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 ST. PAUL 
 
 THE AUTHOR OF 
 
 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES OF 
 THE SECOND GOSPEL. 
 
ST. PAUL 
 
 THE AUTHOR OF 
 
 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 OF 
 
 THE SECOND GOSPEL. 
 
 by y 
 
 HOWARD HEBER EVANS, B.A. 
 
 LATE VICAR OF MAPPERLEY, 
 AND FORMERLY SCHOLAR OF LINCOLN COLLEGE, OXFORD J 
 
 Author of " St. Paul the Author of the Acts of the Apostles and of the 
 Third Gospel." 
 
 I Paul, the prisoner of Jesus Christ for you Gentiles.'— Eph. iii. i. 
 
 The Gospel of the Uncircumcision was committed unto me."— Gal. ii. 7. 
 
 I laboured more abundantly than they all."— 1 Cor. xv. 10. 
 
 Inasmuch as I am the Apostle of the Gentiles, I magnify mine office.'' — 
 
 Rom. xi. 13. 
 That I should be the minister of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles ... so 
 
 that from Jerusalem, and round about unto Illyricum, I have fully 
 
 preached the gospel of Christ." — Rom. xv. 16, 19. 
 Paul declared particularly what things God had wrought among the 
 
 Gentiles by his ministry."— Acts xxi. 19. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 JAMES NISBET & CO., 21 BEllNEllS STREET. 
 
 MDCCCLXXXVI. 
 
 [All rights reserved.] 
 
" It was Francis Bacon who gave dignity to the slow and patient 
 processes of investigation, of experiment, of comparison, to the 
 sacrificing of hypothesis to fact, to the single aim after Truth, which 
 was to be the law of modern science."— J. R. Green, History of the 
 English People. 
 
 "It is the comparative spirit which is at work everywhere, and 
 which has achieved the greatest triumphs in modern times." — Pro- 
 fessor Max Muller. 
 
 "Language, the great confessional of the human heart." — Rev. 
 James Martineau. 
 
 " Language is Fossil History. "—Archbishop Trench. 
 
 "Toms Probability is the very guide of Life. 
 
 "From these things it follows that in questions of difficulty, or such 
 as are thought so, where more satisfactory evidence cannot be had, or 
 is not seen ; if the result of examination be, that there appears upon 
 the whole any the lowest presumption on one side, and none on the 
 other, or a greater presumption on one side, though in the lowest 
 degree greater, this determines the question, even in matters of 
 speculation."— Bishop Butler, The Analogy, 
 
TO 
 
 MY WIFE, 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. These last twelve verses originally did not 
 
 FORM PART OF THE SECOND GOSPEL . . .II 
 
 II. The following facts respecting the Author 
 
 APPEAR FROM AN EXAMINATION OF THE INTER- 
 NAL EVIDENCE 13 
 
 (a.) The Author was a Jew familiar with the Septua- 
 gint Version of the Old Testament Scriptures 
 
 (6.) The Author was a Christian— a Jewish Christian 
 
 (c.) The Author wrote for Gentile readers . 
 
 (d.) The Author wrote especially for the Gentile Chris 
 tians at Rome 
 
 (e.) The Author must have been possessed of literary 
 ability 
 
 (/.) The Author wrote many years after the first 
 preaching of the Gospel .... 
 
 {g.) The Author wrote in the Apostolic Age 
 
 (h.) The Author must have been possessed of Apos 
 tolic authority, or at least he must have ob 
 tained Apostolic sanction .... 
 
 20 
 21 
 
viii CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 III. There is a close connection between the last 
 twelve verses of the second gospel and 
 the Writings of the Author of the Third 
 Gospel and the Acts 27 
 
 (a.) The phraseology of these verses has a marked 
 resemblance to the phraseology of the Third 
 Gospel and the Acts 27 
 
 (6.) The Author of the Third Gospel and the Acts was 
 
 familiar with the subject-matter of these verses 30 
 
 (c. ) The Author of the Third Gospel and the Acts was 
 a Jew familiar with the Septuagint Version of 
 the Old Testament 38 
 
 (d.) The Author of the Third Gospel and the Acts was 
 
 a Christian — a Jewish Christian . . • . -39 
 
 (e.) The Author of the Third Gospel and the Acts 
 
 wrote for Gentile readers 39 
 
 (/.) The Author of the Third Gospel and the Acts 
 wrote especially for the Gentile Christians at 
 Rome 40 
 
 [g. ) The Author of the Third Gospel and the Acts was 
 
 possessed of literary ability 40 
 
 {h.) The Author of the Third Gospel and the Acts 
 wrote many years after the first preaching of 
 the Gospel 41 
 
 [i.) The Author of the Third Gospel and the Acts wrote 
 
 in the Apostolic age 41 
 
 (/.) The Author of the Third Gospel and the Acts was 
 possessed of Apostolic authority, or at least he 
 obtained Apostolic sanction . 42 
 
CONTENTS. ix 
 
 PAGE 
 
 IV. There is a very close and intimate connec- 
 tion BETWEEN THE AUTHOR OF THE THIRD 
 
 Gospel (and the Acts) and St. Paul . . 44 
 
 (a.) Testimony of the early Christian Fathers . . 44 
 
 (6.) Statements of modern critics and commentators . 45 
 (c. ) St. Paul himself the Author of the Third Gospel 
 
 and the Acts 46 
 
 V. St. Paul himself was the Author of these 
 
 LAST TWELVE VERSES OF THE SECOND GOSPEL . 49 
 
 {a.) The phraseology is Pauline . . . ' . -49 
 (6.) The subject-matter of these verses must have 
 
 been well known to St. Paul .... 54 
 (c.) St. Paul fulfilled the other conditions of author- 
 ship, for he was a Jewish Christian writing in 
 the Apostolic age to the Gentile Christians at 
 
 Rome 57 
 
 {d.) St. Paul had the literary ability . . .58 
 
 (e.) St. Paul had the motive for writing ... 58 
 (/.) St. Paul possessed the necessary materials . . 59 
 {g.) St. Paul had the opportunity of writing these 
 concluding verses, and of adding them to the 
 
 Second Gospel 60 
 
 (h.) St. Paul possessed the needful authority . . 60 
 {i.) St. Mark and St. Luke were, both together, with 
 St. Paul during his imprisonment at Rome, 
 
 A.D. 61-63 62 
 
 (/.) The Third Gospel constantly follows the Second, 
 where the Second differs from the First, in the 
 common sections of the three Synoptic Gospels 62 
 
 (k.) St. Paul at Rome had a presentiment that he had 
 
 finished his course 63 
 
x CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 (/.) St. Paul at Borne was anxious that the Gospel 
 should, after his impending death, be handed 
 down pure and free from corruption and mis- 
 representation ». .64 
 
 [m.) St. Paul at Rome was contemplating engaging 
 
 in some literary undertaking .... 64 
 
 (/?.) This view not inconsistent with the documentary 
 
 evidence 66 
 
 (0.) This view not inconsistent with Dean Burgon's 
 
 conclusion 67 
 
 (p.) The time and place of writing, as well as the 
 
 Author, not unknown ...... 67 
 
 {q.) These last twelve verses, consequently, can claim 
 
 Apostolic authority 67 
 
 VI. Results 68 \ 
 
 i. The Gospel according to St. Mark must have been 
 
 in existence before A.D. 64 68 
 
 ii. The prophecy in St. Mark xiii. as to the destruc- 
 tion of Jerusalem must have been both written 
 and read several years before the event (A.D. 70) 68 
 iii. The prophecy in St. Matthew xxiv. must have been 
 
 in circulation still earlier, probably before A.D. 50 69 
 iv. The contents of St. Mark's Gospel must have re- 
 ceived the general sanction of St. Paul . . 69 
 v. The first Three Gospels are successive adaptations 
 to the circumstances of the Church of the same 
 narrative, St. Matthew's being the earliest, and 
 St. Luke the latest of these, the Synoptic Gospels 69 
 
 VII. Note 71 
 
 On the Alleged Discrepancy 71 
 
ST. PAUL 
 
 THE AUTHOE OF 
 
 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES OF 
 THE SECOND GOSPEL. 
 
 I. 
 
 These last Twelve Verses originally did 
 
 NOT FORM PART OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 
 
 The Revisers make this statement with re- 
 ference to St. Mark xvi. 9 (margin) : " The 
 two oldest Greek MSS., and some other autho- 
 rities, omit from verse 9 to the end." 
 
 Archdeacon Farrar, in the " Expositor " for 
 October 1882, states that "Mark xvi. 9-20 
 formed no part of the original Apostolic auto- 
 graph." 
 
 Ebrard ("Gospel History," p. 547) says 
 
12 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 that " the peculiar characteristics of Mark's 
 style are not to be found in the section." 
 
 The late Dean Alford (quoted by Dean 
 Burgon, " Last Twelve Verses of St. Mark,' 
 p. 136) says that these verses are "ar 
 addition to the narrative." Bishop Barry 
 (" Teacher's Prayer Book," p. 986), calls then: 
 " obviously a postscript to the narrative." 
 
 To this distinct testimony may be added 
 the important fact that the Roman Catholic 
 Church regards these concluding verses of St. 
 Mark as deutero-canonical. 
 
 Dr. Hort ("Westcott and Hort's Greek 
 Testament," vol. ii., Appendix, p. 28) refers to 
 "the eminent critics who have treated of this, at 
 first sight, difficult variation," and states that 
 " the variation itself is, moreover, almost un- 
 rivalled in interest and importance, and no 
 other that approaches it in interest and impor- 
 tance stands any longer seriously in need of 
 full discussion." 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 13 
 
 II. 
 
 The following facts respecting the Au- 
 thor APPEAR FROM AN EXAMINATION OF 
 
 the Internal Evidence. 
 
 (a.) The Author ivas a J eiv familiar ivith the 
 Septuagint Version of the Old Testament 
 Scriptures. 
 
 Almost all the words of which he makes 
 use are to be found in the LXX., e.g. — 
 
 Sveriv (instead of Svoiv, dative of Svo, Winer, p. 
 74), 3 Kings ii. 32. 
 
 juLopcpr], Isaiah xliv. 1 3. 
 
 fiairriCeiv, 4 Kings v. 14. 
 
 KarcLKpiveiv, Esther ii. 1. 
 <- (pavepovv, Jeremiah xl. 6. 
 ' o-apfiarov, 4 Kings xi. 7. (Hebraistic.) 
 
 Sai/u.oviov, Psalm xcv. 5. (Hebraistic.) 
 
i 4 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 appcoa-Tog, Malachi i. 8. 
 iravrayov, Isaiah xlii. 2 2. 
 
 o-tifjieiov, Deuteronomy xxxiv. 1 1. (Hebraistic.) 
 o-KXrjpoKapSia (peculiar to LXX.), Deuteronomy 
 x. 1 6. 
 
 Some occur in the Apocrypha (in ancient 
 times included in the LXX.), e.g. — 
 
 SveiSiQiv, Wisdom ii. 12. 
 /3\a7TTeiv, Tobit xii. 2. 
 -irapaicokovQeiv, 2 Maccabees ix. 27. 
 
 Reference to Schleusner's "Lexicon Veteris 
 Testamenti " will establish these assertions be- 
 yond the possibility of contradiction. The 
 only word which is not thus to be found in 
 these Jewish writings is Oavao-i^os, which is 
 used by Hippocrates, Sophocles, Euripides, 
 and Polybius. 
 
 Turning to the phrases, we find that -nrevOetv 
 km KXaieiv — a thorough Hebraism, an instanc 
 of Hebraistic parallelism or reduplication lik 
 irpocrev^Q] kcli Set]<ri9 (Ps. liv. i) and Tpe/xeiv kg. 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 15 
 
 <po/3ao-6ai (Dan. v. 19) — occurs in Nehemiah 
 viii. 9. 
 
