 
 Williams  and  Benjamin  Winans;  Isaac  Woodrufl' 
 Jonathan  AVilliams,  Caleb  Halstead,  David  Ogden, 
 Isaac  Arnett,  Jonathan  Price,  trustees.  In  the  con- 
 gregation, at  the  opening  of  the  Revolution,  were 
 such  men  a.s  William  Livingston,  the  noble  Governor 
 of  the  State,  who,  through  a  storm  of  obloquy  from 
 some  of  his  former  friends,  and  of  bitter  and  unre- 
 lenting hatred  and  plottings  against  his  life  on  the 
 part  of  the  Tories  and  the  British,  remained  steadfast 
 in  his  devotion  to  the  cause  of  freedom,  to  the  final 
 victory;  and  Elias  Boudinot,  whose  sketch  is  else- 
 where given. 
 
 In  the  congregation  at  this  time  also,  was  Abraham 
 Clark,  one  of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  In- 
 dependence; he  had  long  been  a  member  of  the 
 church,  and  was  one  of  its  trustees  from  1786  to 
 1790.  He  was  chosen  seven  times  as  a  delegate  from 
 New  Jersey  to  the  Continental  Congress.  Here,  also, 
 were  the  Hon.  Robert  Ogden  (Speaker  of  the  Assembly 
 at  an  earlier  day),  with  his  three  sons,  Robert,  Mat- 
 
FIRST  CHURCH,  LEA  VENWORTH. 
 
 114- 
 
 FIRST  CHURCH,  TOREK  A. 
 
 thias  and  Aarou,  the  last  two  distinguished  officers 
 in  the  U.  S.  Army;  the  Hon.  Steplien  Crane,  sijeaker 
 of  the  Assembly ;  Elias  Dayton,  and  his  son,  Jonathan, 
 both  of  them  subsequently  general  officers  of  the 
 army,  and  the  latter  Speaker  of  Congress;  William 
 Peartree  Smith,  one  of  the  most  distinguished  civilians 
 of  the  day;  Oliver  Spencer  and  Francis  Barber, 
 both  of  them  colonels  of  the  Jersey  Brigade,  from 
 ■nhom  (ieneral  Alaxwell,  Commandant  of  the  Brigade, 
 .  received  on  all  oeciisions,  and  some  of  them  of  a 
 trying  nature,  most  zealous  and  efficient  co-opera- 
 tion; and  other  such  devoted  patriots,  not  a  few. 
 From  this  one  congregation  went  forth  over  foiii/  com- 
 m  issioned  officers  of  the  Continental  Army,  not  to  speak 
 of  non-commissioned  officer.s  and  privates,  to  light 
 the  battles  of  Independence. 
 
 Mr.  Caldwell's  successors  in  the  pastorate  of  the 
 First  Church  of  Elizabeth  were,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Kol- 
 lock.  Dr.  John  McDowell,  Dr.  Nichohis  Murray  and 
 Dr.  Everard  Kemp,shall,  all  of  whom  are  noticed 
 elsewhere  in  this  volume. 
 
 "It  is  related,"  says  Dr.  Kempshall,  in  his  "  His- 
 torical Sketch"  of  the  Church  (1880),  "that  from 
 the  time  of  commencing  the  work  of  erecting  the 
 church  in  which  we  are  now  assembled,  down  to  its 
 dedication,  in  an  unfinished  state,  that  is  from  July, 
 1784,  to  January,  178G,  the  congregation  were  visited 
 with  a  special  outpouring  of  the  Spirit  of  God.  And 
 from  that  day  on  to  this  hour,  God,  the  God  of  the 
 covenant,  the  "God  of  their  fathers, "  has  gone  before 
 this  people,  leading  them  on  from  generation  to 
 generation,  in  the  way  of  loving  kindness  and  tender 
 mercy;  granting  to  them  the  inestimable  blessing  of 
 dwelling  together  in  "  the  unity  of  the  Spirit  and  in 
 the  bond  of  peace;"  renewing,  from  time  to  time, 
 those  seasons  of  spiritual  harvesting  after  years  of 
 patient  sowing  of  the  seed  of  divine  truth;  and  per- 
 mitting us  in  this  daj'  and  generation  to  be  so  richly 
 the  recipients  of  blessings,  temporal  and  spiritual, 
 vouchsafed  to  us  in  answer  to  the  prayers,  bequeathed 
 as  a  precious  legacy,  of  God-fearing,  Clirist-loving 
 men  and  women  who,  through  two  centuries  have 
 worshiped  God  on  this  sacred  spot,  and  having  served 
 their  day  and  generation  have  "fallen  on  sleep." 
 
 First  Presbyterian  Church,  Leaven'wrorth, 
 Kansas.  The  fir.st  sermon  ever  delivered  in  Leav- 
 enworth, by  a  Presbyterian  minister,  was  in  the  Sum- 
 mer of  IS.j.^,  by  the  Rev.  B.  M.  Hobson,  of  Lexington, 
 Mo.  The  city  was'just  one  year  old.  There  was  no 
 church  building,  and  the  sermon  was  given  from  a 
 dry  goods  box  on  a  street  corner.  The  church  was 
 organized,  January  1st,  185G,  with  nine  members,  by 
 the  Rev.  C.  D.  Martin,  a  missionary  of  the  O.  S.  Board. 
 It  was  the  first  u'Jilte  man's  Preshijterinn  Church  in  the 
 State;  being  preceded  only  by  two  Indian  mission  or- 
 ganizations. There  was  little  done  until  1857,  when 
 the  Rev.  A.  W.  Pitzer,  n.  D.,  now  of  Washington, 
 D.  C,  then  a  young  theological  student  of  Danville 
 Seminary,  accepted  a  call  to  its  pastorate  and  began 
 
 his  labors  in  August  of  that  year.  A  building  was 
 erecteil  and  dedicated  before  lie  came;  Sabbath  school 
 organized,  August  2.'?d,  18.57,  witli  6  teachers  and  18 
 scholars.  Mr.  Pitzer  was  ordained,  January,  1858, 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Highland,  bciiiff  the  first  Presby- 
 terian minister  ever  ordained  in  Kansas.  He  remained 
 until  1861,  when  he  resigned  his  pastorate  and  cast 
 his  lot  with  the  Southern  cause.  11.3  members  had 
 been  received  under  him.  The  church  remained 
 vacant  until  October,  1862,  when  Rev.  William  A. 
 Starrett  came  from  Princeton  Theological  Seminary 
 and  supplied  for  si.K  months.  The  pulpit  was  then 
 vacant  until  June,  18615,  when  the  Rev.  George  S. 
 Woodward  became  the  pastor.  The  church  prospered 
 greatly  under  this  beloved  man.  In  March,  1867, 
 the  First  and  the  Westminster  churches  were  united, 
 keeping  their  two  pastors.  Rev.  Mr.  Woodward  and 
 Rev.  Dr.  .1.  G.  Reaser.  In  December,  1867,  Sir. 
 Woodward  resigned,  because  of  failing  health,  and 
 on  December  3()th,  1867,  the  church  was  divided  into 
 its  two  original  parts,  the  First  Church  returning  to 
 its  old  building.  Rev.  William  L.  Green  was  called 
 as  pastor.  Membership  now  was  160.  Mr.  Green 
 resigned  in  October,  186!1.  In  Jlay,  1870,  the  Rev. 
 William  R.  Brown  was  installed  pastor.  The  present 
 commodious  church  building  was  erected  and  dedi- 
 cated, October  22d,  1871.  Over  70  members  were 
 added  to  the  rolls  of  the  church.  Mr.  Brown  was 
 obliged  to  resign  his  charge  by  ill  health,  on  Febru- 
 ary 2d,  1873.  The  membership  was  163  at  this  time. 
 Rev.  William  N.  Page,  D.  D.,  the  present  pastor,  was 
 called  June  2'Jth,  1873,  and  installed,  December  7th, 
 1873.  It  is  the  largest  and  strongest  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  the  State,  with  a  membership  of  388  and 
 a  Sabbath  school  of  400  members. 
 
 First  Presbsrterian  Church,  Topeka,  Kansas. 
 On  December  19th,  1859,  Rev.  A.  T.  Rankin,  of 
 Highland  Presbytery,  organized  this  church  at  the 
 house  of  Mr.  John  Jackson,  the  members  consisting 
 of  eight  males  and  nine  females.  A  session  was  held 
 February  15th,  1860,  for  securing  the  right  of  corpo- 
 ration. The  first  house  of  worship  was  situated  on 
 the  east  side  of  Kansas  avenue,  between  Seventh  and 
 Eighth  streets.  Rev.  Mr.  Steele  became  pastor 
 in  I860.  The  first  letter  granted  to  this  church 
 was  that  of  Mrs.  Sylvia  Blake,  from  the  North 
 Church  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  to  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa, 
 and  thence  to  Topeka;  recorded  December  23d,  1861. 
 Rev.  Mr.  Steele  died  October  12th,  1864,  aged  sixty- 
 two  years.  From  this  date  to  November,  1865,  the 
 church  was  without  regular  services.  Rev.  S.  T. 
 McLure,  of  Vinoennes,  Ind. ,  a  licentiate,  came  and 
 remained  four  months.  April  5th,  1866,  there  was  a 
 regular  call  given  to  Rev.  .Tohn  Ekin,  D.D.,  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  Miami,  Ohio.  He  was  installed 
 November  6th,  1866.  There  were  then  thirty -seven 
 members.  The  new  chapel,  on  Eighth  and  Kansas 
 avenues,  was  opened  November  5th,  1867.  Novem- 
 ber 28th,  1868,  Rev.  F.  S.  McCabe  came  to  the  church. 
 
FIRST  CHURCH,  WUEELISG,  W.  VA.         114«        FIRST  CHURCH,  WHEELING,  W.  VA. 
 
 and  .Taniiary  1st,  1869,  was  made  pastor,  which  place 
 he  filled  till  April  Ifith,  18H2.  October  15th,  1882, 
 Kev.  H.  W.  George,  of  Geneva,  111.,  was  called  to 
 this  church,  and  January,  188:?,  was  installed.  The 
 present  nienilKTsliip  is  about  4(lf). 
 
 First  Presbsrterian  Church,  M'liidini/.  Went 
 Virginia.  8o  farasciin  be  a-scertained,  the  first  regu- 
 lar preaching  by  any  Christian  denomination  in 
 Wheeling,  tlien  a  small  village,  was  commenced  by 
 tlie  Kev.  James  Hervey,  a  Presbyterian  minister, 
 about  the  close  of  the  year  1812.  In  that  year  he 
 was  licensi'd  to  preach  the  gospel,  and  .soon  afterward 
 began  to  labor  in  the  Forks  of  Wheeling  Church,  and 
 in  the  town  of  Wheeling. 
 
 It  is  said  that  when  he  began  preaching  in  Wheel- 
 ing there  were  but  three  members  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  here.  He  continued  to  preach,  for  a 
 number  of  years,  on  alternate  Sabbaths,  in  these  two 
 places.  Having  no  house  of  worship  in  the  village,  a 
 small  house  on  the  corner  of  Market  alley,  and  some- 
 times the  Court  House,  was  occupied  a,s  the  place  of 
 meeting.  But  in  the  meauwliile  the  population  of  the 
 town  was  increasing,  and  tlicn  first  the  Methodists, 
 and  next  the  Episcopalians  began  to  arrive,  and  each 
 to  provide  for  services  according  to  their  order.  In 
 this  state  of  things  it  became  apparent  to  the  Presby- 
 terians that  they  ought  not  to  remain  satisfied  with- 
 out a  more  complete  organization,  for,  thus  lar,  they 
 had  preaching  only  every  alternate  Sabbath. 
 
 The  Rev.  William  Wylie,  then  preaching  at  West 
 Liberty,  was  consequently  engaged  to  supply  them 
 the  other  half  of  the  time,  in  connection  with  the 
 Rev.  James  Hervey.  This  arrangement  seemed,  for 
 the  time  being,  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  people,  but 
 in  the  end  it  brought  trouble. 
 
 In  the  old  Session  book  is  the  following  record: 
 "The  Presbyterian  Congregation  in  the  town  of 
 Wheeling  was  first  organized  at  a  jiublic  meeting  held 
 on  Tliursday  evening,  September  4th,  1823;  Colonel 
 Archiliald  Woods,  Chairman,  and  .Tames  H.  Forsyth, 
 Secretary.  The  meeting  was  opened  and  clo.sed  with 
 prayer,  by  the  Rev.  James  Hervey. 
 
 "Original  Trustees,  Charles  D.  Knox,  Alexander 
 Caldwell,  P.  B.  Bayless,  John  Laughlin,  James  H. 
 Forsyth;  Tlionuis  Woods,  Treasurer;  Redick  McKee, 
 Secretary." 
 
 The  congregation  was  thus  incorporated  under  a 
 Board  of  Trustees,  but  it  was  nearly  three  years 
 afterward  before  ruling  elders  were  elected;  for  the 
 next  record  we  have  is  this:  "The  Presbyterian 
 CAurcA  in  the  town  of 'ttTieeling,  under  the  pjustoral 
 care  of  the  Rev.  James  Hervey  and  the  Rev.  William 
 Wylie,  wiis  first  organized  by  the  Rev.  Elisha 
 McCurdy,  agreeably  to  an  order  of  1 're.sbytery ,  on 
 Friday,  the  26th  day  of  May,  1826. 
 
 "  Klders  elected — ,\ndrew  Woods,  Sr.,  Peter  W. 
 GaU-,  Redick  McKce,'' 
 
 The  original  number  of  members  of  tlie  church 
 yf aa  forty-four,  of  whom,  so  far  as  is  known,  Redick 
 
 McKee,   Esq.,  is  the  only  one  now  li\^ng.     {See  his 
 sketch. ) 
 
 On  April  Ifith,  1829,  a  call  Wivs  made  by  the  con- 
 gregation for  the  pastoral  services  of  Rev.  James 
 Hervey.  But,  e\ndently,  this  call  was  not  accepted, 
 for  on  May  1.5th,  1830,  as  the  old  Session  book  shows, 
 "the  Rev.  William  AVylie  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church."  This  pastorate,  how- 
 ever, did  not  continue  long,  for  manifestly  there  was 
 want  of  harmony  and  unity  of  action  among  the 
 Presbyterians  of  the  town.  They  were  evidently 
 divided,  for  the  next  record  that  appears  is  in  this 
 language : — 
 
 "A  meeting,  composed  of  the  First  and  Second 
 Presbyterian  congregations  of  the  town  of  Wheeling, 
 was  held  at  the  Presbyterian  Meeting  House,  on 
 Monday  evening,  26tlj  September,  A.D.,  1831,  agree- 
 ably to  the  recommendation  of  the  joint  Committee 
 of  the  aforesaid  congregations. ' ' 
 
 At  this  joint  meeting  of  the  congregations  action 
 was  taken  requesting  Presbytery  to  dissolve  the  two 
 congregations  and  reorganize  a  new  one.  In  compli- 
 ance Avith  this  request,  the  Washington  Pre-sbytery, 
 at  its  meeting  in  Wheeling,  October  5th,  1831,  for- 
 mally dissolved  the  two  congregations  and  in  their 
 stead  formally  erected  a  new  congregation,  with  the 
 style  and  denomination  of  the  Presbyterian  Congre- 
 gation of  A\Tieeling. 
 
 The  new  Board  of  Trustees  elected  was  composed 
 of  the  following  gentlemen:  Thom;vs  Woods,  Treas- 
 urer; James  W.  Clemens,  Secretary;  Samuel  McClel- 
 lan,  James  McConnell,  H.  French,  Archibal'd  S.  Todd, 
 Redick  McKee  and  John  Ritchie.  And  on  February 
 4th,  1832,  John  C.  Bayless,  Nathaniel  Peppard  and 
 Redick  McKee  were  elected  and  installed  ruling 
 elders.  These,  however,  resigned  or  withdrew  soon 
 after,  and  in  their  places  were  chosen  and  installed, 
 on  the  11th  of  Apiil,  1832,  N.  W.  Smith,  John 
 Laughlin  and  Sturley  Cuthbert.  On  tlie  26th  of 
 .lanuary,  1834,  John  C.  Bayless  and  N.  Peppard  were 
 installed  elders.  (See  the  sketches  of  Rev.  James 
 Hervey,  li.  D. ,  and  Rev.  William  Wylie,  D.  D. ) 
 
 The  Rev.  Henry  E.  Weed,  of  the  Presbytery  of 
 Albany,  N.  Y.,  was  unanimou.sly  elected  pastor  of  the 
 church,  February  5th,  1833.  For  reasons  which  were 
 satisfactory  to  himself,  he  did  not  at  once  accept  the 
 call,  but  served  as  stated  supply  of  the  chvirch  for 
 more  than  two  years.  He  was  installed  a-s  pastor, 
 .Tune  16th,  1835.  He  continued  in  the  constant  and 
 faithful  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his  office  for  many 
 years.  In  1860,  beginning  to  feel  his  physical 
 strength  gi\ing  way  under  the  weight  of  increasing 
 years,  he  suggested  to  the  Session  the  propriety  of 
 calling  a  co-pastor.  In  .Tanuary,  1861,  the  Rev.  John 
 .1.  Baker,  of  .Vugusta  county,  Va.,  accepted  a  call  to 
 the  office  of  co-pastor  of  the  church,  and  commenced 
 and  contiiuu'd  to  discharge  the  duties  of  his  office  in 
 a  satisfactory  manner,  from  March  1st,  1861,  until 
 July  Ist,  following,  when  he  resigned. 
 
FIRST  CHURCH,   WILLIA3ISP0RT. 
 
 1149 
 
 FIRST  CHURCH,   WILLIAMSPORT. 
 
 The  Rev.  D.  W.  Fisher  was  installed  as  eo-pastor 
 on  the  first  Sabbath  of  June,  18(52.  Soon  afterward 
 the  Rev.  Dr.  Weed  removed  to  West  I'hiladelphia, 
 where,  on  December  14th,  ls~0,  he  "  I'cU  asleep  in 
 Jesus."  (See  his  sketch.)  Dr.  Fisher  served  the  church 
 faithfully  and  successfully  until  April,  1876,  when, 
 at  his  own  request,  the  pastoral  relation  was  dis- 
 solved. The  Rev.  David  A.  Cunningham  was 
 installed  pastor  of  the  church,  October  Cth,  187(j,  and 
 still  continues  in  this  relation,  beloved  by  his  people, 
 and  largely  bles.scd  in  his  labors. 
 
 First  Presbyterian  Church,  WilUamxport,  Pa. 
 At  the' sessions  of  the  Presbj-tery  of  Northumber- 
 land, held  in  Warrior  Run  Meeting  House,  October 
 3d,  1832,  there  was  presented  an  application  by  the 
 members  of  "  Lycoming  Church,"  living  east  of  Ly- 
 coming Creek,  for  the  organization  of  a  church  to  be 
 known  ijs  the  "Fir.st  Church  of  AVilliamsport. "  The 
 request  was  granted,  and  Presbytery  accordingly 
 passed  an  ordinance,  .setting  off  from  the  Lycoming 
 Church  those  members  living  east  of  Lycoming 
 Creek.  On  February  9th,  1833,  the  Rev.  Daniel  M. 
 Bajber,  by  appointment  of  Pre-sbytery,  organized 
 this  church,  with  an  enrollment  of  thirty-six  members. 
 During  the  first  nine  years  of  its  existence  the  con- 
 gregation worshiped  in  an  old  stone  building  situ- 
 ated on  Third  street,  between  Pine  and  Williams 
 streets,  and  was  served  by  the  following  ministers 
 who  were  stated  supplies,  viz. :  Revs.  Daniel  M.  Bar- 
 ber, Phineas  B.  Marr  and  Samuel  S.  Shedden. 
 
 In  the  year  1838  the  Rev.  John  P.  Hudson  was 
 elected  and  installed  the  first  pa.stor,  and  has  been 
 followed  successively  by  the  Revs.  E.  Bradbm-y,  Alex- 
 ander Heberton,  William  Simington,  George  F.  Cain 
 and  S.  E.  Webster.  The  first  Session  iussumed  the 
 Episcopal  functions  of  the  eldership  on  the  day  of 
 the  organization  of  the  church,  February  •2?,A,  1833. 
 Alexander  Sloan,  John  B.  Hall,  Andrew  D.  Hepburn 
 and  John  Torbert  con.stituted  this  Session. 
 
 On  the  13th  day  of  April,  1841,  articles  of  agree- 
 ment were  made  between  John  Bennet,  Jr.,  Charles 
 Hepburn,  Thomas  Bennet,  Samuel  Lloj'd  and 
 Herman  C.  Piatt,  building  committee,  and  David 
 Simpler  and  Jacob  Meckley,  builders,  to  erect  a 
 ' '  meeting  house  to  be  used  for  religious  worship, ' ' 
 on  the  lot  of  ground  conveyed  and  coniirnied  by 
 Andrew  D.  Hepburn  to  said  Presbyterian  congrega- 
 tion, by  deed,  dated  the  2d  day  of  March,  A.  D. 
 1841,"  said  lot  being  on  the  corner  of  Market  .street 
 and  Tom  alley.  Among  the  subscribers  to  this  first 
 edifice  are  found  the  honored  names  of  Watson,  Ellis, 
 Bennet,  Elliot,  Vanderbelt,  Hepburn,  Packer,  Gib- 
 son, Hays,  Williams,  Coryell,  Allen,  Grier,  Carothers, 
 Cummings,  Huling,  Pollock,  Hall,  Sloan,  Burrows, 
 Updegraff,  Huston,  Fleming,  McCormick  and  Gam- 
 ble. This  church  was  burned  April  6th,  in  the  year 
 1849,  and  rebuilt  in  the  same  year.  It  was  again 
 burned  May  16th,  1859,  and  was  rebuilt  and  dedi- 
 cated October  19th  of  the  same  year. 
 
 The  number  of  additions  to  the  church  since  the 
 organization  has  been  911.  The  present  number  of 
 communittints  in  actual  attendance  is  370.  The 
 largest  additions,  by  examination,  have  been  made 
 in  their  chronological  order  as  follows:  In  the  years 
 1855, 1866, 1876,  1881  and  1882.  During  these  periods 
 the  Spirit  of  God  was  manifestly  present  in  the  con- 
 gregation, with  unusual  power. 
 
 The  Sabbath  school  of  the  church  was  organized 
 in  June,  1827.  It  then  had  au  existence  before  the 
 organization  of  the  church,  and  has  grown  from  a 
 very  small  beginning  to  the  large  and  flourishing 
 school  that  it  is,  with  a  membership  of  two  hundred 
 and  fifty.  Here,  for  years,  the  children  were  trained 
 by  faithful  teachers,  and  from  under  its  influence 
 have  grown  up  men  and  women  who  are  now  an 
 honor  to  the  church.  Besidesthe  parent  school,  there 
 is  a  mission,  now  known  by  the  honored  name  of 
 Finley  Sunday  .school.  It  was  opened  in  the  north- 
 eastern part  of  the  city,  in  the  year  1860,  ami  a  chapel 
 for  its  accommodation  built  by  the  liberality  of  the 
 congregation,  and  this  was  the  first  mission  organized 
 by  any  congregation  in  the  city.  The  school  has 
 a  membership  of  more  than  four  hundred  and 
 fifty. 
 
 On  the  evening  of  November  24th,  1880,  this  con- 
 gregation convened  for  the  purpose  of  considering 
 the  subject  of  erecting  a  new  church,  and  decided  to 
 build.  A  lot  was  chosen,  on  the  corner  of  Third  and 
 Mulberry  streets,  and  on  the  evening  of  July  7th, 
 1882,  the  corner-stone  was  laid,  with  appropriate 
 ceremonies.  The  pastor,  Rev.  S.  E.  Webster,  preached 
 an  appropriate  and  impressive  commemorative  ser- 
 mon, in  the  Old  First  Church,  to  a  crowded  house, 
 September  30th,  1883,  and  on  the  second  Sabbath  of 
 the  next  month  the  new  building,  which  cost  |i65,000, 
 was  dedicated  to  the  worship  of  God,  without  a 
 dollar  of  incumbrance.  On  the  evening  of  that  day 
 a  large  congregation  was  present.  Brief  remarks 
 were  made  by  the  Hon.  R.  P.  Allen,  in  which  he 
 referred  to  the  growth  of  Presbyterianism  in  that 
 Valley,  and  gave  many  reminiscences  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church.  Mr.  Allen  was  followed  by 
 Messrs  O.  H.  Eeighard,  James  M.  Gamble  and  John 
 K.  Hays,  Esq. 
 
 The  church  which  the  congregation  has  since  oc- 
 cupied is  a  very  large  and  beautiful  edifice.  It  has 
 a  frontage  of  one  hundred  and  forty-six  feet  on  one 
 street  and  .seventy  feet  on  the  other.  A  large  square 
 tower,  surmounted  by  a  spire,  stands  on  the  corner. 
 The  tower  rises  to  a  height  of  seventy-five  feet,  and 
 the  spire  surmounting  it  is  about  one  hundred  feet 
 in  height.  The  internal  arrangments  of  the  building 
 are  very  tasteful  and  complete.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Web- 
 ster, the  present  pastor  of  the  congregation,  entered 
 upon  his  duties  here  in  August,  1880,  and  there  has 
 been  a  growth  of  membership,  to  the  number  of  one 
 hundred  and  eighty,  during  the  past  three  and  a 
 \  half  years. 
 
FISH. 
 
 1150 
 
 FLORIDA.  MISSIOXS  IX. 
 
 Fish,  Charles  Hull,  was  the  third  child  of  Eer. 
 John  B.  and  Lncia  (Hull  I  Fish,  and  was  bom  August 
 3d,  1*30,  at  Sidney  Plains,  Delaware  county,  X.  T. 
 His  grandfather.  Eev.  Peter  Fish,  was  widely  known 
 in  his  day.  His  brother  Edward  is  at  present  pastor 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Gilroy,  CaL  >lr.  Fish 
 spent  the  early  years  of  his  life,  tinril  the  age  of 
 nineteen,  in  business  at  Sidney  Plains.  He  came  to 
 CMifomia  in  1S5"2.  and  was  engaged  in  mining  nntU 
 1S67,  when  he  returned  East  In  the  Spring  of  1S59 
 he  started  for  Pike"s  Peak,  and  came  through  to  Vir- 
 ginia City.  Xer..  where  he  held  the  office  of  County 
 Ke<x>rder  for  twelve  years.  From  1*71  to  1*75  he 
 lived  upon  his  ranch  near  Santa  Barbara.  Cal. ,  when 
 he  took  charge  of  the  Bonanza  mines,  as  Secretary, 
 with  his  omc*  at  San  Francisco.  In  1*76  he  was 
 made  President  of  "The  Consolidated  Tirginia  Min- 
 ing Company,"  and  has  held  that  office  to  the  present 
 time. 
 
 Mr.  Fish  was  for  five  years  superintendent  of  the 
 Sabbath  school  and  elder  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  Virginia  City:  superintendent  of  the  Sabbath 
 school  and  elder  of  Howard  Presbyterian  Church,  of 
 San  Frandsco;  and  for  the  last  six  years  has  been 
 superintendent  of  the  Sabbath  school  of  the  Second 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Oakland.  Cal..  and  deacon 
 and  elder  in  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  the 
 same  place.  Mr.  Fish  is  one  of  nature's  favorites: 
 by  constitution  and  temperament  foreordained  to  be 
 popular  and  suceessfiiL  A  singularly  well-balanced 
 mind  and  character,  he  is  qtiick  and  clear  in  his 
 perceptions,  prompt  in  action  and  thorough  in  execu- 
 tion, an  example  of  the  genius  of  common  sense;  and 
 yet  he  is  imaginative,  reflective  and  deeply  spiritual, 
 appreciating  the  beautiful  in  nature  and  art;  enters 
 with  zest  into  philosophical  thought,  and  is  almost  a 
 mystic  in  religious  feeling  and  experience.  But  the 
 traits  of  character  which  have  attracted  hosts  of 
 friends,  and  made  him  one  of  the  m<wt  widely  known 
 men  on  the  Pacific  coast,  are  his  sterling  hon^ty, 
 abotmdii^  good  nature,  boundless  benevolence  and 
 active  charity.  Xo  good  cause  appeals  to  him  in 
 vain,  and  no  ease  of  want  or  snSering  finds  his  ear 
 dnIL  WTiat  Job  say?;  of  himself  (Job  v>>iv  11-171, 
 others  say  of  Mr.  Fish.  | 
 
 Flinn,  "William,  D.D.  IV.  Flinn's  parents  were 
 both  of  the  sttLidy  race  of  Pre>byterians  commonly 
 taUed  Scotch-Irish.  His  fiither  was  an  elder  brother 
 of  the  distinguished  Andrew  Flinn.  D.n..  who,  in  the 
 early  part  of  the  present  centtiry,  was  pastor  of  the 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church  in  Charleston,  S.  C. 
 The  subjeit  of  this  notice  was  bom  in  l*!*,  in  the 
 vi  :r_:Ty  ■;:'  r-.ir'.otte,  X.  C.  Alter  a  complete  aca- 
 dr:i.:L  v' 'Z^-~ ■'■'-' ■'^  ^^  entered  David?»>n  College,  at 
 or  sooa  after  itsorigiital  organization,  and  was  gradu- 
 ated in  1~40.  in  the  first  class  receiving  this  distinc- 
 tion. His  theological  eomse  was  taken  in  the  I 
 Seminary  at  Coltmibia,  S.  C.  In  1*44  he  was 
 Uoensed  bv  the  GatAestaa  Presbvterv.  and  in  Xo- . 
 
 vember.  1S45,  he  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Tuskalotsa.  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Church  at 
 ;  Demopolis.  Ala.  He  removed  to  MilledgevUle.  Ga.. 
 in  1S54,  and  served  the  Church  there  until  1869.  when 
 he  became  pastor  of  the  Thalia  Street,  now  the  ""  Me- 
 morial "  Chtirch.  in  Xew  Orleans.  His  health  being 
 impaired  by  the  climate,  he  took  charge  of  Stuart 
 College,  Clarksville.  Teim..  in  the  interest  of  the 
 Southwestern  Presbyterian  University.  In  1*?2  he 
 removed  to  MobUe,  where  he  now  reades.  as  pastor 
 of  the  Jackson  Street  Church. 
 
 '  Dr.  Flinn  is  a  thoroughly  evangelicaL  an  able  and 
 instructive  preacher.  His  mind  being  analytical 
 Through  its  native  impulses,  his  preaching  is  largely 
 expository.  He  delights  in  tracing  the  k^cal  rela- 
 rions  of  one  truth  to  another,  and  in  connecting  every 
 duty  which  he  inculcates  with  the  doctrine  in  which 
 it  is  founded.  Partly  from  this  tendency  of  his  men- 
 tal habits,  and  partly  frt>m  a  fondnes  and  aptitude 
 '  6x  teadtiMg — in  the  wide  sense  of  the  term — his  dis- 
 courses are  addressed  to  the  tmderstanding  and  the 
 conscience  rather  than  to  the  imagination  or  the 
 emotions.  They  are,  however,  interesting  as  well  as 
 profitable  to  both  classes  of  his  hearers — to  the  more 
 intellectual,  nv>m  the  information  and  food  fosr  reflec- 
 tion they  afford:  to  the  le^  intellectual,  from  the 
 lucid  arrangement  and  expression  of  the  thou^ts; 
 and  to  alL  from  the  valuable  lemons  in  truth  and 
 duty  they  enforce.  Owing  to  self  dimdeiK-e.  or  some 
 similar  obstacle,  he  has  not.  to  the  extent  that  is 
 desired,  given  to  the  public  through  the  medium  of 
 the  press,  the  fruits  of  his  fine  talents  and  scholarship: 
 nor  has  he  aspired  to  that  prominence  in  the  higher 
 ,  courts  of  the  Church,  which  some  much  inferior  to 
 him  in  qualifications  have  attained.  He  is.  however, 
 regarded,  by  all  who  are  acquainted  with  his  worth, 
 as  an  ornament  of  the  Southern  Church. 
 
 Florida,  Missions  in.  The  First  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  East  Florida  was  organized  by  ■WTUiam 
 McWhir,  in  192-1.  at  St.  Augustine.  He  had  for 
 many  years  been  laboring  in  Georgia,  in  the  eoonties 
 to  the  south  of  Savannah,  but  in  consequence  of  a 
 rejaesentation  of  the  destitution  of  the  means  of 
 grace  in  this  field,  was  induc-ed  to  visit  it.  He 
 accordingly  constituted  a  Presbyterian  church,  or- 
 dainvd  elders,  and  engaged  in  collectiijg  the  requisite 
 funds  for  building  a  church  edifice,  and  in  dne  time 
 had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  his  object  aeomi^ished. 
 
 At  the  time  he  visited  this  reeently-aequired  tani- 
 Mwy  there  was  not  a  Protestant  minister  within  its 
 botmds.  A  mi^onary  of  the  Methodist  Church  had 
 been  laboring  there,  but  had  left  Eev.  Eleazar  La- 
 throp  preached  fw  some  time  in  St.  Augustine,  and 
 with  encouraging  success^  On  his  way  to  Xew  V«»k, 
 in  the  Spring  of  1*24,  to  collect  ftmds.  he  laid  the 
 condition  of  the  Presbyterian  Society  to  which  he  had 
 ministered  before  the  Synod  of  Sooth  Csndiiia  and 
 Ge<w^a,  by  whom  his  agency  was  aidorsed:  and  it 
 seems  probable  that  the  mi-gia^n  <rf  Mc-Whir  was  . 
 
FOOT. 
 
 llol 
 
 FBLSBIE. 
 
 by  lie  iq><eseirtatkMis  of  Mr.  Lathiop.  the  late  Sfaedo^  J.  Andrews  and  James  M.  Hoyt. 
 The  importance  of  aid  fix  tbe  oection  ot  a  place  of  This  firm  beesune  distiDgm^ied  throu^ioat  Xortbem 
 -WQCsliip  was  obrioDS,  and  both  McWliir  and  Lathn^  Ohio  lor  the  amoont  of  badness  dcme  and  for  booor- 
 'woe  aetiT«  asd  eneigetie  in  tbeir  ai^IicatimB  £Dr  aUe  chaiacter.  He  -«r^  a  monb^  of  tbe  Ctrv-  Coon- 
 he^  Tfce  last  m«s  appointed.  prtTioos  to  his  retnm  cil,  of  the  Hoi^e  of  EepresentatiTes.  and  of  the  State 
 fron  his  ddketing  toor,  br  the  Miasionarj-  Board  of  Senate.  For  more  than  twenty  years  he  was  one  of 
 the  AsEonbly,  to  labor  in  tbe  field  in  which  he  had  the  three  commisaaaeis  of  the  State  Beform  School, 
 beetMne  so  deeper  inteiested.  He  spent  foor  months  of  and  vi^ted  amilar  Insdtntioras  in  other  States  and  in 
 labor,  in  1^4.  at  St.  An^ostiiie.  and  two  in  Pensacola.  Enrope,  to  leam  their  pnKitiees. 
 
 The  ehorefa  of  St.  Augustine  was  for  sereral  years 
 the  only  one  in  East  Florida.  It  stood  ONUKCted 
 witli  Cbadestoo  UniiMi  Presbytoy,  and  ecmseqaently, 
 with    tiie    Synod    of   Soath  Cunjina  and  Ge«H]gia. 
 
 He  came  to  Cleveland  one  year  before  the  settle- 
 ment of  the  late  Dr.  Samnel  C.  *?t:«Hi  and  for 
 nearly  fifty  years  has  been  an  dd^  in  the  First,  or 
 "Old  Stone"  Church.     His  religions  character  h:» 
 
 After  Mr.  Lathrc^  left,  on  arecDunt  of  ill  health,  it  erer  beat  above  question,  and  rery  few  men  of  his 
 was  sopplied  by  E.  H.  Soowdea,  soit  oat  and  sits-  pit^saon  have  been  so  active  in  Christian  work.  In 
 tained  by  the  American  Hone  Missionary  Society.  Presbytery,  Synod  and  General  Assembly,  he  h^ 
 He  commenced  his  labels  in  1^31.  Tbe  Sabbath  afts-  many  times  been  a  disdi^nished  member.  His  ad- 
 Us  arnral  the  Presbyterian  CM^ie^tioii  eonvoied,  dresses  are  off-hand,  exeeedin^y  animated,  with 
 for  the  first  time,  in  the  new  bnildii^  which,  for  sufficient  hnmor  to  eieite  most  pleasing  interest. 
 years,  they  had  been  en^iged  in  oectii^  and  which  Though  he  has  passed  his  fourscore  years,  he  is  in 
 aSorAtA.  than  "very  pleasant  accommodatiooSu"  robust  health,  erect,  reads  and  writes  without  glasses. 
 Tot  ahnost  toi  years  they  "  bad  been  in  tbe  wilder-  and  as  full  of  animation  as  when  he  graduated  &tHn 
 nesB,  withoot  rest  or  shelter; "  and  it  was  cheering  to    c-oUege,  sixty  years  ago.    Though  his  resideiK-e  is  two 
 
 tbe^at  last  to  be  permitted  to  wtxship  in  their  own 
 taberaade. 
 
 Tlie  Sabbath  sefaotd,  previoady  langnishhig  was 
 lerrved.     An  advance  was  mani&st  in  mocais  and 
 
 miles  &Dm  his  church,  no  member  is  more  regular  in 
 attendance,  both  morning  and  evening.  The  weekly 
 prayer-^neeting  with  no  John  A.  Foot  in  it  would  be 
 a  decided  novelty.  In  ^oportion  to  his  ability  he  is 
 Jfi^iwi      In  tite  surruiindiig  country  other  Sunday  '  a  liberal  contributor  to  all  religious  and  charitable 
 
 sAndsweie  institoted;  and  Mr.  Snowden  wrote,  ''I 
 hopeyoawin  said  on  laisioDaries  to  Florada;  but  I 
 would  adv^e  none  to  eooie  who  eannot  endure  hard- 
 ness as  good  soldiers  of  Jesos  Christ." 
 
 In  1SS7  a  ehureh  ai  seven  members  was  reported 
 at  Manrlarin  and  <»e  of  fifty-ODe  monbeis  at  Talla- 
 
 In  l'^5?2  the  Presbytery  of  Florida  reported  eleven 
 ministers  and  twenty  churches,  with  a  membership 
 of  seven  hundred  and  eighty-seven,  and  the  Presby- 
 tery of  St.  Johis  ei^t  ministers  and  sixteen  churches. 
 
 purposes.  If  lett  to  popolar  choice,  tbe  vote  that 
 3Ir.  Foot  shoQld  live  eighty  years  longer  would  be 
 unanimous. 
 
 Foster,  Bev.  Edward  P.,  is  the  oldest  chad  of 
 William  and  W.  A.  Powell i  Foster,  and  was  bom  at 
 Bloom  Furnace,  Scioto  county,  Ohio,  October  5th, 
 l^■53.  He  graduated  at  Slarietta  College,  Ohio,  in 
 157-L  studied  theology  at  Xew  Haven  Yale  Seminarv) 
 two  years,  l?T4-76.  and  graduated  at  Union  Seminary, 
 Xew  York,  in  IfTT.  He  then  went  to  Kangi,t_  be- 
 ginning work  at  Florence,  in  June,  and  was  ordained 
 
 with  a  membership  of  four  hondred  and  ninety-two.  at  Osage  city  by  the  Presbytery  of  Emi»oria,  in  the 
 
 Foot,  John  Alfred,  wsb  bom  in  Xew  Havoi.  Fall  of  l?r7.   He  remained  at  Florence  until  August. 
 
 Conn.,  Xovember  2M,  1^08.     Few  men  can  point  l-?!50,  when  he  went  to  Germany,  and  attended  theo- 
 
 bai^  to  a  more  wnrthy  ancestry  than  ilr.  Foot.     His  l<Dgical  lectures  for  the  ^Vinter  term  at  Berlin,  and 
 
 great-grandnthfT  was  Bev.  John  Hall,  and  his  grand-  for  tbe  Spring  term  at  Leipac     Then  he  retamed  to 
 
 father,  Kev.  John  Foot     They  were  distinguished  TTaiygis^   ^tending  two  years  preaching  at  Eureka. 
 
 defgymoi  of  their  age,  and  tme  afier  the  other  they  Caldwell  and  Florence,  when  he  ac-cepted  an  invita- 
 
 hddHfae  <rf5ee  of  pastor  of  the  Coi^re^tKmal  Church  tion  to  solely  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Parfcville, 
 
 in  Cheshire,  Coim.,  Ux  the  l<»g  period  of  one  bun-  Mo.,  coming  there  in  September,  Is^      This  is  the 
 
 dredyearsL    His  father  was  successively  a  re{Hresenta-  church  attoided  by  the  students  of  Park  College 
 
 tireinGH^ress,  GovBrnn- of  Conmctieat,  and  United  now  aboot  two  hundred  i.      He  has  also  a  share 
 
 States  Soiatar.     Wlifle  in  the  Senate  he  introduced  in  the  college  instruction,  Tw^ring  some  of  the  recita- 
 
 flie  icMjluUon  npon  poUie  lands  which  bron^it  up  tions  of  Senior  and  Juniiv  elases.     Mr.  Ffieter  is  a 
 
 the  great  debate  betweoi  Hagne  and  WebgeT.     Mr.  gentleman  of  scholarly  attainments,  an  able  preacher, 
 
 Foot  is  a  brother  of  tbe  late  Admiral  Andrew  Hull  and  a  fidthfal  and  s^ccesfal  pastor. 
 Foot,  of  distingni^ied  naval  feme.     He  graduated  at  j     Prisbie,  Edward  S. ,  D.D.,  was  bora  in  Sleredith, 
 
 Yale  OAege  at  the  age  of  twenty  years,  studied  law  ;  Delaware  county,  X.  Y.,  in   1*37.    He  graduated  at 
 
 at  litdiSeld,  aid  ^aetieed  that  profesaon  at  Cheshire  Amherst  College,  with   honor,  in  1*60.     Two  years 
 
 fiir  seven  yearsu     At  the  ^e  of  thirty  he  removed  to  of  teaching  in  the  classical  department  at  Wllliston 
 
 Oerdand,  O.,  and  formed  a  law  partnership  with  .seminary  were  followed  by  <Hie  of  studv  in  Union 
 
GALES  VILLE  UNIVERSITY. 
 
 1152 
 
 GALESVILLE  UXIVEBSITY. 
 
 Theological  Seminary,  at  the  end  of  which,  having 
 decided  to  make  teaching  his  profession,  he  accepted 
 an  invitation  to  the  principalship  of  the  High  School 
 at  Amherst,  5Iass.,  and  while  tliere,  completed  his 
 course  of  theological  study,  under  the  direction  of 
 Professors  in  the  Faculty. 
 
 During  the  twelve  years,  from  1863  to  1875,  his 
 fruitful  work,  di^^ded  somewhat  equally  between 
 Amherst  and  Northampton,  in  Massachusetts,  and 
 BLnghamton,  New  York,  pushed  the  high  schools  in 
 those  three  places  to  a  noticeably  improved  and  high 
 grade  of  excellence,  and  secured  for  him  a  fine  repu- 
 tation as  instructor  and  educational  organizer,  which 
 led  to  his  being  called,  in  1875,  to  the  Presidency  of 
 Wells  College  for  Young  Ladies,  at  Aurora,  N.  Y. , 
 which  position  he  still  occupies  (1884),  with  growing 
 usefulness  and  success. 
 
 The  degree  of  D.  D. ,  was  conferred  upon  him  by 
 his  Alma  Mater,  in  1878,  and  at  some  time  during  the 
 same  year  he  declined  an  invitation  to  the  Princi- 
 palship of  Williston  Seminary. 
 
 His  characteristic  qualities  as  a  teacher  are:  thor- 
 oughness and  breadth  and  utmost  accuracy  of  schol- 
 arshiij ;  exemplary  neatness  and  beauty  in  every  visible 
 work  of  his  hands;  line  connoisseurship  in  art,  and 
 mastery  in  that  of  music;  great  firmness  of  discipline, 
 with  a  manner  mar velously  quiet  and  gentle ;  a  cease- 
 less aspiration  for  higher  standards  and  more  perfect 
 attainments  in  educational  work;  a  wise  skill  in 
 arranging  courses  of  study  in  a  college  curriculum, 
 together  with  a  conscientiou.s  and  vigilant  regard  to 
 the  spiritual,  as  well  as  intellectual,  training  of  his 
 pupils.  These  characteristics  have  placed  him  among 
 the  best  educators  of  our  land. 
 
 G 
 
 Galesville  University,  Wisconsin.  The  origi- 
 nator, the  chief  promoter  of  the  interests  of  this  Institu- 
 tion  during  his  life,  the  largest  giver  to  its  funds,  and 
 first  President,  both  of  Trustees  and  Faculty,  was 
 Hon.  George  Gale.  He  was  a  native  of  Vermont,  and 
 a  lawyer  by  profession.  He  selected  the  town  site, 
 laid  out  the  tillage  and  had  the  county  seat  located 
 in  it,  all  in  view  of  the  Institution  of  learning  which 
 he  had  projected.  Indeed,  his  thought  was  to  estab- 
 lish this  as  the  seat  of  liberal  culture  for  the  Upper 
 Mi.ssissippi  Valley. 
 
 The  site  was  chosen  with  reference  to  the  extra- 
 ordinary natural  beauties  of  the  location.  And  the 
 subsequent  development  of  the  region  by  the  con- 
 struction of  railways  and  the  business  expansion  has 
 procured  for  it  unrivaled  advant;iges  of  situation.  In 
 sight  of  the  great  father  of  waters,  at  that  point  where 
 the  grandest  natural  beauties  stud  its  banks,  and 
 where  it  is  flanked  by  the  two  largest  lines  of  thor- 
 oughfare on  the  Continent,  with  another  passing  by, 
 and  a  fourth  projected,  and  yet  just  removed  from 
 the  dust  and  noise  of  this  great,  throbbing  artery, 
 running  through  the  heart  of  the  Northwest,  in  a 
 secluded  valley,  nestling  amid  the  most  enchanting 
 scenery,  this  early  choice  of  position  has  nothing  left 
 to  wish  for  to-day.  Central,  accessible,  every  surround- 
 ing healthful,  amid  society  cultured,  moral,  indus- 
 trious, frugal,  no  spot  can  surpass  it  in  desirableness 
 iis  a  place  for  successful  training  of  the  young. 
 
 The  charter  was  obtained  in  1854;  tiie  school  was 
 opened  in  1859;  the  building  was  erected  in  1860.  Its 
 scheme  comprised  a  true  University  curriculum.  The 
 Board  arranged:  1.  A  Normal  and  I'rimary  Departs 
 ment.  2.  A  Scientific  and  Classical.  :{.  Agricultural 
 and  Mechanical.    4.  Law.    5.  Medical.    6.  Theology. 
 
 To  these  were  afterwards  appended,  or  organized  in 
 conjunction  with  the  University,  "The  Upper  Mis- 
 sissippi Historical  Society"  and  a  Missionary  Associa- 
 tion. It  was  designed  partly,  too,  as  manual  labor 
 in  its  provisions,  and  has  still  a  fine  body  of  land  at- 
 tached allotted  for  that  use. 
 
 It  was  at  once  encumbered  with  scholarships,  which 
 now  have  nearly  all  expired  or  been  eliminated  and 
 canceled.  Its  tracts  of  valuable  lands  were  needed 
 and  used  for  building  or  for  current  expenses;  so  that, 
 at  the  end  of  eighteen  years,  it  was  found  exhausted. 
 
 Devised  and  chartered  originally  only  as  "an  insti- 
 tution of  liberal  culture,"  this  independence  of 
 denominational  affinity  was  it  weakness.  And  at  the 
 outset  of  its  active  career  Judge  Gale,  himself  a 
 Methodist,  obtained  an  act  from  the  Legislature  and 
 then  succeeded  in  inducing  the  Northwest  Wisconsin 
 ConferenceoftheM.  E.  body  to  espouse  its  maintenance 
 and  control.  That  act  empowered  the  body  to  elect  a 
 majority  of  its  trustees,  the  local  board  being  self- 
 perpetuating,  but  its  members  chosen  bj' joint  ballot 
 with  those  appointed  by  Conference.  In  1877  this 
 franchise  was  transferred  by  the  Legislature  te  the 
 Presbytery  of  Chippewa.  The  Presbytery  has  be- 
 come itself  incorporated,  so  as  to  enable  it  the  more 
 effectively  and  safely  to  discharge  the  trust,  in  the 
 holding  of  lands  and  disposal  of  funds. 
 
 The  curriculum  of  Galesville  University,  although 
 retaining  the  corporate  title  aud  powers,  has,  under 
 the  present  management,  been  adjusted  to  the  de- 
 mands of  the  times  and  of  the  region.  It  has  now 
 Preparatory  and  Collegiate  departments.  It  has 
 arranged  courses  of  instruction  in  Classics,  Ancient 
 and  Modern,  in  Science,  in  Normal  Training  and  in 
 Business,   with  Music  and    Painting.      And   while 
 
GALT. 
 
 1153 
 
 GILLELAND. 
 
 prescribing  no  denominational  requirements  or  pref- 
 erences,  it  bears  distinctly  over  all  and  through  all 
 exercises,  its  true,  distinct  aim,  the  expansion  and 
 direction,  as  well  as  furnishing  of  the  whole  man — 
 both  sexes  alike — the  heart  first,  the  intellect  and 
 physical  capabilities  in  their  full  place. 
 
 A  creditable  list  of  useful  ministers,  of  honored  men 
 in  professional  and  business  pursuits,  and  in  happy 
 families,  graces  the  list  of  its  pupils  and  graduates. 
 Since  the  change  of  control  it  has  grown  yearly  in 
 efficiency  and  patronage.  Tliough  pressed  by  the 
 embarrassment  attending  a  regenerated  career.  It 
 has  justified  the  hopes  and  repaid  the  efibrts  of  its 
 increasing  ranks  of  most  devoted  friends,  sending  out 
 yearly  its  trained  young  men  and  women  into  higher 
 preparations  for  the  Christian  ministry,  into  the 
 teacher's  place  and  to  the  leadership  of  society. 
 
 On  the  9th  of  January,  1884,  a  fire  caught  and  con- 
 sumed the  interior  of  its  fine  edifice,  leaving  its  bare 
 walls.  The  authorities  at  once  took  mea.sures  for 
 rebuilding,  and  it  is  expected  that  the'^renovated 
 structure  will  be  ready  for  the  opening  of  the  next 
 school  year. 
 
 Eev.  S.  W.  Fallows  (since  Bishop  Fallows)  was 
 the  first  Principal.  Then  J.  S  Faiber  and  H.  Gilli- 
 land.  Since  it  has  been  under  Presbyterian  manage- 
 ment, J.  W.  McLo^^Ty  held  the  office  of  President 
 for  six  years.  At  present,  Rev.  J.  Irwm  Smith,  D.D., 
 discharges,  as  Vice-president,  the  duties  of  that 
 office. 
 
 Gait,  Rev.  Thomas,  wa,s  the  fifth  child  of  Rev. 
 Thomas  and  Sarah  Happer  Gait,  and  was  born  in 
 Springfield,  111.,  July  10th,  1844.  He  graduated,  in 
 1865,  from  Wa-shlngtou  and  Jefferson  College,  Wa,sh- 
 ington.  Pa.,  and  studied  theology  in  the  Northwestern 
 Theological  Seminary,  Chicago,  111.  From  this  he 
 graduated  in  April,  1868,  having  been  licensed  by  the 
 Chicago  Presbytery,  in  April,  1867.  In  August,  1868, 
 he  took  charge  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Aurora, 
 111.,  and  the  following  May  he  was  ordained  and 
 installed  as  pa.stor  of  this  church,  a  position  which 
 he  still  holds.  After  the  reunion  his  church  was 
 included  in  Ottawa  Presbytery,  and  of  this  body  Mr. 
 Gait  is  the  Stated  Clerk.  Though  a  man  of  great 
 modesty,  he  is  highly  esteemed  as  a  preacher;  and 
 as  a  pastor  he  has  few  equals.  He  inherits  his 
 father's  good,  clear  judgment,  as  well  as  a  good  share 
 of  his  pulpit  ability. 
 
 Gardner,  James,  D.D.  Dr.  Gardner  was  born 
 in  Ballymena  county,  Antrim,  Ireland,  December 
 3d,  1828.  He  came  from  a  long  continued  and  decided 
 Presbyterian  lineage,  who  had  the  blood  of  the  mar- 
 tyrs in  their  veins.  After  finishing  his  preparatory 
 studies,  he  received  his  collegiate  and  theological 
 course  in  the  college  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Ireland.  Coming,  with  his 
 father's  family,  to  this  country,  in  1852,  in  the  Sum- 
 mer of  that  year  he  was  licensed  by  the  O.  S.  Pres- 
 byterj'  of  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.,  and  in  the  following 
 "73 
 
 Autumn  took  charge  of  the  Church  at  Hammond,  in 
 that  Presbytery,  where  he  remained  for  seventeen 
 years.  From  that  place  he  was  called  to  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Canton,  where  he  has  now  been  a 
 successful  and  most  useful  pastor  for  some  fourteen 
 years.  In  1868  he  received  from  Hamilton  College 
 the  degree  of  A.  M.,  and  that  of  D.D.  from  the  same 
 coUege,  in  1878.  The  Presbytery  of  Ogdensburg  was 
 one  of  the  first  to  overture  the  General  Assembly  in 
 favor  of  "Reunion;"  and  Dr.  Gardner,  in  handing 
 in  the  overture  to  the  Assembly  of  1862,  was  the  first, 
 and  it  is  believed  the  only  one,  who  spoke  in  favor  of 
 its  adoption.  Several  young  men  from  the  churches 
 under  his  pastoral  care  have  entered  the  ministry ; 
 one  of  his  sous  is  a  diligent  and  faithful  minister  of 
 our  Church,  and  another  is  preparing  for  the  same 
 sacred  profession.  Dr.  Gardner  is  an  able  and  faith- 
 ful preacher,  and  a  diligent  and  successful  pastor; 
 always  at  work,  presenting  truth  instructively  and 
 .strongly,  and  with  rich  and  varied  illustration,  and 
 is  always  listened  to  with  interest  and  profit.  He 
 has  been  Moderator  of  the  Synod  of  Central  New 
 York  for  several  years,  has  been  Stated  Clerk  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  meetings  of  which 
 he  is  always  present.  As  to  its  business  he  is  always 
 intelligently  attentive,  and  in  all  that  relates  to  the 
 interests  of  education,. or  the  advancement  and  pro.s- 
 perity  of  the  Church,  whether  at  home  or  abroad, 
 few,  if  any,  of  our  pastors  are  more  intelligent,  or 
 active,  or  earnest  than  he  has  always  been. 
 
 Gilleland,  Rev.  Leland  McAboy,  second  son 
 of  Robert  Gilleland  and  Sarah  (Hutchinson), his  wife, 
 was  born  in  Butler  couuty.  Pa.,  June  7th,  1843. 
 Having  graduated  from  Washington  and  Jeflersou 
 College,  at  Canonsburg,  Pa.,  in  1868,  he  entered  the 
 same  year  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Chicago,  where 
 he  spent  three  years,  gradiiating  in  1871. 
 
 In  1870  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Chicago,  and  immediately  upon  leaving  the  Semi- 
 nary he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Church  of  White 
 Pigeon,  Mich.,  where  he  was  ordained  and  installed 
 in  April,  1871.  In  August,  1877,  he  accepted  a  call 
 to  the  Church  of  Tidioute,  Pa.,  where  he  remained 
 until  January,  1884,  when  he  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 Walnut  Street  Church  of  Evansville,  Ind.,  where  he 
 immediately  entered  upon  his  pastoral  work.  In 
 addition  to  his  other  labors,  Mr.  Gilleland  has  always 
 taken  special  interest  in  educational  matters  in  his 
 own  community,  and  for  a  time  taught  Latin  and  ' 
 Greek  in  the  High  School  of  Tidioute,  delivering  also, 
 at  stated  intervals,  to  the  school  a  course  of  lectures 
 upon  special  subjects.  During  the  Summer  of  1881 
 he  spent  a  vacation  of  several  months  in  traveling 
 through  Great  Britain  and  on  the  Continent,  and  his 
 popular  lectures  upon  subjects  suggested  by  his  travels 
 have  been  received  with  great  favor  and  appreciative 
 interest.  He  has  always  been  a  tireless  worker,  a 
 zealous  preacher,  full  of  life  and  enthusiasm,  and 
 withal  a  tender  pastor  and  a  prudent  man  of  aSatrs. 
 
GILMER. 
 
 11. ->4 
 
 GLADE  BUN  CHURCS. 
 
 His  preseat  charge,  in  the  second  largest  city  of  the 
 State,  is  one  of  wide  influeuce. 
 
 Gilmer,  Rev.  Thomas  "Walker,  was  born  in 
 Charlotte ville,  Va.,  about  the  year  1834.  He  was 
 the  son  of  Governor  T.  W.  Gilmer,  one  of  the  victims 
 of  the  bursting  of  a  large  gun  on  tlie  war  steamer 
 Princeton.  Left,  by  this  sad  disaster,  without  a 
 father,  the  duty  of  rearing  him  and  his  brothers  and 
 sisters,  all  of  tender  years,  devolved  on  their  widowed 
 mother,  who,  by  education  and  piety,  w;is  well  pre- 
 pared for  the  task.  After  graduation  in  the  Univer- 
 sity of  Virginia,  he,  with  his  brt)tlier  next  to  him  in 
 age,  were  received  under  the  care  of  "West  Hanover 
 Presbytery,  in  1859,  and  together  licensed,  April, 
 186:2.  His  first  choice  of  a  profession  while  yet  with- 
 out Christ  was  the  law.  After  a  few  years'  practice 
 of  his  profession  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  all  his  plans 
 of  life  were  suddenly  and  effectually  changed  by  the 
 power  of  the  truth,  under  the  "  demonstration  of  the 
 Spirit;''  not  taking  counsel  with  "  flesh  and  blood," 
 lie  gave,  fully  and  cordially,  to  his  Eedeemer,  the 
 talents  with  which  he  had  beeu  endowed,  and  entered, 
 with  his  whole  heart,  on  the  work  of  the  ministry. 
 After  the  war  he  settled  as  pastor  of  the  Church  in 
 Fredericksburg,  Ya..  In  study,  preaching  and  pas- 
 toral work  he  illustrated  the  traits  he  had  devel- 
 oped as  a  private  Christian,  in  self-denying,  humble, 
 iJrayi'rAil  and  zealous  work  for  the  Master.  On  the 
 5th  of  April,  18G9,  in  the  full  vigor  of  manhood,  he 
 was  suddenly  stricken  by  death,  and  his  loving  and 
 beloved  people  were  called  to  mourn  his  loss,  sadly 
 contrasted  with  the  joy  they  had  felt  the  day  before 
 while  hearing  from  his  lips  the  blessed  truths  of  the 
 Gospel. 
 
 G-ilmore,  Moses.  The  subject  of  the  following 
 sketch,  was  born  near  Dublin,  Ireland,  in  1749.  He 
 was  brought  up  and  educated,  until  the  seventeenth 
 year  of  his  age,  in  Derry,  so  famous  in  the  annals  of 
 Irish  Protestantism,  and  then  removed  to  America, 
 with  an  uncle,  and  settled  in  Hanover  to^vnship, 
 then  of  Lancaster,  now  of  Dauphin  county,  Pa. 
 Having  returned  to  Ireland  on  business,  some  few 
 weeks  later,  the  Eevolutianary  "War  broke  out  during 
 his  absence,  and  his  return  was  rendered  impossible 
 until  alter  the  declaration  of  peace,  in  1783.  "When, 
 in  ITS.),  Harrisburg  was  made  the  county  seat  of 
 Dauphiu  county,  Mr.  Gilraore  removed  hither,  and 
 established  himself  as  a  merchant  in  Market  Square. 
 Here  he  was  chosen  elder  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
 in  1794.  From  the  descriptions  given  of  him  by  the 
 older  members  of  the  Church,  as  he  appeared  before 
 age  had  bent  his  form  and  interfered  with  the  elas- 
 ticity of  his  step,  he  must  have  been  a  gentleman  of 
 remarkably  fine  personal  appearance.  He  was  till 
 and  well-proportioned,  grave  and  dignified,  and  wore, 
 as  was  customary  with  gentlemen  of  his  standing  in 
 society,  the  cue,  cocked  hat,  short  breeches  and  sil- 
 ver-buckled shoes  of  that  and  the  earlier  Revolution- 
 ary  age.     He  was  a  man  of  stately  bearing  and 
 
 courtly  manners,  hnd  his  tall,  manly  form,  clothed 
 in  the  dress  peculiar  to  gentlemen  of  the  olden  times, 
 would  command  involuntary  respect.  He  was  a 
 mo.st  worthy  citizen,  and  a  man  of  sterling  integrity, 
 sincere,  incorrupt  and  straightforward  in  all  his  deal- 
 ings. In  Christian  character  he  was  decidedly  old  side, 
 and  in  this  day  of  so  much  that  is  easy,  fictitious 
 aud  sensational  in  religious  life  and  manners,he  would, 
 no  doubt,  be  regarded  as  severe,  cold  and  Puritanic, 
 but  in  him  and  his  associates  there  was,  in  their 
 reverent  and  high-toned  piety,  a  solid  realness  that 
 could  well  do  without  the  more  attractive,  but  less 
 substantial,  piety  of  many  in  modern  times.  Many 
 incidents  are  still  rehearsed  that  illustrate  the  char- 
 acter of  this  good  and  strong-minded  man.  When 
 ■selling  goods,  he  was  often  heard  to  tell  his  cus- 
 tomers, "Tak  it  if  ye  like,  ye' 11  perhaps  find  some- 
 thing better  at  some  ither  place.''  The  precentor 
 was  one  day  greatly  troubled  to  find  a  tune  of  the 
 right  metre  for  the  psalm  that  was  to  be  sung.  After 
 failing  once  or  twice,  the  voice  of  Sir.  Gilmore  was 
 heard  from  another  part  of  the  church:  "Tut,  mon, 
 tak  anither  tune."  Moses  Gilmore  died,  revered  by 
 all,  in  Juue,  18:25,  in  the  seventy-seventh  year  of  his 
 age,  and  the  thirtj'-tburth  year  of  his  eldership. 
 
 Glade  Run  Churcll,  Prcsbtjtery  of  KHtuning,  Pa. 
 This  church  was  organized  in  1808,  with  eight  mem- 
 bers, by  Rev.  Robert  McGarragh,  whose  ministerial 
 life  was  spent  in  the  bounds  of  what  is  now  the 
 Presbytery  of  Clarion,  but  at  the  organization  of  this 
 church  the^Presbytery  of  Redstone.  It  was  the  first 
 church  of  any  denomination  organized  in  Armstrong 
 county,  east  of  the  Allegheny  river.  Rev.  David 
 Barclay  was  stated  supply  from  1819  to  1825,  or  there- 
 about. Rev.  E.  D.  Barret  was  the  first  pastor,  in- 
 stalled in  1828  and  resigned  in  1840.  Rev.  James  D. 
 Mason  was  pastor  from  1843  to  1849;  Rev.  C.  Forbes, 
 from  July,  1849,  to  Slay,  1856.  The  church  pros- 
 pered under  the  zealous  and  self-denying  labors  of 
 these  able  and  godly  men,  and  early  took  a  leading 
 part  with  surrounding  churches  in  temperance,  Sab- 
 bath school  aud  mission  work.  It  has  been  served 
 from  the  resignation  of  Mr.  Forbes  until  now  by  the 
 present  pastor. 
 
 There  are  but  fragments  of  records  up  to  1836,  but 
 from  these  it  is  evident  that  there  must  have  been 
 enrolled  in  this  church  near  one  thousand  members. 
 Since  1.856  five  hundred  and  twenty-three  names  have 
 heen  added  to  the  roll,  three  hundred  and  thirty-two 
 of  them  on  examination.  The  present  membership 
 is  two  hundred  and  forty.  These  figures  show  how 
 hard  it  is  for  country  churches,  constantly  reduced 
 by  emigration  to  the  AVest  and  to  the  cities,  to  keep 
 up  the  roll  of  membership. 
 
 Twenty-four  young  men,  members  of  this  church  by 
 examination,  have  within  about  that  many  years 
 entered  the  ministry,  besides  a  number  of  others  who 
 have  been  members  while  attending  (ilade  Run 
 Academy,  which,  by  organization  and  nurture,  is  a 
 
GLASS. 
 
 1155 
 
 GOSPEL. 
 
 child  of  this  church.  The  Sabbath  school  was  organ- 
 ized about  182fi.  It  has  now  18  classes  and  over 
 200  members.  James  R.  Marshall,  a  member  of 
 Session,  has  been  the  efficient  superintendent  since 
 1864.  For  the  last  twenty-six  years  the  total  of 
 funds  raised  for  all  purposes  amounts  to  $31,206,  or 
 an  average  of  five  dollars  per  annum  for  each  member 
 — §2247  of  this  sum  for  Foreign  Missions. 
 
 The  seventy-fifth  anniversary  of  the  organization 
 of  Glade  Run  Church  was  celebrated  October  30th 
 and  31st,  1883.  It  was  opened  with  a  historical  ser- 
 mon by  the  p.istor,  Rev.  G.W.  Mechlin,  D.  D.  Besides 
 Revs.  J.  Horner  Kerr  and  J.  M.  Kelly,  whose  charges 
 form  a  part  of  the  territory  of  this  district.  Revs.  J.  H. 
 Marshall,  of  Butler  Presbytery,  A.  B.  Marshall,  of 
 New  Lisbon,  Ohio,  and  L.  Mechlin,  of  Elderton,  Pa., 
 sons  of  this  church,  were  present  and  spoke  instruct- 
 ively and  impressively  on  the  duties  of  Christians 
 to  the  Church,  revivals,  temperance,  Sabbath-school 
 work,  the  obligations  of  young  Christians  to  the 
 Church,  and  its  vigor  increasing  with  age,  and  other 
 kindred  topics. 
 
 Glass,  Rev.  Harvey,  was  born  February  20th, 
 1843,  in  Spencer  county,  Ky.  His  father  was  an 
 honored  elder  in  the  old  Big  Spring  Church.  He 
 graduated  at  Centre  College  in  the  Summer  of  1865, 
 and  graduated  at  Union  Theological  Seminary,  Ya., 
 April,  1868;  was  licensed  by  Louisville  Presbytery  in 
 the  Summer  of  1867.  Immediately  on  his  return 
 from  the  Seminary  he  entered  uj^on  the  work  of  the 
 ministry  at  Perryville,  Boyle  county,  Ky. ;  was  soon 
 called  as  pastor  to  Cynthiana,  where  he  was  ordained 
 1870.  Four  years  later  was  called  to  New  Provi- 
 dence, where  he  remained  four  years,  and  was  thence 
 called  to  the  pa-storate  at  Richmond  by  his  present 
 charge.  Mr.  Glass  was  held  in  the  highest  esteem  by 
 all  the  Professors  of  the  school  through  which  he 
 passed,  and  came  out  of  both  College  and  Seminary  a 
 good  scholar — all  around  the  curriculum.  He  has 
 filled  every  position  to  which  he  has  been  called  with 
 honor  and  usefulness.  As  a  tlieologian  and  ecclesi- 
 astic, he  is  esteemed  by  his  brethren  as  a  strong  man; 
 as  a  preacher,  he  is  instructive  and  impressive.  He 
 is  a  man  of  clear,  strong  convictions,  and  with  the 
 courage  to  express  them,  either  in  the  pulpit,  on  the 
 floor  of  the  Church  courts,  or  through  the  press.  He 
 is  now  filling  one  of  the  most  Important  charges  in 
 the  Synod  of  Kentucky,  preaching  to  a  strong  and 
 growing  church,  and  to  the  Faculty  and  students  of 
 Central  University,  of  which  Institution  he  is  one  of 
 the  Curators. 
 
 Gordon,  Rev.  John  O.,  is  the  "oldest  child  of 
 .Vlcxander  and  Catharine  Edwards  Gordon,  and  was 
 born  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  March  10th,  1850.  Graduated 
 at  the  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1866. 
 Having  pursued  a  post-graduate  course  in  Yale  Col- 
 lege, he  entered  Auburn  Theological  Seminary,  in 
 1868,  where  he  spent  the  first  two  years  of  his  theo- 
 logical course.     The  third  year  was  spent  in  Union 
 
 Theological  Seminary,  where  he  graduated,  in  1871. 
 Was  settled,  December  l.st,  1871,  over  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Rensselaerville,  N.  Y.,  and,  July  1st, 
 1880,  was  installed  over  First  Presbyterian  Cliurch, 
 Lincoln,  Nebraska,  where  he  remained  until  October 
 30th,  1882,  when  he  resigned  for  purposes  of  Euro- 
 pean travel.  He  is  a  good  preacher,  and  his  ministry 
 has  been  blessed. 
 
 Gospel,  Its  Experimental  Evidence.  "  The 
 most  searching  question  that  can  be  put  to  a  candid 
 and  intelligent  doubter  of  revelation,"  s.a}'s  an  able 
 writer,  is  this:  "Do  you  not  believe  that  a  man  is 
 made  better  by  becoming  a  Christian — a  sincere, 
 enlightened,  whole-hearted  Christian  ?  Compare  such 
 a  one  with  a  coarse,  .sensual,  worldly  man,  or  with  a 
 refined  and  polished  selfish  person.  Do  you  not  believe 
 that  a  man  is  a  purer,  nobler,  more  exalted  being,  if 
 hi8  moral  sensibilities  are  awakened,  if  he  is  always 
 loyal  to  right,  if  he  is  honorable,  kind,  benevolent, 
 disinterested,  if  he  reveres  God  and  loves  his  fellows 
 and  lives  for  immortality  ?  Let  the  question  be  put 
 to  all  who  hesitate  respecting  the  truth  of  Christianity: 
 Do  you  not  believe  that  the  world  would  be  benefited 
 beyond  conception  if  all  men  should  to-day  become 
 perfect  Christians?  Would  you  not  prefer  to  live  in 
 the  society  of  such  men  ?  Would  you  not  prefer  that 
 your  child  should  grow  up  under  such  influences,  and 
 become  such  a  character;  that  your  friends  and 
 kindred  should  become  so?  Nay,  have  you  any  ob- 
 jection to  being  such  a  character  yourself? 
 
 "What,  then,  will  you  say  when  a  character  which 
 you  admire — when  a  .score  of  such  persons  tell  you: 
 '  AYe  owe  everything  to  Christianity;  it  has  crushed 
 our  selfishness;  it  has  tamed  our  passions;  it  has  filled 
 our  cravings;  it  has  refined  our  sentiments;  it  has 
 iiplifted  and  inspired  our  hearts;  it  has  taught  us  how 
 to  be  children  of  God,  how  to  bear  sorrow,  how  to 
 forgive  our  foes;  it  has  unsealed  our  spiritual  vision 
 and  disclosed  realities  in  life — the  highest  realities — 
 to  which  before  we  were  wholly  blind.'  What  will 
 you  say,  my  friends,  to  this  practical  testimony  for 
 Christianity?  AVill  you  venture  to  contend  that, 
 while  the  results  of  Christ's  religion  are  so  glorious, 
 the  religion  itself  is  a  delusion;  that  what  is  best  in 
 the  moral  universe  is  yet  untrue  ?  It  is  a  sad  thing 
 to  see  a  man  skeptical  concerning  Christianity  in  the 
 face  of  such  evidence,  for  his  skepticism  is  a  confes- 
 sion that  he  does  not  trust  in  the  reality  of  his  purest 
 conceptions  of  right  and  holiness,  that  he  believes  the 
 good  in  God's  dominion  to  be  a  lie." 
 
 "The  influence  of  the  Christian  religion  on  na- 
 tions," says  Dr.  Thomas  Dick,  "is  not  le.ss  evident 
 and  happy  than  on  individuals.  Wherever  it  has 
 been  received,  it  has  brought  with  it  superior  light, 
 and  h;is  completely  banished  the  absurd  systems  of 
 polj'theisra  and  pagan  idolatry,  with  all  the  cruel 
 and  obscene  rites  with  which  they  were  accompanied, 
 and  in  their  place  has  substituted  a  .system  of  doc- 
 trine and  practice  both  pure  and  rational.     When  it 
 
GOSPEL. 
 
 1156 
 
 GREEN. 
 
 made  its  way  throusli  tlio  Roman  empire,  it  abol- 
 ished tlie  iinuatural  practice  of  polygamy  and  con- 
 cubinage, reduced  the  numl)er  of  divorces,  and 
 mitigated  the  rigor  of  servitude,  wliich  among  that 
 people  was  cruel  and  severe.  Polished  and  polite  as 
 the  Romans  have  been  generally  considered,  they 
 indulged  in  the  most  barbarous  entertainments. 
 They  delighted  to  behold  men  combating  with  wild 
 beasts  and  with  one  another,  and  we  are  informed 
 by  respectable  historians,  that  the  figlits  of  gladiators 
 sometimes  deprived  Europe  of  twenty  thou.saud  lives 
 in  one  month.  Neither  the  liumanity  of  Titus, 
 nor  the  wisdom  and  virtue  of  Trojan,  could  abol- 
 ish these  barbarous  spectacles  till  the  gentle  and 
 humane  spirit  of  the  gospel  put  a  final  period  to  such 
 savage  practices,  and  they  can  never  again  be  resumed 
 in  any  nation  where  its  light  is  diffu.sed  and  its 
 authority  acknowledged.  It  humanized  the  barbar- 
 oiLS  hordes  that  overturned  the  Roman  empire,  and 
 softened  their  ferocious  tempers,  ;us  soon  as  they  em- 
 braced its  principles  and  j'ielded  to  its  influence.  It 
 civilized,  and  raised  from  moral  and  intellectual 
 degradation,  the  wild  Irish,  and  our  forefathers,  the 
 ancient  Briton.s,  who  were  classed  among  the  rudest 
 of  barliarians  till  the  time  they  were  converted  to  the 
 religion  of  Jesus;  so  that  the  knowledge  we  now  see 
 diffused  around  us,  the  civilization  to  which  we  have 
 advanced,  the  moral  order  which  j)revails,  the  beau- 
 ties which  adorn  our  cultivateil  fields,  the  comforts 
 and  decorations  connected  with  our  cities  and  towns, 
 and  the  present  improved  state  of  the  arts  and 
 sciences,  may  all  be  considered  as  so  many  of  the 
 beneficial  effects  which  the  Christian  religion  has 
 produced  among  us.  In  our  own  times,  we  have  be- 
 held effects  no  less  powerful  and  astonishing,  in  the 
 moral  revolution  which  Christianity  luis  lately  pro- 
 duced in  Tahiti,  in  the  Sandwich  Islands,  in  Mada- 
 gascar, and  in  many  other  parts  of  the  world,  where 
 races  of  the  most  degraded  character  and  condition 
 have  been  enlightened,  and  transformed  into  civilized 
 societies,  worshiping  the  true  and  living  God,  and 
 rejoicing  in  the  hope  of  a  blessed  immortalitj*.  In 
 fine,  Christianity  is  adapted  to  every  country  and 
 every  clime.  Its  doctrines  and  precepts  are  eijually 
 calculated  to  promote  th<!  hap])incss  of  princes  and 
 their  subjects,  stiite-smen  and  philosophers,  the  high 
 and  the  low,  the  rich  and  the  poor.  It  is  com- 
 pletely adapted  to  the  nature  and  the  necessities  of 
 men.  It  forbids  the  use  of  nothing  but  that  which 
 is  injurious  to  health  of  body  or  peace  of  mind,  and 
 it  has  a  tendency  to  promote  a  friendly  aud  affec- 
 tionate intercourse  among  men  of  all  nations.  And 
 we  do  not  think  it  possible  that  the  mind  of  man 
 can  conceive  a  more  convincing  demonstration  of  the 
 truth  of  Christianity  than  is  set  before  us  in  the 
 authentic  facts  on  which  it  rests,  in  its  tendency 
 to  produce  universal  happiness  among  its  followers, 
 ami  in  the  intrinsic  excellence  for  which  it  is  dis- 
 tinguished." 
 
 Gray,  Nathanael,  third  child  of  John  and  Betsy 
 (Rankin)  liray,  was  born  in  Pelham,  iu  the  western 
 part  of  Miussachusetts,  July  20th,  ISO-i.  He  Gime 
 from  good  old  Puritan  stock,  which  for  seven  genera- 
 tions have  lived  and  died  on  the  old  family  home- 
 stead. His  grandfather,  John  Gra.v,  did  good  service 
 for  his  country  in  the  War  of  the  Revolution,  until  he 
 was  brought  home  to  die  from  disease  contracted  in 
 camp,  at  Bennington,  Vermont. 
 
 His  early  education  was  as  thorough  as  the  schools 
 of  his  native  town  would  afford,  until  the  age  of 
 twenty-one,  when  he  took  up  the  trade  of  stone- 
 cutter. 
 
 On  the  old'  homestead  was  a  granite  quarry,  from 
 which  his  father  donated  the  first  stone  that  was  put 
 into  the  foundation  of  Amherst  College,  and  it  was  a 
 part  of  Nathanael's  early  work  to  get  out  and  prepare 
 these  stones — thereby  receiving  a  les.son  in  charity 
 that  seems  to  have  borne  good  fruit  in  his  after  life. 
 
 In  1833  he  went  to  New  York  city,  and  for  some 
 years  worked  at  his  trade,  until  1837,  when  he  t«ok 
 the  position  of  City  Missionary,  and  continued  in 
 this  work  for  twelve  years. 
 
 Soon  after  his  arrival  at  New  York,  he  connected 
 himself  with  the  West  Presbyterian  Church.  In 
 1840  he  was  elected  ruling  elder,  and  held  that 
 position  until  1850,  when  he  removed  to  California, 
 and  becixme  one  of  the  earliest  members  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  .San  Francisco.  Soon  after 
 he  was  elected  ruling  elder,  and  has  been  connected 
 with  the  church  in  that  capacity  for  more  than  thirty 
 years. 
 
 Although  tiiking  great  interest  in  local  good  gov- 
 ernment, and  often  solicited  to  accept  jiublic  offices, 
 he  has  only  twice  allowed  his  name  to  be  used;  once 
 in  18.'52,  when  he  was  elected  Coi-oner  of  the  county 
 of  Sitn  Francisco,  and  again  in  1863,  when  he  was 
 elected  to  the  State  Legislature,  on  an  Independent 
 Republican  ticket. 
 
 He  has  always  been  prominent  ih  charitable 
 works,  aud  is,  at  the  present  writing,  connected  with 
 the  following  Institutions:  President  of  the  Old 
 People's  Home;  President  of  the  San  Francisco  Be- 
 nevolent Societ.v;  Trustee  California  Bible  Society; 
 Trustee  Young  Jlen's  Christian  Association;  Director 
 SanPrancisco  Theological  Seminary;  Director  Cali- 
 fornia Prison  Commission. 
 
 Green,  Rev.  Thomas  Ed-ward,  w:is  born 
 at  Harrisville,  Pa.,  December  27th,  18.j8.  His 
 father.  Rev.  John  51.  Green,  a  native  of  Pennsyl- 
 vania, is  the  pastor  of  the  First  Pri'sbyterian  Church 
 of  Centralia,  111.  His  mother,  Martha  M.  McCreary, 
 a  minister's  daughter,  is  also  a  Penusylvanian.  He 
 was  graduated  by  McKendree  College,  Lebanon,  111., 
 in  1875.  Two  years  later  he  entered  Princeton 
 Theological  Seminary,  where  he  remained  until  1879. 
 On  June  4th,  1879,  he  was  licensed  to  preach  the 
 gospel  at  Flora,  111.,  and  February  5th,  1880,  was 
 ordained  aud  installed  as  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 
GRIER. 
 
 1157 
 
 GUYOT. 
 
 Churcli  of  Mount  Carmcl,  111.  The  follomng  year, 
 oil  June  Itith,  he  was  installed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Alton,  as  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Sparta, 
 the  largest  in  Southern  Illinois.  His  brief  ministry 
 in  this  settlement  of  Ayrshire  Scotchmen  was  largely 
 successful,  and  witnes.sed  eighty-nine  additions  to 
 the  member.ship  of  his  church.  In  December,  1882, 
 lie  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Eighth  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Chicago,  where  he  was  installed 
 January  l-^th,  188:?.  The  first  year  of  his  third  pas- 
 torate has  been  remarkably  blessed.  His  preaching 
 hius  constantly  attracted  large  audiences;  the  religious 
 activities  of  the  church  have  been  quickened;  the 
 officers  and  members  have  been  stimulated  to  united 
 and  zealous  work  for  the  Master;  the  benevolences 
 have  been  greatly  increased,  and  he  has  had  the  joy 
 of  welcoming  one  hundred  and  fifteen  into  the  mem- 
 bership. 
 
 G-rier,  JohnNathan  Caldwell,  D.D.,  was  born 
 at  Brandy  wine  Manor,  Pa.,  June  8th,  1792.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Dickin.son  College,  in  September,  1809,  and 
 commenced  the  study  of  theology  with  his  father, 
 Kev.  Nathan  Grier,  in  the  year  1810.  He  was  licensed 
 to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Newcastle,  April  7th, 
 1813.  In  September,  1S14,  he  received  a  call  to  the 
 Church  at  Brandywine  Manor,  where  he  remained  as 
 pastor  fifty  years.  For  sixteen  years  before  his 
 decease  he  occiisionally  assisted  the  pastor  of  the 
 church.  He  died  September  12th,  1880,  in  the 
 eighty-ninth  year  of  his  age. 
 
 When  in  his  prime  Dr.  Grier  was  an  unusually 
 solemn  preacher.  His  person  was  commanding,  and 
 the  deep  tones  of  his  voice  accorded  well  with  the 
 momentous  doctrines  which  he  was  commissioned  to 
 enforce.  His  earlier  ministry  was  marked  by  the 
 most  wonderful  revivals  of  religion.  In  the  year 
 1831  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven  were  added  to 
 his  church  on  profession  of  faith;  in  1832  ninety-two 
 were  added;  in  1833  seventy-four,  and  in  1834  si.\ty- 
 four — making  three  hundred  and  thirty  seven  in  four 
 years,  one  hundred  and  four  of  whom  were  baptized. 
 During  his  pastorate  seventeen  young  men  entered 
 the  ministry  from  his  church,  and  what  are  now 
 four  large  and  flourishing  churches  were  sent  out 
 from  his  church  as  colonies.  The  records  of  his 
 Presbytery  show  that  during  the  first  forty-five  years 
 of  his  ministry  he  was  absent  but  once  from  its  stated 
 semi-annual  meetings. 
 
 The  last  few  years  of  Dr.  Grier's  life  were  spent 
 mostly  in  retirement,  pressed  down  by  the  weight  of 
 increasing  infirmities.  One  interesting  feature  of  his 
 later  experience  was  his  love  for  the  Word  of  God. 
 During  the  sbcteen  years  of  his  retiteraent  from  the 
 pastorate  he  read  the  Bible  through,  word  for  word, 
 the  almost  incredible  number  of  one  hundred  and 
 fifty-seven  times,  marking  down  on  the  fly-leaves 
 when  he  began  and  when  he  ended  each  reading. 
 It  was  a  striking  and  beautiful  coincidence  that  just 
 at  eleven  o'clock  on  Sabbath  morning,  the  exact  hour 
 
 at  which,  for  threescore  years,  he  had  gone  to  his 
 church  to  hold  up  Jesus  to  the  people,  and  with  them 
 sing  his  praises,  the  summons  came,  and  he  went  up, 
 through  the  "beautiful  gate,"  into  the  heavenly 
 temple,  to  meet  his  congregation,  and  with  them  join 
 in  that  nobler  worship  where  every  cloud  is  lifted 
 and  where  they  now  see  the  King  in  his  beauty. 
 
 G-uyot,  Arnold  Henry,  Ph.  D.,  LL.D.,  was 
 born  near  Neufchatcl.  Switzerland,  September  28th, 
 1807.  He  studied  at  Neufchatcl,  Stuttgart,  and  Carls- 
 rnhe,  where  he  formed  an  intimate  friendship  with 
 Agassiz,  and  began  with  him  the  study  of  Natural 
 Science.  He  studied  theology  three  years  at  Neuf- 
 chatcl and  Berlin,  when  he  began  to  devote  himself 
 to  the  studies  of  Physics,  Meteorology,  Chemistry,  etc. 
 He  spent  five  years  in  scientific  excursions  through 
 France,  Belgium,  Holland  and  Italy.  In  1838  he 
 discovered  the  laminated  structure  of  the  ice  in 
 glaciers.  De  Saussure,  Von  Buch,  Escher  and  Char- 
 pentier,  had  made  numerous  observations  on  this 
 subject,  but  the  extent  and  true  limits  of  these  great 
 outpourings  of  rocks  from  the  bosom  of  the  Alps  were 
 not  accurately  known.  For  seven  years  he  traced 
 them  on  both  sides  of  the  Central  Alps,  in  Switzer- 
 land and  Italy.  The  full  details  of  these  investiga- 
 tions were  announced  to  form  the  second  volume  of 
 the  "SystemeGlaciare"  by  Agassiz,  Guyot,  andDesor, 
 but  the  removal  of  Guyot  to  America  prevented  its 
 publication.  In  1848  he  came  to  the  United  States 
 and  resided  for  several  years  at  Cambridge,  Ma.ss. 
 Now  and  then  he  delivered  lectures  on  his  favorite 
 subjects.  In  the  Winter  of  1849  he  delivered  a  series 
 of  lectures  in  French,  at  Boston,  afterwards  collected 
 and  translated  into  English,  in  one  volume,  under  the 
 title  of  "  Earth  and  Man."  He  was  afterwards  em- 
 ployed by  the  Smithsonian  Institution  to  organize  a 
 system  of  meteorological  observations,  for  which  he 
 prepared  an  extensive  series  of  jiractical  tables.  In 
 1851  he  determined  the  true  height  of  JIt.  W\ashington ; 
 in  1856  of  the  Black  Mountains  of  North  Carolina, 
 and  in  1857  of  the  Green  Mountains  of  Vermont.  In 
 1855  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Physical  Geogra- 
 phy in  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  at  Princeton,  where 
 he  remained  untilhis  death,  which  occurred  February 
 8th,  1884.  In  1873  the  Vienna  International  Exhi- 
 bition gave  him  a  medal  of  Progress  for  his  geographi- 
 cal works. 
 
 Professor  Guyot  published  the  following  works : 
 "Directions  fiir  Jleteorological  Tables"  (Washing- 
 ton. 1850);  "Geographical  Series,  Primary  Geogra- 
 phy;" "  A  Series  of  School  Geographies"  (18(56-75); 
 "  Intermediate  Geography  "  (1870);  and  "Physical 
 Geography,"  with  a  set  of  wall  maps  (1$73).  He 
 has  delivered  lectures  on  "  The  Unity  of  the  System 
 of  Life  the  True  Foundation  of  the  Classification 
 of  Plants  and  Animals,"  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and 
 before  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  in  Washington, 
 and  on  "Man  Primeval,"  in  the  Union  Theological 
 Seminary,  in  New  York. 
 
SAIGHT. 
 
 1158 
 
 HALL. 
 
 H 
 
 Haight,  Hon.  Henry  Huntley,  son  of  the  Hon. 
 Fletcher  M.  Haight,  was  born  in  Rochester,  New 
 York,  Jlay  iOth,  1825.  He  entered  Yale  College  in 
 tlie  .Summer  of  1S40,  and  graduated  there  in  1S44. 
 He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  by  the  Supreme  Courtof 
 the  State  of  Jlissouri,  near  the  beginning  of  the  year 
 1847,  and  practiced  law  in  the  City  of  St.  Louis  for 
 about  three  years,  when  he  removed  to  San  Francisco, 
 arriving  there  January  20th,  1850.  He  continued  in 
 the  practice  of  law  till  the  Fall  of  1867,  when  he  was 
 elected  Governor  of  California,  for  the  term  of  four 
 years.  After  retiring  from  office  he  again  followed 
 his  profession — and  had  great  success  as  a  Unvj'er. 
 
 HON.    HENRY    HrNTLEY    HAIQHT. 
 
 In  the  year  1864   Jlr.   Haight  was  elected  an  elder 
 in  Calvary  Presbyterian  Church,  San  Francisco.     He 
 
 Hall,  Rev.  Robert  McCutcheon,  wa.s  the 
 youngest  child  of  Robert  S.  and  Anna  (King)  Hall, 
 and  was  born  in  "Wa-shington  county,  Indiana,  De- 
 cember 6th,  1 841 .  Having  graduated  at  Knox  College, 
 Gale.sburg,  Illinois,  in  18G9,  he  studied  theology  in 
 the  Chicago  Theological  Seminary  (Congregational) ; 
 spent  a  few  weeks  in  Andover  Seminary,  where  his 
 health  failed  and  he  was  obliged  to  intermit  study 
 for  a  year,  after  which  he  completed  his  professional 
 studies  in  Lane  Theological  Seminary,  Cincinnati, 
 Ohio.  He  accepted  a  Professorship  in  Biddle  Uni- 
 versity, Charlotte,  N.  C,  in  the  Summer  of  1873,  and 
 has  held  it  to  the  present  time.  He  was  ordained  to 
 preach  the  gospel,  April  1st,  1874.  Prof.  Hall  is  a 
 good  preacher,  and  fills  his  position  in  the  University 
 very  acceptably  and  usefully. 
 
 HaU,  "W.  T.,  D.D.,at  this  time  pastor  of  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church,  Lynchburg,  Va.,  is  a  son 
 of  the  Rev.  James  D.  Hall,  a  venerable  minister  of 
 the  Synod  of  North  Carolina.  He  was  born  Decem- 
 ber 5th,  1835,  and  in  1854  graduated  at  Davidson 
 College,  in  his  native  State.  On  leaving  college  he 
 entered  Columbia  Seminary,  where  Dr.  James  H. 
 Thornwell  w,as  then  filling,  with  distinction,  the  Chair 
 of  Theology.  Here  he  remained  three  years.  He 
 began  his  ministerial  life  in  1858,  at  Lancaster 
 Court  House,  in  South  Carolina,  as  a  licentiate  of 
 i  Concord  Presbytery.  In  1859  he  was  ordained  by 
 Bethel  Presbytery  and  installed  as  pastor  of  Ebenezer 
 Church.  The  remainder  of  his  pastoral  life  to  the 
 present  time  has  been  divided  between  but  two 
 charges — the  first  being  in  Canton,  Jliss.,  to  which 
 he  was  called  in  1S()2,  and  the  second  his  present 
 charge  in  the  city  of  Lynchburg,  to  which  he  was 
 called  in  1872.  In  each  of  these  several  fields  of 
 labor  he  has  had  much  to  encourage  him,  in  the 
 manifest  tokens  which  he  has  received  of  God's 
 favor. 
 
 Dr.  Hall  is  still  in  the  prime  of  his  life  and  his 
 powers.  As  a  man,  he  is  characterized  by  superior 
 mental  ability,  a  gentle  and  courteous  bearing,  firm- 
 ness of  purpose,  and  pre-eminently  by  modesty.     As 
 
 served  both  the  State  and  the  Church  with  great  a  preacher,  he  is  vigorous  in  thought,  loj'al  to  truth, 
 
 integrity  and  faithfulness,  and  adorned  his  Christian  and  master  of  a  forcible  and  scholarly  style.     As  a 
 
 profession,  both  in  public  and  private  life.  His  death,  pastor,  he  is  energetic,  consecrated  and  full  of  tender 
 
 on  the  2d    September,  1878,  was   very  sudden   and  sympathy.     As  a  counsellor   in    the  courts   of    this 
 
 unexpected.  He  was  an  exemplary  man  iu  all  the 
 relations  of  life.  His  funeral  w;is  largely  attended 
 by  the  members  of  the  Bar  and  the  public  at  large, 
 and  his  untimely  death,  at  the  age  of  fifty-three,  in 
 the  midst  of  his  activity  and  u.sefulne.ss,  was  greatly 
 lamented  by  the  whole  community. 
 
 Church  he  is  held  in  the  highest  esteem  by  his  minis- 
 terial brethren,  on  account  of  his  wisdom,  prudence 
 and  unswerving  devotion  to  duty  and  to  the  advance- 
 ment of  the  interest  of  Christ's  kingdom. 
 
 It  should  be  added  that  Dr.  Hall  has  been  specially 
 interested  iu  the  religious  welfare  of  the  colored  race. 
 
HALSEY. 
 
 1159 
 
 HARKELL. 
 
 Since  coming  to  Lynchburg  he  has  been  largely 
 instrumental  in  organizing  and  sustaining  a  colored 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  that  city.  By  his  example 
 and  otherwise  he  has  done  much  to  awaken  in  others 
 an  interest  in  the  same  cause. 
 
 Halsey,  Hugh,  a  ruling  elder  of  the  C'huich  of 
 Bridgehampton,  Long  Island,  for  many  years,  avius 
 a  son  of  Stephen  Halsey,  M.  D.,  of  the  same  place, 
 where  he  was  born,  June  26th,  1794.  He  was  gradu- 
 ated at  Yale  College  in  1814,  having  among  his  class- 
 mates the  Rev.  Drs.  Joshua  Leavitt,  Joseph  C.  Stiles 
 and  Leonard  Withington;  President  Xathanael  S. 
 W'heaton,  d.  n.,  and  Judges  John  K.  Kane  and  Wil- 
 liam L.  Storrs.  He  studied  law  and  practiced  his 
 profes.sion  in  his  native  place  to  the  end  of  his  life. 
 He  represented  his  native  county  of  Suffolk  in  the 
 Legislature  of  New  York  in  1824.  He  was  the  Sur- 
 rogate of  the  county  from  1821  to  1840,  and  the  first 
 Judge,  from  1833  to  1847.  In  1844  he  was  a  Presi- 
 dential Elector  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Electoral 
 College  of  his  native  State.  He  served  the  State  as 
 its  Surveyor  General  from  1S4.'>  to  1848,  and  repre- 
 sented the  First  Senatorial  District  in  the  Senate  of 
 the  State,  in  18.")4  and  lf^.55.  He  was  a  man  of  medium 
 size,  handsome  proportions,  graceful  movements,  and 
 pleasant  expression  of  countenance.  His  head  was 
 large,  forehead  broad,  eyes  bright  and  penetrating, 
 and  all  his  features  shapely.  His  voice  was  tender 
 and  winning  rather  than  otherwise.  He  was  eminently 
 intelligent,  honest,  judicious  and  wi.se;  a  friend  of 
 peace;  an  earnest  advocate  of  temperance;  a  faithful 
 and  active  Christian  in  all  the  relations  of  .society;  a 
 leading  member  of  the  Church  Session,  and  a  prudent 
 counsellor  in  the  higher  ecclesiastical  bodies.  He 
 loved  the  Church,  and  through  all  the  years  of  his 
 manhood,  he  was  a  zealous  promoter  of  its  prosperity* 
 and  spiritual  welfare.  He  closed  an  influential  and 
 exceedingly  useful  life  on  the  2Stth  of  Jlay,  1858. 
 
 Hamner,  J.  Garland,  D.  D.,  is  the  son  of  the 
 revered  and  venerable  J.  G.  Hamner,  D.  D.,  who  still 
 survives.  He  was  born  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  Novem- 
 ber 13th,  1836.  His  academic  studies  were  pursued 
 in  Williams  College,  Ma.ssachusetts,  whence  he  gradu- 
 ated in  1855.  In  the  Autumn  of  the  same  year  he  en- 
 tered Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  York,  where 
 he  remained  until  H.')7,  graduating  with  the  class  of 
 that  year.  Mr.  Hamner  was  ordained  by  the  Pres- 
 byteiy  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  November  1st, 
 1859.  His  first  charge  was  at  Milford,  Del.,  where 
 he  labored,  with  great  success,  from  1860  to  1363.  He 
 was  called  thence  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  organ- 
 ized the  "Wharton  Street  Church,  remaining  there  till 
 1869,^  greatly  blessed  in  his  ministry  among  that 
 people.  From  Philadelphia  he  was  called  to  Salis- 
 bury, Md.,  and  installed  in  15^69,  where  he  continued 
 in  the  pastorate  until  he  was  appointed  Synodical 
 Evangelist  by  the  Synod  of  Baltimore.  He  served 
 the  church  in  this  capacity  for  two  years.  In  1874 
 he  became  pastor  of  the   Presbyterian   Church   of 
 
 I 
 
 Waterville,  N.  Y.,  and  in  1875  was  called  to  become 
 pastor  of  the  Calvary  Church,  Parkersburg,  W.  Va. 
 This  relation  was  severed  in  the  Spring  of  1883. 
 
 In  all  his  charges  Dr.  Hamner  has  had  large  ac- 
 cessions to  the  church.  Energetic,  active,  and  of 
 exceedingly  social  temperament,  he  has  been  bles.sed 
 with  unusual  success  in  the  pastoral  relation.  And 
 not  only  in  this  has  his  ministry  been  marked,  but  in 
 the  spirituality  and  increased  benevolence  that  have 
 usually  followed  his  settlement  over  a  congregation. 
 
 He  is  an  attractive  preacher,  presenting  truth  with 
 a  warmth  and  freshness  that  never  fail  to  interest  the 
 hearer.  The  honorary  degree  of  D.  D. ,  was  conferred 
 on  him  by  Marietta  College,  Ohio,  in  1881. 
 
 Hargraves,  Rev.  John  T.,  was  pastor  at  Jlid- 
 dlelnirg,  Va.  On  a  visit  to  Alexandria  he  died 
 suddenly,  in  November,  1856,  in  the  fifty-fourth  year 
 of  his  age,  at  that  place,  at  the  house  of  his  brother- 
 in-law.  Captain  Jamesson,  of  the  U.  S.  Navy.  His 
 funeral  solemnities  took  place  at  the  Second  Presby- 
 terian Church,  where  he  was  well-known,  and  where 
 he  had  often  labored  in  connection  with  its  now 
 sainted  pastor,  Rev.  William  C.  Walton,  his  uncle, 
 of  precious  memory,  who  died  in  Hartford,  Conn. 
 The  Rev.  Dr.  Boyd  and  the  Rev.  Patterson  Fletcher 
 officiated  on  the  occasion.  At  the  conclusion  of  his 
 address,  Dr.  Boyd  re^-iewed  the  leading  points  of  the 
 laborious  and  useful  life  of  his  friend,  the  lamented 
 decea.sed;  the  gentleness  of  his  early  life,  the  reality 
 of  his  conversion,  his  love  for  souls,  his  earnestness  in 
 winning  them  to  Christ,  his  untiring  activity,  his 
 incorruiitible  integrity,  his  close  adherence  to  the 
 doctrines  of  the  gospel,  Ms  spirit  of  prayer  and 
 dependence  on  God — in  fine,  the  success  which 
 crowned  all,  to  the  honor  of  the  Master,  and  the 
 magnifying  of  the  great  commission  which  he  held 
 under  Him. 
 
 Harrell,  Rev.  Franklin  Pierce,  the  oldest  child 
 of  H.  W.  &  W.  A.  Harrell,  was  born  in  Robeson 
 county,  N.  C,  November  6th,  1852,  and  was  gradu- 
 ated from  Davidson  College,  June,  1877,  and  finished 
 his  theological  course  in  Union  Seminary  in  Virginia, 
 in  April,  1880,  and  on  the  26th  of  the  same  month 
 was  licensed  by  Fayetteville  Presbytery.  Soon  after 
 this  he  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of  Prospect  Church, 
 where  he  was  ordained  and  installed,  December  4tli, 
 1880,  by  Concord  Presbytery.  He  supplied  Fifth 
 Creek  one  half  the  time  for  one  year,  after  which 
 Prospect  was  his  sole  charge.  His  days  of  labor  for 
 the  Master  were  short.  He  died  .June  29th,  1883, 
 and  was  interred  in  Oak  Grove  Cemetery,  in  Salis- 
 bury, beside  his  two  departed  children.  His  last 
 words  were,  "going  home  to  live  with  Jesus  and  the 
 little  boys." 
 
 Mr.  Harrell  was  an  active,  earnest  and  conscien- 
 tious minister,  and  his  labors  were  greatly  bles.sed. 
 During  his  three  years  of  service  sixty-one  members 
 were  added  to  Prospect  Church,  and  sixty-eight 
 children    baptized.     He     was    a    watchful     pastor 
 
HA  VEXS. 
 
 1160 
 
 HENRY. 
 
 and  thorough  disciplinarian.  Through  his  agency 
 the  "marriage  question"  was  brought  before  the 
 Presbytery,  and  thence  overt  ured  to  the  General 
 Assembly,  and  from  the  Assembly  the  propriety  of 
 striking  from  the  Confession  of  Faith  the  clause  pro- 
 hibiting marriage  with  a  deceii-sed  wife's  sister  was 
 sent  down  to  the  Presbyteries.  Jlr.  Harrell  was 
 courageous  in  defending  what  he  believed  to  be  the 
 truth,  in  the  pulpit,  in  the  Presbytery  and  iu  his 
 dealings  w  itli  members  of  his  charge.   ■ 
 
 Havens,  Rev.  Daniel  ■William,  was  born  in 
 Norwich  Town,  Conn.,  January  24th,  1815.  He  was 
 graduated  from  Yale  College  in  the  year  1843,  and  took 
 a  full  course  of  study  in  the  East  ^\'iudso^  Theological 
 Institute,  which  he  left  in  July,  1846.  He  was 
 licen.sed  to  preach  by  the  New  l^oudon  Association, 
 in  May,  1845.  After  supplying  the  pulpit  in  E.\eter 
 Society,  Lebanon,  Conn.,  for  several  months,  he  com- , 
 raenced,  in  January,  1847,  preaching  to  his  future 
 charge,  the  First  Congregational  Church  in  East 
 Haven,  Conn.,  over  which  he  was  ordained  pastor, 
 June  IGth,  1847.  In  this  pastorate  he  continued 
 thirty  year.--. 
 
 While  on  a  visit  to  his  children  in  Kansas,  he 
 preached  in  the  pulpit  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Holton,  and  at  ouce  received  a  call  to  that  field. 
 This  call  he  accepted,  and  resigning  his  charge  in 
 Connecticut,  without  any  interval  or  delay,  was  in- 
 stalled pastor  in  Holton,  July  8th,  1877.  In  this 
 charge  he  still  remains.  In  his  long  pastorate  in  the 
 East  he  continued  contented,  happy  and  beloved, 
 giving  to  his  people  the  best  fruits  of  diligent  labor, 
 and  in  this  labor  he  continues  in  his  more  recent 
 field,  with  the  .same  excellent  results. 
 
 Ha'wley,  Rev.  Ransom,  w;is  the  oldest  son  of 
 Capt.  Ebeuezer  and  Lucy  (French)  Hawky,  and  was 
 born  in  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  April  24th,  1802.  He  pur- 
 sued his  classiciil  course  under  the  direction  of  his 
 pastor.  Rev.  Elijah  Waterman,  and  graduated  at  Au- 
 burn Thcologic;il  Seminary,  August,  l'-<28.  The  same 
 year,  May  28tli,  he  was  licenned  by  the  Association 
 of  the  Eastern  District  of  Fairfield  county,  Conn.  In 
 the  same  jear  he  received  a  commission  to  labor  in 
 Indiana,  and  wius  probably  the  second  one  appointed 
 by  the  A.  H.  M.  S.  for  that  State.  He  Ciime  to  Wash- 
 ington, Davies  county,  Ind.,  in  November,  1828,  and 
 h;iH  remained  in  this  State  ever  since.  He  was 
 ordained  in  Wnsliington,  November,  1829,  by  the 
 Wabash  Presbytery.  He  preaelu-d  here  and  in  parts 
 of  tluee  other  counties  about  si.\  years;  at  IJloom- 
 ingtou  and  vicinity  about  eight  j'ears;  at  Pntiiamville 
 and  other  places  twenty-four  j-cars.  Since  then,  he 
 has  preached  there  and  in  other  places,  according  to 
 ability  and  opportunity.  He  has  preatlied  at  least 
 6350  times,  in  more  than  400  places ;  received  into 
 the  Church  5.')0  members ;  baptized  382  children  ; 
 married  370  ])ersons  ;  organized  4  churches ;  built  5 
 houses  of  worship;  travi  lid  JtO.OOO  niili's,  mostly  on 
 horsebiick;  distributed  lOlH)  liibles,  3IJ,(MI(I  tracts  and 
 
 other  religions  books ;  and  is  81  years  of  age.  Mr. 
 Hawley  is  entitled  to  eminence  among  the  living  for 
 the  length,  of  his  ministry ;  few  to  whom  Indiana  is 
 more  largely  indebted.  The  whole  of  his  life,  since 
 he  completed  his  preparation  for  preaching,  has  l)eeu 
 identified  with  the  interest  of  the  Church  in  this 
 State.  He  is  extensively  known,  and  where  known 
 is  loved  for  the  purity  of  his  life,  his  self-denying 
 labors  and  the  kindness  of  his  heart. 
 
 Hendrick,  John  T.,D.D.,was  born  in  P.arren 
 county,  Ky.,  March  15th,  1815.  The  ancestors  of  his 
 father,  Joseph  W.  Hendrick,  who  was  reared  in 
 Hanover  county,  Va.,  emigrated  from  Holland.  His 
 mother,  Mary  Doswell  Thilman,  was  a  descendant  of 
 the  Huguenot  refugees  who  settled  at  JIanikin  town, 
 Va.  Dr.  Hendrick  was  educ;ited  at  Centre  College, 
 Danville,  Ky.  He  studied  theology  under  the  direc- 
 tion of  Dr.  Gideon  Blackburn;  was  licensed  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  West  Le.-tington  in  May,  1833;  ordained 
 and  installed  as  pastor  of  the  Stouemouth  and  Mil- 
 lersburg  churches,  in  Bourbon  county,  Ky.,  by.  the 
 Presbytery  of  Ebenezer,  in  1835.  Dr.  Hendrick 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  Flemingburg  Church  in  1842, 
 whence  he  removed  to  take  charge  of  the  Church  at 
 Clarkcsville,  Tenn.,  in  1845.  After  faithfully  serv- 
 ing this  important  charge  until  1858,  he  entered 
 upon  the  pastorate  of  the  Church  at  Paducah,  Ky. 
 Under  his  devoted  care,  until  Jlay,  1883,  this  became 
 a  large  and  influential  charge,  while  he  performed 
 much  additional  work  in  extending  Pre-sbyterian 
 influence  among  the  destitute  places  adjacent  to 
 Paducah,  organizing  and  fostering  a  number  of 
 churches  in  his  Presbytery.  Dr.  Hendrick  is  the 
 father  of  a  large  fiiniily  of  children,  though  afflicted 
 by  the  loss  of  several,  among  whom  are  Revs.  Jo- 
 seph Thilman  and  Calvin  Styles  Hendrick,  whose 
 promising  course  of  service  in  the  Church  of  their 
 fathers  was  early  terminated  by  death. 
 
