T^ /i-- -2^ m * ^ ALUMNI LIBRARY, THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, # / > *^ r- !^ ,.A ■J' M I w an <»■*; % T H £ HI STORY 0 F ARI A NI S By M. MA t M B 0 U RG; SHEWING Its Influence upon Civil Affairs: And the Caufes of the Diflblution of the Roman Empire. VOL. II. LONDON, Printed by W. Roberts on Lambeth-hill^ 1725^. ^ ".■x«t, ,, .'■^^ -1 i : ■> ■-■: ". .'.'T, ■'-. tiri rf f%(il J ■rJ&r..-3- ., 3n3 n^nvi T O The Reverend Dr. GO DO L PHIN, Provost of Eaton^j who, though eminent for his many excellent Quahties^ and valuable A^Sions, has yet made it the dijl'mguijlnng Glory of his Charafter, that, in an Age when the DIVINITY of our BLESSED SAVIOUR has been vigoroufly oppofed, its Enemies encouraged, and its Advocates difcountenanced, he has conftantly fhewn a particular Zeal for That moft important Article of Faithy This HISTORY O F Arianifm and Socintanifm Is addrefTed, with the utmoft Relped, by His mofi OhediM Humhle Ser^ant^ JF. WEBSTER. m fi'h;^!:^ Kj iiA •?;'^^34i*^ Tji'^viii'^ *s-!^ ^m r^V If^*" bf^-sit^'j'-^^^ *^^ THE "•^■>''»irrFi"VTi PRE F A C E. nvitb a 1072Z o Will not trouble the Reader ^ith Preface to a Work already njery large ^ butt in ju^ke to my felf, I am obliged to give fome Account of the Undertakingy and of the Execution of it. The Tranjlation of MaimbourgV Hijtory of Arianifoi 'was undertaken, and begun by Dr. Herlierr, the Perfon But there is another more material OhjeBion 'which it concerns Me alone to anf'wer. When I frjl deli'vered out Propofals, I undertook to gi've an Account ( hy - 'way of Ap* pendix ) of the EngliQi Writers in the Socinian and Arian Controuerjies. Promifes of This kind ought as religioufly to he regarded as any others -, hut, like all others, they are 7iot bindinrt to Tmpojfibilities, or in fuch Injiances 'where it 7nay reafonably be prefumed that the perfons, to 'whom they are made, 'would not in^ upon the performance of them. This I apprehend to he my Cafe \ I (hall fairly flate it, and fubmit my felf to the Opinion of the Pub lick. lk%en I ga'ue out Thofe Propofals, I did not forefee the length of the iVork, or the great Diffculty of getting Encouragement to PREFACE. to it. But the Exfence having already fo much exceeded my ExpeBation, by an Enlargement of the Hijioryy ami the number of Subfcribers falling fo much belong it, I did not think it mjould be expeSfed by my Friends that I fhould in- jure my own Circumftances, only to gratify their Cii- As to the Hijlory it felf, I Jhall lea5|?;o?tSTV OF -^ "'"'^^'t'VvWVvv*-*'*'*^ THE NAMES O F T H E SUBSCRIBERS. A NSLEY, Efq; The Reverend Mr. Addenbroke. Mr. James Allen, Jun. The Reverend Mr. Fifield Allen. Simon Aris, Efq-, The Reverend Mr. Arnold. The Reverend A. D. Altham. The Reverend Mr. Altham. The Reverend Mr. Atherton. B The Reverend Mr. Broome. Mr. Betty, Fellow of Exeter Col- lege, Ozon. The ReverendMr. Batty,Le6turer of St. Dunftans in theWcft, Lend. The Reverend Mr. Betty, Re^or of Yardley in Northampton- fiiire. Captain Beckford. Mr. Samuel Baldwyn, Gent. John Bamber, M. D. The Reverend William Berry- man, D. D. The Reverend Mr. Blackwell. The Reverend Thomas Bifs,!?. D. William Bunbury, Efg^ Sir John Brown, Bart. Mr. Thomas Bigg. The Reverend Dr. Broderick. James Burrough, Efq^ The Reverend Mr. Thomas Bur- rough. John Burford, M. A. Richard Brockas, Efqj Alderman of London. The Reverend Mr. Tho. Brough- ton. The Reverend Tho. Bray, D, D. The Reverend Mr. Baglhaw. James Bon wick, Efq; Mr. Thomas Beefley. John Belfield, Elq^ Serjca:it at Law. The Reverend Mr. Burfon. The Reverend Mr. Brad}^ The Reverend Mr. Ballard. ^ The The Names of the S u The Reverend Mr. Beecher. Mr. Thoinas Bradburj. The Right Reverend Dr. Brad- ford, Lord Bifhop of Carlifle. The Right Reverend Dr. Brown, Lord Bifliop of Cork. The Reverend Mr. Brown of Richmond. Mr. Jofeph Brown. The Honourable James Bertie, Efq^ Bluett, Efq-, Baliol-CoUege Library, Oxon. Brazen-Nofe-College, Oion. The WorQiipful Dr. Butler, Vice- Chan eel I or. Robert Bogg, fen. Efq^ The Honourable Governor Ben- net. The Reverend Mr. Birchett,A.M. Charles Brumpfted, Efq^ The Reverend Dr. Bland, Dean of Durham. BSCRIBERS. Mr. Serjeant Chappel. The Reverend Mr. Capper. Mr. Henry Crifp. The Reverend Mr, Casbard. The Right Honourable the Lord Colerane. The Honourable Mr. Baron Cum- ^mins. The Honourable Mr. BaronCarter. The Reverend Mr. Tho. Cafe . Qiieen's-College, Cambridge. ^ , John Conybeare, D. D. The Reverend Mr. Coliere, Vicar of Ifleworth in Mid'dlefe:^, and Minifter of Richmond in Surry. The Reverend Mr. Robert Carle- ton, Dean of Cork. The Reverend Mr. Cox of Baliol College, Oxon. Chrift-Church Librarjr, Qxpn. Abraham Crop, Efq •, Hamburgh- Merchant. The Reverend Dr. Cockman, Ma- tter of Univerfity-CoUegejOxon. Mr. Thomas Coxeter. Mr. Cornelius. The Right Reverend Dr. Chan- dler, Lord Bilhop of Lichfield and Coventry. Mr. Samuel Clarke. Sir John Chefhier, primier Ser- jeant. Caius-College in Cambridge. Abraham Clarke, L. L.B. William Campbell, M. A. Thomas Caldicot, Efq; Sir John Chefter, Bart. Francis Child, Efq-, Alderman of London. D Dodd, M.D. Mr.'Danfie. Mr. James Dobfon. The Reverend Dr. Dunne. The Honourable Mr, Juftice Den- ton. The Reverend Dr. Davis, Mafter of QueenVCollege, Cambridge- Mrs. Dubois. Mr. Peter Delabertauche, Thomas Dubiflbn, Efq-, The Reverend Mr.Edgely. The Right Honourable the Lord Chief- Juftice Eyre. The The Names of the S The Right Honourable the Earl of Eullon. John Evans, M. A. Emanu el-Col lege, Cambridge. John Eiiifon, Gent. Mr. Richard Efdaile. Mr. Charles Egerton. Edward Edliii, Efq; Exeter-College Library. The Reverend Mr, Edmunds, Fel- low of Oriel, Oxon. John Edton, Efq- Receiver-Gene^ ral of the Firft Fruits. The Right Honourable the Lord Auguftus Fitz-Rojr. The Right Honourable the Lord- Charles Fiiz-Roy. The Honourable Charles Fitz- Roy, Efqj The Honourable and Reverend Mr. Finch. The Honourable John Finch, Efqj Thomas Folks, Efq^ of Bur3^ Mr. Flw3'-d. Mr. Fowler. John Fuller, Efq-, The Reverend Dr. Finlay. The Honourable Mr. Juftice For- tefcue. Richard Ferrier, Efq^ The Reverend Dr. Foulks, Canon ofChrift-Church. Henry Fleetcroft, Efq; G His Grace the Duke of Grafton. The Right Honourable the Lord Vifcount Gage. tJBSCRlBERS. The Right Reverend Dr. Edmund Gibfon, Lord Bifhop of Lon- don. Edward Gibbon, Efq^ The Reverend A. D, Gooch. The Reverend Mr. Gregman. The Reverend Mr. Gooding. The Reverend Mr. Greenawaj''. Mr. John Gafcoyne. Mr. Jofeph Gafcoyne. Mr. Crifp Gafcoyne. Mr. Benjamin Gafcoyne. The Right Honourable John Lord Gower. Edward Galloway, Efq; Thomas Gape, Efq; Robert Gallant, M. B. The Reverend Mr. William Green- wa}'", A. M. late Vice-Principal of Hart-Hall, Oxon. Mr. Henry Goodare. Mrs. Martha Grigfon. Mr. James Gafcoigne. The Reverend Mr. George, A. M* Mr, John Gregory. H The Reverend Mr. Hollier. Mr. St. Hill, Surgeon. Thomas Herdman, Gent, The Reverend Dr. Hutchinfon. The Reverend Dr. Husbands. . Robert Karris, Gent. The Right Worfhipful Humphrey Henchman, L. L. L. Chancellor of London. Hull, Efq; , John Higden, Gent. The Reverend Winch Holfworth, D. D. Fellow of St. John's Col- lege, Oxon, '^ 2 The The Nitmes of the S The Reverend Dr. Hayward. The Honourable Edward Harley, Mr. Serjeant Hawkins. Henry Hoare, Efq-, Mr. Benjamin Hoare. The Honourable Mr. Baron Hales. Mr. Benjamin Hall, Principal of Clifford's-Inn. Mr. John Heigharn. Mr. Middleton Howard. Mr. John Hook. The Reverend Mr. Hodges. The Worlhipful and Reverend Mr. Haywood, Reftor of Ham in Wiltfhire. Mr. Horacius Herdman. Charles Hayes, Efq^ James Horn, Efq-, UBSCRIBERS, L Thomas Lewis, M. D. The Reverend Mr. Land. Barth. Lay ton, Efq^ Richard Lehunt, Y.ijq-^ The Reverend Mr. Lehunt. The Reverend Dr. Lambert, Ma^ fter of St. John's College, Cam- bridge. The Reverend Mr. Leek. The Reverend Mr. Luck. The Right Reverend Dr. Leng, late Lord Bilhop of Norwich. The Reverend Dr. Leigh. The Reverend Mr. Lyfon, B. IX Re£tor of Longworth, Berks. John Lawfon, Efqj Mr. Ifaac Lacam. The Reverend Mr. Jenks. The Reverend Mr. Jackfon of Ire- land. The Reverend Mr. James. Mr. William Jackfon of South- wark. William James, Efq^ St. John's College, Cambridge. St. John's College, Oxen. K The Reverend Mr. Knapp. The Rev. Dr. Kenrick, Chaplain to the Houfe of Commons. John Kerrich, M. D. The Reverend Mr. King. Abel Kettleby, Efq^ King's College, Cambridge. M The Reverend Mr. Maid, Dean of Cloy ne. The Rev. Thomas Macro, D. D. The Reverend Ralph Macro, D. D. The Reverend Mr. Medlicot. Mr. Peter Moullon. The Rev. ^ Dr. ^ Middleton, Prin- cipal Librarian of Cambridge. The Reverend Dr. Middleton, LefturerofSt. Brides, London. Mr John Markham» Richard Mawrice, Efq^ George MetcafF, Efq^ The Reverend Dr. Marfhal]. The Reverend Mr. Morgan. The Reverend John Micklebo- rough, M. A. The Reverend Dr. Mawfon. The Reverend Mr. Munniugs. Mr. Benjamin Marriot. The The Names of the S The Reverend Mr. Maffey. Motte, M. D. The Reverend Dr. Mather, Prin- cipal of Corpus Chrifti College, Oxon. Stephen Mitford, Efq^ Mr. Charles Matthews. N The Honourable General Nichol- fon. The Reverend Dr. Nichols, Vicar of Cripplegate. Thomas Norclifi; Efq^ The Reverend Mr. Newcomen. The Reverend Mr. Needen. Martin Noell of Barbadoes, Efq; O D.D. UlBSCRIBERS. The Honourable Thomas Pel- ham, Efq: The Reverend Dr. Pardo, Princi- pal of Jefus College, Oxon. The Right Honourable the Lord Chief Baron Pengelly. The Reverend Mr. Pigge. Thomas Popham, Efqj of New College. William Phipps, Efq; Mr. James Pringle. The Reverend Mr. Queftion, Fel- low Df Exeter College, Oxon. The Rev. Edward Owen, Oriel-College Library. The Reverend Mr. Osborne, A.B. The Reverend Dr. Pelling. The Honourable Mr. Juftice Price. Grimbalfton Pauncefort, Efq^ The Reverend Mr. Pretty. The Reverend Mr. Parker. Mr. Jolhua Pocock. Thomas Philips, Efq^ Francis Pemberton, Efq^ Mr. William Plaxton. Peterhoufe-College, Cambridge. Mr Philips. Powis of Shrewsbury, Efq-, Mich. Perry, Efq-, Alderman of London. R The Reverend Dr. Rundel, Pre- bendary of Durham. The late Reverend Dr. Rogers. The Right Honourable the Lord Chief Juftice Raymond. The Honourable Mr. Juftice Rey- nolds. Samuel Robinfon, Efq- The Reverend Mr. Rider. Mr. Ravenfcroft, Jun. The Reverend Mr. Rullel, Arch- Deacon of Cork. The Reverend Mr. James Ram (}^ Edward Riggs, E% of Berks. William Robinfon, Efq^ Mrs. Reynolds. The Right Reverend Dr. Sher- lock, Lord Bifhop of Bangor. The Worihipful Exton Sayer, L. L. L. Thomas Skeffington, Efq; The The Names of the S The Reverend Mr. Slater. John Stillingfleet, Gent. Lewis Scaweii, Efq^ The Reverend Dean Stanl/. Mr. Southwell. Humphrey Sejdenham, Efq; The Reverend Mr. Sherlock. The Reverend Mr. Spateman, The Reverend Mr. Stebbing. Robert Simpfon, Efq^ The Reverend Dr. Snape, Provoft of King's College, Cambridge. The Reverend Rowland Simp- fon, B. D, The Reverend Dr. Savage, Ma- tter of Emanuel College, -Cam- bridge. BrereclifF Stonehewer, Gent. The Reverend Dr. Smyth. The Reverend Mr. JoihuaSm^'th. John Savil, Efq^ The Reverend Mr. Soley. The Reverend Mr. Sitwell. Mr. Shepheard, T. T. C. Oxon. The Reverend Mr. Somerville. Harry Sidney, Efq^ Mrs. Elizabeth Staggins. Dr. Alexander Stuart. Mr. John Stevens. Mr. James Smith, The Reverend Dr. Thompfon. The Reverend Mr. Trebeck. Mr. John Turner. Mr. Try an. Mr. Thornton. William Taylor, Efg^ UBSCRIBERS. Jofeph Taylor, Efq-, Mr. Thomas Templeman, late of St. Burjr. Tho Tucke, M. A. Fellow of Gon- vile and Caius College, Cam- bridge. Trinity-College Library. The Reverend Dr. Thiftlewayte, Warden of Wadham College, Oxon. Samuel Tufnell, Efq^ Do£tor George Turner. The Reverend Mr. Thackeray, A. M. The Reverend Dr. Vernon. Bowater Vernon, Efq; Math. Vernon, Gent. Jafper Verchild, Efq^ The Reverend Mr. Venn. Edward Ventrefs, Efq^ W The Reverend Dr. Wynn. The Reverend Dr. Waterland. Sir Tho. Webfter. Mr. Richard Webfter. Mr. Anthony Webfter. William Woolball, Gent. The Reverend Mr. Williams, B. D. Mr. CaveWifeman. Thomas AVatts, Efq^ Mr. William Watts. The Reverend Mr. Wroughton. The Reverend Mr. Wheatley. William The Names of the S William Wickham, Efq^ The Reverend Dr. Warren. The Reverend Mr. Woolin, Fel- low of Oriel, Oxon. The Reverend Mr. Walwen of Univeriitj College. Sir George "Walter, Knt. "William Walter, ifq^ The Reverend Mr. "Wajmfle/. Mrs. Anne "Willmot. UBSCRIBIRS. The Reverend Mr. Peter "Wiffeet, A. M. The Reverend Dr. Yalden. The Reverend Mr. Yardley. The Reverend Dr. Young. Bartholomew Young, A. D. M. The Honourable Mrs. Yelverton 1-HE THE HISTORY O F J R lA !^ I s m. PART 11. BOOK VII. HILST Theodofius was labouring with fo much refolution and fuccefs to deftroy .Irianifm in the Eaft, the Eraprefs Juftiiia was ufing her utmoft endeavours to reftorc it in the AVeft, and trying all means of being rev^enged for the afl^ronts which . ^ ihe imagined that fhe had received ofSt. Ambrofe, who continued to oppofe her defigns. (a) As file was invefted with the authority of young Valentinian, who, at that time, was yet under her Government, though he was then feventeen years of (a) Idal. B 383. age, 2 The Hiprj of A R i A N i s M. BOOK VII. A D' ag^> ^^ ^^^ refolved in order to fatisfy her paflion, to manifeft :?*8?.' her power by edicts and open force: But the ftrange revolution, which hapened in the Empire by the revolt of the tyrant Maii- mus, and the deplorable death cfGratian, obliged her to fufpend her rage, and difguife her intentions, till fuch time as fhe had fecured her own and her Son's fortune, (b) Maximum, who was a Spaniard born, and claimed affinity with Theodofius, com- manded the Roman Forces in England, where he found, means to infinuate himfelf fo far into the minds of the Soldiers, and take advantage of the diflike thejr had to Gratian, that the}^ proclaimed him Emperor. The people of Germany and Gaul foon followed this example, and acknowledged the tyrant, being furioufly pro- voked againit Gratian, becaufe he preferred the Alani and o- ther Barbarians to the Roman foldiers ^ he intruded them with his fecrets, conferred his favours on them, and was even fo con- defcending as to take delight in drefhng himfelf often after their manner. By this conduft, he became fo odious to his people^ that Maximus had no fooner entered into Gaul, but the greateft part of the army vvTnt over to him- fo that this unfortunate Princr^ finding himfelf for faken, was forced to retire to the Alps for fafety, being attended only by three hundred horfe. But feeing that all the pafTes were guarded by people, whom he did not dare to confide in, he came back to Lyons, where he was furpriz- ed and killed by Count Andragatius, general of the horfe, whom Maximus had fent in purfuit of him-, and this was done in a treacherous manner, becaufe that Gratian looked on him as one of his bell friends, and confequently did not miftruft him. Thus falling unhappily into the hands of this infamous traytor, he was barbaroufly malTacred on the twenty fourth of September, in the lixteenth year of his Empire, and the twenty third of his age. He was a Prince whom the Pagans themfelves did allow to be moft accomplilhed, in all the perfections both of body and mind ^ he was of a noble ftature, and extremely handfome, his Eyes were bright and fpritely, his complexion exceeding fair, the features (b) Zof. 1. 4. Pac. in Pan. Theod. Viaor. Zofun. 1. 4. Socr. 1. 5. cap. II. S020. lib, 7. cap. 13. of BOOK VII. The H/pry of A^iAnisu, 5 of his face were beautiful ^ and his mind was fuljlime, polite, a. Z). and cultivated with ftud/ and exercife. (c) He had acquired 385. a great capacity, and was become very learned in all the fineft ^ccomplifhments, chiefly in eloquence, wherein he rivaled the. greateft mafters of his time, having joined the inftrudlions, which he had received of the celebrated Aufonius, to thofe extraordinary advantages which nature had given him in writ- ing well either in profe or verfe, and in fpeaking in publick {as it washis talent) with a moft wonderful grace, on all kind of fubjefts. But the excellent qualities of his foul far exceeded thofe of his bodily perfeftions. This Prince was endued with the iiobleft inclinations, and had fo natural a propenfity to good, that virtue feemed to be born, and to grow up with him, without being at the trouble of any improvement. He was polite, obliging and generous^ his friendfhip was fincere, and he excelled in liberality and magnificence ^ he was bold and daring in fight, and fearlefs in danger ^ commendable for his tempe- rance and chaftity, having an averfion to all voluptuoufnefs. He Hept moderately, and took much exercife ; his humanit}'- was great, and he was compaffionate to the fufFerings of his foldiers, whofe wounds he would often drefs with his own hands : But above all things, his piety towards God was exemplary, being extreamly Zealous for Religion, and for the purity of the faith, wherein he furpafTed all the Princes his predecefTors. (d) In fhort, all thofe, who have written concerning this Prince, do agree, that he would have equalled in glory the greatcfl: of Emperors, had he been able to break himfelf of one failing, which was even encouraged for their own ends by thofe who had the honour of being near him, whilft they ought to have endeavoured to divert him from it. (e) For inftead of applj^ing himfelf to the affairs of the Empire, to which he had a natural averfion, and lor that reafjn left them to the management of his m.inifcers, heufcd to emplo_7 moflof his time in fhooting of arrows, and lancing of javelins, killing wild beads in a park, and other exercifes of this kind, for which he had an extraordinary pallion. All his glory confiftcd in this way df (c) Ammian. 1. 27. Victor, in Grat. '(dj Aufon. Grat. z6\ de fuo Conful. Rufin. 1. 2. c. 1 5. Ambrof. or. in obit. Valent. (e) Vivfl. in Grat. Am- mian. 1. 31. B 2 living, 4 The Htftory 0/ A r i a N i s M. BOOK VII. A. D. living, following his own inclinations, and letting himfelf be fe- 5^3' duced by the deceitful complaifance of his nearell courtiers, who flattered and indulged him in thefe trifling amufements, whilffc they governed the Empire in his name. Thus Princes, who ge- nerally have but few friends, and often many enemies, have none more dangerous than thofe, who, under a falfe appearance of friend- ftiip, encourage them in their faults, in order to take advantage of their weaknefs. . _ Maximus, after the death of Gratian,, being acknowledged Em- peror in Gaul, Spain, and England, it was thought, that he would have marched diredly, with all his forces into Italy, in order to attack Valentinian, who was not at that time in a condition to make any defence •, but he refolved before hand to dilcover the intention of Theodofius, and find out, whether he would be 'his friend or his enemy. (/) To this purpofe he fent one of his braveft and oldeft officers to hiin, who had orders to make him an ofi^er of his friendfliip, and of all his forces jointly to defend the Empire againft the Barbarians, if he would accept of him as his collegue, or if he refufed his propofal, immediately to declare war with him. Theodofius, who after the general peace in the Eafl:, had referved but a fmall number of Troops, and who, befides, could not then defend Valentinian, if the tyrant fliould at once fall upon Ital}'', concealed artfully his fecret intentions, and made an- swer to the Ambaflador, that he received with joy the offers which he brought him in the name ofMaximus^ that as he had fuc- ceeded Gratian with the approbation of the Army, he would wil- lingly accept of him in his room, for his collegue to the Empire with Valentinian. But Juftina was flrrangely perplexed at the immediate danger to which ftie was expofed ^ Ihe feared that Maiimus while he was amufing Theodofius, would invade Italy, which was not able to refift him , and therefore, flie found herfelf obliged to apply to St. Ambrofe in fpite of all the hatred flie bore him, and to entreat him in the name of the Emperor her Son, to go Ambaf- fador to Maximus, in order to divert the ftorm, and to manage af- fairs in fuch a manner, as to perfuade the tyrant to be fatisfied (/; Zonm. I. 4. with BOOK VII. Tht fnpry of A Ki A 1^1 SH. 5 with theDominions that la/ on the other fide of the Alp?, this holy A. D, Bifhop performed the articles of his (g) commifTion with fo much 385. art and power, that he put a ftop to the courfe of this impetu- -ous torrent, and prevented Maximus (who complained of it after- wards) frcm executing the refolution which he had taken, to im : l^rovefo favourable an opportunity, and carrj his forces forward, whilft he was treating with Theodofius. So that Maximus for this time, leaving Valentinian in peaceable pofTellion of his Ihare of tTie Empire, and being contented with that which Gratian had pofTelTed, he remained in Gaul, and there eftablilhed at Treves the feat of his new fovereignty, afTuming the Title of Auguftus, with the confent of the two Emperors. In the mean while the ajffairs of Religion, concerning Aria- nifm, were carried on in a very different manner in both Em- pires, For Theodofius, being informed b}^ Letters, which St Gre- gory wrote from his folitudcof Arianze to Nedtarius, that there were Arian Bifliops concealed in Conftantinople, who flill conti- liued to teach privately their abominable dodtrijie (h). He ilTued c5ttt a new edict againft them, (i) whereby he gave an abfolute ^' ^• charge, that a ftrid enquiry Ihould be made after them throughout ^°'^' that city, and that, having found out their retirements, they fhould be expelled ^ and fent to fome remote place, where it would be no more in their power to deceive any one. The Emprefs Flac- cilla Wiis not a little inftrumental in this affair; for flie ufed con- tinually to infpire Theodofius with that moft ardent Zeal, which filled her breaft, for the glory of the Son of God, againfl the A- rians, whom fhe abhorred as much as Ihe did the very- Pagans: (it) For fhe ufed often to faj'-, that it was as great an im- piety to hold the perfon whom we worlhip for a Creature, as to worfhip an Idol made of gold or filver, for our God. And as Ihe had gloried during her life in the profeliion of that faith, which teacheth Chriftians to worfhip one only God in the three Perfons of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost ^ fo likewife fhe died ftedfaft in the fame faith, which made her appear perfedly pure in the prefence of God, as St. Gregory of Nyffe eipreiTeth him- 'g ' Cg) Ambrof. or. in fun. Valen. Ep. 33. ad Sor. (h) Gregor. ad Neftar. fi} Ixg, 13. de Hi^rec. Cod. Theod. ('fe^ Grcgpr. Nyf orat in funere f lac* felf 6 .: Tyk Hijlory 0/ A r i a N i s m. BO O K VII. A. '£). felf, who, beihg ^t Conftantinople at the time of her death, preach- 387. ed har funeral oration before Theodofius, who paid unto that de- (leafed Princefs all the honours that were due to the memory of fo great and religious an Emprefs. She was alfo a Spaniard born, (I) a^nd of tlieilluftrious family of the JEili^Liis, from which theEnipe- ror Adrian defcended-, and it feemed to be the will of God, that Ihe fhould be placed on the. throne, in order to repair (through her zeal for the faith, and her eminent piety) the wrongs which the three Arian EmprelTes, her predecellors, had done to the Eaftern Church ^ as likewife to oppofe Juftina, who, at the fame time, was u^ng her utmoft endeavours to reftore Arianifm in the Weil. " For this Princefs thought fhe might now live in peace with regard to Maximus, whofe furious defigns St. Ambrofe had juft put a ftop to 5 and on the other hand, having nothing more to fear on the account of Gratian, who never would have fufFered any at- tempt to be made againft this holy Bifliop, whom he honoured like aiFather, and had declared himfelf his protestor, fhe refolved to re-eftablifh her Arians, and ruin her banefaftor. To this end, as fhe had fach an abfolute power over her fon, that he adted only by her diredlions, fhe perfuaded him on the twenty third of January in the year following to publifh an edid, whereby it was made lawful for thofe perfons to meet, who profeffed the doftrine, which was conftituted by the Council of Rimini, and confirmed by that of Cbnflantinople under Conflantius, (m) that is to fay, the Arians j and it was farther declared, that whofoever J:' fhould undertake to oppofe this order, fhould be punifhed with ^ death, as the author of fedition, a diflurber of the peace of the Church, and a tray tor, referving alfo to himfelf xh^ punifhment of thofe who would endeavour, under hand, even by prayers or humble reprefentations, to prevent the execution of this edid. The Emprefs ordered Benevolus, firfl minifter of State, to draw up this edia^ but he defired to be excufed, protefling generoully, that, being a Catholick, he would die fooner than write any thing to the prejudice of that faith which he owed unto God. (n) And (I) Claud, de Laud. Scren. Spart. (w; Leg. 4. de iide Cath. Cod.Theod. («;; Ruffin. lib. 2. cap. 16. So^om. lib. 7. ca^. i3» as BOOK VIL The Hiflory 0/ A r i A N i s M. 7 as theEmprefs waspreflinghim with promifes to promote him to A. B, greater employments, if he would grant her the fatisfadion which 986. Ihe expeded from his loyalty ^ this brave Chriftian, pulling off the marks of his dignity, he fl,ung them down at Juftina's icet^ with his fword, faying to her, " Madam, I not only refolve not *' to forfeit my confcience for the fake of thofe new titles of ho- ** nour, which you offer me • but in order to convince you, that " nothing of that kind is able to tempt me, I willingly relign up *' the employment which I now enjoy, thinking it an honour *' great enough to bear the name of a Catholick, if I can be f® *' happy as to preferve it during m.y life, which I propofe to do " with the alhflance of God, preferring it to all the dignities of " your Empire. Having exprelTed himfelf in thefe terms, he departed from court, and retired to a houfe which he had at BrcfTa ^ where, after having received Baptifm, which he had deferred till theh^ he led a life perfectly conform.able to the heroick aftion he had juft performed, paffing his daj^s in the conftant practice of Chriftian virtues, as we are informed from the writings of Sr. Gaudantius Bifhop of Brefia, {0) who makes the Elogium of that great man, in dedicating his Sermons to him. For this holy and learned Bifhop chofe rather to dedicate his Works to a private perfon, who by his virtue deferved the praife, which he muft have given him in his dedication, than to addrefs feme great and worldly courtier, whofe want of merit would have convinced him that he had placed falfe encomiums and adulations at the head of thofe Chriftian truths which he had preached. , -7 Juftina neverthelefs executed her defign^ for fhe.fou^ia,",'}vij)]^c>ut much difficulty, an officer, who (as it is the cuftom at court) was fe mean fpirited, as to make himfelf a flave to her palFion, an,d would not ftick at committing a crime, to purchafe the employ- ments of Benevolus. So the edidt, which was made in Janua- ry, in behalf of Arianifm, was publifhed at i^Iilan, in the j^ear three hundred and eighty fi\% But the Arians were not fatisfied .'with having the liberty only to meet in afTemblies j they like- wife wanted a Church for that purpofe ; and in order to obtain one^ (0) Gaudent. in Prsfat. Scrm. they S The Hfpyy of A K^Ai^ ISM. BOOKVIL A. D. they muft have found means to chlige St. Ambrofe to refign one to 3^6' them. After having deliberated upon this affair, Juftina per- ceived, that there was no other plaufible way, coniiftent with the reputation of the Arians, to compel him to it than by contriving, that their falfj Bifhoplhould get the better of him in a publick difpute, in the prefence of fuch judges as would un- doubtedly be on his fide, (p) This falfe Bifhop was the young Auxentius, a Scythian by birth, who went by the name ofMer- curinus becaufe he had made his name infamous in his own Country, for the abominable crimes which he had a6ted there, and likewife, becaufe he feared, that his own name would ren- der him odious to the people of Milan, who abhorred the me- mory of the late Auxentius, predecefTor to St. Ambrofe. As this man had a larger fliare of impudence than the reft of the Ari- ans and had a free and bold manner of cxprelfing himfclf, ap- pearing to thofe who were very ignorant, to have a greater ca- pacity-, Juftina had caufed him to be eletted Bifhop by the fmall number of Arians, who remained with her at Milan, and who for the moft part, fled thither from the eaftern provinces, v/here Theodofius's officers would not fuffer them to appear. This Princefs was therefore of opinion, that he was a proper perfon to execute the defign which fhe had laid^ and accordingi}?- Au\-- entius having received his inftrudtions from Juftina, and being fully affured of fuccefs in this undertaking, through the meafures which Ihe had taken, he fent a challenge, in a folemn manner, to St. Ambrofe, fummoning him to meet him at this conference, which ftiould be held in the prefence of the Emperor and his Council, before judges agreed upon by both parties, in order, that the perfon, who ihould be judged the conqueror by the Em- peror, and by the votes of thofe who fhould be prefentat this dif- pute, ftiould be put in pofteftion of the principal Church, as be- ing the true and lawful Bilhop of Milan, St. Ambrofe was highlj^ incenfed at this propofal, whereby it was attempted to expofe the caufe of that faith, which had been folemnly decided by the Nicene Council, to the judgment of La3"-men, and perhaps perfons of a prophane opinion. For, in- (j) Ambrofe in Auxsnt. deed BOOK VII. The Hiftory 0/ A r i a n i s m. 9 deed, Auxentius, (7) who had taken care in the challenge not io A. D. name the judges whom he propofed to chufe, had made choice of 386, four or five Pagans to give their judgment in this difpute concern- ing the Divinity of Jesus Christ. The holy Bilhop, having therefore refufed to accept this challenge, as thinking it highly im- proper^ Auxentius took occafion to upbraid him with his refufal in the prefence of the Emperor, turning it all to his own ad- vantage ^ and afterward entreated him, in a moft urgent manner, to compel his rival, either to accept cf the propofal, which he could not refufe with honour, or to deliver him up his Church. Yalentinian, who was unwilling to difoblige his mother, who openl}'' protedted Auxentius, granted them whatever thejr required, and lent the tribune Dalmatius to St. Ambrofe, to fignify unto him the day which was appointed for the meeting at the imperial palace, with the judges whom he fliould chufe to be on his iide, ia order to difpute with Auxentius in his prcfenrc. Whereupon St. Ambrofe, having confulted with the BiOiops who were at that time witji him, wrote that excellent epiflle to the Emperor, where- in he reprefents to him, with equal refpeft, and force of argu- gument, that bj^ divine authoritj^ as well as by the rules of the Churcli, and the cufloms of the f rcgoing ages, as alfo \^j the example and ordinances of the great Yalentinian his father, it was not lawful for lay-men to determine ccclefiaftical matters, and much lefs matters of faith; that thefe things muft be decided by the BiHiops only, and that whenever our belief is concerned, the Chriftian Emperors are to be judged by the Bilhops, and not the Bilhops by the Emperors. From thence he concluded, that if he muft difpute in a Council againft Auxentius, though it were no wife necelTarjr to call one upon his account, he was very ready to do it-, bat that he could not repair to the palace. That not being a proper place wherein to treat of matters of faith. He even begs to be excufed if he does not go himfelf to return him an aniVer, as he would have done, had not the Bifhops and the people prevented him on this occalion, by not fuffering him to leave his Church, for fear it might look as if he 3nelded it up to the Ari- ans, who perhaps would improve the opportunity, and take pollcf- (^) Ambrof. Epift. 32. ad Marcel. Sor. Ambrof.or, cantr, Aux C iion 10 The Hfpry of Akiai^isu: BOOK VII. j4. D. -fion of it. He then fays, that his Church fliall be open to all 586. people, and that That was the place (and not the palace) where they ought to come, in order to hear him difcourfe upon the myfteries of faith. After this he continued to preach, accord- ing to his cuftom, with an incredible power, and Ggd even con- curred with him in a moft extraordinarjr manner. For it is faid, that one of the moffc cunning and obftinate Ariaiis, (r) having, heard him preach fublimelj on the Divinity of Jesus Christ, and perceiving at the fame time an Angel, who feemed to didtate to him in his ear the things which he was expounding to the people,, he was immediately converted, glorifjang God, and declaring openly what he had feen. But the Emprefs was in defpair, feeing herfelf difappointed in her firftdefign, by the refolution of this holy Bifhop, for whom the people had declared themfelves •, and not fiwding it an eafy matter to opprefs him b}^ violence, fhe was forced to ufe art, and by the means of promifes and prefents to bribe fome perfons to carry him. off by furprize. There were feveral who endeavour- ed in vain to gratify her defire •, but at laft, a man, whole name was Euthymius, and who was more bold and daring than the reft, undertook to execute thi^ defign at neon-day. For this purpofe, he hired a houfe joining to the Church, and there kept for feveral days a chariot and horfes ready, in order to feize on this holy Prelate and his attendants, at his coming out of the Church, after divine fervice was over, and the people were retired ^ then to carry him off at once, and convey him with fpeed to the place which Juftina had defigned for him. But he always found this holy man fo well attended by his people, who wer^ ever watchful of his perfon, that he mifcarricd in his defgn^ and God, by a juft judgment, in order to punifli him for his attempt,, (i) permitted (before the year was at an end) this wretched man^ to be apprehended in that very houfe, and carried away in that fame chariot, to the banifhment which he was condemned to for other crimes. (r) PauUn. in vit. Ambrofe. fs) Ambrofe. or. in Auxen. Paulin in rlt. S' Ambr,. Juftina BOOK VII. The Hijtory of hviiA^ IS u, ii Juftina, feeing all her hopes fruftrated, fell into fo e^'cefllve A. J). a rage, that fhe could not help breaking out into open violence. 387. She procured a new edidl: in favour of Auxentius, which he drew up as he thought fit, whereby it was ordered, upon pa^in •of death, that all catholick priefts fhould abandon their Clmrchcs, and deliver them up to him. There was even a rumour fpread throughout the city, that foldiers were fent to the principal Church, with orders to murder St. Ambrofe, in cafe he refufed to deliver it up to thofe who were fent to demand it of him in the name of the Emperor. Thereupon the people, from all parts, repaired to the Church, and (hut the doors, with a refolution to defend it and their Bilhop, whom they careful Ijr watched day and night:, exprelllng no other fear, but that, being overccme by the fol- licitations and threats of the Emperor, he would deliver up his Church to him, in order to difpofe of it to the Arians. But the people's courage encreafed beyond exprellion, when they heard the wonderful difcoyrfcs which the good Prelate made daily upon the holy Scriptures, to give them aflurance of the divine protection ; and when they faw his invincible courage and fteady refolution, to perilh a thoufand times rather than wil- lingly to furren der his Church. (t) And indeed fome days after, on the wednefday before Palm- funday, the Tribunes, having invefted the Church with foliders, prefented the edidt to him, in virtue whereof, they commanded him in the name of the Emperor, to deliver up his Church to them, with all thefacred vellels, permitting him to retire where- ever he pleafed, v/ith thofe who were diipofed to follow him 5 to v/:;ich he generoufly aiifwered, with a holj^ freedom and calm- nefs of mind : " ihat, having on that very day explained unto his " people the Hiftory of Na! oath, he was firmly refolved to follow Miiucles's, his ilhiJlrious predeceiiors, to w.iom Jesi. s Christ " himfelf had intrufted it as his patrimony. That he would " never betray his miniftry, nor his A^aller, in delivering up (t) Ambr.,fe, Ep. 32. C 2 fo J J The Hiflorj ut when *' they are once inccnfed, notiiing but God alqne can pacify " them". Befides thij, he roade uie of man) Itrong and r- ' '^^g iii'inenis BOOK VIL The Hi/Iorj of Aki Anisu. if argTiments to perfuade them not to become the minifters of Arian A. D. impiet}^ nor of the paffion of a woman, who made an ill ufe of 3^7. the authoritj of a 3'oiing Emperor, to deftroy a religion, which the great Valentinian his father had alwa3's fo religioull}'' pro- fefled, and fo vigorcnfl7 protedted. After this the Counts and Tribunes withdrew in filence, appearing to be very much afFedted with his difcourfe •, and St. Ambrofe, having pafled the reft of the day in another Church, called tlie Avtievt Bafilua^ in order to give fome confolation to the people of that neighbourhood, retired home to his houfe, where he remained all niglit, and would not fuffer it to be guarded, that the world might fee how ready he was to nndergo all the violence that they could aft againft him, for the defence of the caufe which he was refolved to maintain. Neverthelefs they did not dare to aflault his perfon: But on the monday early in the morning, as he was going from his houfe to the Church, he was informed, that the foldiers had taken pofTeffion of the Avc'ient Bajilica, though it was alrcr-idy full of people, and that if he would advance a little farther he might hear (as he accordingly did) the lamentations and woful com- plaints of thofe who implored his aihftance. The holy Bifhop being moved' with compalFion, mixed his lamentations with thofe of his people J but he would not on any account let himfelf be perfuaded at the fame time to go into that Church, in order to oppofe the foldiers: " It doth not belong to me, /aid he, to oppofe " force with force, nor to fight againft foldiers in that Church, " as it were in a field of battle. It is my duty never to fubmit " either to the prayers, threatnings, or violences of thofe who " would oblige me to deliver it up to them ^ for I muft ad againft: " them as a Biftiop, with fpiritual arms '* . Hereupon they told him, that the Cathedral was more crowded than was ever feen in time of peace, and that the people, who expeded his prefence, defired with a loud voice, that the liol;^ Scriptures might be read to them. So he immediately repaired thither -, and though it was already furrounded by miiitarj^ men, he entered it very peaceably, without any one*s feeming to oppofe him Being in the Church' in order to ftiew that he did not pretend to fight as a general, but that he was refolved to exert all his Epifcopal jpower in the de- fence i6 The Hiftory of Ak^k^isu. B 0 0 K VII. A, D, fence of his rights, he folemnly declared, that he excommunicated ^87. all the foldiers who had taken pofleHion of the Bajilha*s. Now it feemed as if all things were reduced to the utmoft ex'tre- imity, and that the Arians, backed bj all the forces cf the Em- pire, were going to be the mailers in Milan, when God by an extraordinary token of his grace, and by a miraculous change which could i-:roceed only from the hand of the mofl high, rcftor- ed, as it were in one moment, peace and tranquility to that Church, to the confuilon of Juftina and her Arians. For in the iirft place, the foldiers who had invefted the Cathedral, hearing what St. Ambrofe had juft done, began to enter quietly two b}^ two into the Churchy and as they perceived tliat the people were afraid, the}^ proteftcd openl}^, that the}'- did not come thither, as enemies to moleft them, but as their brethren, in order to ailift at the divine mi'fteries, under the fame pi^ftnr. Hereupon the holy Pre- late having received them as part of his flock, he afcended the pulpit, and began his fermon upon the book of Job wliich had juft been read. He was not far gone on with his fubjed, when he was agreeabl}^ interrupted by a perfon who came to acquaint him, that they were carrying back to the palace the imperial canopj^ which had been fet up in the Ayicievt Bajilica, for the reception of the Emperor, whom Juftina would have perfuaded to go thi- ther in order to take polfeilion of it in behalf of the Arians, and that the affairs had taken a quite different turn from what was believed. For indeed the foldiers of the Emperor, who had taken pofleilion of that Church by his orders, had no fooner entered it^ but they were changed from being perfecutors into lambs, and they deputed fome of their officers to tell him, " That he might " come to theChurch when he plcafed, that they would not omit " doing their dut}'-, and would ferve him according to their em- " ployments, upon condition, that they could fee him communi- *' cate with the Catholicks^ but that if he would fide with the *'• Arians, they would likewife do what God commanded them^ " in joining with thofe who acknowledged the Bilhop Ambrofe for " their Paftor. This adventure, which was unexpe:ied at court, furprized Valentinian, who not daring to trufl himfelf amongft them, ordered his Canopy to be brought back. And the Arians, who had none of their ledaries in town, and were but few in number BOOK VIL ne Hffiory of A^iAi^ ISM. 17 number in the palace, not daring to appear without the Empe- j4. D- ror and Juftina, whom they attended, took great care not to ex- 387. pofe themfelves. Befides, there happened another affair which deprived both Ju- ftina and the Emperor of all hopes of fucceeding in fo ill manag'd an undertaking. For the firil; officers of the Empire, and all the great men at court, on whom Juftina had relied, went in a body to Valentinian, humbly to entreat him in the name of the whole Army to api)ear at Church on thofe holida3'-s, which were confe- crated to the memory of the pallion of Jesus Chrift, in order that the people might fee, that he was refolved inviolably to preferve that unity of faith, which the few remaining Arians were endeavouring to deftrcy by fo fcandalous a Schifm. The Emperor, being furprized and highly offended at this difcourfe, made them the following anfwer: " I underftand your meaning; ** the biihop Ambrofe has fo great a power in Milan, that fhould " he command you to deliver me up to him in chains you would ** obey him". In the heat of his paffion he immediately fent one of his fecretaries to Ambrofe, to ask him how he had dared to oppofe his orders, and whether he pretended to ufurp the Empire like a tyrant, that he might prepare himfelf to make war againft him ? To which the holy Man anfwered coolly : " That in " doing his duty, which would not fuffer him to deliver up his " Church to the Arians, who were the enemies of Jesus Christ, " he had not a6led againft the refped: and fidelity which he owed " to the Emperor. That as to his asking him, if he pretended to " fet up for a tyrant. That queftion might eafily be refolved hy " Maximus, who daily complained of him, for having prevented " him by his perfuafive arguments, from coming into Italy in " order to oppofe Valentinian. At the fame time there came to St. Ambrofe a Gentleman from the Eunuch Calligonus great Chamberlain to the Emperor, who, affedling to be zealous for the fervice of his Prince whom he faw in fo violent a pallion, fent an impertinent meffage to the Biftiop; telling him, that fince he was fo infolent as to defpife the Empe- ror, he {hould find that the Emperor had' people who would pu- nifh his infolence, and that he- himfelf, who gave him this advice, would go and cut off his head in his. own houfe. The holy I^ Biihop 1 8 The Hiftory of I AV i A N i s m. BOO K< VHI A' I>. Bifliop-- whd fhevved diftl^ reg^td ^6 th^fe briilifli- expreiribiis; Qm 'i^l' the perfon baclc, f^yii'ig'to hiiii, Gd to to your Mdft'cr, ancV tdl'fiiiti" precifely what J fay. " I praj unto God, that he ma)r pef- <'' i-rtit'tHee-to' put thy threatnings in execution'^- foi" I'flikll "■'theiV hkve'the pleafiire arid -honour to fuffei" lilv'e' a' BifliblV t''in the caufe' of" Go'D, arid' 'thou fhalt bear'th'e fiiaitienf^afting" " lilce'a brute, fuch as'ai'^ th}VFtllo\v-Eunuchs; L"et thofe infim^ "' oiiS wr^t(?hes'clifl"'al! theif" ragfe 'on me, and giik' themfclves " with niy blodd;' I- hcar'fih^ offer 'it to theni,' provided 'it ^Yi\^y ''pieafe God by T!iht'means,-t6' deliver 'his Church frorri the p^ffe- ""'cution if 'hat.V r6l3ng" laboured ' under, through thbfe'AiiiinS " who' are "but hklf ■ nVen " . (r) This generous reply Was fome* time after' authorized with the juftice of God, who permitted This wretched Calligonus to be convidted of an infamous crime,. Which' none but an E'unuch could be guilty of,' and his head was cut off for 'the fame, by the command of That very A^lentinian, ivhofe palFion he would have indulged when he threatned to cut ofFSt. Am^brofe's head. But all the fe threatnings and violent proceedings at court were like the laft efforts of ah expiring flame, which, when it is toW- atds its end, blazeth up into the air with the greater force, but at^ laft ceafeth, and is fuddenly loft in its own fmoke. For the "wifefiP pefforis in the'council reprefented expreilly to the Emperor, that oh the one fide the whole city being dilTatisfied ^ and on the other hand, the army having declared, tliat they would live in the communion of St." Ambrofe, it would be dangerous to expofe his authority, in perfifting to deliver up the Churches into the pof- feflion of thofe few Arians who remained in the palace. This young Prince, who began to perceive that his power was abufed, refolved at laft to fubmit to thofe remonftrances, in fpite of all the paifionate endeavours of Juftina. So that on the holy tuef- day, as St. Ambrofe was explaining the Hiftory of Jonas in his Cathedral Church, the news was brought him of a happy recon- ciliation, after fo great diforders^ and a calm fucceeded the ftorm which was juft at an end. For he was informed, that the Emperor had then given orders, that all things ftiould be reftored to the (r) Aug.contr. Jul. 1. 5, c, 4. ftate B OO K ,VII. The Hiftory 0/ A R i an i s,m. . 1.9 flate they.Avere in before, that the prifpners fhould be fet at liber- A- T). tj • (s) that reftitution ihoiild be made of ,wlaat had been feized ^ 387- that, what was. paired fhould be forgotten, ^i)d that the foldiers ■fhould retire from the^^//fc« which they, w,ere in pofTelhon of- -Thefeprders were executed with fo great a joy, that the foldiers crowded about the Altars, and kiffed them as a token of their fatisfadion and thankfulnefs unto God for the peace newly, re. Hored to the Church, for .which they had been- fo fortunate on this ,qccafion to declare their zeal. And thus Juftina, in fpite of all .the violent pndeavpurs which file had ufed by the infligation of the Arians, had the mortification to fee all the orders of the city both in particular and in general, the clergymen and lay-men, r the court andcrmmon people, the citizens and foldiers, the^ great cfhcers of the- tm.pire, jand the mean^ft of the; Plebeians, the Earth, and even Heaven itfelf •, all thefe, I fay, had declared , in favourof St. iAmbrpfeagainft the, Emprtfs Juftiua. ..For at, that _time_he difcovered the bodies of th^ holy martyrs, St. Gervafps ^andProtefus, in, the Church of St. Nabor and St, Felix ^ and the ..fniracles which God •vyaspleafed to perform by theme^ns of thofe , hol3^relicks, in the prefenceof all the-pcople, highly exhaltedthe ^ virtue of St. Apibrofe,, and tjie truth of That faith which he defend- J.jpd with io much zeal and vigour agaipfl the..Arians. . (t) And indeed, as thefe .relicks.were, by the Biihc^p's, orders, conve3'',ed.to his Bafilica, with an extraordiaary pojiip, and magni- , ficence,^ in a general procelhon.of all ,the people, where, fvcn St. ^ Auguftin himlelf was prefent,^and a. w^^nefs of tj?,efe..,woJxders, feveral perfons who were poOelTed with evil fpirits, ro^ared out ,,^lcud in a,fnofl^hide9Us raai)j[:er,^ that thfy w^rej:qrment;ed,by; the jjTjiartyrsr and.by Ambrpfe ^^.aijd .that fiich.. people as .the.^Arians, 4,^\Yh6, v^'ould not ackno\.vle,dge |the unity of 'Ef^ence in the Trinity, ,p^ple had no fooner tQUc;htd .'th^ facrec) ihripe of the^A^^artyrs„but i.^li^l^y^WereJrniT^ecliateiy^^ei^^^^^ ffj Auguft. Conrti" 1. 7. c. 7- /.mbiof. Ei il\ S^. raului. in vir. Ambrof. {i) Ambrol'. Serm, 91. Aug. Ul^^dji^.5^r.^Ag,. ,pro. ^Iqxu D 2 wife 20 The Hipry of Akiauisu. BOOKVIL A> D. wife were perfedly recovered hy touching the cloath which lay" 387. over the (brine j and a blind man, who was known throughout the whole city, recovered his light only by touching the fringe of That cloath. The Arians, who were almoft in defpair to fee their Party thus confounded by fuch evident teftimonies, had the impu- dence to fay, that all this was an impofture and a cheat contrived by Ambrofe, who had fet up falfe mart_yrs, and had bribed people to counterfeit the poflefTed, the iick and the blind. But though they were ftrargely expofed for their impudence in publifhing fo notorious a falfhood ;, yet, bcfidcs, it was the will of God to con- found them ftill more by a fiirprizing accident which compleated their ruin, (if) For one of the moft furious men of their Party, having thruft himfelf into the crowd, in order to fpread thofe calumnies which he aflerted with as much affurance as if they were manifeft truths, was fuddenly feized with an evil fpirit, which made him cry out aloud in a moft horrible manner amongft the people, with ftrange and frightful diftortions: ** In this man- " ner will thofe be tormented in Hell, who deny that the faints " are martyrs, whofe relicks are now carried about, and will " not believe the unity of fubftance in the Trinity as it ij *' taught by Ambrofe **. This accident was very difagreeable to the Arians ^ but their hearts were fo heardened, that, far from mak- ing a proper ufe of it, they became more wicked, and carried their rage to fuch an extremity, that they privately flung this wretched fellow into a pond of water, where he was drowned, in order to fupprefs fo invinfible a teftimony of their malice and perfidioufnefs. In the mean while Juftina, having it no longer in her power to adt openly againft this holy man, applied to the moft black and abominable means fhe could think on to deftroy him. She firft employed a wicked ungodly man, who having concealed himfelf in St. Ambrofe's chamber, drew his fword and was going to kill him, when on a fudden, his arm remained without motion ^ where- upon he flung himfelf at the holy Biftiop's feet, and having difco- vered the whole truth of this affair to him, St. Ambrofe reftored his arm to the ftate it was in before, and fent him away very much (u) Paulin in vit. Ambrof. reformed BOOK VII. The Hipry 0/ A r i a n i s m. 21 reformed from what he was, detefting his crime, and the cruelty A. 1). of the Emprefs. But this was not the only attempt fhe made, as B^?- we have been informed, fmce her death. For a certain footh-fayer, who was a pagan, and a famous magician, being put to the torture, for the crime of witchcraft, which he was accufedof-, inllead of anfwering to the queftions which were made him, he cried out aloud with all the ftrength of his voice, that he fuflered much greater torments from the angel to whofe guardianihip St. Ambrofe was committed. He perfuaded the fpedators by his lamentable cries that he was invilibly and feverely fmitten by that angel, be- caufe that in order to indulge the pallion of Juftina, he had facri- ficed unto the devil at midnight, on the top of the roof of the Church, by which means he propofed to ftir up the hatred of the people againft their Bilhop : But that the more he put thefe abo- minations and witchcrafts in pradice, fo much the more did the zeal and love of the people encreafe for the catholick faith and for St. Ambrofe its defender. He, befides, declared that having one day invoked the devils and fent them to kill the holy Bifhop, they turned back, confelling their want of power, and faid that they could not even approach his door, becaufe his whole houfe was de- fended by an invifible fire which flopped them even at a great di- ftance, and tormented them by the heat of a flame which was yet more infupportable to them than the very flames of hell. But at lafl, tho' fo many prodigious things had not been able to put a ftop to the raging paliion of Juftina againft St. Ambrofe, a much more powerful palfion effeded it. And this was the fear of the tyrant Maiimus, who, as ihe was informed, was then making great preparations of war, in order to pafs the Alps and invade Italy and the reft of the weftern Empire. For, indeed, Maximus being at that time powerfully armed, and fuccefsful in all his under- takings, he began to repent of having fo eafily acquiefced to the perfuafions of St. Ambrofe, and was now waiting only for a fa- vourable opportunity of falling on and furprifing Valentiniaii whilft he was the leaft apprehenfive of it. (x) He had written to him in favour of the Catholick religion, againft the Arians, ad- viiing him to continue ftedfaft in the faith of iht great Valentin. (x) Theod.. 1. 5. c. 4. 1. 1. Epift. Rom.Pont. nian. 22 The Hlflory of A r i a n i s m. BO OK VIT. A.I), nian/and entreating him to put an end to the unjuft perfecution 337- which was carried on againft Biihop Ambrofe, who fo generoufly defended the caufe of truth. He behaved in this manner in order to draw in the Catholicks, and be able to juftifj his arms, under the fair pretence of pietj, againft t\\Q prince whom he intended to opprefs. Juftina, being terrified at the thrcatning danger, had no other thoughts at this time but to find means to avoid it ^ and, as the iirft embaffy of St. Ambrofe had prevented Maximus from coming into Ital}^, ( y) fhe perfuaded the Emperor her Son to fend him a fecond time to him, with the pretence of demanding the body of Gratian, under This colour artfully to'difcover his deligns, and ufe his endeavours to divert him from attempting any thing to the prejudice of the treaty cf peace. This holy Bifhop, who preferred the fervice of the Emperor, his mafter, and the publick good, to all other confiderations, both as to the injuries he had already received, and the ill-treatment he might then exped from Maximus, who complained highly of him, fet out immediately for Treves, where, in the midft of the Coun- ^cil, (z) he ufed the ftrongeft arguments he could think on, in an- --fwer to his complaints ; and withal endeavoured to perfuade him ■^not to violate the peace,but. to' deliver up the body of Gratian toVa- lentinian, in order that thQ funeral folernnities might be paid him, which could not well be denied him without the utmoft barbarity. But tho' on this occalion, ' St. Ambrofe ufed all the force of elo- quence, and the prudence of- an experienced -ftatefman, j^et he could get no other anfwer at That timefrom Maximus, but that he was very willing to treat vVith V^lentinian : And fome daj'-s after, hear- ing that St. Ambrofe refufed to communicate with 'the Biihpps-of his court, he ordered him .to retire. Therefore at his rfcturn, ;he gave an account of his negocia'tion to 'Valentinian, adviiing him at the' fame time to be aware of the deceits of Ma^^imus, who, un- der the colour of a new treaty of pe^cc, propofed only to conceal the defign he hadfonned to make war againft him. But This prince made no advantage of the wife coujicils of This great man \ (a) For, having fent Doniinus,:oiie t)f his principal minifters, to treat with Maximus J : This tyrant' infnared him fo artfully by his deluding 0) Ambrof. or. in ob. Valen. (t; Ambrof. Ep 27. ad Valent. (4) Zof. 1. ^. words BOOK* VIL The Hifiory «?/ A r i A N i s m. 2^ w^erds'and the extraordinai'^'-:honours he had paid him, as likewif^ A. D, b^'mai^nifii^ent prefents, aiKleven troops .whidi he ibnt to his ma- 3^7* iter •again ft the bapbarians^ who then threatned Pknnonia, that Do- mimis was eafil}^ perfuaded. that Valentiniaii- could never have a better "friend- than Maximus -, .and hereupon, ^eNprellingiall the fa-, tisfaction imBgiJiable, he>fet out again and made his way towards the Alp?. But the tyrant at the- fame time, following him clofe with his whole army^ .marched with fo much expedition^ that he reached Italy immediately after him,, and in the^ flrft place toob poireiiion of Aquilea. Thendefcending from the Alps, like a rag- ing torrent, he over-run the plains of Lombardy,' where he cauied mott horrid devaftations. But nowt, finding, that all jrielded to his fortune, and fubmitted without refiftance to his power, he took up^ on him to behave with more humanity: So ading artfully like a man who makes every thing fubfervient to his intereft (even reli- gion) he refolved to draw into his part}'" the- Pagans, Jews, and Ghri- ftians^ the fir ft, by reTeft'ablilhing the facrifices which Gratian had aboliflied, and permitting them to reftore the altar of vit'tory in the capitol^, (b) the Jews, by rebuilding their fynagogues at Rome •, and the Chriftians,' b}'' writing to Siricius, Bifliop of Rome, that he u^ould inviolably maintain the catholick faith, and iiot. ad- mit of any herefy. But in the mean while^ Valentiniaii, facing. This fudden irrupti- on of Maximus into Italy, and not having power to refill him, ^et out immediately, and, for fafety, retired by fea to Theflalonica with Juftina his mother, from whence he fent an.exprefs to Theo- dofius at Conftantinople, entreating him, , by the memory of Gra- tian his benefadtor, to revenge his death, and take his brother into his protedion, whom That cruel tyrant would have treated af- ter the fame inhuman manner, had he fallen into his hands. Theo- dofius, who fometime before had efpoufed Galla^ filler to Valenti- nian, was extremely concerned to hear the deplorable condition this young Emperor was in, who was his colleague and,brother-in- Jaw. He came to him at ThelTalonica, where^ after .having oiftred him all'the comforts imaginable in his prefent misfortune, and ex* prelTed his tendernefs and affeaion for the family of the gceat Ya- (b) Ambrof. Epift. 29. To, i . Ep. Ro. Pont. ZoC 1. 4. lentinian. 2^ The Hipry <>/Artanism. BOOK VII. A, A lentinian, hefaid to him in the ftileof a father, and ChriftianEmpe- 387. ror: (bf' That in order to bring a remedy Iot fo great an evil,which had '* reduced him to This deplorable extremity, hemufl find means to e* deftroy the caufe ^ which was nothing elfe but the herefy and <« war which he had maintained againft Jesus Christ, in up- '' holding the Arians, and perfecuting the defenders of his divinity. " That, if he had not JesusChrist on his fide, who had given *' the Vidlory to Conftantine over all the tj'-rants, all the forces of " the Empire would only ferve to render his lofs more confiderable, " and his overthrow the more compleat. That he needed not to leek *' any where but in his own houfe for the proofs of a truth ** which he ought particularly on This occafion, to make the rule *' of his conduft. That the great Yalentinian his father, having ** conftantly preferved That faith which he had fo generoufly confeC- " fed under the Empire of Julian, had likewife on all occafions " been victorious over the Barbarians •, and that by his great and " glorious adtions, he had acquired the fame name which had ren- " dered the memory of the Alexanders, and the Conftantines fo " renowned in the world: That on the contrary, his uncle Valens " having renounced That faith, to give himlclf up to the impieties *' of Arianifm, which he had maintained with the perfecution of " the Catholicks, had likewife miferably loft, with his Empire, «' both his honour and life, and died a moft horrible death in the « midft of thofe flames which were lighted, by the very Goths, " who had but juft cut his whole army into pieces: That indeed *' Maximuswasa tyrant, but that notwithttanding his being a tyrant, *' he neverthelefs acknowledged Jesus Christ to be truly God-, " that befides, it was to be feared leaft the true God, who was '* the Lord of Hoft, Ihould fooner favour the party of a catholick ^' tyrant, than That of a Prince, who from being a catholick was *' become the protedor of the Arians. Therefore, if he propofed " from the alFiftance which he would endeavour to give him, to " obtain all the fuccefs he wiihed for, he muft have Jesus ** Christ in his intereft, by abhorring Arianifm, which was *' the caufe of his misfortunes, and fmcerely re-imbracing the « Religion which he had abandoned, more through the crimes of « others than his own, having been deceived by the artifices of ** thofe who had deluded his youth. (b) Suidas, V. Valent. This BOOK VI/. The Htftory of X^iK^isu. 25 This admonition gii^en to him fo timely, and expreffed in fd A. /->. ftrong a manner, by a Prince on whom, at t]]at time, the fortune ?S^' of 3^oung Valentinian moftly depended, made fo great an impref- fion on his mind, that, abjuring his error, he protefted, that for the future he would (as indeed he did) inviolably adhere to the be- lief of the Catholick Church, and to that faith which vSt. Ambrofe had maintained with fo much courage and zeal, even in oppoli- tions to him. Juftina, to whom this difcourfe was not agreeable, in as much as it particularl3r concerned her, dilTembled her diilike toitj and, as the prefent emergency of affairs had more power over her than the intereft Ihe had in the party of the Arians, flie feemed, as it were, to forfake them, and u fed all the art fhe was miftrels of, together with prayers and tears, to perfuade Theo- dofius, her fon-in-law, to make war againft Maximus. And ac- cordingly he refoli-cd to do it ^ for, after having for fome time held in fufpence the ambafTadors of that tyrant, who were making him confiderable offers, he i^tt out with his army at the beginning oi the fpring in the ■ year three hundred and eighty eight, having firft of all prepared himfelf by {olid ads of piet}/-, in order to bring downthe blelimgs of God on his forces. For, before he departed from Theffalonica, he renewed his edicts againft the Hereticksyan'l chiefly againft the Arians, (6)to v/hom he forbad all manner ofm.eet- ings either pubiick, or private, in houfes where they c fed to meet under divers pretences, in order to celebrate their lacrilegious m}'- fteries. ('i)He ordered folemn prayers for imploring the alhftance of heaven, and fent even into Egypt to recommend the fuccefs of his arms to the prayers of thofe famous folitaries, who were moftly re- jiownedfor their hoiinefs. (e) Inftead of confulting profaiie-ofaclc^, h.e applyed to thQ holy and eminent abbot John, whom he knew to be indowed with a fpirit of prophcc3r, and who foretold him that he fhouid obtain vidory. But, v/hat chiefly procured him the jmcrcy of God was, the clemency which he himfelf fh6\ved in imitation of Jesus Christ, at the latter end ofLeot, on a very: nice occafion, wherein he refolved glorioufly to conquer himfelf, before he made the conqueft of his enemies. (, equal vigour, and preventing by his diligence the report of his 386. coming, he arrived unexpededly at Aqailea, where Maximus, (I) not knowing what he was a doing, had fhut himfelf up, in- ftead of retiring into Gaul, as if he had defigned to referve him- felf for the triumi)h of Theodoflus. And indeed, the itw foldiers who were in the place, feeing the victorious troops already at the gates, infteadof defending themfelves, joined with thofe wha marched in without rejfiftance •, and having feized the tyrant, whom they pulled dovv^n from his tribunal, and ftripped off his imperial robes, they bound him in chains, {m) and thus delivered him up to Theodofius, who, after having reproached him with his perfidioufnefs, in a manner neverthelefs which exprefled more compaliion than anger, was forced at laft to give him up to the fury of the foldiers, who cut off his head on the twenty fourth of Auguft. Andragathius, being informed of what was paft, and fearing the foldiers would deliver him up likewife to Theodofius, caft himfelf into the fea ^ and Arbogafl'us, («) colonel of foot, who had been fent into Gaul in order to fecure it, furprized and killed Vidor, whom he found there, his father Maximus hav- ing left him there with the title of Cefar. This victory was the finiOiing ftroke which caufed the de/lru- aion of Arianifm, till the Barbarians, as we fhall fee hereafter, made it revive again by their conquefts. The fmall number of Arians, who were at Conftantinople, defpairing to fee them- felves fo much opprelTed by the rigour of the ordinances which had been publilhed againft them, contrived malicioufly during this war, to fpread a report, that Theodofius had been defeated by Maximus who had deftroyed his whole army, and that with much difficulty he had efcaped falling into the hands of the conqueror, who was flill in purfuit of him. This news, which at firfl was given out by a few people, became by degrees fo publick, and feemed in a little time fo probable, by the addition of particu- lar circumflances, which even mentioned the number of the kill- ed and wounded on both fides, that the very perfons who had ^ invented it, hearing it reported in a pofitive manner hj people (/) Ambrof. Epift. 29. Zofim. lib. 4. Socr. lib. y. cap. 14. (M)?nC!it, (») Idat. Zof, 1. 4. who BOOKVir. rhe Hifiory of A^iK^isu. 2r^ who really believ'd it, (cjand related it with new particulars, hegan A. D. to perfuade themfelves that it was adually true. Therefore, as '3 S3. there are in all parts people, who, through a natural propenfity to evil, are alwaj^s enemies to a prefent government, whatever it be, and that the world is eafilj inclined to believe the worft, when they are fond of a change, it happened that fo many people publiihed it for a certainty, that no body dared to contradict it. Hereupon the Arians believing themfelves free, and delivered from the fear of an Emperor, whofe lofs thejr looked upon as certain, becaufe they wilhed it, could no longer contain them- felves ^ but, rulliing furioufly out of their houfes, like the unruly waves of the feas, which having broken down the dikes that kept them in their bounds, force their pallage, to the deftrudion of the country 5 fo I fay, thefe feditious Arians in a moft horrible con- fuiion and diforder, ran witJi torches in their hands like madmen to the palace of the Patriarch Kcdarius, which they (et on fire in order to be revenged of the Catholicks, who were in poUeliion of all the Churches. But their rage was foon quelled, and the fire extinquifhed, which had no farther confequence. For about the fame time news was brought of the Emperor's certain vidory, which ftruck fuch a terror into the Arrans, that changing fudden- ly from one extremity to another, they ran and flung themfelves at thefeet of Arcadius, whom Theodofius had left during his ab-^ fence at Conftantinople, and conjured him to interceed for them with his father, and procure them a pardon of their crime, which they heartily abhorred, protefting to attone the fame by a be- haviour which fhould be very contrary to that which they had fhewn hitherto, (p) Arcadius, who was moved by their -piayers and tears, promifed to comply with their requeft ^ which he did in fo effedtual a manner, that Theodofius at laft granted him the favour he demanded for thofe wretched men, who from that time daily faw their party lofing ground, and made no more noife in. the Eaft. (q) In the Weft likewife religion reaped great advantages. from the glorious fuccefs of Theodofius, who fo entirely dimini- /' (0) Stocr. lib. 5. cap. 13, Sozom, 1. 7. cap. 14. ('p; Ambr. Ep. 29, (^) U 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Cod. Theod. Idat. Soz. lib. 7. cap. 14. AuguO» 1. 5. 6e Civit cap. 26. Ambrof. in fun. Theod. Auguft. 1. 5. de civit. Prud. adv, Syrr.l. i.Hier. cont. Jovin. 1. 2, & Ep. 7. Hier. Praef. in Ep. ad Gal. JO The Hipry of AKiAnisu. BOOK VIL A. D, fhed the remains of Arianifm by the new ordinances which he 389. publifhed againft hereticks, that fcarcelj was there any memo- ry of them retained in Italy. After this, as he had pafled the whole winter and part of the fpring at Milan, he fet out in or- der to make his entry in triumph at Rome, which he did in the month of June, with his fon Honorius and Valentinian,to whom hereft-^red the whole Empire which he was in pofTelhon of, be- fore that Maximus had compelled "him to abandon it. He now could no longer endure to fee the remains of idolatrjr which the Emperors had tolerated out of a policy, that appeared to him mean, and contrary to Chriftianity ^ he therefore aboliflied the pagan feafts and facrifices, and caufed the temples, which remain- ed in the capitol, to be demolilhed, and the idols pulled down 5 as likewife the altar of vidtory, with all other altars which were then confecrated to falfe deities. All whic:h was performed with fo great an applaufe from the people of Rome, that the triumphs of the Csfars, his predecefTors, were never aftv'ended with fo much glor}^, as that which appeared on this occafion, with publick rejoicings, praifes xvhich they gave unto God, and bleffings to the Emperor, in the very temples which had been for fo long a time profaned by the impious worfhip of devils. And as he bore as great an aver- fion to herefy, as he did to idolatry, he foon purged the city of it by giving orders to the prefed Albinus to expel all the here- ticks he could find there, (r) and forbidding all men to have any manner of correfpondence with them. Valentinian likewife, be- ine delivered from the perfecution of Juftina, who died before this triumph, and being on the other hand obliged to Theodofius for his life, honour and Empire, he chearfully contributed to thefe glorious actions, and detefting the principles of Arianifm, which his mother had unfortunately inftilled into him, he continued ftcdfaft from that time in the catholick faith, under the condud of St. Ambrofe, whom he honoured as a father, till about three years after, when Theodofius was returned to Conftantinople, he was miferably murdered, by the treachery of Arbogaftus. (5) This Arbogaftus was one of thofe french captains, who had entered into the fervice of the Romans, and who, after the death (r) Leg. i3. de H«r. Cod, Theod. Sozom, 1. 7. cap. i4» Anibr. Ep. 57. Ambr. Ep. 34. (0 ^^^f. 1. 4- ?-uHn. in. vit. Ambr, of BOOK VII. The Hiftory of Xv^ix^isu. Jl of Gratian had fledfaftly adhered to the intereft of Valentinian -^. -D. againft Maiimus. (r) He had acquired fo much honour and credit 3^9* by his valour and courage, and his wife conduct, as alfo by his good fortune, and the contempt he bore to riches, giving all to the foldierSj and refer ving only for himfelf the honour of his great adtions, that he took upon himfelf, thro' his own authority, the employment of field mafter general, which the whole army, who was at his command, agreed to, the court not daring to oppofe him •, and Theodofius, who was acquainted with his great qualifi- cations, had fent him into Gaul in order to take poflelfion of it, and to command the forces there, after the defeat of Maximus. He performed in thofe i)arts fuch glorious anions againft the Barbari- ans, and even againft thofe of his own nation, whom he defeated in fcveral engagements, (w) that in an entertainment which he gave to fbme of their kings, after the peace was made, they told him that what he had done furpafTed even nature ♦, and that fo ma- ny victories which he had gained, could proceed only from the friendfhip of Bifhop Ambrofe, who could even command the fun to ftop. Indeed the holy man bore a great love to him, as he like- wife was beloved by Abrogaftus. But fo many diftinguifhed qualities were alfo mixed with a multitude of imperfections ; and above all things his ambition and vanity were infupportable ^ for they led him to that pitch of infolencc, (x) that he a6led witli an abfolute power, defj)ifing the commands of his prince, reforming, them as he thought fit ; and would never put any of them in exe- cution, but in fuch a manner as was agreeable to himfelf. Valen-- tinian, whofe foul was perfectly great, being come into Gaul where Arbogaftus commanded thus like a fb^^reign, fhewing the utmoft contempt to his authority, could ho longer bear this indignity ; , and, as he was one day feated on his throne, feeing him approach him with his ufual haughtinefs, he caft an angry look on him, and at the fame time gave him a written paper, whereby he difpolTef^ fed him of the command of the army ; which Arbogaftus had no fooner read, but he told him with a moft infolent air, tearing, the paper as he withdrew^ "As you are not the perfon who gave me (0 Suid. V. Arbog. Socr. 1, 5, c. 64, S02. 1. 7. c, 22, (u) Paulin. In vxC Ambvt (x) Zofun. ** that 32 The.Hipry of A r i a N i s M. BOOK VII. A. D. " that command, you never {hall be the perfon, who fhall take it 389. « from me. " And from that time he never ceafed to cabal and plot againfl him ; (y) till at laft, having bribed fome of Valenti- nian's officers and Eunuchs, he caufed him to be ftrangled at Vienna, in the night time as he was fleeping in his bed. This happened on a Saturday at night, the fifteenth of May, and the eve of the Pen- tecofc. This prince, who was then in the twentjr fixth i^ear of his age, was mafter of all thofe perfcdions both of body and mind, which were fufficient to make one of the greateft Emperors that ever reigned.. He had an extraordinary fine fhape, with a comely mien, accompanied with a noble and majeftick air, whereby he was eafily diilinguiflied from all other perfons. (z) He had ftrong and well proportioned limbs, and was extreaml}'' active in all exer- cifcs.^ his genius was lively, and he had a penetrating judgment in bulinefs, which he. applied himfelf to with fo much folidity, and difcretion, that even the wifeft and oldeft of his council were aftoniihed at it. In a. word, he feemed to be born a friend to every virtue, and an enemy to vice, fo noble and great were his natural (ilifppfitions. (a) He was chafte, generous, liberal and magnifi- xent •, meek, civil, obliging, and a great protector of .innpcence agaiiift the malicious endeavours of calumnj^ to which he had declared war ^ and, (which is rare, even in men ; of a low rank in the world, and much more in princes, who believe that their con- dition ought not only to juflifjr, but even to immortalize their im- perfedions,) this young prince ufed to take fo great a care to cor- rpd whatever was found amifs in his behaviour, that he waa evci: willing to debar himfelf of the moft innocent amuferaents of life, fuch as the publick entertainments of the circus, and hunting, ol which exercife he deprived himfelf rather too feverely, becaufe ii was thought that he had too great an inclination to it. But, whai gave the greater luftre to his virtues, was his incomparable piet} towards God, and the zeal which he (hewed for the true religion as foon as he was delivered from out of the hands of his Ariai mother, who alone was guilty of all the diforders which were adec (y) Socr. Epiphan. ■ ds Menf, & Ponder. Idat. ■ (^) Zofom. L 7. e. 22 (*) Ambr. in fun. Valent. durini BOOK VII. The Hf/lory of A KiA^ ISM. 55 during his minorify : For he then followed the counfels of Theo- A. D. dofius and the inftrudions of St. Ambrofe, for whom his afFeftioii 392. daily encreafed from the time that he began to ad for himfelf ; whereas on the contrary he had born an extraordinary hatred to him, through the i:)erfuafion of Juftina, whilft fhe had the admini- flration of affairs for him ^ fo that whatever good was adled during his reign, was owing to him, and whatever evil, may juftly be afcribed to his mother. As he was at that time a catechumen, and jufl: going to make war againft the Barbarians, he had entreated St. Ambrofe to come immediately in order to baptize him, being refolved to receive baptifm from his hands, (a) He was then expecting him with im- patience, and fhewed an extraordinary defire to receive that divine facrament from the hands of his mafter, and father • for thus he ftiled the holy Bifhop, who had already pafled the Alps in his way to Vienna, when he beared the difmal news of the fatal death of this prince, which gave him an incredible forrow. He returned half dead to Milan, continually lamenting his lofs, as well as that of the em.pire, and Church, which was robbed of its benevolent pro- tedor. And the onl}^ comfort he had was, that his body being fold hj the treacherous regicides, who barbaroufly and villainouHy, with- out foundation, reported that he hadftrangled himfelf, (Z') he, by the exprefs commands of Theodofius, celebrated his funerals in a moft magnificent manner, and in the excellent funeral oration, which he pronounced on that occafion, (c) he found fome eafe to his grief, from the tears, he fhed, and the true elogium, which he gave to his virtues ;, as likewife becaufe he was afTured that the taptifm, which that prince had defired and demanded in fo prelilng a manner, hav- ing purified him from all the flains of his fins, he and iis brother Cracian were both admitted to the heavenly enjoyment of an ever- ' lafting life ^ declaring neverthelefs that he would not pafs one day without offering up divine oblations for them, nor a night without giving them a ihare in his prayers. I thought that this protefta- tion, which I ought not to omit, might ferve to convince fuch pro* teftants as would give ear to reafon, that the holy fathers of the fourth century prayed as we do for the dead. (a) Ambrof. in fun. YaUnt, (h) Hieron. Ep. 3. Solom. (c) Ambrof or. in fun. Yalent. F After ?4 The Hijiory ^/ A r i A N i s M. BOOK VII. A. D. After this cruel parricide, (d) Arbogaftus, (as he had contrived 392. it before-hand with the prefeft Flavian, and fome other Pagans of his cabal) caufed one Eugenius to be proclaimed Emperor. This man had. been a grammarian, and, having quitted the fchools, which he formerly held, was become a courtier, and had entered into the fervice. Ricomerus, who had an efteem for hini, and when he fet out for Conftantirxplcleir hlffl with Arbogaftus, to whom he reconi- hiended him as a man of fenfe and learning fit to be emploj^-ed on any ufeful occafion. Arbogaftus therefore believed that this man being his creature, he might difpofe of him according to his own pleafure •, and this wretched fellow, tho' a Chriftian, (having a ftrong difpofition towards Paganifm, (e) and being by Flavian perfuaded into a belief that certain omens promifed him the Empire, with the deftrudtion of chriftianit}^) he refolved to take upon him the j)urple robes and diadem, tho' in reality he was but a tool, they made ufe of, and bore only the name of Auguftus and Empe- ror. The firft adion he did was, the reftoring of facrifices, and rebuilding the altar of victory, which Valentinian, by the inftigav tion of St. Ambrofe, had pofitively refufed to the prefedt Symma- chus : (/) After which he fent a folemn embafly to Theodofius, in order to know of him whether he would acknowledge him for his collegue to the Empire, or for his enemy. But Theodofius, hav- ing amufed the ambaffadors fome time, whilft he was under-hand making necellarjr preparations, he at laft fent them away very well fatisfied, made them rich prefents, and gave them many fine words, which siade them believe that he intended to live in peace with their mafter. At the fame time he gathered up all his Roman forces under the command of Stilico, (g) who had married his niece Serena, and the auxiliaries of the barbarian na^ns, chief- ly the Goths under the command of Gamas, Saulus, an(^t^acuri- us. This being done, (after having implored the aihftance o'^*God, according to cuftom, (h) with fafting and exercifes of Penance, and by new edi£ts, which he caufed to be publilhed againft Hereticks) he marched with all diligence towards the Alps, where his enemies had made themfelves matters of the pallages, in order to fight him (d) Zof. 1. 