FROM THE LIBRARY OF REV. LOUIS FITZGERALD BENSON, D. D. BEQUEATHED BY HIM TO THE LIBRARY OF PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY IMTlsian 'SiC- X) Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from Princeton Theological Seminary Library http://archive.org/details/hispresbytOOwebs !\ SVi I) > f. .^ ^ ^ 1 N^ sl ^ ItF'- -l^^ ^ f^ '^ % k .^ ^ rS 'J ^ ^ ^ ' S^" -aH^imttvilf^MMi ■*!'■*■ -I >ii«<— iiii Arxt.^ I /LLr^y^^^ ^ DEC ; 3 1931 HISTORY Pr^sljlltcrjait (riiiir([It lit gimfrjfii, FROM ITS ORIGIN UNTIL THE YEAR 1760. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF ITS EARLY MINISTERS. HEY. RICHARD WEBSTER, LATE PASTOR OP THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, HAUCH CHUNK, PA. |l glcmflir ai Hit gutlror, BY THE REY. C. YAN RENSSELAER, D.D. AND gn |)istflntal Introiuttion, BY THE REY. "WILLIAM BLACKWOOD, D.D. PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. PHILADELPHIA: JOSEPH M. WILSON, Ko. Ill SOUTH TEXTH STREET, BELOW CHESTNUT STREET. WILLIAM DUDEX, COLUMBUS, OHIO. 1858. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1857, by JOSEPH M. WILSON, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. NOTICE. The Presbyterian Historical Society resolved, iu 1853, to publish the Eev. Eichard Webster's " History of the Presbyte- rian Church." A committee, consisting of C. Yan Eensselaer, John C. Backus, and Samuel Agnew, was appointed, with power to take measures to carry the resolution into effect. Various circumstances interfered to prevent the publication of the work until the present time. Since the committee was appointed, the basis of the Presbyte- rian Historical Society has been enlarged so as to include other branches of the Presbyterian church. It is, therefore, proper to state that the Society itself is not to be considered as committed to any of the controversial statements of the present history; but merely as issuing it under its general patronage and authority, after the manner of other Historical Societies. This volume of Church History is the first volume of the PUBLICATIONS OF THE PEESBYTEEIAl^ HISTOEICAL SOCIETY. C. Van Rensselaer, Chairman Ex. Com. of P. H. S. Decembee 22, 1856, CONTENTS. PAQE Memoir 11 Introdcction 45 PART I. HISTORICAL. CHAPTER L State of Ulster during the Reigns of James I. and Charles I. — Trials of the Ulster Presbyterians — The Eagle's Wing — Bishop Bramhall — Mr. Castell — His plan for introducing the Gospel into the Colonies — The Battle of Dunbar •^Scots Prisoners sent to the Colonies — 1670 to 1680, Scottish Presbyterians Bettle in Virginia, and procure a Minister from Ireland — Settlements in Maryland — 1680, Colonel Stevens applies to Laggan Presbytery for a Minis- ter— Efforts of Scottish noblemen and others to settle Carolina — 1G84, Other prisoners sent from Scotland to Carolina — Lord Cardross — Settlements on the Potomac and Patuxent — Scotsmen join in purchasing the Jerseys — Scott, of Pitlochie — Voluntary exiles — Barclay, of Urie — Hume, of Paisley — Emi- gration to Jersey, Delaware, and Virginia — Dutch Reformed Congregations — Society of Friends — Ranters — John Labadie — Delusion in New England — Efforts made in Massachusetts to send the Gospel to Virginia — Episcopal Churches — Baptists — Presbyterianism in Philadelphia — Francis Makemie — Other Ministers — State of Morals — Religious Liberty in the Colonies 65-7f CHAPTER II. Opening of Eighteenth Century — High-Churchism again in power — New Jersey united to New York — Viscount Cornbury appointed Governor — Conduct of Church Party in Pennsylvania, 1701-1703 — Colonel Quarry — George Keith — Sir Robert Carr, Governor — Fears of compulsory enforcement of Con- formity— Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts incorporated in 1701 — Steps taken to have a Bishop consecrated — The Bishop of London and Archbishop Seeker favourable — Two Jacobites consecrated, and sent over — The Bishop of London and the Baptism of Dissenters — Vesey, the Rector of Trinity Church, New York — Town of Jamaica Settled — John Hub- 6 b CONTENTS. PAOB bard and Lord Cornbury — Tyrannical proceedings in Jamaica — Keith urges Cornbury to further harsh Steps — Samuel Bownas — Hempstead settled — Further proceedings of Keith and other Episcopalians — Irregularities of the Episcopal Clergy — Proceedings in Virginia — Several Ministers qualified to preach — First meeting of the Presbytery — Note 79-91 CHAPTER III. The Synod of Ulster before 1697 — Records lost — Order adopted in 1698— Sub- scription of Confession adopted, 1705 — Probable course of Philadelphia Presbytery — First meeting at Freehold — Second meeting at Philadelphia — The Members — Letters from members to Scotland — Aid from London — Soon failed — Happy intercourse of the Brethren — Doctrines and Order of the first members of the Presbytery — Formation of the Synod — Note — Fund esta- blished— Emigration from North of Ireland — Cotton Mather — Ministers arrive from Ireland — The Toleration Act extended to Ireland in 1719 — Irish Presbyterians refuse the terms of the Toleration Act — Their firm proposed to the Government — Mr. Haliday, of Belfast, refuses subscription to the Westminster Confession — Troubles in the Irish Church on Creeds and Con- fessions— 1721, Gillespie's proceedings in the Synod — Discussions in Synod • — Further proceedings in the Irish Presbyterian Church — Their effects on the Synod— The Antrim Presbytery— Synod of Philadelphia, 1727— "A full Synod" every third year resolved on — Debates on Subscription — Dickinson's "Remarks" — Proceedings in Synod of 1729 — Division in Charleston Pres- bytery— The Adopting Act — Samuel Hemphill — Jealousy of the people for the Standards — Difference between Gilbert Tennent and Cowell — Proceed- ings adopted to save the Church from the intrusion of unsound or immoral ministers from other Churches — Supplies from New England — From Eng- land— from Ireland — From Scotland — Presbyterianism in New England — Emigration from 1718 till 1740 mainly Presbyterian — Effect on the Churches 92-120 CHAPTER IV. Identity of Discipline in the Irish, Scottish, and American Churches — Family Training — Ministerial Labours — Presbyterial Oversight — Psalmody — Francis Rous — Ministerial Support — Schools — Style of Preaching — Publication of Sermons — The " Marrow Controversy" — Ministers come from the Mother- Churches — Gilbert Tennent educated in this country — Feeling of other bodies towards the Church — 1729, The Synod condemns the prevalence of a litigious spirit among Church-members — Order relative to Marriages — Limited IntercoJirse with the Church of Scotland — Correspondence with the Scottish Assembly, and with the Society for Propagating Christian Knowledge 121-131 CHAPTER V. State of Society before the " Great Revival" — Intelligence of Revivals abroad — Effects on the Churches — Decline of Godliness lamented — Means adopted CONTENTS. ?: FAOl by the Synod — Gilbert Tennent — Synod adopts his Views — Philadelphia Presbytery complies with Recommendations — State of aflFairs in New Jersey — Sjrnod of 1735 — Exercise of Authority — John Cross — Overture from Lewes Presbytery on Ministerial Preparation — Discussions caused thereby — The Revival in progress — Arrival of Whitefield — Reception in Philadelphia, and in New York — Franklin's Estimate of Whitefield — Sources of his Power — He goes southward — Returns from Georgia during the following April — Followed by great multitudes — He visits New York again — Gilbert Tennent's Sermon on an "Unconverted Ministry" — The Revival at Fagg's Manor — Meeting of Synod — Large attendance — Effects of Revival Sermons 132-148 CHAPTER VI. Continued Discussions in Synod respecting the Trials of Candidates for the Ministry — Present rule continued — Protest — An explanatory Overture — Proceedings of Gilbert Tennent and Samuel Blair — Minute adopted — Mild Conduct of the majority of Synod — Contrasted with the action of New Haven Association — Meeting of the Commission of Synod — Appearances of Division — EflForts to induce Whitefield to visit Boston — His progress thither from Georgia — His Reception — "The Querists" — Gilbert Tennent goes to Boston — Whitefield again in Philadelphia — His progress southward — Dis- cussion in Donegal Presbytery — Complaints against Alexander — Cross, of Baskingridge — Divisions — William Tennent and the Philadelphia Presbytery — Synod meets, in May, 1741 — Continued Irritations — State of Religion in the Synod and in New England contrasted — Preparations in Synod for business — Protestation read by Robert Cross — Twelve Ministers and eight Elders sign this Protest — Parties in the Synod — The Minority withdraw — Effects of the division, and the state of the Parties — Letter of Andrews toPierson 149-181 CHAPTER Vn. Synod proceeds with business after withdrawal of the Brunswick Brethren- Overture adopted — Commission appointed — Meeting in June of the ex- cluded Brethren at Philadelphia — Blair appointed to prepare a paper on Divisions in the Church, and Tennent an answer to the Protest — Applications from numerous places to the Brunswick Brethren — Creaghead and the Solemn League and Covenant — Creaghead withdraws — Davenport in Con- necticut— Moravians in Pennsylvania — Charge against Rowland — Anxieties of Gilbert Tennent — Dickinson in Boston — Gilbert Tennent preaches in New York against the Moravians — Synod meets in Philadelphia in May, 1742 — Conference with the Brunswick Brethren proposed — An Interloquitur resolved on — The New York Brethren bring in a Protest, which is sustained — The Brunswick Brethren withdraw — The Nottingham Sermon again — Letter from Andrews to Pierson — Divisions in New England — Creaghead and a portion of his people adopt Cameronian Principles — Correspondence of Whitefield — Synod of 1743 — Proposals of Peace sent to the Brunswick O CONTENTS. Party — Other Proposals from the New York Brethren — Action of the Synod — Application from Virginia to Scotland for Preachers — Synod of 1744 — Davenport retracts his Errors — General Association of Connecticut advise against communion with VVhitefield — Synod of 1745 — Committees ap- pointed in order to adjustment of difficulties — Their efforts ineffectual — Whitefield again in Philadelphia — Plan adopted in Synod for Union 182-217 CHAPTER VIII. Concessions of the New-Side Brethren to those of New York — Philadelphia Synod meets, May 29, 1746 — Proposals for Intercourse — New York Synod meets in the Spring — No action on the Proposals of the Philadelphia Synod this Year — Nor in 1747 nor in 1748 — No action on Union in the Old Synod in 1747 or 1748 — In 1749, proposals made in New York Synod — Submitted to the Philadelphia Synod — Referred to the Commission and to the Presby- teries— Loss of Presbyterial Records — Action of the New York Commission — Meetings of the Synods of New York, May 16, 1750, and of the Philadelphia Synod, May 23, 1760 — Their respective Plans for Union — Consideration of these Plans — Answer of the New York Synod — Inaction of the Philadelphia Synod on this subject in 1753 — New York Synod of 1754 — Philadelphia Synod, 1755 — Reply of New York Synod to the Philadelphia Brethren — Action thereon by the Philadelphia Brethren — How received by the Synod of New York — Philadelphia Synod of 1756 — And of the New York Synod in the Fall — In their next meeting they agree to assemble in Philadelphia at the same time with the Philadelphia Synod — Proposal accepted by the latter body — They meet in the Second Presbyterian Church in May, 1758 218-239 CHAPTER IX. Whitefield in 1745 — News of the Rebellion of '45 — Further labours of White- field — The Great Valley of Virginia — Philadelphia Synod's care for Virginia — Extension of the Church through Western Virginia and Carolina — Irish Congregations in Pennsylvania weakened thereby — Creaghead applies to the Associate Synod of Edinburgh — Arrival of Culbertson, Telfair, and Kinloch — Points of agreement between the Associate Presbytery and the Reformed . — Old-Side Synod direct McDowell and Smith to prepare a Representation for circulation, showing the most dangerous principles and practices of the Seceders — Gellatly's Reply to the New-Side Brethren — Answered by Samuel Finley and Robert Smith — Covenanters join with the Anti-Burghers and Burghers and form the Associate Synod in 1782 — Peace in the Churches in New Jersey — Difference of increase in the Synods — Reasons for the dif- ference — Effects of the Revival on Church Government — State of the Churches in New England — Synod of Philadelphia agrees to establish a School — Three Presbyteries meet to adopt a plan for establishing a School — Action resolved on, and Alison placed at the head of the Institution — Correspondence with Professor Hutcheson, of Glasgow, respecting the School — Alison removes to Philadelphia — The School changed to Elk — CONTENTS. 9 PASB Aid afiForded to the School under Samson Smith — Presbytery of New York aim at founding a first-class Literary Institution — Council of New Jersey grant charter for such an Institution — College commenced at Elizabethtown — Etforts made to promote the welfare of the College in England — Attempt to send Pemberton to England on behalf of the College — Davies and Tennent sent — Their success in England, Scotland, and Ireland — A Divinity Pro- fessor appointed in Yale College — Revivals of Religion in Yale and in Nassau Colleges — Death of President Burr, and of Finley — Articles con- tained in the " Plan of Union" of the Synods 240-270 CHAPTER X. Importance of the Document as finally adopted — Effects of the remodelling the Presbyteries — Relative influence of the two Synods — Differences, in 1762, on trial of Samson Smith — Other causes of difficulty — Proceedings in 1764, 1765, and 1766 — Action in the case of Donegal and Carlisle Presbyteries — Philadelphia Presbytery test the sense of Article VI. of the Plan of Union, in the cases of Mngaw and John Beard — Second Presbytery of Philadelphia erected for one year — Case of Hugh Williamson — The Old-Side men offended with the decision as offensive to the New England Churches — Dissent of the Second Presbytery of Philadelphia — Reply of the Synod — In 1774, Tate requests a review of the action of Sj'nod — The Act rescinded, and a Substi- tute adopted — Important Minute of 1784, relative to Ministers and Licen- tiates from abroad — Desponding tone of the Episcopal Ministers — State of affairs in Episcopal Church — Interference of New-Side Brethren in settle- ment of an Episcopal Minister — Proceedings connected therewith — Alison proposes, in 1757, to establish a Magazine — Correspondence with the Con- eociated Churches of Connecticut resolved on — A Convention meets at Eliza- bethtown— Election-strife in New York — Concluding Observations 271-294 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE REV. RICHARD AVEBSTER. The writer of this sketch was on familiar terms of intercourse with the late Rev. Richard Webster. Born and brought up in the same city, contemporaries in age, and students in the same theological seminary, a friendship existed between us which ripened with the progress of time and was interrupted only by death. My friend, in his will, bequeathed to me his historical manuscripts : they are now published in the same condi- tion in which he left them. In our last interview, I asked Mr. Webst«r when his history would be ready for the press. He answered, with a smile, "Never; I am all the time making corrections and additions." The truth is, that his work was left in an imperfect state; but it will nevertheless be highly appreciated by the public as a valuable repository of Presbyterian history and bio- graphy. Another remark I may make here respecting his work is, that it only professes to give the early portion of the history of our church. The period embraced in the present volume is a little more than half a century, and is limited to the reunion of the Synods of New York and Philadel- phia, in 1758. The reader, therefore, must not expect to find a complete history of the Presbyterian church in the United States. The early per- il 12 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE tion, which is exceedingly rich in events and in illustrious men, possesses a peculiar interest; and this is the portion comprehended within the scope of Mr. Webster's researches, now published. It is my purpose to make a few remarks on the character of the la- mented author of this volume, chiefly in connection with his devotion to history ; and to incorporate into this sketch, on other points, the views and opinions of brethren who were more intimately acquainted with his ministerial character and habits of life. EiCHARD "Webster was born in the city of Albany, New York, on the 14th of July, 1811, and was the youngest child of Charles R. Webster and Cynthia Steele. His father was a prominent bookseller in that city, and publisher of an influential newspaper. Rrchard's love of books and of newspaper-writing was undoubtedly nurtured by his father's occupation. His mother belonged to one of the good old families in Albany whose praise is in the churches. The young child was trained according to the principles of the covenant of promise, and was brought up under the ministry and ordinances of the First Presbyterian Church, which was at that time under the pastoral care of the Rev. Dr. William Neill, and sub- sequently of the Rev. Dr. Henry R. Weed and the Rev. Dr. John N. Campbell, the latter of whom is still pastor of the church. Richard Webster early professed his faith in the Lord Jesus Christ, and, while the "dew of youth" was upon him, united himself with the followers of the Redeemer. The principal facts in his life will be presented in ex- tracts from the personal reminiscences and testimony of others. God gave to Richard Webster a good, vigorous intellect. Even a casual observer could not fail to see the flashes of intelligence which ema- nated from no ordinary mental constitution. In the true acceptation of the word he might be called a talented man, — sprightly, however, rather than logical, and original and ready rather than very profound. Well culti- vated in early life, his mind expanded under the influence of the collegiate and theological course, and received great strength and discipline from the higher studies incident to his profession. His intellectual powers were far above the average of those of his ministerial brethren; and, although not in the first rank, occupied by the privileged few alone, he was certainly REV. RICHARD WEBSTER. 