 /uLera tolvtol, 2 Chron. xxxii. 9. 
 
 ave\rj/uL(pO}] (to?) elg rov ovpavov, 4 Kings ii. II. 
 
 6 Kvpiog — jj-era to \aXrjuai, Job xlii. 7. 
 
 /3ej3aiovv — \oyog 9 Ps. cxviii. 28. 
 
 iropeveo-Qai — airayyeWeiv, I Kings ix. 6. 
 
 (An example of the construction iropevOeia-a 
 
 a-jniyyeiXe OCCUrs in Gen. xlv. 28, TropevOeis 
 6\^o/ULaiy 
 
 eiriTiQevai x €L p a $ ^ 7rl 9 Num. xxvii. 23 ; 4 Kings 
 ol juer avrov, Ezek. xxxviii. 22. [v. 11. 
 
 ev rep ovojulolti /ulov, Ps. lxxxviii. 24. 
 6 ixev ovv 9 Esther ix. I. 
 
 iropeveaQai (eKiropevea-Qai) eh aypov, 1 Kings 
 xx. 1 1. 
 
 Verse 19 is entirely composed of phrases 
 which occur in the LXX. : — 
 
 6 J£vpio$ — fxera to \aXt](rai, Job xlii. 7. 
 ape\f]iuL(pO}i eig tov ovpavov, 4 Kings ii. II. 
 eKaOiae e/c Sej-icov, Ps. cix. 1 ; 1 Kings xx. 25. 
 
i6 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 The phrase mXw? i^eiv is not to be found in 
 the LXX. (although its correlative kcucw eyj-iv 
 occurs in Ezekiel xxxiv. 4, and also in the 
 New Testament). It is used by Xenophon in 
 the " Memorabilia." 
 
 Dr. Kobert Young (" Lecture on the New 
 Testament," part i. p. 4) says that the writers 
 of the New Testament " were men of Jewish 
 extraction, who wrote in a style of composi- 
 tion that no one of a later age could ever 
 successfully attain to, namely, Hebraistic 
 thoughts in a Greek dress." 
 
 There is, then, distinct evidence that the 
 writer of these verses was a Greek-speaking 
 Jew, who naturally expressed his ideas by 
 means of the words and phrases of that ver- 
 sion of the Scriptures with which, from child- 
 hood, he had been familiar, having heard the 
 lessons, taken from the Law and the Prophets, 
 regularly read in the Synagogue Sabbath after 
 Sabbath. 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 17 
 
 (b.) The Author was a Christian — a Jewish 
 Christian. 
 
 This is evident from the fact that he insists 
 on Christian baptism and on faith in Christ 
 (ver. 16), while he twice refers to Christ as 
 6 Kvpio? (vers. 19, 20), a title (= the Lord) 
 given throughout the LXX. to Jehovah. 
 
 (c.) The Author wrote for Gentile 
 readers. 
 
 The mere fact that these verses were added 
 to the Second Gospel would seem to show 
 this ; for " internal evidence is very full as to 
 the class of readers for whom Mark compiled 
 his Gospel ; the Gentile Christians are clearly 
 pointed out" ("Alford's Greek Test.," vol. i. 
 Proleg. p. 35). 
 
 The emphatic words in ver. 15, "Go 
 ye into all the ivorld, and preach the gospel 
 to every creature" are another proof of 
 this. 
 
 B 
 
1 8 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 Dr. Townson (" Discourses on the Gospels," 
 vol. i. p. 1 68) observes that : — 
 
 " In the conclusion of St. Mark's Gospel 
 it is more openly signified that the observance 
 of legal ordinances was no longer required. 
 St. Matthew thus reports the words of our 
 Lord to His Apostles : ' Go ye and make dis- 
 ciples of all nations, baptizing them in the 
 name of the Father, and of the Son, and of 
 the Holy Ghost' (Matt, xxviii. 19). Here 
 indeed is a silence about circumcision as a 
 rule of admission into the Christian Church, 
 but no clear releasement from it ; for baptism 
 might not abrogate circumcision, but be joined 
 with it, according to the practice of the Jews, 
 who administered both to a proselyte from 
 Paganism. 
 
 " But St. Mark having related the injunc- 
 tion of Christ to the Apostles of preaching 
 the Gospel to every creature, adds, ' He that 
 belie veth and is baptized shall be saved ' (ver. 
 16) ; which in just construction is a promise 
 of salvation without circumcision and the 
 ceremonies of the Law." 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 19 
 
 The fact that the author of these verses, 
 although himself a Jew, wrote for the Gentiles, 
 is of special importance as giving us a clue 
 to his identity. St. Paul found only three 
 Jewish Christians at Rome who helped him 
 in his work for the Gentiles, Mark being one 
 of these three (Col. iv. 10, 1 1). Cf. Gal. ii. 12. 
 
 (d.) The Author wrote especially for the 
 Gentile Christians at Rome. 
 
 Dr. Davidson says (p. 149, quoted by Dean 
 Burgon, " The Last Twelve Verses of St. Mark," 
 p. 151): — " Not only was the document in- 
 tended for Gentile converts, but there are also 
 appearances of its adaptation to the use of 
 Roman Christians in particular." The Dean 
 adds : " Just so ; and I venture to say that in 
 the whole of the * document,' Dr. Davidson 
 will not find a more striking ' appearance of 
 its adaptation to the use of Roman Christians ' 
 .... than this," namely, the phrase " irpwrri 
 <7af3f3arov in verse 9," this being the " Greek 
 equivalent for ' jprimd sabbati ' " — the phrase 
 
20 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 afterwards used by Jerome in the Vulgate 
 — and being "introduced for the benefit of 
 his Latin readers." 
 
 (e.) The Author must have been possessed of 
 literary ability. 
 
 This seems clear from his having compressed 
 the history of many years, and such a history — 
 obviously of great importance — the Kise and 
 Progress of a New Form of Eeligion — into 
 a few verses. Not every one in that age was 
 an author ; not every author could have fur- 
 nished so clear a summary of such a mass of 
 matter — the essence of the doctrinal teaching 
 of the Third Gospel and of the whole narrative 
 of the Acts being condensed and compressed 
 into twelve short verses. Cfi pp. 30-38, 78. 
 
 (f.) The Author wrote many years after the 
 first preaching of the Gospel. 
 
 This is sufificiently established by his own 
 narrative, " Go ye into all the world, and 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 21 
 
 preach the gospel to every creature. . . . 
 And they went forth and preached every- 
 where " (vers. 15 and 20). Many years must 
 have elapsed before verse 20 could have been 
 written. 
 
 (g.) The Author wrote in the Apostolic Age. 
 
 That these verses were added in very early 
 times is proved by the fact that they were 
 recognised in the second century by the Old 
 Latin and Syriac Versions, by Papias (a dis- 
 ciple of St. John), by Justin Martyr, by 
 Irenasus, and by Tertullian. They were also 
 not unknown to the Coptic and Sahidic Ver- 
 sions, and to Codices A and C (Dean Burgon, 
 " The Kevision Eevised," p. 423). 
 
 Dr. Hort says (" Creek Test.," vol. ii., Appen- 
 dix, p. 51) that the section "is apparently 
 older than the time when the Canonical Gos- 
 pels were generally received ; for, though it 
 has points of contact with them all, it contains 
 no attempt to harmonise their various represen- 
 tations of the course of events ; " and again 
 
22 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 (p. 46), " The conclusion to be drawn from the 
 documentary evidence alone is that verses 9- 
 20 are a very early * interpolation, early and 
 widely diffused and welcomed." 
 
 Let me add the following quotations from 
 Dean Burgon's " brilliant monograph," as Dr. 
 Scrivener terms it : — 
 
 "The existing Lectionary of the great 
 Eastern Church must needs be in the main a 
 work of extraordinary antiquity" (p. 199). 
 "All the twelve verses in dispute are found 
 in every known copy of the venerable Lec- 
 tionary of the East. Those same twelve 
 verses — neither more nor less — are observed 
 to constitute one integral Lection. ... It is 
 found that, from the very first, St. Mark xvi. 
 9-20 has been everywhere, and by all branches 
 of the Church Catholic, claimed for two of the 
 Church's greatest Festivals — Easter and Ascen- 
 sion" (" The Last Twelve Verses of St. Mark," 
 p. 210). 
 
 The late Dr. Tregelles says (" Printed Text 
 of New Test.," p. 258), " It has also been 
 
 * The italics are not in the author quoted. 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 23 
 
 urged with great force that the contents of 
 this section are such as to preclude its hav- 
 ing been added at a post-apostolic period* 
 and that the very difficulties which it contains 
 afford a strong presumption that it is an 
 authentic history : the force of this argu- 
 ment is such that I do not see how it can be 
 avoided." 
 
 (h.) The Author must have been possessed of 
 Apostolic authority, or at least he must 
 have obtained Apostolic sanction. 
 
 How else could this account, which he added 
 to the Second Gospel, have been (in the words 
 of Dr. Hort quoted above), " early and widely 
 diffused and welcomed " ? The Apocryphal 
 Gospels were written early, but they were not 
 widely diffused, and evidently they were not 
 widely welcomed. It is true that these verses 
 were added for the use of the Gentiles ; but 
 the Gentiles were closely connected with the 
 Mother Church at Jerusalem and the Apostles. 
 
 * The italics are not in the author quoted. 
 
24 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 (See Acts viii. 14 ; xi. 22 ; xv. ; xvi. 4; and 
 consider the presence of St. Peter at Corinth, 
 1 Cor. i., and at Antioch, Gal. ii.) This, too, was 
 a time when "commendatory letters " (2 Cor.iii. 
 1 ; viii. 23) were demanded of Christians travel- 
 ling from church to church. If persons were 
 not received and welcomed without testimony, 
 how could writings be received and welcomed 
 without testimony ? How then could any- 
 thing be added to or taken from the written 
 Gospel in Apostolic times without Apostolic 
 sanction ? 
 
 Compare Prebendary Row ("Bampton Lec- 
 tures, " 3rd edit., pp. 284, 285): — 
 
 " The importance of one element in the 
 historical inquiry has been greatly overlooked 
 both by the opponents and defenders of 
 Christianity : I mean the existence of the 
 Church as a visible society, and the guarantee 
 which this affords of the accurate transmission 
 of the facts on which it was founded." 
 
 " The facts of its Founder's life first brought 
 the Society into being ; an acquaintance with 
 them was essential to that continuous growth 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 25 
 
 which it has exhibited from the first dawn of 
 its existence to the present hour." 
 
 And again, p. 287 : " It would have been in 
 the highest degree difficult, not to say im- 
 possible, during the brief interval between our 
 Lord's ministry and the end of the first cen- 
 tury, to have imposed on any community of 
 Christians a mass of legendary matter of a 
 character wholly different from those facts," 
 &c. I will venture to add that this import- 
 ant observation holds good with regard to 
 any matter ; and that it is clear that 
 nothing could have been permanently added, 
 without full and proper sanction, to the 
 authorised Christian documents, and to the 
 commonly-received accounts current in the 
 Church. 
 
 Dr. Tregelles (p. 258, quoted above, p. 23) 
 says that "the very difficulties which this 
 section contains afford a strong presumption 
 that it is an authentic history." 
 
 If, then, this last section of St. Mark is 
 " authentic " — if it was " early and widely 
 diffused and welcomed " — if it " could not 
 
26 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 have been added at a post-apostolic period," 
 I do not hesitate to assert that, in the peculiar 
 circumstances of the early Christian Church, 
 it could only have been added to the Second 
 Gospel by Apostolic authority. And it is 
 obvious that this Apostolic authority — in the 
 case of the Second Gospel (written for, and 
 circulating amongst, Gentile readers) — must 
 have been derived from the Apostle of the 
 Gentiles, St. Paul. 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 27 
 
 III. 
 