4. Sozom. 1. 7. c. 22. Paul, in vit. Ambrof. (e) Sozom. (f) Zof. (g) RufF, lib. 2. cap. 32. Leg.21. de Hseret.Cod.Th. Auguft. Epift. 50. (b) Prof- per. Marcel. Petau. with BOOK VII. The Hlpry ^/ A r i A N i s m. g 5 with the more advantage to themfelves, and prevent his coming A. D. into Italy. 393- The army of Eugenius, which the Pagans were abfolute matters of, as well as of their Emperor, belides the Roman legions who had ferved under Valentinian, was compofed of a prodigious number of Gauls and French (i) who had followed Arbogaitus their coun- try-man ^ and, after having placed an advanced body of men at the palTage of the Julian Alps, they appeared in order of battle on the tops of the hills, bearing at the heads of their lines, amongft their ftandards, the ftatues of Hercules and of thundering Jupiter. Qt) The forces of Theodofius confifted of two powerful bodies, which he had divided, the one was compofed of the old bands of Roman (bldiers, who had fought under him, with fo much glory and good fortune, againft the Barbarians in the Eaft, and againll Maximus in the Weft ^ and the other, of thofe foreign nations, who inhabited the countries lying on the borders of the Danube *, and of fome French, who had remained in his fervice from the time of his war with Maximus^ and of old Iberian foldiers under the condud of that brave Chriftian Bucarius their General 5 but above all of Arian Goths, who had given themfelves to him after the death of Athanaricus, (/) and who were commanded by Gainas. He immediateljr fell upon thofe who were guarding the pafles, and charged them fo unexpedledl}'-, that being ftruck with terrcur and difordered, (m) he made himfelf mafter of them at the firft attack without meeting with much refiftance ; and being afterwards ad- vanced with all his army he drew it up in order of battle before the enemy, who, after having recovered from the fear, which fo re- folute an aftion had given them, put themfelves likewife in a po- Iture of defence. (n) Thus they fought for the fpace of two days, which were the fifth and fixth of September, fome of them on the hills, and fome in the vales on the border of the river Frigidus with vari- ous turns of fuccefs. On the firft day Theodofius, feeing that the innumerable body of Barbarians, whom Arbogaftus had brought {I) Marcell. (t) Auguft, ^. de Civ. cap. 26. 0) Ruf.l. 2. cap. 35, (w) Zof. lib. 4. Ruf. lib. 2. cap. 33. Socr. lib, 7. cap. 24. (n) Marcell. Profper. Ruff. 1. 2. Orof. lib. 7, cap. 35, Vii^or. Socr, lib. 5. cap. 24. Theod.1. 5. cap. 24. Soiom. 1. 7- cap. 24. Idat. F 2 with ^6 The Hifiorj D. prefented a foldier to him, who had juft told his officer that he 394. had the like vifion in a dream-, and Theodofius would not omit the occafion of fo favourable an incident to encourage his army. For he told his officers, " That the fame thing was reprefented to <' his mind, promifing him vidory, that it was not for him, but for " them that God had fent That vifion to the foldiers, leaft they " Ihould imagin that it was an artifice of their Emperor, who had " alreadjr, contrary to their opinion, refolved on a battle. Let " us fight therefore (faid he to them) in the name of God under " fuch great commanders, who will be at omt head, and let us ra- " ther obferve our guides than the multitude of our enemies, who «' will not be able to fland before them ". This fpeech being fpread throughout the army, it infpired the foldiers with fo much courage, that there was not one of them, who was not eager for the fight, and ready to go to battle as to a certain vidtory. Here» upon Theodofius, willing to lay hold of their prefent difpofitionj marched down into the plain, in order of battle, with a refolution to go up ftreight to the] enemy. This at firft iurprized Eugenius, who had no other thoughts but thofe of enjoying the fruits of his vidory. But as from the top of the hill, where they had fixed his tent, he could difcover the fmall nurnber of forces which the Emperor had left,^ comparing them to his own, who the mean while were drawing up for battle- he faid. That Theodofius was coming like a defperate man to loofe his life, and that he charged them not to kill him, but to bring him alive to him bound in Irons. The two armies being in ■prefence of each other, the Emperor placed himfelf at the head of his Horfe ^ and having given orders for the founding of the charge, (s) he made the lign of the Crofs, which he looked upon as an invincible armour, then rode up diredly to the enemy, with his men whom he had infpired with equal courage-, Bacurius followed ■ him (t) who on this occafion performed wonderful adions, in or- der to retrieve the lofs which the foreign troops had fuftained 'm the firft combat. Arbogaftus on his fide did all that could be ex. r)eaed from a great and a valiant commander, tho' without fuc- cefsj for God foon declared himfelf openly for Theodofius, hj a {s) Oros. 1. 7. (t: RuiF. Socr, miracle BOOK VIL The Hiftory // A r i a n i s m ^9 miracle which was Icnown to i\).t whole wcrid, (u) and which the very A. A Pagans themfelves could not entirely conceal, though a certain 594. "Writer of theirs, through a bafe malice, altogether unworthy of an Hiftorian, hath endeavoured to fupprefs it, (x) contrary to the teftimonies of all thofe who wrote in thole days. (j) Both armies were no fooner clofely engaged, when fudden- ly on the fide of the camp of Theodofius, between the Eaft and fouth point, there rcfe a moft furious wind, which carried the arrows of his foldiers with more force againft x\\q enemies and drove back theirs againft themfelves in fuch a manner, that none of their arrows reached the Emperor's foldiers. Befides This ftorm raifed clouds and whirlwinds of duft, which flying direftly into the faces of Eugenius's men, obliged them to fhut their eyes, fo that they remained ufelefs, and without defence eipofed to the darts and fpears, which flew at them from all parts. Hereupon the Imperialifts, feeing the airifl:ance of God who vilibly fought for them, fell upon the enemy fword in hand, (z) and made a mofl: horrible flaughter of the foreign troops, who had gained fuch great advantages the day before, {d) whilft the Ro- mans, after that Theodofius had promifed their officers to fliew them favour, laying down their arms, furrendered themfelves, and delivered up Eugenius bound in chains to him, whom the Emperor, after having reproached him with his crimes, caufed immediately to be beheaded, whilfl: at the fame time That wretched man was fliamefull}^ begging his life on his knees. Arbogaftus, who had made his efcape, and concealed himfelf for the fpace of two days in the hills, defbairing to find means of avoiding thofe who were in purfuit of him, in order to bring him to Theodofius, who was refolved to revenge, on his head, Q)) the Parricide of Valentinian, killed himfelf with the wounds of two different fwords, which he thruft into his body. The Emperor being fatisfied with the death of thefe two criminals, fhewed mer- cy to all the reft, and gave all the plunder to the foldiers, chiefly Jupiter's (c) Golden thunderbolts and ftatues, which the (JL) enemies {u) Claudian. in Pan. 3. Hon, Conf. (x) Zof. lib. 4. {y) Orof. Aug. 5. deCivit. cap. 26. Ruff. Socr. Theodor. Sozom. Socr. (7) Orof. Sozom.' Theod. (a) Socr. Sozom. [h) Zof. Socr. Sozom. Claudia, in 3. Conf {0 Augufl. 5, de Civ. cap, 26. (./) Orof. had AO The Hiflory of Art A-i^isu: BOOK Vlf. '^' ^' had erected againft him, by a facrilegious ceremony which 394. they performed on the hills. There was not much Roman blood fhed in this remarkable victory ^ but in the firft fight the Empe- ror loll: a great number of his foreign troops, and among the reft tQii thoufand Goths, who were killed upon the fpot. It was obfer- ved from that time, that the lofs of thefe people was efteemed as valuable as thQ gaining of a battle to the Empire, which was de- livered from fo many enemies ^ (e) and that God x)ermitted that thejr fhould all be deftroyed in the firfl: engagement, not intending that Theodofius ihould lofe the vidory, but to convince the whole world, that he had fo glorioufly overcome the enemy by the divine affiftance, (as he did the next day) and not at all by the help of the Arians and Barbarians. Therefore, as we may properly fay, that this great adion was chiefly the vidory of God j it was alfo his will that it jQiould be proclaimed after a manner that was worthy of himfelf. For the fame day, on which it was gained, at the pafTage of the Alps, as they were exorcifing an evil fpirit in the Church of St John the Baptift, near Conftantinople, {f) (where Theodofius, before he went to the war, made a fervent prayer,) the devil, I fay, cried out in a moft lamentable manner, fpeaking injurioufly to that divine fore-runner of Christ: ** Wretched man who art beheaded, is it *' then decreed, that thou Ihalt overcome me, and deftroy my ** army"? This faying furprized thofe who were prefent, and having fet down tliQ day and hour, they found afterwards, that this was the very time in which Eugenius loft the battle •. But what the famous Abbot John faid on the fame occafion was yet more remarkable, and we can no ways be doubtful of a thing which we have received from the very perfon who faw it,andtotvhomthat holy man addrefled himfelf. (g) The Emperor having again con- fulted the holy Abbot concerning the fuccefs of this war, he fore- told his victory, and his death in Italy. Some time after as Eva- grius and his companions, who were then viiiting the Monafteries of Thebaides, were taking their leave of this wonderful Hermit, he bleffed them in thefe words : " Depart hence in peace, my be- " loved Children, and be it known unto you, that This day at (ORufF. (/) Soxom. lib. 7. cap, 24.. ig) Evag. p. 1, cap. i. « Alex- BOOK VIL The Hifiory of k^iA^isu. 41 *' Alexandria, is publifhed ihQ happy news of the vidory of the A. D- «' Emperor Theodofius over the tyrant Eugenius : After which, it ?9>.' " is decreed, that in little time that admirable Prince muft leave " this life. And foon after they were confirmed in the truth of this prediction ^ for tliey were informed, that the news was aclual- ly come, which gave an account of the defeat of the tj^rant, v/hich happened at the very time mentioned by the holy Abbot. About four months after, Theodofius being at Milan, where they were celebrating, with extraordinary rejoicings, a vi(3:ory which had made him. the abfolute mafler of both Ejnpires, (/;; he was taken ill, and did not doubt, but that according to the pro- phecy of Abbot John, it was a call from Go d in order to trnimph in Heaven ; And after having aboliflied all the fuperftilions of Paganifm, deftroyed the remains of Arianilm, provided, hy the counfels of St. Ambrofe, (/) for the fafety of the Churches, freed the people from their taxes, extinguifhed by his laft vv^ill and te- ftament the memory of all the crimes which were com.mitted a- gainft him under the tyrannjr of Eugenius ^ divided the Emapire of the Eafl and Weft between his two Sons, who were then with him, and to whom he chiefly recommended the obfervance of pie- ty towards God, and zeal forKeligion, having firft appointed St. Ambrofe for their fpiritual guide, and Stilico for the temporal affairs -, after having done all thefe tilings, and, by a conftant good fortune peculiar to himfelf alone, and which did not defcend to his fuccefTors, having likewife overcome the Barbarians, deftroy- ed the tyrants, obliged the Perfians to keep within bounds of ref- pea, fupprefTed rebellions, maintained his fubjects in peace, whilft religion fiouriihed throughout his Empire^ and, what raifed his glory to the highefl degree, having rcftored the Empire of . Jesus Christ in the whole extent of it, by the total ruin of the Arians, who never could re-eftablifh themfelves during his lifej after all this, I faj^, he calmly gave up the ghofl, on the feventeenth day of January, in this lame j^ear of our Lord, three hundred and ninety five, the fixteenth of his Empire, and the fiftieth of his age {k). Forty days after his death, his funeral was- (h) Sozom. 1. 7. cap. 2S. Ambrof. in fun. Thccd. (/) Thcodcr. 1- 5. c. 25, (l) Profper. Marcel. Socr. lib ■5. cap. 25. G folemni^/J ^2 The Hipry of Akiaj^isu. BOOK VII. A> D' folemniz'd in a magnificent manner at Milan, where St. Ambrofe 995. fpoke the oration in the prefence of the young Emperor Honori- us, (/) who was then but twelve years of age ^ and in the fame year his body was carried over to Conftantinople, where his tl- deft Son Arcadius, who was Emperor of the Eaft, received him on the eighth of November, and, after a pompous funeral v/orthy of fo ereat an Emperor, he placed him in the fepulchre of Conftan- tin^- . . . . I am of opinion that- whoever reads this hiftory, will interelt himfelf fo far in all that concerns the deftroyer of Arianifm, that he will be very defirous of having his Pidure, in order to preferve, with the more delight, the memory and idea of fo wonderful a Prince, (jn) As he held it for a great honour to be defcended from the race of Trajan, he had likewife the good fortune to refemble him in the fize of his ftature, the beauty of his hair, the propor- tion of his limbs, as alfo in the likenefs and features of his face^ and excepting that his eyes were not fo large, nor his complexion fo fair and delicate, and that he had not fo majefticlc a prefence as that of Trajan, no man ever did refemble him more. But if he was inferiour to him in thofe points, he on the other hand was fu- periour to him in the beauties of the mind, fince, it is certain, that he polTelTed all the perfedions of that Emperor, and was not guilty of thofe failings which are imputed to him. For Theodofius was bountiful, generous, magnificent, and obliging •, refpedful to eve- ry one according to his rank, but chiefly perfons of vertue and merit, to whom he ever Ihowed a great affedion and regard ^ ad- miring men of learning and skill in arts and fciences, of which he himfelf had as much knowledge as was well confiftent with the character of a Prince, but without affeding a fuperiority over others •, tho' neverthelefs he maintained his authorit}/- on all occa- lions without oftentation, and enjoyed the fweets of a fociable life with his friends, without diminiihing the grandeur of his Majefty^ which he knew how to foften, without expofing it to contempt. He was wife, skilful, laborious and vigilant, expofing himfelf to dangers, and fharing the fatigues of war, with the private foldi- ers i he was chafte and fober, yet neverthelefs fumptuous and ele- [ (/) Yiftor. Ambr. in obit. Theod. Socr, lib. 6. cap. i. (ffi) Viftor. in Theod. gant BOOK VIL The Hifiory 0/ A r i a n i s m. 43 gant in tlie friendly entertainments which he ufed to make with A, D, fuch perfons as he was pleafed to admit into his company, when 395« he had a mind to pafs a few agreeable hours. He had fo much gratitude, as to publifli even the leaft good ojffices that he had re- ceived from private perfons in his primitive fortune-, he was a declared enemy to traitors, and ungrateful people, and ufed pub- lickly to deteft the pride, ambition, cruelt}^ and tyranny of Cin- na, Marius, Syllaand others of the fame ftamp, who had inhuman- ly made an ill ufe of their power ^ and this he did, as he faid, in order to lay himfelf under the happy neceflitjr of obferving a con- duit intirely oppofite to theirs, of which he declared fo openly to have an abhorrence ^ and, what is ftill more uncommon, parti- cularly amongft great m.en, (to whom great profperity is fre- quently more dangerous, in refpedl to their morals, than great ad- verfity) he ufed alwaj^s to be more meek, more humane, and more obliging, as his power encreafed by his vidtories; but above all things he was to be admired in his domeftick capacity, when he ufed to lay afide, as it. were with pleafure, his princel}'- Majefty, (which he looked upon as a burthen), in order to give himfelf up to the tender cares and endearments of a husband, a father, and a mailer, Thefe, in part, are the praifes which were given to him., not only by the holy fathers, v/ho were well acquainted with him, as St. Ambrcfe and St. Auguftin, whom, poiiibly, we might fufpeft of having too much flattered his pifture : (ji) But likewife by the Pagans of his time, who examined his conduct without any parti- ality in favour of him, becaufc he was an enemy to their idols ; (0) as, amongft others, the famous prefed Symm.achus, the mofl bigotted defender of Paganifm, and who, writing to Flavian, fwho vyas alfo a Pagan, and the fame that had made war againft Theo- • dofius under Eugeniusj declared ingenuoufiy that the virtues of That Prince far excelled all that he could fay upon That fubjea:,in a publick oration, and that the pi^5ture, which he had given of him, was painted only with dead colours. This plainly fhews the inlblent and bale malice of that famous impoftor Zoiimus, who feems to have written his hiitory, only for the fake of abufing thq (»} Aur. Yi(a. Themift. or. 5 . (0) Symni. 1. 2. epul, 13. G 2 Chriftian 4 4 "The Hipry egging his life,which no body was willing to grant him j he went up Cb) Soxom. 1. 8. c. 7. Niceph. 1. 13. c. 4. (C; Sozom. ibid. L. 3. de his qui confugiunt ad Eccl. Cod. Theod. Zof. {dj Socr. lib. 6. cap, 2. Marcell. in Chron, into BOOKVir. Tbe HiJ!ory of Akiai^ism. 55 into the chair, and without deliberation fpoke an admirable homi- A. D. ly, (e) which may be faid to be the matter -piece of a moft con- 399* fummate eloquence. For, after having made feme concelllons to the people, and artfully given fome fatisfadlion to their juft refcnt- ment, to give a little vent to the violence of it, reproaching Eu- tropius with the number of his crimes, which brought down upon him the vengeance both of heaven, and earth ^ he fo induftriouflj turned their minds to the merciful fide, by every confideration^ divine, and human, that could excite compaffion towards an un- happy man, who from fo high a ftation was fallen into an abyfs of miferj, that he drew tears from the eyes of the whole aflembly, who now in a lamentable manner beg for that life, which a few moments before they were follicitous to deftroy. For, indeed, St. Chryfoftom did not deliver up Eutropius into the hands of the Em- peror's officers, (/) till they firft had taken an oath, that his life ihould be laved, tho' upon condition that he lliould be fent into ' banifhment in the Ifland of Cyprus. But Gainas, who had not heard St. John Chrj'-foftom's oration, and who, being a hardened Arian, was not naturally of a merciful difpofition, tho' it was af- terwards repeated to him, yet he prefTed the Emperor fo urgently to have this unfortunate Eunuch, whofe death he fought, deliver- ed to him, that he found himfelf at laft obliged to fend him to him at Calcedonia, where he caufed him to be beheaded. The affairs of Arcadius, notwithftanding, were not retrieved j- (g) For the perfidious Gainas, having obtained what he required, caufed greater diforders than before-, and, having made himfelf mailer of Bythinia and Hellefpont, he reduced the Emperor to fuch extremities, that he even obliged him fhamefully to come to- him at Calcedonia, where this Barbarian would make him ap-. pear in perfon in order to treat with him upon articles of a' peace : Which were, that Aurelianus Saturninus, a man of a- confular dignity, and John, who was iirfl fecretary, and a favou- rite of the Emperor's, fhould be delivered up to him ; yet, never- thelefs, he granted them their lives, contenting him.felf with flrik- ing them, fligitly with the flat fide of his fword 5 befides that Gai- nas, and Trigibaldus, fhould march with their forces up to Con- (0 Horn, in Eutrop. (/) Zof. (g) Zollm. Soiom. lib. 8. cap. 4. ftantinople. 54 The Hipory ^/ArtANism. BOOK VII. A. D. ftantinople, that Gainas fliould be appointed Generalifllmo of all 400. the Emperor's armies, with an abfolute power equally over the Ro- mans, and Goths. This was diredtly j)utting the Empire into his hands: And accordingly he did not omit to take all the fpcedieft meafures he thought proper to fecure it to himfelf, under the fa- vour of fo great fin employment, and to caufe himfelf to be pro- claimed Emperor with the reftauration of Arianifm. To this end, as foon as he was arrived at Conftantinople, where all fubmitted to his power, he difperfed his Arian Goths through- out all the parts of the town, in order to have people ready at all times, and in all places, to execute his commands, according to the fcheme he had laid. And under the pretence of making new re- cruits and filling up the companies of that nation, which had been very much weakened by the war, he caufed a great number of them to come into the city at different times, fo that, being Tu- periour to the Romans, the latter would be compelled to obey ; when his defign fhould be ready to be put in execution. Befides, in order to be the more fecure, he fent moft of the Roman foldiers to diftant garrifons, under colour of reinforcing them, and providing for the fafety of the provinces, whilft at the fame time he was ga- thering up all the Goths, whom he had quartered round about the city. Having taken thefe meafures, he refolved to go diredly to Arcadius, and demand a Church of him, wherein the Arians might freely and publickly exercife their religion ^ that, in cafe of a re- fufal, he might have a good pretence, being backed by a ilrong arm}', to make a party, who would be glad to acknowledge him for Emperor. This requeft feemed furprizing to Arcadius, who abhorred the thoughts of delivering a Church to him, being a Prince of extraordinary piety, and a good catholick. But as he was very weak, he had not refolution enough to refifl this Barba- rian, (h) to whom he promifed to grant what he demanded, defir- ing only a little time to confult with the Patriarch, whofe confent he would endeavour to obtain. And accordingly he ufed Iiis en- deavours to perfuade him that there was a neceJiity to comply with the Goth, leaft he Ihould be provoked to anger, who, having the power in his own hands, might make himfelf mafter of the Em- Qh) Theodor. 1. -5. cap. 32. Sozom. lib. 8. cap. 4. pire. BOOK VIT. The Hiflory of A K I A i^ I s M. <;^ pire, and then deftroy the religion. But St. Chryfoftom, whom A. D. nothing was able to difliearten, when the glorj'- of Jesus Christ 400. was concerned, encouraged this weak Prince, who was in great fear^ and told him with wonderful refolution that he ought, on no ac- count to be afraid of this Barbarian, whom, God would un- doubtedly confound, becaufe he was an Arian. But that, if he would fummon them both to come and debate the matter in his prefence, he Ihould have the pleafure of feeing how he would han- dle that fubjeft. Arcadius, who was over-joyed to find this refolution in the bi- Ihop, fent to give notice to Gainas, that he Ihould come the next day to the palace where St. John Chryfofbom would meet him ; and accordingly he was no fooner entered into the Emperor's pre- fence, (i) but he demanded the performance of the promife, which he had given him of granting a Church for his Arians : To which rhe holy prelate anfwered, " That all the Churches of Gonftantino- " pie were open to every one, and that no body was hindered from " going thither to offer up their prayers. The Barbarian repli- *' ed, that, being of a different belief from his, he required like- ** wife a Church which was convenient for thof^ of his communi- " on to aflemble with him, in order to ferve God after their own ** way." And as he exprelTed himfelf in a bold and haughf'- man* ner, faying, '' That this was the leaft reward that was due to him " for the coniiderable fervices, which he had rendered unto the " Empire, St. Chryfoftom faid with an undaunted courage, iince " 37-ou mention reward, only remember what you was before " and confider what you are now : Formerlj^ a private foldier in *' a mean habit, with poor diet, and even in want of all neceffa- " ries, when you paffed the Danube •, and now general of the Ro- *' man forces, blefled with plenty and riches, loaded with honours " and cloathed in gold and purple ^ enjoying, thro' the favour of « the Emperor, all the advantages of the greateft fortune that ever « befel a fubjed. Only confider, as I faid to you, thefe two ei- " tremities, and compare the one with the other ; and then you " will be forced to own, in fpite of the. great opinion you have of " your fervices, that the reward, which you have received, does 0) Theodor, " infinitely 56 The H^pyy of ARi\viishu BOOK VIL A. T>. " infinitelj exceed whatever you might deferve by your anions. 400. « Take care that )''ou do not fall into the highefr ingratitude, by " forgetting fo many favours, and remcmbring only your fervices, " for which jow demand a reward, {h) Remember only the oath " which you fwore to the great Theodofius, when he gave you the " command of the troops of your nation. Did 3''ou not fwear to *' him before the great God, that you would be for ever faithful " to him, to his children, and to the Empire, and that you would *' always inviolably keep thofe laws, which you would now vio- " late ? Did he not forbid, by his edids, all affemblies of Here- " ticks, and particularly thofe of the Arians ? Then, addrelTing himfelf to the Emperor, he faid to him, with a very majeftick air 5 *' Did you not, likewife, publiih the fame laws immediately af' " ter your father's death ? Nay moreover, Sir, I declare to you, in « the name of God, that, altho' neither you, nor the great Theo- <« dofius, your father, had made thofe laws, you could not, with- *' out a crime, give up the houfe of God to the declared enemy of « his fon ♦, and that, in fpite of all the political maxims of men, it «« would be better for you to refolve on the lofs of the Empire, *« ra\her than betray, fo (hamefully and ignominioufly, the intereft *' of the true religion. This was a ftrong reprefentation ^ and Gainas, who probably might have been offended at it, and feemed to be fo refolute at the beginning of the conference, made no manner of reply t (/) But retired quietly, without infifting on his demand. This perhaps he did, either becaufe he was then convinced by the rcafonings of the holy bifliop, or out of refpeft to his perfon : But it is more pro- bable that he was not forry to have a pretence to execute the fcheme he had already laid of rendring himfelf mafter of Gon- ftantinople, and of the Empire. For indeed, in a few days after tbis conference, he attempted to fei^e all the money of the bank- ers, who, being informed of Jiis ^d\%\\ had taken care to conceal it ^ he alfo would have fet iire to the palace in the night'time, (m) but, being prevented, he retired to a country feat, in order, as he - pretended, to be attended in a fit of illnefs. And at the fame time he gave orders to a party of the Goths to follow him privately, as {k) Sozom. 1 3, c. 4. (/; Theod. (m) Soiom. I. 8. c. 4, Zofim, Sozom. it BOOK VIL The Hipry of Ariamism. ^7 it were hj way of paying a vifit to their general, but the real in- A. D. tent was, to conceal their arms, which thtj fent out in covered 4oo. carts, and empty caslcs, that they might prevent any fufpicion. And as for the other Goths, whom he had placed in all tJie diffe- rent quarters of the city, and who were in number much more fu- perjour to the Romans, («) he commanded them, on a certain day, to feize fuddenly on all the principal places of the city, and to fall upon the f ddiers of the guard, and thofe who kept the gates whilft he himfelf, at the fame inflant, would come with the whole army in order to fcale the walls. And he certainly would have fucceeded in his defign, had he not deftroyed it by his own brutilli impatience. For being too fanguine in his opinion of the fuccefs in this undertaking, and not doubting but Iiis people, whom he had left in the city, would fecond him as foon as he iliould appear at the gates, he came before the time, which he had appointed, and marched up directly in order to attack the walls. It happened, likewife, that about the fame time, as one of the carts, with arms in it, was going out, it was difcovered by chance ; and that fome of the Goths, who were watching it, feeing themfelves furprifed, (oj they fell fword in hand upon the guard. Thus the confpiracy being difcovered, the people of the city gave the alarm, and im- mediately took arms, and hj the Emperor's orders they all fell at once upon the Goths, who were not ready^ and did not expect this fudden attack. Thus fome of tlieni were killed with fwords, and others ftoned to deaths without diilin^tion of perfons ^ v/hatever came in their way, men, women, and cliildrcn, tliey were all ma(^ facred without mercy, or refiftance, the Goths not being able to form themfelves into a body. In the mean while tlie pictorian walls without, only in expei^tation that their companions would at the fame time kh^ on the city within, So that Gaisias, being thus diHvppointed on all fides, for not haviijg taken his meafures right, was forced to retire, and leave behind Jam ti^e braved of lua men lying dead at the foot of the walls. Vol. IL i But ^g The Hipry o/Arianism. BOOK VIT. A» D. But this was not the end of his dlfgrace •, for the Emperor, being 400. encouraged by this fuccefs, and provoked, as he had juft caufe, at the perfidioufnefs of this traitor, and the horrid confpiracy which he had contrived with his Arians, he declared him an enemy to the Empire, and gave orders that what remained of the Barbarians Ihould be put to the fword. So that the whole city, (p) who had no more enemies to fear without, embracing this opportunity of being revenged, after having killed all the Goths, whom they found in the ftreets and houfes, and fet fire to thofe places, where they uftd to meet for the celebration of their myfteries, contrary to the ediifts of the Emperor, they put to death upwards of feveii thoufand more, who fled for refuge to a great Church, where they were partly burnt, and partly deflroyed with arrows, which were fhot at them from the roof, which was demolilhed in order to kill them more expeditioufly, and without refiftance. (q) Thus ended that bloody day of the general miafTacre of the Goths at Conftan- tinople, which happened on the twelfth day of July in this je^T four hundred, which included the fourth century. Gainas being heartily afhided at his having milled his aim, by his precipitation •, and inraged at the lofs of his people at Con- ftantinople, ravaged the whole country, and caufed dreadful deva- ftations throughout Thracia, in order to be revenged •, and, tho' he had received St. John Chryfoftom with great refpedt, (r) who came out to meet him with a view of making up this affair, and bringing it to fome kind of accommodation, he refolved, feeing that the towns of Thracia were in a good ftate of defence, to carry the war into Afia, where he was in hopes of making conliderable conquefts with as much eafe as he had done before by the means of Trigibaldus. Therefore turning off fuddenly to the right, he marched with all his forces into Cherfonefus, in order to pafs the Hellefpont over againffc Lampfacus 1, and, as he had no fhips, he had fo^rauch teme- rity and prefumption as to caufe his troops to pafs over upon floats of timber, (s) in defiance of the Roman army, which was at his head, under the command of general Flavitta, to whom, tho' a Goth and Pagan, Arcadius had committed the care of his troops both by (p) Sozom. (^) Chronic. Alex. (rj Theod. 1. 5. c. 33. Zoflm, Socr. lib. 6, c. 6, (y^Zofim. Socr, i. fea. BOOK VIL The Hiftory 0/ A r i A N i s m. 59 fea, and land, becaufe he was a great warrior, and had given con- A. D, vincing proofs of his fidelity, particularly upon this occafion. For, 4oi' having feigned an intention to retire and lie by, as it were, on the defenfive, till the greateft part of the enemies were advanced, he then made up to them io timely, with good fhips, which he had prepared for that purpofe, {t) that the wind declaring in his favour againft the Barbarians, they were all funk to the bottom, on the twenty third of December, fome by the ftorm, and others by the ftrength of his fliips •, all which was done in the fight of Gainas, who was defpairing on the fhore. And at laft, as this traitor was endeavouring to make his efcape on the other fide of the Danube, with the fmall number of troops, which were left him, tho' flill purfued and defeated by the Romans, paffing thro' Thracia, (k) he was killed, after having fought bravely in a battle, which he lofl againft Uldes, king of the Huns, who would not admit of thefe new vifitors, in a country which he had taken, by conqueft, from the Goths. After this aflion, Uldes, in order to make the moft of his vido- xj^ fent the head of the perfidious Gainas to the Emperor Arcadi- iis, who acknowledged himfelf fo greatly obliged to him, that, be- £des the m.agnificent prefents, which he fent him, he made an alli- ance with him. Thus the mighty expedations of the Arians, not on- ly of being reinftated,but likewife of governing, under the favour of Gainas, on whofc fortune they depended, were all deftroj^ed with the lofs of that wretched man ^ and foon after they found them» felves fo much the more humbled, becaufe they had infolently at- tempted to domineer during his tyranny. For, according to the genius of heretjcks, who always afTume authority when they think their party the flrongeft, fo the Arians of Conftantinople, as foqn as they faw themfelves fupported by fo powerful a protestor, they firft took the libert}'' to alTemble near the walls of the city, and there, contrary to the edidts of the Emperor, in open day, were fo bold as to exercife their pretended religion, and as their bold- nefs encreafed, {k) they met together in the very city, on all the vigils of holy-days, and on every Saturday, where, under large (t) Socr. Chronic. Alex. (a) Zofim. (x) Socr. lib. 6. cap. 8. Soiom. lib. 8, cap. 8, I 2 porticoes. 6o The Hijlory 0/ A r i a N i s m. B O 0 K VIL A. D. portico's, in the night-time, they fung hymns and canticles, in fa- 401. vour of their herefy, in oppofition to the rloarine and truth of the catholick religion. Nay, they did more 5 for, not being contented with thefe nodurnal fongs, they were fo bold as to continue them in the morning, both in the ftreets and other places, finging the fame things in a chorus, as they paffcd thro' the city two and two in order to go to the place of their alTembly ^ and they carried their impudence fo far as to add this horrible impiety at the end of fome of their verfes, which they repeated all together with a loud voice on purpofe to infult the catholiclcs: " Where :ofted troops in ambufcade, and where the Goths, who did not expedt this piece of treachery, could have no opportunity of drawing up their forces, (g) But Alaricus, altho* an Arian, was unwilling to give battle on fo fo- lemn a day ^ yet being forced to it, he difpofed his men in fo ju- dicious a manner amongft the rocks, and fought with fo much va- lour and courage, (h) that he gained a compleat victory over Sau- (c) In the French four hundred and fifty thoufind crowns according to Bud.^ (_d) Hier. Ei. 1. (e) jornand. de reb. Get. c. 30. (/) Near the pajfa^e of ^«^«. Cg) Orof. lib. cip. 37. [bj Paul. Diac. in Mifc. lib. 43. lus BOOK VIIT. The Hiftory of A r i a n i s m. 7j lus, and made him fall into the very fnares which his enemy had A. D. defigned for him. Alaricus, being now victorious, was provoked 408. at the bafe treachery, which the Romans had intended againll: him, and as the glorious fuccefs of his arms had fwelled his pride, he re- folved at once to return with his army tovrards the Po ^ and as he approached the Roman legions, vv^hich were under the command of the Emperor Honorius, in the neighbourhood of Pavia, the major part cf their auxiliary troops, (;) which were compofed of Barba- rians, cam.e over to him, in order io be revenged of the injuries which they had received after the death of Stilico. For whilft thefe things were tranfading in this manner towards the Alps, (k) Stilico having undertaken to march with the army to Conftantinople, where Arcadius died on the firft day of Majr, and being refolved to repair tliither without Honorius, whom he in- tended to leave in Italy with a very fmall body of men, which gave the Emperor an opportunity of difcovering the treaVonable defign, which Stilico had been fo long a framing. And indeed Olympias, who commanded the Emperor*s guards, (/) and of whom St. Auguftin made the elogium in two of his letters, laid open be- fore Honorius the whole pernicious fcheme of this perfidious man (m) which exafperated the foldiers in fo violent a manner that ihty fell upon their officers and killed them on the fpot, with the jnagiftrates vyhom they fufpedted to be concerned in the plot with Stilico. As for himfelf, he retired from Bolognia to Ravena, up- on the advice, which he had received concerning thefe diforders . and as he was informed that the Emperor had given orders to the Roman foldiers to fecure his perfon, he went in the night-time and took fandluary in a Church, not confiding in his Huns, and Goths, bccaufe that Sarus, who commanded them, had forfaken him. The foldiers indeed would not attempt to take him out of the Church, by reafon that t]ie bilhop was there prefent in order to oppofe any fuch violence. But thefe men having afTured Sti- lico, with an oath, that their orders were not to put him to death, but only to guard him, he immediately furrcndered himfelf up to them: And as foon as he was come nut of the Church He- (/) Zcf. 1. \i, (I) Profper. Marcell. Socr. lib. 6. cap. jj. -/) Auguft, $p. 124. i?; t39. fm) Zofiin. 1, 5. ^ ^ fi • li> tACl i.iciian. 74 The Hiftory of k?.i\^i%u, BOOKVIII. A. D, radian produced other letters of Honorius, whereby he declared 408. him an enemy to the repuhliclc, and condemned him to loofe his head : And hereupon this general, without any farther deliberati- on, cut off his head with his own hands, which happened on the twenty third day of Auguft. Thus the moft powerful minifter that ever ferved the Roman Empire, whom Honorius, by his weak- nefs, had raifed above himfelf, periHied miferably by the hands of thofe ver}^ men who not long before worfhipped his fortune, and turned againft him as foon as they found that his prince, tho' fo weak a man, had forfaken him. Thefe great and terrible ex- amples, may teach all favourites, that, altho* their mafters, thro' weaknefs fhould raife them to a pitch of greatnefs, not confiftent with their own honour, or the good of their government, yet they ever will retain a jealous regard to the authority of their crown j and we may fay that a minifter thus raifed to the higheft degree of fortune, (when once forfaken by his king) is like unto a fmall mote of earth, which being fufpended in the air, falls down with the greater noife and fwiftnefs, and is dafhed into atoms, by the diftance from which it falls. And indeed the whole family of Stilico, as likewife moft of his friends were unfortunately involved in his ruin. His fon Euche- rius who had made his efcape, during thefe tumults, was appre- hended by two of the Eunuchs of the palace, and put to death by them. His daughter Thermantia, whom Honorius had efpoufed fome time before, was fent back to her mother Serena, who was tlien at Rome, and that unhappy princefs was ftrangled in the year following by a decree of the fenate, who were of opinion (tho' ill grounded) that by her death Alaricus would lofe all man- ner of hopes of having the city delivered up to him. Bathanarius, who had efpoufed the fifter of Serena in Africa was likewife put to death, and his employment was given to Heraclian, who had taken off the head of Stilico. Moft of his principal creatures were tried for treafon ; and the eftates of thofe to whom he had given places in the city of Rome, were forfeited ; his effigies were pul- led down ; (^) and his name was eraced out of all the publick in- scriptions. The Goth, and Arian officers, and foldiers, whom he (n) Lib. 42, deHjer, Cod. Thcod, had BOOK Vlir. The Eifiory airion to fee the contempt, which the Emperour exprelTed both for his perfon, and nation, immediately broke the treaty, and returned to his camp, from whence he march- ed diredly to Rome with his army, which was then reinforced by a body of men that his brother-in-law had brought with him from Pannonia, (0 befides forty thoufand Barbarian flaves, who, having i-aade their efcape out of Rome, were come over to him. Never- thelefs as he was on his march he relented, and fent fome of the biihops of the towns, where he pafTed, to the Emperour, in order to advife him to fave Rome, and to preferve it from its utter defola- tion by a treaty which he propofed to him, the conditions where- of (hould be extreamly reafonable. For, he was willing to give up all the other articles, provided that he would only grant him the country of the Norici, {k) which was daily eipofed to the incur- fions of the Barbarians, and that, for the fubfiftance of his troops, Honorius {hould appoint what he thought moft necelTary •, that, up- on thefe conditions he was ready to ferve the Empire, and make (J) Zofuti. 1. 5. (i^) High Audria and part of Bavaria. war BOOK VIII. The HJfiory of A^TAi^isu: 8j war againft all the enemies of the Emperour. Nothing could La A. I^. propofed more for the advantage and intereft of Honorius, who at 409. that time was befet on all iides -, (I) but becaufe Jovius, who pre- tended to be very zealous, had a mind to repair the fault which he had juft committed, he had obliged all thofe of the council, and even the Emperour himfelf, to fwcar that henceforward they would not enter into any treaty with Alaricus 5 and therefore his propo- fals, tho' very reafonable, were intirely rejeded, which obliged this prince to take the refolution of returning to Rome, where he laid fiege a fecond time. It is highly probable that about this time a holy man came to him in order to diffwade him from this enterprife ; (m) when Ala- ricus, without deliberation, told him, that what he was doing was againft his will, as it appeared plain enough by all the fteps he had taken towards obtaining peace ^ but that he felt within himfelf an invifible power which incited him, and continually commanded him to take Rome, and deftroy it. Neverthelefs, he ftill harbour- ed in his mind a defire to fave it, by feeking fatisfaction in ano- ther manner. («) For, as foon as he had invefted the city, he fent to the fenate to let them know that, provided they would join with him againftHonorius, to whom only he owed a grudge, and that if they would afterwards agree to do what he thought moft conveni- ent for the public good, he would treat them as his friends •, but if not, that, as foon as he had taken the city, which he would cer- tainly do in a very fhort time, he would deftroy it, and level it with the ground. And as they feemed to deliberate on their refo- lution concerning this propofal, he immediately formed the fiege j then, taking with him a body of the beft troops of his army, he attacked Porto with fo much vigour, that he took the place by main force, and feized on all the corn which was intended for the fub- fiftance of Rome. Hereupon the fenators, whereof the chief mem- bers were Pagans ^ as well as Attains, whom the Emperour had very untimely made prefed of the city, feeing themfelves on the one lide without provifions, and even without hopes of receiving any, either by fea, or by land^ and on the other hand, flattering themfelves that they might make better conditions upon a revolu- (J) Sozom. 1, 9, c. 7. cw) Socr, 1. 7. c. lO, Sozom, 1. 9, c, d, r„^ Zof. 1. \\. li. Vol. I J. N * tended ^o The Hi [lory ^/Arianism. BOOK VIII. A. B. " tended conquerours, and mafters of the world, could not defend 410.' « themfelvcs, but hy furprifing us, and applying to the moll *' fhameful perfidioufnefs, which fhall prove fatal to them. After " fo man}^ Ixittles, we have fcarcely any thing left, but the arms " with which wc conquered -, and our vidtories, which were fruit- " lefs, have only ^oroduced us glory, and wounds. But it is " now high time to put an end to the injuftice of our fortune *, " and that, after the acquifition of glory, which is the nobleft re- " ward of vertue, thefe brave men, who have followed me, fhould " partake of the fpoils, which are due to thofe who have merited " the honour that they have acquired. I have defpifed Ravenna " which is not a prize worthy of ycur deferts. I am refolved that « Rome fhall this day become your reward, and booty. Yes, I fay, ** Rome, who has hoarded up riches, at the expence of the whole " world, and may now juftly be called the treafure of the univerfe, *' fhall fupjply you with money and fubliflance, at a general review " of my army before the capitol. I fhall be there in a few hours, *' by means of the intelligence which I have in the city : And as *' things are difpofed, my defign mufl fucceed. I give up Rome " with its i)lunder, to my foldiers •, and I am refolved that they " fhall come out of it loaded with the treafures of thofe plunderers " who purchafed them with the ruin of the rcfl of the world. But " remember this ^ I will not fuflrer,on any account, that, (whilft we " are performing this adt of juftice) it fhould be difhonoured with " impiet}^ which would jufth^ bring upon us the vengeance of " heaven. For as I find within my felf that God has command- " ed me to execute the judgment, which he has pronounced againft " this city, it is alfo his will that I fhould revere him in the exe- *' cution of it, and diftinguifh what belongs to him, from what be- " longs to thofe guilty men, whom he has condemned. I there- '' fore forbid my foldiers to meddle with the Churches, or with " any thing that is confecrated to divine worfhip. (g) Eefides, I " require that all holy places, and particularly the Bafilea's of St. " Peter, and St. Paul, fhould be regarded as inviolable fanduaries '' to all tliofe who fliall retire thither •,^ and that my foldiers fhall " not make any attempt, either on their lives, their liberties, or (g) Orof. 1. 7, cap. 39. any BOOK VIIT. The Hiftory ^/ A r i a n i s m. ^t " anjr thing that they fhall have in their pofTeifion. Now, in or- A. D. *' der to undeceive thofe who take us for Barbarians, and Idolaters, 410, " I defire that our right of war may be ufed with a great deal of " moderation, and that my foldiers, in the height of plunder, may " avoid iliedding human blood. Rome fliall fee that we bear re- " fped to the name of a Chriftian, even in time of war, and that " we know how to make a difference between Pagans, and Chrifti- " ans, tho' there are others who have not the true notion, v/hich " they ought to have, of God, and of his Ton. Depart, therefore, *' immediately, and repair to your refpedive quarters, in order to *' communicate my commands to your foldiers j draw them up in '* order of battle, and at the fecond watch, this night, lead them " hitlier without noife, that they may be ready to follow me at *' the hour, which I have appointed to enter the city. Accordingly, as he had laid his fcheme with his correfpondents in Rome, the affair fucceeded to his fatisfadlion, and having feized on the capitol, the palace, and the great places in the city, asfoon as the day appeared, the army fpread it felf throughout all the parts of Rome, and began to plunder the houfes. Neverthelefs the charge, which Alaricus had given to his foldiers, was fo punaually obferved (notwithftanding the confuiion which ever attends the plundering of a Town) that they did not touch the Churches, nor moleft thofe who ran thither for refuge ^ that very few people were killed, and feveral of thofe, who fell into the hands of the Goths, were proteded as foon as ihej invoked the name of Jesus Christ, or any faint, which fhewed that they were Chriftians. (/;) And God even foftened the hearts of many of thofe Barbarians in fuch a manner, that they themfelves conduded thofe people to the Churches, whom they had fpared, as being Chriftians, fearing leafl they fhould fall into the hands of fome of their fellow-foldiers who might have no compallion, and ufe them with lefs humanity I which indeed gave occafion to feveral of the Pagans, (i) who per- ceived that the fame refped was not paid them, to pretend that they were alfo Chriftians, and by that means, following their ex- ample in calling upon the fame faints, they were fpared and con- C*).Orof Auguft.4eCivit.l. ii.cap. 1.7. Ifid. 1. dc Mun. (/> Aue.l ,1 fie Civit. c, 7. y & . . N 2 eluded 92. The HiJIory of Aria -i^isu. BOOK VIIL A' "D. ducted by the vcxy Goths to the Churches, where they found, that 410. Jesus Christ (in fpite of all their deceitj was in reality their Redeemer. The illuftrious Marcella, who was a lady of the nobleft family in Rome, and reputed to be one of the moft pious perfons of the age, (/c) was afliiulted in her houfe, on mount Aventine, where flie li'ved retired with her daughter Principia, palFing their days toge- ther in the pradice of piety, and holinefs. At firft thefe Barbarians ufed them ill, becaufe they would have their gold, which the}?- could not give them, having a long time before diftributed all theit pofTelilons amongft the poor. But as foon as they were informed who thefe ladies were, with refpedt to their nobility, and piet}^, thefe very men treated them with the greateft veneration, and attended them fafe to the Bafilica of St. Paul. The heroick behaviour of another Chriftian lad}^ who was extremely beautiful, made like- wife a moft extraordinarjr imprelfion on the heart of a j^oung Ari- an Goth, who had conceived a palFion for her. (I) After a thou- sand ardent follicitations, he found that flie preferred her honour to her life ^ for, having drawn his fword, and threatned to kill her, in cafe fhe would not yield to his defires^ Ihe generouflj'- prefented her neck to him in order to receive the blow, which moved his pity fo much that he not only conve3^ed her fafe to the Church of St. Peter, but likewife gave miony to the officers of that Church for her fubfiftance during the time fhe might remain there. But what was ftill more furprifing in the midft of thefe diforders was, fas I may fay) a kind of triumph which was given to St. Pe- ter after a more pompous and miagnificent manner than any that was ever fecn even when Rome was in a moft fiourilliing conditi- on. One of the chief officers in the Gothick army, having enter- ed the houfe of a lady, who was venerable both for her age, and her character, a virgin confecrated io God, he defired her in a civil manner to fnew him \vhere Hie had laid up her gold, and Sil- ver, Unce the laws of war had given him a right to Ihare it with her. (w) (I am ready to obey your commands, Sir,j replied this prudent virgin, ^thinking it impoilible to conceal any longer the precious depofiL which fome days before had been committed to her (}:) Hieron. Epiil, 154. (/; Sozom, lib, 9- c, 10. ("/»} Orof, 1. 7. c. zg. care. BOOK Viri. The Hijhry r^/ A r i a n r s m. r, care. " I will fatisfjr you immediatclj, Sir, (faid llie ;) and I can A. D. " afllire 3-0L1 that you could not have applied yonrfelf to 2.nj one 410. " who could have Hiewn j'-ou a greater cjuantitj'- of riches.*' Here- upon flie condufted him to a chamher, which was full of gold and filver vefTels, whereof fome were of a prodigious bignefs, and th^ others enriched with precious ftones : Ent all of them wcrc'wrought after an admirable manner. As Ihe perceived that the Goth was aftonifhed at the fight of fuch a prodigious treafure, without giv- ing him time to recover from his furprife, fhe faid to him: " Thefe *' Sir, are the facrcd vciTels of the Apoftle St. Peter, which, are ufed' " at divine fervice in his Churchy thejr were brought here into this '' houfe a few days fince, in hopes that it would be refpeded even « by thofe of your nation. I dare believe that 3-ou will not ven- « lure to profane them, and run the hazard of committing ^o great '^afacrilege. As for my part, I can no longer proted them there- « fore will not pretend to keep them." This officer heard her di- fcourfe with admiration, and as fhe was infpired Ij the fpirit of God, her words ftruck him with a religious fear, and he immedi- ately fent to acquaint the king of what he had feen, who gave or- ders that all thofe facred vefTels fhould be brought back to XhQ Bafi- iica of ^t. Peter, which was to be performed in a moft folemn man- ner, with the attendance of men in arms-, giving alfo a ftridfc charge, that they fhould convey thither this virgin, in whofe houfe the holy treafure was found, together with all thofe who would accompany her on this extraordinar}/- occafion. There never was feen a procelhon comparable to this, (n) As foon as the report of this order was fpread throughout Rome the Barbarians and Romans, the Catholicks and Arians, the foldiers and the people, repaired from all parts to this houfe to bear a part in this ceremony. All i]iQ veffels were diftrihuted to perfons of quality, who bore them on their heads, in order that they might be feen and reverenced by every one. The clergy, dreffed in their ofhciating habits, attended the proceiiion, finging Hymns in praife of Jesus Christ, and St. Peter his Apoltle. The Goths and Romans, who followed in crowds, anfwercd all together, and not- withftanding the difference of their opinions, with one'hcart, and («) Orof. ibid. Cairiod. Var. lib. 10. iipil. 20. one c^4 The Hiftorj of Ariai; I su. BOOK VIII. A. D. one voice, joined in tlie fame hymns of praife to God. The Go- 410. thifh foldiers marched on both fides, forming two lines, with their fwords drawn, which was done both in honour to, and for the fafe- ty of this pompous ceremony ; and the trumpets, which marched before them, founding from time to time, invited thofe who were as yet concealed, to come boldly out of their retirements, and join themfelves with the reft of the people. Even the Pagans were glad to embrace fo favourable an opportunity of putting them- felves into a place of fafety, and therefore joined the crowd, and were willing to pafs for Chriftians. And the more the multitude encreafed at this wonderful proceffion, the more the Barbarians en- deavoured to protect theiti. So great is the power of religion over thofe very men, who are moft cruel in their nature, whenever any fenfible and extraordinary objed has made fo ftrong an impref- Hon on them as to render them capable of receiving a notion of it. But as thefe happy moments were foon at an end, and that all the Goths were not fo well difpofed, there were moft dreadful dif- orders committed during the plundering of Rome ; and in fpite of the ftricl commands of Alaricus, which could not be fo exadly ob- ferved at a time of fuch horrid confufion, (0) there were feveral houfes fired, many people Icilled, virgins, and married women, forced and deflowered, and thefe Barbarians made a great number of prifoners, whom they took along with them into a miferable captivity. Several, even of thofe who were of the firft quality (in order to fave themfelves from the cruelty of the Goths) retired out of Italy ^ fome pafled over into the iflands, and others went into Paleftine, where St. Jerom (deploring their mifery, which he was witnefs of) fays they were reduced to fo great a neceifity, (p) thro' the unmerciful avarice of thofe, who (notwithftanding the extremity they were in) ftill extorted money from them, that they had not even where-withal to cover their bodies, or Ihelter them- felves from the injuries of the weather. Some of them, and amongft others the illuftrious matron Proba, with her daughter, and gran- daughter Demetrias, retired into Africa, in hopes of finding fafety there under the protection of Heraclian. But on the contrary they (0) Oror. lib. 7. cap. 39. Auguft. de Civit. 1. ii. cap. i. 7. Id. traft. de cxcid. Urb. R\iUl. Itin. 1. 1. (p) Hier, Prjef. in lib, 3. in Ezech. found BOOK VIIL The Hiftory ^/ A r i a n i s m 95 found this governour to be a tyrant, ytt more avaricious and cruel A. D. than thofe, whofe hands they had efcaped, in order to fly to him 410. for refuge : (q) For, after having already plundered Africa by his extortions, he treated them in the moft infulting and treacherous manner that he could contrive, in order to get from them the lit- tle money which they had faved out of the rains of their fortune. Bat what plainly Ihewed that God, (?-) in permitting that Rome fhould be thus furprifed and plundered, intended only to in- flidt a paternal punifliment on the Chriftians, and not to deftroy them utterly, was that, Alaricus, five days after having taken the city, and being fatisfied with the plunder which lafted three days, marched out with his whole army, and did not leave fo much as a garrifon behind him. For, whether he ftill continued in the refolu- tion that he had formerly taken to fettle in thofe provinces, which he already had fo often demanded of the Emperour, or that he propofed to make himfelf mafter of Sicily and Africa -, without the polTeffion of which (were he to continue in Romej he might be in danger of being famiihed j whether, I fay, for thefe reafons, or becaufe (as it often happens to the greateft of men, who have performed mighty exploits) he knew not well how to reap the ad- vantage of them, and gather the fruits of his victories, I Ihall not determine. But after having given that fhort fpace of time to his foldiers in order that they might load thcm.felves with the riches of that famous city, he departed thence, and marched thro' Cam- pania, (s) the Marca d*Ancona, and Lucania, laying wafte all the country where-ever he pafled, till he arrived at Cofenza, where, (t) being informed that part of his forces were loft at fea in their paf- fage to Sicily, he died fuddenly. (u) He was a prince, who had none of the barbarity of his nation, tho' brave and couragious, with a greatnefs of foul, and the humanity of a Roman. The ar- m}^, who bore an extraordinary love to him, refolved to perform his funeral obfequies in a moft magnificent manner, but attended with much of the Gothick barbarit}^ which that prince, during his life-time (good natured as he was) would not have fufiered (^) Hieron. Epifl. 8. (r) Marcel!, in Chron. Orof. (i) A champaign country of Italy. Bafilitate Calabria, (t) Trincipality. (u) Orof. lib. 7, c. 43. Idat. Marcell. 1. 13. them ^6 The Hi/lory of A RiAi^ IS u. BOOK VIII. A. D. them to do to any one. For, having turned the courfe of the river 410- of Bufento, they dug a large and deep grave in the middle of its channel, and having buried him there with part of the richeft fpoils, which thej had brought with them from the plunder of Ivome, they turned the river again into its natural courfe. And after this, in order that no body fhould ever difcover the tomb of Alaricus, the foldiers barbaroufly put to death all the prifoners, whom they had employed in this work. ^ J). After the death of this great man, the Goths, with a general All. confent, chofe Ataulphus for their king. This prince was brother- in-law to Alaricus, and not inferiour to him in prudence and cou- rage. So that he might have ealily compleated the deftruction of the Roman Empire, had he not conceived an extraordinary pallion for the princefs Galla Placidia, flfter to Honorius, which intirely difarmed him: And proved at laft the caufe of his ruin, and the fafety of the Emperour. The firft time that Alaricus entered Rome, he was refolved to feize on the perfon of this princefs -, (x) whom, neverthelefs, he treated after a royal manner in his camp. Ataulphus, who was a young prince, and had lately buried his wife, was paifionately taken with her beauty, and wit, which far excelled the graces of her face. And as Alaricus had committed her to his care, and even given him leave to marry her, if he could prevail on her to give her confent, he ufed to ferve her with the greatefl refped, in hopes of finding a favourable opportunit}'- to deferve tliat honour, which he fo carneftly wifhed for. And now feeing himfelf on the throne of Alaricus, he began to indulge his hopes, and was of opinion that the filler of Honorius would not think herfelf degraded in afcending that throne with him, nor dii^ honoured in becoming the queen of the mafters and conquerours of Rome. This princefs on her fide, feeing the deplorable condition which the Empire, and her brother, were reduced to, would not difdain the good offices of this prince, in hopes that, of an enemj^, ihe might bring him to be a powerful protedtor of her family. She therefore approved his adrelfes ^ and from that time knew fo well how to manage him, that at laft ihe gained an abfjliite afcendant over him, and perfuaded him under-hand to take a refolution, (y) (X) Zcfun. I. 6. C^) Grof. llh. 7. c. 43. not BOOKVIIL Ths Bllory of A^i K^isu. 97 not only to make peace with Honorius, but alfo to aiTift him with A D. all his forces, in order to reftore the Empire to its former glory. 411^ Ataulphus, neverthelefs, being willing to Ihew a fair pretence for carrying on his intended fcheme, gave other reafons afterwards for his condudt, which every one was furprifed at. (z) For he ufed often to tell his friends in private, that at firft when he came to the throne he had refolved to make himfelf mailer of the Empire which he would have called the Empire of the Goths, inftead of that of the Romans, and fubftitute his name of Ataulphus in the room of that of Auguftus : But that, having confidered on the one part that fo great an Empire could not fubfift without laws, and on the other hand that the Goths, who were naturally a barbarous people, would neither have nor fufFer any government, he had cho- fen rather to acquire the glorious title of rcftorer of the Roman Empire, than that of the deftroyer of it. Tho' indeed, as the world has Ceen by experience that the Vol. 11. O tired ^ § The Hijlo'/ji c/ A R I A N I s M. BOOK VIII. A D tired for fafety, and had taken iij^on him the orders of priefthood 41 1.' in one of the Churches of that place, in order, by that means, to efcape death : (d) But the town being taken, that did not prevent Honorius from caufing him to be put to death at Ravenna, with Tulian his fecond fon. As for Conftance, his eldeft Ton, to whom he had conferred the title of Ciefar, he was killed at Vienna, by Gerontius whom he had left governour of the provinces of Spain -, and who having revolted againft Conftantine, on the account of fome diflatisfaftion, had caufed his army to create one Maximus Emperour. (e) And Gerontius himfelf, being foon after forfaken by his foldiers, who furrendered themfelves up to Conftantius, fled into Spain where he periihed by his own hands, after having kil- led his wife, who earneftly defired him to grant her that favour, which he was unwilling to do, till he faw himfelf upon the brink of being forced by his own people, who had befieged him in his houfe and againft whom he defended himfelf almoft alone, and behaved with fo much bravery, that, what with darts andarrows,he killed above three hundred of them. As for Maximus, the Iham Emperor, having laid down his •purple robes, he went over to the Barbar-ians, on the other fide of the Eber, (/) and nothing more was heard of him. (g) Hera- clian who, from being governor of Africa, was become a tyrant, and d'ared even to invade Italy with a prodigious number of Ihips, in order to attack Rome, was defeated by count Marinus, at his landing-, and, with great difficulty made his efcape to Carthage^ where he was killed, (h) Jovinus and Sebaftian, his brother, hav- 414- ivig revolted in Gaul, where they had the alTurance to ufurp. A tyrannical party were taken by Ataulphus, who caufed them to be pnt to death at Narbona. As for the wretched Attains, (whom the Goths made a tool of, and had re-inflated again on the throne^ only to oppofe Conftantius, whom they began to fufpeft) he was •mmediately abandoned by them, and falling alive into the hands of Honorius, was treated in the iame manner, with which he once intended to treat the Emperor : For, after having caufed two of his fingers to be cut oft"", he fent him into baniftiment in the Ifle of (J> Sozom. 1. 7. c. I?. Olymp (c) Sc^om. ibid. (/) Marcell. (g) Orof. 1. -. c. 42. Marcell. [b) Idat. Marcell. Profp. in Chron. Olympiod. Orof. I. 7. c. 43. Li para, BOOK VIII. The H/flory of Av.iAi;isU. 99 Lipara. In fhort, the Goths themfelves, who had commlttecl moft A. D. horrible diforders in Aquitain, and in the Narbonian Gaul, from 4i5» the time jof their inhabiting thole Countries, (i) abandoned their new kingdom of Gaul; and, palFing on the other iide of the Pi- rcnees, went into Spain, which they were forced to do, either by the vidlorious arms of Conftantius, or by a fecret agreement, which Ataulphus had made with the Romans through the contrivance of Flacidia. Thus Italy, Africa, Gaul and Great Britain, were entirely re- ftored to the obedience of Honorius, by the means of the peace which this Princefs procured to the Empire ^ and tho* it was then of great advantage to her Brother, yet it proved in the End very fatal to her Husband, For as foon as he began to be fuf- pe6ted by his Nation, who found their account in the (id) War, which they made againft the Romans under Alaricus, he was^ murdered in Barcelona, and they chofefor their King Sigericus, Bro- ther to the famous Sarus,whom the Soldiers (l) had mallacred, asbe- ing Traitor to the Emperor. This new elefted Prince, in the firft place caufed fix Children, whom Ataulphus had had by his firft Wife, tobe put to death, (m) and treated his QiieenPlacidia in fo bafe a manner that he obliged her to run a foot before his horfe,';?/) like a wretched flave. Buthefoon met with the punilhment of this Bruta- lity : For the Goths,feing that he had no difpofition towards making War (which they were all defirous of) they began to fear leaft he ihould follow the fteps of Ataulphus, and hereupon they deprived him of his life, feven days after his being raifed to the Throne ^ and without fhewing any Regard to his Children, they chofe in his Room a perfon, whofe Name was Vallia, whom they looked upon to be the greateft Warriour amongft all their Generals. And he was juftly efteemed a great Commander, having an equal (hare of courage, and prudence, by which means he knew fo well how to temper the minds of his Goths, that he pcrfuaded them, either to make war, or peace, juft as he thought it proper. He, in the firft place, embarked them on board a jjotent fleet, with a defign to invade Africa, (0) according to the fcheme of ■9 (t) Maria 1. 15. c. 2. profper Orof. 1. 7. c. 47. lorn Mari. (jfe) Profp. Marcell. Idat lorn. Orof. 1. 7. c. 43. (/; Soz. 1. 9, c. 15. rtn) Olympiod. (^n) Idat Orcf. (o) Orof. 1. 7. c. 43. O 2 Alaricus ,00 The Hiftory rf A KiA-^ ISM. BOOKVIIf. J. D. Alaricus. But his fhips having fuffered very much in a terrible 415. ftorm, he found himfelf under the neceirity of returning to Barce- lona • and hereupon he informed the chief officers of the Goths, that being on the one fide furrounded by the Romans, and on the other by the Alani, the Suevi, and Vandals, they were in danger of lofing what they had acquired-, and b}'- this means he perfuad- ed them to enter into a treaty of peace with Conftantius, on fuch terms as iliould be both advantageous and honourable, and would put them in a capacity to make war againfl: thofe other nations. (0^ He therefore treated with the Roman general on thefe conditi- 4^^' ons •, viz. That the princefs Galla Placidia Ihould be reftored to the Emperour, who had already promifed her to Conftantius ; (p) who being ambitious of the honour, it was a more fpeedy means to conclude the treaty. The fecond article was, that the Romans fup- plying Vallia with provifions, he fhould alhft them againft the other Barbarian nations, who had divided Spain amongfl: them- felves. Upon thefe conditions he fhould be reftored to whatever Ataulphus poflelTed in Gaul, and Spain ^ with alTurances that he mipht yet exped: fomething more from the Romans, according as it would appear by his behaviour, that he was faithful to them in fulfilling this treaty. 4! 7. And hereupon it was faithfully executed by both parties, (q) Val- lia delivered up the queen to Conftantius, who immediately mar. lied her by the exprefs command of Honorius •, and in that firft year was born the princefs Honoria, and in the fecond, Valenti- iiian the third. The Romans fupplied Vallia's forces with corn, ,418. and they were fortunate in the war which they made againft the Barbarians, who were at that time divided amongft themfelves. Vallia defeated the Alani in a battle which he fought near Meri- da, wherein their king Araces loft his life. He obliged the Suevi and Vandals, who were in poA'cfiion of Galicia, to lubmit to the Roman Empire, and fo often defeated the Silingi, and the Vandals of Andaloufia, that he compelled them to furrender themfelves After fo many glorious exploits, Conftantius fent for him back in- to Gaul, and there gave him a frefti confirmation of the alliance, (0; Ol/mpiod.Orof. (;) OlympiGd. Orof. (f >) Olymplod Profp/ lorn. which BOOKVrrr. The m/rorj of a kia^isu. ,01 which he had made with him in the name of tJie Empcrour, (r) A. D. and added to his kingdom all Aquitain which is fituated between 419.' the Pyrenees, the Garonne, and the ocean fea. Thus the kingdom of the Arian Vifigoths was firmly eftablilhed in Gaul, and Cata- lonia, by Vallia, who tranfmitted the feat of his new Empire to Touloufe, where he foon after died, leaving behind him Theodo- redus, or Tlieodoricus his relation, for Jiis fuccefTour. Conftantius did not live very long aficr him. He fhared the fame fate with him, and died in glory, after having happily per- formed great actions, without giving time for fortune to repent. For being returned in triumph to Ravenna, Honorius his brother- in-law, in order to reward his mighty fervices, had aflbciated him to the Empire, which he had delivered out of the hands of Ty- rants, and Barbarians ; {s) and feven months afterwards he died juft as he was going to carry his arms into the Eaft againft Theo^ dofius the younger, who would not approve of his eledtion nor receive him as his collegne. After his death the affairs in the "Weft were in a greater confu- 421, lion than before, (t) Honorius and Placidia having, for fome time carried on an intimate correfpondence, which was even prejudicial to their reputation, conceived fo great a hatred for each other that being no longer able to live together, Placidia was forced (by the command of her brother, who expelled her) to retire with her chil- dren to Coiiftantinople where fhe implored the protedion of Theo- 423, dofius, her nephew. But this perfecution did not continue long, for Honorius died a few months after in the thirty iifth year of his age. He was a flothful ignorant prince, and an enemy to bufi- nefs, minding nothing but his pleafures, even at a time when his Empire was at ftake. He poiTefTed none of his father's perfetftions ^ tho' indeed he was very zealous for the catholick religion, which he always protedled againft the attempts of the Hereticks. Placi- dia being acknowledged as emprefs by Theodofius, (//) returned 424. immediately into Italy v/ith her fon Valentinian, who was thtn in the fifth year of his age, and was proclaimed by the name of Auguftus in Rome, as alfo foon after at Ravenna, where John prin- (r) Idat. Maria. (jj Olympiod. Marcell. (/} Olvmp. («^ Profper Marcell. Olymp. Socr, lib. 7. cap. 23, - r • cip^ 102 The Hipry c/ A r i a N i s m. BOOK VIII. A, D. cipal fecretary of ftate to Honorius, and prefect of the Fretorhm^ 425. who had taken upon himfelf the title of Emperour after the death of his mafter, was furprifed and put to death by Theodofius'^ peo- ple. But during thefe civil and domeflick broils, there happened a change in Spain, which proved very fatal to the religion, and which at laft occafloned the eftablifhment of a new monarchy of Arians in Africa, by the conquefts of the Vandals. Thefe people, who were efteemed the moil warlike of all the Barbarians that in- habited Spain, and were fubjedted to the Romans by Vallia, hav- ing, after the death of Conftantius, thrown off their yoke, (w) un- der the government of their king Gundericus, and adopted all the Alani that were left, who now became one nation with them, thefe Barbarians, I fay, com.mitted fuch devaftations in Spain, that the Romans were obliged to fend thither a confiderable body of men under the command of Caftinus. And Boniface who was a great general, that commanded the Roman army in Africa, was likewife 422. ordered to repair thither with a part of his forces : But he could not bear the arrogant and imperious humour of Caftinus, who would tranfad every thing after his own way, tho*, at the fame time, what he did, was directly contrary to the rules of war, and good fenfe. Therefore Boniface, fearing leaft he Ihould lofe both his troops, and his honour, thro' the miiftakes of this ftubborn man, he returned immediately into Africa •, {x) and Caftinus, having unadvifedly given battle to the Vandals near Taragona, was de- feated and obliged to leave Spain, and retire into Italy. The death of Honorius happening at this jun6ture, the affairs of the 423. Empire could not be fet right till about two years after, when Pla- cidia and her fon Valentinian, being happily delivered from John, who had ufurped the Empire, were both proclaimed by the title of ^^^* Auguftus at Ravenna. At which time, Caftinus, who was fu- fpected of having underhand favoured the t3^rant's Party, was fent into baniftiment. But Aetius, on the contrary, being a great and able general, who had brought with him out of Myfia (which was his country) a powerful army of Huns for the fervice of the ufur- • per, he found it eafy to make his peace, becaufe, in the firft place, (to) Profp. in Chrop. (xj Idat. lie BOOK VIII. The Hifiory of A^iK^is^u 103 he had forces at his command; and his capacit}'- was well known. A.D. ( j) He was even made a count, and an army of Romans was given 425- to him upon condition that he would difmifs his Huns, which he accordingly did, after having paid them with the Empcrour's mo- ney. Boniface, who had acquired much glory in Africa (where tho' only a colonel he had often defeated the Barbarians, who made excurflons on the territories of the Empire) infinuated Jiimfelf fo well into the favour of Placidia, that, befides the command of the armies which he already had, Ihe gave him alfo the government of all Africa, (z) with direclions to pafs, as foon as polhble, into Spain in order to accommodate the aftairs there with the Vandals, as they had already done with the Huns. This was the fame count Boniface, who, during his refidence iii: Africa, had contracted that intimate friendfhip with St. Auguftin, which rendered the count fo remarkable, as we have many in- ftances of it in the epiftles of this holy man, whom he honoured as his father, and fpiritual guide. And indeed Boniface had a true principle of piety, which he carefully cultivated for fome time, under the direftion of this admirable teacher. He received manj inftructions from him relating to his moral life, and for the better preferving the purity of faith, not only againft the deceits of the Donatifts,vv^ho had a powerful party in Africa, but likewife againft the impiety of the Arians, who were at court, and in Boniface's army-, and which gave occafion to St. Auguftin to refute openly that herefy, which till then was not known in Africa. For as the count's army was compofed of Romans, and Goths, who, at that time, were their allies ^ the latter, who profefled Arianifm, had the free ciercife of their religion, notv/ithftanding the edicts of the Emperours, which did not include the ftrangers, who were in • the fervice of the Empire. The}'' even had a biftiop of their own whofe name was Aiaximus •, he was very zealous in maintaining that his was the true dodrine, and had afturance enough to chal- lenge St. Auguftin to diipute with him. Bclides, this Arian bi- Ihop was fupported by the authorit}^ and boldnefs, or mere proper- ly b}'- the impudence, of the count Pafcentius, one of the Empe- rour's principal officers, who was appointed collector of his rights, O) Frofp. inChron. (^) Frocop. de Bell. Yand. 1. i. Augml. Epift. 70. and J04 The Hiflory of Ak I Ai>i ISM. BOOKVIIT. A. D. and revenues in Africa- This man, who was ver}^ ignorant, had 42 )• a deal of affurance, together with an exceeding freedom of fpeech. And his power being great, from the emplojrment which he exer- (^ifed, y 2 impofed on thofe, who had never heard of Arianifm, which he proclaimed in all places. For, tho' he always anathema- tized Arius, and Eunomius, in order that he might not be accu- fed of being an Arian, yet at the fame time he maintained their opinions, which he did not underftand ; and all his learning con- jifted only in infulting the Catholicks, defying them to (hew him the word o/^oS'o-/©- in the fcriptures, and upon this he fancied himfelf able enough to challenge St. Auguftin to a publick con- ference. This holy biihop agreed to the propofal, and conferred with Maiimus at Hippon, and with Pafcentius at Carthage, in prefence of arbitrators, and witneifes. He confounded them both, but par- ticularly Pafcentius, who would not confent that any part of the conference fhould be fet down in writing, fearing leaft he might be convicted by authentick proceedings. But, (as it is commonly the way of hereticksj after the difpute was over, thefe men im- pudently gave it out, that they had gained all the advantage that could be wifhed for on this occafion ^ particularly Maximus, who had fpent all the time in faying things which were nothing to the ■purpofe, and therefore no reply being m.ade to him, he went a- way. (a) Hereupon St. Auguftin, in vindication of the truth, found himfelf obliged to make their confufion publick, which he did, by fetting down in writing the conference held at Carthage, which to this day may be feen in St. Augullin's epiftles ; (b) and as for the difpute with Maiimus, we have it in the three books, which he wrote againft that Arian biihop ^ wherein, after having faithfully quoted, in the firft book, what had been argued on both fides in that conference, he fhews him plainly in the two other books, that in fpeaking after fuch a manner, he only had taken a deal of fruit- lefs pains to prove at length what was intirely out of the quefti- on •, and that he had not replied precifely to thofe things, which. were put to liim •, fo that, far from having proved what he pre- tended to aflert, he had given room to difcover the weaknefs and CO A uguil. contra Max. 1.3. S, 16. (b) Auguil. Epift. 