13 prominent among the many who belong to the class of able, well-endowed, useful men. With a retentive and excellent memory, Mr. Webster treasured up what he acquired. He was a hard student all his life. His professional edu- cation was regarded only as a means to an end. The preliminary course had but prepared him to continue his literary and religious investigations with the greater zeal and perseverance. IMany, it is to be feared, err in placing too great reliance upon the discipline and knowledge early acquired, instead of aiming at a steady and progressive improvement by means of their preparatory resources. Mr. Webster, instead of relaxing from study, made it his daily work. He became more and more familiar with the original languages of Scripture, and prosecuted his theological studies to an extent quite unusual among the temptations of an active missionary life. If not a very learned man, he was more so than many who, owing to circumstances, have attained a higher reputation. Mr. Webster possessed warm social feelings. The emotional part of his nature was simple and earnest, and was a true balance to his insatiable love of knowledge. When free from restraint and among friends, he loved to indulge his natural humour. Few persons, indeed, had more wit, more genuine playfulness, a more rich vein of native fun. This exuberant capacity for amusing others often manifested itself in pleasant and jocose remarks producing irresistible laughter. His nature was emi- nently social; but deafness interrupted, especially in the latter part of his life, this genial flow of soul. In the family, his affectionate disposition showed itself in endearing and delightful manifestations. Mr. Webster's piety was sincere and full of good fruits. With much of the emotional in his nature, religion drew forth the homage of his soul. His affections were set upon things above. He was a holy man. No one could mistake the purposes of his life. His heart was in the ministry of reconciliation. Devotion to the Lord Jesus Christ was his reigning pas- sion. He had consecrated himself to his Master's service with a view to preach the gospel among the heathen; but, when Providence seemed to throw obstacles in this direction of his choice, he joyfully went to a mis- sionary-field at home, doubtless under the guidance of his heavenly Father, who greatly blessed him in his labours. Living a zealous, self-denying, and active life, he accomplished much for the advancement of the Re- 14 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE deemer's kingdom. A tender compassion for souls was the beauty and power of his ministerial character. A sweet, earnest love, that came from God, enabled him to toil in the destitute coal-regions of Pennsylvania, edifying the saints and exhorting sinners to repentance. The Rev. A. B. Cross, who preached his funeral sermon, fitly chose for his text, "Ye are witnesses, and God also, how holily, and justly, and unhlamably we be- haved ourselves among you that believe; as ye know how we exhorted, and comforted, and charged every one of you, as a father doth his chil- dren, that ye should walk worthy of God, who hath called you unto his kingdom and glory :" 1 Thess. ii. 10-12. The Rev. F. De W. Ward, of Genesee, New York, was the class- mate and room-mate of Mr. Webster at Union College and at Princeton Theological Seminary. Mr. Ward was deeply afflicted by the intelligence of the death of his friend, and sent the following notice for publication in the Presbyterian Magazine. I thought it expedient, however, to reserve it for the present sketch : — " Geneseo, New York. " I am a mourner. A friend, greatly respected for his richly-stored mind, — a Christian brother, dearly beloved for his pious heart, — has fallen before the great destroyer, 'whose shafts none can repel.' Jiev. Richard Webster, despite the prayers and tears of a weeping family and a large circle of loving parishioners and clerical associates, has been called away from us. Our loss is his gain. He has doubtless gone to join the company of 'the just made perfect.' " He was my fellow-collegian at Schenectady, my room-mate for nearly three years at Princeton, a most faithful and valued correspondent during my ten years' missionary-life in India, and a visitor than whom none was more welcome to my home. I have known him long and well, and have loved him the more with every year's extended acquaintance. " His conversion occurred at Albany, his native city, and was whole-hearted. When he united with the church, he laid upon the altar of his Saviour mental capacities of rare excellence and power. His was a rapid mind, a poetic genius, a retentive memory, quick wit, great ability of application, indomitable perseverance, untiring energy, and all devoted to Christ ! In naming these characteristics I do not flatter. The grave is a place where truth alone is to be spoken. " I said that his conversion was deep, — ' whole-hearted.' He has told me (not with ostentation : that was far from him) with what pleasure he waited the hour REV. RICHARD WEBSTER. 15 of noon, when his law-emploj'er -would go to dinner, leaving him alone to read his Bible and enjoy his private devotions undisturbed. Nor could I detect, during our long acquaintance, any diminution of this devotional temper, — any thing that would seem to say, 'Oh that I were as in days past!' I have rarely met one who so loved his Bible. He had a 'Woodworth' edition, and with loving intensity did he daily read and study its pages. That dear book! — I think I see it still, as it used to lie -upon his table, — plain in binding, plainer still in paper and type ; but it contained a stream to which he was ever resorting, to drink of its life-giving ■waters. "He was in heart a foreign missionary. Ahmednuggar was the field he had chosen. Upon the eve of departure Providence said, 'You must not go.' The prohibition seemed strange, when the call was so loud from the grave of Gordon Hall and his devoted associates, — ' Send the gospel to the land of Brahma.' Our brother grieved and wept over the disappointment. But his was not the dis- position to say, 'If I cannot go where I would I will turn to another profession.' With the same self-devotion which would have sent him to India, he sought for a destitute locality on Christian ground. He found it among the mountains of Penn- sylvania. The history of his life there, others' pens will, I trust, give to the chui'ch and the world. Our mutual friend and classmate. Dr. D. X. Junkin, told Bie, in May last, thaf, ' notwithstanding the sad disadvantage of his deafness, not a member of our class had accomplished more, if as much, for our church as Mr. Webster, — nearly a score of churches (if I am not misinformed) owing their exist- ence to his agency.' " My last letter from his loved pen contained a warm request to come and see him. Would that I had done so ! And shall all that he wrote find a grave with his body? Those thousand pages of manuscript, upon almost every possible subject : — his researches in church history, — his letters, full to overflowing of fact and thought and spiritual wit, — essays, orations, and poems, — his discourse upon the death of the missionary Barr, — his many, many sermons, exegetical, doc- trinal, and hortatory: — is there no one to collect all these, read them, and compile a volume of 'Remains'? My judgment is greatly at fault if such a volume would not be well received by the Christian public, while the proceeds might go towards a family left in far from affluent circumstances. "I am a mourner. Two of my best-beloved friends and zealous co-workers in the Christian field are In their graves : — Lawrence in India, Webster in America, — kindred in heart, and one now in heavenly worship. May my last end be like theirs ! "Adieu, my much-loved brother! In the words with which you closed a letter to me years ago, 'Very pleasant hast thou been to me; thy love to me was passing the love of women !' Be it mine so to live, that, in the general revelation, these eyes shall see thee again in peace, these ears shall hear, and this heart shall again commingle and coalesce with the heart of him for whom I mourn. W." 16 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE In order to exhibit more clearly some of the traits of the Rev. Richard Webster's character, I will lay before the reader a graphic letter of the Rev. Benjamin J. Wallace, editor of the Presbyterian Quarterly Review, Philadelphia, who was a classmate of our departed brother in the Theological Seminary at Princeton, New Jersey. " Presbyterian House, Philadelphia, ' July 9, 1856. } "My Dear Sir: — " It is a melancholy pleasure to comply with your request, to endeavour to give those not so well acquainted with our departed friend Webster as were you and myself, some idea of his character as it impressed me. " He came to the Seminary at Princeton while I was a student there. I think I was a year with him before I knew much of him. We were not in the same class, and he was not a person much given to seeking new friends. I cannot now recall the occasion of our intimate acquaintance; but I remember well that it was immediate, and a source of great pleasure to me "while I continued at Princeton. " I may as well state at once that the keynote of Richard»Webster's character, as it was revealed to me in the confidence of youthful friendship, was one hardly suspected by those who knew him in after years. He was a poet. I do not mean by this merely that he wrote verses, or only that he took great delight in the works of the great masters of the imagination. My meaning is, that he was a poet in the essence of his nature, and that he had all the special traits which go to make up that strange and interesting character. No one can gain the right position from which to see him without keeping this in view. His mind was indeed so absorbed in later times by things which he considered much more important, that he did not give much time to poetry as an art; but it was impossible to root out from his nature its constituent elements. I remember, at this distance of time, but two of his poetic ideas, and I will mention them as specimens of his mood of early thought. "One occurs in a cn72jM« on Shakspeare. 'Artists have found,' Webster says, ' great difficulty in painting the different shades of white in nature ; and, in order to bring them out, they have generally contrasted them with dark colours. Writers have met with a similar difficulty in delineating the female character. Their plan ia to contrast it with impurity or ruggedness. Shakspeare alone, like Nature, shadet whiteness with white.' Mrs. Jameson's ' Characteristics of Women' might almost be taken as a commentary on this admirable criticism. "The other thought — or fancy — occurs in a beautiful poem, the finest, I think, he ever wrote — 'The Funeral of Shelley.' The body of this exquisite, though, it must be regretfully added, infidel poet, was, it will be remembered, burned on REV. RICHARD WEBSTER. 17 the shores of the Gulf of Spezia, by Byron and others. The flame, Medwin de- clares, in blazing up, was coloured like the rainbow. Webster says, it 'Oracefiilly curl'd up, As if from offer'd flowers, that to the flame Gave all their beauty.' "You, my dear sir, who knew Webster so well, will be able, with this clue, better to understand his peculiar nature. You will better appreciate his acuteness, hia peculiar kind of shrewdness, his playful fancy, his satirical turn, his reverence for eyery thing old, his passion for books, his power of living within himself and ♦Chewing the cad of sweet and bitter fancy,' and, in fine, that slight dash of eccentricity which you must have often noticed. That he kept his poetic nature so much to himself is one of the marvels of his peculiar genius. "Richard AVebster has never been appreciated. That he bore up so bravely, and, on the whole, patiently and meekly, — that he laboured kindly on in an obscure place for a lifetime, with no more restlessness than was betrayed in an occasional satLrio hit at some of omi famous men, — is a wonder, attributable partly to the nobleness of his nature, and, we must devoutly add, partly to the grace of God, which was given to him in no common measure. It was his misfortune, as men estimate things, to have a body of most frail and nervous organization : he reminded one of Charles Lamb, only that he was sharper, and thus not so genial. He was very deaf, even at the Seminary; and it grew upon him steadily with increasing years. He was very near-sighted, and he grew prematurely old. A man who always appeared to me young, I found spoken of as old, — almost (partly from his connection with ancient historical documents) as an antique. These defects, especially his deafness, inter- fered materially with his power as a public speaker. He heard none of the ordi- nary sounds of nature in the fields or woods ; he heard nothing of the mixed sounds of a great city : he heard nothing, he once wrote to me, but ' the human voice raised more loudly than usual.' "This comparative isolation from society, and physical unfitness for much of the business of life, drove him to history. Passionately devoted to the Presbyterian church, holding our Faith and Order to be the very primitive form and mould of apostolic truth, he could conceive of nothing more noble and venerable than Cal- vinism and Presbyterianism. Around the church he poured the wealth of h'ls reverence, his imagination, and his afi"ection ; and by how much he was re- strained from being a great actor in the present, he determined to chronicle whas was great in the past. It was impossible to confine so active, so versatile, so eager, and so discursive a mind to one small spot: it lay in his nature to expand itself; and, if he could not be an ecclesiastical statesman, his instincts led him next to be as ecclesiastical historian. Yet, after all, — for we would not allow the partiality of 2 18 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE friendship, eyen over bis grave, to lead us from the strict truth, — as he would always and under all circumstances have been rather artist than statesman, so he had not so much the large comprehcnsiyeness and far-seeing sagacity of the true historian, as the keen observation, the acute insight, the delight in an event, the homelike feeling, the fondness for anecdote and incident, which make the bio- giapher. And it is no mean thing to be known to after-times, for how long we may not yet say, as the biographer of the Presbyterian church in America. "Of Mr. Webster's course as a pastor, as a member of church courts, and in the varied relations of the ministry, others can speak better than myself. We were separated, during his ministry, by distance, and by our position in different branches of our church, and differed materially as to some important church ques- tions. But I can well believe all that I have heard of his excellence in these rela- tions. I think, however, that I can appreciate, better than those who knew him later in life, the difficulties which he overcame in himself before he settled quietly down among the mountain-valleys, as a missionary and pastor to a scattered, and in a great degree rude, population, limiting his ambition to the founding of a pres- bytery, of which the younger ministers called him the father. His fervid, discur- sive, and somewhat romantic nature was more characteristically shown in his con- secrating himself to the missionary work in India, whither he would have gone had not circumstances entirely beyond his control prevented him. It was, perhaps, the tenderness of his heavenly Father which shielded him from trials which ho might not have been able to bear, accepting the sincere and earnest intent for the accomplished deed. " What was especially admirable in Webster was the practical good sense with which he accepted his narrow conditions, feeling that God had fixed his lot, and addressing himself with constant and patient industry to every field of exertion which lay within his reach. There is something of the true sublime in this self- abnegation, the laying aside of vain imaginings and the dissolving of day- dream, to accomplish the plain, practical work given us to do. No one can be fiure what he is fit for, until the providence of God confirm his aspirations ; but one thing we may all do : — we may heartily and cheerfully address oui'selves to what- ever work is actually allotted to us, be it great or small. Webster exem- plified this greatness. ' He that ruleth his spirit is greater than he that taketh a city.' " His death-scene was very interesting. You will permit me to refer to it, as illustrative of his inner or more hidden character. I think it is Goethe who remarks that the poet is one who carries all through life the fresh feelings of childhood. There belongs to such intensely vital organisms as Webster's — where there is no robustness, but vivid nervous energy — a kind of elastic tenacity of life, such as we see in children, who rebound from attacks of disease that lay strong men low. Accordingly, he could not believe that he was dj'ing. Like all of us, he had some idea about death ; but it was not realized. ' Doctor,' he said, ' you REV. RICHARD WEBSTER. 19 must be mistaken. I cannot be dying. I feel naturally ; I am in full possession of all my powers. I feel very much as I have always felt.' On being assured that his hours were numbered, he said, ' You must know best ; but I never con- ceived of such a death.' There was, it will be observed, no thought of fear, — hia preparation for death having been long since made, — but, mingling with his calm faith and trust, and with every other feeling suitable for a Christian's death-bed, there was a palpable cueiositt, a wonder at death, a gazing at this king of ter- rors, as though he were overrated, — a fresh, keen sensation, in view of this great crisis through which he was now to pass. 'It cannot be death,' he said ; 'if it be, it is such a death as I never dreamed of.' It is not too much to believe that the Saviour, whom he had, amid great disappointment and difficulty, so unfalteringly and uncomplainingly served, kept all evil influences from that death-bed, gave him to part from life sweetly and pleasantly, and opened for him so gently the portals of heaven, as that the poet-Christian felt, in its loveliness, something so natural, that he said, ' I never dreamed of such a heaven. It is most glorious ; but, what is wonderful, it is not strange. It is only a brighter home!' "You have, my dear sir, so repeatedly assured me that I might write just what I pleased of our mutual friend, that I have perhaps indulged my feelings too much. The public may not be interested in my view of Richard Webster. I can only say that I can think of him no otherwise ; and that, however imperfectly I have answered your expectation, I have done what I could. "Very truly and respectfully yours, " Benjamin J. Wallace. "The Rev. C. Van Rensselaer, D.D." Having given the testimony of classmates at tlie college and semi- nary, who had abundant opportunities of discovering character, as well as tact in delineating it, I next present to the reader the testimony of a parishioner. The Rev. James Scott, of Holmesburg, Pennsylvania, who was formerly a teacher at Mauch Chunk, attended on Mr. Webster's ministry, and partook of the hospitalities of the parsonage. Mr. Scott writes as follows : — " HoLMESBUKO, Pa., August, 1856. "Rev. Dr. Van Rensselaer: — " Dear Sir : — It affords me much pleasure to learn that you are engaged in the publication of the late Rev. R. Webster's work on the History of the Presbyterian church in this country; and, in compliance with your request, it gives me great satisfaction to place at your disposal the following reminiscences of one whom I have esteemed as a friend, honoured as a minister, and loved as a father. "About eight years ago, it was, in the providence of God, my Jot to be em- 20 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE ployed as teacher in the grammar-school at Mauch Chunk. I was then a stranger in this land ; and it requires the heart of a stranger to realize the full weight and preciousness of true Christian friendship. It was then and there that I was first made truly sensible of the reality of those bonds which unite the many members of the one mystical body. The Rev. Mr. Webster quickly sought me out, and extended to me a most cordial welcome. From that hour till the day I left for Princeton I found in his house a most grateful asylum. His friendship towards me increased day by day. His excellent library was at my ser^'ice at all times, and his counsel was always good and seasonable. He threw around me a chain of such delightful circumstances as I never again expect to find in this world of change and turmoil. I need not say how fraught with instruction was the con- versation of such a man. His learning was varied and extensive. He read much, and seemed to have remembered all he read. His memory for names of persons and places was proverbial. " His Sabbath services were always interesting and instructive. The matter was excellent, — plain, doctrinal, practical, and experimental truths, often min- gled with some appropriate illustrations, drawn from his favourite study, — history. As he was long deprived of the sense of hearing, it would be preposterous to judge of his pulpit performances by elocutional standards. •' He was earnest in his delivery, being sometimes moved even to tears. "Again and again have I heard him, in a strain of extreme tenderness, expostu- lating with sinners, beseeching them, by the mercies of God, to turn from their evil ways and live. " The low state of religion that prevailed for many years in Mauch Chunk greatly grieved him. During this period, the plaintive tone of the weeping prophet often characterized his pulpit services. Especially on one occasion I recollect how deeply he was affected. His heart seemed overwhelmed within him. I went, in company with a mutual friend of his and mine, with a view of administering some word of comfort. He freely unbosomed to us his whole soul ; and truly his feelings were such as could arise from nothing less than the most vivid apprehen- sion of spiritual things, the value of the soul, aud the worth of the Saviour. " But we can gain a clearer insight into the heart of the man from the following selections out of a correspendence stretching over the whole period of my semi- nary life, and up to my settlement in my present field. " I am yours, fraternally, "James Scott." The following are extracts from the letters of Mr. "Webster referred to in Mr. Scott's communication. These specimens of Christian cor- respondence with a young friend are highly creditable to head and heart : — REV. RICHARD WEBSTER. 