 There is a close Connection between 
 the last Twelve Verses of the Second 
 Gospel and the Writings of the Author 
 of the Third Gospel and the Acts. 
 
 (a.) The phraseology of these verses has a 
 marked resemblance to the "phraseology of 
 the Third Gospel and the Acts. 
 
 Most of the words in these twelve verses 
 are to be found in the Third Gospel or the 
 Acts (many of them in both), including <W* 
 (for Svoiv, dative of <W, Luke xvi. 1 3 ; Acts 
 xii. 6), pXairreiv (peculiar to Luke (ch. iv. 35) 
 amongst the writers of the New Testament), 
 and o-afifiaTov (in the sense of "a week," 
 Luke xviii. 12). ' Air icrTeiv, ava\ajuL/3av€iv 9 irapaKO- 
 \0v6e1v, the simple to evayyeXiov (Mark also) 
 are peculiar to these verses, Luke, and Paul. 
 Reference may be made to Schmoller's " Con- 
 cordance to the Greek Testament." 
 
28 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 The following phrases in these verses are 
 used by the writer of the Third Gospel — some 
 nowhere else — others only by St. Paul : — 
 
 /mera ravra 9 Luke xvii. 8. 
 
 oi TTicTTevo-avTes, Acts iv. 32. 
 
 €KJ3aXXeiv Saifxovia, Luke xiii. 32. 
 
 ava\r]ju(pOt]]/aL ei$ tov ovpavov, Acts i. II. 
 
 ev tm ovojulclti (of Christ), Luke x. 1 7. 
 
 juer avTOv yevecrOai, Acts xx. 18. 
 
 €7riTi6evai X €l P a $ oti, Acts viii. 17. 
 
 of. evSeica, Luke xxiv. 9 (of the Apostles). 
 
 6 fxev ovv, Acts xii. 5. 
 
 ol Xotiroi (of those who were with the eleven 
 
 Apostles). 
 irevQeiv Km icXaieiv (Hebraism), Luke vi. 25. 
 J KaOrjfAcu ck Sej-icov, Luke xxii. 69. 
 ( KaOi^eiv, Luke iv. 20. 
 o Ku^oto? (of Christ, later than the 6 'I^o-ot/?, 
 
 " the Christ known after the flesh " (2 
 
 Cor. v. 16) of Matthew and Mark), Luke 
 
 xvii. 5. 
 iropevQevres — airayyeWeiv, Luke vii. 2 2. 
 \a\eiv y\co<T<rai9, Acts xix. 6. 
 7ri(TT€VG-ai — a-coOrjvai, Luke viii. I 2. 
 KciKeipog, Luke xi. 7. 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 29 
 
 €K&vo9 9 used absolutely (" The use of iicetvos in 
 vers. 10, 11, and 13 (twice), in a manner 
 synonymous with 6 Se, is peculiar "(Davidson), 
 quoted by Burgon, p. 166), Acts xxi. 6. 
 
 ixera to cnyf](raL (\a\rj(rai) 9 Acts xv. 13. 
 
 I cannot help thinking that the pen that 
 wrote, in Acts xv. 13, ^ra to <nyj/oxu, 
 may well have written, in Mark xvi. 
 
 I 9, ixera to \a\rjcrat. 
 
 That the pen that wrote, in Acts xii. 5, ° 
 imev ovv HeTpos, may well have written, 
 in Mark xvi. 19, 6 ^ev ovv Kvpio?. 
 
 That the pen that wrote, in Luke x. 1 7, ra 
 Sai/novia vTTOTacrcreTai r\^iv ev tw ovo^clti 
 a-ov (of Christ), may well have written, 
 in Mark xvi. 17, ev tw ovo^tl ^ov (of 
 
 Christ) Sai/ULOvia eicftaXovcri. 
 
 That the pen that wrote, in Luke xvii. 14, ™- 
 pevOevTeg eiriSei^aTe, may well have writ- 
 ten, in Mark xvi. l^iropeuOevTesicnpu^aTe. 
 
 That the pen that wrote, in Luke i. 2, 
 ol air' apxm yevojJLevoi (cf. Acts xxvi. 4), 
 may well have written, in Mark xvi. 
 
 I O, ol /ui€T clvtov yevofxevoi. 
 
30 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 And that the pen that wrote, in Luke xxiv. 
 9, of the holy women at the Sepulchre, 
 viroG-Tpe^acraL . . . ounryyeikav . . . roig 
 Aonrofs-, may well have been the same 
 pen that wrote of them, in Mark xvi. 
 
 I 3 , e^eXOovcrai onrriyyeiKav tol<s Xoaroi?. 
 
 (b.) The Author of the TJiird Gospel and the 
 Acts was familiar with the subject-matter 
 of these verses. 
 
 St. Mark xvi. St. Luke {or the Acts). 
 
 1. Mary Magdalene, out of Mary, called Magdalene, 
 whom He had cast seven devils out of whom went seven devils 
 (ver. 9). (Luke viii. 2). 
 
 (This statement is not to be found elsewhere.) 
 
 2. And she went and told And they told all these 
 them that had been with Him, things unto the eleven and 
 as they mourned and wept. to all the rest. It was Mary 
 And they, when they had Magdalene . . . and other 
 heard that He was alive, and women . . . who told these 
 had been seen of her, believed things unto the Apostles, 
 not (vers. 10, 11). And their words seemed to 
 
 The eleven (ver. 14). them as idle tales, and they 
 
 believed them not (Luke xxiv. 
 
 9-11). 
 
 3 After that He appeared It is St. Luke alone of all 
 
 in another form, unto two of the Evangelists who records 
 
 them, as they walked, and the appearance of Christ to the 
 
 went into the country. And two disciples as " they went 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 
 
 3J 
 
 St. Mark xvi. 
 
 they went and told it unto the 
 residue : neither believed they 
 them (vers. 12, 13). 
 
 Bengel thought that they 
 first believed and then 
 doubted ; other commenta- 
 tors have supposed that they 
 first doubted and then be- 
 lieved ; others again have ex- 
 plained the variation by sup- 
 posing that some believed 
 and some doubted. (Compare 
 Matt, xxviii. 17, "But some 
 doubted ; " and John xx. 24, 
 25, " Thomas said, ' I will not 
 believe.'") Alford says that 
 the statement here is not con- 
 sistent with Luke xxiv. 33, 34. 
 Dean Burgon maintains, how- 
 ever (see the note p. 71), 
 that "there is really no in- 
 consistency whatever between 
 anything which St. Mark 
 here says and what the other 
 Evangelists deliver. ... If 
 sufficient critical skill were 
 brought to bear on the highly- 
 elliptical portion of narrative 
 contained in these twelve 
 verses . . . any apparent 
 inconsistency . . . would be 
 found to be imaginary." 
 
 St. Luke (or the Acts). 
 
 that same day to a village 
 called Emmaus, which wa3 
 from Jerusalem about three- 
 score furlongs" (Luke xxiv. 
 
 13). 
 
32 
 
 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 St. Mark xvi. 
 
 4. Afterwards He appeared 
 unto the eleven as they sat 
 at meat, and upbraided them 
 with their unbelief and hard- 
 ness of heart, because they 
 believed not them who had 
 seen Him after He was risen 
 (ver. 14). (See the note p. 
 71, and compare, as indica- 
 ting the mental attitude of the 
 Apostles, the words in Luke 
 xxiv. 11 : "And their words 
 seemed to them as idle tales, 
 and they believed them not.") 
 Compare also Luke xxiv. 37, 
 38, 41, w r herein the writer of 
 the Third Gospel implies that 
 all incredulity was not at an 
 end : ' ' But they were terrified 
 . . . and supposed that they had 
 seen a spirit. . . . Why are 
 ye troubled ? . . . And while 
 they yet believed not for joy, 
 and wondered." . . . And ver. 
 45, " Then opened He their 
 understandings, that they 
 might understand the Scrip- 
 tures." 
 
 5. And He said unto them 
 (the eleven), Go ye into all the 
 w r orld, and preach the gospel 
 to every creature (ver. 15). 
 
 St. Luke {or the Acts). 
 
 They found the eleven 
 gathered together. . . . And 
 they told what things were 
 done in the way. . . . And as 
 they thus spake, Jesus Him- 
 self stood in the midst of 
 them. . . . But they were 
 terrified and affrighted. . . . 
 And while they yet believed 
 not for joy, and wondered, He 
 said unto them, Have ye here 
 any meat ? . . . And He took 
 it, and did eat before them 
 (Luke xxiv. 33-43). 
 
 And He said unto them 
 (the eleven and them that 
 were with them, ver. 33), . . . 
 Thus it behoved Christ to 
 suffer, and to rise from the 
 dead the third day ; and that 
 repentance and remission of 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 
 
 33 
 
 St. Mark xvi. 
 
 6. He that believeth, and is 
 baptized, shall be saved (ver. 
 16). 
 
 7. And these signs shall fol- 
 low them that believe (ver. 
 17). 
 
 8. In My Name shall they 
 cast out devils (ver. 1 7). 
 
 St. Luke {or the Acts). 
 
 sins should be preached in His 
 name among all nations. . . . 
 And ye are witnesses of these 
 things (Luke xxiv. 46-48). Ye 
 shall be witnesses unto me 
 . . . unto the uttermost part 
 of the earth (Acts i. 8). 
 
 Repent, and be baptized 
 every one of you in the name 
 of Jesus Christ for the remis- 
 sion of sins (Acts ii. 38). 
 
 Believe on the Lord Jesus 
 Christ, and thou shalt be 
 saved. And he ... . was 
 baptized .... straightway 
 (Acts xvi. 31, 33). 
 
 Lest they should believe and 
 be saved (Luke viii. 12). 
 
 {Not in the parallel passage 
 of Matthew or Mark. ) 
 
 And by the hands of the 
 Apostles were many signs and 
 wonders wrought among the 
 people (Acts v. 12). 
 
 In the name of Jesus Christ 
 of Nazareth rise up and walk. 
 . . . His Name, through faith 
 in His Name, hath made this 
 man strong (Acts iii. 6, 16). 
 
 Paul, being grieved, turned 
 and said to the spirit, I com- 
 mand thee in the Name of 
 Jesus Christ to come out of 
 her. And he came out the 
 same hour (Acts xvi. 18 ; cf. 
 ch. v. 16 ; viii. 6, 7). 
 C 
 
34 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 St. Mark xvi. St. Luke (or the Acts). 
 
 g. They shall speak with Are not all these that speak 
 
 new tongues (ver. 17). Galilseans ? And how hear 
 
 we every man in our own 
 tongue, wherein we were born? 
 . . . We do hear them speak 
 in our tongues the wonderful 
 works of God (Acts ii. 6-1 1). 
 
 10. They shall take up ser- Behold, I give you power to 
 pents (ver. 18). tread on serpents (Luke x. 19). 
 
 (Recorded by St. Luke 
 alone. ) 
 
 There came a viper out of 
 the heat, and fastened on 
 Paul's hand. . . . And he 
 shook off the beast into the 
 fire, and felt no harm (Acts 
 xxviii. 3-5). 
 
 11. And if they drink any Behold, I give unto you 
 deadly thing, it shall not hurt power (e£owia) . . . over all 
 them (,ver. 18). the power (dwafiis) of the 
 
 enemy ; and nothing shall by 
 any means hurt you (Luke x. 
 19). 
 