17?. & feq. falfity BOOK VIIL The HiJIory of A Ki Am su. lo? falfity of it, by replying diftindly to every one of his paflages, j4. D. and {hewing him that there were fome of them which pofltivcly 42 >' exprefled, what he did not intend, viz. That there is but one only true God ^ that the Son is truly God •, and that the Holy Ghoft is likewife To : From whence we muft neceflarily conclude, that the Father, the Son, and Holy Ghoft are but one only God, according to the true belief of the Catholicks. It was on this occafion that St. Auguftin wrote feveral treatifes ^gainft the Arians, who were beginning to encreafe in Africa by the means of the Goths, that were in the army of Boniface, tlio* this general continued ftill to be a zealous Catholick, through the wholefome admonitions which he received from that good bilhop, his director. And his devotion was fo very great, that, after the death of his wife, (c) he had a mind to renounce the world, in or- der to pafs tlie remainder of his days in a monaftry, had not the holy bilhop and Alypius, to whom he communicated his defign, di- verted him from it, by reprefenting to him, that he would be more ferviceable to God in continuing to defend the Churches of Africa againft the Barbarians, than by living in a folitary retirement. But we muft allow that, whatever good qualities, or whatever -fhare of underftanding a man may be mafter of, yet he is fubjedt to great weaknefs, when once he fubmits to a palfion that is vio- lent enough to over-power his reafon. This fame Boniface, whofe fentiments were fo noble, and who had received fuch excellent in- ftruttions from fo great a mafter, having ftiamefully fuffered him- felf to be enflaved by two moft dangerous pafiions, viz. love, and revenge, became at laft the caufe of his own misfortune, and the utter ruin of Africa, as alfo of the horrible perfecution, which was carried on againft the Church by the Arian Vandals. AVe muft now unfold the beginning, and progrefs of fo great an evil. After the defeat of Caftinus, the Vandals, having no more ene- mies in the field, that were able to oppofe them, made conhderable conquefts both by fea, and by land, (d) They invaded the Baleari Iflands without any great refiftance, and there put all to fire and fword. (e) They took new Carthage, which they totalljr demo- (f) Auguft. F.p 70. ad Bonif. {d) Majorca & Minorca. (e) fdat. Ifidor. in Hift. Vand, Marian. 1. ^. c. 3. Vol. II. P lifted i jo6 The Hiftory of Ak I Alii SM. B 0 0 K VIIL A. B. liflied j and after having made themfelves mafters of the whole 425. coaft as far as the Streights, they feized by main force on Sevil, wliere, as their king Gundericus was entering the Church of St. Vincent in order to plunder it, he fell down dead in the porch, which dreadful judgment fhewed the Barbarians, that, if they fometimes proved the fcourge of heaven to punifh the fins of other men, yet they themfelves were alfo in the hands of God, who could either make ufe of them for that purpofe, or deftroy them when he thought fit. A.D. Gundericus being dead, the Vandals made choice of Gifericus, 42^. his brother, whom they proclaimed king. This prince, befides his birth, which gave him a right to the throne, was likewife endow- ed with eminent qualifications, which rendered him worthy of it. (/) He had nothing indifierent in him but his ftature, which was rendered ftill more deformed by a lamenefs occafioned by a fall from a horfe. Every thing elfe in his charader was extraordinary, both his good, and his bad qualities. For he was a great general, and a refined politician ^ a6ting with prudence, fecrecy, and difli-> mulation. He performed great things, but faid little ^ and was very artful in procuring to himfelf the friendfhip of others, as alfo in m.aking his enemies fall out amongft themfelves. He was vigi- lant, quick, laborious, and an enemy to voluptuoufnefs ^ but, with- al), he had thofe vices to excefs which are generallj^ afcribed to Ty- rants. Whenever he was angry, his palFion turned to fury. Y^) He was covetous, furly, and cruel ^ and moreover an Arian, as were moft of thofe of his nation, who had embraced Arianifm, thro' the correfpondence which, for a long time, they had held with the Goths. It is even reported that he had formerly been a Catholick, but that he turned Apoftate, not only to become an Arian, but in order alfo to perfecute the orthodox Chriftians ^ and we have fome reafon to believe that as he was a great politician, and full of am- bition, he aded in this manner to render himfelf agreeable to the Vandals, who, being for the moft part Arians, would not be wil- ling to be governed by a Catholick king. (/) lornan. de reb» Get. c. 33. (g} Maria. 1, 5. c. 3. liidor, in Hift. Vand- Gifericus, BOOKVIir. The Hiftoryof K?.i\^\su. 107 Gifericus, being fuch a man as I have defcribed him, caufed A. D, greater diforders in Spain than his predeceflbrs had done; and as 420-. the affairs of the Empire were not at that time in fo good a condition as to be able to force him out of the provinces which he had invaded, (h) Count Boniface, (according to the command he had received; made a journeyintoSpain,inorder,ifpoiIible,toaccommodatc affairs in an amicable manner. But this journey was the beginning and caufe of his deflrudtion, which unfortunately brought along with it the ruin both of the religion, and of all Africa. For this unhap- py count who, after the death of his firll wife, had refolved to quit the world, in order to pafs the remainder of his daj^s in celibacy was fo palfionately inamoured with the beauty of a Vandal prin' cefs, whom he faw at court, that nothing was able to deter him from marrying her. Gifericus, who was a difcerning man took care not to let flip fo fine an opportunity of making an alliance with a perfon, by whofe means he propofed one day to acquire great advantages. He even readily agreed that Ihe fhould profefs the catholick religion-, for Boniface, being refolved at leaft to give no fufpicion to his court, inlifled on this condition 5 and Gi- fericus, perceiving that this was only a political requeft, knew very vv^ell that the princefs, after all, would have it intirely in her power to behave according to her own pleafure. And certainly he was not miftaken in his opinion ^ for Boniface was fo blinded with love, and had fo much weaknefs, that he fuffered his wife, who was a Catholick only in appearance, to fill his houfe with Ari- ans i (0 and thefe people, thro' the weaknefs of Boniface, being fupported by their miftrefs, affumed at laft fo great an authority over his family that they baptifed his daughter 5 and we are even told that thefe Arians, having perverted feveral young virgins who were in the princefs's fervice, and had confecrated their vir- ginity to God, they rebaptifed them after their own manner. This being the ftate of affairs, the euemies of Boniface found it no difficult matter to difgrace him at the court of the Emprefs. Ae- tius, in particular, was refolved to ruin him either out of revenue %Q fome private injury, which he might have received from him {h) Auguft. Ep. 70. (/) Augua. Ep. 70, P 2 or io8 The Hfpn of A?. \A^\su. BOOK Vllfv ^. D. or becauie that (Boniface being the only great man he was jealous 426. of in the Empirej he could not bear to lee him in a capacity of contending with him for a fuperiority. {k) But in order to carry on his defign with the greater fuccefs, he concealed it under a falfe colour of friendfhip, till he found a fair opportunity of compleat- ine it ^ and this he did in a moft vile manner, which was unwor- thy of a man of his rank and fpirit. For, pretending to be very Zea- lous for the fervice of the Emprefs, he gave her to underftand that Boniface retained the titles of count and governour meerly to co- ver his defigns : But that in reality he was tyrant of Africa, where he was refolved to reign independent of the Emperour ^ and that the true caufe of his marrying the Vandal princefs was, ambition, and not love ^ for by that means, he propofed to fecure the Barba- rians in his intereft, who had promifed to maintain him in that Empire, which he had already ufurped. " Moreover, Madam, •' (faid he, malicioufly) I would not have you give credit to what " I fay, but defire that you would fatisfy yourfelf of the truth of *' it which you may readily do, if you pleafe to take that trouble '* upon you. The only thing to be done, is, to call him back to « court and by that, you will find whether or no he acknowledges " the authority of the Emperour •, or whether, by refufing to come " (as he undoubtedly will) he will not openly difcover the fcheme »' which he has hitherto concealed. " Placidia who was refolved not to omit any thing relating to an affair of this importance, approved of this expedient, and immediate- ly put it in execution. But Aetus alfo,in orcer to carry on his trea^ cherous delign with art and fafet}^, had already wrote to Boniface, ac- quainting him that the Emprefs, who was prepolTefTed witli a fufpici- on of him, had determined to ruin him ; and that he thought himielf bound in friendfhip to let him know, that he would foon be called back • but that if he valued his life, he advifed him not to come, for that at his arrival at court, he would immediately be put in arreft, and 'that the circumftances of the charge laid againft him were fo ftrong,that he would alTuredlylofe his life without any farther form of trial. The count, finding a good deal of probability in this ad- vice chiefly when he refiedted on his marriage with a Vandal la- (i) Mifcell. 1. 14. Procop.l. i. de bell. Vandal, cap. 3. Ba O IC Virr: The Hifrory ^/ A R I A NT - M. 109 d}'', which alone was enough to render him fufpicious at the Em- A. D, perour*s court, refolved to be on his guard, and not to cxpofe him- 426. felf to the danger of being made a facrifice to calumny. There- fore, when the Emperour's envoys were come in order to Aimmon him to return to court, he refufcd to obey. Hereupon Placidia, not doubting of the treachery of Boniface, or of the fidelity of Aeti- us, placed her whole confidence in the latter, and, by his advice, fcnt an army againft Boniface, (/) under the command of three gc' nerals, viz: Alavortius, Galbio, and Sinox. But as there arofe dif- ferences between them on the account of Pre-eminence, in the command of their forces, Sinox treacheroufly caufed his two col- legues to be murdered, after which Boniface found means to treat Sinox in the fame manner. So that, without the lofs of one man on his fide, he was in a fhort time delivered from three enemies, the imperial army remaining without a general. But Boniface was not much the better for this -, for as foon as Placidia was informed of the affair, the command of thofe forces was given to count Sigi- fultus, who, with fome additional troops, had orders to attack hiin fo vigoroufly, that Boniface at laft had no hopes of being able to refill him ^ and hereupon, thro' fpite, and defire of revenge, he abandoned himfelf to the moft criminal blindnefs that a fubjed aiid a CJiriftian, could be guilty of in order to aft againft the fer- vice, both of God, and of his prince. For, betraying his honour, his country, and religion, after having left ftrong garrifons in all the towns, he went over himfelf into Spain to call \he Vandals to his aiiiftance. Having treated with Gifericus, the conditions were that Africa ihould be divided into three parts ^ that Gifericus, with his Vandals, and Alani^ fhould have two of them ^ and that he himfelf Ihould poflefs the third ^ that each of them fhould enjoy their refpedive fiiares: (m) But that they would come to their aiiiftance of each other as foon as any one ihould attempt to at- tack them. Gifericus was highly pleafed with fo glorious an opportunity of eftablifliing his Empire in Africa, (ji) which the Goths had made feveral attempts to do, under their kings Alaricus, and Vallia. Ee- (l) Prcfper. in Chron. (fn) Procop. 1. I. de b.Il. Vand. c. 3. (;J^ Sal- vian. de vero ludic, 1. 7. frd cs. fio The Hipry of A^iA^ J su. BOOK VITL A. D. fides, the Vandals themfelves declared openly that they were u-ged 426. by an inward impulfe to go on that enterprife ^ and that they were not able to refift the ftrong inclination they had to invade Africa, whofe inhabitants('both Africans, and Romans) God was refolved to punifh, particularl}'- for their abominable lewdnefs, hj the means of that nation, who, tho' an impious, barbarous and cruel people, were neverthelefs renowned for their extraordinary chaftit)'-. And in- deed, as foon as they were mafters of Africa, they made very good laws in favour of chaftity, by abolilhing all infamous places, and punilhing rigoroufly not only adultery, but even fimple fornica- tion. 427. Therefore Gifericus, having left the Silingi in Andaloufia, paf- fed over from Spain into Africa by the Streights, with eighty thou- fand Vandals, and Alani ^ (a) and immediately took pofTelii-n of three moorilh kingdoms that Boniface had refigned to him, keep- ing to himfelf, Numidia, Africa Minor, Bizacenum, and the pro- vince of Tripoli, between the two Sj'-rtes down to Lybia, which included the Empire of the Eaft. In the mean while the friends of Boniface acquainted the em- prefs with the wicked and treacherous proceedings of Aetius, which they had plainly difcovered by his own letters to Boniface, when they were at Carthage, where they went on purpofe to enquire in- to this affair, which had given them great caufe of fufpicion. Pla- cidia was extreamly provoked to find herfelf fo dangeroufly de« ceived but yet did not dare to make her fentiments known, be- caufe that Aetius, who was then become a very ferviceable man, had all the forces of the Empire under his command, (p) and even at that time was performing great adions in Gaul to defend it a- gainft thofe nations on the other iide of the Rhine, who had in- vaded that country. But in order to retrieve the error which Ihe had been guilty of, by being thus mifled, ihe immediately fent hack thofe fame friends of Boniface to Carthage, to afTure him that fhe was intirely undeceived as to him •, and that Ihe folemnly pro«. mifed to take him into favour as before •, but withal fhe conjured him not to fuffer the Empire to be made a prey to the Barbarians. (q) Pfofper. Idat.Mifcell. Procop. lorn. \i£t. Utic. lib. i. Procop. 1. i. cap. 3. (/») P?ofpef. in Chron. Boniface BOOK VIII. Tfje Hiprj of A KiAviiSM in Boniface hereupon began flnrerely to repent, and ufed his utmoft A.D, endeavours to retradt what he had done, (q) He promifed great 427. things to Gifericus, and offered him confiderable fuins, upon con- dition that he would pafs over again into Spain. But this Vandal prince rejeded all his propofals in a haughty manner, and even upbraided him fhamefully with iicklenefs, which caufed an open rupture between them, that proved very fatal to Boniface 5 for he was defeated in battle, his army cut to pieces, and himfelf forced 428. to retire to Hippon, leaving the conquerour mafter of the field, who, after this, ran over all Africa, took the towns by force, and pulled down the Churches, deftroying every thing by fire, fword, and plunder, (r) He made all the people captives without di- ftindtion, either of fey, or condition ^ and carried dellolation with him, where-ever he went, by adting all the cruelties that could at- tend a war, rapes only excepted. So that of fo many flourifhing eities, and beautiful Churches, which, in thofe days adorned the feven j^rovinces of Africa, there were none left, but thofe of Car- thage, Hippon, and Cirta, the capital of Numidia, all the reft be- ing deftrojred, and reduced under the power of the Vandals. Now as the city of Hippon was the ftrongeft of the three, and more able to make a defence. This was the place where Boniface retired, with mofl of the perfons of diftindtion, (s) and particu- larly the bifhops, who had efcaped the fury of the Barbarians. Here he propofed to wait a better turn in his affairs, having fent for a relief to the Emperour Theodofius the jounger, who gave or- ders to Afpar an experienced general to make all neceiTary prepa- rations at Conftantinople for that purpofe. And at the fame time there was a fmall number of Arians left in that city, who being tolerated by the too great lenity of the government, had like to- have committed great diforders, upon an occafion which I Ihall • now give an account of. After the death of the Patriarch Sifinius, the Emperor ordered that Neftorius fhould be chofen in his place. He was Abbot of St, Euprepius of Antioch, who, thro' his hypocricy, (t) had acquired the reputation of a moft holy man, and befiJes, as nature had en- (^) Procop. (r) Poffid, in vir, Aug. cap. 2^. Viaor. Utic, de perfecut. Vandal, lib. I. (j) Poifid. (f) Socr. I..7. c. 29, dowed , ,2 The Hiflory 0/ A r i A N i s M. BOOK VITT. A. D. dowed him with the gift of eloquence, (ti) attended with a wonder- 428. ful voice, (>) Theodofiiis thought he might one day become a ■fecond Chrjfoftom to inftrud and edifj the People. But the world was very much deceived ^ for he had a vaft deal of prefump- tion, with an equal ftiare of ignorance^ and withal being deceived by his own admirable manner of delivery, he efteemed himfelf one of the greateft men for learning, and therefore would not vouchfafe to read the works of the ancients. This was the reafon why he obftinately n^aintained, the blefTed Vi:gin could not be called the Mother of God, becaufe he did not conceive that there was but one Perfon in Jesus Christ, which being united to human nature, was both God and Man. He w^as not altogether a Photinian, or a Paulinift, fince he did not believe that Jesus Ch RiST was man only, (x) Neither was he an Arian, becaufe he confefTed that the Word, which was in Jesus Christ, was the true Go D confubftantial with the Father. Nor can we fay that he was an Apollinarifl:, inafmuch as he dilHnguifhed both the divine and human nature : But he was the author of a new herefy, whereby in a direfl oppofition to that of Appollinarius, he main- tained that there were two Perfons in Jesus Christ, whereof the one was true Son of God, begotten from all eternity, with the Spirit of his Father^ and the other was man only begotten by a Virgin, who afterwards was not the mother of G o d, but only the mother of that man, who is Christ. This was the blaf- •phemous opinion of this impious man, who took great care not to declare himfelf immediately upon his promotion to the pat- riarchal fee. On the contrary, in order to acquire the reputation of being a moft zealous Catholick, and by that m.eans artfully to introduce hisherefy, he openly declared war againft the Hereticks of all kinds, {y) and particularly Arians. For, on the very day that he was confecrated, which was the tenth of April in the year four hundred and twenty eight, (z) as he was preaching in his Church, in the prefence of the Emperor, where a prodigious number both of courtiers and citizens were aflembled on this occafion, he addrefled him after an extravagant («) TVieodor. Epid. ad Spor. {w) Caff, de Incarn. 1. 7. Socrat. (x) Socr; .ibid Vincent, Lyrin. cont. IjKref. c. 17. {y) idem. c. 16. (^) Socx. 1. 7. c. 29* manner^ BOOK Vlir. The Hi(lory of A^i k^i %u. ii j- manner, which (iii the opinion of thofe who had any undcrftand- A. D. ing) eiprefled more vanity than ^eal, fajnng, " Give me, my lord, 4^8. " give me this world cleanfed of hereticks, and I will give you " heaven. Help me to deftroy the enemies of God upon earthy " and r will help 3''ou to conquer the Perfians youx enemies. . There undoubtedly was very little modefty in eiprellions of this kind, but he ftill fhewed much Icfs prudence in what he adtcd a- Ijout five or fix days afterwards. For, tho' the thing was good in itfeir, and from great diforders there arofe a confiderable advan- tage, yet his manner of doing it could no wife be approved of. The Arians, whofe number at Conftantinople was then but very fmall had gained fo much ground, thro* the weaknefs of the government that, notwithflranding all the edidts, they had ^und means to pro- cure to themfelves a Church, where the}'' affembled in private ; and Nefborius undertook, by his own authority to demolifh it in the day time, on purpofe to aflume to himfelf the honour of an adion, which he pretended to be the effed of an extraordinary^^ zeal, {h) He even ordered Anthony, bilbop of Germa, in the Hel- lefpont, to proceed openly againft the Macedonians, who had ta- ken the fame liberty in feveral parts of that province ^ but thefe two attempts, which were made in a violent maainer, v/ithout the authority either of the prince, or of the magiftrates, were attended at firft with very fatal confequences. For the Macedonians, who could not bear the outrages which were aded againft them, fell in- to fuch an eicefs of fury that they caufed Anthony to be murder- ed, (c) The Arians, on the other hand, feeing that Neftorius had begun to pull down their temple, were inraged to fuch a degree that they themfelves fet fire to it, which, having reached fome of the neighbouring houfes, had like to have caufed a general confla- gration throughout the cit)^ This alarmed all the inhabitants- ^ and the Arians, who were in defpair, and had reafon to fear leaft the government fhould fall on them, ran immediately to their arms, in order either to defend, or to revenge themfelves. But there was fuch fpeedy care taken in all parts, that there was no far- ther damage done either by the tumults, or by the fire j and all" ' things were made eafy by the prudent management of the magi^ ■ (b) Socr. 1. 7, c. 9 1 . {c) Idem. c. 29. Vol. II. Q. ftrates, II A The Hiflory t)/ A R i A N i s M. BOOK VIIL A. D. Urates to whom the fmall number of Arians, that were in Con- 428. ftantinople readily fnbmittcd, upon the affuranccs which were gi- ven them that tlie fire was not laid to their charge. But indeed this violent proceeding rendered Neftorius fo odious, that as he had undertaken the pulling- down of the temple without the knowledge of the Emperour, it was alfo believed that he had ordered his own people to fet fire to it ^ (d) and from that he was called Firc-lrand, both by the Catholicks, and b}^ the Hereticks. So that if the voice of the people be that of God, making itfelf known by the general confent of perfons of all kinds, who unanimoufly fpeak the fame thing, without any premeditated defign, we may fay that this fatal name, which was given to him, was an omen of the horrible diforders, which he would foon promote in the Church, by cauling a flame in the houfe of God, thro' his herefy. But as it is ever in the power of God to produce good from evil itfelf, which he does not prevent, thro' a jufl judgment that we ought always to revere, tho* we need not make it our bufinefs to compre- hend it ^ fo thefe diforders at Conftantinople, and in Hellefpont, proved in the end very advantageous to the Church. For Theodo- fius perceived by this, that edids not put in execution, were not only a toleration for crimes, but alfo lefTened the authority of the prince, whom, in proceis of time, the people would neither fear, nor refped, being accuftomed to hear his ordinances publifhed without effect. Therefore, having taken a refolution to fee his laws obeyed, af- ter the example of the great Theodofi us, his great grand- father, he made a new ediift on the thirtieth of May in the fame year, (e) whereby he renews mofl of the laws, v/hich he himfelf, and his predecefTors had fo often made againft the Hereticks, and particu- larly againft the Arians and Macedonians ^ and requires abfolute- ly, that all the Churches, which thej^ had either built, or taken from the Catholicks, fhould immediately be given up by them. After which the laws were fo flridll}^ put in execution, that all the Churches were adually taken from them, and even that, which the Macedonians had without the walls of Conftantinople. And this proceeding, far from caufing any diforder, had a quite contrary ef- ^«^) Socr. >> Leg 65. de }lxxst. Cod. Tfc»od. fea^ BOOK Viri. The H/pryof Akjaj^jsu. 115 fe£t', for many of them, finding that they could not have the ci- A. D. ercife of their religion, (f) began to confidcr with thcmfelves, and 428. refolved at lafl: to embrace the Catholick faith. Which (hews that the moft cffedlual means of bringing back the flrayed Iheep to the Church, without violence, is to deprive them of the exercife of their worfnip, by demoliniing the temples, which they had ufurp- ed, and reducing them to the extremitj'' of having no place where they can aifcmble. This was the ftate of affairs at Conftantino- ple, when preparations were making there in orc|er to fend forces againft the Vandals. In the mean while Gifericus, who was informed that Boni- 430. face had retired into Hippon, came and laid fiege to it, believing that, if he CQuld once take that place, which was counted the ftrongcft city in the whole country, he would foon be mafter like- wife of Cirta and Carthage ^ (g) St. Auguftin was then Bifhop of Hippon-, and, tho* he was far advanced in years, and decayed with iicknefs and grief to fee the utter ruin and defolation of his coun- try, yet neverthelefs he omitted no opportunity of doing what the moft robuft and zealous man could undertake, for the fervice and confolation of a poor befiegcd people. He vifited the fick, at- tended thofe who were dying, and diftributed alms unto all the di- ftrelTed, who had retired to Hippon as a place of refuge. Befides, he preached daily for the comfort and inflrudion of his people, dur- ing this time of affiidlion. We have now, amongft his works, one of thofe fermons which he made whilft the city was befieged ; (h) and thus he continued conftantly, till at laft, being forced to jield unto the fatigue of fo great a labour, he died like a martj'-r of cha- rity, in three months from the beginning of the fiege, in the fe- venty iixth year of his age, and the thirty flxth of his being a bi- Ihop. His genius, dodlrine, and virtues were great. The num.- ber, ftrength, and beauty of his works, with the difputcs and vidtories, which he had obtained over the Hereticks, glorioufly and juflly procured him the admiration of the world, and rendered his name fo confiderable in the Church that no elogium can be equal to it. Nor do I know how to give a more high and perfect idea of ( f) Socr. 1. 7. c. 31. (_f) Poflid. ir vit. An;'.. '^^ Augiift. Serin. q. de Temp. Poffid. c- ^i. Profper. in Chron. Viitor. IJ{1\ Tcr. ^ and. 1. i. Q.2 fo 1 16 The Hi[iory rf A k i A n i s m. BOOK Vllf. .-^. D. io great a man, than by faying only that he was St. Auguftin. (f) 430. By his death, God granted him what he had fo carncflljr prayed for, which was, that if he had refolved the deftriidion of Hippon,he would take him out of the world, that he might not be eye-witne£s of fo deplorable a misfortune. For the Vandals (fourteen months after having laid fiege to the place) retired a little way into the neighbouring countrey, in order to feek for proviiions, which they were in great want of ^ and at their return, finding that this city 431. was abandoned by the few inhabitants whom the plague and fa- mine had fpared, the}^ fet lire to it, and reduced it almoft into alhes, excepting the Church and the library of St. Auguftin, which were preferred by a moft particular providence, otherwife we Ihould have been deprived of thofe excellent writings, which are to this day the richeft treafure of the Church. But in ihort, what compleated the entire ruin of Africa was, that Afpar, whom the Emperour Theodofius had fent to the alii- ftance of Boniface, having got together a fmall number of forces, ventured a battle, wherein he was defeated •, and now, there being JIG hopes left, he was forced to retire on board his fhips, and return to Conftantinople. On this occafion it was that Marcian, who was then an officer under the command of Afpar, being taken prifoner, received a wonderful omen that he fhould one day be mafter of the Empire. This made a great noife in the world at that time, the the event did not come to pafs till above eighteen 3''ears after. (k) For it is reported, that as he was fleeping in the fun, with a company of other prifoners, in the palace of Gifericus, who in- tended to view them in the afternoon, this prince obferved, from one of his windows, that an eagle, diftinguifhing this prifoner from all the reft, hovered over him in the air, extending his wings, as it were, to fhade him from the fun ^ and hereupon Gife- ricus, believing this man to be a perfon particularly beloved by God, who probably defigned him for the Empire, gave him his liberty : But firft of all made him take a folemn oath, that in whatever ftate he fhould be, he never would make war againfl-the Vandals. Marcian, after the death of Theodofius, was according- ly proclaimed Emperour ^ and, tho' he was a warlike prince, and (i) Foffiid, c. 29- PwTid. Frocop. Poffid. (k) Procop. 1. i. c 4. very JJOOKVrir. The Hijroyj of A?. IAN I s\u 117 very zealous for the religion, yet he ever was To ftricl to the pro- A. D. mife which he had made to Gifericus, that he would hear of no 4?^' propofals that tended to retrieve Africa from out of the hands of the Arian Barbarians. As for Boniface, after having made fruitlefs endeavours, and performed all that a man of courage could undertake, he was oblig- ed to retire to Rome, where the emp-efs Placidia gave liim a very kind reception. (I) She was fo intirely convinced of his inno- 45-- cence, and fo provoked at the treachery of Aetius that (he gave the command of the forces to Boniface, who did not long enjoy hi» new employment. For Aetius, who could not bear to fee his rival reftored to favour, challenged him to a fight, where Jie received a 4^-. wound, of which he died after a Chriftian reconciliation with Ae- 4^4. tins, whom the prefent jundure of affairs had called home, in or- 4? J. der to be fent againll the French, the Bourguignons, and other people of Germany, who had invaded Gaul. After this, the Ro- mans on the one part, not being in a condition to fend confiderable forces into Africa, and on the other, Gifericus, having lofl a great number of his men at the fiege of Hippon, and in the two battles which he had won, was defirous to gain time that he might ftreng- then himfelf in his conquefts ^ (711) and therefore it was then an eafy matter to make a peace upon condition that Gifercus fhould remain in quiet pofTellion of that part of Africa which had been yielded up to him, and that (as an acknowledgment that he held it of the Emperour) he fhould pay him a certain fum of money- yearly, (it) He even fent his fon Hunnericus to Rome as an ho- ftage, and, for fome time, cultivated the friendfhip of the Romans fo artfully, that they fent him back in a very obliging manner, to Ihew him that they intirely relied on his word. But they foon after perceived, by an experience, which proved fatal both to the religion, and to the Empire, that the friendfhip of enemies, who are not fincerel3r reconciled, is more dangerous than their hatred ^ and that a peace with them is often more per- nicious than a war, with the ufual confequences of it. Gifericus to this time had carried on the war only as an enemy, without (I) Profper. in Chron. (m) Profper. in Chron. Mifcell. 1. 14. („ » Pre- cop. 1. I. c. 4. mcddling^ , i8 The Hifiory 0/ A r i A N I s M. BOOK VIIL A. B, meddling with religion, which feemed not to concern him, leav- 45). ing to every one a liberty of confcience, even in his own family. But as foon as he found that his Empire was firmljr eftablilhed in the three moorifh kingdoms, and in a confiderable part of Numi- dia he took advantage of the peace in order to make war againft the catholick religion, which he refolved to deftroy, and raife up Arianifm on its ruins, throughout all the parts of his new domini- 457' ons. (0) The firft thing he endeavoured at was, to bring-over the bilhops, in order the more eafily to perfiiade the people to follow their example. But finding thefe prelates fo ftedfaft, that neither his prayers, promifes, threats, nor even all his ill ufage towards them were able to pervert them, he expelled them their Churches^ and fubftituted Arians in their places. And, in order to terrifjr the people, he (hewed a particular feverity to four Spanilh Gentle- men, vi%- Arcadius, Probus, Pafchalius, and Eutychius, who were of his houlhold, and were highly in his favour, becaufe of their eminent qualifications, and the zeal which they had ever expref- fed for his fervice. At firft he ufed his utmoft endeavours, to per- fuade them to embrace Arianifm ^ but they conftantly replied, without deliberation, that Jesus Christ was their firft mafter^ and that the loyalty, which they had promifed inviolably to main- tain to the prince, whom they had the honour to ferve, could no wife bind them to betray that faith which was due to their great inafter whcm they worlhiped as a true God, and to whom all the powers, both of heaven and earth, were fubjed. Gifericus was fu- rioufly inraged to find that his firft endeavours were thus rendered fruitlefs, even by thofe, who, in his opinion, were obliged impli- citely to obey him \ and therefore he refolved, either to conquer them, or to make fuch an example of them as Hiould ftiew all his fubjeds what they were to exped,fhould they attempt to refift his commands. He firft expelled them his court in an ignominious manner-, then fent them into baniftiment ^ where, for fome time, the}^ underwent great hardfhips. After this, finding that neither their difgrace, nor the miferies they endured, could foften their hearts, he caufed them inhumanly to be tortured after feveral dif- ferent manners, and at laft condemned them to die. So rliat thefe (0; Profper. in Chror;. four BOOK VIIL The Hifiory of A r i a n i s m. 119 four perfons were the firfl: martyrs, who died in the defence of the A. D. divinit}'' of Jesus Christ, during this cruel perltcation from 437- the Arian Vandals in Africa. But what provoked Gifericus moft was, that he never could conquer the rcfjlution of Paulillus, who was brother to Pafchafius, and Eutycnius. This was a youth, for whom he had a great affection ^ and indeed he was very deferving, ]x)th for his fprightl}'- genius, and his admirable gifts of nature. The carefTes, and threats of the Tyrant could neither win, nor ter- rify him. He continued ftedfaft in the generous profelCon of the catholick faith, declaring an abhorrence to Arianifm, Therefore Gifericus, changing his affection into fury, caufed him to be moft barbaroufly fcourged, and ordered him to be fent amongft the vi- •left of his flaves, refolving that he fhould not be put to death, to avoid the fhame of being overcom.e by a child. But what was yet more deplorable, Rafter having deceived the Romans, by a Teeming friendlhip, and ftridtlj'- obferved the peace during the fpace of four years, (p) the better to compleat his de- lign) he managed his affairs with fo much conduct and fecrec}'-, that he fuddenly furprifed Carthage, at a time when the inhabi- tants of that city thought themfelves moft fecure of his friendftiip : 4??' Carthage, which, feven hundred and ninety five years before, had been deftroyed by the Romans, after having fo often contended with thera for Empire, and was now fo well re-eftablilhed, that altho' it was fubjed to Rome, it neverthelefs was not inferiour to it either in greatnefs, beauty, magnificence, or in the number of its inhabitants', (q) It was a wonderful thing to fee its ftately buildings ^ the infinite treafures which were daily exported, and imported •, its magiftrates, and fenate, and its proconful, with his pretorian guard, his court and army, which had the appearance of imperial majeft3^ You would have faid that it was a fecond Rome in Africa, fo near was the equality in all things between Carthage and its conquerour ^ with this exception, that it furpaffcd Rome in all manner of voluptuous diforders. (r) For at that time, it was one of the moft debauched cities in the world. Its inhabitants (altho' they were Chriftians for the greatcft partj were given up to (p) Frofper. in Chron. (^j [,ipf. de Magn. Rom. 1. ?. Salv. de Prov. 1. 7. (r) Salvian.. luiury i 2-5 Tlje Hiprj 0/ A R I A N I s M. BOOK VIIF. A. D. Idiury and drunlcennefs, as alfo to other infamous crimes, which A'69- commonly bring the divine vengeance down upon the people. They were flothful, effeminate, and dilTolute, conftantly in the -Circus, at the theatre, or in houfes of lewdncfs. Thej^ were haugh- t}'', and impudent in the pradlice of their vices, ading all kind of deteftable fins in publick, and in a boafting manner ^ they info. lently turned virtue into ridicule, and impioufly defpifed it. For even when they met one of the folitaries of Egypt, or of Pale- ftine, or any of thofe perfonsi, who profefled a life more conform- able to the perfedlion of the Gofpel, they made a jeft of him, and loaded him with injuries, and curfes, as if he had been a monller who. ought to have been baniflied the world, leail the fight of it ihould prove infeftious. There were neverthelefs many pious fen* timents in this great city, particularly amongft the clergy, who lamented, before God, all thefe diforders, which they had made fruitlefs endeavours to oppofe. But the number of thefe was fb finall, when compared to that of thofe debauched and luxurious j>.eople, that we may well fay the whole city was corrupted, and that the clamours of their crimes having afcended the tribunal of GoQ in order to demand juftice, he was obliged to deliver them into the hands of the Vandals, {s) that they might execute on them the decrees of a juft puniftiment. On the nineteeth of Odtober the Vandals furprifed this city, at a time when they little thought of it •, and as foon as Gifericus had entered, it with his whole army, who feized on all the parts of the town, he a6led all manner of cruelties on the inhabitants, of whatever condition they were, (t) Perfons of the firft diftindion were made flaves, and others were bound in irons. He command- ed all people in general to bring to him their gold, filver, jewels, and other precious moveables ^ after which he left the reft to be plundered. So that, in a very fhort time, this great city, which was one of the richeft in the whole world, was reduced to an ex- treme poverty ; and its immenfe treafures, which had been acquir- ed in a criminal manner, and ferved daily to minifter to their other crimes, fell a prey to the Barbarians, as if that were their reward for the fervice, v^'hich God required of them by punilh- (i'J Profper. (f ; Vk>or. Utic. I. i, ing BOOK Vlir. The Hiftory of A^iAnisu, i2t ing thofe criminals. At the fame time he gave orders that all bi- A. D, Ihopsand perfons of quality ihould be expelled the neighbouring 43 ?« towns, if they would not renounce the catholick faith -, and that, if they were not immediately gone, after being miferably ftripped of all their wealth, they Ihould be fent into captivity. But he found foon after,that neither banifhment, nor flaverj'- could efFedtu. ally anfwer his end 5 therefore he refolvcd that they Ihould all be turned out of Africa, fo fet them on board of fhips in order to crofs the feas, with no other provifion but their mifery. Thus they appeared in Spain, Italy, Paleftine and Syria in a moft la- mentable condition. There were, among thefe unhappy fugitives, perfons of the higheft dignity, magiftrates, and fenators, with their wives, and children, reduced to beg bread for their fubfiftance^ which drew tears from the eyes of thofe who confidered the deplo- rable change of their fortune, and endeavoured to relieve them 5 (h) and, amongfl: others, Theodoretus, of whofe letters to his friends there are yet feveral extant, wherein he recommends to tliem many of thefe diftreffed noblemen. But thofe, who were treated with the greateft inhumanity, were, the holy bilhop of Carthage, ^lod viilt Dens, with moft of his priefts and clergy •, for the Tyrant caufed them to be put almoft naked on board of an old rotten vef fel without bread, or provifions, leaving them to the mercy of the wind, and waves, that they might perifli either by ibipwreck or by famine, if the velTel fhould remain any time at fea before it funk. And indeed they could not well have efcaped the one, or the other, had not God, thro* a fpecial providence, been their guide •, for in a f^w days they happily reached the port of Naples, where they were received with all the refpedt, and charity that was due to thefe glorious confeflbrs of Jesus Christ. But the paftors being thus banifhed, the flock was foon mifera. bly difperfed. (tp) For even then Gifericus deprived the Catho- licks of the exercife of their religion. He feized on all the Churches of the city, and, after having plundered their treafures, he deftroy- ed fome of them, and gave thofe, which he had a mind to fpare to his Arians ^ as the cathedral, with a few others of the celebrated Churches-, particularly thofe two which were built without the (u) Theodor. Ep. 29. 30. & feq. (w) Viftor. Utic ). j Vol. ir, R wai.s 122 The Hiflory of kKi\^\zu. BOOKVIIL A. D. walls of Carthage, in honour of St. Cyprian, (x) The one was- 439. built on the very fpot, where that holy and illuftrious bifliop of Carthage fuffercd martyrdom ^ and the other on the place where liis fhrine was reverenced by the faithfal. And in order to per- plex the Catholicks, he would not fo much as fufrer them to bury, their dead with thofe holy ceremonies which were obferved by all the Churches in thofe days. And to render them ftill the more in* famous, by taking from them all the exteriour marks, which di- iftinguifhed them from Infidels, he commanded them to inter their dead in a very plain manner, without the leaft foiemnitj, or ring- ing, but with a profound filence, as we fee now a days our Prote- ftants in France bury their dead. Yet this feemed very hard to thofe Chriftians, who were then in the true Church (as indeed fo it was) '. (y) For Vidor of Utica, who gives us an accouiit of this - affair, fays, that he cannot call to mind fo grievous a perfecution- without (bedding tears. Perhaj^s thofe perfons of the pretended reformed religion, who will read this hiftory, by way of diverfion,- will likewifc be inftrudted by it, whether they like it or not : And. when they find that the ancient Church fpeaks of temples built ia honour of, and over the tombs of martyrs ^ that it mentions pomps, folemnities, and ecclefiaftical canticles, at the burial of the dead^ with facrifices offered up to God for them ^ as the befieged bi^ fhops in Hippon offered them up for St. Auguflin ; (z) That it- fpeaks of the ordination of , priefts, the confecration of bifhops^ who governed the Churches, and diocefeSj with a thoufand other holy ceremonies of this kind, which were i')ra/ 0/ Arianism. BOOK IX. J. D, fate had decreed that all the mifchiefs which Ihould fall upon chri- 442. ftianity, Ihould either be promoted by the Arians themfelves, who were the perfecutors of it, or by other people, thro* their means. But in order to give a more perfedt account of the caufe and con- fequence of fo diftrudlive an evil, which has been related in fo many diiFerent ihapes, I Ihall be obliged in a few words, to tura Jack to fome former pafTages of this Hiftory. The End af the VIIF^ B o o kJ THE I ST R Y O F ATi lA T^ I S m BOOK IX. ■5iHE Huns, who had forfaken thofe large and vaft coun- ^^^ tries which lie between the dead Lake and the Glacial .^iS(^ Seas, having driven the Goths out of Dacia, in the 1^^^ year 376, continued peaceably there, from that time during the reign of the great Theodoflus, whofe for- tune, courage and high reputation were, as we may faj'', fo many ftrong bulworks, which oppofed the irruptions of the Barbarians. But after the death of this prince, from the beginning of the Em- pire of Arcadius, and Honorius, when all things were in diforder, the ambition and jealoufy of the minifters who governed them, S 2 thefc 442. 1^2 The HiJIory 0/ A m a N i s M. B 0 0 K IX. A. T). thefe fierce nations, finding no body to oppofe them, (a) pafTed 442. the Danube, and laid wafte the neighbouring provinces of Con- llantinople, particularly Thracia, and Scjthia minor, where the holy biOiops Theotimus, (vvhofe virtue and goodnefs they highly admired) appeafed their fur}^ and even converted many of them to the faith. There were others amongft them, who, being invit- ?9)' ed by Ruffinus, made incurflons into Aiia minor, and Syria, where, finding no refifbance, (h) they gave way to their unbounded cru- elt}^ and acted openly all the crimes that could be expeded from the moft inhuman of Barbarians. Several of them, following the fteps of thofe who firft entered Dacia, took the fame road ; and having pafTed the Danube, marched into Thracia, and Pannonia, where they began to fettle, making war fometimes againfl the Ro- mans, and at other times, fighting for them, according as it fuit- cd molt with their intereft, as the other nations had done, who had pafTed before them into the provinces of the Empire. They were divided under feveral little kings, or chiefs, who would fometimes even hire thenifelves to ferve different parties. Some of them were in the army of Radagaifus, whilil others were in that of StiHco. Alaricus had numbers of them in his army, and Sarus at the fame time commanded a body of them in the fer- vice of the Emperour Honorius. Aetius brought an army of them out of Pannonia, to the alLflancc of John, who had uTurped the Empire after the death of Honorius, and Tent for a confiderable body of them, whom he made uTe of, under the command of Lit- torius in the wars againft the Goths. But amongft all thefe kings of the Huns, he who became the mofl powerful, and made him- felf mafter of the reft, was the formidable Atila. The terrour which his name carried with it, by the dreadful deTolation, which he caufed throughout the fineft provinces of the world, made him aftume to himfelf the furname of the fcourge of God, who was refolvedto puni'h the fins of mankind, with that terrible inftru- ment of his wrath and juftice. This Atila was Son to Munzuccus, (c) the moft potent of thofe who had taken upon them the title of king amongft the Huns, (a) Soiom. lib 7. cap, 2"). (^) Sozom. lib. 8 cap. i. Hieron. cp. 3. & 40. Claud, lib. 2. in Ruf. {O Jomand. de reb. Get, cap. 35. from BOOK IX. The Hiftory (?/ A r i a N i s M. i :j j from the time that they began to purfue the coiiqucft of new do- A. D. minlsns for their eftablilhment. For hitherto they had lived with- 442. out laws, or policy ^ and were fubjedt to no government, (d) Af- ter the death of his father and his two uncles 0£i:ar, and Roas, (c) who were fucceflors to the Icingdom, he took the government upon him jointly with his brother Bleda, who reigned with him. (/j He foon carried his conquefts much farther than his predecef- fours had done ^ (g) for, not being fatisfied with Dacia, whence he had driven out the Goths, he marched into thofe provinces on the other fide of the Danube, which were inhabited by the Gepidi, and the Arian Oftrogoths, who paid allegiance to him. (h) Ardaricus was then king of the Gepidi, and the Oftrogoths were comm.anded by three brothers, viz. Valarimus, Theodemirus, and Videmirus, under the authority of Atila. (i) Being thus fupported by fucli valliant fubjeds he found it no great difficulty to render himfelf mafter of Pannonia, (k) where thofe of his nation had already gained great advantages. (I) He then marched towards the Well-, plundering the cities of Illyria, and afterwards to the Eaft, and South, where he caufed great devaftations in Macedonia, {in) Greece, Myfia, and Thracia, deftroying every thing in his way up to the very gates of Conllantinople, and demolilhing all the towns except thofe of Andrinople, and Heraclea ^ fo that he compelled the Emperour Theodofius the younger fhamefully to beg for peace ; which he could not obtain, without giving him large fums of mo- ney. He infilled upon an immediate payment of fix thoufand pounds of gold, and obliged the Emperour to pay him one thou- fand yearly : So that the Eaftern Empire, whatever colour they might ufe, to make this pafs for a penfion, in order to fave their honour, 3^et neverthelefs they became tributaries to the Huns. Atila, who was naturally vain, was now fo puffed up with pride at his extraordinary fucccfs, that he could no longer bear a part- ner, with whom he was obliged to Ihare his honour and advan- tages, (7/) fo caufed his own brother inhumanly to be put to death, 4.44. and then reigned folely over alL the Huns, by the means of this (^d) Arrm. 1. 31. (e) Jorn. I'b'd. (/) Paul. Diac. in Mifc. 1. 15. {^) Da- cia Ripenf. Dacia Mediter. {h) ]orn. r. z'i. (tj Jorn. c. 4S\ (^t^ Marcel], (/; Marcell. in Chron. <;;?; JMarce41. 1. 15. («) Prolpir. >jircel]. 1. 35. cruel 1^4- The Hiflorj of Avii Kiiisu. BOOK IX, A. D. cruel Particide, which he endeavoured to conceal, in order to fcreeii 445. himfelf from the infamy of it. (0) Now, as lie was at peace with the Emperour Theodofius, his warlike genius and ambition toge- ther fet him upon forming new fchemes for the increafe of his con- quells. Therefore he paiTed the Danube again, and in a fhort time, became fo potent and dreadful both by force and policy, that 440- he fubdued the Marcomani, Quadi, Suevi, and moft of the other nations, who inhabited thofe countries, lituated between the Da- 447. nube, the Elbe, and the Veftula, down to the Sea : So great was the name of Atila, and the fame of his condud and forces, that it ftruck with terror even thofe very Barbarians who were dreadful to the reft of the world. 8 And indeed he poffefTed thofe qualities of body and mind which were able to create fear in a man of the greateft relblution, (p) It is true he was low in ftature according to the common fize of the Huns • but every thing feemed terrible in his perfon ; his Ihoul- ders were broad and his arms nervous ; he had an extraordinary large head-, his eyes were fmall and fparkling j he had a fierce look^ and a flat nofe •, his complexion was very fvv^arthy ^ he wore a long beard which was but thin •, his behaviour was proud and haugh- ty and he ufed conftantly to caft round him fuch threatning looks^ as terrified even thofe of great courage. "Withal he had a ge- nius which was equally lively, fubtil, and folid, fuH of art and diifimulation •, he was wife and prudent in council, quick and bold in the execution, cruel to his enemies, but eafily moved by the prayers of thofe who would fubmiflively yield to him ^ and what IS ftill more extraordinary amongft the Barbarians, he always reli- gioufly kept his faith to thofe whom he had once taken into his proteftion. Above all things he excelled in the art of war, which he pradifed, not as a Barbarian, after a furious manner, but like a great general with skill, performing much more with his head than with his arms. He had even found means to inftil a fuper- liitious notion into his foldiers, that he had fomething divine in him, to which his happinefs was annexed. For whether or no he be- lieved it, or that he only pretended to be convinced of it, he made t'lem believe that lie had found the cutlafs of Mars who was wor- ■(oj ]orn. c. 5-5. (p) Jorn, c. z'J. Mifcell. 1 15. Ihipped BOOK IX. The Htftory ^/Arianism. 1^5 ftiippcd anioiigfl thofe people, and that Xtio. oracles had promifed A. D, the tmpire of the wliole world to the perfon who fhould be mafter 44a, of that fatal fword. ^ Being thus fortified hy fo many nations, who acknowledged him for their fovereign, and who at laft were all efteemed as Huns, there offered two occafions wherein he had it in his power to fa- tisfy the exorbitant ambition which he had to enlarge his domini- ons, and carry his arms into the Empire of the Wcfl:. Honoria, Sifler to the Emperour Valentinian having proflituted hcrfelf to the fteward of the houfhold, was fliamefully expelled the palace by her brother*s order, and afterwards obliged to retire to the court of Theodolius in the Eaft.. This made her conceive fo ftrong a defire for revenge, that not being able to find any other way of fatisfy- ing her pailion 5 Ihe fent privately to Atila endeavouring to per- fua titude of combatants. Whilft all was thus in diforder, Theodori- cus, king of the Vifigoths, who, notwithffanding his old age, fought with all the courage and refolution of a young hero, fell from his horfe, by a wound which he received from Andages, one of the generals of the Oftrogoths, and was crullied to pieces by his own people, who, purfuing the heat of the battle, amongft the crowd trampled him under their feet without knowing him, and imme- diately rufhed on upon Atila himfelf, who was ftill endeavouring to fupport the fight thro' his own courage, tho' at the fame time all his hopes were loft. But when he perceived that his army began to lofe ground ; that the Romans were making a moft horrible flaughter of his troops • and that he himfelf was fo vigoroufly purfued by the Vifigoths^ that he was in danger of being either taken, or killed, he thought it high time to provide for his own fafet}^. Therefore the night ' coming on very fortunately for him, he took that opportunity, in order to favour his retreat, and avoid the fliame of his overthrow • fo retired into his camp which he had fortified and furrounded with a prodigious number of thofe chariots which attended his army • his people followed him without much difficulty, the night being fo dark that the victorious confederate forces could not purfue them, nor even be fenfible of their advantage. For indeed as they had fought a long while after the night was come on, and could 144- The Hijlory c/ A r i A N i s M. B 0 0 K IX. A. D. could not fee to diftinguilh their troops, Aetlus, attended by a 451. fmall number of foldiers, found himfelf in the midft of a body of the enemies whom he took for his own people ; the}^ likewife tliought that he was one of them, and it was a meer chance that he did not meet with the fame fcrtune which befel Torifmond^ who not knowing where he was going, rufhed into the intrench- ments of the Huns. This prince perceived his error, hy the blows which he immediately received from thofe who knew him to be an enemy ; but he defended himfelf with fo much courage, tho', at the fame time, he was fallen from his horfe, and wounded in the head that he gave his Vifigoths time to fave him from the danger he was in, and bring him back to the camp, whither Aetius was at laft repaired, after having wandered a long while amongft the ene- mies not knowing precifely whether he had been defeated, or whe- ther he had got the vidory. He palled the remaining part of that night in this uncertainty ^ •and therefore rallied all his forces and fortified his camp fearing left he Ihould be furprifed. But having marched out in order of battle on the neit morning hy break of day, he faw the field co- vered with dead bodies, and a rivulet, which divided the camp,dy'd and over-flowing with blood, (for it is faid that, on this terri- ble day there perifhed about three hundred thoufand men of both fides.) And befides, feeing that his army was yet verj numerous, and that the lofs he had fuftained was much inferiour to that of Atila who dared not to march out of his intrenchments, he then concluded that he had gained the vidlory ^ and after having re- mained fometime in the field of battle, in order to afTume thofe honours which are due to a conqueror, he marched up dire£lly to Atila*s camp, with a defign to compleat his defeat, if he fliould be fo bold as to appear •, or to compel him to own the lofs of the vic- tory, by his not daring to meet him. But Atila, who was mafter of as much prudence, as courage, aded contrary to the notions of Aetius in doing neither the one, nor the other. He would not come out of his camp, becaufe the lofs of his beft troops made it dangerous for him to try his fortune a I'econd time in open field. But, fir from Ihewing the leaft figns of fear, he never behav-ed with more refoUition. He mounted all his chariots with archers, who, being thus intrenched and covered, were continually ihoot- in? BOOK IX. The Hiflory urdered him I and bj this fatal aftion deftroyed the only fup- port of his Empire, which like an old wall, whofe foundation is undermined, foon after fell to the ground. 45^. For indeed, at the very beginning of the enfuing year, (t^ which we may properly ftile the year of the deftruftion of the Empire, Valentinian the third was killed in the thirty fixth year of his age on the feventeenth of March by fome of Aetius's guards, whom Maximus had bribed, under the. pretence of revenging the death of their mafter. After which he himfelf was proclaimed Empe- rour without much difficult}^ having fecured a ftrong party in his intereft- and his firft wife dying with grief foon after the affront which had been offered her by Valentinian, who had ravifhed her, he importuned Euxodia the Emperour's widow in fo urgent a man- ner that he perfuaded her to marry him. (w) But Maximus was fo mified by his palTion, that he indifcreetly told the Emprefs, the night of his nuptials, that it was neither the defire of revenge, nor ambition, but the love only which he bore to her perfon, that had prompted him to find means to afcend the throne, by the death of Valentinian, whom he had caufed to be murdered, in order to make himfelf happy in the pofTeffion of that princefs. Euxodia, who had an averfion to this Tyrant, becaufe he had forced her to marry him conceived fuch a furious hatred to him, at this barbarous con- fefllon that flie refolved in herfelf either to i^erifh, or be revenged, and would fooner be buried under the ruins, even of Rome and the Empire itfelf, than be difappointed in her defign ; So great is the anger of women, when juftly provoked, that it fupplies them with ftrength to fupport the natural weaknefs of the fei. Upon this refolution, (x) fhe on the next day fent one of her confidants to Carthage with letters to Gifericus king of the Van- dals intreating him, by all the coniiderations of his own intereft and glory, as well as the fuccefs of the enterprife, and his alliance (j; Idat. CalEod. Marcell. Mifc. 15. Procop. de bell. Vand. I. 1. ^ (t) Caffiod. Karcell. Procop. Anonym. Cufpin, (uj Mifc. 1. 7. (x) Idat. in Chron. with BOOK IX. The Hijlorj i/ A R I A N I s M. 14^ wit'i the Emperor, who had been inhumanly murdered, to come A.D. immediatel)'- in order to revenge his death, againft Maximus, and 455. relieve her from the infupportable captivity which fhe endured under the power of that cruel tyrant. Gifericus readilj'- embraced fo favourable an opportunity of fatisfyiiig his infatiable avarice with the fpoils and plunder of the moft rich and potent city in the univerfe-, and, as he always maintained a powerful fleet, with which, tliough it was a time of peace, like a pirate he ran- fack'd all the Iflands which are fituated between Africa, and Italy. He foon was in a condition to put out to fea, which he accord- ingly did, attended by the Vandals, and a body of Africans, (y) and in a few days came up to the port of Rome, where he landed without any oppofition. At the news of his arrival, moll of the perfons of diftinction withdrew from that city, leaving it without defence. Even Maximus himfelf, finding that his friends had for- faken him, was endeavouring to make his efcape ^ but before he could get off, he was feized by the people, and even hy his own guards, who tore him to pieces, and flung him into the tyber on the twelfth of June. Hereupon Gifericus entered Rome as freelj^ as he might have done Carthage, finding no body in his way, nor at the gates, that would oppofe his entering the city. The holy bi- Ihop St. I.eo was the only perfsn that went out to meet him ; and^ tho' he addrefled him with the fame powerful arguments, which he had ufed when he met Atila, neverthelefs he was not fo fuccels- ful i for the only thing which he could obtain of him was, that he would be contented with the plunder of the cit}'-, without em- ploying either lire, or fword againfl: a people, who would not re- m him. Thus Rome, which had fo often defpifed the warnings and judg- ments of God, became a fecond time a prey to the Arians, (z)who plundered the city at leifure for the fpace of fourteen daj^s, and fpared only the three principal Balilica's •, viz. that of Conftaii- tine, and thofe of St. Peter, and St. Paul. " So Giferius, after hav- ** ing loaded his Ihips with the richeft fpoils of Rome, and a p)ro- (^') Sldon. in Paneg. Avit. Imp. Procop. 1. t. Mifcell. lib. i"?. Evag. 1. i. cap. 7 Anonym. Cufpin. Mifcell. 1. 15. (?^ 5t. Leo Scr, in Oft. Apoft. Hid. ia Hift. Vandal. " digious , ^Q The Hijlory p/ A r i a N i s M. B 0 0 K IX. A. B. " diffious number of captives, for whom he expe£led confiderable 45 5. ** ranfoms, he returned well fatisfied to Carthage, carrying along with him the Emprefs Euxodia, fj) and her two daughters Euxodia, and Placidia who were grandaughters to the illuftrious Euxodia, widow to the Emperor Theodofius, who received this news at Jerufalem^ where fhe was retired in order there to pafs the remainder of her days in the pradlice of piety, (b) She was deeplj afflidted at this calamity, which God, through his mercj, was pleafed to make ufe of in order to convert her from the Eutychean herefy, which (he ftill adhered to, notwithftanding the decifions of the council of Calcedonia, which was held four years before. For, after hav- ing confulted the wonderful Simon Stylitus, who referred her to the holy folitary Euthymius, that led a moft celeftial life in Pa- leftine •, this great man told her, that God had affliiSed her after this grievous manner, in what fhe loved above all the things of this world, only to fave her from the abyfs ofdarknefs, which fhe was unluckily fallen into, by following the fleps of a blind guide, the falfe bifhop Theodofius, who had feduced her ^ that as fhe had abhorred Arianifm after the holy Nicene council, and detefted the impieties of Macedonius, after he had been condemned by the council of Conflantinople, that as fhe had alfo renounced the blafphemies of Neflorius by acknowledging the decifions of that of Ephefus, it was likewife necefTary that fhe fhould receive with a perfect refignation the holy decrees of the council of Calcedonia, againft the errors of Eutyches. Hereupon fhe immediately fub- mitted to the exhortations of this holy man, or rather to the voice of God, who made his will known to herafflided mind, by his words, and at her return to Jerufalem, fhe went diredlly to the Patriarch Juvenal, who airiited her in making a publick reconcili- ation to the Catholick Church, with the applaufe of the whole city. Her converfion brought over a great number of La3''-men, Monks and learned Clergy-men, of the Eutj'-cheen opinion, on whom Ihe had a great influence, and who followed her example. And indeed it was plainly feen on this occafion, what power a lady of underflanding, merit, and virtue, (inch was the learned Euxodia) («) Idat. Mifcell. in Chron. ib) Cyrill, Monach. in vita St. Euthym. Sur. 20. Jan. had BOOK IX. The H/Pry of Art Ai^jSM. 151 had over the minds, even of the grcatefl: men, to incline them A. D. cither to good, or evil, juft as her inclination dictated. This con- 45 5» verlion was chiefly the work which God had defigned to efFedt by the captivity of thefe princeiTes : For afterwards, he changed the heart of Gifericus in fuch a manner, with regard to them, that he intirely forgot the tyrannical notions which he had maintained till then, (c) and behaved towards them with all the rcfpeft and polite- nefs that v/as due to their imperial rank, (d) He even made the propofal himfelf for marrying his Son Hunnericus to the eldeft of the two princefTes ; and as he was informed that the youngeft was bethrothed to Olibrius, (e) who was the moft confiderable perfon amongft the fenators of Rome, and had made his efcape to Con- ftantinople, he was fo generous as to fend her to him with a re- tinue worthy of her illuftrious birth, together with her mother Euxodia, who was daughter to Theodofius the younger. This Em- peror was fucceeded by Marcian, who received her with all the marks of honour imaginable. In the mean while it was a moft lamentable thing to fee the multitude of captives, whom Gifericus had brought over with him from Rome to Carthage. For the Vandals, and Africans, to whom that barbarian king had given them up, for their fhare of the booty, divided thofe wretched people amongft themfelves, parting the fathers and mothers from their children, and the husbands from their wives, in order to fell them the more readily to thofe who came from all parts of Africa to buy them 5 (/) fo that being out of all hopes of ever meeting again, they filled the air with their la- mentable cries for their deplorable condition. The holy bifliop Deogrcitias, whom Giferius, at the requeft of Valentinian, had per- mitted to be continued as paftor to the Catholicks, could not bear • to fee the calamities which they endured-, and fearing left thefe unhappy captives, by lofing their liberty in this cruel manner, might alfo more unfortunately lofe their faith, through the bar- barity of their Arian mafters, he ufed his utmoft endeavours to de- liver them out of their hands ^ and after having colledted what mo- ney he could amongft the Catholicks, he fold all the gold and filvcr (c) Theoph. Procop. (^) Evag. 1. i. c. 7. (e) Niceph 1. 15. c. 11. (/) \i£t. Utic. deperfec. Vandal. 1. i. Veffels ,,-2 The Hijlory of k^\ K-^isu, B O 0 K IX. A D. irefTels which belonged to the Churches, and were faved at the tak- 475. ing and plundering of Carthage •, and by thefe means he at laft complea^ed his generous defign, having raifed a fum of money fuf- ficient to redeem them. But his charity did not end here. After having made them free he refolved likewife to put them in a condition of enjoying the 'freedom which he had procured them. Therefore as a great many of them were fick by means of the barbarous ufage which they had received during their captivity, on board the fhips, (be- ing reduced to the extremity of wanting all manner of necelTaries) and becaufe they were fo numerous that he knew not where to pro- vide them with lodgings, he turned two of his greateft Churches into hofpitals. There he caufed frelli ftraw to be laid for thofe who were in better health, and ordered feveral rows of beds to be fet up for the lick ^ after which he vifited them day and night at- tended by thofe who belonged to him, and caufed food to be diftri- buted to them, in his prefence, with fuch proper remedies as were prefcribed by the phylicians. Thus infpired with zeal and chari- ty, his body and mind were continually employed-, and, tho' at that time he was far advanced in years, he behaved with the vi- gour of a young man, and was fo conftant in this holy and labo- rious exercife that he fcarcely allowed himfelf any reft. So that God, pouring down a blelfing on his toils, he redeemed thefe poor wretches both from captivity, and death j and which was ftill more, from the danger of falling into herefy. This highly provoked the Arian minifters, who could not bear that a Catholick bifhop fhould prefume, in a city where they were mafters, to deprive them of a prey, which they had already devoured in their hearts. There- fore they refolved to make a way with him^ and it is very proba- ble, (as they took the liberty to commit all manner of crimes with impunity) that they would foon have executed their horrible de- Hgn, had not God prevented them by taking to himfelf this ho- ly man whofe heroick charity he crowned in heaven with ever- lafting glory. The news of his death was a great affliction to the Catholicks, who were defirous of preferving fome remains of him, in order to pay that reverence to him after his lofs, which they ufed to do when prefent And it was feared lefh the people fhould tear his body nnnir TX. The HiflovM of Af* ^ K^llU^ I$J ^^^t- ^ , ^ J -.-. . _. body to pieces to fecure his relicks ^ for which reafon thofe, who A. D, had undertaken his funeral fervice, buried him privatelj^ the night 45 J. before the time appointed for that purpofe. So that both the Ca- tholicks and Arians were deceived in a difl'erent manner ^ the former, becaufe thej could not pay the honour to him which they intended after his death •, and the latter, becaufe they were pre- vented by his death from cafting all their rage and fury upon his perfon. But they foon gratified their revenge, with the bafe treat- ment which they offered to the holy bifhop Thomas, who had confecrated Deogratlas three years before at Carthage. This good old man, in the midft of the infults, which he received from thefe impious people, who took delight in fcourging him in publick as they would have done a boy, without any regard to his venera- ble years, returned praifes unto Jesus Christ for being pleafed that he fhould partake of the glory of his triumph, by his igno^ minious fufferings. But on the other hand, as foon as Theodoricus, Icing of the Yi" Ugoths was informed at Touloufe of the death of Maximus, and the invalion of Rome, (g) he fearing left the Vandals, who were his enemies, fhould alfo take pofTeflion of the Empire, he imme- diately prevailed on the Roman army, that was then in Gaul, to proclaim Avitus Emperour, whom Maximus not long before had made general of thofe forces, and fent Ambaflador to Theodori- cus. (/j) This was performed on the fecond day of Jul}'' ; and the 45^, Romans and Vifigoths having renewed their alliance, Theodoricus, by the advice and alliftance of Avitus, marched into Spain with a powerful body of men, in order to attack Richiarius king of the Suevi, who, not being fatisfied with the kingdom of Galicia, where he reigned, was refolved alfo to make himfelf mafter of all Spain, and had infolently threatned Theodoricus to drive him out of his- pofTeliions in Gaul, if he fhould dare even to complain of him. (?) But his pride foon ended with his life and fortune j for upon a Fri- day, the fifth of Odober in the fame year 456. (k) The two ar- mies having met, near the little river Urbicus, within a few miles (g) Sidon, in Panog. Avit. Cafliot^. Anon. Cufpin. Idat. in Cliron. (b) Jornand, de reb. Get. (/j Idat. Jorn. Hid. Chron. (kj Obregirio. Aftorga in the Kingdom of Leon, Vol. II X of J ^4 The .Hipry ^/ A r i A N i s M. B O 0 K IX. A. D, of Afiiurica, which was a colony of Auguftus, they came to a 456. general battle, wherein Richiarius was totally defeated, with a prodigious ilaughter of his people, and he himfelf, who was covered with wounds, made his efcape with much difficulty •, fo that he now began to lofc all hopes of keeping his kingdom, (l) and therefore put out to Sea : But being forced by ftormy weather to land again at the mouth of the river Durius, (m) he was taken and carried to Theodoricus, who caufed him to be put to death in his confine- ment. After this victor}^ the whole kingdom furrendered them- felves to the conquerour, vv^ho on the twenty eighth day of Octo- ber having taken Braga, (71) one of the chief cities of the Suevi, he eave it up to be plundered. As the native inhabitants of that country were Catholicks, having lived fo long under the govern- ment of the Romans, there was no profane adtion, with refped to facred things, which thofe Vifigoths did not commit in that wretched place, to Ihew their hatred to the Roman religion. They feized on all the Churches, pulled down the altars, and carried away the facred veflels ; the Virgins and Nuns themfelves did not efcape their fury •, for tho' they did not make any attempt on their honour, neverthelefs the}'' took them into captivity with a vaft number of perfons of all conditions. They ftripped the Clergy and expofed them naked by wa}^ of diverfion, and thefe impious Arians after having glutted their avarice with all the treafures they could find in the temples, in order to crown their facrilegi- ous wickednefs, they converted them into ftables. But God would not permit them to ravage thus in all places. Theodoricus, who was refolved to carry his conquefts farther, was marched into old Lulitania, which then contained more territories belonging to Spain than what we now call Portugal, and he pro-, pofed to exercife his barbarity in the fame manner upon Merida, which was a very famous and powerful city in thofe days, (0) fitu- ated on the river Guadiana, and is now in the province of Eftra- madura. But the illuftrious virgin and inartyr St. Eulalia, who was the protedrix of that city, terrified him in fo ftrange a man- ner by vifions, and other prodigies, which threatned him with his el) Marian. 5. c. 4. (»») Duero in Portugal. (») Bracara. Auguda. Braga in Portugal Idat. (oj Augufta. Enicrita. Anas iluv. Idat. ruin, BOOK IX. The Hijlory (?/Arianism. 155 ruin, that he would not venture to attempt his defign of carr3rlng A, D. his arms farther. Therefore after having given proper orders for 457. the government of the provinces which he had conquered, he re- turned into Gaul where his prefence was required upon the account of the change which happened at that time in the affairs of the Empire. For whilft Theodoricus was thus running over Spain with his vidorious arms, (p) the Emperour Avirus, who, on the other hand, was no great warriour, not being allifted bj^ his friends the Vifi- goths, was forced to quit the Empire, becaufe the Romans had conceived an averfion to him, either out of contempt to his per- fon, (q) or becaufe he led a raoft licentious life from the time that he was made Emperour. (rj And, in order to fecure his life, he even agreed to enter into holy orders, and was confecrated biihop of Placentia, where his own people had feized on him. And not- withftanding this piece of policy, it was not pollible for him to efcape death. For, being informed that the fenate was refolvcd to deftroy him, in order to prevent a civil war, he died with defpair, (tho* fome people faj, of the plague) whilft he was on his journey to Auvergne, which was his own country, where he propofed to re- tire, (j) "Within a few months after his death, Majorianus, who was both a brave foldier, and a great politician, and then General of the Roman forces, was proclaimed Emperour, with the title of Auguftus, at Ravenna, on the firft day of April, with the appro- bation of the fenate, the people, and militia j but particularly with the confent of the Emperour Leo, who had juft fucceeded Martian that died at Conftantinople in the beginning of this year 457. ^ Thefe diforders and changes in the Empire gave an opportunity to the Vifigoths, and Vandals, to encreafe their power, (t) For ' Gifericus immediately after the death of Valentinian, and the ranfack of Rom.e, feized on every thing belonging to the Romans ■ in Africa, and fent his naval forces to the coafts of Italy, which ' ^p) Idat. Mifcell. (f Greg. Tur. 1. 2. c. i. (r) Milcell. Greg. Ano- rym. Cufpin. Greg. Turon. Bvag 1. 2.c. 7. (s) Anon. Cufp. Novell. Major. t;t. :>, ltd Senat. Marcell. Sidon. Apollin. Faul. Diac. in Mifcclf. Idat. Mtticclk (t) Vic. tor de per fee. Vandal. 1. 1. X 2 tJiey 1^6 The Hifiory of A ^ikYijsu. B 0 0 K IX. A. D. they invaded and laid wafte, with the other i^rovinces of the Em- 457- pire^ and in order to fecure what belonged to himfelf in Africa, he caufed all the fortified i:>laces to be denaoliihed, excepting Car- thage, (h) which in the end, proved to be the chief caufe of the ruin of the Vandals. Thus human wifdom, which a£ts with fo much caution in prefent things, where a trifling interefl: is con- cerned, cannot forefee thofe evils which it is treafaring up to its felf in time to come. But what was now more deplorable, this Barbarian, who was no longer tyed by any conflderation of the peace which he had formerly made with Yalentinian, renewed his perfecution againft the Church in a more cruel manner than be- fore. 6v) For he not only forbad the eledion of a new bifhop at Carthage, but even expelled all the priefts from that city, as alio throughout all Africa, where the Catholick bifhops, before they were baniflied, underwent great fufFerings, thro' the ill treatment which they received from the officers of that inhuman king, who would force them to deliver up their books of the holy fcrip- tures and whatever they had that was valuable and facred in their Churches. They even carried things to fuch an excefs of barba- rity that the holy bifhop Valerian, who was a venerable old man of above eighty years of age, having ftedfaftly refufed to deliver up what they required of him (which he looked upon as throwing pearl before fwine) Gifericus caufed him to be driven out of the city forbidding all perfons whatfoever to entertain him in their houfes or even in the fields : So that he was reduced to the necefl dity of lying in the common roads, expofed to all the injuries of the weather, which foon compleated his martyrdom, by putting an end to that fmall fliare of life which he had left, (y) God, on the other hand, was pleafed to manifeft his juftice and vengeance on the minifters and executioners of the impiety of Gifericus, For Proculus, who was one of the moft cruel and infolent amongft them having taken away by force the ornaments of the facred al- tars which the priefts had refufed to deliver unto him, and having converted them into a garment for himfelf, turning into ridicule all the holy myfteries, he was fuddenly ftruck in fuch a dreadful («) Procop. de bell. Vandal. 1. i. (x) Viftor. de Perfecut. (^) 15. De- tembro. manner BOOK IX- The Hiftory of Kkik^isu. 157 manner by iht hand of God, that he became furious and raging A.T>, againft himfclf, and periflied by a moft horrid kind of death, tear- 4J7. ing his flefh to pieces, and eating his own tongue. But neither thcfe warnings from heaven, nor the prayers and remonflrances of men, nor the book, which viflor, bilhop of Car- tenna in Mauritania, {%) had refolution enough to prefent to Gi* fericus in defence of the faith againft the Arians-, neither of thefe things, I ^aj, could prevent this Tyrant from carrjnng on ih^ perfecution with more cruelty, and from making a vaft number of martyrs, whom the Church continues to commemorate every year. The generous virgin Maxima, fhewed her invincible cou- rage in a moft wonderful manner on this occafion. She was in the fervice of a noble Vandal, who had alfo a young man belonging to him, whofe name wasMartinian,and who was very much in the favour of his mafter, becaufe he was a great artift in making arms.- This Vandal lord, in order to engage the youth more ftrongly in his fervice, having given this holjr virgin to him, whom he loved, for a wife, fhe not only perfuaded Martinian to turn to the Catho- lick faith, but alfo to live in chaftity, as ftie did herfelf, keeping.; her virginity, and to retire into a monaftrjr, in order to devote himfelf to the fervice of God, with his three brothers, who were Haves with him at the fame time. She on her lide did tht fame, retiring into a monaftry of women, which was not very diftant from that of Martinian, but lituated in a wildernefs where they thought that no body would ever come to enquire after them. Bulr they were at laft difcovered ^ and the Barbarian, their mafter, having forced them away, and flung them into a prifon, inflidled. all manner of punifhments on them, in order to compel them, not only to live together as man and wife, but likewife to renounced • the Catholick faith, and receive the baptifm of the Arians. Asl they continued ftedfaft and inflexible in their pious refolution.. Gifericus having had notice of it, he commanded their unmerci- ful mafter to repeat his cruelty, and not to ceafe tormenting them,, till they obeyed him. This Barbarian readily complied with this inhuman order ; and caufed them to be unmercifully torn to pieces (with the blows ©f fticks, which were notched like a faw) in fuch . (^; Gennad. de Script. EccT. c, 77, a manner j^8 The FJJlory 0/ A r i a n i s m. B O O K IX. j4, D. a manner that their intrails werefeen thro' their ribs, which were 457. flead, and had no flelh left upon them. This way of torturing theiTi was daily repeated by his command; becaufe that God by his omnipotence, in order to confound the cruelty of the Arians, ufed to heal thefe holy martyrs fo perfedllj^, tliat there did not appear on their bodies any marks of their wounds. At laft God, in order to punifh this ordinate Barbarian, hav- ing deftroyed him, and almoft his v.'