21 " The death of the excellent Dr. Miller brought to my mind sensibly the many and great obligations I owe to him. When I was about to leave the seminary he prayed with me, and parted with me most affectionately. I can never be thankful enough to God for his mercy to our beloved church in sparing him, through thirty- eix years, to aid so efficiently in training her sons for the ministry. His venerated and beloved colleague may yet live to see many of us go before him to the dust. In our presbytery, every minister but Mr. Hunt was trained at Princeton." " We have just closed an interesting series of meetings at Nesquehoning. The attendance was large, regular, and solemn : ten persons confessed themselves deeply concerned about their souls. It was very encouraging." " Let nothing hinder you from taking a full course at the seminary. Who is sufficient for these things, even with the best training ? Our church is suffering with half-educated men. ' Workmen that need not to be ashamed' are needed, greatly needed, in this day of lamentable and amazing indifference to the means of grace. In this place, swarming with people, I do not think more than fifty male heads of families attend any place of worship regularly; while of the younger men a larger proportion attend, but with what shocking carelessness ! With sorrow I say it, mine is not a rare case. Sin reigns triumphantly, unto death of the soul as well as of the body. Seeing these things are so, how lamentable that our spirit is not stirred within us, as was Paul's at Athens ! There, the city was wholly given to idolatry ; here, the whole world lieth in wickedness, worship- ping and serving the creature rather than the Creator." "Now, my dear brother, God has led you in this land of strangers graciously, and permitted you to preach the gospel. Value highly the privilege, and magnify the grace of God in counting you worthy to be put in trust with the ministry. I have great confidence in your faithfulness as a student, and in your sincerity as a follower of Jesus. Desire much to be enabled to do great things for him : espe- cially cultivate the spirit of a compassionate, suffering Saviour, that you may con- descend to men of low estate, and weep with them that weep. Much is to be done in going from house to house; but it cannot be done without the preparation of heart which is from the Lord." " Have you made any arrangements yet as to your future field of labour ? I trust that you will remember the Scripture rule of waiting for the Lord and asking counsel of him. He sets the bounds of our habitations, and opens the doors of usefulness. Oh, may he graciously direct you, and abundantly replenish you with the spirit of piety, with all saving knowledge, and with a large and blessed ex- perience of the fulness of Christ ! There are ti-ials and perplexities in the ewr- 22 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE cise of the ministry unexpected and wonderful. Paul prayed to be delirered from unreasonable and absui-d men : we need the like deliTeiance, but, to escape them, we must needs go out of the world. Hence, there is nothing of such unspeakable importance and infinite comfort as a childlike trust in God and a sincere and hearty endeavour to know and to do God's will. How comfortable to be able to Bay, 'Lord, all my desire is before thee.' 'I will hear what God the Lord will epeak, for he will speak peace to his people.' ' My times are in thy hand.' "You will feel the lack of Christian fellowship, — no one to understand your motives, to enter into your designs, to help you by example or counsel, sympathy or co-operation. How often will you be forced to realize, 'All seek their own ;' and, judging you by themselves, they wUl attribute all that you do to selfish ends, to low-minded cunning. "You will grieve to find them that seemed to be pillars savouring only the things that be of men, and caring only for the things which perish in the using. Even if you do not bitterly cry out, ' My soul is among lions,' you may suffer from being ' in a dry land where no water is.' " Temptations will arise, — ' musing, the fire bums ; then spoke I with my tongue,' — as one weary of life, weary of the service of God: — temptations to Bloth, to discouragement, to self-exaltation, unwisely comparing yourself with others. These temptations will harden the heart and hinder prayer. "Above all things, be mindful that, as Christ was in this world, so are you in this world. He said, ' Yet I am not alone; he that sent me is with me.' May this be your comfort too ! " Let me hear from you, especially as to what has presented as a future field of labour. "I wish you would, at some convenient time, write a letter to McKillip on the subject of his duty to his soul. His direction is Sacramento, California." " You probably heard that, at White Haven, the fault in your public services is said to be that your prayers and sermons are too long. Remember they have been used to different ministrations, — short in length, not heavily laden with instruction, and off-hand in manner. You have been used to the ways of a well- trained people, who waited for instruction, and who listened that they might re- member. But too many listen now only to be interested for the moment, and never remember, much less consider, except it be some striking saying or out- landish expression. 'Jesus spake unto them as they were able to bear it.' He used similitudes, ' and without a parable spake he not unto them.' The whole kingdom of nature furnishes analogies to aid us in understanding the mysteries of the kingdom of grace. So does the providence of God in the history of the past and the events of to-day. What use did Jesus make of the news that Pilate had cruelly murdered the Galileans at the altar? The tower of Siloam had EBV. RICHARD WEBSTER. 23 probably fallen years before; yet he turns the remembrance of it to account. What ■will suit a mind like yours, accustomed to the catechisms and the valuable teachings of an aged pastor, will repulse a mind untutored as a wild ass's colt. The Greeulander needs much pains to be taken with him before he can be satisfied ■with Tenison or turkey: to him, train-oil is at once a necessity and a luxury. Many a deceived heart feeds on ashes, of choice, and can scarcely stomach any thing else. We are sent as physicians to heal a dying world. They can neither relish nor profit by the strong meat, save in small quantities. Hence the great difficulty of dividing aright the word of God, and of giving to each man a portioa in due season." " I am persuaded that ■where there is extreme diffidence, or, as in the case of our friend at , no fluency, it is decidedly a duty to write out the whole sermon in a fair, large hand, to read it over, so as to be entirely familiar ■with it, and then use it in the pulpit. This was the method of Dr. Green. Mr. Glen uses the same method, and his style of preaching is generally and greatly admired. It is true, he has complete self-possession, — not the slightest embarrassment; and it is our duty to cultivate boldness as ambassadors of God. Humility towards God, and boldness in his service, are related as cause and effect. There is a criminal timidity growing from want of faith, forgetting that we speak ' as though God did beseech men by us.' "A missionary who has two or three preaching-places may use the same Sermon ; and, if he does this with a diligent attempt to improve, his success will equal his desires. Dr. Franklin says, 'Whitefield never appeared to such advan- tage as when preaching a sermon the fortieth time.' Our great danger is, to let other things occupy us, and make our preaching only an accessory, not the main business. I rely, dear brother, on your unfeigned piety to keep you, in a great measure, from this error." s . The Rev. Dr. David X. Junkin, now of Hollidaysburg, Pennsyl- vania, was formerly settled at Greenwich, New Jersey, and was well ac- quainted with our departed brother. The intimacy was formed at the Theological Seminary, and was nurtured by frequent intercourse as mem- bers of the same synod. They were friends by social and ecclesiastical ties. Dr. Junkin thus refers to Mr. Webster in a communication which k copied from "The Presbyterian:" — " He graduated at Union College in 1829, and at Princeton Theological Semi- nary in 1834. It was in the latter place that the writer made his acquaintance in 1832. In the Seminary he iras the devout and conscientious student, the cheerful 2-4 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE companion, the consistent Christian. After completing his seminary course in 1834, he offered himself, and was accepted, as a foreign missionary by the Ameri- can Board. But his increasing deafness threatening to make the acquisition of spoken languages difficult, and other causes having delayed his departure, he was detained from the foreign field ; and, with the promptness and zeal which ever characterized him, he sought one of equal or greater toil and self-denial in his own country. "In the autumn of 1835, he came to South Easton, Pennsylvania, at the instance, it is believed, of the Hon. J. M. Porter, and for a short time laboured in that place ; but, the field not proving as encouraging as was hoped, he shortly after- wards entered the important field in which he wore out his valuable life and in which he was the instrument of such extensive good. " On Sabbath, the 1st of November, 1835, the writer, aided by Ruling Elder Enoch Green, of Easton, (lately gone to his rest,) organized the Presbyterian church of Mauch Chiink, with twenty-four members. On the 4th of the following month, accompanied by Brother Webster, he again repaired to Mauch Chunk, preached, and introduced the youthful pastor to the little flock that had so lately been gathered in those mountain-gorges. On the next evening, (Saturday,) De- cember 5, Mr. Webster preached his first sermon in the field of his life-labours ; and the next day (Sabbath) the two classmates administered the first Lord'a Supper that was spread in that congregation. " From that time to the hour — indeed, to the moment — of his death, he continued to preach Christ crucified to that people, and at many other points in the Pennsyl- vania coal-region. He was emphatically the apostle of the coal-fields. He threw his earnest heart, his clear, well-furnished mind, his untiring energies, and his worldly substance, into the work of evangelizing the population of the mining region and towns. With a slender and feeble frame, and amid impediments and difficulties that would have deterred most men, he hoped on and toiled on, untU, with God's blessing, his own immediate flock was enlarged and became an im- portant and efficient church, and churches were organized and houses of worship reared in aU that region. He was indefatigable in preaching, travelling, visiting, corresponding, and introducing and sustaining missionaries. Whilst his own stipend was very small, he relinquished his allowance from the Board of Missions, in order that it might be given to other labourers in his favourite mountain-field. Often, like his Master, did he travel on foot to great distances, over steep and rugged roads, to carry the gospel to the destitute, and this without hope of earthly reward. •■ ■ • ^ " In the spring of 1838, he was married to TJIiss Elizabeth Cross, of Baltimore, and, in a home of more than usual affection and felicity, found rest amid his toils, and solace in his trials. A fonder, a happier, or a wiser husband and father the writer has rarely known. " Arduous and widely extended as were our brother's professional labours, ho REV. RICHARD WEBSTER. 25 found time for literary effort and historical research; and the columns of the Presbyterian, the New York Observer, the Wa.ckman of the South, and other joiirnals, were enriched by his scholarly and sprightly contributions. The readers of these journals will not soon forget 'K. H.,' the finals of his place of residence. " No one had collected such rich and extensive materials for a history of Ameri- can Presbyterianism ; and, indeed, some of the histories already published are indebted to his researches and his liberality in imparting information. It is hoped that this portion of his life-labour is in such a shape that it will not be lost to the chui-ch. " Though he seldom published, he not unfrequently wrote in poetry, and some of his unpublished verses are worthy a place among the best productions of the American muse. "Although deprived of the facility for social intercourse which ready hearing affords, Mr. Webster was nevertheless a favourite in the social circle. He was a cheerful Christian ; and his extensive reading, his unfailing memory, his exhaust- less fund of anecdote, his sparkling wit, his lively but always barbless repartee, all chastened by the most considerate Christian propriety, gave a charm to his con- versation that made it ever coveted. " But it was as a Christian and a minister that he made his strongest mark upon his generation and will be most fondly remembered by his brethren and his sor- rowing church. Solemn, earnest, ready, sound, scriptural, illustrative, terse, and compact in style, and full of holy unction, his sermons were always impressive, and were largely blessed. In pastoral duties he was tender and skilful, and in ex- ample such as became the Christian pastor. His death-bed sermons were the most impressive of his life. To his dear ones, to his mourning people, and to all that approached him, he most effectively commended, in dying, that gospel he had preached when living. His last two pulpit discourses — by a coincidence that Startled at the time and now seems almost prophetic — were from the texts, ' The cup which my Father hath given me, shall I not drink it?' and, ' Enoch walked with God, and he was not: for God took him.' He had gone from the bed to the pulpit, and from the pulpit to the bed, from which he never rose. "At the time he was seized with his last illness he was looking forward with desire to the completion of the new and elegant church-edifice, the second built during his pastorate; and one of his last efforts at letter-writing was an invitation to the writer to preach at the dedication when it should be finished. But he was not permitted, in the body, to witness the consummation so dear to his heart. But will he not witness it from the bulwarks of the upper temple? " Did your space permit a detailed description of the closing scenes of this great and good man's life, it could not but commend the blessed gospel to your readers, and teach them how to die. One of the most xinselfish men the writer ever knew, 26 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE tMs characteristic was apparent to the close. With a cotmtenaBce radiant with the joy of salvation, and borne in triumph upon the full tide of the promises, hia thoughts, his counsels, and his prayers were employed for the good of others, and he seemed scarcely to think of himself. The tender husband and father seemed to wish to live for his dear ones, and the devoted pastor longed to labour on for hia Master ; but every such wish was qualified with the language, ' The cup that my Father giveth me, shall I not drink it ?' ' Not my will, but thine, be done.' With his children standing, at his request, where his eye could rest upon them to the last, he prayed for them, their mother, and the church, until, with ' Into thy hands I commit my spirit,' he peacefully fell asleep in Jesus. • •' Many, as they tearfully retired from that chamber, so ' Privileged beyond the common walk Of virtuous life, quite on the verge of heaven,' said that now they better understood the prayer, ' Let me die the death of the righteous, and let my last end be like his.' " ' The following letter from one of his co-labourers, now at the South, will be read with much interest : — i " Augusta, Ga., September 2, 1856. " Rev. C. Tan EENasELAEB : — " Dear Sir : — Permit me to say a few words respecting our deceased brother, the late Rev. Richard Webster, of Mauch Chunk. For several years I laboured, as a licentiate of Luzerne Presbytery, in the section of country embracing White- Haven, Beaver Meadow, and Hazleton, and, during that time, had much friendly intercourse with Mr. Webster, and learned to love him as a brother and revere him as a father. He frequently administered the sacraments for me and aided me in pastoral visitation ; and I do most thankfully acknowledge my deep indebtedness to his example, counsel, and Christian sympathies. In the coal-mining region, comprising Carbon and Schuylkill counties and the lower portion of Luzerne, ho was well known and much beloved and revered as a father in the gospel ; and it is to his long, self-denying labours and watchful oversight that the churches of that region owe veiy much of what they are at present. I believe that the uniform im- pression of Mr. Webster in the minds of the people is that of a most sincere, self- denying, and devoted servant of Christ, as tender and sympathizing a friend in Borrow as ever lived, and, withal, a man of singular acuteness of mind and depth of character. I never knew a man with heart so womanly in tenderness, and so quick to enter into sympathy and feel with the woes of others. It was one of hia most prominent and lovely traits, and most of all endeared him to those among REV. RICHARD WEBSTER. 