 Dr.  Hendrick  is  still  an  active  and  useful  man,  of 
 abundant  labors,  and  is  now  ministering  to  the  con- 
 gregation at  Maysville,  Ky.  He  is  a  man  of  fine 
 physiijue,  genial  temperament,  vigorous  mind,  and  is 
 a  most  instructive  evangelical  preacher.  He  has  left 
 a  deep  and  permanent  impression  for  the  truth  upon 
 all  the  congregations  which  he  has  served,  and  his 
 long  ministry  has  been  remarkably  blessed  in  the 
 salvation  of  many  souls,  which  acknowledge  him  as 
 their  spiritual  father.  Dr.  Hendrick  has  contributed 
 several  valuable  volumes  to  our  Church  literature, 
 .such  as  "  Letters  to  the  Reformers  ;"  "  A  Coui-se  of 
 Lectures  on  Science  and  Religion,"  "A  Volume  of 
 Sermons,"  and  "  Letters  on  Baptism;"  the  Lust  of 
 which  is  an  oft  quoted  and  stiindard  work  ef  its 
 kind.  Still  abounding  in  works  of  love,  Dr.  Hendrick 
 survives  all  of  his  cotemporaries  in  the  Synods  of 
 Kentucky  and  Na.shville,  venerated  and  beloved  by 
 hisjunior  brethren. 
 
 Henry,  Symmes  Cleves,  D.D.,  was  bom  in 
 Lamington,  N.  J.,  June  7th.  1797.     Hegraduatedat 
 
JTEPBVSN. 
 
 1161 
 
 nOGE. 
 
 Xew  Jersey  College  in  1815;  studied  theology  at ! 
 Princeton  Seminary,  and  was  ordained  an  evangelist 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Newton,  May  3d,  1818.  He 
 was  stated  supply  at  Salem,  JIass.,  in  1818;  at 
 Koehester,  N.  Y.,  in  1819;  of  the  Third  Church, 
 Philadelphia,  Pa.,  1820,  and  pa.stor  of  the  First 
 Churcli,  Cranbury,  N.  J.,  lS'J(>-57.  He  diedatCran- 
 l)ury,  March  "i'.'il,  18.">7.  Dr.  Heury  was  possessed  of 
 a  strong  intellect,  and  of  verj'  poi)ular  manners.  He 
 Wiis  an  able  preacher,  devoted  pastor  and  faithful 
 presbyter.  He  was  greatly  beloved  by  the  congrega 
 tion  which  he  served  so  long  and  so  successfully,  as 
 well  as  by  his  brethren  in  the  ministry. 
 
 Hepburn,  A.ndreTy  Dousa,  D.  D.,  wa-s  born  at 
 Williamsport,  Pa.,  November  14th,  1830.  He  was  a 
 student  at  Jefferson  College,  Pa.,  of  the  class  of  1351, 
 and  stood  in  the  front  rank  as  to  diligence  and  at^ 
 tiiinraeuts.  He  was  absent  a  considerable  part  of  the 
 Senior  year,  but  present  at  Commencement,  his  theme, 
 "The  Social  Principle."  After  leaving  Canonsbiug, 
 he  repaired  to  the  University  of  Virginia,  entered  as 
 a  Senior  aud  graduated  there  in  1852.  He  was  stated 
 supply  at  Harrisonburg,  Va.,  1857;  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Lexington,  October  22d,  1858;  pastor 
 at  Xew  Providence,  '\''a. ,  1858-60  ;  Professor  of  Jleta- 
 physics  and  Rhetoric  in  the  University  of  North 
 Carolina,  1859-67;  Professor  of  Logic  and  Jletaphysics 
 in  Madison  University,  1868-73;  President  of  Madison 
 University,  1871-73;  Professor  of  Mental  Philosophy 
 and  English  Literature,  Davidson  College,  North 
 Carolina;  and  since  1877  has  been  President  of  this 
 college.  Dr.  Hepburn  is  a  superior  schoUir,  an  able 
 preacher,  an  excellent  instructor,  and  has  fine  quali- 
 fications for  the  important  position  he  now  occupies. 
 
 Herron,  Rev.  Andrew,  son  of  Rev.  Robert 
 Herron,  D.D.,  and  Mrs.  Mary  Eliza  (McMurray),  his 
 wife,  was  born  in  Harrison  county,  Ohio,  August 
 22d,  1849.  The  common  school  and  New  Hagers- 
 town  Academ\^  prepared  him  for  college.  He  gradu- 
 ated in  1860,  at  Washington  and  Jeft'erson  College, 
 and  in  1872,  from  Princeton  Theological  Seminary. 
 Twice  accepting  home  mission  appointments,  and 
 advancing  them  to  the  condition  of  self-support,  he 
 has  had  the  gratification  of  seeing  a  similar  change 
 occur  in  his  present  field  of  labor — Albion,  Marshall 
 county,  Iowa.  It  is  a  community  that  for  many 
 years  has  been  favored  by  having  in  their  midst  an 
 academy  well  attended  and  well  taught.  The  Pres- 
 byterian Church-  of  the  village  are  conspicuous  for 
 their  zeal  in  temperance  and  missionary  effort. 
 Strong  men  have  been  their  ministers.  Sir.  Herron 
 is  a  diligent  student,  an  engaging  jjreacher,  and  com- 
 mands respect  for  his  mental  worth,  his  Christian 
 excellence,  and  his  wise  devotedness  in  the  interests 
 of  morality  and  religion. 
 
 Hill,  Hon.  John,  was  born  at  Catskill,  N.  T., 
 June  10th,  l'^21.  He  united  with  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  that  village  in  1841,  under  the  pa.storate 
 of  Kev.  G.   N.   Judd,  i).  i). ,   and  began  at  once' the 
 
 active  duties  of  the  Christian  life.  In  1844  he  removed 
 to  Boonton,  N.  J.,  and  was  engaged  for  many  years 
 in  mercantile  business.  He  was  soon  made  an  elder 
 in  the  church  and  superintendent  in  the  Sunday 
 school,  which  position  lie  still  hcjUls,  and  gradually 
 became  known  throughout  the  State,  and  largely 
 through  the  country,  as  a  most  active  worker  in  the 
 Sunday  school,  and  as  a  friend  of  young  men,  aiding 
 in  organizing  and  extending  the  work  of  the  Young 
 Men's  Christian  Association.  In  1880  he  was  sent  a 
 delegate,  by  the  New  Jersey  Sunday-school  Associa- 
 tion, to  the  Centennial  Celebration  in  Great  Britain. 
 For  more  than  twenty  years  Mr.  Hill  has  been  in 
 public  life.  In  1861,  1862  and  1866  he  was  member 
 of  the  State  Assembly,  and  the  last  year  was  Speaker. 
 He  served  his  district  four  terms  as  Representative 
 in  Congress.  From  1874  to  1877  he  was  a  member  of 
 the  State  Senate  of  New  Jersey.  A\liile  in  Congress 
 he  was  for  six  years  a  member  of  the  Post  Office  Com- 
 mittee, and  to  his  indefatigable  efforts  the  country  i-s 
 largely  indebted  for  the  passage  of  two  very  import- 
 ant measures — the  introduction  of  the  one  cent  postal 
 Girds,  in  1873,  and  the  reduction  of  letter  postage  to 
 two  cents,  in  1883. 
 
 Mr.  Hill  has  been  an  efficient  member  of  the  vari- 
 ous judicatories  of  the  Church,  ser\-ing  on  manj'  of 
 the  committees  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  was 
 Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  the  Finances  of  the 
 Church  in  1880. 
 
 Hodge,  Caspar  Wistar,  D.  D.,  sou  of  the 
 Rev.  Charles  Hodge,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was  born  at  Prince- 
 ton, N.  J.,  February  21st,  1830.  He  graduated  at 
 New  Jersey  College  in  1848,  and  was  Tutor  in  the 
 College,  1850-51.  He  was  Teacher  in  Princeton, 
 N.  J.,  1852-3;  stated  supply  of  Ainslie  Street  Church, 
 WUliamsburg,  N.  Y.,  1853;  pastor,  1354-6;  pastor  at 
 Oxford,  Pa.,  1856-60.  In  1860  he  was  elected  Pro- 
 fessor of  New  Testament  Literature  and  Biblical 
 Greek  in  Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  which 
 position  he  still  occupies.  Dr.  Hodge  is  of  a  high 
 grade  of  scholarship,  an  excellent  instructor,  and 
 meets  the  demands  of  his  Professorship  with  great 
 acceptance.  As  a  preacher,  he  is  able,  earnest  and 
 impressive.    As  a  writer,  he  is  vigorous  and  polished. 
 
 Hogs,  Moses  A.,  D.D.,  was  born  in  Columbus, 
 O.,  December  15th,  1818.  He  is  the  son  of  the  Rev. 
 James  Hoge,  D.  D. ,  for  many  years  the  pastor  of  the 
 First  Church  of  Columbus,  O.  Dr.  M.  A.  Hoge 
 graduated  from  Ohio  University  in  1839,  being  among 
 the  foremost  of  his  cla.ss.  For  five  years  succeeding 
 his  giaduation  he  taught  in  the  Institution  for  the 
 Education  of  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  in  Columbus.  This 
 was  then  a  new  work,  in  which  he  was  greatly  inter- 
 ested. In  the  meantime  he  studied  theology  with 
 his  father,  spending  the  Winter  of  1844  and  1845  in 
 the  Theological  Seminary  at  Princeton.  He  was 
 licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Columbus  in 
 1843,  and  was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the 
 Presbj'terian  Church  in  Athens,  O.,  June  24th,  1846. 
 
HOdE. 
 
 llG-2 
 
 UdCK. 
 
 He  was  calkil  to  the^irst  Church  of  Zanesville  in 
 1R")1,  rt'mained  iis  its  pastor  two  years,  when  a  second 
 church  W!us  org-.inized.  He  ))ecame  pastor  of  the 
 new  organization,  remaining  in  this  relation  until 
 1802,  when  he  wius  installed  pastor  of  the  Westmin- 
 ster Church  of  Cleveland.  In  lS(jG  lie  removed  to 
 Cincinnati  and  was  pastor  of  Walnut  Hill  Church, 
 until  l"^"!,  when  declining  health  comi)elled  him 
 to  abandon  the  active  work  of  the  ministry.  He  has 
 since  resided  in  Zanesville,  U.,  where  he  freijuently 
 and  acceptiibly  supplies  the  pulpits  of-  Zanesville  and 
 neighl)oring  towns,  but  still  unable  to  do  the  full 
 work  of  the  pastor. 
 
 Dr.  I£oge  is  a  man  of  many  gifts,  both  natural  and 
 accjuired.  A  man  of  a  peculiarly  pure  mind,  cheer- 
 ful, hopeful  and  even-tempered.  ile  h;is  always 
 been  a  very  diligent  student,  both  of  men  and  books, 
 of  religious  and  secular  subjects.  In  the  pulpit  he 
 is  instructive,  ch:iste,  dignified,  not  powerful,  but 
 effective,  commanding  the  attention  and  respect  of 
 all  who  hear  him.  Though  modest  and  retiring  in 
 disposition,  in  the  Church  courts  he  is  perfectly 
 fearless  in  defence  of  truth.  Few  men  have  drawn 
 around  them  .so  large  a  circle  of  admiring  friends.  In 
 life,  he  is  indeed  a  living  ej)istle,  favorably  read  and 
 known — the  embodiment  of  the  spirit  of  the  gospel 
 made  effective  in  his  pure  and  godly  life. 
 
 Hoge,  Moses  Dniry,  D.D.,  pastor  of  the  Second 
 Church,  Uicluuond,  Va.,  w:is  born  on  College  Hill, 
 near  the  college  building  of  Ilampden-Sidney,  Sep- 
 tember 17th,  ISIS).  His  name  combines  that  of  bis 
 paternal  grandfather,  Kev.  Dr.  Jloses  Hoge,  and  of 
 his  matirnal  grandfather,  Kev.  Drury  Lacy,  a  cele- 
 brated minister  of  the  close  of  the  hist  and  earlier 
 years  of  the  present  century .  His  father,  Kev.  Samuel 
 Davies  Hoge,  removed  to  Athens,  Ohio,  and  became 
 Profesisor  in  the  Universitj'  of  Ohio  when  his  son 
 was  yet  a  child.  After  his  death,  the  lad  grew  up 
 from  early  youth  among  the  friends  and  relatives  of 
 his  parents,  in  Virginia  and  North  Carolina,  till  pre- 
 pared for  college.  He  graduated  in  llanipden-Sidney 
 with  distincticm,  and  after  teaching  a  private  school 
 for  a  year,  bee;«ne  a  student  of  Union  Seminary, 
 November,  J840,  and  al.so  a  Tutor  in  the  college  near. 
 Though,  of  course,  much  occupied  with  the  duties 
 of  Tutor,  he  succeeded,  by  diligence,  united  with 
 rare  powers  of  acijuiring  knowledge-,  in  successfully 
 pro.secnting  the  full  course  of  .st(uly  in  the  Seminary, 
 and  received  the  usual  certilicate  of  graduation  at 
 the  clo.se  of  the  third  year  from  entering  the  Institu- 
 tion. He  was  licensed  by  West  lliniover  I'resbytery, 
 October  Cth,  1843,  and  immediately  invited  to  ;issi.st 
 Dr.  Plumer,  of  the  First  Church,  in  preaching  and 
 pastoral  work,  with  especial  reference  to  the  supply 
 of  a  mission  chapel.  His  .success  in  gathering  a  con- 
 siderable congregation  of  regular  worshipers  in  the 
 chapel,  opened  the  way  for  organizing  the  Sicoiul 
 Church,  and  he  w:us  ordaini'd  by  ICast  Hanover  Pres- 
 bytery, February 'i7th,  Isl.'i,  ami   installed  jiastor  of 
 
 the  church.  The  chapel  soon  becoming  too  crowded 
 for  the  congregation,  measures  were  adopted  and 
 carried  forward  successfuUj-,  under  his  direction,  for 
 building  a  church,  of  Gothic  order  of  architecture, 
 but  of  well-adjusted  proportions,  for  an  audience 
 chamber,  and  of  good  taste,  both  in  the  exterior  and 
 interior.  In  paj'ing  off  a  heavy  debt  contracted  in 
 the  enterprise.  Dr.  Hoge,  both  by  counsel  and  \ivr- 
 sonal  aid,  led  the  people  .successfully  through.  Mean- 
 while, his  services  became  increasingly  acceptable,  and 
 though  he  conducted  a  large  school,  by  means  of  which 
 he  at  once  a.ssisted  his  people  in  his  support,  and  in 
 paying  the  debt,  his  preaching  continued  more  and 
 more  acceptable,  and  his  pastoral  work  more  and 
 more  efficient  in  retaining  those  whom  his  pulj)it 
 services    attracted.     Further  notice  of  his  external 
 
 M0SP8   DIU'RY    llonE,    D,  P. 
 
 work  is  necdle.s.s.  The  result  stands  I'orlh  in  a  church 
 unsurpa,ssed  in  the  Synod,  in  numbers  by  only  one, 
 and  iu  the  order  and  influence  it  presents,  by  none. 
 Dr.  Hoge's  natural  grace  of  numner,  the  facility  and 
 felicity  of  his  elocution,  are  only  eejualed  by  his 
 power  of  ac(|uiring  and  retaining  knowledge.  Not  a 
 recluse,  but  ever  busy  with  calls  for  his  attention 
 by  his  ])eoi)le  and  strangers  visiting  the  city,  he  has 
 still  reached  a  maturity  of  scholarship,  not  only  pro- 
 fessional, but  general,  which  few,  with  far  better 
 opportunities  of  time  and  place,  rarely  attain.  His 
 habit  through  life,  and  now  more  clo.sely  ol).served 
 than  ever,  has  been  to  make  the  preparation  of  his 
 sermons  a  matter  of  the  mo.st  can-ful  and  diligent 
 eflbrt.  It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  his  success  in 
 the  jniliiit  is  that  due  merely  to  a  ready  and  fluent 
 
.HOLY  GHOST. 
 
 1163 
 
 HOUSEHOLD,  HOW  TO  BLESS  THE. 
 
 delivery,  and  the  effusions  of  an  hour,  mostly  un- 
 studied. His  life,  as  a  student,  is  well  known  to  the 
 writer  of  this  sketeli,  who  unhesitatingly  avows  the 
 eouvietion  of  his  full  fitness  for  any  j)osition  to  whieh 
 tlie  Church  niijiht  call  him. 
 
 AfkT  a  pastorate  in  the  same  city  and  the  .same 
 church  and  among  the  same  people  or  their  descend- 
 ants, he  stands,  to-day,  acknowledged  to  he  the 
 leading  pulpit  speaker  and  pastor  of  Hiehmond  and 
 of  the  Synod  of  Virginia.  He  is  called  away  for 
 special  occasions  of  sermons  or  addresses,  through 
 large  portions  of  the  North,  the  South,  and  the  West. 
 As  an  ecclesiastic,  though  usually  silent  in  the  Church 
 courts,  he  has,  when  the  calls  of  position  or  of  duty 
 opened  the  way,  proved  to  he  entirely  conversant 
 with  the  affairs  of  the  Church  and  capable  of  sustain- 
 ing his  proposed  or  adopted  measures  ivith  efficient 
 results. 
 
 The  writer  has  carefully  avoided  the  sentiments  of 
 mere  language  of  eulogy,  and  in  view  of  personal 
 intimacy  for  forty  years,  has  been  guarded  against 
 the  partialities  of  friendship.  He  has  set  down 
 naught  except  the  truth,  and  can  but  praj'  that 
 such  an  example  may  not  be  lost  on  our  increasing 
 ministry. 
 
 Holy  G-host,  the  third  person  in  the  Trinity, 
 the  Comforter  of  the  Church  of  Christ. 
 
 I.  The  Holy  CJhost  is  a  real  and  distinct  person 
 in  the  Godhead.  1.  Personal  powers  of  rational 
 understanding  and  will  are  ascribed  to  Him,  1  Cor. 
 ii,  10,  11;  xii,  11;  Eph.  iv,  3.  2.  He  is  joined  with 
 the  other  two  Divine  Persons,  as  the  object  of  divine 
 worship  and  fountain  of  blessings.  Matt,  xxviii,  19; 
 2  Cor.  xiii,  14.  3.  In  the  Greek,  a  masculine  article 
 or  epithet  is  joined  to  His  name,  Pneuma,  which  is 
 naturally  of  the  neuter  gender,  John  xiv,  26;  xv,  26; 
 xvi,  13;  Eph.  i,  13.  4.  He  appeared  under  the  em- 
 blem of  a  dove,  and  of  cloven  tongues  of  nre,  ilatt. 
 iii;  Acts  ii.  .5.  Personal  offices  of  an  intercessor 
 belong  to  Him,  Rom.  viii,  26.  6.  He  is  represented 
 as  performing  a  multitude  of  personal  acts,  as  teach- 
 ing, speaking,  witnessing,  etc.,  Mark  xiii,  11;  Acts 
 XX,  23;  Rom.  viii,  15,  16;  1  Cor.  vi,  19;  Acts  xv,  28; 
 xvi,  6,  7,  etc. 
 
 II.  It  is  no  le.ss  evident  that  the  Holy  Ghost  is  a 
 dixiue  person,  equal  in  power  and  glory  with  the 
 Father  and  Son.  1.  Names  proper  only  to  the  Jlost 
 High  Ciod  are  ascribed  to  Him;  as  Jehovah,  Acts  xxviii, 
 2.'i,  with  Isa.  vi,  9,  and  Hebrews  iii,  7,  9,  with  Exod. 
 xvii,  7;  .ler.  xxxi,' 31,  34;  Heb.  x,  15,  16.  God,  Acts 
 V.  .3.  4.  Lord,  2  Cor.  iii,  17,  19.  "The  Lord,  the 
 Sjiirit. "  2.  Attributes  proper  only  to  the  Mo.st  High 
 God  are  ascribed  to  Him:  as  omniscience,  1  Cor.  ii, 
 10,  11;  Isa.  xl,  13,  14.  Omnipresence,  Ps.  cxxxix,  7; 
 Eph.  ii,  17,  18;  Rom.  viii,  26,  27.  Omnipotence, 
 Luke  i,  35.  Eternity,  Ileh.  ix,  14.  3.  Divine  works 
 are  evidently  ascribed  to  Him,  Gen.  ii,  2;  Job  xxvi, 
 13;  Ps.  xxxii,  6;  civ,  30.  4.  Worship,  proper  only 
 to  God,  is  reijuired  and  a^rihed  to  llini,  Isa.  vi,  3; 
 
 Acts  xxviii,  25;  Rom.  ix,  1;  Rev.  i.  4;  2  Cor.  xiii,  14; 
 Matt,  xxviii,  19. 
 
 III.  The  agency  or  work  of  the  Holy  Ghost  is 
 divided  by  some  into  extraordinary  and  ordinary. 
 The  former  by  imnudiate  inspiration,  making  men 
 prophets;  the  latter  by  His  regenerating  and  sancti- 
 fying influences,  making  men  saints.  It  is  only  the 
 latter  which  is  now  to  be  expected.  This  is  more 
 particularly  displayed  in — 1.  Conviction  of  sin,  John 
 xvi,  8,  9.  2.  Conversion,  1  Cor.  xii;  ii,  10,  12;  Eph.  i, 
 17,  18;  John  iii,  5, 6.  3.  SanrllJir<ition,  2  Thess.  ii,  13; 
 1  Cor.  vi,  11;  Rom.  xv,  Ifi.  4.  Consolation,  .Tohn  xiv, 
 16,  26.  5.  Direction,  ,Tohn  xiv,  17;  Rom.  viii,  14. 
 6.  Confirmation,  Rora.  viii,  16,  26;  1  .Tohn  ii,  24;  Eph. 
 i,  13,  14. 
 
 As  to  the  gift  of  the  Holy  Spirit,  thongh  bestowed 
 in  answer  to  our  prayers,  it  is  not  expected — 1.  To 
 inform  us  immediately,  as  by  a  whisper,  when  either 
 awake  or  a.sleep,  that  we  ar^the  children  of  God;  or 
 in  any  other  way  than  by  enal)ling  us  to  exercise 
 repentance  and  faith,  and  love  to  God  and  our  neigh- 
 bor. 2.  We  are  not  to  suppose  that  He  reveals  any- 
 thing contrary  to  the  written  Word,  or  more  than  is 
 contained  in  it,  or  through  any  other  medium.  3. 
 We  are  not  so  led  by,  or  operated  upon  by,  the  Spirit, 
 as  to  neglect  the  means  of  grace.  4.  The  Holy  Spirit 
 is  not  promised  nor  given  to  render  us  infallible.  5. 
 Nor  is  the  Holy  Spirit  given  in  order  that  we  may  do 
 anything  whieh  was  not  before  our  duty.  [See  Trinili/.) 
 
 Household  The,  Ho-w  to  Bless.  An  able 
 divine,  in  a  .sermon  ou  the  text,  "Then  David  re- 
 turned to  bless  his  household  "  (2  Sam.  vi,  20),  thus 
 presents  the  way  in  which  the  head  of  a  family  may 
 bless  his  household,  and  the  reasons  which  should 
 engage  him  to  attempt  it: — 
 
 "First,  he  may  'bless  his  household'  by  example. 
 I  begin  with  this,  because  nothing  can  supply  the 
 want  of  personal  religion.  He  who  despises  his  own 
 soul  will  feel  little  disposition  to  attend  to  the  souls 
 of  others.  Destitute  of  principle,  he  will  be  deter- 
 mined only  by  circumstances,  and  his  exertions,  if 
 he  makes  any,  will  be  partial  and  rare.  Having 
 nothing  to  animate  him  from  exiDerience,  his  en- 
 deavors will  be  dull  and  cold.  Where  all  is  merely 
 formal  and  official,  a  man  will  not  go  far  even  in  the 
 use  of  means;  but  what  probability  is  there  of  his 
 success,  when  he  does  use  them  ?  Who  loves  to 
 take  his  meat  from  a  leprous  hand  ?  A  drunkard  will 
 make  a  poor  preacher  of  sobriety  to  servants.  A 
 proud  and  passionate  father  is  a  wretched  recom- 
 mender  of  humility  and  meekness  to  his  children. 
 What  those  who  are  under  his  care  sec,  will  more  than 
 counteract  what  they  hear  ;  and  all  his  efforts  will  be 
 rejected,  with  the  questions,  '  Thou  that  teachest  an- 
 other, teachest  thou  not  thyself?  Thou  that  preach- 
 est  a  man  should  not  steal ,  dost  thou  steal  ?  Thou 
 that  sayest  a  man  should  not  commit  adultery,  dost 
 thou  commit  adultery  ?  '  To  what  is  it  owing  that 
 the  offspring  of  many  professors  are  worse  than  those 
 
HOVSEnOLD, 
 
 1164 
 
 noir  TO  liLESS  THE. 
 
 of  other  men?  Inconsistency.  Inconsistency  is  more 
 injurious  than  neglect.  The  one  may  be. resolved 
 into  a  forKftfulncss  of  prim-iph';  the  other  shows  a 
 ronU-inpt  of  it.  Yon  little  imagine  how  early  and  how 
 eflV'ctively  childrin  rcm.irk  things.  Tlu-y  notice  them 
 when  they  seem  incapablcof  any  distinct  observation; 
 and  while  yon  would  suppose  uo  impression  could  he 
 /(//  on  such  soft  materials,  a  fixed  turn  is  given  to 
 many  a  part  of  the  future  character.  You  must 
 therefore  reverence  them,  and  he  circum.spect  even  in 
 yotir  most  free  and  rela.xing  moments.  You  must  do, 
 as  well  as  teach;  and  while  you  are  humble  before 
 God,  you  must  be  able  to  say  to  thorn,  '  Be  ye 
 followers  of  me,  even  as  I  also  am  of  Christ. ' 
 
 '■  It  is  commonly  observed  that  example  does  more 
 than  jirccept.  But  the  young  are  peculiarly  alive  to 
 example;  and  when  example  has  the  advantage  of 
 nearness  and  constant  exhibition,  and  unites  both 
 authority  and  endearment, it  must  prove  the  most  pow- 
 erful audi  n.sensible  transformer;  andrequires  in  those 
 who  furnish  it,  and  who  will  nece.ssarily  be  imitated, 
 that  tli<y  '  abstain  from  all  appearance  of  evil.'  We 
 only  add  here,  that  they  who  constitute  your  moral 
 charge,  are  not  so  much  atl'ected  and  swayed  by  any 
 direct  and  positive  urgings  as  by  the  presence  and 
 exemplification  and  sight  of  '  whatsoever  things  are 
 lovely  and  of  good  report. '  The  force  of  the  hot- 
 house is  not  to  be  compared  with  the  genial  influence 
 of  the  Si)ring,  by  which,  without  violence  and  with- 
 out noise,  everything  is  drawn  into  bud  and  bloom. 
 
 "  Scvondli/.  lie  may  'bless  his  household'  by 
 government.  Order  is  Heaven's  lirst  law.  Goil  Him- 
 self is  the  example  of  it;  and  by  nothing  docs  He 
 bless  His  creatures  more,  than  by  the  steadiness  of 
 the  order  of  Nature,  and  the  regularity  of  the  sea-sons. 
 What  uncertainty  is  there  in  the  ebbing  and  flowing 
 of  the  tides?  What  deviation  in  the  changes  of  the 
 moon?  The  sun  knoweth  his  going  down.  Even 
 the  comet  is  nut  eccentric;  in  traversing  the  bound- 
 lc.s.sn<'ss  of  sp.ice,  he  performs  his  revolutions  of  fifty 
 or  a  hundred  years,  to  a  moment.  And  in  all  the 
 works  of  God,  what  seems  disorder  is  only  arrange- 
 ment beyond  our  comprehension,  for  '  in  wisdom  He 
 has  made  them  all. ' 
 
 "  Hearthe  .\posfle  '  Let  every  thinglx- done  decently 
 and  in  order.'  The  welfare  of  your  household  re- 
 (juires  that  you  should  observer  times.  Everything 
 should  have  its  sea.son — your  business,  your  meals, 
 y<iMr  devotional  exerci.se.s,  your  rising  and  your  rest. 
 The  periods  for  these  will  vary  with  the  condition  of 
 families,  but  labor  to  be  as  punctual  ;us  circumstances 
 will  allow.  It  is  of  importiince  to  peace  and  tem- 
 ])er,  and  diligence  aiul  economy.  Confusion  is 
 friendly  to  every  evil  work.  Disorder  also  multiplies 
 disorder.  For  no  one  thinks  of  being  exact  with 
 those  who  set  at  nought  all  ])un(tuality. 
 
 "  The  Kime  principle  rciiuircs  that  you  should  keep 
 everything  in  its  pla<'e.  Subordination  is  the  es.sence 
 of  all  order  and  rule.     Never  sulfer  the  distinctions 
 
 of  life,  to  be  broken  down.  All  violations  of  this 
 kind  injure  those  who  are  below  the  gra<lation,  as 
 well  as  those  above  it.  The  relinquishment  of 
 authority  may  be  as  wrong  as  its  excesses.  He  that 
 is  responsible  for  the  duties  of  any  relation,  .should 
 j  claim  its  prerog;vtives  and  powers.  How  else  is  he  to 
 ,  discharge  them?  Be  kind  and  afiable  to  .servants; 
 but  let  nothing  divest  you  of  the  mistress.  Be  the 
 tenderest  of  fathers;  but  be  the  father;  and  no  sensible 
 woman  will,  I  am  sure,  be  offended  if  I  add,  be  the 
 most  devoted  of  husbands,  but  he  the  husband. 
 
 Thirdly,  By  Di.ielpline.  This  regards  the  treat- 
 ment of  offences:  '  For  it  mast  needs  be  that  offences 
 will  come:  "  and  what  is  to  be  done  with  them? 
 Here  two  extremes  are  to  be  avoided.  The  one  is 
 severity.  You  are  not  to  magnify  trifles  into  serious 
 e%-ils;  and  instead  of  a  cheerful  countenance  to  wear  a 
 gloom  ;  and  instead  of  commending,  to.  be  always 
 finding  fault;  and  in-stead  of  enlivening  everything 
 around  you  like  the  weather  in  Spring,  to  be  a  con- 
 tinual dropping  in  a  rainy,  winter  day.  Instead  of 
 making  home  repulsive,  let  it  possess  every  attraction, 
 and  abound  with  every  indulgence  and  allowance 
 the  exclusions  of  Scripture  do  not  forbid.  Instead 
 of  making  a  child  tremble  and  retreat,  gain  his  con- 
 fidence and  love,  and  let  him  run  into  your  arms. 
 'Fathers,'  says  the  Apo.stle  (for this fiiult lies  mostly 
 with  our  sex),  '  Fathers,  provoke  not  your  children 
 to  wrath,  lest  they  be  discouraged.'  The  other  is 
 indulgence — a  foolish  fondness,  or  connivance  at 
 things  actually  wrong,  or  pregnant  with  evil.  This 
 often  shoVs  itself  with  regard  to  favorites.  And 
 here,  ye  mothers,  let  not  i/our  good  be  evil  spoken  of. 
 Do  not  smother  your  darlings  to  death  with  kisses: 
 and  let  not  your  tender  bosom  be  an  asylum  for 
 delinquents  .appealing  from  the  deserved  censures  of 
 the  father.  The  success  of  such  appeals,  with  kind 
 but  weak  minds,  is  very  mischievous  :  it  makes  pre- 
 ferences where  there  should  be  an  evenness  of  regard, 
 ami  tends  to  check  and  discourage  wholesome  re- 
 proof; and  '  he  that  sparcth  the  rod,  hateth  his  son ; 
 but  he  that  loveth  him,  cha.steneth  him  betimes.' 
 '  Chasten  thy  son  while  there  is  hope,  and  let  not 
 thy  soul  spare  for  his  crying.'  Here  Eli  failed  ;  '  his 
 .sons  nuide  themselves  vile  and  he  restrained  them 
 not.'  Here  also  David  erred;  he  had  not  displc:L.s<'d 
 .Vdonijah  at  any  time  in  saying,  '  Why  hast  thou 
 done  so?'  AVhen  the  head  of  a  family  cannot  prevent 
 the  introduction  of  improper  books;  the  visits  of  in- 
 fiilel  or  profane  companions;  the  indulgence  of  en- 
 snaring usa.ges  and  indecent  discourse;  the  putting 
 forth  of  pretensions  above  his  rank;  the  incurring 
 of  expenses  beyond  his  income ;  does  he  bear  rule 
 in  his  own  house?  Is  it  thus  that  Ac  puts  away 
 evil  from  his  tabernacle?  Is  it  thus  that /ic  blesses 
 his  household? 
 
 "For  what  is  .Vbrah.im    commended?     'I  know 
 
 him,  that  he   will  command   his   children  and   his 
 
 !  household  after  him,  and  they  shall  keep  the  ways 
 
HOUSEHOLD, 
 
 1165 
 
 now  TO  BLESS  THE. 
 
 of  the  Lord,  to  do  justiit-  and  judgment.'  Not  that 
 he  Wiis  the  tyrant,  and  terrified  liis  family  with  tlie 
 blackness  of  his  Irowu,  or  the  roughness  of  his  voice. 
 We  no  more  admire  a  despot  in  the  hou.se  than  in  the 
 State;  but  he  was  decided  and  firm;  not  only  telling 
 his  servants  and  children  what  they  were  to  avoid  or 
 what  they  were  to  perform,  but  reiiuiring  and 
 enforcing  obedience  by  the  authority  of  his  .station. 
 But  prupcr  authority  requires  dignity  as  well  as 
 power.  What  c;iu  he  do,  whose  levities,  and  lollies, 
 and  ignorance,  and  weakness,  deprive  him  of  all  awe, 
 and  all  influence,  and  all  impression?  Are  we  to 
 smile  or  sigh  at  the  thought  of  some  children  being 
 in  subjection  to  their  parents,  and  of  some  wives 
 being  ciilled  upon  to  reverence  their  husbands?  Is 
 there  no  law  to  protect  females  and  children  ?  As  to 
 children,  the  c;i.se  is  not  volunUirv;  they  deserve 
 pity.  But  no  sympathy  is  due  to  females  who  throw 
 tliemselves  into  the  emj>ire  of  folly  and  weakness, 
 and  willingly  choose  a  condition  whose  duties  it  is 
 sinful  for  them  to  neglect  and  impossible  for  them  to 
 perform. 
 
 "  Fourthly,  By  IiiMruction.  'For  the  .soul  to  be 
 without  knowledge,  it  is  not  good.'  And  this  holds 
 supremely  true  of  religious  knowledge.  '  These 
 words,'  says  Mose.s,  'which  I  command  thee  this 
 day,  shall  be  in  thine  heart;  and  thou  shalt  teach 
 them  diligently  unto  thy  children,  and  shalt  talk  of 
 them  when  thou  sittest  in  thine  house,  and  when 
 thou  walkest  by  the  way,  and  when  thou  lie.st  down, 
 and  when  thou  risest  up.  And  thou  shalt  bind  them 
 for  a  sign  upon  thine  hand,  and  they  shall  be  as 
 frontlets  between  thine  eyes.  And  thou  shalt  write 
 them  upon  the  posts  of  thy  house,  and  on  thy  gates.' 
 Here  observe  not  only  the  duty,  but  the  manner  in 
 which  he  ha.s  enj  oined  the  performance  of  it.  He  would 
 make  it  a  constant,  a  familiar,  an  easy,  a  pleasing  exer- 
 cise— a  recreation  rather  than  a  tiisk.  In  another 
 place  he  says,  '  When  thy  son  asketh  thee  in  time  to 
 come,  saying,  ^\^^at  mean  the  testimonies  and  the 
 statutes  and  the  judgments  which  the  Lord  our  God 
 hath  commanded  you  ?  Then  thou  shalt  say  unto 
 thy  son.  We  were  Pharaoh's  bondmen  in  Kgypt ;  and 
 the  Lord  brought  us  out  of  Egi|-pt  with  a  mightj- 
 hand.  And  the  Lord  showed  signs  and  wonders, 
 great  and  sore,  upon  Egypt,  upon  Pharaoh,  and  upon 
 all  his  household,  before  our  eyes;  and  he  brought  us 
 out  txom  thence,  that  he  might  bring  us  in,  to  give 
 us  the  land  which  he  sware  unto  our  fathers.  And 
 the  Lord  commanded  us  to  do  all  these  statutes,  to 
 fear  the  Lord  our  God  for  our  good  always,  that  he 
 might  preserve  us  alive,  as  it  is  at  this  day.  And  it 
 shall  be  our  righteousness,  if  we  observe  to  do  all 
 these  commandments  before  the  Lord  our  God  as  he 
 hath  commanded  us. '  Nothing  can  be  more  natural 
 than  this  recommendation.  The  curiosity  of  children 
 is  great,  and  will  commonly,  if  judiciously  treated, 
 furni.sh  you  with  suflieient  opportunities  to  inform 
 them.     Their  questions  will  show  you  the   bias  of 
 
 their  disposition,  the  state  of  their  minds,  and  the 
 nature  and  degree  of  the  information  it  is  proper  to 
 administer  ;  and  in  various  cases  it  is  less  necessary 
 to  go  before  them  than  to  follow.  Events  too  are 
 always  turning  up;  and  these  will  afford  a  wise  parent 
 a  thousand  hints  of  natural  and  sexsonable  improve- 
 ment. Yet  there  are  those  who,  though  they  levy  a 
 tiix  upon  everthing  their  avarice,  sagacity  and  zeal 
 can  find  to  promote  the  temporal  interests  of  their 
 offspring,  never  seize  and  turn  to  a  religious  account 
 any  of  tho.se  occurrences  of  the  day  and  of  the  neigh- 
 borhood, whether  pleasing  or  awful,  that  might  so 
 easily  be  made  to  speak  not  only  to  the  understand- 
 ing, but  to  the  imagination  and  the  heart. 
 
 "Fifthly,  By  neetiriiig  their  ntlendance  on  the  Means  of 
 Grace.  Servants  should  be  allowed  opportunities  of 
 public  worship  and  in.struction,  as  often  as  circum- 
 stances will  permit;  and  we  admire  the  plan  of  our 
 forefathers,  who  disengaged  their  domestics  as  much 
 as  possible  on  the  Sabbath,  from  the  preparations  of 
 the  tiible,  that  they  might  be  at  liberty  to  go  them- 
 selves and  get  food  for  their  souls.  Children  also 
 should  be  led  to  the  House  of  God — though  there  is 
 a  proper  time  for  their  "showing  unto  Israel."  In 
 determining  this,  it  is  not  ea.sy  to  draw  the  line.  If 
 they  are  fciken  too  early,  besides  hindering  the  at- 
 tention of  those  who  have  the  charge  of  them,  there 
 is  danger  that  holy  exercises  will  become  irksome  by 
 frequent  and  long  detentions  before  they  can  feel 
 any  interest  in  them.  Yet  an  early  attendance  is 
 valuable,  as  it  tends  to  render  the  habit  natural; 
 and  impressions  may  be  occasionally  made,  even 
 upon  infant  minds,  sufficient  to  lead  them  to  inquire, 
 and  to  aid  you  much  in  j'our  endeavors  to  instruct 
 them  at  home. 
 
 "Lastly,  By  Domestic  Devotion.  This  service  ought 
 to  be  performed  every  morning  and  evening.  It  in- 
 cludes prayer.  Prayer  is  not  only  to  be  made  for 
 your  family — though  this  is  a  duty  and  a  privilege, 
 and  enables  you  to  obtain  for  your  household  a 
 thousand  blessings — but  also  with  them.  It  tjikes  in 
 also  readiugthe  Scriptures.  Mr.  Henry  goes  further: 
 'They,'  says  he,  'who  daily  pray  in  their  houses 
 do  well ;  they  that  not  only  jiray,  but  read  the  Scrip- 
 ture.s,  do  better;  but  they  do  best  of  all  who  not  only 
 pray  and  read  the  Scriptures,  but  sing  the  praises  of 
 God. "  This  exercise  is  very  enlivening,  and  tends  to 
 throw  off  the  formality  which  adheres  perhaps  more 
 to  domestic  worship  than  either  to  public  or  private 
 devotion,  as  it  allows  of  le.ss  variety.  If  singing  be 
 not  practicable,  a  psalm  or  hymn  may  be  read.  It 
 will  often  produce  a  good  ett'ect,  by  impressing  the 
 minds  of  servants  and  children.  The  whole  of  the 
 service  will  help  you  in  performing  what  we  have 
 previously  recommended,  the  duty  of  teaching  and 
 admonishing  your  families.  The  psalm  or  hymn 
 will  furnish  them  with  sentiments  and  sentences. 
 The  reading  of  the  word  will  store  their  minds  with 
 facts  and  doctrine,  while  the  prayer   itself   will  be 
 
HorsKiioi.n, 
 
 11  (>6 
 
 now  TO  BLESS  THE. 
 
 no  inconsi(l<Ta1)le  iustructer.  The  very  engagement 
 will  reiuiml  tliera  of  the  presence  and  agency  of  God. 
 Your  addressing  Ilim  for  pardon  will  tonvinee  them 
 of  guilt;  your  interceding  for  yourcountry  will  teacli 
 them  patriotism;  for  your  enemies,  forgiveness  of 
 injuries;  for  all  mankind,  universal  benevolence. 
 Thus  a  man  may  hiess  his  household.  Let  us  con- 
 sider— 
 "II.  The  reasons  wiiicir  should  kxgage  him 
 
 TO   ATTEMPT    IT. 
 
 "  For  this  purpose,  let  us  view  Domestic  Religion, 
 
 "First,  In  reference  to  Gml.  To  Him  it  has — a  re- 
 lation of  rc!<j)on!<iliiliti/.  We  are  required  to  glorify 
 God  in  every  condition  we  occiipy;  in  every  capacity 
 we  possess.  A  jioor  man  is  recjuired  to  serve  him; 
 but  if  he  becomes  rich,  liis  duty  is  varied  and  en- 
 larged; and  from  the  hour  of  his  acquiring  wealth 
 he  will  be  judged  by  the  laws  of  affluence.  A  single 
 man  is  rei^uircd  to  serve  God  as  an  individual  only; 
 but  if  he  enters  into  connected  life,  he  must  serve 
 (iod  as  the  head  of  a  family,  and  will  lie  judged  by 
 the  duties  arising  from  his  household  relation.  God 
 has  given  him  a  talent,  and  he  is  to  make  use  of  that 
 tiilent.  He  h;i.s  committed  to  him  a  trust,  and  he  is 
 to  be  faithful  to  that  trust.  He  has  made  him  a 
 steward,  and  he  is  to  give  account  of  his  stewardship. 
 'I  assigned  you,'  will  God  say,  'the  empire  of  a 
 family.  To  qualify  you  for  the  office,  I  furnished 
 you  with  authority,  and  influence,  and  resources. 
 How  have  you  employed  them?  Where  are  the 
 servant.s  and  children  yim  were  to  have  trained  up 
 for  me  ! ' 
 
 "A  relation  of  (/ra^7H(/('.  How  much  dost  thou  owe 
 to  this  kindness  and  care  !  AVho  crowned  the  wish 
 of  thy  heart  in  granting  thee  theobject  of  thy  dearest 
 choice?  Behold  thy  wife,  like  a  fruitful  vine  by  the 
 sides  of  thy  house;  and  thy  children,  like  'olive 
 plants  round  about  thy  table.'  ^^^lo  has  supplied 
 not  only  all  thy  personal,  but  all  thy  relative  wants? 
 Ayiioso  secret  h:us  been  upon  thy  tabernacle?  Whose 
 providence  h:us  blessed  the  labor  of  thy  hand  ? 
 Whose  vigilance  has  suffered  no  evil  to  befall  thee, 
 and  no  plague  to  come  nigh  thy  dwelling?  And 
 wilt  thou  refuse  to  serve  Him,  with  a  family 
 which  Jle  has  formed,  and  secured,  and  sustiiined, 
 and  indulged?  And  wilt  thou,  instead  of  making 
 thy  house  the  t<-mple  of  His  praise,  render  it  the 
 grave  of  His  mercies  ? 
 
 "  A  relation  of  dcprnilence.  Can  you  di.spen.se  with 
 God  in  your  family?  AVhat  are  all  your  schemes, 
 all  your  exertions,  all  your  expectiitions,  without 
 Him?  ' Except  the  Lord  build  the  hou.se,  they  labor 
 in  vain  that  build  it;  except  the  Lord  keep  the  city, 
 the  watchman  wakcth  but  in  vain.  It  is  vain  for 
 you  to  rise  up  early,  to  sit  up  late,  to  v.it  the  bread 
 of  sorrows;  for  so  hegiveth  his  licloved  .sleep.'  How 
 wi.sc  is  it,  then,  to  secure  the  favor  of  oni'  who  has  all 
 tilings  under  His  control,  and  is  able  to  make  them 
 all  work  together  for  your  good,  or  conspire  to  your 
 
 destmction.  And  has  he  not  bound  Himself  by 
 promise  and  by  threatening?  '  The  curse  of  the  Lord 
 is  in  the  house  of  the  wicked ;  but  he  ble.s.sctb  the 
 habitation  of  the  just.'  Wliat  may  not  be  dreaded 
 from  the  curse  of  the  Almighty  ?  "\Miat  may  not  be 
 expected  from  His  blessing?  Under  the  one,  the 
 erils  of  life  become  intolerable;  we  sow  much,  and 
 bring  home  little;  we  earn  wages  to  put  it  into  a 
 bag  \vith  holes;  our  table  becomes  a  snare;  our  suc- 
 cesses gender  many  foolish  and  hurtful  lusts;  our 
 prosperity  destroys  us.  Under  the  other,  a  little 
 is  better  than  the  riches  of  many  wicked ;  our  trials 
 are  alleviated ;  our  sorrows  are  tokens  for  good;  our 
 comforts  are  enjoyed  with  a  relish  which  others  never 
 taste;  the  voice  of  rejoicing  and  of  salvation  is  in  the 
 tabernacles  of  the  righteous.     Therefore — 
 
 "Secondly,  View  it  in  reference  to  yourselves.  You 
 ought  to  be  concerned  chiefly  for  your  spiritual  wel- 
 fare; and  should  value  things  as  they  tend  to  restrain 
 you  from  sin  and  excite  you  to  holiness.  If  this 
 maxim  canuot  be  deuied,  let  us  judge  l)y  this  rule — 
 the  man  who  performs  this  duty  and  the  man  who 
 neglects  it.  Can  he  give  way  to  .swearing  and  false- 
 hood, who  is  going  to  hear /rom  God  and  to  speak  to 
 Him  ?  Can  he  throw  himself  into  a  fury,  who  is  just 
 going  to  hold  intercourse  with  the  source  of  peace 
 and  love  ?  Must  he  not  guard  his  temper  and  conduct, 
 even  on  the  princijjle  of  consistency?  The  other 
 exonerates  himself  from  the  reproach  of  hj-pocrtsy; 
 and  because  he  makes  no  pretensions  to  duty,  thinks 
 he  is  justified  in  living  as  he  pleases.  And  this  it  is 
 that  restrains  many  from  adopting  the  practice. 
 They  thiuk  that  it  would  embarrass  them;  that  it 
 would  abridge  their  liberty;  that  it  would  fit  upon 
 them  the  charge  of  inconsistency.  And  so  far  they 
 think  justly.  But  here  is  their  folly:  in  viewing  a 
 freedom  from  moral  motives  and  restraints  as  a 
 privilege,  and  an  obligation  to  urge  them  to  what  is 
 right  and  beneficial  in  itself,  as  a  hardship  and  com- 
 j)laint ! 
 
 ".\nd  the  jnactice  is  not  only  right,  but  every  way 
 profitable.  While  you  teach  you  learn;  while  you  do 
 good  you  are  gaining  good.  Your  mind  will  be 
 tran<iuillized  Ijy  a  confidence  in  God,  which  you  alone 
 are  justified  in  reposing,  and  which  you  alone  can 
 repose  in  Him.  How  much  does  your  comfort  depend 
 on  the  dutifulness  of  those  that  are  under  yon!  But 
 how  can  you  look  for  morality  without  piety?  It  is 
 by  teaching  them  to  regard  God  that  you  must  teach 
 them  to  regard  yourselves,  and  to  be  diligent  and  sub- 
 missive in  their  places.  It  is  thus  you  bind  them  by 
 sanctions  the  most  powerful,  and  which  operate  iu 
 your  absence,  as  well  as  when  you  are  nigh.  It  is 
 thus  you  are  not  only  obeyed,  but  regarded  and 
 honored.  Keligion,  when  it  is  con.si.stently  exempli- 
 fied, always  inspires  respect  and  reverence.  But 
 what  hold  have  the  irreligious  on  the  homage  of 
 others?  So  true  it  is  even  here,  'They  that  despise 
 me  shall  be  lightly  esteemed. '     View  it — 
 
HOUSEHOLD, 
 
 1167 
 
 HOW  TO  BLESS  THE. 
 
 "  Thirrlh/,  In  reference  to  the  Family.  15y  how 
 many  tics  ought  the  members  of  your  hou.se)ioI(l  to 
 he  endeared!  'And  we  rfo  love  them.'  But  wherein 
 does  yoxir  love  appear?  Can  you  imagine  that  it 
 only  requires  you  to  ask,  what  shall  they  eat,  and 
 what  shall  they  drink,  and  wherewithal  shall  they 
 he  clothed  ?  What  is  the  body  to  the  soul  ?  AMiat 
 is  time  to  eternity?  Do  you  wish  to  do  thcni  good  ? 
 Can  any  good  equal  that  godliness  which  '  is  profitable 
 unto  all  things,  having  promise  of  the  life  that  now 
 is,  as  well  as  of  that  which  is  to  come  ? ' 
 
 "  Were  you  to  sufl'cr  your  children  to  go  naked,  to 
 perish  with  hunger;  were  you  to  leave  them  in  sick- 
 ness to  die  alone,  you  would  be  shunned  as  monsters. 
 But  you  are  tar  more  deserving  of  execration,  if  you 
 infamously  disregard  their  spiritual  and  everlasting 
 •welfare.  Doubtless  Herod  was  viewed  with  horror  by 
 those  who  had  witnessed  the  massacre  of  the  infants 
 of  Bethlehem;  but  he  was  far  less  cruel  than  some 
 of  you.  He  slew  thechildren  of  others;  you  destroy 
 your  own.  He  only  killed  the  body,  you  destroy 
 both  body  and  soul  in  hell.  Had  you  any  real 
 love  to  your  children,  what  would  be  your  feelings 
 in  life  to  see  them  going  astray,  and  verifying,  by 
 the  evils  of  their  conduct,  that  the  way  of  trans- 
 gressors is  hard,  while  conscious  that  you  have  done 
 nothing  to  secure  them  from  it  !  But  what,  at 
 death,  would  you  think  of  a  meeting  that  must  take 
 place  between  you  and  your  children,  in  the  great 
 day!  Then  they  will  rise  up  against  you  in  the 
 judgment,  and  cause  you  to  be  put  to  death. 
 '  Cursed  be  the  day  of  my  birth  !  Why  died  I  not 
 from  the  womb  ?  Why  was  I  not  as  a  hidden  un- 
 timely birth,  as  infants  that  never  see  light?  Thou 
 father,  and  thou  nuither,  the  instruments  of  my  being, 
 to  you  I  am  under  no  obligations.  You  only  con- 
 sulted your  barbarous  inclinations.  You  gave  me  an 
 existence  over  which  you  watched  while  I  could  not 
 be  guilty;  but  mercilessly  abandoned  me  as  soon  as  I 
 became  responsible.  As  the  creature  of  a  day,  you 
 provided  for  me ;  but  as  an  immortal,  you  left  me — 
 you  made  me — to  perish.  I  execrate  your  cruelty. 
 1  call  for  damnation  upon  your  heads;  and  the  only 
 relief  of  the  misery  to  which  you  have  consigned  me 
 is,  that  I  c;in  reproach  and  torment  you  forever. ' 
 
 "  From  such  a  dreadful  scene,  how  delightful  is  it 
 to  think  what  a  happy  meeting  there  will  be  between 
 those  who  have  blessed  their  hou.seholds  and  the 
 favored  subjects  of  their  pious  care!  Y'ea,  without 
 going  forward  to  this  period  of  mutual  and  happy 
 acknowledgment,  what  a  joy  unspeakable  and  full 
 of  glory  must  such  benefactors  feel  even  now,  when 
 they  hear  a  servant  saying,  '  Blessed  be  God  for  the 
 hour  I  entered  such  a  family.  I  w;is  as  ignorant  and 
 careless  as  a  heathen;  but  there  the  eyes  of  my 
 understanding  were  opened,  there  my  feet  were 
 turned  into  the  path  of  peace. '  Or  when  they  hear  a 
 child  confessing,  'Oh,  what  a  privilege  that  I  was 
 born  of  such  parents  !     How  early  did  they  teach  mc 
 
 to  know  the  Holy  Scriptures  !  How  soon  they  led 
 me  to  the  Throne  of  Grace;  and,  by  teaching  me  to 
 l)ray,  furnished  me  with  the  best  privilege  of  life  ! 
 How  patiently  they  watched,  and  how  tenderly  they 
 cherished,  and  how  wisely  they  directed  every  pious 
 sentiment  and  every  holy  purpose  !    And — 
 
 "  '.\8  a  bird  each  fond  endearment  tries, 
 
 To  tt'nipt  her  now-fledged  ofl"spring  to  tlie  ekios, 
 They  tried  each  art,  reproved  eacli  dull  delay, 
 Allured  to  brighter  worlds, and  led  the  way.' 
 
 "It  is  thus  their  children  rise  up  and  call  them 
 blessed  !     Let  us  view  it — 
 
 '^  Fourth! !/,  In  reference  to  Vi«il<uilx  and  Guatls. 
 These,  instead  of  inducing  you  to  decline  the  prac- 
 tice, should  furnish  you  with  argument  in  support 
 of  it.  AVoe  be  to  you,  if  you  shrink  back  from  the 
 duty  in  compliment  to  the  rich,  the  infidel,  the  irre- 
 ligious, or  the  dissipated — should  such  ever  be  found 
 beneath  your  roof !  For  '  he  that  is  ashamed  of  me 
 and  of  my  words,'  saj's  the  Saviour,  '  of  him  will  the 
 Son  of  man  be  ashamed,  when  he  comes  in  the  clouds 
 of  heaven,  with  the  holy  angels.' 
 
 "  It  is  not  by  concealing  your  principles,  but  by 
 owning  them  verbally  and  practically,  that  you  must 
 be  useful  to  others,  and  gain  their  respect.  And  here 
 you  have  an  opportunity  to  confess  Him  before  men; 
 and  withoutgoing  out  of  your  way  toeffeetit.  It  can- 
 not api>ear  to  be  sought  after  to  give  oft'ence.  It 
 comes,  in  the  regular  course  of  your  household 
 arrangement.  And  nothing  is  more  likely,  without 
 effort  and  without  officiousness,  to  awaken  attention, 
 to  inform,  to  admonish.  The  preacher  remembers 
 well  the  acknowledgment  of  a  man  now  with  God. 
 He  moved  in  superior  life;  and,  from  his  rank  and 
 talents  and  extensive  and  various  acqiraintance,  was 
 likely  to  have  persons  frequently  at  his  house  who 
 were  strangers  to  his  religious  economy.  He  said 
 his  manner  was,  when  the  time  of  domestic  ser^^ce 
 arrived,  to  inform  them  that  he  was  always  ac- 
 cu.stomed  to  worship  God  with  his  family:  if  they  dis- 
 liked the  practice,  they  might  remain;  if  they  chose 
 to  attend,  they  might  accompany  him  into  the  library. 
 He  said  he  had  never  known  any  that  refused;  and 
 many  of  them  owned  they  were  much  struck  with 
 the  propriety  and  usefulness  of  the  usage,  and 
 resolved,  on  their  return,  to  adopt  it  themselves. 
 The  lecturer  has  also  known  several  individuals  him- 
 .self,  who.se  religious  cour.se  commenced  during  a 
 visit  to  a  family  who  thus  honored  God  and  were 
 thus  honored  by  Ilim.  It  is  recorded,  I  believe,  of 
 Sir  Thomas  Abney,  that  even  when  he  was  Lord 
 Mayor  of  London,  and  on  the  evening  of  the  feast,  he 
 told  the  company  that  he  alwaj'S  maintained  the 
 worship  of  God  in  his  house;  that  he  was  now  with- 
 drawing for  the  purpose,  and  should  presently  return. 
 There  are  few  professors  of  religion  who  could  have 
 done  this.  They  would  not  have  had  consciousness 
 enough  of  their  claim  to  confidence  in  their  integrity. 
 But  where  the  thing  was  known  to  be,  not  the  pre- 
 
HOUSEHOLD,  now  TO  BLESfi  THE.         1168 
 
 HUGHES. 
 
 tence,  or  show  of  extraoriliuary  sanctity,  but  the 
 steady  and  uniform  operation  of  i«-iuciplc;  not  an 
 exception  from  common  conduct,  but,  line  ;is  it  was, 
 only  a  fair  specimen  of  the  whole  piece ;  this  noble 
 resolution  must  have  produced  some  impression,  even 
 in  KUfh  an  assembly.     Observe  it — 
 
 "  Fifthly,  In  reference  to  the  Country.  None  of  us 
 should  live  to  ourselves.  Every  one  should  be  con- 
 cerned to  benefit  and  improve  a  community  in  which 
 he  enjo3's  so  many  advantages.  But  we  know  that 
 'righteousness  exalteth  a  nation,'  and  that  'sin  is 
 a  reproach  to  any  people.'  "SMiat  an  enem.y,  then,. are 
 you,  if  ii'religious,  to  a  coimtry  that  de.scrves  so  much 
 at  your  hands!  However  loyally  j-ou  may  talk,  you 
 contribute  to  its  danger  and  disgrace,  not  only  by 
 your  personal  transgressions,  but  by  sending  out  into 
 the  midst  of  it  so  much  moral  contagion,  so  many 
 unprincipled  and  vicious  individuals,  from  j'our  own 
 family.  And  how  much  would  you  befriend  it  were 
 you  to  fear  God  yourselves,  and  to  .send  forth 
 those  from  under  your  care  who  will  serve  their 
 generation  according  to  his  will,  and  induce  Him  to 
 say,  'Destroy  it  not,  for  a  blessing  is  in  it!'  Who 
 can  imagine  the  good  even  one  of  these  individuals 
 may  effect,  by  his  prayers,  his  example,  his  influence, 
 his  exertions  ?  What  a  blessing  did  Elkanah  and 
 Hannah  prove  to  Israel  by  their  training  up  such  a 
 child  as  Samuel!  And  what  gratitude  do  all  ages 
 owe  to  his  grandmother  Lois  and  his  mother 
 Eunice,  for  such  a  character  as  Timothy! 
 
 "Finally,  Let  us  regard  it  iu  reference  tothe  Church. 
 Baxter  thinks  that  if  family  religion  was  fully  dis- 
 charged, the  preaching  of  the  Word  would  not  long 
 remain  the  general  instrument  of  conversion.    With- 
 out being  answerable  for  the  extent  of  this  observa- 
 tion, we  know  who  hath  said,  '  Train  up  a  child  in 
 the  way  that  he  should  go,  and  when  he  is  old,  he 
 will  not  depart  from  it. '     We  know  that  among  our 
 earlier  godly  ancestors,  religion  was  a  kind  of  heir- 
 loom that  passed  by  descent;    and  instead  of  the 
 fathers  were  the  children.     Families  were  then  the 
 nurseries  of  the  churches;  and  those  who  were  early 
 '  planted  in  the  house  of  the  Lord  flourished  in  the 
 courts  of  our  God,  and  still  brought  forth  fruit  in 
 old  age.'     Even  the  ministers  of  the  sanctuary  were 
 commonly  derived  from  hence;  and  these  domestic 
 .seminaries  prepared  them  to  enter  the  more  public 
 Institutions.     And  what  well-defined  and  consistent 
 characters  did  they  display!     And  what  just  notions 
 did  they  entertain  of  divine  truth!  And  how  superior 
 were  they  to  those  teachers  who,  brought  up  in  igno- 
 rance, and  after  a  profligate  cour.se,  are  suddenly 
 converted;  who,  impressed  before  they  are  informed 
 are  always  in  danger  of  extremes  or  eccentricities; 
 who  hold  no  doctrine  in  its  just  bearings,  but  are 
 carried  away  disproportionably  by  some  one  truth, 
 which  first  caught  their  attention;  and  who  often 
 continue  crude    and  incoherent    iu    their    notions 
 and    illiberal    and    condemnatory    iu    their    senti- 
 
 ments, through  life!  Thry  were  not  always  mak- 
 ing discoveries,  but  '  continued  in  the  things 
 which  they  had  learned,  and  been  assured  of,  know- 
 ing of  whom  they  had  learned  them. '  They  were 
 enlightened,  but  not  dazzled.  They  were  refreshed 
 with  divine  truth,  but  not  intoxicated.  They  stag- 
 gered not,  but  kept  on  steady  in  their  course ;  neither 
 turned  to  the  right  hand  nor  to  the  left.  They  were 
 not  Antinomians,  they  were  not  Legalists.  None 
 could  honor  the  grace  of  God  more,  but  they  never 
 abused  it. 
 
 "Not  only,  therefore,  would  the  churches  of  Christ 
 be  more  filled,  but  better  filled;  and  though  our 
 eye  is  not  evil,  because  God  is  good,  and  so  far  from 
 wishing  to  limit  the  Holy  One  of  Israel,  we  rejoice 
 in  the  conversion  of  any;  we  reckon,  and  not  with- 
 out much  observation,  that  the  best  members  and  the 
 best  ministers  of  our  churches — they  who,  iu  their 
 conduct  and  iu  their  preaching,  most  adorn  the  doc- 
 trine of  God  our  Saviour  iu  all  things,  are  those  who 
 are  brought  from  pious  families.'' 
 
 Houston,  Rev.  Samuel  Rutherford,  D.  D., 
 was  born  in  Rockbridge  county,  Va.,  jMarchl2th,  1806. 
 He  received  his  collegiate  education  in   Dickinson 
 College,  and  spent  six  years  in  teaching  iu  the  "  Deaf 
 lluteand  Blind  Institution,"  Philadelphia.    He  has 
 ever  shown,  in  his  very  earnest  manner  and  expressive 
 gesticulation,  the  fruits  of  his  experience  in  that  kind 
 of  teaching.     After  spending  one  year  in  professioual 
 study  in  Princeton  Seminary,  he  completed  his  course 
 in  Union  Seminary,  Va.     Soon  after  his  licensure  by 
 Lexington  Pre.sbytery,  of  Virginia,  he  was  ordained  by 
 the  same  an  evangelist,  with  a  view  to  foreign  mis- 
 sionary service.     He  was  assigned  by  the  A.  B.  C.  F. 
 M.  to  Scio,  in  Greece.     Losing  his   wife  by  death, 
 and  with  his  colleague.  Rev.  G.  W.  Leyburn,  ha-4-ing 
 failed  to  secure  a  permanent  location  in  the  work  in 
 Sparta,  by  reason  of  their  refusal  to  teach  the  Cate- 
 chism   of   the    National    Greek  Chmch,    both  Mr. 
 Houston  and   Mr.  Leyburn  returned  to  the  L^uited 
 States.     Jlr.  Houston  soon    fouud    employment  iu 
 Monroe  county,  Va.,  and  took  charge  of  the  churches 
 in  that  county  which  had  grown  up  under  the  labors 
 of  Eev.  Dr.  McElhenny,  the  great  pioneer  pastor  and 
 missionary  iu  the  part  of  the  Mississippi  vaUey  lying 
 in  Virginia.     His  pastorate  of  over  forty  years  in  the 
 churches  of   Mount  Pleasant  and  Union,  Monroe, 
 has  been  emiueutly  successful,  and  he  is  now  sur- 
 rounded  by  large  congregations,    mostly  composed 
 of  those  whom  he  had  baptized  in  infancy  and  trained 
 in  childhood  and  youth.     Quite  a  large  number,  in- 
 cluding his  oldest  son,  have  followed  him  into  the 
 ministry  of  Christ.     Though  now  loaded  with  the  in- 
 firmities   of  nearly  eighty  years,  he   continues  to 
 preach,  and  shows  to  younger  ministers  an  example 
 of  long-lived  and  successful  service.     Hestill  "brings 
 forth  fruit  in  old  age." 
 
 Hughes,  Isaac  Minor,  D.D.,  wiis  born  Decem- 
 ber 23d,  1834,  in  Ashland  county,  Ohio,  of  a  godly 
 
BVGHES. 
 
 1169 
 
 JAMES. 
 
 Scotch-Irish  ancestry.     He  graduated  at  Miami  Uni- 
 versity, in  June,  1855,  ranking  second  in  a  class  of 
 twenty-three.  The  Faculty  of  this  Institution  selected 
 him  as  one  of  its  future  Professors;  but  within  three 
 months  after  his  graduation  he  was  elected  Professor 
 of  Greek  in  Westminster  College,  Fulton,  Mo.     This 
 position  he  filled,  with  marked  success  and  popu- 
 larity, from  September,  ISoj,  to  February,  1858,  when 
 he  became  Principal  of  Seven-Mile  Academy,  Butler 
 county,  Ohio.  The  pulpit  of  the  Fulton  Presbyterian 
 Church  being  vacant  during  a  large  part  of  his  resi- 
 dence in  that    place,   Professor   Hughes  was  often 
 called  upon  by  the  Session  to  lecture  to  the  congrega- 
 tion.    In  these  informal  addresses  he  developed  rare 
 gifts  as  an  orator,  and  thus  his  attention  was  attracted 
 to  the  work  of  the  holy  ministry.     He  was  licensed 
 to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Oxford,  in  October, 
 1858,  and  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  Venice 
 Church  in  August,  1860.     From  June,  1870,  to  the 
 present  time,  he  has  been  the  successful  and  popular 
 pastor  of  the   Presbyterian  Church  of   Richmond, 
 Ind.,  one  of  the  largest  and  most  important  fields  in 
 that  rich  and  prosperous  State.     Dr.  Hughes  was  a 
 member  of  the  first  Board  of  Trustees  of  Wooster 
 University,  appointed  from  the  Sj-nod  of  Cincinnati, 
 and  also  a  Trustee  of  Hanover  College,  from  which 
 Institution  he  received  the  degree  of  D.D.,  in  June, 
 1883.     His  life  has  been  a  very  busy  one.      From 
 earliest  youth  his  energies  and  time  have  been  con- 
 stantly and  severely  taxed.     But  his  sunshiny  dispo- 
 sition, excellent  health,  and  the  singular  good  fortune 
 of  his  agreeable  surroundings  have  continually  in- 
 spired him  with  that  hopefulness  which  is  one  of  the 
 
 surest  elements  of  success.  Dr.  Hughes  takes  ad- 
 vanced positions  upon  all  the  great  questions  of  the 
 day.  He  advocates  the  complete  emancipation  of 
 woman,  and  more  than  20,000  copies  of  his  argument 
 for  National  Prohibition  have  been  circulated  through- 
 out various  parts  of  the  country.  His  ministry  has 
 been  a  succession  of  ingatherings  of  souls.  He  has 
 often  been  invited  to  other  fields,  but  has  never  seen 
 his  w.ay  clear  to  part  from  the  Richmond  Church. 
 
 Hunter,  John  G-arniss,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Maysville,  Ky.,  November  13th,  1840.     His  father, 
 N.  D.  Hunter,  Esq.,  was  the  youngest  son  of  John 
 Hunter  and  Jennie  Wallace,  of  Westchester  county, 
 N.  Y.     Having  graduated  from  Centre  College,  Dan- 
 \\\\e,  Ky.,  in  18G1,  he  began  the  study  of  law  in 
 Cincinnati,  under  the  direction  of  Hon.  Geo.  E.  Pugh, 
 ex-Senator  of  Ohio,   but  left  this  work   for  other 
 service.    In  1867  he  received  his  diploma  from  Union 
 Theological  Seminary,    Hampden-Sidney,  Va.,    and 
 was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  Ebenezer  Pres- 
 bytery.   He  was  installed  pastor  at  Georgetown,  Ky. , 
 in  1870,  where  he  now  lives,  despite  the  calls  to  other 
 fields  of  labor,  achieving  a  successful  ministry.     He 
 holds  an  important  place  in  Presbyterial  and  Synodi- 
 cal  work.    The  degree  of  D.  D.  was  conferred  on  him, 
 by  Westminster  College,  in  June,  1882.     Dr.  Hunter 
 is  of  medium  height  and  courteous  in  his  bearing. 
 His  oratorical  gifts,  supplemented  by  mental  endow- 
 ments,  culture  and   God's  grace,   make  him  very 
 attractive  in  the  pulpit.     He  is  modest,   with  no 
 pretensions,  but  with  a  thorough  evangelical  zeal  that 
 makes  Christ's  glory  its  aim,  first  and  always.     His 
 ministry  has  resulted  in  winning  many  souls  to  Jesus. 
 
 Jackson,  Rev.  Alexander,  son  of  Joseph  and 
 Mary  (GUliland)  Jackson,  was  born  in  Glasgow, 
 Scothind,  February  13th,  1845.  He  entered  Glasgow 
 University  in  18G5.  After  spending  some  time  there, 
 he  went  to  Edinburgh,  at  the  age  of  twenty-one,  and 
 formed  a  connection  with  a  business  house,  with  the 
 privilege  of  using  a  part  of  his  time  in  study.  Under 
 this  arrangement  he  was  enabled  to  pursue  his  studies 
 for  four  years  in  the  University  of  Edinburgh  and 
 one  in  the  Divinity  School.  He  excelled  in  philo- 
 sophical studies,  and  in  a  class  of  two  hundred  was 
 one  of  fifteen  who  won  high  honors.  A  Duke  of 
 Hamilton  scholarship  was  awarded  to  him,  and  he 
 returned  to  Glasgow  University,  where  he  graduated. 
 Afterward  he  speut  a  year  in  London,  filling  a  posi- 
 tion in  the  Library  of  the  British  Museum.  Coming 
 to  America,  he  continued  his  divinity  studies  in 
 Auburn  Theological  Seminary,  1874-76.  He  was 
 Installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  .\menia, 
 74 
 
 N.  Y.,  June  6th,  1876,  and  continued  in  this  relation 
 nearly  three  years.  Afterward  he  supplied  pulpits 
 in  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  Chicago,  untU  he  was  Killed 
 to  the  church  in  Warren,  O. ,  where  he  began  work, 
 October  12th,  1879,  and  ;ivhere  he  still  remains,  faith- 
 ful in  duty  and  successful  in  labor.  Mr.  Jackson  is 
 a  gentleman  of  courteous,  frank,  mauly  manner, 
 which  at  once  makes  an  excellent  impression.  His 
 sermons  are  generally  plain  and  practical,  free  from 
 stereotyjied  phraseology,  and  well  adapted  to  interest 
 all  classes  of  hearers. 
 
 James,  Darwin  R.,  the  oldest  son  of  Lewis  L. 
 and  Cerintha  (Wells)  James,  was  born  at  Williams- 
 burg, M;iss.,  May  14th,  1834.  His  ancestors  were 
 of  Puritan  stock,  and  were  residents  of  Massachusetts 
 from  the  early  settlement  of  that  State.  In  the  year 
 1847  the  family  removed  to  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  leav- 
 ing the  subject  of  this  sketch  at  Mt.  Pleasant  board- 
 ing school,  Amherst,  Mass.,  where  he  was  receiving 
 
JOHNSON. 
 
 1170 
 
 JOHNSTONE. 
 
 an  education  to  fit  him  for  business.  At  the  age  of 
 twenty-three  he  formed  a  co-partnership  with  his 
 young  friend,  Mitchell  N.  Packard,  and  commenced 
 a  successful  career  in  New  York  city,  where  so  many 
 young  men  go  to  try  their  fortune.  For  twenty-six 
 years  the  firm  of  Packard  &  James,  importers  of  indigo 
 and  spices,  has  maintained  an  honorable  reputiitiou 
 for  uprightness  and  integrity,  not  only  in  this  country, 
 but  in  all  parts  of  the  commercial  world. 
 
 At  the  early  age  of  eighteen  Mr.  James  commenced 
 active  Mission  Sunday-school  work  in  the  outlying 
 parts  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn,  among  the  destitute, 
 who  are  mostly  Germans.  For  thirty-one  years  he 
 has  been  continuously  engaged  in  directing  Mis- 
 sionary eflbrt  in  this  field,  where  for  twenty-seven 
 years  he  ha-s  been  Superintendent  of  one  of  the 
 largest  Mission  Sunday  schools  in  the  country,  the 
 direct  outgrowth  of  which  has  been  two  large  and 
 strong  Presbyterian  churches  (Throop  Avenue  Presby- 
 terian and  Hopkins  Street  German  Presbyterian)  and 
 three  or  fourotherSunday  schools.  The  work  carried 
 on  at  the  Mission  school  in  diflerent  directions  is  very 
 extensive,  it  having  been  an  aggressive  agency  for 
 ChrLstianizing  and  elevating  the  outlying  masses  of 
 the  great  city  of  Brooklyn.  Mr.  James  is  a  man  of 
 intense  industry,  and  being  blessed  with  a  fine  con- 
 stitution, excellent  health  and  a  desire  to  work  for 
 the  Master,  he  has  been  able  to  accomplish  more  than 
 the  average  are  able  to  do. 
 
 At  the  age  of  twenty-eight  he  was  chosen  ruling 
 elder  of  the  Throop  Avenue  Presbj'terian  Church, 
 and  for  twenty-one  years  has  been  President  of  its 
 Board  of  Trustees.  In  the  Presbytery  he  has  been 
 one  of  its  most  active  workers,  and  has  been  very 
 efficient  in  assisting  feeble  Presbyterian  churches 
 within  the  bounds  of  Presbytery.  In  the  city  of 
 Brooklyn  he  holds  important  positions  of  trust, 
 being  President  of  a  Sa\-ings  Bank,  Treasurer  and 
 Tru.stee  in  several  benevolent  organizations,  and  in 
 New  York  city  is  the  Secretary  of  the  New  York 
 Board  of  Trade  and  Transportation,  probably  the 
 most  aggressive  commercial  organization  in  the 
 United  States.  For  si.x  years  he  served  as  Park  Com- 
 missioner in  the  city  of  Brooklyn.  He  was  elected 
 to  the  Forty-eighth  Congress,  as  a  Republican,  by  a 
 hand.some  majority,  having  declined  to  be  a  candi- 
 date for  the  Forty-seventh  Congre-ss,  and  for  the 
 Mayoralty  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn.  He  is  a  man  of 
 simple  and  unostentatious  habits,  of  sound  sense  and 
 judgment,  of  large  and  practical  benevolence,  of 
 broad  and  liberal  views  on  National  and  State  ques- 
 tions, with  an  extensive  acquaintance  with  the 
 world,  having  traveled  much  in  the  countries  and 
 islands  of  the  East  and  of  Europe,  a.s  well  as  in  our 
 own  country. 
 
 Johnson,  Rev.  Josephus,  the  only  child  of 
 Peter  and  Margaret  Jo.sephine  (Morrison)  Johnson, 
 was  born  at  Water  Valley,  MLss.,  December  3d,  1848. 
 His  mother  died  at  eighteen  years  of  age,  when  he 
 
 was  thirteen  days  old,  and  her  last  words  were  a 
 prayer  that  he  might  be  a  minister.  He  graduated  at 
 the  University  of  Mississippi,  at  O.xford,  1869;  entered 
 the  Theological  Seminary,  at  Columbia,  S.  C. ,  the  same 
 year,  and  graduated  May,  1872.  He  was  ordained  a 
 Foreign  Missionary,  August  13th,  1872.  Prevented  by 
 sickness  just  before  the  time  of  his  sailing  for  China, 
 his  going  abroad  was  deferred  for  one  year.  His 
 health  continuing  poor,  he  came  to  Texas  in  May, 
 1873,  and  accepted  the  position  of  stated  supply  of 
 Victoria  Church,  November,  1873.  He  was  called  to 
 become  pastor,  April,  1874,  but  being  still  under  the 
 care  of  the  Committee  of  Foreign  Missions,  he  could 
 not  accept  until  after  his  release.  He  was  installed 
 pastor  March  25th,  1875.  He  has  never  served  any 
 other  church. 
 
 Mr.  Johnson  is  fortunate  in  his  manner  and  social 
 qualities.  He  has  the  happy  faculty  of  begetting 
 respect  and  confidence  from  first  introduction,  which 
 soon  ripens  into  sincere  friendship  and  love.  His 
 style  of  preaching  is  earnest  and  attractive,  impress- 
 ing his  hearers  with  the  sincerity  of  his  own  convic- 
 tions and  the  sacredness  of  the  cause  for  which  he 
 pleads.  Gifted  in  prayer,  he  forces  the  conclusion 
 that  he  is  often  at  the  mercy  seat.  His  church  is 
 always  well  filled  on  the  Sabbath,  and  his  people  are 
 devotedly  attached  to  him. 
 
 Johnston,  John,  was  born  at  Denmark,  Madison 
 county,  Tennessee,  March  11th,  1842.  He  joined  the 
 Presb3'terian  Church  in  Denmark  at  about  the  age 
 of  eighteen. .  He  was  ordained  an  elder  in  Lauder- 
 dale Street  Presbyterian  Church,  Memphis,  Tenn.,  in 
 the  year  1880.  In  1882  he  was  elected  a  member  of 
 the  General  Assembly's  (Southern)  Committee  of 
 Education. 
 
 Johnstone,  "William  O.,  D.D.,  was  a  native  of 
 Ireland.  He  received  his  collegiate  and  theological 
 education  there;  was  licensed  to  preach,  and  was 
 settled  as  pastor  for  a  time.  Coming  to  this  country 
 in  1851,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Kensington  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Philadelphia,  which  he  continued  to 
 serve,  with  great  fidelity  and  steady  and  sure  success, 
 untU  his  death — a  period  of  more  than  thirty -one 
 years.  As  an  expression  of  the  tenderness  with  which 
 that  congregation  cherished  the  memory  of  their  de- 
 parted pastor,  on  January  16th,  1884,  they  placed  a 
 mural  tablet,  of  very  neat  and  tasteful  design,  on 
 the  right  of  the  pulpit,  bearing  the  inscription: — 
 
 "  William  O.  Johnstone,  d.d.,  a  servant  of  the  Lord  Jesus,  horn 
 April  17th,  1S22.  Pastor  of  this  Church  from  September  1st,  1801, 
 until  his  death,  January  IMh,  1883.  '  Well  done,  thou  good  and  failh- 
 ful  servant;  enter  thou  into  the  joy  of  thy  Lord.'" — Matt,  xxv,  21. 
 
 Dr.  Johnstone  was  a  good  man,  a  forcible  preacher, 
 a  faithful  pastor,  and  an  active  and  useful  presbyter. 
 From  the  establishment  of  the  Presbyterian  Hospital 
 until  his  decease,  he  was  one  of  its  most  important 
 Directors.  He  had  a  warm  heart,  a  generous  dis- 
 position, frankness  of  manner,  and  was  highly 
 esteemed  by  his  brethren. 
 
KEYS. 
 
 1171 
 
 KING. 
 
 K 
 
 Keys,  "W.  S.  H.,  D.D.,  bom  July   8th,  1826, 
 in  Centre  county,  Pa.,  is  of  English  descent  on  his 
 father's  and  of  Scotch-IrLsh  on  his  mother's  side.  His 
 father,  a  successful  and  somewhat  eminent  teacher  in 
 his  day,  instructed   him  in    Latin,  Greek  and  the 
 higher  Mathematics.     Limited  otherwise  in  his  edu- 
 cational  advantages    to   the   public    schools,   "self- 
 made"  men  may  justly  claim  Dr.  Keys  as  one  of  their 
 number.     He  entered  the  ministry  in  the  Church  of 
 the  "  United  Brethren  in  Christ"  at  the  earlyage  of 
 eighteen  years.     In  that  ministry  he  continued  for 
 thirty-three    years,    taking    rank    among    its   most 
 efficient  workers.    He  united,  in  May,  1878,  with  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,   entering  its  mini.stry  in  the 
 Northumberland  Presbytery,  Pa.     In  September  of 
 that  year  he  received  a  unanimous  call  to  the  pastor- 
 ate of  the  First  Presbj'terian  Church  in  the  city  of 
 Parsons,  Neosho  Presbytery,  Synod  of  Kansas,  which 
 he  accepted,  and   entered   upon  the   duties  of  his 
 charge  November  10th.     Under  his  labors  the  then 
 dependent  mission  soon  rose  to  a  self-sustaining  con- 
 gregation, and  became,  in  live  years,  numerically  the 
 strongest  church  in  tlie  Presbj'tery  to  which  it  be- 
 longs.   Dr.  Keys  is  genial  and  entertaining  in  society, 
 and  is  an  efficient  pastor.     Possessed  of  a  strong  in- 
 tellect, he  handles  every  subject  he  treats  thoroughly 
 and    exhaustively.       Morally   and    religiously,    the 
 distinction    between   right    and  WTong  in    all    the 
 relations  of  life,  and   the   gospel  of  Christ,  are  to 
 him  intense  realities.     He  is  a  forcible  lecturer  on 
 living  issues,  but  wields  his  greatest  power  in  the 
 pulpit. 
 
 KieMe,  Rev.  Amos  Augustus,  son  of  James 
 and  Elizalxth  (Litchard)  Kiehle,  wiis  born  in  Dans- 
 ville,  Livingston  county,  N.  Y.,  on  the  22d  of  March, 
 1847.  He  was  educated  at  Hamilton  College,  Clinton, 
 N.  Y.,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1871,  and  pursued 
 the  study  of  theologj^  at  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
 New  York  city,  graduating  therefrom  in  1874.  On 
 the  21st  of  October,  of  the  same  year,  he  was  ordained 
 to  the  go.spel  ministry,  and  installed  pastor  of  the 
 Franklin  Avenue  Presbyterian  Church  of  Minne- 
 apolis, Minnesota.  In  the  zealous  discharge  of  the 
 duties  of  this  pastorate  he  continued  until  Februarj-, 
 1878,  when  he  resigned  it  to  accept  that  of  the  First 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Stillwater,  Minn.,  in  which 
 field  he  labored,  with  ardor  and  fidelity,  and  with 
 evident  success,  until  July,  1881,  when  he  received 
 and  accepted  a  call  to  the  pastorate  of  Calvary 
 Presbyterian  Church,  of  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  which 
 position  he  is  now  (1884)  filling,  to  the  marked 
 acceptance  of  a  large  and  growing  congregation,  and 
 
 to  the  promotion  of  the  sacred  cause  to  which  he  has 
 devoted  his.  talents. 
 
 Tall,  slender,  nervous,  quick  of  movement  and 
 speech,  and  keenly  observant,  Mr.  Kiehle's  bearing  is 
 that  of  one  who  has  important  work  in  hand,  and  is 
 solicitous  that  it  shall  be  intelligently  and  fliithfully 
 performed.  Aftable,  courteous,  sympathetic,  he 
 attracts  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  all  classes,  and 
 thus  gains  an  attentive  and  thoughtful  hearing  for 
 the  message  which  he  has  to  proclaim.  In  the  pul- 
 pit his  manner  is  earnest,  impressive,  and  his  de- 
 livery energetic,  rhetorical.  His  sermons  are  logically 
 arranged,  strongly  thought  out,  forcibly  illustrated, 
 gracefully  written,  and  instinct  with  the  truth  of 
 salvation  through  Christ  alone.  In  the  prime  of 
 vigorous  life,  studious  of  current  events  as  well  as 
 of  books,  and  fully  imbued  with  the  magnitude  and 
 vital  importance  of  his  chosen  mission,  he  gives 
 promise  of  great  and  permanent  usefulness  to  the 
 Church,  and  long  and  fruitful  service  in  the  promul- 
 gation of  the  truths  of  the  Christian  religion. 
 
 King,  Samuel  Alexander,  D.D.,  second  son 
 of  Rev.  William  M.  and  Lucy  (Railey)  King,  was 
 born  in  Woodford  county,  Ky.,  October  11th,  1834. 
 The  name  of  "King,"  handed  down  to  the  present 
 generation  by  a  goodly  line  of  Scotch  Presbyterian 
 ancestors,  has  become  a  right  royal  title,  in  that  it  is 
 a  synonym  for  probity  wherever  th'S  family  have 
 found  a  home.  Descended  from  a  race  of  great  intel- 
 lectual force,  he  early  evinced  a  love  of  learning,  and 
 received,  under  his  father's  instruction,  a  classical 
 education.  Trained  from  infancy  by  a  pious  mother, 
 he  became  a  member  of  the  church  at  the  age  of 
 eleven,  and  when  fifteen  years  of  age,  felt  it  to  be  his 
 duty  and  privilege  to  preach.  Thereupon,  he  reso- 
 lutely began  to  prepare,  by  private  study,  for  this 
 sacred  work,  but  never  entered  a  theological  semi- 
 nary. He  removed  to  Texas  in  18.">1,  and  was  licensed 
 to  preach  and  ordained  at  San  Marcos  in  1856.  His 
 work  has  been  eminently  that  of  a  pioneer,  organ- 
 izing or  building  up  the  churches  for  which  he  has 
 preached,  viz. :  Crockett,  Centreville,  Robinson  and 
 Waco.  In  Waco,  his  home  since  1867,  his  labors 
 have  been  greatly  ble-ssed,  both  in  his  own  congrega- 
 tion and  in  the  community.  In  1877  Dr.  King  was 
 delegate  to  the  Pan-Presbyterian  Council  at  Edin- 
 burgh, and  in  1880  appointed  by  the  Synod  of  Texas 
 one  of  its  two  directors  of  Southwestern  Presbyterian 
 University,  Clarksville,  Tenn. 
 
 Beloved  and  revered  by  those  of  all  classes  and 
 creeds,  on  account  of  his  unassuming  goodness,  his 
 learning,  ability  and  purity  of  character,  he  is  held 
 
KIBKPATKICK. 
 
 1172 
 
 KIRKPATRiCK. 
 
 in  special  regard  by  evangelical  Christians,  as  an  able 
 defender  of  orthodox  faith.  His  sermons  are  remark- 
 able for  strongand  lucid  argument,  beautiful  imagery 
 and  purity  of  style.  To  his  fondness  for  and 
 familiarity  with  the  classics  may  be  traced  the  fine 
 command  of  language  and  elegant  diction  that  char- 
 acterize his  pulpit  oratory  and  contributions  to  Church 
 papere.  He  has,  in  an  eminent  degree,  the  rare  gift 
 of  saying,  on  special  occasions,  that  which  is  most 
 appropriate  and  forcible. 
 
 Kirkpatrick,  Rev.  John  Lycan,  D.D.,  was 
 born,  January  iOth,  1813,  in  Mecklenburg  county, 
 N.  C. ,  of  jjious  Presbyterian  parents,  who  were  mem- 
 bers of  Providence  Church,  by  whose  pastor.  Rev. 
 James  Wallis,  he  was  baptized. 
 
 When  about  four  years  old,  he  removed,  with  his 
 
 EEV.   JOHN   LYCAN    KIBKPATBICK,  D.D. 
 
 parents,  to  Morgan  county,  Ga.,  and  thence,  in  1827, 
 to  l)e  Kalb  county.  At  thirteen  years  of  age  he  went 
 to  reside  with  his  uncle.  Rev.  John  Kirkpatrick,  in 
 Cumberland  county,  Va.,  and  attended  a  classical 
 school  there  for  two  years.  In  18:i()  he  entered 
 Franklin  College,  at  Athens,  Ga.  The  main  building 
 being  burned,  he  went,  the  next  Fall,  to  Hampden- 
 Sidney  College,  Va.,  and  graduated  there,  with  dis- 
 tinction, in  September,  1832.  After  teaching  two 
 years  at  Charlotte  Court  Hou.se,  Va.,  he  entered  Union 
 Theological  Seminary  at  Hampden-Sidney,  Va., 
 January,  1835.  Soon  after  he  was  formally  taken 
 under  the  care  of  West  Hanover  Presbytery,  and  by 
 them  licensed  in  March,  1S37,  and  in  November  fol- 
 lowing ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  the  Second 
 Church,  in  Lynchburg,  Va.     In  1841,  he  accepted  a 
 
 call  from  the  Church  in  Gainesville,  Ala.,  and  was 
 installed  pastor  by  the  Presbytery  of  Tuskaloosa,  in 
 the  Spring  of  1842,  and  held  that  position  until 
 called  to  the  Glebe  Street  Church,  Charleston,  S.  C, 
 where  he  removed  in  the  Spring  of  1853,  and  was 
 installed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Charleston  in  the 
 Spring  of  1854. 
 
 His  labors  in  Alabama  were  abundant,  faithful, 
 and  greatly  blessed.  The  Gainesville  Church  enjoj'ed 
 several  extensive  revivals  under  his  ministry,  and 
 was  largely  built  up.  It  became  one  of  the  strongest, 
 best  organized  and  most  efiicient  churches  in  the 
 Synod  of  Alabama,  and  was  hy  for  the  most  liberal 
 in  the  support  of  the  various  enterprises  of  the 
 Church.  In  the  same  spirit  of  liberality  they  generously 
 allowed  and  encouraged  him  in  extending  his  emi- 
 nently popular  and  able  administrations  to  other 
 churches,  and  to  destitute  neighborhoods,  and  thus 
 greatly  enlarged  the  sphere  of  his  usefulness,  the 
 grateful  memory  and  precioits  fruits  of  which  remain 
 to  this  day.  His  pastoral  work  in  Charleston  was 
 highly  appreciated,  and  aided  much  in  building  up 
 the  young  church  which  he  served.  He  is  an  able 
 and  accomplished  preacher,  instructive,  earnest, 
 tender,  and  in  many  waj's  attractive.  Having  a  clear, 
 penetrating  and  well  balanced  mind,  a  sound  judg- 
 ment, an  extensive  knowledge  of  men  and  affairs, 
 and  an  uncommon  share  ot  common  sense,  he  became  a 
 most  valuable  presbyter.  Without  compromising 
 principle,  or  the  interests  of  the  Church,  he  was 
 peculiarly  skilled  in  the  solution  of  intricate  ques- 
 tions and  adjusting  conflicting  views.  He  has  been  a 
 regular  and  a  working  member  of  Presbytery  and 
 Synod,  and  generally  entrusted  with  the  most  im- 
 portant matters.  He  has  been  often  a  member  of  the 
 General  Assembly — in  1846,  at  Philadelphia;  in  1854, 
 atBuflalo,  N.  Y. — where  he  prepared  the  "Narrativeof 
 Religion."  Then  after  the  separation,  of  the  Second 
 Southern  Assembly,  at  Montgomery,  Alabama,  of 
 which  he  was  the  Moderator,  in  1862;  of  the  three 
 following  and  of  three  others  since — confirming  the 
 estimate  given  above  of  his  eminent  ability  as  an 
 ecclesiastical  counsellor. 
 
 During  his  pastorate  in  Charleston,  S.  C. ,  he  was 
 for  four  years  the  editor  of  the  Southern  Prcsbi/terian, 
 a  weekly  religious  journal.  He  resigned  that  charge 
 in  1860,  to  undertake  an  agency  for  the  Columbia 
 Theological  Seminary,  which,  however,  was  arrested 
 by  the  Civil  War. 
 
 His  scholarship  is  thorough  and  varied,  and  has 
 the  endorsement  of  the  general  public.  In  1852 
 the  University  of  Alabama  conferred  upon  him  the 
 degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity.  In  1845  be  was  elected 
 by  the  Synod  of  Alabama  Professor  in  Oglethorpe 
 University,  but  declined.  In  1860  he  was  elected 
 President  of  Davidson  College,  N.  C,  at  that  time 
 in  a  prosperous  condition,  and  removed  thither  Janu- 
 ary, 1861.  The  Civil  War,  of  course,  greatly  reduced 
 the  attendance  of  students.     In  1865  he  was  elected 
 
KIRKPATRICK. 
 
 1173 
 
 KNEELAKD. 
 
 Professor  of  Moral  Philosophy  and  Evidences  of 
 Christianity  in  Washington  College  (now  Washing- 
 ton and  Lee  University),  Lexington,  Va.,  then  rising 
 into  special  prominence,  in  consequence  of  the  acces- 
 sion of  General  Robert  E.  Lee  to  the  Presidency.  He 
 accepted  and  still  fills  this  position.  His  relations 
 with  General  Lee  were  of  the  most  intimate  and  con- 
 fidential nature,  and  his  services  aud  rare  adminis- 
 trative talents  ol'tt'n  called  into  requisition  by  him. 
 Whilst  residing  in  Gainesville  and  Charleston,  he 
 received  formal  calls  or  tent;itive  overtures  from 
 various  churches  and  institutions  of  learning,  such 
 as  Petersburg,  Va.,  Princeton,  N.  J.,  Mobile,  Ala., 
 Baltimore,  St.  Louis,  Louisville,  Union  Tlieological 
 Seminary,  Hampden-Sidney  and  University  of  Ala- 
 bama, all  unsought,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  and 
 all  promptly  declined.  He  is  d  man  of  great  purity 
 and  elevation  of  character,  firm  in  principle,  and  yet 
 fair,  impartial  and  generous.  He  has  a  fine  physique, 
 of  commanding  appearance,  and  dignified  and  cour- 
 teous manners. 
 
 Kirkpatrick,  Major  Thomas  Jellis,  is  an 
 eminent  lawyer  of  Lynchburg,  Vu. ;  is  now,  perhaps, 
 a  little  over  fifty  years  of  age;  but  in  all  the  elements 
 of  professional  skill  and  ability,  time  has  ratlier 
 matured  than  worn  his  power.  He  has  often  been  a 
 member  of  the  Virginia  Legislature,  and  there  has 
 been  ever  distinguished  for  manly  and  upright 
 views  of  conduct.  He  was  a  son  of  Rev.  .John  Kirlc- 
 patrick,  of  Cumberland,  and  at  an  early  age  became  a 
 communicant,  and  very  soon  afterward  was  elected  a 
 ruling  elder  in  the  First  Church,  Lynchburg,  where 
 he  has  ever  been  found  the  judicious  and  trusted  aid 
 of  the  pastor  in  every  good  word  and  work.  For 
 twenty  years  or  more  he  has  been  prominent  in  his  zeal- 
 ous labors  in  behalf  of  the  colored  people,  meeting  a 
 Sabbath  school  composed  of  them  every  Sabbath. 
 He  gave  a  hearty  and  efiicient  co-operation  with  the 
 pastors  of  the  Presbyterian  churches  in  Lynchburg 
 in  organizing  a  Presbyterian  church  for  colored  peo- 
 ple, procuring  a  pastor  and  a  comfortable  and  neat 
 house  of  worship.  Though  this  organization  has 
 superseded  his  labors  in  the  colored  Sunday  .school, 
 he  .still  gives  his  efficient  aid  toward  every  enterprise 
 for  the  spiritual  welfare  of  the  benighted  children  of 
 Africa.  In  the  courts  of  the  Church  his  voice  is 
 often  heard,  in  eloquent  and  persuasive  words,  sus- 
 taining all  the  Christian  enterprises  of  the  day  and 
 plans  for  the  right  ordering  of  the  work  of  the  Church. 
 But  for  insuperable  obstacles,  he  would  probably,  in 
 early  life,  have  entered  the  ministry.  But  the 
 Church  needs  scores  of  just  such  elders,  mighty  in 
 word  and  deed,  for  her  interests,  andexamples  to  men 
 in  secular  life  of  the  entire  consistency  of  a  true 
 Christian  life  with  the  proper  performance  of  the 
 duties  of  a  citizen  in  the  high  places  of  the  State. 
 
 Kneass,  Strickland,  was  born  in  PhiladeljAia,  ' 
 July  29th,  1821.     He  was  a  son  of  William  Kneass, 
 who   was  for  many   years  engraver  for  the  Mint.  ! 
 
 When  quite  young  he  decided  on  civil  engineering  as 
 his  profession,  and  assisted  in  the  construction  of  the 
 Delaware  aud  Schuylkill  Canal  and  the  Philadelphia 
 and  Wilmington  Railroad.  When  this  latter  work 
 j  was  finished  he  entered  the  Ren.sselaer  Polj*technic 
 Institute,  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  where  he  graduated,  with 
 the  highest  honor,  in  1839.  For  a  time  he  was 
 engaged  as  surveyor  on  a  projected  railroad  between 
 Harrisburg  and  Pittsburg,  but  tlie  enterprise  was 
 abandoned.  He  became  connected  with  the  Naval 
 Bureau  of  Engineering,  where  he  made  some  import- 
 ant surveys  in  fixing  the  northwest  boundary  line, 
 and  in  18-17  became  one  of  the  a.ssistants  of  .T.  Edgar 
 Thompson  in  the  construction  of  the  Pennsylvania 
 Railroad.  He  was  sub.sequently  associate  engineer 
 of  the  North  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  but  resigned,  in 
 1855,  to  become  Chief  Engineer  and  Surveyor  of 
 Philadelphia,  which  position  he  filled  until  1872. 
 During  his  administration  the  surveys  for  the  drain- 
 age system  of  the  city  were  made.  He  also  prepared 
 the  plans  for  the  South  street  and  Chestnut  street 
 bridges  over  the  Schuylkill.  In  1872  he  accepted  the 
 position  of  a.ssistant  to  the  President  of  the  Pennsyl- 
 vania Railroad,  which  he  filled  to  the  time  of  his 
 death.  Sir.  Kneass  died  January  15th,  1884.  He 
 was  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society, 
 the  FVanklin  Society  and  the  American  Society  of 
 Civil  Engineers.  He  was  a  director  iu  several  of  the 
 Pennsylvania  branch  lines.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
 Tabernacle  Presbyteriaik  Church,  and  was  universally 
 respected  as  an  upright  gentleman  and  good  citizen. 
 His  ability  in  the  profession  he  adopted  was  never 
 questioned,  and  he  was  considered  one  of  the  ablest 
 chief  engineers  the  city  ever  had.  His  work  was 
 marked  by  extreme  care  and  accuracy  and  conscien- 
 tious exactness. 
 
 Kneeland,  Rev.  Martin  D-welle,  is  the  second 
 .son  of  Dr.  Jonathan  and  Miriam  Dwelle  Kneeland, 
 and  was  born  in  Tliorn  Hill,  N.  Y.,  September  24th, 
 1848.  Prepared  for  college  in  the  Cazenovia  Semi- 
 nary. Graduated  from  Hamilton  College,  in  1869, 
 as  an  honor  man,  delivering  the  literary  oration; 
 taught  one  year  at  Southold,  L.  I.,  as  principal  of  the 
 Preparatory  School.  Graduated  from  Auburn  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  in  1873.  He  was  ordained  pastor 
 of  Presbyterian  Church  at  Waterloo,  N.  Y.,  June  1st, 
 187.3,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Geneva.  Remained  in 
 Waterloo  until  August  1st,  1882,  during  which  time 
 three  htindred  and  two  united  with  the  church,  of 
 whom  two  hundred  and  twenty-si.x  were  upon  pro- 
 fession of  faith.  October  27th,  1882,  Mr.  Kneeland 
 was  installed,  by  the  Presbytery  of  Buffalo,  pastor  of 
 the  Cliurch  at  Fredonia,  where,  by  his  consecrated 
 eloquence  and  zeal,  he  has  already  accomplished 
 most  excellent  results  in  that  enterprising  village. 
 The  Fredonia  Preshyierian,  a  monthly  paper,  is  pub- 
 lished by  Mr.  Kneeland  in  the  interest  of  the  church, 
 and  is  a  power  in  the  community  for  morals  and 
 good  government,  as  well  as  for  orthodox  religion. 
 
KUMLER. 
 
 1174 
 
 LA  WRENCE. 
 
 Kumler,  Jeremiah  P.  E.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Bntkr  county,  O.,  August  ICth,  1830.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Miami  University  in  1853.  After  one  year's 
 conrse  in  the  As.sociate  Keformed  Tlieological  Semi- 
 nary at  Oxford,  O.,  he  entered  Lane  Seminary,  and 
 graduated  in  18.">G.  For  four  years  after  his  gradu- 
 ation, he  was  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at 
 Greenville,  O.,  where  he  labored,  with  marked  suc- 
 cess. He  was  ordained  liy  Dayton  Presbytery  in 
 1877.  For  eight  years,  from  1800,  lie  was  pastor  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Churdi  at  Oxford,  6.  In  1868  he 
 accepted  a  call  to  the  Walnut  Street  Church  of  Evans- 
 ville,  Ind.,  and  remained  with  that  church  till  1871, 
 
 when  he  accepted  the  pastorate  of  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Indianapolis,  Ind.  In  1875  he 
 accepted  a  call  from  the  Third  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Cincinnati,  where  he  still  continues  his  successful 
 labors  for  the  Master.  In  addition  to  an  intellect  of 
 rare  ^igor.  Dr.  Kumler's  two  chief  elements  of  power 
 are  a  large,  sj'mpathetic  heart  and  a  vast  capacity  for 
 hard  work.  Although  possessing  considerable  execu- 
 tive ability,  his  especial  field  is  the  pulpit.  He 
 speaks  with  ease  and  fluency,  and  always  without 
 notes.  He  is  a  clear  and  logical  thinker,  earnest  ami 
 forcible  in  his  exposition  and  application  of  truth, 
 and  hiis  an  excellent  reputation  as  a  preacher. 
 
 Lacy,  Rev.  Drury,  D.D.,  now  a  resident  of 
 Moore  county,  N.  C,  was  born  in  Prince  Edward 
 county,  Va.,  August  5th,  1802.  He  was  the  youngest 
 son  of  Rev.  Drury  Lacey,  one  of  the  mo.st  celebrated 
 ministers  of  the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  and 
 earlier  years  of  the  nineteenth  century.  Dr.  Lacy 
 commenced  life  as  a  teacherin  the  home  of  his  father, 
 who  hatl  established  a  classical  school  at  his  resi- 
 dence, in  which  first  hisoUlest  and  then  his  youngest 
 son  succeeded  him.  After  teaching  five  or  six  years, 
 he  became  a  communicant  in  the  church  under  the 
 ministry  of  Rev.  Dr.  Nettleton,  in  Prince  Edward,  in 
 1828.  He  at  once  gave  up  his  school  and  entered  the 
 ssminary.  His  residence  was?  three  miles  distant, 
 but  no  student  was  more  regular  in  .scholastic  duties, 
 though  he  often  walked  to  the  seminary  and  back 
 home  daily.  His  ministry  w;is  commenced  as  a  mis- 
 sionary in  adjoining  counties.  Then  he  was  called 
 to  Newbern,  N.  C,  and  after  a  pastorate  of  three 
 years,  settled  iu  Raleigh.  Here  he  made  his  reputa- 
 tion, both  as  a  preacher  and  pastor.  After  eight 
 years  he  was  elected  President  of  Davidson  College, 
 a  post  which  he  filled,  witli  honor  to  himself  and 
 profit  to  the  college,  for  six  years.  The  duties  of  the 
 office,  however,  proving  too  arduous,  he  resigned  in 
 1861,  and  took  a  missionary  field  in  Orange  Presby- 
 tery. After  the  close  of  the  war  he  settled  in 
 Raleigh,  and  spent  his  latter  years,  from  1865  to 
 1878,  supplying  vacant  churches  in  the  vicinity 
 and  teaching  in  tlie  Peace  Female  Institute.  Since 
 1878  increasing  infirmities  have  forbidden  active 
 duties. 
 
 Dr.  Lacy  has  ever  been  distinguished  for  his  excel- 
 lent literary  taste,  and  his  strong  abliorrence  for  all 
 that  was  contrary  to  sound  doctrine  and  upright 
 practice.  Modest  and  unassuming,  ever  acting  on 
 the  motto,  cuse.  qiiam  ridici,  he  has  uniformly  avoided 
 all  efforts  at  self-promotion,  but  has  had  the  highest 
 appreciation  of  those  who  knew  him  best.     May  his 
 
 declining  sun  set  in  this  life  in  peace  and  rise  amid 
 the  glories  of  immortal  life! 
 
 Lamberson,  Rev.  Samuel  Lewis,  was  born 
 at  Jamaica,  Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  September  14th, 
 1809.  He  graduated  at  Union  College,  N.  Y.,  in  1828; 
 entered  Princeton  Seminary  in  the  same  year;  spent 
 a  portion  of  two  winters  there,  and  then,  on  account 
 of  ill  health,  removed  to  the  more  congenial  climate 
 of  Virginia,  prosecuting  his  theological  studies  in 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  in  that  State.  He  was 
 licensed  by  West  Hanover  Presbytery.  His  life  was 
 chiefly  spent  iu  Virginia  and  Illinois,  and  with  much 
 tisefulness  as  a  teacher  and  preacher.  His  decease 
 occurred  at  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  July  17th,  187.5,  at  the 
 age  of  sixty-five  years  and  ten  months.  He  died  in 
 firm  faith  and  with  many  utterances  of  love  to  his 
 Redeemer. 
 
 Lawrence,  Rev.  Daniel,  was  born  on  Long 
 L^laud,  iu  1718;  was  a  student  at  the  Log  College,  and 
 was  licensed  at  Philadelphia,  May  28th,  1745.  At 
 the  request  of  the  people  of  the  Forks  of  Delawaie 
 he  was  sent.  May  24th,  1746,  to  supply  them  for  a 
 year,  with  a  view  to  settlement,  and  in  October  a  call 
 was  presented  to  him.  He  was  ordained  April  2d, 
 1747,  and  installed  on  the  third  Sabbath  in  June. 
 His  health  giving  way  iu  so  laborious  a  field,  he 
 spent  the  "Winter  and  Spring  of  1751  at  Cape  May; 
 afterward  removed  there,  and  was  installed  pastor 
 June  20th,  1754.  Of  his  ministry  little  is  known.  The 
 records  mention  him  as  a  frequent  supply  of  the 
 Forks,  and  as  going  to  preach,  in  1755,  at  "New 
 England,  over  the  mountains."  He  died  April  13th, 
 1766. 
 