-hole family, Gifericus was a(hamed to contend an}^ longer with the invincible Maxim?, and therefore fet her at liberty, and fent the four brothers farther into the country, to the dominions of one of thofe little Moorifh princes who were Gentiles. But the king, being informed that they had converted a'great number of thofe people, he caufedthem to be faft- ned to chariots, which were drawn by wild horfes, who, being let loofe, ran full fpeed over thorns and hedges, and fo put an end to the lives of thefe glorious martyrs, whofe bleffed bodies were in this manner torn to pieces, (a) The Church pays honour to their me- mory on the fixteenth day of Oftober, as alfo to that of the illuftri- ous Maxima, with two hundred and feventy other martyrs, who received the like crown of glorjr in the fame caufe. The perfecution grew very warm, chiefly at court, where Giferi^ I cus, influenced by the Arian biftiops in particular, would not fuf- ' fer any Catholick to appear. The count Armogaftus, who attend- ed one of the king's fons, after having endured divers horrible tor- tures, was condemned to keep herds of flieep in the fields of Car- thage. The prince, his mafter, would not confent to his being beheaded, fearing left the Romans (for the Catholicks were fo called by the Ariansj fhould pay him the honours which were due to the martyrs. Gifericus was under the like apprehenfion, with refped to one of the noblemen of his court, for whom he had a great affedtion, and whom he endeavoured to pervert by a thou- fand endearing expreffions, and promifes of riches and honours : But when he faw him ftedfkfl: in his generous refolution of pre- ferving the purity of the faith even to his death, he condemned him to lofe his head But he gave orders privately to the execu- tioner to hold his fword fometime fiifpended in the air 5 and told {a) Martyrol. Rom. i6. OtJlob. him BOOK IX. T/je Hiprjof Akxa^ism. i^ him, that, it he obferved any fear in Armogaftus, or that he oifered A. D^ to ftir, he {hould immediatelAr cut off his head, becaufe it could not 457. then be faid that he died like a martj^r^ (I?) but that, if he flill continued ftedfaft in his refolution, he fhould bring him back in order to prevent him from acquiring that glory which neverthelefs the Church allowed him in fpite of that tj^rant, who was overcome by his Stcdfaftnefs, in the fame manner as Hunnericus the fuc- celTor to his Grown, was overcome by the invincible refolutioii of Saturus the fteward of his houfhold. This generous Chriftian withftood the greateft fhock which na- ture, with all its forces united, could offer to the heart of a righteous man. For after that the king had endeavoured with prayers and promifes to oblige him to become an Arian, he was told that he mufl immediately choofe one of thefe two things, viz. either to obey the will of his mafter, or, after the coniifcation of his eftate to fee his wife, whom he palhonately loved, given away before him to be married to a Muletier. This unfortunate lady who, with much difficulty obtained a Ihort time to perfuade her husband' ufed the ftrongeft arguments which the love, fear, forrow, fhame' honour, jealoufy and difpair of a woman could fuggeft on this oc- cafion, to make an impreffion on an honeft mind, whofe inward conflids were already ftirred up by thefe powerful paffions ^ yet he rcfifted all thefe efforts with a more than heroick refolution and made faith triumph gloriouHy over fo many formidable enemies who had all confpired together in order to deprive him of it. In fhort, during this cruel perfecution, many were crowned with glory, but particularly a whole congregation of the faithful ^ ^ who, having fhut themfelves up in a Church, in order to celebrate i the feaft of the paffover, were furrounded by a body of Vandal ' ■ foldiers, under the command of an Arian prieft. Thefe men hav- ^ ^ ing forced their pafTage into the Church, they iirft killed the Lec- turer, who fell dead on the fpot by a wound of an arrow, which he received in his throat juft as he was finging the facred canticle Al- leluia, in the fame manner as we fing it to this day in our Churches. Then they maffacred, without diftindion, whcmfoever they met in their way, priefts, andLa3^-men, men, women, and little chil- ib) Martjrol. Rom. 16. Odob. dren. j5o _ The Htpyy of kviiK^ IS u. BOOK IX. A. D. dren, "^^P-''*'S '^'''7 - ''--^ ^-^^^ number, whQ j-gn ^way; to fave 457. theinfelves from the (laughter, yet could not efcape the crueltj^ of Gifkricus^ for, having cau fed them to be apprehended, they were all put to death. But thefe Barbarians carried their fury ftill far- ther. The}?" went into other Churches, during the celebration of the facred myfteries, and whilffc the people were partaking of the hol}^ communion, they threw themfelves like men pofTefTed with rage, 'on the body and blood of Jesus Christ. They adted a thoufand infolencies againft the blefTed Sacrament, by flinging it on the ground, and trampling it under their feet, with many other blafphemous adlions, fo that the Arians followed the example of the Donatifts their predecefTors, who were guilty of the like facri- leges in the time of Optatus bifhop of Mileva, (as he himfelf cer- tifies) as the Proteftants of our times have renewed thofe of the Arians, whofe example they have followed hy their abominable detellation of the blefled Sacrament on the altar. And certainly they muft acknowledge, by the faithful teftimonies of hiftory, that we are as like unto thofe Catholicks of the primitive ages, as they are to thofe Hereticks, who, according to their own confellion, committed the greateft diforders in thofe days. Thefe were the advantages which Gifericus reaped from the broils of the Empire, in order to ufurp part of it to himfelf, and opprefs the Catholick religion. The king of the Vifigoths acquired ftill greater benefits on the fame occafion : For, having divided his forces into three bodies, he headed one of them, and took pofTellioii of the greateft part of the Narbonian Gaul ^ (c) then carried his conquefts as far as the Rhone. The other two Armies he fent into Spain; (d) Cyrilla, who commanded the one, fubdued Andaloufia, without coming to a battle ^ and the other, under the command of Kepotian, and Sunnericus, (e) marched into Galicia, where Acliul- phu8, whom Theodoricus had appointed governour of thofe parts, had revolted againft his benefactor, and prefumed to take upon himfelf the title of king. This army firft feized on the city of Afturica which was betrayed to them ^ (j) and there committed as many facrileges, as they had done at Braga, deftroying, burning, and ranfacking whatever came in their way; and, befides the (c) Mifccll. Marc. (d) Idat. (•) JornanJ. (/) Afterga. greateft; BOOK IX. The H/fiorji of A ^lA}^ IS u. i6i greateft part of the inhabitants of that wretched city, they brought A.D, away with them into captivity two bifliops with all the clergy. 4 J 7* They a6ted in the like manner at Palentia j and, after having caufed in all places moft horrible devaftations, they totally defeated the army of Acliulphus, who was made prifoner, and tlien behead- ed ^ after which the Suevi, having in a fubmillive manner begged for peace, thro' the intercelFion of the bifhops whom they fent to Theodoricus, he not only granted them their requeft, but alfo per- mitted them to choofe a king. As they could not all agree on fo nice a point, they divided A.D. themfelves into two parties, who chofe each of them a king, thefe 458. were Frantanes, and Mafdra ^ (g) the former died within a few months after, and was fucceeded by Frumarus ^ and the other, after having killed his own brother, and caufed great diforders through- out Galicia, and Lufitania ; was put to death by his own people. His fon Remifmond, (^) after the death of Frumarus, having recon- ^ jy ciled the minds of all the Sucvi, became at laft fole king of that /^q' nation, who, from being Pagans, had embraced the Chriftian reli- gion, through the correfpondence which, they held with the Ro- | mans, and native Spaniards, and at laft unfortunately became | Arians, by the fatal political management of Theodoricus, and Remifmond. This prince, who was of a generous mind, being re- folved to reftore the Suevi to the fiourifhing condition, which they were in under their king Rechiarins, entered into Lufitania with a potent army, and had almoft made the conqueft of it, (/) when he became mafter of Coimbra, and even of Lisbon, which was de- livered up to him by the treachery of the governour. Now, in or- der to remain fecure of his conqueft, he thought on means to defend himfelf againft the power of the Romans and Yifigoths, who claim- ed a right to thefe provinces. As to the Romans, he had but little regard to them, knowing that the broils and diforders of the Em- pire had reduced them to the utmoft extremities. But he was of opinion that the only way of engaging the Vifigoths in his intereft was, by recommending himfelf to their protection. To this end he fent a magnificent embafiy to Theodoricus, to af- fure him of the inviolable fidelity of the Suevi, v/ho were refolved (^) Idat. (5) Ifidor. in Chron. (/") Idat. Marian. 1. 5, c. 5, Vol. II. r to j62 The Hiflory ^/ A r i A N I ? M. BOO K IX. A. D. to own thcrnfelves obliged to him for what they poflefTed, and were 460. at all times ready punctually to obey his commands. That, in or- der to form a more perfect union between the two nations, he beg- ged that he would grant him the honour of an alliance with the the princcfs his daughter, whofe right it was to be feated on that throne which he had rellored to the Suevi. Theodoricus, who was proud of having kings for his vafTals, received thcfe propofals with 307, and fent the princefs with vevy rich prefents to Remifmond, under the guardianlhip of Salanus, who was the firfl great officer of his court, with whom he difpatched likewife one Ajax, a Gaul by nation, and a man of wit and politicks, but a moft impious Ari- an, who embraced that herefy only, with the view of gaining the favour of his prince, following in this the deteftable maxim of the worldly people, who always adhere to that religion which feems moft to favour their intereft. This man, according to the inftruc- tions which he had received of Theodoricus, did not omit repre- fenting to Remifmond, " That if it was true, as the prince declar- *' ed, that the welfare of his dominions depended on the perfect " union be was refolved to hold with the Vifigoths, it was yet *' more true that fuch a thing could never be brought about be- *' tween the two nations, fo long as the}'- were divided, concerning ** the moft effential point of the Chriftian religion. That it was " impollible, whilft people's opinions were fo contrary to each " other, with refped to a matter of that moment, not to have an " averfion to each other -, and that this being the cafe, there was *' no probability to expedl that the alliance, which he was con- *' trading with Theodoricus, could form a lafting union between *' thefe two Nations. That it had been obferved in all times, when ** ever religion was the pretence, which often happened where *' there was the leaft difpute between people of a different belief, " that this intcreft being ftronger than any other, there was no " tie in nature ever fo binding, but what it would break. That *' it made children rife up in arms againft their parents, wives " againft their husbands, and brothers againft brothers. That on " this occafion people thought their piety was the greater towards " God, as they were the more mercilefs towards their neareft re- *' lations, and then made it a meritorious thing to commit the !* moft abominable crimes in violation of the facred laws both of « God, BOOK IX. The Hiflory r?/ A R i A \M s nu I^^ " God, and man. That fur thefe confiderations, as alfo, in order A.D. " to render this alliance eternal, Theodoricus conjured him to en- 4^*^- " ter into a perfect union of mind with him by embracing the " true Chriftian religion in its purity, as it was profeiTed b}'' the '* Vifigoths. That, by this uiiity of religion, their two nations *' being made one people, and renouncing thefuperftitions and cor- " rupt belief of their comm.on enemies the Romans, they would " then join their forces together, in order to complete the deftruc- '^ tion of thofe men, whom God had alrcadj^ abandoned becaufe " of their impieties. In fhort, this wicked apoftatc carried on his negotiation ^o well, that he perverted Remifmond, who was already influenced b}'- the advantage which he propofed to himfclf in the friendfliip of Theo- doricus, as alfo by the prayers and careflcs of the Arian princefs his fpoufe, who took a proper opportunity of inftilling into his mind the poifonous notions of herefjr, during the hrfb tranfports of his patlion. So this wretched prince renounced the Catholick faith, and made a publick profellion of Arianifm, which the Suevi embraced alfo, by following his example, according to the damna- ble cuftom of fome of tlie northern countries, who always model their belief upon the religion of their prince. But this happened only about five or fix years afterward, not long before the death of Theodoricus, who had been all this while very unfuccefsful in his war againft Majorianus. For this Emperour, who was a man of great courage, and had the foul of a Roman, not being able to bear the infolences which the Barbarians acted againft the Empire, (, A) entered into Gaul with a powerful army, and having defeated the Vifigoths, he compelled Theodoricus to deliver up to him all the imperial provinces which he had lately ufurped from the Romians. After ' thefe fortunate beginnings, he marched into Spain with his victo- rious army, and ordered a ftrong fleet to be fitted out at Carthsi- gena,. in order to paCs over into Africa, to make war againfl the Yandals, (I) having before-hand been himfelf over amongfl them in difguife to make fome difcoveries : But wh^ilil he was making preparations for an expedition of this great im.portance, Gifericus {h) Idat. Marian, (I) Procop. I, i. cap. 6, Y 2 having j54 The Hifioryof ARiAt^isu. BOOK IX. yi. D. having received notice of it, he came to meet him at Sea with 460. thofe mighty naval forces which he always kept ready, which, having fallen upon his fleet, before it was in a condition to fight, he took one part of them without any great refiftance, and burned the reft. This fatal accident obliged Majorianus to fufpend for feme time the deiign which he had formed of carrying on that war. But as he was returning to Rome, after having pacified the people of Gaul, he was miferably deftroyed by the treachery of Ricimerus. This man was a perfon of great diftinaion amongft the Goths, and born of one of the daughters of Vallia, king of the Viflgoths. (in) As he had continued in the fervice of the Romans, being a brave and experienced general, he was honoured with the firft dig- nities of the Empire, being made count, patrician, and confnl, (w) and was likewife poiTefTed of the greateft employments in the ar- my, where he did confiderable fervices, having even defeated, un- der the government of Avitus, a vaft number of the Vandal forces, who according to their cuftom came over in fixty fhips of war to plunder the coaft of Italy ^ and now under Majorianus he enjoyed the firft poft in the Empire, being made general of the Roman armies. But withal he was a m.oft inveterate Arian, and of all men in the world the blackeft and moft perfidious, being capable of committing the wickedeft a6tions, in cold blood, when they were of fervice to his ambition. This paflion placed him in his own imagination above all mankind, infomuch that he could not bear the thoughts of a rival in power and greatnefs, no not even in the throne, unlefs he would bend to him on all occafions, and be fubjeft to his will. Therefore, finding that Majorianus who, by the greatnefs of his foul, and his extraordinarjr virtues, was wor- thy of his fortune, preferved his charader with a proper authority, and behaved himfelf, in every refpedl, like a Roman Emperour, 4^1. he confpired privately with Vibius Severus, one of the fenators, who was entirely devoted to him •, and as he had the army at his command, he caufed the latter to be proclaimed Emperour ; (0) but firft feized on the perfon of Majorianus, who was then at Tor- {m) Marian. 1. 5. c. 5. (») Idat. ad ann. 456. (0) Idat. Cafliod. Mar- cell. Anon, Cufpin* t€)n% BOOK IX. The Hiftory of kKwnizw. 165 tona, and, having deprived him of the Empire, on the fecond day A.D. of Auguft, he caufed him to be murdered after a barbarous man- 461. ner about five days after. He was a prince worthy of commanding fuch Romans as had ftill an}'- remains of the virtue of their anceftors. But he had the misfortune of being raifed to the Empire at a time when, we may venture to fay, he himfelf was the lail: of the Romans. Never- thelefs he ufed his beft endeavours not to appear as fuch: For he made extraordinary good laws, which he ftridly obferved, and by his example was labouring to reftore that ancient virtue, by which Rome once became the miftrefs of the world • but by having loft it, was now almoft reduced to be a Have to the Barbarians. He alio aded jointly with St. Leo, bifliop of Rome, in order to bring piety again into a fiouriOiing condition, and reform abufes ; a- mongft which was that, whereby young virgins were facrificed hy their parents, who ufed to ihut them up in monaftries, that their fortunes might ferve to bring up their other children in the v/orld. Cp) For he made an edid, by which it was forbidden (as St. Leo had done before by a conftitution) that any virgin, who was dc- figned for a religious life, fhouid take the veil before fhe had at- tained to the age of forty years, in order, that continuing till that time at liberty to choofe the manner of life, which they were moft inclined to, their parents could not have an opportunity of treating them with their ufual feverity. (q) In fhort, befides the beauties of his perfon, he was mafter of all the eminent perfedi- ons becoming an Emperour j and the only thing with which we can reproach him, was the too great value he fet on this perfidious Arian Goth, who put Rome into irons, and made flaves of its Em- perours. For indeed, after the death of Majorianus and that of the great St. Leo, who died four months before him in the fame year, Rici- merus, conceiving that nothing could now oppofe either his ambi* tion, or his cruelty, alTumed a tyrannical power over Rome, dif^ pofing, as he pleafed, of the Empire, and of his imaginary Em- perour, whom he had promoted to that dignity only to be fubfer- vient to his paflions. He even carried his violence and impiety lb ip) Majorian. Novell, tit. 8. (^) Procop. 1, i. de bell. Yand. far ,i$5 The Hijlory c/ A R i A N i s M. BOOK IX. A. D. far that no hody could bear it, bringing the abomination of defolati- -461. on, into theholy place, (;•) by tifurping, with an arbitrar^y power, one of the Churches of Rome, which wasthatof St. Agatha, whereiii with his Arians he publickl}^ celebrated the profane myfteries of his he- rcfy. In the mean while all the Arian kings acquiredgreat advan- tages during the difordcrs which fucceeded the death of Majvorianus, whofc virtues they admired, and wJiofe courage they dreaded, (s) Gifericus, who not long before was forced to beg for a peace, hav- ing now renewed the war, laid wafte the whole coaft of Itab/, and Greece, (t) and carried tlie terror of his arms even into Egypt, from whence neverthelefs he withdrew, without having made any exploits, as the wonderful Daniel Stylitus had foretold it to the Emperour Leo. (//) The Suevi, on the other part, took advantage of thefe diforders, with a defign to ellabliili, and carry on their 452. concjuefts farther into Lufitania. (x) Theodoricus, king of the Yili- goths, took po/Ielhon a fecond time of Narbona, which was delivered up to him by count Agrippinus, in order to obtain his protection againft count Gilles, governour of Gaul for the Romans, who about the fame time defeated, in Britany, and killed Fredericus brother 4^4- to the king of the Viiigoths. But after the death of this count, Theodoricus began to take courage again, and, improving fo fa- vourable an opportunit}^, found it no difficult task to regain the 4*^5- provinces fituated on the other fide of the Loire, which Majoria- nus had taken from him, whilft Childericus, king of France, af- ter having defeated in battle the fame Roman governour, (y) was conquering thofe countries which lie between that river, and the Seine. So that the Romans, who were beaten and repulfed on all iides by the French, the Goths, and Bourguignons, who marched forwards on the borders of the Saone, and Rhone, had nothing now left them in Gaul but the meer fhadow of Empire in a few of its provinces. Keverthelefs Ricimerus fhewed very little concern for thefe lofTes, becaufe his thoughts were wholly employed upon the efta- blilhment of his tyrannical dominion in Rome, (z) where he (r) Greg. lib. 3. ep. 19. (s) Idat. (t) Procop. 1. i. («) Aft. Dan. ap. Sur. 11. Dccenib. Idat. (x) Idat. (jj Gregor. Tur. 1. i.e. 12. Aim. 1. 1, cap. 8. C^J Marcell. caufed BOOK IX. The Hiftory of A Kix^ IS yi 167 caufcd Hernienericiis, an Arian Goth, to be chofen confiil, and A. D. there reigned over the Romans nndcr the names of thofe iniigni- 465. ficant Emperours, whom he ufed to make, and deftro}'' jiift accord- ing as his own fancy led him, or as he was influenced hy his paf^ fions, or intereft. For having promoted Scverus to the imperial throne, and not finding proper difpofitions in him to gratify his ambition, he caufed him to be poifoned^ after which he' treated with the Emperour Leo, offering him to proclaim Anthemius, for whom that Emperour had a verj'- great value, (a) but with this condition that the latter fhould give him his daughter Euphemia for a wife. This Anthemius was a man of the firft rank hy his birth, as alfo by his employments in the court of Conftantinople, being at that time patrician, and prefect of the Eaft. (I?) He was grandfon to the great Anthemius, who was firft minifter to the 3^oung Theodofius • and Marcian, his fuccefTour, had honoured him with his alliance, by giving him his own daughter in marriage. Leo, who was highly pleafed that a Grecian, and one of his crea- tures, fhould be raifed to the Empire, readily approved of this pro- pofal ^ and Ricimerus, who was well aiTured that he fhould ftill continue to have all things in his power as before, thought it would be of great advantage to him to be fon in law to an Emperour. Therefore this affair being agreed upon by both parties, Leo, after a years interregnum, fent Anthemius with count Marcellinus and a mofl magnificent attendance into Italy, where he was received by Ricimerus, who came with the fenate to meet him within eight miles of Rome, (c) and there folemnly proclaimed him Empe- rour with the title of Auguflus, even before he entered the city. His arrival had like to have caufed great diforders in Rome, with refpecl to the religion. For whether it was that he had a mind to ■ make himielf agreeable to Ricimerus, who was an Arian, or that he did not foreiee the evil which his behaviour might occafion he had brought with him amongft his attendants one Philotheus a Macedonian Heretick, who had a great intereft with him. (d) This man, feeing himfelf fupported by the favour and authority of the Emperour, took upon him immediately to diclate publickly (a) Cafllod. in Ghron. Sidon. in Paneg. Anth. (_b) Evag. lib, 2. c. 16. Ni- ceph. 1. 25. c, II. (f) Idat, (d) Gelaf. ep. 11. ia i68 The Hiftory 0/ A r i a N i s M. BOOK IX. A. D. in Rome, and to appoint meetings, where he fet forth the princi- 467. pies and falfe reafons of thofe who had fequeftred themfelves from the Roman Church, in order that people might be at liberty to choofe the religion which they liked beft -, but withal he pofitive- ly maintained his own opinion, and thus artful]}'- infufed the ve- nom of his herefy into the minds of thofe who were apt eafily to be drawn away by new dod:rines. And by this means he cer- tainly would have cauied great diforders, had not Hilarius, bifliop of Rome, who was fucceflbur to St. Leo, oppofed him at firft with an invincible ftedfaftnefs. For as the Emperour was one day in the Church of St. Peter, this holy bilhop addrefTed him in the pre- fence of the whole Congregation, and fpoke with fo much force and perfuaiion againft the infolent liberty, which Philotheus had preached up, that Anthemius, (either out of fear left the Romans Ihould rife up againft him, or becaufe he could not refift the power of the fpirit which fpoke by the biftiop) promifed him foleranly, and with an oath in the hearing of the people, that he would put a ftop to thefe diforders, and forbid all meetings of that kind, which he accordingly performed. Thus we fee how great an in- fluence a man of God, fupported by a holy life and charader, may have over the princes of the earth, fince he can humble them, and make them fubmit to the j)ower of God, hy this means the herefy of Philotheus was prevented from taking root in Rome, tho' at the fame time the Hereticks in other parts encreafed pro- dieioufly by the over-growing power of the Vifigoths, after the death of Theodoricus their king. For whilft this unhappy prince was ufing his utmoft endeavours to bring the Suevi to the Arian religion, by means of the alliance which he made with Remifmond, their king, to whom he had given his daughter for wife, (e) God, by a juft judgment, permitted that, as he had inhumanly mafTacred his brother Torifmond, he likewife fhould be put to death by his other brother Evaricus 5 who by the means of this parricide, afcended the throne himfelf. And, as he had caufe to fear that Remifmond would revenge the death of his father-in-law, he refolved ("being a man of equal cou- rage and ambition) to prevent him by marching with his forces (e) Idat, I fid. in Chron, into BO O K IX. Tk Hiflory ^/ A r i a N I s m. 1(^9 into Spain, which at that time was divided amongft the Romans, A, D. the Suevi, and the Vifigoths. The latter were mafters of Anda- 4^7» loufia, and Catalonia. The Suevi held old Galicia in their polTef- fion, with the major part of Lufitania, and the remainder was under the government of the Romans. Evaricus, having furprifed Remifmond, plundered his whole country, and took pofleffion of Lufitania •, then, after fo fucccfsful a beginning, having refolved to invade the whole monarchy of Spain, he fent a confiderable body of men towards the river Ebre as far as the Pirenees, where they took Pampeluna, and Sarragoflfa. Whilfl he, on the other iide, with his army, fell upon the remaining provinces, and be- haved with fo much valour and condud, (/) that, after having taken and plundered Tarragona, which in thofe days was the moft confiderable city in Spain, he drove out the Romans, and reduced the whole country to his fubjedtion, excepting only Galicia, which continued fometime longer under the dominion of the Suevi. And indeed, it is probable that he would even then have deftroyed them intirely had not fortune, which was fo favourable to him at that time, procured him an opportunity of making greater conqueftsin Gaul, where he returned in order to attack the Romans, at the re- queft of Gifericus, king of the Vandals, for the reafon of which I {hall now relate to you. Leo, Emperour of the Eaft, who was a prince truly Catholick, and of a great foul, not being able to bear any longer the affronts which Gifericus daily offered, both to the religion and to the Em- pire, refolved at laft to make war againft him with all his forces, in order to regain what he had ufurped from the Romans. To this end he made the greatefl preparations of war that any Emperour was ever known to have done before him. For he fitted out three great fleets almoft at the fame time, in order to fall upon the Van- dals on all fides, {g) The firfl he fent under the command of A'lar- cellinus, who after the death of Aetius, his intimate friend, had fortified himfelf fo well in Dalmatia, that he continued mafter of that country. The Emperour, in order to bring him over to his .53^ intereft, gave him thofe naval forces, with which he drove the Van- dals out of Sardinia, which they had in their pofTellion. The fe- (f) Ifld. In Chron. Marian. 1. 5. c. 5. (^) Procop. de bell. Vandal, Hh. i. Vol. IL Z cond ijo The Hipry of Akia^ism. B O O K IX. A. B. cond fleet was left 'to the command of Heraclian, who fet'out with 468. it in order to attack the Vandal fleet, which he defeated in fight of Tripoli, which was delivered up to him after his vidtorj. Then, having landed hrs forces, he marched by land towards Car- thage, with count Marcellinus, who was come to meet him ^ and- being arrived at the Cape, where anciently fl:ood the temple of Mercury, within a few miles of Carthage, he waited there in ex- pedlation of the third fleet, which had orders to attack Carthage bjr Sea, whilft he engaged the enemy by land, {h) There ne- ver was feen fo fine a fleet, which was compofed of twelve hun- • dred ftiips with oars, and all perfedtly well fitted out, the expence whereof amounted to one hundred and thirty thoufand (i) pounds weight in gold, which the Emperour expended on this account. Thefe naval forces were under the command of Bafilifcus, brother to the Emprefs Verina, who, having failed from the Port of Con- ftantinoi^le with a fair wind, came in very good time to the Cape of Mercury: Which caufed fo great a terrour in Gifericus, who (after the many lofTes he had jufl: received, could not oppofe fuch a formidable fleet) that had they marched directly to Carthage, with- out giving him time to confider of it, they might have ealily taken that city, and from that very time rooted out of Africa, both the name, and Tyranny of the Vandals. But, through the treachery of Bafilifcus, this favourable opportunity was lofl:, with the deftrudtion of fo glorious a fleet, having firft entered into a confpiracy with Afparus. This wicked man, who was a Goth, (It) and an Arian, tho* at the fame time, an experienced officer, had been a long while ge- neral in the militia of the Eaft. As he could have no hopes of being raifed to the Empire, hj reafon of the Arian herefy, which he profeifed, (/) and which was then detefl:ed at Confl:antinople -, and as on the other hand his power was great, he managed aflSirs, after the death of Marcian, fo as to caufe Leo, who was one of th^ firft generals in the army, to be proclaimed Emperour, believing (A) Nice. 1. I J. c. 27. Procop. 1. 1. c. 6, (i) Fourteen mllHors of gold JFrench, and fix hundred and twenty five thoufand crowns. Procop. 1. 1. c. 6, (It) Procop. 1. 1. c, 6, Jorn, c. 45, (/) Niceph.l, y. c. 27. Cedren. Evag- 1, a. c. 15. that BOOK IX. ne H/pry of Akia^ism. ,71 that he would be intirelj devoted to him, and that he would confer A. D, the title of Csefar on one of his three fons. But finding that Leo took 468. upon him the authority of Emperour, and would not fuiFer anj one to govern him, and alfothat he mentioned nothing concerning the crea- tion of a C^far, Afparus refolved upon his ruin. To this end, he carried on a private correfpondence with Gifericus, whom he had a mind to prefcrve, in oppofition to all the endeavours of Leo in order to maintain fo powerful a patron for the execution of his de- f gns. And as he perceived that the command of this great fleet was given to BafilifcuSjWho was an Eutychean Heretick,and whofe wicked difpofitions and ambition were very well known to him he, with his Ton Ardaburus, promifed to place him on the throne in the room of Leo, provided that he would hold a private intel- ligence with Gifericus, who would allift them with all the forces of his kingdom in the execution of this projedl. This alone was fufficient to draw an ambitious man into a confpiracy of this na- ture. Therefore Bafilifcus rcv^dily agreed to whatever Afparus re- quired of him, which he accordingly performed by doing the moft bafe, ihameful, and deteftable action that ever was known. For inftead of in veiling Carthage by Tea at the fame time that Hera- clian and Marcellinus had agreed to befiege it by land, he kept his fleet in the Port of the Cape of Mercury, under the pretence that Gifericus, with whom he had conferred, only defired a truce of five days, during which time he would refolve to fubmit to what- ever the Emperour demanded of him. But in the mean while the Vandal, having filled his large fliips with all the forces he could mufl:er up, and converted the fmall ones into a vafl: number of fireihips, he failed by night, with the flrfl: favourable wind, and fell at once upon the Emperour's fleet. The latter, being thus fud, denly furprifed in a Port where they had no room to act, could not prevent fuch a prodigious number of fireihips from fetting fire to their fleet, which, by the fiercenefs of the wind, that carried the flames from fhip to Ihip, was foon involved in a moft horrible conflagration. So dreadful a fight was never feen. This prodigious forefl: of Ihips, intermixt with each other, in a fhort time appeared to be but one fire. What with the roaring of the wind and flames : The Z 2 noife I7>2 The Hijlory r)/ A r t A N i.^s M. BOOK IX A.D. noife of the fire-brands and falling mafts •, the foldiers and failors, 4*68. by their hidious cries confounding each other, anu running up and down half dead and burnt, without knowing where the}^ were going, it created fo much horror and confufion throughout the whole fleet, that there was no poilibility either of commanding, or obeying, or giving any affiftance in this general difafter. Thofe, who endeavoured to prevent the fireihips from burning them, were forced to pufh them back againft their own people to whofe fliips they fet fire, as they themfelves were likewife fired by"other fire- ihips which were forced againft them by their next neighbours.- Thus the foldiers of the fame fleet were confuming each other in the flames which their enemies had prepared for them, and were deftroying one another, v/hilft they were endeavouring to fave themfelves. And all this while the Vandals were fliooting darts and arrows by the light of the flames, and were finking down,, with poles, and oars, thofe who flung themfelves over board into the Sea in order to get to fliore, and fo defl:royed by water, all thoffe who had efcaped the violence of the fire. There were neverthelefs fome brave men who, daring this difor- der fought with great courage and refolution, tho' at the fame time all their endeavours were rendered fruitlefs thro' this abominablfe treachery. Amongft others, there was John, lieutenant general of the imperial forces, who, having with much difficulty got out of the Port, defended himfelf fo bravely at Sea, that he was even ad- inired by the Vandals themfelves. For, feeing himfelf furround- cd on all fides, he generoufly withftood every fhip that came up to him, and killed feveral of the enemies that attempted to approach him, till at laft, the Vandals having laid hold of his fhip, he faw himfelf upon the brink of being cruftied by the multitude. And now, whilft Genzo, one of the fons of Giferieus, was entreating him to furrender, and promifing him, upon the word of a prince, that he would treat him as a man, whofe courage and virtue he greatly admired, this valiant officer, defpifing thefe propofals and immediate death, confulted nothing in the height of adtion, but his undaunted courage, and calling out aloud to the enemy with an haughty and difdainful air, he faid ^ " It never fhall be re- ** lated that John fell into the hands of fuch dogs as you are." And then flung himfelf into the Sea, in his armour, and buried himfelf BOOK IX. r/je HrJIorj cf A R I A K i j; ><. 17 j. hiirift'ir niider the waves, Kovv of all this prodigious fleet, there A, D. hardly eHaped hh}' one fliip^ but that of Bafilifcus, which they 4^^- let pafs-, and we m.\y {-dj that this was the only reward, he re- ceived for his abominable treacher_7. For at his return to Con- ftantinople, Afparus, who did not expeft that the affair would be carried fo far, did not dare to declare himfelf in hisintereft: So that being loaded with the imprecations of the people, who all re- quired that he (liould lofe his head, he was forced to fly to the great Church for fanduarj^ from whence he at laft was taken out and thro' the mediation of the Emprefs liis fifter, was fent into banlfliment to Perinthus in Thracia. After this fatal overthrow Heraclian marched with his army by land to Tripoli, (m) As for Marcellinus, he had been killed fome time before in the camp by a Roman officer, who afterwards made his efcape to the territories of the Empire. In the mean while the Emperour Leo, who knew the difpofiti- ons of Afparus, and Ardaburus, having inquired into the affair had room to believe that they were both concerned in this conrpi^ racy with Bafilifcus, and that they held a private correfpondence with Gifericus •, therefore he refolved to ufe their own method of difllmulation, and deflroy them by the fame artifice which they, praftifed againft him. (k) To this end, he eipreffed more afFeai- 4^^ on for them than he had done hitherto ^ and Teemed as if he in, tended to perform his promife to them, by bringing, the whole fa^ mil}'- of Afparus into his intereft and alliance, (0) and fo confer- red the title of Cefar on his fecond fon Patriciolus, to whom ho promifed to give his daughter Ariadne in marriage. In this he did two things, which were very ferviceable to his defign. For in the firfl: place, he deceived Afparus, who, believing his fortune as great as he could defire it, and himfelf at the fame time reflored to favour, did not harbour any fufpicion of the Emperour : And in the fecond place, he made him by iht^e means odious to all the orders of the Empire, who never would admit an Arian to the dignity of the imperial crown : So great was the abhorrence which they bore in thofe daj^s to Arianifm in the Eafl:, where it had for- («») Marccll. Procop. (»} Niccph. 1. 1 5. c. 27. (9) Cedren, in Comp. . Evag. 1. irC. 16. Cand. ap. Phos. J.. The Hipry of A-R I A-t^isu. BOOK IX. A D merlr reigned with the utmoft rage and infolence. (p) And in- 469. deed this news canfed great murmurings at Conftantiiiople, parti- cularly amongft the clergy, who made ftrong reprefentations to 470. the Empcrour, in order to prevent an Arian from being his fuc- cefTor The fathers of the defert, the holy Abbots, and Monks, quitted their monaftries, (q) and came in crowds into the very hyppodromum, crying out aloud, that the abomination of Aria- nifm Ihould be driven from the fanduary, and that an Arian fhould not be created Cefar. The Emperour, who was pleafed to fee his defign meet with fuccefs, replied in a cool manner, that all things would go well in time : But under-hand he declared that what he had done, was only in order to fecure himfelf from the plots and attempts of Afparus and his children -, (r) which coming to the knowledge of the people, they rofe up one day againft them with fo much fury in the hyppodromum, loading them with im- precations, that, fearing left they fhould be torn to pieces, they made the beft of their way towards the Streights of Calcedonia, 47^- and retired to the Afylum of St. Euphemia. (s) The Emperour, who ftill carried on his diflimulation, and was no wife fufpefted by them, went himfelf to the place where they were retired, in order to' bring them back ^ hereupon they thought themfelves fo fecure of his protedion, that they went to vifit him at his palace where he received them after a civil manner, and admitted them even to eat with him at his table. But afterwards Zeno, who was the Emperour's confidant, and who had received private orders from him, caufed them all to be mafTacred by the Eunuchs of the palace •, and for his reward Leo gave him Ariadne for wife, and made him prefedt of the Eaft. Oftris, who had a great value for Afparus, and was his protedlor, with Theodoricus, whofe fifter Afparus had married, (both Arians and princes of the Goths) came fome time after with a potent body of men, and marched up to the very gates of Conftantinople, (t) in order to revenge his death, but they were foon obliged to retire, being repulfed and beaten by Zeno and Bafilifcus,^ who by the means of the Emprefs his fifter, had been recalled from baniftiment not long before. (p) Aft. S.Marcell. ap. Sur. 29. Decemb. (^) Zonar. Ann. t. 3. (r) Ni- ceph. 1. IS- 27. CO Niceph. ibid. Marcell. in Chron. lornand.de reb.Get. c. 45- (0 Theoph. ' After 472. BOOK IX. The Hiftory of A R i A NM s M, 175 After this bloody revolution, Gifericus, who now had no pro- A. D- tetSor at Conftantinople, nor any intelligence from thence, began 472. to apprehend that Leo on the one part, and Anthemius his crea- ture on the other, would renew the war againft him in Africa, with all the forces of the two Empires united. For which reafon, as he was a well-experienced politician, he immediately thought of making a diverfion, that fcheme having been already fo fuc- cefsful to him, when he fent Atila into Gaul againft Theodoricus, king of the Vifigoths. («) Therefore applying now to the fame artifice, he fent two AmbafTadors 5 the one into Pannonia to the Oftrogoths, in order to perfuade them to rife in arms againft thQ Emperor Leo-, and the other to Evaricus in Spain, with preffing foUicitations to improve fo favourable an opportunity of making himfelf mafter of what remained in the pofTeihon of the Romans in Gauli promifing him that he would, on his part, cut out fo much work for them, as would prevent them from fending any of their forces againft him, in order to obftrud his conquefts. Eva- ricus, whofe courage was naturally great, and who, at this time, was pufted up with the fuccefs of fo many vidories, which he had gained in Spain, received with pleafure thefe propofals, which equally flattered his expectations, and ambition. On the other hand he received intelligences from Gaul, thro' the treachery of two governours, (w) Arvandus, and Seronatus, who were convided of having fecretly treated with him, in order to deliver up the provinces to him, which were under their Government : And the' they ha4 been punifhed as Traitors, there were neverthelefs feve- ral accomplices with them in this confpirae}^ who he doubte'd not but would declare themfelves in his intereft. Befides, the Ty- ranny of thefe governours, (x) and of fome other Roman officers, was become fb intolerable to the Gauls, who were treated by them with great injiiftice and cruelty, that they would rather have had a Hun, or Goth, or any other Barbarian, for their mafter, than a Roman. This gave him room to believe, that, as the Yifigoths had governed in Touloufe with a great deal of lenity and modera- tion, moft of the Gauls would the more readily fide with him in . («) Jornand. de reb. Get. c. 47. Marian. 1. 5. (w) Sidon. I. i . Ep. 7. L. 7. Ep. 7. {x) Sidon. 1. 2. Ep. i. Salvian de vcro Jud. 1. 7. order i'l6 The Hifiofj of X^iK^i^u. BOOK IX. j4. D. order to throw offa yoke which they could no longer bear. But at 47 2» laft, what prevailed upon him to take a Refolution, was, the great weaknefs of the Romans, and the dreadful diforders then raging in the Empire of the Weft, under the cruel Tyranny of Rici- merus. For this Barbarian, (y^ who was refolved to deftroy the Empe* Tour Anthemius his father-in-law, whom he thought a man of too much virtue, having been difappointed in his attempt, declared open war againft him •, and fome time afier, having wickedly de- ceived him under the falfe pretence of a peace, which he had pre- vailed on St. Epiphanus bilhop of Pavia, to demand of him, (z) he killed him in the very city of Rome, where he alio maflacred all thofe whom he fufpecled to be over-zealous in the intereft of An- themius. He had not long before caufed the fenator Olybrius to be proclaimed Emperour, (a) who had married the young Placi- dia •, (b) but neither the one nor the other enjoyed long the fruits ^"7^* of fo horrible a crime, (c) The wicked Recimerus, who was -the author of it, died forty days after on the eighteenth of Auguft. and Qlibrius, (d) who was one of the accomplices, did not out- 474* live him much above two months. So within four or five months after his death, as no body declared for the Empire, Glyferius, en- couraged by Ricimerus's Goths, and chiefly by Gondiband, to whom Olybrius had given the title of patrician, caufed himfelf to be proclaimed Emperour at Ravenna. (0 But in the following year, Julius Nepos, fon of the fifter of count Marcellinus, who had driven the Vandals out of Sardinia, dethroned him, and,, in order to fave his life, compelled him to enter into holj orders, after which he admitted him to be made a bifhop at the Port of Rome, from whence he departed, and took upon him the government of his Church at Salona in Dalmatia, whither Nepos banifhed him. 47 J- But this new fliadow of an Emperour foon vanilhed, as had done the others 4 For in the following year, Oreftes, an officer of the Goths, fwhom he had made general of the militia, in order to be alllfted by thoFe of his nation) having rifen up againft him at the Cy) Caffloa. Marcell. Mifcell. lib. i?. ft) Ennoa. in reb. geft. Epiph. Xa) Cafliod. Anonym. Cufpin (BJ Idat. (0 Mat, (d) CalTiod. in Chron. Marcell. (^) Marcell. lorn, de reb. Get, c. 45. Evag. lib. 2. c 16. head BOOK IX. The H'lftoT) of K^i k^isvi. i77 head of the army, he quitted tlie Empire, and retired into Dal- A. D. rnatia, (/) where, after having lived a private life during five 4 75^ years in a country houfe which he had near Salona, he was murdered, hj the treachery of his own fervants. Neverthelefs Oreftes, about two months after expelled Julius Ne^ pes, {g) and, being defirous of reigning under the name of another, caufed the army to proclaim his fon Momyllus Emperour, whofe name alfo was Auguflus, (/j) and who afterwards was called Auguftu- lusby way of Derifion, becaufe that, having nothing auguft in him, but the bare name, with the vain fhadow of Empire, he was the weakeft and meaneft of all the Emperours who had born that title. For thofe amongft the Romans, who were concerned for the lofs of Nepos,and could not bear to fee a man fo unworthy of the Empire feated on the throne of the Cefars, applied, as it commonly happens in rebellions, to a remedy yet worfe than the difeafe ^ and in order to deliver themfelves from the fon of a Goth, they called in ano*- ther Barbarian for their mafter, who was an inveterate Arian. This was Odoacer, king of the Eurily, the Sciri, and Turci' lingi-, who, having palled the Danube, as the Goths, and Huns had done before him, had made his way thro' the Noricum up to the Alps. (I) He was a young prince of a beautiful form, an extra* ordinar}'- courage, and eminent natural parts ^ and had nothing ifi him of a Barbarian but his birth, and herefy, which all thofe peo- ple had taken from the Goths thro' a fatal infedtion. He was cho* fen king by his own nation, who were in hopes that he would one day make them mafters of part of Italy ^ and it is reported thaS St. Severinus, the Apoftle of the Norici, (k) had foretold him when he was in a private ftation, that he fliould reign in Italy, and be happy there during the fpace of thirteen or four teen years, (/j As he . now only waited for a favourable opportunity of compleating this 20od fortune, he paffed the Alps, (?«) as foon as he found that the ^-,5^ Romans invitqd him over, in order to oppofe Oreftes ^ and, after having taken Pavia, where that general propcfcd to flop his march, (/) Cafliod. Jorrand. Marcell. (g) Ar.on Cufpin. (>6; CafiTiod. Marc^ll. Tornand.. (/) People of Fomerania, FruiTia and Poland. (ijCluver. 1 j. Part of Auftria, Styria and Carirthia. (I) Procop. de Btllo.Gst. 1. i. £ugip'u$ in vita St. Sever. (wj CaiHod. Marcell. Vol. II. -^ a he j^S The Hifloyy of AKiAi^isu, BOOK IX. A. D. he purfucd him vigoroufly to the very gates of Rome, which were 476. opened to him by thofe of his party. Now to fecure his conqueft, he immediately caufed Oreftes and his brother to be put to death : But having little to fear from the youth, and much lefs from the iveaknefs of the wretched Auguftulus, he only confined him to the ftately houfe of Lucullus, fituated near Naples, that he might pafs his life more agreeably there than he could have done on a throne, w^hich he was no wife capable of gracing. Thus the Em- pire of the Romans in the Weft, five hundred and twenty years after its eftablifliment by the great Auguftus, fell from the unfor- tunate Auguftulus into the hands of the Arian Barbarians, who held it under feveral kings, beginning with Odoacer, who reigned about feventeen years, Neverthelefs he would not wear the pur- ple, nor would he afTume any other marks of Empire, or title, but that of king of Italy, which his fuccefTors retained ever after him, either in honour to their nation, who had a great regard to the name of king, which the Rom.ans had aboliftied for fo manj^ ages • or in order to convince the French, the Bourguignons, the Vifi- goths, and Vandals, who pofleffed Gaul, Spain, and Africa, that they had no defign to make any attempt on their conquefts, being fufficiently fatisfied with the kingdom of Ivdlj. The Empire was thus reduced to tliis deplorable ftate after fo many terrible revo- Jutions, Evaricus, being follicited, during thefe diforders, by the king of the Vandals, to drive the Romans out of Gaul, did not doubt but he might undertake it with fuccefs in fo favourable a con- jundlure ^ fo he marched immediately towards Touloufe into the provinces of the Empire with a powerful army which was juft returned victorious from Spain. As all things were now in con- fufion throughout Gaul, and no Roman forces in the field to op- pofe him, he advanced towards Bourges, where he defeated Rio- thimus, king of Brittany, (w) who was come with twelve thou- fand men to the relief of the Romans, and who after the defeat of his army retired into Burgundy on the other fide of the river Loire. After which a frefti body of Oftrogoths, (0) under the com- mand of Vilemirus, whom Glj^cerius had diverted from Italy by (») Jorn. de Reb. Get. c. :5. (0) Jorr. c, 55. the BOOK IX. The Hijlory of k^iK^is^u 17^ the force of mone3r, came and offered themfclves to the Vifigoths, A.D. in order to make but one nation with them. Therefore Evaricus, 476, finding himfelf fo timely reinforced with fuch a x^otent army carried his conquefts up towards the Rhone, (pj This obliged the Emperour Nepos to beg peace of him hj the interceflion of St. Epi- phanus bifhop of Pavia, with whofe requeft he complied in ap* pearance. Tho* foon after he marched into the field ^ (q) and, having run over all the provinces which lie between the Garone, and the Rhone, he even paffed this river and went into Provence, where he made himfelf mafler of Aries and Marfeilles, and fub- dued the Bourguignons, who had declared themifelves in the in- tereft of the Romans^ but the latter not being able to appear in the field, from the time of Odoacer's entring Rome, (;-; he com^- 480. pelled all the Gauls who were between the Ocean, the Loire, the Rhone, and the Mediterranean, to fubmit to his Empire, for the fake of obtaining peace ^ and to deliver up to him Clermount in Auvergne, which was the only place that remained un taken, and that had been a long time defended by the arms of Ecditius, fon of the Emperour Avitus, and thro' the follicitations of the famous Sidonius Apollinaris his brother-in-law who was bifhop of that city. Yet, what proved flill more deplorable in this conqueft, was^ that Odoacer, who was ftrenuoufly zealous for his fed, and could not bear fo much as the name of a Catholick, having now no more enemies to oppofe him, {s) he turned his arms againft ihc true re- ligion, which he endeavoured to deftroy in his dominions, by ufing all imaginable means to fupprefs the exercife of it. For he ex- pelled the bifhops and pallors from their Churches ^ fome he put to death, and would not fuffer that any one Ihould fucceed them. He behaved in the fame manner to thofe who died after having efcaped his fury. He caufed moft of the Churches both in town, and country to be deftroyed, {t) fo that the very cattle went to eat the grafs v/hich grew at the foot of the Altars 5 and he order- ed that the palTagcs into other Churches fhould be filled up with (/)) Ennofl.Tlcin. de reb. St. Epiph. (q^ Jorn. c. 47. (r) Sidor. Apol, 1. 3 ep. 1. 1,7. ep. \6. Gn^g. 1. i. c. 25. Jotnand. Marian. (i) Sidon, 1. 7. Epid:- 6' CO •^^^^' luron. 1. 2. c. 25. A a 2 thorns. ,8o The HJtory of Aria -i^isU. BOOK IX. A. D. thorns. He expelled the priefts, (7^) whereof many were ir.afTacred, 480. fome thrown into prifon, loaded with irons-, and others, in a man- ner banifiied j infomuch that the people, particularly the inhabi- tants of Bordeaux, Perigueux, Rodez, Limoges, Mendez, Bazas, f.nd Auche, befides many others who were barbaroufly treated, find- ing themfelves without bifliops, priefts, Churches and Sacraments, were in danger at laft of lofing their faith and piety, for want of proper food for the fupport of the one, and the other. But God 4^3- put an end to this cruel perfecution by taking out of the world Evaricus, who died at Aries, (w) three months after, leaving his fon Alaricus for his fucceflbur, who was not of To inhuman a dif- pofition as his father. On the other hand the embafTy, which Gifericus had fent into Pannonia to the Oftrogoths, was like-wife as fatal to the Empire as that which had brought Evaricus and his Vifigoths into Gaul j but we muft firft give fome account of the ftate which the Oftro- goths were in at that time. After the death of Atila, (who was king of fo many princes, and of fuch a number of Barbarian na- tions,) (x) his fons, (who were very numerous), being all defirous to fucceed him in his Empire, were deprived of their expedtations. For the other kings, feeing them divided amongft themfelves up- on the account of their portions, joined altogether againft them, and drove them out as far as Pontus Euxinus, after a battle where- in Ardaricus, king of the Gepidi, had defeated them and killed El- larus the braveft of them, whom Atila had appointed to be his fuccelToun Hereupon they applied to the Emperour Marcian praying that he would grant them thofe provinces which Atila had poflelTed, and which they were defirous to enjoy under him, promifing at tlie fame time that they would ferve him faithfully ^ upon condition, that he would alfo give them a yearly penfion. As the Emperour could not well refufe them a thing which they might have taken without his confent, the}?- ealily obtained what they required. Therefore the Gepidi took poffelllon of Dacia as the reward of their vidiory •, and the Oftrogoths, under the com- mand of thefe three valiant brothers, Valeminis, Theodemirus,. and Videmirus, their kings, who fought with Atila in the Cata- (m) Sidon. ibid. (w) Jorn. c. 47. (x) Jorn. de reb. Get, c. 50. launick BOOK IX. The Hiflory 0/ A r i A M i s M. i§ i launick plains, had Pannonia for their fhare, which they divided, A-D. tho' at the fame time they governed their fubjecls v/ith a i^erfedt 4^3- union among thcmfelves. {y) Keverthclefs they did not continue long in peace with the Emperour j for their penfion not being duly paid to them, and believing that they were defpifed by Marcian, the}'- fell upon Dalmatia, and IHj^ria, where thcj^ paid themfclvej out of the plunder of thofe wretched provinces. This obliged the Emperour to fend AmbafTadours in order to pacify them.^ and at laft the peace was renewed, upon condition that all the arrears tiiat were due fhould be paid to them immediateljr^ and that for the time to come their penfion fhould be continued bj'- more punc- tual payments. This being agreed upon, the Oftrogoths, on their part, offered the fon of Theodemirus as an hoflage of their fide- lity. This young prince was the great Theodorious, who then was not above feven years old, and being brought to Conflantino- ple, he was prefented to the Emperour Leo, fuccefTor to Marcian ^ who, finding him a lovely j^outh, gave him his education in the palace, till he attained to the age of eighteen, (z) and treated him with as much regard and tendernefs as if he had been his own fon. After this, Theodemirus having done confiderable fervices, in de- fence of the Empire againft the Suevi and Sarmati, he fent Theo- doricus back to his father, indued with fo many princeljr qua- lities, that the Goths held him in admiration. And, in order to give them a trial of what they might expecl from him, he pafTed the Danube with fi\' thoufand men who followed him, unknown to his father, and attacked Babaius, king of the b'armati, (who was now puffed up with the fuccefs of a viclorjr which he had lately gained over the Romans,; and killed him with his own • hand, then returned home to his father loaded with fpoils and plunder, and gave him an account of his voyage and vidtorj^ Af- ter which he went into Myfia, where he took Singidona, which the king of Sarmati had formerly feized on ^ and tho' this town was fituated in the territories of the Empire, he neverthelcfs, keiit pofFeHion of it for the Goths. This was the condition which they were in ^\\ev\ the AmbafTa- dours from Gifericus came to entreat them to make war againft (y) Jorn. c. 52. C^) Jorn. c. 55. the- lg2 The Hipry of A^lA^ IS u, BOOK IX. A.D. the Romans. They did not find much difficulty to fucceed in a 483. negociatioii of this moment, (a) For the Goths, feeing that a peace was difadvantageous to them, and that their fubftance was wafting, with the fmall penfion they received from the Romans, which was in no manner fufficient to m.aintain them, they daily importuned Theodemirus, in order to perfuade him to take up arms againft them, (b) Therefore the promifes, and reafons, and much more the prefents of Gifericus, working ftrongly upon him at fo favourable a conjunfture, a frefh war was at Jaft declared, (c) and it was refolved to fall upon the Empire both in the Eaft, and Weft at the fame time. Whereupon Theodemirus, who, fince the death of Valemiirus, (who was killed in a battle againft the Suevi and Scjnhians,^ had taken upon him the principal com- mand, divided the Goths into two Bodies, (d) The one he gave to his brother Yidemirus, in order to march with it into Italy, where he died •, and his fon being bribed with money and other prefents which Glycerins made him, went into Gaul, where he joined the VifiKoths!^ As for Theodemirus, who commanded the greateft num1)er of forces, having palled the Savus with his fon Theodori. cus, he laid wafte the countries of Illiria, and Dalmatia, as far as Epirus, then entered into Macedonia, and ThefTalia, where he took LariiTa and Heraclea, and plundered the fineft and richeft country of Greece ^ after which, marching back towards Thracia, he laid liege before ThelTalonica, where Clarianus, general of the imperial army, who did not dare to keep, the field, had fhut himfelf up. But'at laft a peace being purchafed with money and additional ter- ritories, he died foon after, leaving the whole kingdom of the Oftrogoths to his fucceflbur Theodoricus, who did not reign very long before he broke that peace which his father had made. This was the confequence of Gifericus's two embalhes, who, thro' thofe political proceedings, obtained what ]ie had propofed to himfelf, and, by thefe two powerful diversions enjoyed a perfedl peace in Carthage, where at laft he died in the fame year wherein Odoacerus entered Rome, (e) Hunnericus, his eldcft fon, fucceed- ed him, and in the beginning of his reign gave fome caufe to be- (n) Jorn. c. <6. (h) Idat. c. 47, (c) Cap. ^3, id) Cap. 59. fej Viaor. de ytic.Perfea:. Vand. 1. 2. lieve BOOK IX. The hJifl.n 0/ A r i a n i s m i^ lieve that he would prove much more compailionate tlian his €4- A 1). then He at fiift lliewcd an averlion to the iVianichees, whom he 4^3- profecuted with feveritjr ^ and would not fpare even his own Ari- an pricfts, who for the raofi: part were iiifedted with that pefti- lential herefjr. As for the Catholicks, he took fo little notice of them that they began to believe themielves at liberty to alTemble in their Churches in order to celebrate tlio. holj myfl-erics in pub- liclc. He even permitted them, at the requeft cf the Emperour Zeno, and of Placidia, widow of the Emperour Olj^^rius, to choofe a biihop at Carthage, where Gifericus had not fuftered any for twenty four years. Accordingly they made choice of Eugenius who was a man of an extraordinary piety, but in particular, fo charitable towards the poor, that he dailj'-diftributed amongft them whatever mony he had left, after having refcrved what was barely fufficient for a very frugal maintenance ^ and relied folely on that divine providence, which (^during the extreme povert}'- which his Church was reduced to, from the time that Gifericus had feiz- ed on all the revenues) was ever alFiflant in fupplying him, thro' the charity of the faithful, with a fufficient provilion for t]\Q fup- port of the poor. This Hunnericus diffembled for fome time cut of policy'-, in or- der to fettle his government, and take proper meafurcs for the exe- cution of a cruel defign which he had formed. But as foon as he found that his power was abfolute, and that he might undertake whatever he pleafed, without fear of any one's oppofing him, he threw off all difguife, and a£led openly in the moll cruel and in- human manner that was ever done by any Tyrant. For as he had 110 children, and could not bear the thoughts of any one's having a right to fucceed him, he became the executioner of his own re- • lations. He expelled his brother Theodoricus, and caufed him to be treated fo barbaroufly in his exile that he foon died. He put to death the princefs his fifter-in-law, with her eldeft fon who was a young prince endued with many excellent qualities, whom Gife- ricus himlelf had efleemed worthy of the Empire. All the reft of his family^, with his other nephews the fons of Gcnzo, he ba- nifhed to the deferts of Africa, in order that they might perifli there. And becaufe Jocundus, the firft of all his Arian bifhops was an intimate friend of Theodoricus, he caufed him to be burn- ed. 184 The Hi/Iorj of A RiAi^isu. BOOKlX. A, D, cd in the publick place at Carthage, deftroying likevvife by fome 483, cruel torment or other, all thofe who had been zealous for the fer- vice of that unfortunate prince. Thefe were onlj trials of his crueltjr, which foon after broke out mod violently agaiiift the Catholicks, who were perfecuted in a more terrible and inhuman manner than had ever been pradifed by any barbarous Tyrant, who had refolved the deftrudion of chri- ftianit}^ He began this perfecution upon his family and thofe of his attendance. For he immediately broke and banifhcd all the officers and foldiers, who refufcd to be baptifed, in order to profefs Arianifm, which was a thing that even the Arians did not require, becaufe in their baptiim, they ufed to obferve the fame form with the Catholicks. He forced the holy virgins from their monaRe- ries, and caufed them to be tortured in a moft cruel manner, by applying red hot irons to their bodies, in order to compel them in the height of their torment, to accufe falfely both priefts and bi- Ihops of having a criminal converfation with them, becaufe this Barbarian was v/illing to cover his cruelty under this pretence, in order to deprive the clergy, by this calumny, of the honour of be- ing martyrs. But feeing that the ftedfaftnefs of thefe holy vir- gins (whereof feveral expired in the midft of their torments,) ren- dered his cruel and vilanous defign fruitlefs, he at once, without '^nj farther dililmulation openly declared himfelf ^ and after hav- ing caufed about four thoufand nine hundred clergj^men to be ta- ken up, bilhops, priefts, deacons, ledlurers, and acolythes, nay even the children who were employed in the fervice of the Churches, he delivered them into the hands of the Moors, in order to carry them into their moft dreadful deferts, where they were condemned to periQi with hunger. But before they could arrive thither, they endured the moft inhuman treatment that can be imagined, even worfe than death itfelf For the Moors wounded, with their darts, thofe, who, being tired, could not walk faft enough ^ and as for thofe' who fell down on the road with fatigue and faintnefs, he tyed them by the feet with ropes and dragged them along like lieafts, thro* ftones and thorns, till at laft, their bodies being torn to pieces, they expired. But what was moft wonderful and comfortable in the midft of ;much mifery, was to fee on the one fide thefe illuftrious confefl fors BOOK IX. The Hiflory who fhall abfolve *' us from our fins, by a reconciliation to God thro' repentance ? '' and whom fhall we now have to offer up for us the divine facri- '* fice with the holy ceremonies?" I ought not, in my opinion, to have fnpprefled fo beautiful a circumftance of this hiftory, in or- der to convince the world, that the Chridians and MartjTs of tlie African Church, fpeaking like us, and acting as we do to this very day, in the ufe of the facraments, were no wife Proteflants, and that as they in thofe times were the true Catholicks, fo likewifc are we the fame in this age. In the mean while Hunnericus, after having deliberated upon this afiair, with his Arian bifhops, was of opinion, that, before he went on with this violent perfecution, it was proper to appoint a conference wherein the Catholick bilhrps fhould be obliged to prove the confubftantiality of the word by fcripture. And as it would be an cafy matter to give it out that they were not able to do it, there would be a good pretence after this, in cafe they fiiould perftft in their belief, to treat them as obftinate Hereticks. This being agreed on, Hunnericus fent Zeno's AmbafTador to the bifliop Eugenius, with an edidt dated on the twentieth of May in thefeventh jrear of his reign, which he likewife publiflied througl^.oiit Africa, whereby he commanded him and all Catholick bifliops to repair to Carthage on the iirft day of February in the following year, in order to give an account of their belief in a publick conference* Eugenius ufed his utmoft endeavour in humble reprefentations to bring the matter about (as the caufe of the whole catholick Church was here concerned) fo as the other bifiiops who were out of Africa might alfo be fummoned to ailift at his conference, and particu- Vol. II. B b larly jg^ The Hijhry c/Arianism. BOOK IX. A. D' iailr that deputies of the Roman Church, as being the head of all 483. the "other Churches, fliould be admitted to it. But far from grant- ing fo powerful an ailiftance to the party of Eugenius, Hunnericus, \vho was abfolutcly rcfolved to take all opportunities of fup- fireliing them, excluded from the ailembly thofe who were reputed the moft learned amongft the Catholiclcs, and condemned them for fuppofed crimes, fome to banifhment, and others to death. He even caufed Latus, who was one of the moft ingenious and learn- ed men in Africa, to be burnt alive, in order to terrify thofe who were called to this conference, and by this means difpirit them, and prevent their being ready to defend and maintain their caufe. 4^4- j^ut God was refolved to maintain it himfelf, which he did in a moft miraculous manner, before the day appointed for the affem- bly. A blind man, whofe name was Felix, and who was well known throughout the city, in the night time, on the Eve of the Epiphany, heard three times following, in a dream, a voice which commanded him to go on the next day and prefent himfelf before the biftiop Eugenius, who would reftore his fight to him, by touch- ing his eyes, at the fame time that he was confecrating the wa- ters which were defigned for the baptifm of the Catechumens. This command being repeated a third time with threatnings, he obeyed, and having caufed himfelf to be conduced very early in the morning, to the Church, where the people fwho in thofe days celebrated that feaft with great devotion) were alreadj^ affembled in order to fing hymns and the pfalms appointed for Matins, he proftrated himfelf at the feet of Eugenius, acquainting him with the command, which he had received. And upon the holy biftiop*s refufmg, out of humility, to grant his requeft, he ftill protefted that lie would not leave him till the command of God was fulfil- led. At which Eugenius complied, and prayed to God that he would blefs the blind-man's faith, then touched his eyes with the fign of the holy crofs, and at that very inftant Felix recovered the ufe of his eyes in the prefence of all the people, who faw him with admiration, walk without any guide up to make his offering unto God, into the hands of the holy bifliop who laid it on the altar. The whole city, who knew Felix to be blind, and now faw him reftorcd to his fight, witneffed this miracle with tranfports of joy not to be exprclied ^ and the man who was born blind, never occafioned BOOK TX. 77je HJprji of A Ki\^ IS su iS'j occafioned a greater noife at Jerufalem, than Felix did at Car- ^.D. thage. ^ 484. Hiinnericus, who was furprifed at Co wonderful a thiiig, was re- folved to be fatisfied himfelf of the truth of it, and therefore or- dered Felix to be fent for. He knew by the teftimony of thou- lands of people that he was adually blind before this happened •, and feeing now that his eyes were very good, he examined him, and heard from his own mouth the whole hiftory of his recovery ; Hunnericus feeming to be moved at this relation, his Arian bi- iliops, who had not the alTurancc and impudence to conteft a fadt which he faw with his own eyes, were wicked enough to fay what the Pharifees ufed often to report of Jesus Christ, vh that Eugenius had performed this cure by a diabolical and magick ope- ration. As they were very defirous of being delivered from this troublefome witnefs, who was (as may be faidj a living and unde- niable convidlion of the falfity of their fed:, they would have made away with him, if they could have done it conveniently. But Cyrola, who was one of the moft confiderabie amongfl: them, and whom the Arians called their Patriarch, found out another ex- pedient which feemed to him more moderate and fafe for the ho- nour of his party, tho' at the fame time it only ferved to make it more odious, (e) For having bribed, with a fum of fifty crowns, a poor wretched fellow, who feigned being blind, and who in a large place of the city in the prefence of the people, prayed him to reftore him to his fight, as he had done to many others ^ thi«f falfe bilhop rendered him really blind, at the ver3r time that he was gravely ading his part as if he intended to heal him, by way of a confirmation of that belief which he profefied. Hereupon the wretched counterfeit flung the fifty crowns to him, and in a ' lamentable voice urged him to reftore to him the ufe of his ej'-es, which he had juft deprived him of by his impiety, and thus dif- covered the impofture. Then praying fome perfon who was {land- ing by to lead him to St. Eugenius, who was then in company with two other holy bifhops, Vindemialis and Longinus, and hav- ing openly profefled the catholick faith, he received the grace of a miraculous recovery, the two bifliops holding their hands over (0 Greg. Tur. Hift. Franc, lib. 2. c. 3. B b 2 his iSS The Htftory of A?.iMsism. B O 0 K IX. A.D. his head, and St. Eugenius, crolTing his eyes with the fign of the 484. rrofs, and fajnngin the name of the Father and of the Son, and of the Hoh'- ghoft, whom we confefs to be one only true God, in three pcrfonK of co-equal power, mzy thine eyes be opened. This confirmed the Catholicks in their faith, but did not change the hardened hearts of Hunneiicus and his Arian bifhops. (/; For the firft day of February being come, they infilled upon the ap- pointed conference, which was only a fnare contrived againft the Catholicks. There came to this meeting four hundred and fixty fix biOiopc from all the provinces of Africa, Corfia, and Sardinia, which, Gife- ricus had retaken after the defeat of the Emperour's army com- manded by Bafilifcus. But fome days pafled before they began the conference, during which time Hunnerkus m.ade away with thofe bifliops whom he thought mod eminent for their learning, befides others whom he had banjfhed for falfe crimes which were laid to their charge. As foon as they began to meet, it plainly appeared that notJiing v*^ould be tranfafted according to the laws of a formal conference, and that the Catholicks would be tj^ranni- cally opprefTed by the Arians, (g) For in the firft place Cyrola, who alTumed to himfelf the title of Patriarch, would be prelident, or rather give laws to this afTembly : And to this end he had caufed a magnificent throne to be ere£led, which he immediately afcend- ed, leaving the orthodox clergy flanding without any mark of di- ftindion. The latter, v/ho had chofen ten bifhops out of their whole number, who were appointed to fpeak for all the refl, in or- der that the Arians might have no room to fay that they inter- rupted the conference by their multitude, firft of all demanded by what authority Cyrola took upon him that pre-eminence 5 then- faid, that as he was a party concerned, it was not convenient that he fliould be judge •, and that it was but reafonable that arbitra- tors fhould be named, who were capable of enquiring into the caufe and proceedings of thofe who Ihould difpute. hereupon the Arians crycd out in a loud voice, with abufive expreliions fiom all parts, faying, that as the Catholicks could not prove the Homo' (/) Sirmond. Notit. Provine. & Urb. Eccl. Afric. t. 4. Concil. Edit. Parif. A. 1671. (g) Vidlor. 1. 2. oufion^ BOOK IX. The Hfflorj of ARiAnisu. 189 oujiott by fcripture, nor give a reafon for their belief, they were A. D. only endeavouring to find evafions, in order to prevent a confe- 484- rence. To this the}'- modeftly replied, that, Unce the Arians would not admit of any arbitrators, it was but jufl that fome of the moft confiderable perfons and eminent citizens of Carthage fhould be permitted to be prefent at the conference, in order to witncfs what was debated on both fides. This alone was fufficient to exafperatc thofe furious men againft the Catholicks, whom they afperfed faying that they were endeavouring to excite the people to fediti- on, and hereupon they called in the foldiers, who were upon guard without the doors, and who at a fignal which was given to them, made a reply for the Arians, by falling upon the Catholicks, whom they beat unmercifull}'' with flicks. Eugenius, who was the chief of the orthodox bilhops, called up- on God and man to witnefs this violent treatment: But at laft in order to convince the Arians that, notwithftanding the injuf^ ticc of their proceedings, they had no mind to evade a difputati- on, he addrefled himfelf to Cyrola, defiring that he would begin the conference, by propounding what he had to fay againft the be- lief of the Catholicks, aiTuring him that they were ready to an- fwer him. This falfe Patriarch, who was very ignorant, and dread- ed nothing more than to enter upon a difpute, replied, that he did not underftand the latin tongue. They immediateljr told him, that he underftood it of courfe, fince he generally ufed to fpeak it. So that being confounded, and finding that he had people to deal with, who were prepared to difpute refolutely with him, he him- felf acted that fhameful part, with which he had fo falfely and arrogantly reproached them not long before. He endeavoured to bring himfelf off by evafions and little fubtleties, which plainly fhewed that he was no wife inclined to bring matters to a debate. (/;) Therefore Eugenius who had forefeen this, caufed his colleagues to prefent the allembly with an ample and excellent eipofition of the catholick faith relating to the confubftantiality of the "Word and of the Holy ghoft, (i) which he proved by fcripture, by the fathers, and by the continued and inviolable tradition of the (b) Gennad. c. 97. (i) ApuL ViAor. 1. 2, f.;I b fab ejus Nomine. Tom. |, Biblioth. Patr. t. 4. Concil. Parif. A. D. 1671. Church The Hijlory 0/ A r i a n i s m. B 0 0 K IX. A T>. Church down from the apoftles, and this he compofed with the 484.' confent and approbation of all the bilhops of his party in whofe name it was prefented. The other biihops could not refufe read- inE it, in as much as the Catholicks were fummoned to give an account of their belief. But as it was perfedly well drawn up, and the Arians, who v/ere then prefent, could no wife refift the invincible force of thofe reafons and quotations which were there- in fet down in a moft v/onderful light, thej interrupted the read- ing of it with a tumultuous noife contrived on purpofe, which oc- cafioned the affembly to break up ^ and the Arians laid their com- plaints before Hunnericus,reprefenting to him that the Homo-oiifiam (for thus they filled the Catholicks) had caufeda moft horrible dilbr- der by their feditious murmurings, and furious behaviour, in or- der to prevent the affembly from enquiring into the truth of their doftrine (fc) which had been condemned b}'' fo many councils, and particularly by that of Rimini. Hunnericus hereupon, without examining any farther into this accufation, caufed a decree to be publifhed which was already drawn up by the management of his bifhops, whereb}^, after hav- ing falfel}'' declared that the catholick bifhops had endeavoured to excite a fedition, in order to prevent the conference, he took their Churches from them, and having given them to the Arians, it was refolved that all thofe who would not profefs Arianifm hy the be- ginning of June, fhould undergo the punifhment which had been decreed by the edicts of the Emperours againft Hereticks. This being done, he expelled all thefe bifhops from the city, after hav- ing ftripped them of their pofTellions, and forbidden, upon pain of beine burned alive, any one to receive them or give them any fubfiflance. And as they had propofed to reprefent their unhappy cafe to him, the}'' watched an opportunit3r one day as he was tak- ing the air out of the town, and prefented themfelves before him •, but infttad of giving them an anfwer, he ordered his guards to trample them under the feet of their horfes, who killed feveral of them, particularly fome of the eldtft of them, who tvere not able to fave themfelves. In fhort, not one of thefe prelates could ef- cape his cruelty ; For he fent fome of them to till the ground like Ci) Viaor. 1. 3. flaves •, BOOK IX. The Hiftory ^/ A r i a N i s m. ' 191 flavcsi (/) others he banifhed to the Ifle of Corfica, in order to rut A. B down timber for the ufe of his fliips ^ and fomc he put to I'eath af er ^84,' a moft cruel manner ^ amongft others ihQ holy bifhops VindemiaMs and Longinus^ leveralmore with the biHiop of Carthag- were fent into the deferts, where, in a moft diftrelTed condition, thej fufFered a long and painful martyrdom. The paftors being thus cut ofF, the whole flock was not only difl perfed, but horridly tortured hj all manner of torments which were inflided on thofe who generoufly perfifted in confelling the divinity of the fon of God. (w) Hunnericus ferit executioners throughout Africa in order to perfecute the Catholicks, on whom the cruel mandates of this inhuman Tyrant were unmercifully put in execution. All the torments that ever were invented by the firft perfecutors of chriftianity, as wooden horfes, fcourges with Heel points, iron hooks, fire, flaming blades, wild beafts, and other inflrruments of cruelty 5 all thefe, I fajr, were put in ufe by this Barbarian againft the Catholicks, without diflrindion of conditi- on, a^e, or fex ; ladies even of the firft quality were not exempted from thefe inhuman tortures. All Africa abounded with martyrs who fufFered with a refolution equal to that of the firfl: chriftian heroes; and God likewife on his fide wrought miracles on this occafion, that were not inferiour to thofe, \which he had done in favour of thofe primitive martyrs ; one particular inflance hereof he was pleafed.to fhew in a manner, that had never been ^een be- fore, which both 'declared and moft miraculoufly proved at the fame time the divinity of his only fon. Cyrola, the falfe patriarch of the Arians, having invaded the bilhoprick of Typafus in Mauritania, the inhabitants of that city bore fo great an averfion to him, that the major part of them quit- ted the countrjr, and fet out to fea in order to retire to fome c^her part. Neverthelefs he ufed his utmoft endeavours to perfuade ihc remainder of the people both with prayers or threatnings to be rebaptifed, and profefs Arianifm -, but he found them fo ftedfaft . that, far from complying with his requeft, they difdained him ' and, having upbraided him with his impiety, they left him in thl Churches which he had feized, attended only by the minifters of (/) Giegor. Tur. I. 2. Hlft. Franc, c. 3. (m) Viil. ]. ?. 