27 ■whom be Inboured as a pastor and evangelist. His words were always full of com- fbrt to the bereaved and afflicted. Although seemingly frail in body and of little physical strength, he yet possessed great hardihood, and was in the habit of walk- ing distances of miles, in all weather, to fulfil his frequent missionary engage- ments. Wherever he went, on these errands of love, preaching formed but a small part of his work: 'in season and out of season,' from house to house, he laboured, — instructing, warning, and tenderly admonishing and beseeching, with all meekness, patience, and fidelity. His pastoral visits were very edifying. On account of defective hearing, the burden of conversation fell upon himself ; but he possessed a rare facility in discerning, or learning in some way, the true character and circumstances of persons and families, and in adapting his discourse to them. I have sometimes seen him plead with tears ; and his manner, tone of voice, and expression of countenance, at such times, were very affecting. Unfeigned humility, springing from a deep, abiding sense of his unworthiness and unprofit- ableness, was, as all who knew him intimately will testify, one of the most marked and beautiful features of our departed brother's character. Although gifted with a rare fund of humour and pleasantry, which he freely disbursed among others, the habitual seriousness and even sorrowfulness of his countenance clearly shadowed the depth and intensity of his heart-struggles and experiences. More than once, in confidential Christian interchanges with him, he would speak with tears of the unfruitfulness of his ministry and the unprofita.bleness of hia life. " Mr. Webster's preaching — as all know who have heard him — was singularly earnest, affectionate, and evangelical. " Yours, in the gospel, "John F. Bakee." The Rev. Andrew B. Cross, the brother-in-law and intimate friend of Mr. Webster, was called upon, in providence, 4o preach his funeral sermon. This excellent discourse has been printed in pamphlet form; and, had there been room, the whole of it would have been published in this Preface to the History. The delineations of character are re- markably well drawn, and are not overdrawn. The account of the last hours of our beloved brother in the Lord is particularly interesting and edifying. The reader will find the whole worthy of his attentive pe- rusal: — "The knowledge I have of your late pastor commenced twenty-four years since, when we entered together upon our theological studies, and has continued until his death, in an intimacy and familiarity which rarely happen. During all this period ^ BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OP THE nothing ever interrupted our friendship. To his life I could bear iritness. But I am forbidden by his tSf INTRODUCTION. only, but shall make certain estates for years, for life, in tail, or in fee-simple;"* and yet it was found that this important condition, 80 essential to the prosperity of the plantation, was neglected from the beginning. f During the subsequent history of the Ulster Plantation, the irri- tating and depressing influence of this unjust conduct of the under- takers continued to produce a plentiful crop of injuries. Tenants learned that they were altogether in the hands of their landlords, and they felt that they possessed no adequate means of protecting themselves from their rapacity and avarice. If they improved their holdings, then they might be — and were often — called on to pay a higher rent to their landlords, because of their own indus- try, which had increased the value of the farms. If they neglected to improve their lands, then they suffered from poverty and its at- tendant evils. On the whole, and notwithstanding these obstacles to improve- ment, the province continued to advance in prosperity. Letters arrived from Scotland, and they were followed by ministers of the gospel, who were encouraged to remove to Ireland by the pros- pects of usefulness among their countrymen, as well as by the proceedings of the Irish Convocation, in which the learned and tolerant Ussher had borne so prominent a part. A remarkable revival of religion followed the labours of these devoted servants of God, and the cause of divine truth began to prosper in a re- markable degree in Ulster. No sooner, however, had the inflexible character of the Presby- terianism of these faithful ministers been established, and the suc- cess become obvious which followed their services, than they were called on to encounter the jealousy of Echlin, the Bishop of Down, who proceeded, in a short time, to suspend two of their number. Through the influence of Ussher, these men were re- Stored again ; but, soon afterwards, Echlin silenced four other * Vide "Confiscation of Ulster," by MacNevin, Dublin and London: 1846, p. 135. f Complaints on this subject became so loud that, at length, a commission 'was appointed to investigate the state of the Ulster settlement. The returns, as given in " Pynnar's Sui'vey," indicate a lamentable state of affairs. No less thaa eighteen of the most extensive undertakers are reported as defaulters in the matter of leases. " He hath made no estates," is a common entry. In the cases of others, no information could be procured, because of their absence from their properties. [Vide "Confiscation of Ulster," pp. 171-195.) The conduct of the Londou com- panies, among whom the county of Londonderry was divided, appears to have been equally negligent. The Grocer.^', the Ironmongers', the Haberdashers', the Drapers', and the Salters' Companies appear to have been most culpable. ( Vide ante, pp. 221-228.) It is no wonder that Pynnar t-hould state in his report, "that from the insecurity of tenure, many of the English tenants did not then plough upon the lands, nor use husbandry, because they feared to stock themselves with cattle aud servants for such labours." INTRODUCTION. 53 brethren, and, accordingly, the whole Scottish settlers -were filled with alarm and distress. Although the case of these aggrieved men was carried up to London, and referred by the King to the Lord-Deputy of Ireland, still, they did not receive redress. Alarmed at the gloomy state of affairs, and perceiving no ray of light in any part of the horizon, the LTlster Presbyterians directed their attention to New England, with the view of removing thither, in despair of enjoying either civil or religious liberty at home. In the spring of 1634, Mr. Livingston, and a layman named William Wallace, were deputed to visit the colony, and select a suitable place of settlement. They went to London, and afterwards to Plymouth, in furtherance of their instructions ; but subsequently, being deterred by various untoward circumstances, they returned to Ulster, where they found their brethren prepared to await the events which a change, that had taken place in the administration of the civil aflairs of the kingdom, might produce.* Instead, however, of any amelioration in ecclesiastical affairs, the appointment of the notorious Wentworth as lord-deputy led to an accumulation of grievances which sadly oppressed an already- afiiicted people. Under the influence of Laud, decided steps were taken to modify the church in Ireland so as to accord with his Romanizing views. Serious alterations for the worse were made in Trinity College in Dublin. Arminianism was openly favoured. Bramhallf and Leslie, who proved most bitter and unscrupulous tormentors of the Presbyterians, were promoted; and, through the efforts of Wentworth, a high-commission court was established in Dublin, which enabled the deputy to subject the freedom and property of every individual in the kingdom to his control. The Presbyterians were soon made to feel the effects of this new instrument of tyranny. On the death of Echlin, Leslie was ap- pointed to his see. He immediately signalized himself by the suspension of five other ministers. And his intolerance and re- lentless severity hastened the intended voyage to New England ; for the Presbyterian laity were now thoroughly satisfied that it was their duty to abandon a country in which their religious privi- leges were so flagrantly violated. The affecting incidents of this remarkable voyage are well known, and need not be enlarged on here. The vessel which bore so precious a cargo,| after accom- * Reid's History, vol. i. p. 142. f Afterwards called " The Canterbury of Ireland," from his zeal in imitating Laud. J " This little colony, vho were about to settle in the uncultivated wilds of America for the sake of enjojnng libert}' of conscience, were one hundred and forty in number. Among them, were Mr. Blair, Mr. Livingston, Mr. Robert Hamil- ton, and Mr. John McClelland, afterwards ministers in Scotland; John Stuart, Pro- vost of Ayr, Captain Andrew Agnew, Charles Campbell, John SumeiTil, Hugh 54 INTRODUCTION. plishing about two-thirds of the voyage, was arrested by severe storms, and, after great sufi'ering by all on board, was provi- dentially driven back to Carrickfergus Bay. The ministers, being prevented from exercising their offices in Ireland, were compelled to flee to Scotland, where they were soon settled in pastoral charges. From this period until the breaking-out of the Massacre of 1641, the trials of the Presbyterians were exceedingly oppressive. For instance, the Bishop of Down was authorized to arrest, in a summary manner, and to imprison during pleasure, the Non-con- formists in his diocese. Wentworth, aware that the laity were accustomed to maintain an affectionate intercourse with their pas- tors who had been banished to Scotland, resolved to abolish the practice. By concentrating troops in the northeastern districts, he cut off all connection between the kingdoms, and, at the same time, alarmed the Scotch, who knew not when he might land these forces to aid the King in his efforts against the religious liberties of Scotland. In pursuance of his plans for the extermination of Presbyterianism, and the prevention of any effort on the part of the people to oppose the arbitrary measures of Charles, Wentworth now adopted an expedient more intolerable and oppressive than any which he had previously attempted. This was the imposition, on the Ulster Scots, of the celebrated Black Oath, — so called, because they were compelled to swear, never to oppose any of the King's commands, and to abjure all covenants and oaths contrary to the tenor of this unconditional engagement. The proceedings connected with the enforcement of this ensnaring and illegal mea- sure were of the most flagitious character, involving the Presby- terians in manifold sufferings. Having tried every expedient short of extirpation — oaths, fines, forfeitures, and imprisonment — without subduing the Scots, he, at length, conceived the idea of banishing them altogether out of the kingdom. The result, had he succeeded, would have secured the overthrow of Protestantism in Ireland ; for the few scattered Protestants who would have re- mained could never have withstood the furious assaults of the Romanists in the massacre Avhich took place during the year fol- lowing. Ilis object was, by means of intrigue, to procure from the Irish Parliament a recommendation to remove the Northern Presbyterians, lest they should unite with Argyle and aid him in his objects in Scotland, or lest he might invade Ulster, and, by their means, effect an insurrection in the North. Happily, when Parliament assembled, the state of affairs was such that the project was never submitted ; and it only remains on record as an evidence of his reckless and unfeeling despotism. Brown, with many families and single persons." (Reid's History, vol. i. cbap. iv. p. 201.) INTRODUCTIOHr. 55 In the calamitous period of 1641, the Presbyterians suffered severely, and many were treacherously and ruthlessly butchered. Of the ministers, a number had withdrawn or been banished to Scotland, and, on the occasion of the first alarm at the breaking out of the storm, a season was given for preparation ere the terrible visitation, which swept over the country, had time to reach the Scottish settlers. In this way many lives were providentially saved. As soon as peace was restored, the cause of Presbyte- rianism began to flourish again. The chaplains, who had come to Ulster with the Scottish regiments which had been drafted over to meet the emergency, consented to remain in the country. A presbytery was regularly organized, sessions were formally established in many congregations, and the foundations of the church were laid broad and deep in the land. A fervent appeal to the Assembly, in Edinburgh, Avas favourably entertained, and additional ministers were sent to Ulster. Of these, some had been in Ireland before. They were all men of deep piety and fervent zeal, and, under their ministrations, the church broke forth on the right hand and on the left. In many districts of the country, where settlers had languished for the ordinances of religion, churches were formed, and successful efforts were made for the enforcement of strict discipline throughout the bounds of the presbytei'y, in ac- cordance with the practice of the parent-church. On the abolition of the monarchy, by the execution of Charles I., the Ulster Presbyterians found that trials were still in store for them; and, although Prelacy had been deprived of its former power, they learned that the downfall of their old enemies brought them little relief. They occupied a middle position be- tween the High-Church Prelatic party, that Avould have restoi'ed the monarchy on the principles of non-resistance and passive obedience, and the Independents and other sectaries, who would have destroyed all royal authority in the state, and all settled government, whether Episcopal or Presbyterian, in the church. The Presbyterians were anxious for a constitutional monarch}'-, with proper restraints on the royal authority, and with adequate securities on the subject of religion ; while they adhered to the Covenants, and desired the establishment of a Presbyterian form of government in the church. Accordingly, they did not assent to the policy of the leaders who represented the authority of Crom- well in Ireland; and, on his own arrival, they continued steadily to repudiate his views. Forthwith, the presbytery was first threatened by the army, under Venables, and, subsequently, a considerable number of the ministers were imprisoned because they refused to swear to an engagement, which would have committed them to an abandonment of their well-known principles. Afterwards, many of them, because of the privations which they had to encounter, 56 INTRODUCTION. ■were compelled to flee to Scotland, ■while a plan ■was concocted for transporting the remainder of them out of the kingdom. At one time, Cromwell designed to remove the leading Presbyterians to Munster, the southern province of the island, and a proclamation to that effect ■was made.* Had the measure been carried out, it might have produced a po'werful effect in ameliorating the con- dition of the island, as the North ■would not have been surren- dered by the Scottish population ; and ■>vhen the influence of that people in Ulster is contrasted ■with the ■want of energy which has been displayed by the Protestants of the South, it is perhaps to be regretted that the design of Cromwell was not executed. Although Charles II. was fully aware, that the Presbyterians labom-ed with great zeal and success in promoting his restoration, yet, having determined on patronizing Prelacy, it would have manifested weakness to expect that a man who had no gratitude, and ■ftho never remembered his benefactors, would interfere to deliver his friends from the fresh troubles in which they were in- volved by the return of then- old enemies to power. About this period it became customary with the gentry, who aimed at com- mending themselves to the bishops and their friends in power, to exhibit their zeal by inflicting a series of annoyances of an irri- tating character on the Presbyterian ministers. Foremost, now, among their clerical persecutors, stood the celebrated Jeremy Taylor, Bishop of Down and Connor,! Avho, after citing the breth- ren in his diocese to his visitation, proceeded, in the most summary fashion, to proclaim thirty-six of their churches vacant. His ex- ample was followed by others of the Northern prelates, and, in a short time, no less than sixty-one ministers^ were prohibited from * Vide "opy of the Proclamation, in Reid, vol. ii. pp. 272-275. f These references to the arbitrary proceedings of the bishops in Ireiand, and to ihe Prelatical supporters of the despotism of the Stuarts in Seotl.ind, are not made with a yiew to create prejudice against Episcopacy. In Scotland there was a Leighton, and in Ii-eland there were Ussher, Bedell, and others, who were tolerant and benevolent as well as learned men. The odium of these unjust and tyrannical measures belongs to the men and to the spirit of the age in which they lived. In Scotland, the Parliament never represented the people. The General Assembly was the court in which the popular voice was heard. Hence it came to pass that, as the Assembly was opposed to Prelacy, the Scottish bishops threw themselves into the arms of the mouaixh, and sided with his subservient Parliament. They sustained the King because he supported them. In Ireland, also, the upholders of Episcopacy found that the spread of Presbyterianism would certainly limit the powers of the hierarchy, and eventually succeed in abolishing the pecu- liar features of the system, if its progress were not arrested ; and they therefore lent themselves to sustain the Court against a people whose political views gave offence to the monarch. Thus, in Ireland, as well as in Scotland, the bishops saw that, as a reward for their services in maintaining the royal authority, the power of the civil arm would be extended to sustain themselves. ( Vide Hodge's His- tory, p. 59, note.) I There were nearly seventy ministers, associated together in presbyteries, at INTRODUCTION. 57 exercising any of their functions in the country. Had they merely been deprived of their temporal benefices, they would have borne the injury with meekness ; but to be prohibited, under pains and penalties, from preaching, baptizing, and ministering, in any way, to their flocks, and to see that thus, by one stroke, nearly all the ministers of the province were silenced, was to them and to their people an inexpressibly severe trial.* In process of time, a season of relief was enjoyed again, and a goodly number of ministers returned to their charges ; but they had scarcely resumed their labours ere they were called on to encounter renewed persecutions. Numbers of them were im- prisoned. In different districts their churches were closed ; and, generally, their worship was interdicted, while the penalties of recusancy were inflicted on both ministers and people, by an in- tolerant, time-serving, and reckless magistracy. So long did this deplorable state of affairs continue, and so severe were the dis- tresses of the ministers and the members of their charges in the counties of Donegal and Derry, that, in the year 1684, the ma- jority of the Presbytery of Laggan intimated to their brethren in other presbyteries their intention of removing to America, "be- cause of persecutions and general poverty abounding in those parts, and on account of their straits and little or no access to their ministry."! During the reign of James II., the Presbyterians, as well as the other Protestants of the country, were called on to contend against the efforts which were then made to establish Popery in the king- dom. Favoured by "William III., and even endowed by that prince, yet no sooner had Anne ascended the throne than the same intolerant High-Church party that had formerly oppressed them renewed their assaults. At one time, their annoyances arose from embarrassments about the marriages which the miuis- this period. Of these, seven only conformed to Prelacy, and sixty-one remained faitht'ul to their principles. Of the small number of ministers in Ulster who were not Presbyterian, and who had been endowed during Cromwell's time, no fewer than eleven appear to have conformed to Prelacy. * •• These ministers enjoyed the painful, though honourable, pre-eminence of being the first to suffer in the three kingdoms, the Non-conformists of England not being ejected till the month of August in the following year, nor the Presbyterinns of Scotland till the subsequent month of October, lt3U'2. The reason of the minis- ters being ejected in Ireland so long before their brethren in the sister kingdom was this : — The old form of church government and worship had never been abolished by law in Ireland ; and therefore, at the Restoration, Prelacy, being still the legal Establishment, was immediately recognised and enforced. Both in England and in Scotland it had been abolished by acts of their respective Parlia- ments, and the Directory substituted in room of the Common Prayer Book. It ■was necessary, therefore, that these acts should be first repealed, and new acts of Parliament passed, before the bishops had power to proceed against those who did not conform." fReid, vol. ii. p. 350, and note 16 on same page.) j- From MS. Minutes, quoted by Beid, vol. ii. p. 425. 