 Lawrence,  Thomas,  D.D.,  was  born  June  5th, 
 1832,  at  Crossford,  Lanarkshire,  Scotland,  but  reared 
 in  Allegheny  City,  Pa.  He  graduated  at  the  West- 
 ern University  in  1858,  and  studied  theology  at 
 Xenia  and  .Vllegheny.  He  was  licen.sed  December 
 26th,    1860,  by   the  Presbytery  of  Allegheny,   aud 
 
LEAKE. 
 
 1175 
 
 LENOX  COLLEGE. 
 
 ordained  September  8th,  1862,  by  Argyle.  He  was 
 pa-stor  of  Putnam,  Wasliington  county,  N.  Y.,  Sep- 
 tember, 1862,  to  June  18th,  1871.  He  spent  two 
 years  in  Germany,  in  the  Universities  of  Bonn  and 
 Leijjsic.  He  transferred  his  connection  in  Septem- 
 ber, 1869,  to  the  Presbyterian  Church;  tilled  a  pastor- 
 ate at  Sharpsburg,  Pa.,  and  is  now  a  Professor  in 
 Biddle  University,  established  at  Charlotte,  N.  C, 
 for  the  Freednien.  When  Mr.  Lawrence  was  retiring 
 from  Sharpsburg  Church,  to  assume  the  Professor's 
 Chair,  his  Presbytery,  in  October,  1879,  took  the 
 following  action: — 
 
 "  In  dissolving  the  pastoral  relation  which  has  sub- 
 sisted for  eight  years  between  Rev.  Thomas  Law- 
 rence and  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Sharpsburg, 
 the  Presbytery  bears  witness  to  the  uniform  attend- 
 ance, active  interest,  traternal  bearing,  prudent  coun- 
 sel and  ministerial  devotion  of  our  brother.  While 
 e.xpressing  our  regret  at  the  loss  we  are  about  to  sus- 
 tain, we  give  our  testimony  to  his  eminent  fitness  for 
 the  important  position  to  which  he  has  been  called. 
 We  beg  him  to  accept  and  to  carry  to  his  distant 
 field  the  assurance  g£  our  enduring  and  prayerful 
 remembrance  of  him  and  his  work." 
 
 Leake,  Rev.  Samuel,  a  native  of  Virginia,  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Hanover,  at  Tinkling 
 Spring,  Va.,  April  18th,  1766,  and  was  ordained  May 
 3d,  1770,  and  settled  as  pastor  of  Rich  Cove  and 
 North  Garden  Presbyterian  churches,  Albemarle 
 county,  Va.  Mr.  Leake's  pastorate  was  short,  being 
 brought  to  an  end  by  his  death,  December  2d,  1775. 
 A  large  proportion  of  his  numerous  descendants  have 
 been  pious.  The  blessing  of  God  has  rested  upon  his 
 house. 
 
 Ledyard,  Rev.  Ed-ward  P.,  was  born  in  Phila- 
 delphia, Pa.,  May  11th,  1841.  He  was  graduated 
 at  Princeton  College,  with  the  highest  honors  of 
 his  class,  in  1864;  entered  the  Theological  Semi- 
 nary in  Princeton  the  same  year ;  serving  also  as 
 Tutor  of  Jlatliematics  in  the  College  during  the 
 two  later  years  of  his  .seminary  course.  After  gradu- 
 ation he  was  called  to  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 at  Rondout  (now  Kingston),  on  the  Hudson,  and 
 was  ordained  and  installed  pastor  of  that  church, 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  North  River,  Augu.st  29th, 
 1867.  His  ministry  in  that  field  was  marked  with 
 great  success  and  profit.  In  1874  he  was  unani- 
 mously called  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Mt.  Auburn 
 Church,  one  of  the  most  prominent  in  the  city 
 of  Cincinnati,  Ohio.  His  abilities  here  found  more 
 ample  scope,  and  he  cultivated  the  field  with  such 
 skill  and  talent  as  to  make  him  eminent  among  his 
 brethren  in  the  Presbytery,  as  a  faithful  pastor,  an 
 eloquent  preacher  and  an  active,  efficient  presbyter. 
 In  1883  he  resigned  the  charge  of  the  Mt.  Auburn 
 Cliurch,  to  accept  a  call  from  the  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Steubenville,  Ohio. 
 
 Mr.  Ledyard  is  a  minister  of  rare  scholarship;  his 
 mind  rather  of  a  mathematical   than   imaginative 
 
 order,  his  preaching  being  largely  expository  and 
 practical,  following  the  rule  and  line  of  God's  Word, 
 yet  embellished  with  vivid  illustrations.  His  .sermons 
 are  always  polished,  and  are  "means  of  grace,"  in 
 the  highest  sense,  to  the  people. 
 
 Lenox  College,  Hopkinton,  Iowa.  As  early  as 
 1854,  H.  A.  Carter,  Esq.,  one  of  the  earliest  settlers 
 on  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Hopkinton,  con- 
 ceived the  purpose  of  founding  an  Institution  of 
 learning,  in  which  his  own  children  and  others 
 might  be  educated  at  or  near  home.  The  plan  was 
 heartily  endorsed  by  another  early  settler,  Leroy 
 Jackson,  Esq.  Through  the  efforts  of  these  men,  a 
 joint  stock  company  was  soon  formed  to  effect  this 
 object.  During  the  year  1856  a  two-story  brick 
 building,  sixty  by  forty  feet,  was  erected  in  the 
 midst  of  four  acres  of  beautifully  situated  land, 
 donated  by  Mr.  Carter.  The  completion  of  the 
 building  was  delayed,  from  lack  of  funds,  in  the  hard 
 times  that  soon  set  in.  However,  in  1859,  the  build- 
 ing was  in  a  condition  to  admit  the  opening  of  the 
 .school,  under  the  management  of  a  local  board  of 
 trustees,  on  September  1st,  the  carpenters  yet  being 
 at  work  in  fitting  up  some  of  the  rooms.  The  Rev. 
 Jerome  Allen,  a  graduate  of  Amherst  College,  who 
 had  been  five  years  Professor  in  Alexander  College, 
 Dubuque,  was  President,  and  also  in  charge  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  the  village.  He,  with  O.  E. 
 Taylor,  Miss  Lucy  A.  Cooleyand  Miss  Julia  P.  Allen, 
 constituted  the  Faculty.  The  attendance  of  students 
 of  both  sexes  was  encouraging. 
 
 The  new  Institution  bore  the  name  of  Boweii  Col- 
 legiate Institute,  from  Chauncey  S.  Bowen,  of  Chi- 
 cago, who  had  given  liberally  in  aid  of  the  enterprise. 
 President  Allen  visited  the  churches,  attended 
 Teachers'  Institutes,  gave  lectures  and  other  literary 
 entertainments,  in  order  to  raise  funds  and  publish 
 the  School.  His  work,  zealously  prosecuted,  resulted 
 in  securing  several  hundred  dollars  from  abroad. 
 Thus  the  cjimpus  was  enclosed,  and  other  current 
 expenses  were  met.  But  the  Trustees  found  them- 
 .selves  unable  to  remove  the  debt  incurred  by  the 
 erection  of  the  building.  Messrs.  Carter  and  Jack- 
 son, two  of  the  principal  stockholders,  were  the  chief 
 creditors.  In  1863  they  obtained  from  the  court  iu 
 Delaware  county  a  sherifTs  deed  for  the  entire  prop- 
 erty of  the  corporation ;  and  in  the  same  ye;ir,  by  the 
 advice  of  President  Allen,  presented  it  to  the  Synod 
 of  Iowa  (O.  S. ),  which,  as  Alexander  College  had 
 permanently  failed,  had  now  no  Institution  under  its 
 care.  The  only  condition  of  the  offer  was,  that  the 
 Synod  should  engage  to  maintain  the  Institution  on 
 the  co-education  plan,  at  a  grade  sufficiently  high  to 
 prepare  young  men  for  the  Sophomore  Class  in  Col- 
 lege, and  young  women  for  the  corresponding  class 
 in  the  best  ladies'  seminaries.  The  Synod  accepted 
 the  offer,  and  appointed  a  committee  of  seven  to 
 mature  a  plan  of  management  and  report  to  Synod 
 at  its  next  regular  meeting. 
 
LENOX  COLLEGE, 
 
 1176 
 
 HOI'KINTUN,  IOWA. 
 
 In  the  Fall  of  1864  the  Synod  met  in  Hopkinton, 
 and  appointed  a  full  Board  of  Trustees  for  the  owner- 
 ship and  control  of  the  Institution.  Of  this  Board 
 the  Rev.  J.  L.  Wilson  wa.s  made  President,  an  office 
 which,  by  annual  re-election,  hccontinuestohold.  At 
 the  same  time  the  name  was  changed  to  Lenox 
 Collegiate  Institute,  in  honor  of  the  well-known  friend 
 of  the  Institutions  of  tlie  Prcshyterian  Church,  James 
 Lenox,  Esq.,  of  New  York.  The  school  as  such, 
 under  tlie  former  name,  had  not  been  a  failure.  In 
 1863  President  Allen  resigned  the  presidency  of  the 
 school,  though  he  retained  his  professorship  and  con- 
 tinued to  supply  the  Presbyterian  Church.  The  Rev. 
 James  W.  McKean  was  elected  his  succes.sor.  He 
 was  not,  however,  allowed  to  remain  long  in  this 
 position.     He  died  in  16G5. 
 
 In  September,  1804,  the  Rev.  J.  D.  Ma-son,  of 
 Davenport,  long  a  faithful  servant  of  the  church,  was 
 induced  to  accept  the  Presidency  of  Lenox.  He  was 
 pleased  to  hold  this  position  less  than  a  year.  In  the 
 Fall  of  this  year,  Miss  Mary  A.  George,  a  graduate  of 
 Kimball  Union  Academy,  Meriden,  N.  H.,  was 
 elected  preceptress.  In  this  position  she  labored 
 mo.st  devotedly  for  sixteen  years,  in  the  promotion  of 
 accurate  scholarship,  by  drilling  her  classes  thoroughly 
 in  the  elements  of  their  various  studies.  With  a  like 
 anxiety  she  sought  to  form  the  character  of  the 
 young  ladies  of  the  school,  by  urging  them  to  a 
 conscientious  regard  ibr  the  requirements  of  duty  in 
 the  recitation  room  and  outside  of  it,  and  in  every 
 sphere.  During  the  vaciiucies  occiisioned  by  the 
 death  of  President  McKean  and  by  the  resignation  of 
 President  Mason,  Kev.  Professor  Allen  stood  in  the 
 breach.  Besides  being  p.istor  of  the  church,  he  was 
 acting  as  President  and  financial  agent.  In  various 
 ■ways  he  rendered  most  efficient  service.  In  the  Fall 
 term  of  1865  the  attendance  of  students  was  unusually 
 large.  Among  them  were  many  returned  soldiers. 
 In  October  of  this  year  the  Rev.  Samuel  Hodge,  of 
 East  Tennessee,  visited  the  Synod  of  Iowa,  in  session 
 at  Marion.  I'rofessor  Allen  solicited  him  to  preach 
 in  Hopkinton  and  visit  the  school,  and  the  next 
 week  he  was  employed  as  Professor  of  Languages, 
 Ancient  and  Modern,  for  one  year.  Early  in  1866 
 Professor  Allen  resigned  connection  with  the  Institu- 
 tion. He  hiLS  since  occupied  important  posts  in  the 
 work  of  public  instruction.  He  is  now  (1884)  Presi- 
 dent of  the  State  Normal  School  of  Minnesota,  at  St. 
 Cloud. 
 
 At  the  meeting  of  the  Synod  of  Iowa  (O.  S.),  in 
 Dubuque,  October,  l><(i6,  Prof  Hodge  was  by  the 
 Synod  elected  President.  He  held  this  ]x)sition  until 
 March  2.8th,  1882.  With  the  exception  of  an  annual 
 appropriation  of  at  first  $300,  afterward  $250,  from 
 the  Board  of  Education,  tuition  fees  were  the  sole 
 reliance  for  meeting  all  expenses.  The  appropriation 
 of  the  Board  w:is  at  length  discontiniud.  The  Presi- 
 dent, therefore,  continued  to  fill  the  pa.storate  of  the 
 church  in  connection  with  his  ajipropriate  office,  in 
 
 order  to  a  support.  This  double  relationship  con- 
 tinued for  ten  years.  The  new  President,  by  authority 
 of  the  Board,  directed  his  efforts  toward  clearing  off 
 theaccuraulatingdebtsof  the  Institute.  Theseefforts 
 were  finally  successful.  In  1870  the  Synod  recom- 
 mended the  Board  of  Trustees  to  endow  the  Presi- 
 dency in  at  least  the  sum  of  .$10,000.  This  work  was 
 vigorously  undertaken.  Within  the  three  years  that 
 followed,  by  various  donations  in  land,  in  money,  in 
 interest-bearing  notes,  and  especially  by  the  legacy 
 of  Converse  Clarke,  a  youthful  student  of  Lenox, 
 who  died  at  Color.ido  Springs,  the  endowment  fund 
 reached  the  nominal  sum  of  $18,000  to  $20,000.  It 
 had  been  found  necessary,  in  order  to  compete  suc- 
 cessfully with  the  constantly  growing  public  school 
 system,  and  with  other  denominational  schools,  to 
 raise  the  grade  of  the  Institution.  Slany  students 
 demanded  jjreparation  for  teaching  and  for  business 
 life.  Many  expected  never  to  attend  another  Insti- 
 tution. The  essentials  of  a  college  course  were  there- 
 fore provided.  Three  courses  of  study — Classical, 
 Scientific  and  Young  Ladies'  were  adopted.  The 
 curriculum  was  extended  so  as  to  enable  classical 
 graduates  to  enter  the  Junior  class  in  the  best  colleges. 
 
 In  1873  a  (barter  conferring  full  college  powers  was 
 obtained.  For  some  years  the  exercise  of  these  powers 
 was  held  in  abeyance.  It  was  hoped  that  the  full 
 sum  of  $50,000,  now  recommended  by  the  Synod  for 
 endowment  purposes,  might  be  obtained. 
 
 Meanwhile,  members  of  the  graduating  classes 
 received  from  the  Faculty  certificates  of  having 
 completed  tiicir  respective  courses  of  study.  The 
 Institution  was  growing,  with  a  reputation  for 
 thorough  scholarship  and  firm,  yet  parental  disci- 
 pline, in  public  favor.  Professors  of  rare  talent  and 
 .ability,  from  time  to  time,  had  been  secured  for  the 
 different  departments  of  in.struction.  Among  these 
 may  be  mentioned  Professor  Wm.  G.  Hammond,  after- 
 ward Chancellor  of  the  Law  Department  of  the  State 
 University  of  Iowa,  and  now  occupying  a  similar 
 position  in  St.  Louis,  Mo. ;  Professors  Samuel  Calvin 
 and  T.  11.  JIcBride,  now  jointly  in  charge  of  the 
 Department  of  Natural  Science  in  the  State  Univer- 
 sity of  Iowa;  in  more  recent  years,  also,  Professor 
 C.  A.  Leonard,  now  Professor  of  Latin  in  the  Central 
 University  of  Kentucky.  In  1875,  to  meet  the  de- 
 mand for  enlarged  accommodation  required  by  the 
 increase  of  students,  an  east  wing,  fifty-fiNc  by  thirty 
 feet  was,  by  the  contributions  chiefly  of  the  ]>eople  of 
 Hojikinton  and  vicinity,  added  to  the  main  building. 
 As  other  Institutions  were  being  established,  asking 
 the  patronage  of  the  public,  and  especially  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church,  the  Board  of  Trustees  at  length 
 resolved  to  exercise  the  "full  college  powers  secured 
 to  the  Institution  by  her  charter.  The  class  of  1881 
 wa.s  the  first  to  receive,  at  the  hands  of  the  President, 
 diplonuis  with  the  much  prized  degrees.  The  Board, 
 also,  resolved  to  confer  upon  the  graduates  of  former 
 years  equal  privileges  on  application. 
 
LONG. 
 
 1177 
 
 LOWRJE. 
 
 Although  the  endowment  has  never  yet  been  ade-  ]  nence,  influence  and  usefulness  in  the  world.  In  1869 
 
 quate,  still,  bj'  a  careful  use  of  the  income,  by 
 prompt  payment  of  s;ilaries,  though  small,  and  other 
 current  expenses,  the  Institution  has  had  but  little 
 difficulty  in  recent  years  of  furnishing  a  full  and  com- 
 petent Faculty. 
 
 In  the  way  of  Christian  work  special  gratitude  Is 
 due  the  great  Head  of  the  Church  for  what  has  been 
 accomplished.  A  decidedly  Chri-stian  atmosphere 
 has,  from  the  first,  surrounded  the  school.  Repeated 
 revivals  of  religion  have  taken  place.  Many  of  the 
 students  have  been  converted  to  God.  Under  the 
 inspiration  of  prayer  and  praise  and  "solemn  vows," 
 quite  a  number  have  gone  forth  as  heralds  of  salvation ; 
 many  others,  in  various  professions  and  callings,  are 
 working  for  the  Master.  The  Institution  now  takes  its 
 stand  as  a  college  in  title,  as  well  as  in  powers  and 
 rights.  The  Synod  of  Iowa,  at  its  last  meeting  ( October, 
 1883),  granted  leave  to  the  trustees  so  to  amend  their 
 
 (Prof  Charles  Long  having  died  some  years  before) 
 ilr.  Mahlon  Long  gave  up  the  charge  of  Tennent 
 School.    He  resides  at  present  in  Philadelphia. 
 
 Loomis,  Augustus  "Ward,  D.D.,  was  born  at 
 Andover,  Conn.,  September  4th,  1816,  and  graduated 
 at  Hamilton  College  in  1841.  He  was  ordained  an 
 evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of  Albany,  Jlay  16th, 
 1844;  missionary  in  China,  at  Macao,  Chusiin  and 
 XLngpo,  1844-50;  missionary  to  the  Creek  Indians, 
 at  Kowetah,  18.52-3;  stated  supply  at  St.  Charles, 
 Mo.,  18.53;  stated  supply  at  Lower  Kock  Island, 
 Edward's,  and  Millersburg,  111.;  and  has  been  mis- 
 sionary to  the  Chinese,  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  since 
 1859.  Dr.  Loomis,  in  the  varied  spheres  of  his  labor, 
 has  shown  an  ardent  and  controlling  desire  to  win 
 souls  to  Christ.  He  is  earnest  in  doing  good  and 
 blessed  in  his  ministry. 
 
 Loomis,  Rev.  Henry,  was  born  in  Burlington, 
 
 Articles  of  Incorporation  as  to  change  the  name  to  j  N.  Y.,  ilarch  4th,  1839;  graduated  from  Hamilton 
 
 Lenox  College.  After  the  resignation  of  the  Kev. 
 Dr.  Hodge,  the  Board  of  Trustees  elected  Prof  James 
 A.  Eitchey,  of  Western  Pennsylvania,  to  the  Presi- 
 dency. Thus,  with  a  scholarly  President,  an  efficient 
 and  popular  Faculty  and  an  increasing  number  of 
 students,  Lenox  College,  the  oldest  existing  Presby- 
 terian Institution  in  the  State,  hopefully  contem- 
 plates the  future,  ready  for  the  work  which  the 
 JIaster  has  for  her  to  do  in  Northern  Iowa. 
 
 Long,  Rev.  Mahlon,  A.M.,  Ph.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Warminster,  Pa.,  JIarch  Cth,  1809.  He  was  engaged 
 in  rural  occupations  in  his  youth.     After   teaching 
 
 College  in  1866,  and  studied  theology  at  Auburn 
 Seminary.  He  was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Cayuga,  in  the  Spring  of  1869;  preached  at  James- 
 ville,  1870-71 ;  was  missionary  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Board,  at  Yokohama,  Japan,  1871-76;  resident  in 
 San  Rafael,  Cal.,  1876-81,  from  which  date  he  has 
 been  superintendent  of  the  work  of  the  American 
 Bible  Society,  for  Japan,  residing  in  Yokohama.  He 
 is  an  earnest  Christian  and  a  faithful  laborer  in  the 
 vineyard  of  the  Lord. 
 
 Lo"we,  Rev.  Benjamin  Johnson,  was  born  in 
 Lebanon,  Hunterdon  county,  X.    J.,  January  11th, 
 
 for  a  considerable  time,  he  was  employed  as  clerk  in  '  1795,  and  was  graduated  from  Princeton  College,  in 
 the  public  offices  at  the  county  seat,  Doylestown,  and  \  1814,  and  from  Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  in 
 
 in  the  Doylestown  Bank  of  Bucks  county.  After 
 graduating  at  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  in  1839,  he 
 taught  a  classical  school  in  the  neighborhood  of  his 
 fiither's  residence  a  year  or  two,  and  then  pursued  the 
 study  of  theology  at  Xew  Haven,  Conn.  He  was 
 associated  as  a  student  with  the  Theological  Seminary 
 of  Yale  University  three  years,  but  at  the  expiration 
 of  two  years  he  was  examined  and  licen.sed  to  preach 
 the  gospel  by  the  Fourth  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia, 
 in  1845.  In  1847  he  was  invited  to  become  Principal 
 of  the  Academy  at  Harrisburg,  and  under  his  direction 
 the  Institution  rose  to  an  unwonted  degree  of  pros- 
 perity. He  was  much  esteemed,  as  a  teacher  and  a 
 man  of  intelligence,  by  Governor  Shunk,  and  by  the 
 principal  citizens  pf  the  Capital  of  the  State.  In  1850 
 he  and  his  brother,  Charles  Long,  late  of  Delaware 
 College,  established  "Tennent  School,"  a  boarding- 
 school  for  boys,  near  Hartsville,  Pa.,  which,  through 
 a  protracted  period,  enjoyed  very  gredt  prosperity.  On 
 several  occasions  it  .shared  in  the  blessed  eft'ects  of 
 re\nvalsof  religion  with  which  Neshamiuy  Church, 
 which  the  pupils  attended,  was  lavored.  Not  a  few 
 of  those  who  prepared  for  college  or  studied  for  a 
 period  at  this  Institution,  have  risen  to  posts  of  emi- 
 
 1818.  He  was  licensed,  April  29th,  1818,  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Xew  Brunswick,  and  died  in  San  Francisco, 
 Cal.,  April  24th,  1875,  in  the  eighty-first  year  of  his 
 age,  meeting  peacefully  the  summons  to  enter  into 
 rest.  He  was  aftectionate,  genial,  pure  in  life,  and 
 always  zealous  for  the  truth.  His  life  was  an  active 
 one,  and  his  hoary  head  was  "  a  crown  of  glory." 
 
 LO'wrie,  Rev.  J.  G-.,  .second  son  of  Rev.  John  M. 
 Lowrie,  d.d.  Born  at  Wellsville,  Ohio,  October 
 28th,  1846;  early  boyhood  spent  at  Lancaster,  Ohio, 
 and  at  Fort  Wayne,  Ind. ;  graduated  from  Princeton 
 College  in  1867;  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools  of 
 Kendallvillc,  Ind.,  1867-8;  entered  Princeton  Semi- 
 nary 1868;  licensed  by  Presbytery  of  Fort  Wayne, 
 ilay  13th,  1870;  commissioned  by  Board  of  Home 
 Missions  to  labor  in  Colorado  in  1871 ;  was  the  first 
 minister  of  the  churches  of  Golden,  Longmont  and 
 Central  City,  Col.  During  ministry  at  Golden,  and 
 later  at  Central,  houses  of  worship  were  erected. 
 Ordained  as  an  evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of  Colo- 
 rado, March  17th,  1872;  preached  three  years  at 
 Colorado  Springs,  from  1873  to  1876;  called  to  pas- 
 torate of  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Mount  Sterling, 
 111.,  September,  1876. 
 
MACGONIGLE. 
 
 1178 
 
 MAGEE. 
 
 M 
 
 MacQonigle,  Rev.  John  N.,  oldest  son  of  Alex- 
 ander N.  and  Ans<'liiie  MacGonigle,  Wiis  born  in 
 Pittsburg,  Pa.,  October  29th,  1851.  He  was  gradu- 
 ated from  the  Western  University  of  Pennsylvania 
 in  1871,  and  from  the  Western  Theological  Seminary 
 in  1875.  Ho  waslicensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Pitt.sburg,  iu  April,  1874,  and  ordained  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Dlairsville,  and  installed  pastor  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  at  Ebensburg,  Pa.,  on  May  11th, 
 1875.  Here  he  remained  until  October,  1877,  when 
 he  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Parker  City,  Pa.  From  here  he  was 
 Ciilled,  in  August,  of  1880,  to  become  p:i-stor  of  the 
 First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Oil  City,  where  he  now 
 lal)ors.  Here  his  work  has  been  greatly  blessed  in 
 the  increasing  and  strengthening  of  the  membership 
 of  the  church,  and  in  erecting  one  of  the  finest 
 church  edifices  in  Xorthwestcrn  Pennsylvania. 
 
 .\s  a  preacher,  -Mr.  Mai-(ionigle  is  refined  and 
 scholarly,  but  eminently  earnest  and  practical.  He 
 is  a  fluent  and  ready  speaker.  His  sermons  are  cha.ste, 
 spiritual  and  strong,  and  many  of  them  have  been 
 published  by  request,  on  account  of  their  pointed 
 and  terse  j)reseut;ition  of  tlie  truth. 
 
 As  a  pastor,  he  has  iinusual  influence  and  i)ower. 
 Courteous  and  genial,  he  is  ciusily  approaclied,  and  is 
 beloved  by  all,  not  only  of  his  church,  but  the  entire 
 community.  Cautious  and  practical  in  everything, 
 yet  his  warm  and  sympathetic  heart  makes  him  a 
 friend  and  helper  of  the  distressed  and  sutferiug. 
 His  executive  ability  is  seen  and  felt  iu  all  depart- 
 ments of  church  work.  His  fidelity  to  the  truth, 
 and  a  happy  combination  of  qualities,  .sought  after, 
 and  shared  in  ])art.s  by  all,  but  seldom  .so  naturally 
 and  symmetrically  united  in  one  man,  is  the  secret 
 of  his  suc<'i'ss. 
 
 Macklin,  Williani,  w:us  born  June  .5tli,  1816,  in 
 Mifllin  county.  Pa.  Hi- became  a  Christian  in  1858, 
 and  uniU'd  with  the  Church  of  his  fathers.  He  was 
 cho.senandordaiiU'd  a  ruling  elder  in  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  iu  McVeytown,  in  1863,  and  from  that  time 
 to  the  day  of  his  death,  February  21st,  1884,  he  wius 
 not  only  a  consist<'nt  Christian,  but  activt'and  zealous 
 in  all  branches  of  Church  work  in  his  native  ])lac(!. 
 Particularly  was  this  C'hristian  activity  manifested 
 in  the  Sabbath  school,  of  which  he  was  long  the 
 honored  and  elBcient  superintendent.  Jlr.  Macklin 
 so  identified  him.self  with  all  of  the  interests  of 
 Christ's  kingdom  here  on  the  earth — the  material, 
 the  social,  the  intellectual  and  the  spiritual— that  he 
 became  oiu;  of  tlu^  potent  forces  for  good  in  the  com- 
 munity where  lie  liviil    and   died,   and  was  buried. 
 
 And  his  influence  was  not  restricted,  any  more  than 
 was  his  good  name,  to  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
 McVeytown.  Such  was  the  character  of  the  man 
 that  he  was  chosen  more  than  once  to  represent  his 
 Church  iu  her  higher  courts,  and  often  selected  by 
 his  fellow-men  to  represent  them  and  do  business  for 
 them  in  the  secular coucerus  of  life;  .so  that,  when  he 
 died,  many  came  from  the  towns  along  the  Juniata 
 Valle}',  to  pay  their  last  tribute  of  respect  to  him 
 whom  they  had  learned  to  love  and  appreciate  as  a 
 man  of  sound. judgment  and  of  sterling  integrity. 
 
 Macrae,  Gr.  "W.,  was  born  near  Warrentbn,  Va., 
 May  28th,  1838.  He  removed  to  Clarksville,  Tenn., 
 in  September,  1849,  where  he  grew  up  and  was 
 educated.  He  joined  the  church  at  that  place  in 
 1867.  He  removed  to  Memphis,  Tenn.,  in  1870,  and 
 connected  him.self  with  the  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Kev.  Dr.  W.  E.  Boggs,  pastor,  at  that  time. 
 Jlr.  Macrae  was  ordained  an  elder  iu  said  church  iu 
 1874.  He  has  been  a  member  of  the  General  As- 
 sembly's (Southern)  Committee  of  Education  from 
 the  date  of  its  removal  to  Memphis  in  1874,  and 
 Treasurer  of  the  same  since  1876. 
 
 Magee,  Irving,  D.D.,  is  the  son  of  William  J. 
 and  Gertrudp  (Moore)  Magee,  and  was  born  at  Red 
 Hook,  N.  Y.,  July  24th,  1831.  At  the  age  of  . six- 
 teen he  began  teaching  a  district  school,  and  very 
 .soon  taught  in  Hartwick  Seminary,  New  York, 
 where  he  completed  his  preparation  for  college.  He 
 graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1857,  and  while 
 there  was  an  intimate  friend  of  President  Garfield, 
 who  graduated  in  1856.  He  then  was  Priuciiial  of 
 Spencertown  .Vcademy,  New  Y'ork,  for  one  year,  and 
 in  1860  graduated  at  Union  Theological  Seminary, 
 New  Y'ork.  ]5efore  graduation  he  was  tendered  a 
 call  to  St.  Luki^s  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  at 
 Valatie,  N.  Y.,  which  he  accepted,  and  became  pastor 
 of  it  at  once,  after  graduating.  In  1865  lie  wius  called 
 to  the  Lombard  Street  Church,  Baltimore,  Md.  Iu 
 1869  t<,  the  First  Church,  Dayton,  Ohio.  In  1872  to 
 the  First  Church,  Albany,  N.  Y.  Aft<'r  serving  the 
 latter  charge  for  ten  years,  he  was,  in  1882,  called  to 
 the  Rondout  Presbyterian  Church  iu  the  city  of 
 King.ston,  on  the  Hudson,  where  he  still  remains. 
 His  life  has  lieen  a  very  active  and  laborious  one, 
 having  brought  about  fifteen  hundred  members  into 
 the  Church  of  Christ.  He  has  received  repeated  in- 
 vitations to  college  professorships,  but  preferred  to 
 continue  in  the  jKUstoral  work.  He  ha-s  i>ublished  a 
 few  monographs,  the  principal  one,  perhaps,  being 
 "\  Brief  CloMipendium  of  the  History  and  Doctrines 
 of    the    Evangelic.il    Lutheran    Church.''       But    his 
 
MANN. 
 
 1179 
 
 M'CAY. 
 
 most  important  literary  work  w;is  the  formation  of  a 
 "  New  Liturgy  for  tlie  General  Synoil  of  the  Lutheran 
 Church  in  America,"  which  was  adopted  l)y  that 
 body  in  1881.  lie  has  delivered  many  Lyceum 
 lectures  and  public  addresses. 
 
 Dr.  Magee  is  a  clergyman  in  whom  the  physicjil, 
 the  intellectual  and  the  spiritual  unite  in  the  right 
 proportion  to  form  a  Christian  cultured  gentleman. 
 As  to  his  pulpit  qualities,  no  better  criticism  can  be 
 given  than  the  following  paragrajih,  borrowed  from  a 
 sketeh  of  him  in  Frank  Lislir'n  lUuntraied  News:  "  As 
 a  preacher,  his  sermons  are  marked  by  vigor  and 
 originality  of  thought,  remarkable  delicacy  and 
 beauty  of  diction,  richness  and  variety  of  illustra- 
 tion, and  ill  their  delivery,  with  dignity,  grace  and 
 tenderness."  If  it  be  true  that  every  minister  h;is 
 his  outside  hobby,  his  is  the  Physical  Sciences ;  and 
 his  taste  for  and  proficiency  in  these  would  give 
 him,  at  any  time,  a  professorship,  if  he  chose  to  re- 
 linciuish  the  work  of  the  pastor.  Although  always 
 maintaining  the  dignity  of  his  office,  he  is  not  so 
 extremely  clerical  as  to  lose  the  character  of  a  citi- 
 zen. He  has  made  it  a  practice  to  identify  himself 
 with  every  public  question  which  has  a  moral  bear- 
 ing. His  executive  capacity  and  felicity  of  speech 
 cau.se  him  to  be  much  sought  after  as  a  presiding 
 officer,  and  make  him  a  welcome  guest  at  the  ban- 
 quet. Among  tho.se  who  know  him  best,  he  is  distin- 
 guished for  his  loyalty,  and  sympathy,  and  purity, 
 and  frankness,  and  humbleness,  and  cheerfulness, 
 and  many  other  heart  graces,  which,  as  much  as  his 
 more  professional  qualifications,  have  enabled  him 
 to  achieve  the  wonderful  success  which  has  attended 
 his  ministry  in  several  cities. 
 
 Mann,  John  Q-reir,  was  bom  in  Doylestown, 
 Bucks  county.  Pa.,  on  the  12th  of  December,  180.5, 
 and  died  on  the  5th  of  May,  1883.  He  came  of  that 
 Scotch-Irish  stock  which  has  furnished  so  much 
 strength,  genius  and  fiiith  to  our  American  Presljy- 
 terianism.  When  he  was  but  .seventeen  years  old  he 
 professed  his  faitli  in  Christ  and  united  with  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  at  Doylestown.  and  in  that 
 fellowship  he  lived  and  labored  for  an  unbroken 
 period  of  sixty  years.  On  the  9th  of  Api-il,  1853,  he 
 was  chosen  to  the  office  of  ruling  elder  by  the  unani- 
 mous vote  of  the  congregation,  anfl  for  thirty  years 
 continued  in  the  active  discharge  of  the  duties  of 
 that  office.  Throughout  his  life  he  was  deeply  inter- 
 ested in  religious  work  among  the  young,  and  was, 
 for  upward  of  twenty  years,  superintendent  of  one 
 of  the  Sabbath  schools  under  the  direction  of  the 
 Session  of  his  church.  In  whatever  position  he  was 
 placed  he  proved  himself  to  be  a  man  of  exceptional 
 Christian  worth,  and  was  distinguished  for  his  stead- 
 fastness and  fidelity.  He  was  always  in  his  place 
 in  the  church,  the  Sabbath  school,  the  prayer-meet- 
 ing, and  the  Session;  and  his  fervent  prayers,  his  wist 
 counsels,  and  his  supreme  devotion  to  the  welfare 
 of  the  church  in  which  he  was  an  office-bearer,  won 
 
 for  him  the  love  and  confidence  of  his  associates,  who 
 are  peculiarly  afflicted  in  his  death. 
 
 He  was  one  of  that  class  of  Christians  with  whom 
 the  first  vow  of  consecration  embraces  potentially  a 
 whole  life  of  unswerving  Christian  fidelity.  Alike 
 in  little  things  or  great,  he  was  never  wanting.  He 
 never  acted  from  mere  impulse.  Devotion  to  prin- 
 ciple, love  to  his  Saviour,  controlled  his  actions  and 
 governed  his  life.  The  heart  of  his  pastor  safely 
 trusted  in  him,  for  in  him  he  found  at  once  support 
 and  inspiration.  His  Christian  character  was  so 
 marked  that,  at  his  funeral,  his  pa.stor  said:  "For 
 me  to  know  Mr.  Maun  was  to  enjoy  a  means  of  grace, 
 and  to  feel  the  hand  of  .sanctified  prudence  laid  on 
 the  head  of  the  enthusiasm  of  youth."  As  with  liLs 
 pastor,  so  it  was  with  all  his  brethren,  for  they  found 
 him  to  be  a  man  whose  fi.xed  purpose  was  "to  deal 
 justly,  to  love  mercy,  and  to  walk  humbly  with  his 
 God."  With  all  his  devotion  he  was  modest,  unob- 
 trusive and  undemonstrative;  a  Christian  worker 
 who  sought  the  appro\al  of  his  Master  rather  than 
 the  applause  of  the  world;  a  Presbyterian  who  firmly 
 adhered  to  the  doctrines  of  his  own  Church,  but  who 
 was  so  devoted  to  the  cause  of  true  religion  that  no 
 one  was  more  cordially  fraternal  than  he  toward 
 other  denominations. 
 
 McCandlish,  Rev.  "William,  was  born  in  Scot- 
 land, September  12th,  1810.  In  the  Summer  of  1817 
 he  was  brought  by  his  parents  to  the  United  States. 
 Having  graduated  in  .Jefferson  College,  Pennsylvania, 
 in  September,  1834,  he  entered  the  Western  Theo- 
 logical Seminary  the  same  Fall,  and  completed  his 
 seminary  course  in  September,  1837.  He  was  licensed 
 to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle,  meeting  in 
 the  Church  of  Big  Spring,  September,  1837.  His  first 
 pastoral  charge  was  Wooster,  O.,  where  he  labored 
 ten  years  and  .seven  months.  That  church  was  blessed 
 with  a  precious  revival  of  religion  during  his  pastor- 
 ate. In  the  Summer  of  1849  he  removed  to  Lewis- 
 town,  111.  He  was  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church 
 of  Lewistown  till  May,  1854,  when  he  was  trans- 
 ferred to  the  Westminster  Presbyterian  Church  of 
 Quincy,  111.  The  church  of  Lewistown  was  blessed 
 with  a  gracious  visitation  of  great  power  during  his 
 pastorate.  In  1858  he  removed  to  Nebraska,  and 
 engaged  in  general  missionary  work  till  the  Spring 
 of  lS(i9,  when  he  received  an  appointment  by  the 
 American  Bible  Society  as  District  Superintendent  for 
 Nebraska,  Colorado  and  Wyoming.  After  a  constant 
 service  for  the  Bible  Society  for  thirteen  years,  he 
 retired,  in  the  seventy-second  year  of  his  age,  to  a 
 service  nearer  home.  During  1883  he  has  been  em- 
 ployed in  the  circulation  of  the  Bible  through  the 
 city  of  Omaha,  as  colporteur  of  the  American  Bible 
 Society.  His  life  has  been  one  of  diligence  and  use- 
 fulness in  the  Master's  service. 
 
 McCay,  Charles  Francis,  LL.D.,  was  the 
 oldest  child  of  Robert  and  Sally  (Reed)  McCay,  and 
 was   born  at  Danville,  Pa.,  March  8th,    1810.     He 
 
M'CLUKE. 
 
 1180 
 
 irCOSH. 
 
 graduated  at  Jefferson  College,  Pennsylvania,  in 
 1829;  was  made  Professor  of  Mathematics  at  Lafay- 
 ette College,  Pa.,  in  18:!;!;  was  for  twenty  years 
 {1834-r)3)  an  officer  of  the  University  of  Georgia;  a 
 part  of  the  time  as  Professor  of  Mechanical  Philoso- 
 phy and  Civil  Engineering,  and  afterward  of  Slathe- 
 matics  and  Astronomy;  and  from  1854  to  IS,)?  was 
 first  a  Professor  and  then  President  of  the  College  of 
 South  Carolina.  From  1858  to  1869  he  was  first  Sec- 
 retary and  then  President  of  a  fire  insurance  com- 
 pany in  Augusta,  Ga.  In  1869  he  removed  to  Balti- 
 more, where,  for  many  years,  he  was  Actuary  of"  the 
 Insurance  Department  of  the  State  of  Maryland. 
 
 In  1870  he  recommended  to  the  General  Assemblj' 
 a  plan  of  relief  I'or  the  ministers  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  South,  by  which  many,  of  their  families  pro- 
 cured insurance  on  their  lives,  for  which  he  was 
 Actuary,  as  one  of  the  E.Kecutive  Committee  of  Home 
 Missions.  "While  a  Profes.sor  at  Athens,  Ga.,  he 
 published  his  lectures  on  "Civil  Engineering"  and 
 on  the  "  Dilferential  and  Integral  Calculus,"  and 
 while  Actuary,  from  1848  to  1883,  of  .several  life  in- 
 surance companies,  he  published  many  essays  on  the 
 "Law  of  Mortality,"  csjieci-ally  during  the  first 
 years  of  insurance,  and  among  small  numbers  of  per- 
 sons, which  attracted  much  attention. 
 
 McCltxre,  Rev.  James  G-ore  King,  was  the 
 fifth  child  of  Archibald  and  Susan  (Rice)  McClure, 
 born  in  Albany,  N.  Y.,  November  24th,  1848.  Gradu- 
 ated at  the  Albany  Academy,  with  special  honors,  he 
 entered  Yale  College  in  the  class  of  '70;  and  there,  a 
 favorite  with  all  for  the  charms  of  his  friendship,  he 
 maintained  a  high  scholarship,  and  won  the  esteem 
 of  students  and  professors  for  his  manly  Christian 
 character.  The  same  features  marked  his  course  at 
 Princeton  Seminary,  where  he  was  graduated  in  1S73, 
 having  been  licensed  the  year  previous  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Albany.  December  10th,  1874,  the  .same 
 Presbytery  ordained  and  installed  him  pastor  at  New 
 Scotland,  only  a  few  miles  from  the  home  of  his 
 youth.  During  his  five  years'  pastorate  there  the 
 church  had  large  gain  in  spiritual  and  material 
 strength,  extensive  additions  and  improvements  were 
 made  to  the  property,  and  eighty-live  persons  con- 
 fessed th(>ir  foith.  Resigning,  in  1879,  for  foreign 
 travel  and  study,  he  vi.sitcd  the  British  Islands, 
 Europe,  Egypt  and  the  Holy  Land.  Soon  after  his 
 return  hi;  was  installed  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  at  Lake  Forest,  111.,  on  November  3d,  1881; 
 where,  on  a  larger  scale,  the  labors  and  fruits  of  his 
 first  pastorate  are  being  repeated.  In  theological 
 opinion  Jlr.  McClure  is  a  moderate  con.servative,  of 
 the  Princeton  school.  As  a  preacher,  his  style  is 
 illu.strative,  clear,  persuasive,  warmly  evangelical, 
 and  nuirked  by  earnest  heart-force  in  utterance.  As 
 a  i)astor,  he  POSSCS.SC3  fertile  resources,  nn  tiring  energy, 
 large  executive  ability,  rare  tact  and  ju<lgment,  com- 
 bined with  a  tender  sympathy,  which  makes  him 
 unusually  beloved  in  the  homes  of  his  people. 
 
 McOorkle,  Mr.  Samuel,  was  long  an  elder  in 
 the  First  Presbyterian  Chnrch,  Lynchburg,  Va. 
 Born  Augnst  20th,  1800,  of  Scotch-Irish  ancestry,  he 
 brought  from  his  native  countj',  Rockbridge,  the 
 results  of  that  early  training  which  the  men  of 
 that  stalwart  Presbyterian  stock  generally  evinced. 
 '\^^lile  eminently  sound  in  the  Calvinistic  system  of 
 doctrine,  he  was  distinguished  for  the  works  of 
 which  that  system,  rightly  understood  and  received, 
 has  ever  been  the  source.  He  united  with  a  devoted 
 attachment  to  his  own  church  an  enlarged  charity 
 toward  those  of  other  attachments.  Prominent 
 among  merchants  for  his  integrity  and  his  sound 
 judgment,  his  services  were  sought  in  many  public 
 interests,  and  he  fully  bore  out,  in  his  conduct  as  a 
 servant  of  the  public,  the  reputation  for  sound  views 
 in  devising  and  executing  schemes  for  the  public 
 welfare,  which  he  had  so  long  su.stained  in  regard  to 
 his  private  interests  and  enterprises. 
 
 He  was  the  faithful  adviser  and  friend  of  his  pa-stor 
 and  the  leader  in  enterprises  for  the  incretuse  of  the 
 moral  power  of  the  church.  His  liberality  in  con- 
 tributing to  its  material  pro-sperity  was  but  the  coun- 
 terpart of  his  zeal  for  its  spiritual  interests.  At  a 
 time  of  great  depression  in  the  pecuniary  ability  of 
 the  people  of  his  church,  he  took  the  lead  in  the 
 most  generous  contributions,  and  by  example,  as  well 
 as  personal  address,  aroused  a  spirit  of  eflbrt  on  the 
 part  of  the  congregation,  which  resulted  in  the  entire 
 relief  of  the  church  from  its  depressed  condition. 
 Abundant  jn  good  works,  honored  and  beloved  by 
 the  whole  community,  and  especially  by  the  church 
 over  which  he  had  so  long  been  one  of  the  overseers, 
 he  waited  patiently,  through  nine  weary  months  of 
 declining  health,  till  his  change  came,  and  gently 
 fell  asleep  in  Jesus,  to  rest  in  peace,  August  6th, 
 1860 — liis  eldership  having  existed  thirty-three  years. 
 
 McCosh,  James,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Ayrshire,  Scotland,  April  1st,  1811.  He  entered  the 
 University  of  Glasgow  in  1824,  and  studied  there 
 during  the  five  succeeding  years.  Removing  thence 
 in  1829,  he  entered  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
 where  he  continued  his  studies  for  another  period  of 
 five  years,  under  such  instructors  as  Drs.  Chalmers 
 and  "Welch.  While  a  student  in  Edinburgh  he  ^vrote 
 an  e.'.say  on  the  Stoic  Philosophy,  for  which  the 
 University  gave  him  the  honorary  degree  of  Master 
 of  Arts. 
 
 In  1834  he  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel.  The 
 following  year  he  was  ordained  and  appointed  to 
 the  ministry  of  Abbey  Church,  at  Arbroath.  He 
 continued  in  this  charge  for  three  years,  and  became 
 identified  with  the  Evangelical, or  Non-intru.sion  party 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland,  of  which  party 
 Dr.  Thomas  {Juthrie  was  leader  in  that  district. 
 
 In  1839  he  removed  to  Brechin,  Scotland,  having 
 been  appointed,  by  the  Crown,  pastor  of  the  Presby- 
 terian church  at  that  place.  This  position  he  held 
 until  the  disruption  of  the  Church,  in  1843. 
 
M'COSH. 
 
 1181 
 
 SVCREHY. 
 
 Dr.  McCosh  believed  thoroughly  in  the  spiritual  in- 
 dependence of  the  Church,  which  had  been  iuterfered 
 with  by  the  settlement  of  ministers  in  jiarishcs  against 
 the  will  of  the  people.  He  expressed  his  conviction 
 by  joining  the  Free  Church  party. 
 
 His  labors,  which  were  continued  for  several  years 
 in  and  around  Brechin,  were  eminently  successful. 
 He  took  an  active  iiart  in  planting  new  churches  in  his 
 own  and  neighboring  counties.  In  the  parish  church 
 at  Brechin  he  and  his  colleague,  Dr.  Footo,  had  1415 
 communicants.  While  attending  to  these  arduous 
 duties  he  wrote  and  puljlished  his  first  important 
 work,  "  The  Method  of  Divine  Government,  Physical 
 and  Moral,"  which  gave  him  a  wide  reputation,  both 
 in  Europe  and  America. 
 
 In  1852  he  removed  to  Belfa-st,  having  been  ap- 
 
 \ 
 
 / 
 
 L'-' 
 
 li 
 
 V. 
 
 JAMES  M'COSII,  D.D.  ,  LL.  D. 
 
 pointed  by  the  Crown  to  the  Chair  of  Logic  and 
 Metiiphysics  in  Queen's  College.  He  entered  with 
 zeal  upon  the  work  of  his  nev/  profession,  and  soon 
 became  as  eminent  as  an  instructor  as  he  had  been  as 
 a  pastor.  He  was  Professor  in  Belfast  sixteen  years. 
 In  the  Spring  of  1868  he  was  elected  to  succeed  Dr. 
 John  MacLean  as  President  of  the  College  of  New 
 Jersey,  at  Princeton.  In  the  Fall  of  that  year  he 
 was  inaugurated  and  entered  upon  his  duties  as 
 I'resident  and  Professor  of  Biblical  Instruction  and 
 of  Psychology  and  History  of  Philosophy.  The 
 college  has  prospered  wondtrfulh'  under  his  manage- 
 ment. During  his  Presidency  about  three  millions 
 of  dollars  have  been  contributed  to  the  College,  and 
 the  number  of  professors  and  students  has  more  than 
 doubled.  He  introduced  the  "fellowship  system," 
 and  encourages  the  spirit  of  original  scientific  research 
 
 on  the  part  of  the  students.     He  has  also  greatly 
 strengthened  the  department  of  philosophy. 
 
 Dr.  McCosh  takes  a  lively  interest  in  all  schemes 
 which  give  jiromise  of  aiding  in  the  general  ditl'usion 
 of  knowledge,  or  of  arousing  the  Church  to  activity, 
 and  of  uniting  Christians  throughout  the  world  for 
 mutual  support  and  co-operation.  Before  his  removal 
 to  this  country  he  earnestly  advocated  the  national 
 system  of  education  in  Ireland,  and  took  an  active 
 part  in  preparing  the  Irish  Presbyterian  Church  for 
 the  disestiiblishmeut  of  18G9,  and  the  successful 
 organization  of  a  practical  system  of  sustentation  of 
 her  ministry  is  largely  due  to  him. 
 
 In  a  sermon  preached  during  the  session  of  the 
 General  Assembly  in  Philadelphia,  in  1870,  he  sug- 
 gested the  idea  of  a  Presbyterian  Alliance.  Two 
 years  later,  at  the  Ter-Centenary  Celebration  of  the 
 Reformation  in  Scotland,  held  in  Philadelphia,  No- 
 vember 20th,  1872,  he  presented  a  scheme  for  such 
 an  organization.  He  was  Jloderator  of  the  Conference 
 which  met  in  London  and  organized  the  Alliance, 
 July,  1875.  In  1877  he  visited  Edinburgh  as  a  dele- 
 gate to  tlie  council  of  this  body,  then  held  in  that 
 city. 
 
 Dr.  McCosh  is  a  voluminous  writer.  His  contri- 
 butions to  periodical  literature  apjiear  in  rapid  suc- 
 cession. They  are  chiefly  upon  religious,  moral  and 
 philosophical  subjects.  An  enumeration  of  the  titles 
 of  his  published  sermons,  essays  and  reviews  would 
 probably  exceed  the  limits  of  this  sketch.  The  most 
 important  of  his  published  works  are:  "  Method  of 
 Divine  Government,"  1850;  "Typical  Forms  and 
 Special  Ends  in  Creation"  (in  conjunction  with  Dr. 
 Dickie),  1855;  "The  Intuitions  of  the  Mind,"  1860; 
 "The  Supernatural  in  Kelation  to  the  Natural,"  1862; 
 "Defence  of  Fundamental  Truth,"  1866;  "The 
 Laws  of  Di-scursive  Thought ;  Being  a  Text-Book  of 
 Formal  Logic, "  1870;  "Christianity  and  Positivism," 
 1871;  "The  Scottish  Philosophy,"  1875;  "Ideas  in 
 Nature  Overlooked  by  Dr.  Tyndall,"  1875;  "The 
 Development  Hypothesis;  Is  it  Sufficient?"  1876; 
 "The  Emotions,"  1880.  He  is  at  present  issuing  a 
 series  of  small  volumes  on  philosophical  subjects, 
 called,  a  "Philosophical  Series."  Five  parts  have 
 appeared  up  to  this  date,  Jlarch,  1884. 
 
 McCrery,  Rev.  John,  graduated  at  Princeton 
 College  in  1764,  and  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  New  Castle  in  1766.  He  received  a  very  flattering 
 number  of  calls.  He  was  ordained  May  10th,  1769, 
 at  the  Head  of  Christiana  Church,  Del.,  and  installed 
 over  that  congregation  and  'White  Clay  Creek.  In 
 1769  the  Synod,  "in  consideration  of  Mr.  McCrery 's 
 great  services  on  his  mission  tothe  western  frontiers" 
 of  Pennsylvania,  voted  him  "an  additional  allow- 
 ance of  five  pounds."  In  1771  they  appointed  him 
 to  make  a  missionary  tour  of  three  months  in  the 
 South,  and  provided  for  the  supjily  of  his  pulpits 
 during  his  absence.  He  was,  however,  absent  a  year. 
 His  salary  was  fully  allowed  by  the  congregations. 
 
M' CURDY. 
 
 1182 
 
 MECHLIN. 
 
 and  the  expense  of  a  man  and  carriage  borne  by  tbem 
 to  bring  him  from  North  Carolina,  after  a  tedious 
 illness.  It  was  said  that  "  in  the  vigor  of  his  life  he 
 was  absent  on  supplies  near  the  fourth  of  his  time," 
 and  that,  "  for  the  last  seven  years  of  his  ministry  he 
 had  not  been  able  to  otficiate  more  than  half  of  the 
 time."  Mr.  McCrery's  death  took  place  June  18th, 
 1800,  in  the  sixty-eighth  year  of  his  age.  He  was 
 buried  in  the  Head  of  Christiana  Cemetery,  and  a 
 lengthy  epitaph  commemorates  his  ^^rtues.  The 
 Presbytery  lamented  him  as  "  a  faithful  and  zealous 
 minister  of  the  gospel." 
 
 McCurdy,  Thomas,  was  an  old  citizen  of  Jersey 
 Shore,  Pa.,  and  one  of  its  most  experienced  and 
 trusted  business  men.     He  died  November  7th,  1883. 
 
 For  many  years  he  was  closely  associated  in  busi- 
 ness relations  with  the  late  George  Tomb,  Esq.,  and 
 for  some  years,  up  to  the  commencement  of  the  sick- 
 ness which  resulted  in  his  death,  was  the  efficient 
 Cashier  of  the  Jersey  Shore  Bankmg  Company.  He 
 enjoyed  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  the  community, 
 both  as  a  business  man  and  a  Christian.  As  his  name 
 denotes,  he  belonged  to  that  worthy  stock  of  Penn- 
 sylvania's inhabitants — Scotch-Irish — who  have  re- 
 flected so  much  honor  on  both  Church  and  State.  He 
 united  with  the  Presbyterian  Church  many  years  ago, 
 and  continued  a  faithful  and  useful  member  tUl  the 
 Master  translated  him  to  the  Church  above. 
 
 McGrilvary,  Daniel,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Moore 
 county,  North  Carolina,  May  16th,  1828.  For  a  time 
 he  was  engaged  in  teaching.  He  studied  theology 
 at  Princeton  Seminary;  stated  supply  at  Carthage 
 and  Union  churches,  N.  C,  1856-7;  ordained  an 
 evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of  Orange,  December 
 13th,  1857;  missionary  in  Siam,  at  Bangkok,  1858- 
 61;  Petchaburi,  1861-67;  Chiengmoi,  1867 -.  Dr. 
 McGilvary  has  intellectual  ability,  and  is  ardently 
 devoted  to  the  self-sacrificing  work  to  which  his  life 
 h;is  been  mainly  devoted. 
 
 McHwaine,  Archibald  G.,  was  of  Irish  birth 
 and  parentage.  He  w;is  born  in  Londonderry,  Ire- 
 land, July  5th,  1801,  and  inherited  also,  from  a 
 strong  Presbyterian  ancestry,  a  devoted  attachment 
 to  the  Church,  which,  in  the  maturity  of  early  man- 
 hood, he  selected  as  the  school  for  himself  and  his 
 family,  in  "  things  pertaining  to  trod."  His  exem- 
 plary industry,  fidelity  and  honorable  enterprise, 
 placed  him  in  the  very  front  rank  of  the  noblest 
 specimens  of  mercantile  men  in  the  city  of  Peters- 
 burg, Va.  The  success  which  crowned  his  honest 
 labors  enabled  him  to  become  a  liberal  contributor 
 to  Harapden-Sidney  Colli'ge  and  Union  Seminary, 
 in  Boards  of  Trustees  of  both  of  which  institutions 
 he  was  for  many  years  a  most  judicious  and  efficient 
 member.  His  home  was  ever  the  resort  of  Presbyterian 
 ministers  and  others  prominent  in  the  Church,  when 
 visiting  the  city.  With  no  outward  manifestation  of 
 wealth  in  the  splendors  of  its  furniture  or  luxurious 
 entertainments,  his  hospitality  was  free  and  cordial. 
 
 His  benefactions  were  not  only  in  large  contributions, 
 in  supporting  the  Institutions  of  his  Church,  but  also 
 in  the  ministrations  of  a  large  and  Christian  charity, 
 in  the  circle  of  his  home.  Wise  in  forming  and  per- 
 sistent in  maintaining  his  views  of  right  and  w-rong, 
 in  the  affairs  of  State  and  Church,  he  allowed  no 
 differences  of  opinion  to  break  the  ties  of  Christian 
 and  neighborly  friendships.  With  no  injuries  which 
 he  desired  or  sought  to  revenge,  and  no  animosities 
 allowed  to  grow  out  of  difference  with  others,  he  was 
 eminently  one  who  sought  the  ' '  things  which  make 
 for  peace  and  whereby  one  may  edify  another." 
 His  decline  into  infirm  health,  and  then  his  death, 
 April  10th,  1878,  was  a  source  of  immense  loss  to 
 the  Church,  and  it  will  require  years  to  rear  one  to 
 follow  in  his  steps.  But  his  example  is  a  legacy  the 
 Church  and  his  family,  it  is  hoped,  will  ever  find  a 
 benefit. 
 
 Mealy,  Rev.  John  M.,  was  the  oldest  son  of 
 Anthony  A.  and  Jane  Mealy,  and  was  born  in  C'lays- 
 ville,  Washington  county,  Penusj'lvania,  January  17th 
 1843.  He  graduated  at  Washington  College,  in  the 
 year  1864,  and  at  the  Western  Theologiail  Semiuarj', 
 1867.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Washington,  in  1866,  and  having 
 received  a  call  from  the  Church  of  Neshannock, 
 Lawrence  county.  Pa.,  accepted  it,  and  was  ordained 
 and  installed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Shenango,  on 
 September  25th,  1867.  He  has  continued  in  the 
 pastorate  of  this  church  ever  since,  faithful  in  duty, 
 beloved  by  his  people,  and  successful  in  his  work. 
 
 Mechlin,  George  'W.,  D.D.,  was  the  eldest 
 son  of  William  and  Catharine  Mechlin,  and  was  born 
 in  Concord  Township,  Butler  county.  Pa.,  in  18 — . 
 Greatly  desiring  an  education,  he  left  his  father's 
 farm  and,  by  his  energy,  perseverance  and  economy, 
 worked  his  way,  by  teaching  and  otherwise,  through 
 an  academic  course  at  the  Academy  of  Butler,  and 
 graduated  at  Jefferson  College,  in  the  class  of  1853. 
 Having  graduated  at  the  Western  Theological  Serai- 
 nary  at  Allegheny,  and  being  a  licentiate  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  Allegheny,  be  received  a  call  from  the 
 churches  of  Glade  Run  and  Concord,  of  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Saltsburgh,  and  was  ordained  and  installed 
 over  these  churches  February  20th,  1857 — half  time 
 at  each  place.  Glade  Run  Church  petitioned  Presby- 
 tery for  the  whole  of  his  time,  and  it  was  granted,  in 
 the  Spring  of  1865.  This  relation  still  continues,  in 
 1884.  Dr.  Mechlin  was  chosen  Principal  of  Glade 
 Run  Academy  in  the  Spring  of  1855,  and  has  held 
 that  position  up  to  the  present  time,  except  from 
 1861  to  1868,  during  which  time  Rev.  J.  M.  Jones 
 was  Principal.  Both  the  congregation  and  academy 
 under  his  care  have  an  unusual  record  in  the  number 
 of  young  men  they  have  given  to  the  ministry  of  the 
 gospel.  So  that  Dr.  Mechlin's  influence  and  impress 
 have  been  far  extended,  and  always  on  the  side  of 
 old-fashioned  orthodoxy  in  doctrine  and  strict  purity 
 of  life. 
 
MEIGS. 
 
 1183 
 
 31  ICE IG AN,  MISSIONS  IN. 
 
 Meigs,  Rev.  Gteorge  Duffleld,  A.M.,  is  the 
 second  sou  of  ilattluw  lleigs,  ll.  d.,  and  Mary 
 (Grould)  Jleigs,  and  was  born  August  3d,  1844.  His 
 maternal  grandfather,  Rev.  William  E.  Gould,  was  a 
 pioneer  missionary  of  the  Congregational  Church  at 
 Gallipolis,  Ohio.  Mr.  Meigs  graduated  from  Lafay- 
 ette College  in  186.5,  and  entered  Auburn  Theological 
 Seminary  in  1870,  the  intervening  time  having  been 
 spent  in  civil  engineering.  On  leaving  the  Seminary 
 he  taught  in  his  father's  "Hill  School,"  in  Potts- 
 town,  P.a.,. until  the  Summer  of  1876.  In  the  Spring 
 of  this  year  he  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbj-- 
 tery  of  Philadelphia,  North,  and  became  pastor  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Mansfield,  Pa.,  in  July  of  the 
 same  year,  being  ordained  and  installed  bj'theWells- 
 boro'  Presbytery.  Continuing  in  this  Home  Mission 
 field  until  compelled,  by  nervous  prostration,  through 
 arduous  work,  to  intermit  ministerial  work  for  a 
 season,  this  pastorate  closed,  to  the  unanimous  regret 
 of  both  pastor  and  people,  in  February,  1882.  Having 
 been  rehabilitiited  by  a  long  Summer's  work  as  a 
 civil  engineer,  in  the  open  air,  a  c;ill  was  accepted  to 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Watkins,  N.  Y.,  where  he 
 was  installed  pastor  in  June,  1883.  Here  his  minis- 
 trations continue,  with  increasing  acceptance,  to  a 
 growing  congregation,  and  be  is  esteemed  as  an  active 
 leader  in  all  movements  for  the  moral  improvement 
 of  the  community. 
 
 Mr.  Meigs  is  a  warm-hearted,  frank  and  unpre- 
 tentious man,  and  is  calculated  to  reach  and  influence 
 all  classes  of  people.  His  manner,  though  easy  and 
 natural,  has  a  plea.sant  quaintness  and  candor  about 
 it  that  wins  and  holds  the  friendship  of  all  acquaint- 
 ances, both  old  and  young.  As  a  preacher,  he  is 
 more  than  commonly  attractive.  His  sermons  are 
 plain  and  eminently  Serij)tural,  and  are  delivered  in 
 an  easy  conversational  manner.  They  often  abound 
 in  rich  original  thought,  clearly  expressed,  and  are 
 always  listened  to  with  close  attention  by  his  hearers. 
 His  many  personal  gifts  and  scholarly  attainments 
 are  sure  to  open  before  him  a  field  of  great  useful- 
 ness wherever  Pro\-idence  may  place  him. 
 
 Michigan,  Missions  In.  ''Although,"  says 
 Dr.  Gillet,  "  Detroit  was  visited  as  early  as  1610,  and 
 a  settlement  efiected  and  a  fort  erected  in  1701,  it 
 was  not  till  180.5  that  a  Territorial  government 
 was  established  in  Michigan.  Among  its  earliest 
 settlers  were  emigrants  sent  out  (1749)  from  France 
 at  the  expense  of  the  government.  In  1801,  when 
 Mr.  Badger,  on  his  visit  to  the  Indians,  reached  De- 
 troit, he  reported  that  '  there  was  not  one  Christian 
 to  be  found  in  all  this  region,  except  a  black  man 
 who  appeared  pious.'  In  1804  it  was  spoken  of  as  a 
 'most  abandoned  place.'  At  this  time  Dr.  Bangs 
 visited  it,  as  a  Methodist  missionary,  and  the  Congre- 
 gational minister  told  him  that  he  had  preached  in 
 Detroit  until  none  but  a  few  children  would  come  to 
 hear  him.  '  If  yon  can  succeed,'  he  added — '  which 
 I  very  much  doubts — I  shall  rejoice.'     He  did  not 
 
 succeed,  but  'shook  off  the  dust  of  his  feet  as  a  testi- 
 mony against  them,  and  took  his  departure.'  Barely 
 a  month  elapsed  after  this  significant  expression  of 
 disappointed  effort  before  the  place  was  almost 
 entirely  consumed  by  fire,  a  single  house  only  remain- 
 ing uninjured. 
 
 "Till  after  the  reorganization  of  the  Territorial 
 government,  in  the  Fall  of  1813,  and  the  close  of  the 
 war,  no  effort  was  made  to  send  missionaries  into  this 
 region.  The  principal  portion,  indeed,  of  the  white 
 population  consisted  of  soldiers,  resident  at  the  mili- 
 tary station.  For  successive  years,  after  1817,  the 
 mLssionaries  of  the  Assembly,  one  or  more,  were 
 commissioned  to  labor  for  a  portion  of  their  time  in 
 connection  with  the.se  stations.'  The  first  to  enter 
 this  field  was  the  Rev.  John  Monteith,  whose  com- 
 mission was  renewed  in  substantially  the  same  form 
 for  several  years. 
 
 "Mr.  Monteith,  sent  out  by  the  Board  of  Missions, 
 reached  Detroit,  June  27th,  1816.  He  met  from  the 
 people  so  cordial  a  reception  that  it  appeared  to  him 
 unnecessary  any  longer  to  bear  the  character  of  a 
 missionary.  He  commenced  his  labors  as  a  stated 
 .minister,  and  found  himself  in  the  midst  of  'a  wide 
 field  of  usefulness. '  '  The  profaneness  of  the  sol- 
 diers,' he  says,  'exceeds  anything  I  ever  imagined. 
 There  is  no  Sabbath  in  this  country.'  Faithful  in 
 the  discharge  of  his  duty,  both  in  public  and  private, 
 he  was  treated  by  all  classes  with  the  greatest  re- 
 spect, and  not  a  word  was  uttered  in  opposition. 
 
 "  In  this  place  he  found  himself  two  hundred  miles 
 distiint  from  any  Presbyterian  minister,  and  almost 
 crushed  under  the  task  imposed  upon  him.  Amid 
 prevailing  ignorance  and  wickedness,  there  was 
 scarcely  an  individual  from  whom  he  could  derive 
 assist;ince.  The  only  Christian  zeal  perceptible  was 
 among  the  Methodists.  The  army  was  without  a 
 chaplain,  and  his  work  was  greater  than  he  felt  able 
 to  perform.  Yet  one  month  of  each  year,  with  the 
 consent  of  his  people,  was  devoted  to  missionary 
 excursions.  He  accordingly  visited  Raisin,  the  Rapids 
 of  the  Miami,  Sandusky,  Cleveland,  and  other  places, 
 and  preached  frequently.  At  Fort  Meigs  and  Raisin 
 he  felt  confident  that  congregations  might  be  gathered. 
 
 "Doubtless  in  consequence  of  his  report,  the  As- 
 sembly, in  1818,  directed  that  a  missionary  .should  be 
 sent  for  six  months  to  the  settlements  on  the  river 
 Raisin,  and  this  direction  was  repeated  in  the  follow- 
 ing years. 
 
 "In  1820,  it  was  said  of  Mackinaw,  that  'the 
 Christian  Salibath  had  not  got  so  far. ' '  It  was,  how- 
 ever, recognized  in  that  year,  for  the  first  time  by 
 the  people,  on  occasion  of  the  visit  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
 Jedediah  Morse,  who  gathered  the  people  of  the  place 
 to  listen  to  the  preaching  of  the  gospel.  A  year  later, 
 the  Rev.  Dr.  Yates,  of  Union  College,  visited  this 
 place,  and  once  again  there  was  an  external  recogni- 
 tion of  the  claims  of  the  S.ibbath.  In  1822  the  Rev. 
 Mr.  Ferry  ciime  to  Mackinaw,  as  a  missionary  of  the 
 
MICHIGAN,  MISSIONS  IN. 
 
 1184 
 
 MICHIGAN,  MISSIONS  IN. 
 
 United  Foreign  Missionary  Society,  and,  although  he 
 could  not  find  in  the  place  a  single  Cliristian  brother 
 with  whom  he  could  saj',  'Our  Father,'  he  did  not 
 despond.  Cheerfully  and  patiently  he  toiled  on,  and 
 in  ten  years  the  character  of  the  place  was  reported 
 to  have  become  entirely  changed. 
 
 "In  1830,  Jlr.  Moutoith,  afterward  settled  at  Bliss- 
 field,  Mich.,  reported  the  results  of  his  visits  to  the 
 military  stations  in  the  Territory.  The  substance  of 
 it  was  discouraging  and  even  appalling. 
 
 ' '  The  general  aspect  of  manners  among  the  troops 
 gave  an  idea  of  infernal  .spirits  rather  than  of  hurnan 
 beings.  Meanwhile,  he  had  urgent  calls  from  the 
 surrounding  territory  to  preach  the  gospel.  In  the 
 same  year,  Rev.  Moses  Hunter  performed  a  mission 
 for  six  months  at  Fort  Meigs,  on  the  river  Raisin, 
 and  in  other  destitute  settlements  in  that  region. 
 The  places  where  he  itinerated  were  important  and 
 growing.  So  acceptable  were  his  labors  that  he  was 
 invited  by  the  people  to  return  and  reside  among 
 them.  There  was  but  one  Presbyterian  minister  in 
 the  region — at  River  Raisin.  At  Fort  Meigs  a  church 
 had  been  organized,  originally  with  but  twelve 
 members. 
 
 "  Mr.  Monteith  continued  his  labors  in  this  region 
 during  the  following  year.  At  Monroe  and  Meigs, 
 Presbyterian  churches  were  now  organized  and  were 
 reported  as  in  a  flourishing  condition.  In  the  course 
 of  the  few  succeeding  years  churches  were  gathered 
 at  Detroit,  Ypsilanti,  Monroe,  Dexter,  Farmington, 
 Bloomfield,  Pontiac,  Slackiuaw,  Statesburg,  Ply- 
 mouth, Tecumseh,  Dixborough  and  Ann  Arbor.  The 
 church  of  Pontiac  was  under  the  care  of  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Geneva  for  .some  years  after  1824.  The  name 
 of  Ypsilanti  indicates  its  date.  It  was  formed  in 
 1823,  at  the  period  when  sympathy  for  Greece  in  her 
 struggle  for  independence  pervaded  the  land  and 
 was  felt  even  in  the  Western  forests. 
 
 "  In  December,  1824,  Isaiah  W.  Ruggles  was  sent  to 
 Michigan  Ijy  the  United  Domestic  Missionary  Society, 
 and  commenced  his  labors  at  Pontiac,  limiting  his 
 excursions  mainly  to  Oakland  county,  yet  ha\  ing  a 
 large  circuit  in  which  he  had  no  fellow-laborer.  In 
 August,  1824,  the  church  of  Pontiac  numbered  fifty- 
 five.  During  the  month  Mr.  Ruggles  organized  a 
 second  church,  in  the  .southern  part  of  the  county, 
 consisting  of  eight  members,  from  which  an  applica- 
 tion was  forwarded  for  a  minister.  Mr.  Ruggles 
 soon  after  commenced  his  pa.storate  at  Monroe. 
 Noah  M.  AVells,  after  lal)oring  in  thc^  Summer  of  1824 
 at  Detroit,  was  settled  there  as  pa.stor,  and  Stephen 
 Frontis,  .\ssembly's  missionary,  was  laboring  at  the 
 same  period,  with  good  success,  at  the  river  Raisin. 
 ■\Villiam  Page  was  settled  at  Ann  Arlior,  October 
 24th,  182(!.  Ira  Dunning  at  Farmington,  on  the  lOth 
 of  the  Siinie  month.  Erie  Prince  commcnecd  his 
 labors  in  Monroe  and  Oakland  county  in  1S27.  .\h\n- 
 sou  Darwineutcrid  tliis  li<l(l  in  Sci)tember,  and  Isaac 
 Mellvaiue  in  October,  of  the  s;ime  year. 
 
 "The  church  at  Mackinaw  was  organized  and  served 
 by  Rev.  William  M.  Ferry,  sent  out  in  the  latter 
 part  of  1823,  by  the  United  Foreign  Missionary 
 Society,  as  Superintendent  of  the  Indian  Mission  at 
 this  important  station.  The  same  Society  had  mis- 
 sionaries transferred  to  its  charge  from  the  Northern 
 Missionary  Society,  laboring  at  Fort  Gratiot,  on  the  St. 
 Clair,  about  a  mile  below  the  outlet  of  Lake  Huron. 
 
 "  The  Western  Missionary  Society  of  the  Synod  of 
 Pittsburg  was  also  engaged  in  this  field.  In  1823  it 
 established  a  mission  at  the  Falls  of  St.  Mary.  There 
 were  several  French  and  English  families  already 
 located  here,  and  it  was  largely  resorted  to  for  fish- 
 ing purposes  by  the  Indian  tribes.  As  a  military 
 and  trading  post  its  position  was  regarded  as  of  great 
 importance,  and  all  the  fur  trade  of  the  Northwest 
 was  compelled  to  pass  through  it.  Here  also  was  a 
 United  States  military  station,  and  here  also  Mr. 
 Schoolcraft,  the  Indian  agent,  resided.  The  labors 
 of  the  missionary,  Rev.  Robert  M.  Laird,  were  fol- 
 lowed by  signal  success,  especially  among  the  soldiers 
 of  the  garrison.  Early  in  1824  he  writes  that  twenty- 
 two  persons  had  attended  his  inquiry  meetings.  He 
 was  constantly  engaged  in  preaching,  distributing 
 Billies  and  other  books,  and  in  religious  visitation. 
 A  timely  donation  of  a  box  of  books  was  forwarded 
 to  him  by  Rev.  Thaddeus  Osgood. 
 
 ' '  The  Assembly's  appointments  for  Michigan  were, 
 in  1822,  Joshua  L.  Moore  for  six  months  at  Detroit, 
 or,  in  case  this  field  was  occupied,  in  destitute  por- 
 tions of  the  Territory;  and  in  1823  two  missionaries 
 were  appointed,  one  of  whom,  Eldad  W.  Goodman, 
 was  to  labor  for  six  months,  mainly  in  the  vicinity 
 of  Monroe  and  Fort  Meigs.  In  the  following  year 
 Daniel  Waterbury  and  Judah  Ely  were  sent  out  by 
 the  Board  to  labor  within  the  bounds  of  the  State, 
 and  in  1825  Alvan  Coe  was  directed  to  spend  three 
 months  at  Sault  de  St.  Marie,  or  Green  Bay,  while 
 Stephen  Frontis  was  to  visit  the  infant  churches  of 
 Fort  Meigs,  Monroe,  Mount  Clemens  and  Pontiac, 
 and,  if  Detroit  was  still  unoccupied,  to  pay  particular 
 attention  to  that  place. 
 
 "  The  Presbytery  of  Detroit  was  erected  by  the  As- 
 sembly in  1827.  It  consisted  of  five  ministers:  Noah 
 M.  Wells,  Erie  Prince,  Isaiah  W.  Ruggles,  William 
 M.  Ferry  and  William  Page;  and  of  the  five  churches 
 of  Detroit,  Farmington,  Monroe,  Pontiac  and  Macki- 
 naw. Mr.  Wells,  the  patriarch  of  the  Presbytery, 
 was  at  Detroit,  Ruggles  at  Pontiac,  Ferry  at  Macki- 
 naw, Prince  at  Farmington,  and  Page  at  Monroe. 
 The  Presbytery  stood  connected  with  the  Western 
 Reserve  Synod.  In  the  course  of  the  five  succeeding 
 years,  Ira  M.  Weed,  P.  W.  Warrener,  C.  G.  Clark, 
 G.  Harncll,  Luther  Humphrey,  Catting  Slarsh  and 
 others,  entered  the  field.  Cliurches  were  organized 
 at  Dexter,  Bloomfield,  Beardlie's  Prairie,  Statesburg, 
 Plymouth,  Tecumseh,  Dixborough,  and  Ann  Arbor, 
 .so  that  in  1832  the  Presbytery  could  report  thirteen 
 ministers  and  fourteen  churches. 
 
.VILLKJi. 
 
 1185 
 
 3IILLER. 
 
 '  'In  the  following  year  the  two  new  Presbyteries  of 
 St.  Joseph  and  of  Monroe  were  formed  out  of  that  of 
 Detroit — the  first  embracing  four  and  the  last  seven 
 members.  John  P.  Clcavtland  succeeded  Sir.  "Wells 
 as  pastor  at  Detroit,  and  was  the  leading  nieml)er  of 
 the  Presbytery  which  retained  the  old  name.  Tlirec 
 years  later  the  three  Presbyteries  numbered  together 
 thirty-two  ministers  and  fifty-nine  churches — so 
 rapidly  had  the  new  State  been  occupied  by  the  tide 
 of  immigration. 
 
 "In  1883  the  Synod  of  Michigan  consisted  of:  Pres- 
 bytery of  Detroit,  forty  ministers  and  thirty-nine 
 churches;  Presbytery  of  Grand  Rapids,  thirty-two 
 ministers  and  thirty-three  churches;  Presbytery  of 
 Kalamazoo,  twenty-one  ministers  and  twenty-three 
 churches;  Presbytery  of  Lansing,  twenty-one  minis- 
 ters and  nineteen  churches;  Presbytery  of  Monroe, 
 fifteen  ministers  and  twenty  churches;  Presbytery  of 
 Saginaw,  thirty-seven  ministers  and  fifty  churches — 
 all  these  churches  embracing  a  membership  of 
 16,688." 
 
 Miller,  Samuel,  D.D.,  was  the  fourth  son  of  the 
 Rev.  John  Miller,  born  a  few  miles  from  Dover, 
 Del.,  October  31st,  1769,  and  graduated,  with  high 
 honor,  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  July  31st, 
 1789.  He  commenced  the  study  of  theology  shortly 
 after  his  graduation,  under  the  direction  of  his  father, 
 but  his  father  being  removed  before  he  had  completed 
 his  theological  course,  he  was  licensed  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Lewes,  of  which  his  father  had  long  been  a 
 leading  member,  on  the  1.3th  October,  1791,  and  im- 
 mediately after  put  himself,  for  the  residue  of  his 
 course,  under  the  instruction  of  the  celebrated  Dr. 
 Nisbet,  of  Dickinson  College. 
 
 In  April,  1792,  he  received  a  call  to  the  pastoral 
 charge  of  the  congregation  at  Dover,  tlien  recently 
 vacated  by  the  death  of  his  venerable  father,  which, 
 however,  he  ultimately  declined.  In  the  Autumn  of 
 this  year  he  received  a  unanimous  call  from  the 
 I'uited  Presbyterian  churches  of  Xew  York,  to  be- 
 come the  colleague  of  Dr.  Eodgersand  Dr.  McKnight. 
 This  call  he  accepted,  and  was  ordained  and  installed 
 June  5th,  1793.  From  the  commencement  of  his 
 ministry  in  Xew  York  he  enjoyed  a  high  reputation. 
 Besides  having  the  advantage  of  a  remarkably  fine 
 person,  and  most  bland  and  attractive  manners,  he 
 had,  from  the  beginning,  an  uncommonly  polished  j 
 style,  and  there  was  au  air  of  literary  refinement 
 pervading  all  his  performances,  that  excited  general 
 admiration,  and  well  might  put  criticism  at  defiance. 
 He  was  scarcely  settled  before  his  services  began  to 
 be  put  in  requisition  on  public  occasions,  and  several 
 of  these  early  occasional  discourses  -were  published, 
 and  still  remain  as  a  mcmumeut  of  his  taste,  talents 
 and  piety 
 
 In  1806,  Dr.  Miller  was  Moderator  of  tlie  General 
 Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Cliuroh.  He  took  a 
 deep  interest  in  the  establishment  of  the  Theological 
 Seminary  at  Princeton,  from  the  first  inception  of  the 
 
 enterprise,  though  without  the  remotest  idea  that  he 
 was  destined  to  be  more  intimately  connected  with  it 
 than  many  others  of  his  brethren.  When  the  Chair 
 of  Ecclesiastical  History  and  Church  Government  was 
 to  be  filled,  the  eyes  of  the  Church  were  directed  to 
 Dr.  Miller,  and  in  due  time  the  judgment  of  the 
 Church  was  pronounced  in  his  being  formally  elected 
 to  that  resjjonsible  place.  The  appointment  was 
 made  in  3Iay,  1813,  and  having  accepted  it,  he  was 
 inducted  into  oflice  on  the  29th  of  September  follow- 
 ing. Here  Dr.  Miller  continued,  discharging  the 
 duties  of  his  office  with' great  fidelity  aud  ability, 
 and  to  the  entire  acceptance  of  the  Church,  during  a 
 I)eriod  of  more  than  thirty-sis  years.  In  May,  1849, 
 in  view  of  the  growing  infirmities  of  age,  he  tendered 
 his  resignation  of  the  office,  and  the  General  Assem- 
 
 ^^>5JKSSv 
 
 ■  SAMUEL  MILLER,    P.D. 
 
 bly,  in  accepting  it,  testified,  at  the  same  time,  in 
 the  strongest  manner  possible,  their  grateful  appre- 
 ciation of  his  services  and  their  high  respect  for  his 
 character.  His  health,  which  had  been  waning  for  a 
 considerable  time,  failed  after  this  more  perceptibly, 
 until  at  length  it  became  manifest  to  all  that  his 
 period  of  active  service  was  over.  He  felt  himself 
 that  his  work  was  done,  and  he  was  ready  to  enter 
 upon  his  reward.  The  few  friends  who  were  privi- 
 leged to  see  him  during  the  period  of  his  decline, 
 especially  after  he  had  nearly  reached  the  dark 
 1)0undary,  were  not  only  edified,  but  surprised  at  the 
 expressions  of  humble,  grateful,  joyful  triumph  that 
 fell  from  his  lips.  He  gently  passed  away  to  his 
 heavenly  rest,  January  7th,  1850.  His  funeral  drew 
 together  a  large  concourse  of  clergymen  and  other 
 
MILLKK. 
 
 1186 
 
 31  I  LUG  AN. 
 
 distiuguislied  strangers  from  the  neighboring  towns 
 and  cities,  and  an  appropriate  and  chai-acteristic 
 sermon  was  preached  by  his  venerable  colleague,  Dr. 
 Alexander. 
 
 In  man}'' respects  Dr.  Miller  was  a  remarkable  man. 
 He  was  a  laborious  and  succe.s.sful  student,  method- 
 ical in  his  plans,  and  never  entered  on  the  perform- 
 ance of  any  public  duty  without  full  and  accurate 
 preparation.  The  great  secret  of  his  being  able  to 
 do  so  much,  and  to  do  it  so  well,  was  that  he  did 
 everything  systematically.  He  had  a  time  for  every 
 duty,  and  one  duty  was  hot  suffered  to  encroach  upon 
 another.  In  his  personal  habits  and  dress  he  was 
 remarkably  neat,  without  anything,  however,  of 
 undue  precision.  In  his  manners  he  was  polished 
 and  graceful,  and  duly  attentive  to  all  those  proprie- 
 ties which  confer  dignity  upon  social  intercourse. 
 Of  the  "clerical  manners"  which  he  recommended 
 in  his  invaluable  work  on  that  subject,  he  was  him- 
 self an  admirable  example. 
 
 Dr.  Miller's  intellectual  and  moral  character  par- 
 took of  the  same  beautiful  symmetrj'  that  character- 
 ized his  external  appearance.  He  had  by  nature  a 
 kindly,  sympathetic  and  generous  spirit.  His  heart 
 beat  quick  to  the  tale  of  distress,  and  his  hand 
 opened  instinctively  to  administer  relief.  Whilst  he 
 made  no  display  of  his  charities  by  giving  to  partic- 
 ular objects  large  sums,  worthy  of  being  displayed  as 
 examples  of  liberality,  it  could  not  be  concealed  that 
 he  refusi'd  aid  to  no  object  that  he  considered  worthy 
 of  public  or  private  beneficence.  He  used  to  say 
 that  he  loved  to  have  a  uail  in  every  building 
 intended  for  the  glory  of  God  or  the  good  of  man. 
 He  had  warm  social  affections,  and  received,  as  well 
 as  imparted,  great  pleasure  in  his  intercourse  with 
 his  friends.  His  mind  was  perfectly  well  balanced 
 in  all  its  faculties,  calm  and  deliberate,  but  certain 
 in  its  movements,  and  worthy  of  being  trusted 
 wherever  good  taste,  .sound  judgment  and  high  intel- 
 ligence were  demanded.  There  are  few  men  who 
 have  an  assemblage  of  intellectual  and  moral  quali- 
 ties .so  well  fitted  as  were  his  to  form  a  dignified 
 character,  or  to  secure  a  course  of  honorable  And 
 enduring  usefulness. 
 
 Dr.  Miller  was  eminent  as  a  preacher.  His  voice 
 was  pleasant,  bis  enunciation  perfectly  distinct,  his 
 attitudes  in  the  pulpit  were  extremely  dignified,  his 
 gesture  wiis  always  appropriate,  and  his  utterance  was 
 deliberate.  He  never  shot  at  random,  but  always 
 had  a  distinct  object  in  view,  and  went  deliber- 
 ately and  skillfully  at  work  to  accomplish  it.  There 
 was  the  same  symmetry  about  his  sermons  as  there 
 was  about  his  character,  everj'thing  was  in  its  right 
 place.  He  did  not  deal  in  dry  and  doul)tful  .specula- 
 tions, but  confined  himself  to  Bible  truth.  "For 
 solid  gospel  truth,  presented  in  a  distinct  and  logical 
 manner,  and  expressed  in  chaste  and  appropriate 
 language,"  says  Dr.  Carnahan,  "  he  wjis  certainly 
 distinguished  above  most  of  his  brethren.    ...    In 
 
 leading  the  devotions  of  the  large  congregation,  or  of 
 the  social  meeting,  he  was  peculiarly  happy.  There 
 was  a  simplicity  and  reverence  in  his  manner  and 
 language,  and  an  appropriateness  in  the  topics  which 
 he  introduced,  which  were  admirably  fitted  to  awaken 
 devout  feeling  in  the  hearts  of  his  auditors." 
 
 As  a  Professor  in  the  Theological  Seminary,  Dr. 
 Miller  was  alike  able  and  faithful.  He  gave  to  his 
 work  all  the  energies  of  his  mind  and  body.  His 
 lectures  were  always  highly  appropriate  and  instruc- 
 tive, and  while  they  were  evidently  the  result  of 
 much  thought  and  investigation,  and  were  so  admir- 
 ably persjiicuous  and  well  arranged  that  they  could 
 easily  be  remembered,  they  were  written  with  excel- 
 lent taste,  and  sometimes,  when  description  was 
 called  for,  were  marked  hj  great  rhetorical  beauty. 
 His  intercourse  with  the  students  was  characterized 
 by  paternal  kindness. 
 
 Dr.  Miller  attained  distinction  as  an  author,  his 
 graceful  and  vigorous  pen  having  produced  a  very 
 large  number  of  valuable  volumes  and  iiamphlets, 
 which  are  too  well  known  to  require  any  specific 
 mention  here.  But  the  crowning  excellence  of  his 
 character,  after  all,  was  his  humble  and  devoted 
 piety,  his  attachment  to  the  great  truths  of  the 
 gospel,  and  his  earnest  desire  to  honor  his  Lord  and 
 Saviour,  by  making  known  to  the  perishing  the  way 
 of  life.  He  was  eminently  conscientious,  disinterested 
 and  devout.  Condescending  in  indifferent  matters, 
 he  always  stood  firm  to  his  own  convictions  where 
 anything  important  was  involved.  He  was  meek, 
 humble,  patient  and  forgiving.  He  moved  about  in 
 society,  exhibiting  the  graces  of  nature  in  attractive 
 combination  with  the  higher  graces  of  the  Spirit.  He 
 was  a  living  epistle  of  righteousness,  known  and  read 
 of  all  men  who  enjoyed  his  acquaintance  or  came 
 within  the  range  of  his  wide-spread  infinence. 
 
 Milligan,  Rev.  Thomas  Vincent,  D.  D.,  was 
 born  in  Tuscaroras  county,  O.,  in  Slay,  1829,  of 
 Christian  parents,  who  honestly  endeavored  to  bring 
 "him  up  in  the  nurture  and  admonition  of  the 
 Lord."  After  some  literary  training  in  the  New 
 Hagerstown  Academy,  near  his  home,  he  entered 
 Jefferson  College,  Washington  county,  Pa.,  from 
 which  he  was  graduated  in  due  time.  He  studied 
 theology  in  the  Western  Theological  Seminary.  He 
 was  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Steubenville,  April,  1860,  and  one  year  later  was 
 ordained  by  the  same  Presbytery  and  settled  as 
 pa.stor  of  the  Waynesburg  Church.  This  field  he 
 occupied  successfully  till  October,  1873,  when  he 
 removed  to  the  Old  Church  of  Steubenville.  Leaving 
 this  church  in  1877,  he  became  pastor  of  the  Church 
 of  Ea.st  Liverpool,  O.,  which  he  still  holds. 
 
 Dr.  Milligan  has  been  quite  successful,  and  has 
 rendered  good  service  in  his  several  pastorates.  He 
 is  an  earnest,  energetic,  persevering  man.  A  fine 
 presbyter  and  ready  speaker,  he  wields  a  strong 
 inliueuce  in  the  several  ecclesiastical  bodies  of  which 
 
MILNER. 
 
 1187 
 
 MOOEE. 
 
 he  is  a  member.  A  good  man,  ii  firm  believer  of  the 
 Holy  Scriptures,  fearing  God  and  loving  men,  he  has 
 before  him  the  prospect  of  doing  effective  service  for 
 the  Kingdom  of  Christ  for  some  years  to  come. 
 
 Milner,  Rev.  Duncan  Chambers,  was  born 
 in  Mount  Pleasant,  Jefferson  country,  Ohio,  March 
 10th,  1841.  He  graduated  at  Washington  and  Jeffer- 
 son College,  Pa.,  in  the  class  of  1866,  and  studied 
 theology  at  the  Union-  Theological  Seminary,  New 
 York.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery 
 of  Brooklyn,  and  commissioned  by  the  Board  of 
 Home  Missions  at  the  close  of  his  seminary  course. 
 In  October  of  the  same  year  he  was  ordained,  with 
 eight  other  Union  Seminary  students,  at  Kansa.s  City, 
 and  assumed  at  once  his  first  charge  at  Osceola,  Mo., 
 with  general  missionary  work  in  the  southwestern 
 part  of  that  State. 
 
 After  three  and  a  half  years  of  arduous  labor  in 
 that  wide  field,  he  was  called  to  the  Third  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Kansas  City,  thence,  in  Jlay,  1875, 
 to  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  Ottawa,  Kansas, 
 where  he  remained  till  December,  1882.  Since  that 
 time  he  has  had  charge  of  the  First  Presbj-terian 
 Church,  of  Atchison,  Kansas.  On  his  arrival  in  Kansas, 
 he  entered  zealou.sly  into  the  temperance  movement 
 then  in  j)rogress,  and  became  a  member  of  the  E.xecu- 
 tive  Committee  of  the  State  Temperance  Union, 
 under  which  the  campaign  for  the  Prohibition 
 Constitutional  Amendment  was  conducted  to  a  suc- 
 cessful issue.  He  is  now  President  of  the  Inter-State 
 Sunday-school  Assembly.  Mr.  Slilner  has  a  wide 
 following  outside  of  his  immediate  church.  He  is  a 
 good  preacher,  sympathetic  and  ready,  and  a  popular 
 public  speaker.  His  style  is  direct,  anecdotiil  and 
 illustrative,  rather  than  syllogistic.  His  moral 
 courage  is  invincible  and  absolute,  and  stamps  him 
 a  man  among  men  anvwhere  and  everywhere. 
 
 Moore,  Rev.  David  W.,  was  born  at  Brandy- 
 wine  Manor,  Chester  county.  Pa.,  October  5th,  1830. 
 He  graduated  at  Princeton  College  in  1858;  at  Prince- 
 ton Theological  Seminary  in  1861,  and  was  licensed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle  in  1860.  He  was 
 called,  ordained  and  settled  at  Lower  Brandywine, 
 Del.,  May  8th,  1861,  and  continued  in  this  pastorate 
 until  October,  1872.  After  spending  one  year  as  a 
 missionary  in  Jli.ssissippi,  he  was  called  to  thepa.stor- 
 ateof  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  McVeytown,  Pa., 
 October,  1873.  In  October,  1883,  he  became  pastor  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Kennett  Square,  Pa.,  in 
 the  Presbytery  of  Chester.  Mr.  Moore  is  a  iaithful 
 preacher,  a  diligent  pastor,  and  has  been  blessed  in 
 his  ministry. 
 
 Moore,  Rev.  George  F.,  oldest  son  of  William 
 E.  and  Harriet  F.  Moore,  was  born  in  West  Chester, 
 Pa.,  October  15th,  1851.  Graduated  at  Yale  College, 
 1872,  and  Union  Theological  Seminary,  New  Y'ork, 
 1877.  Licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Columbus,  April  13th,  1876;  ordained  by  the  same 
 body,  February  8th,  1878.     Pastor   of  the  Putnam 
 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Zanesville,  O.,  May,  1878,  to 
 May,  1883.  Hitchcock  Professor  of  Hebrew  Lan- 
 guage and  Literature  in  Andover  Theological  Semi- 
 nary, Andovcr,  Mass.,  1883.  Mr.  Moore  is  an  able 
 preacher  and  a  gentleman  of  high  scholarly  attain- 
 ments. 
 
 Moore,  John  Silliman,  D.D.,  was  born  of 
 Scotch-Irish  ancestry,  in  Kemiier  county.  Miss., 
 June  7th,  1840.  After  a  prepar.itory  course  at  Pleas- 
 ant Ridge,  Ala.,  he  entered  Oglethorpe  College,  Ga., 
 where  he  studied  until  1861.  By  teaching  school  he 
 secured  means  to  enter  the  University  of  Mississippi, 
 where  he  graduated  in  1867.  He  then  took  a  three 
 years'  course  at  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Columbia, 
 S.  C,  and  was  licensed  to  preach,  June  7th,  1870,  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Tuskaloosa.  As  a  licentiate,  he 
 took  charge  of  the  Church  at  Jefferson,  Texa.s,  where 
 he  was  ordained,  and  where  he  labored  successfully 
 for  seven  years,  when  he  was  called  to  the  Church  at 
 McKinuey.  After  being  there  two  years,  he  was 
 invited  to  take  charge  of  the  Church  at  Sherman, 
 Te.xas,  where  he  still  labors,  having  built  up  an  active 
 and  vigorous  church. 
 
 Dr.  Moore  is  a  man  of  medium  size,  courteous  and 
 remarkalily  popular.  As  a  preacher,  he  is  deservedly 
 held  in  high  esteem,  his  sermons  being  prepared  with 
 care  and  delivered  with  earnestness  to  the  consciences 
 of  his  hearers.  As  a  presbyter,  he  is  judicious, 
 fraternal  and  catholic  in  his  feelings,  yet  an  ardent 
 lover  of  the  polity  and  doctrine  of  his  own  Church. 
 He  is  now  moderator  of  the  Synod  of  Texas. 
 
 Moore,  "William  E.,  D.  D.,  son  of  Jacob  Moore, 
 M.D.,  and  Sarah  Paris  Moore,  was  born  in  Strasburg, 
 Pa.,  April  1st,  1823.  The  femily  shortly  returned 
 to  Delaware,  the  home  of  its  Scotch  Presbyterian 
 ancestry.  There,  in  1829,  the  father  died,  and  the 
 mother,  a  woman  of  sterling  Christian  character, 
 trained  her  two  sons  and  two  daughters  in  the  fear 
 of  God,  and  in  the  doctrines  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church.  As  Superintendent  of  the  first  Sunday 
 school  in  old  Pencader  Church,  she  was  often  known 
 to  shut  her  little  boys  for  safe  keeping  into  the  high, 
 closed  pulpit  of  the  time,  that  she  might  better  go 
 on  with  her  work.  One  of  those  sons  is  Dr.  J.  Faris 
 Moore,  for  the  last  twenty-five  years  an  elder  in 
 Baltimore.  The  other,  the  subject  of  this  sketch, 
 graduated  from  Y'^ale  College  in  1847,  and  immedi- 
 ately became  Principal  of  the  Historic  Academy,  at 
 Fairfield,  Conn.  Here  it  was  his  privilege  to  be  the 
 private  student  in  theology,  and  assistant  in  parish 
 work,  of  Lyman  H.  Atwater,  ]).D. 
 
 Mr.  Moore  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Wil- 
 mington, Del.,  April,  1850,  and  ordained  and  in.stalled 
 over  the  First  Presbyterian  Church,  West  Chester, 
 Pa. ,  October  31st,  of  the  same  year.  A  pastorate  of 
 twenty-one  and  a  half  3'ears  was  closed  in  April,  1872, 
 when  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  Second  Church, 
 Columbus,  O.,  where  he  was  installed  the  following 
 October,  and  where  he  still  remains.     Repeatedly  a 
 
MORRO  W. 
 
 1188 
 
 MORTON. 
 
 delegate  to  the  General  Assembly,  Dr.  Moore  has 
 been  assigned  to  its  important  committees,  most 
 recently  upon  that  for  the  Eevision  of  the  Book  of 
 Discipline.  In  If^TT  he  was  a  member  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Council  in  Edinburgh,  where  he  read  a  valued 
 paper  upon  the  eldership. 
 
 For  nuiny  years  a  member  of  the  Publication 
 Committee  (X.  S.),  and  afterward  of  the  Board,  Dr. 
 Moore  has  perhaps  rendered  his  most  important  pub- 
 lic service  as  the  editor  of  the  "  Digest  of  the  Acts  of 
 the  New  School  Assemblies  to  1860, ' '  and  again  of  the 
 "Xew  Digest,"  of  those  of  the  whole  Church  to  187?. 
 For  thirteen  years  he  was  Stated  Clerk  of  the  Synod 
 of  Pennsylvania,  and  after  the  reunion,  of  that  of 
 Philadelphia,  until  his  removal  out  of  its  bounds. 
 He  is  now  Stated  Clerk  of  the  Synod  of  Ohio.     To  the 
 
 WILL1.\M    E.    MOURE,   D.    D. 
 
 affairs  of  the  Church  at  large.  Dr.  Moore  ha.s  given  a 
 knowledge,  a  judgment  and  an  experience,  which 
 makes  his  o]>iiiion  to  be  widely  sought  in  matters 
 pertaining  to  tlie  history  and  polity  of  the  Church. 
 Of  his  six  sons,  two  at  this  date  are  following  his 
 footsteps  into  the  ministry:  George  F.  Moore,  five 
 years  pa.stor  of  Putnam  Church,  Zanesville,  O.,  now 
 Professor  of  Hebrew  and  Oriental  Languages  in 
 -Vndover  Theological  Seminary,  and  Edward  C. 
 Moore  of  the  present  Senior  Class,  Union  Seminary, 
 Xew  York. 
 
 Morrow,   Rev.  Richard   H.,  was   born   near 
 Blair"s  Mills,  lluntingdim  county,  Pa.,  January  13th 
 \^i'i.     He  prepared  for  college  at  Tuscarora  .Vcademy, 
 and  graduated  at  .letfcrson  College,  Pa.,  in  \<A.   His 
 standing  as  a  student  and  as  a  man,  a  friend  and  a 
 
 devoted  Christian,  was  of  the  highest.  He  taught  a 
 year  or  longer  at  Shade  Gap,  spent  two  years  at 
 Allegheny  Seminary,  and  one  year  at  Princeton 
 Theological  Seminan,',  and  then  entered  upon  labors 
 at  Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa,  in  Slay,  185.5,  continuing  the 
 devoted  and  beloved  pastor  of  the  Second  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  that  place  for  about  four  years.  His 
 labors  were  highly  appreciated  by  those  among  whom 
 he  labored,  and  attended  with  gratifying  success.  A 
 call  to  the  churches  of  McVeytown  and  Xewtou  Ham- 
 ilton, Pa.,  was  received  by  him  and  declined.  But 
 his  promising  career  was  cut  short  by  disease  an<l 
 death.  While  yet  at  the  Seminary,  there  were  indi- 
 cations of  pulmonarj' ailment.  These  continued  and 
 graduall.v  iucrea.sed  until,  in  January,  18.59,  he  re- 
 turned to  Pennsylvania,  that  he  might  die  at  his  old 
 home  and  amid  his  native  mountains.  His  death 
 occurred  June  10th,  1859.  He  was  a  patient  sufierer, 
 and  enjoyed,  in  a  high  degree,  the  peace  and  the  sus- 
 taining power  of  Christ's  gospel. 
 
 Morton,  Major  James,  of  Prince  Edimrd  county, 
 Va.,  \vas  born  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century. 
 He  lived  to  extreme  old  age,  dying  when  about 
 ninetj--six  years  of  age.  Having  enjoyed  only  the 
 advantages  of  an  ordinary  English  education,  he  yet 
 reached  a  high  position  for  general  intelligence,  by 
 having  been  endowed  with  natural  readiness  of  appre- 
 hension, a  remarkably  retentive  memory,  and  having 
 associated,  from  early  life,  with  men  of  liberal  edu- 
 cation, from  whom  he  imbibed,  rapidly,  much  of  the 
 culture  which  thc.v  had  attained. 
 
 In  early  manhood  he  entered  the  service  of  his 
 country  in  the  War  of  the  Revolution.  It  was  his 
 lot  to  suflfer  as  well  as  fight  in  the  ranks,  for  he  was 
 long  a  prisoner  of  war,  closely  confined  in  the  city  of 
 Charleston.  By  his  valor  as  a  soldier,  he  won  the 
 confidence  and  admiration  of  the  superior  officers, 
 especially  of  the  Jlarcjuis  Lafayette,  who  met  him 
 with  nuirked  intimations  of  high  regard,  when  on  his 
 visit  to  the  United  States  in  1824.  The  title  he  bore 
 through  life  was  heroically  won,  by  distinguished 
 services  of  bravery  as  a  private  and  then  captain,  in 
 many  a  hard-fought  battle.  At  the  clo.se  of  the  war 
 he  returned  to  his  native  county  and  State,  and 
 continued  to  illustrate  in  civil  life  the  virtues  of 
 honi'.sty,  fidelity  and  stern  adherence  to  the  path  of 
 duty,  at  whatever  cost,  by  ^^  hich  he  had  gained  in 
 his  military  career  the  soubriquet  of  "solid  column." 
 In  the  Presbyterian  Church,  of  which  he  became  an 
 I  elder  early  in  middle  life,  and  in  the  office  of  magis- 
 i  trate,  which  he  held  about  fifty  years,  he  well 
 merited  and  received  from  his  fellow-citizens  the 
 most  implicit  confidence.  As  presiding  justice  in  the 
 county  court,  his  colleagues  rarely  hesitated  to  follow 
 his  lejMl  on  questions  coming  before  them  for  deci- 
 sion. Whi'n  awarded  a  pension,  in  his  old  age,  such 
 was  his  confidence  in  the  equitable  justice  manifested 
 by  the  Government,  that  when  solicited  by  a  pension 
 ]  agent  to  employ  him  in  pro.secuting  hLs  claim,  he  re- 
 
MCXRO. 
 
 1189 
 
 MUTCHMORE. 
 
 plied,  "  If  my  country  thinks  the  pension  deserved, 
 it  will  be  paid,"  and  steadily  refused  to  make  any 
 efforts  toward  obtaining  the  pension,  other  than  to 
 comply  with  the  ordinary  forms  of  law.  He  became 
 a  Trustee  of  Hampden-Sidney  in  179'2,  and  was  most 
 punctual  in  attending  to  his  duties  till  the  infirmities 
 of  age,  in  183.5,  prevented.  He  took  a  lively  interest 
 in  the  incipient  steps  toward  the  establishment  of 
 Union  Theological  Seminar}',  and  after  the  Institution 
 had  been  finally  organized  and  its  first  building 
 erected,  he  attended,  with  great  delight,  the  religious 
 meetings  of  the  students,  and  contributed,  by  his 
 presence,  greatly  to  their  encouragement.  His  last 
 days  were  times  of  great  infirmity  of  body,  and,  for 
 some  years,  of  spiritual  distress.  But  the  latter  wore 
 off,  and  though,  with  increa.se  of  years,  liLs  infirmities 
 grew  apace,  he  found  "the  joy  of  the  Lord"  his 
 abiding  strength.  His  death  seemed  rather  the  final 
 decay  of  nature  than  the  result  of  any  acute  malady, 
 and  in  the  fullness  of  yeors,  of  labor  and  of  honor, 
 "he  was  gathered  to  his  fathers"  to  rest  till  the 
 Resurrection  glories  shall  be  unfolded. 
 
 Munro,  John  Henry,  D.  D.,  eldest  son  of  Daniel 
 and  Kachel  Munro,  was  born  at  Rosevale,  near  Moirai 
 Ireland.  He  was  educated  at  the  Royal  AKxdemical 
 Institution,  Belfast,  where  he  gained  the  silver  medal, 
 which  was  the  highest  prize  for  general  scholarship. 
 Having  entered  Queen's  College,  Belfast,  in  1860,  he 
 took  honors  in  Natural  Philosophy  and  Chemistry, 
 and  graduated  in  1864.  He  studied  theology  in  the 
 Assembly's  College,  Belfast,  and  the  Free  Church 
 College,  Edinburgh,  and  having  been  licen.sed  to 
 preach  in  18(57,  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  Sandys 
 Street  Church,  Newry.  He  became  editor  of  Daij- 
 brcak;  the  Children's  Missionary  JIagazine  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Ireland.  In  1873  he  accepted 
 the  pastorate  of  the  Springfield  Street  Church,  Bos- 
 ton, JIass.,  having  been  selected  by  a  deputation  sent 
 to  Ireland  to  procure  a  minister.  He  became  pastor 
 of  the  Central  Church  in  Philadelphia,  at  Eighth  and 
 Cherry  streets,  in  the  j-ear  187.'j;  and  under  his  guid- 
 ance the  church  built  a  new  edifice  at  Broad  street 
 and  Fairmount  avenue,  which  was  dedicated  in  1878, 
 Dr.  Munro  is  a  cultured  gentleman,  a  fine  scholar, 
 a  vigorous  writer,  an  excellent  preacher,  and  con- 
 tinues to  be  blessed  iu  his  ministry  among  an  at- 
 tached and  appreciative  people. 
 