192 The Hiftory tageto him that That Theodoricus would accept his offer, by vWiich means he might be delivered from a troublefome neighbour, ani procure to himfelf a mofl: powerful friend at a very fmall expcnce, (a) Marcell. in Chron. (A) Marcell. In Chron. (c) Lht- (d) Procop. de bell. Goth. I. i. c. i. Paul. Diac. in Mifcell, 1. ij. G c 2 Theodoricus ^g6 The Hi/lory of ARiANisM. BOOK IX- A. D. Theodoricus vvhofe fentiments were noble, and who had the foul 488. of a Roman, being of opinion that nothing could be more glo- rious for him, and for his nation, than to be placed on the throne of the ancient Cefars, and prefide over Rome, (e) very readily accepted the propofal^ and after having returned his humble thanks to Zeno, to whom he promifed whatever he required of him, he eafily perfuaded his Oftrogoths to follow him with their wives and children, into the fineft country in the world. He therefore quitted Pannonia, and marched along the river Savia, till he came to the head of it, where he entered Italy by (f) the Carniolan Alps, and fixed his camp in the province called Frioli, upon the borders of the river Sontius, in order to refrefh his forces* But his incampment there was not very long, (g) For Odoacerus,. who was come to meet him with an army, tho' too late to prevent him from pafTing the Alps, challenged him to battle, which he ac- cepted. And hereupon Theodoricus fought with fo much courage and condu6t, that he foon routed the whole army of the Eruli^ (/;) Jl, D. "^hen purfuing Odoacerus, who had made his retreat towards the 480. river Athefis, he defeated the remainder of his troops, in a fecond engagement which he gave him in the plains of Verona. After thefe two vi£tories, having wintered his army in fo plentiful a country, he marched with his forces, and gave battle for the third time to Odoacerus, who was incamped near the river Adda, Fortune Ml continued to be favourable to him at this juntture •, for he de- feated his enemy, who retired to Ravenna, where, in fphe of his perverfe fortune, he behaved with all the courage and refo- lution imaginable, and held out the fiege for the fpace of three years, (f) making continual fallies by night, till at laft Theodo- iicus, who had no naval forces to prevent Odoacerus from receiv- j4, D, jj-jg fuccours by fea, having ne hopes of forcing the place, agreed '^^°* to make peace with him upon condition that they fnould both rel-^n jointlj?" together in Itaty. But it has been feldom -cen that ambition could long be eafy under this dividing < f Empire. J, J). Theodoricus having cntred Ravenna, according to the T eaty,('i) at 493. iirft lived pretty well, at leaft outwardly,with Odoaceru;i. But whe- (e) Jorn. de reb. Get. c. j7. (f) Carniohi. (^) Silcnze Jorn c. 57. {b) Caffiod L'Adiiet. (»> Cafllod Jornaud. Ptocop. (it; Procop. 1. i. ''. ther BOOK IXI The Hifiory i t ■■-«. BOOK X. H E Eallern Empire was groaning under the Ihameful ^- ^ yolceof Anaftafius, an heretick of the Eutjchian and ^^^' Accphalian feds ^ and the "W^eftern, divided into feve- ^ ral Kingdoms by ftrangers who had conquered the Ro- mans, was reduced under the powerof Kings, either Arians, or Hea- thens, when God rcfolved again to eftablifh the Church, and deliver his people from the tyranny of Arianifm, by beginning this impor- tant work with the converfion and vidtories of the great Clovis. This prince,now in the thirtieth year of his age, and fifteenth of his reign, had made a confiderable conqueft by defeating the remains of the Romans underSyagrius then reigning at SoifTons and theThuringians: But 202 The h'ipry 0/ A R i A N i s M i B 0 0 K X. ^ D But ftill he put off the accomplifhment of the promife he had made 494* to" queen Clotilda when he married her, to embrace the law of Tesus Christ whom flie adored, (d) The extreme danger he was in upon the day of the battle of Tolbiac near Cologne brought liis promife frelh into his mind, and obliged him to make a vow to keep it if the God of Clotilda fhould aliift him on that occa- Hon Victory enfued upon his vow, and his converfion was the confequence of his via:or3^ After being fullj inftruded by feve- ral godly bilbops-, (h) and efpecially by St. Remi archbifhop of Rheims he was baptized by him, who caufed him to make profefTion of the catholick faith, and particularly of the myftery of the holy trinitj'- againft the Arianherefj^ which the Yifigoths mantained in a great part of the Gauls, (c) which they held on the other lide the Loire. After which he babtized him in the name of the Father,, Son and Holy Ghoft, which the Arians did not at that time. For at firft they babtized in the name of the three perfons of the Trinit}^ keeping to the form which the Catholicks ufed. Where- fore the Church held their babtifm valid, but not that of the Paulianifts,and Photinians, who abfolutely denied the Trinity. But after the Arians thought that this form, inftituted b}'' Jefus Chrift himfelf, too clearly exprelTed the equality of the three perfons^ which they denied, the}^ altered it, as thc}^ had done the doxology, and baptized in the name of the Father, by the Son, in the Holy • Ghoft. Above three thoufand French of the king's army at the fame time received the fame benefit, the reft foon followed. Albofleda, one of his lifters, who was babtized at the fame time with him, (d) died foon after her being babtized: and the other, named I autilda, abjured Arianifm with which fhe had been unfortunately infected, this herefy infenfibly fpreading it felf by the intercourfe there was with the Arian Yifigoths and Burgundians. St. Remi endea- voured to comfort Clovis on the death of his fifter, by a beautiful letter, which we have remaining from amongft the works of this (a) Greg. Tur. 1. 2. c 31. (^) St, Vaft. Bp. of Arras. St. Solemme B. ot Chalons- St. Medard B. of Soiffons. (c) Greg. Tur. 1. 2. cap. ?i. (d) Tom. I. Concil. Gall. Tom. 4. Concil. Edit. Paris, ibid. Ado. in Cbron, Martyr. Rom» 9. Feb,. great BOOK X. The Hifiory of A r i a is i s m. 20 j great man: and we have that too, which the famous Alcimus Avi- A.D, tus Bifliop of Vienna, the fcourge and conqucrour of the Arians of 494- his time, wrote to him, with as much force and eloquence as piet}^ to congratulate him upon his fo happy Converfion. A97' In the beginning of this letter he faj^s, " that the choice he had " made of the Chriftian Religion hj rejeding tlie other fe6ts, into " which the hereticks had endeavoured to feduce him, was an ex- *' cellent precedent for all nations to direct them to the belief *' they ought to embrace, as the only true one, and that the *' faith of which he had lately made profeiliOD, was an illuftrious *' vidory for the Catholicks over herefy. And after a very e* loquent elogium upon his piety in his babtifm, which he tells us was on Chriftmas Eve, and not in Eafter Eve, as had hecn hither- to believed on the teftimony of Hinemarus, he adds, "that if he " takes the freedom of exhorting him, it is not to caufethe faith ** to encreafe in him, for that he was perfedt : nor chriftian humi- " li<:y, of which he had given fuch fhining inftances by his fub- " million to the Church: nor compaflion, nor clemency, fince tho. *' captives he had fet at liberty, fo fully proved them to all thQ " world: but that it was to conjure him in the name of God to " take care of the converfion of other foreign nations not 3^et cor* " rupted with herefy, that he would be pleafed to draw from the " treafure of his heart, the good grain of the faith, which he had *' received, and caufe it to be fcattered amongft thofe poor people, " by fending them even ambaffadors to that purpofe, to the end *' that he might, to his utmoft, encreafe the kingdom of God, w]i(i *' had already fo glorioufly raifed his own in thQ world." This is part of the hoi}'- arch-billiop's letter to Clovis. Pope Anaftafius, who was but juft entered upon his pontificate, at the fame time fent him one, wherein he tells him, amongft other things, {e) " that the " holy Church his mother was rejoiced at having fpiritually be- '' gotten unto God fo great a king, who would defend her a- " gainft the attacks of all her enemies, and of thofe peftilent men, " who were rifen againft her. (e) Tor». 4. Concll. edit. Paris, Specileg. t. 5, D d 2 I believe 2o^ The Hiflory of k^i K^ilu. B O O K X. A D. I believe, that after thefe circumilances of Clovis's converfion 497.' andbabtifm have appeared, it will not be taken amifs, if I de- mand of the prefent age and of pofterity, (/) that they would do me juftice upon that French writer, who has dared to qucftion-^ whether Clovis at his converfion became a Catholick, or an Arian^ as was the king of the Vifigoths, and of Burgund}^, whofe niece he liad married. For if that author was acquainted with the leaff part of what I have juft now mentioned, he cannot avoid the charge of the blackeft malice, in betraying truth whollj- evident, ly a fort of infincerity, not in the leaft pardonable. And if he was not acquainted with it, can it be denied to be an extream ig- norance joined to as great a ralhnefs, to have thus unworthily treated the memory of fo great a prince, who acquired for his fuc- ceffors the glorious title of moft chriftian, and eldeft fon of the church, by having been the firft Chriftian and Catholick king. And' indeed, all the princes then reigning were without the mleof the church: and this holy mother of chriftians, who has children all over the earth, had not one on a throne. The empcr rour Anaftafius was not only a heretick, but a perfecutorof the Or- thodox^ Theodoricus at Rome and in Italy; Alaricus in the Nar- bonefe Gauls, in Aquitain, and Spain ^ the Suevi in Galicia^ the Burgundians in the Lionefe Gaul, and along the Saone and the Rhone as far as Durance j Trafamond king of the Vandals, who had juft fucceeded to his brother Gondamond in Africa, were all Arians-, and the other kings in Germany and Great Britain, were flill wholly buried in idolatrj^^ fo that Clovis having been be- yond difpute the firft king, really chriftian and catholick, the iirft rank amongft Kings, and that illuftrious title of eldeil Son of the Church, cannot be denied the Kings of France, his augufi: fuc- ceflors. This refiedion is fo effential to my fubjed, and fo ne- celTary to the hiftory of Arianifm, that I am not afraid of cenfure for lightly reprimanding this author, who certainly :le- ferves a feverer puniilim.ent for having fo dilrefpedfullj^ treated a truth fo well backed by fuch a number of convincing proofs, Clovis then being fo happi^^ converted to the chriftian and Catholick faith, refoived to make war upon tlie two other Arian (/) Facjuicr In his Recherctus de la France. kings BO 0 K X. The Hiflory of Akj a^ is u. 205 kings, reigning in the Gauls, beginning with the Burgundian. A.D. The caufe was juft, and the pretence fpecious, Gondericus king of 497.. the Burgundi.ins had left four fons heirs to his eftates, Gondeband Godegelil, Chilperic, and Godemar. Ambition which eafily breaks tho' the ftricteft ties of nature, foon difunited the four brothers, and armed them againft each other. The two laft being aflifted by the Germans their neighbours, conquered their elder brothers, and put them to flight, but Gondeband having furprifed them at Vienna, at a time when they thought him dead, had Chil- peric ])eheaded, his male-children killed, his wife thrown with a ftone about her neck into the Rhone, and Godemar burnt in a caftle whither he had efcaped. The two daughters of Chilperic, Mucu- rune and Clotilda were preferved from this Barbarian's cruelty w^ 0 did not think he could reafonably be under any apprehenfions from them. The eldeft became a Nun, and Clotilda, who was as good a Catholick as her fifter, was kept as a prifoner in the palace lo ftridtly was fhe guarded, and narrowly watched by her uncle's guards. However, tho' the Burgundians profefTed Arianifm, which the Goths had fpread all over the barbarous nations, yet they fuffered theGaulilh Catholicks under their goverment to live at peace, and the ' iihops exercifed their office with as much liberty as they had done under the Roman Emperors. Nay, they even laboured to convert the Burgundians without any oppofition, and Avitus the holy arch-bilhop of Vienna, endevoured to convert king Gon- deband. This prince, who had a great deal of wit, tho' a very wicked man, willingly heard him, and was fo moved by his dif- Gourfe, and convinced by the ftrength of his rcafons, as freely to cor.fefs that in his heart he believed the equalitjr of three perfons. of the trinity, and even to prefs him to reconcile him privatelj'-to the church. The holy man did what he could to induce him tomake a publick profeffion of his f^iith. (g) He reprefented to him, "that " iae fonof God protefled in his gofpel, that he would own be- " fore his heavenly father him who fliould own him before men,ai'd " that he would rejed all fuch as fhould be afhamed of confelling (^; Matt. 10. him io6 The Hipry of A r i a N i s m. B 0^0 K X. A. D. " him in publiclc. (/;j That according to the divine Apoftle vv^e- 497. " believe with the heart to obinin juftice, and with our mouth con- '* fefs what we believe to attain falvation. That he ought to imi- *' tate that holy king,(z) who fo often tells God, that he will con- *' fefs his holy name before all nations, and in the great affemblics '* of his people. (/:)That it were fliameful for a great king,likehim, *' and who was fo abfolute in his ftate, to betray his confcience out " of fear. That it would be not only an obftacle to his falvation, *' but to his glory too, to deny God what was due to him, for fear " of difpleafing any of his fubjefts, who could not approve fuch an " ad:ion in him. That it was his duty to give the law, and not to " receive it, that his people ought to follow him, and not draw ** after them: and that it v/as better for his fubjeds to embrace " the truth in following his example, as they did in war, than to " leave them to continue in error, by unworthily condefcending *' to their weaknefs. Thefe words, though they fatisfied his judgment, yet they had not their proper effed upon him, but a worldly fear prevailed over the convidions of his mind. He was too wicked, and too cunning to become a fincere believer: And God leaving him to his own malice he till his death perfilled, by a terrible obftinacy, to contend againft the divinit}?- of the fon of God before men, (l) which he ac- knowledged in his heart. The holy bilhop however did not lofe courage. He often returned to the charge againft this fo hardened a heart, and ftill to make the greater impreliion on him, compofed an excellent treatife againft the Arian Herefy by way of dialogue, which he dedicated to him. In fhort, during the war which Clovis made upon this mifera- ble prince, and Ihortly before his entire ruin, Avitus made the laft efibrt to bring him o\'er in a conference the Catholics had with the falfe Arian bifliops which was held by his confent, and in his prefence at Lions, (m) The kings of Burgundy allowed the Catholick biihops fo great a liberty, that thofe of the province of Lions met every year on the feftival of St. Juftus at his fepulchre, in (/j) Rom. ic. (/■) rfal. 34. ci)Pfa]. 56. (/) Avicus Ep. 12. Sigifmundo Gond. filio. Ado, in Chr. (w) Sidop, I. <. Ep, 117. Avitus. £p. 5S. and 5c). order BOOK X. The HijloYj of A r i a n i s m. 207 order then to celebrate his memory, and afterwards treat of ec- A, D, clefiaflical affairs. The arch-bilhop Stephen, (?/) who had a mind 499. to engage the Arians to a conference, being ftrongly follicited to it by St. Remi, took his opportunity when the king was at Lions and invited the bifhops to be at this feftival in as great a body as they could, to the end that under pretence of waiting on him to pav their complements together, this conference might be defired, as it were bj accident, without any formed delign ap- pearing. The thing fucceded as he had imagined. Going all toge- ther to pa}^ their duty to the king, who was at one of his country- houfes,Avitus who had been chofen f r their fpeaker, as he was very adroit, a!^d eloquent, turned his difcourfe, very appofitely, upon the peace of the church, which the king Teemed to defire in his king- dom, and faid very gracefully that he fliould be very glad to enjoy fo great a bleihng as foon as poii:blc, if the king pleafed: For, viy lord, laid he, we are ail ready fo clearly to demonftrate the truth of our faith by the gofpel, and by the conftant dodtrine of the a- poftles, that there will no longer be any room to doubt our be- " ing in the true belief, and your being againfi: God, and his church. Your majefty, who has fuch bright parts, and fo good an underftanding, may have the pleafure of informing your felf in this matter in perfon, you have your bifhops here, who are skil- fiilmen, and well inftructed in all forts of learnings be pleafed onlv to command them to confer with us in )^our prefence, and to " obferve whether they anfwer our reafons, as we are ready to ' " give a fatisfadory reply to whatever they m-dy be willing or *■ able to object to us. " The king, who faw himfelf embarrafTed with the war, v/hich the French began to make upon him a little briskly, anfwered with chagrin ^ " If yours be the true belief, how " comes it that 3rour bifhops do not prevent the French king's " injuftice, who has declared war againft me, and made alliances ** with my greateft enemies, to ruin me ? can the true faith be **• reconciled with a defire of feifing upon the pofTelilons of an- ** other, and with that infatiable thirfl- which he Ihews for the (v) Coliat. Epir. coram rsge Gundebal. ex Hift. Eplf. Gall, Hieron. Yignerii ■ ""eg. to. 5. Tom. 4. Corcll, Gall. Edit. Paris. blood io8 The Hiftory r/ A r i a N i s m. B O O K X. A. D. " blood of nations? Let him Ihew the genuinenefs of his faith by 490. " his works." After theie words froman Arian (for thefe are king Gondeband's, own words) can we ever doubt of Clovis's belief? Avitus anfwercd with a holy liberty, together with an extream refped, " that they " knew not the reafons why the French king made war upon " him but that they well knew, having learnt it from the fcrip- " ture that God often I)u11s kings from their throne, who have *' abandoned his holy law, and that he raifes enemies from all fides " to thofe who have declared themfelves his. But return, my " lord, " added he, " return to God, with your people, and you " will furely have a bleiled peace over your kingdom, which God, " who will he then on your fide, will defend againft the infults '*' of your enemies. Why then, " replied the king, " do I not " profefs the true faith ? You fay I do not, becaufe you are pleafed " to take it am.ifs that I do not worfhip three Gods as you doj " yet I do not find in the fcripture that there are more than one. " God forbid, anfwered the bifliop, that we fhould ever be " guilty, either of imagining, or of uttering fuch a blafphemy. " There is but one God in elTence, but in three perfons, which '* confifting but of one indivifible fubftance, can be but one " divinity." Whereupon, as he had aleady more than once in- ftructed the king in private on this great myftery, he had no great trouble in informing him in the Catholic k faith, touching the .unity of nature, which is reconcileable in God with the trinity of the divine perfons, of which the Son is confubftantial with the Father, and the Holy Ghoft with both. And as he faw he was .favourably heard by the king, who feemed pleafed with the dif- courfe, he enlarged with great itrength and eloquence, on thisfublime fubject: And on a fadden added, as by a divine enthufiafm, that if his majefby had a mind to have this great truth explained, and ■laid open before him, and all liis people by a regular conference with his bifhops, he could afTure him it might turn afide God's wrath, which the enemies of his Son were going to bring down upon the kingdom, and thereupon throwing himfelf at the king's feet, embracing them, and weeping bitterl3r, he was immediately followed by all the reft, who did the fame, which drew tears from the whole affembly. The BOOK X. The Hijiorj which he himfelf was refolved not to obtain. What was matter of conlblation to the Catholicks was, that this example of the king had no influence on his fubjedts. For feveral Arians, hav- ing learnt what had pafTed at the conference, owned the falfenefs of their fed, and were converted ^ and after they had for a few days- BOOK X. The Bijlory t?/ A r i a N I s m 215 days been prepared to receive the favour-ef baptifm, were baptifed A. D, according to the form of the church. 499. Such was king Gondeband, on whom Clovis was making war, not only for the fake of queen Clotilda, but to revenge tho. death of Chilperic and his wife, whom that king had inhumanl}^ caufed to be murthered, but alfo upon a fecret correfpoiidence which he had with Godegefil, who follicited him to enter Burgundy, and to refcue him from tht oppreliion of his brother who molefted him in the- pofTeffion of his Ihare. Gondeband, who was a Granger to this correfpondcnce, feeing Clovis had declared war againft him, prelTcd Godcgelil to join with him, and oppofe their common enem}^ But he was extremely furprifed, at "the time iho. three armies were in view of each other before Dijon, to fee that of his brother joined with Clovis againft him. (/•) This accident which he had not forefeen, fo difconcerted him, that he fled towards the Rhone, almoft without ftriking one ftroke, and took refuge in Avignon, where Clovis, in purfuit of his defign, having befieged him > he was at laft forced to humble himfelf, and to fue for peace to' Clovis, by making himfelf his tributary, and 3aelding up Vienna to his brother. But Clovis was no fooner retired into his own Territories than Gondeband went and laid fiege to Vienna, (s) which he took by furprife by an aquadu6t ("nov/n him hj one who had the care of it, and who had been turned out of the city with ^*^°' fuch people as they looked upon as ufelefs. And poor Godegefil, ^*^^' having taken refuge during the hurrjr in a church belonging to the Arians, was killed there, together with the bilhop of the fed, hj the command of the Barbarian, who thus became the murtherer and executioner of his three brothers. It is even reported, (/•) that he caufed all i\ie French who were at Vienna in his brother's fervice to be mallacred: But others affirm he only made them pri-* foners, and feiit them to Alaricus, whom he knew to be the moll dangerous and formidable enemy that Clovis had. However it might be, the treachery was too blacky and the injury done to Clovis too remarkable, and of too high a nature, not to be reveng- ed and punifhed by fo great a king. Clovis therefore returned (r) Greg. Turon. 1. 2. c. 32, (x) Greg. Tur. c. 33, {t) Aim. 1. i. c. 19. Greg. Tur. 1. 12. c. 33.. into. 214 The Hi/lory of A KiA^ I syA. BOOK X. j4 T), into Burgundy with a ftrong army, {u) engaged Gondeband, and ^02. entierly defeated him without tho aliftance of Theodcricus king 50^. of the Oftrogoths, who had entered into an alliance v/ith the French to have a Ihare in the conqueft. He afterwards ealily made himfelf mafler of the whole kingdom ^ but at laflr, at the inflance of Clotilda, he relinquilhed that part of it which is on the other fide the Rhone (containing Savo}^, Dauphine, and Provence, as far as Durance) to Segifmond, Gondebsn.d's fon. After fo happ}'' a conclufion of rlie Enrgundian war, Clovis found himfelf in a condition to undertake that which he had long refolved upon, againft the Vifigoths. Many reafons obliged him to this attempt. The protection Alaricus generalljr gave to his enemies and rebels, the hatred and jealoufy which that Prince on all occafions fnewed againft him, (x) the pains he took to raife him enemies on all fides, the ambufcade he had laid to furprife him at an interview: {y) The law of nations violated in the i^er- fbn of his ambafTador, who had been treated with great indig- nity: But above all, the unealinefs Clovis was under to fee the greateft part of the Gauls in the hands of the Arians. {%) For in an aflembly of the principal of the French nobility which he called in order to propofe the war to them, he told them plainly, he could not bear to fee the avowed enemies of Jesus Christ reigning over the Gauls, and that they muft refcue the remains of thofe people from fo unworth}'- a flavery, hj reducing them under their own Empire, to which tliey all unaiiimoufly confented. Be- fides altho* Alaricus was not at all of his father Evaricus's humour, who cruelly perfecuted the Orthodox ^ and tho' he fuffered them to live unmolefted, yet the Gauls, who were extreamly zealous for the true religion, very impatiently bore to fee themfelves governed by thofe Arians, whom they abhorred above al other hereticks. And as they faw that Clovis, and, m imitation of him, all the French had embraced the Catholick faith which fiourifhed under him-, they moft ardently wifhed to have him for their mailer. {a) Then they gave the Vifigoths fome jealoufy who miftrufted them, and efpecially the moft pious amongft the bifliops, fome of («) Procop. de bell. Got. 1. I, Paul. ^Emll. t^) Aimolr.. 1. i. c. 20. iy) Ibid. (^) Greg. Tur. 1. 2. c. 37, (a) Greg. Tur. c. 36. whom BOOK X. The Hiflory 0/ A R I A N I s m. 21 $ whom Alaricus himfelf banifhcd, upon fufpicion of holding a cor- A,D, rcfpondence with the French, as amongft others St. Quintianus J^S* biihop of Rhodez. And for the fame reatbn, three or four years after St. Csfarius arch-bilhop of Aries was made a prifoner by the Groths, who accufed him of intending to betray the city to the French, and were going to throw him into the Rhone, had not his-' innocence appeared by the difcovery, and apprehending of the criminal. All thefe reafbns, with others refpeclingtheflate,and thedeflre of aggrandifinghimfelf,which is natural to conquering kings, determin- -^^ ed for a war, for which Clovis made fuchvaft preparations, thatTheo- ^* doricuskingofltaly took umbrage at it, fearing, Ihould theVifigoths be defeated, left the French, mortal enemies to the Arians, would fall upon him.(b) Hedidallhe could, by remonftrances, by prayers, and even by threats, and by his Ambafladors to the reft of the kings of Germany, bordering upon the French, to divert Clovis from the war. But that prince, more exafperated than ever at thofe letters of the Oftrogoth, whofe menaces he defpifed, and whofe power he was not afraid of, far from laying down his arms, and referring himfelf to arbitrators, as Theodoricus demanded, fent Alaricus a defiance even into Thouloufe^ offering him to make an end of their quarrel at the head of both their armies, to fave the blood of their fubjetis, and to fee to which of them God would give the victory, and determine the Empire of the Gauls. But A- laricus, who, tho' a man of great valour and courage, did not in- tend to fight but like a king with a powerful army, (c) refufing the challenge, accepted the war ^ and having drawn together all his forces, marched to make himfelf mafter of an advantageous . poft, where he kept within his camip which he had ftrongly for- tified, waiting for a powerful affiftance which Theodoricus had. promifed him. In the mean while Clovis took the field, (i) in order to march directly againft Alaricus, and one way or other to oblige him to fight, and perhaps both ways, if he could once bring him to an {b) Cafflod. Var. 1. ? . Ep. a. 3. 4. (c) Procop. de bell. Goth. 1. i. ('J; Hinc- marus in vita St. Remig. Epift, Remig. ad Clodov. Tom. 4. Cone Edit. Paris. Hinc, in Vit. S. Remig, Epift. Clodov. ad Epifcop, Tom, 4. Cone, Edit. Pans. Engage- 2i6 The HijloY) 0/ A R I A N I s M. BOOK X. > A.D. en!7^agement. Before he fat out, he received, letters from St. 1 505* Hemi with his blelTing, who promifed him the aiiiftance of Hea* veiij and that he might prepare himfelf by his actions to re- ceive it, he, b}^ queen Clotilda's advice, gave orders for the build- ing a church to the holy Apoftles St. Peter and St. Paul, which ■is at this time confecrated to God in the memorjr of St. Gene- vieve, {e) He made admirable regulations for the prefervation -of order and difcipline in his armj, even to the putting to death a foldier, who had forcibly taken a fev/ trufles of hay ifrom a peafant near Tours, in the territory of St. Martin. He fent offerings to his Ihrine, b}^ his interceflion to implore help from God, (/j whom he himfelf befought that he would vouchfafe to give his deputies fome happy omen of the vidory he was in hopes of gaining-, and as they were going into the church, they heard them ITnging this verfe of the pfalmill^(^) " Lord, thou haft furrounded me with ftrength, to make war: ** thou haft caft under my feet thofe who have rifen againft me^ *' thou haft turned back my enemies, and thou haft utterly def- " troyed thofe that hated me.'' With fo favourable a prefage, the king pafTed the river Loire, and came to Vienna, which he for- ded by the means of a hind, that ftarting out of a wood at the noife of his army, had thrown herfelf into the river: this the foldiers took for an afturance that God himfelf took care to conduct them by extraordinary ways {h) After which, as the king, who found no enemy in the field, laid the country wafte all around, Alaricus was at laft conftrained, by the complaints and murmurs of the Vifigoths, to quit Jvis entrenchments, and march to give the enemy battle, without waiting for the 0ft- rogoths. Clovis was advanced towards Poitiers, where, as he had done before Tours, he forbad his foldiers to take an}'- thing, intend- ing by this to ftiew his refped to St. Hilarius, who in his time had been the great fcourge of the Arians. (i) It is even faid that he faw a bright flame riling out of the church of that holy biftiop, which came and fettled over his royal tent, (e) Greg. Tur. 1. i. c. 97. Ibid- C/j Almoin I. i. c. z\. (g) VM, 17. ib) P;"ocop. 1, I, 4e bcU. Goth. (/) Greg. Tur. c. 37. Aimoin. cap. 21. whether BOOK X. The Hiflory f?/ A r i a n t s m. 217 whether it was one of thofe flaming exhalations that are- feme- ^. -D. times feen fpreading in the air, and falling in the form of J^J* long trains of light, or whether there was real]}'' anj^ thing -extraordinary in it, whereby that holy conquerour ofArianifm meant to promife him his alliftance againft the fame enemies which he himfelf had formerljr fcught againfl-, both with his tongue and pen, as this gieat king was going to do with his fword. Be that as it may, it is fure that it infpired the whole army with an extraordinary courage, who no longer doubted that heaven declared itfelf in their favour. Thus the French and Vi- iigoths each feverall}'- defiring nothing more than to cume to a battle, this great aflair was foon decided. Tlie two armies met five leagues from Poitiers, in the plain of Yoclade, then fo called, and which is between that cit}'- and Vienna. The forces were numerous on both fides, and their cou- rage animated, not only by the defire of glory, and by the emu- lation that was between thofe two celebrated nations, but by the averfion too which difference in religion generally raifes, and. by the hatred which the two Parties, in imitation of their kings, had for each other. Thefe two princes were both in the ftrength of their age, being each about forty j'-ears old, and tho* Alaricus whofe reign had feldom been difturbed by wars, had neither the experience, the glory, nor the reputation which Clovis had ac- quired in fo many wars, and bj'- fo many vi£tories, yet he was brave, and might have pretended to the rank of tiie moil valiant of his predeceffors, had fortune thrown any other enemy than Clovis in his wa)\ However, in drawing up their armies for the engagement, they neither of them ncgleded to improve what courage and ardor ihtj alread}^ found in their men, by laying before them every motive that could induce them to behave well on this occafion, which was to decide the fortune of thofe two great kingdoms. Clovis animated the French, " by putting them " in mind of the vidories they had under his aufpices gained *' over the Romans, the Burgundians, the Germans, and by the " contempt they ought to have for the Vifigoths, io long buried " in idlenefs, having nothing remaining of the valour of their *' anceftors- but efpecially by the confideration of the glorjr thejr would acquire on earth, and of that which they would fecure Vol. II. F f to ^3 The hiiflory c/ A R i A N i s M. B 0 0 K X. A' A *' to themfelves in heaven, fhould they refcue the Gauls from 505.' *' the tyranny of the Arians, enemies of the true religion, which *' themfelves had embraced, and which the poor opprefled Gauls, " who ftretched their hands out to the French, had no hopes of pre- " fervine but by their means. Alaricus laid before them the «' glor}^ of their victorious nation over Pannonia, Thrace, Ma- " cedon, lUyrium, the Gauls, Spain, and Rome itfelf, whom Ihe " had fubdued to her Empire under the great Alaricus, whole *' name alone, which he had the honour to bear, ought to be ' an earneft of vidiory to them. He added, that after conquer- -' ins fo many nations, a fingle one could not fo much as bear *•' up a^ainft their firft efforts, if they fought with the fame ar- *' dour as they had not long fince dem.anded an opportunity of " fi^liting, and conquering^ only let them follow him, and do " what they ihould fee him do, and that then he would anfwer *' for the vidtory. Thereupon each fide fell on courageoufly, and for fome time the}'' fought with equal hopes, the danger, and advantage being equal. Thofe of Auvergne, when Appollinarius, a relation of the bilhop Sidonius, and a valTal to Alaricus, had brought tohisaid^ generouily bore the llrft fliockof the Van of the French-, But when Clovis who fought at the head of the main battle, came thun- dring with the troups of his own guard upon Alaricus •, he charged fo furioufly, being feconded hj the French nobility, ■who after his exami:)le fought like fo many lions, that having "beat down the braveft and mofl: refolute, who in vain oppofed his fury, he forced the enemy to retire, and then pufhed them fo vigo- rouilj^ without giving them time to rally, bearing down and killing every thing in his way, that at length they turned their back, and ran away in confufion. {l) The Vifigoths who by the long peace they had enjoyed ever fince Alaricus's death were grown rather haughty than brave, firft took fliglit, and almoft all the Auvergnat auxiliaries with the flower of their nobility, (I) difdaining to run away as they had done, were cut in pieces. However Alaricus clearly made appear, that it was out of iprudence only that he had endeavoured to defer the {h) Gi-eg. Turon. (/) Marian. I. 5. c. C, battle BOOK X. The Hifrory of kv.1 k^\z^\. 2I9 battle: for in this engagement he performed every thing that A. D. could be expeded from a great commander. He was every 5^5. where, he gave the orders, he executed them himfelf, he en- couraged his foldiers with his ej-'cs, his motions, his voice and hand by his own example: and when he faw thej'- every where gave way, and yielded to the fury of the French, and that the Vifigoths every where loft ground, he ran himfelf to the colours, in order to ftop them^ he forced fuch as were running away to turn again, and rallied his troops, in order to bring them back to the fight. It was then that Clovis perceiving him, and knowing him by his behaviour, and the beauty of his guilt armour, per- formed a memorable adion, and worthy of a hero. For tho' he had it in his power to conquer without danger, and to diilipate with eafe that remnant of an armj^ which the Ihame alone of deferting a king, made ftill to deliberate whether they fhould fly or fight, yet he fcorned to make ufe of his advantage, but riding forward a good diftance before his troops, he called to Alaricus both with his voice and his hand, and defies him to a lingle combat. Alaricus, who plainly faw all was loft, if he had not recourfe to thofe means, which fortune and Clovis's bravery offered him the on!}'- means to raife again by killing his enem}'', fpurred on immediately full fpeed againft him with his lance couched. Clovis, on his fide, did the fame, and at firft gave his enem}'" fo violent a fhock, as ftretched him upon the ground. At that inftant two Vifigoths leaving their ranks, fo rudely af^ faulted the king, ftriking both on the right and left, that had it not been for the goodnefs of his armour and the valiant Clc- dericus, who threw himfelf upon thofe infamous wretches, he • had been in danger of his life, at the fame mome)it he was de- priving his enemy of it-, for immediately difmounting, he plunged his fword thro* the extremities of the armour into Alaricus*s body, juft as he was rifing fword in hand to renew the combat. The battle being ended, Clovis, who knew how to make tlie beft ufe of victory, as well as to conquer, divided his army in- to two bodies. One part he gave to Thierry his natural fon, who marching on the right to the eaft, eafily reduced Au- vergne, and the reft of the provinces as fiiv as Languedcc to the Ff2 the 220 The Htftory 0/ A r i A i^ i sm. B 0 0 K X. A D, king's oliedience. As for himfelf, having reduced all Poitou, (»/) 505.' which furrendred without refiftance, he inarched to the left, en- tered Aquitain, made himfelf mafter of Bordeaux, about two leagues from thence, in the Lands defeated another army of cf the Vifigoths, compofed of fuch as gaurded that province, and thofe who had efcaped from the battle of Poitiers, or Voclade^ received the fubmiffions of all the cities of Novempopulania, now Gafgogne, and was at laft received into Touloufe, where he feized upon the trcafures of the Viiigoth kings. After which having fent Thierry his natural fon, to take in Carcaflbn^ he returned thro' Aquitain, and as he was beginning the iiege of Angouleme, where the remainder of the Vifigoths of the pro- vince had Ihut themfelves up, refolved upon a vigorous defence, a great part of the walls fuddenly falling, tlie army, which took this favourable and wonderful accident for a miracle, (w) entred the town thro' that breach, which God had made for them, put moft of the Goths to the Iword, and in compalhon turned out the reft. At laft, having no more enemies to fight againft, and even'- thing being reduced, he repafted the Loire, and came to Tours in order to pay his vows in the church of St. Martin. 507. It was there he received ambafTadors from the emperour Anaf- tafius who, to honour his merit, and gain the friendftiip of a prince whofe reputation over the earth, and who might be ufeful to him fent him the enfigns cfConful and Senatour, fo) with the imperial piadem woven with gold, and covered with pearls, which Clovis received in ceremony, as an inftance of the friendftiip of fo great a prince, who courted his alliance, and treated him with the title of emperour. (ji) And indeed, after that time, the king always had the title of Auguft given him. It was then too that having fettled the empire of the French upon fo firm a footing in the Gauls, they began to call it France, {q) After this Clovis came to Paris, which he pitched upon from amongft all the reft of the cities, tho' then lar- ger to be the feat of it, as if he bad forefeen the grandeur and majefty in which we at at this day fee this capital of the French; (fn) Greg. TU'l'on. 1. '■i. c. 38 Almoin. I, i. c. 21. 22. (7;) Aimoin. c. 2a. Greg. c. 37. (") Greg. c. 38. (;) Greg. Ibid. (^) Greg. Ibid. and BOOKX. The Hillory of A KiA^ I su. 221 and whereas that it was then almoft upon the Frontiers, the day A.B, fhould come when it fhould be the heart of France, by the vidlodes 507. * of another Louis, who fhould, in one camnain, pufh his conquelts as far as the ocean which wafhes Holland. But at the fame time, to Ihew he had been fighting for God, and for the faith of the Church of Rome, againft the Arian herefy, (;•) he fent a crown of gold to Rome to he confecrated to Jesus Christ the true God, at the fhrine of the Apoftles. In the mean while the Vifigoths, foon after the lofs of thti battle acknowledged Gifalicus, natural fon of Alaricus, for king becaufe his legitimate fon Amalariciis, grandfon to Theodoricus king of Italy, was but five years old. This new king having palled the Rhone, threw himfelf haftily into Languedoc, which king Evaricus had conquered- (s) but as he was mean-fpirited and cruel, and as befides Theodoricus was diifatisfied with their fetting up a king in prejudice to his grandfon, he did not re- main long on the throne. For, Theodoricus who had been makinor ready, tho' flowly, to go to the alfiftance of Alaricus, in a fhort time compleated liis preparations, pafled the Alps with a power- ful army of fourfcore thoufand men, without any trouble made himfelf mafic r of provence, pafTed into Languedoc where heraifed thefiege of CarcaiTon: and the French having fortified themfelves in Aquitain, (0 where he did not dare to attack them, he left them wholly unmolefted : after that caufed is grandfon Amalaricus to b« declared king, to v/hom he refigned the lower Languedoc, he kept Provence to himfelf^ and took care of Amalaricus's ter- ritories, in the qualitjr of guardian : leaving in his room Theudis an Oftrogoth nobleman for governour, who, after the young king's deceafe, feifed on the kingdom of the Vifigoths. Thus the greatefl: part of the Gauls was refcued out of the hand- of the Arians by the great Clovis, who left his children little to do towards the accomplifliment of fo glorious an enterprize, and of fo much importance to the glory of Jesus Christ. But 3''et, as it was impoilible but iho. church of France mull have fuff-ered j much during ihis oppreilion, and great abufes have crept in amidfl the confufion of fo many wars, the king, by St. Remi's advice, re- (r) Hincmar. in vita S, Reniig. Procop. de bell. Goth. !. i. c. 12, {b) Ibid In Chron. C^} Procop ..ibid. folved 222 The Hiftory c/ A r i a N i s m. B O 0 K X. A' D. folved (ii) that the Bifhops of his ancient dominion on this fide the 51 1. Loire, and of that which he had lately conquered on the other lide of the fame river, fhould meet at Orleans, as in the centre of the two parts of his kingdom, to redif}-' all diforders, upon the arti- cles themfelves and heads which he had taken the pains to propofe to them, (x) The fathers thus affemblcd, writing to him to com- mend the zeal he had fhewn in the advancement of theChriftian religion, in the fuperfcription of that letter gave him the glorious title of fon of the holy Catholick church. After which, in anfwer to all the king's articles, (j) they fend him the thirty one canons which they had c:mx:)ofed for a Rule to the Churches, whereby, amongft other things, they ordain that fuch clerks as fhall lin- cerely abjure Arianifm, and lead a life agreeable to their profelFion, may be admitted by the bilhops to any of the eccleii aftical orders, whereof they fhall be by them thought capable, firfl receiving impolition of their hands 5 and that thofe churches which fuch Goths as had been Arians had employed and prophaned by the exereife of tlieir herefy might be made ufe of by the Catholicks, being again confecrated and blclTed by the bifhops. This council was purely for reforming abufes, and drawing up rules for ecclefiaftical government, according to the king's defire-, but another was held for matters of faith, and the confounding of Arianifm, tho' the time and place of it are uncertain, (x) What we are very fure of is, that, among fo many Catholick prelates as came to this afTembly from all parts of the Gauls, there was one of thofe Arianbifhops, who had had the government of fome churches under Alaricus, and that God wrought a m.iracle on him, which contri- buted more to confirm the faith, than ail the moft learned and fubtil difcuffions could have done. This Arian, who was extremely proud, and a great fophifl:, challenged all the Fathers to difpute: and trufting mucli to his philofophical arguments, which he thought invincible, boafled with infupportable pride and arrogance, that he would confound the moft skilful among them, and that he would reduce him to that degree, as not to be able to anfwer him, (u) Hlncm. in vita S. Remig. (x) Concil. Aurel. j. Tom. 4. Cone. Edit. Paris. Tom. 1. Concil. Gall. (y) Can. 10. fx) Hincm. in vita S. Remig. Flodoard. 1. i. Hlfl:. Ecclef. c. 16. Tom. i. Cone Gall. 4. Concil. Edit. Paris. and BOOK X. The Hiftory of A r i a N i s M. 22^ and put him to lilence out of (hame. The' there were fevcral very A. D, learned men met, to be prefent at the council, yet they had fo 511. much refpeft for the great St. Remi, whofe learning was as famous among men as his pietj^ that they would not permit the matter to go any further, till he came. As he came later than the reft and was entering th« afTembl}'-, where the fathers were already waiting, all the bifhops rofe in honour to him, exceptjhe Ariaii, who looking at him with a haughty and fcornful air, did not vouchfafe to ftir, to pay him a regard which civ^-litjr and decency alone required. But as the faint was paffing by kim, the infolent man found himfelf of a fudden ftruck by a fecret and invifible power, which upon the fpot deprived him of the ufe of fpeech, without any one's preceiving it. The faint in the mean while taking his place, made an admirable difcourfe, wherein, as he was profoundly learned in the knowledge of tiie fcripture, and a great mafter in the art of reafoning, he proved the divinity of Jesus Christ, and the myftery of the trinity, with fo much ftrength, by the principles of the faith which he had laid before them, that it was not doubted but this Arian philofopher, who boafted of perplexing others, would foon be found in a great perplexity hnnfelf, and all prefent were preparing, with pleafure, to hear his anfwer. But they were exceedingly furprifed to fee that being got up in order to anfwer, ftill imagining that by making an effort he fliould be able to fpeak, they faw he feveral times in vain opened his mouth, and that remaining in this lad con- dition, quite ftunned and fpeechlefs, he did not bring out one word, and they were much more furprifed, when tlie poor man, fo vifibly finding the hand of God upon him, went and threw him- felf at St. Remi's feet, and melting into tears, hy his geftures and figns begged of him to pity his calamity, making him and the whole council plainly enough underftand by fuch fenlible ex- pvelfions, that God had ftruck him dumb, as a punifhment for his crime, and his infolence. Upon this, the faint who clearly faw what fo wonderful a blow had wrought in the foul of this bifliop faid to him with a becoming majefty and confidence in God: " In the name of our lord Jesus Christ, tlie true fon " of God, if thou really haft the fentiments, that man ought '' to have of his divinity, fpeak, and openly confefs that which the ,224 The Hiftoyy of AKiknisu, B O O K X. A. D. " the Catholick church believes concerning ir." This powerful 511. voice of St. Rcmi, animated by the fpirit of God, who fpokc, and operated by his nwuth, immediately reftored both voice and fpeech to that bifliop, who from a proud and obftinate Arian, was become an humble and fubmiiiive Catholick. He publickly con- fefTed the trinity of the divine perfons, infeparable, . and moft diftindt, in a perfect unity of eflence and nature. By -this fignal confeirion, he reftored to the fon of God the glory he would have robbed hinj of, by the blafphemies of his herefy, and pro- tefted he wouldt be as conftant and firm till death, in profelfing this truth before all the world, as he had till then been obftinate in mantaining the error and impiety of Arianifm, which he con- demned with all his heart. After this, it is not known what was done in this council^ but fure it is that this great event was a decilion, which had more effedl in it than many canons and decrees would have had, towards rooting out this herefy from amongft the Gauls, to which Clovishad given the mortal blow by his viitory, and which he ab- folutly put an end to and deftroyed, by the care he took of the Church, And indeed, God refolved to crown him foon after. For he died at Paris the fame year he had caufed this firft council c)f Orleans to meet, in thefortyfifth year of his age, and thirtieth of his reign, leaving France divided amongft his four fons, Thierry, Clodomir, Clothaire, and Childebert, who enlarged it with the Remains of the kingdom of Burgundy, alread}?- become Catholick under king Sigifmund. This prince, to whom Clovis had left a part of Gondeband's kingdom, (a) had taken the title of king after his father's death, whom fometime after his lofles died without honour amongft the Oftrogoths. As the fon's foul was entirely different from that of the father, the holy biihopof Vienna, Avitus, who had fo long in vain laboured for the converfion of the latter, foon had reafbn to comfort himfelf of the fon, whom he found well dif- pofed to receive the fine inftruftions he gave him. So that being fully perfuaded by the reafons he had fo ftrongly and fo clearly laid before him at the conference of Lions, (b) and by the excellent (a) Greg. Tur, 1. 5. c. r. Sigebert. in Chron. (b) Ado Vierun. in Chron. things BOOK X. The Hijlory 0/ A r i A N i s m. 22 $ thinc^? he flill was fajnng to him every day, to convince him of A,D. the truth of the Catholick faith, he folemnly renounced Arianifm, 517* and the Burgundians, of whom the king his Father had been io much afraid, as not to dare generouflj to profefs the truth he ■was* convinced of, far from taking it ill, all followed his exam- ple, and became Catholicks. For befides that this people had never been ftritt profclTors of Arianifm, which they only followed from a national engagement, the commerce they had carried on with the Gauls, who were fuffered to live unmolefled in the exercife of the true religion, had in a great meafure fitted them for that happy change, which is wrought from error to truth, in imitation of a king; fince it is but too often feen, that the £ngle example of princes, who pafs from truth to error, can cafily enough draw their people into the fame ruin. In Ihort, Sigifmund, with the gift of faith, received the principles of the Chrftian virtues, which he learnt from the IcfTons which St. Avitus gave him, by whofe advice he had a council aflembled at Epaone, a town or borough not now known bj^ that name, and which pro- bably might be fome where near the Rhone, in the lands belong- ing to the jurifdiction of the biiliop of Vienna, (c) for it was Avitus that called, and presided at that council. Forty canons were made for the regulation of church-dicipline, {d) and there appeared fo great an abhorrence of Arianifm in them, that it was not thought that fuch churches as had been built by the Arians could be fufficiently purified, fo as to ferve for facred ufes: And it was refolved that fuch only as had been taken by violence from the Catholicks fhould be reconfecrated. But all thefe excellent cjualitiesof Sigifmund, and all thefe virtues were obfcured by an horrid crime, which the wickednefsof a mother in law, and jealoufjr of • ftate, made him commit. He had married one of i\\Q queen's daughters, after the death of that princefs his wife the daughter of king Theodoricus. {e) This ?2^. new queen, not being able to bear the contempt of prince Sigericus fon of the deceafed, fo prepofTeffed her husband that That prince was endeavouring to come at his crown by parricide, that without far- {c)Tom. I. Cone. Gall. Tom. 4. Concil. Edit. Paris. (^j Can. 33, (e) Greg* Tur. 1. J. c. 6. Almoin. 1. 2. c, 3. V o L. II. G g thcr 526 The Hiflory c/ A r i A N i s M. BOOK X. y^.D. ther examining into a thing of that confequence, he had him 526. ftrangled in his fleep. He had no fooner commited fo wicked an action, than opening his eyes, which his paliion had fhut, he "was convinced of the enormity of fo horrible a crime, which he wore out by a long and very fevere repentance in the famous monallry of Agaunum, (J) which he had built and endowed for the maintainance of a great number of Fryers, who were to divide amongft themfelves all the hours of the day and night there with- out interruption to fing the praifes of God. But tho' he had blotted out his iin, by his tears and faftings, God was determined • to punifh him more rigoroufly in this world, {g) that he might fnare him in the other, as he had earneftly begged in his moft fervent j/rayers. Clodomir king of Orleans, part of whofe territories were furrounded by thofe of Burgundy, fome time afterwards made ufe of this circumftance to make war upon him, in which he engaged his brothers, and principally Thierry king of Auftraiia, who was Sigericus's brother in law, whofe iifter he had married, (h) Sigifmund was overcome in the battle, and taken with his wife and children by Clodomir, whom he carried to Orleans in irons. And as after the retreat of thefe vi£lorious Icines, Gondemiar, Sigifmund's brother, had eafily retaken all Bur- gundy, Clodomir was fo enraged at it, that before he returned to the war he inhumanely ordered his prifoners to be malTacred, and 5^^^* their bodies thrown into a well, from whence they were taken fometime after with great honour : God having by many miracles lignally declared Sigifmund's piety, whofe repentance, by the wonderful ufe he made of his afflidtions, (i) has deferx^ed that place which the church has given him in the number of fuch faints, whom Ihe every year folemnly honours. After that Clodomir and Thierry returned againft Gondemar, whom they defeated in a fecond battle before Vienna : But Clodomir was killed in it by 5^^' fom.e Burgundians indifguife, whom he took for French- and four years after Childebert king of Paris, and Clotaire king of SoiiTons having revenged his death, by the entire deftrudlion of Gondemar, divided amongft themfelves and their brother Thierry the kingdom f /") St. Ma'uitius, or ChaWai?. (g) Greg.. Tur, de glor. Martyr. cVyGre^ Tur. 1. 3. c. 5. H) Mart. Rem. i, Mai^. of BOOK X. The Hiftory <)/ A R i A N i s M. 227 of Burgundy, which became a part of that of France. Thus of A, D. two kingdoms which the Arians had poffefled in the Gauls, only 528. the firft and fecond Narbonef^i Gauls, {k) remained to be wrefted out of their hands. To which the fudden change, and afterwards the death of Theodoricus king of Italy at once extremely prepared matters. After the death of Anaftafius the heretick Emperor, (I) who was killed by a clap of thunder, Juftin, who from a private foldier taken from the dregs of the people, had rifen thro' all the degrees of honour to the imperial throne, foon eftabliflied the Catholick faith in all its ftrength, by his edids, exterminating all the Herefles, except the Arian, which he feemed refolved to fpare, for fear of exafperating Theodoricus, with whom, for reafons of ilate, he had been obliged to make alliance, {m) But in the fixth year of his reign, feeing himfelf fo firmly fettled, as no longer to be under any apprehenfions from that Arian prince, he renewed his edids againfi: the Hereticks, therein comprehending the Arians, from whom he took all their Churches. Theodoricus, who till then had permitted the Catholicks to live in full peace, without (hewing any great warmth for the intereft of his fed, looked upon himfelf fo highly offended by this Edid, that whether thinking his honour concerned or fearing the Chatholicks might enter into fome engagements with Juflin, to turn him out of Italicus, he refolved either to have it revoked, or to carry matters to an extremity. Cw) To this end he obliged Pope John, who had fucceeded Hormifdas, to go Am- baffador to Conflantinople, with four of the chief members of the fenate, which he fufpeded to have an intelligence with the Empe- rour, Two things he gave them principally in charge ; the firf^ to take care that Juftin undertook nothing againft his intercfls - the fecond, to oblige him to re-eftablilh the Arians, (0) protcfling that if they failed in either of thofe points, he would revenge him- felf on the Catholicks, on whom he would make a cruel war through- out his dominions, (p) The Pontif found himfelf under a necelhty of undertaking the journey, during which God was pleafed in an (h) Lower I.anguedocand Provence. (l)'Miic. 1. k. ('w) Mi fc. I. 15. (») Anaft. Bibl. in Joann. Boet. de. Confo-l. \. i. Profpi 4. Marcell. in Chron. (0) Anaft. ip) Greg. Mag Dial. L 3. c. 2. ^ g 2 extraordinary 228 The Hiflory ) Childebert, who was then at the head of a powerful army m Auvergne, upon a defign he had been attempting in prejudice of his brother Thierry, being the firft who received that letter and handkerchief, fent them both to his brothers ^ but however, without waiting for them, as he burnt with defire of revenging fo heinous an injurj/- done to the blood of France, he haftily lead his army over the Pyranean mountains, and came thun- ^^i"-- ^Jring upon Amalaricus, who, having neither courage nor forces to bear up againft fo violent a blow, (c) was foon routed by the fingle Cavalry of the French, who cut the greateft part of his army in pieces before Barcelona, (^) whither he had fled: {e) and as he was juft upon efcaping on board a fleet he had ordered to be in readinefs for all accidents, his ava- rice detained him, by his death to compleat t\\Q punifhment due to fuch a brutal cruelty. For calling to mind that he had left in his clofet a basket , in which were his Jewels, he went back to get them ^ but he found himfelf furprifed by the French, who entering the city, almoft at the fame time, cut off his retreat, (/j And as in this extremity he was endeavouring to efcape into the church belonging to the Catholicks, there to find a fure afylum, a French trooper, who made at him before he could reach thither, ran his lance thro' him, and ftretched him dead q\\ the ground. (^) After this, Childebert, ftill to carry his vengeance farther, having laid wafte the greateft part of Spain, as far as Toledo, which was taken and plundered, returned loaded with booty into France together with Clotilda, who died in tlie journey, (^b) Greg. Tur. (t^ Aimoin. (i) Mar. 1. «;. ^e) Greg, Tar. (/; Gi^g. Tur. A'unQin Marian. (g) Ado. Viciwi. Aimoin. and 2^2 The Hiflory of A r i A N i s M. B 0 0 K X. A. D. and whofebod}'- was carried to Paris, and placed in the church of 531 the hol}^ Apoftles, near that of her father the great Clevis (h) whilfl Childebert, to complete his glorious enterprife, conquered a great part ofLanguedoc, which was ftill pofleiTed bj?- the Vi- ilgoths, moft of whom, after the defeat of their army, retired into Spain, v/ith their wives and children. However neither was it here that Childebert checked the courfe of his revenge. For fometime after marching bade with Clothaire into Spain (i) he ravaged all Catalonia and Arragon ^ and juft as he was upon the pointof making himfelf mafter of SaragoiTa, moved with t]ie people's piety who were all Catholicks,- and who daily with bitter lighs implored the aiiiftance of Heaven, by the interceilion of St^ Vincent whofe ftool they carried in procellion round the walls, he drew off his army, contenting himfelf with that precious Relick, of which they made him a prefent, and which he rcfolved himfelf to carry in triumph at Paris, as the monument and fruits of his viftories, and of the revenge he had taken of the Arians tli^ enemies of Jesus Christ, and the perfecutors of Clotilda. And to render the remembrance of it eternal, by tranfmitting fo rich a depofit to all ages to come, he caufed a great and noble church to be built in honour of St. Vincent, which now bears the name of St. Germains, Bifliop of Paris, who confecrated it, there to pre- ferve it in a facrcd place. Thus the dominion of the Arians, already almoft wholly extindl in the Gauls, was very much weakned in Spain and Italy, by thefe loiTcs of the Viiigoths, and by the deceafe of Theodoricus king of the Oftrogoths. They did not laft long after the ruin of the Vandals, which was the happy earneft of theirs: Audit is here that I lliould give an account of it, fince it was exaaiy at this time that it happened. But it is neceffary for me to begin a little higher, to take a view of the ftate of the African church under the Arians, after fo many terrible perfecu- tions, it had fufferd under the kings Gifericus, Hunnericus, and Gundamond, who, in the clofe of his reign, imitated the cruelty of his predeceiTors againft the.Catholick's. Trafamond, his brother, who fucceeded him, behaved in a dif- (b) Procop. 1, 1. de bell. Goth, c. i?. (i) Greg. Tur. 1. 3. c. 9, (k) Procop de bell. Vandal. 1. i. c. 8. ferent BOOK X. • The Hillory 0/ A R i A N t s m] 235 ferent manner, tlio* not lefs bigotted to his herefy, than he. He A. D, took another method, which he thought would he more efrc(5lual 531. to pervert the Catholicks.(/;He attacked them not by violence and torments, but by lenity and gratuities. He gave offices and honours to thofe who embraced Arianifm ^ he made them m.ag- nificent prefents- and when any one had committed a capital crime, he was fure of pardon provided he turned Arian. (m) And what was ftill more dangerous in this new kind of perfecution, 5^°7' was that, in order to fcatter the flock, by depriving it of Paftcrs, infenfibly and without violence, he all over Africa prohibited the choice of any bifhops ii.to the place of thofe who ihould be dead. The bifliops ( f theB3'zacene j-rovince feeing that this in effect was a way to ruin the f^ith, alTembled in the form of a council, and thereuponordered, that, without having any regard to the Edid, they fliould immediately eftablifh bifhops in all the cities which had none: Which was immediately done. It was then that Sl Fulgentius, (who had hid himfdf, f >r fear of being made a bifliop,) being found in the Monaftryof which he was abbot, and whither he believing all the vacancies *were filled up, and that he no longer was in danger, was returned, was granted to the citizens of Rufpa, who earneftljr defired him for their paftor. Trafamond tho* a wife and moderate prince, and tho' he had refolved not to proceed to violent mcafures, could not here be mafler of his refcntments nor hinder his anger from breaking out. (71) He condemned all thofe bilhopstobani(hment,andimmediatelyhadfixtyofthemtranfported to Sardinia: He afterwards fwelled the number fo high that it role to two hundred and tv/enty five, amongfl whom was St. Fulgentius. During this exile he was the comforter and advifer of thofe glorious confeflbrs of J E s u s Christ, who in all emergencies confulted him as an oracle, upon account of his eminent learning, his con- fummate prudence, ; 0) and extraordinary virtue, formerljr manl- ftfted in the midft of torments, at a time when a wicked Ariaii prieft feifing upon him and his Abbot Felix, caufed them to be inhumanl}'- torn to peices with whips, becaufc Fulgentius with admirable force preached the divinity of the fon of God. fl) Ihid. (m) Ferr. Diac. in vit. S- Fulgen. ap. fur. i. Tanuar. Tom. 4. Concil. Edit. Paris. (>/) Mifcell. 1. 15. Sigeb. in Chron. 1^0) Ferr. Diac. Ihid Vol. II. Hh la 2j^ The Hifloyj of Ak I A i^ IS u. B O O K X. A. D. Ill the mean time, the king, who would have had it thought that 531. it was from reafon, and not' at all from pallion, that he Ihewed filch an ardor for his feci, affedled fayi. g on all occaiions that he was no way prejudiced, that his aim was pure truth and reafon^ being intirely ready to follow it, even among Catholicks, provided they could demonftrate it to be on their fide; but that he met with none of them, tho' he gave them all manner of liberty to fay what they pleafed, who fatisfied him upon the difficulties and reafons he propofed to them. At laft, as he was often repeating the fame thing, fome body one day told him very freely, that if he iincerely had a mind to be informed of the truth of the Catholiclc faith he need only fend for the bilhop Fulgentius, whom he had banilhed into* the ifland of Sardinia ^ and that provided he would hear him, he would furely find reafon to be fatisfied. Trafamond,. who had engaged to ad the philofopher, and to fay he only looked for on;^ who (hiuld anfwer his reaions, gave orders for his being immediately brought to Carthage, where he made an incredi- ble progrefs by his admirable difcourfes upon the divinity of the fon of God. The king laid before him the difficulties he formed upon the myftery of the trinity in writing, and commanded him to fend him precifeanfwers to each point. The Saint didit withfo much ftrength and perfpicuity, that the king, who read them with great application, could not help admiring the depth of his learning,, and the beauty of his wit, as they are ftill everjr day admired in- reading thofe anfwers in his works. But he was refolved ftill to put him to a more difficult proofl For towards the evening he fent him home a large book, containing not only all the principles and arguments of the Arianherefy, but ' likewife all thofe of the Eutycheans, againft the myftery of the incarnation and union of the two natures in Jesus Christ, and bad the meffenger tell him, that he would have him anfwer all the articles of that volume in order, without allowing him any longer than till night, however earneftly the holy man defired to be allowed at leaft the whole night to read it over. So that he fcarce had time haftily to run it over, before he was obliged to return it to him, who had cxprefs orders to bring it back as foon as poflible to the king; and yet by a prodigious effort of mind, the faint did not fail to retain the contents of the volume, and exadlly anfwer it ill BOOK X. Tk Hi/lory of Aki\i;ism, 2^5 in thofe three admirable books which we have among his works. A. D, This fo much furprifed the king, who imagined he had put him 551.* to a proof, from which he could never get clear, that from that time he never dared to propofe any thing more to him. But tho' he admired his learning and eloquence, was fullj convinced, and had feen the moft skilful of his Arian bifhops, who undertook to write againft St. Fulgentius, confounded by another book ; this unhappy prince ever remained obftinate in his herefy, had the St. carried back into exile, and incelTantly continued folliciting the Catho- licks by his artifices to renounce their belief. But he was punifh- ed for it by God even in this world, having a little before his death loft a numerous army in the war he made upon Cabao prince of thofe Moors, who inhabit in the neighbourhood of Tripoli, (p) That prince was a Heathen: But having heard of the miracles of Jesus Christ, and knowing that the Vandals cruelly prefecuted thofe who wrlhipped him as the true God he thought he ought to implore his alFiftance, and by fome eminent piece of fervice, merit his protedion againft thofe impious men, who were enemies to his nation. To this end, he fent fome to Carthage in difguife to difcover the defign of the Vandals, and follow them in their march, with orders to repair whatever damage they ftiould do in the churches of the Catholicks. They acquitted themfelves of their commilFion very faithfully. The army of the Vandals having taken the road to Tripoli, by horrible Sacrileges p)rophaned all the churches they met with in their way, putting beafts into them, filling them with ordures, and doing a thoufand injuries to the priefts who had the care of them : And as foon as they had left them, Cabao's fpies took care to clean them, to light the lamps, and to fet up the altars and holy tables again, and throwing themfelves at the feet of the priefts l*)ut large alms in their hands, to make up the lo/Tes they had fuffered. After which, upon drawing near Tripoli, they went before, to give their mafter an account of all that had pafTed, and of the condition of the Vandal army, which was marching towards him, in order to give him battle. "Whereupon this prince, who (p) Procop. de bel. Vandal. 1. i. c. 8. Evag. 1. 4, cap. 15, Nkeph, I. 17. c. i,. H h 2 knew The Hiflory o/Arianism. BOOKX. knew the God of theChriftians was to be gained by the exercifes of a holy and penitent life, having prepared his men for the com- bat, bj^'abftinence and chaftit}^, feparating them from their wives, forbidding them the ufe of them on i^ain of death, drew up his army in order of battle in a very extraordinary manner. For he rancred them as it were in a circle, in the midft of which he placed the women, children, and the baggage, and then furrounded it with his camels. He placed them twelve deep in the foremoft ranks in the midft of which he put his beft foldiers covered with their fhields, and guarded by thofe animals as by a rampart. The Vandals, who all fought on horfeback, and who did not doubt but they Ihould trample down thofe Moors under their feet^ whom they defpifed, both for the fmallnefs of their number, and their little experience, being upon the point of charging, were extremely furprifed and confounded at the fight of this new camp. For as their only arms were a fword and lance, they could only fight hand to hand: And the horfes, frightned at the fight of the camels, curv^etted, inftead of advancing, and expofed their riders to flights of darts and arrows thrown at them, and which were darted, without ever miffing, from all quarters of this new entrenchment, as from fo manj^ towers of a fortrefs. So that a great flaughter of men and horfes, fqueezed and entangled together, being made in a fhort time; as the Moors faw they were in difbrder, and that each man's only endeavour was to get out of the confufion, in order to run away^ then, coming out of their entrenchment, they fell on them fo furioufly, that they cut them almoft all in pieces, except a few thatefcaped from the flaughter, to carry the news of it to Trafarriond, who fhortly after died with vexation at it, hav- ing reigned feven and twenty years {q) This blow however, which was the manifefl: work of heaven, forthepunifhment of the Sacrilege of thofe Arians, did not foftcn his heart- for on his death-bed, he o- bliged Hildericus, his fiicceflbr, by an oath never, during his reign, to reftore to the Catholicks thofe Churches which he had deprived them of, when he turned out their Bifliops. But it happened quite otherwife. This Hildericus, who was the fon of Huimericus and Eudo.ia, daughter to Valentinian III. (q) Ifid. inChror.. acl S. Fulg. Paul. Diac, whom BOOK X. The Hiftory ^/ A r i A N i s M. 2^7 whom Gifericus had brought from Rome to Carthage, was not A.D. at all of the humour of his father, and Coufins, who had reigned 5 3i» before him, by the prerogative of their age, according to Gifericus's law. For this Prince was of a mild difpofition, an enemy to violence, a lover of repofe and a quiet life, and particularly careful to fecure the Catholicks from any ill treatment, (r) Where- fore as foon as Trafamonds's eyes were clofed, even before the taking poflelTion of his kingdom, that it might not be faid he had violated his oath, he recalled all the exiled bifhops, and gave the Catholicks liberty to chufe new ones, as it was done at Carthage, where Boniface was elected biihop: and ever after the African church, after fo many perfecutions, enjoj^ed a profound peace, under this Yandal king, who permitted the bifhops to hold their councils with as much liberty, (5) as they did under the Roman Emperors. He had even contracted a flrict friendfhip with Juftinian, who was not as yet Emperor, but who already governed the empire during the infirmities of Juilin his uncle's old age, who had declared him his fuccelTor. However, Hildericus did not long enjoy the repofe he endea- voured to give others, (t) Gilimer, who being the eldeft of all the princes of his blood, was, according to the Vandal law, to fucceed him in the crown, entred into a confpiracy with the great men of the realm againft him, and had the art fo fully to perfuade them that this unactive king was from his cowardice unworthy to command the Vandals, (whom he every day fhamefully expofed to the infults of the Moors, and that he even had a defign of delivering them up to Juftinian, with whom he to that end kept up fo ftrict a corrcfpondence,) that they imprifoned this poor prince with his two brothers Hoamer and Evagenes, and fet • Gilimer upon his throne. Juftinian, who had fucceeded his uncle Juftin, could not bear an attempt that fet fo ill a precedent and that was of fuch dangerous confequence to crowned heads, efpecially againft a prince with whom he had always entertained a moft intimate friendfhip. He fent an embafly to Gilimer and writ to him to oblige him to let him enjoy at leaft the Cr)Viftor. in Tunnun. In chron. Ifld. in Chron. vita. S. Fulg. {t^Vrocon lie bell. Vatidal, U i. c. 8. (f; Procop. ibid. ' ■ name 2^8 The H^Jlorj of Aria Yi ISM. B O O K X. yi D. name of king, and the appearence of roj^-alty, and to be content 551. with the reality, with the Government of the kingdom. But this traitor, inftead of any anfwer, having difmifTed the ambaP- fadors, caufed Hoamer's eyes to be put out, who was a prince of great bravery-, and as for Hildericus, and his brother, whofe weaknefs he defpifed, he put them under a clofer confinement, bidding tliem with a cruel raillery, go and feek their protestor at Conftantinoplc. Juftinian, tho' heinoufly affronted, would not carry things to an extremitjr : but writ a fecond time to Gilimer, " that lince *' he had chofen rather to ufurp the throne by a crime, thaa " enjoy it by lawful fuccelhon, he was welcome to keep it, if " fortune was fo favourable as to preferve him in it. But that *' at leaft he would fend him thofe poor princes whom he kept " in chains, to the end they might in fome meafure alleviate ** their fuffe rings by the kind treatment they might receive at ^ Conftantinople. In (hort, that if he was refufed fo reafonable *' a requeft, he Ihould be forced to break the alliance which the *^ emperors had had with the Vandals, and to attempt a fatif- <« fadtion of this injury by arms.*'' To which Gilimer, blinded by his ambition, inftead of endeavouring to foften and oblige fo great a prince, without any lofs to himfelf, as he might eafily have done, anfwered with infupportable haughtinefs, " that the '* Vandals having depofed Hildericus, whom they judged unwor- ** thy of reigning, Gilimer had afcended the throne, not by a " crime, nor by force, nor by the choice of his fubjedts, but by '* right of birth, by the prerogative of age, and by the authority *' of law, which had called him to it. That he knew not hy ** what right he meddled in other Peoples afiTairs; but that he " well knew if he broke the alliance which the emperor Zeno *' had made with the Vandals, he would find a prince ready to *' anfwer him at the head of a powerful army, in order to teach '* him that it would have been more advantageous for him to " have cultivated his friendfliip." There needed no more to make Juftinian refolve upon war ^ tho' he was already engaged in one with the Perfians. How- ever he was obliged to diflemble, till he had made it up with the latter, that he might liave all his forces at liberty. But as foon BOOKX. The H/pyj of ARiA^is>Ji. 2^9 as he had made a treaty with them, and had got happily over A. D, that terrible fedition at Conftantinople, (7/) in which there fell 532. in one day above thirty thoufand men, he made all his prepara- tions, and chofe Belifarius, whom he had recalled from Perfia, to command his army againft the Vandals. Never was there a war, wherein the protedion of God, who was its author, more manifeftly appeared than in this. When Juftinian propofed it in his council, there was not one lingle voice for undertaking it. The remembrance of the lofs of that vaft army which Bafi- lifcus had formerly commanded againft Gifericus, gave a horror to all the world ; and as nothing was to be feen that came near the forces of that time, it was not doubted but the event of this fecond attempt muft be ftill more unhappy. The captains^ and the foldiers, the treafurer general, and the men of bufinefs,, were all equally againft this war: the latter becaufe they feared being too clofely prefted to raife money;, and the former, becaufe- being ufed to fight by land, they were extreamly averfe to fea- fights, which they knew nothing of, and in which they thought the Vandals invincible. In ftiort, the Prsfedus Prxtorij, who liad the reputation of one of the braveft men of his age, faid fo many things againft this war, and fo clearly fliewed the emperor, that he rifqucd every thing by lofing, and gained nothing by vic- tory, Africa being of no ufe to him without Sicily and Italy, that Juftinian himfelf began to condemn the enterprife. But a holy Biftiop who came on purpofe from Afia to Conftantinople, having delired an audience to communicate a matter of the ut- moft confequence, told him he was come from God to reproach him with having, for the fake of vain fears, laid afide the glorious •refolution he had taken of delivering Africa from the Tyranny of thofe Arians, who, for more than a century, had miferably op- prefled it. Then aftuming the air of a prophet, he added, as by an immediate infpiration, appearing quite another man: "Behold ** that which the Lord faith ^ I will fuccour thee in the battle j **■ and I will bring Africa under thy dominion." Then Juftinian no longer doubting either the will or the protection of God, gave the necefiary orders for the embarking of his army asfoon as poihble,. (u). Procop. 1. I. Perf. Theoph, 240 The Hifiory . little brook being between them, John, as commanded by Beli- 55^2. farius, pafied over firft with a fmall number of horfe, and fell upon Tzazo's fquadrons, who received him fo warmly, as to force him back to the brook, which he was obliged to repafs, without the Vandals daring to follow him, he returned to the charge a fecond time with a larger body of men, and was again repulftd over tlie brook, on the brink of which the Vandals always halted, that they might not give thQ Romans the advantage of fighting them all the time they Ihould be palling over. At lall, as Belifarius few they could not be drawn over by thofe two hafty retreats, of John, he commanded him to pafs over, and begin the attack with all the troops. Which he did with fo much vigour and bravery, throwing himfelf amongfl the enem}'- fword in hand, who alfb fought in th.Q fame manner, that he made them give back in their turn, having overthrown the braveft of them, and Tzazo himfelf, who was killed fighting with the greateft bravery. At the fame time the two wings, being palTed over, followed hy Belifarius, march to charge the Vandals, who were at the two extremities 5. but as they faw that they w^io were in the centre, affrighted at the death of their cheif officers, continually gave ground, and began to fly, they immediately took the alarm, and turning their backs at the firft Ihock, carried the Moors with them, who inftead of fupporting them, ran away fafterthan they. Then the Huns, who followed at a good diftance, feeing that all was lofl as to the Van- dals, began to purfue them: But as they fled to their camp which was fortified (as was imagined) the purfuit was not long. In this battle the Romans loft but fifty troopers, and as it had been rather a flight than a battle, there was but eight hundred Vandals killed, . almoft all of them the molt confiderable and braveft of the nation. The fame day towards the evening, Belifarius having joined his infantry, advanced iji good order to attack the enem3'''s camp. But Gilimer being retired towards Numidia, with his relatioii, and a few of his domefticks, as foon as he faw ihcj were coming towards him, all the reft endeavoured to efcape as they could, and the camp was taken and pillaged by the Romans, who enriched themfelves v/ith the fpoilsof the Vandals, and with their treafures, which they had left behind them, Gilimer, who had not one ftrong 24<5 The Hiflory of AKiAi;isu, BOOKX. A, D. ftrong place, in which he could defend himfelf, was obliged to 534 retire into the fartheft part of Numidia, upon the top of Pappiia, (y) an inacceliible mountain, inhabited by a few Moors who led a very miferable life, and there, after a three months fiege laid to it by P.