58 INTRODUCTION. ters were accustomed to celebrate among their own people. At another time, thej were assailed because their ministers obeyed their presbyteries by preaching in vacant charges ; while the most absurd charges of disloyalty were urged against them in virulent pamphlets, and often made the subject of legal investigation before unscrupulous magistrates. To such lengths were these harsh pro- ceedings carried, that a presbytery, which had met for the pur- pose of forming a ncAV congregation, were arrested and indicted for a riot, while they were sitting peaceably engaged in the discharge of their duties, making provision for the spiritual edifi- cation of their own members. Add to these trials the compli- cated insults and vexations which flowed from the adoption by the Government of the "Sacramental Test-Act," an act which, in its operation, was most oppressive, and it will not seem strange that, at this period, considerable numbers of the Presbyterians began to seek relief by emigration to the colonies. In England, the Dis- senters enjoyed full security for their religious observances ; but in Ireland, and among the Presbyterians, the disabilities created by this act extended to all civil and military ofBces held under the Crown. In fact, no Presbyterian could hold any situation in the army, the navy, the customs, the excise, or the post-ofiice, in any court of law, or ofiiciate as a magistrate, without conforming to the Established Church. After the accession of the House of Hanover to the throne, the Ulster Presbyterians continued to endure many grievances of the most mortifying and irritating character, even subsequent to the period when their worship was legalized by the "Act of Tole- ration." Many of the largest estates were in the hands of Epis- copalians, who utterly refused to allow Presbyterian churches to be erected on their properties. To enforce conformity, many landlords exacted a higher rental from Presbyterians than they demanded from their Episcopal tenantry; and, as soon as any yielded to this pressure, and joined the Established Church, their rents were reduced to a just standard. Though constituting two- thirds of the population of Ulster, no gentleman of their com- munion could fill the office of magistrate or sheriff, and even their teachers had much difiiculty in conducting their schools. At length, on the accession of George II., such changes occurred in many districts of Ulster, that emigration to America began to be carried out on a scale far beyond any thing known in the history of the province. After the Revolution, and with a view to en- courage the agricultural prosperity of the North, many of the landholders had given leases to their tenants in conformity with the article in the " Condition" to which we have already referred. Many of these leases were only for thirty-one years ; and, now that they had expired, the landlords took advantage of the INTRODUCTION. 59 tenants, and raised the rents of their holdings to an unwonted sum, because of the increased value of the lands, which had been improved by the tenants' skill and industry. Add to this the annoyance of a proportionate increase of tithe paid to a hier- archy and clergy who not only rendered the Presbyterians no spiritual benefits in return, but, on the other hand, were their most determined oppressors, — and, still further, the distresses arising from a number of uncongenial seasons, which produced scanty harvests, — and it will not be thought strange that emi- gration should be hailed as a boon by any people so unfavourably circumstanced. Addressing the Secretary of State in England, Archbishop Boulter gives a melancholy picture of the condition to which the Northern Presbyterians had been reduced. According to his statement, a number of agents from the colonies, and masters of vessels, aware of the distress which existed and of the dissatis- faction which was felt by the people with the administration of law, had travelled through the country, pointing out the advan- tages which might be enjoyed by those who would resolve to cross the Atlantic and seek that peace and prosperity which were offered in an American home. The archbishop also shows that, in three years, no less than four thousand two hundred men, ■women, and children had deserted the country, and that, of these, no less than three thousand one hundred had gone in the summer of 1728.* The wisdom of the Head of the church in all these providences is abundantly manifest. Had the Ulster Presbyte- rians been permitted to abandon their country at the time when Livingston and Wallace were deputed to prepare for carrying out the scheme, their numbers were then so few that a small body only could have reached the colonies, while it is probable that a weak remnant only, unable to contend with the trials which were still to be encountered, would have remained at home. Had the voyage of "The Eagle-Wing" succeeded, a similar result must have taken place. Ulster would never, in that case, have become the great nursery for our church which it has been for a century and a quarter, sending off the excess of its population from year to year to strengthen the cause which had been established on this great continent, while the parent-stock, which remained in its own land, continued to grow and prosper. The church had now, however, attained to a considerable magnitude ; and, from this time forward, the American colonies presented attractions to the Ulster Presbyterians which the lapse of time and the occur- * Boulter's " Letters," vol. i. pp. 260-2(j1. Writing in the spring of next year, he s-iTS, " There are now seven ships at Belfast, carrying off about one thousand passengers." 60 INTRODUCTION. reuce of many social changes on both sides of the ocean have not served to diminish. The tide which then commenced to flow has never ceased to set in the same direction, until, at the present time, it is probable that the descendants of the Irish Presbyte- rians in the United States are threefold more numerous than the whole Presbyterian population now in Ireland.* The circumstances here enumerated will account for the fact, that a greater number of settlers arrived in this country from Scotland than from Ireland during the middle of the seventeenth century, and that afterwards this proportion was decidedly re- versed, and the majority were supplied from Ireland. The troubles in Scotland were mainly terminated by the Revolution settlement ; but many of the grievances of the Ulster Presbyte- rians were only then commencing. In Scotland, the difficultiea connected with the tenure of land did not exist, while it was chiefly after the Revolution that the evils of the landlord system in Ireland began to be fully experienced.! These trials were endured by the people of Ulster until patience became exhausted ; and, as hope died out, the disheartened people began — at first in small numbers, and then in greater bodies — to desert their homes. Although a goodly number of emigrants had gradually been leaving the country for the colonies, and even Makemie and others had commenced their labours among the Scotch and Ulster settlers before the Revolution, still, it was after that period that the great emigration-movement commenced, which, at length, attained to such a magnitude that certain leading authorities! in Ireland began to dread the removal of the entire Presbyterian population of Ulster. § For instance, six thousand Irish are reported as having come to this country in 1729, and, before the middle of the century, nearly twelve thousand arrived annually for several years. || Of these, the greater number arrived in Pennsylvania, although many of them afterwards removed to Vir- ginia and the Carolinas. At the same time, Charleston had be- come a favourite port of arrival for Irish and Scottish settlers, many of whom found their way out into the agricultural districts * Vide Reid, vol. iii. p. 514, note 55. ■j- Many of these evils still exist in diflFerent parts of the country, and, for several years past, an effort has been made to settle the questions in dispute between the landlords and the cultivators of the soU. The measure is popularly known as the '•Tenant-right" movement. + Wodrow's MS. Letters, xx., No. 129. ^ Vide Hodge's History, p. 65; Holmes's Annals, vol. ii. p. 123. Holmes says, that, "in the first fortnight of 1773, three thousand five hundred passengers ar- rived in Pennsylvania from Ireland. In October, a ship arrived from Gaiway, in the North (west) of Ireland, with eighty passengers, and a ship fi'om Belfast, with one hundred and seventy passengers." Vol. ii. p. 305. II Proud's History of Pennsylvania, vol. ii. pp. 273-274. INTRODUCTION. 61 of North and South Carolina, and numbers of the remainder con- stituted the early settlers of Georgia.* The religious views of these founders of our church — whether they came from Scotland or from Ireland — were equally decided and well known. They steadfastly adhered " to the form of sound words" laid down in the Westminster Standards, which they held to be the fullest, the clearest, and the most scriptural ex- hibition of the truths of revelation which had been drawn up for the use of the church in any age. All the influences which had been brought to bear on the Scottish population, from the reign of James I. till that of William III., had never infected them •with the leaven of Pelagian or Socinian error. The Moderatism ■which afterwards grew up in the country, and produced such a harvest of evil, was a plant of later growth. The seed of this Upas-tree was sown at the time of the Revolution settlement, when the "compromise" or "comprehension" was assented to, which allowed the intruded Prelatists to remain in the parishes ■which they then held in the Scottish church. In Ireland, the population were equally Calvinistic and Evangelical. The allure- ments of place and power, the fascinations of the national Esta- blishment, the tyranny of the Government, the continued perse- cutions of the hierarchy, and the insolent conduct of the gentry, for upwards of a century, were poweidess to seduce or to drive them from their integrity. The Ulster Scots maintained their principles through the storm as well as in the calm, resisting alike the minions of the Stuarts during the monarchy, and the proffered endowments or the frowns of the officials of Cromwell in the days of the commonwealth. They could leave the country, but they could not abandon their principles. No prelatic forms had crept into the system of church government to which they were attached, and they were equally free from Arrainian views ; while no elements of Congregationalism had been adopted into their discipline. They were as much opposed to Independency, on the one hand, as they were to Prelacy, on the other ; and that form of church government which they loved, and for the maintain- ance of which they had testified in days of trial, they brought ■with them to these shores. Politically and religiously, they were in a strait between three parties, and from the enmity of each they had to calculate on ill-will and suffering. The Papists hated them, as being heretics, and as intruders on a soil which formed the heritage of their fathers. The Prelatists trampled upon them, as a stiff-necked generation, because they refused to acknowledge the lawfulness of the power which the * Holmes, toI. ii. pp. 131, 142. 62 INTRODUCTION. heads of the church assumed. And the civil rulers of the day sub- jected them to penalties, because they protested against tyranny, and demanded the exercise of constitutional power in the state. Even as early as 1559 Ave find AVillock-^the colleague of Knox — propounding to the Convention of Estates,* in Edinburgh, the doctrine, " that the power of rulers was limited both by reason and by Scripture, and that they might be deprived of it upon valid grounds." To these sentiments Knox assented, with certain limitations, not of the principle, but merely to guard against pas- sion or prejudice being allowed to rule in the practical application of the principle in individual cases. The Assembly of 1649 de- clared " that, as magistrates and their power are ordained of God, so they are, in the exercise thereof, not to walk after their own ■will, but according to the law of equity and righteousness ; that a boundless and unlimited power is to be acknowledged in no king or magistrate ; and that there is a mutual obligation betwixt the king and his people, — each of them is tied to the other for the performance of mutual and reciprocal duties." From these posi- tions the Scottish people were never driven. To these sentiments, and to the principles laid down in the Covenants, both the Scot- tish and the Ulster Presbyteriansf adhered during that long war- fare, in which they resisted the power of the Stuart dynasty, and in which they ultimately triumphed, while the faithless race that had oppressed them was hurled from the throne. The training through which, in Scotland and Ireland, our emigrant fathers had been conducted was admirably adapted to constitute them wise and energetic founders of new states. They were lovers of liberty, but they respected law ; and it was a por- tion of their creed that the office of the civil magistrate is of God. Such a people Avere eminently qualified for establishing and maintaining the institutions of a free country. All national asso- ciations of men require the influence of a restraining power. An atheistical or an immoral people may be controlled by the pre- * Vide Hetherington. 3d ed., Edinburgh, p. 25. f AVhen the Irish Presbyterians were charged with disloyalty by one of their many traducers, in the reign of Anne, their defender, Kirkpatrick, justifies their views by an appeal to the principles which placed William III. on the throne. He quotes the sentiments of Hoadly as expressing Presbyterian views. Hoadly had received the thanks of the House of Commons for his writings ; and Kirkpatrick quotes, from the sermon preached by him before the Lord-Mayor of London, the following: — "If, therefore, they (/. c. magistrates) use their power, to the hurt and prejudice of human society, they act not, in any such instances, by authority from God, but contrary to His will. Nor can they, in such instances, be called his vicegerents without the highest profaneness : and, therefore, to oppose them in such cases cannot be to oppose the authority of God ; nay, a passive non- resislance would appear, upon examination, to be a much greater opposition to the wiU of God than the contrary." [Vide Kirkpatrick's "Presbyterian Loyalty," Belfast, 1713, p. 4.) INTRODUCTION. 63 scnce of a military force which represents and carries out tlie •will of an autocrat; but amoral, religious, and educated people, among whom the fear of God dwells and the influences of religion are in full operation, will require little external force or compul- sion to secure the observance of order or obedience to just and equitable laws. Their religion and their politics both take hold on the sanctions of eternity ; and in their integrity, their obedience to law, and their respect for those who rule, it will be seen that true religion is the only safe foundation on which the edifice of civil society, especially in a republic, can be erected with any rational prospect of permanence. Such were our emigrant fathers. " Their moral principles were derived from the words of Him who lives and abides forever ; and the commands of God, and the awful retributions of eternity, gave force to these principles, which became a living power and a controlling influence. The time has but just passed when the schoolmaster from Ireland taught the children of the Valley of Virginia and the upper part of the Carolinas as they taught in the mother-country, — when the children and youth at school re- cited the Assembly's Catechism once a week and read parts of the Bible every day. The circle of their instruction was circum- scribed ; but the children were taught to speak the truth and defend it, to keep a good conscience, and fear God, — the founda- tion of good citizens and great men. Wherever they settled in America, besides the common schools, they turned their attention to high-schools and academies, and to colleges, to educate men for all the departments of life, carrying in their emigration the deep conviction, that without sound education there could be no permanence in religious or civil institutions, or any pure and un- debased enjoyments of domestic life."* This work, in the body of which and in the biographical depart- ment an attempt is made to record the incidents of the lives of a goodly number of those honoured men and to chronicle their labours in founding our Zion, will form an enduring monument to their intelligence, their social worth, and their earnest religious convictions. The seed which they sowed in troublous times, and which they watered with their tears, has, under the divine bless- ing, grown up a goodly ti'ee, and prospered, until its branches are spreading out and overshadowing this fair land ! " The memory of the just is blessed." Esto perpetua ! William Blackwood. March, 1857. * Foote's Sketches of North Carolina, pp. 122, 123. PART I. THE !rcsl)i)tciiaii C|iiu| in ^^mcnta. The northern district of Ireland was to the Presbyterians of Scotland in the days of James and Charles what E"ew Eng- land was to the Puritans, — a refuge from oppression ; and the intelligence, the integrity, and the prosperity of Ulster is the memorial of their wisdom and their piety. There was a time when the most judicious ministers thought that they must leave their new homes and lead their brethren to the wild tracts of America as once they had gone with them to the devastated and confiscated fields of Irish rapine. They took the Eagle's "Wing* to speed them across the ocean ; but the sea wi'ought and was tempestuous, and, after many disasters, they abandoned their project.f Bishop Bramhall, in Latin verse, derided the return of the Puritanical Argo without the golden fleece. They were not suffered to come hither; there they were to build the church of God, and be, though not imme- diately, yet really, the instruments of planting religion in our land ; for the individuals who, single-handed, laid the founda- tions of our church, owed to Ulster their birth, and to her * 1C37. Keid's Hist. Presbyterian Church in Ireland. f The saintly Rutherford wrote, in 1637, to John Stuart, Provost of Ayr: — "I would not have you think it strange that your journey to New England has got such a dash. It hath indeed made my heart heavy ; but I know that it is no dumb providence, but a speaking one whereby the Lord speaks his mind to you, though for the present ye do not well understand what he saith. However it be, He that sitteth on the floods hath shown you his marvellous kindness in the gr^at depths. . . . Let me hear from you, for I am anxious what to do. If I saw a call for New England I would follow it." 90th Letter also. 5 65 66 Webster's history of the pastors and faithful teachers the training in knowledge and goodness which made them benefactors of this whole nation. In 1641, Mr. Castell, the Parson of Cortenhall, published* a plan for introducing the gospel into the colonies. It was approved by seventy of the Westminster divines, by Alexander Henderson and the Scottish Commissioners. But forty years passed, and nothing was done by the Establishment or the Dissenters. The Church of Scotland at that period, like the Church of Ireland, had too many foes, to say nothing of her poverty, to attempt the extension of her doctrine and her discipline in parts beyond sea. But the folly and the cruelty of the Government contributed to effect a result which the Church was unable to accomplish. As in the Apostolic age persecution led to the disciples being scattered abroad throughout Judea and Samaria ; so the oppres- sion of men in high places in Britain became the occasion of settling the wilds of America with the fathers of our Presby- Jterian Zion. Immediately after the battle of Dunbar, the victorious gene- ral sent the Scots prisoners by shiploads to the Plantations to be sold. A list of those sent in one vessel is preserved in the Massachusetts Historical Society's Collections. After the Restoration the same method was pursued by the king ; and many of those concerned in the risings at Pentland and Both- well were consigned to servitude beyond the Atlantic. A stream of emigration flowed from the oppressed congrega- tions, and Scottish merchants and physicians were found from New York to Charleston, and throughout the "West Indies. Robert Livingston came to New York in IGTSf with his nephew. He was a son of the venerable minister of Ancrura, who was banished to Holland, and whose name is linked in honourable remembrance with the signal refreshing at the Kirk of Shotts. Between 1670 and 1680, Scottish Presbyterians settled on the eastern branch of Elizabeth River, near Norfolk, in Virginia, and had a minister from Ireland, who died in August, 1683. In the lower counties of Maryland, on the Eastern Shore, * Reprinted in Force's Collections. •j- Sedgwick's Life of Governor William Livingston. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 6T they established themselves, during the persecution in their native land. They had meeting-liouses* in Snow Hill, Pitt's Creek, Wicomico, Monokin, and Rehoboth, at least twenty years before the close of the seventeenth century. Their appli- cation is the first that is known to have been made to the British churches for a minister. In December, 1680, a letter from Colonel Stevensf was laid before Laggan Presbytery, in Ireland, to send a minister to the people in Maryland, beside Virginia."