 Murkland,  Rev.  Sidney  Smith,  was  born  in 
 Kilmarnock,  Scotland,  February  4tli,  1807.  Having 
 completed  the  prescribed  course  of  study,  he  was 
 ordained  to  the  ministry,  and  sent  out  as  a  Foreign 
 Missionary  in  1836,  under  the  auspices  of  the  London 
 Missionary  Society,  his  field  of  labor  being  Demerara, 
 South  America.  Here  he  labored,  more  or  less,  ten 
 years,  with  extraordinary  energy  and  success,  lead- 
 ing thousands  to  the  Saviour,  and  organizing  them 
 into  churches,  which  soon  became  not  only  self- 
 supporting,  but  also  large  contributors  to  the  London 
 Societv. 
 
 His  health  having  entirely  broken  down  under  the 
 equatorial  climate  and  the  unremitting  toil,  he  was 
 sent  by  his  physician  to  Nova  Scotia,  where  he 
 preached  the  gospel  four  years,  chiefly  at  Liverpool. 
 In  18.j1  he  came  to  the  United  States,  preaching  first 
 at  Parkersburg,  W.  Va.,  and  afterward  iu  Petersburg, 
 Richmond,  and  the  vicinity  of  Hampdeu-.Sidney  Col- 
 lege, Va.  In  1861  he  went  to  Bethany,  N.  C. ,  where 
 he  exercised  his  ministry  sixteen  years.  At  the 
 close  of  the  Civil  War  he  resigned  his  jjastoral  charge, 
 and  gave  himself  enthusiastically  to  the  evangeliza- 
 tion and  elevation  of  the  Freedmen.  He  built  five 
 churches,  established  schools,  preached  far  and  wide. 
 With  a  few  kindred  brethren  he  organized  the  first 
 Presbytery,  and  in  due  cour.se  the  first  Synod,  of  the 
 colored  people  in  this  country.  He  helped  to  lay 
 the  foundation  of  Scotia  Seminary  and  Biddle  Uni- 
 versity (whose  Presidency  he  declined),  the  two 
 gi-eat  educational  Institutions  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  for  the  Freedmen  in  the  South. 
 
 Worn  out  by  exhausting  labors,  and  stricken  with 
 paralysis,  he  returned  to  Virginia,  and  spent  his  clos- 
 ing days  in  the  family  of  his  son,  at  Farmville,  where 
 he  fell  asleep,  on  JIarch  1st,  1880,  iu  the  midst  of  his 
 beloved  ones,  and  in  the  unclouded  assurance  of  his 
 Saviour's  presence.  His  last  expre.ssion  was  to  testify 
 Christ  was  with  him. 
 
 Mr.  Slurkland  was  a  man  of  noble  presence  and  of 
 large,  natural  endowments.  He  was  without  fear  and 
 without  reproach,  bold,  fervent,  intensely  earnest, 
 preaching  Christ,  living  Christ.  "  For  me  to  live  is 
 Christ;  to  die,  is  gain.'' 
 
 Mutchmore,  Samuel  Alexander,  D.D.,  is  of 
 purely  Scotch  and  Scotch-Irish  ancestry,  who,  after 
 coming  to  this  country,  took  a  creditable  part  in  its 
 civil  and  military  conflicts.  He  was  born  in  the  State 
 of  Ohio.  His  father,  Alexander  Mutchmore,  is  still 
 living,  a  man  of  vigorous  mind,  who  saw  service  in 
 the  War  of  1812.  His  mother,  Mary  Brady  McCune, 
 was  a  daughter  of  Col.  Thomas  McCune,  au  officer 
 under  General  Washington,  who  represented  his  dis- 
 trict iu  Ohio  eleven  successive  sessions  in  the  Senate, 
 and  whose  wife  was  sister  of  General  Hugh  Brady, 
 of  military  distinction  iu  Pennsylvania,  and  Colonel 
 Samuel  Brady,  the  celebrated  Indian  fighter. 
 
 Mr.  Mutchmore  was  three  years  in  Ohio  University, 
 and  a  year  and  a  half  (including  a  session  at  Law 
 School)  in  Indiana  LTniversity.  He  graduated  at 
 Centre  College,  Danville,  Ky. ;  studied  theology  at 
 Danville  Seminary,  and  entered  the  active  ministry 
 about  18.58,  as  Home  Missionary  in  Southern  Ken- 
 tucky, stationed  at  Bowling  Green.  He  occupied 
 the  pulpit  of  Dr.  Halsey,  Chestnut  Street  Church, 
 Louisville,  Ky. ,  for  several  months.  After  a  year's 
 pastorate  at  Columbia,  Mo.  (18591,  he  was  called  to 
 Fulton,  Mo.,  the  seat  of  Westminster  College,  the 
 occasion  being  an  extensive  revival  among  the  citi- 
 zens and  students,  while  acting  as  commissioner  sent 
 by   Presbytery   to  settle  a  difliculty   between  the 
 
XEIL. 
 
 1190 
 
 XESHAJIiyy  CHIRCH. 
 
 Chnreh  and  the  College.  At  the  close  of  1862  he 
 went  to  Carondelct,  then  a  suburb  of  St.  Louis; 
 built  the  Carondelet  Avenue  Church,  raised  the 
 money  and  dedicated  it  free  of  debt. 
 
 In  1865  he  was  called  to  the  Cohocksink  Presby- 
 terian Church,  Philadelphia,  and  took  charge  of  it 
 .January  1st,  l'?<>6.  Between  one  and  two  hundred 
 were  added  to  the  church  in  a  revival  imraediately 
 after.  The  following  Spring  the  congregation  deter- 
 mined to  remove,  under  his  leadership,  to  Franklin 
 street  and  Columbia  avenue,  where  the  present  sub- 
 stantial edifice  was  erected,  at  a  cost  of  $70,000.  The 
 seven  years'  pastorate  was  one  of  prosperity,  over 
 five  hundred  persons  being  added  upon  profession  of 
 faith,  and  the  membership  increasing  from  less  th.nn 
 two  hundred  to  over  seven  hundred.  He  was  trans- 
 ferred to  .Alexander  Presbyterian  Chnreh  by  action 
 of  Presbytery,   it   being  in  deep  finaucial   distress. 
 
 During  his  pastorate  the  debt  of  ^28,000  was  paid, 
 §10,000  more  were  appropriated  to  repairs  and 
 improvements  upon  the  church  (^1-2,  IXK)  of  which 
 was  a  gift  from  the  pastor  himself),  and  the  member- 
 ship was  increased  from  166  to  over  500.  mostly  on 
 profession  of  faith.  In  1873  he  became  proprietor  of 
 the  Prcshytf^rinn. 
 
 Dr,  Mutchmore  is  at  present  pastor  of  the  Colle- 
 giate Church,  Montgomery  Avenue  and  Eighteenth 
 street,  where  his  labors  continue  to  be  greatly  blessed. 
 He  occupies  a  high  rank  as  a  preacher.  Possessed  of 
 an  intellect  at  once  vigorous  and  logically  disciplined, 
 an  earnest  spirit,  and  a  strong  emotional  nature,  he 
 presents  the  truth  with  great  force  and  fervor.  As  a 
 presbyter,  he  is  faithful  in  the  discharge  of  dnty.  As 
 a  writer,  he  is  clear  and  cogent.  His  fine  social  quali- 
 ties are  appreciated  by  all  who  are  acquainted  with 
 him. 
 
 N 
 
 Neil,  John  'Wittierspoon,  D.D.,  w;is  bom  in 
 Portsmouth,  Va.,  February  •i5th,  18;}7.  His  parents 
 were  the  Rev,  William  and  Eliza  i^Bogart)  Xeil,  He 
 graduated  at  Hampden-Sidney  College,  Va. ,  in  1357, 
 and  studied  law  for  a  year  in  Louisville,  Ky,  In 
 1858  he  entered  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Dan- 
 ville, Ky.,  from  which  he  graduated  in  1861. 
 
 In  1860  he  was  licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  Louis- 
 ville; and  in  18*51  the  Presbytery  of  Central  Missis- 
 sippi onlained  and  installed  him  pastor  of  the  Church 
 at  Richmond.  La. ,  a  village  a  few  miles  west  of  Vicks- 
 burg.  In  1864^5  he  labored  very  successfully  in  the 
 Jackson  Street  Church,  Mobile,  Ala,  After  this  he 
 supplied,  for  a  short  time,  the  church  in  Columbus, 
 Ga.  In  1866  the  Presbytery  of  Xash\-ille  installed 
 him  pa.«tor  of  the  church  at  Murfreesboro",  Teim.. 
 where,  for  over  four  years,  he  worked  very  success- 
 fully, gathering  a  large  congregation,  and  reboUdlng 
 the  house  of  worship. 
 
 In  l-Cl  he  was  appointed  by  his  Presbytery  to  the 
 evangelistic  work.  In  187"2  the  Committee  of  Mis- 
 sions of  the  Southern  Presbyterian  Church  sent  him 
 to  San  .A.ntonio,  Texas,  where  he  still  is.  In  that 
 dty,  he  found  a  few  Presbyterian.s,  and  an  unfinished 
 church,  and  a  very  small  congregation.  He  has  now 
 a  strong,  active,  self-supporting  chtirch,  worshiping 
 in  a  beautiful  and  spacious  building,  which  is  filled 
 to  its  utmost  capacity.  He  has  had  to  c-outend  against 
 the  forces  of  Romanism  and  German  infidelity.  By 
 his  prudence,  firmness  and  faithfiilness,  he  is  the 
 head  of  Protestantism  in  the  city.  Dr.  Xeil  is,  above 
 all  else,  a  preacher  of  the  gospeL  His  preaching  is 
 attractive,  from  its  deep  thoughtful ness,  clear,  simple 
 statement  and  inten.se  earnestness.     His  manner  is 
 
 pleasant.     He  is  a  sympathetic  and  diligent  pastor, 
 and  h.TS  unbounded  energ^v  aud  capacity  for  work. 
 
 Neshaminy  {Warwick)  Chtrrch,  EarUraie, 
 Penna.  The  precise  date  of  the  organization  of  this 
 church  cannot  be  ascertained.  Tradition  puts  it  in 
 the  year  1710,  but  it  w.is  probably  a  few  yearsTater. 
 '  Although  over  a  century  and  a  half  old,  it  has  had 
 but  seven  pastors,  namely: — 
 
 Eer.  Williani  Tennent,  Sr..  from  1726  to  1742 — six- 
 teen years;  a  man  of  comprehensive  views,  indomit- 
 able energy  and  fervent  piety.  He  could  speak  and 
 write  the  Latin  language  with  entire  ease.  In  1730 
 he  was  Moderator  of  the  Synod  of  Philadelphia.  He 
 was  in  hearty  sj-mpathy  with  the  "great  awakening'" 
 of  1730-40,  and,  with  his  talented  sons,  zealously 
 wrought  with  Whitefield  in  his  revival  work.  In 
 founding  "Log  College,"  for  the  education  of  young 
 men  for  the  ministry,  he  did  a  great  work  for  his  own 
 and  succeeding  generations.  Among  its  distinguished 
 alumni  were  the  Rev.  Samuel  Blair,  the  Rev.  John 
 '  Blair,  afterward  Professor  of  Theology  and  Tice 
 I  President  of  Princeton  Collie;  Rev,  Samuel  Finley, 
 ,  D.D.,  for  five  years  President  of  Princeton  College;  the 
 Rev.  Wm.  Robinson  and  Rev.  John  Rowland,  both  of 
 whom  were  eminently  successful  in  their  ministry. 
 
 Her.  Charles  Beatty,   from  December  1st,    1743,  to 
 
 August    13th,    1772 — nearly    twenty-nine  years;    a 
 
 graduate  of   Log  College;  an  earnest  and   effective 
 
 ;  preacher,  and  for  nine  years  a  Trtistee  of  Princeton 
 
 '  College.      He  died  while   yet  pastor,  in  the  West 
 
 I  Indies,  whither  he  had  gone  to  solicit  funds  for  the 
 
 college. 
 
 Rtr.  Nitihnnael  Jricin,  from  November  3d,  1774,  to 
 March  M.  1812 — nearly  thirty-eight  years;  a  man  of 
 
.NV.'II'  WISDSOR  COLLEGE. 
 
 1191 
 
 XOCKSE. 
 
 "profound  understanding,"  and  an  able  expounder   Princeton  Seminary;  was  licensed   by    the  Presby- 
 
 of  the  Divine  Word,  and  also  an  ardent  latriot.  Hi 
 was  Clerk  of  the  Synod  of  Xew  York  and  Philadel- 
 phia for  three  years;  Moderator  of  the  Cleneral 
 Assembly  in  1  ^1,  and  its  Permanent  Clerk  for  several 
 vears  afterward. 
 
 tery  of  New  York,  April  i'M.  l^^S.  and  was  ordained 
 by  the  sime  body,  April,  ]"'.30.  Wa.s  the  first  min- 
 ister of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Carbondale,  Pa., 
 from  September  Isth,  l^i29,  to  September  l«th,  l-i32; 
 wa.s  pajrtor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  North  Gran- 
 
 tee. Bobert  B.  Belrille,  from  October  20th,  1813,  to   ville,  X.  Y..  from  September.  1-:H.  to  January.  1*37; 
 
 November  1st,  1838 — twenty-five  years;  a  most  ex- 
 cellent preacher  and  eminently  successful  pastor. 
 Two  great  revivals  of  religion  occurred  during  his 
 ])a.storate.  He  resigned  on  account  of  ill  health,  and 
 died  June  2.8th,  l-<4.5. 
 
 Bir.  Jamr»  P.  IPiV.ion,  Jr..  from  February aeth.  1839. 
 to  June  30th,  l'*il — eight  j-ears  and  four  months. 
 Two  extensive  re\iTals  of  religion  occurred  during 
 his  pastorate,  and  many  were  added  to  the  church. 
 He  resigned  to  accept  the  Presidency  of  Delaware 
 College,  Newark,  Del.;  and  while  occupying  that 
 position  received  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinitv" 
 from  the  University  of  Pennsylvania. 
 
 Ecr.  Dougln.'i  K.  Turner,  from  April  18th,  1848.  to 
 April  20th,  187:? — twenty -five  years.  Several  seasons 
 of  special  religious  interest  were  enjoyed,  and  pro- 
 gress made  in  the  temporal  afiairs  of  the  church. 
 He  resigned  on  account  of  ill  health. 
 
 Rer.  William  E.  Jones,  D.  D.,  installed  October  23d, 
 1873,  and  still  the  pastor.  He  received  the  degree 
 of  Doctor  of  Divinity  from  Centre  College,  Ken- 
 tucky, June  14th,  1876 ;  and  is  a  member'  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Board  of  Pnblic-ation.  He  is  a  sound, 
 instructive,  Scriptural  preacher,  and  a  faithful 
 pastor. 
 
 Ne-w  'Windsor  College,  situated  in  the  heart 
 of  one  of  the  healthiest  and  most  picturesque 
 sections  of  Slaryland.  was  chartered  in  1843,  by  the 
 Presbyterians.  In  18.52  it  was  reorganized  by  Andrew 
 J.  Baker  and  others,  and  though  still  under  the 
 auspices  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  is  not  a  sectarian 
 Institution,  the  pupils  being  allowed  to  worship  in 
 accordance  with  their  religious  convictions.  The 
 Institution  has  preparatory  and  collegiate  depart- 
 ments, to  which  both  se.Kes  are  admitted,  with  such 
 restrictions  only  as  the  nature  of  the  case  demautls. 
 Rev.  J.  P.  Carter  was  the  first  President.  He  was 
 succeeded  by  Andrew  J.  Riker,  who  presided  until 
 1877,  when  Rev.  A.  M.  Jelly,  D.P.,  the  present! 
 excellent  Principal,  took  charge.  The  College  is 
 essentially  two  .separate  Institutions,  with  two  boards 
 
 was  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church.  Sthaghticoke. 
 N.  Y.,  from  M.irch.  1^.37,  to  February,  l^ft-*;  supplied 
 the  Third  Cliurch,  Troy.  N.  Y..  from  186-8  to  1871; 
 the  Church  at  Pirtstown.  from  1871  to  1-73.  and  the 
 Church  at  Johnsonville,  from  1-71  to  1877,  preach- 
 ing continuou.sly  for  the  forty-eight  years,  losing  but 
 .SLx  Sabbaths  from  illness  during  the  whole  time. 
 Dr.  Noble  was  distinguished  for  his  unpretending 
 but  instructive  preaching,  and  his  gentle  and  genuine 
 .sympathy  with  the  people  of  his  charge.  Always 
 present  in  the  meetings  of  his  Presbvterj-.  and 
 remembering  everything  presbyterial  which  had 
 ever  come  under  his  notice,  he  was  authority  with 
 his  brethren,  and  their  delight. 
 
 Nonrse,  Rev.  James,  was  born  in  Washington, 
 D.  C,  April  30th,  1805.  He  graduated  at  Jefferson 
 CoUege,  Pa.,  in  1823.  He  was  stated  supply  at  Ger- 
 mantown.  Pa.,  1828-30:  ordained  an  evangelist  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  May  19th. 
 l-'^g;  pa-stor  at  East  KishacoquUlas.  Pa..  1831-34: 
 p.'istor  at  PerryA-Ule  (Milroyi.  1834-49.  and  teacher 
 at  Washington,  D.  C,  18.Vi-.54.  He  died  of  cholera. 
 whUe  seeking  a  new  charge  in  the  ministrj-,  at 
 Salem,  Iowa,  July  6th,  18.54.  Mr.  Nourse  was 
 editor  of  the  first  edition  of  the  "  Paragraph  Bible  " 
 in  this  country.  He  was  a  good  scholar  and  an  able 
 preacher. 
 
 Nourse,  Rev.  Joseph  Everett,  was  born  in 
 Washington,  D.  C,  April  17th.  1819.  He  attended 
 the  Classical  Academy  of  the  Hon.  .S.  P.  Chase;  gradu- 
 ated at  Jefferson  College,  Pa..  18.37;  taught  a  classical 
 Academy  in  W;ishington,  D.  C,  1840-49;  and  was 
 licensed  by  the  Presbytery  of  the  District  of  Columbia, 
 in  Slay.  1849.  He  was  appointed  Professor  of  Ethics 
 and  English  Studies  and  Acting  Chaplain  at  the 
 U.  S.  Naval  Academy,  Anmi polls,  August,  18.50. 
 He  was  on  duty  at  the  U.  S.  Naval  Observatory  at 
 Washington,  1865-79.  and  on  special  duty  at  the 
 Na\y  Department,  1879-18^1^  at  which  time  he  was 
 placed  on  the  retired  list  by  law.  Sir.  Nourse  was 
 .stated  supply  to  the  Presbyterian  churches  of  Prince 
 
 of  instructors,  located  on  the  same  ground  and  under    WUliam  and  Fairfax,  of  Virginia,  1867-1875;  abroad 
 the  Siuue  general  management,  and  thus  parents  are    on  public  duty,  1875;  stated  supply  to  the  Fifteenth 
 
 .■^tronPresbyteri.in  Church  of  Washington.  1876;  and 
 to  the  churches  of  Falls  and  Ballston,  Va.,  1879.  He 
 is  still  occupied  in  preaching  A  missionary  stations 
 in  and  near  Washington,  almost  continuously,  when 
 not  serving  as  stated  supply.  Prof.  Nourse  is  a 
 gentleman  of  scholarly  attainments,  an  instructive 
 
 enabled  to  educate  both  their  sons  and  daughters 
 without  sep;irating  them.     Under  the  administration 
 of  Dr.  Jelly,  with  the  aid  of  his  competent  Faculty, 
 it  is  bles-sed  with  prosperity,  and  is  exerting  a  salu-  . 
 tary  influence.     (Seep.  1192. ) 
 Noble,  Jonathan  H.,  D.  D.,  oldest  son  of  Hon. 
 
 Olwdiah  and  Lois  tHarrisi  Noble,  was  lx.ru  in  Tin-  preacher  and  a  go<xl  writer.  He  published,  in  l-'67. 
 mouth,  Xt..  October  8th,  1804.  Graduated  at  Wil-  "-Tlie  Maritime  Canal  of  Suez:  "  in  1874,  "Memoir 
 Hams  College  in  1826;  studie<l  nearly  three  years  in    of  Founding  of  the  U.  S.   Naval  Oljservatorv:  "  in 
 
^^ 
 
X^CTJIAX. 
 
 1193 
 
 PARKER. 
 
 1875,  in  Harper's  Magazine,  "Observatories  in  the 
 Vnited  States;  "  in  1^79,  "The  Second  Arctic  Expe- 
 dition of  C.  F.  Hall,"  ordered  by  the  U.  S.  Senate; 
 and  in  1883,  "  An  Exploration  in  the  Ice  Zones." 
 
 Nutman,  Rev.  John,  was  a  native  of  Newark, 
 N.  J.,  and  was  licensed  by  Philadelphia  Presbvtery, 
 
 and   ordained  pastor  of  Hanover,  Xew  Jersey,    in    of  Philadelphia. 
 
 1730.  Dr.  Alden  calls  the  congregation  'V\Tiippauy  : 
 it  included  atfirst  West  Hanover  and  South  Hanover. 
 He  resigned  the  charge  in  174.5,  and  engaged  in 
 teaching  in  Newark.  He  died,  September  l.st,  1751. 
 His  daughter  was  the  first  wife  of  Jonathan  Sergeant. 
 an<l  the  mother  of  the  wife  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Ewing, 
 
 o 
 
 Ogden,  Joseph  M. ,  D.D. ,  was  born  in  Elizabeth-  ' 
 town,  N.  J.,  September  21st,  1804;  graduated  at 
 Princeton  College  and  Princeton  Theological  Semi-  j 
 nary;  ordained  an  evangelist  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Elizabeth,  September  11th,  1827;  a  home  missionary 
 in  Pennsylvania  for  a  time,  and  pastor  of  the  Church 
 of  Chatham,  N.  J.,  from  1828  to  1873.  Dr.  Ogden 
 died  at  his  home  in  Chatham,  February  13th,  1884, 
 in  the  eightieth  year  of  his  age.  He  was  widely 
 known  and  highly  esteemed. 
 
 Omelvena,  Rev.  James,  is  the  youngest  child 
 of  .Fames  and  .Tane  ((liVison)  Omelvena,  and  was  born 
 in  county  Antrim,  Ireland.  December  28th  1851. 
 He  emigrated  to  America  in  1868,  and  in  the  follow- 
 
 ing year  he  began  his  studies  for  the  ministry.  One 
 year  was  spent  in  prei)aratory  studies  in  the  North- 
 western University,  Evanston,  111.  His  collegiate 
 education  w:is  received  at  Blackburn  University, 
 Carlinville,  111.,  and  theological  course  taken  at  Lane 
 Seminary,  Cincinnati,  O.,  graduating  from  latter 
 Institution  in  1876.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
 in  1875  by  the  Presbytery  of  Alton,  and  in  1877  was 
 ordained  by  the  Presbrtery  of  Vincennes.  After 
 graduating  he  preached  to  the  Presbj-terian  Church 
 in  Spencer,  Ind.,  until  February,  1878,  when  he 
 liHcame  pastor  of  the  Presb^'tcrian  Church  in  Dayton. 
 Ind.,  where  he  still  continues,  faithful  and  successful 
 in  his  labors. 
 
 P 
 
 Palmer,  Wales  Le-wis,  son  of  William  A.  and 
 Olive  Palmer,  was  born  in  Machias  Port,  Me.,  May 
 8th,  1834.  W^as  married  to  Ruth  Slorgan,  October 
 31st,  1861;  came  to  California  in  1852  and  joined 
 Howard  Church  in  1858.  He  has  been  an  elder  in 
 that  church  since  1866  and  Clerk  of  the  Session  since 
 1877.  He  was  a  member  of  the  BfTUrd  of  Education 
 of  San  Francisco  for  several  terms  and  President  in 
 1861.  Jlr.  Palmer  has  had  so  many  years  of 
 active  oflicial  life  in  the  Church,  and  under  circum- 
 stances so  varied  and  trying,  as  to  be  sufficient  to 
 fully  bring  out  what  is  in  the  man.  He  has  proved 
 himself  faithful  in  trying  times,  liberal  in  needy 
 times,  hopeful  in  desponding  times  and  charitable 
 always;  able,  under  the  impulsive  panics  that  car- 
 ried others  away,  to  stand  to  his  duty  when  he  stood 
 almost  alone.  Catholic  of  spirit,  loving  all  who  bear 
 the  name  of  Christ,  yet  exacting  with  himself  in  loyalty 
 to  the  principles  of  Presbyterianism.  Conservative  in 
 making  changes,  earnest  in  completing  tho.se  once 
 made. 
 
 Parker,  Rev.  Alexander,  a  child  of  James  and 
 Martha  (Blair"!  Parker,  was  born  at  Georgetown, 
 Ohio,  July  17th  1829.     A  partial  course  at  Marietta 
 
 College  was  interrupted  by  the  failure  of  his  health, 
 but  subsequently,  undertaking  the  study  of  theology, 
 he  graduated  from  Lane  Seminary  in  1857.  Receiving 
 licensure  from  Cincinnati  Presbytery,  May,  1856,  and 
 ordained,  April,  1858,  he  served  the  churches  at 
 .\llensville  and  Jacksonville,  Indiana,  from  1857  to 
 \ftri9.  Settled  afterward  at  North  Madison,  Indiana 
 (1859-1866),  Connerville,  Indiana  (1866-1870),  Co- 
 lumbus, Indiana  (1870-1883);  he  removed  from  the 
 last-named  residence  to  Orange,  California. 
 
 Mr.  Parker's  physical  characteristics  strongly  sug- 
 gest the  features  of  his  character.  More  thau  si.f  feet 
 in  height,  his  frame  is  solidly  and  compactly  built. 
 Of  a  clear  well-balanced  judgment,  and  e.xcellent 
 powers  of  analysis,  he  has  great  patience  and  steadi- 
 ness of  will.  His  friends  are  attracted  by  a  con- 
 spicuous modesty  and  charity.  In  his  public  dis- 
 courses there  are  uniformly  marks  of  a  symmetrical 
 mind,  and  often  the  might,y  truths  of  the  Calvinistic 
 system  are  urged  upon  the  attention  with  tremendous 
 force.  Upon  Mr.  Parker's  removal  to  California,  the 
 action  of  the  Presbytery  of  Indianapolis  was  a  proof 
 of  the  esteem  in  which  he  is  held  among  his 
 brethren. 
 
PA  111!  y. 
 
 ii;)4 
 
 PEXBOSE. 
 
 Parry,  Rev.  Thomas,  the  fifth  son  of  John  aud 
 Plirebe  Parry,  was  born  near  Dembigh,  Xorth  Wales, 
 October  10th,  1844.  His  parents  emigrated  to  Wis- 
 consin while  he  was  still  bnt  a  boy.  In  1870  he 
 graduated  from  Princeton  College,  and  in  1873  from 
 Princeton  Seminary.  In  the  latter  year  he  was  licensed 
 to  preach  by  New  Brunswick  Presbytery,  and  in  Sep- 
 tember of  the  same  year  became  pastor  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Constantine,  Slich.,  where  he  labored 
 successfully  until  ilay,  1877,  when  he  went  to  Ottawa, 
 III.,  and  for  a  time  supplied  the  pulpit  there.  In 
 February.  1878,  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church  of  Providence,  R.  I.,  where  he  labored, 
 with  good  success,  until  Jlay,  1880,  when  he  accepted 
 a  call  to  the  Central  Presbyterian  Church  of  Terre 
 Haute,  Ind.  He  remained  pa.stor  of  this  church 
 until  .January,  1884,  when  he  ■  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 .leflferson  Park  Presbyterian  Church,  of  Chicago, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Although  laboring  under  great  disadvantages  in 
 early  life,  of  which  the  youth  now  can  have  no  appre- 
 ciation, Mr.  Parry  has  not  only  ma,stered  an  educa- 
 tion peculiar  to  his  profession,  but  is  thoroughly 
 versed  in  the  philosophies,  ancient  and  modern, 
 ha\ing  a  mind  peculiarly  adaiJted  to  the  compre- 
 hension of  all  philosophic  thought,  atul  he  is  able  to 
 make  efficient  use  of  this  knowledge  in  combating 
 tlie  false  philosophies  of  the  times.  Of  broad  and 
 liberal  views,  he  is  yet  thoroughly  orthodox  and 
 Presbyterian.  His  ministry  has  been  quite  success- 
 ful; his  earnestness,  energy  and  zeal,  and  a  warm 
 heart,  full  of  desire  for  the  salvation  of  souls,  make 
 his  puli)it  efforts  very  impressive.  He  readily  im- 
 presses a  community  as  one  much  above  the  ordinary. 
 His  success  has  largely  been  due  to  the  motto  he 
 has  adopted  and  lives  up  to  in  his  pulpit  labors,  i.  e., 
 ■■  To  do  the  very  best  I  can  every  time.''  Each  re- 
 moval he  has  made  has  been  to  a  broader  field  of 
 usefulness. 
 
 Parsons,  David,  D.D.,  was  the  son  of  Rev. 
 David  and  Kunice  AVell.s  Parsons,  born  at  Amherst, 
 Mass.,  January  28th,  1749.  He  was  graduated  from 
 Harvard  College  in  1772,  and  succeeded  his  father 
 as  pastor  at  Amherst,  October  2d,  1782.  His  father, 
 grandfather  and  great-grandfather  were  clergymen 
 and  graduates  of  Harvard. 
 
 Dr.  Parsons  was  a  man   of    noole,    commanding 
 presence,  courtly  addre.ss  and   dignified,  persuasive 
 manners.     His  head  and  face  were  models  of  manly  I 
 hcavity,  and  his  smile  was  said  to  be  a  benediction. 
 His  jjicture  represents  a  man  over  six  feet  in  height,  I 
 of  broad,  deep  chest,  symmetrical   body  and  limbs, 
 dres.sed  in  the  clerical  Continental  fa.shion  of  the  day. 
 His  talents  and  bearing  were  of  a  high  order,  and  his  1 
 sermons,  still  extant  in  his  own  liandwriting,  prove 
 liim   to  have  been  a  vigorous  original  thinker  and 
 writer.     His  tiither  had  filled  the  pulpit  at  Amherst  I 
 for  more  than  forty  years,  and  though  almost  a  loy-  I 
 alist  during  the  Revolution,  he  had,  by  virtue  of  his 
 
 lofty  character,  piety,  benevolence,  wide  influence 
 and  personal  love  of  his  people,  retained  his  ministry. 
 Yet  his  church,  for  a  long  time,  Iiad  been  almost 
 rent  asunder  by  political  contentions. 
 
 The  subject  of  thissketeh  succeeded  his  father  at  the 
 age  of  thirty-three  years,  and  his  course  was  so  con- 
 ciliatory, patriotic  and  Christian  that,  after  a  minis- 
 try of  thirty-eight  years,  his  retirement  was  a  source 
 of  deep  regret  to  the  entire  congregation.  He  was  a 
 man  of  brilliant  conversational  powers,  an  infinite 
 fund  of  humor,  quick  at  repartee,  and  many  of  his 
 witty  sayings  are  still  preserved  by  tradition.  His 
 house  was  large  and  commodious,  and  his  hospitality 
 unbounded.  It  was  the  gathering  jjlace  of  the  clergy 
 from  far  and  wide,  who  delighted  to  meet  at  the 
 house  of  their  "Bishop,"  as  they  were  wont  to  call 
 him.  His  efforts  for  the  promotion  of  education,  aiul 
 especially  the  training  of  young  men  for  the  minis- 
 try, were  unceasing  during  his  wliole  life,  and  lie 
 was  instrumental  in  founding  Amherst  Academy,  a 
 school  of  no  little  note  in  its  day,  and  the  germ  of 
 the  present  college.  Amherst  College  was  largely 
 indebted  to  him  for  its  conception  and  the  efforts  he 
 made  for  its  establishment,  though  he  died  before 
 the  charter  was  received  from  the  Legislature.  He 
 left  behind  him  the  record  of  a  most  useful,  honor- 
 able, benevolent  life;  a  preacher  of  rare  force  and 
 excellence,  and  a  profound  believer  in  the  sacred 
 teacliings  of  the  gospel. 
 
 Pearson,  Rev.  'WilliarQ  Franklin,  youngest 
 son  of  Anthony  and  Sarah  (Peden)  Pearson,  was  born 
 July  9th,  1,831,  in  Siiartanljurg  county.  South  Caro- 
 lina. He  was  taken  under  the  care  of  the  South  Caro- 
 lina Presbjiiery,  September  15th,  185.'),  and  entered 
 the  Theological  Seminary  at  Columbia,  S.  C,  in 
 October  of  the  same  year.  He  was  licensed  to  preach 
 .\pril  10th,  1858,  and  graduated  at  the  Seminary, 
 June  10th  of  the  same  year.  His  first  pastoral  charge 
 was  Little  Mountain  Church  and  Varennes,  over 
 which  he  was  installed  June  9th,  1860.  This  relation 
 continued  ten  years.  He  was  called  to  Greenville 
 Cluirch  and  Ninety  Six,  and  served  them  jointly  for 
 three  years,  and  then  to  L'pper  Long  Cane  Church, 
 in  connection  with  Greenville  Church,  which  has 
 been  his  pastoral  charge  for  the  past  fifteen  years. 
 For  a  quarter  of  a  century  he  has  preached  the  gospel, 
 faithfully  and  successfully,  in  Abbeville  coiinty,  S.  C. 
 and  lives  now  in  the  town  of  Due  West,  within  ten 
 miles  of  his  first  pastoral  charge. 
 
 Penrose,  Hon.  Charles  Bingham,  son  of  Clem- 
 ent Biddle  Penrose  and  .\nna  Howard  Bingham,  was 
 born  October  6th,  1798,  at  his  father's  country  seat, 
 near  Frankford,  Philadelphia.  In  1819  he  studied 
 law  in  Philadelphia,  with  Samuel  Ewing,  E.sq.,  and 
 on  being  admitted  to  the  Bar,  in  1821,  settled  in 
 Carlisle.  Here  he  at  once  took  his  place  among  the 
 foremost  in  the  number  of  eminent  jurists  of  which 
 that  Bar  could  then  justly  boast.  Popular  manners, 
 legal  erudition,  dose  attention  to  business,  and  ad- 
 
riXEY  CHEEK  CHVKCII, 
 
 llo.i 
 
 CARROLL  COUSTV,  ilD. 
 
 mirable  oratorical  powers,  soon  secured  him  a  large 
 practice. 
 
 In  1833  Mr.  Penrose  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate, 
 and  on  the  expiration  of  his  term  was  re-elected.  In 
 this  capacity  he  achieved  distinction,  even  among  the 
 men  of  ability  who  at  that  time  were  chosen  to  this 
 office.  In  1841  President  Harrison  appointed  hiiu 
 Solicitor  of  the  Trea-sury,  which  position  he  held 
 until  the  close  of  President  Tyler's  Administration, 
 discharging  its  duties  with  marked  ability  and  tidelity. 
 When  he  resigned  his  office,  returning  to  Pennsyl- 
 vania, he  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession  in 
 Lancaster,  with  success.  In  1847  he  settled  in 
 Philadelphia,  his  native  city,  and  soon  became 
 largely  engaged  in  his  professional  pursuits.  lu 
 1856  he  was  elected  as  a  Reform  candidate  to  the 
 State  Senate.  He  labored  most  faithfully  in  aid  of 
 the  good  cause  he  had  espoused,  but  the  work 
 and  exposure  were  more  than  his  constitution 
 could  bear,  and  after  a  short  illness,  he  died  of 
 pneumonia,  at  his  post  in  Harrisburg,  on  April  6th, 
 1857. 
 
 The  character  of  Mr.  Penrose  was  distinguished  by 
 many  strong  and  prominent  points.  He  was  em- 
 phatically self-reliant,  depending  on  his  own  resources 
 in  the  accomplishment  of  his  plans  and  purposes. 
 He  was  an  earnest  man  in  everything  he  undertook. 
 To  selfishness  he  was  an  entire  stranger.  "  He  looked 
 not  only  upon  his  own  things,  but  also  on  the  things 
 of  others. "  Benevolence  beamed  in  his  countenance, 
 and  often  found  expression,  not  in  good  wishes 
 merely,  but  also  in  acts  of  delicate  and  seivsonable 
 kindness.  His  generosity  was  apparent  to  everybody, 
 amounting  almost  to  a  fault.  His  manner,  which 
 was  highlj'  cultivated,  was  gentle,  courteous  and 
 genial,  otfensive  to  none,  attractive  to  all.  Especially 
 was  he  gracious  to  his  inferiors,  careful  of  their 
 rights,  and  considerate  of  their  feelings.  Best  of 
 all,  he  was  a  Christian.  He  was  a  consistent  and 
 exemplary  member  of  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
 recognizing  it  practically  as  "  the  whole  duty  of  man 
 to  fear  God  and  keep  His  commandments." 
 
 Mr.  Penrose  was  the  father  of  the  late  'William  M. 
 Penrose,  an  eminent  member  of  the  Bar  of  Carlisle; 
 R.  A.  F.  Penrose,  M.D.,  a  distinguished  Profes.sor  in 
 the  Medical  Department  of  the  University  of  Penn- 
 sylvania; and  the  Hon.  Clement  Biddle  Penrose,  an 
 al)le  and  popular  .Judge  of  the  Orphans'  Court  of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Piney  Creek  Presbyterian  Church,  Carroll 
 louiilij,  JI<1.  "April  l:!tli,  n()o,  Tom's  Creek  and 
 Pipe  Creek  churches  asked  leave  to  apply  to  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  New  Brunswick  for  a  young  man  to  supply 
 them."  The  answer  to  this  request  is  not  recorded, 
 but  the  Rev.  Samuel  Thompson  was  appointed  to 
 preach  at  Tom's  Creek,  and  the  Rev.  Robert  Mc- 
 Mardil  was  at  the  same  time  appointed  to 
 preach  at  Pine  Creek,  on  the  fourth  Sabbath  of  April. 
 At  this  point  in  the  hi.'^tory  the  name  of  Pipe  Creek 
 
 disappears  fronx  the  record,  and  that  of  Pine,  then 
 Piney  Creek,  is  substituted,  showing  that  the  congre- 
 gation now  adopted  a  new  name,  if  it  did  not  also 
 change  its  jjlace  of  worship. 
 
 The  Church  was  supplied  during  the  next  Autumn 
 and  Winter  by  William  Edrae.ston  and  John  Slemons, 
 licentiates  of  the  Donegal  Presbytery,  by  AVilliam 
 Magaw,  a  licentiate  of  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia, 
 and  by  the  Rev.  Robert  Smith.  During  the  next  five 
 years  Tom's  Creek  and  Piney  Creek  had  occasional 
 supplies,  appointed  chiefly  at  the  stated  meetings  of 
 the  Presbj-tery  in  April  aud  October.  Andrew  Bay, 
 John  Slemons,  John  Craighead,  Hezekiah  James 
 Balch,  Samuel  Thompson  and  Robert  Cooper,  were 
 among  their  preachers.  Mr.  Slemons  was  unaui- 
 mousl}'  called  to  Lower  Mar.sh  Creek  on  the  third 
 Saturdaj'  of  November,  1764,  and  on  the  23d  of  May 
 was  ordained  and  installed  by  the  Presbytery  of 
 Carlisle.  He  frequently  supplied  Tom's  Creek  and 
 Piney  Creek,  both  before  and  after  his  settlement  at 
 Marsh  Creek.  Piney  Creek  had,  meanwhile,  asked 
 for  the  appointment  of  the  Rev.  Joseph  Rhea, 
 "in  particular,"  as  a  supply.  A  call  to  Mr. 
 Rhea  to  accept  the  pastorate  of  the  church  was 
 presented  to  him  in  Ajiril,  1771.  The  commissioners 
 from  Piney  Creek,  to  prosecute  the  call  before  Pres- 
 bytery, were  Patrick  Watson  and  Slatthew  Gait. 
 They  stated  that  subscriptions  amounting  to  £110  or 
 £112  bad  been  secured  for  Mr.  Rhea's  support,  that 
 if  he  became  pastor  they  proposed  to  maintain  his 
 family  for  the  first  year,  in  addition  to  the  salary, 
 and  that  this  agreement  had  been  entered  on  record 
 in  their  "  Book  of  Congregational  Aflairs."  An  exist- 
 ing difficulty  between  Tom's  Creek  and  Piney  Creek 
 delayed  the  jjlacing  the  call  in  Mr.  Rhea's  hands. 
 This  difficulty  grew  out  of  two  subjects  of  dispute. 
 The  first  was,  that  Piney  Creek  desired  a  separation 
 from  Tom's  Creek  and  the  settlement  of  a  pastor  of 
 their  own,  whereas  Tom's  Creek  favored  the  coutiuu- 
 ance  of  the  former  union,  and  a  joint  settlement  of 
 a  pastor.  The  second  subject  of  controversy  was  that 
 of  the  boundary  line  between  the  two  congregations. 
 These  questions  of  distraction  were  acted  upon  by  a 
 committee  of  Presbytery,  in  the  judgment  and  deter- 
 mination o?  which  both  congregations  acquiesced. 
 The  way  being  now  clear  for  presenting  the  call 
 to  Mr.  Rhea,  it  was  placed  in  his  hands,  and  ac- 
 cepted. The  record  omits  the  arrangements  for  his 
 installation,  but  this  doubtless  soon  followed,  as 
 from  this  time  he  discharged  the  duties  of  the 
 pastorate. 
 
 At  what  precise  time  the  first  house  of  worship 
 was  erected  at  Piney  Creek  is  unknown.  It  was, 
 however,  prior  to  the  settlement  of  Mr.  Rhea,  as  is 
 shown  by  the  deed  conveying  the  lot  of  ground  and 
 the  house  built  upon  it  to  the  trustees.  The  original 
 Piney  Creek  Church,  erected  prior  to  Jlr.  Rhea's 
 settlement  in  1771,  was  a  very  plain  log  structure. 
 Its  pews  were — 
 
PINEY  CREEK  CHURCH,  Ml). 
 
 llilG      PLANTING  PRESBYTERIANISM  IN  KY. 
 
 "  Straight-backed  and  tall. 
 Its  ptllpit  goblet-formod. 
 Half  way  up  the  wall, 
 The  suundiug-board  above." 
 
 It  was  removed  about  the  year  1818,  -when  the 
 present  hrick  c]iuri-b  >vas  built  upon  the  same  site 
 and  mufli  after  the  same  fashion.  It  was  remodeled 
 and  modernized  in  1809,  during  the  pastorate  of  Mr. 
 Patterson.  The  number  of  pews  in  the  second 
 church  before  the  last  improvements  were  made  were 
 fifty-eight.  The  deed  of  the  old  church  is  dated 
 February  15th,  1771,  and  was  given  for  a  considera- 
 tion of  five  shillings,  by  Abraham  Heyter,  of  Fred- 
 erick county,  province  of  Maryland,  to  Patrick 
 Watson,  James  Gait,  and  John  McCorkle,  of  the 
 same  county  and  province,  and  James  Barr  and 
 James  Hunter,  of  York  county,  province  of  Pennsyl- 
 vania, in  trust  for  a  church  and  burying  ground. 
 Mr.  Khea  tendered  his  resignation  as  pastor  of  the 
 Piney  Creek  Church  in  April,  1776,  and,  after  due 
 deliberation.  Presbytery  dissolved  the  pastoral  rela- 
 tion. 
 
 The  Rev.  James  Martin,  a  member  of  the  Associate 
 Presbytery  of  Pennsylvania,  accepted  a  call  to  I'incj- 
 Creek  Church,  and  was  installed  November  !)th, 
 1780.  The  support  promised  was  "four  hundred 
 bushels  of  wheat  per  year,  or  the  current  price 
 thereof  in  money,  and  as  much  more  as  the  circum- 
 .stances  of  the  congregation  would  admit."  Mr.  Mar- 
 tin continued  pastor  of  the  church  until  1789.  Tra- 
 dition speaks  of  him  as  an  able  and  pojiular  preacher. 
 He  is  said  to  have  been  a  very  earnest  and  animated 
 speaker.  Like  all  the  preachers  of  that  day,  and  those 
 especially  of  the  denomination  from  which  he  origin- 
 ally came,  his  sermons  were  long,  jjerhaps  seldom  less 
 than  an  hour  and  a  half,  and  sometimes  considerably 
 longer.  On  a  warm  Summer  day  it  was  not  unusual 
 for  him  to  take  off  his  coat  and  preach  in  his  shirt 
 sleeves.  In  the  ])ulpit  he  was  very  forgetful  of  him- 
 self and  Ills  personal  appearance,  so  intensely  was  he 
 taken  up  in  his  subject.  He  would  first  take  off  his 
 coat,  then  begin  to  loosen  his  cravat,  and  conclude 
 by  taking  olf  his  wig,  holding  it  in  his  hand  and 
 shaking  it  in  the  face  of  the  congregation;  and  some- 
 times, during  the  course  of  his  sermon,  his  wig  would 
 become  awry,  the  back  part  turned  to  the  front,  and 
 he  utterly  unconscious  of  the  metamorphosis. 
 
 The  pulpit  of  the  Piney  Creek  Church  remained 
 vacant  for  .several  years  after  Mr.  Martin's  resigna- 
 tion, and  depended  ujion  Presbytery  for  preaching 
 and  the  a<lministration  of  the  Sacraments.  In  Oc- 
 tober, isol,  the  Piney  Creek  Church  extended  a  call  to 
 Mr.  Davidson,  offering  him  £87,  10s.  for  one  half  of 
 his  ministerial  and  ])astoral  services.  A  commi.ssioner 
 informed  the  Presbytery  that  Tom's  Creek  had  been 
 consulted,  and  had  agreed  that  Sir.  Davidson's 
 services  sliould  be  divided  between  the  two  congre- 
 gations. The  call  was  accordingly  presented  to  Mr. 
 Davidson,  and  upon  his  acceptance  of  it,  the  arrange- 
 
 ment was  consummated.  Tom's  Creek  and  Piney 
 Creek  were  now,  for  the  first  time  in  a  period  of  forty 
 years,  united  under  the  same  pastor.  The  union  then 
 established  has,  however,  been  continued,  with  entire 
 harmony,  through  successive  pastorates,  for  three- 
 quarters  of  a  century.  Mr.  Davidson's  labors 
 were  continued  in  the  two  congregations  until  the 
 Autumn  of  1809.  Of  the  internal  and  spiritual 
 condition  of  Piney  Creek  Church  during  Mr.  David- 
 son's pastorate  little  is  known.  In  1806  the  total 
 membership  was  124;  in  1807,  113;  in  1808,  108.  In 
 1805  the  additions  to  the  church  were  10;  in  1807,  8; 
 in  1808,  7;  in  1809,  9.  The  baptisms  in  1806  were 
 14;  in  1807,  8;  in  1808,  24;  in  1809,  10;  in  1810,  14. 
 
 The  pastors  of  the  Piney  Creek  Church  have  been: 
 1763-70,  vacant,  with  occasional  supplies;  1771-76, 
 Rev.  Joseph  Rhea;  1776-80,  vacant,  with  occasional 
 supplies;  1780-89,  Rev.  James  Martin;  1789-1800, 
 vacant,  with  occasional  supplies;  1801-10,  Rev. 
 Patrick  Davidson;  1811-13,  vacant,  with  occasional 
 supplies;  1814-66,  Rev.  Robert  S.  Grier;  1866-73. 
 Rev.  Isaac  M.  Patterson;  1873,  Rev.  William  Siin- 
 onton. 
 
 Planting  of  Presbyterianism  in  Kentucky 
 One  Hundred  Years  Ago. 
 
 The  Synod  of  Kentucky,  at  its  meeting  in  Harrodsburg,  October 
 12tli,  1883,  celebrated,  with  a  very  interesting  programme  of  services, 
 the  "  Centennial  of  Presbyterianism  in  Kentucky."  Appropriate 
 and  able  addresses  were  delivered  by  the  Rev.  J.  N.  Saunders,  Rev. 
 J.  L.  McKee,  D.D.,  Rev.  E.  P.  Humphrey,  d.d.,  Rev.  L.  G.  Barbour. 
 D.D.,  Rev.  T.  D.  Witherspoon,  d.d.  On  Sunday  evening,  at  the  close 
 of  the  Synod's  Sessions,  Rev.  Moses  D.  Hoge,  D.D,,  of  Richmond, 
 Va.,  delivered,  by  invitation,  a  historical  discourse.  Dr.  Hoge  took 
 for  his  text  ''  T}ie  people  which  sat  in  ilctrkness  taw  great  liglU,  and 
 to  them  ivliich  sat  in  the  region  and  shadow  of  death  ll-jht  is  sprung  up  " 
 I  Matt,  iv,  l(j),  which  was  the  te.\t  of  tin-  first  sermon  preached  by  a 
 Presbyterian  minister  in  Kentucky.  From  Dr.  Hoge's  admirable 
 discourse  we  make  the  following  extract : — 
 
 ' '  '  The  first  explorers  of  Kentucky, '  says  Davidson, 
 '  spread  everywhere,  on  their  return,  the  most 
 glowing  accounts  of  what  they  liad  seen — luxurious- 
 ness  of  the  soil,  the  .salubrity  of  the  climate,  the 
 undulating  face  of  the  country,  the  vast  fields  of 
 native  clover,  the  magnificent  groves  of  sugar  tree 
 and  walniat,  the  deeply-channeled  rivers  sweeping 
 between  precipitous  cliff's,  the  verdure  of  the  vegeta- 
 tion,' all  combining  to  make  it  the  imperial  park  of 
 nature,  the  temple  of  the  world.  .-Vllured  by  these 
 glowing  descriptions,  emigrants  flocked  to  it  from 
 every  quarter,  but  principally  from  Virginia. 
 
 "When  the  year  17S3opened  with  the  prospect  of 
 peace  with  Great  liritain,  emigrants  poured  into  Ken- 
 tucky by  the  thousand;  but  now  history  must  make  a 
 pause,  for  a  new  era  is  about  to  be  inaugurated. 
 Most  eminent  among  all  those  who  flocked  to  this 
 Western  garden  of  the  Hesperides  was  the  Rev.  David 
 Rice,  then  p.astor  of  the  Church  at  the  Peaks  of  Otter, 
 in  Bedford  county,  Va.,  whose  summits  command 
 one  of  the  noblest  prospects  in  the  world,  emblematic 
 of  the  influence  to  be  exercised,  and  the  far-reaching, 
 widely-extended    results  which  were  to  follow  the 
 
PLANTING  OF  PRESS YTESIANISM 
 
 1197 
 
 IN  KENTUCKY. 
 
 arrival  of  this  eminent  servant  of  Christ.  His  appear- 
 ance was  hailed  with  joy  by  the  Presbyterian  settlers, 
 to  many  of  whom  he  was  known  personally,  and  to 
 all  by  reputation.  The  advent  of  this  eminent  man 
 marks  an  era  ever  to  be  remembered  in  the  history 
 of  the  Synod  of  Kentucky. 
 
 "  I  do  not  mean  by  this  that  he  was  a  man  of 
 transcendent  talents  and  acquirements,  for  in  both 
 of  these  characteristics  he  has  been  surpassed  by 
 members  of  the  Synod,  some  of  whom  have  gone  to 
 their  rest  (I  pause  for  an  instant,  reverently  and 
 lovingly,  to  lay  an  immortelle  on  the  tomb  of  Stuart 
 Robinson),  and  others  of  whom  yet  survive  to  adorn 
 the  spheres  in  which  they  move.  But,  as  in  the  un- 
 explored field,  the  first  furrow  which  cuts  the  sod 
 and  turns  np  a  new  line  of  color  across  the  surface  is 
 more  conspicuous  than  all  the  parallel  ridges  of  an 
 evenly-j)lowed  field,  so  it  was  with  David  Rice — if 
 not  the  most  gifted,  he  was  the  first.  He  was  the 
 Columbus  of  the  ecclesiastical  history  of  Kentucky. 
 It  is  just  one  hundred  years  since  he  preached  in 
 Harrodsburg  a  sermon  on  the  text  which,  in  honor 
 of  his  memory,  I  have  chosen  as  the  text  of  my  dis- 
 course, representing,  as  I  do,  the  State  from  which  he 
 came. 
 
 "If  anything  more  than  another  can  illustrate 
 the  change  which  time  has  wrought,  it  is  the  geo- 
 gi'aphical  boundaries  of  our  Stiites  and  of  the  Synods 
 and  Presbyteries  of  our  Church.  We  can  now  hardly 
 realize  the  fact  that  Kentucky  was  once  only  the 
 continuation  of  a  county  in  Virginia,  and  that  it  was 
 not  entitled  even  to  be  called  'the  county  of  Ken- 
 tucky' until  1776;  that  it  was  not  even  a 'district ' 
 until  1780,  and  that  from  this  subordinate  position 
 it  sprang  into  a  sovereign  State  and  member  of  the 
 Union  in  179'2.  We  have  another  illustration  of  the 
 astonishing  growth  of  our  country  and  Church,  when 
 we  remember  that  in  1789  the  Synod  of  Virginia  was 
 composed  of  four  Presbyteries:  First,  the  Presbytery 
 of  Redstone,  which  covered  the  settlements  of  West- 
 ern Penu.sylvania;  second,  the  PresM'tcry  of  Han- 
 over, which  embraced  all  of  Eastern  Virginia;  third, 
 Lexington,  covering  the  valley  and  what  is  now 
 known  as  West  Virginia;  and  fourtli,  the  Presbytery 
 of  Transylvania,  which  included  the  District  of  Ken- 
 tucky, and  the  settlements  on  Cumberland  river, 
 e,xtending  into  what  is  now  the  State  of  Tennessee. 
 
 "It  was  into  this  vast  ecclesiastical  domain  that 
 Father  Rice,  in  the  providence  of  God,  came,  bearing 
 the  lamp  of  life,  and  near  the  spot  where  we  now 
 worship  the  first  congregation  gathered,  to  catch  the 
 early  light  which  for  a  hundred  years  has  been  bright- 
 ening and  broadening,  until  now  it  fills  not  only  the 
 territory  occupied  by  your  noble  Synod,  but  illumines 
 the  shores  of  the  Pacific. 
 
 "It  js  not  my  province  to-day  to  give  you  a  bio- 
 graphical sketch  of  this  pioneer  of  Presbyterianism, 
 or  of  any  of  the  little  band  who  accompanied  and 
 succeeded  him;  but  even  at  this  distant  period  we 
 
 cannot  contemplate  the  work  accomplished  by  these 
 servants  of  Christ  without  a  new  thrill  of  admiration 
 at  the  zeal,  fortitude  and  perseverance  with  which 
 they  fulfilled  the  great  mission  entrusted  to  them. 
 When  we  say  they  labored, and  we  are  entered  into  their 
 labors,  we  mean  much  more  than  that  their  labors 
 were  the  illustration  of  mere  activity; thej'  were  al.so 
 the  illustration  of  the  privations,  the  self-denials  and 
 sufierings  they  endured.  They  illustrated  what  has 
 been  true  in  all  lands  and  in  all  times,  of  those  who 
 have  done  the  pioneer  work  of  the  world — what  has 
 been  true  of  all  reformers  and  philanthropists  and 
 champions  of  truth  and  righteousness. 
 
 "  It  has  ever  been  the  lot  of  such  men  so  to  toil 
 while  others  rested;  to  watch  while  others  slept: 
 and  often  to  bear  the  ridicule  and  the  misrepresenta- 
 tion and  the  persecution  of  those  whom  they  souglit 
 to  save  and  bless. 
 
 "  *  Count  me  o'er  earth's  chosen  heroes; 
 They  were  souls  that  stooti  alone, 
 While  tile  men  they  agonized  fur 
 Hurled  the  contumelious  stone.' 
 
 "  Such  has  been  the  cost  of  inheritance  bequeathed 
 to  us  l)y  those  who  have  maintained  the  empire  of 
 principle  in  the  world  in  all  generations. 
 
 "And  now,  having  completed  our  review  of  the 
 influences  which  shaped  the  men  whose  noble  office 
 it  was  to  lay  the  foundation  of  the  institutions  which 
 we  most  love  and  cherish,  since  we  know  what  fire 
 it  wa,s  which  fused  the  metal,  and  what  forces  they 
 were  which  formed  the  moulds  into  wliich  that  metal 
 was  cast,  we  cau  more  easily  account  for  much  that 
 is  characteristic  in  the  spirit,  and  we  can  better 
 appreciate  the  distinctive  features  of  the  Church 
 which  claims  our  allegiance  and  heartfelt  homage. 
 
 "In  this  discussion  I  distinctly  disavow  the  pur- 
 pose of  seeking  to  create  the  impression  that  Pres- 
 byterians claim  any  monopoly  of  the  honor  which 
 belongs  equally  to  all  patriots  antt  Christians  of  other 
 churches  who  labored  with  them  to  secure  the  sacred 
 right  of  conscience,  and  the  civil  liberty  we  enjoy. 
 
 "There  are  men  of  other  lineage  and  of  other 
 faiths  than  ours,  whose  names  are  illustrious  in  the 
 annals  of  the  country,  and  dear  to  our  hearts  because 
 of  their  splendid  services  in  the  cause  of  freedom  in 
 the  Church  and  in  the  State.  Did  time  permit,  and 
 if  this  occasion  rendered  it  appropriate,  I  would  pay 
 deserved  tributes,  and  make  Special  acknowledg- 
 ments of  the  efficient  aid  rendered  by  those  who 
 co-operated  with  our  fathers  in  their  conflict  for  tlie 
 right  and  true.  So  when  I  refer  to  what  I  consider 
 some  of  the  peculiar  characteristics  of  our  own 
 Church,  which  give  it  a  claim  upon  our  love  and 
 labor,  it  is  not  to  disparage  others.  Nothing  is  more 
 foreign  to  my  disposition  and  purpose  than  to  draw 
 invidious  comparisons,  or  to  make  comments  of  any 
 kind  on  the  faith  and  forms  of  other  churches.  I 
 desire  only  to  suggest  a  few  of  the  reasons  why  we 
 regard  our  own  as  worthy  of  the  warmest  devotion 
 
PLA.XTIXG  OF  I'RESBYTERIAKISir 
 
 1198 
 
 IX  KENTUCKY. 
 
 of  its  sons.  And  the  light  of  history  has  been  in- 
 voked, that  in  that  light  we  might  more  clearly  trace 
 the  development  of  its  life  through  ages  of  conflict 
 and  persecution,  and  that  we  might  the  better  appre- 
 ciate some  of  the  characteri.stics  which  commend  it 
 to  our  re;i.son  and  endear  it  to  our  hearts. 
 
 "  1.  We  honor  it  for  the  strict  conformity  of  its 
 outward  organization  to  what  we  undenstand  to 
 1)C  the  primitive  model  of  tlie  Church  of  the  Apostles; 
 the  j>arity  of  its  ministry;  its  representative  form  of 
 government;  the  minister  to  labor 'in  word  and  doc- 
 trine; the  ruling  elder  to  co-operate  with  him. in  all 
 that  pertains  to  its  spiritual  control;  the  deacons  to 
 have  oversight  of  its  temporal  interests;  each  freelj' 
 working  in  his  own  ajipropriate  sphere,  all  acting  in 
 unison,  with  reference  to  a  common  end;  all  a.ssimi- 
 lated  by  a  common  standard  of  doctrine  and  disci- 
 pline, and  compacted  into  a  unity  secured  by  a  system 
 of  representative  As.semblies. 
 
 "  2.  We  honor  it  because  of  the  spirituality  of  its 
 services,  and  the  simplicity  of  its  forms  of  worship 
 and  mode  of  administering  the  Divine  ordinances. 
 
 "3.  We  honor  it  becau.se  of  its  boldness  and 
 fidelity  in  proclaiming  and  defending  all  the  doc- 
 trines of  God's  Word — even  those  which  have  always 
 been  most  uncongenial  to  the  natural  heart — doctrines 
 which  some  suppress,  which  others  qualify,  and 
 which  others  repudiate. 
 
 "  4.  We  honor  it  because,  in  sharp  contrast  with 
 those  systems  of  faith  which  enchain  and  enfeeble 
 the  understanding  by  suppressing  free  inquiry  and 
 committing  both  thought  and  conscience  to  the  keep- 
 ing of  spiritual  guardians,  the  tendency  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian system  has  been  to  encourage  investigation, 
 to  vindicate  the  right  of  pri\ate  judgment,  and  to 
 stimulate  and  develop  the  intelligence  of  the  people — 
 the  demonstration  of  which  is  to  be  found  in  the 
 splendid  literature  it  has  created ;  in  the  contribu- 
 tions of  its  writers  to  mental,  moral  and  physical 
 science,  and  above  all,  to  theology,  the  queen  of  all 
 the  sciences;  so  that,  wherever  our  church  has  been 
 planted,  its  fruits  have  been  seen  in  the  school,  the 
 a<-ademy,  the  college,  and  the  university,  the  free 
 press,  the  free  Bible,  the  free  pulpit  and  the  free 
 people. 
 
 ".5.  We  honor  it  because  the  intelligence  of  the 
 people,  quickened  by  C'alvinistic  training,  has  given 
 rise  to  thi'  di-mand  for  a  thoroughly-educated  minis- 
 try, and  though  not  nunn-rically  the  strongest  of  the 
 denominations  in  the  land,  it  contains  the  largest 
 nnnitur  of  theological  seminaries,  as  well  as  the  most 
 thorough  and  comprehensive  in  the  course  of  study 
 required. 
 
 "6.  We  honor  it  because  the  moral  influence  of 
 our  church  in  any  community  where  it  has  been 
 planted  is  out  of  all  i)roportion  to  its  numbers.  Its 
 aspect  toward  fashionable  amusements  and  i)o))ular 
 vices  may  be  provokingly  .stern  and  forbidding,  ))ut 
 there   is   a    force,  in    its   rebuke    which    is   felt   and 
 
 acknowledged.     Its  spirit  is  always  conservative;  its 
 
 influence  ever  on  the  side  of  law  and  order,  and  its 
 
 j  example  one   of    reverence    for   lawful    authority. 
 
 j  Wherever  it  entrenches  itself  in  any  community,  it  is 
 
 !  a    barrier    against    anarchy  and  misrule,    standing 
 
 equally  ready   to   oppose    violence,    whether  of  the 
 
 magistrate  or  the  mob. 
 
 "7.  We  honor  it  because  of  its  generous  and  kindly 
 bearing  toward  all  other  evangelical  churches.  It 
 does  not  deny  the  validity  of  their  ordination  or  .sac- 
 raments, even  when  it  believes  them  to  be  irregular. 
 It  can  unite  cordially  with  other  Christians  in  the 
 promotion  of  genuine  revivals;  can  invite  them  to  the 
 communion  table  and  sit  down  at  theirs,  laboring 
 with  them  in  every  good  word  and  work,  and 
 rejoicing  in  the  success  of  all  who  are  toiling  to  ad- 
 vance the  cause  of  Christ  in  the  world. 
 
 "  8.  We  honor  our  Church  because  of  the  noble  stand 
 it  has  always  taken  in  behalf  of  civil  and  religious 
 liberty.  It  would  be  strange,  indeed,  were  it  other- 
 wise, for  the  history  of  Presbyteriauism,  as  we  have 
 seen,  has  been  the  history  of  conflict  with  tyranny  in 
 the  Church  and  State  from  the  beginning.  Pome  of  us 
 are  the  descendants  of  the  men  who,  at  the  foot  of  the 
 heath-clad  Grampians,  contended  for  Christ's  crown 
 and  covenant,  or  who  fought  the  dragoons  of  Claver- 
 house  at  Bothwell  Bridge,  or  at  the  siege  of  London- 
 derry resisted  to  the  death  the  array  of  King  James. 
 Those  were  the  days  when  the  Presbyterians  of  Scot- 
 land suffered  extremities  which  no  tongue  can  tell — 
 from  hunger,  nakedness,  and  banishment — compelled 
 to  hide  tliemselvcs  in  damp  caves  and  clefts  of  the 
 rock,  without  shelter,  fire,  food  or  clothing;  with 
 none  to  pity  or  succor  them;  when  fathers  were 
 hanged  or  shot  for  protecting  their  children,  and 
 children  for  defending  their  parents,  and  husbands 
 for  shielding  the  wives  of  their  bo.soms  from  the 
 violence  of  the  brutal  troopers  of  the  royal  army. 
 
 "Others  of  us  can  trace  our  ancestry  to  the  men  who 
 were  comjielled  by  Bourbon  tyranny  to  flee  from 
 their  once  happy  homes  in  the  fertile  plains  of  Lan- 
 guedoc,  or  the  delightful  valleys  of  the  Loire,  and 
 who  found  an  asylum  on  the  high  banks  of  the 
 James,  in  Virginia,  or  on  the  low  lands  of  the  Santee 
 and  Cooper  rivers,  in  South  Carolina. 
 
 "  There  is  among  my  own  kindred  the  old  family 
 Bible  which  their  Huguenot  ancestors  carried  first  to 
 Holland  and  then  to  Virginia.  Its  covers  are  worn; 
 its  leaves  are  yellow  and  faded;  they  have  often  been 
 wet  with  the  salt  spray  of  the  .sea,  and  the  salt  tears 
 of  the  sorrowing  exiles;  the  names  in  the  family 
 register  are  growing  dim;  I  trust  they  are  bright  in 
 the  Book  of  Life. 
 
 "Then  did  the  people  of  God  suffer  and  bleed,  botli 
 upon  the  field  and  the  scaft'old;  and  yet,  while  we 
 read  the  annals  of  tho.se  days  with  indignatiMU  and 
 bitter  tears,  we  read  them  also  with  the  n\ost  glowing 
 gratitude  and  admiration  at  the  recollection  of  the 
 constancy  and   triumphant   heroism  of  the  men  who 
 
PORTER. 
 
 1199 
 
 PORTER. 
 
 chose  to  embrace  the  stjike  rather  than  refuse  to  em- 
 l)race  the  cross.  From  tlie  h)n<!;  night  and  storm  of 
 these  persecutions  there  blazed  forth  the  liurning  and 
 the  sliining  lights  of  the  world;  but  now,  thank  God, 
 here,  in  the  goodly  land  which  His  providence  pre- 
 pared for  them,  the  descendants  of  the  Covenanter 
 and  the  Huguenot  and  the  noble  martyrs  of  the  North 
 of  Ireland  are  found  dwelling  together,  with  none  to 
 molest  them  or  make  them  airaid ;  and  yet  ready,  as 
 ever,  I  trust,  if  need  be — ready  once  more  to  brave 
 and  peril  all,  for  the  testimony  of  Jesus  and  for  t!ie 
 defence  of  the  faith  delivered  to  the  saints. 
 
 "And  now,  fathers  and  brethren  of  this  venerable 
 Synod,  these  hallowed  memories  make  their  own  ap- 
 peal. We  cannot  but  highly  prize  what  has  been  so 
 dearly  purchased.  If  not  the  lineal  descendants  of 
 the  men  of  whom  I  have  been  speaking,  we  are  the 
 inheritors  of  their  faith.  If  their  blood  does  not  run 
 in  OUT  veins,  their  principles  possess  our  souls.  We 
 are  now  the  representatives  of  the  Church  which  they 
 so  nobly  represented  in  their  day.  Be  it  ours  to 
 conserve,  defend,  and  transmit  to  those  who  come 
 after  us,  the  institutions  which  we  liold  in  trust  for 
 the  generations  yet  unborn.  Let  the  hallowed 
 recollections  of  the  past  stir  within  us  the  resolve  to 
 make  the  future  fuller  of  all  noble  sacrifice  and  ser- 
 vice, so  that  the  evening  star  of  memory  may  become 
 the  morning  star  of  hope,  and  light  the  way  to  new- 
 endeavor. 
 
 "What  we  now  need  is  a  new,  sweet  and  heavenly 
 unction  from  on  High — the  effusion  of  that  quickening 
 grace  which  will  arouse  tlie  slumbering  energies  of 
 our  Church  and  cause  every  man  to  do  his  duty  at 
 his  post,  and  by  properly  plying  every  instrumentality 
 for  good  within  his  reach,  thus  demonstrate  to  tlie 
 world  the  value  of  our  principles  and  the  efficiency  of 
 our  organization;  that  our  Church  may  stand  con- 
 fessed before  all  men  as  one  of  God's  chosen  instru- 
 ments in  filling  the  earth  with  the  knowledge  of  His 
 great  salvation,  and  that  because  of  its  influence  in 
 all  latitudes  and  in  all  lands,  it  may  be  truly  said, 
 '  The  people  that  sat  in  darkness  saw  great  light, 
 and  to  them  that  sat  in  tlie  region  and  shadow  of 
 death  light  has  sprung  up.'  " 
 
 Porter,  Abner  A.,  D.  D.,  was  the  son  of  Rev. 
 Francis  Porter  and  Isabella  Kilpatrick,  and  was  born 
 at  Asheville,  Xorth  Carolina,  A.  D.  1817,  and  died 
 in  Austin,  Texas,  on  Sabbath,  December  8th,  1872. 
 His  l:ither  had  six  sons,  four  of  whom  entered  the 
 ministry  in  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 Abner  received  his  early  training  in  an  academy 
 presided  over  b.y  his  father.  He  graduated,  with 
 distinction,  at  Princeton  College,  N.  J.,  about  A.  D. 
 1836  or  1837.  He  pursued  his  theological  studies  at 
 the  Seminary  in  Columbia,  S.  C,  where  he  was  dis- 
 tinguished for  close  application  to  his  studies,  and 
 exhibited  a  judgment  aud  ta.ste  of  rare  excellence  and 
 refinement.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Tuskaloosa,  Ala.,  in   the  Spring  of  1842, 
 
 and  in  October  of  the  same  year  was  ordained  by  that 
 Presbyter)-,  and  installed  as  pa-^tor  over  two  small 
 country  congregations  in  Green  county,  Ala.  He  w-as 
 at  once  recognized  as  one  of  tin;  ablest  preachers  of 
 that  region. 
 
 In  the  year  1840  he  removed  to  Charleston,  S.  C, 
 where,  for  a  time,  he  assisted  Dr.  Thomas  Smyth,  of 
 the  Second  Church.  During  this  period  that  church 
 was  blessed  with  the  outpouring  of  God's  Spirit; 
 many  -were  added  to  the  Church,  and  a  colony  was 
 sent  out  and  organized  into  a  church,  called  the  Glebe 
 Street  Church,  of  Charleston. 
 
 In  the  year  18.11  he  accepted  a  call  to  the  First 
 Church,  Selnia,  Ala.  Here  his  health,  never  robust, 
 gave  way  under  his  heavy  labors,  and  he  was  com- 
 pelled to  resign  his  charge.  After  many  months  of 
 great  suffering,  he  was,  in  a  measure,  relieved  by  a 
 .skillful  surgical  operation,  and  so  far  regained  his 
 health  as  to  be  able  to  resume  labor. 
 
 He  then  became  editor  of  the  Southern  Presbyterian, 
 published  in  Columbia,  S.  C,  which  paper  he  con- 
 ducted with  distinguished  ability  until,  by  the  issues 
 of  the  war,  the  publiciition  of  the  paper  was  sus- 
 pended. 
 
 Leaving  Columbia  he  took  charge  of  a  church  in 
 Greenville,  S.  C,  where  he  labored  for  a  number  of 
 years,  greatly  beloved  by  all  the  people  of  God  in 
 that  region. 
 
 In  the  year  1869,  at  the  request  of  the  Committee 
 of  Domestic  Mi-ssious  of  the  Southern  Church,  he 
 made  a  tour  of  inspection  through  Southeru  and 
 Middle  Texas,  to  learn  the  condition  and  wants  of 
 the  Church  in  that  region.  The  result  of  this  visit 
 w-as  that  the  Committee,  impressed  with  the  import- 
 ance of  supplying  that  region  with  the  gospel,  urged 
 him  to  return  to  Texas  and  take  charge  of  the  Church 
 at  Austin.  To  their  urgency  he  reluctantly  yielded, 
 feeling  that  his  strength  was  not  equal  to  the  work 
 w-hich  they  w-ished  him  to  undertake;  but  leaving  a 
 people  to  whom  h*  was  devoted,  and  who  loved  him 
 so  well,  he  bowed  to  what  he  regarded  as  a  call  of 
 duty  and  removed  to  Texas.  The  position  which  he 
 assumed  in  Austin  was  one  requiring  much  labor, 
 guided  by  much  wisdom,  patience  and  prudence. 
 These,  by  the  grace  of  God,  he  brought  to  the  w-ork, 
 and  greatly  endeared  himself  to  the  people  of  God  in 
 that  city. 
 
 But  the  burden  proved  too  heavy  for  him.  His 
 health  rapidly  declined,  and  on  Sabbath,  December 
 8th,  1872,  he  fell  asleep  iii  Jesus. 
 
 Dr.  Porter  was  a  man  of  rare  gifts  and  endow-- 
 ments.  His  mind  was  admirably  w-ell  balanced  and 
 well  disciplined;  of  sound  judgment,  refined  taste 
 and  accurate  scholarship.  As  a  preacher,  he  was  emi- 
 nently evangelical.  He  was  an  able  defender  of 
 the  system  of  doctrines  set  forth  in  our  Standards, 
 having  made  himself  master  of  the  literature  con- 
 nected with  its  formation  and  history.  He  was 
 thoroughly  honest    m  his  \-iews,  and  strenuous  in 
 
PORTER. 
 
 1200   PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH,  CAYUGA,  X.  Y. 
 
 their  defence,  but  was  not  an  extremist.  His  man- 
 ner in  the  pulpit  w^s  always  grave  and  earuest.  In 
 his  younger  years  some  may  have  thought  there  was 
 a  lack  of  gentleness  in  his  manner  when  controvert- 
 ing opinions  which  he  regarded  as  hostile  to  the 
 truth.  This  grew  out  of  the  intensity  of  his  convic- 
 tions. But  m  maturer  life  it  all  disappeared,  and  his 
 manner  was  eminently  tender  and  gentle.  He  dwelt 
 much  on  the  love  of  God  in  Christ,  and  the  deep  ex- 
 periences of  the  believer's  heart  in  its  conflict  with  sin. 
 
 In  his  intercourse  with  men  at  large,  he  was  re- 
 garded as  too  reserved,  which  was  sometimes  attril)- 
 uted  to  haughtiuess.  But  this  wa.s  a  mistake.  It  was 
 constitutional,  rather.  Few  men  could  be  less  in- 
 fluenced by  the  outward  circumstances  of  men  than 
 he  was.  He  was  singularly  free  from  prejudice, 
 envy  and  censoriousness,  in  judging  and  speaking  of 
 men.  He  was  dignified,  manly,  generous  and  just 
 in  all  his  intercourse  with  men.  In  prayer  he  was 
 most  remarkable.  Xo  one  who  heard  him  once  could 
 ever  forget  the  deep  solemnity  of  his  whole  manner; 
 the  simplicity,  the  earnestness  of  his  petitions,  and 
 the  confiding  tone  in  which  they  were  uttered,  could 
 not  fail  to  fix  attention.  To  the  plain,.illiterate  wor- 
 shiper there  was  in  his  manner  a  strange  fascination. 
 We  knew  a  pious  old  slave,  a  domestic,  who,  when  she 
 would  hear  his  name  called  to  a.sk  the  blessing  at  the 
 table,  would  drop  whatever  work  she  was  at  and 
 hasten  to  the  dining-room  door  to  listen,  absorbed,  to 
 that  brief  and  simple  prayer  from  his  lips.  Indeed, 
 in  all  his  public  performances,  while  he  commanded 
 the  respect  and  the  admiration  of  the  most  cultivated, 
 he  fixed  the  attention  and  won  the  hearts  of  the 
 plain  and  the  poor,  who  learned  to  love  him  with 
 simple  devotion. 
 
 Porter,  Albert  H.,  a  nephew  of  General  Peter 
 B.  Porter,  Secretary  of  War  under  President  Adams, 
 was  born  at  Canandaigua  N.  Y.,  October  25th,  1801. 
 He  came  with  his  parents  to  Niagara  Falls,  in  1806, 
 and  united  with  the  Presbyterian  Church  there,  in 
 1831.  In  December  of  the  same  year  he  was  ordained 
 elder,  which  oflice  he  has  now  filled  for  fifty-three 
 years,  the  longest  service  ever  rendered  by  any  elder 
 in  Niagara  Presbytery.  In  faith  he  has  always  been 
 soundly  orthodox;  and  he  has  also  adhered  loyally  to 
 the  Church  of  his  choice.  Both  the  spiritual  and 
 temporal  interests  of  the  Church  have  always  been 
 near  and  dear  to  his  heart.  Having  been  blessed 
 with  a  generous  portion  of  worldly  goods,  he  has 
 acted  the  part  of  a  wise  and  conscientious  steward. 
 Besides  standing  ready  at  all  times  to  give  whatever 
 was  needed  for  Church  purposes  at  home,  he  is  a 
 regular  and  generous  contributor  to  the  Boards.  His 
 charities  have  also  been  extended  to  the  American 
 Bible  Society,  and  many  other  Christian  Institutions, 
 such  as  Auburn  Seminary  and  Hamilton  College. 
 And  he  loves  to  dispense  his  benevolence,  in  a  quiet 
 way,  to  the  poor  of  his  village,  and  to  our  Home 
 Missionaries  on  the  frontier.     Thus  for  more  than 
 
 half  a  century  Elder  Porter  has  stood  as  a  pillar  in 
 the  Church  of  Niagara  Falls. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Caynga,  New  York. 
 The  first  missionary,  in  all  probability,  who  visited 
 any  part  of  the  territory  of  Western  New  York  was 
 the  Rev.  Samuel  Kirtland.  In  1791  or  '92  Mr.  Kin- 
 ney is  spoken  of  as  laboring  in  what  is  now  North- 
 ville.  He  held  meetings  in  the  hou.se  of  Ebenezer 
 Hoskins.  Eev.  Daniel  Thatcher  wa.s  .sent  into  West- 
 ern New  York,  by  the  General  Assembly,  in  1795. 
 In  1798  Dr.  Hillyer  was  sent  to  labor  in  this  region, 
 Genoa  and  Aurora  being  particularly  named.  Dr. 
 Seth  AVilliston  labored  in  Jliltou  (Genoa)  in  1799,  and 
 organized  a  church  in  Locke  the  same  year.  But  up 
 to  the  close  of  the  year  1800  no  minister  of  the  Pres- 
 byterian or  Congregational  Denomination  had  been 
 settled  in  this  region.  Prior,  however,  to  1800  .sev- 
 eral Christian  Societies  had  been  organized.  Regular 
 religious  services  were  held  at  Northville  as  early  as 
 1793,  in  the  house  of  Benjamin  Close.  And  in  1798, 
 at  Northville,  was  organized  the  first  Presbyterian 
 church  of  the  county.  Tlie  Church  of  Aurelius  was 
 organized  in  1799,  and,  in  the  .s;ime  year,  one  in 
 Locke.  In  1800  a  church  was  formed  in  Scipio. 
 These  last  were  afterward  merged  in  other  Societies. 
 
 Under  the  influence  of  ' '  the  Great  Revival  of  1800, ' ' 
 when  copious  showers  of  divine  grace  swept  up 
 and  down  the  Atlantic  coast,  leaping  the  Alli-gheny 
 range,  and  ceasing  not  until  they  refreshed  the  very 
 limits  of  this  then  western  frontier,  the  pastors  of 
 many  flourishing  churches  in  Connecticut  and  Mas-sa- 
 chusetts  left  their  homes  and  came  into  these  wilds, 
 to  labor  for  the  souls  of  the  new  settlers. 
 
 Among  the  workers  who  first  labored  in  Cayuga, 
 was  the  Eev.  David  Higgins,  wlio,  iis  early  a.s  1801, 
 was  sent  by  the  Missionary  Society  of  Connecticut, 
 on  a  mission  of  four  months  to  the  new  settlements  in 
 the  State  of  New  York.  He  went  ius  far  the  Genesee 
 river.  On  his  return,  among  other  places,  he 
 preached  at  the  town  of  Aurelius,  which  then  com- 
 prised the  present  town,  and  also  Auburn,  Fleming 
 and  Springport.  The  same  year  he  received  and 
 accepted  a  call  from  the  Aurelius  Church,  and  in 
 July,  1302,  moved  his  family  from  Connecticut.  In 
 September,  1802,  he  was  installed  by  an  Ecclesiastical 
 Council,  and  soon  after  a  church  was  erected.  The 
 population  was  so  scattered,  however,  that  divine 
 services  were  held  alternately  at  Auburn,  Aurelius, 
 Cayuga  and  Grover's  .settlement  (now  Fleming).  Mr. 
 Higgins  seems  to  have  labored  on  this  circuit  until 
 1811,  when  the  First  Church  of  Auburn  was  organ- 
 ized, in  July.  After  that  time  his  work  was  with  the 
 First  Church  of  Auburn  alone,  until  his  relations  with 
 Aurelius  were  dissolved,  in  1813. 
 
 From  1811-19  this  people  were  supplied  with 
 monthly  missionary  preaching,  and  worshiped  with 
 the  Aurelius  Society,  which  at  that  time  occupied 
 the  old  stone  church  which  used  to  stand  opposite 
 the  place  now  owned  by  Dr.  Hamilton. 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH,  CAYUGA,  N.  Y.    1201  PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH,  CHESTER,  N.  J. 
 
 On  the  26th  of  April,  1819,  a  public  meeting  was 
 called  in  the  school-house  (the  rear  of  the  present 
 Davis'  Hall),  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a  religious 
 society  in  the  vilhigc  of  Cayuga.  It  was  resolved 
 that  it  should  be  organized  according  to  the  Presby- 
 terian form  of  government,  and  be  known  by  the 
 name  of  "The  Presbyterian  Society  of  the  Village  of 
 Cayuga." 
 
 Loring  Willard,  Jonathan  Whitney,  Uri  Foot, 
 Daniel  Mcintosh,  Solomon  Dewey  and  Jeremiah 
 Hallock  were  duly  elected  trustees  of  said  Society. 
 One  week  and  a  day  later  (May  3d),  this  Society  met 
 at  the  same  place,  and  out  of  their  number,  under 
 the  direction  of  Rev.  Joshua  Lane,  of  the  Presbytery 
 of  Cayuga,  and  Kev.  William  Hiicon,  of  the  Prcsbj'tery 
 of  Geneva,  the  following  si.xteen  members  from  the 
 church  of  Aurelius  were  formed  into  a  church,  viz. : 
 John  Fitch,  Gershom  B.  Gillett,  Doring  Willard,  Jere- 
 miah Hallock,  Bazaleel  Shaw,  Jr.,  Abbey  P.  Allen, 
 Percy  Shaw,  Temperance  Bernan,  Susan  Annin, 
 Mcliscent  Foot,  Roxy  Ann  Foot,  Parthenia  M.  Foot, 
 Philomela  Perry,  Polly  Savage  and  Tabitha  Mc- 
 intosh. 
 
 On  the  20th  day  of  June  following.  Rev.  William 
 Bacon  presiding,  twelve  more  were  received  by  letter 
 from  the  church  of  Aurelius,  and  Thomas  Muraford, 
 Jeremiah  Hallock,  Elias  Thompson  and  Gershom  B. 
 Gillett  were  elected  ruling  elders,  and  Elias  Thomp- 
 son was  chosen  deacon. 
 
 On  the  20th  day  of  the  same  month  the  Church  at 
 Seneca  Falls  and  this  united  in  settling  as  their 
 pastor  the  Rev.  William  Bacon. 
 
 Mr.  Bacon's  relation  to  the  Church  of  Cayuga  was 
 dissolved  February  6th,  1821.  In  July  of  the  same 
 year  this  church  Wiw  transferred  from  Geneva  to 
 Cayuga  Presbytery,  under  whoso  care  it  has  since 
 remained.  On  the  2r5d  day  of  July,  1821,  a  call  w:us 
 made  to  the  Rev.  Mi-dad  Pomeroy  to  become  pastor 
 of  this  church,  and  officiate  one-half  the  time  in 
 Aurelius  Church.  Mr.  Pomeroy  was  installed 
 August  8th,  1821.  Under  his  labors  the  Society  con- 
 tinued to  prosper,  and  the  meeting  house  was  com- 
 pleted and  dedicated  February  26th,  1823.  As  soon 
 as  the  church  was  coni|)leted,  Mr.  Pomeroy  was  re- 
 leased from  the  Aurelius  Church,  and  for  tea  years, 
 viz.,  till  January,  18.33,  ministered  to  the  Society  at 
 Cayuga  alone,  making  his  entire  labors  here  of  twelve 
 years'  duration. 
 
 After  Mr.  Pomeroy  came  Rev.  Octavius  Fitch,  who 
 supplied  the  church,  and  with  good  success,  during 
 the  year  1833.  Following  Mr.  Fitch  came,  in  April, 
 1834,  Rev.  Henry  Snyder,  who  remained  one  year. 
 Rev.  Erastus  H.  Adams  followed  Mr.  Snyder,  and 
 labored  from  June,  1835  to  February,  1836.  After 
 Mr.  Adams  left,  the  pulpit  was  supplied,  for  a  time, 
 partly  from  the  Seminary  at  Auburn,  but  principally 
 by  an  aged  clergyman  by  the  name  of  Clark.  Rev. 
 T.  R.  Townsend  began  to  labor  in  the  church  July 
 yfh,  1837.  and  was  installed  pastor  in  1838.  Mr. 
 76 
 
 Townsend  was  highly  esteemed  as  a  man  and  a 
 Christian.  During  his  ministry  the  church  was  in  a 
 prosjK'rous  condition,  spiritually  and  financially. 
 
 After  Mr.  Townscnd's  dismissal  ilr.  Pomeroy  re- 
 turned as  stated  supply,  in  which  relation  he  con- 
 tinued until  1852.  During  his  second  ministry  there 
 was  a  very  gracious  visitation  of  the  Holy  Spirit.  In 
 July,  1854,  Rev.  Timothy  M.  Hopkins  was  engaged 
 as  stated  supply,  which  relation  he  sustained  until 
 1860.  Tlie  Rev.  F.  W.  Roberts  came  to  Cayuga  in 
 May,  1860,  but  his  labors  were  suddenly  cut  short, 
 by  death,  in  September  of  the  same  year.  He  was 
 much  beloved  and  bis  decease  deeply  lamented.  The 
 Rev.  H.  H.  Allen  labored  as  stated  supply,  from 
 Jlay,  1861,  to  November,  1869.  Under  his  labors 
 there  Wiis  a  steady  growth  in  both  temporal  and 
 spiritual  affairs.  The  Rev.  G.  P.  Sewall  was  installed 
 pastor,  December  28th,  1870,  and  his  labors  during 
 his  continuance  in  this  relation  were  largely  blessed. 
 The  Rev.  Edward  P.  Willard  is  at  present  stated 
 supply  of  the  congregation. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Chester,  Morris  county, 
 N.  J.  The  history  of  this  church  (formerly  the 
 Church  of  Black  River  and  sometimes  the  Church  of 
 Roxbury)  runs  back  tothe  middleof  the  la-st  century. 
 It  W.1S  founded  by  settlers  from  the  eastern  end  of 
 Long  Island,  N.  Y.  Previous  to  1740,  a  Presbyterian 
 house  of  worship  had  been  erected  between  Black 
 River  and  Mendham,  one  and  a  half  miles  west  of 
 Mendham.  In  1745  a  church  building  was  erected 
 in  Mendham  Village,  and  the  Presbyterians  of  Black 
 River  soon  after  were  organized  into  a  chufch,  under 
 the  name  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Congregation  of 
 Roxbury,  and  erected  an  edifice  about  a  mile  and  a 
 half  north  of  the  present  village  of  Chester. 
 
 The  first  pastor  was  the  Rev.  Samuel  Harker  or 
 Ilarcour,  probably  of  Huguenot  descent.  He  giadu- 
 ated  at  Princeton  College;  was  licensed  to  preach  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  and,  according  to 
 the  records  of  that  Presbytery,  was  ordained  and 
 installed  at  Roxbury,  on  Black  river,  one  of  the  head 
 waters  of  the  Raritan,  October  31st,  1752.  He  is 
 mentioned  in  "  Foote's  Sketches  of  North  Carolina," 
 where  some  of  his  family  resided,  as  remarkable  for 
 size,  vigor  and  strength.  One  of  his  daughters 
 married  Judge  Symmes,  of  Marietta,  Ohio,  and  was 
 mother-in-law  of  ex-President  Harrison.  The  son  of 
 another  daughter,  who  married  Dr.  Caldwell,  of 
 Lamington,  N.  J.,  was  Rev.  Dr.  Caldwell,  at  one 
 time  a  teacher  in  the  College  of  New  Jersey,  and  for 
 more  than  thirty  years.  President  (the  first)  of  the 
 University  of  North  Carolina. 
 
 In  1757  the  Presbytery  heard  that  he  had  imbibed 
 and  vented  certain  erroneous  doctrines,  and  were 
 about  to  proceed  against  him,  when  they  learned  that 
 he  had  left  his  charge  and  gone  as  a  chaplain  in  the 
 army.  By  order  of  Synod,  in  17.'59,  a  committee  met 
 at  Mendham  and  examined  a  paper  containing  Mr. 
 Harker's  principles,  many  of  which  they  found  to  be 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH, 
 
 1202 
 
 CHESTER,  MORRIS  COUNTY,  N.  J. 
 
 correct,  but  others  containing  errors.  On  hearing 
 this  report,  the  Synod  found  it  expedient  "  to  try  yet 
 whether  further  converse  may  convince  him,  and 
 agree  that  he  meet  with  Samuel  and  James  Finley, 
 John  Blair,  and  Robtrt  and  Sampson  Smith,  at 
 Nottingham,  in  November,  and  on  his  return  with 
 Gilbert  Tennent,  Treat  Ewing  and  Dr.  Ali.son."  He 
 met  with  these  committees,  but  without  benefit, 
 though  the  interview  lasted  two  days  and  one 
 evening. 
 
 In  1761  he  published  his  sentiments  in  a  book  en- 
 titled "Au  Appeal  to  the  Christian  World, "  to  which 
 Rev.  John  Blair  published  an  answer,  entitled  "The 
 Synod  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia  Defended. ' '     In 
 17(i3,  the    "Synod  condemned  his  propositions,   de- 
 claring that  they  could  not  continue  him  as  a  mem- 
 ber,  and  that  he  be   disqualified   for  preaching  or 
 exercising  his  ministry  anywhere,"  and  the  Church 
 of  Black  River  was  declared  vacant.     In  "Hodge's 
 History  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  "  there  are  several 
 references  to  this  case,  cited  as  one  of  the  earliest 
 instances  of  Presbyterian  oversight.     It  is  asserted 
 that  this  was  the  only  case  of  discipline  for  erroneous 
 doctrine  during  the  period  extending  from  1758-1789. 
 Mr.  Harker  perished  at  sea,  with  his  son,  who  was 
 on  his  way  to  England  to  receive  Episcopal  ordination. 
 For  five  years  after  the  removal  of  Mr.  Harker  the 
 church  was  under  the  care  of  Presbytery,  but  with- 
 out a  regular  pastor,  until  the  Autumn  of  \~m,  when 
 it  .settled  Rev.  "William  Woodhull,  of  Brookhaven, 
 Long  Island,  a  brother  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  John  Wood- 
 hull,  of  Freehold,  New  Jersey.     He  was  a  graduate 
 of  Princeton  College   (class  of  1764),    and  studied 
 theology  with  the  Rev.  Samuel  Buell,  of  East  Hamp- 
 ton, Long  Island.      After  a  few  years  he  was  obliged 
 to  relinquish  pastoral  labor,  on  account  of  bronchial 
 trouble,  but  still  renuiiucd  a  prominent  man  in  the 
 community.      He  opened  a  Latin  school,   in  which 
 General  Mahlon  Dickerson,  Secretary  of  the  Navy 
 under  General  Jackson,  was  a  scholar.  He  represented 
 Morris  county  in  the  First  Legislature  of  Independent 
 New  Jersey,  which  met  at  Princeton,    in  August, 
 1776.     He  was  elected  to  the  same  position  in  1777. 
 In  the  Legislature  at  Perth  Araboy,  in  1789,  and  in 
 that  of  Burlington,   in   1790,    he  again  represented 
 Morris    county   as   member  of   Council.      He    was 
 appointed  a  Jmlge  of  Common  Pleas  in  1808,  and 
 was  a  prominent  man  in  the  town  and  county  until 
 his  death,  in  1824. 
 
 In  1783  the  Presbytery  of  New  York  reported  that 
 they  had  left  the  name  of  Rev.  Wiliiam  Woodhull  out 
 of  their  list  of  members,  because,  on  account  of  feeble 
 health,  he  had  relinciuished  his  ministerial  duties. 
 "The  Synod  deeming  this  reason  to  be  insufficient, 
 directed  liis  name  to  be  restored  to  the  roll."  This 
 is  one  of  the  earliest  instances  of  Presbyterial  action 
 on  the  subject  of  the  demission  of  the  ministry. 
 During  the  American  Revolution  the  church  was 
 without  a  settled  pastor,  and  at  one  period  the  build- 
 
 ing was  used  as  a  hospital.  Near  the  close  of  the 
 war  an  unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  to  unite 
 with  the  Congregational  Church  of  the  town.  In 
 1785  Rev.  Samuel  Fordham,  of  Long  Island,  was 
 obtained  as  stated  supply,  and  installed  in  the  pas- 
 torate in  1786,  in  which  office  he  remained  for  thirty 
 years.  His  time,  like  that  of  Mr.  Woodhull,  was 
 divided  between  Roxbury  and  Succasunna. 
 
 He  was  succeeded,  about  1815,  by  Rev.  Jacob  Cass- 
 ner,  of  Baskingridge,  N.  J.,  a  graduate  of  the  College 
 and  Theological  Seminary  of  Princeton.  He  gave 
 this  church  one-third  of  his  time,  preaching  at  Black 
 River  (or  Che.ster),  German  Valley  and  Fox  Hill  (now 
 Fairmount).  From  Chester  he  was  called  to  'Wash- 
 ington, Warren  county,  where  he  died. 
 
 In  1818  the  church  called  to  the  pastorate  Rev. 
 John  Ernest  Miller,  of  Albany,  N.  Y.,  a  member  of 
 the  Reformed  (Dutch)  Church.  He  remained  in 
 Chester  until  the  Spring  of  1823,  when  he  took  charge 
 of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  of  Tomkinsville, 
 Staten  Island,  and  was  succeeded,  in  the  Autumn  of 
 the  same  year,  by  Rev.  Abraham  Williamson,  a 
 native  of  New  Jersey  and  a  graduate  of  Princeton 
 College  and  Seminary.  During  his  pastorate  of 
 thirty  years  important  changes  occurred.  Two  colo- 
 nies swarmed  from  the  mother  church. 
 
 In    1835    forty-eight   persons   were    dismissed   to 
 organize  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Mount  Olive,  and 
 in  18.)2  twenty-six  persons  were  dismissed  to  form 
 the  Pre-sbyteriau  Church  of  Flanders.     In  1851  the 
 congregation  abandoned  the  old  site  and  edifice,  and 
 built  and  occupied  the  house  in  the  village  in  which 
 they  now  worship.     Mr.   Williamson   remained   in 
 charge  of  the  church  until  1853,  in  the  Autumn  of 
 which  year  Rev.  George  M.  S.  Blauvelt  (son  of  Rev. 
 Dr.  William  Blauvelt,  for  more  than  fifty-five  years 
 pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  of  Lamington,  N. 
 J.),  a  graduate  of  Princeton  Seminary,  began  a  pas- 
 torate, which  continued  until  October,  1856.     From 
 June,  1857,  Rev.  Josiah  Markle,  of  the  College  and 
 Seminary  of  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  was  pastor  of 
 the  church  until  April,  18.58.     In  June,  1858,  James 
 F.  Brewster  (a  descendant  of  Elder  William  Brews- 
 ter, ofthe  Mayflower,  and  of  Rev.  Nathaniel  Brewster, 
 pastor  of  the  Church  of  Setauket,  Long  Island,  for 
 thirty-five    years    until    1691)   became    the    stated 
 supply,   and  was    ordained    and    installed    by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Passaic  in  October,    1858.     He   is  a 
 native  of  New  Jersey,  a  graduate  of  Rutgers  College 
 and  Princeton  Seminmy.     During  this  pastorate  the 
 membership  has  increased  about  fifty  per  cent.,   a 
 parsonage  has  been  built,  the  church  edifice  has  been 
 renovated,  a  pipe  organ  has  been  introduced,  and  a 
 handsome  chapel  has  been  erected,  the  latter  the  gift 
 of  Mr.  James  E.  Hedges,  of  Elizabeth,  N.  J. 
 
 On  the  21st  of  June,  1883,  the  congregation,  with  a 
 large  gathering  of  clergymen  and  friends,  celebrated 
 the  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  pastoral  labor,  with 
 appropriate  services. 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH  OF 
 
 1203 
 
 CROSS  CREEK,  PA. 
 
 Presbyterian.  Church  of  Cross  Creek,  Wash- 
 ington cDiniti/,  Pit.     The  rc^^ion  of  country  called  Cross 
 Creek  obtained  its  name  from  a  creek  whitli  empties 
 into  the  Ohio  river  near  Wellsburg,  West  Virginia, 
 while  another  creek  empties   into  the  same  river 
 directly  across   the  stream.     Hence  the  name  Cross 
 Creek.     This  region  is  very  fertile,  heavily  timbered, 
 well  watered,  and  abounds  in  bituminous  coal  of  the 
 best  quality.     It  began  to  be  settled  about  the  year 
 177(»-71.     The  first  settlers  were  mostly  Scotch-Irish. 
 Some  came  directly  from  the  North  of  Ireland  and 
 West  of  Scotland,  some  from  York  county,  Pennsyl- 
 vania, and  from  Winchester,  Virginia,  and  a  few  from 
 Mecklenburg,  North  Carolina.    Among  these  pioneers 
 were  some  pious  men,  who  began  to  hold  meetings 
 for  social  worship  as  early  as  1776-77.     Two  such 
 Societies  were  organized  within  the  bounds  of  Cross 
 Creek.     One  on  Irish  Ridge.     The  leading  members 
 of  this  Society  were  John  Morrison  and  Robert  Mc- 
 Cready  (both   of   whom    afterward    became    ruling 
 elders  of  the  Church  of  Cross  Creek),  William  Mc- 
 Candless  and  Samuel  Strain.    The  other  Society  held 
 their  meetings  at  the  house  of  3Iajor  William  Vance, 
 and  in  the  houses  around.     The  leaders  here  were 
 Major  William  Vance,  James  Campbell,  John  Stone, 
 Robert  Barr  and  William  Wilson.     For  several  years 
 these  settlers  were  greatly  harassed  by  incursions  of 
 hostile  Indians.     Not  a  few  of  those  who  fell  under 
 their  murderous  tomahawks  lie  in  the  burying  ground 
 of   this  congregation.     From    these  incursions   the 
 people  fled  into  Vance's  and  Wells'  forts— the  former 
 one  mile  north,  and  the  latter  five  miles  west  of  this 
 church.     In  these  forts,  social,  and  afterward  public 
 worship,  was  kept  up  for  about  seven  years — e.spe- 
 cially  in  Summer  and  Autumn — the  seasons  when 
 the  Indians  were  wont  to  make  their  raids.  On  these 
 meetings  the   Holy  Spirit  was    shed  down,   and  in 
 Vance's  fort  some  seven  or  eight  persons  were  con- 
 verted.    Among  these  were  Thomas  Marquis  and  his 
 wife  Jane.     Mr.  Marquis  subsequently  became  first 
 a  ruling  elder,  and  afterward  the  pastor  of  the  congre- 
 gation. 
 
 The  Rev.  James  Powers,  fiom  the  Forks  of  Yough- 
 iogheny,  visited  this  region,  and  preached  the  first 
 gospel  sermon  ever  heard  in  it  on  the  14th  of  Sep- 
 tember, 1778.  This  was  under  an  oak  tree,  just 
 outside  the  gate  of  Vance's  fort.  After  the  sermon 
 twenty-one  children  were  baptized.  Among  them 
 was  the  firstborn  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Marquis. 
 
 In  April,  1779,  the  Rev.  Joseph  Smith,  from 
 York  county,  Pennsylvania,  visited  this  region,  and 
 preached  several  sermons.  After  his  return  home 
 the  Rev.  John  McMillan  (who  had  come  with  his 
 family  to  Chartiers  in  '78)  preached  a  few  sermons 
 in  the  bounds  of  Cross  Creek.  These  sermons  greatly 
 stirred  up  the  people  to  obtain  the  stated  minis- 
 trations of  the  gospel  among  them.  In  the  early 
 Summer  of  1779  James  Edgar  came  from  York 
 county,    Pennsylvania,    and    purchased    a    farm    in 
 
 Cress  Creek.  About  the  same  time  Messrs.  Wil- 
 liam Smiley  and  Robert  Caldwell,  and  others, 
 came  from  the  same  region  (Chanceford  and  Slate 
 Ridge)  to  Upper  Buffalo.  These  likewise  desiring 
 the  ministrations  of  the  gospel,  the  two  companies 
 met  at  the  house  of  James  Marshall,  midway  between 
 Buff;ilo  and  Cross  Creek,  and  made  out  a  call  for  the 
 Rev.  Joseph  Smith,  who  had  been  their  minister  in 
 York  county.  This  call  is  dated  June  21st,  1779. 
 The  salary  promised  w;xs  seventy-five  pounds.  This 
 call  was  carried  down  to  the  Presbytery  of  New 
 Castle,  then  met  at  Carlisle,  by  Mr.  Edgar,  and  was 
 accepted  on  the  27th  of  October,  1779.  In  the  Sum- 
 mer of  1779  a  committee  of  three  persons  from  Cross 
 Creek  and  three  from  Upper  Buffalo  were  appointed 
 to  locate  sites  for  the  two  meeting  houses.  The 
 three  members  of  the  committee  from  Cross  Creek 
 were  Major  Wm.  Vance,  Robert  McCreadyand  Henry 
 Graham;  and  Messrs.  William  Smiley  and  Robert 
 Caldwell  were  two  of  the  members  from  Buflalo. 
 These  located  the  sites  where  the  houses  now  stand. 
 Henry  Graham,  Esq.,  donated  the  land  for  the 
 church  at  Cross  Creek. 
 
 In  the  Autumn  of  1779,  the  Rev.  Joseph  Smith 
 removed  with  his  family  to  his  new  charge.  Shortly 
 after  his  arrival  three  ruling  elders  were  chosen  by 
 vote  of  the  congregation,  viz:  James  Edgar,  John 
 Morrison,  and  George  Marquis.  Mr.  Edgar  had  been 
 ordained  an  elder  in  York  county.  Mr.  Manjuis  was 
 appointed  the  first  leader  of  the  singing  in  the  church. 
 In  the  Autumn  of  1779,  mainly  through  the  in- 
 fluence of  Mr.  Edgar,  Joseph  Patterson  removed 
 from  York  county  into  Cross  Creek.  He  was  a  sece- 
 der  from  the  North  of  Ireland;  had  been  a  school- 
 teacher in  York  county;  was  an  ardently  pious  man; 
 became  an  active  leader  in  meetings  for  social  wor- 
 ship; afterward  a  ruling  elder  in  the  church  of  Cross 
 Creek;  subsequently,  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  and 
 for  many  years  was  the  faithful,  successful  and 
 greatly  beloved  pastor  of  the  congregation  of  Rac- 
 coon, Pennsylvania. 
 
 In  the  Winter  of  1781  and  1782,  God  began  to 
 pour  out  His  Spirit  on  the  congregations  of  Upper 
 Buffalo  and  Cross  Creek.  In  the  Antumn  of  1782 
 the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper  was  adminis- 
 tered for  the  first  time  in  Cross  Creek.  About 
 fifty  persons  from  both  of  the  congregations  were 
 received  into  full  membership.  This  work  con- 
 tinued, with  but  little  abatement,  for  six  or  seven 
 years.  The  most  gracious  visitation  was  in  June, 
 1787,  when  about  fifty  members  were  added  to  the 
 church  of  Cross  Creek.  Mr.  Smith  preached  his  last 
 sermon  at  Cross  Creek  (from  Galatians  i,  8),  and  died 
 of  fever  and  inflammation  of  the  brain,  on  the  19th 
 of  April,  1792,  in  the  fifty-sixth  year  of  his  age.  His 
 fle.sh  rests  in  the  cemetery  of  Upper  Buffalo,  and  the 
 epitaph  recorded  on  his  tombstone  was  written  by  his 
 intimate  friend  and  fellow  laborer,  Rev.  Thaddeus 
 Dodd,  of  Ten  Mile,  Pa. 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH  OF 
 
 1204 
 
 CROSS  CREEK,  PA. 
 
 In  the  Winter  of  178-2-83,  the  first  addition  was 
 made  to  the  Session.  Tliis  addition  was  made  by 
 appointment  of  the  Scs/non,  and  consisted  of  Thomas 
 Marquis,  Joseph  Patterson  and  Joseph  Vance.  Near 
 the  end  of  Mr.  Smith's  pastorate  another  addition, 
 consisting  of  Rolxjrt  McCready,  Esq.,  Wm.  Rea,  Esq., 
 Henry  Graham,  Esq.,  Roliert  Lyle,  Hugh  Newell 
 and  Thomas  Marshall,  were  elected  by  the  people,  and 
 this  has  continued  ever  since  to  te  the  mode  of  addi- 
 tion. Tliese  were  ordained  and  instjilled  by  the  Rev. 
 James  Hu;;hes,  pastor  of  the  congregation  of  West 
 Liberty,  after  the  decease  of  Mr.  Smith.  After  being 
 supplied  by  the  I'resbytery  for  a  little  more  than  a 
 year.  Cross  Creek  gave  a  unanimous  call  to  the  Rev. 
 •   Thomas  Marquis  to  become  their  pastor. 
 