-arus, captain cf the Eruli, by ftriclly guarding all the avenues to binder his efcape, (z.) or receiving any proviilons, that happy pri"ce, opprefTed with miferies and poverty, at laftfurrendred him- felf upon Bel ifarius^'s parole, that he fhould be well ufed by the Emperor. This promife was faithfully kept, he was always magni- ficently treated at Carthage, whilft they waited for the Emperor's orders. And in the mean time Belifarius, to compleat fo glorious aconqueft, by his lieutenants reduced all the reft of Africa, Sardinia, Corfica and the Baleric iflands, which were under the dominion of the Vandals, and which furrendred without refiftance after the batle of Tricamare. Hereupon, as this great man had heard that he was accufed of a delign to fet up for himfelf in Africa, he himfelf carried his prifoners to Conftantinople, where Juftinian refolved at the entry of fo great a captain the pomp of the antient triumphs fliould be revived. Gilimer cloathed in a roja\ habit at the head of the other prifoners followed the conqueror •, and when he entred the great fquare of the Hyppodrome, where the emperor was feated on a high throne, furrounded by the Grandees of the empire, and ftripped of the purple was to proftrate himfelf to the earth to adore him, he did not feem dejedted, and only faidinhis ufual way this celebrated fentence of Solomon, which he often had in his mouth iince his Change of fortune, "that every thing in this world was but vanity.'* He had been promifed the dignity of Patrician, which at that time was the moft confiiderable of the empire, but as he ever obftinately refufed to abjure Arianifm, they would not fufFer him to x^rophane it, by that execrable herefy, and only alF.gned him fubfiftance in Galatia, whereon to live honourably with his family the reft of his days. Thus with fo fmall a body offerees and in one fingle Campaign, God thereby intending to fhew that it was himfelf that fought, fo powerfull a kingdom was deftroyed, and Africa delivered from the dominion of the Arians^ a little more than a hundred years after Gifericus entred into it. (J ) Procop. 1. 2. c. 4. a) cap. 7. BOOK X. The Hiflory 0/ A r i A N i 5 m. 247 After this, as the bifhops had recovered all the liberty, they A,D, enjoyed under Hildericus, they aflembled at Carthage to the 534' number of two hundred and feventeen, in a national coun- cil, where Reparatus, Boniface's fuccelTor prefided. There were firft read the Canons and Decrees of the holy council of Nice, in order to eftablifh in all places the purity of the faith againft the blaf- phemies of Arianifm. After which, as the manner was propofed in which the bifhops and the reft of the Arian Ecclefiafticks who defired to return to the church ought to be received, tho' each particular man plain enough declared his fentiments by his ges- tures which were on the fide of feverity, yet it was unanimoufly concluded, that no refolution ought to be taken thereon, till the Pope had been confulted. Whereupon two bifhops and a dean were deputed to go to Rome, who gave the fy nodal letter to Pope Agapetus, who had juft fucceeded John the fecond, to whom it 5^3J« was addrefled. He anfwered, that to reconcile juftice with mere}'*, they ought to be readmitted into the church, with all the tender nefs and affeftion required by chriftian charity, even ^^o far as to allow them an honourable fubfiftance, (a) but that they ought in no wife to be fufPered to continue in their order, and their dig- nit}'', nor to perform any office in the church, {b) The fame anfwer he fent the emperor, for that prince had defired that fuch who Ihould return to the church, by abjuring Arianifm, might enjoy the fame pofts they had held among the Hereticks, that this indulgence fhewn them might the more eafily bring them back. But the Pope made him fee fo clearlj'-, that fuch an indulgence would be of prejudice to the church, that true penitents feek not honours, and that thofe who fhould return upon a motive fo little rhriftian, would not be rightly converted, that he no longer in- lifted upon it, and did not take it ill that the holy Pope repri^ manded Epiphanius for confecrating a converted Arian a Bifhop. After this That prince, who at that time applied himfelf to the making feveral excellent ordinances for tlie government of the empire,, fet forth one diredted to the Prcefedtus Praetorij of Africa, (c) wherein he commands that every thing that had been taken •" (j)Agap^Ep, I,. {h) Agap. Ep. 3. Vide To.n, 4. Cone. Edit. Paris, ("r) Novel.- 36.. ffonv 248 The Hiftory well BOOK XI. The Hiftory ^j/Arianism. 255 well of natural Goths, whom he got together from all parts, as of A.D. other barbarous nations, which he took into pa;^, and of fuch peo- 536. pie as were his fubjeds in the Gallia Cifalpina, and Liguria. (g) And as he was apprehenfive that the kings of France, who had declared for Juftinian, might pafs the Alps, whilft he was marching againft Belifarius, he, with the confent of the Goths, renewed the treat}?-, which Theodatus had begun with thofe three princes who promifed to ailift him, not openlj'- with French troops, 537. nor to break with Juftinian, but by foreign troops dependant on them 5 in confideration whereof Vitiges paired them the two thou- fand pound weight of gold, which Theodatus had promifed, and 3nelded to them Provence, from whence he recalled Marcias with the troops under his command, and which ftrengthened his army. (Jb) And towards the end of this war, Juftinian, to gain the friendlhip of the French, found it advifable for him to confirm that important ceiFion, and to give them up all the rights which he or his fucceflbrs might at any time pretend to in the Gauls. Thus the entire empire over the Gauls, from the ocean to tht Rhine, be- tween the Alps and the Pyranees, the German fea and the ocean, except the lower Languedoc, was brought under the French^ apd Arianifm, which the Goths and the Burgundians had introduced, was entirely exterminated out of them. Vitiges, who hadfecur*d himfelf on the fide of France, only waited for Marcias's arrival to march into the field. But as he had learnt that Belifarius, who was every day pulhing on his con quefts by his lieutenants, whilft he was fortifying himfelf at Rome, had already made himfelf mafter of a great part of Tufcany after the taking of Narni, Spoleto, and Perufia, he marched out of Ravenna^ and without flopping to take in fuch places as had been reduced, came with one hundred and fiftj?- thoufand men in the month of march and fat down before Rome, where Marcias with the troops he had drawn out of Provence joined him. This is doubtlefs one of the moft memorable fiegcs which has ever been, both from the attacks of the befiegers, and from the defence of the befiegcd, and efpecially from the addrefs, and courage of Belifarius, who with five or fix f^^ Piedmont, Lombardv, and the river of Genoa, (/)) Procop. 1. ■<,. de. beH. Gcth. tlioufand 21^6 The Htflory Anaftaf. («; Liberat. (/>) Anaftaf. Biblioth. Vol II. LI In gg The Hipry of Aki A J^isu. BOOK XI. A D. I^ the mean while the forces of Vitiges were daily dwindling c^8. away before Rome, by the wife conduct and generous refiftance of Belifarius : and at length the famine, which was fo prodigious That year all over Ital}'', that in fome places it revived the examples of That at Jerufalem^ the plague that feifed u]pon his army, the fea and land armies which came from Conftantinople, and the diverfion which Belifarius afterwards gave him in the marches of Ancona, and in Romania, forced him to raife the liege, towards the twen- tieth of March, a year and nine days after it had been begun. However, he did not lofe courage ^ for having reinforced the gar_ rifons of the moft confiderable places in Tufcany, he marched into Romania, where the Imperialifts were making the ftrongeft diver- iion • and went and fat down before Rimini, which they had made themfelves matters of a day's journey from Ravenna. And having advice at the fame time that Milan, in order to throw oiF the yoke of the Arians, had furrendred to Belifarius's troops, by the interpofition of the holy archbifhop Dacius, and that a great part of Infubria and Liguria were following the fame exam.ple, he im- mediately fent his nephew Urajas, with whom ten thoufand Burgundians of the troops of Theodebertusking of Auftrafia joined, as if they had done it of themfelves without their king's order, who had not as yet a mind to break openly with Juftinian. Beli- farius marching out of Rome, to fuccour two towns of that impor- tance, turned towards the marches of Ancona to join with Narces, who was jnft come with frelh fupplies of men from Conftaninople. He with them forced Vitiges to raife thefiege from before Rimini, and to retire with fomediforder to Ravenna. He fent an handfome reinforcement of troops to relieve Milan, whilft he took in the places he could not • leave behind him. But his differences with l^a. fes, who re fu fed to obey him, and the flov/nefs and want of refolution of thofe who had the condudt of the fupplies, occalioned the Roman garrifon,, reduced to extremity, to furrender, their lives being granted them, no;withftanding the brave exhortations of Mundilas, who would havehad them fally outfword in hand, rather than furrender themfelves prifoners of war, and be witneffes of that defolation, which he foreiaw would happen to that great city. In realit}^ the Goths exafperateed to the laft degree at their calling in the Ronans, difcharged all their fury upon this cit}^, the iineft ill BOOK XL The Hipry of A R i A N I s m. 2^^ ill all the wcftern empire, except Rome, with To much barbarity, A. L* (q) that the3r entirel/ ruined it, having without mercy mafl'acred 538. all the males to the number of three thoufand, without any diitin- dtion of age, and made all the wives and maidens prifbners. So that on this occafion the cruelty of the Goths gave the precedent of an inhumanity more than barbarous, which lias always fcood fingle in its kind, and which will without doubt eternally continue fo. But they went not longunpunilh'd, Theodebertuskingof Auftraiia had had Provence for his fhare, when it was yielded up by Vitiges : and feeing how miferably Italy was torn to pieces between the Romans and the Goths, who, by mutually deftroying each other, were extreamly weakened, he thought he might eafily become mafter of it, and annex it to the monarchy of France, notwith- ftanding his agreement with each party ^ for he wanted neither reafon, nor pretences to break it. The vanity of Juftinian, (r) who amongft other titles, Itiled himfelf conqueror of the French, gave him a fpecious pretence to make war upon him, to revenge the injury done to his people^ and the enmity that was between the Goths and the French, ever fince Alaricus's defeat by the great Clovis, befides their difference in religion, might have raifed fome new difcontent or quarrel between the two nations. However that might be, Theodebert, refolving to make an advantage of this op- portunity, palled the Alps, with an army of one hundred thoufand cfFedtive men, (5) amongft which were fome Germans, ftill Heathens, who did things which Procopius wrongly attributes to all the French without diftinclion. At firft Theodobert made no attempt againft the Goths, for fear they might hinder his pafilng over the Fo: but when they themfelvcs, who imagined he was come to their alfif^ tance, had given him paflage below Pavia •, he then fell upon their camp, whicii was not far from the Roman army, commanded by a lieutenant of Belifarius, and eafily made himfelf mafter of it, cut- ting to pieces the greateft part of their unfortunate troops, who were far from expecting fuch treatment. In the mean time the Imperialifts, feeing the Goths running in diforder towards Ravenna, imagined it was Belifarius's army, which, coming to their aflift- C^) Procop. 1. 2. de bell, Goth. c. 21. (0 Agath. 1. i, (s) Procop. 1. 2. de bell. Goth, c, 25, L 1 2 ance. 2^0 The Hiflory 0/ A r i A N i s m. BOOK XT. A.D. ance, had routed the enemj. Wherefore, inarching out of their 5:38. cainp, they came up to him, in order to receive him with great acclamations. But the/ were ftrangely furprized when they law men coming towards them fword in hand, and whom they were obliged to fight. The battle however was not long, for as they did not come for that purpofe, but to receive friends, and not ene- mies, they were foon put into diforder, and forced to fly^ abanr doning even their camp, which was plundered by Theodebert's army, as well as that of the Goths. But the diftempers that feifed this great army, for want of provilions, in a country quite defolat- cd by war, and famine, forced Theodebert, who had already loft the third part of it, to march back into France, (t) after leaving reinforcements in the ftrong towns of l.iguria under the command of Leutherus, and Bucelinus, who during thefe wars often made excurfions all over Italy Belifarius being delivered from fo dangerous an enemy, happily accompliihed his enterprife. For having taken all the places which the Goths ftill held in Tufcan3r, in the marches of Ancona, and in Romania, he at laft came with all his forces and belleged Vitiges in Ravenna. And as on. one hand he had no more ener miesin the field, as he was mafter of the Sea, and of the Po, and of all the armies, and had found means, by the intelligence he had in Ravenna, to have the magazines fet on fire, he foon reduced the city to great extremities. So that the Goths, and Vitiges himfelf, who could no longer make any refiftance, and who were apprehen- live that Juftinian might treat tliem ill, refolved to offer to fur- render to Belifarius, provided he would accept the crown which they proffered him, protefting they Would obey him, as they had done Theodedtus. Belifarius, who had no great number of troops amongft which were fome, whom he did not greatly confide in, and who befides was afraid that Urajas, who was muftering the Goths from all parts, might fall upon him,, pretended to accept the 540. conditions, and was thereupon received into Ravenna, with his army, as king of the Oftrogoths. But as foon as he faw himfelf abfolute mafter, he Ihewei them that he preferred his duty to a crown. For Juftinian having recalled him to command an armj' Greg.Tur. 1. 2. c. 32. Ainv 1. i.e. 21. againft BOOK XT, TheHlfloryofXKiK^issA. 261 againft the Perfians, he carried Vitiges, the queen jiis wife, and A D children, and the chief Oftrogoth lords, to Conflantinople, where 540/ Juftinian by all fort of kind treatment, endeavoured to render their change of fortune more fupportable. In the mean time the Goths finding themfelves deferted by Belifarius, who had promifed them to be their Icing, refolved to chufe themfelves one. To this end, being afTembled together at Pavia, which was as it were their lafl retreat, at firft elected Urajas. But he, fearing left the ill fortune of his uncle, alwaj^s unhappy, might purfue him too, by contagion, or might make him odious, perfuaded them to fix upon Idibaldus, who ftill held Verona, and who might expedt alliftance from Theudis, king of the Vifigoths, whofe nephew he was. Idibaldus accepted the crown upon condition neverthelefs that they fliould make one attempt more upon Belifarius, to oblige him to keep his word. But as he faw the temptation of a crown could not Ihake his fidelity, and that he was fet out from Ravenna for Conftantinople, he declared himfelf king of the Goths, tho' he had not at that time above a thoufand men. (u) But the great care he took to reunite the Goths, and the extreme diforder amongft the Romans, by the diffenfions of their leaders, foon put him into a condition to take the field, and to recover great part of Infubria, and of the territory of the Venetians, where, at the battle of Tarvifa, he defeated the - Roman army commanded by Vitalius, one of Juftinian's lieute- nants. This vidory was beginning to make his name famous and formidable, when one of his guards, whom he had cruelly injured by giving his wife to another, cutoff his head at an entertainment at the inftant he was holding it down to eat. Upon this a di(^ fcnfion enfuedamong the Goths, in their choiceof a new king. The R.ugians, whom they had adopted, placed Evaricus upon the throne. But as he had not the qualities neceffary to fupport fo great a 541, dignity, in fuch difficult times, the reft killed him about a month afterwards as they had concerted the defign , before-hand with Totila, Idibaldus's nephew, and governor of Tarvifa, who was uj^on the fpot proclamed king, with the unanimous applaufe of all the Goths, who were in hopes he would again eftablilh their affairs. C«; rrocop. 1, 3, , .And 262 The Hijhry follow him, as if he was going to give them fome j but when he was got upon the bridge of the Tibur, fuddenly wrapping his cloak round him he threw himfelf into the river before their eyes. At laft, fome Ifaurian foldiers of the garrifon, being no longer 5^^* able to bear the inhumanity of Bellas, nor the famine they tliemfelves fufiered from the fmall fubliftance he allowed them treated with Totila, and one night opened to him the Porta •Y- Aiinaria, thro' which he entredRome, followed by his whole army which he drew up in order of battle, in the fquare, expeding till it was day. In the mean while Beflas, with moft of the Greeks and a very few of the Senators, betook themfelves to flight all iri diforder and abandoned every things but Totila would not fufFer them to be purfued, fajnng that nothing was more agreeable than to hear an enemy was flying. As foon it was day, Totila finding himfelf mafter of the city, went to St. Peter's church, there to return God thanks for his vidor};^, and the arch-deacon Pelagius, whom this Prince, to whom he had been often deputed, much efl:eem- ed, made him fo handfom a fpeech, as exceedingly mollified him. For after reproching the Senate with their ingratitude to the Goths, he fatisfied himfelf with giving the city to be plundered, faving the lives, liberty, and honour of the Vanquifhed. So that, except twenty foldiers and about threefcore of the citizens who were killed at flrft, before his prohibition, no blood at all was fpilt. Totila took great care alfo of the honour of the ladies. But as all the wealth was left at the difcretion of the Goths, who were far from fparing any thing, the ladies, and among the reft, the illuftrious Bufticiana^ the daughter of Symmachus, and widow of Vol II. Mm Boetius, * St. John's Gate. ^i^td The Hijlory 0/ A r i a n i s m. B O 0 K XL A. D, Boctius, and the Roman Senators were feen defpoiled of all they 546. had, and turned out of their own houfes, forced to beg their bread' from door to door, of thofe very Goths, whom they faw enriched with their fpoils. Totila himfelf pitied them, and was defirous of re-eftablifhing Rome, by putting an end tofo fatal a war. To this end, he fent Pelagius and Theodorus, one of the chief Senators, to Juftinian, to propofe a peace to him, by reftoring things to the fame con- dition they were in under the reigns of Anaftalius and Theodo- ricus. But feeing his propofals eluded, and his forces beaten in Calabria, he took the barbarous refolution of turning Rome upfide down. And indeed feveral of thofe proud monuments of the magnificence of the ancient Romans were deftroj^ed, and they began to f'St fire to the houfes, a good part of which were confumed 5 but Totila's fury was ftopt hy Belifarius himfelf, who writ to him, and gave him to underftand, that if he came off conqueror at the conclufion of the war, he would do himfelf the greateft injury in the v/orld, to deftroy Rome^ and if he was conquered, he muft exped no favour from the Romans. Wherefore contenting him- felf with demolifhing a third part of the walls indifferent places, that he might not be obliged to leave a great part of his army in garrifon, he marched away towards Apulia and Calabria, againft the Greeks, earring away with him the Senators, after difperfing the reft of the Romans with their wives and children all over Campania, not leaving a foul at Rome. It was not very difficult for Belifarius upon this to get into it again, and repair all its breaches, as he adually did, caufing all his army, together with the Romans, who flocked in from all parts to him, to work upon them night and day, fo that Totila being not long after returned, 54^ met with a vigorous repulfe. This was the laft of Belifarius's fortunate adtions, and almoft the onlj^ one he performed in this fecond war he came upon into Italy ^ for being rudely treated by Totila in Calabria, he retired, with little honour, into Sicily, and from thence to Conftantinople, whither he was recalled by the Em- 548. perour, ill fatisfied enough with his condudt. Thus the greateft men, after performing the moft fortunate and ftiining adtions, have alwa3''s reafon to guard againft vanity, from the juft apprehenfions they ought to be under, that one unlucky event, in tlie conclufion, may BOOK XL The Hiftory 0/ A r i a nm s m. 2^7 may ruin them in the minds of the greatefi: part of mankind, A.D. who, by a fecret malignity, are not forry to forget the part good, 548- to dwell upon the preient evil. In the mean while Totila, freed fron; fo dangerous an ene- my, every were made a prodigious progrefs: and meeting no forces in the field able to ftand againfl: him, eafily made himfelf mailer of every place he attacked. But that fpirit of cruelty, which Herefy infpires, at the fame time made him fully his vi(5tories, by two or three anions that fhewed the perfecutor and a Tyrant. For one of his lieutenants having taken Perufa, (c) a little after Belifarius's retreat, and fent to know of the king what he would have done with Sr. Herculanus, who was bifhop of it,hecommanded his headto beftruck ofl: (d) which was executed ui^on the walls of the city: And forty days after, his fepulchre being opened, his body was found entire, with the head faft on it, (e) God thereby in a fignal manner fhewing the holinefs of the martyr, and the truth of the faith, which he had figned with his blood againft the Arians. Totila even had Cerbonius biftiop of Populonium, (/) thrown to bears, for faving the lives of fome Romans, whom the Goths would have mallacred, had he not charitably given them refuge, and hid them in his houfe. But the bears, lefs lavage than this king, having fliewn a regard to the virtue of the good bifhop, Totila was afraid to go any farther. He adled with more crueltjr a- gainlt Laurianus, a prieft of the church of Milan, who had courage fenough to exclaim with an ardent zeal againft his Qxc^ffes, and efpecially againft his Herefy. For the holy man being retired into Spain, where his uncommon merit created him biftiop of Seville, Totila fent to Theudis, king of the Viiigoths, for his head who would not have failed fending it, had not the holy man cfcaped to Rome i and fome time after as he was returning to Spain, (g) he was taken hj fome of Totila's men, who were hunt'* ing every where for him, and who ftruck off' his head, which being carried to Seville,^ delivered them from t\\Q plague, accord- ing as he himfelf had foretold. CO Procop. 1. 3. (^) Greg. Dial. I. 2. c. 13. (e) Greg, Dial. 1. -, c. II. (/) A town in ruins near Piombino, U3 Martyr. Rom. 4 Jul. Marian. 1, 5. c. 8, * M m 2 Theudis ^58 The Hipry of AviiA^isu. BOOK XI. ji D, Theudis foon received the reward of his bafe complaifance to 5'48.' Totila-, for he was Ihortly after killed by a traitor, who pretended himfelf mad, in order to perpetrate this aOiion. Theudifchus his relation, and Totila's nephew, was fet upon the throne in his room by the Vifigoths ^ but he grew fo infupportable tohis fubjeds by his debaucheries, and cruelties, that even his own people killed him at dinner, in the fecond year of his reign, this unfortunate prince having made no advantage of feeing the perpetual miracle of GlTet, near Seville, the truth of which he refolved to examin and prove. At that time there was in this fmall town of Andalufia a magni- ficent church belonging to the Catholicks, (b) whom the Arians, called Romans, and thofe baptifmal fonts were to be rsen, built of beautiful marble in the form of a crofs, and of wonderful fine workmanfhip. The biihop accompanied by all the people, went thither in proceilion every year on holy thurfday, and after the ufual prayers, all the people being gone out of it, he had all the doors (hut up, and fealed to prevent any body getting in. On holy faturday the biiliop followed by the Catechumens who were to receive the holy facrament of baptifm, being returned with the fame ceremonies, and having exactly examined the feals^ the fonts which before had been left empty, were now found fo full, that the water feemed ready to run over on all fides, and yet without Ihedding one fingle drop. Then, after the bifhop had fandtified it by the holy chrifm, and exorcifms, each man to fatisfy his devotion took fome of it in veflels they had brought, the facred fonts all the while not at all decreafing, till as the catechumens went on baptifing, the water fell away, and at length was loft, fo that after the laft perfon had been baptifed, no water was left in the fonts. What was ftill more wonderful in this miracle, which lafted many years, as formerly that of the fifh- pool at Jerufalem did, is, that every time the French, who exadlly obferved the decree of the council of Nice, in the celebration of eafter, did not agree with the Spaniards, as to the day of that great feftival: This miracle never failed deciding the difference, in a manner which always confirmed the decifion of the council, (b) Greg. Tur. de glor. Martyr, c, 24, 25. Marian. 1, 5. c. 8. BO O K XL The Hiftory ^/ i\ r i a N 1 s m." 269 as it happened five and twenty years after, in the face of all Spain A D and to the knowledge of the whole earth. (2) For the Spaniards' 548. ' who had mifrcckoned, having fixed Eafter on the one and twentieth day of march, and the French carried it lower to the eighteenth of April, thofe miraculous Fonts, of OiTet did not begin to fill till the fifteenth of that very month which was the thurfday before the Eafter as the French had fixed it. King Theudifchus therefore believing there was Tome fraud in it, caufed the whole matter to be ilrictly ebferved, and the doors guarded: and feeing the mi- racle flill continue, had a ditch five and twenty foot long, fifteen abroad, dug quite round the church, to find out whether there were not fome fubterranean channels, (k) which might help on the trick. But having difcover'd nothing, but ftillobftinately infilling there muft be fome artifice in it, becaufe he could not bear that *' God fhould manifeft the truth of the Catholick faith againft ** the Arians, by a miracle fo publick, and fo known to all the " world, God punifhedhis incredulity, and hardnefs of heart, by '' that miferable death that fadly took him off in his fin. But the meafure of Totila's fins vv^as not filled up, and the divine juftice wasrelblved to make uie of him, to compleat the chaflifement which it had determined to infiidt on the diforders of the chriftians principally in Rome and Italjr. Therefore whilH Juftinian, who,* by a ftrain of wrong Politicks, was bufying himfelf with the' affairs of the church without minding thofe of the ftate, flill defer- red fending a powerful relief to Italy ; Totila, who, except Raven- na, and a very few other places, had reduced it all, came and fat down a third time before Rome, where Belifarius had been able to leave but three thoufand men, who at firft defended themfelves- very bravely. But there were fome Ifaurians belides, who, murmur- ing for want of tiieir pay, betrayed the city, and opened the gate of St. Paul to Totila, thro' which he entred without any oppofltjon, <- , o whilft they made a falfe attack in another place. He did not now ^ behave as he did the firft time he took the city. King Childebert whofe daughter he had demanded in marriage, had reproached him with not being king of Ital}^, fince he had not been able to keep Roftie, having abandoned it to his enemies, who had retaken it. He was foftungwith this reproach, and thought himfelf fofenfibly (/) Sigebert. In Chron. Marian. 1. $. c. 11. (k) Marian. 1. r.'c. S, piqued 270 The H'tfiory ^/ A r. i a n i s m. B 0 0 K XI. A,D. piqued in point of honour, (/) that he refolved to re-eftahlifh Rome. 549' He repaired all its ruins with incredible diligence, he ftored it abundantly with all manner of provifions, he recalled all that had left it, promifing to reinftate them in their efFedts, he peopled it with Goths, whom he fettled there, to makeup but one people with the Romans, as it had been in Theodoricus's reign ^ (ni) he allow'd a full liberty to the church of Rome, which pope Vigilius had obtained of him at the requeft of Childebert, king of France, he at length fo fully fuccceded in this glorious attempt, that in a fmall time the city being repaired, he exhibited Ihews to the peo- ple in the Circus, as the antient Emperors did. And yet, as he law that Juftinian, to whom he had fent to demand peace, would not hearken to it, thus neither making war, nor being at peace, he did hot forbear arming powerfully, in order to take all the reft from him. He even equipped a ftrong fleet, confifting chiefly of the veflels he had taken from the Emperor^ and having reduced Rimini and Tarrentum lying at the two eitremities of Italy to his obedience, and ordered the caftle of Rheggio to be befieged, which at laft was forced to furrender, he pafled into Sicily, which he ran over, and plundered, out of refentment for its having fo eafily furrendred to Belifarius. After which he returned to Italy loaded with booty of an inefl:imable value, there to fight the new army which the ^^°' emperor had at laft refolved to fend thither. But as that army was obliged to ftop in the way, to make head againft nev/ torrents of Gepide's, Eruli, and Lombard's, who having pafTed the Danube, over-ran Thrace, Macedonia, and Illyrium, Totila faw himfelf for a whole year peaceful mafter of the greateft part of Italy, as if there had been no rival to difpute the Empire of it with him: for he had agreed with the French, that they ftiould keep Liguria, and the country of the Venetians, of which Theodebert, had made himfelf mafter. So that Arianifm, being received at the laft gafp, to which it had feen it felf reduced after ih.Q taking of Ravenna, and of Vitiges, feemed to be going again to afcend the Throne. But Godj who was refolved to extinguilh it, having puniflied Italy by fo terrible a fcourge, at once trampled it under foot by a (/; Procop. I. 3. («) Vigil. Ep. 4. f. I. Ep. Rom. Font. fudden BOOK XL The Hiftory c/ A r i a n i s m. 271 fudden change of fortune, and buried it under the rains of the A.D, Empire of the Goths. 550. For the Emperor aftonilhed at Totila's fuccelTes, and afhamed to fee himfelf beaten out of Italy, which he had fo glorioufly won back, at laft refolved not to fend any more weak faccours as he had till then done, but the ftrongeft body of forces he could under the command of Narfes. (?/) As he was a great and celebrated cap- tain, prudent and skilful, brave, munificent, beloved by the foldierjr, and in high eflreem among foreigners 5 and befides as Juftinian open- ed his treafures to him, and furniilied him with every thing he defired, without fparing any coft, he focn raifed a formidable army, wherein befides the Romans, he had the beft troops of the Eruli, of 5 Ji* the Gepidi,andof the Lombards. Indeed he was fometime detained in Thrace, which the Huns, after palling the Danube, had invaded 5 whom he was obliged torepulfe, before he went any farther. But in the interim, as if fortune defigned to prepare the wa}'" for him, before he advanced towards Italy, the Goths, who had befieged the callle of Ancona, were beaten at fea by one of the Emperor's lieutenants, that was in Dalmatia, andhaftened to the relief of it ; and almofl at the fame time the governor of Toranto quitting Totila's fervice, put the place into the hands of fome imperialifts, who had made a defcent upon Crotona. Totila furprifed at thefe lofTes, and aftoniihed at the vaft preparitions for war, which Narfes was generally reported to be making againft him, after having once more in vain endeavoured to obtain a peace, prepared on his fide, and fent Tolas, the braveft of his captains, to Ycrona, to flop Narfes in his paiTage. But tliat general forefaw his delign j and leaving Verona on the right, and marching to the left along the fea, coafted by an infinite number of barks, in order to build bridges upon occaiion over the rivers, he foon got to Ravenna, from v/hencc, after defeating and killing the governor of Rimini, who difputed his palling over the river, he went and encamped in the Apennine it felf, at the foot of which, near the village of Tagi- nas, Totila was encamped, who having rejoined Tolas, had traverfed all Tufcany, in order to march diredtly up to him. It was not long before they came to a battle. Totila, having ordered Narfes to be informed, that in eight daj-s they would end («) piocop. I 4. their 272 The Hijlory . their quarrel hy a general engagement, marched the next daj, $52. early in the morning, to iight him, tlnnking to fall upon him unawares-, but he found him upon his guard, and having made another feint, as if he was retiring, he immediately returned, and came and attacked him in the afternoon. Narfes, who faw into the ftratagem, had drawn up his army, without the camp, having ordered his men to dine under arms, each man in his rank, in order to receive the Goths, who came on with great bravery. Totila,whowas a General of great experience, and accuftomed to victory, omitted no motive that might animate his foldiers, reprefenting to them, ** that having always conquered with him, they ought not to fear ** fortune's leaving them on this occafion, which v/as the mioft im- *' portant, and the laft, fince this battle would be a final decifioii *' of all quarrels. That they fhould remember, they were the fame, " who for ten years had been continually beating thofe cowardly ** Greeks, who had nothing of the Roman in them but the name, which " of right belonged to the Goths, ever fince the time of the great " Theodoricus, who had made them citizens of Rome, when he " made himfelf mafter of it. That this great number which they *' faw, ought not to affright them, confifting only of Huns,Gepides, " Eruli, and Lombards, whofe defigns were upon Narfes's money, " and not at all againft the Goths ^ and finally, that neither they, " nor the Greeks thcmfelves, were cither the braver, or more " formidable, for being commanded by a half-man, by Narfes, " that Perfian Eunuch, who was the laft hope of thofe pretended *' Romans. Narfes's fpeech to his foldiers was very fliort. He contented himfelf with encouraging them, by the aiTurance of victory which he fhewed that he was pofiefTed with, and by his generous contempt of his enemies, by making them obferve, more by his motions than his voice, "their fmall number, their diforder, their aftonilhment " at feeing an army drawn up ready for engagement, which they " thought to furprife, having no hopes but of furprifing them, ' ** which had twice failed them, and that it was nothing but def^ ** pair, and the difficulties they found themfeves engaged in, that " forced them upon fighting. But above all, pointing to heaven, ** he put tlie Roman foldiers in mind, that it vv^as from thence '' they were to look for victory, and that God had chofen them BOOK XI. The Hijlory of A r i A N i s m. 27* " them at laft to deliver Italy, and t\\Q Roman church from the A. D» " cruel dominion of the Arians. That they ought not to fail to 552. " call on the name of the holy virgin, who would invifibly fight *' for them, againft thofe impious men, who intended to deprive *' her of the glorious title of the mother of God, (0) by endeavour- *' ing to rob her fon of his divinity by their Llafphemies." And indeed Narfes was very devout, efpecially to the virgin, wliom he honoured by a very particular worfhip: and whether by a ftrong application to God in devout prayer, he imagined he faw an appa- rition, or that he really did fee fuch an apparition, there went a report all over the army, that the holy virgin had promifed him the victory, informing him particularly of the time when he Ihould begin the engagement : a circumftance which doubtlefs ferved to inipire tlie Romans with bravery, who no longer doubted but God fought for them. But what extremely contributed towards the vidlory, was the dif- ferent difpoiition of the two armies : For Narfes had placed eight thou- fand foot in the two wings, all archers, who couldeafily joininthe form of a Creicent, in order to furround the enem3r, when they Ihould have charged in the middle. On the contrary, Totila, all whofe hopes lay in his cavalry, had ranged them in order of battle, upon a line at the head of his army, and had polled all the infantry in the rear, to fupport the horfe when they Ihould be prefTed, and to renew the battle with them. But it happened quite otherwife than he had imagined: and that very thing was one of the chief reafons of his lofing the battle: for as the cavalry, leaving the foot behind them, began to ride on full fpeed, in order to fall upon the middle of the main battle, which came againft them, they did not obferve that the eight thoufand archers in the two wings, approach- ing each other infenfibly in order to join, were going to furround them, as in fad they did. So that raining upon them a terrible fhower of arrows, a great number of horfe were killed, wounded, or diimounted, and put out of a condition of fighting even before they could come up to the battalions they were going to attack. However they fought like men of refolution, and bore up againft (0) Procop. 1. I, Paul, Diac. dc.Gcfl:. Long. 1. i.e. ^. Evag. 1. 4, c. 23. Niceph c. 13. Vol II. Nn ;- the ^74 7"^^ HifloY) fl/ A R I A N I s M. BOOK XI. A-D the force of the Roman army, who attacked them on every iide 552. with all manner of advantage. But at laft they were forced to give way to the number, and to retire towards their infantry, who had not been able to come up to them. And as they were vigo- rouHy pufhed by the army, which ftill advanced, keeping their ranks, againft men already in diforder, without giving them time to come to themfelves, or to rally, they at laft turned their backs, and fell in among their own infantry with fo great confufion, that far enough from fupporting them, they made off with the utmoft precipitation without ftriking one ftroke. Upon that, the Roman cavalry purfuing them, and mixing with the Gothick cavalr}^, who in their flight rode over their own men, great flaughter was made of thofe unfortunate men. For there was above iix thoufand Goths killed upon the fpot, belides what were made prifoners, and to whom, in order to exterminate fo dangerous a race of people, they afterwards gave no quarter, no more than to the Roman deferters, who had gone over to Totila, at the begin- ning of his conquefts. As for that unhappy prince, it is certain he was killed, either in the engagement, fighting under other arms than his own, that he might not be difcovered by the enemy 5 or in the purfuit, accompanied by no more than five cavalries, accord- ing to the moft general opinion ^ and with him funk all the fortune of the Goths. For Narfes, who knew very well how fo make the belt ufe ofhis victor}'-, having foon reduced all Tufcany, marchM directly to Rome, which he fcaled and took, there not being Goths enough to defend fo great a compafs of walls. However they had time enough to retire into the country about Italy, where they hadftrong places, and they who had efcaped out of the battle along with Toias, being retired to Pavia, unanimoufly chofe him king of the Goths, hoping that fo brave a man might ftill reftore their affairs. And certainly, he was poflefledof all the great and ftiining quali- ties, that could be defired, to fucceed in fuch an enterprife, had he 553. found as much fidelity in all his people, as he had valour and con- dua in himfelf. For having raifed a pretty confiderable body of Goths, out of fuch as he had rallied from the laft fight, and of new recriuts he had raifed in the neighbourhood of Pavia, as he heard thatNarfes's forces were befieging the caftle of Cumie, where Totila kept the greateft part of his treafure, he had the courage and ad- drefs B 0 0 K XL The Wprj 0/ A R I A N I s M 2^^ drefs to crofs all Italj, even to about Naples, thro* by-roads, the* A D there were two armies, one upon the Po, and the other in Tufcany 553! to difpute the paiTage with him. But Narfes, immediatelj- joining' them with the troops he had in Rome, marched to meet him attj'ie foot of mount Vefuvius, where the two armies being parted by nothing but the river Sarno, continued skirmilhing for two months: Narfes not daring to attempt the pafTage, before an army that was mafter of the bridge, nor fetch a compafs about, for fear the Goths fhould endeavour to throw relief ihto Gums. But when he that commanded the naval arm}'', from whence Toias drew his fubiift- ance, had betrayed it into the hands of Narfes, then that prince who no longer could fubfift that way, being forced to retire, went and immediately encamped on a mountain of very difficult accefs, where he could not be attacked. But as he faw that Narfes had in veiled him with his vaft army, in order to ftarve him there, he and his Goths generoufljr determined to attack him firllj and to pafs thro' them, or to die glorioufly fword in hand. To this end, having made all his cavalry difmount, he ofa fudden charged the Roman army, which was at firft furprifed at fo brisk an attack, which they did not expect, but however bore up againft, tho' in diforder and tumult, till Narfes having drawn them up in order of battle, he was obliged to come to a more regular engagement. It was then that Toias performed an action, which is certainly to be compared with any of thofe of the greateft Heroes of anti- quity. For advancing withfbme of his braveft men, at the head of his fmall army, which was advantageouH}'" pofted at the foot of the mountain, he refolvedto fet them an example, both of fighting, and (lying bravel}'-, if they were not to conquer. Having then covered himfelfwith a fhield, he marched fword in hand againfl the Romans, ■ who having found out who he was, lanced at him their darts and javelins, which he received on his fhield, at the fametime throwing himfelf upon the forwardeft, whom he jiroftrated at his feet, and fought thus for three or four hours, changing his fhield as foon as he found it quite covered with darts; till at the very inftant he was quitting one to take another, he received a blow from a javelin in that part of the fide he had left bare, of which he fell down dead on the fpot. At the fame time the Romans having ftruck off his head, fixed it upon the top of a lance, in order toftrike a terror into N n 2 the 276 The Hipry (9/ A R I A N i s M. BOOK XL A, D. the Goths But tlicy, animated by the %ht of fo glorious an example, 553. an:l refolved to die like him, obftinatel/ fought like fo many lions till night came on, the Romans not being able to break, or furround them, upon account of the mountain, by which they were covered ^ and having done the fame thing the next day, they lent fome of the beft quality to Narfes, who in the name of them all told him, "That they clearly faw that God had declared " againft them, and that he had refolved the dejftrudlion of their •* empire; that they were therefore entirely ready to yield it •* up, no more to make war upon the Romans, and to furrender all " the places they held in Ital}^, provided they were allowed to " retire, each with what money they had in the garrifons they " ftill held, and to live according to their own laws, where they «' Hiould think fit, out of the territories of the empire.'* The matter being brought under deliberation, fome would have had them obliged to furrender, upon difcretion, or conquered by main force, and cut to pieces: But Narfes following the counfels of the moft prudent, was of opinion, "That it was alwaj^s dange- *' rous to puili the matter to extremities with men that were def- " perate, and to have to do with people refolved to die in their " own defence. That vertue and valour ought to be honoured even ** in an enemy. That he fhould lofe more by the death even of " one of his own men, who might fall in fuch an unnecelTary '* attack, than he fhould gain by taking or putting to death thole *' who of themfelves yielded all that he could defire or conquer by " the gaining of battles. That the general of an army fhould befatif- •' fied with conquering, without making any attempt on the lives *' of the conquered, unlefs when they ftill difpute the vidlory with " him. And that the moft ufeful, and even the moft glorious vic- " tory is ever that, which cofts the conqueror the leaft blood, who *-* ought to fpare that of his own men, though at the fame time he " lavifli his own to fet them an example of behaving well.*' Thus the conditions were accepted, and the treaty, which the Goths on the other fide the Po ratified, was at length honourably executed on both fides, after eighteen years war. So that all the places being put into the hands of Narfes'scommilfioners, andthe Goths departed out of Italy, it was at length freed from the dominion of the Arians, feventy feven years after they had invaded it under Odoacer king of the Eruli. Spain BOOK XL The Hiflory ^/ A R I A N I S M.' 277 Spain only remained, which was ftill under the dominion of the A,B, Arians, when God began her deliverance by the converfion of J 5 3. o-ne of her kings. After the death of Theudifchus, the Vifigoths eleded Agila^ who having reigned five j^ears in perpetual com- motions, alwa37's u n fa ccefsfu J, and always beaten, was at laft killed hj his own officers, at Merida, after lofing a battle near Seville againft Athanagildus, who had revolted, and who was afterwards 5^?4' fet on the throne, by the common confent of the Vifigoth lords of both parties, {p) This prince was no fooner in pofTeffion of the crown, than he turned his arms againft the troops of Juftinian which he had called in to his alhftance, and which turning their own pay-mafters, had feized upon fome of his provinces. And that he might have the afliftance of the French troops on occafion he made an alliance with them, marrying his two daughters Gal- fuinta and Brunehaud, the former to Chilperic king of Soiflbns and the other to Sigebert king of Auftrafia. (g) Thefe two princefTes had alwaj^s been brought up in the Arian herefy. Btrt as foon as they came into France, they made profeliion of the Ca- thoilck Faith, and were again baptized in the name of the Father Son, and Holy Ghoil, fo much the more eafily abjuring Arianifm as they knew that their father Athanagildus was not at all attach- ed to it. And indeed, that prince not only always favoured the Catholicks, in his kingdom, but they fay he too was one in his heart, tho' he always pretended to be an Arian, purely out of hu- man policy, to avoid the hatred of the Vifigoths, for whom he had occafion in the wars he made during his whole fifteen years reign, upon the auxiliary Greeks, whom he endeavoured to rid Spain of, which however was not brought about but by his fucceflbrs. (j-) But if Athanagildus, meanly betraying his confcience, had not the courage to profefs that truth publickly, which in his foul he believed, God feemed refolved to make up that lofs to himfelf, by the generous confelhon of faith which Theodemir king of the Suevi, made about that time which was followed by the converfion of his whole people. Above an hundred years had now palled flnce king Remifmond, the fame that eftablifhed the Empire of the Cp) Marian. 1. 5. c. 7. (^) Greg. Tur. 1. 4* c. 2S, Aimo. I. 5. c. 4 & ^. Verant. Fort. Car. 1. 6. Lucas, Tud, Marian, ibid. (r) Ifidor. Marian. Suevi j^g The Hiftory of AviikT!^isu. BOOK XL A'D, Suevi in Galicia, had turned Arian, in confequence of the fatal 554. alliance he made with Theodoricus king of the Vifigoths. And altho, lince that time, there were feveral kings who reigned over that people, (s) yet hiftory has made no mention of them till this king Theodemir, who brought back all his nation to the Catholick faith, upon the following occafion. His fon Aria mire, afflided with $60. an incurable difeafe, (t) having to no purpofe tried all remedies, and hearing of the miracles that St. Martin of Tours wrought at his fo celebrated tomb, particularly at this time, he fent mef- fengers to obtain of him his £bn*s cure, prefenting him with an offering of as much gold and filver as the fick prince weighed. However his devotion had not the wifhed-for fuccefs. At the return of thefe meffengers, his fon ftill found himfelf worfe, and as he heard that the others who had begged the fame favour of God, by the interceffion of that great Saint had notwithftanding obtained it, he immediately imagined that the Arianifm he pro- feffed, fo contrary to the faith of St. Martin, had been the true occafion of his failing. He therefore fends back the meffengers to Tours, promiiing to God to embrace that faith with his whole heart, if he received the favour, he fo ardently wilhed for: And the mcflengers being returned with the cloth that they had fpread over the Saint's tomb, Ariamire on a fudden found himfelf fo perfectly cured, that he went himfelf, with extreme refpeft, to receive fhofe who brought him as a relick that cloth fandiified by touching the the body of his benefactor. It happened, by a wonderful turn of the divine providence, that another Martin of tlie fame countr}'- with the Saint, and who was a man of a very extraordinary virtue, and uncommon learning, -as his works demoftrate, came at the fame time to Galicia, and arrived on the very day that the king's meffengers landed from on board their veffel with the precious depofit they brought with them. He did not omit immediately to lay hold on fo fair an opportunity of making the acquiHtions of a whole kingdom to Jesus Christ. He went and prefented himfelf before the king who being refolved to perform his vow, was very glad to meet CO Ifidoir. inChron. {t) Greg. Tur. mirac, St. Mart, 1. i.e. xi. Marian. 1. 5* c. 9. with BOOK XT. The Hifiory That Abbot named John, who writ a chronicle of this time, and was made bifhop of Girone, in the reign of king Recaredus, was banifhed the court, and fent to Catalonia, where, at the foot of the Pyranees, he built the monaftry of Biclair, whofe name it bears in hishiftory. . Novellus bifhop of Alcala, Licinianus of Carthagena, and many others were banifhed, and abufed by ! euvigildus's orders, who fpared not even his brothers- in-law, Fulgentius, and St. Leander, the latter of whom, during his exile, writ three excellent treatifes againft the Arians. Ifidore their brother was lefr behind, by reafon of his youth, and the beauty of his parts, whom the king thought might infenfibly be gained over by degrees, tho* he never ceafed generoufly combating againft Arianifm, from his defire of Martyrdom, which he longed for, and from his greatnefs of foul, and love to God, (p) and from the excellent difcourfes his brother Leander writ to him on that fubjedt. In ftiort, Leuvigildus did every thing in his power to weaken the Catholicks, by cofifcating their efFeds, ruining their churches, feifing upon their revenues, abolifhing the privileges of the clerg)'', and, under fome falfe colours, cauling thofe to perifli, who, having the greateft authority, could beft defend the good caufe. (n) Marian. 1. 5. c. 13. (oj Illd. de Script. Eccl. c. 31 (p) Id. c. 2S. What ^85 The Hijlcrj ^j^Arianism. BOOK XL A'D, What was ftill more deplorable was, he went into the kingdom 584. of the Suevi there to revive Arianifm, (q) which king Theodemir had banilhed from thence. For as after the death ofAriamirc, who died of licknefs at the liege of Seville, his fon Eburicus had fucceeded him, by Leuvigildus's confent, to whom he in a manner made himfelf tributary, for the fake of peace ^ Andeca, who had married the widow of Ariamire, mother-in-law to this prince, deprived him of his kingdom, and confined him in a Monaftry. (r) Leuvigildus did not fail laying hold of fo fair an opportunity, to poflefs himfelf of Galicia, under pretence of revenging the injury- done to his Ally. He therefore marched into it with his vidorious army, which he ftill kept on foot, and as the ufurper had no forces to oppofe fo great a power, he took him ^ and, uflng him in the fame manner as Eburicus had been ufed had him fhaved in a Monaftry at Badajos, and made himfelf abfolute mafter of the kingdom of the Suevi, which he united to that of the Viflgoths, obliging his new fubjeds to return to Arianifm. But though many were found difpofed to obey him, either thro* fear or complaifance, yet the courfe of (b great an evil was foon itopped, and by a wonderful turn of the goodnefs and power of Go d, Arianifm was upon the decline in Spain, when every thing feemed to be given over for loft. For as foon as Leuvigildus had made ^^' himfelf king of it, by this laft conqueft, as he was returned to Toledo, vidtorious, and covered with glory, he died there, leaving the empire at his death to a fucceffor, whom God had deftined to make it Catholick. There are evenfomehiftorians, (s) who fay that this prince, being on his death-bed, detefted his own wicked Politicks, which had made him oppofe the truth, proved by fb many miracles wrought in his time, and of which he had himfelf been witnefs. They add, that he conjured his fon Recaredus to prefer that example, which he left him at his death, to all thofe he had fet him in his life-time, and that he aftiired him, that Spain would never be in a more flourilhing condition, than when it ftiould be wholly Catho- Hck. However it be, it is fure that he recalled the banifhed biihops, and particularly St. Leander, to whom he exprelTed the extreme (^) Ifid. de Script. Ecclcf. c. a 8. (r) Ifid. in Chror. Su€Vor. CO Petav. Rat. Temp. cap. ii.Mamn, 1. 5. c. 13. regret BOOK XI. Tfje Hfflory of A Y^ I \i^ IS u. 287 regret he was fenfible of, (t) forembruiiighis hands in the blood of A.D. his fon Ermenegildus^ that he much commended the holy prelate 585. for making him a Catholick, and begged him to continue his holy Inftructions, till he had procured the fame blefling for his fon Recaredus, whom he left the only heir to his empire, (u) Forfooii after the death of Ermenegildus, Indgonda being carried into Africa by the Greeks^ died there before Ihe could fet out for Conftantino^ ple^ and it is very probable that the young prince fhe had by him, died with her, fin ce no more mention is made of him. I own I can fcarce believe that fo clear fighted and penetrating a prince as Leuvigildus, fhould not beapprehenfive, left his fuccellor, whom he was defirous fhould become Catholick, fhould be molefted by the Vifigoths,and that at his death he himfelf fhould, out of policy, be afraid of declaring his renuntiation of Arianifm. (x) Certainly, Gregory of Tours, who lived at that time, fays that fome allerted,. that having declared himfelf a Catholick, he pafled the laft feven days of his life in fighs and tears, detefling his herefy, and all the crimes it had put him upon committing, and conjuring his fubjeds- to leave Arianifm; (y) Tho' the other Gregory pope, who alfo was living at the fame time, fays, that being convinced of the truth,., he dared not venture to follow it, for fear of his fubjedts. But it is for God alone, whofe judgments are fecret and unfathomable, to judge how it was: it is enough for me to give an account of things, as thofe who have written of them, relate them. After ! euvigildus's death, Recaredus, who was already a Catho- lick in his heart, was without oppofition acknowledged Monarch of all Spain, except a few places, which the Greeks ftill held, (z) As this young prince was admirably well made, very difcreet, ofafoft and mrdcft temper, obliging, civil, courteous, and very, adroit, beliJes being brave and generous ^ He foon gained the minds and hearts of the chief Vihgoth lords, of the foldiers, and the people, and aded with fo much addrefs, and fuccefs, that, in theiirft year of his reign, he difpofed them, without violence or conftraint, . to receive the Catholick religion, after his example, at the time he {t)Grcg. Mag, Dial. 1. 3. c. 31. («) Greg. Tur. 1. 8. c. 2S. (x) Greg.. Tur. 1. ^' c, 45* f;-^ Greg, Mag, 1,3, Dial. c. 31. (r) Marian. I. y.ca 13. Jo, Biclar. Ihould^ 288 The Hipry of Aki AVfisu, BOOK XL A, D. fhould think proper to declare himfelf. (a) Being fecure from that S8j. quarter, he called together all the Arian bilhops that were at his court, and told them, that at length to put an end to that dreadful fcandal, which a difference in religion had fo long propagated amongft his fubjcdts, they ought of neceility to have a conference with the Catholick biihops, and that which ever of the two parties Ihould be found weakeft in proofs, it would unite with the other. And as in the conference all manner of advantage appeared evidently on the Catholick fide, the king, who was plea fed to be prefent, ad- ded, that belide the convincing which it received from reafon, it had likewife that of the miracles, which he himfelf had feen^ and of which the Arians had never wrought one, witnefs that unhappy perfon, whom in the time of the late king they had blinded, by an attempt to work a miracle, and could not afterwards reftore to his fight To which not one daring to reply, becaufe the truth of this fadt known to all the world was too plain, the Icing boldly declared himfelf a Catholick, and refolved publickly to receive the undtion of the Holy Chrifm in the name of the adorable Trinity. The Yifigoths, and the Suevi, moved by fo flii- ning an example, afterwards very joyfully did the fame, {b) thro* all Spain,and the Gothick Gaul, whofent advice of his converfion, inviting the Goths his fubjeds to renounce Arianifm, as he had done. But it was impoflible for fo great a change to be made, without great obftacles, over which God, by a powerful protedion, made this prince triumph with all manner of fuccefs and Glory. Bildi- gernus and Granifta, two Counts, or governors of the ftrong places in the Narbonefe Gaul, (c) being Cet on by Athalocus, an Arian Bifhop, fo furioufly wedded to his herefy, that he was generally called Arius, took up arms in defence of the Gothick religion. But God foon calmed that infurredion by a blow of his juftice, and by the fuccefs wherewith heblelTed the king's arms. Athalocus, feeing that the more he preached for Arianifm, the more he grew .detefted by the people, who deferted him, loading him with curfes .and that every one was for the king, and ready to follow his f») Greg. Tur.l. 9. (tj Lower L^nguedoc, and a fmall part of the upper. " f() Greg. Tur. Marian example BOOK Xr. The Htftory 0/ A R i A n r s M. 28c? example, conceived fo much grief and indignation at it, tliat, A. D, retiring into his chamber, and going to throw himfelf upon the J^J. bed, he fell down dead: And the two Counts, being routed, and taken by the king's lieutenants, by an ignominious punifliment, fufFered the pains juftly due for their rebellion, and the cruelties they had inhumanly exercifed upon the Catholicks. (d) Thus Septimania, that was ftill partly under the dominion of the Vifi- goths, being brought over to the Catholick faith, each of the Gauls was at lafl: entirely freed from Arianifm. There were fome infurredions in Spain too, (e) excited hy the rage of fome Arians, who could not bear this alteration. Maufo- na, being reftored tohisArchbiflioprick of Merida, of which he had been difpolTelTed by Leuvigildus^ Sunna, an Arian Bilhop, whom that Prince had put into it, confpired with fome other Male-con- tents to kill him, and with him Duke Claudius, Governour of Lu- Utania, a llrenuous defender of the Catholick faith. But the con* fpiracy being difcovered by him who was to have h^en chief in the execution of fo infamous a treafon, the principal authors and the accomplices of this confpiracy were feverley punifhed ^ and Sunna, who had his choice either of turning or fuffering banifhment, chofe rather to be fent into Africa, than to renounce Arianifm, The confpiracy formed by Queen Gofuinda, was much more dread- ful and dangerous. This deteftable Arian, to keep her footing at 588. Court, at iirft had pretended to embrace the Catholick faith (/) at the fame time the King had declared himfelf, and prophaning the holy myfteries by a horrible facrilege privately fpit out the Holy ,\Vater, which ihe pretended toreceiva vvith refped at the commu- nion. Uldila, an Arian bifhop, her confidant, did the fame thing too: and as they found it impolfible long to carry on the feint without a difcovery at laft, and that there was no way of reftoring Arianifm, but by fome defperate attempt, they came to the execra- ble refolution of taking the king ofl; either by the fword, or poifoa. But God, who took a i)articular care of the prefervation of this prince, whofe only thoughts were employed on making him to reign in his kingdom, laid open the confpiracy, which was too mildly puniflied in that falfe bilhop, by banilhmem, and which (^.Languedoc. (f^ Joan. BicUr. Marian. (fj Joan. Biclar. in Cliroa. Vol II. Clq GoQ 500 The HifloYj " After thefe exclamations, one of the Catholick bilhops, by authority of the council and the king's defire, asked the bilhops and all the reft of the new converts, what they condemned, and what they confelTed, telling them it was proper for them to make a confeliion of it, that their converiion might appear fincere. Whereupon th^y pre- fented a paper wherein in twenty three articles they condemned hj as many curfes all thofe who fliould maintain any of the doc- trines of Arianifm, and the book made to inilruct thofe who were perverted to it in them, and likewife the pretended council of Ri- mini: They to this fuHj.Mned a confeliion of faith exadly con- formable to that of the king. And that writing was figned by the bilhops, priefts, and deacons, and principal officers and magi- Urates 294 *^^^^ ^^P^y / A r i a n i s m^ BOOK XL AD. fe£i:ionate letters, and little prefents to excite devotion, worthy of 599. fuch a Pope, and fuch a king, to whom he fent a crofs of gold, with part of tnat of the Saviour of the world, and fome hairs of St. John Baptift, to the end (as he writes) that he might at all times from thence draw the ajliftance and comfort he ought to hope from Tesus Chris T, by the interceflion of his BlefTed Forerunner. He added according to his cuftom, two golden keys, fandified by touching the tomb and body of St. Peter, one of which had enclos'd in it a Snail piece of the iron of his chains. Thus the renuncia- tion of hereiy in the fixth century, foon introduced thofe holy cuftoms which we now-a-days follow in the Catholick church, as adoring the crois, reverencing the relicks of Saints, imploring their interceffion, and paying obedience to the Pope, as head of the univerfal church. It is what Recaredus, the firft Catholick king of .Spain, pradtifed, who after his coiiverlion perpetually applied him- felf to make Jesus Chr IT reign throughout all Spain, (j) with more glory and fuccefsthan any of his predecefTors had done, which at laft made him conclude a moft glorious life by a moft piou5 death, at Toledo, in the iixteenth year of his reign. He was a Prince, who had nothing in an ordinary degree, but all the (hining qualities to be defired in a king, whether for peace or war. He was well made, graceful, of a ftrong complexion, ready, aftive, vigilant, wife, brave, always fuccefsful, always vidlorious in battle, both within and without his kingdom, againft the Greeks, and Bifcayans his rebels^ whom he fubdued, making peace to flourilh throughout his whole dominions. And by a wonderful alliance, which he had the art of making between the civil and military virtues, he was the man in the world who had the greateft goodnefs, and fweetnefs of temper, in his eyes, in his fpeech, in his manner of treating even the meaneft of his fubjedts, by whom he was incredibly beloved •, to conclude, always liberal, always magnificent, without making any advantage of the immenfe treafures his father hadheap'dup, and which, foon after his death, hecaus'd to be diftributed amongftthe churches, and private perfons, who he thought hadfuffered any way in their eftates, during the perfecutionj tender to his people, whom he eafed of a great part of the tajes they owed (t) Ifidor, him BOOK Xr. The Hiflory 0/ A R i a N i s m. 297 him-, compaiHonate towards the poor, on whom he lavifhcd what A. IX remained to him over and above ]iis expences which were very 79?. regular, being ufed to fay, that he was a king only to do good to his fubjedls. In fhort, his nncle St. Leander gave fo fine a charadler of him in a letter to pope Gregory, (t) that That great man anf- wered him, that he was charmed with the picture, and that he muft needs heartily love lo amiable a prince, without having known him any otherwife, than by this idea, which Leander, who muft have been a judge of mankind, had given him of him. But after all, amidft fo many perfedions, there is none that comes up to the extraordinary zeal he had for the Catholick faith, and the con- verfion of his people -, (w) and it may be faid, that if St. Ermenegildus was the feed, which, falling upon the earth, and dj^ing by his Martyrdom, bore fruit much beyond an hundred foldj his brother Recaredus was tat Ubourer, wJio carefully cultivated the ground, to make it (hoot forth and ripen, tu gather the harveft, and bring it into th^ church, as into the repoiiiory of God the father of the Gofptl fai^ily-, fo that after the third couj.cil cf Toledo he may be called by a more glorious nar^e than that of king the apoftle rf i.Q Suevi and the Goths, whom he fo throughly ci n^ verted, that Arianifm after that time never had any footing in Spain. But it v\^as not fo in Italy, which having been freed from the dominion of the Arians, fell into a more cruel captivity than the former, as I fliall now Ihew, deducing the matter from its original. (t)GrQg. mag. 1, i.e. 41. (u^ Greg. mag. 3. Dial. c. 31, TheEndof the XV^Bo OK Vol II. Rr THE THE H O R O F AR I J I^ I Sjli BOOK XII. H E people of Italy not having as yet receired the full punilhment of their fins under the tyranny of the Olho- gothsand Eruli, were fifteen years after fubdued to the power of other Arians, who proved move inhuman to them than thefirft, through the revenge and fury of the very man whohadjuftdelivered them out of their bonds. Narfes after having expelled the Goths, and reduced all Italy to the obedience of the Emperor, was made governor of that country, which he juftly deferved'as a reward for fo many viftories: But having an infa- tiable thirft after riches, he drained the Romans of their money, which induced them to make grievous complaints to the Emperor R r 2 Juftinus, A.D. 567. ^oo T?;^ Hifiory of Aki k^ ism. BOOK XTI. A. D. v/ho had fucceeiled Juftinian, (a) and by the means of the Emprefs 5*67. Sophia, who was an enemy to Narfes, prevailed on the Emperor to take the government from him, and fend Longinus in his place. It is even reported that the Emprefs, as a deligned affront, fent him word that it was time for him to come back to Conftantinople, in order to pafs the remainder of his days in the palace, where he fliould be employed in fpinning amongft the women in their apartment, as it well became his condition^ and that Narfes, who was highly provoked at this infulting meffage, fent her back this anlwer, that he would loon fpin a cloth for her, which neither her husband nor fhe fliould ever be able to rend. Hereupon he retired to Naples, and fent to Alboinus king of the Lombards^ then in Pannonia, preJling him inftantly to undertake the conqueli: of Italy, which, he reprefented to him, might be ealily compleated, in the condition it was then in, without any army to oppofe his forces. Thefe people about forty years before had paffed the Danube with other nations, (^) and entred Pannonia, where the Romans alligned them lands, and even gave them troops to defend them sgainft the Gepidi, whom they defeated in feveral engagements. The Lombards likewife alhfted the Romans againft the Goths, and Narfes brought with him about feven or eight thoufand of them into Italy, who fought for him againlt Totila. But as they made dreadful devaflations, and committed moft horrible Sacrileges where-ever they palled, he found means, under the pretence of the war*s being at an end, to fend them back well fatisfied, after hav- ing generoufly diftributed large fums of money to them, over and above their pay. Of all the people that were come out of the North the Lombards were the moft fierce, after the Huns, with whom they had contracted an intimate friendfhip 1 and as to their religion, tho* there were a great number of Pagans amongft them^ who worfhipped the head of a goat, they neverthelefs were for the moft part Arians, and had their churches, and bifhops, and were babtifed after the Arian manner, (c) They were governed at (aj Paul. Var. 1. 2. de Ged. LongoB, c. f. Anaft. Bibl. in Joan. 3. (5) Paul* Var ref.de Geft, Longob I. 2. c.7. Procop. de bell. Got. U 3. Procop. de bell. Got* 1. 4. (t) Greg. Dial. 1. 3. c. a8, this BOOK Xir. The Htllory c/ A r i A N i s M. ^oi this time bj Alboinus, the^ moft powerful king amongft them A. D, who had rendered himfelf famous for his eminent qualifications, 567, and the vidlories which he had gained, chiefly over the Gepidi whofe whole nation he almoft deftroyed, (d) after having killed' thcirkingCunimondus in battle, and taken his daughter Rofimond prifoner, whom he married after the death of Clodofuinda, his firft wife, who was daughter to Clotaire, king of France, This French princefs was a lady of great virtue j and we have to this day the fine Elogium which Nicetus, bifhop of Treves, made of her in the excellent letter that he wrote to her, wherein he exhorts her, (f) in a moft zealous manner, to ufe her utmoft endeavours towards the converfion of her husband, who was at that time in Pannonia. It plainly appears by that Epiftle that this Prince was then an Arian: For this bifhop, fpeaking to the queen, faith, " That he cannot conceive how it is polfible that a " King fo renowned in the world and fo highly refpecled by all " the other Princes, and even by the Emperour, for his extraordi- ** nar}'- virtues, fhould fu/Ter himfelf to be thus wretchedly feduced ** by thofe who part the fon of God from his Father, and would *' have us to worfhip two Gods, the. one fupreme, and the other " fuhordinate. And therefore he conjured her in the moft prefling terms, to give all imaginable attention to his letter, and to read it often to the King, in order that he might find therein the con- viction of his error by thofe exprefs palTages of fcripture which plaialy prove the unity of eifence of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghoft. To this he added the undeniable teflimony of ib many miracles that were daily uToug'it in the prefence even of thofe verr Lombards, who were fent by Alboinus to the Ibpulchres of St. Martin, St. Germain, St. Hilary and St. Remigius, thofe glorious defenders of the Trinity of the three perfons in the unity of their efTenre, againft the impiety of the Ariansj then he con^- eludes hib letter, with the example of the great Clovis, who embraced the Cat'iolick faith, by ihe perfuafion of Clotilda, great gra' dmother to the queen. And as this prince was a pcrfon of fublimc wit and learning he did not recant till he was firft per- fedly convinced of the truth, which he had no fooner confeffed (d) Paul. Varn. de Geft. Longob. I. I. c.27. (,e) Scrm. 1. 1. Cone. Gall. t^m. 5. Cone, Edit. Paris. but ^02 The Hiftory Greg, lib, 1. Epiil. i 7. (r; Paul. Diac.l. 3. cap. 3^.. men. ji* The Hipry of Avii AViXsu. BOOK XII. A. D, men, by her wife condu6t, that as the deceafed Icing had left no 590. children, they acknowledged her for their fovereign, and would admit of" no other king, unlefs it were one of her chufing, who^ by an alliance with her, might be intitled to the throne. " Whilft the queen was taking time to refolve on a choice of that importance, (s) (he fent ambalTadors to Childebert, to whom the late king her husband had likewife fent before his death pro- pofals of a peace, (t) which Ihc obtained more readily than he could have done, provided ihe would pay him a fmall yearly tri- bute, which was foon after redeemed. And in the mean while^ having fixed her refolution, amongft all the Noblemen of the Lombards, Ihe chofe Agilulph, duke of Turine for her husband. He was a Prince of great valour and virtue, his perfon was beauti- ful and majeflick, and the glorious adions which he had performed in the wars, as well as his extra<5tion from royal blood, all thefe, I fay, fufficiently intitled him to her choice. She married him at Pavia, in the month of November, and caufed him to be crowned at Milan, where the whole nation was afTembled, who received him with a general applaule. This alliance gave a great deal of fatisfaftion to St. Gregory, who was promoted to the Pontificate in the fame year. As he knew the merit and virtue of queen Theodelinda, he was convinced that fhe would approve of the endeavours he was then going to ufe, in order to retrieve the evil which had been occafioned by the edidt of Autharis j he therefore wrote an excellent epiftle to all the bifhops of Italy, (u) wherein he exhorts them to ufe their utmoft power, in order to convert the Lombards, who were in their diocefes, to the Catholick faith, and to endeavour diligently to reconcile thofe to the church, who at the laft folemnity of Eafter, had been baptized after the Arian manner, according to the edi6t of the late king. This holy bifhop was of opinion, that fb religious a queen, to whom the king her husband was indebted for the crown, would take proper meafures to prevent him from following the fentiments of his predecelTor, and maintaining his ordinances againft the Catholicks. And in- deed he was not miftaken in his notion, for Theodelinda on her (x) Ibi<3. (f) Almoin, 1. 4. cap, 7. Paul, lib. 3. cap. 3 3. («)Greg. Magn, I X, Ep. I7» part BOOK XII. The Hijlory o/Arianism. 315 part performed much more than St. Gregory could have e^pe^ted^ A. D. She knew fo well how to make ufc of the power fhe had over the 590, king her husband, that, after having inftruded him in the my- fteries of the Catholick faith, fhe perfwaded him to make a publick confeflion 'of it, in fpite of that weak and fatal policy which often hinders princes, (x) out of an abjedt fear of their fubjeds, from adhering openly to that truth, which they had fecretly acknow' ledged. So that we may fay that if the devil introduced the Arian herefy into the Eaft by the means of three women, (y) God, in order to overthrow his works and fight him with his own arms, was refolved to employ the talents of three illuftrious princclTes, Clotilda, Indegonda, andTheodelinda, in order to fandify the "Weft, hj the converfion of the French, and root out Arianifin from Spain and Italy, by the converfion of the Vifigoths and Lombards. For indeed the example of Agilulph, who followed the counfcls of Theodelinda proved eifedual ^ the greateft part of the nobility amongft the Lombards, both Pagans, and Arians, embraced the Catholick faith as he had done, and were foon followed by the people who generally imitate their fuperiors. This produced a great change in the kingdom, {%) the bifhops, who had been re- duced to a moft ignominious poverty, were reftored to their former dignities, and to their eftates which had been taken Uom them. The churches alfo, which had been profaned, were now re-eftab- lifhed ^ the queen built new ones, and the king bellowed large fums of money to every city for the repairs of thofe churches which had fufFered great damages. And in order to render the joy of the Catholicks more compleat for this triumph of Jesus Christ, as St. Gregor}'- about the fame time propofed to reconfecrate the church cf St. Agatha at Rome, which had been profaned by the Arians in the time of the Goths, God was pleafed to concur with him in this folemnity by fome extraordinary works, which this hoi}' bi- Ihop gives us an account of, as being eye-witnefs to them, (a) For having reconciled this church in the prefence of a multitude of people who were come from all parts to this feaft, as he was cele» brating the divine myfteries, one of thofe unclean animals, into (X) Paul. Varn.l. 4.C. 6, (y) Condantia. Eufebia. Dominica.^ (^) Paul, Yarn, ibid, (a) Gregor. Mag. Dial. 1. ^ cap. 30, Vol. II Tt whofe 314 The Hipry of Akiai^ I su. BOOK XII. A.V, whofe bodies the devils befought Christ that he would fuffer 59^' them to enter, was known to be in the church, being heard by the affemblj, and felt running between their legs, tho' they could not fee it. On the two following nights there was a ftrange noife heard over the roof of the church, which ended as it were with a mighty clap of thunder, which, for the time it lafted, caufed a great con- fternation ^ after that there never was any thing of this kind heard. Another time at mid-day, it being fine and ferene weather, a cloud came and furrounded the altar, and the whole church was filled with a moft agreeable i^erfume, which was fmelt by the peo- ple who repaired thither from all parts, tho* no body dared to enter the church. Some time after, the lamps of the church being put out^ they were lighted again fuddenly by a celeftial lights and in order to verify this miracle, the fame thing was repeated three times^ tho' all the care imaginable was obferved in the putting out of the lamps. God undoubtedly was refolved, by thefe wonderful ligns, to {hew that the devil, who had for a long time been in pofleffion of that church, was compelled to depart from it, and that the light of the true faith had taken place of the errors and darknefs of Arianifm. After all, when I confider this hiftory with deliberation, I muft fincerely confefs, that I have not ftrength, or, as I may fay, boldnefs enough in my mind to deny, or even to fupprefs thofe things which a perfon of St. Gregory's merit and dignity fays that he has feen, and has tranfmitted to us in writing in his book of dialogues, which he publifhed two years after at Rome, where he undoubtedly would have paffed for an impudent impoftor, had he wrote a thing, and affirmed that the whole city was eye-witnefs to it, when at the fame time no body had feen it. But this extraordinary joy for the redudion of the Arians was 5^5. foon interrupted by a war, (b) which, notwithftanding the con- verfion of Agilulph, the Loftibards carried on fome time after, againft the Romans, with more fury than ever. For the patrician Romanus, who was exarch of Raveiina, having furprifed feveral of the towns belonging to the Lombards, by the treachery of fome of their noblemen, and amongft others the city of Perufa, Agi- lulph marched out of Pavia with a potent aimy^ and, having {b) Greg. 1. 2. Epift. 32. Ind. 10. Paul. Varn. 1. 