! The Scottish noblemen and gentlemen who opposed the introduction of arbitrary power under the guise of prelacy, were in close correspondence with Shaftesbury and other leaders of the Country party against the Court. While Becking his aid and counsel to eifect a political change at home, they embarked also in his scheme of settling Carolina. § The king signified, toward the end of 1682, to his council in Scotland, that Sir John Cochran, of Ochiltree, and Sir George Campbell, of Cesnock, had been sent up to him as commis- sioners about the project, and he recommends the council to encourage them. These commissioners contracted with the lords-proprietors of Carolina for a county of thirty-two square plats of twelve thousand acres, with a quit-rent of one penny an acre, and engaged to advance ten pounds for each hundred acres before October, 1682, and ten thousand pounds besides, if necessary for charges. Among the thirt3'-six " under- takers" were the Lords Callender, Cardross, Haddington, and Yester, with Sir Patrick Hume, of Polwarth, and the eminent lawyer Sir George Lockhart. Their agent in London was the Rev. Mr. Ferguson, who was constantly engaged in schemes against the government, always detected and never punished. It was suspected and openly charged at the trial of Baillie of Jerviswood, that there was no purpose to promote emigration, * Spence's Early History. f Colonel AVilliam Stevens died 23d December, 1687, aged 57, at his residence in Rehoboth, Md. ; having been for twenty-two years a judge of the county court and one of Lord Baltimore's council, and a deputy-lieutenant of the province. (From his tombstone, by Rev. J. L. Vallandingham.) J Reid's History of Presbyterian Church in Ireland. § Wodrow. In 1685, "the great and good Earl of Ca.ssilis," who ?at in West- minster Assembly, proposed to leave Scotland. Archibald Kennedy, a merchant la Kew York, returned at a later date, having succeeded to the earldom. 68 Webster's history of the and that it was a cover of the designs which were defeated by the discovery of the Eye-house ph)t and by Monmouth's overthrow. After the defeat at Botliwell, the king* allowed the pri- sonere who made acknowledgment of repentance to be trans- ported, and great numbers were banished in the summer of 1684. Two-and-twenty were sent over to Carolina in one ship, principally from Glasgow, Eaglesham, and Eastwood. With them sailed William Dunlop, a probationer, and Henry Erskine, Lord Cardross, leaving their families. After a voyage of great hardship, they reached Charleston in the fall. The settlement was at Port Royal, at the mouth of Broad River. "The place was sickish;" and as early as 1686, "the English were very much oS that plantation of Carolina." Adverse, disheartening circumstances caused Cardrossf to go over to Holland, and Dunlop returned on the accession of William, and was made principal of Glasgow University. Scarce a tradition of the enterprise remains. Presbyterians from Fifeshire, under the auspices of Colonel Kinian Beall,J took up their abode between the Potomac and Patuxent, during the time of Scotland's trouble, and formed the congregations of Marlborough and Bladensburg. Thomas Wilson,§ an English Friend, in 1691, coming north, after preaching in Virginia and Carolina, was invited to his house by " an ancient, comely mati, an elder among the Presbyterians," who lent him his boat next morning across the Potomac, on his way to Patuxent. Scotsmen joined with Penn and others in the purchase of the Jerseys. Fair were the terms and wise the consti- tution promulgated by the proprietors; numbers removed from Scotland to East Jersey, taking many servants with them, having received as a gift from the council their brethren who could not comply with the outrageous measures of the government. Among others who removed was George Scot,|| of Pitlochie, who had sufl'ered grievously by fine and imprisonment for his non-conformity. He was the son of Sir * Wodrow. f He was created, on the Revolution, Earl of Buchan. J He was a prominent man in the colony in 1989, when he joined in representing to the council that there was no ground for suspecting the Papists of a plot. MSS. Maryland Hist. Soc- g Friends' Library. H Wodrow. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 69 John Scot, of Scotstarbet, and a man of large estate. In 1674, he, with several gentlemen, appeared before the council, and, on their acknowledgment of having been present when John "Welsh and other "outed" ministers preached, they were fined and ordered to lie in prison till payment was made. Pitlo- chie's fine was one thousand pounds Scots, — the heaviest of all ; and for his alleged impertinent and outrageous carriage before the council, five hundred merks were added to it. "Would they have taken the oath of supremacy, the fine would have been remitted ; they remained in prison till it was paid. ** By and attour" all this, he was fined in the next month one thousand pounds for harbouring that excellent man, Mr. Welsh. After this, he was intercommuned, and, being seized for attending conventicles, was sent by the council, February 8, 1677, to the Bass, and remained prisoner till the beginning of October, when he was released on giving bond to appear when called. His wife, the daughter of that eminent Christian, "William Rigg,* of Aitherney, not appearing when cited by the council, was fined one thousand merks for fre- quenting conventicles, and was intercommuned. Pitlochie, on leaving the Bass, gave security in ten thousand merks that he would confine himself to his own lands, and not keep conventicles. He was before the council May 14, 1679, on a charge of having violated his engagement ; he was ordei'ed to pay three thousand merks and confine himself to his own lands, the rest of the penalty in the bond being superseded "until they see how the said George carries in time coming." He was fined on the 23d of January following seven hundred pounds for not attending musters and the king's host. In 1683, he was indicted for treason, rebellion, and favours done to rebels ; but, being out of the kingdom, the prosecution was dropped. He was however, on his return, sent to the Bass. He petitioned t-he council to be let out to remove to East Jersey, promising to take with him his fellow-prisoner, the Rev. Archibald Riddel, and to be "caution for him" in five thousand merks. He was released in the spring of 1684, and published an appealf to the Presbyterians, showing them the advantages of settling there, especially of having the free * Livingston's Memoirs. f Printed in Wiiitehead's East Jersey under the Proprietaries. 70 WEBSTER'S HISTORY OF THE enjoyment of their own mode of worship, which was no longer tolerated at home. The appeal was seconded hy letters from Scotsmen already established there, particularly from James Johnston, of Spotswood. Beside Mr. Riddel, the Rev. Wil- liam Aisdale accompanied him, but died at sea. The Rev. Thomas Patterson,* who had been "outed" from the parish of Borthwick by the council, in August, 1662, and who seems to have escaped the notice of the persecutors, was expected to go also ; but it is not known whether he went. The council recommendedf the king to grant Pitlochie "a gratification," in consideration of services rendered by his father, and gave him warrant, February 11, 1685, to transport from the prisons of Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Stirling, one hundred persons who were willing to go, not having landed property worth one hundred pounds a year. He petitioned afterwards for some of those who had recently been banished, and, ou the 7th of August, twelve more were given him. The names of over seventy men and of ten or twenty women given him are preserved by Wodrow. They were, some of them, men of great worth, and had already passed through much suifering. At the head, was John Frazer,! who, having taken his degree of Master of Arts, and gone to London for his safety and preparation for the ministry, was seized at a meeting while the Rev. Alexander Shiels was preaching. The minister, with Frazer, John Foreman, and five others of his hearers, were sent up to Scotland, having first lain in Newgate. They were marched through London, manacled two-and-two, as criminals. They were examined by the council and sent to Dunotter. One hundred persons were thrust into a vault under ground, with one window which opened to the sea: there, ankle-deep in mire, with nothing on which to sit or lie, they were pent up through the summer. Frazer, weak and sick, was marched on foot to Leith, where a Newcastle ship, Richard Hutton, master, was lying to receive him and his companions in tri- bulation. Twenty-eight persons left at this time a testimony dated August 28, 1685, against their unjust banishment, and for the covenants and the preaching of the word iu * Wodrow. t Il^i'i- t Ibid. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 71 fields and houses. Those who could not pay their passage were given to Titlochie, and all the banished were put into his care. After long delay, the ship sailed, September 5 ; the pro- visions began to putrefy ; malignant fever attacked nearly all on board, and swept away twenty-two of the prisoners, with most of the crew. Pitlochie and his excellent lady died, with their sister-in-law, Lady Aitherney and her son and daughter, and the wife of Mr. Riddel. The captain was inhuman beyond measure. Upwards of sixty died, many of whom were voluntary exiles for the word of God. They reached New Jersey about the middle of December. The people on the coast showed them no kindness ; but "a town* a little way up the country sent horses for the feeble, and entertained all of them till the spring," Pitlochie had sold what remained of his estate to pay the freight, and, dying, he gave the prisoners to his son-in-law, Mr. John Johnston. They resisted his claim ; and the governor, on hearing both parties, summoned a jury, whose verdict was, that, not having of their own accord come in that ship, nor bargained with Pitlochie for money or service, they were free. Most of them went to New England, and were kindly enter- tained. Frazer was ordainedf in Hartford county, Connecticut, and preached at Woodbury. His labours were blessed ; but on the accession of "William, he returned with his wife to Scotland, and became the minister of Alness. His son was the author of the admirable work on Sanctification. Among the voluntary exiles was Kobert McLellan, of Bal- magechan. He had been forfeited in 1680. He made his home at Woodbridge ; and on the revolution, in returning to Scotland, was captured by the French, and, on being released, he was shipwrecked on the Irish coast. He reached home at last, and was reinstated in his lands. Another was William Niven, of Pollockshaws ; like McLel- lan, honourable and excellent. He also returned. The Rev. Archibald Riddel had a call to a congregation on Long Island ; but he preferred to settle at Woodbridge. He * Wodrow. f Preface to Frazer on Sanctification. 72 WEBSTER'S HISTORY OF THE also returned,* suffering, by-the-way, years of imprisonment in France, He was the brother of the Laird of Riddel, in Rox- burghshire,— a heavy sufferer for conscience. In the summer of 1677, he joined, with Mr. Welsh and other " outed" ministers, in dispensing the sacrament at Maybole, in Carrick. Search was ordered to be made for him after Both well ; and proclama- tion was made, June 26, 1679, against harbouring or resetting him. In September, 1680, he was seized while riding from Moffat-well, and imprisoned ; he demanded to be tried for hia accession to the rising. He would not engage to abstain from field-preaching ; and, not being able to find security, he waa left seven months in Edinburgh prison and three years and a half in the Bass. He was liberated in the spring of 1681 to see his dying mother,t and in June was again sent to the Bass for holding a conventicle at Kippen. There he remained till he sailed for America. Among the prisoners were John Foreman, John Henderson, John Foord, — names still familiar in Freehold. These ban- ished men formed a large part of our early congregations in East Jersey. Colonel Barclay, of Urie, was, like Pitlochie, concerned in the shipment of prisoners. He had twenty-three given him at one time. He settled at Amboy, and, though nearly related to the great Quaker apologist, was a churchman. "That excellent person," Lord ITeil Campbell, the son of the Marquis of Argyle, and the brother of the earl, was not suffered, after 1681, to live in his own house ; and, having refused the test, he was forced to go to America at hazard of life, leaving his family behind. He returned on the downfall of the Stuarts. The Rev. David Simpson, minister of Killean, was, after the indulgence, placed by the council at Kintyre. He was imprisoned, but liberated March 17, 1685, on condition of leaving the kingdom. He went to New Jersey and died there. In the parish of Dalserf, in Lanarkshire, the curate, Mr. Joseph Clelland, was very active against non-conformista. * His daughter, Mrs. James Dundas, remained here. — W. A. Whitehead, Esq., of Newark. f She had been denounced as a rebel while a widow. Her husband had been heavily fined. — Wodrow. PRESBYTERIAN CUURCn IN AMERICA. 73 Many families were scattered. John Harvie and Walter Ker were seized. The former was given to Pitlochie. The latter was banished September 3, 1685; he settled in Freehold, was greatlv serviceable in promoting the interests of religion, and lived till 174-4 to witness the great awakening. The Rev. Dr. Ker, of Goshen, New York, and the Rev. Jacob Ker, of Somerset, Maryland, were his grandsons. Mr. Hume,* living near Paisley, a man of property and respectability, was imprisoned for his zeal as a Whig, and released on condition of removing to America. A contagious fever carried oft' himself and his wife while at sea in a crowded vessel. His only child, a daughter of fifteen, was kindly received by her mother's brother, Dr. Johnson, of New York. She married William Hoge, an exile for Christ's sake : they settled at Amboy. Their son was the Rev. John Hoge, of Opequhon, Virginia, and their grandson the Rev. Dr. Moses Hoge. Little companies of Scotsmen, driven from home by brutal oppression, were scattered through East Jersey, Delaware, and along York and Rappahannock, in Virginia. f There was a large emigration to Charleston. The closing of the seventeenth century was marked by the subsiding of the flood of religious feeling which had so power- full}^ for three generations agitated Great Britain. The turbid waves were almost at rest, and the atoms lately tossing on the top of the billows were precipitated as from a chemical solution, and gradually congealed and stratified in forms and masses as distinct and unchangeable as the second- ary and tertiary formations of our globe. A similar tendency to assume and adhere to distinctive forms and denominational peculiarities was displayed in this country. The Dutch Reformed congregations, surrounded in the larger towns by an English population, and living under a government which favoured the sole use of the English tongue, abated not one jot of their tenacity for the exclusive * MS. Life of Dr. Moses Hoge. f Dr. Beilby Porteus, Bishop of London, was born of parents both natives of Virginia, his grandparents having removed from Newbottle, the parish served by Leighton, to York River, where "it was at least two miles over." 74 Webster's history of the use of Low Dutch in their religious services. The necessity thus created favoured the introduction of the Church of Eu£C- laud ; and Trinity Church, 'Kew York, increased rapidly iu numbers, through the falling off of the young people from the language and the Church of Holland. The Livingstons and some other Scotsmen adhered to the Reformed Dutch church, though barely able to follow the preacher through the mazes of a strange language. The Society of Friends, shaken by the rupture with Keith, and constantly roused by the earnest appeals of ministers from England, was in the process of crystallization. Vital heat departed and left the beautiful transparent forms sub- sisting till now. The Ranters — a portion of the gangrene which consumed the cause of truth and godliness in Cromwell's day — still claimed to possess divine attributes and to be able to do actions inconceivably vile without incurring guilt. They still intruded on the worship of others, hooting like owls, dancing and defaming ; but they were almost extinct, and in a few years no trace and scarcely a remembrance of them remained in Rhode Island, at Oyster Bay, and Mattinecock, Long Island, or in Middletown, I^ew Jersey, where once they were in admiration.* » A community existed near Chester,t Maryland, formed on the model devised by John Labadie, who died in 1674. Samuel Bownas visited " the Labadies" in 1702. "When supper came in, twenty men entered a large room at a call ; * Friends' Library. f Bownas's Journal, in Friends' Library. Mr. Ward wrote, September 15, 1666, to his fellow-exile, John Brown, of Wamphray : — "If worthy Labadie come to see you, (for the French Synod have begun to persecute him already, and have summoned him to appear at Amsterdam to answer to a commission that they have appointed to question him about some things; they pretend he favours the Mil- lianary opinions ; but, the truth is, they cannot bear his zeal for God ;) if he come, I say, be very kind to him, and ye may think, if it were not fit, having him dine with you. I am much taken with the man, for the great report he hath of pietie, zeal, and learning, and for which he is in repute among all the godly who know him." John de Labadie had been a Jesuit, and entered the Reformed church. William Penn visited at Weiwart, in Holland, a religious society which had been awakened by him to seek after a more spiritual fellowship, and had followed him in the way of a refined Independency. The Brownists also held Labadie in higk esteem. ... PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 75 sitting down, one after another took oft" his hat, and, after a season of silence, one after another put on his hat and began to eat. The women ate by themselves. They had all things in common, but could take nothing when they went away. They were in all about one hundred. They made linen, and had a plantation of corn, tobacco, and flax, besides much cattle. But as early as 1720 they were all scattered. They were probably from is^orth Holland. "The Labadeans were correct on the subject of justifica- tion." AMiitefield said, "John Labidee went on in the same manner as the Moravians, in Maryland. His plan was carried as high as theirs ; but it fell remarkably." Kew Euffland saw a form of delusion in the followers of Banks and Case.* Many under their influence fell down as in a fit, and rose up crying, " Oh, the joy !" " Many now living have not forgot the mad freaks of the infamous Case and Banks, with their followers. Who could have a stronger per- suasion of their interest in Christ than they had ? How did they frequently go about the streets in a kind of rupture, crying, * Joy, joy !' "f They were like those in Scripture whose " sins were open beforehand, going to judgment." They went, in the spring of 1699, into Xew Jersey and Pennsylvania, then called "the new country," and, after a season, came to naught. The attempt made by Massachusetts to send the gospel to Virginia, in 1643, was promptly crushed by the banishment of the ministers and the expulsion of the congregations. The homeless people established themselves on the western shore of Maryland, in Anne Arundel, and the adjacent counties of Charles and Prince George. The Rev. Matthew Hill,:!: ejected from Thirsk, in Yorkshire, by the Uniformity Act, settled in Charles county in 167-4. The prospect of usefulness was encouraging at first ; but new troubles arose, and his hopes were blighted. Those driven from Nansemond§ retired to Xorth Carolina ; and Durant's Neck, in Perquimans county, perpetuates the name of "the godly elder of that orthodox congregation." His Geneva Bible is preserved by the Historical Society of Xorth Carolina. * Mather's Magnolia. f Dickinson's Display of S^ereign Grace. X Calamy's Memoriala. § Mather, quoted by Bancroft. 