 Tliomas  Marquis  was  of  Irish  parentage,  born  in 
 Op<Miuon  Valley,  near  Winchester,  Va.,  in  the  year 
 17.j3.  In  1775  he  was  married  to  Miss  Jane  Park,  who 
 was  born  and  bred  in  the  same  region  of  country,  a 
 lady  of  great  personal  attractions,  and  well  qualified  to 
 discharge  the  duties  of  the  important  place  she  so  hon- 
 orably filled.  Shortly  after  their  marriage  this  pair 
 removed  to  Cross  Creek.  After  his  conversion  the 
 attention  of  Mr.  Marquis  was  turned,  by  the  advice 
 of  Messrs.  Smith  and  Dodd,  to  seek  the  gospel  min- 
 istry. (See  his  sketch.)  The  preaching  of  Mr.  Mar- 
 quis was  very  popular,  and  soon  he  received  three  calls 
 for  his  ministerial  ser\  ices — one  from  the  united  con- 
 gregations of  Bethel  and  Ebenezer,  another  from  Ten 
 Mile,  and  another  from  Cross  Creek.  The  call  from 
 Cross  Creek,  dated  October  18th,  1793,  was  accepted  on 
 the23<i  of  April,  1791 ;  and  as  the  congregation  of  Cross 
 Creek  was  under  the  c;vre  of  the  Presbytery  of  Ohio,  he 
 was  dismissed,  to  put  himself  under  the  care  of  that 
 Presbj-tery,  an<l  was,  by  them,  ordained  and  installed 
 on  the  13th  of  June  following.  jVlmut  the  same 
 time  Upper  Bufl'alo  had  given  a  call  to  the  Rev.  David 
 Smith,  son  of  their  former  pastor,  which  he  held  in 
 his  hands  for  consideration,  and  by  agreement,  Mr. 
 Maiquis  was  to  supply  their  pulpit  half  of  the  time, 
 till  they  obtained  a  pastor.  This  he  continued  to 
 do  till  the  beginning  of  the  year  1798,  a  period  of 
 three  years,  six  months  and  sev«;nteen  days.  From 
 that  date  all  his  ministerial  labors  were  given  to 
 Cro.ss  Creek,  till  October,  \&Hi,  a  little  over  thirty- 
 two  years  from  the  beginning  of  his  pastorate. 
 
 Under  the  ministry  of  Mr.  Marquis,  God  began  to 
 revive  His  work,  in  1799.  This  brought  about  thirty 
 members  into  the  church.  A  season  of  great  religious 
 declension  followed.  In  the  Summer  of  1802  there 
 begi>n  to  be  inerea-sed  interest  on  the  subject  of  reli- 
 gion, and  .some  additions  were  made  to  the  church. 
 This  feeling  increivsed  till,  on  the  .5th  of  October, 
 what  has  been  called  the  great  revival  was  fully 
 ushered  in.  This  work  was  attended  by  extraordi- 
 nary bodily  exercise.  This  exercise  was  never  relied 
 upon  by  the  ministers  and  elders  of  the  Presbytery 
 as  evidence  of  true  nliiiion.  Some  of  the  subjects 
 never  became    pious.     Some  who  were    eminently 
 
 pious  were  the  subjects  of  it.  And  not  a  few  of  the 
 subjects  became  hopefully  pious,  and  held  fast  and 
 adorned  their  profession  till  death.  This  revival  con- 
 tinued through  the  years  1803  and  1804,  and  brought 
 into  the  church  about  one  hundred  members. 
 
 During  this  pastorate  two  additions  were  made  to 
 the  Session.  In  1807,  John  Wilkins,  Esq.,  Thomas 
 Smith,  Esq.,  John  Marquis,  Hugh  Edgar,  and 
 Samuel  McKibben;  and,  in  1818,  Messrs.  John 
 Henry,  James  Fleming,  George  Newell,  Hugh  Lee, 
 George  Miller,  Andrew  Farrar  and  Joseph  Smith. 
 
 Before  resigning  his  charge,  in  1825,  Mr.  Marquis 
 earnestly  requested  the  Rev.  John  Stockton  to  con- 
 sent to  become  his  successor,  and  used  all  his  influ- 
 ence to  effect  that  end;  and  shortly  after,  seeing  his 
 wish  accomplished,  he  went  on  a  visit  to  Bellefon- 
 taine,  Ohio,  to  see  his  son-in-law,  the  Rev.  Joseph 
 Stevenson,  and  while  there  was  taken  ill  with  fever, 
 and  died  on  the  27th  of  September,  1827,  in  the 
 seventy-fourth  year  of  his  age.  His  flesh  sleeps 
 with  kindred  dust,  in  the  cemetery  of  Bellefontaine, 
 Ohio. 
 
 The  Rev.  John  Stockton,  who  was  licensed  to 
 preach  the  gospel  by  the  Presbytery  of  Washington, 
 April  20th,  1825,  and  afterward  spent  a  year  at 
 Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  shortly  after  re- 
 ceived a  unanimous  call  from  Cross  Creek  Church. 
 This  call  he  accepted  in  April,  1827;  began  to  preach 
 statedly  on  the  first  Sabbath  of  May,  and  was  or- 
 dained and  installed  on  the  20th  of  June  following. 
 In  these  services  the  pastor  elect  preached  a  trial 
 sermon,  on  a  test  chosen  for  the  occasion  by 
 Mr.  McCurdy,  viz:  Ps.  cxxv,  1,  "  They  that  trust 
 in  the  Lord,"  etc.  Dr.  Jennings  preached  the 
 ordination  sermon,  from  Col.  iv,  17,  "Take  heed 
 to  the  ministry,"  etc.,  and  Dr.  Anderson  gave  the 
 charges  to  the  pastor  and  the  congregation. 
 
 In  the  Winter  of  1827-28,  God  began  to  revive  his 
 work  again  in  Cross  Creek.  This  work  spread  over 
 Ivery  part  of  the  congregation,  and  continued  for 
 between  four  and  five  years.  And  so  powerful  was 
 it  that  at  one  time  one  hundred  and  twenty  persons 
 applied  for  privilege  to  come  to  the  Lord's  table. 
 Again,  in  1835-6-7,  God  revived  His  work,  and  some 
 one  hvmdred  and  forty  members  were  added. 
 Again,  In  1840-1-2,  there  was  another  season  of 
 refreshing,  when  about  one  hundred  persons  professed 
 to  have  passed  from  death  into  life.  Again,  in 
 1853-4,  GK)d  visited  and  brought  out  of  tlie  world 
 about  ninety.  Since  then,  in  1857-8-9,  gentle  show- 
 ers of  grace  have  distilled  on  this  hill  of  Zion— and 
 with  only  one  or  two  exceptions  there  have  been 
 some  added  to  the  church  at  every  communion 
 season. 
 
 At  the  commencement  of  this  pastorate  the  Session 
 consisted  of  the  following  members,  viz :  Hon. 
 Joseph  Vance,  Robert  McCready,  Esq.,  Samuel 
 McKibben,  George  Miller,  James  Fleming,  Andrew 
 Farrar,  Hugh  Lee  and  George  Newell.     In  1831  Hon. 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH, 
 
 1205 
 
 HAGEBSTOWN,  MD. 
 
 Walter  Graig  and  William  Cowen,  Ebenezer  Smith 
 and  John  Amspoker  were  added.  In  1837  General 
 James  Lee,  Abraham  Barber  and  James  Diusmore 
 were  installed.  In  1843  Messrs.  Greorge  Miller,  Jr., 
 Robert  Lee,  Thomas  Wilkin  and  John  McKibben. 
 In  1854  Messrs.  Joseph  Graham,  Joseph  Vance,  Jr., 
 and  Andrew  Reed;  and  in  1858  Messrs.  William  Lee, 
 Russel  T.  Johnson  and  Samuel  Cowen;  and  in  1866 
 Messrs.  James  Walker  and  William  M.  Campbell; 
 and  in  1870  Messrs.  Samuel  White,  Darid  Gault, 
 Richard  Wells  and  James  Donehoo,  Esq. 
 
 Id  1866  Messrs.  Samuel  ^Tiite  and  John  D.  Cowen 
 were  chosen  and  ordained  to  be  deacons;  and  in  1876 
 Messrs.  Isaac  M.  Lawtou,  Daniel  Hainer,  John  M. 
 Boyce  and  William  K.  Lj'le  were  added  t<j  the  Board. 
 
 The  congregation  of  Cross  Creek  has  erected  in  suc- 
 cession five  houses  of  worship,  viz:  The  first  in  177.9, 
 of  xinhewed  logs,  thirty-six  feet  long  b.v  twenty-two 
 feet  wide;  the  second  in  1784,  of  hewed  logs,  sixty 
 feet  by  thirty,  one  story  high  and  pulpit  in  the  side; 
 to  this,  afterward,  another  story  and  gallery  were 
 added.  This  house  was  burned  (supposed  to  have 
 been  fired  by  an  incendiary)  on  Sabbath  morning, 
 April  20th,  1803.  Forthwith  the  congregation  built 
 another  house,  of  stone,  fifty-six  feet  square.  This 
 was  the  house  in  which  the  congregation  worshiped 
 at  the  beginning  of  Dr.  Stockton's  pastorate.  This 
 house  becoming  too  strait,  another  was  erected,  of 
 brick,  A.  D.,  1830,  seventy-six  feet  by  fifty-six,  with 
 a  gallery.  The  walls  of  this  house  becoming  cracked, 
 and  in  the  opinion  of  some  unsafe,  were  taken  down, 
 and  the  present  house  built  in  1864,  on  the  same  site. 
 This  house  is  of  brick,  eighty-two  feet  by  fifty-four, 
 with  a  lecture  room,  a  Session  room  and  a  library 
 room  in  the  basement. 
 
 Dr.  Stockton  (see  his  Sketch)  resigned  his  pastorate 
 April  24th,  1877.  During  the  fifty  years  of  his  ser- 
 vice to  the  church,  meetings  for  prayer  and  for  the 
 monthly  concert  were  constantly  kept  up.  A  Sabbath 
 school,  organized  in  1821,  was  taught,  Summer  and 
 Winter,  without  interruption,  and  with  great  benefit 
 to  many  of  the  youth.  The  congregation  contributed 
 with  increasing  liberalitj'  to  all  the  schemes  of  benevo- 
 lence recommended  by  the  General  Assembly,  and 
 to  many  others  whose  object  is  to  promote  the 
 Redeemer's  kingdom.  And  besides  contributing 
 largely  to  build  up  three  other  congregations  organ- 
 ized within  her  original  bounds,  like  a  parent  hive, 
 she  has  sent  forth  numerous  colonies,  which  have 
 formed  the  nuclei  of  what  are  now-flourishing  churches 
 in  the  North  and  West  of  our  country. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Hag'ersto'wn,  SFd. 
 The  first  pastor  of  this  Church,  as  tar  as  is  known,  was 
 the  Rev.Thomas  McPherrin.  How  long,  precisely,  he 
 was  connected  with  it  in  this  character,  is  not  known, 
 but  as  there  is  in  the  Minutes  of  the  Presbj-tery  of 
 1774  a  notice  of  his  acceptance  of  a  call  from  the 
 'United  congregations  of  East  and  West  Conococheague 
 and  Jerusalem,  and  then,  in  the  Minutes  of  1779,  a 
 
 notice  of  the  dissolution  of  his  pastoral  relation  to 
 the  people  of  Hagerstown,  it  is  evident  that  his  con- 
 nection with  that  congregation  was  of  short  duration. 
 I  In  1788,  in  compliance  with  a  supplication  from 
 Falling  Waters,  Hagerstown  and  Williamsport,  the 
 Rev.  Mr.  Caldwell  was  appointed  by  Presbytery  "as 
 j  a  constant  supply  for  those  places,  for  one  year." 
 
 From  about  1809,  the  Rev.  John  Lind  divided  his 
 I  time  between  Greencastle  and  Hagerstown.     He  was 
 I  a  sou  of  the  Rev.  Matthew  Lind,  and  came  from  Ire- 
 land in  1774,  and  shortly  afterward  organized  the 
 Associate  Reformed  Church,  his  church  being  erected 
 in  Greencastle.     Under  the  pastorate  of  the  younger 
 Lind,  the  first  church  on  South  Potomac  street  was 
 j  erected. 
 
 On  November  15th,  1^17,  Robert  Douglas,  John 
 '  Kennedy,  Joseph  Gabby  and  John  Robertson,  were 
 ordained  to  the  office  of  ruling  elder,  and  the  church 
 I  was  known  as  the  Associate  Reformed  Church.  On 
 the  following  day  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's  Supper 
 was  administered  for  the  first  time  by  an  English 
 Presbyterian  minister.  The  Society  thus  formed  com- 
 prised thirty -seven  members.  The  church  had  just 
 been  completed,  at  a  cost  of  $9149.17.  This  included 
 also  the  price  of  the  lot.  The  lot  upon  which  the 
 church  was  erected  was  purchased  for  §1500,  from 
 Gottlieb  Zimmerman.  From  the  organization  of  the 
 church  until  the  end  of  1824  there  were  added  to  its 
 membership  fifty-seven  persons.  In  1824  the  Rev. 
 Mr.  Lind  died. 
 
 In  September,  1825,  the  Rev.  Matthew  L.  Fuller- 
 ton  was  installed  pastor  of  the  church  in  Hagerstown. 
 The  church,  together  with  that  of  Greencastle,  united, 
 in  the  Spring  of  1825,  with  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle. 
 Mr.  Fullerton  miuLstered  to  the  congregations  of 
 Hagerstown  and  Greencastle,  upon  alternate  Sundays, 
 until  his  death,  September  17th,  1833.  The  Rev. 
 Richard  Wynkoop  was  installed,  June  25th,  1834, 
 when  the  severance  from  the  Greencastle  Church  be- 
 came final.  The  pastorate  of  Rev.  Mr.  Wynkoop 
 continued  until  his  death,  April  6th,  1842.  He  was 
 succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Herman  Douglass,  and  he  by 
 Rev.  John  F.  McLaren.  Mr.  William  Love,  a  licen- 
 tiate of  the  Presbytery  of  Baltimore,  was  called  to 
 the  church  in  1845.  At  the  same  time,  the  Associate 
 Reformed  Church  was  taken  under  the  care  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  Carlisle,  as  "The  Second  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  Hagerstown."  In  1846  the  First  and 
 Second  churches  were,  by  a  resolution  of  Presbytery, 
 and  on  their  own  request,  united,  to  be  known  as 
 "The  Presbyterian  Church  of  Hagerstown,"  the 
 name  by  which  it  was  designated  prior  to  the  separa- 
 tion. In  the  same  year  Mr.  Love's  labors  among  his 
 people  ceased,  and  he  was  dismissed  to  the  Presbytery 
 of  Winchester,  Va.  September  14th,  1846,  the  Rev. 
 Septimus  Tustin  was  called  and  came  in  response  to 
 the  call,  but  was  not  installed  until  the  following 
 year.  Dr.  Tustin  having  resigned.  Rev.  R.  W.  Dnnlap 
 was  next  called,  and  began  his  ministry  in  the  latter 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH 
 
 1206 
 
 IN  KENTUCKY. 
 
 part  of  1851  or  early  in  1852.  He  died,  February 
 17th,  1856,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Robert  A. 
 Brown,  who  was  called  early  in  the  year  1858. 
 
 In  the  Spring  of  1862  the  Rev.  Sir.  Brown  re- 
 signed, and  the  pulpit  was  afterward  filled,  and 
 until  September  24th,  1866,  by  Kev.  W.  C.  Stitt, 
 first  as  stated  supply  and  then  as  pastor.  February 
 18th,  1867,  the  Kev.  Tryon  Edwards,  D.  D.,  was 
 called,  and  took  charge  of  the  congregation.  He 
 resigned  October  29th,  1872.  In  April  following,  the 
 congregation,  at  the  annual  meeting,  directed  the 
 building  of  a  new  church.  July  24th,  1873,  the  Kev. 
 J.  C.  Thompson  was  called,  and  he  was  installed 
 November  18th  of  that  year.  Mr.  Thompson  re- 
 signed in  1879,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  J.  A. 
 Eoundthaler,  the  present  pastor.  The  old  church  on 
 South  Potomac  street  was  sold  to  the  Christian  Church 
 in  1878,  but  the  last  service  held  in  it  by  the  Presby- 
 terians was  on  Sunday,  December  18th,  1875.  The 
 n?w  church  was  dedicated  on  Sunday,  December 
 25th,  1875,  the  Rev.  Dr.  J.  T.  Smith,  of  Baltimore, 
 preaching  in  the  morning,  and  the  Rev.  George  P. 
 Hayes,  D.D.,  Presidentof  Washington  College,  preach- 
 ing in  the  evening.  The  edifice,  which  was  designed 
 by  E.  G.  Lind,  of  Baltimore,  is  of  gray  stone,  and  is 
 simple,  but  imposing,  in  design. 
 
 Presbsrterian  Church  in  Kentucky.  From 
 an  excellent  address  on  this  subject,  delivered  by 
 the  Rev.  J.  N.  Saunders,  at  the  celebration  of  the 
 "Centennial  of  Prcsbyterianism  in  Kentucky "  by 
 the  Synod  of  Kentucky  (South),  October  12th,  1883, 
 we  make  the  following  e.\tract : — 
 
 "The  Revolutionary  War  virtually  closed  with 
 the  surrender  of  Cornwallis,  at  Yorktown,  in  the 
 Fall  of  1781.  With  its  close,  multitudes  began  to 
 turn  their  hearts  and  faces  toward  the  rich,  cheap 
 and  unoccupied  lands  of  the  West.  Hitherto,  emi- 
 gration had  been  confined,  comparatively,  to  the  few; 
 to  hunters,  explorers,  land  jobbers,  and  those  who 
 were  ambitious  to  be  among  the  very  first  daring  and 
 adventurous  occupants  of  these  western  wilds.  But 
 now  a  different,  and,  in  many  respects,  a  far  more 
 enlightened  and  substantial  class  of  people  was  ready 
 and  anxious  to  come.  These  came  by  families,  by 
 companies  and  by  great  colonies,  to  settle  around  the 
 old  forts  or  stations,  or  to  form  new  settlements  of 
 their  own.  This  was  the  state  of  things  when  Mr. 
 Rice  reached  the  country;  in  the  Fall  of  1783,  and 
 continued  to  be  for  many  years.  In  1780,  Kentucky 
 was  but  a  single  county;  but  so  rapid  was  its  increase 
 within  the  next  twelve  years,  that  it  grew  into  nine 
 counties,  with  population  enough  to  warrant  its  ad- 
 mission into  the  Union  a.s  an  independent  State. 
 
 "These  immigrants  came,  some  from  North  Caro- 
 lina, a  few  from  Pcnnsyhania  and  other  northeastern 
 States,  but  mainly  from  the  State  of  Virginia.  On 
 this  account,  we  have  always  claimed  to  be  a  daughter 
 of  Virginia,  both  in  Church  and  State. 
 
 "  Among  these  immigrants  there  was  a  scattered 
 
 Presbyterian  element,  out  of  which  our  first  churches 
 were  gathered  and  organized.  And  it  will  be  inter- 
 esting, in  this  connection,  to  look,  for  a  moment,  at 
 OUT  ecclesiastical  origin;  to  see  where  we  came  from; 
 to  know  who  were  our  ancestors;  as  well  as  to  learn 
 something  of  their  faith,  their  principles  and  their 
 spirit. 
 
 "  Our  first  people,  then,  came  to  Kentucky  from 
 the  States  which  I  have  just  named,  the  far  larger 
 portion  of  them  coming  from  the  churches  and  Presby- 
 terian neighborhoods  in  the  Valley  of  Virginia.  But, 
 then,  they  or  their  parents  were  only  emigrants  to 
 the  States  which  they  left  when  they  came  here.  In 
 blood,  religion  and  nationality  they  ran  back,  by  are- 
 move  or  two,  to  the  old  country,  mostly  to  Scotland  or 
 to  the  North  of  Irel.and,  where  many  of  them,  though 
 of  pure  Scotch  blood,  had  lived  so  long  that  they 
 had  acquired  the  name,  '  Scotch  Irish. '  In  doctrine, 
 they  were  Calvinists;  in  church  government,  Presby- 
 terians. They  belonged  to  a  foith  and  people  who 
 innately  loved  civil  freedom  and  personal  liberty, 
 and  who,  for  hundreds  of  years,  had  chafed  under 
 and  rebelled  against  religious  intolerance  and  State 
 and  prelatical  oppressions. 
 
 "  They  carried  the  blood  of  martyrs  in  their  veins — 
 the  blood  of  those  who  signed  the  League  and  Cove- 
 nant, at  Gray  friar's  Church  in  1638.  They  had  been 
 a  long  persecuted  and  afflicted  people,  but,  like 
 brave  old  John  Knox,  feared  the  face  of  no  man,  and 
 willingly  bowed  to  no  master,  save  God.  So,  whether 
 they  fled  from  persecutions  at  home,  or  were  poor  and 
 voluntary  exiles  from  their  native  land,  as  most  of 
 them  were  who  came  to  this  country,  they  were  all 
 stubbornly  and  unyieldingly  upon  the  side  of  toler- 
 ance and  religious  freedom.  Hence,  those  of  them 
 who  were  in  America  during  the  war  with  England 
 were  patriots,  and  actively  helped  the  colonies  to 
 gain  their  independence.  And  when  Virginia  formed 
 her  first  State  Constitution,  our  people,  through  the 
 eloquence,  learning  and  influence  of  John  Blair 
 Smith,  did  more,  perhaps,  than  any  other  religious 
 people,  to  seciu-e  the  adoption  of  the  famous  act  of 
 '  religious  libcrtj' ' — an  act  that  frees  the  conscience 
 and  thu  Church  of  God  from  all  civil  or  State  con- 
 trol ;  an  act  that  has  since  been  accepted  by  all  our 
 States.  This,  then,  is  something  of  our  origin,  some- 
 thing of  the  faith,  the  principles  and  the  spirit  of  the 
 old  Presbyterian  stock.  And  we  are  not  ashamed  of 
 our  origiu,  nor  of  our  record  in  the  past,  but  point, 
 with  becoming  pride  and  jileasure,  to  the  positions  we 
 have  held,  to  the  places  we  have  filled  in  the  State, 
 in  the  Church,  in  learning,  in  agriculture,  commerce, 
 and  in  all  that  advances  and  adorns  the  race.  The 
 names  and  deeds  of  our  illustrious  and  honored  dead 
 occupy  a  large  space  in  the  history  of  the  Protestant 
 world.  A  want  of  time  will  not  allow  me  to  speak 
 of  the  Calvinistic  and  Presbyterian  Huguenots  and 
 Holland  Dutch,  who  also  came  in  small  numbers  to 
 Kentucky   in    its    early  settlement.       They    were, 
 
PRESBVTESIAN  CHURCH 
 
 1207 
 
 IN  KENTUCKY. 
 
 and  are  still,  a  grand  and  good  people,  and  have  done 
 much  to  sustain  the  Church,  as  well  as  to  strengthen 
 and  build  up  the  State.  Here,  as  in  Holland  and  in 
 France,  they  have  always  been  upon  the  side  of  a  pure 
 gospel,  a  free  church  and  a  liberal  civil  government. 
 
 "  The  scattered  Presbyterians  whom  Mr.  Rice  and 
 our  first  preachers  found  in  Kentucky,  and  those 
 who  came  in  the  next  few  years,  were,  as  might  be 
 expected,  in  a  more  or  less  demoralized  spiritual  con- 
 dition. Many  of  them  had  felt  the  e\il  effects  of 
 the  long  war ;  many  had  lived  for  years  upon  the 
 borders  of  civilization,  exposed  to  the  damaging 
 influences  of  a  wild,  rough  frontier  life,  where  they 
 were  without  Sabbaths  or  ministers,  and  where  they 
 were  compelled  to  fight  a  savage  and  treacherous 
 Indian  foe.  And  still  others  had  suffered  from  the 
 evil  and  poisonous  effects  of  that  insidious  French 
 infidelity  which  followed  the  Revolutionary  War,  and 
 which  had  spread  through  the  country,  beginning  in 
 the  high  places  and  among  some  of  the  great  men  of 
 the  East,  and  extending  to  the  cabins  and  many  of 
 the  humble  pioneers  of  the  West. 
 
 ' '  Hence,  llr.  Rice  spent  his  first  year  in  gathering 
 congregations,  and  in  trying  to  elevate  the  tone  of 
 morals  and  piety  among  the  people. 
 
 "The  second  year  he  organized  three  churches; 
 one  at  Concord  or  Danville,  one  at  the  forks  of  Dicks 
 -river,  and  one  at  Cane  Run,  which  was  in  this  vicinity, 
 and  was  transferred  to  the  Harrodsburg  Church,  under 
 the  pastorate  of  that  great  preacher.  Dr.  Cleland. 
 This  year,  also,  he  preached  a  funeral  sermon  at 
 JIcAfee's  Station,  on  Salt  river,  which  was  the  first 
 sermon  ever  preached  in  that  vicinitj'. 
 
 "The  following  year  he  organized  the  Salt  river 
 people  —  the  McAfee's,  McCowans,  Armstrongs, 
 Sharps,  Lapsleys,  Buchanans  and  others — into  what 
 has  for  a  long  time  been  New  Providence  Church, 
 a  church  that  is  only  a  few  miles  distant  from  this 
 place,  and  a  church  to  which  Dr.  Cleland  gave  some 
 forty-five  years  of  his  great  and  useful  life. 
 
 "  In  the  Autumn  of  1784  the  Rev.  Adam  Rankin, 
 the  second  of  our  pioneer  preachers,  came  to  Ken- 
 tucky, and  began  his  services  at  Lexington  and  in 
 Fayette  county.  He  at  once  organized  a  church  in 
 Lexington,  and  soon  afterward,  the  church  which 
 has  always  been  known  as  Pisgah. 
 
 "In  the  Fall  of  1785  the  Rev.  James  Crawford 
 settled  at  Walnut  Hill.  He  and  Terah  Templin  were 
 ordained  to  the  full  worls;  of  the  ministry  at  Danville, 
 in  November  of  that  year,  by  acommission  appointed 
 by  the  Presbytery  of  Hanover. 
 
 "  Mr.  Templin  laid  the  foundation  of  some  of  our 
 old  churches  in  Washington  county — the  Church  at 
 Hardin's  Creek,  which  is  now  Lebanon,  and  the 
 Church  at  Road's  Run,  which  is  now  Springfield. 
 
 ' '  Thomas  Craighead  and  Andrew  McClure  came  in 
 1786. 
 
 "Thus,  within  three  years  from  the  time  of  Mr. 
 '  Rice's  arrival,  our  ministerial  force  had  increased  to 
 
 six  men,  who  were  preaching  to  twelve  organized 
 churches,  and  to  quite  a  number  of  gathered  congre- 
 gations. 
 
 "This  year  (1786)  the  Synod  of  New  York  and 
 Philadelphia,  which  was  still  our  highest  Church 
 court  in  the  United  States,  formed  the  Presbytery  of 
 Transylvania,  composed  of  the  six  ministers  just 
 named.  The  new  Presbytery  held  its  tirst  meeting  in 
 Danville,  October  17th,  1786,  with  Mr.  Rice  in  the 
 Moderator's  chair. 
 
 "And  it  will  be  interesting  to  note,  in  this  connec- 
 tion, that  a  great  revival  of  religion  began  this  year 
 in  Hampden-Sidney  and  Liberty  HaU  (Washington 
 and  Lee)  Colleges,  which  continued  for  two  years, 
 and  pervaded  the  entire  Synod  of  Virginia.  Many 
 young  men  of  great  ability  and  future  promise  were 
 converted,  and,  in  due  time  brought  into  the  min- 
 istry. Eight  of  these,  subsequently,  came  to  Ken- 
 tucky as  missionaries;  their  names  are  as  follows: 
 Robert  Slarshall,  Cary  H.  Allen,  WUliam  Calhoun, 
 John  P.  Campbell,  Samuel  Rannels,  Robert  Stuart, 
 Robert  Wilson,  and  John  L3-le. 
 
 "  By  education  and  training,  these  men  were  ex- 
 actly suited  for  the  respon.sible  and  difficult  work  which 
 awaited  them  here.  And  their  whole  after  history 
 shows  that  they  were  successful  in  winning  souls  to 
 Christ;  wise  in  extending  the  borders  of  the  Chvirch, 
 and  administering  its  aflairs,  and  bold,  able  and 
 efficient  in  defending  the  truth,  as  it  is  set  forth 
 in  our  Standards  of  doctrine  and  Church  order. 
 
 "  In  the  beginning,  the  Presb3-tery  of  TrarLsylvania 
 embraced  the  whole  district  of  Kentucky,  including 
 the  Cumberland  river  settlements,  with  a  large 
 country,  extending  through  what  are  now  the  States 
 of  Tennessee  and  Mississippi,  and  then,  subseqitently, 
 reaching  northward  into  Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois, 
 a  territory  vast  enough  to  make  a  mighty  empire. 
 
 "In  the  year  1789,  the  single  Synod  of  New  York 
 and  Philadelphia  was  cut  up  into  four  Synods,  and 
 these  constituted  our  first  General  Assembly  in  the 
 United  States. 
 
 "From  this  date  to  1799,  or  for  ten  years,  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Transj'lvania  belonged  to  the  Synod  of 
 Virginia,  and  was  thus  obliged  to  send  its  delegates 
 a  long  and  difficult  distance,  to  attend  the  sessions  of 
 their  higher  court;  besides  being  put  to  immense 
 inconvenience  in  the  settlement  of  all  cases  of 
 appeal  or  complaint,  as  well  as  in  many  other  witaX 
 respects. 
 
 "  In  the  meantime,  the  Presbytery's  churches  and 
 congregations  had  greatly  multiijlied;  and  its  minis- 
 ters had  increased  to  the  number  of  twenty-six,  a 
 number  sufficiently  large  to  warrant  the  erection  of 
 one  or  more  new  presbyteries.  This  was  done,  and 
 in  the  year  1802  the  Presbyteries  of  Transylvania, 
 West  Lexington  and  Washington  met  in  the  city  of 
 Lexington  as  the  Synod  of  Kentucky,  with  the  names 
 of  thirty-seven  ministers  upon  their  roll,  and  with 
 David  Rice  as  their  first  Moderator. 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH 
 
 1208 
 
 IN  KENTUCKY. 
 
 '  'The  most  memorable  and  imiwrtaut  act  of  this  first 
 Synod  was  the  erection  of  the  Cimiberland  Presby- 
 tery out  of  the  southern  portions  of  Transylvania; 
 which  act  the  Synod  revoked,  for  grave  and  sufficient 
 reasons,  at  its  sessions  in  1806. 
 
 "  Passing  unnoticed  the  damaging  and  trouble- 
 some Rankin  controversy  and  schism  alwut  psalmody, 
 you  will  note  that  at  the  beginning  of  the  present 
 century  the  Church  entered  upon  what  is  called,  in 
 our  history,  the  great  revival  period,  of  which  I  shall 
 speak  only  in  the  very  briefest  terms.  The  revival 
 beg;m  under  the  preaching  of  the  Kev.  James 
 McCrcady,  in  the  Green  river  country,  in  the  year 
 1W)0,  and  ran  through  the  next  two  or  three  years. 
 
 "It  was  widespread,  not  only  reaching  all  the 
 churches  in  Kentucky,  but  extending  into  several 
 other  States.  In  feeling,  it  was  deep,  powerful, 
 anomalous,  yea,  startling,  and,  in  many  respects,  in- 
 comprehensible— far  more  so,  pcrhajis,  than  anything 
 of  the  kind  which  has  ever  characterized  the  history 
 of  religion  in  this  or  any  other  country,  accompanied, 
 in  many  instances,  with  a  nervous  disturbance  as  yet 
 unexplained. 
 
 "That  it  was,  in  a  large  degree,  a  genuine  work 
 of  God's  grace,  and  that  multitudes  were  soundly 
 converted,  none  will  deny  who  have  carefully  studied 
 its  history.  But  that  it  was,  at  the  same  time,  ac- 
 companied by  very  much  that  led  to  serious  errors 
 in  doctrine  and  church  order,  and  that  it  w.is 
 attended  with  fearful  disorders,  silly  and  fatal  delu- 
 sions, extravagant  and  disgu.sting  fanaticisms,  and 
 wild  and  sinful  excesses,  will  scarcely  be  denied  by 
 any  in  our  times.  It  left  behind  it  a  few  results  that 
 were  good,  but  many  more  that  were  pernicious  and 
 evil.  When  the  excitements  of  this  strange  work  had 
 died  away,  there  followed  a  long  period  of  coldness 
 and  spiritual  dearth,  which  was  not  broken  till  the 
 beginning  of  the  revival  in  Dr.  Clcland's  church,  in 
 the  year  l-'23,  which  gradually  and  silently  extended 
 during  the  next  four  or  five  years  to  most  of  the 
 churches  in  our  Synod.  This  is  usually  denominated, 
 in  our  annals,  the  revival  of  1827-8,  and  was  precious, 
 not  only  in  the  conversion  of  souls,  but  in  bringing 
 many  into  our  ministry  who  have  done  a  great  and 
 good  work  for  the  Church. 
 
 "  But  we  must  return  for  a  moment  to  tlie  first  re- 
 vival named.  During  its  continuance,  and  following 
 its  clo.sp,  there  were  grave  departures  in  doctrine, 
 and  in  the  forms  and  modes  of  religious  service,  as 
 we  hold  them,  introduced  by  some  of  our  own  minis- 
 ters. They  had  received  '  new  light,' had  learned 
 'new  doctrines,'  had  picked  up  '  lU'w  nuasures,'  and 
 were  ready  to  nuike,  and  did  make,  war  upon  our 
 Confession  of  Faith  and  Catechisms.  These  were  led 
 chiefly  by  Barton  W.  Stone,  and  soon  formed  a  party 
 known  as  the  New  Lights,  or  Stoneites.  Subse- 
 quently,  they  amalgamated  with  the  disciples  of 
 .Mexauder  Campbell,  and  have  thus  grown  into  a 
 large  and  influential  sect.     Of  course,  this  defection 
 
 Irom  our  ranks  was  a  serious  trouble  and  a  grievous 
 loss.  Again,  going  along  with  and  following  this 
 revival,  great  changes  were  also  taking  place  in  the 
 religious  views  and  practices  of  some  of  the  members 
 of  the  Cumberland  Presbytery. 
 
 "They  needed  more  ministers,  and  hence,  were 
 willing  to  license  any  who  made  a  credible  profession 
 of  religion  and  felt  that  they  were  called  to  preach 
 the  gospel,  regardless  of  mental  culture  or  theological 
 training.  And  their  doctrinal  views  in  the  mean- 
 time had  reached  a  point  that  would  only  allow  them 
 to  adopt  our  Confession  of  Faith  in  part,  or  with 
 large  mental  reservations.  They  had  discovered,  as 
 they  supposed,  a  sort  of  middle  yet  tenable  and 
 logical  ground,  between  Arminianism  and  Calvinism; 
 and  from  this,  they  proposed  to  preach  and  expound 
 the  doctrines  of  the  Bible;  which  they  proceeded  to 
 do,  and  still  do. 
 
 "On  account  of  these  grave  and  fundamental 
 departures  from  the  teachings  of  the  old  Westminster 
 Confession  of  Faith,  the  Cumberland  Presbytery,  as 
 I  have  already  said,  w.is  dissolved  by  the  Synod,  in 
 1806.  And  in  four  years  afterward,  or  in  1810,  the 
 members  of  this  dissolved  body  who  did  not  return 
 to  Transylvania  united  with  those  who  constituted 
 themselves  into  an  independent  Presbytery,  which 
 they  called  the  Presbytery  of  Cumberland.  And 
 this  was  the  foundation  and  beginning  of  the  Cum- 
 berland Presbyterian  Church — a  church  which  holds 
 our  exact  form  of  government,  but  dilTers  from  us 
 widely  in  its  standard  of  ministerial  education,  in 
 some  of  its  church  usages,  as  well  as,  materially,  in 
 some  of  our  old-fashioned  Calvinistic  doctrines. 
 
 "The  schism  out  of  which  this  Church  grew  was 
 also  a  real  loss  and  grievous  trouble  to  our  already 
 deplete  drauks;  but  under  the  blessing  of  God  it  has 
 grown  and  prospered,  and  accomplished  a  mighty 
 work  for  Christ  and  the  world.  It  soon  extended  its 
 bordera  beyond  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  reaching 
 southward,  westward  and  northward,  and  is  now  one 
 of  the  large  and  influential  powers  in  the  Christian 
 world,  reporting  in  all,  by  its  minutes  of  last  year, 
 one  Assembly,  27  Synods,  117  Presbyteries,  1386 
 ministers,  21.57  congregations  and  111,863  members. 
 
 "From  the  year  1810  and  onward,  our  Sj-nod  h.ad 
 a  slow  but  steady  growth,  adding  to  its  churches, 
 increasing  its  ministers,  and  giving  a  fair  proportion 
 of  its  time,  men  and  means  to  the  cause  of  secular 
 and  religious  education.  As  the  country  increased 
 in  popidation,  and  as  the  Church  grew  and  expanded 
 north  and  south  of  us,  other  synods  and  presbyteries 
 were  formed,  until  the  Synod  of  Kentucky  was  eon- 
 fined,  as  it  is  now,  within  the  bounds  of  our  own 
 State. 
 
 "  For  a  moment  I  recall  here  the  fact  that,  in  the 
 beginning  of  our  history  in  Kentucky,  we  had  hut  one 
 S'lnod  in  the  United  States,  which  was  the  '  Synod  of 
 New  York  and  Philadelphia.'  Xow,  those  who  are 
 represented  in  tiiis  Centennial  serWce  to-day,  in  spite 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH 
 
 1209 
 
 IN  KENTUCKY. 
 
 of  all  our  losses,  by  schisms  and  in  other  ways,  have, 
 iu  Kentucky  alone,  two  synods,  ten  presbyteries, 
 more  than  two  hundred  ministers,  more  than  two 
 hundred  and  fifty  churches,  and  nearly  fifteen  thou- 
 sand members.  These  facts  and  figures  will  give  you 
 some  idea  of  what  Kentucky  Presbyterians  have  been 
 doing  at  home  since  David  Rice  preached  his  first 
 sermon  in  Harrodsburg. 
 
 "  To  have  followed  up  our  history,  through  all  the 
 intervening  years,  which  I  have  virtually  passed  over 
 in  silence;  to  have  noted  a  tithe  of  their  important 
 events;  to  have  mentioned  Blythe  and  Cameron  and 
 those  who  belonged  to  their  day — Cleland  and  Wil- 
 son and  those  who  labored  with  them  ;  Nelson,  Black- 
 burn, JlcChord  and  Lapsley  ;  Edgar,  Bishop  and  John 
 Breckinridge  ;  Nathan  Hall,  Brown,  J.  C.  Young  and 
 William  L.  Breckinridge  ;  JlcCluug,  Rice,  Stiles,  Hill 
 and  Grundy  ;  Bayless,  Green,  Robert  J.  Breckinridge 
 and  Stixart  Robinson  ;  as  well  as  a  host  of  others 
 belonging  to  the  list  of  our  honored  and  worthy  dead, 
 would  have  for  transcended  my  limits,  as  well  as  your 
 time  and  patience.  All  these  subjects,  and  matters  of 
 personal  history  await  the  facile  and  scholarly  pen  of 
 a  second  Davidson,  who  will,  doubtless,  supplement 
 that  author's  elegant  volume  with  one  of  his  own, 
 possessing  like  merit  and  bulk. 
 
 "More:  To  speak  of  our  honored  dead,  of  the  main- 
 tenance of  our  doctrines  and  forms  of  church  gov- 
 ernment, of  our  work  and  influence  in  the  different 
 departments  of  education,  and  of  our  Salibath-seliool 
 schemes  and  labors,  are  themes  yet  to  be  presented 
 by  accomplished  speakers,  who  will  follow  me  in 
 these  services. 
 
 "And  now,  I  shall  devote  the  residue  of  my  time 
 to  a  brief  notice  of  tliree  or  four  features  of  that  his- 
 tory, which  I  ha\e  thus  imperfectly  epitomized. 
 
 "In  a  service  like  this,  our  sympathies  naturally 
 prompt  us  to  look  at  tlie  difficulties  and  great  dis- 
 couragements which  met  and  hindered  our  fathers  in 
 their  efforts  to  build  up  a  Presbyterian  Church  iu 
 Kentucky.  These,  as  I  have  already  intimated,  were 
 great,  stubborn  and  long  continued.  It  was  surely 
 no  easy  matter  to  interest  the  minds  of  a  backwoods 
 people,  and  turn  their  thoughts  and  affections  to  a 
 subject  that  disallowed  wickedness  and  excesses  of 
 every  kind,  to  persuade  them  to  honor  God's  law  and 
 to  keep  his  appointed  Sabbaths,  to  inspire  them  with 
 a  spirit  of  peace,  love  and  forgiveness,  and  bring  them 
 into  Christ's  kingdom,  while  society  was  mixed,  rough 
 and  unsettled,  and  while  they  were  still  exposed  to  the 
 teniptatious  of  hate  and  bloody  revenge.  When  we 
 think  of  all  the  difficulties  and  discouraging  perplex- 
 ities which  met  and  followed  them  through  the  try- 
 ing years  of  their  work,  we  often  wonder  that  they 
 succeeded  so  well  as  they  did,  and  are  deeply  im- 
 pressed with  the  plenitude  of  the  mercy  and  grace 
 that  constantly  attended  and  sustained  them.  If 
 God  had  not  been  with  them,  they  must  have  failed. 
 But   now,   with   all   the   learning,   refinements  and 
 
 Christian  civilization  of  a  century,  we  find  human 
 nature  to-day,  just  as  it  was  in  the  days  of  our  fathers, 
 as  prone  to  evil,  to  levity  and  irreverence;  as  prone 
 to  hate  and  revenge,  and  as  prone  to  soul-destroying 
 errors  and  exciting  novelties  !  Education,  and  what 
 we  call  higher  and  advanced  civilization,  do  not 
 make  men,  essentially,  new  creatures.  They  may 
 change,  modify,  and  in  many  respects  adorn  and 
 beautify,  but  they  can  never  regenerate  the  soul  and 
 make  a  sinful  race  truly  love  and  honor  God.  Nothing 
 but  the  grace  of  God,  coming  through  a  preached 
 Gospel,  can  do  this.  Hence,  with  our  constantly 
 desecrated  Sabbaths,  and  with  floods  of  wickedness 
 all  around  us,  it  is,  after  all,  about  as  difficult  to 
 preach  the  Gospel  successfully  now,  as  it  was  when 
 illiterate  backwoodsmen  and  rough  Indian  fighters 
 made  up  the  congregations.  And  if  we  succeed 
 in  our  difficult  and  discouraging  work,  it  can  only  be 
 through  the  .same  divine  agency  that  impai'ted  success 
 to  our  fathers. 
 
 "Our  sympathies  are  also  deeply  moved,  when  we 
 recall  the  great  physical  labors,  discomforts  and  actual 
 sulferings,  which  were  necessary  parts  of  their  daily 
 experience.  With  our  advantages,  comforts  and  com- 
 paratively easy  work,  we  can  scarcely  put  a  .proper 
 estimate  upon  these.  We  really  know  hut  little 
 about  them.  We  ride  to  our  Church  courts  in  easy- 
 going coaches  and  with  the  speed  of  the  locomotive; 
 they  went  upon  horseback,  through  rain,  sunshine, 
 heat  or  cold;  measuring  the  long  and  tiresome  road 
 through  mud,  over  dangerous  and  swollen  streams, 
 and  often  exposed  to  hunger,  thirst  and  rough  fare. 
 We  go  to  the  Assembly  in  palace  cars,  are  entertained 
 like  princes,  and  have  a  royal  and  luxurious  holiday; 
 to  them  an  attendance  upon  the  sessions  of  the  A.s- 
 sembly  was  a  hardship  and  a  tedious,  self-sacrificing 
 labor.  For  years  the  journey  was  made  in  the  saddle, 
 bridle-path  and  buflalo  trail,  and  then  by  rough, 
 lumbering  and  Immping  stages.  We  can  fill  our 
 Prcsbj'terial  and  missionary  appointments  in  two  or 
 three  Sabbaths,  and  the  travel  and  the  labor  are  a 
 pleasant  recreation.  But  it  was  not  so  with  our 
 fathers.  Their  missionary  and  evangelistic  travels 
 and  labors  were  tenfold  more  than  ours — reaching 
 over  a  vast  extent  of  country,  and  involving  labors 
 and  sacrifices  that  we  could  hardly  endure  now. 
 For  example,  Mr.  Vance  was  appointed  by  his  Presby- 
 tery to  preach  two  Sabbaths  in  the  Illinois  Grant, 
 Jlr.  Cleland  to  preach  at  discretion  in  the  Indiana 
 Territory,  and  other  brethren  to  perform  labors 
 nearly  as  difficult.  These  appointments  were  not 
 only  made,  but  Presbytery  .saw  that  they  were  filled. 
 Besides  all  this,  their  home  work  was  simply 
 imniense.  It  was  filled  up  with  travels,  preachings, 
 exposures  and  hardships  that  would  appall  many  a 
 man  in  our  day. 
 
 "  My  brethren,  the.sc  were  truly  men  of  God;  men 
 filled  with  preaching  and  missionary  zeal,  and  men 
 who  were  willing  to  endure  hardness  for  tbe  .sike  of 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH, 
 
 1210 
 
 NEW  CASTLE,  DEL. 
 
 preaching  the  gospel  to  dying  sinners.  And  to  the 
 praise  of  His  grace,  God  owned  and  blessed  their 
 labors,  preserved  their  lives,  and,  in  one  way  and 
 another,  took  care  of  them  and  their  families. 
 
 ".\nd  it  is  risking  little  to  say  that,  if  the  spirit, 
 zeal,  labors  and  self-denials  of  these  pioneer  preachers 
 had  characterized  all  the  later  periods  of  our  history, 
 our  Church  would  appear  in  a  different  attitude 
 to-day;  for  it  cannot  be  denied  that  there  have 
 been  frequent  and  long  periods,  in  which  we  have 
 been  greatly  lacking  in  these  essential  elements  of 
 success — periods  when  pastors  were  satisfied  to  watch 
 and  feed  their  own  flocks;  when  churches  were  con- 
 tent to  meagerly  support  the  .gospel  at  home,  and 
 leave  vacancies  and  destitute  places  to  shift  for  them- 
 selves, when  Presbyterians  had  lost  much  of  their 
 spirit  of  evangelization,  and  when  young  ministers 
 naturally  sought  easy  and  fat  places,  rather  than 
 weak  churches  and  destitute  settlements. 
 
 "  There  is  no  denying  the  unpleasant  fact  that,  for 
 many  years,  our  Synod,  Presbyteries  and  churches 
 were  in  a  spiritually  dozing  mood,  having  lost  very 
 much  of  their  old  zeal,  energy  and  Christian  conse- 
 cration, as  well  as  very  much  of  their  former  spirit  of 
 aggressiveness  upon  the  unoccupied  regions  of  the 
 country. 
 
 "  But  may  we  not  indulge  the  hope  that  these  days 
 of  spiritual  inaction,  sloth  and  indiflcreuce  are  p.ist 
 and  gone  ?  That  we  have  been  baptized  anew,  by 
 the  (Jreat  Head  of  the  Cliurch,  with  the  sanie  spirit 
 which  animated  the  hearts  and  warmed  the  zeal  and 
 inspired  the  alrandant  labors  of  those  who  planted  a 
 Church  for  us  in  the  wilderness? 
 
 "  I  am  sure  we  may  indulge  such  a  hope;  for  our 
 preachers,  through  the  entire  State,  are  manifesting 
 now  zeal  and  interest  in  their  work;  preaching  efB- 
 ciently,  not  only  at  home,  but  to  those  who  are  un- 
 able to  supply  themselves  with  the  gospel.  The 
 spirit  of  evangelization  is  prevailing  throughout  our 
 borders.  And  the  wonderful  success  that  has  fol- 
 lowed the  evangelistic  scheme  which  we  put  into 
 active  operation  two  years  ago,  has  not  only  accom- 
 plished grand  results,  but  is  stimulating  the  whole 
 Church  to  do  still  greater  and  better  things.  Two 
 such  enterprises  as  this,  prosecuted  by  our  best  talent, 
 sustained  by  the  abundant  wealth  of  the  country, 
 and  owned  and  blessed  of  God,  would  soon  not  only 
 doulile  but  quadruple  our  present  numbers." 
 
 Presbyterian  Chtirch,  New  Castle,  Del. 
 In  the  year  of  1657  or  '58,  a  Dutch  Church  was 
 organized  in  this  place  by  the  Rev.  John  Polhemus, 
 while  on  his  way  from  Brazil,  where  the  Dutch  at 
 that  time  had  a  colony,  to  New  Amsterdam,  near 
 which  he  settled  and  died.  The  year  following,  the 
 Rev.  Everardus  AVilius  w;is  commissioned  by  the 
 Classis  of  Amsterdam  as  minister  to  the  Church  in 
 New  Amstel,  the  name  by  which  the  place  was  then 
 known,  and  served  in  this  capacity  until  his  death, 
 which  occurred  two  years  after  his  arrival.     In  1678 
 
 the  Rev.  Petrus  Tasschemakers  settled  and  labored 
 here  between  two  and  three  years.  In  the  records  of 
 this  period  it  is  stated  that  "on  Sandhook  stood  a 
 small  wooden  church."  In  this  building  the  Dutch 
 continued  to  worship,  as  an  independent  congregation, 
 although  with  diminished  numbers.  The  name  of 
 the  town  was  now  changed  from  New  Amstel  to  that 
 of  New  Ca.stle,  and  was  incorporated  in  1667. 
 
 Charles  II  granted  to  the  Duke  of  York  all  the 
 Dutch  possessions  in  America  called  New  Nether- 
 lands, but  which  from  this  time  bore  the  name  of 
 New  York.  In  this  grant  were  in<;luded  the  three 
 counties  of  New  Castle,  Kent  and  Sussex,  on  the 
 Delaware. 
 
 From  this  time  the  population  underwent  great 
 changes  by  the  arrival  of  emigrants  from  various  parts 
 of  the  Old  AVorld,  who  prized  the  rights  of  conscience 
 more  than  home,  kindred  or  native  land.  It  is  obvious 
 that,  as  these  emigrants  from  France  and  Great 
 Britain  arrived  at  New  Castle  in  small  numbers,  and 
 often  one  by  one,  they,  in  all  matters  of  religion, 
 united  with  their  Dutch  brethren,  who  -wor.shiped 
 in  "the  small  wooden  church"  on  Sandhook.  For 
 the  Dutch  were  Calvinists  in  doctrine  and  Presby- 
 terians in  discipline,  while  the  Confession  of  Faith 
 adopted  by  the  Huguenots  was  drawn  up  by  .John 
 Calvin  himself,  so  that  in  doctrine  and  discipline 
 there  was  a  close  resemblance  between  the  Church  of 
 Holland  and  that  of  France.  Thus,  it  appears  that 
 toward  the'  close  of  the  17th  century  there  were 
 gathered  in  New  Castle  individual  members  of  the 
 churches  of  these  several  nations,  drawn  together, 
 not  only  by  a  common  sympathy  in  each  other's 
 trials,  but  by  the  stronger  influence  of  a  common 
 faith  in  the  same  grand  system  of  Religious  truth. 
 
 "We  are  not  able,"  says  the  Rev.  J.  B.  Spots- 
 wood,  D.D.,  in  his  "Historical  Sketch  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  in  New  Castle,"  publi.shed  in  18.">9, 
 "to  designate  the  precise  locality  of  the  '  .small  wooden 
 church,'  found  here  by  the  Engli.sh,  in  1664,  and 
 concerning  which  Penn  speaks  in  his  letter  to  Lon- 
 don, dated  in  1683,  but  there  is  good  reason  for 
 believing  that  it  is  a  part  of  the  lot  on  which  our 
 new  church  has  been  erected,  and  adjoining  which  is 
 the  graveyard  of  the  old  Dutch  Church." 
 
 The  first   Pre-sbyterian   minister  who  labored   in 
 
 New  Ca.stle  and  the  country  adjacent  was  the  Rev. 
 
 John  Wilson.   {See  his  Sketch.)  There  is  evidence  that 
 
 he  preached  here  prior  to  1703.    After  a  brief  absence 
 
 from  the  place  he  returned,  and  not  only  continued 
 
 to  preach,  but  commenced  making  arrangements  for 
 
 erecting  a  new  house  of  worship.     "For,  by  this 
 
 time,"  observes  Dr.  Spotswood,  "  'the  small  wooden 
 
 church,'  built  by  the  Dutch  Church,  had  fallen  to 
 
 decay,  and  was,   moreover,  not  sufficiently  large  to 
 
 accommod.ate  the  congregation,  which  had  been  very 
 
 I  much  increased  by  the  continued  emigration  from 
 
 j  the  old  country.    The  lot  on  which  this  church  stands 
 
 I  was  purchased,  one  portion  of  it  from  John  Brew- 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH, 
 
 1211 
 
 NEW  CASTLE,  DEL. 
 
 ster,  and  the  other  from  Thomas  Janvier,  and  Sarah, 
 his  wife.  The  two  deeds  are  in  our  possession,  e:icb 
 dated  the  15th  of  August,  1707,  and  executed  'to 
 Eoelofie  De  Haes,  Sylvester  Garlantl  and  Thomas 
 Janvier,  merchants  and  undertakers,  or  agents,  for 
 erecting  and  building  a  Presbyterian  Church,  or 
 house  of  worship,  in  the  town  of  New  Castle.'  "  The 
 consideration  money  for  both  was  twenty-two  pounds, 
 Pennsylvania  currency. 
 
 "  On  this  lot  was  erected  the  house  in  which  we  are 
 now  a.ssemblcd,  and  in  which,  for  a  century  and  a 
 half,  the  worship  of  God  has  been  maintained. 
 
 "It  is  highly  probable,"  adds  Dr.  Spotswood, 
 "that  this  is  the  oldest  congregation  of  our  denomi- 
 nation in  this  country."  The  only  two  which  claim 
 to  be  more  ancient,  are  the  First  Clnirch  in  Pliila- 
 delphia,  and  the  one  in  Snow  Hill,  Maryland,  both 
 of  which  had  settled  pastors  in  1701.  We  have  no 
 means  of  ascertaining  the  precise  date  of  our  organ- 
 ization, but  there  is  a  strong  probability  that  it  was 
 in  1684  or  '85.  In  1703  it  appears  before  us  fully 
 established,  possessing  all  the  elements  of  a  church 
 that  had  been  in  existence  for  some  time;  a  bench  of 
 Elders,  a  Board  of  Tru.stee.s,  aud  numbers  and  wealth 
 sufficient  to  justify  them  in  building  a  new  hou.se  of 
 worship;  moreover,  we  find  it,  at  this  date,  deprived 
 for  a  season  of  the  services  of  their  minister,  who 
 must  have  been  with  it  for  some  time,  as  he  had 
 become  discouraged,  and  was  absent,  seeking  another 
 field  of  labor,  but  finding  none,  he  returned,  and  re- 
 mained until  his  death.  The  congregation  increased 
 so  rapidly,  that  it  was  necessary  to  enlarge  the  church 
 building,  which  was  done  in  1712.  To  do  that,  it 
 was  necessary  to  purchase  from  Mr.  Brewster  eighteen 
 feet  of  ground  adjoining.  The  deed  for  this  portion 
 is  dated  April  3d,  1712. 
 
 The  Rev.  James  Anderson  was  the  second  pastor 
 of  the  Church  at  New  Castle.  Receiving  a  call  from 
 "the  Presbyterian  Congregation  of  New  York,"  the 
 Synod  appointed  a  committee  of  their  number  "to 
 receive  and  audit  the  reasons  of  the  people  of  New 
 Castle,  against  the  removal  of  Mr.  Anderson  to  New 
 York,  or  any  other  place."  This  committee  finally 
 decided,  on  Jlr.  Anderson's  acceptance  of  the  call,  to 
 dissolve  his  pastoral  relation,  and  "transported  him 
 to  New  York."  {See  his  Sketch.)  The  successor  of 
 Mr.  Anderson,  and  the  third  pastor  of  this  congre- 
 gation, was  the  Rev.  Robert  Cross,  who  sustained  this 
 relation  until  May,  1722.  He  is  elsewhere  noticed. 
 The  vacancy  occasioned  by  his  removal  was  filled  by 
 supplies  appointed  by  the  Presbytery,  among  whom 
 were  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hutchinson,  the  Rev.  Gilbert  Ten- 
 nent,  and  the  Rev.  Hugh  Stevenson,  who  supplied 
 the  pulpit  during  the  year  1727. 
 
 It  may  be  interesting  to  state  here,  that  about  this 
 
 time  the  churches  of  New  London  and  White  Clay 
 
 Creek  were  organized,  the  former  in  1720,  the  latter 
 
 in  1722.     In  1738  a  gi-ant  of  a  lot  of  ground  for  build- 
 
 .ing  a  Presbyterian  Church,  and  for  a  burying  place, 
 
 was  made  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  village  at  Christi- 
 ana Bridge,  but  the  church  was  not  built  until  1745. 
 When  the  Rev.  Charles  Tennent  left  the  churches  of 
 White  Clay  Creek  and  Christiana  Bridge,  the  latter 
 formed  a  union  with  the  Church  of  New  Castle.  The 
 Rev.  Daniel  Thane  was  installed  pastor  over  the 
 united  congregations,  May  1st,  17.57  and  continued 
 in  this  relation  until  about  the  year  17G3.  Previous 
 to  the  union  of  this  congregation  with  Christiana 
 Bridge,  it  was  for  a  short  time  united  to  Drawyer's, 
 under  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  Rev.  John  Dick, 
 who  was  installed  in  1746,  and  died  the  following 
 year.  After  Mr.  Thane's  departure,  the  united  con- 
 gregations remained  vacant  until  1765,  when  the 
 Rev.  Mr.  Magaw  was  employed  by  them  as  stated 
 supply  for  one  year.  During  that  year  the  Rev.  Mr. 
 Kirkpatrick  preached  to  each  of  them  occasionally. 
 The  Rev.  Joseph  Montgomery  was  in.stalled  pastor 
 .\pril  16th,  1769,  resigning  the  relation  October  29th, 
 1777.  The  congregation  remained  vacant  from  the 
 resignation  of  Mr.  Montgomery  to  the  settlement  of 
 the  Rev.  Samuel  Barr,  in  1791,  during  which  time  the 
 pulpits  were  supplied  by  the  Presbytery.  Mr.  Ban- 
 remained  pastor  of  the  two  congregations  until 
 August  3d,  1796.  In  1799,  the  Rev.  John  E.  Latta 
 received  a  call  to  settle  here,  and  was  installed  August 
 13th,  1800.  His  pastorate  extended  over  a  period  of 
 twenty-four  years.  {See  his  Sketch.)  The  successors 
 of  Mr.  Latta  were  the  Rev.  Joshua  N.  Dauforth, 
 from  November  30th,  1825,  until  May  20th,  1828; 
 the  Rev.  John  M.  Dickey,  from  May  19th,  1830,  until 
 the  Spring  of  18.32;  the  Rev.  James  Knox,  from 
 November  21st,  1832,  until  the  early  part  of  the  year 
 1834;  the  Rev.  John  Decker,  from  February  24th, 
 1835,  until  the  Spring  of  1842;  and  the  Rev.  John  B. 
 Spotswood,  from  1842  to  the  present  date  (1884). 
 Notices  of  all  these  brethren  will  he  found  elsewhere. 
 No  li.st  of  the  names  of  the  ruling  elders  of  these 
 congregations  can  be  found  until  1791,  when  Mr. 
 Barr  was  in.stalled.  At  that  time,  the  bench  consisted 
 of  the  following  gentlemen,  viz.,  William  Scott, 
 Robert  Bryan,  Samuel  Barr  and  William  Aiken. 
 Messrs.  Ruth  and  Aiken  having  died  in  1792,  Alex- 
 ander Duncan  and  Samuel  Ruth  were  elected  to  sup- 
 ply their  places,  and  at  the  same  time  James  Cald- 
 well was  added  to  the  number.  In  1800,  when  Mr. 
 Latta  was  installed,  the  session  was  again  enlarged, 
 by  the  election  of  James  Couper,  Richard  Hambly, 
 Dr.  Robert  L.  Smith  and  George  Pratt,  all  of  whom 
 belonged  to  the  congregation  of  Christiana  Bridge. 
 In  1802  Charles  Thomas,  Jacob  Belville  and  Hugh 
 Gemmill  were  added  to  the  ses.sion  in  New  Castle. 
 In  1815  Dr.  James  Couper,  Kensey  Johns,  John  Bel- 
 ville and  Nicholas  Vandyke  were  elected  from  the 
 congregation  in  New  Castle;  in  1826,  Matthew  Kean. 
 In  1830  James  McCullough  and  James  Smith,  and  in 
 1839  Elijah  Start  and  John  Gordon  were  added  to 
 the  number  of  elders  in  this  congregation,  and  Wm. 
 F.  Lane  in  1857. 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH, 
 
 1212  NEWTOWN,  LONG  ISLAND,  N.  Y. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Newtown,  Long  Island, 
 New  York.  Newtown  was  settled  by  English  emi- 
 grants from  the  New  England  colonies,  in  1652.  This 
 was  but  thirty-two  years  after  the  landing  of  the 
 Puritans  at  Plymouth,  and  but  twenty-nine  years 
 alter  tlie  settlement  of  Manhattan  Island,  now  New 
 York,  by  the  Dutch.  Cromwell  was  then  at  the 
 zenith  of  his  power  in  England. 
 
 Four  years  after  the  settlement  of-  the  town,  in 
 16.")(>,  there  is  preserved  a  list  of  fifty-five  persons  ; 
 who  had  become  proprietors  of  the  soil,  by  pur- 
 chasing of  the  Indians  1376  acres  for  £68,  16s.  4d.,  at 
 the  rate  of  a  shilling  for  an  acre. 
 
 As  with  the  other  English  settlements  on  the 
 eastern  part  of  Long  Island,  the  early  settlers  at 
 Newtown  were  Dissenters  in  religious  principles,  and 
 mainly  Presbyterians  in  doctrine  and  polity,  accord- 
 ing to  the  Confession  of  Faith  adopted  by  the 
 Assembly  of  Divines  at  Westminster,  in  1642.  They 
 were  a  Christian  people,  stern  in  moral  and  religious 
 priuqiples,  enterprising,  and  devoted  adherents  to 
 liberty  and  freedom  of  conscience.  That  the  Presby- 
 terian element  predominated  among  them  seems  evi- 
 dent from  various  considerations.  It  is  a  well-known 
 fai  t  that  the  Puritans  were  not  all  Congregationalists. 
 In  tlie  New  England  colonies  this  was  especially  the 
 case.  Prior  to  the  year  1640,  Cotton  Mather,  in  his 
 "  Magnalia,"  tells  us  that  4000  Presbyterians  had  ar- 
 rived in  New  England.  Besides,  it  is  known  that  many 
 of  the  Congregationalists  brought  with  them  from  the 
 mother  country  to  New  England  "a  preference  for 
 Presbytcrianism."  This  is  .shown  from  the  nature 
 of  the  (ecclesiastical  systems  which  they  adopted. 
 Elders  were  a  regular  part  of  the  organization  of  their 
 churches;  and  their  Synods,  in  authority,  approached 
 very  nearly  to  the  Presbyteries  and  Synods  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Church. 
 
 To  these  facts  must  be  added  that  of  the  2000  Pres- 
 byterian ministers  cast  out  of  the  Church  of  England, 
 by  the  Act  of  Uniformity,  in  1662,  a  consideraljle 
 number  found  a  refuge  in  New  England.  Tlius,  we 
 have  good  ground  for  believing  that  the  first  settlors 
 of  Newtown,  and  those  emigrants  who  soon  increased 
 their  numbers,  were  mainly,  if  not  altogether,  Pres- 
 byterians. Moreover,  the  steps  which  were  taken  by 
 the  church  at  Newtown  to  be  organized  as  Presby- 
 terian when  the  opportunity  oflered,  contirms  this 
 view. 
 
 Some  of  the  English  companies  who  settled  on  this 
 island,  we  know,  "came  with  their  churches  already 
 organized,"  bringing  their  pastors  with  them.  This 
 was  tlie  case  with  the  company  which  settled  the 
 town  of  South  Hampton,  in  1640.  Their  pastor  was 
 a  Presbyterian.  It  may  have  been  so  with  the  com- 
 pany which  settled  Newtown.  They  had  come  as 
 united  in  religious  views  and  kindred  feelings,  and 
 there  is  reason  to  believe  that  the  Kev.  John  Moore 
 came  with  them.  In  the  New  York  Colonial  Manu- 
 scripts there  is  a  document  attested  by  ".John  Moore, 
 
 Minister  of  the  Church  of  Hemst«de. ' '  But  may  not 
 this  be  a  mistake  ?  And  should  we  not  for  "  Hem- 
 stede"  read  Middlcburgh,  as  Newtown  was  then 
 called  ?  For  Rev.  Richard  Denton,  at  the  date  of 
 the  document,  was  the  minister  at  Hemstede.  Be 
 this  as  it  may,  it  is  certain,  that  very  early  alter  the 
 settlement  of  the  company,  "  a  town-house  was  im- 
 mediately erected,  which  served  the  double  purpose 
 of  a  church  and  a  residence  for  the  minister,"  and  in 
 which  the  Rev.  John  Moore  ministered.  He  was 
 also  the  first  school  teacher,  instructing  the  children 
 during  the  week. 
 
 This  first  pastor  died  in  1657.  His  death  was  a 
 great  loss  to  the  town,  and  the  inhabitants  mourned 
 and  made  this  record,  that  "God  had  deprived  them 
 of  the  public  means  of  grace  and  salvation,  and  also 
 of  the  education  of  their  children  in  scholastic  dis- 
 cipline, the  way  to  true  happiness."  Richard  Mills 
 was  employed  to  teach  in  his  place,  and  "  to  help  in 
 the  Sabbath  exercises." 
 
 After  a  lapse  of  five  years,  because  it  was  so  diffi- 
 cult to  procure  ministers  at  that  time,  the  Rev. 
 William  Leverich  was  settled  as  the  second  pastor,  in 
 1662.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Cambridge  College, 
 England ;  a  man  of  ardent  piety,  extensive  learning, 
 deep  religious  experience,  and  a  faithful  laborer. 
 After  a  pastorate  of  fourteen  years,  he  died,  in  1677. 
 He  may  be  considered  the  father  of  this  church.  He 
 had  unquestionably  organized  its  members;  but  how 
 organized,  qr  what  the  spiritual  fruit  of  his  labors, 
 or  how  many  ia  membership,  is  not  known,  as  all 
 records  of  these  facts  are  lost.  It  was  during  Mr. 
 Leverich's  ministry  that  the  first  church  building 
 devoted  exclusively  to  divine  worship  was  erected, 
 in  1671,  on  the  ground  nearly  opposite  the  place 
 which  the  present  building  occupies. 
 
 From  1677  to  1708,  a  period  of  thirty  years,  the 
 town  enjoyed  the  services  of  Revs.  Morgan  Jones, 
 John  Morse  and  Robert  Brcck.  The  Rev.  Morgan 
 Jones  was  a  graduate  of  Oxford  College,  England, 
 and  was  one  of  the  dissenting  Presbyterian  ministers 
 among  the  2000  who  were  ejected  from  their  parishes 
 by  the  Act  of  Uniformity,  in  1662.  He  had  been 
 Episcopally  ordained,  and  had  his  parish  in  Wales. 
 The  Rev.  John  Morse  was  a  native  of  Massachusetts, 
 and  a  graduate  of  Harvard  College.  He  was  a  licentiate 
 when  called,  but  was  soon  ordained  and  installed  as 
 pastor  of  the  church.  Very  early  after  his  settle- 
 ment, in  1695,  the  house  and  grounds  to  the  east 
 of  the  village,  now  occuijied  by  the  heirs  of  Mr. 
 Robert  Thompson,  were  purchased  for  the  use  of 
 the  minister.  Mr.  Morse  died  here,  in  the  midst  of 
 his  work,  but  twenty-six  years  of  age.  The  Rev. 
 Robert  Breck  was  also  of  Ma.ssachusetts,  and  a  gradu- 
 ate of  Harvard  College.  He  was  a  young  man  of 
 great  promise,  and  served  the  church  but  two  or 
 three  years.  He  was  a  bold  as.serter  of  the  principles 
 of  the  Nonconformists,  and  through  the  ill-treatment 
 and  threats  Irom  tlie  Episcopal  Governor  was  com- 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH, 
 
 1213 
 
 NEWTOWN,  LONG  ISLAND,  N.  Y. 
 
 pelled  to  leave  his  charge.  The  combined  pastorates 
 of  these  three  ministers  embraced  only  twelve  years, 
 showing  that  the  church  was  vacant  at  intervals  for 
 eighteen  years.  This  was  owing  in  part  to  colonial 
 troubles,  the  inroads  of  the  French  on  the  northern 
 frontiers,  and  especially  from  the  opposition  and 
 intolerance  of  Lord  Cornbury  against  dissenting 
 churches,  in  his  zeal  to  establish  the  Episcopal  Church 
 in  the  province. 
 
 The  first  church  building,  which  had  been  erected 
 in  1671,  was  taken  possession  of  by  Rev.  Mr.  Urqu- 
 hart,  of  the  Episcopal  Church,  in  1703,  and  held  till 
 1708.  It  was  during  this  Epi.scopal  oppression  that 
 the  Rev.  John  Hampton  and  Rev.  Francis  Makemie, 
 both  Presbyterian  ministers,  were  arrested  and  im- 
 prisoned, in  1707,  because  the  former  had  preached 
 the  previous  day  at  Newtown,  and  the  latter 
 in  New  York,  without  license  from  Lord  Corn- 
 bury.  They  were  arrested  in  this  village,  and  car- 
 ried thence,  by  way  of  Jamaica,  to  New  York, 
 where  they  were  imprisoned.  They  were  charged, 
 when  the  warrant  was  issued  to  the  Sheriff  for  their 
 arrest,  that  they  had  "gone  to  Long  Island,  with 
 intent  there  to  spread  their  pernicious  doctrine  and 
 principles,  to  the  great  disturbance  of  the  Church  bj' 
 law  established,  and  the  government  of  this  province. ' ' 
 "If  any,"  writes  Livingston,  just  after  the  event, 
 "want  information  concerning  the  sufferings  of 
 other  dissenters,  both  in  their  pei-.sons,  estates  and 
 religious  liberties,  I  recommend  them  to  the  body  of 
 inhabitants  of  Jamaica  and  Newtown. ' ' 
 
 We  now  come  to  the  important  ministry  of  the 
 Rev.  Samuel  Pumry,  whose  pastorate  over  this  church 
 extended  from  1708  to  1744,  a  period  of  thirty-six 
 years.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Yale  College,  and  Mr. 
 Riker,  in  his  history,  says,  "he  sustained  the  char- 
 acter of  a  systematic,  learned  and  eminently  pious 
 man."  It  was  during  his  ministry,  in  1715,  that  he, 
 with  this  church,  was  received  into  the  Presbytery 
 of  Philadelphia.  Thus  this  church  had  hitherto  been 
 an  immature  Presbyterian  church,  under  a  Congre- 
 gational polity;  but  now,  when  organized  Presby- 
 terianism  offered  itself,  it  at  once  entered  the  ranks 
 of  that  denomination. 
 
 In  1717  a  new  church  was  erected  on  the  site  where 
 the  present  building  stands,  but  it  was  not  finished 
 and  furnished  fully  till  1741.  After  his  long  and 
 successful  ministry,  Sir.  Pumry  died,  in  1744,  and 
 was  buried  in  the  old  churchyard,  where  a  tomb- 
 stone with  a  quaint  inscription  marks  his  grave. 
 All  church  records  previous  to  the  ministry  of  Mr. 
 Pumry  have  been  lost,  save  a  memorandum  of  eight 
 names,  who  were  members  of  the  church  in  1708  at 
 hia  settlement.  The  first  Session  book,  so  far  as  we 
 know,  was  purchased  in  1725,  which  is  still  preserved; 
 and  from  that  period  to  the  present  time  the  records 
 have  been  regularly  kept.  Sixty-seven  members 
 were  received  into  the  church  under  5Ir.  Pumry's 
 ministry. 
 
 There  is  another  interesting  fact  connected  with 
 
 1  the  ministry  of  this  devoted  servant  of  the  Lord. 
 j  The  Rev.  Samuel  Sacket,  of  the  Sacket  family, 
 and  the  Rev.  Dr.  Benjamin  Pumry,  Mr.  Pumry's 
 son,  were  both  born  nearly  the  same  time,  1712-13, 
 in  this  village;  both  trained  under  Mr.  Pumry's 
 pastorate;  both  entered  the  ministry  about  the  same 
 time,  and  both  died  in  the  year  1784.  Mr.  Sacket 
 labored  most  successfully  in  his  ministry  in  West- 
 chester county.  The  inscription  upon  his  tombstone 
 at  Yorktown  is,  that  "  He  was  a  judicious,  faithful, 
 laborious  and  successful  ministe>r  of  the  gospel. " 
 
 Rev.  Dr.  Benjamin  Pumry  wiis  one  of  the  ablest 
 and  most  distinguished  ministers  of  his  day.  His 
 whole  ministry  of  forty-nine  years  was  spent  at  Heb- 
 ron, Conn. 
 
 From  this  period  till  the  War  of  the  Revolution, 
 the  successive  pastors  wore  Rev.  George  McNish,  two 
 years;  Rev.  Simeon  Horton,  twenty-seven  years;  and 
 Rev.  Andrew  Bay,  two  years.  At  the  opening  of  Mr. 
 Horton's  ministry,  his  labors  were  remarkably 
 blessed.  The  church  was  reWved,  a  larger  number 
 than  usual  being  added  to  the  church.  The  Sessional 
 minutes  prove  that  he  was  a  man  of  deep  piety  and 
 ardent  zeal.  In  1764,  while  he  was  pastor,  T\Tiitefield 
 preached  in  this  village. 
 
 After  the  battle  of  Long  Island,  and  during  the 
 period  of  seven  years  from  1776  to  1783,  when  the 
 British  troops  had  possession  of  Newtown,  this 
 patriotic  church  (for  nearly  all  the  members  of 
 the  congregation  were  patriots)  suffered  severely. 
 Its  ordinances  were  suspended;  its  leading  members 
 scattered,  being  in  prison  or  exile;  and  its  hou.se  of 
 worship  was  first  used  as  a  hospital,  and  then  de- 
 molished. The  whole  Synod  of  New  York  espoused 
 the  cause  of  the  Revolution;  and  hence,  in  part,  the 
 hatred  of  the  British  to  the  Presbyterians  here.  At 
 the  close  of  the  war  the  church  was  regathered,  and 
 but  five  members  in  full  communion  appeared  at  its 
 first  meetings.  By  the  kindness  of  the  Reformed 
 Dutch  Church,  the  congregation  worshiped  once  a 
 fortnight  in  their  edifice.  Under  these  circumstances, 
 the  church  was  not  in  a  condition  to  settle  a  pastor, 
 and  therefore,  during  the  following  six  years,  from 
 1784  to  1790,  engaged  the  services  of  the  Rev.  James 
 Lyon,  Rev.  Peter  Fish  and  Rev.  Elihu  Palmer,  suc- 
 cessively, as  supplies.  It  was  during  this  period,  in 
 1787,  ninety-seven  years  ago,  that  the  erection  of  the 
 present  edifice  was  commenced.  On  its  foundation 
 stones  are  engraved  the  initials  of  the  names  of  cer- 
 tiJin  members  of  the  congregation.  It  was  completed 
 and  dedicated  in  1791.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Rodgers,  of  New 
 York,  preached  the  sermon. 
 
 Rev.  Nathanael  Woodhull  was  called  to  the  church 
 and  installed  in  1790,  and  his  pastorate  extended 
 twenty  years — till  1810.  In  personal  appearance, 
 winning  manners,  holiness  of  character,  and  pulpit 
 talents,  he  stood  conspicuous  among  his  brethren  in 
 the  ministry.     His  death  was  universally  regretted. 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH, 
 
 1214 
 
 SNOW  HILL,  MI). 
 
 He  received  eighty  members  into  full  communion. 
 His  successor  was  the  Rev.  William  Boardraan,  who 
 wa.s  installed  iu  1811.  His  pastorate  was  marked  by 
 a  remarkable  revival,  the  fruit,  in  part,  of  the  faith- 
 ful labors  of  his  predecessor,  and  of  his  own  fervent 
 and  active  piety.  He  labored  seven  years,  and  died  in 
 IHIH.  It  wa.s  during  Mr.  Boardman's  ministrj,  and 
 just  Vfore  its  close,  iu  ITIT,  that  the  trustees  of  the 
 church,  having  sold  the  old  pai-souage  property  to 
 the  east  of  the  village,  and  which  had  been  occupied 
 a«  such  for  a  century,  purcha.sed  the  "  Union  Hotel," 
 called  the  ' '  Corner  House, ' '  with  eleven  acres  of  land, 
 and  here  Mr.  Boardman  lived  and  died.  It  is  the 
 house  now  occupied  by  Jlrs.  Brown.  Mr.  Boardman 
 received  sixty-three  members  ilito  full  communion. 
 His  succe.s.sor  was  the  late  beloved  Dr.  John  Gold- 
 suiith,  who  wa.s  installed  in  1819.  His  faithful  and 
 able  pastorate  continued  thirty-four  years.  He  died 
 in  1854,  suddenly  cut  down,  in  the  fullness  and 
 strength  of  his  manhood.  For  his  stern  love  of  the 
 truth,  dignified  and  imposing  manner,  intellectual 
 ability,  refined  spirituality  and  uncompromising  de- 
 votion in  his  ministerial  work,  he  stood  high  in  the 
 estimation  of  his  brethren,  and  commanded  the  rev- 
 en^nce  and  love  of  his  people.  During  his  pastorate 
 Dr.  tioldsmith  received  into  the  full  communion  of 
 the  church  21.5  members,  a  precious  token  to  him  of 
 the  Divine  favor  and  mercy. 
 
 Shortly  after  Dr.  Goldsmith  commenced  his  pas- 
 torate, "in  or  about  the  year  1821,  the  'Corner 
 House'"  was  sold;  but  a  portion  of  the  land  was 
 retained,  and  on  it  was  built  the  present  parsonage. 
 
 The  Rev.  John  P.  Kno.x  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
 church,  March  28th,  185.5,  and  under  his  long  min- 
 istry it  was  largely  blessed.  In  1880  he  preached  an 
 "  Annivers;iry  Discourse  of  a  Twenty-five  Years'  Pas- 
 torate," from  which  the  facts  of  this  .sketch  are 
 gleaned. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Snow  Hill,  Maryland. 
 Snow  Hill  is  situated  on  the  Pocomoke,  a  navig-able 
 and  tidal  river  on  the  e;ustern  shore  of  Maryland. 
 The  town  is  only  si.x  miles  IVom  the  .sea;  has  fifteen 
 hundred  inhabitants,  and  is  the  county-.seat  of  "Wor- 
 cester county.  Previous  to  1742  the  present  counties 
 of  \Vorce.st<r  and  Wicomico  were  included  in  Somer- 
 set, which  extended  from  the  sea  to  the  bay,  and 
 from  Delaware  to  the  Virginia  line. 
 
 1683.  The  uniform  tradition  in  Snow  Hill  is,  that 
 when  Makemie  airae  from  Ireland,  in  1683,  iu  re- 
 sponse to  the  petition  of  "  Cohmel  William  Stevens 
 and  others,"  .sent  in  1680,  he  immediately  organized 
 a  church  and  built  a  meeting-house  here,  and  that 
 this  was  his  first  church.  The  people  were  there, 
 and  im|)atient  of  his  coming;  times  were  prosperous 
 and  no  reason  appears  for  delay.  These  people  were 
 principally  Scotch-Irish,  with  a  sprinkling  of  Scotch 
 and  French  Protestants. 
 
 1684.  Most  likely  Rev.  Samuel  Davis  came  over 
 with  Makemie,  as  we  find  him  recorded  iu   court 
 
 February  26th,  1684,  iis  marrying  John  Broughton 
 and  Elizabeth  Bradshaw.  Broughton  is  an  old  Snow 
 Hill  name;  ten  families  of  the  name  stand  on  the 
 :  church  books  in  1751,  and  one  remains  who  spells 
 his  name  the  same  way.  This  strengthens  the  idea 
 that  the  marriage  was  in  Snow  Hill,  and  Samuel 
 Davis  the  minister,  as  we  shall  now  prove  that  he 
 was  seven  years  later.  Makemie  probably  left  him 
 there  and  went  to  organize  churches  elsewhere. 
 
 1691.  For,  August  12th,  1691,  John  Galbreath  left 
 by  will,  recorded  in  court,  five  thousand  pounds  of 
 pork  each,  to  Samuel  Davis,  minister  at  Snow  Hill; 
 Francis  Makemie,  minister  at  Rehoboth ;  and  Thomas 
 Wilson,  minister  at  Manokin.  The  phraseology 
 shows  that  these  were  settled  ministers  at  those 
 places. 
 
 1697.  ' '  In  obedience  to  an  order  of  his  Excellency,  the 
 Governor,  and  Council,  dated  the  10th  day  of  August, 
 1697,  commanding  the  Sheriffs  of  this  province  to 
 return  a  list  of  what  Romish  prie.sts  and  lay  brothera 
 are  resident  in  their  respective  counties,  and  what 
 churches,  chapels  or  places  of  worship  they  have, 
 what  manner  of  buildings  they  are,  and  in  what 
 places  situate;  and  return  also  a  like  account  about 
 the  Quakers  and  other  dissenters  from  the  Church  of 
 Eugland  and  their  places  of  worship,"  etc.,  the 
 Sheriff  (Major  William  Whittington),  of  Somerset, 
 reports:  "Here  are  neither  Popish  priests,  lay 
 brothers,  nor  any  of  their  chapels.  As  to  the  Quakers 
 and  other  dissenters,  to  the  first,  none  as  I  know  of 
 particularly,  and  the  other  hath  a  house  in  Snow  Hill, 
 one  on  the  road  going  up  along  the  seaside,  and  one 
 at  Manokin,  about  thirty  feet  long;  plain  country 
 buildings,  allot  them." 
 
 1705.  Rev.  John  Hampton  was  preaching  in  Snow 
 Hill,  ami  next  year  assisted  in  forming  the  first 
 Presbytery. 
 
 1717.  The  original  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia  was 
 now  divided  in  three  Presbyteries,  one  of  which  was 
 the  Pre-sbytery  of  Snow  Hill.  The  fathers  seem  to 
 have  recognized  its  importance  and  antiquity.  What 
 Philadelphia  was  to  Pennsylvania,  and  New  Jersey 
 and^New  Castle  to  Northern  Delaware,  that  Snow 
 Hill  was  to  Southern  Delaware  and  Somerset,  from 
 Lewes  to  the  Virginia  line. 
 
 1719.  August  1st.  The  vestry  of  All  Hallows  Protest- 
 ant Episcopal  Parish,  Snow  Hill,  petition  the  Bishop  of 
 London  for  a  preacher,  declaring  that  since  establish- 
 ment they  have  not  had  a  regular  minister  except  two 
 years.  ' '  Now,  seeing  the  constant  abode  of  a  dissent- 
 ing minister  is  likely  to  alienate  the  people  from  the 
 communion  of  the  Church,  we,  the  vestry  of  said 
 parish  .  .  .  represent  to  your  lordship's  considera- 
 tion our  misery  through  a  long  continuance  of  the 
 famine  in  scarcity  of  the  Word  of  God  in  our  church, 
 etc. "  So  at  this  period  Snow  Hill  was  ' '  the  constant 
 abode  of  a  dissenting  (Presbyterian)  minister." 
 
 1745.  The  church  records  prior  to  1745  are  lost.  In 
 that  year  the  Makemie  Church,  probably  a  log  house, 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCH, 
 
 1215 
 
 SNOW  HILL,  31 D. 
 
 had  stood  sixty-two  years.  A  contract  was  now 
 made  for  building  a  new  "meeting  house  in  Snow 
 Hill  town."  It  cost,  exclusive  of  the  pews,  £142, 
 5s.  4d. 
 
 1747.  Rules  were  adopted  "for  regulating  the 
 pews." 
 
 1751.  Rev.  John  Hamilton  preached  a  sermon,  and 
 "  did  set  apart  as  elders  of  and  for  the  Presbyterian 
 dissenting  congregation  near  Snow  Hill  town,"  five 
 persons,  making  in  all  twelve,  which  number  had 
 long  been  considered  "a  full  bench  of  elders." 
 Their  names  were  Adam  Spence,  Samuel  Bratten, 
 Matthew  Hopkins,  William  Aydelott,  Robert  King, 
 Jr.,  John  IrWng,  William  Nilson,  Thomas  Martin, 
 Samuel  Stevenson,  John  Richardson  and  William 
 Aydelott,  Jr.     The  minister's  salary  was  now  £44. 
 
 1752.  The  congregation  was  laid  out  into  districts, 
 each  placed  under  the  supervision  of  an  elder,  one  of 
 who.se  duties  was  to  gather  in  strangers.  A  study 
 was  built  this  year,  costing  £10.  Fifty-four  families 
 contributed  to  both  the  building  of  the  church  and 
 the  minister's  salary  and  many  more  to  one  of  these 
 objects. 
 
 1753.  Rev.  Mr.  Donnelson  was  supplying  the 
 church  at  this  time;  and  Pitt's  Creek,  for  the  first 
 time,  appears  on  the  record,  asking  Presbytery  to 
 send  him  back. 
 
 17.57.  Rev.  David  Purvianee,  while  preaching  here, 
 died,  and  was  interred  in  the  churchyard. 
 
 1760.  A  stone  was  purchased  "for  a  bounder  for 
 the  meeting-house  lott."  It  lies  buried  in  the  north 
 corner  of  the  yard.  At  a  "  Presbyterie  held  in  Snow 
 Hill  the  Rev.  Mr.  John  Harris"  was  installed.  An 
 addition  was  also  built  to  the  church. 
 
 1767.  A  new  pulpit  was  erected. 
 
 1779.  Rev.  Samuel  McMasters  began  to  preach  in 
 Snow  Hill,  and  his  name  appears  on  the  books  as  late 
 as  1801.  Part  or  all  of  this  time  he  preached  at 
 Rehoboth  also.  His  salary  from  Snow  Hill  varied 
 from  £40  to  £22,  probably  proportioned  to  the  ser- 
 vices rendered.  From  1782  to  1792,  the  average  was 
 £30.  And  in  six  successive  years  three  farthings 
 appeared  as  part  of  the  payment,  showing  how  exact 
 they  were  in  settling  their  accounts. 
 
 1795.  The  frame  church,  now  fifty  years  old,  wa.s 
 replaced  by  a  brick  structure.  The  amount  secured 
 for  its  erection  from  subscriptions  and  sale  of  pews 
 appears  to  have  been  $1751. 
 
 1800.  An  act  was  passed  by  the  Legislature  of 
 Maryland,  incorporating  "  The  Presbyterian  Church 
 in  Snow  Hill,  Worcester  County."  By  this  charter 
 the  pastor  is  chairman,  fx-officio,  of  the  committee 
 ha-s-ing  charge  of  the  finances.  This  committee,  like 
 the  Session,  consists  of  12,  the  apostolic  number. 
 
 1808.  April  4.  Fifty-two  families,  at  least,  were 
 now  holding  pews  in  the  new  church.  Probably 
 there  were  more,  as  we  find  it  hard  to  tell  how  many 
 were  in  a  pew  like  number  "33,  Dr.  Spence  and 
 others." 
 
 1813.  Rev.  Stuart  Williamson  was  pastor,  and  died 
 here  in  1815  or  1816.  The  salary  remaining  due  was 
 paid  to  his  estate,  in  1816. 
 
 1818.  Rev.  Stephen  Sanders  had  charge  of  the 
 pulpit. 
 
 1820-30.  Rev.  Thomas  B.  Balch  was  pastor  of  Snow 
 Hill,  Rehoboth  and  Pitt's  Creek. 
 1822.  A  bell  was  procured. 
 
 1826.  Mr.  Balch  received  a  letter  from  Rehoboth 
 Church,  declaring  itself  unable  to  pay  what  it  had 
 promised  toward  his  salary,  and  Pitt's  Creek  stated 
 that  it  could  not  make  up  the  deficiency  arising  from 
 the  failure  of  Rehoboth. 
 
 1831-9.  Rev.  C.  H.  Mustard  was  pastor,  salary 
 five  hundred  dollars;  probably  Pitt's  Creek  paid  the 
 half  of  this. 
 
 1832.  A  new  roof  was  put  on  the  church  and  some 
 improvements  made. 
 
 1840-48.  Rev.  J.  J.  Graff  was  in  charge,  salary  five 
 hundred  and  fifty  dollars. 
 
 1847.  The  pastor  and  congregation  decided  to  act 
 with  the  New  School  body,  but  soon  after,  under  the 
 leadership  of  Judge  Spence,  the  church  united  with 
 the  Old  School. 
 
 1852.  Rev.  B.  G.  McPhail  Tvas  installed  over  Snow 
 Hill  and  Pitt's  Creek,  ending  his  days  and  his  min- 
 istry here  in  1857.  In  his  time  the  Church  bought 
 its  first  parsonage,  for  seven  hundred  dollars. 
 
 1857.  Rev.  Elkanah  D.  JIackey  was  installed  and 
 died  next  year.  A  substantial  tomb  in  the  churchyard 
 bears  witness  to  the  sorrow  of  the  church  and  the 
 worth  of  the  minister. 
 
 1859.  Rev.  Wm.  D.  Mackey  was  ordained  and  in- 
 stalled over  Snow  Hill  and  Pitt's  Creek.  Next  year  the 
 church  was  blessed  with  a  revival,  which  added  thirty- 
 two  members,  making  the  total  communicants  eighty- 
 one.     The  number  in  Sabbath  school  was  sixty-five. 
 
 1860.  Snow  Hill  and  Pitt's  Creek  now  separated 
 finally,  each  considering  itself  able  to  sustain  a  min- 
 ister. 
 
 1866.  The  total  funds  raised  this  year,  $700. 
 
 1868.  Mr.  Mackey  left,  and  next  year  Rev.  Charles 
 Beach  came  and  stayed  until  1870.  Members  now 
 on  the  roll,  seventy. 
 
 1872.  Rev.  F.  B.  Myers  became  pa.stor,  and  re- 
 mained six  years.  In  his  time  the  parsonage  was 
 repaired,  and  a  new  organ  and  a  new  bell  purchased. 
 The  average  amount  raised  for  all  purposes  w:is  $1300 
 annually,  and  when  he  left  there  were  eighty-five 
 members  of  the  church  and  seventy-five  of  the 
 Sabbath  school. 
 
 1877.  Rev.  David  Conway  arrived,  and  was  pastor 
 until  September,  1.883.  The  church  boundaiies  had 
 been  contracting  for  years,  so  that  all  its  families 
 lived  in  town  except  four.  Expansion  now  com- 
 menced. A  church  was  built  at  Stockton,  nine 
 miles  south,  by  a  bequest  from  Dr.  Gunhy.  A  con- 
 gregation was  soon  gathered,  a  Sabbath  school  organ- 
 ized, with  a  permanent  membership  of  one.  hundred, 
 
PRESBYTERIAS  CHVRCH, 
 
 1216 
 
 SNOW  HILL,  3ID. 
 
 and  of  those  who  professed  their  faith  in  Christ,  three_ 
 good  men  were  ordained  elders.  The  boundaries  were 
 thus  pushed  out  to  the  sea  and  down  into  Virginia. 
 
 Then  the  old  parsonage  was  sold  and  another  pur- 
 chased, an  elegant  mansion,  in  the  best  location  in 
 town,  surrounded  by  two  and  a  half  acres  of  ground. 
 This  was  laid  out  in  lawn,  garden  and  orchard,  with 
 shade,  fruit  and  ornamental  trees,  and  shrubbery  in 
 abundance.  It  is  the  best  parsonage  within  a  circuit 
 of  one  hundred  miles. 
 
 To  show  the  vitality  of  the  old  congregation,  it 
 may  be  stated  that  from  1877  to  1883  the  com- 
 municants increased  forty  per  cent.,  the  Sabbath 
 school  members  nearly  tripled,  and  the  funds  con- 
 tributed (omitting  the  l)eque.st)  averaged  $21)00  per 
 annum. 
 
 1883.  The  statistical  report  shows  communicants 
 one  hundred  and  fourteen ;  Sabbath-school  members 
 two  hundred  and  five;  funds  raised  $1836,00. 
 
 On  this  the  two  hundredth  anniversary  of  the 
 organization,  it  was  resolved  to  build  a  Makemie 
 Memorial  Church,  in  honor  of  its  founder,  and  to 
 strengthen  and  accommodate  the  congregation. 
 
 1884.  For  the  old  brick  house  of  worship,  now  in 
 its  eighty -ninth  year,  is  as  unfit  for  the  activities  of 
 church  liie  as  the  human  frame  is  at  the  same  age  for 
 exhibiting  the  energies  of  youthful  vigor.  The  con- 
 gregation has  subscribed  about  ^-lOOO,  and  some  addi- 
 tional help  has  come  from  friends  outside,  and  more 
 is  expected,  to  make  the  chivreli  worthy  ol'  the  man 
 and  the  occasion. 
 
 The  tradition  in  Snow  Hill,  that  there  Makemie 
 organized  his  first  church  and  built  his  first  meeting 
 house,  is  antagonized  by  a  similar  tradition  at  Reho- 
 both.  Which  is  to  be  received  ?  That  of  Snow  Hill, 
 for  the  following  rea.sons  : — 
 
 1.  Snow  Hill  was  the  only  town  in  Somerset,  when 
 Makemie  came,  which  had  ;in  existence  other  than 
 on  paper.  The  statute  ordering  it  to  be  regularly  laid 
 out,  and  making  it  a  port  of  entry  and  export,  recog- 
 nized it  as  a  town  already  liuilt,  and  confirms  the  in- 
 habitiints  in  possession  of  the  lots  whereon  they  had 
 located.     This  act  was  passed  in  1686. 
 
 But  when  an  act  was  passed  for  the  ground  on 
 which  Relioboth  now  stands,  there  was  not  a  house 
 to  locate  the  place  by,  and  so  the  description  runs 
 from  the  boundary  of  one  man's  laud  to  that  of 
 another. 
 
 Rehoboth  to-day  has  ten  very  humble  dwellings, 
 and  neither  history,  tradition,  nor  the  oldest  inhabit- 
 ant has  knowledge  of  a  time  when  it  had  more. 
 Snow  Hill  has  1500  inhabitants,  and  in  1683  the 
 difference  was  relatively  as  great  in  favor  of  Snow 
 Hill.  And  the  town  grew,  because  population  was 
 dense  around  it. 
 
 Now  to  which  of  these  places  would  Makemie  go 
 to  build  his  first  church,  the  town  or  the  forest?  He 
 would  follow  Paul's  example,  and  go  where  most 
 people  were 
 
 2.  The  people  in  and  around  Snow  Hill  were 
 mainly  Presbyterian;  those  around  the  place  now 
 called  Rehoboth  were  chiefly  Episcopalian.  Unlike 
 some  other  counties  in  Jlaryland,  the  people  of  Som- 
 erset were  then  chiefly  Presbyterian  or  Episcopalian, 
 and  they  are  so  still,  if  Methodists  be  excluded.  The 
 Episcopal  church  in  Coventry  parish  (where  Reho- 
 both is)  was  well  established,  but  in  Snow  Hill  was 
 not  commenced  for  a  decade  afterward.  And  we 
 have  seen  above  that  in  1719  it  was  still  weak, 
 while  Snow  Hill  was  "the  constant  abode  of  a  dis- 
 senting Presbyterian  minister."  So  strong  was  the 
 Presbyterian  element  around  Snow  Hill,  that  in 
 1697  we  find  another  church  "  on  the  road  going  up 
 along  the  seaside,"  near  Berlin,  and  soon  another 
 appeared  near  Newark;  three  churches  in  sixteen 
 miles !  No  such  strength  had  Presbyterianism  at 
 Rehoboth.  Snow  Hill,  then,  had  the  people,  and 
 these  were  Presbyterian,  and  there  Makemie  would 
 go. 
 
 3.  The  Sheriff's  Report,  in  1697,  shows  no  dissent- 
 ing church  at  Rehoboth.  Major  William  Whittington, 
 the  Sheriff,  was  a  resident  of  Coventry  parish,  near 
 Rehoboth,  went  to  a  mill  hard  by,  knew  Makemie, 
 was  a  man  of  intelligence  and  benevolence,  owned 
 lands  all  over  the  county,  went  past  Rehoboth 
 every  time  he  went  to  court,  yet  saw  no  church 
 there  in  1697.  Pocomoke  has  a  tradition  that 
 Makemie  preached  long  in  a  house  of  Colonel  Stevens, 
 which  may  have  been  called  a  church  by  courtesy. 
 But,  however  that  may  be,  the  Sheriflfs  testimony  is 
 decisive  as  to  1697. 
 
 4.  Irving  Spence,  not  having  the  proofs  quoted 
 above,  seems  to  yield  to  Rehoboth  ;  but  his  son, 
 Elder  Irving  Spence,  has  recently  shown,  in  an  able 
 article,  that  if  his  father  had  had  the  facts  we  have, 
 he  never  would  have  "submitted  his  judgment"  to 
 that  of  others,  which  was  all  he  did  do. 
 
 5.  It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  Makemie,  instead 
 of  receiving  contributions  from  Rehoboth,  "supplied 
 the  temporal  wants  of  the  church  out  of  his  own 
 resources."     Snow  Hill  paid  its  own  way. 
 
 6.  While  Presbyterians  abounded  at  Snow  Hill, 
 Rev.  Samuel  McMaster,  who  lived  at  Rehoboth,  says 
 the  church  there  was  started  by  "a  few  families  of 
 English  Dissenters."  Where  would  an  Irishman, 
 like  Makemie,  organize  his  first  church;  among  the 
 few  English  Dissenters  at  Rehoboth,  or  the  many 
 Scotch-Irish  at  Snow  Hill '? 
 
 7.  The  only  two  points  that  appear  to  favor  Reho- 
 both, go  against  it,  when  properly  understood. 
 
 "Makemie,"  say  some,  "would  go  fiist  to  Reho- 
 both, to  Stevens,  the  prominent  man  who  brought 
 him  over." 
 
 Stevens  didn't  bring  him  over  ;  and  if  he  had,  he 
 would  have  been  xs  likely  to  send  him  to  Snow  HiU 
 as  to  Rehoboth.  For  Stevens  was  an  Englishman, 
 who  took  up  the  tract  of  land  where  Snow  Hill 
 stands,  gave  it  its  name,  from  Snow  Hill,  in  London 
 
PRESB  YTERIA  N  CONGEEGA  TIOX. 
 
 1-317 
 
 rouNGSTowx.  omo. 
 
 (probably  his  old  home),  and  was  now  settling  it 
 with  colonists. 
 
 To  proselyte  a  man  two  hundred  years  after  his 
 death  is  iinfair.  The  Rehoboth  men  have  done  that 
 ignorantly,  on  the  sole  strength  of  the  petition  to  the 
 Presbytery  of  Laggan,  from  ' '  Colonel  Wra.  Stevens, 
 and  others. ' '  Two  years  after  signing  that,  he  signed 
 another  paper  (and  was  willing  to  swear  to  It),  in 
 which  he  declares  him.self  an  Episcopalian,  "pro- 
 fessing the  gospel  of  Jesus  Christ,  according  to  the 
 liturgy  of  the  Church  of  Sugland. "  (See  "  Schari's 
 History  of  Maryland,"  Vol.  1,  p.  287.) 
 
 Not  to  the  English  Episcopalian  at  Rehoboth  would 
 Makemie  go  to  organize  his  first  church,  but  to  his 
 kith  and  kin,  the  Scotch-Irish  of  Snow  Hill.  The 
 "others"  on  the  jietition  were  the  crew  who  sailed 
 the  Presbyterian  barc^uc;  Colonel  Stevens  was  only 
 the  figure-head,  and  a  borrowed  one  at  that !  ^Vliy 
 send  to  Ireland  for  a  minister  ?  Because  they  were 
 Irish  themselves,  and  knew  the  men  and  the  state  of 
 affairs  there.  They  got  Stevens  to  head  the  paper, 
 because  he  was  a  prominent  man. 
 
 8.  Makemie's  long  connection  with  Rehoboth  is 
 the  only  other  point  that  seems  to  favor  that  place. 
 But  that  was  owing  to  another  reason  altogether. 
 He  married  into  a  wealthy  family  in  Virginia,  and  in 
 order  to  live  with  them  on  the  estate  he  denied  him- 
 self the  liberty  of  Maryland,  and  submitted  to  the 
 restrictions  of  Virginia.  The  reason  he  held  on  to 
 Rehoboth  was  that  he  could  reach  it  readily  from  his 
 home.  It  was  the  nearest  to  him.  His  long  ser^'ice 
 there  proves  nothing  as  to  its  seniority. 
 
 But  it  accounts  for  the  tradition.  Wliere  he  had 
 long  been  the  people  would  first  think,  and  then  say, 
 he  had  been  first.  The  Rehoboth  tradition  can  thus 
 be  accounted  for  on  grounds  other  than  the  fact;  the 
 Snow  Hill  on  the  fact  alone. 
 
 9.  No  wonder,  then,  that  Craighead  (Scotch  and 
 Irish  seeds  in  American  .soil)  declares  Snow  Hill,  "so 
 far  as  now  known,  the  first  regularly  organized  Pres- 
 byterian Church  in  America. 
 
 10.  And  Dr.  GiUett,  in  his  History  of  the  Presby- 
 terian Church,  after  reading  the  volume  in  which  Dr. 
 Macdonald  trwd  to  prove  Jamaica  the  oldest  Ameri- 
 can Presbj'terian  Church,  says,  judicially  and  .judici- 
 ously "He  organized  the  Presbyterian  Chiuch  in 
 Snow  Hill,  Maryland.  Here,  in  the  narrow  neck  of  land 
 between  the  Chesapeake  and  the  ocean  ....  the 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  America  began  its  existence." 
 — Bcr.  Ddviii  Coiiinii/. 
 
 Presbyterian  Congregation,  Youngstown, 
 Ohio._  This  is,  no  doubt,  the  oldest  church  organiza- 
 tion of  any  denomination  upon  the  Western  Reserve. 
 Owing  to  the  loss  of  the  early  records,  the  exact  date 
 of  its  organization  cannot  be  given.  It  is  probable 
 that  it  was  organized  some  time  in  the  year  1800,  by 
 the  Presbytery  of  Ohio.  Uix)n  the  organization  of 
 the  Presbytery  of  Erie,  April  13th,  180-2,  this  con- 
 gregation was  included  within  its  bounds.  Its  Pres- 
 77 
 
 byterial  connection  again  changed  in  1808,  upon  the 
 organization  of  Hartford  Presbytery,  where  it  re- 
 mained until  the  division  of  1837.  The  Presbytery 
 of  Beaver,  successor  to  Hartford  Presbytery,  adhered 
 to  the  Old  School  branch.  After  the  separation,  de- 
 ciding to  unite  it.sclf  with  the  New  School  or  exscinded 
 wing  of  the  Church,  this  congregation  presented  a 
 request  to  the  Presbytery  of  TrumV)ull  to  be  received 
 under  its  eire,  and  it  was  then  placed  in  its  roll  of 
 churches.  This  connection  remained  until  the  union 
 (1870),  when  tlie  Prisbytery  itself  was  dissolved  and 
 the  new  Presbytery  of  Mahoning  formed.  This 
 church  had  long  been  first  in  point  of  membership 
 while  under  the  care  of  Trumbull  Presbytery,  and  it 
 is  numerically  the  strongest  chur<-h  iu  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Mahoning,  having  now  about  five  hundred 
 members. 
 
 Tlie  first  church  edifice  was  erected  probably  ;ls 
 early  as  180-2,  near  the  northwest  corner  of  Wood 
 street  and  Wick  avenue,  immediately  opposite  the 
 present  church.  A  new  building  was  erected  in  183.5, 
 on  Federal  street,  and  occupied  until  1866,  when  the 
 present  house  of  worship  was  first  opened  for  service. 
 
 In  183-2  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Liberty  w;v? 
 formed  from  this  congregation,  fortj' -three  members 
 being  at  first  dismi.ssed  for  this  purpose,  three  out  of  the 
 four  elders  then  composing  the  Session  being  among 
 the  number.  The  eighty-four  years  of  the  existence 
 of  the  congregation  have,  for  the  most  part,  been 
 years  of  peace  and  harmony.  The  "unity  of  the 
 Spirit  has  been  kept,  in  the  bond  of  peace." 
 
 The  Sabbath-school  connected  with  this  church  is 
 the  oldest  in  the  place,  and  probably  one  of  the  first 
 organized  on  the  Western  Reserve.  All  the  records 
 jjrior  to  186-2  have  been  destroyed  or  lost.  This  ren- 
 ders it  impossible  to  give  more  than  a  brief  sketch 
 of  its  history.  William  Rice,  late  of  Painesville,  for 
 many  years  an  elder  in  this  congregation,  who  was 
 present  and  participated  in  its  organization,  stated 
 that  it  was  organized  in  the  log  church  building 
 then  iu  use,  in  the  Autumn  of  18-20,  Elder  Samuel 
 Brysou  being  elected  the  first  superintendent.  Dr. 
 Manning  and  Elders  John  Loughridge  and  William 
 Rice  afterward  served  in  the  .same  capacity.  Although 
 in  the  sixty-fourth  year  of  its  existence,  it  shows  no 
 signs  of  decrepitude,  and  has  been,  and  is,  carrying 
 out  the  design  of  the  founders,  viz:  "  A  nursery  of 
 the  Church." 
 
 In  1801,  the  Rev.  William  Wick  was  Installed  a.s  . 
 pastor  of  the  Youngstown  Church,  for  the  half  of  his 
 time.  Mr.  Wick  was  one  of  the  original  members  of 
 the  Presbytery  of  Erie.  He  was  also  an  original 
 member  of  the  Presbytery  of  Beaver.  His  labors  were 
 confined  chiefly  to  Youngstown  and  Hop<'well, 
 although  he  found  time  to  engage  in  missionary  work 
 "  in  the  regions  beyond."  He  was  the  first  perma- 
 nent laborer  in  the  Western  Reserve.  About  three 
 years  after  his  settlement  he  was  blessed  with  the 
 outpouring  of  God's  Spirit,  during  which  many  were 
 
PRESBYTERIAS  COXdUKCl  TIoX. 
 
 1318 
 
 rOUNGSTOWN,  OHIO. 
 
 gathered  into  the  church.  He  was  aided  hy  the  Con- 
 necticut Missionary  Society,  for  a  year  or  two,  and 
 was  always  the  friend  of  missions.  He  and  Jiwepli 
 Badger  were  ever  fast  friends,  and  took  missionary 
 tours  together.  He  was  Moderator  of  tlie  Synod  of 
 Pittsburg  in  1811. 
 