 The following noteworthy statement is made 
 by Eusebius in his ''Ecclesiastical History," p. 
 151 (English translation, Bagster's edition) : — 
 
 " We must now show how Papias, coming to 
 them, received a wonderful account from the 
 daughters of Philip. . . . Another wonderful 
 event happened respecting Justus, surnamed. 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 35 
 
 Barsabas, who, though he drank a deadly 
 poison, experienced nothing injurious, through 
 the grace of the Lord," 
 
 Eusebius adds that this was the Justus 
 mentioned in Acts i. 23 ; thatPapias, who was 
 St. John's hearer, and the associate of Poly- 
 carp, had this statement from the daughters of 
 Philip the Evangelist, who was one of the 
 seven, and whose tomb was, in later times, 
 pointed out at Hierapolis in Asia (p. 142) ; 
 and he further states that Luke alludes to 
 these daughters of Philip in the Acts when 
 he says, " We came to Csesarea, and having 
 entered the house of Philip the Evangelist, one 
 of the seven, we abode with him. Now he 
 had four daughters that prophesied" (Acts 
 xxi. 8, 9). 
 
 Whatever account, then, these daughters of 
 Philip the Evangelist may have communicated, 
 in after years, to Papias at Hierapolis, they 
 might easily and naturally have told to the 
 writer of the Acts during the " many days " 
 which he spent under their father's roof at 
 Csesarea (Acts xxi. 10). 
 
36 
 
 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 It may here be observed that, obviously from 
 the nature of the case, these verses added to 
 St. Mark cannot be — and they do not claim to 
 be — a verbatim account. They are clearly no 
 more than a terse graphic summary, a brief 
 epitomised retrospect, from which the subjec- 
 tivity of the writer, and his consciousness of 
 the reader are by no means necessarily ex- 
 cluded. 
 
 St. Mark xvi. 
 
 1 2. They shall lay hands on 
 the sick, and they shall re- 
 cover (ver. 1 8). 
 
 13. So then, after the Lord 
 had spoken unto them, He 
 was received up into heaven, 
 and sat on the right hand of 
 God (ver. 19). 
 
 St. Luke {or the Acts). 
 
 The father of Publius lay 
 sick of a fever . . . ; to whom 
 Paul entered in, and prayed, 
 and laid his hands on him, and 
 healed him. . . . Others also, 
 who had diseases in the island, 
 came and were healed (Acts 
 xxviii. 8, 9). 
 
 And it came to pass, while 
 He blessed them, He was 
 parted from them, and car- 
 ried up into heaven (Luke 
 xxiv. 51). Cf.ch. xxiii. 69. 
 
 Bishop Wordsworth, on 
 Luke xxiv. 50, observes that 
 "in St. Luke's Gospel the 
 transition from the Resurrec- 
 tion to the Ascension — with- 
 out any mention of the inter- 
 vening Forty Days— is quite 
 as rapid as m St. Mark." 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 
 
 37 
 
 St. Mark xvi. 
 
 14. And they went forth, 
 and preached everywhere, the 
 Lord working with them, and 
 confirming the word with signs 
 following (ver. 20). 
 
 15. The Lord working with 
 them, and confirming the 
 Word with signs following 
 (ver. 20). 
 
 St. Luke (or the Acts). 
 
 I see the heavens opened, 
 and the Son of man standing 
 at the right hand of God (Acts 
 vii. 56 ; cf. ch. ii. 32, 33, R.V., 
 margin ; also ch. iii. 21). 
 
 Therefore they . . . went 
 everywhere preaching the 
 Word (Acts viii. 4). 
 
 And the Word of the Lord 
 was published throughout all 
 the region (Acts xiii. 49). 
 
 All they who dwelt in Asia 
 heard the Word of the Lord 
 Jesus (Acts xix. 10). 
 
 I showed first unto them of 
 Damascus, and at Jerusalem, 
 and throughout all the coasts 
 of Judsea, and then to the 
 Gentiles, that they should re- 
 pent and turn to God. . . . 
 Having therefore obtained 
 help of God, I continue unto 
 this day witnessing . . . that 
 . . . Christ should suffer, and 
 that He should be the first that 
 should rise from the dead, and 
 should show light unto the 
 people, and to the Gentiles 
 (Acts xxvi. 20-23 ; cf. Rom. 
 xv. 16-20). 
 
 Long time therefore abode 
 they speaking boldly in the 
 Lord, who gave testimony un- 
 to the Word of His grace, and 
 granted signs and wonders to 
 be done by their hands (Acts 
 xiv. 3). 
 
3 8 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 St. Luke (or the Acts). 
 
 And now, Lord, . . . grant 
 unto Thy servants that with 
 all boldness they may speak 
 Thy Word, by stretching forth 
 Thine hand to heal ; and that 
 signs and wonders may be 
 done by the name of Thy 
 holy child Jesus (Acts iv. 29, 
 30). 
 
 And now, behold the hand 
 of the Lord is upon thee, and 
 thou shalt be blind (Acts xiii. 
 11 ; cf. Acts v. 12 ; xvi. 18 ; 
 xix. 11, 12). 
 
 It may be briefly added that — 
 
 (c.) The Author of the Third Gospel and the 
 Acts was a Jew familiar with the Sej)- 
 tuagint Version of the Old Testament. 
 
 To establish this point it is not necessary to 
 do more than to refer to St. Luke and the 
 Acts, passim, in Grinfield's " Novum Testa- 
 mentum Graecum, Editio Hellenistica." I have 
 collected many instances of the writer's He- 
 braistic phraseology, in " St. Paul the Author 
 of the Acts," pp. 50-52, and 165-168. 
 
 It follows, as a corollary, that any words and 
 
OF THE' SECOND GOSPEL. 39 
 
 phrases from the LXX. — that is, all the words 
 and phrases of these verses (with two excep- 
 tions) — might well have been known and. used 
 by the writer of the Third Gospel. Cf § II. 
 (4 p. 13. 
 
 (d.) The Author of the Third Gospel and the 
 Acts was a Christian — a Jewish Chris- 
 tian. 
 
 This is, in fact, self-evident ; see, especially, 
 Acts vi. 7 ; xii. 24 ; xix. 17, 20. 
 
 (e.) The Author of the Third Gospel and the 
 Acts wrote for Gentile readers. 
 
 This is clear from the general tone of the 
 history (the two books forming one continur 
 ous history by the same author), and, especi- 
 ally, from such explanatory passages as, " The 
 mount called the Mount of Olives " (Luke xix. 
 29); "a city of the Jews" (Lukexxiii. 51); from 
 Acts xv. ; and from the way in which " the 
 Jeivs " are referred to throughout as being 
 generally hostile to the preaching of the Gos- 
 pel, e.g., Acts xiii. 42-48. 
 
40 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 " St. Luke wrote especially for the Gentiles " 
 (Townson, " On the Gospels," i. 207). 
 
 (f.) The Author of the Third Gospel and the 
 Acts wrote especially for Gentile Chris- 
 tians at Eome. 
 
 According to Zeller, " Eome is the probable 
 birthplace of the Acts" ("The Acts of the 
 Apostles," E. Tr. ii. p. 280). 
 
 " Luke thought it necessary to add an ex- 
 planation whenever he had occasion to refer to 
 places in Palestine (Luke xxiii. 51), or Crete, 
 and even to the larger towns in Macedonia 
 (Acts xvi. 12); whereas he assumes that 
 in Sicily and Italy (particularly Lower and 
 Middle Italy as far north as Eome) even the 
 smaller places will be well known," e.g., the 
 Three Taverns (Acts xxviii. 15). (Ebrard, 
 " Gospel History," E. Tr. p. 552). 
 
 (g.) The Author of the Third Gospel and the 
 Acts ivas possessed of literary ability. 
 
 Jerome, quoted by the late Bishop Words- 
 worth, observes, that the author of the Third 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 41 
 
 Gospel was "inter omnes Evangelistas Grasci 
 sermonis eruditissimus " ("Greek Test./' i. 
 Int. to St. Luke). 
 
 " St. Luke is a consummate painter in lan- 
 guage " (Ibid. ) See also " St. Paul the Author 
 of the Acts," Note C. ii. p. 96. 
 
 (h.) The Author of the Third Gospel and 
 the Acts wrote many years ajter the first 
 preaching of the Gospel. 
 
 This is evident from the fact that he re- 
 cords the arrival of St. Paul in Eome, an event 
 which did not take place till the year 61 a.d. 
 (Wieseler) — that is, not until about thirty 
 years after the Crucifixion. 
 
 (i.) TJie Author of the TJiird Gospel and the 
 Acts wrote in the Apostolic Age. 
 
 The writer appears to have been a con- 
 temporary and companion of St. Paul (see the 
 " we "-passages in the Acts), and the com- 
 monly-received tradition has assigned the 
 work to Luke, " the beloved physician," who 
 
42 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 was with St. Paul in his imprisonment at 
 Home (Col. iv. 14). Moreover, the writer's 
 use of 6 *2ef3a<TT09, which is equivalent to " the 
 reigning Emperor," as applied to Nero (who 
 died a.d. 6$), and the fact that such a compre- 
 hensive and minutely-detailed history (which 
 is so full of St. Paul's life and labours) makes 
 not the slightest allusion to the death of the 
 Apostle, while the picture of the Church in 
 the Acts exactly corresponds to the state of 
 the Church depicted in St. Paul's Epistles, are 
 proofs that the work belongs to the Apostolic 
 age (cf. " St. Paul the Author of the Acts," 
 pp. 60-62). See also the next section (j). 
 
 (j.) The Author of the Third Gospel and the 
 Acts was possessed of Apostolic authority, 
 or at least he obtained Apostolic sanction. 
 
 " Thus it was not St. Luke's name which pro- 
 cured for this Gospel its currency in the Church, 
 but the authority of the Apostle Paul. . . . 
 Under these circumstances, it is not astonish- 
 ing that, in the Primitive Church, there was 
 no opposition either to Luke's Gospel or his 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 43 
 
 Acts of the Apostles " (" Olshausen on the 
 Gospels," i. p. xli. ; cf. Row, " Bampton Lec- 
 tures," 3rd edit., pp. 284-287). 
 
 I venture to affirm that a weight of evidence 
 has now been adduced sufficient to establish 
 an unmistakable connection between this last 
 section of the Second Gospel and the Third 
 Gospel (together with the Acts), aud between 
 the authors. 
 
44 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 IV. 
 
 There is a very close and intimate Con- 
 nection BETWEEN THE AUTHOR OF THE 
 
 Third Gospel (and the Acts) and St. 
 Paul. 
 
 This statement is so generally acknowledged 
 to be correct (not, however, by Baur and 
 Strauss), that it is needless to enlarge upon it. 
 
 Irenaeus (a.d. i 70) says that " Luke, the 
 follower of Paul, set down in a book the 
 Gospel which he (Paul) used to preach" 
 (Westcott, " Introduction to the Gospels, 4th 
 edit., p. 184). 
 
 Tertullian (a.d. 200) says that " the sum- 
 mary of Luke was generally assigned to Paul " 
 (Ibid.) 
 
 " Origen (a.d. 220) calls St. Luke's Gospel 
 'the Gospel quoted by Paul/ alluding to 
 Romans ii. 16 ; and Eusebius (a.d. 300) refers 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 45 
 
 Paul's words, * according to my Gospel ' (2 Tim. 
 ii. 8), to that of Luke, in which Jerome (a.d. 
 390) concurs " ■(" Diet, of the Bible," art. 
 Gospel of Luke). 
 
 " St. Chrysostom (a.d. 397) finds in St. 
 Luke's Gospel the style of St. Paul " (Townson, 
 " On the Gospels/' vol. i. p. 35). 
 
 The writer of the Synopsis bearing the 
 name of Athanasius says that " the Gospel of 
 Luke was dictated by the Apostle Paul, and 
 written and published by the blessed Apostle 
 and physician Luke " (Ibid.) 
 