4. c. 8. hid BOOK XIL The Hifiory 0/ A r i a n i s m laid iiQgQ to Peru fa, he took it, and caufed the dulce MorifTon, who had delivered it up to the Romans, to be beheaded, {c) This being done, he found it no difficult task to retake all the places which the exarch had made himfelf mafter of; then marched with his viaorious^ army up to the gates of Rome, and in his way- put all to fire and fword. He, on this occafion, reduced the wreched Romans to the utmoft extremity, and brought thofe defolations on them, which St. Gregory fo often bewails, {d) who during thefe diforders, was forced to fufpend tliQ Homilies upon Ezechiel which he ufed daily to rehearfeto the people, being other- wife taken up in making preparations for the defence of that Qiij. And neverthelefs he continued his conftant follicitations to the 598J Exarch and the Emperour Mauricius, urging them to enter into a treaty of peace with Agilulph, which he reprefented to them as a thing abfolutely neceflary in the deplorable condition Italy was then reduced to. (e) So at laft it was agreed upon by the intercellions of queen Theodelinda, to whom St. Gregory had made earneft application. And indeed this bilhop exprefled his gratitude for fo great a fervice in his letters to her, as alfo to the king, who fhewed a ready difpofition toward a peace, notwith- flanding the confiderable advantages which he had over the Romans This peace undoubtedly would have heen concluded much fooner* 599. had not the Emperour, who accufed St. Gregory of fuffering himfelf to be deceived by the fair words of Agilulph, deferred it by his imprudence, f/) which coft him the lofs of moft of the towns, that he had then in his pofTelTion in Italy, and chiefly the cit}'- of Cortona, which was of great ufe to him for the landing of the forces that came from Conftantinople. At laft this peace was broken again, by reafon of frefh dif- ferences which arofe between Gallinicius, the new Exarch, and Agi- lulph, who ftill continued to carry on the war with fuccefs. But about four years after, (g) the affairs were again reconciled, a little while before the death of St. Gregory, who returned thanks to (c) Greg. 1. 4. Epift. 31. Horn. 18. in Ezecb. & alib. Paul. Varn. 1. 4. c. 8. {d) Greg. 1. 4. Epift. 29. & 31. (e) Greg. 1. 7. Ep. 41, 42. Paul. 1. 4. cap. 8. lib. 4. EpIft. 29. (/)Greg. 1. 4. Epift. 31. lib. 4, Fpift. 23. (^) Greg, Mag J. 12. Epift. 7' Ind, 7. Paul. Varn. 1. 4. c. 26. & 31. '6 do. T t 2 the .^,6 The Hiftoryof XKihY^\%vi. BOOK XII. A. D, the king, by a letter which he writ to queen Theodelinda. This .605. bifliop was then extremely ill, and, upon the queen's giving him notice of the birth of prince Adaloaldus, whom Agilulph caufed immediately to be declared king, he wrote his lafi: letter to her. The holy Prelate who was mindful of all things, and who on all occafions fulfilled the duties of a great bifhop and a righteous man, took care notwithftanding the very weak condition he then was in, (being at the point of death) to fend prefents to Theodelinda for the young prince, and amongft other things, a^ golden crofsj wherein there was fome of the wood of the holy crofs upon which Christ was crucified j this he was to wear on his neck as a fign that he profefTed the Catholick faith, which he had juft received with the holy baptifm according to the form of the church. ^ 1 3. But, what contributed very much to the entire converfion of the Lombards, was the arrival of the holy abbot Colombanus, who, flying the perfecution of queen Brunehaud, and her grandfon king Thierry, whofe diforderly life and behaviour that holy man had reproved with a great deal of fireedom, had pafied the mountains, and was come to beg the protection of Agilulph, (h) who re- ceived him with all imaginable marks of honour, and ofi-ered him any i)art of his dominions, where, if he pleafed, he might build a monaftery, and hy that means fandtify his country, as he had fandified France, by the examples of his virtue, and the folidity of his wholefom and holy Inftruclions. He accepted of the king's oiFer: But before he departed from Milan, where the court refided at that time, finding that a great many of the noblemen were not as yet perfedly undeceived, with refpedt to the errors of Arianifm, he began to confute that herefy in a moft zealous manner, both by his fermons, and by a book which he wrote in order to prove the divinity of Jesus Christ, from the teftimonies of fcripture, againft all the faJfe interpretations of the Arians. (i) This added fo much to his fame that the Princes and noblemen amongft the Lombards, being defirous that this apoftolical man {hould re- main in their country, prefented him generoufly with large fums of money for the foundation of that famous and ftately monaftery of (b) Ion. in vit. St. Colomb, cap. 29. (/) Paul. Yarn. 1. 4. c, 43. Bobium, BOOK Xrf. The Hijlory of pLKwnisu. ^17 Bobium, fituated at the feet of the Alps, within twenty leagues A,D, ofPavia. Here he fettled himfelf in fuch a manner that here- 6ij. folved never to depart thence, notwithftanding all the follicita- tions of king Clotaire, {k) after his acceffion to the monarchy of France, who ufed all the arguments imaginable to perfuade him to come over. So that after having lived a holy life in this Place, he died not long before Agilulph, who had reigned happily during the fpace of twenty five years, and was ever victorious both over the rebels and ftrangers. He died in the year fix hun- ^1^ dred and fix teen, leaving behind him his fon Adalcaldus who was twelve j^ears of age, under the regency of Queen Theodelinda. Nothing could happen £0 fortunately for ih.e religion as the regency of this princefs, to whom the noble Lombards paid a great veneration -, and in order to confirm them ftill more in the Catholick faith, flie obliged them, at the beginning of her regency, to make a publick and folemn declaration of their belief She had caufed a magnificent temple to be built at Modoeca, (I) within twelve miles of Milan, which fhe dedicated to ^i. John the baptiil, to whofe protection Ihe recommended herfelf, with the late king her husband, her children and the whole nation of the Lombards. About this time fhe repaired thither in order to make her offerings with a gift of the large revenues which fhe had appointed for that churchy (m) and this was performed in the prefence of all the noblemen of the kingdom, who were fo ready to follow her great example, that they alfo chofe that Saint for their Proteftor, and made a vow to fend a yearly offering to him on the day of his Fefl:ival, as an acknowledgment of their being under his protec- tion J and in order to beg his afllftance and intercefHon for them with Jesus Christ, whom they confefTed to be their Lord and God. And from that time the Lombards in all their adions and undertakings were ufed to invoke St. John the baptift, befeeching him to grant them his aid, by the virtue of Jesus Christ, the true God. After this the King and Queen, enjoying a perfect peace, gave proper orders for the repairs of thofe churches, which (t) Ion. in vit. St, Co'.omb. {I) Monia, (''«)Paul. Varn. 1. 4. c. i2. vctcr. Edit Afcenfiana, were -i8 The Hi(lory of A^ I A^isu. BOOKXIL A. D, were ruined throughout the Empire of the Lombards; and, 6 1 6, having richly endowed them, they continued daily to promote the increafe of religion and Chriftian piety, (w) This lafted about ten years, till the death of Theodelinda •, when a fatal accident happened which was followed by a diforder that proved more prejudicial than any preceding one, both to the ftate and religion. For Adaloaldus, (o) either by ficknefs or poifon, being fallen into a kind of frenzy, which fometimes deprived him of the ufe of his reafon, and caufed him by intervals to ad extravagantly, Ariovaldus, duke of Turin, and brother in law to the king, but as yet an Arian, made fo ftrong an intereft with the noble Lombards, that by their connivance he took pof- ^^^' felFion of the Throne and expelled the poor unhappy Adoloaldus. This wretched Prince, who in his indifpolition had fo much fenfe as not to abandon himfelf, flew for protedlion to the Exarch of Ravenna, who being refolved to improve this opportunity to foment a civil war amongft the Lombards, undertook immediately to reftore him to his throne, and drive out the ufurper. Xp) Ho- norious, then bilhop of Rome, wrote concerning this affair to the Exarch, complaining very much of the bifhops of Lombardy , that, contrary to the oath which they had taken to the late king Agi- lulph, they had fo fhamefully forefaken the king his Ton, in order to adhere to a tyrant ; and endeavoured even to corrupt thofe who continued ftedfaft in their duty, and abhorred fo Arrange a piece of treachery. This prelate intreated the Exarch in his letter, that, after he had reftored the young king, as it was expedled, he he would fend thofe rebellious bijfhops to Rome, in order that fo infamous a crime might not remain unpunifhed. But as the Exarch could not obtain any relief from the Emperour Heraclius, who at that jundlure was at war with the Per/ians, he was forced to fet afide his defign, and in order accommodate his affairs accord- ing to the circumftances of the times, he made peace with Ari* ovaldus, and there was no farther notice taken of the unhappy Adaloaldus, who in all probability died at Ravenna amongff: the Grecians. (n) Paul. 1. 4. c. 43. (0) Ibid Aiaioin. 1. 4. c, 10. (p) Honor. Pap. Ep. ad. Ifac. Exar. ap.Ivoa. Thus Book XII. The Hijlorj of AKiAmsu. ^i(f Thus Ariovaldiis remained peaceable pofTefTor of the kingdom, j4. D. without offering any nioleftation to the Catholicks ^ tho' never- 626* thelefs he did a wicked a(Stion in his pafTion, which he foon after repented. Blidulphus, a prieft and monk of the monaftery of St. Colombanns, (q') being come to Pavia about fome particular af- fairs, the king one day meeting him, faluted him firft, and began to rally him and his brother-monks, upon their refuling to pay him the honour that was due to him, becaufe he was not of their belief. Hereupon Blidulphus, without Ihewing the leaft marks of refpedt to him, replyed with an admirable courage : " I Ihould " readily falute j^ou, my Lord, with hearty wifhes of all manner *' of bleflings, were you not Co unhappy as to adhere to thofe de- " tellable impoftors who feduce you, and to that curfed herefy " which they teach you. If you propofe that we fhould pay you ** that honour which is due to kings, firft give that unto God " which you owe him, by confefling the three adorable perfons in « the blefled Trinity, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghoft, in unity " of EfTence, without dividing them as you do into three different *' powers. " The king, being exafperated at this anfwer, faid,ashe was walking along, that it was ftrange no man would revenge him on that impudent monk, who deferved to have his bones broken j yet this was not faid aloud, fearing leaft the people Ihould rife againft the king •, but one of his attendants having heard him, he immediately offered his fervices, and accordingly that very evening the thing was put in execution, for this courtier having watched the time when Blidulphus was returning home to his lodgings, juft as he was palling through a lonefome ftreet, he fell upon him, and beat him with a cudgel after fo barbarous a manner, that, having broken Jiis head in feveral places, and knocked hirn down to the ground, he there left him for dead. But the people finding him in this condition, were going to raife him up in order to carry him away, when of a fudden he rofe up of himfelf, as if he had been juft awaked out of a found fleep, and found himfelf fb perfedlly recovered, that he returned alone without the leaft affift- ance to his monaftery. The murderer, inftead of receiving the teward which he expected of the king, was feized with an evil (q) Tonas. in re\ geft. St. Bertolfi. fpirit. |2o The Hi/lory of Akia^i^u. BOOKXIL j4. D. fpirit, who tormented him moft cruelly, and forced him with hi- 626' deous cries to confefs his crime before aU the people who were praifing God, and faying that the Arians ought not to expert any other treatment from their mafter. Ariovaldus, who was the author of this wicked fact, dreading the lilce punilhment, fent immediately this wretched fellow to the Abbot Attalas, fncceflbr to St. Colombanus, with magnificent prefents, befeeching him that he would appeafe God's anger, and take pity of that miferable man. The holy Abbot generoufly replyed, that he never would accept of any prefents from an Arian : but neverthelefs, he pray- ed to God for the pofTefTed criminal, who, being delivered of his executioner, by the virtue of the Abbot's prayers, died foon after by a juft judgment, which was a manifeftation of God's glory. And, indeed, this made fo great an imprelllon on the king, that, from this time, he behaved with a great deal of humanity towards the Catholicks, who were fufFered to live in an intire freedom. Some years after, Ariovaldus even did an adtion, which plainly Ihewed the refpeft and veneration he paid to the church. Proclus, bifhop of Clerona, (r) pretended that the monaftery of St. Colom- banus, which was fituated in his diocefe, ought to be fubje(5t to his jurifdidion, and, in order to make his claim good, and bring over the other bilhops into his intereft, he fent them prefents, and ufed all other means for that purpofe. After this he thought it was proper to apply to the king, that, by his royal authorit}'', he might be put in polTefllon of that right, which he iniifted on as an indifputable prerogative. But the king's anfwer was, that he and thofe of his party fhould produce proofs from the holy decrees, and canons of the church, to make out the juftice of his pretenfions. The Abbot Bertolfus who fucceeded Attalus^ being informed of the bifhop's negotiations at court, and of the intereft he was endea- vouring to make in order to gain his caufe, fent alfo fome of his difciples thither to find out how the king was difpofed in his favour, and whether he might rely on him for the prefcrvation of his privileges and exemption, which on his part he likewife infill- ed on as indifputable. But the king, who ftill continued ftedfaft in his firft refolution, told them, " That it did not belong to him (r) lonas de reb, geft. St. Bertolfi apud Baron, ad ann. 626. n. ;?5. & feq, « to BOOK XII. The Hiflory of k 1, I K ^ I s u, " to decide affairs of that nature, which the church only had right " to determine by a canonical decree ^ That, neverthelefs, he would " not fufFer that any injury Ihould be offered to the Abbot whom " he looked upon to be a faithful fervant of God. '**BertoIfus perceiving that the king behaved with fo much wifdom and good- nefs, took the liberty to apply again to him to deflre that he would give him leave to go to Rome, in order to maintain his right before the holy See : which Ariovaldus readily agreed to, tho' he had fome caufe to be diffatisfied with Honorius bifhop of Rome who had openly declared himfelf againil this Prince. The hiftorian, from whom we have this account, and whofe works Paul Diacre never faw, fince he owns that he knows no- thing of that king, affures us, that he himfelf went on this journey with the holy Abbot, and that the bifhop of Rome, after havino- inquired into the affair, and exhorted the holy man flill to oppofe Arianifm, he fent him home with an ample privilege, whereby he declared that no bifhop could pretend any jurifdidtion or right of government over his monaftery. This decree Honorius confirm- ed by the canons of three councils, who had already determined this affair in a very clear manner, {s) The firfl was the third council of Aries, which was held in or or about the year four hun- dred fifty five, purpofely to decide the great conteft that was between the bifhop Theodofius and Fauflus Abbot of the monaflery of Levins. The fecond was the council of Carthage in the year five hundred twenty five, under the Pontificate of Boniface, held at the requefl of the Abbot Peter, againfl Liberatus, metropolitan of the Province of Bifacena. And tho' this council was lately taken from the library of the Vatican, and publifhed in the new large coUedtion of councils compofed by the learned Fathers Labbe and Coffart, Jefuits, it is neverthelefs quoted in fome very au- thentical ads of above a thoufand years Handing, paffed in the feventh century, which is now the fubjedt of my hiflory, viz. in the privilege granted by Bertefridus bifhop of Amiens, to the Abby of Corbie in the year fix hundred fixty four, and fubfcribed to by fixteen bifhops 5 (f) in that which Lari^ri bifhop of Paris (i) Tom. I. Cone. Gall. Tom. 4. Cone. Edit. Parif. St. Honorat, In ProT«ncc. (t) Tom. 6. Cone, Edit, Parif. p. 527, V 0 L. II. U u granted 322 ThfHifiory rivate audience of him, upon an affair which would not admit of any delay, for that both his life and king- dom were concerned. Then he told him, " That for the fpace of *' three days, the queen had been privately treating with Tafonus, " governour of Tufcany, for whom fhe had an affedion-, and *' that it was agreed between them that llie would marry him ** as foon as fhe had poifoned the king. " This wicked man coloured his accufations fo well, by artfully imtermixingfome truths with a thoufand falfities, that the king, who was naturally palfionate, being overcome by a violent fit of jealoufy, wliich blinded him, he immediateljr caufed the two accufed perfons to be taken into cuftody. As for the innocent queen, fhe was con- fined to a caftle, where fhe remained for the fpace of three years without being admitted to juftify her felf, till Clotaire the fecond, king of France, fent ambafTadors to Ariovaldus, complaining of the ill treatment, which he fhewed to a Princefs, who was defcend- ed from the royal blood of France, by his great grandfather. And as the king infifled on the jufiice of his proceeding, An- foaldus, one of the ambafTadors, propofed that, according to the cuftom, or, more properly, the abufes of thofe days, a Champion might have leave to alTert the queen's innocency, in a fingle Battle, with the informer ; which Ariovaldus having agreed to, one of the queens faithful fervants offered to fight Adalulphus, who not daring to refufe the challenge, was defeated, and his vile cheat difcovered in the pre fence of ^11 the fpeclators, who were greatly rejoiced at the queen's innocency, after which the kins caufed the traitor to be beheaded : Hereupon Gondiberga, being refrored to her honour and dignity, had a greater refpedt fhewed to her than ever •, and undoubtedly it was in regard to her that the king her husband (tho ever fo much an Arian^ treated the Catholicks fo favourably. He even permitted her to build a magnificent church near Pavia, which, (%) after the ex- (;fjpaul. Varn. 1. 4. c. 49. ^ U u t ample ^24 The Hiftorj of A^ik^i^u. BOOK XII. A.I), ample of her mother Theodelinda, Ihe dedicated to St. John the 6;8. baptift, and adorned it with rich vafes, and other p recious orna- ments. Neverthelefs fhe was not fo fortunate as Theodelinda had been in the converfion of her husband •, for Ariovaldus, after a reign of twelve 3rears, dieda profefTed Arian. As this prince had left no children behind him, and the Arians were then very powerful at court, they chofe Rotharis for his fuccefTor, who was alfo an Arian, but was fo well inclined to follow the fteps of his predereflbr, that he would not fufFer the Catholicks to be molefted, nor that they Ihould any wife be deprived of the liberty which they had enjoyed in the exercife of their religion: {a) But on the other hand, he refolved that the Arians Ihould enjoy the fame liberty without the leaft oppolition. So that in moft of the towns that were in his dominions there was during his reign two bifliops, the one a Catholick, and the other an Arian. And it even happened in Pavia by an event, which proved fomewhat extraordinary, that Anaftafius, (bifhop of the Arians) having embraced the Catholick faith, became afterwards himfelf the true Paftor of the Catholicks. Q?) At the fame time Rotharis was a prince of great valour: he had defeated the imperial Forces and taken all their Sea-port towns in liguria from port Lune to Pro- vence-, and after having reigned fuccefsfuUy above fixteen years, he died, and left his kingdom to hisfon Rodoaldus. (c) As the kings of the Lombards had recommended themfelves to the protedion of St. John the Baptift, and that Rotharis was an Arian, his body was not interred in the magnificent temple which queen Theodelinda had built, and dedicated to the holy proteaor .- But he was buried in a place very near the church •, and it is reported that, fome time after, an impious rogue having broke open his tomb, and ftole away all the jewels that adorned the king's bodjr, St John appeared to him, and upbraided him with his impiety, faying, " that altho* " the king did not profefs the true Religion, neverthelefs a *' refped ought to be paid to his body, becaufe he had implored " his proteftion in his life-time ^ and that, as a punifhment for " the crime which he had committed, he Ihould never enter his *' church, which he had profaned by fo wicked an attempt. " (4) Paul. Yarn, 1. 4. c. 44. (J>) Id. c. 47. (c) Id. c. 48. Thefe BOOK XII. The H^flory 0/ A r i a N i s M. ^2C Thefe words were accordingl/ fullfilled, for whenever this impious a. D fellow endeavoured to enter St. John's church, he immediately 638.' was repulfed with an irrefiftible Force, as if fome ftrong and powerful man had feized him by the Throat, in order to oppofe his entering in •, as the Hiftorian, who gives us this account, (d) declares before God that it was delivered to him by a man who was eye-witnefs to it. I think that Hiftorjr, according to its principles, which are grounded on human faith, ought not to rejedt this particular as one of thofe invented fables, which are forged only to impofe upon the credulity of mankind. Rodoaldus was indeed heir to his father's crown, but he was far from pofTelling either his virtues or his good fortune j for having given himfelf up intirely to the palfions of his youth, and hav- ing no other thought but that of gratifying his voluptuoufnefs, he was wretchedly murdered by a Lombard gentleman, againft whofe honour he had cruelly offended. After his death the noblemen amongft the Lombards chofe for their king Aribertus the fon of Gondeband, {e) who was brother to queen Theodelinda j and it is very probable that he was a Catholick, in as much as he not only was related to this good queen, who was fo zealous for the true Religion, but becaufe he built a ftately church near Pavia, which he confecrated to Jesus Chist the redeemer of the world, and endowed it with a handfome revenue, as alfo a- dorned it with rich and coftly prefents j which was no wife the $62, cuftomof the Arians, who did not pay fo great a devotion to Jesus Christ. (/) But be that how it will, nothing is more certain than that his two fons Bcrtaridus, andGodebertus, between whom he had divided the kingdom, were both Catholicks j and that Grimoaldus, duke of Benevento, taking advantage of their diviflon, took alfo pofleflion of the kingdom. This prince was likewife a Catholick, but whether he was fo from the beginning, or that St. John bilhopof Bergama had converted him, I know not, (g) It is even reported that he was under the fpecial protedion of St. John thQ baptilt, and that the Emperour Conftantius, who was come with a power- ful army to attack him, having confulted a folitary who at that (i) Paul. Yarn. 1.4. c. 4. (OPaul. Yarn. 1. 4. c. 50. Cf) Id. c. 5^^^ ig) A.(fta. Joan. Eerg-) tho' at the f?^ric time pretending to be a (x) Hof. 1. I. de hxref (y) Undar.' Dial. 2. Prateol. V. Camp. Confefs. Mansfel.Frateol. ibid, lo. Vigand. lib. de D«o contra novo -<\nan. Prophet, BOOK XIL The Hiftory of Ami K^i%u. ^^^ Prophet, he often ufed to afifirm, that he fliould be fet at liberty A, D. at a particular time which he had fet for that purpofe, but he al- I5 3g. ways was deceived. Suenfeldius, a Lutheran, and Matthias Illy- ricus, who was condemned as an Arian, hy the univerfity of Wit. temberg, declared themfelves for the fame opinion •, and fome time after, Gregory of Paul, miniiier of Cracovia, and head of the Deifts, aflerted publickly, that the perfon of the Father only was God, and that tho' the Son and Holy Ghoft were of God, yet neverthelefs they were not God. He even afllimed fo much im- pudence, as to expofe to publick view large pieces of paintings, wherein was [hen a Temple reprefenting the church of Rome, whereof Luther was demolifliing the roof ^ Calvin was pulling down the walls, and he himfelf was undermining the foundation by ftriking, as he did, at the myftery of the Trinit}'*, which he was endeavouring to deftro}'-. Thefe were the firft fruits of the im- pieties of Servetus in Germany and Poland, and as he was very defirous to fpread his infedion in France, he had the aflurance to go to Geneva, tho' Calvin, (z) who was then accufed of favouring the Arianifm, had wrote againft him. But he was no fooner ar- rived there, but Calvin, who was refolved to juftify himfelf at the expenfe of Servetus, caufed him to be taken up by the magiftrates. He had even a long conference with him, wherein, as Servetus j would allow no other judge but the fcripture, rejedting the au- thority of the Fathers and councils for the interpretation thereof, Calvin himfelf was in fome manner puzzelled, for thefe are his very arguments againft us : and moreover, when he wrote upon the tenth chapter of Sr. John, he faith, that the Fathers were miP- taken in their explanation of this paflage, land 7ny Father are one, which only fignifies, according to his fenfe, the perfect confent of the Will, and not the unity of Effence. {a) But at laft, as they found that this Arian (whatever he faid in his defence againft Calvin) ftill continued obftinate in his impious propofitions, which were reduced to the number of thirty eight, (l) after hav- ing communicated them to the ftates of Bern, Zurich, Bafle, and S'chaffoufen, and taken their advice in the matter, he was condemn- ed^ Calv, Epiil. 52. & feq. Hof. 1. |. 4e haeref. («) Lindan. dubit. Dial. 2. ib) Spond.ad an. 155?. ed ^^4 The Hipry of AviXM^iShA. BOOK XII. A- D, ed to be burned alive: Which was accordingly executed on the tiventy 1555. feventh of October in the year one thoufand five hundred fifty tliree. Tho' at the fame he moft earneftly prayed that they would fliew him mercy, (c) or at leaft that they would be contented to cut off his head. The proteflants found this proceeding of Calvin's fomewhat too fevere, becaufe it feemed to authorife that cruelty which they themfelves complained of, and which was exerciftd againft them in France and in England, v/here at the fame time thofe who preached up for their opinions, or mantained them obftinately, were equally burned alive. But he cleared himfelf openly by a writing which he publilhed upon this fubjed ^ and wherein, after having given a particular account to tlie publick of all that pafTed in that affair, with relation to Servetus, he fhews that it is in the power of magiftrates to punifh Hereticks with death: Which Philip Melanchton found to be fo plainly proved, (d) that he v/rote a letter to him in order to acquaint him, that he was not of the number of thofe who blamed him; that, on the contrary, he intirely approved fo reafonable an opinion. But the mifchiefs which Servetus occafioned by his deteftable books, were too great to be retrieved by his punilhment. For he had made a great number of difciples and followers of his dodtrine, who, before and after his death, promoted horrible con- fufions throughout many kingdoms, but particularly in Hungary, Poland, and Tranrilvania,as I ihall prefently inform you. Georgius Blandrata, a native of Piemont, and dodter of phyfick,as had been Servetus, having efcaped from the Inquifitions at Pavia, he retired to Geneva, where, after he had throughly enquired into the doctrine of Calvin, he th':ught that, according to the fame principle (of the fcriptures being interpreted without the authority of the church) he might proceed forwards, and adhere to the opinion of Servetus, whofe books he had ftudied with application. He therefore travelled through SuiiTerland, Germany and Poland, where he conferred with Gregory of Paul, and from thence palFed into Tranfilvania, with Paul Alciatus, aMilaneze, and alfo an Arian, who afterwards turned Mahometan. He thought he might perform great matters in a countrj^, where the young king John Sigifmond, Co Lind. ibid. Prateol. (d) Apud. Calv. in Epift. who BOOK XII. The Hiftory of A ^iK^ IS u, ^^^ who had been juft reftored by the grand feignior Soliman, fuf- A. D, fered both Lutherans and Calvinifts, whom the monk George 1553. during jiis adminiftration, never would tolerate. And accord- in^ly he found means to be introduced at court by favour of his profelfion, and at laft became phyfician to the king, and to Petro- vitz, his prime minifter, or, as I may more properly fay, his gover- nour, who was already a Lutheran in his heart. This nobleman was he that firft faffered himfelf to be feduced by the deluding argumc:^.ts of Blandrata, who infufed into him the poifonous principles of Arianinn. It was nor very difficult for him after this to rpread his opinion amongft the courtiers^ and even to in- fluence the mind of the j^oung Prince, who took delight in hear- ing his phyfician, when he afTumcd the character of a Divine, and talkedphilofophicallj^of the Trinity, which he treated as a chimera. King Sigifmond neverthelefs did not dare to declare himfelf ^555- openly, becaufe his mother, queen Ifabell, who was a pious and Catholick Princefs, was yet living ^ as alfo becaufe Soliman his protedor had wrote a letter to the queen, whereby he defired that fhe would not fuffer anjr new fedts to come into the kingdom, fear- ing they ihould difturb the peace of it, by caufing a divifion in the minds of the people, upon fo nice a point of religion. And indeed, as the will of Soliman alone was a law, again!!: which the Princes his vaflals or tributaries, would not venture to tranfgrefs, the Lutheran and Calvinift preachers, as well as the new Arians or Antitrinitarians, who were beginning to form a con- iiderable party in Traniilvania, were all banilhed out of the country. But the queen dying foon after, and Selim, (^who was no wife fol- licitous concerning the affairs of religion) having fucceeded hi,s father Soliman, who died of a fit of the Apoplexy at the fiege of Zigeta, the Lutherans and Calivinifls, with the Arians, returned back into Tranfilvania, and being protefted by Petrovitz, they afTumed greater liberties than ever. About this time it was that Blandrata (after having deluded into his opinicn the minifter Francis David, who from a proteftant was become an Arian,) cor- rupted the greateftpart of the court by the miniftry of this im- pious man. The chief members of the council made an open profeilion of Arianifm, following the example of Petrovitz, who all this while was exercifing violent profecutions againft the Catholicks, ^^6 The Hiprj of Akiai; J su, B O O K XII. A. D. Catholicks, becaufe the king had declared himfelf a Proteftant 1566. immediately after the deceafe of the queen his mother. Laftly, as this wretched prince was intirely governed hy his phyiician, who had already poifbned him with his pernicious doftrine, he contrived it fo, that, forfaking the Lutherans and Calvi- nifts, as he had done the Catholicks, he declared himfelf openly for Arianifm, on occafion of a fermon preached hy Francis David^ wherein he publickly proclaimed that execrable herefy, in oppoli- tion to the adorable myiiery of the trinity. The Calvinifts and Lutherans, being thunderilruck at this progreh of the Arians, ufed their utmoft endeavours to oppofe it: But Bla!;drata took hold of this very opportunity, to render his party ftill more powerful. For he' perfuaded them to meet in a pubiick conference, which fhould be held in the prefence of the king, who was to be the judge of it, in order that he might plainly fee (as Blandrata gave out) which of the two parties had truth on their fide. The Proteflants could not with honour refufe this challenge, becaufe they themfelves were generally the mojR: for- ward in promoting thofe kindof difputes in the prefence of Princes and maigftrates. Therefore they found themfelves under the neceffity of agreeing to it-, (e) and the conference was publickly held at Varadin, in the prefence of the king, and of the whole court, between Blandrata and Francis David on the one part, and Peter Melvius and Peter Caroli, both Calvinifts, on the other part, being attended by a fmall number of Lutherans, who main- tained the fame caufe. At the firft opening of this conference, David, as it was the cuftom amongft the Proteftants, immediately protefted that he required no other judge of their difpute but the word of God in all its purity, without any mixture of thofe things which are added to it by the invention of men j and hereupon he propofed all the paflages which the primitive Arians had made ufe of in order to refute the divinity of Jesus Chsist, and thefe he ftrengthenedwith many other pafTages which he produced out of the old and new teftament : For no man had a finer man- ner of delivering the fcriptures, which, as we have been informed, he knew by heart, almoft from the beginning to the end. Here Oj Refcius de Convent haercto the BOOK XII. The Hiftory 0/ A r i a n i s m. the Calvinifts were neceffarily oMiged, in anfwer to thefe pafTages of Francis David, to have recourfe to the explanation which the fathers and councils had given of them, (, without which they could never have declared their true fenfe) whic-. was delivered to us by thofe oracles of the church, and every one would have interpreted thQ fcriptures according to his own fancy, fo that neither ihQ one fide nor the other could have fhewed any authority to perfuade each other into a belief. The cafe being thus, this minifter was refolv- ed to take advantage of their anfvvers, and confound them by their own arguments,and therefore addrefll-d them in the following man- " ner: How came it, Genriemen,faid he, that you difapprove the " Roman Catholicks, when, in order to maintain the interpretation " they give to thofg pafTages which you oppofe to them, they " produce the authority of the fathers, and the decifions of the ** councils, which are made by men who are liable to miftakes > " And now you yourfelves emplojr againft us thofe very weapons " which you fo much defpife, when the Romans make ufe of them *' againft you. I advife you to give up this human authority " which you vainly oppofe to paflages that are fo undeniably " plain i or, if you are refolved to adhere to that authority, in ** order to ufe means to corupt them ^ I would have you turn " Romans, fince their opinion, which you feem to rejedt as we do, f is only fuported by the authority of the Fathers and Councils. As this reply feemed very plaufible againfl people, who at all times ufed the fame arguments after an infulting manner againft the Catholicks ^ and as the r^ffas^s which were produced againft them appeared more reafonable than thofe which they make ufe of to oppofe us, it was received with great applaufe by the prince, and by the major part of the afTembly, who impli- citely followed his opinion: So that the Proteftants, who were ex- treamly puzzelled, not being able to objeft any thing, but what was immediately refuted againft them, were at laft under the neceflity of taking party with the Arians, or of diffembling, till fuch time as they could meet with a more favourable oppor- tunity. Therefore it was plainly feen on this occafion ^as it ever will undoubtedly be to the end of the world; that a Heretick, wha will not receive the authority of the church for the explanation pfthe true word of God*, never can be able to convince another. yoL. II. Y 7 . This [3*8 The Hifiory of Akiaj^isu. BOOK XII. A. D. This vidlory which the Arians gained over the Proteftants, was .1556. the caufe of their triumphing throughout all Tranfilvania. They immediately publifhed the proceedings of the conference, wherein they had acquired fuch great advantages over the Proteftants. (f) They v/rote two books againft the myftery of the Trinity, which they caufed to be printed and difperfed over all Tranlilvania» Poland, and Hungary. They found means to fend the moft quali- fied of their youth to the univerfities of Padoua and Venice, with directions to converfe with the Jews, in order to learn of that per- fidious nation, how to blafpheme againft the fon of God. (g) But of all things they made it their chief bufinefs to procure a tranfla- tion of the Bible which they fallified in three different langua- ges^firftin Greek, (having employed for this purpofe Jacobus Paleologus, a Calvinift who turned Arian) then in Hebrew, for which they fent into Poland for a certain man whofe name was Matthias, and had the reputation of being very learned in that tongue ^ he alio openly declared himfelf a profelfor of Arianifm: And laftly, in the vulgar tongue, by a tranflation which they made of it in the Hungarian language, in order that the Bible, falling into the hands of the people who are always highly delighted with any novelty, it might infenfibly inftil into them the poifpn of their herefy, by means of the very pafTages which, they had corrupted. And indeed it has been bbferved in all times, that the moft dangerous artifice of the Hereticks, was always to put the fcriptures of their own tranflating into the hands of the common people, in order that, after having taken from the text what they did not like, and added what was agreeable to them,, nnder the pretence of giving it a finer turn, according to the genius of the language, they might readily find therein where- withal to maintain their errors. And for this reafon it was abfolutely necellary, in order to convidl thefe new Arians, that the corruptions which they had introduced into their verfion fhould be difcovered. So when prince Stephen Battori, who fuc- eeeded John Sigifmond, called the Jtfuits into Tranfilvaria, in order to confute this herefy ^ thefe Fathers applied themfelves chiefly to the tranflation of a new verfion, which undeceived the (k) Spond. ad ann. 1566. n. ^c. Item. Flor. de Rem. I. 2. c. 15, world BOOK XII. The Hlprji of Akia^ ISM ^9 world, by difcovering all the fallities that were contained in the A. D, tranflations of thofc Hereticks. 1566, But whilfl Blandrata was thus by his own means promoting fuch confufions in Tranfylvania, he was alfo caufing great dil- orders in Poland by the iTeans of his emiffaries, whom he fent thither under the diredtions of Valentinus Gentilis, the moft inti- mate of lis correfpondcnts. This man, who vvasborn in Calabria, had embraced the doctrine of Servetus, which he explained in dif- ferent terms, faj^ing, that no other, but the Father only, had the ElTence of the true God, and that he wasthe EJ[e7tt2ator, and that the Son was c'Jfevtiatedj having received of the Father an EfTence differ- ent from his : (h) lo that he denied, as it is the maxim with all the Arians, that there were three perfons of the fame ElTence ; and inventing horrible blafphemies againft the Trinity, in imitation of lis predecefTor Servetus, he called it the new idol, the tower cf Babel, the fophifticated deitjr ^ and the three phantaftical perfons in one dnly God, who was a fourth God unknown, as this im- pious man exprefled himfelf, who acknowledged three perfons as three eternal fpirits ; but he would have it that the two others were inferior to the firft who had given them two divinities dif- ferent from his own, and from hence it comes that this man was the head of the Tritheifts who overran Poland. For having made his efcape from Geneva, ('where he was upon his parole) after that Calvin, who had caufed him to be arretted, had obliged him to a recantation, he came over into Poland, where Elaadrata had in- vited him, and whither the new Arians repaired from all parts, as foon as Sigifmond Auguftus, through too much lenity and idul- gence, had admitted the Lutherans and Calvinifts into Poland, from whence king Sigifmond had always baniflied them. Lelilo Socini of Sien, and Matthew Gribaldus, a lawyer of Tubinges, came thither alfo to meet Gentilis; Peter Stator, Lucas Sternbergius, Lifma- ninus, Gomefius, and Volanus, and amongft a thoufand more of the like ftamp, the wretched Bernardin Okin, repaired likewife to Poland, in order to declare themfelves open enemies to (b) Bened. Aretius in Hid. Valent. Lindan. Dial. 2, Pnteol. Canif. Proem, dc nov, Corrup. Yy 2 the ^40 The Hifioryof X%\k^\%u. BOOK XlL A.V. the divinity of Jesus Christ, which they could not attempt 1561. to do elfewhere. (/) The reputation of the holy and moft famous order of Capucius, is too well eftablilhed throughout the world, to receive any preju- dice from the deplorable fall of that wretched apoftate Okin, who was not their founder, as fome authors have given it out fince Beza, (k) but was one of the firft and moft confiderable perfons of that blefTed reform, wherein he only entered about nine years after it was inftituted by Matthew Bafci, the founder of it. The applaufe, which the fcrmons of Okin, and the extraordinary au* fterity of his life, had acquired him throughout Italy, had fwelled him with pride, and being, as the Apoftle expreiTes it, vainly puffed up with his own thoughts, he loft both his faith and reafon. For John Valdes, a Spaniard, who was come from Germany, and was then at Naples, having informed him of this new do6trine of Luther, Okin attempted to fpread it throughout feveral towns in his fermons. And being fummoned to appear at Rome upon this account, he was perfwaded by Peter Vermilli Ccalled the martyr; his intimate friend, and who was alfo accufed of herefy, to take fuch meafures as would be the fafeft for them, which was to re- tire to Geneva, from whence thefe two apoftates, the one a Ca- puchin, and the other a regular canon of the order of ^t, Au- guftin, having, according to the rules of this new reformation, taken each of th^m a wife, tliey at laft went over into England, after having for a long time travelled throughout Switzerland and Germany. But aa i^ueen Mary would not fuffer them to live in England, Okin, forfaking his friend Martyr, went over into Poland, in order that he might be at liberty to profefs Arianifm, which daily increafed in that kingdom. Here he com- pofed his dialogues, which were full of abominable blafphemies againft Jesus Christ and the Holy Ghoft. (/) But having the impudence to preach up Poligamy, and to dedicate a book to king Sigifmond Auguftus, wherein he pretended to prove the lawfulnefs of it, he was forced to leave Poland, where the people were begin- ning to rife up pgainft him. And after having wandered fome time longer in Tranlilvania, he at laft retired miferably poor to a little it) Annal. Capuc. (it) Beza in Icon. (/) Refqius Flor. de Rem. 1. 9. c. <;. village BOOK XIL The Hijlory of XKik^isul ^41 village of Moravia, where he died of the Plague, abandoned by all ^ r) the world. Some writers neverthelefs have faid, (m) that God in 15^5* this extremity Ihewed him mercy, and that after having lived fo long a profefled apoftate, he died a true penitent, (n) But the know- 1 555, ledge hereof is referved to God alone who doth jullice, and fheweth mercy as he thinketh proper. Now the party of the Tritheifts became fo powerful in Poland that it grew much fuperior to that of the Proteftants, whether Lu- therans, or Calvinifts ^ feveral amongft the nobility, and even of the Palatines, profeffed that dodtrine openly, which fpread it felf throughout Lithuania, Rulfia, Podolia, and Volinia. It alfo power- fully increafed in Moravia and SilelTa, which lay near Poland* and as thofe who came thither to preach up their dodrine, fpoke of God after the manner that was moft agreeable to them, without following any other rule but their private notions, this deteftable herefy multiplied, and divided it felf into fo many different fedts that they were reckoned to be in number thirty two, which never- thelefs agreed together in denying the divinity of Jesus Chris Tj (0) and fome of them were even fo bold as to fay, that he was but a man, tho' more excellent than all other men, which foon after oc- cafioned the birth of Socinianifm. The Proteftants, and chiefly the Calvinifts, who were juft beginning to eftablifh themfelves in that kingdom, growing infblent under the toleration of Sigif- mond, could not bear to fee that the Tritheifts had fo much the upper hand of them : but they met almoft with the fame fate which befel thofe of Tranfilvania. For both parties having chal- lenged each other to a diipute, during the diet of Petricovia, thofe amongft the Palatines who favoured them equally, prevailed with the king, that the chief doctors of both parties fliould hold a confe- rence in an open and general aftembly of the whole nation. (/?) The great cardinal Hofius, biftiop of Varmia, ufed his utmoft endea- vours to diiTuade the king from fo ftrange a refolution, in order to hinder the divinity of Jesus Christ from being brought in queftion in fo folemn an aftembly. But finding that the affair was agreed on, and that he endeavoured in vain to oppofe fo fcanda- (/») Grati. vit. Card. Commend. («) Annal. Capuc. (0) Refcias de Seft. Evang. Staphil. Prateol, (;>) Refc* de convent. Haeret.Flor. de Rem. 1. 4. cap. 12. lous j4^ The Hiflory 0/ A r i a n i s m» BOOK XII. A. D, lous a proceeding, he cliofe rather to retire from the diet, than to 1566. be obliged to hear blafphemies uttered out agamfl Jesus Christ. This conference was : hcrefore held between the Calvinifts and Tri^ theifts and acLordingiy there were prelidcnts chofen on both fides who were appointed to prefide alternatively at the difputa- tions. The High-Marfhal, who was a Calvinift, and prefided on the firft day, made a fhort fpeech, whereby he exhorted the dodtors to live in peace, and to find out fome means of agreeing together upon thofe articles which were then to be debated ; and at the con- clufion of his difcourfe, he faid, " Therefore, Gentlemen, let us " begin in the name of God, and of theblefredTrinit}^" Hereupon one of the Tritheifts replied in a haughty manner •, " To what *' you have faid, Sir, we fhall not anfwer, Amen •, for, in the firft " place, I declare to you, that we do not acknowledge any Trinity " whom, we can invoke, and that we exped no afliftance from " yours, but from the Father alone, whom we worfhip only as " true God. " Well, replied the Marfhal, " Let us begin the con- " ference upon that article, fince it has now introduced it felf. *' Then Gregory of Paul, and Gentilis, propofed all the pafTages of the former Arians ^ and as Andrew Radonien, and the minifter Silvius^ who were of the partj of the Calvinifts, appealed (as we do) to the ancient Fathers and the Nicene council, in order to produce the true explanation of them •, but the Arians made a jeft of them, and refuted them by the very fame arguments which the Proteftants daily ufe againft us upon the other articles. For the Arians openly declared to them (as the Proteftants conftantly do to us) *' That *' they required nothing but the word of God in its purity, *' which made it felf manifeft enough by its own light ^ that they " would not admit of any thing but what was contained therein : *' and that it never exprefTed in precife terms, that either the Son " was confubftantial to the Father, or that there were three di- ** liinft perfons in one and the fame EfTence : That the Fathers " -were miftaken : That the Nicene council was but an aflembly *' of men, and even fuch men as were either bribed or compelled *' by Conftantine, and that one council being as good as another '* they chofe rather to follow the decifions of the councils of Sir- ** mium and Rimini, who, by the authority of the Emperor Con- J? llantius, had received the doctrine of Arius, " In Ihort, what- ever BOOKXir. Th Hiftorjof Akia^isu. ^^^ ever the Protellants argue daily againft us, was then made ufe of A.D, by the Arians againft them, and their objeaions were diredly the 1566 fame with thofe which the Proteftants make to us in our contro- verfies with them. This appeared chiefly by the beginning of the gofpel of St. John, which the Arians explained in a figurative fenfc, as tliey underftood it, as alfo by fome other pafTages, which, as they pretended, were agreeable to their Explanation, but would never receive the interpretation of the Fathers ^ and thus they continued feveral days difputing to no purpofe, upon that only pafrage,,becaufe they had no certain rule to diredl them, till at lafl the Proteftants one day, after having difputed a long while, (q) began openly to fing the Hymn of the glorification, " Glory '* be unto God the Father, and to his only Son, together with the *■' Holy Ghoft the comforter for evermore. " And hereupon the Arian minifters and noblemen rofe up in a palHon, and broke up the alfembly, protefting folemnly that they could not bear to fee fo great an injury offered to Go d. Thus ended this great conference without producing zny other fruits, unlefs it be, that it caufed a divifion between the Lutheran and Calvinift Proteftants, who upbraided each other for having given room by their doctrine to this abominable herefy. The Calvinifts faid, that Blandrata himfelf had owned, in a difpute which he had with the Lutherans at Alba Julia, (r) that Luther was the firft who had opened his eyes to the knowledge of the faith. And indeed we find in his writings, that he could not admit of the word confuhfranti^h without great relu6tancy, and that alfo the word Trinity was no wife agreeable to him •, which undoubtedly gave occafion to Herferus, Campanus, Suensfeldius and Illyricus, the head of the centuriators, all of them profefTed Lutherans, to ftrike, as the}'- did, at the myftery of the moft blcfTed trinity. But the Lutherans complained ftill more of the Calvi' nifts, and they openly called them Arians, (s) nay, even Sabellians. For they faid that Calvin began to attack that great my fiery of the Trinit}'', when he was fo bold as to fay, " that the holy Fathers f had not well proved the confubftantiality of the Word, by thefe {q) Deo Patri fit Gloria, &c. (r) WeifTemburg. Lut. contra Latomimi. Lindan. Dial. 2. Prateol. inXrinitar, (f) Stancar, cent. Gent. Selufembur 1, 2. art. 9. words The Hiflory p/ A R i a n i s m. BOOK XII. An "* words of Jesus Christ, a) in Sl. John, chap. to. land my li' Father are one^ that this expreirion of the Kicene creed, GoD *^ ' of God-, feemcd harlh to him^ that the words which followed « were out a fimple and childilh repetition •, that the word.s per- fon and fubftance, ought to be abolilhed, (n) and alfo when he faid, *' that he had neither approved nor difapproved the creed of St. «« Athanalius till fuch time as he had tryed it by the fcriptures, " dud that neverthelefs he could not refolve to approve of this « prayer, BlefTed trinity one only God, have mercy on us. Arid here they faid again, that the moft inveterate Arians, as Blan- «' drata, Paulns, Alciatus, David, Gentilis, Gribaldus, and a thou- *' fand others, had been Calvinifts, and that they confefTed they *' had fou lid in the dodrine of their mafter the very principles «« which they then maintained, either by confounding the perfons " in God, as Sabellius ^ or by feparating them, by the difference ci of elfence and nature, as had been done by Arius and Mace- «' donius. ' To thefe examples they might alfo have added that of the. famous Andrew Dutitius, bilhop of the live churches in Hungary,,* (x) and one of the moft learned men of his days. For falling paf^ iionately in love with a beautiful Polifh lady at the court of king Sieifmond Auguftus, where he was fent AmbafTador from the; Emperor Maximilian, he foon after ufed his utmoft endeavours at the council of Trent to perfuade the Fathers, that it would be very expedient to exempt the cloifters from celibacj, or at leaft that bifhops might be allowed to marry. But finding that fo brutilh ^ propofal was immediately rejefted with horror, he was fo pre- poflefTed with his foolifh paflion, that, in order to marry that ladjr,' he turned Calvinift: and feeing afterwards, (as he wrote it to his intimate friend Beza) that if there be not a certain authority which binds the minds of men in one only opinion, a man may attempt any thing, he at laft declared himfelf openly a Deift, faying, that it was fufficient to believe that there was a God, and to obferve the law of nature as an honeft man. In this manner (f) Calvin. in c. i©. Joan. & in fcrip. cent. Valent. Gent. Canif. de Corrupt. In{lit> !iJ> I. cap. 13. c«)Vide Canif. Pr»f. de Corrupt. Llndan. Prateol, Rem* I, 2. cap. 1 5. * {X) Ifthuanf. de R«b. Hung. 1. 25. Flor. lib, 4. cap, 12. the BOOK XIT. The J^ifiorj Vaivode and George Bafta having ^^^^' defeated him in feveral engagements, he found himfelf at laft ob- liged to folicit the Protedtion of the Emperor, to whom he yielded up Tiranfilvania a fecond time, and retired to the ter- ritories, which were appointed for him in Bohemia, where he died r of an apoplexy, about eleven years after. The Vaivode, in the meanwhile, having endeavoured to afTume an arbitrary command in Tranfilvania, was killed by Gorge Bafta, who took upon him the government; and Mofes being backed by a powerful body of Turks and Tartars, entered the country, whereof he immediately took pofTeffion of the beft part, then marched with his forces to Clausburg, which was furrendred up to him by theArian magiftrates, upon condition that he would giv,e up the Jefuits to them, in order that they might treat them as they thought fit. Mofes, who was alfo an Arian, readily granted them whatever they required upon that head. So that after this treaty was figned, being entered the city on the ninth of June, the Arians of Clausburg, (d) joined (d) Lit. ?.nn. Societ. I. ann- 1606. Alegnmbs. Morts. illuft. BOOK XIL The Hiflory ^/ A r r a k i s m. by thofe of Mbfes, went in arms diredly to the college and church of thofe Fathers, where they adted all the barbarities and im- pieties that could be thought on, both againft Jesus Christ, and the defenders of his Divinity. For having entered the church in a moft furious manner, they firft attacked the image of the blelTed virgin, which they profaned in a thoufand abominable manners, pronouncing an infinite number of blafphemies againft her, till at laft they cut it into pieces with their hatchets and cimters : and after having executed their rage in the like manner on the ftatues of the faints, which they pulled down to the ground, they at laft fcid their facrilegious hands on the SavBa SavBorifW; and having taken the holy cup out of the tabernacle, where was depo/ited the facrament, they moft impiouHy trampled on the ground with their feet. Hereupon brother Emmanuel Nery, a young religious man of Piemont, vv^ho held the office of Sacriftan, or veftry-kceper of the church, feeing with horror all thefe abominable Sacrileges, and the Outrages which thefe impious men offered to Jesus Christ, ran without any other arms but his zeal, in the midft of this furious troop, and endeavoured to appeafe their rage, by re- prefenting to them the greatnefs and enormity of the crime which they were committing. But his extraordinary zeal was in- ftantly rewarded with the Crown of glorious martyrdom, which he fuiTered in fome manner with Jesus Christ himfelf, whom the Arians treated fo unwofthiljr in his fnoft blefTed Humanity, whi 1ft they were at the fame time endeavouring to rob him of his Divi- nity by the blafphemies of their herefy. For thefe Barbarians, having immediately turned their arms and fury againft this zeal- ous Prieft, after having loaded him with an infinite number of outrages, calling him an Idolater and Papift, to fhew the hatred which they bore to the religion he profeffed, they ftruck him to the ground with a blow of an hatchet, and then fhot him through the body with a musket, fo left him dead on the bod}^ of his di- vine Mafter, which, in the Sacrament, they had before trampled under their feet. It may be faid, that this Martyr was happ}^ tp have fhed his blood for fo glorious a caufc, by defending the Di- vinity and moft bleffed Humanity of Jesus Christ, againft his implacable Enemies, the Arians. For he, in fome manner, died like Mofesin the arms of Jesus Christ, who received him on his ^ ^o The Hlfinry. :fjk r i a«^.i s m.; BOOK XIL A. D, his Bod}'-, when he ftsll c w the Sacrament by the blow he had receiv- 1^03. ed, wUic.i uiade his . yrdom the more o^mpleat. After thefe furiou <;: v,:i had thus iatisfied their rage in one re- fpea, they ran up an.i Jowii the houih of thefe Fathers, and with fticks and Iwords fell i n.itveral of them 5 amongd others, they beat brother GeoigeEuithplick/GinimercifuUy, that they broke two of his ribs J aud wiui-a iw%o. Abounded father Peter Majorius^ then pulled ,the Hck qui of theii: beds, and left them lying on the ground, and expelled the reft,- after having loaded them with blows aad (.pprobrioiis language: Yet, not content with all this, they plundered and pulled down the Church and College from the top to the foundations, glorifying themfelves in fo barbarous a mannei for having revenged the Glory of God, by exterminating thofe from their City who made it a place of idolatrjr. But this horrible impiety did not remain long unpunifhed. George Bafta having defeated Mofes in two engagements, and the latter, with moll of the noblemen of Tranfilvania, having loft their lives in the fecond battle; this .General, after his viftory, laid fiege to Clausburg, and took it, .in the month of Septemper. He then caufed the author of the treaty with Moles to be put to death, and having reftored the Jefuits, he obliged the. City to give them ano- ther houfe, and a Church.in the room of that which the Arians had demolilhed. /But as it caime to.pafs foon. after, that Tranfilvania fell under the dominion of the Calvinift Princes, who were pro- te6ted by the Turks, if the Jefuits, who had been more than once banilhed, and reftored agani, were fulFerers by it, the Arians reap- ed no advantage from this change y for though they are ftill tole- rated in that country, neverthelefs the Catholicks and Proteftants, both Calvinifts and Lutherans, were reftored to their liberty by virtue of the edids, particularly, when they found that all the different feds of Arianifm had, by degrees, confounded themfelves with the moft deleftable fedt of them alJ, which took its name from Fauftus Socinus. This man, who was nephew to Lelius Socinus of the city of Siena, the infeparable companion of Valentinus Gentilis, being profecuted in Italy for the crimes of Apoftafy and Herefy, :an a- way, as had done the other Apoftates, and pafTed through Geneva and Germany, from whence he refolved to pafs int& Polan??, in order BOOK Xir. The Hifiory cf^K r i a n r s m. j y, order to compleat the work which his Uncle had begun, For af- A, Z). ter having acquired a perfeft knowledge of the doftrine of the Tri- 1603. nitarians, and of thefe new Arians, which, at this time, puzzeled them very much, and created fo many different opinions amongft them, he thought, that, in order to reunite them, he might at- tempt fomething beyond what had been till then- and therefore fetting alide all reftridtions, he made ufe of the liberty which was then allowed them to explain the fcriptures, ev^y one according to his own private meaning, and, in fhort, was fo bold as to fay very freelj^ what was much eafier to be comprehended, viz. That Jesus Christ was but man, and that he only began to take his Being from the time that he was born of the virgin Mary ; that therefore one only God fhould be worlhipped without diftindtion of Perfons, according to the opinion of the Deifts*, and that there would be no difficulty to explain what was the Word, how it pro- ceeded from God from all eternity, and after what manner it be- came Man, which very much perplexed the Arians. Yet I can- not fay that this wicked man was the author of that herefy, for he had a great many predeceflbrs amongft the ancient hereticks, and even amongft the new Arians, who had taught the fame do- drine. (J) Ebion and Cerinthus, in the time of the Apoftles, were the firft who dared to utter this blafphemy-, and it was on their account that St. Johh v/rote his Gofpel, (/) who was the laft of the Evangelifts, in order to confutie them, which he did in a moft heavenly manner, by eftablifhing fo plainly the Divinity of the Word, wJiich became Man for the love of us. Symmachus the Samaritan, {g) who wrote a yerfion of the Scripture about the year 196, maintained the fame error, which he endeavoured to prove by the gofpel of St. Matthew, whereupon he made Com- ments for that purpofe ^ for neither he nor his fucceflbrs could ever approve the gofpel of St, John. (Jy) This was alfo one of the here- ^^^^ fies of Sabellius, who confounded the three perfons in God, and who ofterwards denied that Jesus Christ was the Son of Goi). (i) Paul of Samofatus, biftiop of Antioch, was condemned in the year 274. by the council of that very City,' becaufe he faid that (e) lorn, lib. 3. adv. hxref. (f) Hieron. de Script. Eccl. (^)Ep^ph Kb. de menf. & ponder. Niceph.l. 5. c. 12. {h) Hilar. 1, i, de Trin. (i) Au- gull, in Catal, Hasret. the f^r fhe Hipry of A r i A N i s m. BOOK Xlt •^> D, the divine Perfon oF Jesus ^Christ began only to take his Be- }6oi. ing from the time that he was conceived in the blefTed womb of the holy virgin. Photinus alfo bilhop of Sirmium, who maintain- ed the fame impiety, was convidted hj Bafil of Ancyrus at the conncil of Sirmmm, (jk) and condemned, as it may be feen in that hirtory, by tae very Arians themfelves, who confefled that the Word, tho' a creature according to their doctrine, was neverthelefs from, all eternity, and that it became: man, by uniting itfelf with human narure in the blefTed womb of a virgin. Amongft the great number of Tritheifts, who were the revivers of Arianifm in thefe latter times, many of theni before Socinus had already fallen into an opinion of this deteftable impiety. Lucas Sternbergius made a publick profeiFion of it, Okin introduced it flily in his writings, (I) Duditius was ufed to fay, that people were at liberty to believe what they thought fit, concerning that article: and Simon Bud- jieus, who publiihed this dodtrine throughout Lithuania, com- pofed a bible on purpofe, after his own manner, in order that the world might find therein the hundred and twenty paiTages, where- by he pretended to maintain that blafphemy. Therefore this Fauftus Socinus is neither the author, nor the reviver of what we call Socinianifm ; but that name was given to it becaufe Socinus treated this impious fubjedl after a more nice and x^laufible manner, than the others ^ which afterwards procured him a greater number of followers, chiefly amongft the nobility of Poland, where a great many of his difciples, became his protedtors. For indeed he faid nothing but what migbt be eafily underftood, without being obliged to make a (acrifice of a man's reafon, in order to fubmit it to the belief of what is fo infinitely beyond his comprehsnfion. His doctrine was, that Go d is but one only per- fon, and that the Word and Holy Ghoft, were notliing more than the wifdom and omnipotency by which he adteth all things accord- ing to his will : That God hath no Son by nature, but only hj adoption •, and that he who beareth that title by excellency, is Je5us Christ, who is a man exraordinary, whom he framed in the womb of a virgin by his almighty power, and by that divine (i; Vincent. Uvin. centra Prof, hxrct. aovit. (/) Prateol, in Dial. Rcfc. Fl. ef/?. 198 He was banifhed to a defert place in Phrygia. 215 Julian the Emperor recalled him from his exile. B. 5. 15:9 Aelia Flaccilla, the wife of Theodofius, an excellent Princefs^ and zealous oppofer of Arianifm. B. 6. 277 Alexander, bilhop of Alexandria, alarmed at the dodlrineof Arius, he fummoned a fynod of a hundred bilhops, and folemnly con- demned his Tenet?. 1 1 B b b Ambrose INDEX. Ambrose fSt.) eleded bifhop of Milan, in a very extraordinary manner. B. 6. 2? 5 At the requeft of the Emperor Gratian, he writes his treatiie de Fide. B, 6. 245 He oourageoufly oppofes the Emprefs Juftina's attempts, in fa- \^our of Arianifm. B. 6. 281 Anomoeans, the difciples of Aetius, fo called from the term d/oixoio? wilike. 1 9 9 Anthony (St J the famous Egyptian Hermit, he founded feveral monafteries in the folitudes of Egypt, and reduced the Monks to regular focieties. B. 6. 226 Arianism, an Herefy, firffc broached by Arius; it confifted princi- pally in denying the D2V77i7ty of the S071 of God, with feveral other blafphemous alTertions. 8 It made a great i:)rogrefs in Egypt. 9 Was condemned by a Council at Alexandria. 1 1 Caufed prodigious diforders all over the Eaft. 21, \5fc. At length was folemnly condemned at the Council of Nice, af- fembled by Conftantine the Great. 25, &c. It revived under the reign of Conftantius. 112 And, upon the death of Conftans, appeared boldly in the Weft. 167 Under the reign of Jovian, it was difcountenanced. 180 Under that of Theodolius, almoft totally extinguifhed. B. 6, Sub. fn. It every where caufed infinite dilordeis and ranfufions. Fajjim, Arius a prieft of Alexandria, author of the Arian Herefy. i He engaged in the fchifm of Melitius. 2 His firft open attack upon the Cathalick faith was, when Alex- ander Patriarch of Alexandria, was difcourfuig to his clergy upon the fublime myfteries of Chriftianity, and aflerted the T^rhiity. _ ^ His doctrine was condemned hj the Council of Alexandria. 11 Is protefted by Eufebiii^, bifhop of Nicomedia. 14 Flies into Paleftine, where he gains over feveral bifhops. 15 Introduced to the Emprefs Conftantia, who efpoufes his caufe. ibid. Banilhed by order of Conftantine, and his books burnt, particu- larly his Thalia, 46 Hf INDEX. He pretends to recant his Errors, and begs pardon of theKicene Fathers ^ upon which he is reftored to his minifterial Function, upon condition never to return to Alexandria, 47 Upon the infinuations of Eufebius, Conftantine is prevailed upon to order his reftoration to the church of Alexandria ^ which Athanafius boldly refufes to comply with. 61 In vindication of himfelf, he prefents his confcflion of faith to Conllantine.^ courh'd in ambiguous expreiiions. • 86 Upon which, in obedience to the Emperor's letters, he is declared Innocent, by a Council at Jerufalem. 88 He returns in a fort of triumph to Alexandria, and caufes greater confufions than before ; upon which he is recalled to Con- ftantinople. 96 He artfully blinds the Emperor, and is received into favour. 98 He is refufed Communion by Alexander, bifliop of Conftanti- nople. 99 His part}^ refolving to introduce him by force into the church, as they were conducing him in triumph, he was feized with a fudden horror, and withdrawing to eafe nature, he was found dead, his Entrails and whole mafs of blood having gullied out. 1 01 Athanasius, the celebrated champion of the Catholick faith, he firft diftinguiflied himfelf, hy oppofing Arius at the Council of Nice. 35 Eleded Patriarch of Alexandria. 5 $ Accufed by the Allans ot caufing the difturbances of Alexan- dria. 57 He boldly refufes to re-admit Arius into the church, tho' at the Emperor's exprefs command. ^ 6 r Accufed by the Arians of exactions. ibid, I Offacrilege. 62 Of all which he clears himfelf to the Emperor. ibid Accufed by the Axians of the murther of Arfenius. 6 $ A commillion being granted by the Emperor to Dalmatius to take cognizance of that affair, he appears, and is honourably acquitted ; Arfenius being difcovered to have hid himfelf in a monaftery. ^'^^'^ B bb 2 ;He INDEX* He appears before the pretended Council of Tyre, a/Tembled hy the Arians. 71 Fallly condemn'd hy the Council. 78 He efcapes by fea to a neighbouring town. zhid. Applies for redrefs to Conftantine. 89 Acciis'd bj the Arians of a defign to flop the vefTels, that tran- fported corn out of Egypt to Conftantinople. 91 Eanifn'd by Conftantine to Treves in Gaul. 94 Reftor'd to his fee by Conftantine the younger. i r 3 Conftantius, the Emperor, prejudic*d againft him by Eufe- bius. 114 Cited to appear at the Council of Rome. 116 He comes to Rome; and during his ftay there is faid to have compos'd that creed, which goes under his name. 117 In the mean time, he is condemn'd, and depos'd by an Arian Council at AntiocJi. 125 Declar'd innocent by the Council of Rome. 130 Driven out of Alexandria by an armed force, fent hy Conftan- tius, and Gregory eftablifh^d in his room. 13 1 Efcapes, and flies to Rome. 134 Acquitted of all Accufations by the Council of Sardica. 140 Upon the death of Gregory, he is honourably reftor'd by Conftantius. 159 Again condemn'd by the Council of Aries. 169 Depos'd, and George t}i« Cappadocean put in his room. 184 Efcapes privately into the wildernefsj and in his folitude com- pofes feveral worlcs. 189 Upon the death of Conftantius, returns without oppofition to his fee. B, 5. 164 Summons a Council at Alexandria. ibU, Order'd by Julian to quit Alexandria. B. 5. 168 Julian having privately fent Ruffians to murther him, he efcapes, and lies concealed in Alexandria, till the Emperor's death. ibid. He had information of Julian's death the very day that if happened, by one Didymus a monk, to whom it was reveal'd in a dream. B. $. 174 At the requeft of Jovian, he draws up a rule of faith, and con- fers with the Emperor at Ant ioch. B, 5. 179 Upon INDEX. Upon Valens's £(1161 to remove the Catholicic bifhops from tlielr fees, heefcapes privateJy from Alexandria. B. 5. 195 Returns by the Emperor's permilfion j and ever after govern'd his church in peace. j^^ ^^ i^^ His death, 194 Athanaric, king of the Oftrogoths, being defeated by Friti- gernes, flies to Conftantinople, where he is fplendidly re- ceived by Theodofius, and foon after dies there. B. 6. 283 AuDCEUSjthe Hcerefiarch, amanofgreat aufterity,and ftridt virtue, began the Herefy of the Anthropomorphites. B. 5. 21$ AusoNius, the poet, made conful. B, 6. 257 AuxENTius,bifhop of Milan, a fecret Arian. B. 5. 187 Condemn'd by a Synod at Rome. B. j. 192 His death extinguifh'd the laft remains of Arianifm in the ■^^>ft. jB. 6. 2 55 B BASIL, (St.) bifhop of Ancyra, a very able man, and a femi- Arian. 200 Aflifts in drawing up the ninth Arian profelfion of faith, at the Council of Seleucia. 210 Elected bifliop of Csefarea. B. $. 203 His great courage. B. $• 2p4 Reftores the Emperor's fon fr^ 'koc^th, B, 5. 206 CONSTANTINE (the Great) the firfl Chriftian Emperor, aflcmbles the Council of Nice, where he appeared with the utmoftmagnificence,andaddrefs'd the council in a finefpeech. 90 Builds Conftantinople, and transfers the feat of the Empire thither. 63 Dedicates a temple, built at the holy fepulchre of Jerufalem, with great pomp. 80 Dies at Achizona,and orders, with his laft breath, the re-eftablifh- ment of Athanalius. 103 Pis INDEX. His pompous funeral. 1 05 Const AN TINE (the younger; fhares the Empire with Canftan- .tius and Conftans. 109 Reftores Atbanafius. 115 Qjaarrels v/ith Conftans about certain Provinces, and having at- tack'd him, is kill'd in a skirmiili. 123 CoNSTANTius fnares the Empire with Conftantine and Conftans. 109 Gives himfelf up entirely to the Arians. 21a Dedicates a magnificent church, call'd the Oolden Tewple. 125 Defeats the ufurper Magnentius. 16% His exceiiive vanity. 169 Treats the Catholicks outrageoufly at the Council of Milan. 176 Enters Rome in a ridiculous Triumph. 188 At the requeft of the Roman ladies, promifes to reftore their biihop Liberius. 189 Marches againft Julian, whohadafTum'dthe Imperial purple. 229 In his march, dies of a feaver, and declares Julian his fuc- cefTor. ibid* His character varioufly reprefented. 230 Cons TANS ftiares the Empire with Conftantine and Con- ftantius. 109 Being a favourer of the Catholicks, he fummons the Council of Sardica. 138 Magnentius having nfnrp'd the Empire, he flies with a few attendants^ but, being overtaken, ismuiLher'd hy the ufur- per's order. Ij4 CoNSTANTiA, the Emi:>refs (a bigotted Princefsj efpoufes the caufe of Arius. o. r/r , 15 Entirely influenc'd by a certain Arian prielt, Wiioirj,"upon her death-bed fhe recommends to Conftantine. 83 Council of Nice, fummon'd by Conftantine, the Great, to decide the controveriy between the Arians, and Catholicks. 25 At it were prefent the greateft bilhops, and feveral Pagan Philofophers, who publickly challeng'd the Chriftiansto difpu- tation : One of which was furprizingly converted by Spi- ridion, biftiop of Tremitunta. 28 Arius's dodtrine was examined; himfelf hear'd in his own de- fence, and the feveral anfwers of the Catholicks. 33 At INDEX. At length, Arianifm was folemnly condemn'd. 42 This Council fettled the celebration of Eaftcr to the fundaj fol- lowing the firfl moon, after the vernal equinox. 45 Its canons and decrees were confirm'd by Sjlvefter, bifhop of Rome. ' ^3 Council of Tyre, compos'd of Arians. -70 Condemns St. Athanafius. ^8 —- Of Antioch, compos'd of Arians. 125 Depofes St Athanafius. 125 Draws up a confelfion of faith, in which the term Covjiib. /rtj/ff^/ is fupprefs'd. 125 .^ OfSardica,reftores St. Athanafius, and confirms the Nicene faith. ^ ^ ,41 .. Of Philippopolis, where, the Arians who refus'd to join the Council of Sardica, alTembled, and form'd a Sj^nod^ in which they condemned the more blafphemous propofitions of Arius; but deny*d the cojifubjiaritialhy. 144 ». — Of Sirmium, compos'd of Arians, condemns the Photinian HereO% and depofes Photinus. 162 — - Of Aries, fummon'd by Conftantius to eftablifh the Ariaii Herefy. ,yo Condemns St. Athanafius. 2*/»;V, *— — Of Milan, where moH of the bifhops, either deluded, or terrified, fubfcribe to the condemnation of Athanafius, 17J Draws up a conf^^^-^" -^ f^i^n, containing aii the blaf^ phemles of Arius, j^^ ^— Second of Sirmium, where a few Arians, afTembled by their own private authority, draw up a confellion of faith. 192 • — Of Seleucia, xvhcic the Eaftern Bifhops met, at the fame time that the Weftern afTembled at Rimini. 212 Depofe the Acacian bifhops. 214 .;— - Of Conftantinople, where Acacius ofFer'd a new profeflion of faith: Which Conflantius obliged the council to ii^u. 214 — Of Rimini, where the Weflern bifhops afTembled, at the fame time that the Eaftern met at Seleucia. 2 r 7 The Arians and Catholicks feparate. :2iS The Catholicks confirm the Nicene faith, 216 The INDEX. The Catliolicks, wearied out by delays, and artfully per- fuaded by Valens, unanimoully rejecl the Term Confiih^ Jlavtial. 221 The Arians boaft of this vidory over the Catholicks. ihid. Council of Nice (in Thrace) where a few bilhops, afTembled by Conftantius, confirm the formulary of Sirmium. 220 • Of Alexandria, fummon'd by St. Athanafius, alTerts the divinity of the Holy Ghoft ^ reconciles the Latin and Greek church about the term Hypo/j/f. B. 5. 164 • Of LampfacuSjCompos'd of Arian and Macedonian bifhops. B, 5. 184 Denies the divinity of the Holy Ghoft, iHL Of Conftantinople. B, 5. 284 Confirms the Eledlion of St. Gregory, 5. 5. 287 Condemns the Macedonian Herefy. B. 6. Ihli. Confirms the Micene f^iith. B. 6, ibid. Great diffenfions in the Council. B. 6. 289 . Of Acquilea, fupprefles Arianifm in the Well. B. 6. 295 Of Rome, fummon*d to put a flop to the Schifm of An- tioch. . , B, 6. 2^7, EU S E B I U S, bifliop of Nicomedia, a famous Arian. 12 Protects Ariua. i^ AfTembles a little Council of bifhops m Bythinia, who declare in favour of Arjanifm. 21 Cunningly remonftrates to Conftantine in favour of Aria- nifm. 22 His artifices at the Council of Nice. ^ 42 Condemn'd and depriv'd by the Council. • - 45 Submits, in appearance, and 'is reftor'd. 4-7 An inveterate enemy of Athanafius, and continually plotting his ruin. 54, ^4, 67 Courts the Melitian faction, who openly revolted againft St. Athanafius. $<), Depriv'd and banilh'd by Conftantine. 62 Reftor'd at the interceflion of Conftantia, 82 Tranflated I N D E X. Tran Hated to Con flatinople. .r^ti-:::^ > -. u^ His death. i^i EusEBius; bifhop of Csfarea, furnam'dPamphilius: A great Orator and favourer of Arianifm. ly EusEBius^ bifhop of Vercells. A famous Catholick. He made ufe of a very remarkable ftratagem to extricate Dionjfius of Milan from the difficulty of having unwarily fubfcrib'd the con- demnation of Athanafius. ' lyj EusEBius, bifhop ofSamofata, banifh'd by Valens. 194 He travels in the difguife of a foldier, and ordains priefls and deacons in Syria, Phoenicia and Paleftine. .195 EusTATHius, patriarch of Antioch, his oration to Conflantine at the Council of Nice. 58 EuDOxius, a Patron of Aetius, ufurps the See of Antioch by furprize. t 98 Europe, a defcription of the Northern parts of it, in the time of the Roman empire. B. 5 209 E L I X, bifhop of Rome, an account of his martyrdom, with an unqueflionableproof of it. ' 207 C"^ A L LUS (C^ikt) his outrageous Behaviour at Antioch, for T which, by the Emperor's order, he is beheaded. 175 George, the Cappadocean, intruded -into the See of Alexandria, upon St. Athanaflus's being driven out, where he caufes great diforders; 184 Torn* in pieces by the people, burnt, and his afhes thrown , into the fea. B. 5. 161 Goths, the more Eaftern people of the Vandal nation, who inha- bited along the Baltick fea, A 5. 212 Settle in Dacia. 5. 5. 315 Divided into Oflrogoths and Vifigoths. B. ^ 214 Chriftianity planted amongfl: them about the time of Conflan- tine the Great. B. ^ Jhid. C c c Invade I N D E X. Invade the Roman empire. B. 6, ^41 Eeiiege Conftantinople. B. 6, 242 Defeat the Roman arm)r. b, 6. 251 Are every where defeated. . J5. 6. 255 Submit to the Romans. B. 6. 284 Embrace Arianifm. i5. 5;. 217 Gratian, marchee to the relief of Valens. j5. 5. 2^6 Conquers the Germans. B. 6. 247 Upon his acceffion to the empire, reftores the Catholick bi- Ihops. B. 6. 2$6 Grbgory, (St.) Nazianzenus, his excellent charadler J?. 6. 26^ Founds the church Anaftafia at Conftantinople. B. 6. 265 Perfecutejd by the Arians. B. 6. 266 Eleaedbifhop of Conftantinople. ibid. Voluntarily refigns his See. 5.5,295 Gregory, the Cappadocean ^ eftablifti'd patriarch in the room of St. Athanafius, who was driven out of his See. 131 Murther'd by the people of Alexandria. 1 4S H HILARY, bifhop of Po.iti.ers, a celebrated Catholick^ perfecuted by the Arians. 183 Banifh'd by Canftantius. 188 Reftores the Galilean church to its puritjr. jg, ^, 15 § Comes to Milan, where he pronounces Auxentius Cwho had deceiv'd the Emperor Valentinian with his equivocal expreC- iions) to be an hypocrite.- But is forced to quit Milan, and foon after dies. B. 6, 190 Hosius, bilhop of Corduba, an eminent confefTor of Jesus Christ. 25 Heprefides at the Councils of Nice and Sardica. 26 8c 138 The Arians extort from him, by tortures, a fubfciption to their confeffion of faith-, which the good old man recants upon his death-bed. 195 Huns, a Northern people, invade the Goths, B. 6 240 INDEX. JOVIAN, proclalm'd Emperor. -S. S 177 Aboliihes all Julian's ads againfi Chriftianity. £.* 5. 1 78 Requires a certain rule of faith of St. Athanafius. * ' ib'nl He is ftifled by a pan of charcoal. B. <. i^i Isaac, the folitarj, prophecies the death of Valens. B. 6. i^\ Julian, created C^far, and fent into Gaul to oppofe the in- roads of the Barbarians. , o j He openly profefs'd ghriftiai^jty, tho' he had renounced it in his heart, ^-f/^ ort? e;]..>rw^ , r,t , • IhU, Proclaim'd Emperor by thefbldiers at Paris. 227 , Conllantius, who march'd againft him, dying by the way left him in quiet pofTeirion of the empire. 229 He folemnly renounces Chriftianity, and endeavours the re- ftoration of Paganifm. B, 5. 157 The Arians met with the worft treatment from him. B. 5;. yjS His court throng'd with Philofophers, Rhetoricians, &c. B. 5. 