 Says  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Wood,  "  I  remeraher  dis- 
 tinctly of  Ki-vs.  McCurdy,  Martinis,  Uadgcr,  Hughes 
 and  otlurs,  meeting  at  my  father's  lionse,  to  devise 
 plans  for  the  spread  of  the  gosjjcl  throughout  the 
 Western  wilderness." 
 
 He  was  a  faithful  minister  of  the  Word,  yet  his 
 ministry  was  brief  In  Octolwr,  1814,  he  contracted 
 a  severe  cold,  and  in  a  .short  time  it  became  evident 
 that  his  lungs  were  seriou.sly  affected.  He  was  feeble 
 through  the  Winter,  yet  was  generally  able  to  preach. 
 March  •2(ith,  181.5,  was  the  Sabl)ath  he  was  to  preach 
 at  Hopewell.  He  was  not  able  to  leave  the  house, 
 and  sent  one  of  his  sons  to  request  the  congregation 
 to  come  to  his  hoose,  and  although  very  feeble,  ad- 
 dre.s.sed  them  in  a  very  solemn  and  aflecting  manner, 
 and  baptized  a  child.  Being  exhausted,  he  was 
 a.ssisted  to  his  bed.  On  Monday  and  Tuesday  he 
 seemed  better,  and  walked  about  the  house  and  yard, 
 and  attended  to  family  worship  as  usual.  On  Tues- 
 day morning  he  sung  with  his  family,  in  worship,  in 
 a  clear  voice,  the  hymn — 
 
 *'0n  Jordan's  stormy  bankn  I  stand." 
 
 After  singing,  he  said, '  'This  musicsounds  heavenly. 
 Oh,  what  will  it  Ije  to  hear  the  heavenly  strainsabove!" 
 That  evening  he  retired  without  any  visible  change. 
 At  six  o'clock  on  Wednesday  morning  Mrs.  Wick 
 noticed  that  his  breathing  w:us  short  and  labored. 
 He  was  beyond  the  jMJwer  of  speech,  ami  before  his 
 family  could  be  summoned  his  spirit  had  taken  its 
 flight  to  the  land  of  rest  and  glory. 
 
 His  death  took  place  at  Hopewell,  Pa.,  on  the  29th 
 day  of  March,  181.5,  in  the  forty-seventh  year  of  his 
 age  and  sixteenth  of  his  ministry.  At  his  own 
 request  he  was  buried  at  Youngstown,  O. 
 
 He  was  the  father  of  eight  .sons  and  three  daughters, 
 the  greatest  portion  of  whom  have  gone  down  to  the 
 grave.  His  sons  have,  .several  of  them,  occujiied 
 places  of  authority  and  trust  among.st  their  fellow- 
 citizens,  and  one  of  them  has  been  in  the  chief 
 council  of  the  nation. 
 
 It  is  recorded  on  his  tombstone  that  he  preached, 
 during  his  ministry,  one  thonsjind  five  hundred  and 
 twenty-two  sermons,  and  married  lifty-six  couples. 
 
 The  liev.  John  Core,  the  second  psustor  of  this 
 church,  was  born  in  178.5;  licensed  in  181(J;  wjus  in- 
 stalled pastor  of  tbiscongregation,  inconncction  with 
 Brookfield  and  Vienna,  June  'Joth,  1817.  He  was 
 released,  April  10th,  18-2;5,  after  a  successful  pastorate 
 of  six  years.  The  church  rolls  show  that  over  one 
 hundred  were  added  to  the  clinrch  during  his  min- 
 istry here.  Mr.  Core  died  in  Clarion  county.  Pa., 
 May  17th,  Ih.5.1. 
 
 Jlcv.  Hard  Stafford,  the  third  pa-stor  of  this  church. 
 
 was  born  about  1789.  He  commenced  the  work  of 
 the  ministry  about  the  year  1815,  and  labored  for 
 the  greater  part  of  the  time  in  and  about  the  city 
 of  New  York  until  18-29.  From  "Gillett's  History 
 of  the  Presbyterian  Church,"  we  learn  that  "the 
 Allen  Street  Church  owed  its  existence  largely  to  the 
 efforts  of  Kev.  Ward  Stafford  and  Samuel  J.  Mills, 
 who,  in  the  Summer  of  1816,  exidored  a  large  and 
 forbidding  portion  of  the  city,  and  succeeded  in  gath- 
 ering a  small  congregation." 
 
 The  church  at  Y'oungstown  made  out  a  call  for  Sir. 
 Stafford  in  January,  1830,  which  was  accepted,  and 
 he  was  installed  pastor,  April  5th,  1830,  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  Hartford.  Kev.  James  Wright  preached 
 on  the  occasion;  Rev.  James  Satterfield  presided, 
 and  gave  the  charge  to  the  minister,  and  Rev.  Thos. 
 E.  Hughes  addressed  the  people  and  made  the  con- 
 cluding prayer.  The  relation  thus  constituted  con- 
 tinued until  1837,  when  he  was  released.  "  During 
 his  seven  years'  labor,  about  one  hundred  persons 
 were  added  to  the  member.ship  of  the  church.  Of 
 his  subsequent  history  we  are  not  able  to  speak,  but 
 abundant  evidence  remains  of  his  faithfulness  as  a 
 preacher  of  the  gospel.  The  date  of  his  death  is  not 
 definitely  known,  but  it  occurred  about  1851. 
 
 Rev.  Charles  A.  Boardman,  who  served  this  church 
 with  such  ability  and  success  for  fifteen  years,  was 
 boru  in  Connecticut,  in  the  year  1788.  He  w  as  much 
 more  than  an  ordinary  man,  and  during  Ms  pastorate 
 here,  and  since  his  release  and  decease,  it  has  been  an 
 occasion  of  surprise  to  many  that  this  church  was 
 permitted  to  have  his  services  so  long.  He  was  a 
 man  of  fine  intellect,  and  universally  beloved  for  his 
 many  virtues,  both  as  a  man  and  a  Christian.  A 
 letter  from  his  daughter,  Mrs.  S.  B.  JIcEwen,  gives 
 a  short  sketch  of  his  life  before  his  settlement  over 
 this  church,  part  of  which  is  here  inserted  : — 
 
 "  Rev.  C.  A.  Boardman  was  born  at  New  Milford, 
 Litchfield  county,  Conn.,  November  19th,  1788.  Was 
 licen.sed  to  preach  October,  1817.  Was  ordained  pas- 
 tor of  the  church  and  society  of  New  Preston,  Conn., 
 .June  18th,  1818.  Rev.  Dr.  Lyman  Beecher  delivered 
 the  charge  to  the  pastor  on  that  occasion,  and  with 
 him  my  father  nuide  his  first  exchange  ;  and  under 
 my  father's  preaching  in  New  Preston,  the  Rev.  Dr. 
 Horace  Bushnell,  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  was  converted, 
 and  first  united  with  his  church  at  that  place.  In 
 April,  1830,  lu;  received  and  accepted  a  call  to  the 
 Third  Congregatiomil  Church  of  New  Haven,  where 
 he  remained  luitil  1833,  when  he  removed  to  West- 
 port,  Conn.,  where  he  renuiined  until  January,  1837, 
 when,  yielding  to  the  urgent  request  of  the  President 
 and  officers  of  Western  Reserve  College,  he  became 
 Agent  for  the  Western  Reserve  Education  Society, 
 in  which  capacity  he  served  until  he  took  charge  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Y'oungstown,  in  1839. 
 These  items  1  have  taken  from  a  record  of  his  life, 
 written  by  himself,  which  I  have  in  my  pos,session.'' 
 Mr.  Boardman  was  installed  pastor  of  this  con- 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  BOARD  OF 
 
 1219 
 
 MISSIONS  FOR  FREEDMEN. 
 
 gregation,  August  6th,   1839,  by  the   Preshyteiy  of  I  aud  three  ruling  elders  each,  to  organize  and  oondiict 
 
 Trumbull.  Mrs.  Boardnian  having  been  called  away 
 by  death,  in  1851,  aud  his  children  having  removed 
 from  this  place,  he  felt  constrained,  in  1H.">4,  to  ask 
 the  congregation  to  unite  with  him  in  an  ajiplication 
 to  the  Presbytery  for  a  dissolution  of  the  pastoral 
 relation. 
 
 Dr.  Levi  B.  Wilson  was  installed  pastor  of  this 
 church  November  9th,  1859,  and  remained  in  charge 
 until  September  24th,  1869,  when  the  relation  was 
 dLssolved.  "RTiile,  as  has  been  said,  this  is  an  old 
 congregation,  yet,  owing  to  the  formation  of  new  con- 
 gregations in  its  vicinity,  and  deaths  aud  removals, 
 it  is  not  strange  that,  in  a  town  of  slow  growth,  the 
 membership  should  be  no  larger  in  1859  than  it  was 
 thirty  years  before,  at  the  commencement  of  Sir. 
 Stafford's  ministry.  At  this  time  (1859)  the  church 
 had  a  membership  of  about  one  hundred  and  fifty. 
 The  town  was  then  commencing  its  rapid  increase  in 
 population  and  wealth.  That  the  church,  under  his 
 leadership,  was  enabled  to  keep  pace  with  the  advance 
 in  material  interests  of  the  place,  Ls  evident  from  the 
 
 mi.ssions  among  the  freedmen.  These  were  styled 
 "The  Eastern  "  and  "Western  Committees  on  Freed- 
 men. ' '  The  members  of  the  EasU-m  Committee  were 
 ministers  W.  P.  Breed  and  Samuel  F.  Colt ;  elders 
 Morris  Patterson,  John  McArthurand  Wilfred  Hall. 
 Those  of  the  Western  were  mini-sters  J.  Howard 
 Nixon  and  Samuel  C.  Logan  ;  elders  .Tames  iL  l{ay, 
 Charles  N.  Todd  and  Je.s.se  L.  Williams. 
 
 The  committees  organized;  the  Eiistern  Committee 
 on  the  24th  of  June,  1864,  by  the  apijointmeut  of 
 Dr.  Breed  as  Chairman  and  Rev.  S.  F.  Colt  as  Secre- 
 tary, and  the  Western  Committee  on  July  21.st,  1864, 
 with  Rev.  J.  H.  Ni.xon  Chairman,  and  Kev.  S.  C. 
 Logan  Secretary.  With  these  officers  the  work  of 
 exploration  and  of  establishing  schools  in  refugee 
 camps,  and  of  supplying  the  wants  of  the  suftering 
 freedmen,  was  prosecuted  with  great  energy.  The 
 work  of  establishing  missions,  both  in  the  Ea.st  and 
 West,  was  greatly  hindered  by  the  conditions  of 
 uncertainty  following  the  varied  fortunes  of  the  war. 
 No  churches  could  be  organized,  becau.se  of  the  in- 
 
 fact  that  he  left  the  church  with  a  membership  of  I  .stability  and  homeless  condition  of  the  communities, 
 
 all  of  which  were  under  milifciry  rule.  The  Eastern 
 Committee  employed  a  few  ministers  as  explorers 
 chiefly,  and  sent  a  number  of  teachers  to  the  refugees 
 along  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  held  temporary  schools 
 in  military  camps  at  Wa.shington,  Fortress  Monroe, 
 Newbern,  and  Williamsburg,  Va.  The  Western  Com- 
 mittee operated  chiefly  in  Tennessee  and  Xorthirn 
 Alabama,  at  points  held  by  the  Northern  army,  and 
 in  Kansas  and  Arkansas,  where  quietness  reigned. 
 Both  committees  were  more  than  ordinarily  successful 
 in  the  work  assigned  to  them.  At  the  next  meeting 
 of  the  Assembly  they  were  able  to  report  sufficiently 
 deljnite  information  to  lay  the  foundation  of  organized 
 work  among  the  freeilnien.  At  the  As-sembly  at 
 Pittsburg,  May,  1865,  the  war  having  been  endeil, 
 with  the  established  freedom  of  more  than  four  mil- 
 lions of  slaves,  a  vast  field  w;ls  recognized  as  opened 
 for  the  fullest  work  of  Chri.stiaii  missions.  The 
 Assembly,  at  that  session,  consolidated  its  two  com- 
 mittees in  the  aiipointment  of  a  single  committee, 
 called  "  The  A.sscnibly's  Committee  on  Freedmen," 
 wliieh  w;is  loeat<-d  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  aud  anthorizi'il 
 to  appoint  one  or  more  executive  olfieers  or  superin- 
 tendents. To  this  committee  w;us  committed  the 
 whole  care,  under  the  As.sembly,  of  mission  work 
 for  these  millions. 
 
 The  Assembly's  Committee  w;is  organized  on  the 
 21st  of  June,  1865,  by  the  election  of  Rev.  William 
 D.  Howard  Chairman,  and  Rev.  .Tames  Allison   Re- 
 
 two    hundred  and    eighty.     Two  precious  revivals 
 occurred  during  his  ministry,  in  1862  and  1866. 
 
 The  Rev.  Daniel  H.  Evans,  the  present  pastor, 
 commenced  his  labors  in  February,  1870,  aud  was 
 installed  May  5th  of  that  year.     {See  his  Sktlcli.) 
 
 This  church  has  had  six  pastors  and  three  stated 
 supplies.  It  has  had  twenty-four  elders,  most  of 
 whom  are  fallen  asleep,  and  seven  remain  till  the 
 present ;  all  men  of  good  report,  whose  names  are  as 
 follows:  Robert  Montgomery,  John  Gibson,  Reuben 
 McMillan,  Augustus  B.  Cornell,  Thomas  H.  Wilson, 
 Dr.  George  Cornell  and  Robert  McCurdy. 
 
 Presbsrterian  Board  of  Missions  for  Freed- 
 men. .\t  the  session  of  the  tleneral  A.ssembly,  (>.  S., 
 at  Newark,  N.  .T.,  in  May,  1864,  the  subject  of 
 Missions  among  the  fried  people  was  brought  belbre 
 the  body,  from  a  number  of  directions  entirely  inde- 
 pendent of  each  other.  Overtures  from  the  Presby- 
 teries of  New  Lisbon,  Ohio,  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  of 
 Newton,  N.  J.,  with  papers  presented  by  Rev. 
 William  Chester,  D.  D.,  Secretary  of  the  Board  of 
 Education,  and  by  Rev.  ,S.  C.  Logau,  of  the  Presbytery 
 of  Lake,  requested  some  definite  action  on  the  sub- 
 ject. Upon  motion  of  Rev.  Mr.  Logan,  a  resolution 
 giving  instruction  to  the  Board  of  Education  to 
 endeavor  to  supply  the  freed  people  with  schools,  was 
 referred  to  a  special  committee,  consisting  of  min- 
 isters G.  W.  Musgrave,  D.  D.,  N.  L.  Ric«,  D.  D., 
 Alfred  Nevin,  D.  D.,  S.  C.  Logan,  and  ruling   elder 
 
 Thomas  Archer,  of  Baltimore.  The  majority  of  this  cording  Secretary.  Dr.  Howard  served  with  fidelity 
 committee,  consisting  of  the  last  three  members  lor  one  year  and  resigne<l,  when  the  Rev.  Elliott  E. 
 mentioned,  agreed  upon  the  paper  which  was  after-  Swift,  l>.  D.,  was  chosen  to  fill  his  place,  which  posi- 
 wards  pre.sented  and  adopted  by  the  General  .\.s.sembly.  '  tion  he  still  holds.  This  Committee  consisted  of  nine 
 (See  Min.,  1864,  pages,  321,  322,  323.)  This  action  |  ministers  and  nine  ruling  elders.  Alexander  Came- 
 organized  two  committees,  one  in  Philadelphia  and  '  ron,  an  elder  of  the  First  Church  of  Allegheny,  was 
 '  the  other  in  Indianapolis,  consisting  of  two  ministers  |  chosen  Treasurer,  and  served  the  first  year  without 
 
PKESHrTFRTAXTfl.V  IX  ALABAMA. 
 
 Kin 
 
 rnEliliYTERIANISM  IX  AL  All  A  MA. 
 
 salary.  After  lull  discussion,  it  wiis  detcniiiiRil  to 
 elect  but  one  Secretary  for  the  whole  field ;  and  the 
 Rev.  Samuel  C.  Ixjgan,  of  the  l*re.sbytery  of  Lake, 
 and  a  native  of  Hanover,  Ind.,  was  unanimously 
 chascn  that  Secretary.  On  the  12th  of  the  following 
 month  Mr.  Logan  accepted  the  office  and  entered 
 ujion  the  work. 
 
 This  Committee  found  thirty-six  missionary  teach- 
 ers in  the  field — sixteen  sent  out  by  the  Eastern 
 Committee  and  twenty  1)3'  the  Western — whose  work 
 had  been  determined  and  controlled  by  military 
 lines.  The  missions  were  all  conducted  after  the 
 manner  of  the  work  of  missions  among  the  heathen. 
 
 The  stii)erinteiideiice  of  every  ilciKirtment,  the 
 organizjitiou  of  churches,  the  .securing  and  sending 
 out  of  missionaries,  and  the  location  of  the  same,  the 
 jihinting  of  Institutions  of  all  grades,  with  tlie  build- 
 ing of  churches,  school-houses  and  teachers'  homes, 
 as  well  as  the  work  of  raising  funds,  was  put  upon 
 the  Secretary  and  an  Executive  Committee  of  ten 
 members,  five  only  of  whom,  by  reason  of  residence 
 in  the  city,  were  able  to  attend  the  meetings;  and  it 
 met  with  great  hindrance  from  the  unsettled  views 
 and  unfortunate  eccli'si;i.stical  divi,sions,  as  well  as 
 by  the  various  adverse  iutluences  incident  to  the 
 civil  war.  But  the  work  was  airried  forward  with 
 energy  and  patience,  and  was  crowned  with  rapid 
 and  marked  success. 
 
 .■\t  the  reunion  of  tlie  Presbyterian  (^'liurch,  in 
 1H<!9,  the  New  School  branch  not  having  had  a  sepa- 
 rate organization  for  the  work  among  tlie  freedmen, 
 the  "  .V-s-sembly's  Committee"  was  continued  at 
 Pittsburg,  under  the  style  of  "  The  Assembly's  Com- 
 mittee of  Missions  for  Freedmen."  On  the  1st  of 
 July,  1869,  Secretary  Logan  resigned  liis  position, 
 to  enter  again  upon  the  work  of  the  piistorate,  and 
 the  Rev.  A.  C.  McClelland,  of  Pittsburg,  was  chosen 
 his  successor.  Under  the  energetic  fidelity  of  this 
 worthy  minister  the  work  was  carried  on  upon  the 
 Siime  general  pl.an  adopt<'d  by  the  Committee  during 
 the  first  years  of  its  laliors.  Secretary  McClelland 
 died,  while  engaged  in  the  work  of  this  ofiiee,  in  the 
 year  18^*0.  The  Rev.  Richard  H.  Allen,  D.  D.,  a 
 Philadel|)hia  pastor  and  a  native  of  Kentucky,  was 
 unanimously  chosen  his  succes.sor.  In  1S«2,  at 
 Springfield,  Illinois,  the  As,sembly  constituted  the 
 Committee  a  regular  board,  and  directed  it  to  secure 
 a  charier  from  the  State.  This  was  done;  and  now 
 tlic  work  is  fully  e(|ui])p(d,  and  promises,  under  God, 
 a  wide  and  sjiicdy  success. 
 
 Preabyterianism  in  Alabama.  One  of  the 
 earliest  missionaries  to  Alabanmwas.l.  W.  I'latt,  sent 
 out  by  the  Young  Men's  Evangelical  Missionary 
 Society,  of  New  York.  He  arrived  at  Tluntsville  on 
 the  2(ith  of  November,  1819.  Of  this  place  he  re- 
 marked, "  Its  inhabitants  will  sulfer  nothing  by  a 
 comparison  of  those  of  most  other  towns  in  our 
 country,  as  it  respects  intilligence,  refinement  and 
 wealth."     Yet  there  was  in  the  place  no  organized 
 
 church  or  stated  ministry,  or  house  of  worship, 
 although  many  were  anxious  for  gospel  ordinances. 
 Through  his  inflnence,  steps  were  taken  to  erect  "a 
 handsome  brick  church." 
 
 From  Huutsville,  where  he  was  urgently  pressed 
 to  remain,  Mr.  Piatt  proceeded  to  Tuscaloosa,  St. 
 Stephens,  P>lakely  and  Mobile.  Everywhere  he  was 
 kindly  and  hospitably  received.  "It  was  pleasant," 
 he  says,  "to  be  among  these  people,  to  feed  these 
 sheep  in  the  wilderness." 
 
 In  the  successive  years,  irom  1817  to  1820,  Francis 
 H.  Porter  was  commissioned  by  the  Assembly  to 
 labor  as  a  missionary  in  Alabama  Territory.  lu  1819 
 Lucas  Kennedy  was  appointed  with  him  to  the  same 
 field.  In  1819  we  find  James  L.  Sloss  and  Hiland 
 Hnlhurt,  members  of  the  Presbytery  of  South  Caro- 
 lina, laboring  in  connection  with  the  congregations 
 respectively  of  .Tackson  and  Chdborne. 
 
 Of  these  names,  that  of  James  Long  Sloss  is  deserv- 
 ing of  .special  mention.  He  was  a  native  of  Ireland, 
 but  came  to  this  country  at  an  early  age.  It  was  the 
 earnest  desire  of  his  pious  parents  that  he  should 
 be  devoted  to  the  work  of  the  ministry;  and  one  of 
 his  earliest  recollections  was  that  his  father  placed 
 his  hand  upon  his  head,  and  said,  "  My  son,  I  would 
 rather  see  you  a  faithful  minister  of  the  gospel  than 
 a  crowned  monarch."  Under  the  care  of  Dr.  Wad- 
 del  he  completed  his  preparatory  theological  course, 
 and  notwithstanding  the  solicifcition.«'of  some  of  his 
 friends,  who.  urged  him  to  devote  himself  to  the 
 legal  profession,  waslicensed  to  prer.;h  by  the  Presby- 
 tery of  South  Carolina,  in  November,  1817.  (See  his 
 Skctrh.) 
 
 Another  cfBcient  pioneer  laborer  in  this  region  has 
 been  already  mentioned — Francis  H.  Porter.  For 
 several  Successive  years  he  had  itinerated  largely 
 throughout  the  northern  portions  of  the  State.  In 
 1820  he  visited  Pleasant  Valley,  where  "  the  assem- 
 blies were  large,  attentive  and  serious; "  "White's  and 
 Story's  settlement,  in  Green  county — where  he  organ- 
 ized the  chinch  of  New  Hope — and  the  adjacent 
 region. 
 
 In  1821  Joseph  P.  Cunningham  and  Salmon  Cowles 
 were  appointed  by  the  A.ssembly  mi.ssionaries  to 
 Alabama,  the  latter  to  labor  in  the  northern  part. 
 In  the  following  year  the  former  was  reappointed  to 
 the  same  field.  .Tames  B.  Stafford  was  directed  also 
 to  labor  within  the  bounds  of  the  State.  In  1821? 
 the  name  of  Francis  H.  Porter  appears  alone  on  the 
 list  of  missionary  appointments  for  tliis  field,  and 
 in  the  two  following  years  Samuel  Taylor  is  the 
 only  laborer  for  Alabama  and  AVest  Florida  commis- 
 sioned by  the  Board.  The  Presbytery  of  Alabama, 
 however,  wms  authorized  to  employ  one  or  more 
 missionaries,  on  the  condition  of  bearing  half  the 
 e.xpense. 
 
 In  182,5  the  two  Presbyteries  of  Alabama  and 
 North  Alabama,  covering  the  whole  State,  contained 
 jointly  seventeen  ministers,  of  whom  five— Thomas 
 
PEESBrTEBIAXJ^.U  IN  GEORdlA.  Vm  FRES^YTERIAXISM  IX  GEORGIA. 
 
 Newton,  Neil  McMillan,  Henry  White,  Alexander 
 A.  Campbell  and  Thomas  C.  Stewart — were  without 
 charge,  but  for  the  most  part  engaged  in  missionary 
 labor.  Besides  these,  .lames  Hillhouse  was  p;istor  at 
 Greensborough,  J.  P.  Cunningham  at  Concord.  Green 
 county,  Thomas  Alexander  at  Selma,  Isaac  Haden  at 
 Prairie  Bluff,  aiuljobn  B.  Warren  at  Mobile. 
 
 In  North  Alabama  I'resbytery,  William  Potter  was 
 pastor  at  Iluntsville,  A.  K.  Davis  and  John  Allan 
 labored  in  the  same  region,  Joseph  Wood  atTuscum- 
 bia,  Hugh  Barr  at  Courtlaud,  and  Robert  M.  Cun- 
 ningham— who  had  recently  resigned  his  charge  at 
 Lexington,  Ky. — at  Moulton,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
 which  his  efforts  were  crowned  with  large  succe&s. 
 He  became  instrumental,  subsequently,  in  raising  up 
 the  church  at  Tuscaloosa,  and  another  in  the  neigh- 
 boring town  of  Carthage.  Joseph  Parks  Cunning- 
 ham, already  mentioned  as  a  member  of  the  Presby- 
 tery of  Alabama,  was  his  son. 
 
 At  this  period  the  churches  connected  with  both 
 Presbyteries,  although  two  or  three  were  witliin  the 
 bounds  of  Mi.ssissippi,  numbered  only  twenty-eight. 
 Of  these  nearly  all  were  feeble  and  unable  to  support 
 a  pastor.  The  average  number  of  members  belonging 
 to  each  was  about  thirty. 
 
 In  1830  the  two  Presbyteries  of  North  and  South 
 Alabama  numbered  conjointly  twenty-nine  ministers 
 and  forty-one  churches,  with  a  membership  of  seven- 
 teen hundred  and  thirteen.  In  1834  the  Presbytery 
 of  Tuskaloosawasformed  from  thatofSouth  Alabama. 
 In  1837  the  Presbytery  of  North  Alabama — connected 
 with  tlie  Synod  of  West  Tennessee — had  eight  min- 
 isters and  sixteen  churches,  numbering  five  hundred 
 and  fourteen  members.  South  Alabama  had  thirteen 
 ministers,  fivelicentiates  and  thirty-one  churches,  with 
 a  membership  of  sixteen  hundred  and  ninety-three. 
 The  Presbytery  of  Tuskaloosa  had  ten  ministers  and 
 fifteen  churches,  with  a  membership  of  seven  hundred 
 and  thirty-nine.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  Stat«  the 
 only  iiastors  were  .James  L.  Sloss,  at  Florence  and  Dr. 
 John  Allan,  at  Huntsville.  The  stated  .supplies  were 
 S.  H.  Morrison,  at  Moulton;  James  Weatherby,  at 
 Tuscumbia,  and  James  H.  Gillespie,  at  Somerville. 
 In  Southern  Alabama  William  T.  Hamilton  was 
 settled  over  the  Government  Street  Church,  Mobile; 
 Robert  Nail,  at  Marion;  IClon  O.  Martin,  at  Hope- 
 well and  Sandy  Ridge;  and  James  B.  Adams,  at 
 Hebron  and  New  Hope.  Thirty -three  of  the  churches, 
 or  more  than  one-half,  had  stated  supplies,  while 
 seventeen  were  vacant. 
 
 In  1882  the  Synod  of  Alabama  consisted  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  East  Alabama,  17  ministers  and  37 
 churches;  Presbytery  of  South  Alabama,  "20  ministers 
 and  52  churches,  and  Presbytery  of  Tuskaloosa,  14 
 ministers  and  30  churches. 
 
 Presbsrterianism  in  Georgia.  The  field  em- 
 braced within  the  limits  of  the  State  of  Georgia 
 came  properly  iinder  the  care  of  the  Synod  of  South 
 Carolina,  and  by  members  of  that  body  had  been 
 
 extensively  visited.  But  the  Synod,  unequal  to  the 
 supply  of  its  own  destitutions,  made  application  to 
 the  A.s.sembly  for  aid.  In  1820  Mr.  K.  Chamberlain, 
 a  recent  graduate  of  Princeton,  was  sent  thither,  and 
 labored  in  all  the  towns  of  the  upper  coutitry  of 
 Georgia,  preaching  at  Waynesborough,  Louisville, 
 Mt.  Zion,  Bethany,  Greenborough,  Madison,  Athens, 
 Lexington,  Washington,  Sparta,  Milledgeville,  Clin- 
 ton, etc.  At  about  the  same  time  .\zariah  G.  Orton 
 and  Charles  .r.  Hinsdale,  recommended  for  the  service 
 l)y  one  of  the  Professors  at  Princeton,  were  sent  into 
 the  same  field. 
 
 Previous  to  this,  little  labor  had  been  bestowed 
 upon  it,  except  at  Midway  and  Savannali,  and  their 
 vicinity.  The  Assembly  had,  indeed,  repeatedly  sent 
 out  missionaries,  whose  labors  were  to  be  extended 
 to  places  within  the  borders  of  the  State.  In  181G 
 John  Covert  was  comrai.ssioned  to  labor  for  six  months 
 in  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  his  route  to  be  pre- 
 scriViedbv  Dr.  Flinn,  of  Charleston.  His  labors  were 
 continued  during  a  portion  of  the  following  year,  in 
 the  same  field.  In  1818  William  iloderwell  was  com- 
 missioned for  four  months,  in  the  upper  part  of 
 Georgia,  and  in  1819  Moses  Waddel  was  elected  to  the 
 Presidency  of  the  University  of  Georgia.  Thomas 
 Alexander  had  for  .some  time  been  laboring  as  pastor 
 of  the  Salem  and  Mt.  Zion  churches,  in  Clark  county, 
 Thomas  Goulding  at  White  Blufl",  and  E.  B.  Caldwell 
 at  Waynesborough.  There  were,  doubtless,  other 
 mi.ssionaries  laboring  in  other  parts  of  tlie  State,  but, 
 witli  the  exception  of  the  churches  of  Savannah  and 
 Midway,  all  the  others  were  feeble  and  for  the  most 
 part  unable  to  sustain  a  pastor.  The  CInirch  at 
 Savannah  was  the  oldest  in  the  State.  It  had  been 
 formed  previous  to  17(10,  when  John  J.  Zubly,  a  native 
 of  Switzerland  and  an  emigrant  to  this  country, 
 assumed  the  pastoral  charge.  An  able,  learned  and 
 devoted  minister  of  the  gospel,  he  labored  at  his  post 
 till,  for  his  political  views,  he  was  exiled  from  the 
 State.  His  death  occurred  in  1781,  somewhere  in 
 South  Carolina,  although  his  remains  were  brought 
 to  Savannah  for  interment.  How  long  after  his  death 
 the  church  remained  vacant  does  not  appear.  In  1801 
 Robert  Smith,  who  had  been  laboring  for  .some  time 
 as  pastor  of  the  Church  of  Schenectady,  was  forced, 
 by  the  failure  of  his  health,  to  seek  a  milder  climate, 
 and  in  that  year  he  was  called  to  the  charge  of  the 
 Church  of  Savannah. 
 
 In  the  Autumn  of  180()  the  church  secured  the 
 pastoral  services  of  the  gifted  and  devoted  Henry 
 Kollock.     {See  his  Skelck. ) 
 
 A  neighbor  and  fellow-laborer  of  Kollock  was 
 William  McWhir,  who,  for  .several  years  Ix'fore  his 
 arrival,  had  taken  charge  of  the  church  at  Sunbury 
 and  a  school  at  Springfield,  in  Liberty  county,  some 
 twenty  miles  south  of  Savannah.  The  labors  of  the 
 school  at  length  became  snch  that  he  wius  forced  to 
 abandon  it.  while  the  great  destitution  of  the  means 
 of  grace  in  the  surrounding  region  imptes.sed -him 
 
PRESBYTERIAlimi  JX  GEORGIA.  1222  PRESBYTERIANISil  IN  GEORGIA. 
 
 with  the  obligation  still  to  preach  as  he  had  oppor-  I 
 tiinity.  He  organized  tlie  Mcintosh  Church,  after- 
 ward removed  to  Dari<-n,  and  lahored,  till  1S20,  at 
 various  places  in  the  counties  of  Bryan,  Liberty  and 
 Mcintosh.  In  18-27  he  resumed  his  laljors  in  thLs 
 region,  and  continued  them  for  ten  years. 
 
 Another  pioneer  laborer  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  in  Georgia  was  Kev.  (Dr.)  John  grown,  whose 
 career  has  already  been  briefly  traced.  For  several 
 years,  subsequent  to  1811,  he  discharged  the  duties 
 of  his  ollice  as  President  of  Georgia  Univc^rsity,  after 
 which  he  was  chosen  pastor  of  Mount  Zion  Church, 
 in  Hancock  county.  This  station  lie  held  for  twelve 
 yejjrs,  at  the  same  time  laboring  exteasively  as  an 
 evangelist. 
 
 In  1820  Hinsdale  and  Orton,  who  have  been 
 already  nunitioued  as  the  Assembly's  missionaries, 
 entered  the  lield.  Following  the  advice  of  the  Synod 
 of  South  Carolina,  they  selected  as  Xhv  si)here  of  their 
 itinerancy  the  region  embraced  by  the  then  seven 
 western  counties  of  Georgia — IJaldwin,  .Jones,  Twiggs, 
 Puhuski,  Laurens  and  Wilkinson,  lying  between  the 
 Oconee  and  Ocmulgee,  and  the  southern  part  of  Wash- 
 ington county,  between  Oconee  and  Ogeechee  rivers. 
 The  whole  region  had  been  purchased  of  the  Indians 
 only  fourteen  years  previous,  and  all  the  settle- 
 iiu'uts  were  of  recent  dat<'.  The  vices  of  a  new  popu- 
 lation were  e.^tensively  prevalent.  The  want  of  an 
 enlightened  and  faithful  ministry  was  deplorable. 
 Before  the  arrival  of  the  missionaries  there  was  no 
 Presbyterian  preaching  whatever.  Religion  was 
 lightly  esteemed,  and  the  "  walk  of  many  professors 
 was  inconsistent  and  ungodly."  Yet,  before  the 
 period  of  their  service  was  complete,  the  missionaries 
 were  able  to  rejjort  a  prosjject  that  several  Pr&sbj- 
 terian  congregations  might  be  organized. 
 
 In  1821  the  Presbytery  of  Georgia,  which  hatl 
 recently  been  formed,  and  which  covered  more  than 
 half  the  State,  contained  but  eight  ministers.  They 
 were  still  aided,  but  to  a  feeble  extent,  by  the  mis- 
 sionaries sent  out  by  the  Assembly.  The  burden  of 
 their  support  fell  mainly  U])on  the  Synod.  Horace 
 S.  Pratt  and  Charles  K.  Hinsdale  were  commissioned 
 in  18-21  to  labor  in  thi.'j  region.  Jn  \xi'i  .Tohn  H. 
 Vancourt  was  ajjpoint^'d  for  six  nionths.  The  super- 
 vision of  this  field  d(n-olved  mainly  upon  tlio  Synod 
 of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia;  and  the  destitutions 
 of  other  portions  of  the  region  under  its  care  were 
 such  that  it  could  give  but  little  attention  to  the 
 wants  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Georgia. 
 
 In  182.'>  the  Presbytery  had  but  six  ministers  and 
 one  licentiate.  Of  the  six,  four,  viz. :  William 
 McWhir,  S.  .1.  Davis,  >Iurdock  Murphy  and  CJ.  G. 
 McWhorter,  were  without  charge,  although  not  less 
 efficient  and  energetic  in  missionary  labor  than  their 
 brethren,  Horace  S.  Pratt  and  Robert  (juarterman, 
 the  first  pastor  at  St.  Mary's,  and  the  last  at  Mid- 
 way. Prior  to  this  period,  Rev.  ?J.  S.  Beman 
 (Dr.    Beman,  of  Troy)    had   preached,    with   great 
 
 acceptance,  at  Mt.  Zion,  Eatonton,  and  other 
 places,  for  several  years,  and  his  brother,  Carlisle 
 Beman,  afterward  President  of  Midway  College,  had 
 been  licensed  to  preach  the  gospel.  Besides  these, 
 there  were  within  the  Stiite,  though  connected  mainly 
 with  the  Presbytery  of  Hopewell,  Dr.  Francis  Cum- 
 mins, at  Shady  Grove,  Greene  county;  Dr.  Waddel, 
 President  of  the  Stat«  University  at  Athens;  Dr. 
 Alonzo  Church,  a  native  of  Vermont,  and  associated 
 vrith  Waddel  as  a  teacher  in  the  University  from 
 1819;  William  Moderwell,  at  Augusta;  Remem- 
 brance Chamberlain,  at  Madison,  in  Morgan  county; 
 .John  S.  Wilson,  at  Laurensville;  Alexander  H. 
 Webster,  at  Washington,  Wilkes  county;  .Joseph 
 Y.  Alexander,  at  Lincolnton;  and  Thomas  Goulding, 
 at  Lexington,  Oglethorpe  county.  In  1825,'  Rev. 
 George  Foot,  a  licentiate  of  the  Presbytery  of 
 Hopewell,  was  ordained  and  located  at  Monticello, 
 Hillsborough  and  Clinton,  and  (Dr.)  Josejih  C. 
 Stiles  was  licen.sed.  But  all  these,  besides  licen- 
 tiates and  ministers  without  charge,  numbered 
 only  about  twiO  ve;  so  that  the  entire  number  of  Pres- 
 byterian ministers  within  the  bounds  of  the  State 
 scarcely  exceeded  twenty.  Y'et  this  (1825)  was  the 
 date  of  the  revival  of  the  .system  of  four-days'  meet- 
 ings in  Hopewell  Presbytery,  with  which  a  great 
 improvement  in  the  state  of  religion  commenced. 
 
 In  1830  the  number  of  ministers  had  been  but 
 slightly  increased.  The  churches  numbered  from 
 thirty  to  forty,  and  their  member.ship  was  but  little 
 more  than  twelve  hundred. 
 
 In  1837  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Georgia  was 
 represented  by  the  three  Presbyteries  of  Hopewell, 
 Georgia  and  Flint  River,  the  first  with  eighteen  min- 
 isters and  forty  churches,  with  a  membership  of  ten 
 hundred  and  nine;  the  second  with  ten  ministers, 
 nine  churches  and  a  member.ship  of  three  hundred 
 and  forty-live;  and  the  last,  set  off  as  "  Good  Hope," 
 from  Hopewell, in  18,33,  and  numbering  eleven  minis- 
 ters. The  pastors  of  the  State  were  Robert  Quarter- 
 man,  of  the  Congregational  Church,  Midway;  N.  A. 
 Pratt,  of  Darien;  Washington  Baird,  of  Waynesville; 
 .Joseph  L.  Jones,  of  Savannah;  Nathan  Hoyt,  of 
 Athens;  George  James,  of  Monticello;  and  John  W. 
 Baker,  of  Milledgeville.  More  than  twenty  of  the 
 churches  had  stated  supplies,  and  about  the  same 
 number  were  vacant.  Among  the  members  of  the 
 Pre-sbytery  were  President  Church,  of  Athens;  Presi- 
 dent Beman,  of  Milledgeville;  Professor  Jones,  of 
 Columbia;  Francis  R.  Goulding,  stated  supply  of 
 Washington  Church;  and  Theodore  51.  Dwight,  of 
 Burke  County  Church. 
 
 In  1882  the  Synod  of  Georgia  consisted  of  the 
 Presbytery  of  .\thens,  nine  ministers  and  twenty-six 
 churches;  Presbytery  of  Atlanta,  fifteen  ministers 
 and  thirty-four  churches.  Presbytery  of  Augu.sta, 
 eleven  ministers  and  eighteen  churches;  Presbytery 
 of  Cherokee,  fourteen  ministers  and  thirty-two 
 churches;  and  Presbytery  of  Macon,  nine  ministers 
 
PRESBYTERIAN  REUNION. 
 
 1223 
 
 PRESBYTERIAN  REUNION. 
 
 and  twenty-one  churches.  The  Svnofl  of  South 
 Georgia  auJ  Florida  consisted  of  the  Presbytery  of 
 Florida,  eleven  ministers  and  twenty  churches; 
 Presbytery  of  Savannah,  twelve  ministers  and  twenty- 
 two  churches;  and  Presbytery  of  St.  Johns,  eight 
 ministers  and  sixteen  churches. 
 
 Presbjrterian  Reunion,  The.  When  the  Old 
 School  General  Assembly  was  in  session  at  Newark, 
 N.  J.,  in  186-1,  a  meeting  of  ministers  and  elders, 
 members  of  that  body,  and  others  casually  in  attend- 
 ance (called  by  a  notice  sent  by  a  commissioner  of 
 the  Assembly,  to  the  Moderator,  to  be  read),  was 
 held  for  conference  upon  the  expediency  and  feasi- 
 bility of  organic  Reunion.  This,  so  far  as  is  known 
 to  the  writer,  was  the  first  action  in  favor  of  Reunion 
 on  the  part  of  a  public  and  representative  body.  It 
 was  not  the  action  of  the  General  Assembly  itself, 
 but  of  those,  in  large  part,  who  were  members  of  it. 
 This  meeting  consisted  of — 
 
 Ministers.— Septimus  TiLstin,  Wiishington,  D.  C. : 
 J.  G.  Monfort,  Cincinnati,  Ohio;  T.  N.  Haskell, 
 First  Church,  East  Boston;  J.  A.  Steel,  Topeka, 
 Kansas;  W.  S.  Rogers,  Oxford,  Ohio;  George  Hale, 
 Pennington,  N.  J.;  Sheldon  Jackson,  Rochester, 
 Minn. ;  A.  McElwain,  Indiana,  Pa. ;  N.  V.  Morrow, 
 Van  Buren,  Ohio;  Arthur  Burtis,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. ; 
 L.  Merrill  Jliller,  Ogdensburg  N.  Y. ;  Alfred  Ne%-iu, 
 Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  George  C.  Bush,  Hackettstown, 
 N.  J. ;  A.  O.  Rockwell,  Pittsburg,  Pa. ;  E.  B.  Raffen- 
 sperger,  Toledo,  Ohio;  Samuel  Steel,  Hillsboro'  Ohio; 
 Alfred  Taylor,  Bristol,  Pa. ;  W.  B.  Stewart,  Potts- 
 town,  Pa. ;  C.  V.  McKaig,  Candor,  Pa. ;  S.  C.  McC. 
 Anderson,  Davenport,  Iowa;  J.  H.  Pratt,  Athens, 
 Ohio;  John  Johnston,  Sybertsville,  Pa.;  Emilius 
 Grand  Girard,  Ripley,  Ohio;  John  Robinson,  Ash- 
 land, Ohio;  M.  L.  Wortraan,  Perrysville,  Pa. ;  A.  E. 
 Thomson,  Marysville,  Ohio  ;  Thomas  W.  Hynes. 
 Greenville,    111.;   E.   W.  Wright,    Delphi,    Indiana; 
 
 C.  K.  Thomson,  Lebanon,  Indiana;  Thomas  S.  Crowe, 
 Jeffersonsville,  Indiana;  J.  M.  Stevenson,  New  York, 
 N.  Y. ;  B.  Johnson,  O.xford,  Wis. ;  William  C.  Roberts, 
 Columbus,  Ohio;  J.  11.  McElwaine,  Princeton,  N.  J.; 
 E.  Wilson,  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  J.  W.  Heyues,  Hudson, 
 Jlich. ;  M.  Barrett,  Newton,  N.  J. ;  H.  L.  Craven, 
 St.  Charles,  Jliun. ;  J.  D.  Paxton,  Princeton,  Indiana: 
 
 D.  A.  Wilson,  Ironton,  Mo. ;  S.  M.  Templeton, 
 Delavan,  111.;  W.  R.  Marshall,  Baltimore,  Md.; 
 Wilson  Phraner,  Sing  Sing,  N.  Y. ;  Joseph  F.  Fenton, 
 Washington,  Mo. ;  B.  S.  Everett,  Stroudsburg,  Pa. ; 
 Alexaniler  McA.  Thorburn,  Malta,  N.  Y. ;  Algernon 
 Sydney  Mcilaster,  Poland,  Ohio;  James  A.  JIcKee, 
 St.  Anthony  Minn. ;  James  Allison,  Pittsburg,  Pa. ; 
 J.  H.  Nixon,  Indianapolis,  Indiana;  Randolph  A. 
 DeLancey,  Boston,  Mass. ;  I.  N.,  Rendall,  Oneida 
 Valley,  N.  Y. ;  W.  T.  Adams,  El  Paso,  HI.;  Jos. 
 Piatt,  Waveland,  Indiana;  Edsall  Ferrier,  Florida, 
 N.  Y. ;  S.  H.  Stevenson,  Granville,  111. ;  M.  A.  Hoge, 
 Cleveland,  Ohio;  Joseph  W.  Hubbard,  Bridgeton, 
 N.  J.  ;E.  Slack,  Cincinnati,   Ohio;  N.  C.   Burt,  Cin- 
 
 cinnati. Ohio;  I.  N.  Candee,  Galcsburg,  111.;  Bellville 
 Roberts,  Rochester,  N.  Y. ;  S.  F.  Scovel,  .Springfield, 
 Ohio;  John  Wray,  Rockdale  Mills,  Pa. ;  James  Tully, 
 Ballstown  Spa,  N.  Y. ;  Edward  E.  Rankin,  Newark, 
 N.  J. ;  Samuel  J.  Baird,  Woodbury,  N.  J. ;  John  N. 
 Allison,  Areola,  111. ;  David  M.  James,  Budd's  Lake, 
 N.  Y. 
 
 Ruling  Elders.— Cvtus  Falconer,  Hamilton,  O.; 
 Daniel  Kelley,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. ;  J.  M.  Chambers.  Bur- 
 lingame,  Kan.;  W.  Shepard,  Rochester,  N.  Y. ;  E. 
 Crosby,  Bath,  N.  Y. ;  Joseph  Gorrell,  Ossian,  Ind. ; 
 Nehemiah  Dodge,  Mt.  Joy,  Pa. ;  E.  J.  Beall,  New 
 Philadelphia,  O.;  J.  G.  Allen,  East  Springdale,  O.; 
 Robert  W.  Pratt,  Salem,  111.;  Stanley  Matthews, 
 Cincinnati,  O. ;  William  Taylor,  Findley.  O. ;  Noah 
 Evans.  Hillsboro,  O. ;  W.  Seawright,  Frankfort,  Ind. ; 
 A.  J.  Hays,  Charleston,  Ind.;  Martin  Ryerson,  New- 
 ton, N.  J. ;  T.  W.  Lockwood,  Detroit,  Mich. ;  Charles 
 N.  Todd,  Indianapolis,  Ind. ;  John  Morehoase,  Day- 
 ton, O. ;  George  Hurlbut,  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. ;  W. 
 Helphenstein,  Washington,  Ind. ;  J.  W.  Sutherland, 
 Kirkwood,  Mo.;  B.  S.  DLsbrow,  Trenton,  N.  J.; 
 James  Patton,  Reemersburg,  Pa. ;  James  H.  Wilson, 
 Prairie  City,  111.,  James  Ayers,  Toulon,  111.;  Thomp- 
 son Bell,  Zurick,  Iowa;  Matthias  Osborn,  New  Prov- 
 idence, N.  .1.;  Eustus  H.  Smith,  St.  Louis,  Mo.; 
 John  S.  Furst,  Cedar  Springs,  Pa. ;  .Tames  M.  Briggs, 
 Mt.  Gilead,  O. ;  William  Bj-ram,  Liberty,  Ind. ;  J. 
 W.  Kennicutt,  Boston,  Mass. ;  S.  Whittlesey,  Toledo, 
 O. ;  J.  H.  McGrew,  Piqua,  O. ;  J.  H.  Whiting,  Mt. 
 Pleasant,  Iowa;  James  P.  Wallace,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. ; 
 Charles  E.  Lathrop,  Washington,  I).  C. :  A.  Eldridge, 
 North  White  Creek,  N.  Y. ;  .lohn  Ogden,  Milwaukee, 
 Wis. ;  James  Rankin,  Dunningsville,  Pa. ;  Charles 
 Fuller,  Scranton,  Pa.  ;  John  D.  Stokes,  Beaver, 
 Pa. 
 
 The  paper  prepared  and  published  by  this  meeting 
 was  signed  by  the  ministers  and  elders  just  named. 
 From  this  document  we  make  the  following  extract: — 
 
 '*  It  is  bflieved  that  the  great  majority  in  eacli  branch  sincerely 
 receive  and  adopt  the  Confession  of  Faith,  iis  containing  tlie  system 
 of  doctrine  tauglit  in  tlio  Holy  Scriptures,  and  approve  the  same 
 government  and  discipline.  On  this  ba.sis  we  may  reunite,  niutu.allv 
 regarding  and  treating  the  office-bearers  and  church  courts  of  each 
 branch  as  co-ordinate  elements  in  the  reconstruction.  Tliere  are 
 difiicultiea  in  the  way  of  repairing  the  breaches  of  Zion,  wliich 
 must  be  met  and  overcome  by  well-considered  methods,  and  in  u 
 spirit  of  forbearance  and  pnidence.  Reunion  cannot  be  accom- 
 plished, nor  is  it  to  bo  desired,  without  the  restoration  of  a  spirit  of 
 unity  and  fraternity  We  believe  this  spirit  exists,  and  is  con- 
 stantly increasing.  That  wliich  shoubi  first  engage  the  attention 
 of  the  friends  of  Reunion  stiould  be  ti>  find  out  how  far  unity  of 
 sentiment  and  kindness  of  feeling  prevail." 
 
 The  spirit  of  reunion  which  was  thus  fostered  and 
 developed,  continued,  under  the  influence  of  advo- 
 cates of  the  measure,  to  increa.se.  By  an  evident 
 preconcert  on  the  part  of  leading  minds  on  both 
 sides,  St.  Louis  was  selected  as  the  place  of  meeting 
 for  the  two  Assemblies  of  1866.  Steps  were  then 
 taken  which  led  to  the  appointment  of  a  joint  com- 
 mittee representing   the  two  bodies,  to  which  the 
 
PKESBrTEEIAX  BECXIOX 
 
 vm 
 
 PKESBYTEBIAX  EEUXIOX. 
 
 subject  i>f  reunion  was  given  in  ehar-re.  ^  ear  h\ 
 vejir  progress  \v:us  made  in  overcominji  the  (lifUculties 
 that  st<KHl  in  the  way  of  reunion,  until,  in  1869,  the 
 two  Asseniblie-s,  acting  in  concert,  met  alike  in  the 
 city  of  New  York,  and  adopted  such  measures  as 
 were  necessary  to  perfect  the  work. 
 
 According  to  adjournment,  the  two  As-semblies  con- 
 vened in  the  city  of  Pittsburg,  on  "Wexlnesday,  No- 
 vemlK-r  Kith,  lK6f),  at  eleven  o'clock.  A.  M.  The 
 Cencral  Assembly  (O.  S.)  met  in  the  First  Presby- 
 terian Church,  on  Wood  .street.  The  General  As.sem- 
 bly  (N.  S.)  convened  in  the  Third  Presbyterian 
 Cliurch,  on  Si.vth  Avenue.  The  Old  School  roll 
 counted  two  hundred  and  thirty-seven,  and  the  New 
 School  roll  two  hundred  and  twenty -.seven.  It  had 
 already  Im-cu  agreed  that  at  ten  o'clock  on  Friday 
 the  two  .\s.scmbliessli(>uldeach  be  regularly  dissolved, 
 and  that  the  two  bodies  should  immediately  come 
 together  for  su<h  religious  celebration  of  the  grand 
 event  iis  wa.s  Ix'fitting  to  the  occii-sion.  Thus,  at  the 
 same  hour,  in  both  hou.ses,  with  a  solemnity  becom- 
 ing so  rare  an  event,  the  Rev.  Philemon  II.  Fowler, 
 D.  D.,  Moderator  of  the  New  School  As.sembly,  and 
 the  Kev.  Melancthon  W.  Jacobus,  D.D.,  Moderator  of 
 the  Old  School  A.s.sembly,  dissolved  their  respective 
 .\.'<.si-mblies.  The  Christian  Do.vology  and  the  Apos- 
 tolic Benediction  dosed  whatever  pertained  to  the 
 separate  history  and  doings  of  these  kindred  bodies, 
 which  had  now  become  in  effect  OXE. 
 
 It  was  arranged  that  the  t  wo  .\sseml)lies  were  to  meet 
 and  greet  each  other  in  the  open  street,  at  10  o'clock. 
 The  New  School  body  first  left  their  house  at  the 
 hour,  and  marched  in  double  file  down  Sixth  avenue 
 to  Wood  street.  As  they  turned  thi'  lorner  into  Wood 
 street,  the  hea<l  of  the  column  stood  opposite  the 
 First  Church.  Tiiis  w;ls  the  signal  for  the  Old  School 
 Imdy  to  move  out  of  their  house  and  to  take  up  the 
 line  of  march,  in  a  parallel  column  with  the  other 
 lH«ly,  along  W<km1  street,  also  adoublc  file.  Through 
 Fifth  avenue  into  Sraithfield  street,  and  onward  to 
 the  Third  Presbyterian  Church,  the  procession  pa.sscd, 
 brethren  unbosoming  themselves  to  brethren  at  every 
 step.  It  w;is  a  grand  i)ul)lic  profession  of  Christian 
 unity.  It  w;us  felt  to  be  the  linking  of  mighty  forces 
 for  doing  battle  against  a  world  of  c'vil.  As  the  pro- 
 cession reached  the  church,  the  building  was  blockaded 
 by  the  immense  waiting  multitude.  .\s  the  head  of 
 the  column  entered  the  door,  the  large  and  imble 
 edifice  rang  with  the  grand  old  "  .Fubilee  Hymn," 
 sang  by  a  choir  in  thi;  organ  loft — 
 
 "  Blow  >■<•  tin-  tn)ni|ic(,  ltl.»w  ; 
 Tlifglmily  Holoiuu  houu'I." 
 
 The  spacious  platform  was  prr)niptly  filled  by  the 
 ofiicers  of  the  .Assemblies,  and  by  such  of  the  Commis- 
 sioners as  coulil  Im- ,seat<'d  there,  and  :us  .soon  as  the 
 ri'Miainder  of  tlie  procession  w;ls  disposed  of  in  the 
 body  of  the  church,  the  outside  multitude  rushed  in, 
 and  instantly  every  scat  and  standing  place  was 
 crowded   to   the   utmost  cjipacity   of  the  building. 
 
 Hundreds  could  find  no  room,  not  eveu  so  much  as 
 about  the  door.  On  either  side  of  a  small  table,  in 
 the  centre  of  the  platform,  the  iloderators,  Drs. 
 Fowler  and  Jacobus  .sat.  and  presided  by  turns.  It 
 was  now  about  11  o'clock,  and  the  ''Coronation 
 Hymn  ''  was  grandly  given,  by  the  entire  audience. 
 The  solid  ma-ss  of  faces  in  pew,  aisle,  doorway  and 
 gallery  was  most  impres.sive  from  the  platform. 
 And  from  the  body  of  the  house  the  array  of  commis- 
 sioners, clerical  and  lay,  among  the  foremost  men  in 
 Church  and  State,  and  met  for  such  a  divine  purpose, 
 was  everywhere  noted  as  a  rare  sight. 
 
 Dr.  Fowler  made  the  opening  address  of  the  occa- 
 sion, after  which,  turning  to  Dr.  Jacobus,  he  said: — 
 
 **My  Detr  Brother  Moderalor:  May  we  not,  before  I  take  ray  seat, 
 perform  a  simple  act  symljolical  of  the  Union  which  has  taken  place 
 tjetween  these  two  brauclies  of  the  Church.    Let  u»  clagp  Intmh.^^ 
 
 This  challenge  was  instantly  responded  to.  The 
 Moderators  promptly  gra.sped  each  other's  hands, 
 "amidst  prolonged  and  deafeniug  applause."  The 
 Doxology,  "Praise  G  oil,  from  whom  all  blessings  flow," 
 to  the  tune  of  Old  Hundred,  was  then  sung,  with  a 
 hearty  good  will,  the  great  audience  standing.  After 
 an  address  by  Dr.  Jacobus,  the  audience  united  in 
 singing  the  Hymn — 
 
 "  Blest  he  the  tie  that  hinds 
 
 Our  hearts  in  Christian  love.'' 
 
 Dr.  (;.  W.  Mu.sgrave  and  Dr.  William  Adams  fol- 
 lowed with  a,ddre.sses.  At  the  close  of  Dr.  Adams' 
 address,  the  Rev.  Edwin  F.  Hatfield,  D.  D.,  was 
 called  on  to  offer  prayer,  which  he  did,  with  great 
 fervency.  On  motion  of  the  Rev.  Ravand  K.  Rod- 
 gers,  D.  D.,  it  was  unanimously  resolved,  that  the 
 cordial  thanks  of  the  Re-united  Cliurch  be  returned 
 to  the  members  of  the  Joint  Committee,  through 
 whose  labors  of  love,  by  the  blessing  of  God,  this 
 great  and  glorious  result  has  been  brought  about. 
 
 The  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel  W.  Fisher,  Chairman  of  the 
 Committee  of  Arrangements,  read  a  paper,  in  which 
 he  suggested  "  that  it  is  incumbent  on  the  Presby- 
 terian Church  in  the  United  States  of  America — one 
 in  org-.inization,  one  in  faith,  one  in  efi'ort — to  make 
 a  special  oflfering  to  the  treasury  of  our  Lord  of  one 
 million  of  dollars."  A  motion  w.is  m.ide,  and  car- 
 rii'd  unanimously,  to  make  the  thauk-oflering  to  be 
 raised  the  sum  of  ^.^lOlin.OOO  instead  of  $l,00n.(i(l(). 
 Addre.s.ses  were  made  by  Dr.  John  Hall,  of  New  York, 
 Hon.  W'illiam  Strong,  now  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
 I'nited  States;  Hon.  Charles  D.  Drake,  United  States 
 Senator  from  Mi.s,souri;  Henry  D.ay,  Esq.,  of  New- 
 York;  Hon.  Wm.  K.  Dodge,  and  Mr.  George  II. 
 Stuart,  of  I'hiladclphia.  When  Mr.  Stuart  took  his 
 seat,  the  Moderator  cjilled  on  Mr.  Robert  Carter, 
 ruling  elder  of  New  York,  to  ofl'er  prayer.  This  he 
 did,  with  great  unction,  and  in  hearty  sympathy 
 with  the  occasion,  the  great  Assembly  were  blended 
 together  at  the  throne  of  grace. 
 
 After  the  benediction  was  pronounced  hy  Dr.  Jaco- 
 bus, the  immense  audience,    which  had   been   held 
 
PSESTOX. 
 
 1225 
 
 REID. 
 
 together  with  unflagging  interest  for  three  hours, 
 
 dispersed,  but  never  to  forget  tlie  day  of  The  Pkes- 
 UYTERIAN  IvETXiox.  In  ISTO,  a  single  General 
 Assembly  at  Philadelphia  represented  the  United 
 Church,  in  which  were  now  combined  long-separated 
 elements,  no  longer  estranged,  but 
 
 "  Like  kindred  drops  commingled  into  one." 
 
 Preston,  Col.  John  Thomas  Lewis,  of  Lex- 
 ington, Va. ,  now  about  seventy-four  years  of  age, 
 has  long  held  a  prominent  position  in  the  Church  of 
 his  Fathers.  A  lineal  descendant  of  John  Preston, 
 of  Tinkling  Spring  Church,  among  the  earliest  and 
 most  efficient  pioneers  of  Presbyterian  ism  in  the 
 Valley  of  Virginia,  Col.  Preston  has  proved  himself 
 worthy  of  such  parentage.  At  an  early  age  he  gave 
 up  the  profession  of  law  for  literary  pursuits,  as  more 
 congenial  to  his  ta.ste.  The  State  of  Virginia  had 
 one  of  its  armories  placed  near  Lexington,  and  kept 
 a  company  of  soldiers  to  guard  the  property.  Col. 
 Pre.ston  was  among  the  first,  if  not  the  first,  to 
 suggest  the  idea  of  a  Jlilitary  School  to  be  estab- 
 lished, and  the  keeping  of  the  State's  military 
 property  to  be  committed  to  the  officers  and  pupils 
 of  the  school.  It  was  organized,  and  he  was  ap- 
 pointed a  Professor  in  its  corps  of  Instructors.  He 
 cordially  co-operated  with  the  Superintendent,  Gen. 
 F.  H.  Smith,  in  impressing  on  the  Institution  a  de- 
 cidedly Christian  character.  Though,  with  approach- 
 ing age,  he  resigned  his  position,  a  few  years  since, 
 the  authorities,  anxious  to  continue  his  relation  to 
 the  Institution,  conferred  on  hira  an  honorable  post 
 of  something  like  an  Emeritus  Professor,  which  he 
 continued  to  fill,  till  within  a  couple  of  years.  He 
 has  ever  been  the  wise  counsellor  in  the  church 
 Session,  of  which  he  has,  for  nearly  forty  years,  been 
 a  member;  and  in  all  the  higher  courts,  in  wliich  he 
 has  frequently  had  a  seat,  he  has  tiiken  a  modest  but 
 decidedly  able  position,  as  a  ready  debater  and  most 
 judicious  presbyter.  God  has  blessed  his  careful 
 training  of  his  sons,  by  calling  two  of  them  to  the 
 ministry;  and  the  father,  in  his  declining  years,  has 
 constant  joy  in  seeing  the  generation  of  his  name 
 coming  forward  to  sustain  in  the  church  the  great 
 interests  he  has  so  long  and  al)ly  upheld.  Isa.  lix, 
 21,  is  well  verified  in  this,  as  in  many  other  instances. 
 
 Prince,  "W.  L.  T.,  is  the  ymiugest  child  of  Law- 
 rence and  Charlotte  Prince.     He  was  boru  May  9th, 
 
 1823,  in  Darlington  county,  S.  C,  but  his  parents 
 moved  to  Cheraw  wlien  he  was  four  years  of  age. 
 His  father  was  an  elder  in  Cheraw  Church  and  his 
 mother  a  daughter  of  Colonel  Lemuel  IJenton,  of  the 
 Revolution,  and  first  member  of  Congress  from  the 
 old  Cheraw  District,  S.  C.  At  their  hospiuiblc  home 
 all  the  ministers  traveling  through  that  section  were 
 entertained.  He  was  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  Dccem- 
 bej,  1844,  and  was  a  member  of  the  Legislature  in 
 1860-1.  He  was  received  into  the  chnrch  when  a 
 little  over  twelve  years  of  age:  elected  a  deacon  iu 
 January,    1858;  and  elected   ruling  elder  in   Jul}-, 
 
 W.   L.   T.   PRINCE,  ESQ. 
 
 1863.  He  was  Commi'.ssioner  from  Harmony  Presby- 
 tery to  the  General  A.ssemblies  in  Macon  and  I.rf)ui.'!- 
 ville,  and  from  Mecklenburg  Presbytery  to  the 
 A.ssemblies  in  Sew  Orleans  and  Knoxville.  General 
 Prince  is  a  genial  genth'man,  a  lawyer  of  ability, 
 laithful  in  the  discharge  of  his  duties  as  an  elder,  and 
 a  valuable  and  influential  member  of  the  Church 
 Courts. 
 
 R 
 
 Reid     Samuel    McDovrell,  long   an  eminent    did  not  become  a  communicant  of  the  Chnrch  till  late 
 
 citizenofLexington,Va.,  and  Clerk  oftheRwkbridge    in  life.     His  strict  integrity,  in  public  and  private 
 
 Courts,  w.as  bi,ru  near  Lexington,  in  the  latter  part  j  relations,  had  ever  commended  him  to  the  confidence 
 
 of  the'  hist  century.      Though  the  child  of  pious  |  of  the  community.      As  a  Trustee  of  Washington 
 
 'parents,  and  reared"  in  true  Christian  principles,  he   College,  he  was  distinguished  for  his  uprightness  in 
 
ROBIXSON. 
 
 1226 
 
 ROBINSON. 
 
 all  his  relations  to  its  interests,  its  Faculty  and 
 students.  He  ably  and  faithfully  served  the  Board 
 of  Trustees,  as  Clerk,  and  generously  appropriated 
 the  salary  paid  him  to  the  Library  funds  of  the 
 College.  His  home  was  the  re,sort  of  the  wise  and 
 good  from  every  quarter,  and  continued,  after  the 
 death  of  his  wife,  in  1837,  under  the  domestic  raau- 
 agement  of  his  maiden  sisters,  to  be  the  scene  of  a 
 liberal,  though  unostent.-itious,  hospitality. 
 
 Nearly  related  by  blood  to  Kcv.  Dr.  Alexander, 
 many  visitors  from  I'hiladelphia,  Princeton,  New 
 York  and  other  places  in  the  Northern  States  found  a 
 cordial  welcome  at  his  fireside.  A.ssociated  thus 
 with  so  many,  eminent  alike  for  jiiety  and  literary 
 culture,  he  perpetuated,  with  increa.sing  years,  the 
 respect  and  admiration  for  virtuous  people,  aiul  prin- 
 ciples in  which  he  had  been  trained  in  early  life. 
 When  he  became  a  communicant,  there  was  no  sur- 
 prise felt  in  the  community.  Ou  the  contrary,  all 
 who  knew  him  had  been  long  at  a  loss  to  under- 
 stand why  he  had  not  long  before  taken  such  a  step. 
 His  fellow  members  in  the  church  at  once  called  him 
 to  the  eldership,  and  till  age,  with  its  infirmities,  dis- 
 ([ualified  him  for  acti\e  duties,  he  was  ever  promi- 
 nent and  efficient  in  the  office  lu;  honored,  both  in 
 the  duties  connected  with  the  Session  and  congrega- 
 tion, and  those  of  the  positions  in  the  higher  courts, 
 which  he  often  filled.  He  illustnited  the  otVrepeated 
 conviction  of  the  pc'opleof  God,  that  "  .seed,  though 
 buried  long,  shall  not  deceive  our  hope,"  as  well  as 
 the  promise,  ''1  will  be  a  God  to  thee,  and  to  thy 
 seed  after  thee." 
 
 Robinson,  Thomas  H.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 North  East,  Erie  county.  Pa.,  on  January  30th, 
 1828.  Descending  from  Scotch-Irish  parentage,  he 
 wa.s  early  trained  in  the  doctrines  of  the  Calvinistic 
 faith.  When  eighteen  years  of  age  he  entered  the 
 College  at  Oberlin,  Ohio,  and  was  graduated  in  1350. 
 During  vacations,  and  in  the  year  suhsciinent  to  his 
 graduation,  he  engaged  in  teacliing,  at  one  timebeing 
 Principal  of  an  Academy  at  Ashtabula,  Ohio.  He 
 began  his  studies  in  theology  at  the  SiMuinary  at 
 Allegheny,  Pa.,  in  1851,  and  went  steadily  forward 
 to  the  completion  of  the  course  in  that  Institution, 
 lieing  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  Ohio, 
 in  June,  1854,  he  was  almost  immediately  called  to 
 be  associate  pa.stor  with  the  Rev.  Dr.  Do  AVitt,  over 
 the  Market  Square  Church,  of  Harrlsburg,  Pa.; 
 entering  on  his  work  in  October,  and  being  ordained 
 and   installed    in  the  .lanuary  following.      Here  he 
 
 labored  for  thirty  years,  as  a  pastor,  beloved,  and  as  a 
 preacher,  most  acceptalde.  In  1868  Hamilton  Col- 
 lege conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Divinity. 
 In  1874  he  was  made  a  trustee  of  Princeton  College, 
 and  in  the  year  following  he  was  chosen  to  be  a 
 director  of  the  Theological  Seminary  at  Allegheny, 
 Pa.  When  the  Sj^nod  of  Harrisburg  was  constituted, 
 under  the  order  of  the  United  churches.  Dr.  Robin- 
 son was  elected  Stated  Clerk;  and  when  the  bounda- 
 ries of  the  Synods  were  made  conterminous  with  the 
 
 TIIOM.VS   11.    RUBI.NSUX,    H.  D. 
 
 respective  States,  he  was  chosen  to  the  same  office  in 
 the  Synod  of  I'enusylvania.  In  October,  1883,  he 
 was,  by  unanimous  vote,  appointed  to  the  Chair  of 
 Sacred  Rhetoric,  Church  Government  and  Pastoral 
 Theology,  in  the  Seminary  at  Allegheny,  Pa. ,  which 
 position  he  decided,  after  long  and  anxious  delibera- 
 tion, to  accept,  and  will  be  inaugurated  at  some 
 time,  not  yet  (ixed,  in  this  year,  1884. 
 
 Dr.  Robinson  is  an  able  preacher,  has  been  a  devoted 
 pastor,  is  a  faithful  and  efficient  presbyter,  and  largely 
 enjoys  the  esteem  of  his  brethren  and  the  confidence 
 of  the  Church. 
 
SA  I'NDERS. 
 
 1227 
 
 SNOWDEN. 
 
 s- 
 
 Saunders,  Ephraim  Dod,  D.D.,  was  born  on  ,  for  his  profession,  and  having  taken  up  his  residence 
 the  30th  of  September,  1808,  at  the  village  of  Brook-  |  at  Franklin,  Venango  county,  he  was  appointed 
 side,  near  Mendhani,  New  Jersey.     On  the  paternal    Deputy  Attorney-peneral.     Subsequently,   and   for 
 
 side  he  was  connected  with  the  Dod  family,  of  which 
 Professor  Albert  Dod,  of  Princeton,  was  a  distin- 
 guished mcml)er.  He  graduated  at  Yale,  in  the  class 
 of  1831,  a  class  remarkable  for  the  lact  that  thirty- 
 two  of  its  eighty-one  members  became  ministers  of 
 the  gospel.  He  remained  at  New  Haven  after  his 
 graduation,  to  study  theology,  but  at  the  expiration 
 of  a  few  months  returned  home,  to  pursue  his  studies 
 there ;  he  never  again  became  a  student  of  any  theo- 
 logical seminary.  In  the  Fall  of  1832  he  went  to 
 Fluvanna  county,  Virginia,  where  he  engaged  in 
 teaching.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the  Pres- 
 bytery of  East  Hanover,  on  the  18th  of  October,  1833, 
 and  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  West  Hanover, 
 November  21st,  1834.  While  laboring  in  this  part 
 of  Virginia  he  was  in.strumental  iu  building  three 
 churches.  He  afterward  became  principal  of  an 
 academy  in  Petersburg,  having  been  compelled  to 
 relinquish  preaching,  on  account  of  trouble  with  his 
 throat. 
 
 He  left  Viiginia  about  1847,  returning  North. 
 In  1849  he  was  engaged  in  missionary  work  in  the 
 anthracite  region  of  Pennsylvania,  his  work  resulting 
 in  the  establishment  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
 Pottsville.  In  1852  he  purchased  a  valuable  property 
 in  West  Philadelphia,  upon  which  he  erected  build- 
 ings, and  established  a  classical  military  school,  the 
 Saunders  Academy.  On  the  1st  of  July,  1871,  Dr. 
 Saunders  ga\e  a  deed  of  this  j)roperty  to  the  Presby- 
 terian Church,  of  Philadelphia,  for  the  founding  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Hospifcil  of  that  city.  This  deed 
 was  only  restricted  by  a  life-interest  iu  a  portion  of 
 the  property  held  by  Dr.  Saunders  and  his  wife. 
 
 Dr.  Saunders  died  at  his  home  in  West  Philadel- 
 phia, on  the  13tji  of  September,  1872.  He  was  a 
 gentleman  of  courteous  manner,  benevolent  spirit, 
 and  great  energy.  He  delighted  in  doing  good,  as 
 opportunity  oti'ered.  He  was  greatly  beloved  by  the 
 students  of  his  Academy  in  West  Philadelphia,  many 
 of  whom  have  since  reached  positions  of  eminence  in 
 the  Church  and  the  State,  and  all  of  whom  cherish 
 his  memory  as  a  faithful  instructor  and  affectionate 
 friend. 
 
 Snowden,  James  Ross,  LL.D.,  son  of  the  Rev. 
 Nathanael  Randolph  Snowden,  was  born  iu  Chester, 
 
 several  years,  he  was  elected  to  the  Legi.slature  of 
 the  State,  and  was  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Kcpre- 
 sentatives  in  1842,  and  again  in  1844.  In  184.')  he 
 was  elected  State  Treasurer,  and  re-elected  in  \K\ii. 
 In  1847  he  was  appointed,  by  President  Polk,  Treas- 
 urer of  the  United  States  Mint,  Philadelphia,  and 
 .\ssistant  Treasurer  of  the  United  States.  In  1  «.">() 
 he  returned  to  the  Bar,  and  ti.\ing  his  residence  at 
 Pittsburg,  was  appointed  Solicitor  of  the  Penn.syl- 
 
 JAUES   ROSS  SNOWDEN,  LL.  D. 
 
 vanja  Railroad  Company,  which  position  he  resigned 
 to  accept  the  position  of  Director  of  the  Mint,  in 
 18.53,  which  office  he  held  until  1861,  when  he  wius 
 appointed  Prothonotary  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
 Pennsylvania.  In  1873  he  resumed  the  practice  of 
 his  profession  in  Philadelphia.  During  these  active 
 duties  he  was  also  connected  with  many  scientitic, 
 literary  and  historical  societies,  and,  as  an  elder  iu 
 the  Presbyterian  Church,  took  an  active  and  promi- 
 
 Delaware  county,  Pa.    He  w;is  educated  chiefly  under  ,  nent  part  iu  its  various  j  udicatories. 
 the  tuition  of  his  flither,  during  his  connection  vrith        Dr.  Snowden  was  author  of  "Ancient  and  Modern 
 Dickinson  CoUe.'e,  before  it  passed  into  the  hands  of ,  Coins,"    "  Medals  of  Washington  and  National  >Ie- 
 the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.     Choosing  the  Bar  \  dais,"  "The Coins  and  Money  Terms  of  the  Bible," 
 
SCTTOX. 
 
 1228 
 
 W ADD  ELL. 
 
 "  The  Corn-inaiiU-rs'  Memorial,"  and  "Sketch  of  the 
 Six  Nations  of  Indians."  In  1868  he  contributed  to 
 "Bouvier's  Law  Dictionary"  the  articles  on  the 
 Coins  of  the  I'liitcd  States  and  Foreign  Nations. 
 He  also,  at  different  times,  published  addres.ses, 
 pamphlets  on  currency,  on  International  coinage, 
 history,  and  other  subjects.  He  was  a  gentleman 
 of  welUuJtivated  iulelleit,  imlished  manners,  great 
 kindness  of  heart,  large  personal  inllucuce,  and 
 highly  esteemed  for  his  many  attractive  traits  of 
 character. 
 
 Sutton,  Joseph  Ford,  D.  D.,  was  born  in 
 Ilanlyston.  X.  .1.,  of  Presbyterian  and  Kcvolutionary 
 stock.  He  graduat<(l  at  Ivutgers  College,  N.  .!.,  in 
 1H,">2,  after  which  ho  spent  one  year  as  Teacher  of 
 Greek,  Latin,  JIathematics  and  Elocution  in  the  Sem- 
 inary where  he  had  prepared  for  college.  He  gradu- 
 ated at  Union  Theological  Seminary,  in  18.57,  and 
 was  ordained  by  the  Presbytery  of  Kockaway,  in  De- 
 cember of  that  j'ear.  He  was  st;ited  supply  of  the 
 Second  Church  in  Hanover,  18.')7-8,  and  became  pa.s- 
 tor  of  the  First  Church  in  Parsippany,  N.  .1.,  in  18.58, 
 
 retaining  this  charge  until  impaired  health  required, 
 much  to  the  regret  of  his  people,  its  resignation  in 
 1861.  After  se^•eral  years  of  public  service,  he  Wiis 
 stated  supply  of  the  Church  in  Howell,  Mich.  From 
 Howell  he  was  called  to  Philadelphia,  in  1865,  to 
 become  pa-stor  of  the  Western  Presbyterian  Church, 
 as  successor  to  the  late  Dr.  Charles  A.  Smith.  Re- 
 signing this  pastorate  in  1867,  he  engaged  in  a  new 
 enterprise  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  city,  which 
 was,  in  due  time,  organized  as  the  Hermon  Presbj'- 
 terian  Church,  of  which  he  became  pastor,  and  .so 
 continued  till  the  Autumn  of  1873,  when  he  resigned 
 his  charge  and  turned  his  attention  to  journalism. 
 In  1875  he  founded  The  Presbyterian  Journal,  of  which 
 he  was  the  proprietor  and  publisher,  being  assisted 
 in  the  editorial  department  by  the  Rev.  .\lfred  Nevin, 
 D.  n.,  I.I..  I).  Dr.  Sutton  is  a  cultivated,  genial  gen- 
 tleman, an  orthodox,  earnest  and  impressive  preacher, 
 and,  by  rea.son  of  his  acquaintance  with  ecclesiastical 
 law,  a  u.seful  member  of  Church  courts.  He  has 
 strong  convictions,  and  the  courage  to  express  and 
 maiutjiin  them. 
 
 V 
 
 Van  Dyke,  Rev.  Joseph  Smith,  was  born 
 near  New  Brunswick,  N.  .1.,  Novciulicr  2d,  18:52. 
 As  a  .student  at  Princeton  College,  be  ranked  among 
 the  first  scholars,  and  graduated  third  in  a  eiass  of 
 nearly  one  hundred,  receiving  the  Philosophical 
 Oration.  He  studied  theology  at  Princeton  Semi- 
 nary, Ijeing  Tutor  in  Greek  in  his  Alma  Muter  during 
 part  of  this  time.  He  was  licensed  to  preach  by  the 
 Presbytery  of  Elizabethtown,  October  :?d,  1860.  He 
 wiLS  pa.stor  at  Kbumisbury,  N.  .1.,  1861-9,  during 
 which  time  there  was  an  extensive  revival,  aiul  li;is 
 lieen  pitstor  of  the  Sec(md  Church,  Cranbury,  N.  .L, 
 since  186!),  where  ho  is  beloved  by  his  people  and 
 prospered  in  his  ministry.     Mr.  Van  Dyke  is  a  gen- 
 
 tleman of  <genial  spirit,  an  excellent  preacher,  a 
 faithful  pastor,  and  diligent  and  fearless  in  the  dis- 
 charge of  duty.  He  is  also  an  author  of  decided 
 ability.  In  1871  he  published  "  Popery  the  Foe  of 
 the  Church  and  of  the  Republic,"  which  has  passed 
 through  ten  editions,  and  in  1881,  "Through  the 
 Prison  to  the  Throne;  Illustrations  of  Life  from  the 
 Biography  of  Joseph,"  which  has  been  received  with 
 much  favor.  He  has  also  given  to  the  public  an  ad- 
 mirable tract  on  "Legal  Prohibition,"  published  by 
 the  National  Temperance  Society,  and  a  pamphlet 
 entitled,  "  Giving  or  Entertainment^^^^lich '.■' "  that 
 has  attracted  much  attentien. 
 
 w 
 
 Waddell,  Addison,  M.  D.,  was  a  son  of  Kev.    and  the  careful  circumspection  with  which  he  con- 
 
 James  Waddell,  l>.  i).,   well   known  iis  the  "  Blind 
 Preacher,"  from  the  description  given  of  him  by  the 
 
 sidered  all  qiiestions  presented  for  his  decision,  led 
 many,  on   a  superficial   acqu.aintance,    to   form  the 
 
 pen  of  Hon.  William  Wirt.  Born  to  an  inheritance  opinion  that  he  w.-is  deficient  in  energy.  But  no  one 
 of  a  good  name,  and  reared  by  Christian  parents  in  j  whoknew  the  .issiduity  .-ind  ever-persistent  attention 
 the  knowledge  and  love  of  Christian  truth.  Dr.  with  which  he  discharged  the  duties  of  his  profession, 
 Waddell  beciirae,  in  comparatively  early  life,  a '  could  justly  reach  such  a  conclusion.  Few  pastors 
 pn.minent  and  useful  elder  of  the  church  in  Staun-  j  have  ever  enjoyed  the  co-operation  of  a  wiser  and 
 ton,  Va.     His  cautious  and  prud.'iit  turn  i.f  mind,  '  more  prudent  adviser.     With  all  the  pressure  of  an 
 
WADDELL. 
 
 1229 
 
 WADDELL. 
 
 extensive  and  laborious  medical  practice,  he  was 
 ever  ready  for  the  calls  of  duty  as  an  elder  of  the 
 church.  His  opportunities  for  participating  in  the  ' 
 counsels  of  the  higher  courts  of  the  Churcli  were,  of 
 course,  extremely  limited  by  his  professional  engage- 
 ments. But  while  the  public  interests  of  the  Church 
 at  large  were  not  within  the  reach  of  his  personal  aid,  j 
 the  influence  of  his  wise  and  judicious  views  was 
 often  felt,  with  lasting  benefit,  by  his  fellow  elders 
 and  the  many  ministers  with  whom  he  associated  in 
 his  hospitable  home,  from  time  to  time. 
 
 In  the  combination  of  his  professional  and  ecclesi- 
 astical offices,  his  services  were  invaluable.  He  was 
 the  "Good  Samaritan,"  eminently,  as  he  was  called 
 by  one  of  his  pastors.  He  never  waived  the  caUs  of 
 the  poor  in  their  times  of  disease,  and  his  professional 
 services,  in  this  way,  though  often  never  repaid  in 
 money,  were  no  less  freely  be.'itowed,  to  the  comfort 
 of  the  needy  sufferers;  while  theopportunitiesof  min- 
 istering to  their  souls,  either  personally  or  by  the 
 pastor's  aid,  which  he  was  ever  mindful  to  seek,  were 
 improved  to  the  edification  of  those  whose  minds,  as 
 well  as  bodies,  were  his  religious  care.  He  died  sud- 
 denly, but  safely,  aged  seventy  years,  in  1855.  No 
 death  in  Staunton  ever  called  together  a  larger  num- 
 ber of  real  mourners  or  excited  more  profound  regret 
 among  the  large  circle  who  had  been,  so  often,  the 
 beneficiaries  of  his  combined  skill  and  tenderness. 
 His  children  and  his  children's  children  "rise  up 
 and  call  him  blessed." 
 
 "Waddell,  Joseph  Addison,  the  second  son  of 
 Dr.  Waddell,  became,  at  an  early  age,  a  communicant 
 in  the  Church  of  his  fothers,  and  at  an  unusually 
 early  period  of  his  adult  life  was  called  to  take  his 
 place  on  the  bench  of  elders  in  the  Staunton  Church. 
 His  name  soon  became  associated  with' all  that  was 
 wise  in  counsel  and  judicious   in   action  connected 
 
 with  the  affairs  of  Cliurch  and  State.  His  fellow- 
 citizens,  of  Augusta  county,  Va.,  gave  him  rejMi^jted 
 marks  of  confidence  in  im])oslng  on  hira,  unasked, 
 the  duties  of  a  Legislator  in  the  General  .\s.sembly  of 
 the  State.  Though  a  lawyer  by  profession,  his  native 
 modesty  and  dilUdence  le<l  him  to  seek  rather  tlie 
 duties  of  the  office  than  of  the  Bar.  In  the  perform- 
 ance of  them  he  brought  to  bear,  with  eminent  suc- 
 cess, his  clear  and  extensive  legal  acquirements.  In 
 the  Senate  of  Virginia  he  w^us,  for  years,  a  leader, 
 enjoying  the  confidence  of  the  Lieutenant  Governor, 
 J.  L.  Marye,  who  admired,  loved  and  trusted  him, 
 as  his  occasional  siibstitvite,  in  performing  the  duties 
 of  the  presiding  officer  of  the  Senate.  By  that  body 
 he  w;is  entrusted  with  the  office  of  Tresident  jxo^m., 
 to  serve  in  the  absence  of  the  Lieutenant  Governor. 
 Had  his  pressing  professional  duties  permitted,  he 
 might  long  have  remained  in  the  service  of  the  State. 
 His  popularity  Wius  not  due  to  any  catering  to  men's 
 prejudices  or  passions,  but  to  the  connnanding  power 
 of  a  conviction  of  Mr.  Waddell's  integrity,  sound 
 judgment  and  stern  regard  for  tlu>  claims  of  duty. 
 
 As  an  elder,  he  has,  oftener  than  his  father,  been 
 found  in  the  higher  courts  of  the  Church;  though  not 
 as  ofte'U,  Giving  to  professional  engagements,  as  all 
 who  best  knew  him  could  desire.  When  present,  he 
 has  evinced  the  .same  \noas  zeal  for  what  was  right 
 and  for  the  best  interests  of  the  Church,  which  had 
 distinguished  his  father.  In  the  affairs  of  the  clnirch 
 of  which  he  has  been  long  a  loved  and  honored 
 officer,  he  has  secured  the  hearty  confidence  and  love 
 of  his  fellow  members,  and  lives,  it  is  hoped,  to 
 render  his  fellow  members  and  the  community 
 generally  yet  further  serrice,  while,  in  private  life, 
 he  continues  to  illustrate  the  power  of  the  faith 
 and  love  of  an  humble  follower  of  his  Lord  and 
 Master. 
 
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 d)c  |Vrb'0  |1rai)cr. 
 
 thji  ^amt  ^hjj  hiugrtom  m\u,  ^Int  will  be  thm 
 in  cavth,  a^  it  i^  in  licawn.  €iw  uxs  thi^  ilay  0uv 
 ilaily  bvcal  ginil  fovtjivc  u$  out  lUbt^,  a$  tw 
 fovgivc  ouv  rtcbtoiiSi.  giud  Icail  u,!5  not  into  trmjitatiott, 
 but  M\m  x\$  from  evil:  |ov  thine  i,$  the  kingdom, 
 and  tbf  irou'cv.  and  the  glovy,  fov  mx,    gimcn. 
 
 ■♦■^^^^^14'H 
 
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 d)c  J\pa0tlc0'  Crccli. 
 
 I  fipliptp  in  (Job  !§?  f hI^pp  SElraigl^fg, 
 jTBahpr  of  I?PHtipn  anb  ^arf^:  3Enb  in  3psus 
 (Jl^risf  lis  onig  jSon  our  Jdorb:  TI$o  toes 
 ronrpitipb  ftg  t-^p  Jjolg  (||os!,  6opn  of  f|p 
 virgin  Iffiarg:  jSuffprpb  unbpr  "JPonfius  pilafp: 
 Mas  rrurifipb,  bpab,  anb  fiuripb:  Ijp  bpsrpnbpb 
 info  j^pll:  ^|p  f|irb  bag  |p  rosp  again  from 
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 anb  f|p  bpab:  I  fipliptip  in  f^?  Ijolfg  (||osh  f^p 
 Ijofg  (Jaf'lolir  (J5upr|:  ^^p  (Jommunion  of 
 jSainh:  ?S|p  ?orgitipnpss  of  jSins:  ^^p  Plps- 
 urrprHon  of  I^|p  ftobg:  anb  f|p  JSifp  ptiprlasHng. 
 
LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 .     10 
 
 1.  11 
 
 ..     13 
 
 II.  II.... 
 
 .      15 
 
 II 
 
 .      IB 
 
 1) 
 
 .      11 
 
 11. 11.... 
 
 ..    17 
 
 11.  D. 
 
 Abingdon  Churcli.  Pa 
 Adams,  Williain  H.. 
 Agnow,  Henjainin  L. , 
 Agiuw,  D.  Hayes,  m. 
 Aiken,  diaries  A.,  I>. 
 Aiki'ii,  Samuel  Clark, 
 Ale.vaiuler,   Arcliiliald, 
 
 1,1..  II 
 
 Alexander,  .los.  Addison,  ii.u. 
 
 AUisun,  .lames,  ii.  li 
 
 Allison,. Iose))h,  i,i,.  n ■ 
 
 Armstrong,  (leo.  Dodd,  n.  u... 
 Aiiljurn  Theological  Seminary, 
 
 Haokns,  .Tolin  Chester,  n.  i).... 
 
 Baird,  lioberl,  !i.  n 
 
 Barliour,  U^wis  Gri-en,  n-  n.... 
 
 Barnes,   Rev.  Albert 
 
 Barrows,  .lohn  Henry,  n.  n 
 
 Beaille,  Elias  Root,  ii.  i).,  i.L.  D. 
 Beatty,  Charlies  Clinton,  D.  ii., 
 
 1.1,.  1) 
 
 Beatty,  Hon.  Ormond,  i.i..  D... 
 Beatty,  William  Trimble,  1).  u.. 
 
 Beaver,  General  .lames  A 
 
 JJenson,  Gustavns  S. 
 
 Bergen,  John,  i).  n 
 
 Bethany  Presbyterian   Church 
 
 and  Sabbath  School,  Phila.. 
 
 Blackburn,  Gideon,  Ii.  D 
 
 Blackwood,  William,  ii.i).,  LL.n 
 
 18 
 22 
 
 26 
 26 
 34 
 45 
 
 47 
 50 
 55 
 56 
 58 
 61 
 
 62 
 63 
 64 
 64 
 68 
 69 
 
 70 
 75 
 
 76 
 
 Andrew 77 
 
 ....     80 
 
 Blai 
 
 Blake,  .lames 
 
 Boardman,    Henry    Augustus, 
 
 n.  11 88 
 
 Booth,  Roliert  Rus.sidl,  D.  D...  87 
 
 Braekett,  Gilbert  Robbins,  u.  n  90 
 
 Brainerd,  Thomas,  u  ii 93 
 
 Bntckinridge,  John,  d.d 95 
 
 Breckinridge,    Robert   Jeffer- 
 son, 11.  I).,  L!..  D 96 
 
 Breckinridge, Samuel  M..LI..11.  97 
 Breckinridge,   William  Lewis,' 
 
 11.  II.,  I.I..  II 97 
 
 Bri'ed,  William  Pralt,  11.  11 98 
 
 Brick  Chundi,  New  York  City,  100 
 
 Brown,  .lolui  A 106 
 
 Brown,  William,   11.  n 109 
 
 Brownson,  James  I.,  11.  ii 110 
 
 Bucdianan,   Hon.  James Ill 
 
 Bulkley,  Edwin  A.,  i).  u 113 
 
 Calvin,  John  5 
 
 Campbell,  Samuel  Minor,  n.  11.  124 
 Cattell,  William  Cassidav,  I'.i)., 
 
 i.i,.  I) ". 131 
 
 Chambers,  John,  D.D 135 
 
 Church  of  the  Covenant,  New 
 
 York  City 142 
 
 Clark,  Frederick  G.,  D.  D 143 
 
 Coffin,  Prof.  J  as.  Henry,  LU  11.  147 
 Colfelt,  Rev.  Lawrence  Maclay  149 
 
 Coraegys,  B(>njamin  B 151 
 
 Conver.se,  Amasa,  d.d 156 
 
 Converse,  Rev.  Francis  Bart- 
 
 lett 156 
 
 Copes,  Joseph  S.,  .m.  d 158 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cowan,  Edward  P.,  n.  n ISO 
 
 Co.x,  Sam' 1  Hanson,  d.d.,  1,1..  D.  160 
 
 Craig,  Willis  Green,  D.  D 161 
 
 Creigh,  Thomas,  D.  D 165 
 
 Crosby,  Howard,  d.  d.,  i.i..  d...  166 
 
 Cuyler,Theo.Xedyard,  d.d 171 
 
 Dana,  Stephen  W.,  D.  d 173 
 
 Darling,  Henry,  D.  D.,  LL.  D....  174 
 Deerfield  Presbyterian  Church, 
 
 N.J 180 
 
 Denny,  Hon.  Harmar 182 
 
 Derry  Church  (Old),  Pa 185 
 
 Dickey,  Charles  Andrews,  d.  d.  186 
 
 Dickey,  John  Miller,  D.  n 187 
 
 Dickson,  Cyrus,  d.d 189 
 
 Dinsmore,  John  Walker,  d.  d..  190 
 
 Dodge,  Hon.  William  E 193 
 
 Donaldson,  Alexander,  d.  d....  194 
 
 Donegal  Church,  Pa  195 
 
 Drake,  Charles  Daniel,  li,.  D...  197 
 
 Duffield,  George,  D.  D 199 
 
 Dulles,  John  Welsh,  D.  D 200 
 
 Dwight,  Rev.  Benjamin  Wood- 
 bridge,  PH.  D.,  LL.  11 204 
 
 Dwight,     Theodoi-e     William, 
 ll!d 205 
 
 Eaton,  Rev.  John,  PH.D.,  ll.  d.  206 
 
 Edson,  Hanford  Abram,  D.  D...  209 
 
 Edwards,  Rev.  Jonathan .".  210 
 
 Elliott,  David,  D.  D.,  li,.  d 214 
 
 Ellis,  Rev.  John  Millot 314 
 
 Eva,  William T.,  D.  D 222 
 
 Ewing,  Hon.  John  Kennedy...  224 
 
 Fairlicdd     (N.  J.)    Old   Stone 
 
 Church ■ 226 
 
 Farris,  Robert  Perry,  D.  D 229 
 
 Field,  Samuel,  Esq 232 
 
 Findley,  Win.  Thornton,  D.  D.  238 
 First      Presbyterian     Church, 
 
 Philadelphia 237 
 
 First     Presbyterian     Cliurch, 
 
 Pittsburg 238 
 
 Fir.st     Presbyterian     Church, 
 
 New  Orleans 604 
 
 Fifth     Avenue     Presbyterian 
 
 Church,  New  York  City 291 
 
 Geary,  General  John  White...  258 
 Godliev,  Benjamin 269 
 
 277 
 281 
 285 
 
 PAOE 
 
 Harper,  Robert  D.,  d.d. 306 
 
 Harrison,  Hon.  Benjamin 307 
 
 Hatfield,  Edwin  F.,  D.  D 310 
 
 Hawley,  Charles,  d.d 311 
 
 Hays,  George  Price,  D.  11 312 
 
 Hazen,  James  King,  D.  D 313 
 
 Henry,  Joseph,  ll.  D 321 
 
 Herron,  Francis,  D.D 323 
 
 Hibbard,  Hon.  Homer  N. ,  LL.D.  325 
 Hodge,  Archibald  Alexander, 
 
 D.  D.,  LL.  11 330 
 
 Hodge,  Charles,  D.  D.,  ll.  d....  331 
 
 Hoge,  James,  D.D 335 
 
 Holden,  Horace,  Esq 337 
 
 Hornblower,  William  H.,  D.  D..  3.50 
 Humphrey,     Edward     Porter, 
 
 D.  D.,  LL.  D 356 
 
 Hunt,  Rev.  Thomas  Poage 358 
 
 Hunton,  Hon.  Logan 359 
 
 Green,  Lewis  Warner,  11.  d 
 
 Grier,  Matthew  B. ,  11.  D 
 
 Gurley,  Phineas  D.,  d.d 
 
 Hale,  George,  D.  D 
 
 Hall,  David,  D.  D 
 
 Hall,  .lohn,  11.  D 
 
 Hamilton     College,     Clinton, 
 
 New    York 
 
 Hamilton,  Thomas  A.,  Esq....  298 
 Hammond,  Rev.  Edw.  Payson  299 
 
 Hand,  Hon.  Alfred 
 
 Handy,  Truman  P.,  Esq  ... 
 Hanover  Church,  Pa....'.... 
 
 Harper,  James,  i).  d 
 
 1232 
 
 288 
 289 
 290 
 
 296 
 
 300 
 301 
 302 
 305 
 
 Jackson,  General  Andrew 373 
 
 Jackson,  Sheldon,  D.  D 374 
 
 Jackson,  Gen.  Thos.  Jonathan,  375 
 
 Jeffers,  W.  H.,  d.d.,  ll.  d 379 
 
 Jessup,  Henry  Harris,  D.  D 380 
 
 Jessup,  William,   ll.  d 381 
 
 Johnson,  Herrick,  D.  D.,  ll.  d.,  383 
 Jones,  Hon.  Isaac  Dashiell....  386 
 Junkin,  George,  D.  D 390 
 
 Kellogg,  Samuel  Henry,  d.d.,  392 
 
 Kempshall,  Everard,  d.d 394 
 
 Kendall,  Henry,  d.d 394 
 
 Kennedy,  Rev.   Robert 396 
 
 King,  George  Ives,  d.d 399 
 
 Knox,  John 404 
 
 Knox  (Old  St.  Giles  Church, 
 
 Edinburgh) 406 
 
 Knox,  the  Home  of 407 
 
 Lafayette  College 412 
 
 Lafayette      College      (Pardee 
 Hall) 413 
 
 Langhlin,  James 419 
 
 Leftwitch,  James  Turner,  D.  D.  424 
 
 Lincoln  University,  Pa 428 
 
 Lindsley,  Aaron  L.,  d.d 430 
 
 Lippincott,  Rev.  Thomas 432 
 
 Long,  Isaac  Jasper,  D.  D 437 
 
 Lord,  Willis,  D.  D.,  ll.d 444 
 
 Lowrie,  John  Cameron,  D.  11...  453 
 
 Lowrie,  Hon.  Walter 454 
 
 Ludlow,  Hon.  James  R 455 
 
 Lyon,  James  Adair,  D.  D 458 
 
 Mackellar,  Thomas 460 
 
 Maclean,  John,  d.d.,  ll.  d 462 
 
 Marye,  Hon.  J.  L 474 
 
 Maryville  College,  Tennessee..  475 
 
 Matthews,  Stanley,  ll.  d 477 
 
 Maxwell,  William',  ll.  D ,...  479 
 
 McClellan,  General  George  B.  484 
 
 McClellan,  Hon.  Robert  H 484 
 
 McCormick,  Hon.  Cyrus  H 488 
 
 McDowell,  John,  D.  D 491 
 
 McGaw,  James  A.  Porter,  d.  d.  494 
 McGill,  Alex.  T.,  d.d.,  ll.d...  495 
 
LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Macintosh,  John  Samuel,  D.  D.   499 
 
 McKee,  Redick 500 
 
 McKnight,  Hon.  Robert 603 
 
 McLaurin,  John,  Esq 504 
 
 MacMaster,  Algernon  S.,  D.  D.  S05 
 MacMaster,  Erasmus  D.,  D.  D.  506 
 
 McMillan,  John,  D.  D 507 
 
 McMillan's  Log  Cabin 508 
 
 McPheeters,  Sam'l  Brown,  D.u.  510 
 McPheeters,  William  M.,  D.  D.  511 
 McWhorter,  Alexander,  D.  D...  613 
 Mecklenburg    Declaration     of 
 
 Independence 515 
 
 Middle  Spring  Church.  Pa 518 
 
 Miller,  Rev.  Adam 520 
 
 Miller,  James  Russell,  D.  D 522 
 
 Moffat,  James  Clement,  D.  D...  535 
 
 Moffat,  James  David,  D.  D 536 
 
 Monfort,  Francis  C,  D.  D 538 
 
 Monfbrt,  Joseph  Glass,  D.  v....  538 
 Montgomery,  Thomas  J.,  M.D..  540 
 Moore,  Thomas  Verner,  D.  D...  543 
 
 Moorhead,   Gen.  James  K 543 
 
 Morgan,  Hon.  Edwin  D 545 
 
 Mott,  George  Soudder,  d.  d 654 
 
 Murray,  Nicholas,  D.  d 557 
 
 Musgrave,  Geo.  W.,  d.d.,  ll.d..  558 
 
 Neill,  William,  D.D 564 
 
 Nevin,  Alfred,  D.  D.,  ll.d 665 
 
 Neviu,  Theodore  Hugh 566 
 
 New   York    Avenue    Church, 
 
 Washington,  D.  C 574 
 
 NicooUs,  Samuel  J.,  d.d 576 
 
 Norton,  Augustus  Theo.,  d.d.,  581 
 
 Old  Pa.xtang  Church,  Pa 589 
 
 Orphan's  Seminary,  Clinton, 
 South  Carolina 597 
 
 Orphanage,  Thornwell,  Clin- 
 ton, South  Carolina 596 
 
 Osborn,  Rev.  Ethan 698 
 
 Palmer,  Benj.  M.,  D.  D.,  ll.  d.  603 
 
 Park,  James,  Jr 606 
 
 Parker,  Joel,  D.D 607 
 
 Parsons  College,  Iowa 608 
 
 Patterson,  Rob' tMaskell,M  D.  610 
 Patterson,  Rob't  Wilson,  D.  D.  611 
 Patton,  Francis L.,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  612 
 Pa.xton,  William    Miller,  D.  D.  613 
 
 Peeples,  J.  McKee 614 
 
 Pershing,  Hon.  Cyrus  L 617 
 
 Petrie,  George  H.  W.,d.d....  618 
 Plumer,  William  Swan,  D.  D...  622 
 Pollock,  Hon.  James,  ll.d —  624 
 
 Pomeroy,  Charles  S.,  d.  d 625 
 
 Potts,  William  Stephens,  D.  D...  628 
 Prentiss,   George   Lewis,  D.  D.  636 
 
 PAOE 
 
 Presbyterian  Orphanage,  Phil.  595 
 Presbyterian  Board  of  Puljli- 
 
 catiou,  Philadelphia 645 
 
 Presbyterian  Home  for  Widows 
 
 and  Single  Women 661 
 
 Pioneers'  Home 679 
 
 Pittsburg  (Third  Presbyterian 
 
 Church) 688 
 
 Prime,  Samuel  Irenasus,  D.  D...  715 
 
 Princeton  College 716 
 
 President's  House,  Princeton 
 
 (1748) 718 
 
 President's  House,  Princeton 
 
 (1883) 719 
 
 Princeton  Theological    Semi- 
 nary    724 
 
 Quarles,  Col.  James 733 
 
 Randolph,  Hon.  Theodore  F ..  738 
 
 Ray,  James  M 740 
 
 Read,  Charles  Henry,  D.  d 741 
 
 Rice,  Nathan  Lewis,  d.d 760 
 
 Richmond,  Va.  (Second  Pres- 
 byterian Church) 765 
 
 Riggs,  Stephen  R.,D.  D.,  ll.d.  767 
 
 Robbins,  Frank  L.,  d.d 769 
 
 Roberts,  Rev.  William  Charles, 
 
 D.D 770 
 
 Robinson,  Stuart,  d.d 773 
 
 Rochester,N. Y.  (Brick  Church)  776 
 
 Rodgers,  John,  D.  D 781 
 
 Rollins,  Hon.  Edward  Ashton  783 
 Rutt'ner,  Henry,  D.  D.,  ll.  D  ...  785 
 Rumple,  Jethro,  D.  D 786 
 
 Sacramental  Forest  Scene 792 
 
 San  Francisco  Calvary  Church  805 
 
 Schaff,  Philip,  D.  D.,  LL.  D 808 
 
 Schenck,William  Edward,  D.D.  809 
 
 Scott,  Hon.  John 813 
 
 Scott,  William  Anderson,  d.d., 
 
 LL.  D 814 
 
 Scovel,  Sylvester  Fithian,  d.d.  816 
 Sharswood,  Hon.  George, ll.d.  823 
 
 Shaw,  James  Boylan,  D.  D 824 
 
 Smith,  Benjamin  M.,  d.d 833 
 
 Smith,  Henry  Boynton,  D.  D., 
 
 ll.d 835 
 
 Smith,  Joseph  T.,  d.  d 837 
 
 Smyth,  Anson,  D.  D 840 
 
 Smyth,  Thomas,  D.  d 841 
 
 Snodgrass,  Wm.  Davis,  D  D...  842 
 
 Spilman,  Rev.  Benjamin  F 849 
 
 Sprague,  Wm.  Buel,D.D.,  ll  d.  850 
 
 Sprecher,  Samuel  P.,  D.  D 850 
 
 Spring,  Gardiner,  d.d 851 
 
 Staples,  Rev.  Moses  W.,  d.  d..  855 
 Stevenson,  John  M.,  D.  D 861 
 
 PAGE 
 
 St.  Louis  (Second  Presbyterian 
 
 Church) 866 
 
 Stratton,  Joseph  Buck,  D.  D 872 
 
 Strong,  Hon.  William,  ll.  d...  873 
 
 Swift,  Elisha  P.,  D.D 880 
 
 Swift,  Elliott  E.,  D.D 881 
 
 Talmage,  T.  DeWitt,  d.d 895 
 
 Taylor,  Rev.  A.  A.  E.,  D.  D...  895 
 
 Tennent  Church 899 
 
 Tennent  Parsonage 900 
 
 Tennent,  Rev.  Gilbert 901 
 
 Tennent,  Rev.  William,  Sr 902 
 
 Tennent,  Rev.  William,  Jr 903 
 
 Thomas,    Thomas    Ebenezer, 
 
 D.  d 938 
 
 Thomson,  S.  H.,  ph.  d.,  ll.  d.  940 
 
 Thornton,  Hon.  James  D 941 
 
 Thornwell.  James  H.,  d.  u 941 
 
 Trunkey,  Hon.  John 950 
 
 Underhill,  Hon.  Henry  B 952 
 
 Van  Dyke,  Henry  Jackson, D.D.  971 
 Van  Dyke,  Henry  J.,  Jr.,  d.d.  972 
 VanRensselaer,Cortlandt,D.D.  973 
 Van  Vorst,  Hooper  C,  ll.  d..  974 
 Vedder,  Charles  Stuart,  D.  D...  975 
 Venable,  Charles  Scott,  LL.  D..  975 
 
 Wadsworth,  Charles,  D.  D 978 
 
 Wanamaker,  John 983 
 
 Washington     and    Jefferson 
 
 College,  Pa 987 
 
 Welch,  Thomas  R.,  D.  D 992 
 
 Wellford,  Hon.  Beverley  Ran- 
 dolph      993 
 
 Western   Theological    Semi- 
 nary       995 
 
 Wheeler,  Francis  Brown,  D.D.  1002 
 
 Wiley,  Calvin  Henderson 1009 
 
 Williams,  Jesse  L 1010 
 
 Williams,  William  W.,  D.  D...  1011 
 Williamson,      Hugh,     M.  D., 
 
 p.  R.  s 1012 
 
 Wilson,  John  Leighton,  D.  D..  1017 
 
 Wilson,  Joseph  R.,  D.  D 1018 
 
 Wilson,     Samuel     Jennings, 
 
 D.  D.,  LL.  D 1021 
 
 Wing,  Conway  Phelps,  D.  D...  1023 
 Witherspoon,  John, D.u. , LL.D.  1024 
 
 Wood,  James,  D.  D 1038 
 
 Woods,  Henry,  d.d 1040 
 
 Woods,  James  S.,  D.  d 1041 
 
 Woods,  Hon.  Wm.  Allan 1041 
 
 Wooster  University,  Ohio 1042 
 
 Young,  John  Clarke,  D.  D 1053 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS  IN   SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Blair,  Hon.  John  1 1085 
 
 Briggs,  Charles  A.,  d.  d 1088 
 
 Chapiu,  Hon.  Louis 1097 
 
 Coou,  Henry  P.,  M.  d 1106 
 
 Edisto  Church,  South  Caro- 
 lina   1122 
 
 78 
 
 First  (Central)  Church,  Den- 
 ver, Col 1143 
 
 Haight,  Hon.  Henry  Huntley.  1158 
 
 Hoge,  Moses  Drury,  d.d 1162 
 
 Kirkpatrick,  John  Lycan, d.d.  1172 
 
 McCosh,  James,  D.  D.,  ll.  d...  1181 
 1233 
 
 Miller,  Samuel,  P.  d 1185 
 
 Moore,  William  E.,  n.  d 1188 
 
 New  Windsor  College,  Md...  1192 
 
 Prince,  Hon.  W.  L.  T 1225 
 
 Robinson,  Thomas  H.,  D.  D...  1220 
 
 Snowden,  James  Ross,  ll.  d..  1227 
 
INDEX. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 fFollowed  by  an  Index  to  the  Supplement.) 
 