 That most able, acute, learned, and luminous 
 commentator, Bengel (a.d. i 742), observes that 
 " the Acts were undoubtedly published by 
 Paul's desire " (" Gnomon," Acts xxviii. 30). 
 
 And as to the similarity of style he says, 
 " Luke's lively pen, which is admirably adapted 
 to the very joyous narrative of the Acts, 
 seems to have caught something from his 
 many years' intimacy with Paul " (" Gnomon," 
 Luke i. 1). 
 
 Wetstein (a.d. 1750), on Luke i. 3, states 
 that "some persons consider it proved that 
 
46 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 the Gospel of Luke, as it is called, is rather to 
 be referred to St. Paul as the author." 
 
 Dr. Townson (a.d. 1777) says, " Critics 
 remark that there is often a great affinity in 
 their phrases " (i.e., the phrases of Luke and 
 Paul). ("On the Gospels," vol. i. p. 205). 
 
 Bishop "Wordsworth says, " The statements 
 of Christian antiquity concerning St. Luke's 
 connection with St. Paul ... are confirmed 
 by the internal evidence presented by the 
 Gospel of St. Luke " (" Greek Test., Int. to 
 St. Luke's Gospel"). 
 
 Dean Plumptre, in " Bishop Ellicott's Com- 
 mentary," says, " There is so close an agree- 
 ment between the vocabulary of St. Luke's 
 Gospel and that of St. Paul, that it is scarcely 
 possible to come to any other conclusion than 
 that the one writer was intimately acquainted 
 with the other" (" Introd. to the New Test.," 
 p. 147). 
 
 I may perhaps be permitted to add, that in 
 my work, " St. Paul the Author of the Acts," 
 1 have traced such an exact correspondence of 
 expression and thought, of manner and matter, 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 47 
 
 of style and phraseology, between the so-called 
 writings of St. Luke and the writings of St. 
 Paul, that the only conclusion logically ad-, 
 missible seems to be that the Acts must 
 have been written (or, at least, planned and 
 superintended) by St. Paul himself. 
 
 In the words of the Literary Churchman, 
 " Many striking analogies have been elicited 
 between the language and sentiments in the 
 two books, and in St. Paul's writings." 
 
 Other reviews have stated that " it has 
 been shown how completely the Third Gospel 
 and the Acts embody St. Paul's teaching." 
 And that " what has been shown of the resem- 
 blance between the style of St. Paul's Epistles 
 and these two historical works ... is very 
 convincing as to St. Paul having had a very 
 great influence over the writer of these books 
 and their composition." And also that " there 
 is more to be said for the authorship of St. Paul 
 than is commonly thought," and again, " The 
 Pauline authorship has, to say the least, been 
 made highly probable." And, lastly, Canon 
 Hayman, in the Churchman, has acknowledged 
 
48 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 that "it has been made impossible for any 
 candid mind to doubt that the Third Gospel 
 and the Acts are documents of the Pauline 
 age, and penetrated at first hand with the 
 Pauline spirit." 
 
 Hence, if the author of the Third Gospel and 
 the Acts had anything to do with these addi- 
 tional verses of the Second Gospel — and we 
 have seen what weighty reasons there are for 
 such an assertion — there are equally good 
 reasons for asserting St. Paul's connection with 
 them. Let us now pass on to the more direct 
 proof of this proposition. 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 49 
 
 St. Paul himself was the Author of 
 these last twelve verses of the 
 Second Gospel. 
 
 (a. ) The phraseology is Pauline. 
 
 Most of the words used in these verses occur 
 in St. Paul's Epistles, including — 
 
 airurreiv (used twice, vers. II, 16), Eom. iii. 3. 
 TrapaKoXovOeiv, 2 Tim. iii. 10. 
 auaXajufiaveiv, 1 Tim. iii. 16. 
 
 These three important verbs are peculiar to 
 St. Luke, St. Paul, and these verses. 
 
 evayyeXiov (used by St. Paul more than twenty 
 times — evayyeXia-Ttjg (perhaps coined by 
 St. Paul), occurs in no Greek writings 
 
 D 
 
5 o THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 before St. Paul's Epistles, and the history of 
 
 St. Paul in the Acts). 
 6 Kvpios, applied to Christ (used by St. Paul fifty 
 
 times, also frequently in the Third Gospel 
 
 and the Acts, but never by either Matthew 
 
 or Mark in his own person). 
 /mop(pti (peculiar to St. Paul ; cf imopcpcoo-is (Eom. 
 
 ii. 20), fjLopcpova-Oai (Gal. iv. 19), ovju.y.op- 
 
 (po$ (Eom. viii. 29), (rvfj./uLop(pov<rOaL (Phil. 
 
 iii. 10), all 'peculiar to St. Paul), Phil. ii. 7. 
 
 It is true that St. Paul does not happen to 
 use the word Oavaa-ifxo? (Polybius), or the 
 phrase kolXws e^eu (Xenophon). He did not 
 use them because he had no occasion to use 
 them ; for he could not have been unacquainted 
 with either this word or this phrase, seeing 
 that when the LXX. is insufficient, he borrows 
 his vocabulary from Polybius and Xenophon ; 
 as, for instance, irapa-^eifxaCeLv (1 Cor. and 
 Polybius), av aire nn eiv (Philemon and Xeno- 
 phon). 
 
 As to phrases, we may remark, first of all, 
 that any phrase occurring in the LXX. forms 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 51 
 
 part, potentially, of St. Paul's vocabulary, as 
 his Epistles show him to have been perfectly 
 familiar with its phraseology. 
 
 The following phrases in the last twelve 
 verses of St. Mark are actually used by St. 
 Paul in his Epistles ; and we must not for- 
 get that almost any doctrinal phrase would be 
 due to St. Paul. As Archdeacon Farrar re- 
 marks, St. Paul to a great extent created the 
 theological phraseology of the Church. 
 
 ol fier ejmov, Titus iii. 15. 
 
 KaQil^eiv ev Se^ia rov Oeov, Eph. i. 20. 
 
 eiriTiQevaL -^eipag, 1 Tim. v. 22. 
 
 XaXeiv yXcoa-craig (peculiar to Luke, Paul, and 
 
 these verses), 1 Cor. xiv. 1 8. 
 iracra fj ktktis {'peculiar to Luke, Paul, and these 
 
 verses), Eom. viii. 22. 
 Krjpva-creiv to evayyeXiov (peculiar to Luke, Paul, 
 
 and these verses), 1 Thess. ii. 9. 
 ev to) ovo/uLari (of Christ), I Cor. v. 4. 
 fiev ovv, I Cor. ix. 25. 
 ou firj, Gal. v. 1 6. 
 KUKeivoi, I Cor. x. 6. 
 
52 
 
 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 TTia-Teva-ai — o-wQrjvai, Rom. x. 9. 
 
 €K€lvol (referring to the Apostles preaching the 
 
 Gospel), 1 Cor. xv. 11. 
 ave\rj/uL<p6tj (ev $oj~y]) 9 I Tim. iii. 16. 
 6 ci7r' ap^s yevojmevos, ( Acts xxvi. 4, Paul's 
 6 fjier avrov yevojuevos, < speech ; cf. Luke 
 
 (Mark xvi. 10), \ i. 2. 
 
 fj.e& v/ulcov yeveo-Oai, Acts xx. 1 8, Paul's speech; 
 
 Mark xvi. 10; nowhere else in New Testament. 
 ol iricTTevcravTes, 2 Th. i. 10. 
 
 ( €K€lVOl JUL€V OVV, I Cor. ix. 2$. 
 
 ( 6 juLev ovv, Mark xvi. 19. 
 
 There is also a (more or less) close resem- 
 blance between the following phrases taken 
 from this section of St. Mark, and passages to 
 be found in St. Paul's Epistles : — 
 
 fiera to deiirv^aai, 
 fiera to \d\rjaai, 
 
 to evayye\iov K^pvaaetv \ 
 
 — iraaa i] /cricrty, 
 to evayyeXiov — iras 6 koct/jlos, I 
 
 cbrds, . . . .J 
 TTopevdeures els tov Koafiov airavra, 
 
 Krjpv^aTe to evayyeXiov irao-rj ttj 
 \ KTiaei, ...... 
 
 I Cor. xi. 25. 
 Mark xvi. 19. 
 
 Col. i. 23. 
 
 CoL i. 5, 6. 
 Eph. vi. 13. 
 
 Mark xvi. 15. 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 
 
 53 
 
 yXiotro-cus \a\eiu, 
 
 at yXtotTcrcu eis crj/xeiov elcriv, ov rot 
 
 ■mcFTevovaiv, dX\a rots ainaTois, 
 crjfxeta de rots iriGTevcacri ravra irapa 
 
 KoKovdrjaei, . . . y\(j><T<xcu5\a\T)crov<r 
 
 Kaivats, e 
 
 Qeov yap etxp-ev trvvepyoi, . ) 
 (rvvepyovures, ) 
 tov Kvpiov Gwepyowros, 
 
 / Kadcos to /xaprvpiov tov Xpio~TOV, e/3e 
 
 Paiudrj h vp.t.v, 
 6 Ku/hos rjp.tov 'Irjaovs Xpicrros, o's ica 
 
 /Sc/Satwo-et vp.a$ ews TeXovs, 
 J KOLTeipyaaaTO XpiaTos 81 ip.ov (Paul) 
 
 et's VTraKorjv edvtov . . . ev 5vvap.e 
 
 ff7]p.€LUV, ...... 
 
 tov Kvpiov cvvepyovvTOS, kcll top \oyov \ 
 (3e[3a.iovvTOS dia tlov iiraKoXovdovvTOJU > 
 arip.et.coVf . . . . . ) 
 
 I Cor. xiv. 1 8. 
 I Cor. xiv. 22. 
 
 Mark xvi. 17. 
 
 1 Cor. iii. 9. 
 
 2 Cor. xi. 1. 
 Mark xvi. 20. 
 
 I Cor. i. 6. 
 
 1 Cor. i. 7. 8. 
 
 Rom. xv. 18, 19. 
 Mark xvi. 20. 
 
 St. Paul's name has always been intimately 
 associated with the Epistle to the Hebrews. 
 It may be worth while to point out that 
 there is a remarkable parallelism of thought 
 (and indeed of expression) between the con- 
 cluding verse of this final section of St. Mark 
 (Mark xvi. 20) and one passage of the Epistle 
 to the Hebrews (eh. ii. 2-4). 
 
54 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 St. Mark xvi. The Epistle to the Hebrews. 
 
 tov Kvpiov avvepyovvTOS, /cat o . . . \oyos iyevero /3e/Scuos 
 
 rov \oyov fiefiaiovvros dtaruv . . . oom)pia, 7m apx^vXa^ovaa 
 eira.Ko\ov9ovvTUv crj/xeiuv (ver. \a\cicrdai 5ta rov Kvpiov, vtto 
 20; cf. Acts xiv. 3). raw CLKOvaavTiav els rjfias tfie- 
 
 (3 a 1 0)6 7), o-vvewi/xapTvpovvTOS rou 
 Qeov o"r)fi€ioi.s (ch. ii. 2-4). 
 
 (b.) The subject-matter of these verses must 
 have been well Jcnown to St Paul. 
 
 The greater part of the Acts — sixteen chap- 
 ters out of twenty-eight, and these the last 
 sixteen — are devoted to the history of St. 
 Paul's great life-work in preaching the Gospel 
 to the Gentiles. Hence any of the preceding 
 references which belong to these chapters 
 connect themselves at once, more or less 
 directly, with St. Paul himself. 
 