159 Caufes the Chriftians to be malFacred in the Eaft. B. $. 161 Confults the Oracles, Soothfaj^ers, See. who all promife him fuc- cefs in his Perlian expedition. B. 5. 170 Routs the Perfians. jB. 5. 171 Entrufts his army to the Guidance of a fugitive Perfian who Jeads them into a defart, where the Perfians attack them B. 5. 172 lathe battle he is wounded in the breaft, and dies. B. $. 175 Julian Sabas, a folitary, leaves his retirement to alfift the ^'Catholicks againft the Arians. B. $. 207 -'■In his way thro' Cyprus confounds the Sophift Afterius. B. $. 208 JuS'TiNA, the Emprefs, her attempts in favour of Arianifm. B. 6. 280 L LIBERIUS, bilhop of Rome, driven by the Arians from his See. I7'? Applies in vain to the Emperor, and voluntarily goes into baniftiment. i^o C c c 2 The INDEX, The inconveniencies of hisbanifliment, and regret at the lofs of his See, fo wroug'it upon him, that the Arians, laying hold of his weaknefs, prevailed with him to fubfcribe the condem- nation of St. Athanafius. 195 He fubfcribed likewafe the Semi-Arian confefTion of faith. 204 Being reftored, the people of Rome refufed to communicate with him till he recanted, and returned to his former refolution of mind. 206 He was again driven out of Rome by the Arians, and forced to conceal himfelf in the Catacombs. 224 Lucifer, bifhop of Cagliari, an intrepid Catholick, being banifh- ed, he continued heroically to oppofe the Arians. 188 Author of a fed from him, called the Lvdfena?js. B. 5. 167 He dies in Sardinia. ibid^ Lucius, the Arian, forcibly thrufl: into the See of Alexandria^ where he commits the moft horrid outrages. B 6. 224 Perfecutes the Monks of Egypt, B. 6. 228 Driven from Alexandria. B» 6, 242 M 1\ yj E L I T I L^ S, bifhop of Sycopolis, caufes a fchifm in Egypt.. Cenfured by the Council of Nice. 4^ Marcellus, biftiopof Ancyra, perfecuted by the Arians. - 97 Maris, bilhop of Chalcedon, feverely reproves Julian for his Apo' ftaq^. B. 5. 160 Magnentius, general of the army in Gaul, uTurps the Empire, and murthers the Emperor Conflans. 153 Marches againft Conftantius, and is defeated. 162 Kills himfelf. ibid, Macedonian Herefy, it confifted in denying the Divinity of the Holy Ghoft J and caufed a great perfecution in the Eaft. 216 Mark, bifhop of Arethufa, fuffered with the moft heroick Con- ftancy, the perfecution of the Pagans, in the reign of Julian. B. S' 161 Melania, a Roman Lady, refcues the Monks from the fury of Lucius. " j5. 6. 230 Moses INDEX. Mos£s, the Saracen, ordaiu'U bifhop 5 but refufes ordination at the hands of Lucius. P, e, 233 N NE POTION, fon ofEutropia, ufurps the empire ^ but is defeated and kill'd bj Marcellinus. 156 NicoMEDiA (city of) deftroy'd by an earthquake 208 Nectarius, the Cynick, eleded patriarch of Conftantinople. B, 6. 293 PHOTINIAN Herefy, broacVd hy Photinus, tifhop of Sir- miunij the fame which was afterwards reviv'd by So- cinus, - 161 Condemn'd hy the Council of Sirmium. 162 pROCopius, a kinfman of Julian's, revolts againft Valens-, but is defeated and beheaded. B. 5. 186 Peter, fucceeds St. Athanafius in the See of Alexandria. ^. 6. 221 Driven out by Lucius the Arian. B. 6. 224 Returns to his See. B, 6, 242 S STEPHEN, bifhop of Antioch, his wicked contrivance againft Euphratas, bifhop of Cologne, 146 Depos'd by Conftantius. ibid, Sylv ANUS, revolts, and ufurps the empire. 182 Cut to pieces by Urficinus. ibid. Semi-Arians; the more moderate fort of Arians, who deny'd the Confubjiantiality, but rejeaed the more blafphemous propo- litions of Arius. 201 TE R E N T I U S •, his generous behaviour, and true Chriflian fpirit. B. 5. 197 Theodosius, affociated to the empire. B. 6, 258 Defeats INDEX. Defeats the Gothi, B. 6. 7.6z Isbaptiz'd. B. 6. 270 His Editts agaift Arlanlfm. B. 6. 272, ?oi Expels the Arians from Gonftantinople. B. 6. 274 U VE T R A 1^ I O, proclaimed Emperor in Illyricum. 15:$ Joins Conftantius's Army to oppfe Magnentius. 160 Submits to Conftantius, and his Ulurpation pardon'd. ibid, Valens, aiTociated to the empire. B. 5. 182 Baptiz'd by Eudoxius, the Arian, who oblig'd him by an oath to defend Arianifm, B, 5. 187 Raifes a general perfecution againll the Catholicks in the Eaft. B. $. 192 Endeavours to eftablifh Arianifm in Scy thia, but in vain. B, 5. 1 9^8 His cruelty to the deputies of Conftantinople. B. 5. -202 Rages againft the Catholicks in Syria. J5. 5. 206 Incens'd againft the Catholicks of EdeUa for alTembling in the fields, and refufing communion with their bilhop^ he orders the Prefed to fall upon them with the fword; but his inten- tion is diverted by the remarkable courage of a poor wo- man. B. 6, 219 Caufes a dreadful perfecution in Egypt. ,B. 6. 221 Makes Peace with Manuvia, queen of the Saracens. B. 6. 29,2 By his ill condud occafions the Goths to invade the Erri- pire. Attacks the Goths, and is defeated. His miferable death. Valentinian, proclaimed Emperor. Aflbciates his brother Valens. His great care of the church. Dies in Pannonia. His charader, Valentinian (the younger) proclaimed Emperor. Ulphilas, B. 6. '241 B. 6. 249 B. 6, 251 B. s. 182 ibid. B. 6, 235 B. 6. 235 B, 6. 237 B. 6. 2^9 INDEX. Ulphilas, bifhopof the Oftro-Qpths, propagates a riamfm amongft them. B, $. 216 ZOSIMUS, an Arianj intruded into the See of Naples B. 6. 225 As he was performing the divine offices, his tongue came out of his mouth, fo that hecou'd not draw it back again. B, 6. 225 INDEX. INDEX T O T H E Second Volume. ADALOALDUS, king of the Lombards, driven from his throne by his brother-in-law Ariovaldus. 2 1 3 Aetius, his treacherous contrivances againft Boniface. 107 Marches with the confederate forces of Romans, French, >:• il'V^'n?"^-' LE O, ('St.) bifhop of Rome, diverts Atila from his defigns againft that citj. ' 1461 Leo, Emperor of the Eaft, his fuccefTes againft the Vandals. 170 Leuvigildus, king of the Vifigoths in Spain, perfecutes the Catholicks. 281 Imprifons, and murthers his fon Ermenegildus. 284 Reduces the Suevi. 286 Dies a Catholick. ibid, Luther, author of the Lutheran fe(St. 330 Lu IT PR AND, king of the Lombards, befieges Rome. 329 Diverted bj th.Q interceflionof Pope Gregory thefecond. 329 Lombards, their original. 300 Invade Italy. 3^5 Conquer it. 304 M MA R C I A N, ("afterwards Emperor^ a remarkable Omen of his future greatnefs. 1 16 Martin, (St.) inftruds the Suevi in the Catholick faith. 278 Maximus, ufurps the Empire in England, 2 Marches into Italy againft Valentinian. 22 Defeated by the army of Theodofius. 27 Surpriz'd in Aquilea, and beheaded. 28 Maximus, a Roman fenator, proclaimed Emperor, and marries Eudoxia, Valentinian's widow. 148 Torn in pieces, and his body flung into the Tiber. 149 Majorianus, Emperor of the Eaft, his fuccelTes againft The- odoric. 163 Murther'd by the conlpiracy of Ricimerus. 164 His good Charadter. 16$ Mascezilus, defeats Gildonus in Africk. 49 Drown'd by the contrivance of Stilico. 50 N ARSES, INDEX. N NA R S E S, the Emperor Juftinian's General, routs the army ofTotila. 27; Recovers Rome. 274 Extirpates the Goths ftom Ital}^ 276 Made Governor of Italy. 299 Invites the Lombards into Italy. ^oq His death. ^c:; Nestorius, patriarch of Conllantinople, author of the Neftorian herefy. i , j His violent Proceedings againft the Arians. 1 1 ^ O OD O A C E R, the firft Gothick king of Italy. 177 Perfecutes the Catholicks. 17^ Murther'd by Theodoric. jc^-j K RECAREDUS, King of the Goths in Spain, profeiTes himfelf a Catholick. i g 8 Summons the famous Council of Toledo. 290 His death and glorious character. 256 Kemismond, King of the Suevi, embraces A rianifm. 165 Rhadagaisus, King of the Oftrogoths, invades Italy. 6Q Seiz'd with an unaccountable Panick, he retires to the Apen nine Mountains, and is block'd up by the Remans, who rout him^ and take all his army captive. 69 RiciMERUs, the Arian Goth, confpires againfi: Majorianiis, tha Emperor, and caufes him to be murther'd. 164 His tyrannical proceedings. 165 Rome, its defcription and ftate when Alaric bcfieg*d it. ^ 77 RuFFiNUs, Governor of the Emperor Arcadius, (in his minority^ his vile character. 46 E e e Secretly INDEX. Secretly invites the Barbarians into the Empire. 47 Pierc'd thro* with darts hy the foldiers. 48 SEBASTIAN (Count) revolts from the Romans, and goes over to Giferic. 126 Gloriouilj cow/^^^5 Jesus Christ. 128 Put to death by Giferic. ibid, SiGisMOND, King of the Burgundians, defeated and kill'd by Clo- domir, King of Orleans, 226 SociNUs, (Fauftus) his herefy. It confifted in alTerting Jesus Christ to be a meer man. 3$i Spain conquer'd by the Vandals. 80 Stilico, the Roman General, his character. 46 Drives the Barbarians out of Greece. 47 Routs Alaric, the Goth. 66 His treacherous Defigns againft the Empire. ibid. His treafons being difcover'd, he is beheaded. 74 SuEvi renounce Arianifm. 27^ Sylverius, (Pope) unjuftly depos'd by Belifarius. 257 THEODOSIUS, the Great, his i:)reparations againft the ufurper Maximus. 25 Engages the ufurper Eugenius with an inferior force, and miraculoufly defeats him. 3^ Deftroys the laft Remains of Idolatry in Rome. 30 His great adions, and death. 41 His fine charafter. 42 Theodosius, the younger, revives the Edifls againft the Arians. 114 Theodoric, King of the Goths, defeats Odoacer, King of Italy, and treacheroufly kills him. 196 Succeeds Odoacer in the kingdom. 1 99 Tot I LA, King of the Goths, defeats the Romans near Faenza. 262 Receiv'd into Rome. 26 , Abandons INDEX. Abandons the city, which the Romans re-pofTefs. His exceeding cruelty. Recovers Rome, and repairs it. His army routed by Narfes. Kill'd in his flight. To I AS, King of the Goths, fucceeds Totila. His bravery and death. 267 270 27? 274 274 27? VA L L I A, King of the Goths, eftabliflies the Gothic Empire in Gaul. jqj Vandals, in Spain, revolt againft the Romans. loj Valentinian, fEmj^eror of the Weft) publiihes an Edid in favour of the Arians. Murther'd by the confpiracy of Arbogaftus. His charadter. Y A LENTiNiAN, (the fecond) caufes Aetius to be murther'd. Kill'd by Aetius's foldiers. Valentinus Gentilis, head of the feet of the Tmkf/?^. Executed by the people of Bent. ViTiGEs, King of the Goths, befieges Rome. His army mafTacres the inhabitants of Ravenna, Befieg'd in Ravenna by Belifarius. Taken prifoner with his wife, &c. and carry'd to Conftanti- nople. 261 6 ibid. 147 148 3?9 345 259 260 FINIS, ^^^^m^K^^'^m^^m^^im^^m^^m^^^i THE HISTORY O F SOCINIANISM. Wherein are treated its Rise and Progress in the different Parts of Christendom, from Monfieur L'AMT. CHAP. I. T'he Rtfe (t/'Socinianism. H E original of the Socinians is more antient than is generally fuppofed, and may be faid to have had its rife in the very firft ages of the Church, a- mongft thofe grand Hereticks who appeared a- gainft the Trinity of the Divine perfons, the Confubftantiality of the Word, the Divinity of Christ, &c. againft whom the holy fathers took up arms, and whom the Church has condemned in her earlieft Councils. And, indeed, the moft penetrating Hiftorians of this fe6t pride themfelves in having fucceeded Theodotius of Byzantium, Artemon, Beryllus Bilhop of Boftra, Paul of Samofata, and Photinus Eifhop of Sirmium, B They i T'he Utftory d7/SociNiANiSM. They might have added (taking their rife higher, and continuing it down to the fourth Century) that they were the fucceflbrs of Cerin>" thus, of Carpocrates, Ebion, Elxai, Valentinus, who were befors Theodotus, of Praxeus, Noe'tius, Sabellius, Arius, and Prifcillian, "who followed their fteps. AH thefe Hereticks were heads of the Socinians, and trod in the fteps one of another, made ufe of their proofs, or gave them a new turn. CenmlTus. Cerinthus, who beffan to teach towards the end of the firft Cen- r.ius.L.2?.tiiry, and in the life-time of St. John the Evangelift, made a great <. I. Sr. I- difference betw.een T e.s u s.C h r is t, and ?i&£ C h r i s t : He infifted, L. i.c.25.that Jesus Christ was a man born, like other men, of Jofeph and Mary j but that he excelled the reft of mankind chiefly in juftice, prudence and wifdom^ that this Jesus having been baptized, tbe C H R I s T of the foveraign God, that is, according to St. Epiphanius, the Holy Ghost delcended upon him under the figure of a dbve, revealed to him the Fathers (who were till then unknown) and by his means revealed it to the reft, that it was by the virtues of Christ that J e s-u s had performed Miracles i that this Jesus hird fwlFered^ and rifen again: But that the Chrjxst had left him, and ■was afcended again in his plenitude without fuffering at all. Thus, Tlllemont like the Gnofticks, he overturned that fundamental truth of our fal- ^if.L^z vation, that the Word was made flefhj tho' he alledged, that ]esus p. 62. was born from Jofeph, yet he feemed to fay, that he was the Son of the C R E A T o R, and even that by his union with the Chris t, he was become the Son of thefupreme God. Some of the Sociniansv have talked in this manner, and particularly Francis David. Garpo- Carpocrates^ about the year 130, endeavoured to diftinguifh himfelf by fome extraordinary opinions.,, contrary to thofe of Saturnimts and Baplides^ who maintained, that Jesus C h r i s t was not truly man. Carpocrates gave into the oppofite extreme. He Hnfifted, that he was a meer man, fon of Jofeph, born as others are, differing from them in nothing but his virtues, which had drawn upon him from above, the power whereby his foul, being freed from his body, had obtaked the privilege of afcending to G od his Far- ther, and to have a place amongft the angels, and heavenly powers. There have been in Hungary Socinians who talked in this manner. Xtionites. ^},g Bhiojijtes (who, according to Origen and Eufebius, are fo named from the word Bhion (which fignifies a contemptible fellow) becaufe The Hiftory e Wk a ritiis^ hoc efiim nomen Belga erat. This man, whom fome take to ^"^*^'^^^^" be tlie fame as Adam Paftoris, one of the Anabaptifts Heads, who ratio made their appearance towards the lower Rhine, and whom others af- '^^^l'^^ firm to have been no other than a difciple of Paftoris, had good partsa p. zi6. improved^* *^'^ 14 l^he Hijlory of S o c i N i a N i s M. improved by the ftudy of Philofophy, and of the holy Scripture. He happened to be at Cracow, in the year 1546, and was invited to an entertainment, which John Triceflius (a man of diftindion by his birth, learning, and knowledge in the Greek and Hebrew tongues) gave to Fricius Modrevius, Bernard Wojewadka a Printei*, and Prae- tor of Cracow, James Prillufius a Counfellor, and fome other per- fons of condition. AH thefe guefts, whilft dinner came up, went into Triceflius's li- brary, which paffed for one of the beft in the town, and each man .laid hold either of his favourite Author, or on that which firft came to his hand. De Wit took out one, wherein were prayers of different kinds, which the faithful are ufed to fay Over at their devotions : He found one addrefled to the Eternal Father, another to the S o n, a third to the H o l y Ghost, and a fourth to the Holy Trini- T Y. The Dutchman wanted no fairer an opportunity to fhew what he thought upon the T r i n i t y i and pufhing thofe that ftood near- eft to him, as one furprized, he broke out ; How then, have you three Gods? '■trefne vos^hahetis Deos, O hofti? No, anfwered they, "We believe one God in three perfons, and three perfons in God. But, replied the Dutchman, ^li hahet S qui haheUir diver fa funt^ the perfon containing, is different from what he contains j if God have three perfons, and if there are three perfons in God, God is then different from the three perfons, and therefore the three per- fons are different from G o d j You are upon the catch, anfwered the guefts, Sophijiam agis, O fpiritns ^ we fpeak fimply, we believe there is a God, and that there are three perfons in G o d, and that thofe three perfbns are God. This G o d, then replied de Wit, is both -three and one with you. EJi igitiir Bens vohis S trinus . mms. Yes, .affirmed they, but under different relations. If it be fo, concluded the Dutchman, that is, if God, be one, and threes then you ought not to addrefs yourfelves to thofe three perfons in different prayers, fince the one of thefe three can grant you nothing but dependantly of the other two, or in conjundion with them. Si igitur ifie tri- nus unus eft^ cur di-verfis oratioi2ibus eos compellatis ? cur in his ora- tionihus diverfa hemficia^ qtix in genius mortalium conferajit^ ah illis petitis. This reafoning, however captious and ridiculous, yet did not fail <:onfounding thofe Gentlemen, fo true it is, that it belongs not to the I^aity to difpute upon the myfteries of religion, without they have made The H'lfiory n c \^ ir • j comen- that during thofe inteltme divifions, amours ot the Kmg, and mean ^^™- folicitations to the Grandees from both parties, the Royal Authority was ftrangely weakened i that licentioufnefs grew to an excefs, that crimes remained unpunifhed ^ and that the Innovators very well knew how to make the beft advantage of thofe diforders, to infinuate and ilrengthen themfelves every where. At this time, adds that Author, the The Hifiory , in order to come to a clearer explanation of them than he had as yet done. But he (huf- fled, fays John Stoinski, a minifter of Cracow, and did not dare to put in writing all he thought concerning it. He infifted in his own Juftification, that (ince the Minillers were fatisfied with Blan- drat, and had commended his Faith, although condemned by Cal- vin, they might very well let him alone as to his belief, him who had no other upon the matter in debate, than'that of Blandrat : That indeed if fuch were Hereticks, who believe in the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, he acknowledged himfelf fo, being of that Belief. CHAP. IX. Continuation of the Synods of the Reformed^ -and the Pinc- zowians, from the year I5'6i, to the 'Diet ^/Pctricovia. IN the year 1562, and in the month of March, the Innovators af- ^y^o^ of fembled again at Xianz i and this is their twenty-firfi: Synod rf'^"^' Blandrat, diflatisfied at the violence which he pretended had been offered him in the Synod of Cracow, in being forced to fubfcribe, prefented a new confeflion of his Faith. The purport of it was, that B.A.p. 186. the Father, Son, and Holy G host, were three different Hy- poftafes or Perfons, and that they were effentially God^ that he ac- knowledged the eternal Generation of the Son, and his Divinity, and that the Holy Ghost was truly God Eternal, proceeding from the Father and the Son. However orthodox this declara- tion appeared, the Synod would not do him the honour to fuffer it to be read in the Affembly. Some particular men examined it , there were fome that fpoke in its commendation, and others that Found fault with it, doubtlefs becaufe he did not retra and thofe children came up to his expediations. The Reformed, alarmed at fuch progrefles, tried new ways of ac- commodating matters. They demanded a frefh Conference in pre- fence of the Prince, which was granted, and held at Alba Julia, the 1 8th of March 1568, and lafted ten days. Blandrat, Francis Davi- dis, Bafil, a Miniiler of Claufenburg, Demetrius Hunniades, Paul Julius, John Sinning, Morofini, Martin Albani, Benedidl Ovart, Gregory Vagnerus, all of them having fome title in the Reformed B.A.p.3x Churches, aflifted at it. Blandrat therein difputed againft the T r i- NiTY, the Divinity of Jesus Christ, the two natures in Christ, and maintained hisThefes with fo much warmth againft the Reformed, that the Prince and the Great men gave him great ap- plaufes, and he had the fame fuccefs in another Conference, held at Alba Julia in 1570, by confent of the Prince. After thefe happy fucceftes, the face of affairs was near a change, in regard to the Sedl in 15 71. Sigifmund, who grew uneafy at pay- Spond. ing the annual tribute to Selim, Emperor of the Turks, and had a ifthuanft, mind to marry a Princefs of the Houfe of Auftria, fent Embaftadors Hift. to Maximilian to demand his Friendfhip, Protedion, and the Prin- ^^^ ^* cefs : Which were all granted, on condition he did not take the ti- tle of King of Hungary (a title whkh the Turk had left him, aivi he had always inferted among his titles) but only thatofMoft Serene Prince of Tranfilvania. Thefe Conventions being agreed upon, that Prince had not the happinefs of enjoying them: For he died the 1 6th of March I57I,n. n. p;^ aged 31 years. Blandrat, as his chief Phyfician, and fome others "• of the Unitarians, fo clofely befet him during his indifpofitipn, which is ^4 ^^^^ Hiflory ■> life of the it was cafy for the Emperor Charles the Fifth to have ftifled Luther's motives of Herefy in its birth, and that he would not do fo, in hopes that this -with Ger- difference in Religion, would fpread itfelf amongft the Princes and many. States of Germany, and engage them in a civil war, which might fa- cilitate to him and his fucceifors, the means of changing the form of the Empire, and arriving at univerfal Monarchy. But as great alte- rations proceed but by degrees, he contented himfelf with fettling the liberty of the Proteftants, by that religious peace which caufed fo much joy to all the party, and gave them room to hope, and to fay, that the Emperor was on their fide by inclination. Ferdinand his brother, and fuccelTor in the Empire, had ftill more complaifance for the Hereticks in his dominions. John Crato his Phylician, tells us, that he not only favoured them openly, but boafted of it, and before his death thanked God for the toleration he had granted them. Some will have it that not only matters went fo far as to a toleration, but that he adhered to fome of their erroneous opinions. Some of his letters on this fubjeft to the Eledor of Saxony are to be feen, wherein it appears, they were pretty well agreed upon points of Re- ligion. And the inllances he made by his Embaflador at the Coun- cil of Trent, for the marriage of Priefts, the Communion under both kinds, &c. (hew plain enough what his fentiments were as to the Reformation : And indeed, his folllcitationsgave the Pope more pain than all the other bufmefs of the Council. N. n.p. One Writer informs us, that Ferdinand being then only King of **• the Romans, fearing a general revolt in Moravia, from the Anabap- tifts or Hutterites, difciples of the famous Hutter, allowed them the exercife of their Religion, and confented to their eftablifhment in that Province, after obliging them to do nothing contrary to good man- ners, the tranquillity of the State, and the Chriftian Religion. Not- withltanding The HiJIory «?/ S o c i n i a N i s m, 6<) withftanding which thofe Hutterites laid the Foundations of Socini- anifm i they minded not in the leaft the myfteries of the Trinity, nor of the incarnation of the Word, nor gave Jesus Christ any other name than that of Lord of Hosts, and tolerated the practices of all the S^^s of Anabaptifm amongft them, in which (Se6ls) there are fome not to be thought of without blufhing. Maximilian II. who not content with the Archdutchy of Auftria, the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Roman Empire, and all the advan- tages infeparable from them, had a mind for thofe of Hungary and Poland j in order to fupport his pretenfions, made it a duty and ne- ceflity to hold correfpondences with the Innovators, as well thofe of his own, as of the neighbouring States. It isevenfaid they were the prevailing party in his Court, that all that was wanting was his open profeiTion of Lutheranifm, and that all Germany never doubted of his belief in this point. It was he who adjufted that Conftitution in 1577, ^o favourable to the Proteftants, therein difpofing witha high hand, of all the EiFe6ts of the Clergy in favour of thofe who had embraced Lutheranifm, notwithftanding the Clergy's oppofition. This correfpondence with the Hereticks had begun from the time of his being King of Bohemia, and before he was Emperor: For Father Paul fays, that from that time he held intelligence with the Electors and other Proteftant Princes, which had made Pope Paul IV. fufped him fo far, as that he could not help faying of him in a private audience, he gave to Martin Gufman, that the Emperor's Son was a favourer of herefy. The fame fufpicion continuing after Paul's death. Pope Pius IV. in 1560, ordered the Count d'Arcos to tell him, that if he did not perfevere in the Catholick Faith, far from confirming him King of the Romans, he would deprive him of all his Dominions. All thefe refentments, which indeed it did not belong to the Pope to (hew, did not hinder that Prince from after- wards choofingfor his Preacher, a man who had introduced the Com- munion under both kinds into feveral Churches i and went fo far as to fay, he could not receive it otherwife, tho' he did not venture to put it in execution. Doubtlefs it was upon account of this complai- fance in Maximilian II. for the Proteftants, that John Leti, a ftanch Lutheran, gives him the Characfter of a prudent, pious, pa- cifick Prince -, and {kys, he preferved peace in Religion, and that he often ufed to fay, that it was impious to condemn, or conftrain men'* confciences. The 70 ^he Hijiory ^".e ^^« ^ ^ ••,,.... ,. 1. • c ^ ■ Divinity of different opmions, all which however agreed in this point ox denyingj^^us Jesus Christ to be the true and only God. And whilft they Christ. were tearing each other to pieces by a principle of Religion, Socinus arrived in Poland. The firft thing he did was thoroughly to inform himfelf of the caufes of their divificn, and thus inftrufled, in 1580, he in the Sy- nod of Racovia, demanded to be admitted into the Church of fuch who acknowledged only the great and one God as the eternal Fa- ther. They who were in the diredion of it, being advertifed that F. Socinus was of a ftirring, reftlefs, domineering temper, always in, readinefs to write againft, or oppofe fuch as did not think in his way, and that he was of a contrary opinion to them, upon the attonement for Sins made by Jesus Christ, upon Juftification, good Works, Predeftination, Baptifm, Free-will, &c. would not hear talk of it, and refufed him the Communion. This proceeding was matter of great confufion to him, and accordingly he highly refented it. But being an Italian, and having been inftruded at the Court of Florence, that one muft diflemble when one cannot take revenge, he fhewed no diflfatisfadion outwardly, but altered his defign. He re- fufed joining with any of the Communions then in Poland, and af- feded IC4 The Hijlory pofitions made again/} it, WHATEVER precautions have been taken in England to prevent the growth of modern Arianifm, it muft neverthclefs be owned, that fince a liberty of difputing on matters of religion, according to every man's fancy, has been introduced, Socinianifm has crept in with too much fuccefs. One may fay, that what introduced it here, was an excelTive com- plaifance fhewn iw 1535? '^o fome Dutch Anabaptifts who took refuge there, after the death of John Gcelen, and the ruin of the Anabaptifl: party ofAmflerdam. Scarce were thefe refugees arrived when they fpread themfelves into different Counties of the Kingdom, and took care to publifh their pernicious dodtrine, which in the general was like that of the Anabaptifts of Germany. They encreafed enough to make a confiderable party, and to ven- ture at forming pernicious defigns againft the Government, upon the maxims of the Anabaptifts of the upper and lower Rhine, and which they would have executed upon the firft' opportunity. It was about this time, that is, about 1547, that Bernardin Okinus came over to England, and preached up a refined Arianifm, which awakened the curiofity of fuch as were fond of novelty, and who were very numerous. There were fome bold enough to make publick profeflion of it, and indeed were profecuted for fo doing. Sandius tells us, that in 1551, a German of the country of Clevev ,? was burnt at London, for profefling Arianifm, having taught it zlHtji. Led, Wittenburg, and there denied the Eternity of the Holy Ghost. Probably he was that George condemned to the Stake by Archbifhop Cranmer. The 29th of Auguft 1555, Patrick Patingham fuffered the fameibfd. kind of death at Uxbridge, being accufed of Arianifm. In the reign of Queen Mary, Chriftopher Viret diftinguifhed him-chriftopli. felf at London by his Arianifm, and in fo confpicuous a manner, as"^'"""- to have deferved to be placed in the number of illuftrious men by the Minillers of Tranfilvania and Poland. Henry i^^ The Hiflory tdi^ tolerated in the United Pro- vinces, fuch as thofe of the Anabaptifts, the Mennonites, the Armi- nians, or Remonftiants. We have feen in the foregoing Chapter, that in 1572, the exercifc of all forts of Religions was allowed, and all Laws, for uniformity of fentiments therein, rejc upon the fourth Article, which neither Cahin, nor any other ^^^^^'^^^qJxIH^ had as yet perfe(5tly cleared up : For example, by what right God can require Faith, which is the work of an infinite Being, from man, whofe faculties are limited : To whom Gomarus anfwered, that fuch as talk in that manner were not worthy to untie the fhoeftrings of Calvin, and that it was an objeftion which their Children could re- folve. He went on to defire the Synod to be upon their guard againft certain people who harboured monfters in their breafts, and intended to introduce into the Reformed Churches the language of the Jefuits in fpeaking o^ Determination,^ or the indifference of the Will. This ac- cufation related to Crotius, who did not dare open his mouth; Go- marus ftopt here, and the Prefident thanked him. The Bifhop of Landaft faid to Rogerman, that the end of the En- quiry for which the Senate was aflembled, was to edify and improve the people, and not to give them offence, which however was done by handling thofe controverfies in a pafHonate manner, which diffolved the bonds of unity, if the ill effects of it were not prevented. This Prelate named no bodyj but Gomarus, believing that piece of advice glanced at him, immediately replied, addrefling himfelf to the Bifhop, that in the Synod the authority of perfons gave no weight to their rca- fons, that the being allowed to fpeak in his turn was his indifputable right. The Prefident added, that Gomarus had done nothing that deferved repreheniion, feeing he had not fpoken againfl perfons, but their fentiments. Thifius's turn came next, and he pronounced his opinion with great moderation, and added, that he was forry Martinius had been fo treated, for an opinion, which according to the explanation he- had given of it, was very orthodox. VVhilil this ProfefTor was fpcaK- ing thus, Gomarus and Sibbrand pulled him by the Sleeve, and before the whole Affembly Ihewed their difpleafure at him by their geftures and words, but Thifius went on with his difcourfe. T Thefe 138 The Hijlory acknowledged the five Articles of the Conference at the Hague for their real fentiments? The Remonftrants perfilled in their former anfwers, by a writing, wherein they endeavoured to prove how unjuft it was for one fide to prefcribe bounds of difputing to the other, and not to allow them to attack the contrary opinion farther than they Ihould judge proper. At laft, on the nth of January, a full and entire liberty to ex- plain and confute was promifed to the accufed i only they were re- quired to anfwer fuch things as fhould be required of them, and re- proached with feekingall opportunities of wrangling, by forming con- tells upon the manner of difputing. Epifcopius immediately anfwer- ed that in order no longer to have any difputes about the manner, they might give in their queftions in writing, and they would anfwer them. Upon this it was imagined, that the happy moment of a peaceable conference was come. On the 14th of January, the politick Deputies agreed in private with the perfons cited, that they fhould have the queftions given them in writing, that they fhould anfwer in the fame manner, and at the fame time explain their dodrine. All this gave hopes that the debates would foon end, and the Remonftrants be favourably treated j ' but that hope was vain, the Remonftrants were fent away, and con- demned upon their hooks. The divifions which perplexed and di- fturbed moft of the Minifters and Profeftbrs, made them come to no determination upon Predeftination: And it may be faid, that all the fuccefs of the Synod, after condemning the Remonftrants, tended SponJ.an.Qj^l to two circumftances. The firft, the occafioning John Barne- '^'^' velt to die upon a Scaffold, a man fo valuable to Holland, by the great fervices he had done them. He was beheaded at the Hague the 13th of May 1 619, at 73 years of age, upon an accufation of being the Author of the Arminian Sedition. The fccond, was the ftill raifmg the divifions of the feven Provinces into a greater ferment, by the different Sefts that endeavoured to make a body by themfelves, the moft confiderable of which were the Calvino- papifts, the Puritans, the Brownifts, the Brochtrinifts, the Goma- rifts, or Antiremonftrants, and the Arminians or Remonftrants : And thefe The Hijlory ^Socinianism. 141 thefe laft have been fo induftrious, notvvithftanding perfecutions, ba- nifhments, and imprifonment, the death of their Chief, and of moft of their Minillers, as to have obtained the free exercife of their Re- ligion in feveral Provinces, and particularly all over Holland, except Leyden and Harlem. Lewis de Caftro de div. Rel. Malderus /» afitiq. , not upon account of his eternal generation, or his eflfence or divine perfon, but upon account of the extraordinary gifts he has received ^ gifts which make him a God more excellent than the Prophets, and great men of the Lawj who aifo had the name of Gods given them: He is, I fay, a greater God than they, becaufe they received not the gifts of the Holy Ghost but in parcels, but he received the fulnefs of them. Thefe are not fentiments which 1 afcribe to him, nor any falfe in- terpretation I make of his words. When he explains the third pro- mife which he has framed in the Covenant, and which is conceived in thefe terms, / w/7/ be their God^ and they JloaU he f?iy People (that is, according to Bodaan) 1 will blefs them, and let them fee by ef- fe6ls in fulfilling my promifes, and giving them the truth after types and figures, that I am that God who made a Covenant with them, he fays thefe words muft be referred to thofe promifes made by G od, Gen. xvii. 8. Lev. xvi. 2. And that it is the fame in relation to this phrafe, as to that where God fays he had not been known to the Patriarchs under the name of Jehovah^ becaufe that name includes the Idea of a Being powerful and juft in keeping his promifes, and that the promife of giving the land of Canaan to their pofterity, had not as yet been fulfilled. Thus, according to Cocceius, God takes ■ the name of the God of the Chriftians, and calls them his people in a particular manner, becaufe it is under the New Teftament that he has verified the promifes made by the Prophets to fend the Mefliah into the world. But he carries his explanation farther, and adds (and here is the Socinianlfm) that the Jews were governed by feventy El- Gal. Iv. 2.ders, amongft whom the fpirit of Mofes had been divided i that thofe Elders were the Guardians of the antient people, until the time de- Johnx 35 termined by the Father, and that they were called Gods, be- caufe the word of God was directed to them, and becaufe they pro- nounced Oracles on the Earth: But that Jesus Christ being come. The Hiflory ^/Socintanis m. 15-1 come, or God being manifefled in the flejlo^ the reign of thofe who Hcb. xii. bore the name of G o d was at an end ; they died like the reft of man- ^^• kind, according to the Pfalmift made by St. Paul, Heb. i. 6. who g^^l;'^*"' fays, that God had commanded the Elobim^ the Alagillrates of the Jews to worfliip his Firft-born ; from whence Cocceius concludes, that this Phrafe, / will he their God, fignifies, that under the Gofpel the P^a'.xcvii. Lord fhould reign by himfelf j that Jesus Christ, the King of the Church, fhould have no Companion, and that neither in Heaven ^(-.^^ ^-■ nor in Earth fhould there be ^ny other God than the Father^ nor any 5 and 6. other Lord than Jefus Chrifi. The Socinians explain themfelves no othcrwife in all their writings i they talk in the fame manner alfo, and go no farther, viz. that there is no other God than the Father, and no other Lord than J e- sus Christ. If thofe Gentlemen would give proofs of their Or- thodoxy concerning a God in three perfons, and the confubftantial Divinity of Jesus Christ, why do they not fay that there is no other God than the Father, with our Lord Jesus Christ and the Holy Ghost? Cocceius, upon the fourth Benefit of the Covenant, viz. ^hat no man JJoall henceforth teach his neighbour^ f'^y^i^g^ know the Eternal^ for they all JImll know ine^ frojn the f mall eft to the greatefi, fays. The Succeflbrs of Mofes had the key of knowledge, they fat in the Chair- 'twas to them that application was to be made for inftrudlion as to the fenfe of the law, and meaning of what was reprcfented un- der fo many types and figures ; but as the Sufferings and Glory Deut.xviii. of the Son of God are the Key of all the Prophecies, the leall: of the ^• Faithful have this divine Key, fince they all know that J e s u s ul e i'i' ^* Christ was conceived by the Holy Ghost, and born of the^5'»«^3i. Virgin Mary, &c. This is that fpirit which God had promifcd to fend down among his fervants of all ages, {q^cs^ and conditions i from whence he concludes, that all the Faithful who have received the Undlion of the H ol y G h os t, who know all the truths neceffary to jod ff. falvation, and who have the word of the Gofpel in their mouth, and ' J^*^" "• at their heart, have no need of the inflrudions of a maflcr : And that R°om. x*^4 fuch who magiflerially and tyrannically obtrude all their decifions up-"'''^ ^• on men, under the penalty of anathema, bear the marks of Anti-chrift. So that, in the opinion of the Cocceians. the whole knowledge of 'o^°'\"* *ii' y/vz-t.! Ol8 ana 194 Salvation conlifts fmgly in knowing, not that J e s u s C h r i s t is the ^ only t^z The H'tftory of S o c i N i a n is m. only Son of God, confubftantial and coeternal with thepATHEK, the fupreme and only God, but that he was conceived by the Hol y Ghost, and born of the Virgin Mary, &c. This is the favourite opinion of the Socinians^ fo that the Holy Ghost, prom i fed by the Prophets, and given to the Apoflles and the Church, is not a fo- veraign and eternal God, but a knowledge which we have of the Sufferings and of the Glory of J e s u s Christ. Nay, the Socinians go not fo far^ fo that knowing that Jesus Christ was conceived of the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary, &c. we have no farther occafion for Mafters, Synods, &c. to inftrud us. With this knowledge we know every thing, we have a right to prophefy and to fpeak every where, and all Synods and Doctors are fo many Tyrants, and bear the Chara(fter of Antichrilt, if they take upon them to teach us. Juft Confequences of the Paradoxes of the Cocceians^ but per- fectly Sociniany arid which favour a more dangerous fanaticifm than any that ever appeared. Exam'mat, To thefe errors may be added thofe concerning the knowledge >ve can Tai'of7he ^^^'^ as to God and his perfedions: They pretend that we come not an[w. of by them any othcrwife than by natural light only, and that all e.\plana- PhiSr ^'^" °^ Scripture paflages contrary to this light, is a falfe explanation ; thes ^y ^"<^ fpeaking of Sunday, they fay, that we are not obliged under pain Philale- of finning to keep it holy, which is no more than a ceremonial pre- 2e" ac'c.'^^P'^ which Grace hath abolifhed, or a figure of the fpiritual Sab- bath. All thefe Paradoxes are Socinian, and indeed moft of the Minifters and Profeflbrs of the Seven Provinces, and particularly Mr. Demarets Bibl.Univ. and Voetius, have maintained, that the Sentiments of the Cocceians, 1. Were heterodox, and favourable to the Pelagians and Socinians. 2. That they were dangerous novelties. 3. That their explanations of the Scripture differed from the received verfion and explanations. 4. That they had certain phrafes and thoughts, which they were per- petually repeating in their Books and Sermons. 5. That according to them, the Chriftian Religion feemed to be nothing more than a diftinftion of j^conomies, of Covenants, of a Teftament, of Laws given before and after the golden Afs, of Ordinances good and bad ; than Pareps^ than Jphefa, than Gods named, than Fathers in the fiefh, than an addition of drunkennefs to that of hunger, than my- ftical explanations of parables, hillories, prophecies, &c. I will To. 5. 1)5. The Hiflory ^/^ S oc i n i a n i s m. 15-5 I will ftop here^ thefe expreflions, which fhew more of a depraved mind, and of fanaticifm, than of Chriftian Religion, make very lit- tle or nothing to my fubjed ; but I will fay, that fince the Anabap- tills, the Mennonites, the Remonftrants, and the Coccetans^ without entring into particulars concerning fome other Sects, arc tolerated, maintained, and countenanced in Holland, it muft therefore be own- ed, that the Socinians have a full and entire liberty of confcience to prophefy, fpeak, teach, write, and perform alfo the exercifes of their Religion. I back my conclufion with what thofe perfons fay of Holland, who have a perfect knowledge of it. I fhall begin with what Mr, de Vife has told us of it j a man fo Nod Au- known in the world by his many changes in Religion, a man who ^^/^ has been known to be a Catholick, a Proteftant, a Calvinift, a ftanch Socinian and Arian, and at laft a Catholick again. I fay a ftanch Socinian and Arian : And it is he himfelf who tells Antffoci- us fo. He owns, that whilft he was within the pale of the Roman "'an.p-'o. Church, he could never be fatisfied in his mind upon the points of the T R I N I T Y, and of a G o d incarnate, and that he was not forry to have been obliged, by a ftorm raifed againft him, to quit that Church, and retire into Holland, where he could freely and publick- ly profefs an opinion which he could neither hide nor diflemble without great pain, and many fcruples of confcience. This opinion is that of the Socinians. " By this (they are his own words) I do not mean the error par- " ticular to Faftus Socinus ^ namely, that Jesus Christ is meer " man according to his fubftance, and that he began to exift no other- *' wife than by the birth he received of Mary. It is true that 1 have " beenof this opinion, but I can affirm, that I did not long contir " nue in it, finding it impoflible to convince myfelf of it. By So- « cinianifm, continues he, I mean, the Herefy of all fuch who at *' this time of day rejed: the myftery of the T r i n i t v, and cannot " believe that Jesus Christ is the eternal Son of God, born « of his own proper fubftance before all ages, and together with him « and the Holy Ghost, making but one fingle, and identical na- " ture, one only and identical power, glory, and majefty. This Herefy is that of the antient Arians 5 Aubert de Vifc then was a true and real Arian, after having for fome time been a real So- Xlt 154 The Hijlory of Socivii\'t;i^u, It is during that time he writ fome Books againft the myftery of the Trinity, and the Divinity of Jesus Christ^ and particu- larly thofe entitled, Ihe pacifick Protefiant^ and the tomb of Socini- anijm : Books, by his own profeflion, prophane and dangerous to the Catholick Dodrine j and which he undertook the refutation of, as well as of the reafons he had to turn Socinian and Arian, by an- other Book entitled. The Jntifocinian^ or a new Apology for the Ca^ tholiek Faith agaififi the Socinians^ at Paris 1692, which he compofed and publifhed by order of the Clergy of France, from whom he re- ceived a penfion, in order to give the world proofs of the fincerity of his return to the Roman Church. All his Acquaintance are not agreed as to the fincerity of this re- turn, there are fome who fufpedt it, and others who aflure us of ir. Some of a pretty general Acquaintance in the world, and who con- verfed with him, have affirmed to me, that he never was a good Ca- tholick, but died at Paris, fpreading abroad his Socinian Dodrines to fuch as would give him the hearing, and when he imagined he ran no rifque by fo doing: But on the other hand, others, whofe fincerity and probity 1 cannot in the leaft queftion, and who often converfed with him, and during feveral years adminiftred the Sacra- ments of the Church to him, and particularly the Communion at Eafter, have affured me, that they never perceived any thing in him capable of making them in the leaft doubt, that fince his converfion, which lafted at leaft twenty years, he ever gave into Socinianifm, though they have often had difputes with him upon thofe points in Religion, which the Calvinifts conteft with us, and that he died in the parifh of St. Bennet, with all the figns of a true Roman Catho- lick. I think we ought to hold to this latter teftimony as the furer. Antifoci- Aubert de Vife, after relating his motives for retiring to Holland^ nian,p.i2.jfi order the more freely to profefs his Socinianifm there, begs his Readers to confider, that fuch of the Froteftant Churches of Hol- land, which the moft heartily declared againft Socinianifm, are now- a-days full of an infinite number of perfons, who openly profefs to to- lerate it, which has produced that party among them called Tole- rants, together with that great quarrel which at prefent divides the Reformed: That this party feems to be a little low at prefent ^ but that the truth is, that it is the moft powerful and numerous, and that if death had taken off fome particular men of the contrary fide, and who The Hiftory ^/Socinianism. 15-^ who now make the moft noife againft Toleration, and Tolerants, and yet who are look'd upon but as paflionate and feditious people, of whom the falfe Prophet Jurieu was the Chief, the Tolerants would be the uppermoft. And we may add, that they are foj God has delivered Holland and the World from that falfe Prophet. Eefides this, continues he, there are large Communions of Prote- ftants, who not only openly declare for the Toleration of Socinianifm, as for example that of the Remonllrants, with which the Church of England very much fympathifes, but which alfo make profefTion of £ocinianifmj as for example, the famous Anabaptift Congregation of the Phyfician Galenus, who is filled the learned, the eloquent, and the skilful, and who openly profelles Arianifm, and likewife that of the Quakers, as well in Holland as England, where it is allowed to believe any thing, provided you affirm ferioufly and ftrongly that it is the fpirit of God, and his inward light that illuminates you. We need go no farther than this evidence, feeing that the Sieur Aubert had a perfect knowledge of the Churches of Holland : He was a Minifter there, and had intimate friends amongft the Remon- flrants, the Antiremonftrants, the Anabaptifts, the Quakers, the Arians, &c. and had even the confidence of one of the mofl cu- rious men of thofe Provinces. I mean Chriflopher Sandius the Son, for they both lived long enough together at the houfe of the El- zevirs. However, as a flronger confirmation, I will add others who flill appear to me of greater weight, and who flill go farther ; The firfl is Monfieur Baillet. After telling us that Holland has drawn upon her- jug. des felf the jealoufy of other nations, by the merit and reputation of fe-''^^-'^'^-^- veral learned men who have retired to her, and who have excelled in almofl all parts of human knowledge, he adds, " But if on the one " hand we cannot without grief fee the lofs of fo many good fub- " je<5tsj whom the Schifm of Herefy has made obnoxious or ufelefs '*^ to the Catholick Church, we cannot, on the other hand, but feel a '' refentment and indignation againfl Holland, which fuffers with im- " punity, not only Socunans^ Anabaptifts, and Mcnnonites, to *' creep in amongft her writers, but alfo Dcifls, and even profefled " Atheifls. This is not a particular Complaint confined to Mr, Baillet, it is al- moft univerfal. There are few who have travelled into Holland, and X 2 converfed 1^5 The Hijiory of So CIS lAii ISM. converfed with their Minifters, Profeflbrs, and men of learning, who do not fay the fame thing. ^'^Vp Mr. Le Clerc fays enough upon this faft to convince us, that To.' 24. things are juft as Mr. Baillet has reprefented them. After telling us, p. 318. that Mr. Bayle did his utmoft to introduce Atheifm and Pyrrho- nifm into Holland, he adds, " Others have endeavoured to intro- '^ duce Spinofifm amongft us, under the fpecious name of the moft ri- " gid Orthodoxy, and it is certain, that many have fufFered them- *' felves to be infe(5ted with it. And had men oppofed this difgui fed '^ Orthodoxy, continues Mr. Le Clerc, as Jaquelot, Bernard, and " others did, perhaps the Progrefs of it might have been Hopped. " We ought therefore to conclude, that it has not been flopped ; nor *' ought we to be furprized at it: It is thither that the principle of '' Toleration in matters of Religion, fo well maintained and purfued BJbl. « in Holland and England, of neceflity leads mankind, together with choi ^le, j5 ^^^ Hollanders natural lightnefs and inconftancy of temper, who " cannot long remain firm to one Belief. Hubert. Upon this occafion a Writer obferves, that fince the Entrance of ^°' ^•' "^^'the Reformation into the united Provinces, Religion has never conti- rum in ^^^^^ j o orbe gc- nued upon the fame foot above thirty years. Religion, lays he, ftarum, fubfifted upon the fame foot whereon it was fettled by thofe called Leaguers, from the year 1572, to the year 1602; at which time Ar- minianifm began to make a noife, and which took up thirty years in its growth and declenfion : But the difputes upon Predeftinatiouj and thofe points thereon depending, growing cool, the profeflion called Voetianifm was feen to fpring up, which in its growth and declen- fion has taken the fame time. We have feen Cocceiani[m arife, which has not been in vogue any longer a time^ and we may add, that whilft the greateft part of the Dutch fell into the ^t^^^ others de- clared for Socimamfntj Bohmifm, Labadifm, Commenianifm, Hob- bifm, Spinofifm, and many others called Seekers of Religion, Lati- tudinarians, Tolerants, &c. ju^. des So that it may be faid, that the Religion of the Dutch is a real ^\q,°'^' Syncretifm, or Syncratifm^ that is, a confufed jumble of all forts of Religions, or an union of all the Sgi^s feparated by Schifm from the ChanTma. Roman Church. And indeed Kempius, fpeaking of Holland, calls BibHo'tL " it a fecond Africk, teeming with fanatick monfters, where new ones Anoi. p. every day fpring up as to Religion, which ought never to change. 35<^' CHAP. The Hijlory ^/ S o c i n i a n i s m. 757 CHAP. XXXIV. France nnjuflly accufed ^/ S o c i n i a n i s m, and defended. AS the accufations againft France in regard to Socinianifm are unjull, falfe, and groundlefs, and known to be fuch by all \vho have any idea of the State of this Kingdom, 1 fhall be very brief upon this headi nor would 1 have entred into it at all, did it not appear by fome writings, that not only the whole Kingdom in gene- ral is accufed of Socinianifm, but fome Catholicks and Reformed So- cieties, and feveral particular perfons of diftinguifhed merit, by their writings, their faith, and their piety. They who accufe France of Socinianifm are the Proteftants of Germany, deceived into it by the writings of Father Zachary de Li- zicux, which they take for the plaufible Truths of Petrus Firviianus^l'lf^^ and upon no better grounds have pubJifhed in their writings, that To. i. France, and in particular that the City of Paris was filled with Atheiftsi that there were even Colleges and Academies of them 3 that the AfTemblies of thefe new Dodiors were held at night only, and that they already had more than fifty thoufand Profelytes from the year 1653. The Calvinifts difgufVed with the Condud of the King's Council, c°ef'/" and of the Clergy of France, in regard to themfelves, have made ufe of the fame fidions in order to perfuade the world that there was a formidable party of Deifts and Socinians in France. The fame Author (it is Juricu) in a Book he has entitled the Spi-'^om. 7, r/t of Mr. Jrnand^ wherein he has fet all the world together by the'"' "''^ ears, pretends that Monfieur Huet, Bifhop of Avranches, had pub- liflied the fame thing, and that he has faid in the Preface to his De-n, 1, &c-. monfiratio Evangelica^ that France was full of Deifts and Libertines j that there was a great number of thofe unhappy Free-thinkers ^ that impiety was advancing, and made a great havock at Court, and throughout the kingdom, and even that it was the general Spirit of all fuch who pretended to (hew themfelves men of parts and di- ftin(5tion. lo thefe general, ftraincd, and furious accufations, it may be^^- ^•"'''=' anfwered, that the Proteftants of Germany are unacquainted with^Jn" France, ijS The Hiftory ^/Socinianism. France, and have given into the wild imaginations of a man who thro' excefs of Zeal, tho' without judgment, has carried things be- yond all bounds i that if it has been faid, and written that in 1563, there were above fifty thoufand Atheifts, Deifts, and Libertins, this is an accufation which fhould rather fall upon the Reformed at that time there, than upon the Catholicks, fmce Calvinifm bears a much nearer affinity to Socinianifm and Deifm than the Roman Catholick Religion. That as to Monfieur Huet, Jurieu charges him falfly in favour of the French Calvinilts, whilft with his ordinary malice he endeavours to have it believed that that learned Prelate fpeaks only of the Court and Clergy of France, though what he fays of Deifts and Libertins is fpoken in general of all the Kingdoms in Chriftendom, without any particular application. But Jurieu goes ftill farther with his accufations 3 he fays there are entire Congregations of Priefts, from which the Galilean Church Polirfque ought to fear every thing. They profefs, fays he, to believe that de Fr3?«^^^ Romau Church is the true Church, that we ought infeparably to p. 90. adhere to it, and never feparate from it, and yet they have no affedtion for its dodrines, nor refpe without any of thofe who might put a ftop to fo abominable a dif- order, knowing it , or knowing it, that they fhould fuffcr it ^ and in fhort, to imagine that the world fhould be foolifh enough to believe fo incredible a thing upon the fingle aOertion of aworthlefs fellow, who in a book without any name to it, fays, / am acquainted with fo many particulars upon this hsad^ as to make no doubt of it^ and to add with a poor pitiful evafion, but J -^ill not enter into them^ that I may not JJjock you. One is furprized, and can fcarce conceive that his boldnefs in calumniating could be carried to fuch an excefs ^ but one ceafes to be furprifed, when one confiders it is Mr. Jurieu who talks in this manner. The laft accufation I fliall mention is that of an Anonymous Author, who in a fmall treatife entitled, Important queftions upon the Janfe?2ijis^ &:c. carries his accufation ftill farther than Jurieu. This Writer fays the Janfenifts do not believe that Jesus Christ is God, and that not believing him to be God, they do not believe. he has a power of turning his body and blood really and fubftantial- ly into both the kinds of bread and wine which the Priefts confecrate. He goes farther, and fays,, that their defign is to reduce Religion to the belief of one fole God, without Incarnation of the Eternal Word, without Redemption of mankind, without Sacrament, Church, Pope, or invocation of Saints ; in a word, without Chriftian Reli- rion. In order to prove his Charge againll the Janfenifts, of rcjc^ing « j^^^^^^,_ the Divinity of Jesus Christ, he begins with their * Tranfla-/y c^lUd tion of the new Tcftament, and endeavours to prove that the fen fej^^^j)^''"* they ticn. .^4^- The Hlflory vith Farnovius maintained, that J E - susChrist exifted before the Virgin Mary. 48 Blandrat (George) his opinion on the three Creeds, 29. is forced to fign the Formulary of Faith of a God in three perfons, 30. Makes a frefh pro- ieiUon of Faith, which the Synod of Xi- anz defpifes, and fome commend. Pro- mifes to be conditionally reconciled to Calvin, 31, 31. is called into Tranfil- vania to be John Slgifmund's chief Phy- fician, and his Difcourfes there on Po- litick?, 57. and on Religion, 7^/^. gains the Friend fliip of F. Davidis, the ufe he makes of it. his Difcourfe in the Conference at Alba Julia, 61. Under- takes a new Tranflation of the Bible, 6z. Advifes the Tranfilvanians to fend their Children to the Univerflties of Venice and Padua and to frequent the Jews there, 61, 61. Falls into the im- pieties of Francis Davidij. 65 Blawrock, a feditious Anabaptifl, his opinion ; is condemned to be whipped, , and dies in a wretched condition. 82 B o N A R u s favours the Socinians , has Ademblies of them in his Caflle, 36. his death gives a new turn to G. Pauli's . AfFairs. H'ld. Bossu^t, BiOiop of Meaux, his opinion concerning the fundamental pt)ints of the RemonftVants. 14^ BosTKAY (Stephen) Uncle to Sigifmund Batori, takes the Oovernment of Tran- filvania into his hands, quarrels with the Turk, applies to Rodolf, dies child- lefs. H7 Brethren Polifli, 'a nafne given to the Socinians, and win'. 8 Brown (Robert) change* hh d'pinloh. 1 id Br UN, Minifter of Nimeguen, his Apo- logy for the Religion of the States Ge- neral, and his Anfwer to Mr Stouppe's Letters. 1 30 Brunswick (the Duke of) gains a compleat vidory over the Peafants of Germany, 79 Bury, his book, and the errors he therein fets up, the Univerfity of Oxford cen. fures it. 122 C. C A LICE, the Emperor Ferdinand's Em- bafladors to the Council'of Trent, de- mand it for the Laity. 6S Calvin (Jchn^ accufed of Arianifm. II, 12 Carpocrates, his herefy. 2 Casaubon (Paul) condemned to be burnt for herefy. 121 Castaldi (John Baptift) murthers Car- dinal Martinufius. 55 Cerinthus, his herefy, conformable to that of the Socinians. 2. Charles the Fifth grants liber- ty of confcience to the Proteftants. 6 3 Chmielnieski, his rife, his wars, and the mifchief he did the Socinians. no, 1 1 1 Church of Rome compared to a fine Temple, which the Innovators throw down. 1 1 C L E N D o N, author of a Philofophical and Theological Treatife upon the Tri- nity. 122 CoccEiANs, a name given the So- cinians, and why, 8. they are accufed of Socinianifm, and why. 149, and foil. CrA.cow, Synods held there. 49 CojAViANS, a name given the So- cinians, and why. g CzAPLicius fined for harbouring the Socinians. 1:9 D. David IS (Francis) difputes with a Sa- cramentarian, 58. though viftoriq^s, falls in with the Sacramentarian party, 59. turns Arian, 6c. his vidory over the Reformed in the Conference at Great Waradin,6i. maintains, in the Synod at Torda, that we ought not to worfhip JesusChrist. 66 Decree An J N D E X. pEf R^f pf Sarnicius againft fi^cli as pref^chcd up tlic Preheminence of the 1^4. T |iE R, 4^. of rhc Socinfans m the Synod at Mordas, and its i!l cfFcd^ 56 Decree of the Diet of W.irfaw, ba- nifhifiiZ all Socinians out of Poland, 1 1 ?. not obleived as to tlie time granted them. Ibid. Deists, their opinion concerning the Trinity. 8 Demetrius, S»perintend.int of the Socinian Churches, exclaims much a- gainft the Jefiiits. 67 De Wit, a Dutchman, introduces Soci- nianifm into Poland, 13. his reafoning on the T Ri K I T Y. 14 Diet of Warfaw in iss6- tlie refolu- tions taken in ir, but to no purpofe, 23. in 1587. its co.nfuflon*. ()j, and full. Diet oi Pctricovia, favourable to the Unitarians, 38. of Lublin, contrary to them. 46 Divinity of the Holy Ghost oppofed by Stator, in a Synod at Pinc- zow, and his reafons for it. 27 Dort, Synod held there. 136, and foil. E. . Eeionites, their here fies. z Edict aL',3inft the Proteflants, 82. and Anabaptifts. 8? Edicts of the States General, and of Utrecht, againft the Socinians. 113, 126 Elxai, his opinions. 3 England, how Socinianifm introduced there, 119. the Metropolis of them, 121. The heretical Liberty then allow- ed to talk and write againft Jesus Chkis'x, Ibid. Several books favour- ing Socinianifm, publickly fold there, I 22 Episcopius (Simon) his behaviour in the Synod of Dort cited by that Synod, he makes a fpeech in ir. 138 E p o c H A of the Socinians placed in 1 566. 47 Erasmus (John) driven out of Holland for publifhing his Antuhefis Do£inn& Chrtjttan£. 123 F. FA R N o v I A N s, the followers of Far- novius. 48 Far NO VI us, his opinion of Jesus Christ, forms a fourth party among the Socinians in Poland. ^"i Ferdinand of Anflria t»ets chofcn 'King of Hungary, is fufpc'dcd of ha- ving caufed Cardinal M.ntuuifius to be addflinated, and being excomnuniicated by the Pope thereupon, juftiHcs him- felf. when Hmperor, favou.s the new Scdf.<:. ^5, ^6 F I R L A I, Palatin of Cracow, his Cha- radter, 90. oppo(es the crowning of Henry oj Valoii, unlefs he would conhrm tile I'aiia Conventa. 91 France accufed of Socinianifm, but unjurtly. I ^7, and foil. Fundamental points of Religion, ac cording to the Remonllran;.. 134 G.A E o R (Rethlemi a Favourer of the Greck5, and Calvinifts, fcizes upon Tranfilvania. 118 Galen us, a Phyfician, head of an Aii- anifing Party of Anabaptifts. iss Genoldists, a Scft in Tranfilvania, keeping holy every Saturday inftead of Sunday. 6^ G o M A R u s, the noife he makes in the Synod of Dort. 136 GoNEZ (Peter) his errors, 24 bis dif- putes on Infant Baptifm, and the Tri- nity. . . ^^' ^* Goslieki, Bifhop of Caminieclj, his beh.Tviour in the Diet of NX'arfaw in 1587. figns the Recejfui of the Sbo- rouski. 9^, 99 Grebelius, an Anabaptift Head, h\i opinions. 82 Gr E G o R 10 (Pauli). Vid. Pau'. H. Henry Duke of Saxony defeats the Pcafants of Germany. 79 Henry de Valois, Duke of Anjou, eleded King of Poland. 91 Henry Nicolas. Vid. Nicolas. Hermans (Jacob) Vid. Arminiu'. Hermogenes, his herefy. 4 Holland, the attempts there made not to fuffer the Socinians in the United Provinces, 123. infeftcd with Socini- anifm, and why, 126. grants a full !•- bcrty to all the Serts, tlie Roman Ca- tiiolick Religion alone excepted, 129. changes her opinions in Religion cverv thirty years, 156- flie is a jumble o' all <■ Religions. il>'<^- Y 2 Hub- J An I N D E 5t. HuBMEiER (Balthazar^ an Anabaptift L i mb o r c h (Philp) a Remonftrant, his head, his bi h, and aJventures, 80. dif- bnok, en:ir!cd iheolo^ia Chnfiiana, and putes with Zuinghus up- n Inlan^-Bap- his Sent inents on the Fundamental tilm, and the Confequ.nc-s hereof, 81. Poinrs. 14 j is burnt bv order ot the Emperor. 81 LisiSMANiN, an apcftate Cordeh"er. Hu T TE R I T E s, Anabnpr fts dii'c'ples of 2j Hutter, their ep nions hke thule uf the Lublin, a city }n Poland Synods of Sovinianr, 68 tl-.e Reformed therf. \St 4<5 Hymn of Gloria P a t r i, &c. ac- Luther accufed of '\rianifm, 11, 12. cording to Grcgorio P.uiii, not introdu- appoves the c Jn^tfTioa of Faith of the ced into the Church till the beginning Bonemian Anabapt.fts. 7f of the fourth C;;ntury. 34 M. J. .... , , , , , -\rANSFELD, his complete viftory AMES I. king of England, makes the Jy[ ^^.^^ ^x^t German Boors. 79 Anab^pttts pafi through the Execu- Mansius, an Anabaptifl head, his opi- tioner's hand-?. . iz, ^-^^^^ ^^^ Magiftrate of Zurich caules Jesuits, Stephen Baton fettles them at him to be drowned, 82 Caulenburti,6s. Chriflophergives them Martinustus (George) his extraction ahoufeatCeat Waradtn, the Innova- gnj temper, ^.. is made a Courf,!- tors endeavour to drive then, out of \o, of State, Grand Tre.ifurer of Hun- Alba Jul.a: They have the Education garv, Bifhop of Waradln, Regent of of Pnnce S. .ifmund B'tori, 66. are dri- theKinodom, and Guardian to young venoutof Albajulia,67. cruelly treat- Si -ifmun^, oppofes Ferdinand, 52, 53- ed by the Unitarians of Claulenburg, 3,^5 3^ f,.^^^ Solvman II. fupporrs the lb,d. re-eeftabhOied by Bafta. 117 ^^g^ ^^ g^^j^^ isdeceived by the Turk, J u R I t u, Mmifter of Roterdam, his opi- ^^^^, „ ,yith Ferdinand on condi- nion of the fundamental Articles of the ,;ons, is made Archbifhop of Strigonia Remonltrants, 146. accufes the Church and Cardinal, 53, u- accufed of trea- of France of Socinianifing. K^-j^andjUl. f^p, a^j condemned to die by the Court of Vienna, 55. mafTicred by the Mar- quis 'Sforza. 5^ ARNKOVius, Bifhop of Uladiflau, Maurice, Prince of Orange, his vio- _ unites all the Seftaries in order to lances againft the Remonftrants. 135 ciioofe Henry de Vaiois King of Poland, Maximilian II. Emperor fufpeded of 91. as Primate, aflembies the Diet m l-Utheranifm, 69. accufed by the Popes 1587, lor the eleftion of King Sigif- ^f favouring Herefy, and threatened mund. 97 ^'^'^ theLofs of his Dominions. Ibid. Maximilian, brother to the Empe- L- ror Rodolf, eleded King of Poland, 10 1, taken prifoner. Ibid. Landgrave of HefTe refutes a book M E g i e z, a town near Claufenbiirg, of the Anab.iptifls. 85 where the Innovators aflemble, and de- Lasco, or Lasc (John) a Proteftant, cree the banifhment of the Jefuits, 67. and declared Enemy of the Socinians, confequence of that ^di£V. 68 25. his difputes With Menno. 86 M E L a N c t H o N (Philip) deflred by the Latitudi MARIANS, a name given Synod of Seceminia, to give his Judg. the Socinians, and why. 9 ment of Gonez's Faith, and his prudence Leiden, its Divines, pafs cenfure on therein, 24. The fame refpeft is paid the Socinian Writings of Ofterode and him as to the difputes at Claufenburg, Vaidove. ^ 123 58. his Charafter. 59 Liberty of Confcience in Religion Mel c h i o ni t E s, Anabaptifts, diftiples granted in Holland by feveral Ordi- of Hoffman. 85 nances. 128 Melchisidecheans, difciples of Li £R AR^ of the Polifli Brethren. 129 Artemon. 4 Menno K An INDEX. Menno (Si'moni«) Head of the Anabap- titls oi the Low Countries, his birth and aAi"n<, 84. his errors, 8<. his dif- putes with Laslc and i\l cromus, ?6. he fepai .res from the Anabaptills of Upper Germany, 1 is death. 86, 87 MENNONiTfcs, a name given to the • Socmians of England and Holland, 8. the oppofirion iney at firft met with, f4, 8^. much divided, 86. their er- ror5, Ihlii. tolerated in the United Pro- vinces 87, 88. their Synods. ti MoDREVius embraces Socinianif.n, and how. ly ,Mo N A R c H Y ME N, a name why given the Socinian^ 8 Mo N LUC, Bifhop of Valence, AmbafTa- dor in Pobnd, figns the Pacla Conven- ta at the Eledion of Henry de Vjloi', but afhamed of it in f.he Paxliament at Parif. 91 Moravia, Brethren of, their uniting with the Socinians. 2^ MoRDAs, Synod held there. 37 MosEs ^z^keli. V,d. Szekeli. MuNTZER (Thomas^ an Anabaptift head, his Trivels and Enterprizes, 76. Author of the Peafants War, Ibid, his death. 79 N. NAKED Gospel, the title of an Englifh S<)C:nian Treatile. iiz Names different which the Socinians have born. 6, 7, 8, 9 Nicolas (Heniy) Head of tiie f jm ly of Lo\e, I io. his Ciiaradfer, Opinions, and Writings. Ibtd. Nobility, moft of the Reformed de- clare ior Sucinianifm. 37 N 0 E T I u s, his herefy. 45 O. OLESMIESKI, his Chara£ler, his At- tachment to the new Seds, declares for the Pincz wians. 21^ zj. Orange (Wilhani and Maurice Princes of) avourers of the Mennonie5. 87, 88 O s lu < (Caidina ) exhorts Si'^ifuiund Au- gulUis ro forbid the Conferences which the Socinians defired with the Re- formed, 38. goes out of the Diet of Pctricovia. 59 OssoLXNSKi ' Jerom) condemns Blan- drat for ("peaking difrefpeftfully of the three Creeds. 29 O X F o R D (Univerfity of) condemns B'*- ry's book. \it P. PEASANTS, their war in Germ.iny, which Luther partly approves, 77^ 78. they gather together to the num- ber of forty thoufand, are beaten, they encrea(e, and at laft all penlh. 79 Peasants of Poland make a cruel war on the Socinians, 1 1 r Pat INGHAM (Patrick) burnt for Ari- aniim. 1 19 P Au L of Samcfita, his herefy. 5 Paul (Gregorio) Superintendant of the Reformed Churches of the leflcr Po- land, forbids all the M. lifters under him to call npon the T R i n i t y, 31- accufed of Arianifm, his fentmients con- cerning the purity of the Chu ch, 53. and on the Superiority of the Father, 34. Sarnicius goes on to a^cu^e iiim, Ibtd. he is depoled, and lu ned out of Cracow, 57. his fpeeeh in the D ct of Petricovia, 39. he flies away, and why. Petricovia, Diet held there in i66f, allows a Conference between the Re- formed and the Unitarians, what pafled at it. 1% P E t r I c o w I T z. Governor of Tranfil- vania. t.ivours i..e new betts. 59 P F 1 F F t R, an Apoftjte .Monk, and Ana- baptift Chief taken and 10 idemned to be belieaded, i:ies obftinare. 9 Philip, Landgrave of HcfHr, defeats the Peafants of Germany. 79 Philip povius condemned to lofe his head, 4^. is pardoned and made Piefident of the Synod of Serioia, 46. he ti ere iets up Toleration. 48 P H o T I N u s, his herefy. 5 Pier AC caufcs the crowning of Henry of Valuis to bf compleated, notwith- {fanding the uppi-fit:on made agamft if. 91 Pictures reprefenting Luther, Calvin, Servetus &c. pulling a temp'e down to the i;round. 10, 1 1 PiNCzow. a town in Poland, Diets held there. Vid. .synod.". Points Fundamen:a', and Nonfunda- mental of the Rcmonllianis. 134 Poland infcfted with the new Herc- fies, (fate of it during the rcigii of Si- gifmund Auguftu?, 15 — iO. after that King's An INDEX. King's deith, 90. During the reign of Batori, gz — 97. and of Sigifmund III. 97.10? VoK T-R o Y A L, it*s writcfs accufed of Socinianifm. iS* P R A X E u s, Ilis herefy. S pRisciLtiANisTS, their herefies. 6 Q: UESTIONS IMPORTANT CON- CERNING THE JaNSENISTF, title of a Book which accufes the Mons Tranflators wi:h not believing the Di- vinity of J E s u s C H R I s T. 159 R. RACOVIA, the Socinians driven out of it, and why. 108 Racovians, a name given to the So- cinians, and why. 8 Radzivil (Barba) her quality, her paffion for King Sigifmund Auguftus, her marriage, and the confequences of it. i7» 18 Ragotski (Sigifmund) made Prince of Tranfilvania, and abdicates. 118 Recessu."!, a Convention of the Sbo- rouski. 98, 99 Remonstrances of the Synods of the United Provinces to the States of th^ Province oi Holland againft the Soci- nians. 124 Remonstrants, difclples of ArmU nius, why fo called, 133. their do- drine reduced to five Articles, 154. the confequence of it, they piefent a .re- monftrance to the Synod of Dorr, 135. proteft againft the Synod. Their fenti- anents concerning Toleration, 144, 145;. their fundamental points, 134. are really Socinians, and their fentiments accord- in<» to Jurieu, 146. their variiu'ons, 148. their vain replies to the accufations a- gainft them. I^id RhinseurG, a Village, the pl.ice of Ailembly of the Mennonites and Soci- nians. 87 Rights of the Christian Church, a pernicious book. 122 R I T T ER u s, his fentiments concerning J E s u .s Chr IS T, 120. refuted. ll>i^. R o G o w, a Synod held there. 33 RuPNOVius (Joachim) after his death condemned as infamouf, and his Church fined. 109 abbatarians, a Seft which cele- I braced Saturday inflead of Sunday. 60 S A EEL LI us, his herefy. Samosiski, his qualities, employ- ments, virtues. 10 1,102 Sandom IRIAN s, a name given to the Socinians, and why. g S A R n I c I u s, his temper, his zeal a- gainft the Socinians, 23. longs for Gre<7. Pauli's Superintendance, 33, 36. obtains it, and makes a decree againfV fuch Mi- niflers as fhould preach the Superiority of the F A T HER. 37 Sborouski (Andrew) Grand Marfhal of Poland, notwithftanding his banifh- menr, appears at the Diet in 1587, en- deavours to govern it, 98. the violent proceedings of this family at that Diet. 99 S B OR ou s K I (John) his bold anfwer to the Parliament of Paris. 91 Seorouski (Samuel) beheaded, and why. 97 ScHLiCTiNGTus (Jonas) his Apolo- gy for the Socinians. 116 Secem INI a. Synod held there, and Go- nez's impieties in it. 24 — 48 S eke LI (Mofes) General of the Prince of Traniilvania, grants the Unitariarvs full liberty to treat the Jefuits with all forts of indignity. 116 S ER I N I A, Synod held there. 48 SiGisMUND I. King of Poland, his qualities. 13 SiGisMUND II. or Auguftus, his good and ill qualities, i?, 16. his amours with Madam de Radzivil, 17. his fpeech to the Nobility to gain theit confent to his marriage with her, 17. permits the Socinians publickly to difpute up- on their errors, 38. favours the Soci- nians, 46. his death. 50 Si G I s M u N D (John) King of Hungary, and Prince of Tranfilvania, grows wa- vering in the Roman Catholick Faith, 58, 59. turns Lutheran, 59. Calvinift, A- rian, his charafter, 59 — 61. decides in favour of the Socinians, 62. dies an Arian. 64 Si G ISM UN D (John) King of Sweden, elefted King of Poland, loi. his com- plaifance to the Socinians. loi, 102 S 1 G 1 s- An INDEX. SiCiJMCKD, Son of Chriftopher Ba- ton', Princ* of Tranfilvania, his con- duft, 415. his marriage witli Chriftina of Auftria» llfid. Iiis inconflancy and misfortunes. 116 Simon, an Apothecary, looked upon as an Efdras by the Socinian?, and wliy. 50 S o CI Ni AN I s M, its motive, 9. is broujjlit into Italy, and by whom, 11. in Po- land, 13. its great progrefs in Poland, 38, 39. in Tranfilvania and Hungary, 51 — 67. 115 — 1 18- in America, 71—73. in Holland, jo — 90 — 1x3. in England, 119 — 113. in Auftria, 68 — 71. its de- clenfion in Poland, 106 — 114. State of it in Tranfilvania from the beginning of the reign of John Sigifmund Batori, 58 — 64. and of its followers. Ibid. SociNiANS pride themfelves in being the fucceflbrs of the antient Hereticks, 1—61. have different names, and why, 6. why called Socinians, S. acknowledge their new fiftem owing to Luther and Calvin, and why, 1. the opinions they fet up at Vicenzi, 12. the great number of them in Poland in Sigifmund the Firfl's time, 13. many of the nobility declare for them in the reign of Sigifmund III. 62. their Synods, Vid. Synods, their ad- vantages from the Synod of Pinczow, 32. the Reformed grant them liberty, 33. refufe to allow the Fathers and Councils as proofs of Tradition, 34. yield in the Diet of Petricovia, 41. tri- umph over the Reformed, 60. they tvho declared againft Infant-baptifm, 42. in- ftruft Adult Perfons before they baptize them, 43. divide into feveral Sefts, 48. their difgraces in the Diet of Lublin, 46. dare not appear at the Diets, 47. make themfelves formidable by their great number, 50. driven out of Lublin, 107. and Racovia, 108. their grand misfor- tune, 108 — III. banifhed out of Po- land, lit — 114. why kindly received in the AfTemblies of the Mennonites of Holland, 87. the Socinians of Poland always took care to have their liberty of confcience flipulated in the Paila Conventa, confirmed 97 — 102. violate the Decree of the Diet of Warfaw, and a new one made againft them there- upon. 112, 113 SociNUs CFaudus) comes to Poland, and undertakes to unite above thirty forts of Arian Cotrmunions, and ac- complifhc* if, his opinions. 103 — loy SoLiKOvius fcnt to Stephen Baton, his prudence, and liberty m the dif- courfe he made to this new Kinc, 9^ obtains the Archbifhoprick of Leopold, his ffeadinefs. ^% St AN CAR, his turbulent difpofiiion, 11, his opinion concerning jEius Christ as Mediator. 1} States General forbid all perfons to fprcad any of the writings or opi- nions of Socinus, in the United Pro- vinces. IX{ S T A T OR. Vid. Sioimki. STOiNSKiorSTATOR (Peter) his ar- guments againft the Divinity of tha Hoi y Ghost, 27. his behaviour ia the Synod of Pinczow, 28, 29. the trou- bles he fell into. i©? S T o R c K (Nicholas) an Anabaptifl Head in Germany, his opinions, 77. dies in an Hofpital. 80 Stouppe, what he fays of the Soci- nians of Holland. 150 Stucky (Nathaniel) Bidellus's difciple, tranflates his Matter's catcchifms, with additions. 121 S Y N o D s of the Socinians, 22, 24, 25, 16, i7» 30i 3i» 36, 43, 45, 46. 49> 6'- THEODORE (Philip) one of the Men- nonite Heads. 84 THEoDOTus of Byzantium, firft Pa- tron of the Socinian-s his charafter, apoflacy, and herefy. 3 Thunder fallen upon the Church de- dicated to the Trinity, the occa- fion of driving the Socinians out of Lublin. )C7 Tiscovicius (John) a Socinian, re- fuTes to fwear by a God in three per- fons, ic6. put to death. 107 ToL AN D, Author of two Treatifcs enti- tled Adeifidacmon, and Origo Judaica. 121 ToLERANTs, a name given to the Socinians, and why. 9 Toleration in Religion fettled \n the Synod of Scrinia, 49. in England, 121. in Holland, 129. the Armi.Tians demand it, and their Arguments for it. granted to the Mennomrts of the I'ni- ted Provinces. S7, i8 TcR An INDEX. TORMENTOM ThrONO TrINI- TATEMDETURBANS, the title of a book afciibed to the Socinians. 109, 1X5 Transilvania, the progrefs of the Socinians there after the Conference at Great Waradin, 62. State of it after Chrift. Batori's death, 115 — 118. The Unita- rians there tolerated by Edifts, Ibid. In the year 15SS* an Edid made there ba- nifhing all Religions but the Roman Catholick, which had no efFeft. 58 Trinitarians, antient, their opi- nion concerning the Tr in i T y. tj Trini TY great and fmall, according to the Socinians. 41 Tr I THE 1ST s, their Errors. 7 TwARDocHLEEius, a Soctnian Mi- xiifler^ declared infamous after his death. IC9 V. VALENTIN, Curate of Krzeconovia, marries in a publick manner. iz Va LEN TINI an s, their Herefy. 3 U B B o, one of the Mennonite Heads. 84 Veh ANius, Bifhop of Gnefna, his Cha- rafter. 90 Venator ^Adolphus) a Minifter ba- nifhed for writing a Socinian Book. 124 Venice ifTues out a Decree againfl the Socinians aflembled at Vicenza ; the efFeft of it. u, j. Versions of the Bible into feveral languages by the Unitarians, 62. Hun- garian by the Jefuits, 65. that of Mens, M9 Vicenza, the firfl Academy of the So- cinians, II. the tenets there fet up, the perfons compofing it, and the Se- nate of Venice's profecutions of them, ii> 13 Vi L tEGAG NON ( Nicolas Durand de ^ Commander of Malta, makes a Voyage to America, in order to fettle the Re- formed Religion there. 71 — 73 ViRET (Chriftopher) an EnghTh Arian. 119 Ukowall es, bead of a party of Men- nonites, his opinions and charadfer; he is excommunicated by a party that op- pofed him, and banilhed by the Magi- ftrate. V9 Unitarians, their notions of the /r R I N I T y, 7. of Tranfilvania. Vid. So- cinians. VoE T denies Poland ever to have granted any toleration to the Socinians, 124. his fentiments of the Cocceians. 152 Utrecht, the CathoUcks enjoy liber- ty of confcience there by the treaty of Union of the Year 1579. 129 W- It WA L D H u t, a town in Germany $ its inhabitants declare for the Anabap- tifts, and drive out the Catholicks, but are at lafl ferved in the fame way. 80 War AD in CGreat), a Conference held theie. 61 Wengrovia, a Synod upon Infant- Baptifm, held there by the Socinians. 43 WicLOPOLSKi (John) receives Wiflb- watz with honour, and entertains him at his own table every day, during a Conference between the Catholicks and Sectaries. 112 Wie sm o wi ski (Jeremy) lofss 6oo,oco liyres a year by the war of the Cofacks. Ill, I l£ Wig AND, Bifhop of Fomerania, con- futes Ritter. 120 Wight MAN (Edward) condemned to be burnt for herefy. 121 WissowATs (Andrew) the only Soci- nian that appeared at the Conference granted the Socinians for e.xplaining themfelves on the fubjeft of their ba- nifhmenf. iiz Work of the Re-establish- M E N T, the title of a book written by the Anabaptifts in defence of their er- rors, and the doftrine therein fet forth. 83 X. I A NX, Synods held there. 17,31 X ZA p o 1. 1 K A (John) Vaivode of Tran- filvania, obtains the Crown of Hun- gary, 52. dennands afliftance of Soly'- man 11. concludes a Peace with Ferdi- nand, loads the Monk Martinuflus with honours. ibid. Zeeridovius, Bifhop of Cracow, endeavours to difperfe the Synod of Pinczow, but in vain. ^^ ZuiNGLius confounds the Anabaptift Hubmeier, 81. difputes with other Ana- baptift Heads. ga Zurich, molefled by the AnabSptifls. the precautions there taken againlf them. FINIS. 82 * ,:■ J::». 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