 Abcel,  John  Nelson,  D.  D. 
 Abington  Church,  Pa. 
 Academies,  Presbyterian. 
 Adair,  Kev.  Robert. 
 Adam.s,  John  Watson,  D.  D. 
 Adams,  liev.  William  Hooper. 
 Adams,  William,  li.  i>.,  ix.  I). 
 Addison,  Hon.  Alexander. 
 Adger,  John  Bailey,  u.  D. 
 Adoptin<j  Act. 
 
 Agnew,  Benjamin  Lashells,  D.  D. 
 Agnew,  D.  Hayes,  M.  n.,  ll.  d. 
 Agnew,  John  Holme-s,  D.  D. 
 Agnew,  Samuel,  M.  c. 
 Aiken,  Charles  A.,  n.  D. 
 Aiken,  Samuel  Clark,  D.  D. 
 Alden,  Joseph,  d.  d.,  ll.  d. 
 Alden,  Rev.  Timothy. 
 Alexander,  Archibald,  D.  n. ,  ll.  d. 
 Alexander,  Rev.  Caleb. 
 Alexander,  Rev.  David. 
 Alexander,  Rev.  James  Calvin. 
 Alexander,  Rev.  James  H. 
 Alexander,  James  Waddel,  D.  D. 
 Alexander,  Joseph,  I).  D. 
 Alexander,  Joseph  Addison,  D.  D. 
 
 Babb,  Clement  Erwin,  n.  D. 
 Babbitt,  Ri!V.  William  Hampton. 
 Backus,  John  Chester,  I).  I). 
 Backus,  J.  Trumbull,  D.I).,  ll.  d. 
 Backus,  Rev.  Wilbur. 
 Badger,  Rev.  Joseph. 
 Bailey,  Francis  Gelson. 
 Bain,  Rev.  John  Wallace. 
 Baird,  Charles  Washington,  I).  D. 
 Baird,  Henry  Marty n,  D.  n.,    ph.  d. 
 Baird,  Robert,  i).  i). 
 Baird,  Samuel  .lohu,  n.  u. 
 Baird,  Rev.  Thomas  Dickson. 
 Baker,  Daniel,  n.  i). 
 Baker,  George  Davidson,  n.  n. 
 Baker,  Hon.  James  M  ,  LL.  n. 
 Baker,  William  Munford,  D.  d. 
 Balch,  Hezekiah,  ii.  d. 
 Balch,  Rev.  Hezekiah  James. 
 Balch,  Stephen  Bloomer,  i).  D. 
 Balch,  Thomas  Bloomer,  D.  D. 
 Baldwin,  Rev.  Burr. 
 Baldwin,  Eliliu  Whittlesey,  D.  D. 
 Baldwin,  Matthias  W. 
 Balentine,  Rev.  Hamilton. 
 Ball,  Rev.  Eliphalet. 
 Banks,  Hon.  ICphraira. 
 Bannard,  William,  ».  D. 
 
 Alexander,  Samuel  Davies,  D.  D. 
 Alexander,  Stephen,  ll.  d. 
 Alexander,  William,  D.  d. 
 Alexander,  Rev.  Samuel  Carothers. 
 Alison,  Francis,  D.  D. 
 Alison,  Rev.  Hector. 
 Allen,  Diarca  Howe,  D.  D. 
 Allen,  David  Oliver,  D.  D. 
 Allen,  Rev.  Moses. 
 Allen,  Richard  H.,  D.  D. 
 Allen,  Robert  Welch,  D.  D. 
 Allison,  James,  D.  D. 
 Allison,  Joseph,  ll.d. 
 Allison,  Patrick,  i).  ii. 
 Alrichs,  Rev.  William  Picclees. 
 Anderson,  Rev.  Isaac. 
 Anderson,  Rev.  James. 
 Anderson,  John,  D.  D. 
 Anderson,  Samuel  C,  Esq. 
 Anderson,  Samuel  Jas.  Pierce,  d.d. 
 Anderson,  Sam'l  McCulloch,  D.  u. 
 Anderson,  William  C,  D.  D.    ' 
 Andrews,  Rev.  Jedediah. 
 Andrews,  Silas  Milton,  D.  D. 
 Andrus,  Rev.  Alpheus  Newell. 
 Annan,  Rev.  William. 
 
 B 
 
 Barbour,  Lewis  Green,  D.  D. 
 
 Bard,  Rev.  Isaac. 
 
 Barnes,  Rev.  Albert. 
 
 Barnett,  Rev.  John  M. 
 
 Barr,  Rev.  Hugh. 
 
 Barr,  Thomas  Hughes,  D.  D. 
 
 Barr,  William  H. ,  n.  D. 
 
 Barrows,  John  Henry,  D.  D. 
 
 Bartlett,  William  Alvin,  D.  D. 
 
 Bartlett,Wm. Frederic  Vincent,  d.d. 
 
 Bartlett,  P.  Mason,  D.  D. 
 
 Baxter,  George  Addison,  D.  D. 
 
 Bayard,  John. 
 
 Baylis,  Elias. 
 
 Beach,  Rev.  Charles. 
 
 Beadle,  Eliaa  Root,  d.  d.,  ll.  d. 
 
 Beatty,  Rev.  Charles. 
 
 Beatty,  Charles  Clinton,  d.d.,  ll.d. 
 
 Beatty,  John,  M.  d. 
 
 Beatty,  Hon.  Orniond.  ll.  d. 
 
 Beatty,  William  Trimble,  d.d. 
 
 Beaver,  General  James  Adams. 
 
 Beeber,  Rev.  Thomas  Rissel. 
 
 Beecher,  Lyman,  D.  D. 
 
 Beecher,  Willis  Judson,  D.  D. 
 
 Bedford,  Gov.  Gunning. 
 
 Belknap,  Aaron  Belts,  Esq. 
 
 Bell,  Rev.  L.  G. 
 
 12.S4 
 
 Antrim  (N.  H.),  Presbyt'n  Church. 
 
 Archibald,  George  D. ,  D.  D. 
 
 Arch  Street  Presbyterian  Church, 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 Arkansas  College. 
 Armistead,  Jesse  H. ,  D.  D. 
 Armstrong,  Amzi,  D.  D. 
 Armstrong,  Chester  Solon,  D.  D. 
 Armstrong,  George  Dodd,  D.  D. 
 Armstrong,  Rev.  James  Francis. 
 Armstrong,  John,  D.  d. 
 Armstrong,  General  John. 
 Armstrong,  William  Jessup,  D.  D. 
 Arnell,  Rev.  James  Morrison. 
 Ashmead,  Isaac. 
 Ashmead,  Rev.  William. 
 Assembly  General,  Deliverances  of. 
 Assembly  General,  Formation  of. 
 Atkinson,  J.  Mayo  Pleasants,  D.  D. 
 Atkinson,  Rev.  Joseph  Mayo. 
 Atkinson,  William  Mayo,  D.  D. 
 Atwater,  Lyman  H.,  D.  D.,  ll.  d. 
 Auburn,  N.Y.,  1st  Presby.  Church. 
 Auburn  Theological  Seminary. 
 Axtell,  Henry,  D.  D. 
 Ayres,  Rev.  Enos. 
 
 Bell,  Rev.  Samuel  Henry. 
 
 Bell,  Rev.  William  Gilmore. 
 
 Belville,  Jacob.  D.  D. 
 
 Belville,  Rev.  Robert  B. 
 
 Benjamin,  Simeon. 
 
 Benson,  Gustavus  S. 
 
 Bergen,  Rev.  George  Providence. 
 
 Bergen,  John  G.,  d.d. 
 
 Berry,  James  Romeyn,  D.  u. 
 
 Berry,  Rev.  Robert. 
 
 Bertram,  Rev.  William. 
 
 Bertron,  Rev.  Samuel  Reading. 
 
 Bethany  Presbyterian  Church  and 
 
 Sabbath  School,  Philadelphia. 
 Bethel  Cluirch,  Fayette  Co.,  Ky. 
 Bevan,  Matthew  L.,  Esq. 
 Bidwell.  Hon.  Marshall  S. 
 Biggs,  Thomas  Jacob,  d.  d. 
 Billings,  Rev.  Silas. 
 Bingham.  Rev.  Samuel  James. 
 Bishop,  Rev.  George  Brown. 
 Bishop,  Rev.  Pierpont  E. 
 Bishop,  William,  D.  D. 
 Black,  Rev.  John. 
 Blackburn,  Gideon,  D.  D. 
 Blackburn,  William  Maxwell,  d.  d. 
 Blackwood,  William,  D.  D.,  ll.  d. 
 Blain,  Rev.  Daniel. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Blain,  Rey.  Daniel. 
 
 Bracken,  Gilbert  Robins,  D.  d. 
 
 Brown,  John  A. 
 
 Blair,  Andrew. 
 
 Bracken,  Thomas.  A.,  ».  d. 
 
 Brown,  Rev.  Joseph. 
 
 Blair,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Bradford,  Hon.  Benjamin  Rush. 
 
 Brown,  Col.  Joseph  C. 
 
 Blair,  Rev.  John  Durburrow. 
 
 Brainerd,  Rev.  David. 
 
 Brown,  Matthew,  d.  d.,  ll.  d. 
 
 Blair,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 
 Brainerd  Institute. 
 
 Brown,  Gen.  Robert  S- 
 
 Blair,  Samuel,  D.  D. 
 
 Brainerd,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Brown,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 
 Blake,  James. 
 
 Brainerd,  Thomas,  D.  D. 
 
 Brown,  Samuel  T. 
 
 Bliss,  John  Collins,  D.  D. 
 
 Brayton,  Isaac,  D.  D. 
 
 Brown,  William.  D.  D. 
 
 Bliss,  Thomas  E.,  D.  D. 
 
 Brearley,  Rev.  William. 
 
 Brown,  Rev.  William  Biays. 
 
 Blyden,  Bdw' J  Wilmot,  D.  D.,  ll.  d. 
 
 Breckinridge,  John.  D.  D. 
 
 Brown,  William  Young,  D.  d. 
 
 Blythe,  James,  D.  D. 
 
 Breckinridge,  Robert.!.,  d.d.,  ll.d. 
 
 Brownson,  James  I.,  D.  n. 
 
 Blythe,  Rev.  Joseph  William. 
 
 Breckinridge,  Samuel  M.,  ll.  d. 
 
 Bruen,  Rev.  Edward  Baldwin. 
 
 Boal,  Hon.  George. 
 
 Breckinridge,  Wm.  L.,  d.d.,  ll.d. 
 
 Bryson,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Boardman,  George  Smith,  D.  d. 
 
 Breed,  David  Riddle,  D.  D. 
 
 Bry.son,  J.  H. ,  D.  D. 
 
 Boardman,  Henry  Augustus,  D.  D. 
 
 Breed,  William  Pratt,  D.  d. 
 
 Buchanan,  Hon.  James. 
 
 Board  of  Relief,  Presbyterian. 
 
 Brice,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Buchanan   Rev.  James. 
 
 Bocock,  John  H.,  d.  d. 
 
 Brick  Church,  New  York  City. 
 
 Buell,  Samuel,  D.  D. 
 
 "  Bodily  Exercise." 
 
 Brinsmade,  Horatio  Nelson,  D.  D, 
 
 Buist,  Rev.  Edward  Henry. 
 
 Boggs,  John,  M.  D. 
 
 Brodhead,  Augustus,  D,  D. 
 
 Buist,  George,  D.  D. 
 
 Bolton,  Rev.  James  Gray. 
 
 Brown,  Rev.  Andrew. 
 
 Bulkley,  Edwin  A.,  n.  D. 
 
 Bond,  Rev.  Lewis,  Jr. 
 
 Brown,  Ale.xander  Blaine,  D.  D. 
 
 BuUen,  Rev.  Joseph. 
 
 Booth,  Henry  Matthias,  D.  D. 
 
 Brown,  Rev.  Allen  Henry. 
 
 Burchard,  Whiting  Cvrus. 
 
 Booth,  Robert  Rus.sel,  D.  D. 
 
 Brown,  Rev.  Charles. 
 
 Burnet,  Hon.  Isaac  G. 
 
 Bostwick,  Rev.  David. 
 
 Brown,  Duncan,  D.  D. 
 
 Burr,  Aaron,  D.  D. 
 
 Botsford,  Rev.  Alfred  P. 
 
 Brown,  Frederick  T.,  D.  D. 
 
 Burrell,  David  James.  ».  D. 
 
 Boudinot,  Elias,  ll.  d. 
 
 Brown,  Rev.  Henry. 
 
 Burrowes,  George,  u.  u. 
 
 Bower,  Edwin,  D.  D. 
 
 Brown,  Rev.  Horatio  Woodward. 
 
 Burtis,  Arthur,  D.  D. 
 
 Bowman,  Francis,  D.  D. 
 
 Brown,  Rev.  Hugh  Arbuthnot. 
 
 Burtt,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Bowne,  Hon.  James. 
 
 Brown,  Isaac,  D.  D. 
 
 Burwell,  Robert,  D.  D. 
 
 Boyd,  Rev.  Abraham. 
 
 Brown,  James  Caldwell,  d.  d. 
 
 Bushnell,  Daniel. 
 
 Boyd,  Rev.  Adam. 
 
 Brown,  James  Moore,  D.  d. 
 
 Butler,  Zebulon,  D.  D. 
 
 Boyd,  Andrew  Hunter  Holmes,  D.  D. 
 
 Brown,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Buttolph,  D.  L.,  D.  D. 
 
 Caldwell,  David,  D.  D. 
 Caldwell,  Rev.  Elias  Boudinot. 
 Caldwell  Institute,  N.  C. 
 Caldwell,  Rev.  James. 
 Caldwell,  Joseph,  D.  D. 
 Calhoun,  Rev.  Philo. 
 Calkins,  Rev.  Matthew  Henry. 
 Calling,  Effectual. 
 Calvin,  Hon.  Samuel. 
 Cameron,  Rev.  Archibald. 
 Cameron,  Henry  Clay,  D.  d. 
 Campbell,  Allan  Ditchfield,  D.  D. 
 Campbell,  Alfred  Elderkin,  d.  d. 
 Campbell,  John  N.,  D.  D. 
 Campbell,  Joseph,  D.  D. 
 Campbell,  Rev.  Robert  K. 
 Campbell,  Samuel  Minor,  n.  D. 
 Campbell,  Rev.  William  Graham. 
 Campbell,  William  H. 
 Canfield,  William  B. 
 Cannon,  Rev.  John  F. 
 Carraichael,  Rev.  John. 
 Carnahan,  James,  D.  D. 
 Carothers,  Rev.  James  Neely. 
 Carothers,  Rev.  W.  W. 
 Carrick,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 Carroll,  Daniel  L.,  D.  D. 
 Carson,  William. 
 Carter,  Robert. 
 
 Caruthers,  Eli  Washington,  D.  u. 
 Casey,  Hon.  Joseph. 
 Catechisms— Larger  and  Shorter. 
 Cater,  Richard  B.,  d.d. 
 Cathcart,  Robert,  d.  d. 
 Cattell,  Wm.  Cassiday,  D.  D.,  ll.  d 
 Cavin,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 Central  Presbyterian  Church,  Balti 
 more,  Md. 
 
 c 
 
 Centre  Presbytery  of  Illinois. 
 Cliamberlain,  Jeremiah,  D.  D. 
 Chambers,  John,  D.  D. 
 Chambers,  Rev.  Joseph  H. 
 Chandler,  David. 
 Chapman,  Robert  Hett,  Jr.,  D.  D. 
 Chase,  Benjamin,  D.  D. 
 Cheeseman,  Lewis,  D.  D. 
 Cherry  Valley  Presbyterian  Church, 
 
 Central  New  York. 
 Chester,  John,  D.  d. 
 Chester,  William,  D.  D. 
 Chestnut,  Rev.  Benjamin. 
 Chidlaw,  Benjamin  W.,  d.d. 
 Childs,  Silas  D. 
 Childs,  Thomas  S.,  D.  D. 
 Christian,  Rev.  Levi  Hunt. 
 Christian  Observer. 
 Christianity,  Growth  of. 
 Church  of  the  Covenant,  New  York 
 
 City. 
 Church  Mortgages. 
 Church,      Second       Presbyterian, 
 
 Cleveland,  Ohio. 
 Chark,  Frederick  G.,  D.  D. 
 Clark,  James,  D.  D. 
 Clark,  Rev.  John  Flavel. 
 Clark.  Rev.  Joseph. 
 Clark,  Joseph,  D.  D. 
 Clark,  Robert. 
 Clarke,  Rev.  Albert  Brown. 
 Clarke,  David  D.,  d.d. 
 Clarke,  Henry  Steele,  D.  D. 
 Clarke,  Hon.  Hovey  Kilburn. 
 Clemens,  Rev.  William. 
 Cobb,  Rev.  Archibald  Parritt. 
 Cobb,  Thomas  R.  R. 
 Coffin,  Prof.  James  Henry,  ll.  d. 
 1235 
 
 Coffin,  Rev.  Selden  Jennings,  ph.  d. 
 Cogswell,  Jonathan,  D.  D. 
 Coit,  Rev.  J.  C. 
 Cole,  William  Henry. 
 Coleman,  Lyman,  s.  T.  D. 
 Colfelt,  Rev.  Lawrence  Maclay. 
 Colleges. 
 
 Collier,  Daniel  Lewis. 
 Collier,  Rev.  Francis  James. 
 Collins,  Hon.  Ori-stus. 
 Collins,  Rev.  Charles. 
 Collisson,  Rev.  Henry  Matthew. 
 Colwell,  Stephen,  Esq. 
 Comegys,  Benjamin  B. 
 Comingo,  Henry  G.,  D.  D. 
 Conrad,  Rev.  Lewis  L. 
 Comparative      Summary      of     the 
 
 Presbyterian  Church. 
 Condit,  Rev.  Ira. 
 Condit,  Jonathan  Bailey,  D.  D. 
 Condit,  Robert  W.,  D.  D. 
 Conkling,  Nathaniel  W.,  d.d. 
 Conn,  Samuel,  D.  D. 
 Converse,  Amasa,  d.  d. 
 Converse,  Rev.  John  Kendrick. 
 Converse,  Rev.  Francis  Bartlett. 
 Cook,  Col.  Edward. 
 Cook,  Hon:  Isaac. 
 Cooley,  Prbf.  Le  Roy. 
 Cooper,  Jonathan  K. 
 Cooper,  Rev.  Robert. 
 Cooper,  William  H.,  d.d. 
 Copes,  Rev.  Joseph. 
 Copes,  Joseph  S.,  m.  d. 
 Corliss,  Rev.  Albert  H. 
 Cortelyou,  Rev.  Thomas  Foster. 
 Coulter,  David,  i>.  D. 
 Coulter,  Rev.  John. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Cowan,  Rev.  John  F. 
 Cowan,  Edward  P.,  D.  D. 
 Cox,  Samuel  Hanson,  D.  D.,  ll.  p. 
 Craig,  Rev.  John. 
 Craig,  John  Nu-wton,  D.  D. 
 Craig,  Willis  Green,  D.  D. 
 Craighead,  Rev.  Alexander. 
 Craighead,  James  Geddes,  u.  d. 
 Craighead,  Rev.  John. 
 Craighead,  Rev.  Thomas. 
 Craighead,  Rev.  Thomas  B. 
 Cranbury  ( N.  J. ),  1st  Pres.  Church. 
 Craven,  Elijah  Richardson,  i).  D. 
 Crawford,  Rev.  Edward. 
 
 Crawford,  John  Agnew,  D.  D. 
 Creed, The  Apostles'. 
 Creigh,  Thomas,  D.  D. 
 Critchlow,  Benjamin  C,  D.  D. 
 Crosby.  Howard,  D.  D.,  LL.  D. 
 Cross,  Rev.  Andrew  Boyd. 
 Cross,  Rev.  Robert. 
 Crothers,  Samuel,  D.  D. 
 Crowe,  John  Finley,  i).  D. 
 Crowell,  James  M.,  V.  o. 
 Crowell,  John,  D.  D. 
 Cryer,  Rev.  Samuel  S. 
 Culbertson,  Rev.  Matthew  S. 
 Gumming,. Rev.  Alexander. 
 
 Cummings,  Rev.  Charles. 
 Cummins,  Charles,  D.  D. 
 Cummins,  Francis,  D.  D. 
 Cummins,  Rev.  John  L. 
 Cunningham,  Rev.  Alex.  Newton. 
 Cunningham.  Robert  M.,  D.  d. 
 Curtis,  Eleroy,  d.  d. 
 Curtis,  Harvey,  u.  D. 
 Curtis,  William  Stanton,  D.  D. 
 Cushing,  Rev.  Jonathan  Peter. 
 Cutler,  Carroll,  D.  D. 
 Cuyler,  Theodore  Ledyard,  D.  D. 
 Cuyler,  Cornelius  C,  D.  D. 
 
 Dabney,  Robert  L.,  D.  D.,  ll.  d. 
 
 Dale,  James  W.,  D.  i>. 
 
 Dana,  Stephen  W. ,  d.  d. 
 
 Dana,  William  Coombes,  D.  D. 
 
 Danforth,  Joshna  Noble,  D.  D. 
 
 Darling,  Henry,  1).  i>.,  LL.  I). 
 
 Davenport,  Rev.  James. 
 
 Davidson,  Rev.  Edward  Chafin. 
 
 Davidson,  Robert,  D.  D. 
 
 Davidson,  Robert,  D.  d. 
 
 Davies,  David  Owen,  D.  D. 
 
 Davles,  Samuel,  D.  D. 
 
 Davis,  Hon.  James  Lynn. 
 
 D.avis,  Samuel  S.,  D.  D. 
 
 Davis,  Rev.  Samuel  T.,  A.  M.,  M.  D. 
 
 Davis.  Thomas  Kirby,  D.  D. 
 
 Day,  Henry,  Esq. 
 
 Dean,  Rev.  William  Hawley. 
 
 Deerfield  Church,  New  Jersey. 
 
 Deffenbaugh,  Rev.  George  L. 
 
 Denny,  Rev.  David. 
 
 Denny,  Hon.  Harmar. 
 
 Denton,  Rev.  Richard. 
 
 Derry  Church. 
 
 De  Veuve,  Rev.  Prentiss. 
 
 De  Witt,  John,  d.  d. 
 
 D 
 
 De  Witt,  William,  R.,  D.  n. 
 Dibble,  Rev.  Sheldon. 
 Dickey,  Charles  Andrews,  D.  D. 
 Dickey,  Ebenezer,  D.  d. 
 Dickey,  John  Miller,  D.  D. 
 Dickey,  Rev.  William. 
 Dickinson,  Baxter,  D.  D. 
 Dickinson,  Jonathan.  D.  d. 
 Dickinson,  Rev.  Richard  Salter  S. 
 Dickinson,  Richard  W. ,  d.  n. 
 Dickson,  Rev.  Andrew  Flinn,  a.  m. 
 Dickson,  Cyrus,  d.  d. 
 Dickson,  Hugh  Sheridan,  D.  D. 
 Dimond,  David,  D.  D. 
 Dinsmore,  James. 
 Dinsmore,  John  Walker,  D.  d. 
 Dinwiddle,  Rev.  William. 
 Dirck,  Cornelius  Lansing,  D.  D. 
 Doak,  Samuel,  D.  D. 
 Dod,  Albert  Baldwin,  D.  d. 
 Dod,  Rev.  Thaddeus. 
 DodgCj  Hon.  William  E. 
 Donaldson,  Ale.Kander,  D.  d. 
 Donaldson,  Rev.  Alex.  Hasseltine. 
 Donaldson,  Rev.  James  Henry. 
 Donaldson,  Hon.  William. 
 
 Donegal  Church. 
 Dorrance,  John,  D.  D. 
 Drake,  Charles  Daniel,  ll.  d. 
 Dripps,  Rev.  J.  Frederick. 
 DuBois,  Robert  Patterson,  d.  d. 
 DuBose,  Rev.  Hampden  C. 
 DufBeld,  George,  D.  D. 
 Duffield,  George,  D.  D. 
 Duffield,  George,  D.  D. 
 Duffield,  John  Thomas,  D.  D. 
 Dukes,  Rev.  Joseph. 
 Dulles,  John  Welsh,  D.  D. 
 Dunbar,  William,  M.  D. 
 Dunham,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 Dunlap,  Rev.  Cyrus  H. 
 Dunlap,  James,  D.  D. 
 Dunlap,  Rev.  Robert  White. 
 Dunlaj],  William  Carnes,  D.  d. 
 Dunn,  Gen.  William  McKee. 
 Duun,  Hon.  Williamson. 
 Dutton,  Warren  Backus.  D.  D. 
 DuVal,  Rev.  Frederick  Beal. 
 Dwight,  Rev.  Benj.  W.,  ph.d.,  ll.d. 
 Dwiglit,  Henry  E.,  M.  D.,  d.  d. 
 Dwight,  Theodore   William,  ll.  d. 
 
 Eakin,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 
 Eastburn.  Rev.  Joseph. 
 
 Eaton,  Horace,  D.  D. 
 
 Eaton,  Gen.  John,  ll.  d. 
 
 Eaton,  Rev.  Johnston. 
 
 B.iton,  Samuel  John  Mills,  T>.  D. 
 
 Eaton,  Rev.  Sylvester. 
 
 Eckard,  James  Read,  D.  d. 
 
 Edgar,  James. 
 
 Edgar,  John  Todd,  n.  d. 
 
 Edie,  Joseph  S.,  M.  D. 
 
 Edisto  Island  Pres.  Church,  S.  C. 
 
 Edson,  Hanford  Abram,  d  d. 
 
 Edwards,  Rev.  James  Cooke. 
 
 Edwards,  Rev.  Jesse. 
 
 Edwards,  Rev.  Jonathan. 
 
 Edwards,  Tryon,  u.  u. 
 
 E 
 
 Eells,  Dan  Parmelee. 
 Eells,  James,  D.  D.,  ll.  d. 
 Egbert,  Rev.  James  Chidester. 
 Elder,  Rev.  John. 
 Bldridge,  Samuel. 
 Ellinwood,  Frank  Fields,  D.  d. 
 Elliott,  David,  D.  D..  ll.  d. 
 Ellis,  Rev.  John  Millet. 
 Elmer,  Rev.  Daniel. 
 Elmer,  Hon.  Jonathan. 
 Elmer,  Rev.  Jonathan. 
 Elmer,  L.  Q.  C,  ll.  d. 
 Ely,  Prof.  Charles  Wright. 
 Ely,  Ezra  Styles,  D.  D. 
 Ely,  Rev.  George. 
 Emerson,  Daniel  Hopkins,  D.  D. 
 Emerson,  Rev.  Luther 
 
 Engles,  Joseph  Patterson. 
 
 Engles,  William  M.,  D.  D. 
 
 English,  Rev.  James  Theodore. 
 
 English,  Rev.  Thomas  Reese,  A.  M. 
 
 English  Version  of  the  Bible. 
 
 Erskine,  Ebenezer,  D.  D. 
 
 Erskine,  Mason,  D.  D. 
 
 Eva,  William  T.,D.D. 
 
 Evans,  Rev.  D.avid. 
 
 Evans,  Llewellyn  J.,  D.  D. 
 
 Evans,  Rev.  Thomas. 
 
 Ewalt,  Rev.  ,Tohn  Adams. 
 
 Ewing,  Charles,  ll.  d. 
 
 Ewing,  Rev.  Fielding  Nathanael. 
 
 Ewing,  Francis  Armstrong,  M.  D. 
 
 Ewing,  John,  D.  D. 
 
 Ewing,  Hon.  John  Kennedy. 
 
 Fahnestock,  Benjamin  A. 
 
 Fairchild,  Aslibel  Green,  D.  n. 
 
 Fairfield,  N.  J.,  Old  Stone  Church. 
 
 Faith. 
 
 Faitoute,  Rev.  George. 
 
 Faris,  Rev.  John  McDonald. 
 
 F 
 
 Parquhar,  Rev.  John. 
 Farris,  Robert  Perry,  D.  n. 
 Ferguson,  Rev.  Angus  Norman. 
 Ferrier,  Rev.  Edsall,  D.  d. 
 Perry,  Hon.  Thomas  White. 
 Ferry,  Rev.  William  Montague. 
 T236 
 
 Field,  Rev.  Jacob  Ten  Eyck. 
 Field,  Samuel. 
 Findley,  Samuel,  D.  D. 
 Findley,  Rev.  Thomas  M. 
 Findley,  Hon.  William. 
 Findley,  William  Thornton,  n.  D. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Fine,  Hon.  John. 
 
 Finley,  General  Clement  A. 
 
 Finley,  Rev.  James. 
 
 Finley,  Rev.  John  Evans. 
 
 Finley,  Robert,  D.  D. 
 
 Finley,  Samnel,  D.  d. 
 
 First  Pres.  Church  of  Chicago. 
 
 First  Pres.  Church,  Philadelphia. 
 
 First  Pres.   Church,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
 
 Fish,  Rev.  Peter. 
 
 Fisher,  Daniel  Webster,  D.  d. 
 
 Fisher,  Hon.  John. 
 
 Fisher,  Prof.  M.  M.,  d.  d.,  ll.  u. 
 
 Fisher,  Samuel  Ware,  d.  d.,  ll.  d. 
 
 Fisk,  Ezra,  u.  d. 
 
 Fitzgerald,  James  H. 
 
 Fithian,  Rev.  Philip  Vicars. 
 
 Fitzhugh,  Edward  H. 
 Flagler,  Thomas  Thorn. 
 Flinn,  Andrew,  d.  d. 
 Folsom,  George  Palmer,  d.  d. 
 Fontaine,  Thomas  Littleton. 
 Foote,  Charles  Henry,  d.  u. 
 Foote,  William  Henry,  u.  u. 
 Ford,  John  Richardson. 
 Ford,  Rev.  Joshua  Edwards. 
 Foreign  Missions,  Board  of. 
 Foreman,  Rev.  Stephen. 
 Fort  Wayne  (Indiana),  First  Pres- 
 byterian Church. 
 Foster,  Rev.  James  Bonner. 
 Foster,  Rev.  William. 
 Fowler,  Philemon  H.,  D.  d. 
 Pox,  Rev.  Louis  Rodman. 
 
 Franklin.  Rev.  William  Sheldon. 
 
 Frazer,  David  R.,  d.  d. 
 
 Frederick  City,  Md.,  Presbyterian 
 
 Church. 
 Freeman,  Rev.  Jonathan. 
 French,  Edward  W.,  d.  d. 
 French,  Hon.  George  H. 
 French,  Justice  Clement,  D.  D. 
 Fuller,  Charles. 
 FuUerton,  Hon.  David. 
 FuUerton,  Rev.  Hugh  Stewart. 
 FuUerton,  Rev.  Robert  S. 
 Fulton,  Rev.  John  L. 
 Fulton,  Rev.  R.  H. 
 Fulton,  Rev.  William. 
 Futhey,  Hon.  John  Smith. 
 
 Gage,  Rev.  Henry  Bartlett. 
 Gale,  George  W.,  d.d. 
 Gallaher,  Rev.  James. 
 Galloway,  Rev.  John  Smith. 
 Gamble,  Hamilton  Rowan. 
 Gamble,  Hon.  James. 
 Garnet,  Henry  Highland,  D.  d. 
 Gauss,  Rev.  0.  W.,  m.  D. 
 Gayley,  Samuel  A.,  D.  d. 
 Gayley,  Rev.  Samuel  Ma.Kwell. 
 Gayley,  Rev.  Samuel  Rankin. 
 Geary,  John  White. 
 Gelston,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 Gen.  Washington  and  Presbyter' ns. 
 Gennet,  Charles. 
 George,  William,  D.  d. 
 Gerrish,  John,  D.  d. 
 Gibson,  Rev.  Joseph  T. 
 Gibson,  William  J.,  D.  D. 
 Giddings,  Rev.  Salmon,  A.  M. 
 Giger,  George  Musgrave,  D.  D. 
 Gilbert,  Eliphalet  Wheeler,  u.  D. 
 Gilbreath,  Rev.  John  Naylor. 
 Gilchrist,  Rev.  Adam. 
 Gildersleeve,  Benjamin,  D.  d. 
 Gill,  Rev.  William  Hugh. 
 Gill,  Rev.  William  John. 
 Gillam,  Rev.  Jeremiah  C. 
 Gilland,  Rev.  James  Wesley. 
 Gillespie,  Rev.  George. 
 Gilliam,  Marshall  M. 
 Gillilaud,  Rev.  James. 
 
 G 
 
 Oilman,  Wihthrop  S. 
 Glen,  Rev.  William  Renwick. 
 Glendy,  John,  D.  D. 
 Glover,  Rev.  William. 
 Godfrey,  Captain  Benjamin. 
 Goodale,  Montgomery  Smith,  D.  D. 
 Goodhue,  Rev.  George  Franklin. 
 Goodrich,  Harvey. 
 Goodrich,  Hiram  P. 
 Goodrich,  William  Henry,  D.  D. 
 Gordon,  Hon.  Isaac  Grantham. 
 Gordon,  Thomas  Patterson,  D.  d. 
 Gorin,  Rev.  M.  G. 
 Gosman,  Abraham,  D.  D. 
 Gould,  Capt.  Gilbert. 
 Gould,  Rev.  William  Ripley. 
 Goulding,  Thomas,  D.  u. 
 Graham,  Rev.  Chauncey. 
 Graham,  Mrs.  Julia  A. 
 Graham,  Rev.  Loyal  Young. 
 Graham,  Samuel  Lyle,  u.  D. 
 Graham,  Rev.  William. 
 Grant,  Asahel,  M.  d. 
 Grant,  Rev.  Thomas. 
 Graves,  Rev.  Allen  Truman. 
 Graydon,  William,  Esq. 
 Gready,  Rev.  William  Postell. 
 Green,  Ashbel,  D.  d.,  ll.d. 
 Green,  Rev.  D.  D. 
 Green,  Rev.  Enoch. 
 Green,  George  Smith. 
 Green,  Henry  Woodhull,  ll.  d. 
 
 Green,  Rev.  Jacob. 
 Green,  John  Cleve. 
 Green,  Col.  Lewis. 
 Green,  Lewis  Warner,  D.  D. 
 Green,  Rev.  Oliver  McLean. 
 Green,  William  Henry,  D.  D.,  ll.  d. 
 Green,  Rev.  Zachariah. 
 Green,  Rev.  William  Brenton,  Jr. 
 Greenman,  Rev.  Nehemiah. 
 Gregory,  Casper  Robue,  D.  D. 
 Gregory,  Daniel  Seely,  D.  D. 
 Gresham,  Hon.  John  J. 
 Gretter,  Rev.  John  A. 
 Gridley,  Samuel  Hart,  D.  D. 
 Grier,  Isaac,  D.  D. 
 Grier,  Rev.  Isaac,  Sr. 
 Grier,  Rev.  James. 
 Grier,  Rev.  John  Walker. 
 Grier,  Matthew  B.,  D.  D. 
 Grier,  Rev.  Nathan. 
 Grier,  Hon.  Robert  Cooper. 
 Grier,  Rev.  Robert  Smith. 
 Griffin,  Edward  Dorr,  D.  D. 
 Griffin,  Nathauael  Herrick,  D.  D. 
 Griffith,  Rev.  Timothy. 
 Grigg,  Rev.  George  Cooper. 
 Grimes,  Joseph  Smiley,  D.  D. 
 Grimke,  Rev.  Francis  James. 
 Grover,  Rev.  Stephen. 
 Grundy,  Robert  C,  d.  d. 
 Gulick,  Rev.  Peter  Johnson. 
 Gurley,  Phineas  Dinsmore,  u.  d. 
 
 Hadden,  Rev.  Isaac. 
 
 Hageman,  John  Frelinghuysen. 
 
 Haines,  Daniel,  ll.  d. 
 
 Haines,  Mrs.  F.  E.  H. 
 
 Haines,  Selden,  D.  D. 
 
 Halt,  Rev.  Benjamin. 
 
 Halbert,  Rev.  William  Rheem 
 
 Hale,  George,  u.  n. 
 
 Hall,  Charles,  d.  d. 
 
 Hall,  David,  i).  i). 
 
 Hall,  Rev.  George. 
 
 Hall,  James,  D.  D. 
 
 Hall,  John,  D.  D. 
 
 Hall,  John,  D.  D. 
 
 Hall,  John  G.,  D.  D. 
 
 Hall,  John  W.,  D.  n. 
 
 Hall,  William  K.,  d.  d. 
 
 H 
 
 Halsey,  Rev.  Jeremiah. 
 Halsey,  Job  Foster,  D.  D. 
 Halsey,  Leroy  Jones,  D.  d. 
 Halsey,  Luther,  D.  D.,  ll.  d. 
 Hamill,  Hugh,  D.  d. 
 Hamill,  Robert,  D.  D. 
 Hamilton,  Alfred,  d.  n. 
 Hamilton  College,  Clinton,  N.  Y. 
 Hamilton,  James. 
 Hamilton,  Rev.  Lewis. 
 Hamilton,  Samuel  M. ,  D.  D. 
 Hamilton,  Thomas  A.,  Esq. 
 Hamilton,  William  Ferguson,  D.  D. 
 Hammond,  Rev.  Edward  Payson. 
 Hampden-Sidney  College,  Va. 
 Hampton,  Rev.  John. 
 Hand,  Aaron  Hicks,  D.  D. 
 1237 
 
 Hand,  Hon.  Alfred. 
 Handy,  Isaac  William  Ker,  u.  d. 
 Handy,  Truman  P. 
 Hanna,  Rev.  John. 
 Hanover  Church,  Pa. 
 Hanover  College,  Ind. 
 Happersett,  Reese,  D.  D. 
 Harding,  Nehemiah  Henry,  D.  D. 
 Harper,  James,  D.  D. 
 Harper,  Robert  D.,  D.  D 
 Harris,  Rev.  John. 
 Harris,  Rev.  John  Montgomery. 
 Harris,  William,  m.d. 
 Harrison,  Hon.  Benjamin. 
 Harrison,  Elias,  u.  D. 
 Harrison,  Jephtha,  D.  D. 
 Harrison,  Rev.  Joseph  Cabell. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Hurt,  John  Seely,  LL.  D. 
 
 Hart,  llev.  Joshua. 
 
 Hastings,  Eurotas  P. 
 
 Hastings,  Prof.  Fulton  W. 
 
 Hustin;^s,  Thomas. 
 
 Hastings,  Thomas  S.,  D.  i). 
 
 Hatlkld,  Edwin  F.,  D.  D. 
 
 Hawus,  Rev.  Lowman. 
 
 Hawley,  Charles,  u.  i). 
 
 Hawthorn,  Jamos,  D.  D. 
 
 Hay,  John  Diillicld. 
 
 Hay,  Philip  Courtlandt,  D.  D. 
 
 Hayden,  Rev.  Daniel. 
 
 Hays,  George  Price,  B.  D. 
 
 Hays,  Isaac  N.,  D.  D. 
 
 Hays,  John  Smith,  i).  i). 
 
 Hazen,  James  King,  D.  D. 
 
 Headly,  William  6. 
 
 Heaton,  Austin  C,  D.  D. 
 
 Heaven. 
 
 Heberton,  Rev.  Alexander. 
 
 Heckman,  George  C,  n.  D. 
 
 Helm,  .lames  Isbell,  D.  D. 
 
 Hemphill,  Rev.  Charles  Rob't,  A.M. 
 
 Henderson,  Frisby. 
 
 Henderson,  Isaac  J.,  D.  D. 
 
 Henderson,  Rev.  James  Sebastian 
 
 Hamilton.  \ 
 
 Henderson,  .John. 
 Henderson,  Rev.  Jos.  Washington. 
 Henderson,  Hon.  Robert  M. 
 Henderson,  Thomas. 
 Henderson,  Thomas,  M.  D. 
 Hennen,  Alfred. 
 Henry,  Alexander,  Esq. 
 Henry,  Rev.  Hugh. 
 Henry,  J.  Addison,  D.  D. 
 Henry,  Rev.  John. 
 Henry,  Joseph,  i.L.  D. 
 Henry,  Rrv.  Robert. 
 Henry,  Thomas  Charlton,  D.  D. 
 Henry,  Thomas  Charlton. 
 Henry,  William  Wirt. 
 Heroy,  Rev.  Peter  Btideau. 
 Herron,  Francis,  i).  i). 
 Herron,  Rev.  .lohn. 
 Herron,  Robert,  u.  D. 
 
 Hewitt,  Rev.  J.  D. 
 Hewitt,  Nathanael,  D.  D. 
 Hibbard,  Hon.  Homer  Nash,  LL.  D. 
 Hibben,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 Highland  University,  Kansas. 
 Hill,  Professor  Cornelius  H. 
 Hill,  Rev.  George. 
 Hill,  George,  D.  D. 
 Hill,  HalbertG.,  D.  D. 
 HiU,  William,  D.  D. 
 Hill,  William  Wallace,  D.  d. 
 Hillhouse,  Rev,  James. 
 Historical  Society,  Presbyterian. 
 Hitchcock.  Henry  L.,  d.  d. 
 Hodge,  Archib'd  Alex.,  D.n.,l.l-D. 
 Hodge,  Charles,  D.  D.,  ll.  D. 
 Hodge,  Rev.  Edward  Blanchard. 
 Hodge,  Francis  Blanchard,  D.  d. 
 Hodge,  Hu^h  L.,  M.  d. 
 Hodge,  H.  Lenox,  M.  D. 
 Hodge,  John  Aspinwall,  D.  D. 
 Hodge,  Samuel,  D.  d. 
 Hofford,  Rev.  M.  Lawrie,  A.  M. 
 Hoffman,  Christian  J. 
 Hoge,  James,  D.  d. 
 Hoge,  Rev.  John. 
 Hoge,  Rev.  John  Blair. 
 Hoge,  Moses,  D.  D. 
 Hoge,  Rev.  Samuel  Davies. 
 Hoge,  Rev.  William  James. 
 Holden,  Horace,  Esq. 
 HoUaday,  Rev.  Albert  Lewis. 
 Holladay,  Prof.  Lewis  L. 
 HoUiday,  Rev.  John  C. 
 HoUiday,  Rev.  William  Adair, 
 Holm,  Rev.  John  William. 
 Hoi  man,  Rev.  Robert. 
 Holmes,  Daniel. 
 Holmes,  John  McClellan. 
 Holy  Scripture,  Its  Credibility. 
 Home  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian 
 
 Church  in  the  United  States  of 
 
 America,  Board  of. 
 Hooper,  T.  W.,  d.  D. 
 Hope,  Assurance  of. 
 Hope,  Rev.  Matthew  Boyd,  M.  D. 
 Hopkins,  Henry  Harvey,  D.  d. 
 
 Hopkins,  James  S. 
 
 Hopkins,  Josiah,  D.  D. 
 
 Hopkins,  Myron  P. 
 
 Hopkins,  Hon.  Samuel  Miles,  ll.d. 
 
 Hopkins,  Rev.  Theodore  W. 
 
 Hopkinsianisra. 
 
 Hornblower,  William  H.,  D.  D. 
 
 Horton,  Rev.  Azariah. 
 
 Horton,  Rev.  Francis  Allen. 
 
 Horton,  George  Firman,  M.  D. 
 
 Houston,  Rev.  Alexander. 
 
 Hovey,  Jonathan  Parsons,  D.  D. 
 
 Howard,  William,  D.  D. 
 
 Howe,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Howe,  Samuel  Henry,  D.  D. 
 
 Howell,  Lewis. 
 
 Howell,  Rev.  Louis  Dunham. 
 
 Howey,  Rev.  J.  Dagg. 
 
 Hoyt,  Ova  Phelps,  D.  D. 
 
 Hubbell,  Rev.  Nathanael. 
 
 Hubbeil,  Rev.  William  Stone. 
 
 Hudson,  Thomas  Boyd,  D.  D. 
 
 Huey,  Samuel  Culbertson. 
 
 Hughes,  Rev.  James. 
 
 Hughes,  Rev.  Samuel  Kelso. 
 
 Hughes,  Rev.  Thomas  Edgar. 
 
 Hughes,  Rev.  William. 
 
 Huguenot  Church,  Charleston,  S.C. 
 
 Huguenots. 
 
 Humility.  ' 
 
 Humphrey,  Edward  P.,  D.  d.,  ll.  d. 
 
 Humphrey,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Humphrey,  Zephaniah  Moore,  n.  D. 
 
 Hunt,  Rev.  HoUoway  Whitefield. 
 
 Hunt,  Rev.  James. 
 
 Hunt,  Rev.  Thomas  Poage. 
 
 Hunter,  Rev.  Andrew. 
 
 Hunter,  Rev.  William  A. 
 
 Huntting,  Henry. 
 
 Hunton,  Hon.  Logan. 
 
 Huston,  Rev.  Alexander. 
 
 Hutchinson,  Charles,  d.  d. 
 
 Hutchinson,  John  Russell,  d.  d. 
 
 Hutton,  Rev.  William. 
 
 Hyde,  Rev.  Smith  Harris. 
 
 Hypocrisy. 
 
 Ignorance  of  our  Future  Mode  of 
 
 Existence. 
 Imbrie,  Charles  Kisselman,  n.  d. 
 Imputation. 
 Inability. 
 Indiana,  Synod  of. 
 
 Infant  Salvation. 
 Inglis,  James,  I).  D. 
 Inglis,  John  A.,  LL.  D. 
 Inspiration. 
 
 Institute  for  Training  Colored  Min- 
 isters, Alabama. 
 
 "Interior,  The." 
 Iowa,  Synod  of. 
 Irving,  Da%Td,  n.  D. 
 Irwin,  Rev.  Nathanael. 
 
 Jack,  Rev.  Alexander  B. 
 Jackson,  Gent^ral  Andrew. 
 Jackson,  Sheldon,  u.  I). 
 Jackson,  Ocn.  Thomas  ■lonathan. 
 Jacobs,  John  Adamson. 
 Jacobs,  Rev.  William  Plumei 
 Jacobus  .MelancthonW..  n.i).,i.L.D. 
 James,  Ri'V.  Robert  Wilson. 
 James,  Rev.  William  Henry. 
 Jamieson,  Jesse  .M.,  ii.  I), 
 .laraison,  Hon.  .Samuel  Shryock. 
 .laneway,  Jacob  J.,  ».  d. 
 Janeway,  Thomas  Leiper,  n.  n. 
 
 Janvier,  Rev.  Levi. 
 Jetfers,  W.  H.,  D.  n.,  ll.  d. 
 Jelly.  Alexander  M.,  D.  n. 
 Jenkins,  Hcrrman  Dutilh,  n.  d. 
 Jennings,  Rev.  Jacob. 
 Jennings,  Obadiah,  i).  ii. 
 Jennings,  Samuel  Carnahan,  D.  d. 
 Jcssup,  Henry  Harris,  D.  D. 
 Jessup,  Rev.  Samuel,  A.  b. 
 Jessup,  William,  ll.  d. 
 Jewell,  Rev.  Joel. 
 Johnes,  Rev.  Timothy. 
 Johnson,  Herrick,  D.  u.,  ll.  d. 
 1238 
 
 Johnson,  Rev.  Obadiah  Meeker. 
 Johnson,  Patterson. 
 Johnson,  Hon.  Samuel  Porter. 
 Johnson,  William  Melancthon,  D.D. 
 .lohnston,  Cyrus,  d.  d. 
 Johnston,  Frontis  Howe,  D.D. 
 Johnston,  Rev.  James  Harvey, 
 .lohnston.  Rev.  Robert. 
 Jones,  Rev.  George  Edward. 
 Jones,  Hon.  Is.aac  Dashiell,  ll.  d. 
 Jones,  Hon.  Joel. 
 Jones,  John  Sparhawk,  d.  d. 
 Jones,  Joseph  Huutingtou,  D.  d. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Jones 
 
 Rev.  Malachi. 
 
 Joyes,  Patrick,  Esq. 
 
 Junkin,  George,  Esq. 
 
 Jones, 
 
 Matthew  Hale,  Esq. 
 
 Judgment,  The  Day  of. 
 
 Junkin,  William  Finney,  D.  D. 
 
 Jones, 
 
 Samuel  Beach,  D.  D. 
 
 Junkin,  David  X.,  D.  D. 
 
 Justification. 
 
 Jones, 
 
 William  Evau,  u.  D. 
 
 Junkin,  George,  D.  d.,ll.  D. 
 
 Kalb,  George  Lewis,  d.  d. 
 Kearsley,  Jonathan. 
 Keigwin,  Rev.  Albert  Newton. 
 Keith,  Isaac  Stockton,  u.  d. 
 Keith,  Rev.  Robert. 
 Kellar,  Rev.  Isaac. 
 Kellogg,  Alfred  Hosea.  D.  D. 
 Kellogg,  Samuel  Henry,  D.  i). 
 Kelly,  Rev.  Joseph  T. 
 Kelso,  Rev.  Alexander  Peebles. 
 Kemper,  Prof  F.  T. 
 Kempshall,  Bverard,  D.  D. 
 Kendall,  Henry,  D.  D. 
 Kendall,  John  Francis,  D.  d. 
 Kennedy,  Rev.  James  Buyers. 
 Kennedy,  James  F.,  D.  D. 
 Kennedy,  Rev.  John  H. 
 Kennedy,  Rev.  Robert. 
 Kennedy,  Rev.  Marion  S. 
 Kennedy,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 Ker,  Rev.  Jacob. 
 
 K 
 
 Ker,  Rev.  Jacob  Walter  Eliezer. 
 
 Ker,  Rev.  Nathan. 
 
 Kerr,  George,  LL.  D. 
 
 Kerr,  Rev.  James. 
 
 Kerr,  Hon.  John. 
 
 Kerr,  Rev.  William. 
 
 Keys  of  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven. 
 
 KiefFer,  Rev.  William  T.  Linn. 
 
 Kimball,  Charles  Cotton,  d.  d. 
 
 King,  Rev.  Andrew. 
 
 King,  Barnabas,  D.  D. 
 
 King,  Rev.  Charles  Barrington. 
 
 King,  George  Ives,  D.  u. 
 
 King,  John,  Esq. 
 
 King,  Rev.  Junius  B. 
 
 King,  Rev.  Richard  Hall. 
 
 King,  Walter,  Esq. 
 
 King,  Rev.  William  Montgomery. 
 
 Kingdom  of  God. 
 
 Kinkaid,  Rev.  Samuel  Porterfield. 
 
 Kirk,  Edward  Norris,  D.  i>. 
 
 Kirkland,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 Kirkpatrick,  Jacob,  D.  D. 
 Kirkpatrick,  Rev.  John. 
 Kirkpatrick,  Rev.  William. 
 Kirkwood,  SamuelJ.,  ph.  d.,  i.i..  u. 
 Kirkwood,  Thomas  Carter,  u.  u. 
 Kittredge,  Abbott  Eliot,  n.  ii. 
 Kittredge,  Rev.  Josiah  Edwards. 
 Knight,  Rev.  Harvey  B. 
 Knighton,  Frederick,  n.  D. 
 Knowles,  Rev.  James  F. 
 Knox,  Charles  Eugene,  D.  n. 
 Knox,  John. 
 Knox,  Henry  M. 
 Kqox,  Rev.  John. 
 Knox,  General  John  Jay. 
 Knox,  William  E.,  u.  D. 
 Kollock,  Rev.  Henry. 
 KoUock,  Shepard  Kosciusko,  u.  D. 
 Krebs,  John  Michael,  d.  d. 
 
 Laborie,  James. 
 
 Lacy,  Rev.  Drury. 
 
 Ladd,  Rev.  Francis  Dudley. 
 
 Lafayette  College,  Pa. 
 
 Laird,  Francis,  D.  D. 
 
 Lamar,  Rev.  Thomas  J. 
 
 Landis,  Robert  Wharton,  D.  D. 
 
 Lane,  Rev.  Cornelius  Rutser,  ph.d. 
 
 Lane,  Hon.  George  William. 
 
 Lane  Theological  Seminary. 
 
 Lansing,  Dirck  Cornelius,  D.  D. 
 
 Lapsley,  James  Woods,  Esq. 
 
 Larned,  Rev.  Sylvester. 
 
 Latta,  Rev.  James. 
 
 Latta,  James,  n.  d. 
 
 Latta,  Rev.  John  Ewing. 
 
 Latta,  William,  D.D. 
 
 Latta,  Rev.  William  Wilson. 
 
 Laughlin,  James,  Esq. 
 
 Laurie,  James,  D.  I). 
 
 Laverty,  Rev.  William  Willard. 
 
 Law. 
 
 Law,  Rev.  John  Gordon. 
 
 Lawrence,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 
 Lawson,  Orr,  D.  D. 
 
 Lay  Representation. 
 
 Lea,  Richard,  D.  d. 
 
 Leake,  Rev.  Lemuel  Fordham. 
 
 Leavenworth,  Rev.  Abner  Johnson. 
 
 Leech,  Richard  Treat. 
 
 Lefevre,  Rev.  Jacob  Amos. 
 
 Leftwich,  James  Turner,  D.  D. 
 
 LeMercier,  Rev.  Andrew. 
 
 Lenox,  James,  Esq. 
 
 L'Escot,  Rev.  Paul. 
 
 Lewis,  Rev.  James. 
 
 Lewis,  Rev.  John  Nevin. 
 
 Leyburn,  Rev.  George  Lacon. 
 
 Leyburn,  Rev.  George  William. 
 
 Liberty  of  Conscience. 
 
 Liddell,  Rev.  Andrew  R. 
 
 Lincoln  University,  Pa. 
 
 Lindsay,  Thomas. 
 
 Lindsley,  Aaron  L.,  D.  D. 
 
 Lindsley,  Philip,  D.  D. 
 
 Linn,  James,  D.  D. 
 
 Linn,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Linn,  John  Blair,  D.  D. 
 
 Linn,  William,  D.  D. 
 
 Lippincott,  Rev.  Thomas. 
 
 Little,  Rev.  George  Obadiah. 
 
 Little,  Henry. 
 
 Little,  Jacob,  D.  D. 
 
 Lloyd,  Amos  H. 
 
 Lloyd,  Rev.  Charles  Hooker. 
 
 Lloyd,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Locke,  Nathanael  C,  D.  D. 
 
 Lockridge,  Rev.  Andrew  Y. 
 
 Lockwood,  Rev.  Robinson  Smiley. 
 
 Logan,  Rev.  David  Swift. 
 
 Logan,  Rev.  John  Bovelle. 
 
 Logan,  Samuel  Crothers,  D.  D 
 
 Logan,  Rev.  Thomas  D.,  a.  m. 
 
 Log  College. 
 
 Long,  Isaac  Jasper,  D.  D. 
 
 Long  Island,  Presbytery  of. 
 
 Loomis,  Harmon,  D.  D. 
 
 Lord,  John  Chase,  D.  I). 
 
 Lord,  Willis,  D.  D.,  i.i..  u. 
 
 Lord's  Prayer,  The. 
 
 Lord's  Supper,  The. 
 
 Lounsbury,  Thomas,  D.  D. 
 
 Love,  Brotherly. 
 
 Lower      and      Upper      Ten-Mile 
 
 Churches,  Pennsylvania. 
 Lowrey,  John  G.,  Esq. 
 Lowrie,  John  Camercm,  D.  i>. 
 Lowrie,  John  Marshall,  D.  n. 
 Lowrie,  Rev.  M.  B. 
 Lowrie,  Hon.  Walter. 
 Lowrie,  Walter  H.,  ll.  d. 
 Lucky,  Rov.  George. 
 Ludlow,  Hon.  James  R. 
 Lumpkin,  Joseph  Henry,  ll.  i>. 
 Lumpkin,  Rev.  Thomas. 
 Lupton,  Rev.  Jonas  W. 
 Luzerne  Presbytery. 
 Lyle,  Rev.  John. 
 Lyle,  Rev.  Matthew. 
 Lyon,  George  Armstrong,  I),  n. 
 Lyon,  James  Adair,  i).  u. 
 Lyon,  Rev.  William. 
 Lyons,  Rev.  Jesse  Lorenzo. 
 
 Maccaule,  Rev.  Thomas  Harris. 
 Macalester,  Charles. 
 Maccorkle,  Samuel  Eusebius,  D.  d. 
 MacCracken,  Henry  Mitchell,  u.  ii. 
 Macdonald,  James  Madison,  d.  d. 
 Macintosh,  John  Samuel,  D.  D. 
 TMack,  William,  D.  D. 
 
 M 
 
 MacKellar,  Thomas. 
 Mackey,  Rev.  James  Love. 
 Mackey,  Hon.  Jeremy. 
 Maclaren,  Rev.  Robert  P. 
 Maclaren,  William,  D.  D. 
 Maclean,  John,  D.  D.,  ll.  o. 
 MacMaster,  Algernon  S.,  d.  d, 
 
 i2ay 
 
 MacMaster,  Erasmus  D. ,  P.  D. 
 Macurdy,  Rev.  Elisha. 
 Magistrate,  The  Civil. 
 Magraw,  .James,  l>.  i'. 
 Mahon,  Rev.  Joseph. 
 Makemie,  Rev.  FVancis.    • 
 Malin,  David,  D.  D. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Maltty,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Man. 
 
 Mangasarian,  Rev.  Mangasar  M. 
 
 March,  Francis  Andrew,  Li..  D. 
 
 Markoc,  Francis. 
 
 Marks,  Lafayette,  D.  D. 
 
 Marquis,  Rev.  ,Iames  E. 
 
 Marquis,  Rev.  Thomas. 
 
 Marr,  Rev.  .James  Ilervey. 
 
 Marr,  Rev.  Joseph. 
 
 Marshall,  Rev.  Alexander  Stewart. 
 
 Marshall,  Matthew  Morton,  u.  D. 
 
 Marshall,  Rev.  Rdbert. 
 
 Marshall,  Rev.  Samuel  Vance. 
 
 Marshall,  W.  J. 
 
 Marlien,  William  Stockton. 
 
 Martin,  Prof.  Renjarain  N. 
 
 Martin,  Mrs.  Cornelia. 
 
 Martin,  Rev.  Elon  O. 
 
 Martin,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Martin,  John  Wynne,  n  l>. 
 
 Martin,  Joseph  Hamilton,  i).  n. 
 
 Martin.'Samuel,  1)  I). 
 
 Martyn,  Rev.  Ashbel  Green. 
 
 Marvin,  Rev.  Edward  Payson. 
 Marye,  Hon.  J.  L. 
 
 Maryville  College,  East  Tennessee. 
 
 Mason,  Erskine,  i).  I). 
 
 Mathers,  Rev.  Alfred  Harvey. 
 
 Matthews,  John,  D.  ». 
 
 Matthews,  R.  C,  i).  n. 
 
 Matthews,  Stanley,  u..  D. 
 
 Matthews,  William  Caldwell,  D.  D. 
 
 Matthews,  Rev.  W.  T. 
 
 Malloon,  Charles  Nash,  D.  D 
 
 Mattoon,  Stephen,  I).  D. 
 
 Maxwell,  John  Allen. 
 
 Maxwell,  William,  ll.  I). 
 
 M;nbin,  Joseph  A. 
 
 McAdam,  Rev.  William  T. 
 
 McAden.  Rev.  Hui;h. 
 
 McAUi-stcr,  Hon.  Hugh  N 
 
 McArthur,  John. 
 
 McArthur,  John,  Jr. 
 
 MeBryde,  Rev.  Duncan  Dan.,  a.m. 
 
 McCalla,  Rev.  William  L. 
 
 McCarrell,  Alexander,  u.  D. 
 
 McCarrell,  Rev.  William  Alex. 
 
 McCauley,  Thomas,  D.  r>.,  ll.  b. 
 
 MeCauley,  Rev.  Thomas. 
 
 McCay,  Rev.  David. 
 
 McCay,  Hon.  William. 
 
 McClean,  William. 
 
 McClellan,  General  George  B. 
 
 MeClellan,  Hon.   Robc'rt  H 
 
 McClelland,  Alexander,  D.  I). 
 
 McClintoek,  Rev.  John  Calvin. 
 
 McClintock.  John  David,  n.  D. 
 
 MeClung,  Rev.  Samuel  Milligan. 
 
 MeClure,  John. 
 
 McCluskey,  John,  n.  D. 
 
 McConaughy,  David,  D.  I).,  LI,.  D. 
 
 McConnell,  Rev.  Thomas  M. 
 
 McCord,  John  Davidson. 
 
 McCorkle,  Samuel  Eusibius,  D.  u. 
 
 MeCorkle,  William  A.,  i).  n. 
 
 McCormick,  Hon.  Cyrus  H. 
 
 MeCormick,  James. 
 
 .McCoy,  Rev.  James. 
 
 McCullagh,  Rev.  Archibald. 
 McCullagh,  Rev.  John. 
 MeCurdy,  Rev.  Irwin  Pounds. 
 McDowell,  Rev.  Alexander. 
 
 McDowell,  John. 
 
 McDowell,  John,  D.  D. 
 McDowell,  William  Anderson,  D.  D. 
 McElhenny,  John,  D.  D. 
 McElroy,  John  M.,  D.  D. 
 McElroy,  Joseph,  D.  D. 
 McFarland,  Mrs.  Amanda  R. 
 McFarland,  Francis,  D.  D. 
 McFarren,  Alexander. 
 McGaw,  James  Alex.  Porter,  d.  d. 
 McGee,  Rev.  William  C. 
 McGiffert,  Rev.  Joseph  N. 
 McGill,  Alex.-Taggart,  u.  d.,  ll.  d. 
 McGill,  Rev.  Daniel. 
 McGiil,  John. 
 McGinley,  Amos  A.,  D.  n. 
 McGinnis,  Rev.  James  Y. 
 McGready,  Rev.  James. 
 McGuffey,  William  H.,  D.  D.,  li,.  d. 
 McHenry,  Rev.  Francis. 
 Mcllvaiue,  Rev.  Jasper  S. 
 Mcllvaine,  Joshua  Hall,  D.  D. 
 Mcllwaine,  Richard,  D.  D. 
 Mclnnis,  Richmond,  D.  D. 
 Mclntire  Andrew. 
 Mclntyre,  Rev.  John. 
 McKay,  Neill,  D.  D. 
 McKee,  Redick. 
 
 McKennan,  James  Wilson,  D.  D. 
 Mclvennan,  Thomas,  M.  D. 
 McKennan,  Rev.  William. 
 McKinley,  Daniel,  B.  D. 
 McKinney,  David,  D.  D. 
 McKinney,  Mordecai,  Esq. 
 McKnight,  Rev.  Charles. 
 McKnight,  William  James,  D.  D. 
 McKnight,  John,  D.  n. 
 McKnight,  Hon.  Robert. 
 McLanahan,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 McLane,  James  Woods,  D.  D. 
 McLaurin,  John. 
 McLaren,  John  Finlay,  D.  D. 
 McLean,  Charles  6.,  D.  D. 
 McLean,  Daniel  Veech,  D.  D. 
 McLean,  John,  D.  D. 
 McMillan,  John,  D.  D. 
 McMillan,  Rev.  Neil. 
 McMillan,  Rev.  William. 
 McMordie,  Rev.  Robert. 
 McNair,  Evander,  D.  D. 
 McNair,  John,  D.  D. 
 McNair,  Rev.  Malcolm. 
 McNair,  Rev.  Solomon. 
 McNeill,  Rev.  George. 
 McNish,  Rev.  George. 
 McNulty,  Joseph  MeCairoll,  D.  n. 
 .McPhueters,  Samuel  Brown,  D.  D. 
 MePheeters,  William,  D.  D. 
 McPheeters,  William  M.,  M.  D. 
 .McPherrin,  Rev.  John. 
 McPherson,  Hon.  Edward,  ll.d. 
 McPher.son,  Simon  John,  D.  n. 
 McQueen,  Donald,  D.  n. 
 McQueen,  Rev.  Martin. 
 McRee,  James,  D.  D. 
 McSurely,  William  Jasper,  n.  u. 
 McWilliams,  Hon.  Jonathan. 
 McWhorter,  Alexander,  D.  ii. 
 Means  of  Grace. 
 Mebane,  Rev.  William  Nelson. 
 Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Inde 
 
 pendence. 
 Mecklin,  Rev.  Robert  Wilson. 
 Merrick,  Major  George  W. 
 Merrill,  Samuel. 
 
 1240 
 
 Middle  Spring  Church,  Pa. 
 
 Millard,  Rev.  David  Kirby. 
 
 Millard,  Nelson,  D.  D. 
 
 Miller,  Rev.  Adam. 
 
 Miller,  Arnold  W.,  D.  D. 
 
 Miller,  Charles  H. 
 
 Miller,  Rev.  E.  Smith. 
 
 Miller,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Miller,  James  Russell,  D.  D. 
 
 Miller,  Hon.  John  Q. 
 
 Miller,  Linus  Merrill,  D.  D. 
 
 Miller,  Samuel,  D.  D. 
 
 Mills,  Benjamin,  D.  D. 
 
 Mills,  Hon.  Benjamin. 
 
 Mills,  Henry,  D.  D. 
 
 Mills,  Rev.  Samuel  John. 
 
 Mills,  Thornton  A.,  D.  D. 
 
 Ministerial  Education,  Board  of. 
 
 Miracles. 
 
 Mitchell,  Rev.  Alexander.  ' 
 
 Mitchell,  Rev.  Andrew  Dinsmore 
 
 Mitchell,  Arthur,  D.  D. 
 
 Mitchell,  Elisha,  D.  D. 
 
 Mitchell,  Jacob,  Duch6,  D.  D.    . 
 
 Mitchell,  Rev.  James. 
 
 Mitchell,  James  Young,  D.  D. 
 
 Mitchell,  Joseph  Davis,  M.  D. 
 
 Mitchell,  Samuel  S.,  D.  D. 
 
 Moderators  of  the  General  Assem- 
 bly. 
 
 Moffat,  James  Clement,  D.  D. 
 
 Moffatt,  David  William,  D.  D. 
 
 Moffatt,  James  David,  D.  D. 
 
 MoB'att,  Rev.  James  Erskine. 
 
 Monaghan  Church,  Pa. 
 
 Monfort,  David,  D.  D. 
 
 Monfort,  Francis  C. ,  D.  D. 
 
 Monfort,  Joseph  Glass,  D.  D. 
 
 Montague,  Daniel  Rice. 
 
 Montgomery,    Ala.,    Presbyterian 
 Church. 
 
 Montgomery,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Montgomery,  Rev.  Joseph. 
 
 Montgomery,  Thomas  J.,  M.  D. 
 
 .Montgomery,  Rev.  William. 
 
 Montrose  Presbytery,  Pa. 
 
 Moody,  John,  D.  D. 
 
 Moore,  Charles  Beatty. 
 
 Moore,  Rev.  John  Henry. 
 
 Moore,  Samuel,  M.  p. 
 
 Moore,  Thomas  Verner,  D.  D. 
 
 Moorhead,  Gen.  James  Kennedy. 
 
 Moorhead,  Rev.  William  Wallace. 
 
 Morgan,  Hon.  Edwin  Barber, 
 
 Morgan,  Hon.  Edwin  D. 
 
 Morgan,  Gilbert,  d.d. 
 
 Morris,  Edward  D.,  D.  D. 
 
 Morris,  Herbert  W.,  D.  D. 
 
 Morris,  Robert  Desha,  D.  D. 
 
 Morris'  Reading  House. 
 
 Morrison,  Rev.  George. 
 
 Morrison,  Rev.  George. 
 
 Morrison,  Rev.  James. 
 
 Morrison,  Rev.  James  H. 
 
 Morrison,  John  Hunter,  D.  D. 
 
 Morrison,  Robert  Hall.  D.  D. 
 
 Morrison,  Rev.  William  N. 
 
 Morse,  Rev.  Richard  Cary. 
 
 Morton,  Rev.  John  Ballard. 
 
 Morton,  Rev.  Samuel  Mills. 
 
 Morton,  Rev.  W.  D. 
 
 Moseley,  Henry  W.,  M.  D. 
 
 Mossy  Creek  Church,  Va. 
 
 Mott,  George  Scudder,  D.  D. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Moulinars,  John  J.  Brumauld. 
 Mount  Paran  Church,  Md. 
 Mowry,  Philip  Henry,  d.  d. 
 Mowry,  Roljert  B. ,  M.  D. 
 Muir,  James,  D.  D. 
 
 Munroe,  Rev.  C.  A. 
 jMurpliy,  Rev.  Murdock. 
 Murphy,  Thomas,  I),  u. 
 Murphy,  Rev.  Thomas  Grler. 
 Murray,  Rev.  John  W. 
 
 Murray,  Joseph  Alexander,  D.  D. 
 Murray,  Nicholas,  D.  D. 
 Murray,  Rev.  Thomas  Chalmers. 
 Musgrave,  George  W.,  d.  d.,  ll.b. 
 
 Name. 
 
 Names  of  Christ ;  Alphabetical. 
 
 Nash,  Hon.  Frederick,  ll.  d. 
 
 Nash,  Rev.  Frederick  K. 
 
 Nassau,  Charles  William,  D.  d. 
 
 Nassau,  Joseph  Eastburu,  D.  D. 
 
 Nassau,  Presbytery  of. 
 
 Natchez,  Miss.,  First  Pres.  Church. 
 
 Nature. 
 
 Necessity,  Moral. 
 
 Neil,  Rev.  William. 
 
 Neill,  William,  D.  D. 
 
 Nelson,  Rev.  David. 
 
 Nelson,  Henry  Addison,  d.  d. 
 
 Nelson,  Rev.  Samuel  Kelsey. 
 
 Nevin,  Alfred.  D.  D.,  ll.  d. 
 
 Nevin,  Edwin  Henry,  D.  D. 
 
 Nevin,  Theodore  Hugh. 
 
 N 
 
 Nevins,  William,  D.  d. 
 
 Nevius,  John  Livingston,  D.  D. 
 
 New  Bethel  Presbyterian  Church, 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Newell,  William  W.,  d.  d. 
 
 Newkirk,  Matthew. 
 
 New  Orleans,  La.,  First  Presby- 
 terian Church. 
 
 New  Testament. 
 
 Newton,  Ephraim  Holland.  D.  D. 
 
 Newton  Presbytery  of,  N.  J. 
 
 New  York  Avenue  Presbyterian 
 Church,  Washington,  D.  C. 
 
 New  York  Observer. 
 
 Niagara,  Presbytery  of. 
 
 Niccolls,  Samuel  J.,  d.  d. 
 
 Nicholas,  Rev.  Walter  Douglas 
 
 Niles,  Henry  Edward,  D.  d. 
 
 Niles,  William  Allen,  D.  n. 
 Nimmo,  Rev.  Gershom  Hatton. 
 Nisbet,  Charles,  D.  i). 
 Nixon,  J.  Howard,  n.  i). 
 Nixon,  Hon.  John  Thompson. 
 Noble,  Mason,  n.  D. 
 Noel,  Rev.  E.  P. 
 Norcross,  George,  D.  D. 
 "North  Carolina  Presbyterian." 
 Northwest,   Theological   Seminary 
 
 of. 
 Norton,  Augustus  Theodore,  D.  D. 
 Norton,  Rev.  Herman. 
 Nott,  Charles  Di'Kay,  D.  D. 
 Nott,  Eliphalet,  1).  D.,  LL.  D. 
 Nott,  Captain  Richard  T. 
 Nundy,  Rev.  Gopeenath. 
 
 Oakey,  Rev.  Peter  D. 
 
 Oakland  College. 
 
 Oath. 
 
 Obedience. 
 
 Offence. 
 
 Ogden,  Rev.  Benjamin. 
 
 Ogden,  Rev.  John  W. 
 
 Ogden,  Jonathan,  Esq. 
 
 Ogden,  Rev.  Thomas  Spencer. 
 
 Ohio,  Synod  of. 
 
 Oldest  Christian  Hymn. 
 
 o 
 
 Old  Letters  of  Francis  Makemie. 
 
 Old  Paxtang  Church,  Pa. 
 
 Olmstead,  James  Munson,  d.  p. 
 
 Olmstead,  Lemuel  Gregory,  ll.  d. 
 
 Opecquon  Church,  Va. 
 
 Oracle. 
 
 Orbison,  Rev.  James  Henry. 
 
 Ordination. 
 
 Origin  of  Early  Presby.  Churches. 
 
 Orphanage,  Presbyterian,  Phila 
 
 Orphanage,  Thornwell,  S.  C. 
 
 Orphans'  Home,  Alabama. 
 Orr,  Rev.  Robert  Wilberforce. 
 Osborn,  Rev.  Ethan. 
 Osborn,  Rev.  Henry  S.,  ll.  d. 
 0.sborn,  Rev.  Robert. 
 Osmond,  Samuel  McClurg,  n.  d. 
 Otsego  Presbytery,  N.  Y. 
 Otterson,  Rev.  .James. 
 Otts,  John  M.  P.,  D.  D. 
 Owen,  Rev.  Griffith. 
 Owen,  Roger,  D.  D. 
 
 Page,  Joseph  R.,  D.  D. 
 
 Page,  William  Noble,  d.  d. 
 
 Palmer,  Benjamin  M.,  D.  D.,  LL.  D. 
 
 Palmer,  Rev.  David  Henry. 
 
 Palmer,  Rev.  Edward. 
 
 Palmer,  William  Albee. 
 
 Pantheism. 
 
 Park,  James,  Jr. 
 
 Parke,  Rev.  Nathan  Grier 
 
 Parker,  Francis. 
 
 Parker,  Joel,  D.  D. 
 
 Parks,  Rev.  Calvin  Miller. 
 
 Parsons,  Calvin. 
 
 Parsons  ColLege. 
 
 Patillo,  Rev.  Henry. 
 
 Patterson,  Robert,  D.  n. 
 
 Patterson,  Robert,  ll.  d. 
 
 Patterson,  Robert  Maskell,  M.  D. 
 
 Patterson,  Robert  Mayne,  d.  d." 
 
 Patterson,  Robert  AVilson,  n.  n. 
 
 Patton,  Francis  Landey,  D.u..  ll.d. 
 
 Patton,  John,  D.  D. 
 
 Paul,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Paull,  Rev.  Alfred. 
 
 Paxton,  William  Miller,  d.  d. 
 
 Payne,  Rev.  Charles  M.,  a.  m..  m.  d. 
 
 Peck,  Edwin  J. 
 
 Peck,  Rev.  Simeon. 
 
 Peeples,  J.  McKee,  Esq. 
 
 Peirce,  Hon.  William  S. 
 Peiret,  Rev.  Peter. 
 Peppard,  Rev.  Francis. 
 Perkins,  Samuel  C. 
 Perseverance  of  the  Saints. 
 Pershing,  Hon.  Cyrus  L. 
 Petrie,  George  H.  W.,  it.  d. 
 Phelps,  Stephen,  d.  d. 
 Phillips,  James,  D.  D. 
 Phillips,  William  Wirt,  D.  D. 
 Phraner,  Wilson,  D.  D. 
 Pierce,  Rev.  John  J. 
 Pierson,  Arthur  Tappan,  n.  D. 
 Pierson,  Hamilton  Wilcox,  D.  D. 
 Pierson,  Rev.  John, 
 Pillsbury,  Rev.  Ithamar. 
 Pinkerton,  Rev.  John. 
 Pinney,  John  Brooke,  ll.  d. 
 Pitzer,  Alexander  W.,  d.  d. 
 Plumer,  William  Swan,  n.D.,  LL.n. 
 Pole    Green    and    Samuel    Davies 
 
 Church,  Va. 
 Polk,  James  Knox. 
 Pollock,  Hon.  James,  li..  n. 
 Pomerov,  Charles  S.,  n.  n. 
 Poraeroy,  Rev.  John  Jay. 
 Pomerov,  Hon.  Joseph. 
 Poor,  Daniel  W.,  D.  n. 
 Porter,  Rev.  Francis  H. 
 rJ41 
 
 Porter,  Hon.  Peter  Buel. 
 
 Porter,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 
 Posture  in  Prayer. 
 
 Potter,  Ludlow  Day,  D.  d. 
 
 Potts,  George,  D.  D. 
 
 Potts,  William  Stephens,  n.  D. 
 
 Power,  James,  i).  n. 
 
 Pratt,  Eli|)haz  Perkins,  D.  D. 
 
 Pratt,  Captain  Richard  H. 
 
 Pratt,  Rev.  Samuel  Wheeler. 
 
 Prayer. 
 
 Preaching. 
 
 Predestination. 
 
 Prentiss,  Mrs.  Elizabeth. 
 
 Prentiss,  George;  Lewis,  n.  n. 
 
 Presbyterial  Academy,  Blair,  N.  J. 
 
 Presbyterian  Alliance. 
 
 Presbyterian  Board  of  Church 
 Erection. 
 
 Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Second,  Cin- 
 1    cinnati,  Ohio. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Conn. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church,  First,  Indi- 
 anapolis, Indiana. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Southern 
 Illinois. 
 
 Presbjrterian  Church  in  Tennessee, 
 Early  History  of. 
 
IXDEX. 
 
 Presbyterian  Element  in  our  Na- 
 tional Life  anil  History. 
 
 Presbyterian  Home  for  Aged 
 Women,  New  York  City. 
 
 Presljyterian  Home,  PliilaJelphia. 
 
 Presljyterian  Eye,  Ear  and  Throat 
 Hospital,  Baltimore,  Maryland. 
 
 Presbyterian  Hospital,  New  York 
 City. 
 
 Presbyterian  Hospital  in  Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 Presbyterian  Interest  in  the  Chinese. 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  California. 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  Charleston, S.C. 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  Colorado. 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  Indiana. 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  Maryland. 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  New  England, 
 e.Kcepting  the  State  of  Connecti- 
 cut. 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  New  York  City. 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  Northern  New 
 Jersey. 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  Pennsylvania. 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  Pittsburg,  Penn- 
 sylvania, fifty  years  ago. 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  Southern  Illi- 
 nois. 
 
 Presbyterianism,  Its  Part  in  Mould- 
 ing the  Nation. 
 
 Presbyterianism,  "True  Blue." 
 
 Presbyterianism,  What  is  it  ? 
 
 Presbyterian  Journal,  The. 
 
 Presbyte'n  Literatui-e,  Diffusion  of. 
 
 Presbyterian  Missions  in  the  Pacific 
 Northwest. 
 
 Presbyterian  Sabbath  Schools. 
 
 Presbyterians  in  the  United  States. 
 
 Presbyterians,  Scotch  Irish,  in 
 Cumberland  Valley,  Pa. 
 
 "Presbyterian,  The." 
 
 Presbyterian  Theory  of  Church 
 Government. 
 
 Presbytery  of  Des  Moines. 
 
 Presbytery  of  Genesee. 
 
 Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  N.J. 
 
 Presbytery  of  Redstone. 
 
 Prestly,  Rev.  William  H. 
 
 Preston,  Rev.  Charles  Finney. 
 Preston,  John. 
 Prime,  Rev.  Ebenezer. 
 Prime,  Edward  Dorr  Griffin,  D.  D. 
 Prime,  Nathauael  Scudder,  D.  n. 
 Prime,  Samuel  Irenjeus,  D.  D. 
 Prime,  Wendell,  D.  D. 
 Prime,  William  Cowper. 
 Princeton  College,  N.  J. 
 Princeton's  Old  Cemetery. 
 Princeton  Theological  Seminary. 
 Prioleau,  Rev.  Elias. 
 Proctor,  Rev.  John  Officer. 
 Progress  of  Christianity. 
 "Prophecy." 
 Protestant,  Origin  of 
 Proudfit,  R.ev.  Alexander. 
 Pryor,  Theodorick,  D.  D. 
 Public  Worship. 
 Pumry,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 Punishment,  Future,  of  the  Finally 
 
 Impenitent. 
 Purviance,  Rev.  George  Dugan. 
 Purviance,  James,  D.  D. 
 
 Quarles,  Col.  James, 
 
 Quarles,  J.  A.,  D.  D. 
 
 Quarrel. 
 
 Quay,  Rev.  Anderson  Beaton. 
 
 Q 
 
 Questions    in    Reaaing    the 
 
 Testament. 
 Quick,  Rev.  James. 
 Quietness. 
 
 Ne 
 
 Quillen,  Rev.  Ezekiel. 
 Quotations  from  the   New   Testa- 
 ment in  the  Fathers. 
 
 Radcliffe,  Wallace,  d.  d. 
 
 Raftensperger,  Rev.  E.  Bowman. 
 
 Ralston,  James  Grier,  D.  ».,  LL.n. 
 
 Ralston,  Robert,  Esq. 
 
 Ralston,  Samuel,  D.  u.     ' 
 
 Ralston,  Rev.  W.  W. 
 
 Ramsey,  James  Beverlin,  ii.  ii. 
 
 Ramsey,  Jii;v.  Samuel  Graham. 
 
 Ramsey,  liev.  William. 
 
 Randolph,  Hon.  Theodore  F. 
 
 Rankin,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Rankin,  John  Chambers,  n.  D. 
 
 Rankin,  William,  M.  n. 
 
 Rankin,  Rev.  William  Alexander. 
 
 Rapidan  Presbyterian  Church,  V'a. 
 
 Ray,  Rev.  Edward  Chittenden. 
 
 Ray,  James  M. 
 
 Raymond,  Rev.  George  Lansing. 
 
 Rea,  John,  I),  n. 
 
 Read,  Charles  Henry,  n.  u. 
 
 Read,  Thomas,  ii.  u. 
 
 Reaser,  Joseph  George,  i).  n. 
 
 Reason,  Use  of,  in  Religion. 
 
 Redemption. 
 
 Redstoni:,  Presbytery  of. 
 
 Reed,  Alexander,  D.  n. 
 
 Reed,  George  Joseph,  n.  d. 
 
 Reed,  James  A.,  n.  d. 
 
 Reed,  Col.  Joseph. 
 
 Reed,  Robert  Rentoul,  m.  » 
 
 Reed,  Vill(!roy  I).,  d.  n. 
 
 Reese,  Rev.  Oliver. 
 
 Reese,  Thomas,  n.  n. 
 
 Reeve,  John  Hunyan,  i).  i>. 
 
 Reeves,  Rev.  H(!nry. 
 
 Reformation. 
 
 Regeneration. 
 
 R 
 
 Reid,  Rev.  A.  McCandless,  ph.  d. 
 
 Reid,  Rev.  Israel. 
 
 Reid,  William  Shields,  n.  d. 
 
 Reigart,  Rev.  Samuel  W. 
 
 Reiley,  Rev.  John  Arnott. 
 
 Religion  in  Europe. 
 
 Religious    Denominations    in    the 
 United  States. 
 
 Religious  Statistics,  1775  (Ameri- 
 can Colonies). 
 
 Rendall,  Isaac  Newton,  D.  D. 
 
 Repentance. 
 
 Revelation. 
 
 Revelation,   Gradual  and  Progres- 
 sive. 
 
 Revivals. 
 
 Rice,  Benjamin  Holt,  D.  D. 
 
 Rice,  Rev.  David. 
 
 Rice,  John  Holt,  d.  d. 
 
 Rice,  Nathan  Lewis,  D.  D. 
 
 Rich,  Dr.  James  S. 
 
 Richards,  Elias  Jones,  D.  D. 
 
 Richards,  Rev.  George,  J.  E. 
 
 Richards,  James,  D.  d. 
 
 Richardson,  B.  M.,  d.  d. 
 
 Richardson,  James. 
 
 Richardson,  Richard  H.,  D.  D. 
 
 Rit^hardson,  Rev.  William. 
 
 Richie,  Rev.  William  Nelson. 
 
 Richmond, \'a.,  il  Presby.  Church. 
 
 Riddle,  David  Hunter,  D.  d.,  ll.  d. 
 
 Riggs,  C.  C,  I).  D. 
 
 Riggs,  Rev.  Elias. 
 
 Riggs,  Stephen  R.,  D.  D.,  I.I,.  u. 
 
 Righteousness. 
 
 Ripley,  Rev.  John  Bingham. 
 
 Rittenhouse,  David,  i,i,.  d. 
 1242 
 
 Roan,  Rev.  John. 
 Robbins,  Frank  L.,  D.  D. 
 Robert,  Christopher  R. 
 Robert,  Rev.  Peter. 
 Roberts,  James,  D.  D. 
 Roberts,  James  B. 
 Roberts,  Rev.  William  C,  D.  D. 
 Roberts,  Rev.  William  Dayton. 
 Roberts,  William  Henry,  D.  i). 
 Robertson,  Rev.  James  Lovcjoy. 
 Robertson,  William  W.,  D.  D. 
 Robinson,  Charles  Seymour,  D.  D. 
 Robinson,  Edward,  D.  D.,  LL.  D. 
 Robinson,  Rev.  George. 
 Robinson,  John,  D.  D. 
 Robinson,  John,  D.  D. 
 Robinson,  Stuart,  D.  D. 
 Robinson,  Rev.  William. 
 Robinson,  Rev.  William  M. 
 Rochester,  N.  Y.,  Brick  Church. 
 Rockwell,  Joel  Edson,  D.  D. 
 "  Rocky   Mountain     Presbyterian, 
 
 The." 
 Rocky  Spring  Church,  Pa. 
 Rodgers,  Rev.  James  L. 
 Rodgers,  John,  it.  D. 
 Rodgers,  Dr.  John  R.  B. 
 Rodgers,  Ravaud  Kearney,  D.  D. 
 Roe,  Azel,  D.  D. 
 Rogers,  Ebenezer  Piatt,  D.  D.  . 
 Rogers,  Rev.  Thornton. 
 Rollins,  Hon.  Edward  Ashton. 
 Romeyn,  John  Brodhead,  d.  d. 
 Rommel,  Rev.  William  Cooper. 
 Root,  Rev.  Lucius  Insley. 
 Rosbrugh,  Rev.  John. 
 Rose,  Rev.  John  McAden. 
 
Rossiter,  Rev.  Stealy  B. 
 Rou,  Rev.  Louis. 
 Rowland,  Rev.  John. 
 Rue,  Rev.  Joseph. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 RufFner,  Henry,  D.  d.,  ll.  d. 
 Rurajjle,  Jethro,  D.  d. 
 Russell,  Rev.  Joshua  L. 
 Russell,  Rev.  Robert. 
 
 Rutherford,  Edward  Hubbard,  d.d. 
 Rutter,  Rev.  Liiidley  Charles. 
 Ryerson,  Martin,  LI,.  D. 
 Ryors,  Rev.  Alfred. 
 
 Sabbath. 
 
 Sackett,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 Sacramental  Occasions  in  West  Pa. 
 Sacrament  Day  at  Monmouth. 
 Sacraments,  The,  as  Defined  in  our 
 
 Standards. 
 Safford,  Jefferson  Price,  D.  D. 
 Sample,  Rev.  N.  Welshard. 
 Sample,  Robert  F.,  i).  D. 
 Sampson,  Francis  S.,  D.  D. 
 Sanctification. 
 Sanderson,  David  D.,  d.  d. 
 Sands,  Rev.  John  Scott. 
 Sanford,  Rev.  Joseph. 
 San  Francisco,  Calvary  Church. 
 Satan. 
 
 Savage,  John  Adams,  D.  i). 
 Sawyer,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 Sayre,  Hon.  Theodore  S. 
 Scarritt,  Isaac. 
 Schatf,  Philip,  d.  d.,  ll.  d. 
 Schaffer,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 Schenck,  Rev.  William. 
 Schenck,  William  Edward,  D.  D. 
 Science  and  Revelation. 
 Scott,  Rev.  Archibald. 
 Scott,  Rev.  David. 
 Scott,  Rev.  James  Long. 
 Scott,  Hon.  John. 
 Scott,  Rev.  John  L. 
 Scott,  John  Work,  D.  D.,  ll.  d. 
 Scott,  William  A.,  D.  d.,  ll.  d. 
 Scott,  Rev.  William  Cowper. 
 Scott,  William  McKendree,  d.  d. 
 Scovel,  Sylvester,  D.  D. 
 Scovel,  Sylvester  Fithian,  D.  d. 
 Scovell,  Oliver  P. 
 Scriptures,  Their  Mysteries. 
 Scudder.  Col.  Nathanael. 
 Seaver,  Norman,  D.  D. 
 Second  Presbyterian  Church,  Phila- 
 delphia. 
 Senour,  Rev.  Faunt  Leroy. 
 Sevier,  Major  Robert. 
 Sewall,  Rev.  Grenville  Pierce. 
 Seymour,  Rev.  Ebener. 
 Seymour,  James  S. 
 Shafer,  Joseph  L.,  D.  D. 
 Shanks,  D.  W.,  d.  d. 
 Shannon,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 Sharon,  Rev.  James  C. 
 Sharp,  Rev.  Samuel  M. 
 Sharpe,  Rev.  J.  Henry. 
 Sharswood,  Hon.  George,  ll.  d. 
 Shaw,  James  Boylan,  u.  i). 
 Shaw,  Rev.  John  S. 
 Shearer,  F.  A. ,  D.  D. 
 Shearer,  Rev.  Frederick  E. 
 Shearer,  Rev.  George  L. 
 Shedd,  Henry,  D.  D. 
 Shedd,  W.  G.  T. ,  d.  n. ,  ll.  n. 
 Sheddan,  Samuel  S.,  D.  I). 
 Shellabarger,  Hon.  Samuel. 
 Sherrard,  Rev.  Thomas  J. 
 Shields,  Charles  W. ,  d.  d. 
 •  Shields,  James  M.,  d.  d. 
 
 s 
 
 Shrom,  William  P.,  d.  d. 
 
 Shunk,  Hon.  Francis  Rawn. 
 
 Siege  of  Londonderry. 
 
 Silence  of  Scripture. 
 
 Silliman,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Silver  Spring  Church,  Pa. 
 
 Siraonton,  Hon.  John  \V. 
 
 Simonton,  Rev.  William. 
 
 Simpson,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Sin. 
 
 Skinner,  Thomas  H.,  d.  d.,  ll.  d. 
 
 Skinner,  Thomas  H.,  D.  ii. 
 
 Slack,  Elijah,  ll.  d. 
 
 Slemmons,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Sloan,  Rev.  William  B. 
 
 Sloss,  Rev.  James  Long. 
 
 Sloss,  Robert,  D.  D. 
 
 Sinter,  Rev.  George,  A.  M. 
 
 Small,  David  E. 
 
 Sraalley,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Smaltz,  Rev.  John  H. 
 
 Smiley,  George  W.,  d.  d. 
 
 Smith,  Rev.  Ambrose  C. 
 
 Smith,  Benjamin  M.,  D.  D. 
 
 Smith,  Rev.  Caleb. 
 
 Smith,  Rev.  David. 
 
 Smith,  Edward  D.,  D.  d. 
 
 Smith,  George  W. 
 
 Smith,  H.  Augustus,  d.  d. 
 
 Smith,  Henry  Boynton,  D.  d.,  ll.  d. 
 
 Smith,  Jacob  Henry,  u.  D. 
 
 Smith,  Rev.  James  Power. 
 
 Smith,  John  Blair,  d.  d. 
 
 Smith,  John  Cross,  D.  D. 
 
 Smith,  Rev.  Joseph. 
 
 Smith,  Rev.  Joseph  D. 
 
 Smith,  Joseph  T.,  d.  d. 
 
 Smith,  Josiah  D.,  D.  D. 
 
 .Smith,  Rev.  Reuben. 
 
 Smith,  Robert,  D.  D. 
 
 Smith,  Rev.  Robert  F. 
 
 Smith,  Rev.  Samuel  B. 
 
 Smith,  Samuel  .Stanhope,  i).  d.,  ll.d. 
 
 Smith,  Thomas  Porter. 
 
 Smith,  Thomas  W. 
 
 Smith,  Rev.  William  R. 
 
 Smylie,  Rev.  James. 
 
 Smyth,  Ansou,  D.  D. 
 
 Smyth,  Thomas,  D.  D. 
 
 Snodgrass,  Rev.  James. 
 
 Snodgrass,  William  D.,  d.  I). 
 
 Snodgrass,  William  T. 
 
 Snowden,  Rev.  Gdbert  T. 
 
 Snowden,  Rev.  N.  R. 
 
 Snowden,  Rev.  Samuel  Finley. 
 
 Snyder,  Rev.  Henry. 
 
 Somerville,  Hon.  H.  M. 
 
 Son  of  God. 
 
 Soul. 
 
 Southern    Presbyterian    Church  — 
 
 Foreign  Missionary  Work  of. 
 Sparrow,  Patrick  J.,  u.  d. 
 Spear,  Samuel  T.,  i).  D. 
 Speece,  Conrad,  D.  i>. 
 Speer,  Rev.  William. 
 Speer,  William,  n.  n. 
 1243 
 
 Spencer,  Elihu,  D.  D. 
 Spencer,  Ichabod  S. ,  D.  D. 
 Spencer,  Rev.  William  Henry. 
 Spilman,  Rev.  Benjamin  F. 
 Spining,  George  L.,  i).  i). 
 Spotswood,  JohnB.,  D.  ii. 
 Sprague,  William  B.,  d.  d.,  ll.  d. 
 Sprecher,  Samuel  P.,  i).  u. 
 Spring,  Gardiner,  D.  D. 
 Springer,  Rev.  John. 
 Springfield  (111.)  1st  Pres.  Church. 
 Sproat,  James,  D.  D. 
 Sprole,  William  T.,  D.  d. 
 Sprunt,  J.  M  ,  D.  d. 
 Squire,  Miles  Powell,  D.  D. 
 Stacey,  James,  D.  d. 
 Stanley,  Rev.  Frederick  J. 
 Stanton,  Rev.  Benjamin  F. 
 Stanton,  Rev.  Horace  C. 
 Stanton,  Robert  L.,  n.  d. 
 Staples,  Rev.  Moses  W. 
 Starr,  Rev.  Frederick,  Jr. 
 State,  Intermediate. 
 Statistics  of  Education  in  the  U.  S. 
 Stearns,  Rev.  J.  F.,  D.  d. 
 Stedman,  James  Owen,  D.  D. 
 Steele,  Rev.  John. 
 Steel,  Robert,  d.  d. 
 Stephens,  Hon.  Alexander  H. 
 .Stephenson,  Rev.  James  W. 
 Sterling,  George  Barker,  ph.  d. 
 Stevens,  Joseph,  ii.  d. 
 Stevenson.  John  M.,  n.  n. 
 Steward,  Rev.  William. 
 Stewart,  Calvin  W.,  ii.  D. 
 Stewart,  Charles  S.,  n.  D. 
 Stewart,  Daniel  S. ,  n.  n. 
 Stewart,  George  D.,  D.  D. 
 Stewart,  John  B.,  D.  D. 
 Stewart,  John  Stevens,  n.  D. 
 Stewart,  Rev.  Robert  L. 
 Stewart.  Rev.  Thomas  C. 
 Stiles,  Joseph  Clay,  I),  n. ,  ll.  n. 
 Stillman,  Charles  A.,  n.  d. 
 Stillman,  Timothy,  i).  ». 
 St.  Louis,  Presbyterianism  in. 
 Stockton,  John,  n.n. 
 Stockton,  Rev.  Jose[>h. 
 Stockton,  Hon.  Richard. 
 Stoddard,  Charles  A.,  o.  n. 
 Stoddard,  Prof.  0.  N.,  ll.  d. 
 Stone  Church,  Va. 
 Strain,  Rev.  John. 
 Stratton,  Rev.  Daniel. 
 .Stratton,  Joseph  B.,  D.  d. 
 Stratton,  Rev.  William  O. 
 Strickland,  William  P.,  d.  d. 
 Strong,  A.  K.,  i).  D. 
 Strong,  William,  ll.  d. 
 Stryker,  Peter,  d.  d. 
 Stuart,  Joseph. 
 Stuart,  Robert. 
 Studdiford,  Peter  O.,  n.  i). 
 Sugar  Creek  Church.  N.  C. 
 Sunday-school     Statistics     of     all 
 Nations. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Sunderland,  Byron,  D.  D. 
 Susquehanna  Presbytery. 
 Sutherland,  Rev.  John  K. 
 Sutphen,  M.  C,  D.  u. 
 Sutton,  John. 
 Swan,  Rev.  William. 
 Swaney,  Alexander,  d.  d. 
 
 Swezey,  S..  J.  C. 
 Swift,  Elisha  P.,  i>.  n. 
 Swift,  Elliott  E.,  I),  u. 
 Symmes,  Joseph  G.,D.  D. 
 Synodical  School  at  New  London, 
 Pa. 
 
 Synod  of  New  York  and  Philadel- 
 phia. 
 Synod  of  Philadelphia. 
 Synods  and  Councils. 
 Synods  (1883),  Northern  Assembly. 
 Synods  (1883),  Southern  Assembly. 
 
 Tabernacle    Presbyterian   Church, 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 Tables  of  the  Law. 
 Taggart,  Rev.  Samuel  B. 
 Tail,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 Talbot,  Charles  N. 
 Talmage,  T.  DeWitt,  i).  d. 
 Tappan,  Rev.  David  Stanton. 
 Tate,  Rev.  Joseph. 
 Taylor,  A.  A.  E.,  n.  D. 
 Taylor,  IL  Kno.\,  Esq. 
 Taylor,  Stephen,  i).  D. 
 Taylor,  Rev.  William  M. 
 Teaching  the  Truth,  Lnportance  of. 
 Templeton,  Rev.  James. 
 Teniplc'ton,  Rev.  Milo. 
 Templeton,  Rev.  Samuel  MeClain. 
 Templin,  Rev.  Terah. 
 Ten  Commandments,  The. 
 Tenncnt  Church,  New  Jersey. 
 Tennent,  Rev.  Gilbert. 
 Tennent,  Rev.  John. 
 Tennent,  Rev.  William,  Sr. 
 Tennent,  Rev.  William,  Jr. 
 Tennent,  Rev.  William. 
 Tennent,  William  Mackay,  D.  n. 
 Ter  Centenary  Celebration. 
 Terry,  Rev.  Shadraek,  H. 
 Testimony  and  Testimonies. 
 Testimony  of  Christ  to  Christianity. 
 
 Tetard,  Rev.  John  Peter. 
 
 Thanksgiving. 
 
 The  Children  of  the  Church. 
 
 The  Church  and  the  Ministry. 
 
 The  Confession  of  Faith. 
 
 The   First  Bible  Printed   in  New 
 
 Jersey. 
 The    First    Presbyterian    Church, 
 
 Albany,  New  York. 
 The   German   Theological    School 
 
 of  Newark,  New  Jersey. 
 Theological    Seminary,     Danville, 
 
 Kentucky. 
 Theory  of  Revivals. 
 Thorn,  Rev.  John  C. 
 Thomas,  I.  E.,  d.  d. 
 Thompson,  George  W.,  d.  d. 
 Thompson,  Rev.  John. 
 Thompson,  Hon.  John. 
 Thompson,  Miss  J.  C. 
 Thompson,  Rev.  Lewis  0. 
 Thompson,  Pinckney,  M.  D. 
 Thompson,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 Thomson,  Hon.  Alexander. 
 Thomson,  Rev.  E.  W. 
 Thomson,  S.  H.,  ph.  d.,  ll.  d. 
 Thorn,  Rev.  David. 
 Thornton,  Hon.  James  D. 
 Thornton,  John  R. 
 
 Thorn  well,  James  H.,  d.  d. 
 
 Timber  Ridge  Church,  Virginia. 
 
 Tinkling  Spring  Church,  Virginia. 
 
 Todd,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Tokens,  Tessera;  or  Tickets. 
 
 Tongues,  Confusion  of. 
 
 Torrence,  Joseph  W.,  d.  d. 
 
 Torrey,  David,  D.  D. 
 
 Torrey,  Stejjhen. 
 
 Tracy,  Rev.  Charles  C. 
 
 Tracy,  William,  D.  D. 
 
 Traditions. 
 
 Transfiguration  of  Christ. 
 
 Travelli,  Rev.  Joseph  S. 
 
 Travis,  Rev.  Mordecai  M. 
 
 Treat,  Rev.  Joseph. 
 
 Treat,  Rev.  Richard. 
 
 Trinity. 
 
 Trouillard,  Rev.  Laurent  P. 
 
 Trunkey,  Hon.  John,  ll.  d. 
 
 Truth,  Knowledge  of,  Essential  to 
 
 Salvation. 
 Tully,  Rev.  Andrew. 
 TuUy,  Rev.  William  K. 
 Turner,  Rev.  Douglas  K. 
 Turner,  Rev.  James. 
 Tuttle,  Joseph  F.,  d.d. 
 Tuttle,  Rev.  Moses. 
 Tyler,  George  P.,  d.  d. 
 
 Uhl,  Rev.  Erskine. 
 
 Utnsted,  Rev.  Justus  T. 
 
 Unbelief. 
 
 Underhill,  Judge  Henry  B. 
 
 Underwood,  Rev.  Henry  B. 
 
 Union,  llypostutical. 
 
 u 
 
 Union  of  Believers  to  Christ. 
 Union  Presbyterian  Church,  W.  V. 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  New 
 
 York  City. 
 Union  Theological  Seminary,  Va. 
 
 Unity. 
 
 Unity  of  the  Bible. 
 
 Unpardonable  Sin. 
 
 Upson,  Anson  J.,  D.  D.,  ll.  d. 
 
 Ustick,  Rev.  Hugh  S. 
 
 Vallandigham,  Rev.  Clement. 
 Vallandigham,  James  L.,  d.  d. 
 Vanartsdalen,  Rev.  Jacob. 
 Vance,  Rev.  Hugh. 
 V'ance,  Rev.  Josei)h. 
 Van  Cleve,  Rev.  li.  S. 
 
 V 
 
 Van  Doren,  Rev.  William. 
 Van  Dyke,  Henry  Jackson,  D.  d 
 Van  Dyke,  Rev.  H.  J.,  Jr. 
 Van  Dyke,  Rev.  John  P. 
 Vannuys,  Henry  Logan,  D.  D. 
 Van  Rensselaer,  Cortlandt,  D.  d. 
 
 Van  Tries,  Samuel. 
 
 Van  Vorst,  Hooper  C,  ll.  d. 
 
 Vedder,  Charles  S.,  D.  D. 
 Venable,  Charles  S.,  ll.  d. 
 Venable,  Rev.  Henry  Isaac. 
 Vermillion  Institute,  Ohio. 
 
 Waddel,  James,  D.  ». 
 Waddi'll,  John  N.,  D.  n.,  ll.  n. 
 Waddell,  Moses,  n.  D. 
 Waddle,  Rev.  John. 
 Wadsworth,  Charli's,  D.  n. 
 Wagner,  General  Louis. 
 Wailh,  Rev.  William. 
 Wales,  Rev.  Eleazi^r. 
 Walker,  Rev.  Richard. 
 Wallace,  Benjamin,  i>.  n. 
 
 Wallace, 
 Wallace, 
 Wallace, 
 Wallace, 
 Wallace, 
 Wallace, 
 Wallace, 
 Wallace, 
 Wallace, 
 Wallace, 
 
 w 
 
 Charles  C,  D.  d. 
 Rev.  J.  Albert. 
 Rev.  John. 
 Rev.  Marcus  J. 
 Rev.  Matthew  G. 
 Robert,  Sr. 
 Robert  H.,  d.  d. 
 Rev.  Robert  H. 
 Rev.  William. 
 Hon.  William  A. 
 1214 
 
 Waller,  Rev.  D.  J. 
 Wallis,  Rev.  James. 
 Walsh,  Rev.  Henry. 
 Walton,  Rev.  William  C. 
 Warapler,  Rev.  John  M. 
 Wanaraaker,  John. 
 Ward,  P.  DeWilton,  d.  d. 
 Wardlaw,  Thomas  D.,  d.  n. 
 Warfield,  Benjamin  B.,  d.  d. 
 Warford,  Rev.  John. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Washington    College    (now   Wash- 
 
 White, Rev.  William  P. 
 
 Wisner,  William  C,  n.  n. 
 
 ington  and  Lee   University)  Va. 
 
 White,  W.  S.,  D,  D. 
 
 Wiswell,  George  F.,  D.  D. 
 
 Washington  and  Jefferson  College, 
 
 Whiting,  Rev.  Albert. 
 
 Witherow,  Rev.  B.  H. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Whiting,  John. 
 
 Witherspoon,  A.  J.,  n.  n. 
 
 Waterbury,  Jared  B.,  n.  D. 
 
 AVick,  Rev.  William. 
 
 Witherspoon,  John,  n.  n.,  ll.  i). 
 
 Watkins,  Judge  Francis  N. 
 
 Wiestling,  B.  J.,  m.  d. 
 
 Witherspoon,  Statue  of. 
 
 Watkins,  Kev.  John  S. 
 
 Wiley,  C.  H.,  D.I). 
 
 Witherspoon,  Rev.  Thomas  S. 
 
 Watson,  Rev.  John, 
 
 Willard,  Mrs.  C.  M. 
 
 Withrow,  John  Lindsay,  l>.  u. 
 
 Watson,  Rev.  Samuel  L. 
 
 Williams,  Rev.  A.  W. 
 
 Witness  of  the  Spirit. 
 
 Watson,  James  C,  D.  D. 
 
 Williams,  Rev.  B.  H. 
 
 Woman,  The  Mission  of 
 
 Watt,  Rev.  James. 
 
 Williams,  Jesse  L. 
 
 Woman's  E.xecutive  Committee  of 
 
 Watt,  Rev.  James  B. 
 
 Williams,  Joshua,  n.  D. 
 
 Home  Missions. 
 
 Waugh,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 
 Williams,  Meade  C,  n.  D. 
 
 Wood,  Rev.  Charles. 
 