 Who could know so much about " going 
 into all the world and preaching the Gospel to 
 every creature" (Mark xvi. 15) as St. Paul, 
 who, from Eome, the centre and capital of the 
 world, writing to the Colossians, referred to 
 " the Gospel, which is come unto you, as 
 it is in all the world " (Col. i. 6), and to 
 "the Gospel which was preached to every 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 55 
 
 creature under heaven, whereof I Paul am 
 made a minister " (Col. i. 23) ? Compare St. 
 Paul's words to his own son in the faith, 
 Timothy, e^pvyfiri h iOvea-iv (1 Tim. iii. 16) ; 
 and also Acts xxvi. 20; Eom. xv. 18, 19. 
 
 What is "he that believeth and is baptized 
 shall be saved" (Mark xvi. 16), but the terse 
 expression of St. Paul's special doctrine of 
 Justification by Faith (Eom. v. 1) — Luther's 
 test of a standing or falling Church ? Compare 
 St. Paul's words in 1 Cor. i. 2 1, " It pleased God 
 by the foolishness of the preaching" (to 
 Ktipvy/xa, St. Paul himself being the *«7/w£, 2 
 Tim. i. 11) "to save them that believe." 
 
 Does not the statement in Mark xvi. 16, 
 " Saved — condemned," closely correspond to 
 St. Paul's own words in 2 Cor. ii. 15, " They 
 that are saved — they that perish " ? 
 
 Who could know so much about speaking 
 with tongues as St. Paul, who wrote to the 
 Corinthian disciples that he was thankful to 
 say that " he spoke with tongues more than 
 they all" (1 Cor. xiv. 18)? 
 
 The historian of St. Paul's career in the 
 
5 6 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 Acts more than once mentions Lis casting out 
 devils (Acts xvi. 1 8 ; xix. 1 1, 12; Mark xvi. 1 7). 
 
 Who could write so naturally about taking 
 up serpents without suffering injury (Mark 
 xvi. 1 7) as St. Paul, who, after his shipwreck 
 at Melita, when a viper fastened on his hand, 
 " shook off the beast into the fire, and felt no 
 harm " (Acts xxviii. 3-5) ? 
 
 And St. Paul, during his stay of " many 
 days " in the house of Philip the Evangelist at 
 Csesarea (Acts xxi. 8, 10), had, at least, the 
 opportunity of hearing that account of Justus 
 Barsabas and the cup of poison (Mark xvi. 17) 
 afterwards related by Philips daughters to 
 Papias, as recorded by the Church historian 
 Eusebius. (See above, p. 34.) 
 
 Who could be so conscious of the Lord 
 working with him (Mark xvi. 20) as St. Paul, 
 who once said, " I laboured more abundantly 
 than they all," i.e., than the Twelve Apostles 
 (1 Cor. xv. 10) ; and of whom it was 
 said that " the Lord gave testimony to 
 the Word of His grace, and granted signs 
 and wonders to be done by Paul's hands" 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. S 7 
 
 (Acts xiv. 3 ; xix. n) ? Compare St. Paul's 
 words to Herod Agrippa : " Having there- 
 fore obtained help of God, I continue unto 
 this day witnessing," &c. (Acts xxvi. 22) ; and 
 to the Corinthians, " We are fellow-ivorkers 
 (avvepyoi) with God ( i Cor. iii. 9). It may 
 be added, the word ovvepyeiv is used in these 
 verses of St. Mark, thrice by St. Paul, and 
 besides only once ; a-wepyog is used twelve times 
 by St. Paul, and besides only once in the New 
 Testament. 
 
 In the words of the Dean of Chichester 
 (" The Last Twelve Verses of St. Mark," p. 
 162), " ' Had not St. Paul himself cast out 
 devils ? ' — ' spoken with tongues more than 
 they all ? ' — and at Melita, not only ' shaken 
 off the serpent into the fire and felt no harm,' 
 but also ' laid hands on the sick ' father of 
 Publius, ' and he had recovered ' " ? 
 
 (c.) St. Paul fulfilled the other conditions oj 
 Authorship, for he was a Jewish Chris- 
 tian writing in the Apostolic Age to the 
 Gentile Christians at Rome. 
 
58 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 (d.) St. Paul, assuredly, had the literary 
 ability. 
 
 We may easily satisfy ourselves on this 
 point by a comparatively slight examination 
 of St. Paul's Epistles, with their varying 
 phraseology, structure, substance, and style. 
 
 (e.) St. Paul had the motive for writing. 
 
 This Gospel of St. Mark, "compiled for 
 Gentile Christians " (Alford), ended, for what- 
 ever reason, abruptly at the Resurrection, 
 without giving the least account of the work 
 of the Apostles in fulfilling their mission, and 
 especially without giving any account of the 
 great and successful work of Paul " the 
 Apostle of the Gentiles" (Rom. xi. 13), in 
 the triumphant preaching of the Gospel, in 
 spite of bitter hostility and fierce opposition, 
 far and wide among the heathen. How natu- 
 ral for St. Paul, " the Preacher, Apostle, and 
 Teacher of the Gentiles," " the Prisoner of 
 Jesus Christ for the Gentiles," — how natural 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 59 
 
 for St. Paul, " to whose trust the Gospel had 
 been committed," " to magnify his office," and 
 to write such an account ! (2 Tim. i. 1 1 ; Eph. 
 iii. 1; 1 Tim. i. 1 1 ; Eom. xi. 13). How 
 natural, then, for St. Paul to append to 
 this Gentile Gospel this epitome of doctrine 
 and summary of events, the events of his own 
 life-work, bringing the history and development 
 of the Church down to his own day ! How 
 natural, especially when we call to mind the 
 persistent way in which the Judaisers de- 
 nounced his doctrinal teaching, disputed his 
 Apostolic authority, and disparaged his Evange- 
 listic efforts! (Col. iv. 10, 11; Gal. v. 11; 
 1 Cor. ix. 1-3). (Cf. texts on title-page.) 
 
 (f.) St. Paul certainly possessed the necessary 
 materials. 
 
 St. Paul had laboured more abundantly 
 than all the other Apostles (1 Cor. xv. 10), 
 and some of the subject-matter of these verses 
 related to his own personal experiences. (Acts 
 xxviii. 3-6, 8, 9). See p. 54. 
 
60 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 (g.) St. Paul had the opportunity of writing 
 these concluding verses, and of adding 
 them to the Second Gospel. 
 
 The active mind of St. Paul could not be 
 idle — even though his body was chained — 
 during his two years' imprisonment at Rome. 
 He had always regarded Eome as the great 
 goal of his labours, and, so to speak, as the 
 climax of his efforts. " Paulus Romse apex 
 Evangelii " (Bengel ; cf Renan, " Hibbert Lec- 
 tures," p. 60). Like John Bunyan in Bedford 
 gaol, or Sir Walter Raleigh in the Tower, 
 St. Paul turned his enforced inactivity to 
 good account, and where he could not make 
 his voice heard, he caused his practised and 
 powerful pen to carry the message. 
 
 (h.) St. Paul possessed the needful authority. 
 
 Who could have had the requisite authority 
 to write such an account for the Gentile Chris- 
 tians, if St. Paul, the Apostle of the Gentiles, 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 61 
 
 who had founded almost all the Gentile 
 Churches ( i Cor. iv. 15), had not this authority ? 
 As I have elsewhere pointed out, there is a 
 certain analogy between St. Paul and Ezra as 
 regards their position and their influence, as 
 well as their contribution to, and their super- 
 vision of, the Scriptures. So great was St. 
 Paul's influence and authority (Gal. ii. 7-9), 
 that nothing could have been added during 
 his lifetime without his sanction to any 
 authorised document circulating among the 
 Gentiles. Those Gentile Christians at Eome 
 who came forth to meet and to greet with 
 so warm a welcome Paul the prisoner on 
 his arrival at Appii Forum (Acts xxviii. 
 11, compared with Col. iv. 11), how ready 
 would they be to warmly welcome, and to 
 widely circulate, any historic document writ- 
 ten by him for their benefit, relating to " that 
 Gospel " which St. Paul had so long " preached 
 among the Gentiles" ! (Gal. ii. 2.) 
 
 Had he not "the mind of Christ" (1 Cor. 
 ii. 16)? Was not " the Gospel committed to 
 his trust ( 1 Tim. i. 11)? Was he not, with 
 
62 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 regard to the Gospel, " appointed the Herald, 
 the Apostle, and the Teacher of the Gentiles " 
 (2 Tim. i. 11) 1 Had not "the Lord given 
 him authority for edification " (2 Cor. x. 8) ? 
 
 See also " Olshausen on the Gospels," i. p. 
 xli., quoted above, iii. (j), p. 42. 
 
 Is it not, then, as the Bishop of Durham, Dr. 
 Lightfoot, says, "worthy of notice that the 
 two Evangelists, St. Mark and St. Luke, are 
 mentioned together?" (Col. iv. io, 14). St. 
 Mark and St. Luke are thus mentioned to- 
 gether by St. Paul as being associated with 
 him, as being fellow- workers * with him dur- 
 ing his imprisonment at Rome. Could any 
 fact be more highly suggestive 1 Moreover, St. 
 Mark is named in the Acts, and St. Luke, besides 
 usin <y two-thirds of his words, constantly agrees 
 with St. Mark (more or less closely) in those 
 common sections in which St. Mark differs from 
 St. Matthew. Take, for instance, the case of 
 Jairus, mentioned by name (Luke viii. 41 ; 
 Mark v. 22; Matt. ix. 18), and of the one 
 
 * St. Paul calls St. Mark his avvepyos ( = fellow- worker) eh 
 tt)v paatXeiav tov Qeov (Col. iv. io, u). Cf. p. 57. 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 63 
 
 demoniac of Gadara (Luke viii. 26 ; Mark v, 
 1 ; Matt. viii. 28). " There is not a single 
 instance of a verbal agreement, in the common 
 sections of the Synoptic Gospels, between St. 
 Matthew and St. Luke only" (Westcott, " Int. 
 to the Study of the Gospels," p. 194, note). 
 This weighty fact certainly seems to indicate 
 a close connection between the two Evangelists, 
 St. Luke and St. Mark, the clue to which — 
 bearing in mind that both Mark and Luke 
 write for Gentile readers, while Matthew writes 
 for Jewish readers — is their presence, both to- 
 gether, with St. Paul at Rome. 
 
 St. Paul, a prisoner at Eome, wrote to his 
 dearly-beloved son Timothy, his own son in 
 the faith, entreating him to come quickly to 
 him, as " the time of his departure " — that is, 
 the time of St. Paul's martyrdom — "was at 
 hand, and only Luke was with him" (2 Tim. 
 iv. 6, 11). 
 
 He begs Timothy, moreover, to " take Mark 
 and to bring him" also, "for he would be 
 profitable to St. Paul for service " («V Siokovmv, 
 ver. 1 1 ), adding that he was to bring, at the 
 
64 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 same time, " the boohs, but especially the parch- 
 ments " (ver. 13). In the second chapter of this 
 same Epistle to Timothy, at the 8th verse, St. 
 Paul refers to the substance of his preaching 
 as " my Gospel." That St. Paul's Gospel was 
 not in all respects necessarily identical with 
 that taught by other teachers — not to mention 
 false apostles (2 Cor. xi. 13) — is sufficiently 
 evident from Gal. ii. 2 and 1 Tim. i. 3, 4 ; 
 and that at this very time St. Paul was re- 
 volving in his mind a plan for preserving the 
 Gospel in its purity, after his own day, appears 
 from the 2nd verse of the second chapter of 
 this Second Epistle to Timothy written from 
 Kome. 
 
 When we remember ( 1 ) that St. Paul was at 
 Rome with Luke; (2) that Timothy, his own 
 son in the faith, received an urgent summons 
 to attend him; (3) that Mark's personal ser- 
 vices were expressly asked for ; (4) that books 
 and parchments (not too common in those 
 days) denoting some literary undertaking were 
 specially named; (5) that St. Paul had a pre- 
 sentiment that he had finished his course, and 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 65 
 
 that the day of his death was close at hand ; 
 (6) that St. Paul's mind was exercised as to 
 the best means of preserving, after his own 
 impending death, the Gospel of Grace for the 
 Gentiles free from corruption by the Judais- 
 ing party ; and when we further call to mind 
 the fact (7) that St. Paul, although a prisoner, 
 debarred from all missionary enterprise, had 
 full liberty (and also undisturbed leisure) " to 
 preach the kingdom of God, and to teach 
 those things which concern the Lord Jesus 
 Christ" (Acts xxviii. 31); when (8) we recall his 
 own words, that " to him to live was Christ " 
 (Phil. i. 21), and that " he, the prisoner of 
 Jesus Christ for the Gentiles" (Eph. iii. 1), 
 " was set for the defence of the Gospel " (Phil, 
 i. 1 7) ; — when we consider all these converging 
 lines of proof, and remember Bishop Butler's 
 maxim, how can we avoid coming to the con- 
 clusion that, at this time, St. Paul carried out 
 the idea he had in his mind by writing, with 
 the help of Timothy, Luke, and Mark, the his- 
 tory of the Eise and Progress of the Kingdom 
 of God, the full account of which (associated 
 
66 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 with the name of St. Luke) is to be found in 
 the Third Gospel and the Acts, and the brief 
 summary, the compendious epitome of which 
 (associated with the name of St. Mark) is to 
 be found in these last twelve verses of the 
 Second Gospel — both for the Gentiles ? 
 
 Does not this sufficiently agree with the 
 words of Dr. Hort (though I must not, in 
 any way claim his authority) ? "An interme- 
 diate view, which has found favour with some 
 critics, is that vers. 9-20 are a supplement 
 added by the Evangelist (St. Mark) at a later 
 time to the work previously left for some 
 reason unfinished. This . . . is not altogether 
 inconsistent with the documentary evidence " 
 ("Greek Test.," vol. ii., Appendix, p. 50) ; only I 
 venture to add that St. Mark did not write these 
 verses proprio motu. Seeing that his influen- 
 tial kinsman, Barnabas, was dead (Col. iv. 10 
 and Acts xi. 24), St. Mark himself would 
 scarcely have possessed sufficient weight and 
 authority to ensure their reception by the 
 Church. St. Mark did not write these verses 
 proprio motu, but he wrote them at the re- 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 67 
 
 quest and under the supervision, if not at the 
 actual dictation, of the Apostle Paul. 
 
 This result, obtained by an analytical, 
 microscopic examination of the facts, does not 
 seriously militate against the concluding words 
 of Dean Burgon (p. 252) when he says, "I 
 have proved that St. Mark must needs be 
 thought to have written them." 
 
 To hear the conclusion of the whole matter. 
 Dr. Hort says of this last section of the Second 
 Gospel ("Greek Test.," vol. ii., Appendix, p. 
 51): "Its authorship and its precise date must 
 remain unknown. ... It manifestly cannot 
 claim any Apostolic authority." I venture, 
 with all due respect, but at the same time 
 with all the confidence inspired by a careful 
 examination of the facts, to challenge these 
 dogmatic statements. I venture to say that 
 these verses can claim Apostolic authority. 
 I venture to say that the place is known, 
 namely, Eome — that the time is approximately 
 known, a.d. 62— and that the author is known, 
 for he is none other than the great Apostle 
 of the Gentiles, St. Paul. 
 
68 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 VI. 
 
 Results. 
 
 What then are the results of these researches ? 
 They appear to be as follows, and they cer- 
 tainly seem to be not devoid of interest and 
 importance : — 
 
 I. The Gospel according to St. Mark must 
 have been in existence some considerable time 
 before St. Paul's death in the year 64 a.d. 
 (Renan, " Hibbert Lectures," p. 90). 
 
 II. The prophecy in St. Mark xiii. as to the 
 destruction of Jerusalem (which event did not 
 take place until the year 70 a.d.) must have 
 been in existence (must have been both written 
 and read) several years — probably ten years at 
 least — before it was fulfilled. 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 69 
 
 III. St. Mark's Gospel being an abridged 
 adaptation of St. Matthew's Gospel (with 
 which it is constantly in the closest corre- 
 spondence, though there is ample proof that 
 it is the work of an independent authority 
 and witness), the prophecy in St. Matthew 
 xxiv. relative to the capture of Jerusalem must 
 have been in existence still earlier — that is, 
 this prophecy must have been in circulation 
 considerably more than ten years before the 
 event. In fact, there seems every reason to 
 suppose that St. Matthew's Gospel was in use 
 some years before a.d. 50, the date of the 
 Conference at Jerusalem described in the 15 th 
 chapter of the Acts. 
 
 IV. The contents of St. Mark's Gospel must 
 have received the general sanction and approval 
 of St. Paul. 
 
 V. The Gospel according to St. Mark must 
 have been in existence before the Gospel 
 according to St. Luke was written. It follows, 
 therefore, that the three Synoptic Gospels 
 
70 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 stand in our New Testament in their right and 
 proper order — the order of time — St. Matthew 
 having been the earliest, and St. Luke the latest, 
 to appear. They represent successive interpre- 
 tations (so to speak) of the same series of 
 events, fresh adaptations of the same narrative 
 (with corrections and additions), put forth to 
 meet the needs of the changed circumstances of 
 the growing and developing Christian Church. 
 (Cf. " Townson on the Gospels," vol. i. p. 208.) 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. yi 
 
 NO TE 
 ON THE ALLEGED DISCREPANCY. 
 
 The late Dean Alford, on St. Mark xvi. 9-20, 
 referred to the " inconsistency " of the narra- 
 tive " with the accounts in the other Gospels," 
 which had been pointed out in early times by 
 some of the Fathers, including Gregory of 
 Nyssa and Jerome. (Cf. p. 23.) 
 
 Dean Burgon, however (" The Last Twelve 
 Verses of St. Mark," p. 189), says: "What 
 would be gained by demonstrating (as I am, 
 of course, prepared to do) that there is really 
 no inconsistency ivhatever between anything 
 which St. Mark here says and what the other 
 Evangelists deliver ? .... It is onlv one of 
 many places where a prima facie discrepancy, 
 though it does not fail to strike, yet (happily) 
 altogether fails to distress faithful readers. 
 
72 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 .... If sufficient critical skill were brought 
 to bear on the highly elliptical portion of 
 narrative contained in these twelve verses, 
 . . . . any apparent inconsistency .... 
 would be found to be imaginary." 
 
 The following quotations may be added, as 
 having a more or less direct bearing on the 
 subject : — 
 
 Zeller (" The Acts of the Apostles Critically 
 Investigated," vol. ii. p. 199) : " Little as the 
 Ascension, in our book (the Acts), can be 
 reconciled with that in Luke's Gospel, we must 
 not infer from this circumstance a diversity of 
 authorship." Compare Alford, " Greek Testa- 
 ment," vol. i., on St. Luke xxiv. 50, and "Pro- 
 legomena," chap. iv. sect. 4, par. 2 ; and 
 Bishop Wordsworth, "Greek Testament," on St. 
 Luke xxiv. 50. 
 
 Zeller (vol. ii. p. 1 97) : " It is true that, in the 
 accounts (in the Acts) of St. Paul's conversion 
 and the period immediately subsequent to 
 that event, variations exist which we found 
 of sufficient importance in estimating its 
 historical value. Yet how little these varia- 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 73 
 
 tions justify us in attributing a different origin 
 to the narratives concerned, is incontrovertibly 
 proved by the circumstance, that between the 
 three accounts of St. Paul's conversion, especially 
 between those in the 9th and 2 2d chapters, 
 there is an accordance, in a great measure 
 verbal, which renders it impossible to attribute 
 them to different authors!' 
 
 Subjoined are the observations of the late 
 Dean Howson, in his " Bohlen Lectures," p. 
 94 ff., as to these varying accounts of St. 
 Paul's conversion : — 
 
 " There are three accounts of St. Paul's 
 conversion — one given directly by St. Luke in 
 the 9th chapter, the others by St. Paul him- 
 self, as related in the 2 2d and 26th chapters, 
 under apologetic conditions, but conditions 
 extremely different from one another. ... If 
 they were true to the circumstances under 
 which they are alleged to have been uttered, 
 and true likewise to the character of the 
 speaker as a man of good judgment and 
 fine tact, they must exhibit corresponding 
 
74 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 " Speaking to the angry mob in the Temple 
 court, it was essential that St. Paul should be 
 conciliatory, by presenting his subject as much 
 as possible on the Jewish side. . . . This he 
 does with remarkable skill. ... He speaks in 
 Hebrew" 
 
 " Our part as critics, in the scrutiny of this 
 speech (Acts xxii.), is to observe how all the 
 omissions, the additions, the variations of em- 
 phasis, on comparison with the direct narrative, 
 fit the occasion, and also harmonise with what 
 we know from other sources of St. Paul's ver- 
 satility, tact, and presence of mind." 
 
 " If next we turn to the speech before Festus 
 and Agrippa, we find the story of his conversion 
 told with what might be termed a strong 
 Gentile colouring ; and this was in harmony 
 with the occasion, and quite according to 
 the tone and habit of St. Paul's mind and 
 character." 
 
 It may be added that there is an apparent 
 discrepancy between Acts xv. and Galatiansii., 
 and yet both chapters are more or less due to 
 St. Paul. St. Paul himself states that he made 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 75 
 
 himself "all things to all men" (1 Cor. ix. 
 22) ; and, as I have pointed out in " St. Paul 
 the Author of the Acts " (Second Part, p. 189, 
 note), a striking illustration of this is afforded 
 by " St. Paul calling out, ' I am a Pharisee, 
 the son of a Pharisee,' before the Sanhedrin 
 (some members of which he perceived to be 
 Pharisees, Acts xxiii. 6). To the mob at Jeru- 
 salem he proclaims in the Hebrew tongue that 
 he is a Jew (Acts xxii. 3). To the chief 
 captain (who is a Eoman) he states that he also 
 is a Eoman (Acts xxii. 25, 27)." 
 
 It is obvious that, in such a rapid retro- 
 spect, such a brief condensed summary, as 
 these last twelve verses of St. Mark, the main 
 object of the writer (who had not specially in 
 view the Nineteenth Century with its search- 
 ing negative criticism) would be, not so much 
 to insist on critical accuracy of detail, as to 
 give, at a glance, a comprehensive and im- 
 pressive picture. It must not be forgotten 
 that the same artist can paint two different 
 pictures of the same scene, and that the same 
 events present a different appearance when 
 
76 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 viewed in a different light. A narrator may, 
 in two accounts of the same events, emphasize 
 or pass over different facts according to the 
 didactic purpose of his narrative. 
 
 That there must be some didactic purpose in 
 this terse and graphic, thorough and complete 
 epitome is obvious. Let us examine a little 
 more closely. In verse 1 5 we find a very em- 
 phatic declaration that the Gospel was gra- 
 ciously intended for all mankind, and was to 
 be freely offered, without distinction, to Jew and 
 Gentile alike throughout the whole world — a 
 confirmation of St. Paul's statement that " the 
 God of the Jews was the God of the Gentiles 
 also" (Eom. iii. 29). Again, in verse 16 we 
 find another emphatic assertion that salvation 
 is not of Works, but of Faith, that there is no 
 need for the believer "to be circumcised after 
 the manner of Moses, and to keep the Law " 
 (Acts xv. 1, 24) — a confirmation of St. Paul's 
 statement that " a man is justified by Faith 
 without the deeds of the Law . . . seeing 
 that it is one God who shall justify the Cir- 
 cumcision by Faith, and the Uncircumcision 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 77 
 
 through Faith" (Eom. iii. 28, 30). " For there 
 is no difference between the Jew and the Gen- 
 tile " (Rom. x. 12). 
 