 Waxier,  William  Hall. 
 
 Williams,  Rev.  Stephens. 
 
 Wood,  Rev.  F.  M. 
 
 Wayland,  Abraham,  M.  d. 
 
 Williams,  William  W.,  d.  D. 
 
 Wood,  Rev.  F.  A. 
 
 Wayne,  Rev.  Benjamin. 
 
 Williamson,  Rev.  Alexander. 
 
 Wood,  Rev.  H.  A. 
 
 Weaver,  Philip. 
 
 Williamson,  Hugh,  m.  d.,  f.  r.  s. 
 
 Wood,  James,  D.  D. 
 
 Webb,  Rev.  Joseph. 
 
 Williamson,  Rev.  James. 
 
 Wood,  Jeremiah,  D.  D. 
 
 Webb,  Rev.  Robert  A. 
 
 Williamson,  Rev.  Moses. 
 
 Woodbridge  Presbyterian  Church, 
 
 Webster,  Rev.  Richard. 
 
 Williamson,  Rev.  S.  M. 
 
 New  Jersey. 
 
 Webster,  Rev.  Samuel  E. 
 
 Williamson,  Samuel,  D.  D. 
 
 Woodbridge,  Sylvester,  n.  d. 
 
 Weed,  Henry  R.,  D.  D. 
 
 Williamson,  Rev.  William. 
 
 Woodbridge,  Timothy,  D.  D. 
 
 Weir,  James  Wallace. 
 
 Willson,  Rev.  Robert  E. 
 
 WoodhuU,  Rev.  George  S. 
 
 Welch,  Ransom  B.,  D.  D.,  ll.  d. 
 
 Wilmot,  Rjiv.  Walter. 
 
 Woodhull,  John,  I).  l>. 
 
 Welch,  Thomas  R.,  D.  d. 
 
 Wilson,  Alexander  G.,  D.  u. 
 
 Woodruff,  Rev.  Benjamin. 
 
 Wellford,  Hon.  Beverly  R. 
 
 Wilson,  Rev.  A.  W. 
 
 Woods,  Henry,  I),  n. 
 
 Wentworth,  Stephen  Girard. 
 
 AVilson,  Rev.  Daniel  L. 
 
 Woods,  James  S.,  d.  d. 
 
 West,  Nathanael,  D.  D. 
 
 Wilson,  Rev.  David  M. 
 
 Woods,  Hon.  William  A. 
 
 Westcott,  Rev.  Lorenzo. 
 
 Wilson,  Henry  R.,  D.  D. 
 
 Wooster  University,  Ohio. 
 
 Western  Theological  Seminary,  Pa. 
 
 Wilson,  Hugh  N.,  D.  D. 
 
 Worden,  James  A.,  D.  D. 
 
 Westervelt,  Rev.  William  E. 
 
 Wilson,  James  D.,  D.  D. 
 
 Word  of  God. 
 
 Westminster  Confession  of  Faith. 
 
 Wilson,  James  P.,  D.  D. 
 
 Work,  Rev.  W.  R. 
 
 Westminster  Presbyterian  Church, 
 
 Wilson,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Worrall,  John  M.,  D.  n. 
 
 Minneapolis,  Minnesota. 
 
 Wilson,  John  L.,  i).  D. 
 
 Worrell,  Charles  F.,  D.  D. 
 
 Whallon,  Rev.  E.  P. 
 
 Wilson,  John  M.,  d.  d. 
 
 Worts,  Rev.  Conrad. 
 
 Wharey,  Rev.  James. 
 
 Wilson,  Joseph  R.,  u.  D. 
 
 Wotherspoon,  Rev.  Robert. 
 
 Wheeler,  Francis  B.,  n.  D. 
 
 Wilson,  Joshua  L.,  D.  D. 
 
 Wray,  Rev.  John. 
 
 Whelpley,  Rev.  Philip  M. 
 
 Wilson,  Rev.  L.  F. 
 
 Wright,  Benjamin  F. 
 
 Wherry,  Rev.  E.  M. 
 
 Wilson,  Rev.  Matthew. 
 
 Wright,  Edward  \V.,  D.  n. 
 
 Whilldin,  Alexander. 
 
 Wilson,  Rev.  Miles  C. 
 
 Wright,  Edwin  S.,  D.  D. 
 
 Whitaker,  Epher,  D.  D. 
 
 Wilson,  Rev.  Peter. 
 
 Wright,  John. 
 
 Whitaker,  Rev.  N. 
 
 Wilson,  R.  G.,  D.  D. 
 
 Wright,  Rev.  John  E. 
 
 White,  Charles,  D.  D. 
 
 Wilson,  Rev.  R.  W. 
 
 Wright,  Rev.  W.  J.,  ll.  D. 
 
 White,  Emerson  E.,  a.  m.,  ll.  d. 
 
 Wilson,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 
 Wright,  Rev.  W.  W. 
 
 White,  Erskine  N.,  D.  D. 
 
 Wilson,  Samuel  B.,  D.  D. 
 
 Wyalusing  Presbyter' n  Church,  Pa. 
 
 White,  Henry,  D.  D. 
 
 Wilson,  Samuel  J.,  D  i>.,  ll.  D. 
 
 Wyche,  Rev.  Robert  P. 
 
 White,  Rev.  James  C. 
 
 Wilson,  Samuel  R.,  n.  i). 
 
 Wylie,  Rev.  A.  M. 
 
 White,  John,  Sr. 
 
 Winchester,  Rev.  Samuel  G. 
 
 Wylie,  Rev.  John. 
 
 White,  Rev.  N.  G. 
 
 Wines,  Rev.  Frederick  H. 
 
 Wylie,  William,  p.  n. 
 
 White,  Rev.  Robert. 
 
 Wing,  Conway,  P.,  D.  D. 
 
 Wynkoop,  Rev.  iSlephen  R. 
 
 White,  Rev.  Sylvanus. 
 
 Wishard,  Rev.  Samuel  E. 
 
 Wynkoop,  Rev.  Theodore  S. 
 
 Yantis,  John  L. ,  D.  D. 
 Yates,  Rev.  W.  B. 
 Yeisley,  Rev.  George  C. 
 Yeomans,  Edward  Dorr,  n.  d. 
 Yeomans,  John  W.,  D.  i). 
 
 Yerkes,  Stephen,  d.  d. 
 Young,  Rev.  George  Drummond. 
 Young,  John  C,  i>.  D. 
 Young,  Loyal,  D.  D. 
 
 Young,  Robert,  Esq. 
 Young,  Rev.  S.  H. 
 Young,  William  C,  D.  D. 
 Youngs,  Rev.  David. 
 
 Zahnizer,  Rev.  G.  W. 
 
 z 
 
 Zenos,  Rev.  A.  C. 
 
 1  Zively,  Rev.  John  H. 
 
 1245 
 
INDEX. 
 
 INDEX  TO   SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 Abbey,  Rev.  E.  W. 
 Abbott,  Kev.  P.  J. 
 Abeniathey.  Rev.  John  J. 
 Abomination  of  Desolation. 
 Abraham,  Rev.  A. 
 Absolution. 
 Acker,  Rev.  H.  J. 
 Adams,  Rev.  F.  H. 
 Adams,  Rev.  John  Q. 
 Adoption. 
 
 Baldwin,  Rev.  Dwight,  M.  i). 
 
 Baldwin,  John  C. 
 
 Baptism. 
 
 Barkley,  Rev.  J.  M. 
 
 Barnum,  Russell. 
 
 Barr,  Rev.  John  C. 
 
 Barron,  D.  H.,  u.  d. 
 
 Bartholomew's  Day. 
 
 Bateman,  Rev.  N.,  i.l.  n. 
 
 Seattle,  Rev.  T.  C. 
 
 Beggs,  Joseph,  D.  d. 
 
 Beginning. 
 
 Bell,  David  S. 
 
 Bell,  William  Allen. 
 
 Calhoun,  Rev.  S.  H. 
 Calvin  in  the  Prayer  Book. 
 Calvinism. 
 
 Campbell,  Rev.  G.  II. 
 Campbell,  James  R.,  i).  i). 
 Campbell,  John. 
 Cannon,  F.  E.,  i).  d. 
 Carle,  Rev.  John. 
 Carlisle,  Rev.  Hugh. 
 Carre,  Rev.  Ezekiel. 
 Catholic. 
 
 Daillf,  Rev.  Peter. 
 Darling,  Timothy  G.,  D.  D. 
 Davidson  College. 
 Davis,  Rev.  W.'V.  W. 
 Day.  Rev.  A.  R. 
 De  Bonrepos,  Kev.  David. 
 
 Early    Presbyterianism    in    South 
 
 Carolina. 
 Eddy,  William  W.,  D.  n. 
 Educational    Board     of    Aid     for 
 
 Colleges. 
 Edwards,  Richard. 
 Elder,  James. 
 '•  Elect  Infant.s." 
 Elktou  Presbyterian  Church,  Md. 
 
 Advent,  The  Second. 
 Aikman,  Robert,  D.  D. 
 Albigenses. 
 
 Alexander,  Rev.  S.  R. 
 AUbrlght,  Rev.  W.  H. 
 Allen,  Heman  H.,  D.  D. 
 Allen,  Rev.  Perry  S. 
 AUis,  Rev.  John  M. 
 Analogy  of  Faith. 
 
 B 
 
 Bell,  William  B. 
 
 Benevolence. 
 
 Bible,  The  Anterior  Probability  of 
 
 its  Character. 
 Bigler,  Hon.  William. 
 Big  Spring  Church,  Pa. 
 BiUingsley,  Rev.  Amos  S. 
 Bingham,  Edward. 
 Bishop,  Rev.  S.  E. 
 Blain,  Rev.  S.  W. 
 Blair,  John  I. 
 Bliss,  Jonathan,  Esq. 
 Body,Man's,  Changing  Perpetually. 
 
 c 
 
 Chance,  J.  C. 
 
 Chapin,  Louis. 
 
 Chisolm,  Rev.  J.  J. 
 
 Christianity,  Aggressive  Character 
 
 of. 
 Christianity — its  Advance. 
 "  Christian,"  Origin  of  the  Name. 
 Chronological  Table  of  Presbyteries 
 Clark,  Rev.  John. 
 Clarke,  Mrs.  Sarah  K. 
 
 D 
 
 Deep  Run  and  Doylestown  Presb}'- 
 
 terian  Church,  Pa. 
 De  Gignillat,  Rev.  James. 
 Delivery  of  Sermons. 
 De  Richebourg,  Rev.  C.  P. 
 
 E 
 
 Elliott,  Jared  Leigh,  d.  d. 
 Estes,  B.  M. 
 Evangelist. 
 
 Evans,  Rev.  Daniel  H. 
 Evins,  Hon.  John  Hamilton. 
 Ewing,  John,  d.  d. 
 E.Kceptional  Position  of  the  Bible 
 in  the  World. 
 
 1246 
 
 Anderson,  Hon.  D.  C. 
 Anderson,  Robert  B.,  D.  D. 
 Archfeology,  Summary  of  its  Testi- 
 monies to  the  Bible. 
 Amies,  George  Wells. 
 Atkinson,  Charles  M.,  D.  D. 
 Authenticity  of  the  Scriptures. 
 Avery,  Rev.  E.  H. 
 Awakening. 
 
 Book  of  Life. 
 Bovelle,  Rev.  J.  V. 
 Bovelle,  Stephen,  D.  D. 
 Boyd,  Adam. 
 Boyd,  Rev.  J.  R. 
 Bradford,  Rev.  W.  H. 
 Briggs,  Charles  A.,  D.  D. 
 Brown,  Rev.  E.  J. 
 Brown,  S.  R. ,  D.  D. 
 Bush,  Rev.  S.  W. 
 Bushnell,  Ebenezer,  D.  D. 
 Bushnell,  Rev.  Horace. 
 Butler,  Rev.  Henry  S. 
 
 Cleland,  Thomas  H.,  n.  d. 
 Conn,  Rev.  Hugh. 
 Converse,  Rev.  Francis  B. 
 Coon,  Henry  P.,  M.  D. 
 Cooper,  Rev.  James  H. 
 Countermine,  John  D. 
 Court,  Rev.  Robert. 
 Cowles,  Rev.  Junius  Judson. 
 Creeds  and  Confessions. 
 Curtis,  Rev.  William,  Jr. 
 
 Dickerson,  Archer  C,  D.  D. 
 Dickinson,  William  C. ,  D.  d. 
 Diefendorf,  Sanders,  D.  D. 
 Diver,  Rev.  C.  F. 
 Dobbs,  Rev.  Charles  H. 
 
 Executive  Committee  of  Education 
 of  the  General  Assembly  (South- 
 ern). 
 
 Executive  Committee  of  Publica- 
 tion of  the  Southern  Presbyterian 
 Church. 
 
 Extraordinary  Means  of  Deliver- 
 ance. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Falling  Spring  PresbyterianChurch, 
 Pa. 
 
 Fanaticism. 
 
 Fellows,  William  H. 
 
 Fennel,  Andrew  J.,  D.  D. 
 
 First  Presbvterian  Church,  Car- 
 lisle, Pa. 
 
 First  Presbyterian  Church,  Colum- 
 bus, Ohio. 
 
 F 
 
 First  Presbyterian  Church,  Cum- 
 berland, Maryland. 
 
 First  (Central)Presbyterian  Church, 
 Denver,  Colorado. 
 
 First  Presbyterian  Church,  Eliza- 
 beth, New  Jersey. 
 
 First  Presby.  Church,  Topeka.  Kas. 
 
 First  Presbyterian  Church,  Wheel- 
 ing, West  Virginia. 
 
 First    Presbyterian    Church,    Wil- 
 
 liamsport,  Pennsylvania. 
 Fish,  Charles  Hull. 
 Flinn,  William,  D.  D. 
 Florida,  Missions  in. 
 Foot,  John  Alfred. 
 Foster,  Rev.  Edward  P. 
 Frisbie,  Edward  S.,  d.  d. 
 
 Galesburg  University,  Wisconsin. 
 Gait,  Rev.  Thomas. 
 Gardner,  James,  D.  d. 
 Gilleland,  Rev.  L.  M. 
 Gilmer,  Rev.  T.  W. 
 
 Gilmore,  Moses. 
 
 Glade  Run  Church,  Pennsylvania. 
 
 Glass,  Rev.  Harvey. 
 
 Gordon,  Rev.  John  0. 
 
 Gospel,  Its  Experimental  Evidence. 
 
 Gray,  Nathanael. 
 
 Green,  Rev.  Thomas  E. 
 
 Grier,  John  N.  C.,  d.  d. 
 
 Guyot,  Arnold  Henry,  PH.D.,  i.l.d. 
 
 Haight,  Hon.  Henrv  Huntlev. 
 Hall,  Rev.  Robert  M. 
 Hall,  W.  T.,  D.  D. 
 Halsey,  Hugh. 
 Hamner,  J.  G.,  D.  D. 
 Hargraves,  Rev.  John  T. 
 Harrell,  Rev.  P.  P. 
 Havens,  Rev.  D.  W. 
 
 Jackson,  Rev.  Alexander. 
 James,  Darwin  R. 
 
 Hawley,  Rev.  Ransom. 
 Hendrick,  John  T.,  D.  D. 
 Henry,  Symmes  C,  D.  D. 
 Hepburn,  Andrew  D.,  D.  D. 
 Herron,  Rev.  Andrew. 
 Hill,  Hon.  John. 
 Hodge,  Caspar  Wistar,  D.  D. 
 
 J 
 
 I  Johnson,  Rev.  Josephus. 
 '  Johnston,  John. 
 
 Hoge,  Moses  A.,  n.  d. 
 Hoge,  Moses  D.,  d.  d. 
 Holy  Ghost. 
 
 Household,  How  to  Bless. 
 Houston.  Samuel  R.,  n  D. 
 Hughes,  Isaac  M.,  i).  d. 
 Hunter,  John  G.,  D.  D. 
 
 I  Johnstone,  William  0.,  D.  D. 
 
 Keys,  W.  S.  H.,  d.  d. 
 Kiehle,  Rev.  A.  A. 
 King,  Samuel  A.,  D.  D. 
 
 K 
 
 1  Kirkpatrick,  John  L.,  D.  D. 
 
 Kirkpatrick,  Major  Thomas  J. 
 I  Kneass,  Strickland. 
 
 Kneeland,  Rev.  M.  D. 
 Kumler,  J.  P.  E.,  D.  D. 
 
 Lacy,  Drury,  d.  d. 
 Lamberson,  Rev.  S.  L. 
 Lawrence,  Rev.  Daniel. 
 Lawrence,  Thomas,  D.  D. 
 
 Leake,  Rev.  Samuel. 
 
 Ledyard,  Rev.  E.  P. 
 
 Lenox  College,  Iowa. 
 
 Long,  Rev.  Mahlon,  a.m.,  ph.  d. 
 
 Loomis,  Augustus  W.,  D.  D. 
 Loomis,  Rev.  Henry. 
 Lowe,  Rev.  Benjamin  J. 
 Lowrie,  Rev.  J.  G. 
 
 MacGonigle,  Rev.  John  A. 
 Macklin,  William. 
 Macrae,  G.  W. 
 Magee,  Irving,  D.  D. 
 Mann,  John  Greir. 
 McCandlish,  Rev,  William. 
 McCay,  Charles  F.,  LL.  D. 
 McClure,  Rev.  James  G.  K. 
 McCorkle.  Samuel. 
 McCosh,  James,  D.  D.,  ll.  d. 
 
 M 
 
 McCrery,  Rev.  John. 
 McCurdy,  Thomas. 
 McGilvary,  Daniel,  d.  n. 
 Mcllwaine,  Archibald  G. 
 Mealy,  Rev.  John  M. 
 Mechlin,  George  W.,  d.  d. 
 Meigs,  Rev.  G.  D.,  a.  m. 
 Michigan,  Missions  in. 
 Miller,  Samuel,  D.  D. 
 Milligan,  Rev.  T.  V.,d.d. 
 
 Milner,  Rev.  Duncan  C. 
 Moore,  Rev.  David  W. 
 Moore,  Rev.  George  P. 
 Moore,  John  Silliman.  D.  d. 
 Moore,  William  E.,  d.  d. 
 Morrow,  Rev.  Richard  H. 
 Morton,  Major  James. 
 Munro,  John  Henry,  D.  D. 
 Murkland.  Rev   Sidney  Smith. 
 Mutchmore,  Samuel  A.,  D.n. 
 
 Neil,  John  Witherspoon,  D.  D. 
 Neshaminy  (Warwick)  Church,  Pa. 
 New  Windsor  College,  Md. 
 
 O^den,  Joseph  M.,  n.  D. 
 
 N 
 
 Noble,  Jonathan  H., 
 Nourse,  Rev.  James. 
 
 o 
 
 1217 
 
 Nourse,  Rev.  Joseph  E. 
 Nutman,  Rev.  John. 
 
 I  Omelvena,  Rev.  James. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Palmer,  Wales  Lewis. 
 Parker,  Rev.  Alexander. 
 Parry,  Rev.  Thomas. 
 Parsons,  David,  D.  D. 
 Pearson,  Rev.  W.  F. 
 Penrose,  Hon.  C.  B. 
 Piney  Creek  Church,  Md. 
 Planting  ofPresbyterianismin  Ken- 
 tucky. 
 Porter,  Abner,  A.,  D.  D. 
 Porter,  Albert  H. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Cayuga,  NY. 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Chester,  N.J. 
 Presbyterian  Church  of  Cross  Creek 
 
 Pa. 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Hagerstown, 
 
 Md. 
 Presbyterian  Church  in  Kentucky. 
 Presbyterian  Church,  New  Castle, 
 
 Del. 
 Presbyterian    Church,     Newtown, 
 
 L.I. 
 
 Presbyterian  Church,  Snow  Hill, 
 Md. 
 
 PresbyterianCongregation,  Youngs- 
 town,  Ohio. 
 
 Presbyterian  Board  of  Missions  for 
 Freedmen. 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  Alabama. 
 
 Presbyterianism  in  Georgia. 
 
 Presbyterian  Reunion,  The. 
 
 Preston,  Col.  John  Thomas  Lewis. 
 
 Prince,  W.  L.  T. 
 
 Reid,  Samuel  McDowell. 
 
 R 
 
 I  Robinson,  Thomas  H.,  D.  n. 
 
 s 
 
 Saundens,  Ephraim  Dod,  D.  u.  |  Snowden,  James  Ross,  i.i..  n. 
 
 I  Sutton,  Joseph  Ford,  D.  D. 
 
 Waddell,  Addison,  m.d. 
 
 V 
 
 Van  Dyke,  Rev.  Joseph  Smith. 
 
 w 
 
 I 
 
 I  Waddell,  Joseph  Addison. 
 
 pjH,  where  are  kings  and  empires  now, 
 ^    Of  old,  that  went  and  came  ? 
 But,  Lord,  Thy  Church  is  praying  yet— 
 A  thousand  years  the  same. 
 
 "  "We  mark  the  goodly  battlements, 
 And  her  foundations  strong; 
 We  hear  within  the  solemn  voice 
 Of  her  unending  scng. 
 
 "  For,  not  like  kingdoms  of  the  world 
 Thy  holy  Church,  O  God  I 
 Though  earthquake  shocks  are  threatening  her. 
 And  tempests  are  abroad, 
 
 "  Unshaken  as  eternal  hills, 
 Immovable,  she  stands; 
 A  mountain  that  shall  fill  the  earth; 
 A  house  not  made  with  hands  1" 
 
 L 
 
 1248 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS 
 
 -AT  THE — 
 
 ■^reilfterl 
 
 '-I/^Hivm^SMi 
 
 TWif-iifi  r«i)  *  <  w^ 
 
 ^^.^^^        ^^^^^^^® 
 
 A  LITHOGRAPHIC  SOUVENIR 
 
 — OF  THE — 
 
 Ecclesiastical  Seals,  Symbols,  Coats-of-Arms,  Flags,  Banners, 
 Devices,  Mottoes,  and  Historic  Illustrations 
 
 Ured   in    the    Decorations    of   Horticultural    Hall,    at   the    Second 
 
 Council  of  the  Alliance  of  the  Reformed  Churches  holding 
 
 the  Presbyterian  System,  held  in  Philadelphia, 
 
 A.D.,  1880. 
 
 The  figures  of  the  Historic  Decorations  in  this  volume  are  Litho- 
 graphic copies  from  the  Original  Phototypes  which  were 
 prepared  and  published  by  the  direction  and 
 under  the  supervision  of 
 
 Rev.  H.  C.  McCOOK,  D.D., 
 
 The  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Decorations  and  Author  of  the  Designs  ;  the 
 accompanying  description  is  also  by  him. 
 
 PUBLISHED    BY 
 THE    PRESBYTERIAN    PUBLISHING    COMPANY, 
 
 1510   CHESTNUT    STREET,    PHILADELPHIA,    PA. 
 
Entered   according  to   Act   of  Congress,   by    Presbyterian  Publishing  Comi-any  for  H.  C. 
 McCooK,  in  the  year  lofc,  in  the  office  of  the  I.iljrarl.in  of  Congress,  Washington,  D.  C. 
 
Historic  Decorations. 
 
 The  Ter-centenary  Celebration  held  in  Philadelphia,  A.D.,  1872,  demonstrated 
 the  value  of  historic  decorations  for  awakening  interest  in  and  increasing  the  profit 
 of  such  an  occasion.  The  question,  therefore,  arose  at  an  early  date,  in  the  busi- 
 ness committee  to  whom  had  been  assigned  the  duty  of  arranging  for  the  Second 
 Council  of  the  Presbyterian  Alliance  :  Cannot  something  of  the  same  kind,  on  a 
 larger  scale,  be  done  by  us?  A  committee  on  "Hall  and  Decorations"  was 
 erected,  to  -whom  the  matter  was  referred.  The  result  was  seen  in  the  symbolic 
 decorations  which  covered  the  walls  of  the  hall  in  which  the  Council  met. 
 
 The  purpose  which  determined  the  general  plan  adopted  was  two-fold  -.—first, 
 to  give  to  foreign  members  and  visitors  a  welcome  which  might  bear  in  it  a  savor 
 of  home.  The  hope  was  entertained  that,  as  these  brethren  from  distant  lands 
 should  cast  their  eyes  upon  the  bannered  columns  which  represented  their  own 
 Churches  and  countries,  they  would  feel  that  here  in  America,  also,  they  might 
 dwell,  "  every  man  under  his  vine  and  under  his  fig  tree."  Certainly  the  Ameri- 
 can Church  is  a  vineyard  whose  growth  is  but  the  product  of  transplantings  from 
 the  fields  of  Europe.  The  original  thought  of  the  committee  was  to  give  every 
 Church  represented  in  the  Alliance  some  place  and  name  in  the  decorations.  But 
 practical  difficulties  which  could  not  well  be  overcome  compelled  the  adoption  of 
 the  more  general  and  representative  plan  which  finally  prevailed. 
 
 Second,  and  chiefly,  the  purpose  of  the  designs  was  to  illustrate  to  Americans 
 the  worthy  and  catholic  history  and  the  catholic  distribution  of  the  Reformed 
 Churches  holding  the  Presbyterian  System.  A  glance  at  the  banners  on  the  wall 
 gave  historic  confirmation  of  the  fact  brought  by  the  living  witnesses  within  the 
 Council,  that,  of  all  branches  of  the  Protestant  Church,  the  Presbyterian  has  ever 
 been  and  is  the  most  truly  catholic.  No  disparagement  is  meant  of  our  sister 
 communions  by  the  assertion,  and  the  emphasis,  by  decorations  or  otherwise,  of 
 this  truth.     At  all  events,  it  is  the  indisputable  testimony  of  history. 
 
 However  it  may  be  in  other  lands,  in  America  it  is  certainly  the  case  that  this 
 fact  is  not  generally  understood.  The  impression  is  wide-spread  that  Presbyte- 
 rianism  is  a  type  of  Scotch  and  Scotch-Irish  Protestantism — a  local  product  of 
 Great  Britain,  or  at  furthest  of  Geneva.  How  few  among  the  people  at  large 
 know  that  once  England's  metropolis  was  Presbyterian,  and  London  could  count  a 
 score  of  Presbyteries ;  that  Presbyterianism  was  regnant  once  in  England's  Parlia- 
 ment, and  supreme  within  her  sanctuaries  and  seats  of  learning  !  How  few  know 
 that  the  noble,  Bible-loving  Christians  of  Wales  are  Presbyterians  !  How  few 
 have  learned  that  the  glory  of  French  thought  and  the  flower  of  French  chivalry 
 were  in  the  ranks  of  the  Presbyterian  Huguenots  !  Few,  also,  are  they  who  know 
 that  Holland's  noble  annals  are  records  of  the  struggles  and  triumphs  of  the 
 Reformed  Church;   who  know  that  Germany   has  wide  and  honorable   historic 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS. 
 
 affinities  with  Presbyteriar.ism  ;  that  the  fairest  chapters  of  Bohemian  and  Hun- 
 garian Church  liistory  belong  to  the  same  system;  that  Italy  and  Sv.itierland  are 
 radiant  with  the  glory  of  sires  whose  sons  were  gathered  bcnealh  the  banners  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Alliance.  Moreover,  the  wide  distribution  of  the  Church  by 
 emigration  and  through  missionary  and  evangelistic  labors  is  very  dimly  appre- 
 hended by  our  countrymen  at  large,  and  even  by  members  of  our  own  communion. 
 
 To  such  a  condition  as  this  the  committee  framed  their  designs.  They  sought 
 to  make  the  Hall  of  Assembly  a  school  whose  "  object  teaching  "  might  point  the 
 people  to  the  central  facts  and  leading  figures  in  the  history  of  the  Churches  of  the 
 Alliance.  That  in  some  measure,  at  least,  they  have  succeeded,  the  result  has 
 shown. 
 
 In  precisely  the  same  line  is  the  publication  of  this  Photographic  Souvenir  of 
 the  Decorations,  which,  it  is  hoped,  may  perpetuate  and  greatly  extend  and  deepen 
 the  impressions  made  during  the  Council  meetings. 
 
 In  the  general  plan  of  decorations  adopted  it  was  arranged  to  represent,  as  far 
 as  possible,  every  historic  Church  by  iti  seal ;  the  historic  leaders  by  seals,  mottoes, 
 and  coats-of-arms,  and  the  historic  events  by  commemorative  sentences,  names, 
 dates,  and  devices.  The  collection  of  the  seals  and  arms  was  a  tedious  and  diffi- 
 cult undertaking.  The  work  began  early  in  the  year  (iSSo),  and  was  diligently 
 prosecuted  by  personal  visits  in  Europe  made  by  Mr.  Murray  Gibson,  and  by 
 letters  addressed  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  Libraries,  museums,  private  collec- 
 tions, heralds,  coUejes,  historical,  aniii]uarian,  and  numismatic  societies  all 
 contributed  their  quota. 
 
 Several  facts  soon  appeared.  There  seems  to  be  no  large  and  distinct  collection 
 of  ecclesiastical  seals  and  symbols  belonging  to  Protestant  communions.  If  there 
 be  such,  no  knowledge  of  it  has  yet  come  to  the  committee.  There  is  here  a 
 most  interesting  field  for  some  one  to  cultivate.* 
 
 Another  fact  which  came  to  li^ht  is  that,  as  a  rule,  engravings  of  seals  cannot  be 
 trusted  for  accuracy.  For  example,  a  collection  of  several  cuts  of  the  "  burning 
 bush  "  of  the  Scotch  Kirk  had  no  two  alike.  It  was  impossible  to  know  what 
 form  was  the  authentic  one  without  an  impression  from  the  seal  itself.  This  was 
 accordingly  procured,  and  proved  to  be  quite  unlike  every  one  of  I  he  cuU  in  its 
 details.  The  same  variations  obtained  in  a  collection  of  the  familiar  seal  of  the 
 Vaudois.  This  fact  increased  the  labors  and  perplexities  of  the  committee,  as  it 
 was  often  difficult  and  sometimes  impossible  to  get  authentic  specimens.  How- 
 ever, in  the  end  many  accurate  copies  were  procured,  and  these  were  closely 
 copied  by  the  decorators.  So  that  the  final  result  was  a  really  scientific  treatment 
 of  the  subject.  The  source,  and  so  also  the  authority  of  every  symbol  will  be 
 hereafter  noted  in  connection  with  its  description. 
 
 Again,  it  soon  became  evident  that  the  knowledge  of  and  interest  in  the  peculiar 
 form  of  historic  memorials  which  the  committee  were  seeking  were  very  limited. 
 It  frequently  occurred  that  men  in  prominent  positions  in  various  Churches  were 
 
 *  ■?=  ^f '"  "f  th«=  lines  will  gratefully  rcceire  any  additions  to  his  collection  which  any  one 
 may  be  able  ,o  make.  He  particularly  asks  pastors,  suted  clerks,  and  others  in  office  to  send  to 
 h,m  impress.ons  and  engravinss  of  Church  seals,  and  coats-of-arms  and  seaU  of  the  Reformera 
 
HISTORIC  DECORA  TIONS. 
 
 not  able  to  say  whether  or  not  their  Church  had  or  ever  had  had  a  seal  or  other 
 symbol.  Even  when  there  was  knowledge  cf  such  an  emblem  the  notion  of  its 
 outline  and  details  was  often  exceedingly  dim. 
 
 However,  the  committee  h.ive  to  express  cordial  thanks  for  the  courtesy  and 
 prompt  attention  which  their  numerous  letters,  with  scarcely  an  exception,  secured 
 from  gentlemen  in  all  parti  of  Europe  and  America.  Their  thanks  are  especially 
 due  to  Dr.  Matthews,  of  Q  ic'.ktc,  one  of  the  Clerks  of  the  Alliance ;  to  James 
 MacDonald,  Esq.,  of  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  and  to  Pastor  Chaponnier,  of  Geneva, 
 Switzerland. 
 
 In  addition,  the  chairman  of  the  committee  acknowledges  his  obligations  to  his 
 colleagues,  Rev.  Urs.  John  l)e  \Vitt,C.  A.  Uickcy,  and  S.  \V.  Dana,  for  their  con- 
 stant sx-mpathy  and  support  in  the  execution  of  his  plans;  to  Mr.  NVm.  E.  Ten- 
 br.x)k,  who  had  charge  of  the  wood-work;  to  Mr.  Roljert  Scott,  who  arranged  the 
 (loral  designs,  and  to  Mr.  Murray  Gilaon,  whose  admirable  taste  and  skill  directed 
 the  execution  of  the  painted  decorations.  The  designs,  combinaliims,  and  historic 
 illustratiuns  were  prepared  by  the  committee,  but  to  the  last  named  gentleman  is 
 largely  due  the  credit  for  the  manner  in  which  the  details  were  wrought  out. 
 
 One  more  fact  may  be  referred  to  in  order  to  complete  the  history  of  the  fi-ures 
 preserved  in  this  Souvenir.  The  efforts  made  by  two  skillful  photographers  to 
 take  views  of  the  decorations  within  the  hall  proved  unsatisfactory.  This  was 
 due  to  the  presence  in  such  large  proportion  of  non-photographic  colors,  and  to 
 the  unfavorable  conditions  of  light.  The  attempt  was  abandoned  as  impractica- 
 ble, greatly  to  the  disaiipoin:mcnt  of  many  persons,  who  in  many  ways  expressed 
 the  wish  to  have  copies  of  the  designs.  At  the  close  of  the  Council  the  hall  was 
 stripped  of  its  decorations,  and  the  only  hope  of  peri>etuating  them  in  any  form  lay 
 within  the  notebook  of  an  artist  whom  the  writer  had  engaged  (after  the  photo- 
 graphers had  i>ronounccd  llic  matter  beyond  their  art)  to  make  drawings  for  his 
 own  library,  « i;h  the  purpose  of  ultimately  preserving  them  in  the  library  of  the 
 Presbyterian  HLatorical  Society. 
 
 During  a  brief  illness,  wliich  had  removed  him  from  duly  at  the  Council,  the 
 thought  occurred  to  him  that  the  designs  might  be  restored  under  favorable  condi- 
 tions of  light  outside  the  hiU,  and  thus  photographed.  This  was  found  to  be 
 practicable.  But  could  any  nne  be  found  to  undertake  the  work?  The  represen- 
 tatives of  the  '•  Presbyterian  Publishing  Company  "  were  sent  for,  the  project  laid 
 before  them,  and  they  finally  consented  to  take  the  risks.  In  consideration  of  this, 
 the  writer  offered  to  secure  a  copyright  upon  the  designs,  and  transfer  it  to  the 
 above  company,  under  certain  conditions,  intended  to  open  the  way  to  the  free  use 
 of  the  emblems  and  illustrations  in  .such  form  as  might  not  imperil  the  publishers' 
 interests.*  Accordingly,  t'.ie  figures  were  taken  from  their  place  of  storage, 
 restored  to  their  original  forms,  erected  upon  a  large  scalTold  prepared  for  them  in 
 the  open  air,  under  the  best  conditions  obtainable,  and  photographed.  Even  the 
 pictures  thus  obuined  were  loo  dim  in  parts  to  be  valuable.     A  skilled  operator 
 
 •  It  i»  due  to  these  gentlemen  to  say  that  they  were  moved  to  this  undertaking  quite  as  much  by 
 sympathy  with  the  purpose  to  jralify  the  public  desire  for  the  Designs  and  pcrpetuale  and  enlarge 
 tlicir  usefulness  as  by  any  hop'  of  |>ecuniary  advanuge. 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS. 
 
 was  therefore  placed  at  the  negatives,  who,  after  several  weeks'  continuous  work, 
 put  them  in  such  condition  that  they  gave  the  excellent  prints  presented  in  this 
 Souvenir. 
 
 The  proscenium  view  alone  could  not  be  restored.  The  copies  of  this  have  been 
 made  from  an  India-ink  drawing  made  from  the  original  by  Miss  Clara  Todd.  It 
 is  an  accurate  drawing,  and  proved  even  more  pliable  for  photographic  use  than 
 the  huge  colored  cartoons. 
 
 The  great  labor  of  preparing  the  original  designs  was  thus  fairly  matched  by  the 
 difficulti-es  of  preserving  them.  The  writer  has  taken  upon  him  the  task  of  so 
 preserving  them,  and  accompanying  the  prints  with  the  following  explanations, 
 influenced  solely  by  the  opinions  and  requests  of  brethren  whose  judgment  he  is 
 bound  to  respect.  That  the  work  may  deepen  in  some  hearts  love  of  the  Church 
 and  zeal  in  her  service  is  his  earnest  prayer. 
 
 DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  DECORATIONS. 
 The  general  plan  of  the  decorations  was  modified  by  the  arrangement  of  the 
 hall.  The  assembly  room  of  Horticultural  Hall  is  a  rectangular  room,  155  feet 
 long.  75  '^st  wide,  and  28  feet  high.  On  the  western  end  is  a  proscenium  or 
 platform  42  feet  in  width  and  37  feet  deep.  This  is  approached  from  the  hall  floor 
 by  a  door  on  each  side.  On  the  eastern  end  of  the  hall  is  .1  gallery.  The  wall 
 space  between  platfoiTO  and  gallery  is  broken  by  five  windows  on  each  side. 
 Between  these  windows  were  placed  the  decorative  columns  intended  to  commemo- 
 rate the  Churches  represented  in  the  Alliance.  The  following  rude  outline  plan 
 will  illustrate  the  above  statements  : 
 
 Emblem 
 
 of  the 
 Alliance. 
 
 Proscenium  Decorations. 
 
 Platform. 
 
 Se.tl  of  the 
 Westminster 
 Assembly. 
 
 Desk. 
 
 Italy. 
 
 France. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 Ireland. 
 
 Switierl'd.         '''o«  o/the  Hall,  Shmiltig        England 
 
 — -  Croufing    0/  the  National  '_ 
 
 j  ColummandOtkerDesigns.  j 
 
 Hungary. 
 
 Holland. 
 
 Bohemia. 
 Spain. 
 
 Gallery. 
 
 Germany. 
 Geneva. 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS. 
 
 Upon  the  interspaces  between  the  windows  on  the  north  side  were  arranged  in 
 the  following  order  the  columns  of  1st,  Scotland ;  2d,  Ireland  ;  3d,  England ;  4th, 
 Holland  ;  5th,  Germany ;  and  in  the  first  interspace  over  the  gallery  the  seal  of  the 
 Ancient  Company  of  Genevese  Pastors.  On  the  south  side  in  the  same  order 
 (from  the  west)  were:  1st,  Italy;  2d,  France;  3d,  Switzerland ;  4th,  Hungary;  5th, 
 Bohemia,  and  in  the  first  interspace  over  the  gallery  the  seal  of  the  Reformed 
 Church  of  Spain. 
 
 The  columns  measured  twenty  feet  in  height  (several  exceeded  this)  and  about 
 seven  feet  in  width.  They  were  rectangular  in  shape,  every  one  being  composed 
 of  three  separate  framed  canvas  paintings,  which  were  joined  together  and  bolted 
 upon  strong  beams.  These  beams  were  braced  at  the  floor,  bound  at  the  top  by 
 copper  wire  into  iron  hooks,  and  the  whole  united  and  braced  by  light  cross-beams. 
 The  entire  wooden  frame-work  was  wrapped  and  festooned  with  evergreen  wreath- 
 ing, and  thus  added  much  to  the  general  effect  of  the  decorations.  About 
 twenty-one  hundred  square  feet  of  canvas  were  used  for  the  paintings,  and  five 
 thousand  feet  of  wreathing. 
 
 SCOTLAND'S   COLUMN.* 
 
 Beginning  on  the  north  s^ide,  the  first  column  was  devoted  to  Scotland.  The 
 upper  portion  was  a  large  shield,  whose  background  is  a  blue  field,  which  is 
 covered  with  golden  thistles,  the  thistle  being  the  floral  emblem  of  Scotland.  In 
 the  centre  of  the  shield  is  the  seal  of  the  Established  and  Free  Churches  of  Scot- 
 land. It  is  a  burning  bush,  with  the  motto,  Nee  Tamen  Consumebatur — "  And 
 yet  it  was  not  consumed."  The  figure  and  motto  are  taken  from  the  scriptural 
 account  of  the  burning  bush  in  which  Jehovah  appeared  to  Moses,  the  bush  which 
 burned,  and  yet  was  not  consumed.  The  whole  is  emblematical  of  the  Church  of 
 Scotland,  which  passed  through  the  fires  of  persecution,  and  yet  was  not  destroyed. 
 Upon  the  shield,  just  above  the  seal  of  the  Scotch  Kirk,  is  a  dove  with  outspread 
 wings,  representing  the  United  Presbyterian  Church  of  Scotland,  whose  symbol  is 
 a  dove  with  an  olive  branch  in  its  mouth.  Immediately  benealh  the  shield,  in 
 large  letters,  is  the  word  CuLUEES — a  reference  to  the  primitive  Christians  of  Scot- 
 land. Some  Presbyterian  historians  hold  to  the  idea,  which  is  authenticated  by 
 strong  historic  proofs,  that  Scotland,  indeed  all  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  was 
 Christianized  in  part  before  it  was  occupied  by  the  Roman  Church.  The  name 
 Culdees  is  that  by  which  the  early  British  Christians  in  the  second  and  third  cen- 
 turies and  upwards  were  known.  It  is  supposed  by  some  to  be  derived  from  the 
 Latin  words,  Cultores  Dei — "  Worshipers  of  God."  By  others  to  be  derived  from  the 
 Gaelic  words,  GilU  Dt,  which  mean  "  Servants  of  God ;  "  or,  from  Cuil,  which 
 means  "  a  retreat,"  from  the  fact  that  they  lived  in  secluded  islands.     The  Island  of 
 
 •  louoediately  before  the  assembling  of  the  Council  several  representatives  of  the  daily  press 
 sought  cxplaoations  of  the  decorations  for  publication.  The  writer  dictated  to  a  stenographer  a 
 jricf  description,  which  was  published  in  a  number  of  papers.  As  thi<i  verbal  description  was 
 given  amidst  the  confusion  and  care  of  completing  the  worlc  in  the  hall,  it  was  of  ooiirse  very  in»- 
 pcrfect,  and  the  published  account  had  many  errors. 
 
 7 
 
HIS  TOKIC  DE  COJiA  TIONS. 
 
 lona  -was  one  of  their  favorite  retreats.  The  word  Culdets  in  this  connection, 
 therefore,  emphasizes  the  belief  that  the  Presbyterian  Church  is  of  ancient  founda- 
 tion, and  that  the  simplicity  of  its  forms  and  llie  peculiarity  of  its  organizatioa 
 were  characteristics  of  the  primitive  Christians.  The  same  idea  is  expressed  in 
 historic  references  on  the  columns  of  Ireland  and  Italy. 
 
 Beneath  this  name  is  a  tablet  to  JOHN  Knox,  the  eminent  Reformer  of  Scotland. 
 His  name  is  in  gold,  on  a  blue  field,  and  is  printed  on  either  side  of  a  large  scarlet 
 oval,  upon  which,  in  gilt  letters,  is  his  motto : — "  The  truth  I  speak,  impugn  it  whoso 
 list."     These  famous  words  were  spoken  on  the  occasion  of  his  trial  for  treason 
 before  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots.     Immediately  beneath  this  is  a  tablet    of  the  same 
 character  to  Regent  Murr.^y,  called  "  The  Gool   Regent."     The   oval    centre 
 bears  his  heraldic  coat-of-arms.     The  field  of  the  ov,il  is  bronze,  and  the   field  of 
 the  arms  scarlet,  the  name  being  in  white.     Beneath  this  is  a  tablet   to  the  Cove- 
 nanters.    A  panel  in  blue  bears  a  bronze  shield,  ujjon  which  is  an  uplifted  right 
 arm,  an  emblem  of  the  mode  in  which  the  old  Covenanters  took  their  oath ;   their 
 descendants  thus  take  it  to  this  day;  and  in  many  parts  of  America  this  mode  of 
 "swearing  with  the  uplifted  hand"  prevails  before  our  courts  of  law.     Beneath 
 the  shield  is  a  scarlet  tablet  bearing  the    following  dates  historic    as   times   of 
 Covenant  taking:    "  A.D.,   1581,"  "A.U.,  163S,  the  time  of  the   "National 
 Covenant,"  as  it  was  called,  when  Charles  the  First  tried  to  force  Laud's  Liturgy 
 upon  Scotland,  and  the  people  rose  in  rebellion.     Among  the  associations  of  this 
 period  are  Jenny  Geddes  and  the  famous  three-legged  stool  which  she  hurled  at 
 the  dean  who  dared  "  say  mass  at  her  lug."     "  A.D.,  1643,"  the  next  date,  was 
 the  time  of  The  Solemn  League  and  Covenant,  which  was  shared  with   Scot- 
 land by  the  Parliament  of  England,  "  A.D.,  i6So,"  the  period  of  the  Cameronian 
 Covenanters,  just  preceeding  the  revolution  of  16S8,  when  William   and  Mary 
 came  to  the  throne.     Two  flags,  copies  of  those  carried  by  the  Covenanters,  are 
 crossed  on  either  side  of  the  Covenanters'  tablet.    One  shows  a  scarlet  St.  Andrews 
 cross  upon  a  blue  field,  and  bears  upon  the  quarterings  the  names,  "  Chuist," 
 "  Covenant,"  "  King,"  *  "  Kingdom."     The  other  shows  a  white  St.  Andrews 
 cross  with  a  scarlet  thistle  [silk]    embroidered  in  the  centre.     The  field  is  blue 
 and  scarlet,  and  the  quarterings  bear  the  names,  "  Covenants,"  "  For   Religion," 
 "  Kingdom,"  "  Crown."  f     Beneath  this  is  a  large  tablet,  in  the  centre  of  which 
 is  a  blue  scroll,  upon  which  is  inscribed  the  names  of  Scottish  commissioners  to 
 the  Westminster  General  Assembly.     Those  commissioners  were   "  Henderson," 
 "  Rutherford,"  "  Gilespie,"  "  Bailey,"  "  Sir  Archibald  Johnstone,"  and  "  Mait- 
 land."     The  latter  name  appears  on  the  scroll  nearly  obliterated  by  a  black  line, 
 signifying  the  fact  that  Maitland  became  an  apostate  and  traitor,  and  under  the 
 name  of  Lauderdale  bitterly  persecuted  his  old  friends  and  co-religionists.     On 
 either  side  of  the  scroll  are  the  names,  "  Mdville,"   "Hamilton,"  "Sir  David 
 Lindsay,"  "Cameron,"  "Argyle,"  "  The  Lollards  of  Kyle,"  "  Welch,"  "  Wis- 
 
 •The  word  "  Kirk  ■'  w;is  at  times  substituted  for  "  King,"  as  it  appears  on  the  first  flag. 
 
 tThis  is  an  imitation  of  a  flag  preserved  in  the  Advocate's  Library,  Edinburg.  The  color  is 
 however  described  as  "  pink  "  instead  of  scarlet."  It  must  be  a  faded  scarlet,  I  think,  a.  the 
 Utter  was  undoubtedly  one  of  [he  Covenanters'  colors. 
 
 8 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS. 
 
 hart,"  and  "  Chalmers;"  and  in  a  black  border  the  "  Earl  of  Kiiitore,"   one  of 
 the  distinguished  delegates  to  the  Council,  recently  deceased. 
 
 IRELAND'S   COLUMN. 
 
 The  shield  of  Ireland  has  a  green  field,  sprinkled  over  with  golden  shamrocks. 
 On  the  shield,  in  bronze  color,  is  the  se.il  of  the  Church  of  Ireland — substantially 
 the  same  as  that  of  Scotland,  though  the  burning  bush  has  a  different  form,  being 
 more  elongated.  Above  it  is  the  motto,  Ardens  Sid  Virens — "  Burning,  but 
 Flourishing."  The  scroll  surrounding  the  seal  reads,  "  General  Assembly  Presby- 
 terian Church  in  Ireland."  Beneath  that  is  a  large  crimson  tablet  whose  centre  is 
 a  large  circle  in  blue.  Upon  scrolls  on  either  side  of  the  blue  circle  are  the  words, 
 Patrick,  A.D.,  372,  on  one  side,  and  Columbia,  A.D.,  563,  on  the  other.  Upon 
 the  circle,  above  and  below,  are  the  words,  "  Ireland's  Primitive  Presbyters,"  with 
 the  sentence  in  quotation  marks  between  them,  "  365  Churches,  365  Bishops,  3000 
 Elders."  The  quotation  is  from  the  distinguished  and  amiable  Irish  prelate, 
 Archbishop  Usher.  The  idea  here  is  that  the  churches  established  by  St.  Patrick, 
 according  to  history,  had  each  a  bishop  and  each  about  eight  eldei-s,  after  the  man- 
 ner of  Presbyterians ;  that,  therefore,  St.  Patrick  established  churches  after  the 
 Presbyterian  order,  and  was  himself  an  apostle  of  Presbyterianism.  A  cluster  of 
 shamrocks  in  green  surrounds  the  above  sentence.  Beneath  that  are  the  following 
 historic  dates  and  names:  "  The  Ulster  Plantation,  A.D.,  1605,"  which  commem- 
 orates the  settlement  of  northren  Ireland  by  the  Scotch  during  the  reign  of  James 
 I. ;  hence  the  term  Scotch-Irish.  The  whole  northern  province  of  Ireland  was 
 called  Ulster. 
 
 Among  the  ministers  first  settling  in  the  Ulster  Plantation  were  "  Brice," 
 "  Blair,"  "  Cunningham,"  "  Livingstone."  The  last  is  known  in  connection  with 
 the  remarkable  revival  at  the  "  Kirk  of  Shotts,"  *  which  name  has  been  introduced 
 to  distinguish  him,  and  also  to  mark  the  great  revival  of  that  day,  which  had  such 
 a  happy  influence  upon  the  character  of  the  Ulster  people.  '*  Sir  John  Clotwor- 
 thy"  was  one  of  the  eminent  laymen.  "The  Black  Oath  of  1689 — Irish 
 Massacre,  1641."  The  Black  Oath  is  the  one  which  Charles  I.  compelled  tlie 
 Irish  people  to  take,  to  the  effect  that  they  would  never  disobey  any  of  the  king's 
 commands,  and  that  they  foreswore  all  covenants  whatsoever.  Multitudes  of 
 Presbyterians  and  others  could  not  and  would  not  conform  to  this  requirement,  and 
 were  mercilessly  persecuted  therefor.  The  terrible  uprising  of  the  Roman  Catho- 
 lic population  which  threatened  the  extinction  of  Protestantism  is  commemorated 
 in  the  next  reference.  "First  Presbytery,  A.D.,  1642,"  marks  the  time  of 
 establishing  the  First  Presbytery  in  Ulster  during  the  reaction  which  followed. 
 
 Beneath  this  is  a  tablet  in  bronze,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  the  coat-of-arms  of 
 Londonderry.     The  shield  is  white,  with  red  and  blue  quarterings.     In  the  centre 
 
 *  The  propriety  and  correctness  of  this  reference  was  questioned,  but  the  Committee  have  not 
 erred.  Livingstone  was  on  a  visit  to  Scotland  when  he  preached  the  famous  "  Kirk  of  Shotts  ** 
 sermon.  His  subsequent  prosecution  and  suspension  from  the  ministry  were  based  on  alleged  un- 
 canonical  conduct  in  thus  officiating  in  Scotland  while  himself  an  Irish  clergyman.  See  Reed's 
 History  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  Ireland,  Vol.  I.,  p.  127,  sqq. 
 
 9 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS. 
 
 are  figured  a  castle  and  a  skeleton,  emblems  of  the  memorable  seige  and  the 
 famine  that  resulted  during  the  seige.  Beneath  the  shield  is  the  motto,  Vita, 
 Veritas,  Victoria — "  Life,  Truth,  Victory."  On  the  same  tablet,  and  surrounding 
 the  coat-of-arms,  are  the  inscriptions,  *'  Siege  of  Derry,  16S9,"  "  Battle  of  the 
 Boyne,  1690,"  "  William  III.  of  Glorious  Memory."  Beneath  this  is  a  tablet 
 bearing  the  following  inscriptions  :  "  Act  of  Toleration,  A.D.,  1723,"  "  Rise  of  the 
 Secession  Church,  A.D.,  1733,"  "Repeal  of  Sacramental  Test,  A.D.,  1780," 
 "Henry  Cooke,  1821,"  "  Franciscus  Makemius  Scoto-Hybcrnus,  A.D.,  1681." 
 Dr.  Cooke  was  the  famous  champion  of  the  Presbyterians  against  the  Unitarian 
 heresy  in  northern  Ireland.  Makemie  was  one  of  the  earliest  Presbyterian  minis- 
 ters in  America.  The  title  on  the  tablet  is  that  under  which  he  was  enrolled  as  a 
 student  in  the  University  of  Glasgow,  A.D.,  1675.* 
 
 E.N'GLAND'S   COLUMN. 
 
 The  shield  upon  the  English  Church  column  above  has  a  scarlet  field,  which  is 
 sprinkled  with  roses  in  gold  ;  in  the  centre  is  figured  the  seal  of  the  Presbyterian 
 Church  of  England,  which  is  a  double  circle.  On  one  of  the  circles  is  the  seal  of 
 the  Westminster  General  Assembly ;  on  the  other  is  the  burning  bush,  the  seal  of 
 the  Scotch  Kirk,  which  is  here  set  upon  an  open  rose ;  above  it  all  is  a  dove  with 
 out-spread  wings.  The  symbolism  expresses  the  fact  that  the  present  Church  of 
 England  was  formed  by  a  union  of  the  Scotch  Presbyterians,  United  Presbyterians, 
 and  English  Presbyterians ;  and  their  seals  were  blended  as  above  to  make  the 
 seal  of  the  United  Church.  Beneath  this  is  a  large  band  bearing  the  word 
 "  Puritans,"  a  characteristic  name  of  English  Presbyterians.  Underneath  is  a 
 circular  tablet,  inscribed, "  2000  Non-Conforming  Presbyterian  Divines,  August  24th, 
 A.D.,  1662."  This  commemorates  the  ministers  of 'the  English  Church  of  that 
 period  (the  Established  Church  being  then  Presbyterian),  who  abandoned  their 
 churches,  livings,  and  manses,  or  parsonages,  rather  than  conform  to  the  liturgical 
 requirements  of  King  Charles  II.  Beneath  this,  again,  is  a  tablet  bearing  a  large 
 white  scroll,  on  which  is  written,  "  Westminster  Confession  of  Faith.  Assembly 
 of  Divines  Westminster  Abbey,  A.D.,  1643-1647."  This  famous  assembly  was 
 held  in  the  Jerusalem  Chamber  of  Westminster  Abbey,  and  was  one  of  the  most 
 learned  bodies  of  divines  ever  assembled.  It  prepared  the  symbols  of  the  Church 
 known  as  the  Westminster  Confession  of  Faith  and  Larger  and  Shorter  Cate- 
 chisms. The  ordinance  of  Parliament  which  convoked  this  assembly  declared  it 
 to  be  among  its  chief  aims  "  that  such  a  government  shall  be  settled  in  the  Church 
 as  may  be  most  agreeable  to  God's  Holy  Word,  and  most  apt  to  procure  and  pre-' 
 serve  the  peace  of  the  Church  at  home,  and  nearer  agreement  with  the  Church  of 
 Scotland  an<l  other  Reformed  Churches  abroad."  The  thought  was  cherished  by 
 many  of  the  leading  spirits  of  the  assembly,  that  Protestant  Christendom  ought  be 
 
 •  It  was  asserted  during  the  sessions  of  Council  that  documents  had  been  recently  found  which 
 
 he  Znt  ,'T  r""^"^  '"  ^""'^  ^  "^'y  ^'  ''''■     I^«<i.  °"  'he  contrary,  says  that 
 
 he  found  a  record  that  he  preached  -  for  Mr.  Hempton  in  Burt,  April  ,,  t6S.,  from  Luke   xiii.  3, 
 
 had  re  "  "t  f"T"  ^"^  ""'°^^'  ^°'-  "'  ^^  '''■  '''=  ""  '^"'"^  -PP"-  ">-<  Makemf 
 had  returned  from  America  on  the  above  occasion. 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS. 
 
 led  through  the  agency  of  their  body  to  form  a  substantial  Union  in  matters  (rf 
 church  government  and  worship.  They  anticipated  not  only  the  "  Presbyterian 
 Alliance,"  but  the  "  Evangelical  Alliance  "  as  well.  Hetherington,  the  historian 
 of  the  Westminster  Assembly,  in  referring  to  this  fact,  thirty-seven  years  ago 
 (A.D.,  1843),  uses  these  prophetic  words:  "  Let  but  the  attempt  be  made,  in  the 
 spirit  of  sincerity  and  faith  and  prayer,  and  there  may  now  be  realized  a  Protestant, 
 or  rather  a  Presbyterian  Union  embracing  the  world.''*  Following  this  is  a  tablet 
 to  the  Shorter  Catechism — two  cherubs  holding  a  banner  upon  which  is  written 
 "  The  Shorter  Catechism."  "  Ans.  i.  Man's  chief  end  is  to  glorify  God  and  to 
 enjoy  Him  forever."  Beneath  this  is  a  tablet  bearing  names  and  commemorative 
 sentences.  "  Twisse,"  "  Herle,"  and  "  Gouge  "  were  distinguished  members  of 
 the  Westminster  Assembly.  "  Baxter,"  the  divine,  best  known  among  us  by  his 
 "  Saint's  Rest,"  and  "  Call  to  the  Unconverted."  Few  men  exercised  a  wider  or 
 better  influence  in  England  than  Richard  Baxter.  His  ministry  was  a  model  of 
 pastoral  faithfulness,  and  his  numerous  published  works  are  a  monument  to  his 
 industry  and  ability.  "  Pym"  and  "Hampden  "  were  eminent  patriots;  "  Wands- 
 worth, A.D.,  1572,"  marks  the  place  and  date  of  the  establishment  of  the  tirst 
 Presbytery  held  in  England.  "  Bangor,"  "  Columbanus,"  are  commemorative  of 
 the  early  Christians  of  Wales. 
 
 HOLLAND'S  COLUMN.* 
 The  larger  upper  shield  of  Holland  has  a  blue  field,  upon  which  is  a  large 
 bronze  circle,  bearing  a  medal  commemorative  of  the  Synod  of  Dort.  It  shows  a 
 temple  upon  the  top  of  a  rock.  Worshipers  are  ascending  to  the  temple  by  a  high- 
 way cut  in  the  rock.  The  four  winds,  represented  under  the  form  of  cherubs, 
 appear  in  the  four  quarters,  blowing  upon  the  rock.  The  scroll  surrounding  the 
 figure  reads,  Ervnl  Vt  Mons  Sioti,  MVCX/X — "  They  are  as  Mount  Zion,  A.D., 
 1619."  The  idea  appears  to  be  that  the  Church,  under  all  the  winds  of  persecu- 
 tion, is  as  Mount  Zion  which  cannot  be  removed.  Ps.  cxxv.  i.  It  is  possible, 
 however,  that  the  "  winds  "  may  be  the  symbols  of  heavenly  influences  breathed 
 upon  the  Church.  A  large  band  beneath  the  shield  bears  the  Dutch  motto, 
 Eendracht  Jilaakt  Mac/tt — "  Union  (or  literally,  a  united  pull)  makes  might," 
 more  freely,  in  union  there  is  strength.  Beneath  this  is  a  tablet  to  William  The 
 Silent,  under  whom  the  Netherlands  achieved  her  civil  and  religious  independ- 
 ence. This  tablet  bears  upon  an  orange  band  the  name  "  William."  In  the 
 centre,  upon  a  blue  field,  is  William's  coat-of-arms,  with  the  motto,  A'isi  Dominus 
 Srustra,  literally,  "  Unless  God,  Vain,"  an  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  version  of 
 the  Scripture,  "  Except  the  Lord  build  the  house,  they  labor  in  vain  that  build  it." 
 Ps.  cxxvii.  I.  This  coat-of-arms  and  motto  form  the  accepted  emblem  of  the 
 (Dutch)  Reformed  Church  of  America,  of  which  it  is  also  here  commemorative. 
 A  scarlet  band  beneath  the  coat-of  arms  of  William  bears  the  name  of  his  noble 
 and  distinguished  mother,  "  Juliana  of  Stolberg."     Underneath  is  a  white  tablet  in 
 
 • . 
 
 *  History  Westminster  Assembly,  p.  297. 
 
 *I  am  under  special  cbligatlons  for  aid  in  preparing  this  column  to  Dr.  Edward  T.  Corwin, 
 author  of  the  "  Manual  of  the  Reformed  Church  ;"  to  Mr.  James  Anderson,  of  New  York,  and 
 Dr.  Van  Nest,  of  Philadelphia. 
 
 II 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS. 
 
 the  shape  of  a  Maltese  cross,  upon  which  is  pictured  a  lily  springing  up  through 
 thorns,  one  of  the  emblems  of  the  Holland  Church.  Surrounding  it  is  the  Dutch 
 text,  AU  Eene  Ltlie  Onder  De  Doornin—"  As  a  lily  among  the  thorns."  Across 
 the  lily,  and  between-  the  parts  of  the  motto,  is  the  sentence,  "  loo.ooo  martyrs, 
 A.D.,  1567--1573,''  commemorating  those  who  died  for  their  faith  as  martyrs 
 during  the  terrible  persecutions  under  the  Emperor  Charles  V.,  his  son  Philip  II., 
 and  the  bloody  Uu!;e  of  Alva. 
 
 Beneath  the  cruciform  tablet  are  two  small  tablets,  one  in  blue  to  the  Dutch 
 navy,  or  "Beggars  of  the  Sea,"  inscribed,"  Admiral  Boisot,"  "  Brill,  A.D.,  1572,'' 
 "  Leyden,  A.D.,  1574."  Boisot  was  the  admiral  who  achieved  the  liberation  of 
 Leydon  at  its  historic  siege.  Brill  was  the  first  seaport  town  captured  by  the 
 Water  Beggars,  which  capture  turned  the  scale  in  favor  of  the  struggling  patriots. 
 On  either  side  of  the  above  is  painted  in  bronze  color  a  large  oval  medal,  the  one 
 on  the  right  being  an  exact  copy  of  the  Beggars'  medal,  which  was  struck  in  com- 
 memoration  of  the  famous  Beggar  Society  organized  under  Brederode.  The 
 figure  shows  two  hands  clasped  between  the  leather  handles  of  two  sacks,  such  as 
 were  carried  by  the  begging  friars  of  that  time.  The  date  "  1556  "  is  on  the 
 medal,  and  around  it  the  inscription  in  French,  yiisqucs  a  Porter  La  Besase. 
 This  is  the  continuation  of  the  historic  sentence,  "  Faithful  to  the  King  until  the 
 carrying  of  the  Beggar's  sack."  On  the  reverse  of  the  medal  from  which  the 
 above  was  copied  is  a  bust  of  King  Philip,  surrounded  by  the  legend,  "  Faithful  to 
 the  King."  The  conclusion,  as  quoted  above,  appears  on  the  other  side.  William 
 the  Silent  wore  one  of  these  ''  Beggar's  Medals"  at  the  time  of  his  assassination. 
 
 The  companion  oval  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  tablet' bears  one  of  the  devices 
 and  mottoes  of  William  the  Silent.  It  is  a  pelican  brboding  over  her  nest,  feeding 
 her  nestlings  with  the  blood  drawn  from  her  own  breast.  Underneath  is  the  motto, 
 Pro  Lege,  Rege  et  Grege — "  For  the  law.  For  the  King  and  People."  Above 
 and  beneath  the  bird  are  the  words,  Zlij/no  Favore — "By  ihe  Divine  Favor." 
 This  device  and  legend  William  had  inscribed  upon  some  of  the  flags  carried  by 
 him  in  battle.  Beneath  the  tablet  to  the  Dutch  navy,  and  between  the  medals,  is 
 the  inscription,  "  Dort,  A.D.,  161S-19,"  commemorating  the  Synod  of  Dort,  at 
 which  the  creed  of  the  Df.tch  Church  was  established  as  it  now  exists.  This 
 Synod  was  convened  agreeably  to  a  call  of  the  States  General,  in  the  city  of  Dort, 
 November  13th,  A.D.,  1818.  It  consisted  of  eighty-six  members,  ministers,  rul- 
 ing elders,  and  professors  delegated  from  the  Belgic  Churches,  and  representatives 
 from  other  Reformed  Churches.  Among  these  were  five  from  Great  Britain — 
 George  Carleton,  Bishop  of  Llandaff;  Joseph  Mall,  Dean  of  Worcester,  and  after- 
 wards Bishop  successively  of  Exeter  and  Norwich,  and  author  of  the  delightful 
 "  Contemplations  ;"  John  Davenant,  Professor  of  Divinity  in  the  University  of 
 Cambridge,  afterwards  Bishop  of  Salisbury ;  Samuel  Ward,  Archdeacon  of  Taun- 
 ton, and  Theological  Professor  in  the  University  of  Cambridge;  and  Walter 
 Balcancqual,  of  Scotland.  The  "  apostolic  succession  "  of  these  good  men  who 
 could  spend  pleasant  and  profitable  months  deliberating,  praying,  and  preaching 
 with  Presbyterian  bishops  and  elders,  has  been  somewhat  broken  upon,  it  is  to  be 
 feared.     The  Anglican  Church  of  that  day  was  certainly  more   catholic  than  now. 
 
 12 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS. 
 
 A  tablet  in  white  beneath  commemorates  the  establishment  of  the  Dutch  Church 
 in  America,  and  reads  as  follows :  "  New  Netherlands,"  the  Dutch  name  of  New 
 York;  "  Michaelius,  A.D.,  162S,"  the  first  Dutch  minister  and  missionary; 
 "  Classis  of  Amsterdam,"  the  Dutch  Classis  or  Presbytery  that  sent  out  the  first 
 missionaries;  and  finally,  the  sentence,  "Puritan  Fathers,  Delftl'aven,  1620," 
 showing  the  connection  of  the  Dutch  Church  with  the  American  Puritans  by  this 
 reference  to  the  port  from  wliich  the  Mayflower  sailed  with  the  first  pilgrim  settlers 
 of  New  England. 
 
 Germany's  column. 
 
 The  shield  at  the  top  is  in  black  and  red,  with  a  white  bar  diagonally  across  the 
 centre,  the  colors  of  Germany  and  Switzerland,  the  countries  from  which  the 
 German  Reformed  Church  received  its  chief  strength.  On  the  upper  part  of  the 
 shield  is  a  scroll,  inscribed,  Heidelberg  C.\techism,  Palatinate,  A.D.,  1563. 
 The  Palatinate  was  the  province  of  Germany,  in  whose  capital  city,  Heidelberg, 
 the  creed  of  the  German  Reformed  Church  was  established.  On  the  shield  below 
 this  scroll  is  a  plain  seal,  inscribed,  J^rrit  Evangelishe  Kircht  X)eutchlanJs — 
 "  Free  Evangelican  Church  of  Germany."  Across  the  centre  is  the  single  word, 
 "  Presbyterium."  This  is  the  Presbyterial  Seal  of  the  Church  whose  name  is 
 represented  on  the  legend — one  of  the  Churches  of  the  Alliance.  Underneath  the 
 shield  is  a  large  tablet  to  Frederick  HI.,  the  Elector  Palatine,  under  whose  auspices 
 the  Heidelberg  Catechism  was  prepared.  It  is  inscribed  as  follows  :  "  Frederick 
 HI.,  the  Pious  Elector  Palatine;"  "Catechism  Proclaimed,  A.D.,  1563;" 
 "  Defence  at  Augsburg,  A.D.,  1566."  These  inscriptions  fill  the  arms  and  central 
 part  of  the  tablet,  and  beneath  them  is  the  sentence,  Nfrr,  Nach  Deinem  iVillt, — 
 "According  to  Thy  Will,  O  Lord," — which  was  Frederick's  favorite  motto. 
 
 Beneath  the  arms  of  the  tablet  are  respectively  the  names,  "  Cassimer  "  and 
 "  Frederick  IV."  A  ribband  which  winds  underneath  these  names  bears  the 
 dying  words  of  Frederick  III. :  "7,K/:,  {f-'in/s  Nicht  Thun,  Mein  Fritz  Wirds 
 Tliutt,  meaning  "Louis  will  not  do;  my  Fritz  will  do."  These  words  proved 
 prothetic,  for  Lutz,  or  Louis,  attempted  to  destroy  his  father's  work,  but  dying 
 shortly,  the  regency  fell  into  the  hands  of  John  Cassimir,  who  held  it  until  Fred- 
 erick, the  son  of  Louis,  or  "  Fritz,"  Frederick's  grandson,  came  to  the  throne,  by 
 \vhom  the  work  of  the  Pious  Elector  was  re-established  and  perfected.  Next 
 follows  a  tablet  in  crimson,  upon  which,  in  gold  letters,  are  names  and  dates  con- 
 nected with  the  establishment  of  the  Dutch  Church  as  follows:  "  Melancthon," 
 the  great  theologian,  the  friend  and  associate  of  Luther,  whose  theology,  departing 
 from  that  of  Luther  in  the  matter  of  the  Lord's  Supper,  moulded  the  opinions  of 
 the  Reformed  Germans.  Also,  "  Ursinus  "  and  "  Olevianus,"  the  authors  of  the 
 Heidelberg  Catechism;  "  Boquin,"  an  eminent  divine;  "  Dathenus,"  who  wrote 
 the  Dutch  Psalms ;  "  Termilio,"  the  Italian  theologian ;  "  Presbyterian,  Eatablished 
 A.D.,  1570,"  commemorating  the  establishment  of  Presbyterial  Government  in  the 
 Palatinate.  "  Cavaria — A.D.,  1S03 — Baden,"  commemorates  the  division  of  the 
 Palatinate  between  Bavaria  and  Baden.  "  United  Catechism„  A.D.,  1S55,"  com- 
 memorates the  modification  of  the  Heidelberg  Catechism  to  suit  the  union  of  the 
 Reformed  Germans  w[th  the  Lutherans  of  the  Province  as  it  now  is  constituted. 
 
 J3 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS. 
 
 B«neath  this  tablet  is  a  large  circular  figure,  the  seal  of  the  German  Reformed 
 Synod  of  America.  A  clerg>-man  on  one  side  and  an  American  Indian  with  his 
 bow  and  feathers  on  the  other,  are  represented  as  holding  open  a  copy  of  the  Holy 
 Scriptures  which  rests  upon  an  ark  or  desk.  Above  the  Bible,  in  gold,  is  a  trian- 
 gle laid  in  the  centre  of  a  sun,  emblem  of  the  Holy  Trinity.  Beneath  the  ark  is 
 the  Latin  legend,  the  motto  of  the  Church,  P,-o  Deo  et  EccUna — "  For  God  and 
 the  Church."  The  legend  surrounding  the  figure  reads,  "  Synod  of  the  Reformed 
 Church  in  the  U.S."  Beneath  this  is  a  tablet  in  white  to  the  early  missionaries  in 
 America,  inscribed,  "  Michael  Schlatter,  St.  G.ill,  Switzerland,"  "  Weiss," 
 "  Bechtel,"  "  Eoehm,"  "First  Coetus,"  "Philadelphia,  September  29,  1747," 
 "Relations  with  Holland  Dissolved,  A.D.,  1792."  The  German  Reformed 
 Church,  like  the  Dutch  Reformed,  was  established  among  the  German  settlers  of 
 America  under  the  auspices  and  by  the  support  of  the  great  classis  of  Amsterdam. 
 "  Coetus  "  is  the  term  by  which  the  Synod  was  then  known.  One  of  the  happy 
 results  of  the  late  Council,  at  least  in  America,  has  been  to  draw  more  closely  the 
 cords  of  sjTnpathy  between  the  Anglo-Saxon  and  the  German  branches  of  the 
 Presbyterian  Family.* 
 
 geneva's  column. 
 
 In  the  first  interspace  over  the  north  gallery  is  a  shield  corresponding  with  the 
 shields  of  the  columns,  upon  which  is  the  seal  of  the  Ancient  Company  of  Pastors 
 of  Geneva.  It  is  a  flamboyant  star  or  radiant  sun,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  a  gold 
 oval,  bearing  the  initials,  y.  H.  S. — "  Jesus  Homimun  Salvator."  C)n  the  scroll 
 surrounding  it  is  the  inscription,  Venee  Compagnie  des  Pasteurs  de  Genrvee — 
 "  Ancient  Company  of  Pastors  of  Geneva."  This  for  600  years  before  the  Refor- 
 mation was  the  emblem  of  the  monks  in  Geneva.         > 
 
 ITALY'S   COLUMN. 
 
 The  large  shield  on  the  top  of  the  Italian  column  bears  the  seal  of  the  Vaudois, 
 or  Waldensian  Church,  in  the  centre  of  the  Italian  coat-of-arms.  This  seal 
 represents  a  candle  and  candle-stick  surrounded  by  seven  golden  stars,  and  on  the 
 scroll  the  motto,  Lux  Lucet  in  Tenebris — "  The  Light  Shineth  in  the  Darkness." 
 This  motto  accurately  represents  the  historic  character  and  position  of  the  Walden- 
 sian Church,  which  existed  from  the  earliest  times  in  the  mountains  of  the  Cottian 
 Alps,  particularly  in  Piedmont.  In  commemoration  of  this  fact  there  is  a  large 
 tablet  beneath  the  shield.  Next  in  order,  however,  is  a  white  band  quite  across 
 the  column,  which  bears  the  names,  Vaudois,  Waldenses. 
 
 Below  this  is  a  circular  tablet,  with  arms  on  either  side,  which  is  thus  inscribed 
 and  figured:  "  Apostolic  Heritors  of  an  Apostolic  Faith  and  Church."  Churches 
 of  the  Reformed  are  not  apt  to  lay  much  stress  upon  an  "  apostolic  succession,"  as 
 the  phrase  goes  in  current  speech.    They  rather  emphasize  the  apostolic  spirit,  life. 
 
 •The  facts  concerning  the  planting  of  the  Reformed  Church  of  the  Palatinate  have  been  well 
 brought  out  by  the  "  Relormed  Church  Publication  Board"  in  Philadelphia,  in  several  volumes, 
 among  which  I  acknowledge  obligations  to  "  The  Ter-centenary  Monument  of  the  Heidelberg 
 Catcchibm;"  Russell's  "Creed  and  Customs,"  and  "Schlatter's  Life  and  Travels,"  by 
 Harbaugb. 
 
 H 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS. 
 
 and  doctrine.  Yet  they  have  far  better  historic  grounds  upon  which  to  set  up 
 claims  for  direct  ecclesiastical  descent  from  the  primitive  ages  of  Christianity  than 
 some  who  deem  themselves  specially  favored  in  that  way.  In  the  very  land  of  the 
 Papacy  Italy,  we  may  point  to  a  Presbyterian  folk  who  are  the  ■'  Apostolic 
 Heritors  of  an  Apostolic  Faith  and  Church  "-the  Vaudois.  They  have  existed 
 from  primitive  times  in  the  valleys  of  the  Cottian  Alps,  of  Dauphiny,  Provence, 
 and  Piedmont.  The  long  independence  of  the  diocese  of  Milan,  to  which  the 
 Vaudois  beloncred,  is  a  well-known  fact  of  history.  Ambrose  (of  that,  see  A.D., 
 374-397).  i"  'h°e  fourth  century,  maintained  a  doctrine  which  we  would  call  Protest- 
 ant The  development  of  the  Papal  heresies  was  estopped  against  this  indepen- 
 dent diocese  up  to  the  times  of  the  Evangelical  Claude  of  Turin  in  the  ninth 
 century  and  even  to  the  twelfth  century,  when  all  the  priests  of  upper  Italy  were 
 free  from  the  yoke  of  the  celibate.  Apostolic  Christianity  found  its  last  ramparts 
 in  the  Alpine  valleys.  Rome  gradually  separated  from  the  Apostles  ;  the  Alpine 
 Presbyters  maintained  the  primitive  religion.  Thus  through  all  those  dark  ages 
 their  Church  was  true  to  their  motto  and  symbol. 
 
 In  the  centre  of  the  circle,  upon  a  crimson  field,  is  a  lily  springing  up  from  a  bed 
 of  thorns.     Underneath    it  is  the    Latin  word  Emergo-"  I   struggle    through.'' 
 This  is  a  favorite  symbol  of  the  Waldensian  Church,  as  well  as  of  the  Church  of 
 Holland.     The  tablet  also  bears  the  name,  "  Waldo,  A.D.,   1170,"  and  commem- 
 orates the  Waldensian  merchant,  Waldo,  or  Valdo,  who  was  very  active  in  the 
 twelfth  century  in  spreading  evangelical  doctrine.     Beneath   the  tablet,  upon  a 
 scarlet  field,  are   the    names,  "  Barbas."  "  Regidor,"  "Coadjutor,"  "Colporteur 
 Vaudois  "     They  mark  these  facts  :     The  early  pastors  of  the  Vaudois  were  called 
 "  Barbas  "  a  title  of  respect  in  the  Vaudois  idiom,  literally  signifying  "  an  uncle. 
 The  name  afterwards  was  turned  into  a  term  of  reproach,  their  enemies  calling  the 
 Waldensians  Us  Barbels.     Every  pastor  in  turn  was  a  missionary.     The  mission- 
 aries went  forth  two  and  tw>, ;  one,  an  old  man,  was  called  Regidor,  the  rector 
 and  the  other,  a  young  man,  called   Coadjutor,  the  helper..    After  the  birth  of 
 printing,  in  the  Reformation  days,  and  up  to  the  present  time,  a  favorite  mode  of 
 evangelization  with  the  Vaudois  is  by  colporteurs  or  booksellers.      Whut.er,  in 
 his  beautiful  poem,    "The   Waldensian  Teacher,"  has  celebrated  this  phase  of 
 Waldensian  missionary  life.  j       •      u- 
 
 The  following  sentences  commemorate  important  periods  in  the  Waldensian  his- 
 tory: "Rochemanant,  A.D..  1437,  Toumpi  de  Saguet."  Rochemanant  was  a 
 point  in  the  Alpine  passes  at  which  a  handful  of  Vaudois  achieved  a  notable  vic- 
 tory;  as  is  also  the  other  name,  "Toumpi  de  Saguet,  which  means  Saguet  s  Hole. 
 Saguet  de  Plan^^iere  was  the  name  of  the  commander  of  the  enemies  of  the  Vau- 
 dois, and  the  chasm  in  which  he  lost  his  life  was  so  called,  and  is  so  called  ^st.ll 
 
 The  next  inscription  is,  "  Romance,  M.S.  Bible,  Vaudois  Bible,  1535-  T^e 
 Vaudois  from  the  earliest  date  had  in  ihe  Romance  language  manuscript  copies  ot 
 Holv  Scripture  handed  down  from  time  immemorial.  At  the  period  of  the  Ketor- 
 matibn,  at  an  immense  cost  to  these  poor  people,  a  translation  of  'he  Bible  was 
 made  into  French  by  Olivetan,  and  was  the  first  complete  translation  of  the  Bible 
 into  the  French  language. 
 
 IS 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS. 
 
 The  next  sentence  is,  "  Janavel,  Jahier,  1655,"  "Piedmontese  Easter."  Janivel 
 was  one  of  the  most  noted  of  the  Vaudois  leader...  Jahier  was  one  of  his  associate 
 captains.  These  two  me?  with  a  mere  handful  of  Vaudois  held  the  upper  moun- 
 tains of  the  Alps  against  the  combined  armies  of  Savoy  and  France,  commanded 
 by  the  Marquis  of  Piariesse.  Their  defence,  which  has  passed  into  history  as  the 
 "  Wat  of  the  Outlaws,"  presents  a-series  of  exploits  whose  g.illantry  and  success 
 have  made  them  one  of  the  marvels  and  anomalies  of  military  deeds.  The  most 
 extravagant  writers  of  romance  would  hardly  venture  to  ascribe  to  their  heroes 
 such  actions  as  beyond  all  question  were  wrought  ajain  and  again  by  these  men. 
 "  Piedmontese  Easter"  commemorates  the  terrible  massacre  by  the  Roman  soldiers 
 and  volunteers,  whose  horrors  excited  the  sympathy  and  awakened  the  execrations 
 of  universal  Christendom.  After  the  Edict  of  Nantes  and  the  French  Dragon- 
 nades  the  Waldenses  were  visited  by  another  persecution,  which  swept  their  val- 
 leys with  fire  and  sword,  and  scattered  many  thousands  of  them  among  various 
 nations,  principally  Switzerland  and  Germany.  This  event  is  commemorated  in 
 the  sentence,  "  Expulsion,  Exile,  16S6 — 7."  Bene.v.h  this  ii  a  device  commemor- 
 ating "  The  Glorious  Return  " — La  Glorieuse  Rentre — of  the  exiled  Vaudois  to 
 their  native  Alpine  homes  under  Arnaud,  one  of  their  pastors.  In  the  centre  of 
 the  tablet  is  a  white  shield  with  two  young  pine  trees  wreathed  along  the  margins, 
 and  within  the  wreath  the  inscriptions,  "Henry  Arnaud,"  "La  Balsille,  A.D., 
 1689."  This  glorious  return  is  another  of  the  noteworthy  military  achievements 
 of  this  people.  It  repeated  the  exploits  of  the  War  of  the  Outlaws  under  Janavel, 
 and  is  indeed  even  more  famous  than  they.  The  venerable  chief,  Janavel,  who 
 was  too  feeble  to  accompany  the  expedition,  prepared  the  plan  of  operations,  and 
 gave  written  instructions.  Escaping  through  the  Swiss  lines,  and  crossing  Lake 
 Geneva,  a  band  of  several  hundred  men  mounted  the  Alps,  penetrated  the  ranks 
 of  opposing  troops,  and  won  and  held  for  themselves  a  home  amid  their  native 
 valleys  in  the  face  of  great  armies  of  disciplined  troops,  the  united  forces  of  Louis 
 XIV.,  of  France,  and  Victor  Amadeus  II.,  of  Savoy,  commanded  by  the  best  gen- 
 erals of  the  age.  These  troops  were  .again  and  again  defeated  by  Arnaud  and  his 
 men.  "La  B.alsille"  was  one  of  the  Alpine  passes  or  strongholds  at  which  a 
 famous  victory  was  gained.  The  Duke  of  Savoy  at  last  found  it  to  his  interest  to 
 seek  peace,  and  a.sk  the  military  aid  of  his  Vaudois  subjects;  this  they  cheerfully 
 gave,  and  sent  a  regiment  to  the  field. 
 
 On  either  side  of  the  shields  is  an  accurate  imitation  of  the  historic  flag  of  this 
 Vaudois  regiment.  It  is  a  white  field,  interspersed  with  blue  stars,  and  bearing  the 
 motto,  faliitttia  Laesa  Fit  Furor — "  Patience  .abused  turns  to  wrath." 
 
 Beneath  is  a  tablet,  or  scarlet  and  blue  field,  upon  which  are  dates  commemo- 
 rating important  events  in  the  history  of  the  Vaudois,  as  follows :  "  Consistorial 
 Organization,  Napoleon,  A.D.,  1S05,"  "Felix  Neff,  A.D.,  1824,  Gen.  Beck- 
 with."  These  two  gentlemen  were  friends  of  the  modern  Vaudois,  and  very  active 
 in  calling  the  attention  of  European  Christians  to  their  wants,  establishing  schools, 
 hospitals,  etc.,  amongst  them.  "Edict  of  Emancipation,  Charles  Albert,  A.D., 
 184S."  This  was  the  period  at  which  the  Vaudois  became  citizens  of  Italy,  fully 
 enfranchised,  with  all  righu,  civil  and  religious,  amid  the  rejoicings  of  their  c"— 
 
 16 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS. 
 
 liymen,  which  were  participated  in  even  by  many  of  their  Roman  Catholic  neigh- 
 bors and  friends. 
 
 Beneath  this  tablet  15  the  following  quotation  from  Milton's  famous  sonnet  upon 
 the  Waldensians : — 
 
 *'  Thy  slaughtered  saints,  whose  bones 
 Lie  scattered  on  the  Alpine  mountains  cold, — 
 Even  they  who  kept  thy  truth  so  pure  of  old, 
 When  all  our  fathers  worshiped  stocks  and  scones." 
 
 FRANCE'S   COLUMN. 
 
 The  top  of  the  French  column  is  a  large  shield,  with  a  blue  field,  covered  with 
 golden  Jitur  de  lis  (lilies),  the  floral  emblem  of  France.  In  the  centre  is  the  seal 
 of  the  Reformed  Church  of  France.  The  design  is  a  burning  bush,  somewhat 
 resembling  that  of  Scotland,  with  the  name,  in  Hebrew  characters,  of  Jehovah, 
 across  the  flame.  The  motto  is,  Flagror  non  Consumer — "I  am  burned,  but  not 
 consumed."  The  legend  on  the  scroll  is,  S  Synodi  Ecclcsiis  in  Gallia  Refor- 
 matis — "Seal  of  the  Synod  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  Gall"  (France).  A  large 
 band  below  the  shield  bears  the  name.  Huguenots,  the  historic  title  of  the  Presby- 
 terians of  France.  Beneath  this,  in  a  large  branched  circle,  is  the  name  of 
 "  Coligni,"  divided  by  a  shield  bearing  his  coat-of-arms,  which  is  a  single  eagle  in 
 silver.  Coligni  was  the  famous  Admiral  of  France,  who  so  successfully  and  fre- 
 quently led  the  armies  of  the  Huguenots,  and  who  perished  at  the  massacre  of  St. 
 Bartholomew.  The  St.  Bartholomew  massacre,  that  unparalleled  scene  of  perfidy 
 and  blood-shed,  commenced  at  Paris,  August  24th.,  1 572,  and  thence  swept  over 
 the  chief  parts  of  France.  The  Huguenot  nobles  had  assembled  in  large  num- 
 bers at  the  metropolis  to  attend  the  festivities  upon  the  marriage  of  Prince  Henry, 
 of  Navarre  (afterwards  Henry  IV.),  and  Margaret,  of  Valois,  daughter  of  Catha- 
 rine de  VIedici,  and  sister  of  the  king.  King  Charles  IX.,  instigated  by  his 
 mother,  gave  the  order  for  the  massacre.  The  Huguenots,  caressed  and  lulled 
 asleep  by  royal  oaths,  were  taken  unawares  and  inhumanly  butchered,  with  a  view 
 to  their  entire  extirpation.  Sully  estimated  that  70,000  were  massacred  in  eight 
 days.  The  Pope  signified  his  joy  and  approbation  by  appointing  a  day  of  jubilee, 
 causing  frescoes  of  the  horrible  scenes  to  be  painted  in  the  Cistine  Chapel,  and  by 
 striking  a  commemorative  medal. 
 
 Beneath  this  is  a  small  tablet,,  bearing  the  name,  "  Ivr^',"  the  scene  of  the 
 Huguenot  victory,  which  has  been  so  beautifully  sung  by  Macaulay.  A  cruciform 
 tablet  underneath  bears  the  sentences :  "  Seventy  Thousand  Huguenot  Mar- 
 tyrs," "  St.  Bartholomew's  Day,  A. D.,  1572,"  "Five  Hundred  Thousand  Exiles, 
 A.D.,  1685."  A  golden  crown  is  above,  and  a  crown  of  laurel  beneath  the  sen- 
 tences. 1685  was  the  period  of  the  Dragonnades,  when  Louis  XIV.  revoked  the 
 Edict  of  Nantes,  and  banished  great  multiiudes  of  his  Protestant  subjects,  many  of 
 whom  came  to  this  country.  The  tablet  beneath  this  bears,  on  a  blue  field,  the  fol- 
 lowing names  :  "  Lefevre,"  "  Berquin,"  "  Calvin,"  "  Olivetan,"  "  Margaret  of 
 Valois."  The  last  was  the  sister  of  Francis  I.,  a  warm  Protestant  herself. 
 "Clement  Marot,"  the  author   of  the  Hnguenot    Psalms;"   "Jeanne    D'Albert, 
 
 »7 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS. 
 
 Queen  of  Navarre,"   the   mother  of  Henry  IV. ;  "  Prince  of  Conde  ;"  "  Theodore 
 de  Beze  ;"  "  Palissy,  the  Potter." 
 
 Upon  a  crimson  tablet  beneath  is  written,  "  Synod  Re-assembled,  A.D.,  1872," 
 marking  the  meeting  of  the  Reformed  Synod  under  Government  sanction  after  two 
 centuries  of  suppression. 
 
 SWITZERLAND'S   COLUMN. 
 
 The  ne.xt  column  is  dedicated  to  Switzerland,  one  of  the  great  centres  of  the 
 Reformation.  The  large  shield  above  has  a  scarlet  field,  the  colors  of  Switzerland, 
 in  the  centre  of  which,  in  a  large  circle,  is  the  seal  of  the  Reformed  Church  of 
 Geneva.  The  device  is  a  shield,  bearing  in  its  quarterings  on  one  side  a  golden 
 key,  and  on  the  other,  a  crowned  single  eagle,  in  blue,  on  a  gold  field.  Above  is 
 a  radiant  sun,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  the  monogram,  "J.  H.  S." — Jesus 
 Homimun  Salvator — "  Jesus,  the  Saviour  of  Men."  Above  is  the  motto.  Post 
 Tenebras  Lux — "After  darkness,  light  !'*  .A.  wreath  of  oak  and  olive  is  below 
 the  arms.     This  is  both  the  cantonal  and  ecclesiastical  symbol  of  Geneva. 
 
 Underneath  the  shield  is  a  large,  branched,  circular  tablet  inscribed  to  Calvin, 
 the  great  theologian  of  the  Reformed  Churches.  The  circle  bears  his  seal,  which 
 is  a  hand  holding  a  heart.  T''is  device  is  worked  in  gold,  upon  a  scarlet  field. 
 Above  it  is  the  motto,  Mettm  Tibi  Offtro,  Domine — "  I  offer  my  heart  to  Thee, 
 O  God."  Beneath  it  is  another  motto  of  Calvin's,  Prompte  et  Sincere — 
 *'  Promptly  and  earnestly." 
 
 Beneath  this  is  a  tablet  to  Zwisgli,  the  great  Reformer  of  Zurich.  It  bears  his 
 coat-of-arms,  which  is  a  shield  in  black  and  gold,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  a  broad 
 ring ;  his  name  is  written  on  either  side.  Pendent  to  this  on  the  tablet  beneath  is 
 a  large  oval,  which  bears  the  seal  of  the  Church  of  Zurich.  The  device  is  a  pulpit 
 supporting  an  open  Bible.  At  the  base  of  the  pulpit  is  a  shield  in  blue  and  silver, 
 without  any  heraldic  device,  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  Canton  of  Zurich.  The  scroll 
 surrounding  the  device  reads:  Kirchenrath  des  Canton  Zu.ich — 'The  Presby- 
 tery of  the  Canton  of  Zurich."  Arranged  on  each  side  of  the  shield  are  the 
 following  names  :  "  Farel,"  "  Olivetan,"  "  Ritter,"  "  CEcolampadius,"  "  Haller," 
 "  Viret,"  all  of  them  eminent  Swiss  Reformers.  A  tablet  below  bears  the  names 
 of  a  number  of  distinguished  Swiss  theologians,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  the 
 name,  "  Knox,"  as  John  Knox  was  once  a  pastor  at  Geneva.  The  names  are  as 
 follows  :  "  Pictet,"  "  Turretin,"  "  Lavater,"  "  Buxtorf,"  "  Knox,"  '<  Wettstein," 
 "Osterwald,"  "  D'Augbigne,"  "  Mustin,"  "  Ruchat." 
 
 HtraOARY's  COLUMN. 
 The  next  column  is  dedicated  to  Hungary.  The  large  shield  atop  bears  the 
 arms  of  Hungary,  and  in  the  centre  is  the  large  circular  seal  of  the  Reformed 
 Church  of  the  Superintendency  of  Debreczen.  The  device  upon  the  shield  repre- 
 sents our  Lord's  baptism.  The  Saviour  is  represented  as  standing  in  the  stream, 
 while  the  Baptist,  kneeling  upon  the  bank  above,  baptizes  him  by  profusion.  On 
 the  opposite  side  is  the  Agnus  Dei,  and  just  above,  upon  the  bank,  a  clump  of 
 trees,  behind  which,  in  the  distance,  is  a  lion  in  retreat,  representing  the  fleeing  of 
 
 18 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS. 
 
 Satan  from  the  presence  of  the  Lord.  A  dove  from  above  descends  upon  the  per- 
 son of  our  Saviour.  The  scroll  bears  the  words,  A  Helv  Ilitv  Tiszanturli 
 Egyhazkerukt  Pecseie — "  The  Seal  of  the  Helvetic  Confession,  Superintendency 
 beyond  the  (river)  Tisza." 
 
 Upon  a  large,  square,«branched  tablet  beneath  is  the  seal  of  the  Reformed 
 College  of  Debreckzen.  The  device  is  an  ancient  one,  being  a  closed  Bible,  upon 
 the  back  of  which  is  inscribed,  in  Hebrew  characters,  the  name,  "  Jehovah."  A 
 hand  holding  a  pen  is  represented  as  writing  the  characters  upon  the  book.  The 
 motto  arranged  above  and  beneath  i«,  Orando  et  Laborando — "  By  praying  and 
 working."  On  either  side  of  this  tablet  are  the  names,  "  Matthias  Devay,"  the 
 great  Reformer  of  Hungary,  and  "  Steven  Szegedin,"  the  great  theologian.  A 
 tablet  beneath  bears  the  names  of  distinguished  divines  and  magnates  who  were 
 historic  in  the  Reformation  days.  The  names  are  as  follows  :  "  Grynaeus,"  "  De 
 Kalmance,"  "  Count  Nadasday,"  "  Count  Perenyi,"  "Count  Peter  Petrovich." 
 
 The  next  inscription  commemorates  the  issue  of  the  first  Hungarian  "New- 
 Testament  translated  by  John  Sylvestre.  That  which  follows  marks  an  important 
 example  of  the  covenanting  scenes  so  characteristic  of  the  Reformation  in  Scot- 
 land, which  occurred  at  the  fortress  and  town  of  Eriau,  belonging  to  the  Perenyi 
 family.  "Sylvestre,  Hungarian  New  Testament,  A.D.,  1671,"  "Covenant  of 
 Erlau,  A.D.,  1562."  Hungary  in  the  Reformation  days  was  almost  entirely 
 Protestant.  At  one  time  all  the  magnates  of  the  empire,  except  three  families, 
 were  devoted  Reformers.  The  Protestant  Church  is  now  quite  numerous,  number- 
 ing at  least  one  million  of  Lutherans  and  two  millions  of  Presbyterians. 
 
 A  tablet  beneath  bears  the  following  inscriptions  : — "  Helvetic  Confession, 
 Ezenger,  A.D.,  1558."  The  Helvetic  Confession  is  the  creed  or  confession  held 
 by  the  Hungarians.  The  following  dates  also  appear:  "Peace  of  Vienna,  A.D., 
 1606,"  "  Peace  of  Linz,  A.D.,  1645,"  "  Edict  of  Toleration,  October  27,  1781." 
 The  Peace  of  Vienna  arrested  the  persecutions  of  Emperor  Rudolph  H.,  who  was 
 compelled  by  the  Botskay  insurrection  and  the  threatening  Turks  to  conciliate  his 
 Protestant  subjects  by  setting  aside  the  decrees  enacted  against  them,  and  grant- 
 ing them  liberty  of  conscience.  Ferdinand  HL,  instigated  by  the  Roman  hierar- 
 chy, renewed  the  outrages  of  Rudolph,  and  was  opposed  by  Prince  Rakotzy, 
 supported  by  France  and  Sweden.  The  issue  was  the  Peace  of  Linz,  the  second 
 pillar  of  the  rights  and  freedom  of  the  Protestant  Church  in  Hungary.  Complete 
 religious  liberty  was  thus  secured.  With  characteristic  disregard  of  faith,  these 
 treaties  were  continually  broken  during  the  next  century,  until  the  Hungarian 
 Church  had  been  brought  to  the  very  verge  of  ruin.  No  opportunity  of  crushing 
 the  Protestants  had  been  passed  by,  until  their  Church  was  reduced  to  a  state  of 
 abject  slavery,  receiving  fewer  privileges  than  were  accorded  to  the  Israelites.  A 
 deliverer  arose  in  Emperor  Joseph  H.,  who  issued  the  Edict  of  Toleration,  and 
 restored  many  of  the  privileges  of  Protestants.  But  the  spirit  of  Papacy  survived, 
 and  during  the  present  century  many  bitter  trials  fell  to  the  Hungarian  Protestants. 
 Those  which  preceded  and  followed  the  revolution  of  184S  are  well-known 
 among  us  through  the  appeals  of  Governor  Kossuth.  To-day  under  the  Austro- 
 Hungarian  Empire  the  Church  enjoys  great  freedom. 
 
 19 
 
HISTORIC  DECORA  TIONS. 
 
 COLUMN   OF   BOHEMIA  AND   MORAVIA. 
 
 The  next  column  is  that  of  Bohemia  and  Moravia.  The  top  shield  bears  the 
 coat-of-arms,  on  one  side,  of  Bohemia ;  on  the  other,  that  of  Moravia.  The 
 Bohemian  coat  is  a  rampant  lion,  in  silver,  upon  a  scarlet  field  ;  the  Moravian,  an 
 eafle,  checkered  scarlet  and  silver,  on  a  blue  field.  In  the  centre  is  an  oval, 
 bearing  the  seal  of  the  Church  of  Bohemia,  which  is  a  cup  standing  upon  a  Bible, 
 and  a  palm  branch  laid  at  the  foot.  The  legend  is,  Ev  Ref  Kolinskc  Pecet 
 Cirkve — "  Seal  of  the  Evangelical  Reformed  Church  of  Kolinske."  The  motto 
 is  the  now  familiar :  Vtritas  Omnia  Vincet — Truth  conquers  all  things !  The 
 seal  from  which  the  copy  was  made  was  that  of  a  local  congregation,  the  only  one 
 to  be  obtained  at  the  time.  A  band  beneath  bears  the  name,  "  Hussites,"  and  un- 
 derneath this  is  a  favorite  device  of  the  Bohemian  people.  It  represents  a  dove 
 fieeini^  before  a  thunder  storm,  out  of  which  a  lightning  bolt  falls,  to  the  shadows 
 of  a  rock,  into  whose  recesses  the  dove  seeks  refuge.  The  motto  above  is,  Hac  ah 
 Hoste  Tula  Post  Tt — "  Hither  safe  from  the  tnemy  pursuing."  In  Bohemian 
 characters  upon  the  base  of  the  rock  is  inscribed  the  text,  "  And  that  rock  was 
 Christ."  On  a  broad,  blue  band  beneath  is  the  name,  Taborites,  the  title  given 
 to  the  Reformed  party  among  the  Bohemians,  so  called  from  Mount  Tabor,  a 
 rocky  fortress  at  which  they  established  their  headquarters.  Beneath  this  is  a 
 tab'et  to  "Jerome  of  Prague."  Underneath  this  is  the  inscription,  "  Geneiel  John 
 Zisca,  the  Invincible,  A.D.,  1360-1424.  Wagenburg."  Beneath  these  are 
 crossed  two  ecclesiastical  flags  of  Bohemia.  One  is  made  of  white  bunting,  bear- 
 ing a  scarlet  silken  cup  ;  the  otherofscarlet  bunting,  bearing  a  yellow  cup.  Zisca 
 wa-s  the  blind  general  who  won  every  battle  in  which  he  was  engaged,  and  who 
 for  years  successfully  opposed  the  forces  of  Sigismand,  who  sought  to  destroy  the 
 liberties  and  religion  of  Bohemia.  The  name,  Wagenburg,  or  wagon-fort,  indi- 
 cates a  favorite  mode  of  defence  with  Zisca,  viz.  :  to  construct  breastworks  for  his 
 troops  of  the  army  baggage  wagons.  A  large,  red  tablet  underneath  bears  the  fol- 
 lowing inscription :  "Johannes  Hus,  born,  A.D.,  1373,  Exustus  non  Convictus, 
 July  6th,  A.D.,  1415."  The  Latin  quotation  is  the  remark  of  Erasmus  upon  John 
 Huss's  conviction — "  Burnt,  but  not  Convicted." 
 
 SPAIN'S  COLUMN. 
 The  large  shield  over  the  gallerj-  on  the  north  side  was  appropriated  to  Spain. 
 It  bears  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  Spanish  kingdom,  and  upon  it  the  seal  of  the 
 Spanish  Reformed  Church,  which  is  precisely  that  of  the  Church  of  Scotland^ 
 the  burning  bush,  and  the  motto,  Kic  Tamtn  Consumebatur.  The  legend  is. 
 Commission  Permanent/:  Iglesia  Cristiana  Espanola — "  Permanent  Commission 
 of  the  Christian  Church  of  Spain." 
 
 PROSCENIUM   decorations. 
 
 On  the  proscenium  end  of  the  hall,  on  the  north  side,  is  a  very  large  frame 
 
 (eight  and  one-half  feet  high,  by  seven  and  one-half  feet  wide),  bearing  the  seal  of 
 
 the  Westminster  General  Assembly  of  Divines.     The  device  is  an  open  Bible,  upon 
 
 the  pages  of  which  is  written, "  The  Word  of  God."     A  palm  wreath  surrounds 
 
 JO 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS. 
 
 this,  and  the  scroll  is,  "  Seale  for  Approbation  of  Ministers."  This  seal  was  pro- 
 cured from  the  British  Museum,  the  copy  being  made  from  a  stamped  impressiou 
 sent  to  the  Committee,  and  is  of  great  historic  interest. 
 
 On  the  opposite  side,  in  a  similar  space,  above  the  stage  door,  is  a  corresponding 
 frame,  bearing  the  emblem  of  the  Council.  This  is  a  golden  candle-stick  sur- 
 rounded by  a  wreath  above  composed  of  the  floral  emblems  of  various  nations 
 represented  in  the  Council,  viz.:  the  thistle,  Scotland ;  rose,  England ;  shamrock, 
 Ireland ;  fleur  de  lis,  France ;  corn-flower,  or  kaiserbloom,  Germany ;  lily  and 
 thorns,  Holland;  bunch  of  berries,  Hungary;  leek,  Wales;  palm,  Bohemia; 
 maple  tri-foil,  Canada ;  pine  leaves  and  cone,  America.* 
 
 Beneath  the  wreath  is  the  motto,  Lampades  Miiltcc,  Una  Lux—"  The  lamps 
 are  many,  but  the  light  is  one."  On  the  scroll  the  inscription  is,  "  General  Council 
 of  Churches  holding  the  Presbyterian  System.f 
 
 In  the  centre  of  the  proscenium  are  two  frames.  The  upper  one  is  the  seal  of 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  of  America.  The  device  is  a  serpent  (in  gold)  upon  a 
 pole,  referring  to  the  brazen  serpent  upheld  in  the  wilderness  camp  of  Israel. 
 Above  this  is  a  wreath  of  the  floral  emblems  of  all  nations,  signifying  the  fact  that 
 the  Presbyterian  Church  in  America  has  been  composed  of  members  from  all  the 
 Reformed  Churches  of  Europe.  The  motto  beneath  the  serpent  is,  Christus 
 Ln-aius,  Salvator—"  Christ  upUft-d,  the  Saviour."^  A  ribbon  beneath  bears  the 
 motto,  Vox  Clamantis  in  Dtsirto,—"  A  voice  crying  in  the  wilderness,"— which 
 signifies  the  position  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  as  a  missionary  Church  in  the 
 unsettled  wilderness  of  America.?  Beneath  this,  in  an  oval  frame,  is  the  coat-of- 
 arms  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia,  with  her  motto,  Philadelphia  Maneto,  the  Greek 
 original  of  the  command,  "  Let  brotherly  love  continue." 
 
 From  the  sides  of  the  proscenium,  streamers  of  bunting  in  white,  blue,  orange, 
 and  scarlet,  bear,  in  the  following  order,  the  following  mottoes  :— 
 
 1.  "We  being  many  are  one  body  in  Christ,  and  every  one  members  one  of 
 another."     Rom.  xii.  5. 
 
 2  "  He  called  the  Elders  ♦  ♦  *  and  said,  *  *  *  Take  heed  therefore  unto 
 yourselves,  and  to  all  the  flock  over  which  the  Holy  Ghost  has  made  you  Over- 
 seers "  The  quotation  is  from  Paul's  address  to  the  Elders  of  Ephesus.  The 
 words  "Elders"  ( Presbuterous  in  the  Greek),  and  "Overseers"  (Episcopous  m 
 Greek),  are  in  red  letters,  to  emphasize  the  fact  that  Presbyters  and  Bishops  are 
 in  Scripture  one  order. 
 
 "".This  list  caunol  cla.m  to  b=  entirely  accurate,  and  is  open  to  correction.  Much  pains, 
 however,  was  taken  to  make  it  correct,  and  the  writer  would  be  gratified  if  these  floral  emblems 
 could  be  authoritatively  determined.  ...       1,1  ~  „f  .»,• 
 
 +  This  emblem  cannot  be  called  a  "seal,"  nor  be  received  as  the  authorized  emblem  of  the 
 Alliance.  The  Committee  found  the  "  lamp"  in  use,  by  consent  of  some  of  the  officers  of  the  last 
 Council,  and  made  it  the  central  point  of  the  above  device,  for  which,  thus  far,  they  alone  are 
 
 TThf  wr'eath  and  motto  are  additions  of  the  Committee.  The  sea!  of  the  American  Church  is 
 simply  the  serpent  as  here  shown,  and  the  legend  around  it  is,  "Trustees  General  Assembly  Pres- 
 
 byterian  Church."  .        v„„  ,  t,„nrite 
 
 \  This  motto  was  used  at  the  Ter-centenary  Celebration  in  ,87,,  and  has  smce  been  a  &vor>Ve 
 motto,  as  it  happily  expresses  our  Home  Missionary  history  and  character. 
 
 at 
 
HISTORIC  DECORATIONS. 
 
 3.  The  next  streamer  bears  two  quotations  from  the  Westminster  Confession,  as 
 follows:  "There  is  no  other  head  of  the  Church  but  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ." 
 "  God  alone  is  Lord  of  the  conscience." 
 
 4.  The  final  streamer  reads :  "  Buil»  upon  the  foundation  of  the  apostles  and 
 prophets,  Jesus  Christ  himself  being  the  chief  corner  stone." 
 
 The  streamers  stretch  from  the  sides  of  the  proscenium  to  the  central  seals.  , 
 
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