 Now, as I have observed before, St. Paul's 
 form of the Gospel was not precisely the same 
 as that preached by the other Apostles ; St. 
 Paul's Gospel (Rom. xvi. 25 ; Gal. ii. 2) differed 
 from this, not as to historical facts, but with 
 regard to doctrine and practice. Writing to 
 the Ephesians (ch. iii. 3, 6), he says, " By re- 
 velation God made known unto me the mys- 
 tery . . . that the Gentiles should be fellow- 
 heirs, and of the same body, and partakers of 
 His promise in Christ by the Gospel." 
 
 These words are the keynote of the doctrinal 
 Gospel preached by St. Paul. And here in these 
 concluding verses of St. Mark, few and short 
 as they are, we find the two marked features 
 of St. Paul's oivn peculiar form of the doctrinal 
 Gospel prominently displayed ; namely, the 
 doctrine of God's Free Grace, and the doctrine 
 of man's Justification by Faith. St. Paul 
 mentions these two great doctrines together in 
 his Epistle to the Ephesians (ch. ii. 8), when 
 
78 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 he says, " By Grace are ye saved through 
 Faith, and that not of yourselves ; it — i.e., 
 your salvation (Alford) — is the gift of God." 
 We find precisely the same doctrinal teach- 
 ing in the Third Gospel, which, as we have 
 seen, reflects the mind of St. Paul as it is 
 everywhere exhibited to us in his Epistles. 
 Aiford ("Greek Test," vol. i. Proleg., p. 43) 
 points out " Luke's carefulness (in the Third 
 Gospel) to record the sayings of our Lord 
 which were assertive of His unrestricted love 
 for Jew and Gentile alike. We may observe, 
 too, in Luke those parables and sayings are 
 principally found, which most directly regard 
 the great doctrine of man's free justification 
 by grace through faith: e.g., ch. xv. 1 1 ff. ; 
 xvii. 10 ; xviii. 14, in which latter place the 
 use of SeSiKaiooimevos is remarkable." 
 
 It is, moreover, an important fact, which 
 must never be lost sight of, that St. Paul 
 " suffered persecution," at the hands of the 
 Judaisers, " for the Cross of Christ," because he 
 would not "preach circumcision" (Gal. v. 1 1 ; vi. 
 12). These persecuting Judaisers proclaimed 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 79 
 
 his inferiority to the original Apostles (2 Cor. 
 xi. 5), and indeed went so far as to deny that 
 he was an Apostle at all (1 Cor. ix. 1-3), 
 doubtless making the most and the worst of 
 his past career as persecutor, to disparage his 
 Apostolic claims (Acts ix. 26). It was, indeed, 
 too true that St. Paul had once " persecuted 
 the Church of God " — he himself, humbled by 
 this recollection, was the first to confess that 
 "he was not meet to be called an Apostle" 
 (1 Cor. xv. 9) — but he had " obtained mercy " 
 and had "received grace and apostleship," in- 
 asmuch as he had done this " ignorantly in 
 unbelief'' (Rom. i. 5 ; 1 Tim. i. 13). 
 
 Now, in these last verses of St. Mark, there 
 certainly appears to be special emphasis laid 
 on the unbelief oi the eleven Apostles. Thus, 
 in verse 1 1, the reader is told that " they 
 believed not" and again, in verse 13, " neither 
 believed they them," and, once more, in verse 
 14, the very next verse, " He upbraided them 
 with their unbelief and hardness of heart, 
 because they believed not them who had seen 
 Hi?n after He was risen." We must not 
 
8o THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 forget that in St. Paul's view no faith in 
 Christ, which fell short of faith in the Resur- 
 rection of Christ, could possibly be of the 
 slightest efficacy or value. Thus, he writes to 
 the Komans, " If thou shalt confess with thy 
 mouth the Lord Jesus, and shalt believe in 
 thine heart that God hath raised Him from 
 the dead, thou shalt be saved " (Kom. x. 9). 
 Compare also the impressive statement of St. 
 Paul to his Corinthian converts, " If Christ be 
 not risen, then is our preaching vain, and your 
 faith is also vain ... ye are yet in your 
 sins" (1 Cor. xv. 14, 17). The Eesurrection 
 of Christ was the foundation-stone of the 
 Pauline Gospel — faith in the Eesurrection of 
 Christ its one essential article. We gather, 
 therefore, from the above emphatic state- 
 ment of their unbelief, that the chosen eleven 
 Apostles, to whom the Gospel was first 
 intrusted, were originally just as incredu- 
 lous as St. Paul himself of the testimony 
 of others ; and that as St. Paul was in no re- 
 spect " behind the very chiefest Apostles, in 
 all the signs of apostleship" (2 Cor. xii. 1 1, .2), 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. 81 
 
 so these very chiefest Apostles were not one 
 whit better than St. Paul in this matter of 
 want of faith. 
 
 Taking all these circumstances into con- 
 sideration, it seems not impossible that the 
 didactic purpose — and this may throw some 
 light on the alleged discrepancy — of these last 
 twelve verses of St. Mark may have been to 
 impress on the Gentile reader that these chosen 
 Apostles, " who had known Christ after the 
 flesh" (2 Cor. v. 16), were, notwithstanding 
 all their advantages, in no way superior to St. 
 Paul himself, and that although they might 
 claim, as the circumcised children of Abraham, 
 all the privileges of the favoured Jews, yet at 
 first they were just as destitute of that Faith 
 in Christ, which St. Paul preached as the one 
 thing needful, as the most untaught and out- 
 cast Gentile could possibly be — so destitute of 
 faith, indeed, as to have been " upbraided with 
 their unbelief and hardness of heart, because 
 they believed not." Hence the lesson seems 
 to be that the Apostles no less than St. Paul, 
 the Jews no less than the Gentiles everywhere, 
 
82 THE LAST TWELVE VERSES 
 
 for there was "no difference" (Rom. x. 12), 
 were all, by nature, unbelieving — they were 
 all alike suffering from " hardness of heart " — 
 all alike " concluded under unbelief " (Rom. 
 xi. 32) — that all alike might be suitable sub- 
 jects for the mercy of God. All alike were 
 " concluded under sin, that the promise by 
 faith of Jesus Christ might be given to them 
 that believe" (Gal. iii. 22). All alike needed 
 to be justified by faith, and to receive salvation 
 as the free gift of God — to accept by faith that 
 free and universal Gospel of which St. Paul 
 was the appointed preacher (2 Tim. i. 11). 
 
 Thus the didactic purpose of these verses 
 may have been to vindicate St. Paul's Apostle- 
 ship, and, by contrast with the dark back- 
 ground of original unbelief, to bring out all the 
 more prominently, and to illuminate all the 
 more brightly, those great cardinal doctrines 
 of the Gospel of the grace of God (Acts xx. 
 24), everywhere preached by St. Paul the 
 Apostle of the Gentiles. 
 
 It may be added that these narratives in St. 
 Mark and St. Luke may have passed through 
 
OF THE SECOND GOSPEL. S3 
 
 the hands of, — may have been copied, modi- 
 fied, touched and retouched by, — more tban one 
 amanuensis before assuming the final forms in 
 which they now perplex critics. At all events, 
 the difficulty, on account of the alleged discrep- 
 ancy, in accepting the authorship (or, perhaps 
 it should be, the editorship) of St. Paul (who 
 was not an eye-witness), will not be appreciably 
 greater than in accepting the authorship of St. 
 Mark, which Dean Burgon (p. 254) claims to 
 have so thoroughly demonstrated as to leave 
 remaining "not a particle of doubt, not an atom 
 of suspicion." And the quotations given above 
 prove incontestably that an apparent discre- 
 pancy between two documents does not by 
 any means necessarily involve a diversity of 
 authorship — especially when the author con- 
 cerned is St. Paul. 
 
 PRINTED BY BALI.ANTYNE, HANSON AND CO. 
 EDINBURGH AND LONDON. 
 
Bg tfje Same gutijor. 
 
 ST. PAUL, 
 
 THE AUTHOR OF THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES AND 
 OF THE THIRD GOSPEL. 
 
 With a Note on the Medical Language. 
 Complete in two volumes, demy 8vo, 7s. 6d. each. 
 
 Opinions of the Press. 
 
 " The First Part was ably and logically written, and the end aimed at was 
 far beyond mere Biblical criticism. . . . The chapter on the Medical Language 
 in the Third Gospel and the Acts is very instructive and interesting, as also 
 that on the style of their writer, and we feel that (in the Second Part) Mr. 
 Evans most ably and learnedly maintains his own assertion." — Ecclesiastical 
 Gazette. 
 
 " We agree with Mr. Heber Evans where he criticises Dr. Hobart's ' Medica 
 Language of St. Luke.'" — Church of England Pulpit and Ecclesiastical Review. 
 
 " The importance of this work to students of Scriptural history is inestim- 
 able, and it must be of exceeding interest to debaters of the question it 
 involves. Mr. Evans adduces arguments in favour of his case which appear 
 to be irresistible. . . . None will deny that his books are scholarly, and form 
 a valuable contribution to the library of the Biblical student." — Western 
 Daily Mercury. 
 
 " We cannot speak too highly of the scholarly ability which Mr. Evans has 
 brought to bear on the subject, and the industry with which he has elicited 
 parallel expressions, and we can recommend the work as most interesting 
 and in many ways instructive." — Literary Churchman. 
 
 "Mr. Evans's work is likely sooner or later to stir up some controversy. 
 ... He has at any rate directed attention to so many important topics and 
 questions, and has thrown so much light upon these, that his two volumes 
 ought to be read by all ministers and Bible students. But we think he has 
 shown that the Pauline authorship is, to say the least, highly probable."— 
 Leeds Mercury. 
 
 "Mr. Evans has done valuable work. ... He has made it impossible for 
 any candid mind to doubt that the Third Gospel and the Acts are documents 
 
( 2 ) 
 
 of the Pauline age, and penetrated at first hand with the Pauline spirit. . • . 
 Mr. Evans has most carefully compiled the internal evidence. ... A great 
 deal of patient and laborious work must have gone into this study of the 
 subject." — Rev. Canon Hayman, D.D., in the Churchman. 
 
 " There is much that can be said in favour of Mr. Evans's thesis. . . . The 
 style is clear and vigorous. . . . Apart from the interesting question that 
 Mr. Evans raises, the inquiry is useful. It is valuable as an analysis of the 
 style of St. Paul."— Methodist Recorder. 
 
 Press Opinions of the First Volume. 
 
 " Mr. Evans's very careful and elaborate treatise ... is well worthy of 
 attention . . . Learned, logical, and well-written." — British Quarterly Review 
 
 "An able work, and one deserving of study." — Scotsman. 
 
 "A very valuable contribution to this department of Biblical criticism."— 
 Family Churchman. 
 
 " Mr. Evans bases his proof on internal evidence of similarity of style and 
 of opinion." — Saturday Revieto. 
 
 " He has, with much skill, elicited many striking analogies."— Literary 
 Churchman. 
 
 " Mr. Evans has, we believe, drawn out this comparison more carefully 
 and more completely than has been done before." — Church Bells. 
 
 "Will not be either uninteresting or unprofitable to the student of the 
 origins of Christianity." — Scottish Review. 
 
 " Mr. Evans dwells much on what he calls the parallelisms of the Third 
 Gospel and the Acts, and finds therein a proof of Pauline authorship." — 
 Dublin Review. 
 
 " It is right to say that Mr. Evans's motive is entirely orthodox." — Scottish 
 Guardian. 
 
 London : WYMAN & SONS, 75 Great Queen Street, W.C. 
 
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