76 Webster's history of the The New Haven colonies in "West Jersey seem to have remained without stated ministers till the close of the cen- tury, when the Rev. Thomas Bridge, from England, settled at Cohanzy. The Puritan settlements on Long Island were early sup- plied with ministers. These were East Hampton, South- ampton, Southold, Setauket in Brookhaven, Hempstead, Jamaica, and Ne\\i;own ; even Flushing* also, before 1657, had a Presbyterian minister who went to Eastern Virginia. In West Chester county, New York, Bedford and East Chester had a minister from Connecticut. In East Jersey were the congregations of Elizabethtown, Newark, Woodbridge, and Freehold. The minister at New- arkf was the only one who did. not have recourse to some other calling for maintenance. The French churches in the province of New York gra- dually merged in part in the Reformed Dutch body; a portion received missionaries from the Gospel Propagation Society, and laid aside their distinct character for the Epis- copal form. The few Swede churches, of the discipline of Augsburg, retained their separate existence till of late years they have come under the jurisdiction of the Bishops of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. In the province of New York there was, before 1699, but one Church minister except the chaplains of the forces ; none in the Jerseys or Delaware, and but one in Pennsylvania. Trinity Church was erected in New York in 1696 ; and Mr. Vesey, formerly an Independent minister in Queen's county, Long Island, celebrated divine service for the first time, Feb- ruary 6, 1697. Christ Church was erected in Philadelphia in 1695, and was served by Dr. Clayton, Rector of Crofton, in Yorkshire, and afterward by Mr. Evans. In 1700, prayer- books were given "as fine as those in the queen's chapel." In Maryland and Virginia, there was provision by the statute for the clergy, and the parishes were mostly supplied. In North Carolina there were no ministers of any persuasion but those of the Society of Friends. * O'Callaghan's New York. f Whitehead's East Jersey. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 77 In South Carolina, there were Congregationalists from ^e\v England, and Scottish Presbyterians. They wore so much mingled in Charleston that, while the church was independent in its government, its ministers, for twenty years, were of the Church of Scotland. There was a Baptist congregation and several French churches; yet, in 1704, when there was but one Episcopal congregation, the Church of England was established by law, and her sacramental test enacted. There were Baptist congregations from Ireland in Middle- town, Cohanzy, and Cape May, in New Jersey; there were congregations from New England, at Piscataway and Cohanzy, not in fellowship with the other churches of that order in the province. In Pennsylvania there was a Welsh Baptist mi- nister serving Pennepek and Philadelphia. In Delaware there was a minister with his flock, at Pencader, fi-om the principality of Wales. In Philadelphia, a Presbyterian congregation was slowly formed during the last ten years of the century. It is highly probable that the visit of Francis Makemie to the city in 1692 led to the gathering of the Protestant dissenters for worship at the Barbadoes store. Jedediah Andrews, fi'om Massachu- setts, began to preach statedly to them in the autumn of 1698. Francis Makemie came to Maryland in 1682, and spent one or two years as the minister in Lynnhaven parish, A'irginia. He subsequently fixed his abode in Accoraae county, and in 1699 took license under the Toleration Act. The ministers of Laggan Presbytery* intimated to the other presb^-teries in Ireland, in 1684, their intention to remove to America, (some of them having been invited thither,) the course of "the Pre- lational party" being so vexatious; but a favourable turn of ali'airs detained them in Ulster. The only other Presbyterian ministers known to have been in any besides the New England States at an earlier date than 1706 are Nathaniel Taylor, at Marlborough, Maryland; Dugald Simson, at Brookhaven, on Long Island, from 1685 to 1691, who returned to Scotland, and was, in 1696, a member of Lochmaben Presbytery ; Thomas Bridge, who was called from Reid'3 History. 78 Webster's history of the Cohanzy to the first church in Boston, in 1704; Mr, Black, who hiboured in West Jersey and in Lewes, Delaware; John "Wilson at Newcastle, and Samuel Davis, also in Delaware. The state of morals was generally good, the people sober and "not over-zealous." Liberty of worship existed in every province. Virginia was no exception ; for Makemie in no instance complains of ill- usage or molestation, and, in his "Plain and Loving Persuasive to the Inhabitants of Marj-land and Virginia," published in 1705, he clearly assumes that intolerance was not the order of the day. The New York law of 1693, dividing the provinces into parishes and precincts, and directing assessments of a rate for the support of the ministry, was purposely* worded indefinitely, so as not to awaken a suspicion in the minds of the majority of the Assembly of intention to secure the com- pulsory maintenance of the Episcopal clergy. There was then not one Church-of-England congregation in the province, and the only churchman in the Assembly was James Grahame, the speaker. The vestry of Trinity Churchf having inquired, in 1695, if by "able Protestant minister" was to be understood a Dissenting minister, the Assembly declared that under the act any congregation might call and settle a Protestant Dissenting minister. Governor Fletcher denied their right to put such an interpretation on the words; but it is not known that he refused, in any instance, to order the induction of a Dissenter when regularly chosen by the people. Increase Mather, seeing provision made for support of the gospel, induced Mr. Vesey, who wasj labouring on Long Island, to go to the city of New York and serve the spiritual interest there. Governor Fletcher is said§ to have bought him off. He sailed for England, and, obtaining orders, was inducted|| Rector of Trinity Church by the two Dutch Reformed divines. * Colonel Morris, quoted in Macdonald's Hist, of Jamaica. •[■ Proceedings of New York Assembly. X The Rev. Mr. Miller; reprinted in N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll g Doc. Hist, of New York. [] Dr. Brownlee's Sketch of History of Reformed Dutch Church in America. PRESBTTEBIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 79 CHAPTER n. The eighteenth century opened with the accession of Anne, and the restoration to favour of the patrons of Iligh-Churchism and the enemies of the liberty of the subject. New Jersey passed from under the control of the pro- prietaries, and was united by the crown with the province of New York, under the government of the Queen's cousin, Edward Hyde, Viscount Cornbary. He was the grandson of Clarendon, the historian. Lacking his talents and his grave dignity of manner, he was the inheritor* of his rapacious, despotic principles. Clarendon, when he knew Charles the Second to be a Papist, made it felony for any man to say so ; while persecuting the non-conformists without limit or mercy, he protected the chief instruments of the great rebellion, who could purchase his favour by gifts of money, or of the por- traits of the noble families they had despoiled in the civil war. Destitute of honourable feeling, he made his history a vehicle of calumny. He was displaced by men as worthless as himself, and died in exile. Cornbury was a spendthrift, transported to the Plantations to save him from his creditors. He at once assumed to be the patron of the chux'ch, and required all congregations to apply to him for leave to settle ministei*s. The sect of tlie Hero- diaus existed at that day; they knew no king but Cfesar: and loud were their professions of zeal for the Church of England, now that zeal for her was the passport to favour. In 1701, the Church partyf in Pennsylvania refused to sign a paper clearing Penn's government of the charge of persecu- tion. In 1703, they, with a packed vestry headed by John Moore, waited on Lord Cornbury, and, among many compli- ments, hoped they should prevail on the Queen to extend the * Lord Dover's Notes on Clarendon. ■\ Watson's Annals of Philadelphia. 80 Webster's history of the limits of his government over them, that so " they may enjoy the same blessings others do under his authority." Corubury came again to Philadelphia. Colonel Robert Quarry headed the address, and asked him to beseech the Queen to grant them this favour. "William Penn was offended at these turbu- lent churchmen, and asked the Lords of Trade either to buy him out, or to let him buy out "the hot Church party." Colonel Quarry, an officer in the customs, was a zealous churchman, and indefatigable in ferreting out causes of com- plaint against the colonial assemblies and the governors who were not of his temper and notions. His letters in the Brod- head collection in Albany unveil his exertions for the esta- blishment of thorough despotism. The chief instigator of all these movements was George Keith, born in Scotland in 1638, and a graduate of Aberdeen in the class with Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury. A prominent minister in the Society of Friends, he was disowned, in Phila- delphia, as a disturber. Failing in his attempts to form a sect embod}dng the difierences for which he contended, he took orders in England; and his efforts in America, from New Hampshire to Currituck, entitle him to the credit of being the apostle of Prelacy, and the successful founder of the English church on a permanent basis along the sea-coast. The appointment of a bishop for Virginia was resolved on in the reign of Charles the Second. The revenues of the see w^ere to be drawn from the customs ;* but there were so many other less sacred but more fascinating persons to be supported out of that branch of royal income, that the scheme was abandoned. Fears of the establishment of Episcopacy, and of compulsory enforcement of conformity to human appoint- ments in divine things, arose in the colonies soon after Sir Robert Carrf entered on his government. The conduct of Colonel Fletcher in 'New York, in assuming the right to fur- nish the towns with ministers of his own choosing, gave new uneasiness. The Venerable Society for Propagating the Gospel in Foreign Parts was incorporated in 1701; with royal favour, large funds, and a strong array of zeal and political * Seeker's letter to Walpole. The scheme failed through the resignation of Clarendon. f MS. letter in Massachusetts Historical Society. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 81 influence, it commenced vigorous operations. The amazing proposal was made by Colonel Morris,* a pupil of Keith's, that the society should sec that only churchmen were sent out as governors of the colonies, and should endeavour to have the rule introduced, that no person should be competent to receive a considerable benefice in England, who had not per- formed tliree years of missionary labour in America. Colonel Ileathcotef wrote to the Venerable Society, that as early as November, 1705, it was reported that the Queen would main- tain from her own purse a sutfragan bishop in America. lie felt no doubt that, when this was done, many educated at Boston College would conform and be content to take the support secured by law, without being burdensome to the society. This report gained so much confidence that Mr. John Lil- liugston, Kector of St. Paul's, in Talbot county, and senior clergyman in Maryland, who was judged the fittest person, J was sent to Great Britain to be in readiness for consecration. Perhaps the chief hinderance to the consummation of the project was, that the clergy here and at home were mostly attached to the Jacobite cause ; and that the Scots here, as well as in their native land, were greatly embittered against the government, by reason of the union of the kingdoms. As Dr. Chauucey§ said to President Stiles, "The ministry regard bishops as mere tools; but they are edge-tools, and they use them only when there is a needs-be." The scheme, however, was on foot; for the Bishop of London|| addressed the Queen's Council in December, 1707, urging that the appointment of a euffi'agan in Virginia would excite no clamour, and for the want of one, bigamy and all other evils infested the provinces and grew apace. Archbishop Seeker wrote an appeal in 1750 in favour of sending a bishop to Virginia.T[ Dr. Johnson, of King's College, Xew York, applauded the good design. There was much talk in London of the matter, when the death of * Hawkins's Missions of the English Church. f Bolton's History of West Chester County, New York. J Hawkins. § Stiles's MSS., Yale College. || Albany Documents. ^ Seeker's letter, and a critical commentary on it, are so curious and illustrative of the times as to deserve reprinting together. The critical commentary is in the New York State Library. 6 82 Webster's history of the Mr. Henry Pelham threw this, with many other schemes, out of mind. Dr. Stennet related to Davies, in 1753, "a confer- ence he had with the Duke of Newcastle and the Archbishop of York about the mission of bishops into America. It was very entertaining." Two Jacobite clergymen,* Talbot, of Burlington, and Dr. Richard \V"elton, of Christ Church, Philadelphia, were conse- crated by some of the English non-juring bishops in 1723, and came to America, exercising their functions secretly over as many as received them. The British government commanded them to return immediatel}'. Talbot took the oaths of alle- giance, and Welton retired to Lisbon. Talbot would not read the prayers for the reigning family, nor give thanks for the defeat of her majesty's enemies. Governor Hunterf said, in 1715, that he incorporated the Jacobites at Burlington to sanctify his sedition and insolence. The Venerable Society ceased to employ Talbot, on account of his disaffection to the House of Hanover. Gibson, J Bishop of London, wrote to the clergy in America to beware of asserting the invalidating the baptism of Dis- senters; for it had been set on foot by the non-jurors, to injure the Church of England, and was in opposition to the constant doctrine of the church. In 1699, Vesey§ declared that experience had undeceived him as to the comforts to be found in his new situation as the Rector of Trinity Church in New York : — " We find ourselves under all discouragements imaginable." Lord Bellamont de- scribes him "as capable of any wickedness, base, unchristian; his wickedness is plain; he wants honesty/' "With Governor Hunter he came into direct conflict, and used all means to destroy his credit at home. The sin of Bellamont and Hunter consisted in refusing to bestow on Trinity Church "a small farm," called "The King's Bowerie." They gave the rector a lease of it during their continuance in office as governor. Vesey wanted it in fee ; he subsequently obtained it. That "small farm" now lies in the city of New York, and yields a princely revenue. * Dorr's History of Christ Church. •)■ Albany Documents. ^ MSS. of Ebenezer Hazard, of Philadelphia. ^ Albany Documents. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 83 In 1702, besides Yesey, the clergymen in N'cwYork"in orders" were Bartow, cliurcli missionary at West Chester, and Stuart, in Bedford. They were missionaries. Patrick Gordon •was "expected suddenly." The town of Jamaica* was settled entirely by Presbyterians ; and in 1702 there were considerably above a hundred families, exemplary for all Christian knowledge and goodness. They had a stone church worth £600, and a parsonage valued at £1500: the glebe consisting of an orchard and two hundred acres of laud. The Act of 1G93 had constituted Jamaica, Newtown, and Flushing, a parish, and imposed the obligation to raise £60 for the support of a minister. This had been wholly disregarded until the accession of Corubury, when the town elected (Jan. 1702) Presbyterians for churchwardens and vestrymen, and settled in the following month the Rev. John Hubbard, according to the provisions of the act. He was born in Ipswich, Massachusetts, in 1677, and graduated at Harvard in 1695, in the same class with Andrews of Phila- delphia. Hubbard took a journey to Boston, and on his return in the summer, of a Saturday, learned that Bartow, the church missionary at "West Chester, had just arrived; and he sent to inquire if he intended to preach on the morrow. He answered that he did. The next morning, Bartow went to church on the last ringing of the bell; and, finding that Hubbard had begun his service, he went straightway to the "pew" or pulpit and sat down, expecting he would desist, " being he knew I had orders from the government to officiate there." Hubbard did not desist, and Bartow forbore to make any interruption ; but, in the afternoon, he, with the countenance of Chief-Justice Mompesson, and Mr. Carter, her majesty's controller, went \ery early, and when Hubbard arrived he found Bartow read- ing the liturgy. He withdrew, and assembled the congrega- tion in an orchard hard by. Many went in and took benches and seats out of the church. Bartow, on finishing, locked the church and gave the key to Cardale, the sheriff. The people asked for the key and were refused; and Bartow saj's, jocosely, " The scolding and wrangling that ensued are by me ineftable." * Macdonald'3 History of Jamaica. 84 Webster's history of the Lord Cornbury thanked Bartow, as doubtless Ahab also thanked the scarcely more iniquitous elders of Jezreel, and told him, he would do the church and him justice. Accord- ingly, in 1703, Bartow is reported as receiving a benevolence of £30, in addition to a salary of £50 from the Venerable Society. My lord summoned Mr. Hubbard and the heads of his con- gregation, and forbade him ever more to preach in that church ; "for, in regard it was built by a public tax, it did belong* to the Establishment." He threatened them with the penalty of the statute for disturbing divine worship, but, on their submis- sion and promise, he forgave them. He suspended Hubbard for a breach of the public peace, and afterward gave him a "during pleasure" license; which he held till his death in 1705. The Venerable Society, in 1706, f acknowledged most thank- fully the continual bounty of the Queen, "which has had very good effects abroad, by influencing and exciting the governors and inhabitants to build several new churches, aud even to convert some of the meeting-houses of the Quakers and other sectaries into houses of worship according to the Church of England." It was during the great plague in London, that Clarendon induced his pliant master to add heavier burdens to the op- pressed non-conformists ; it was during the great sickness in New York, in the summer of 1702, that Cornbury sought a refuge in Jamaica. He entreated Hubbard in a friendly man- ner for the use of the parsonage: it was granted, and, on returning to the city, his lordship delivered the liouse into the hands of the churchmen. "The warrant," saj'S Colonel Morris, "which he gave to the sheriff to dispossess the dis- senting minister of the glebe, was wholly without form or due course of law." Cardale seized the glebe, surveyed it out into lots, and leased them for the benefit of his party. Gordon, who was "expected suddenly," arrived in April, 1702, and, going from the city to Jamaica, he took sick on Saturday, and died in eight days. The Eev. William Urqu- hart, who was supported by the subscriptions of the Yorkshire * Macdonald's History of Jamaica. f Report of Venerable Society. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 85 clergy, was inducted July 4, 1704, and Hubbard, being then in possession of the parsonage, was ordered by Cornbury to de- liver it to the rector : he did so quietly and peaceably. Hub- bard died in his twenty-ninth year, October 11, 1705. Urqu- hart retained the church and parsonage unmolested till his death, in August, 1709. Cotton Mather, in his letter to the London ministers in 1706, tells them, the good people of Jamaica adorned the doctrine of God their Saviour by a most laudable silence and Vt'onderful patience under these wrongs. The next instance* of the success of Keith in engaging Cornbury in his daring schemes was the seizure and impri- sonment, Xovember 21, 1702, of Samuel Bownas, a minister of the Society of Friends. Keith informed against him ; and AVilliam Bradford, a printer, who had been disowned by Friends, gave evidence that he heard Bownas, in his preach- ing at the house of i^athaniel Pearsall, in Hempstead, speak disparagingly of the Church of England in relation to the sacrament of Baptism. A warrant was placed in the hands of Thomas Cardale, High-Sheriff of Queen's county, for the apprehension of Bownas. Colonel Heathcote, in a letterf to the secretary, said, "Many of the instruments made use of to settle the church in Jamaica were of warm tempers, and, if report is true, indifterent in their morals. One Mr. Cardell, a transient person, and of very indifferent reputation, was recommended and made high-sheriff of the county, and the settling of the church was left in a great measure to his care and conduct." The Hon. William Smith calls him " one Cardwell, a mean, fellow." Thompson| says he sustained a despicable character, and, being afterwards thrown into prison for some offence, he hanged himself. The warrant was served on Bownas while at meeting, in Flushing, on the 29th ; and, though he was wrongly named, he took no advantage of the defect. The sheriff was very moderate, and in a very good humour; he spoke mildly and courteously, and blamed Keith and Bradford. He let him stay Bownas' 3 Journal. f February 11, 1711, quoted by Macdonald. B. F. Thompson's History of Long Island. 86 Webster's history of the three days with his friends, and then carried him to Jamaica. The four justices, on pretence of cold, met in a small room, and thus disappointed the great crowd which had gathered. A priest was with them, who put the worst construction on every thing, and the next day he was committed. On the 26th of December a special commission of Oyer and Terminer was held, and John Bridges, Esq., Chief-Justice, gave "an uncommon charge" and adjourned the court till Monday. The grand jury ignored the bill against Bownas. "The other justices, being mostly Presbyterians, cared nothing; but Bridges said to the grand jury, 'You have forgotten your oaths; I de- mand your reasons for not finding the bill.' " James Clement, a bold man and skilled in the law, refused to give the reasons. The grand jury were sent back; and, finding no bill. Bridges threatened to send Clement to London, "chained to the deck of a man-of-war, like other vile criminals." Bownas was con- fined in a room which had two years before been protested against as an unlawful prison ; his friends were denied admit- tance ; and, that he might be chargeable to no man, he learned to make shoes and earned his food. The grand jury refusing to find any bill against him in August, he was released, having been in prison a year lacking twenty-three days. Thomas Hicks, who had been a justice many years, em- braced him, and said, "Dear Samuel, the Lord has made use of you as an instrument to put a stop to our arbitrary courts of justice, which have met with great encouragement since his Lordship came here for governor. The judge frets because he cannot have his way of you ; and the governor is dis- gusted, he expecting to have made considerable advantage by it. But the eyes of the country are now opened. You are not alone; it is the case of every subject, and they will never be able to get a jury to answer their end. Had the Presbyterians have stood as you have done, they had not so tamely left their meeting-houses to the church. He blamed that people very much for being so compliant to all the claims of the gover- nor, although ever so unreasonable and against law." But their compliance secured them from no hardship which Corn- bury could inflict. The next town on the island, Hempstead, was settled from the l^orth of England, the first minister being the Rev. Kich- PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 87 ard Denton,* a Presbyterian minister of Coley Chapel in Hali- fax. He was small in stature and blind of an eye: the quaint annalist styles him an Iliad in a nutshell. He was not accept- ablef to the Puritan portion of his flock; they made no oppo- sition until he baptized the children of those who were not church-members; then they broke away from him. lie re- turned to England befoi'e 16G3, and a long, angry controversy! is said to have arisen between the Independents and the Pres- byterians, similar to that which caused Governor Webster, of Ilartford, and Mr. Kussel, the minister of Wethorsfield, to remove with many others to Hadley, Mass., in 1659. The Independents contended for the exclusion from all authority in the state, and from all privileges in the church, those who were not Christians, by an open covenanting with the visible church. The lax party triumphed; and at the end of twenty-five years the Rev. Jeremiah Ilobart was settled, and remained fifteen years; when, many§ falling away to the Quakers, and more becoming irreligious and refusing to support the gospel, he removed to Connecticut. George Keith || preached there and found the people gene- rally well aflected and greatly desiring the services of the church. The Venerable Society sent thither, in 1704, the Rev. John Thomas, who had been a missionary in Philadelphia ; and he took possession of the church and parsonage in direct op- position to the will of the people, for they were more unwilling to be taxed to sustain a Conformist than a Presbyterian. " The country,"^ said he, "is exceedingly attached to a Dissenting ministry ; and, were it not for his Excellency my Lord Corn- bury's most favourable countenance to us, we might expect the severest entertainment here I have scarcely a man in the parish real and steady to the interest and promotion of the church, any further than they aim at the favour or dread the displeasure of his lordship The people are all stifi' * Mather's Magnalia. j- Letter to the Classis of Amsterdam : quoted in O'Callaghan's History. J Letter of Church Missionary : quoted by Rev. Dr. Carmichael, Rector of St. George's, Hempstead. § Trumbull's History of Connecticut. IJ Keith's Journal : reprinted by Protestant Episcopal Historical Society. ^ Letters to Venerable Society : quoted by Thompson, Carmichael, &c. 88 "Webster's history of the Dissenters; not above three church-people in the whole parish. .... If it had not been for the countenance and support of Lord Coi-nbury and his government, it would have been im- possible to have settled a church on the island." Thomas gives, in 1717, as the result of twelve years' experi- ence of "rowing against Avind and tide," that "the pious fraud of a caressing and well-ordered hospitality has captivated and inclined their affections [to the church] more powerfully than the most carefully-digested sermons from the pulpit." The church and parsonage remained in the possession of the Episcopalians, no effort having been made to recover them at the law. To insure quiet occupation, Governor Cosby, some thirty years after the seizure, granted them by a royal charter, to those who detained them from their lawful owners. The proprietaries of East Jersey had from the first granted religious liberty, giving two hundred acres in each parish for the support of the gospel, and securing to the people the right to select their own minister. They surrendered the govern- ment to the crown in 1702, mainly through the urgency of Colonel Lewis Morris. On the accession of Cornburj^, the Praj^er-book was ordered to be read, the sacraments to be ad- ministered only by persons episcopally ordained ; and all minis- ters, without ordination of that sort, were required to report themselves to the Bishop of London. A bill for the main- tenance of the church* in the Jerseys was defeated solely through the unflinching perseverance of a Baptist and a Quaker, — Richard Hartshorne and Andrew Browne. The Baptist ministers in West Jersey qualified themselves accord- ing to the Toleration Act, and had their places of meeting cer- tified, "the Dissenters being troubled in Queen Anne's reign." A minister was needed far the Falls, in Shrewsbur}*, where Colonel Morris was about to build a church, — " and he'll en- dow it;" and Episcopal churches were about to be erected in Amboy, Hopewell, Monmouth, Burlington, and Crosswicks. The benefits of the Toleration Act were secured to Dis- senters in Maryland in 1702, The irregularities of the clergy of the Established church rose to such a height, men of such known infamy being put in orders by the Bishop of London, * Morgan Edwards's History of the New Jersey Baptists. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 89 that "a Maryland parson" came into vogue as an epithet ex- pressive of unparalleled insolence and immorality. Governor Seymour* proposed to establish a court, consisting partly of laymen, to take cognizance of the manners of gentlemen in orders. The necessity was admitted of something more eflec- tual than tlie supervision of the commissary to restrain the disorders; but the governor's plan seemed to savour too strongly of Presbyterianism, with its ruling elders, to be accepted in anj^ exigency. In Virginia, Governor Xicholson drew on himself the dis- like of Mr. Blair, the bishop's commissary, and the Scottish clergy in the province. He presented such a view of the afiair to the Government that the council forbade Mr. Blair to leave England, He however returned to Virginia, and the dispute between the English and the Scotch rectors raged virulently. The publicationsf on both sides were painfully unbecoming. The clergyj in Pennsylvania came to the governor's aid, and drew up an address against Mr. Blair. Mr. Blair,§ describing the state of things in Virginia, said, in 1702, "There is a sort like Presbyterians here whidi is upheld by some idle fellows that have left their lawful employ- ment, and preach and baptize without orders." Beverly, in 1705, speaks of the two small conventicles of the Presby- terians:— "'Tis observed that those counties where they are produce very mean tobacco, and for that reason can't get an orthodox minister to stay among them." Thus unwittingly he accords to Makemie the praise of preaching the gospel to the poor; and, to do so, belies Accomac county, which was the garden of plenty. He does not go so far as the Quaker who asserts that the soil around Boston became so impoverished, after the hanging of Quakers, that they could not raise wheat or peas. The aspect of afiairs throughout the colonies was a grief of heart to the Presbyterians, and doubtless led to much cou- * Dr. Hawks's History of Protestant Episcopal Church in Maryland. It was, however, enacted in South Carolina, but negatived by the Crown, on the representa- tion of the Lords, Spiritual and Temporal. f Reprinted in the Church Review. X Pennsylvania Colonial Records : edited by Mr. Samuel Hazard. § Reports of the Venerable Society. 90 Webster's history of the sultation by letter and personal conference on the part of Makemie, Taylor, Davis, and the devout men who wor- shipped with them. They devised, as the best plan, that Makemie should visit Great Britain and Ireland, and repre- sent the circumstances of "those favouring our way in the Plantations," and endeavour to interest the ministers in Lon- don, and those in Scotland and Ireland, in the defence of their rights and in the supply of their wants. With a view to this voyage, Makemie executed a power of attorney for the management of his property in his absence, and in case of his death, and sailed some time after May 30, 1704.* " He prevailedf with the ministers of London to undertake the support of two itinerants for the space of two years, and, after that time, to send two more on the same condition, allowing the former after that time to settle ; which, if accom- plished, had proved of more than credible advantage, con- eidering how far scattered most of the inhabitants be; but, alas ! they drew back their hands." He returned in the fall of 1705, accompanied by the Rev. John Hampton and George McNish, and, it is not unlikely, by Mr. John Boyd, a proba- tioner. Makemie's field of labour was on both sides of the Pocomoke, the meeting-house being in Maryland, and the congregation being called Pocomoke, or Coventry, but most generally Rehoboth. Twenty-five miles distant was Snow Hill and the associated congregation of Pitt's Creek; and fifteen miles from Snow Hill were the united congregations of Monokin and Wicomico. These, having four places of worship, were reckoned as two congregations ; and the pres- bytery says, in 1710, there were four congregations in Mary- land, counting these as two, together with Rehoboth and Marlborough. The four meeting-houses in Somerset county had shared with Rehoboth the labours of Makemie ; and, when (i^ovem- ber 14, 1705) he waited upon Somerset Court with McNish and Hampton, that they might be qualified to serve them, the Rev. Robert Keith,J -of Coventry parish, and Mr. Alexander -Adams, anticipated the application. These gentlemen repre- * Spence's Early History of Presbyterianism. f Letter of Philadelphia Presbytery in 1710 to Dublin Presbytery. J Spence. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 91 sented to the court, then sitting at Dividing Creek, that they had reason to believe that Makemie and his assistants de- signed to ask to be quaHfied as Dissenting teachers, and they requested the court to refer the application to the governor. McNish applied ; but the matter was referred to the govei-nor. In January, 1706, McNish and Hampton made a joint appli- cation to Somerset Court, and it was in like manner referred. The business was long delayed ; but, at last. Governor Sey- mour issued his order, and McN"ish and Hampton presented it to the court, and were qualified (June 12, 1706) to preach in the meeting-houses at Snow Hill, the Head of Mouokin, near Mr. Edgar's, and on Captain Joseph Veuable's land. Captain Venable was at this time one of the justices on the bench ; his residence was on Wicomico. The other place of worship was on Pitt's Creek. The first meeting of the presbytery was probably held in September, 1706 ;* but the first leaf of the records is lost, — the book beginning with a fragment of the minutes of a meet- ing, (December 26,) probably called at Freehold, for the pur- pose of ordaining Mr. John Boyd. * [In the Preliminary Sketch of the " Records of the Presbyterian Church," printed by the Board of Publication by the authority of the General Assembly, Dr. Engles, the editor, says, " In consequence of the irrecoverable loss of the first leaf of the minutes of this body, we are unable to ascertain the precise date of their ecclesiastical association ; but, judging from the first date, which appears on page third of these records, it must have been about the beginning of the year 1705. This Presbytery of Philadelphia consisted ot seven ministers, — viz. : Francis Makemie, John Hampton, George McNish, Samuel Davis, — all, from the best ac- counts, emigrants from Ireland, and exercising their ministry on the Eastern Shore of Maryland ; John Wilson, also, from Scotland, settled in New Castle, — and Jedediah Andrews, from New England, and settled in Philadelphia. To these may be added John Boyd, who was the first person ordained by the new pres- bytery in 1706, and settled in Freehold, New Jersey." Ed.] 92 Webster's history of the CHAPTER m. The records of the Synod of Ulster before 1697* are lost; but the Rev. Mr, Iredell declared to the synod, in 1721, that he had assented to the Confession of the Westminster divines in 1688 ; and it is improbable that any persons were licensed without giving to the presbytery entire satisfaction of their doctrinal soundness, even in minor matters. What had been matter of custom was, by the unanimous vote of the synod in 1698, made a matter of statute ; candidates, on being licensed, were required to subscribe the Confession, and in June, 1705, "such ministers as are to be licensed shall subscribe the Westminster Confession to be the confession of their faith, and promise to adhere to the doctrine, discipline, and govern- ment therein contained; as also those that are licensed and have not subscribed are to be obliged to subscribe before they are ordained." This was unanimously approved of; and the next year the presbyteries reported that the rule was uniformly complied with.f When the Presbytery of Philadelphia met, this doubtless made, of course, a part of their constitution. The first leaf of their records being lost, we can know no- thing of the articles of agreement embraced in their bond of union; but if it were not for the paging, one might naturally suppose that a thousand leaves were gone, with the pro- ceedings of a century spread upon them; for there is lio appearance in the movements of the body, indicating that it * The facts concerning the Synod of Ulster are taken from the report of "The Clough Case," in ivhich authenticated extracts from the minutes were admitted in evidence, [before the Court of Exchequer, in Dublin, on the celebrated trial TThich involved the right of the Trinitarian portion of "The Clough Congregation" to pre- vent Unitarians from carrying off the meeting-house and Congregational pro- perty. Ed.] f In 1708, the churches of Connecticut, represented by delegates at Saybrook, tinanimously adopted the Westminster Confession, leaving out some things relating to divorce and church-discipline. PRESBYTERIAX CHURCH IN AMERICA. 93 was oppressed with a cumbrous system which it had not proved. The machinery goes on as quietly as though by long use every part had become thoroughly fitted for its place and work. "Were it not for the names of places incidentally men- tioned, one could easily believe that he had taken up the minutes of some of the original presbyteries of the Irish church. The book opens with the brethren in session at Freehold, on a Thursday, engaged in examining Boyd for ordination ; they held "Sederunt 2d" on Friday, sustained his trials, and on the Lox'd'a day, December 27, 1706, his ordination was performed at "the public meeting-house in this place, before a numerous assembly." This was an adjourned meeting. The meetings were annual. The second was at Philadelphia, March 22, 1707; four ministers with their elders were present. The ministers are ranged according to seniority, but the elders according to their position in society or their age. Wilson is first on the roll, and his elder John Gardner is third; An- drews is second, and his elder Joseph Yard is first; Taylor is third, and his elder William Smith is second ; while McXish and his elder James Stoddard stand side by side. "Wilson was chosen moderator by a plurality of votes, and McXish clerk. It being Saturday, they adjourned till Tuesday at 4 p.m., after having refused to accept the excuse Davis had sent by letter for his absence from this and the preceding meeting. On Tuesday, Makemie, Hampton, and Boyd appeared, and the meeting was opened by Makemie and Wilson with discourses on the first and second verses of the Epistle to the Hebrews, as appointed at the meeting of the last year.* They had little business. Wilson wrote requiring Davis to attend the next meeting; Hampton gave reasons for not accepting, at this time, the call to Snow Hill, now tendered to him, and it was left in his hands; Taylor wrote to the people to encourage * These were by way of exercise and addition, and were approved. After the Restoration, the Scottish bishops modelled their synods after the Presbyterian cus- tom, and appointed a committee, called "The Brethren of the Exercise," to arrange religious services during the session. Principal Forrester, at the time of forsaking the prelatic establishment, had been appointed to deliver " The Addition" at the opening of the synod. 94 Webster's history of the their endeavours for a settled minister amonor them : and An- drews and Boyd were appointed a committee to prepare over- tures for the propagating of religion in the congregations. The next day closed their sessions. Makemie wrote to Mr. Alexander Golden, the minister of Oxnam, in Scotland, giving an account of the state of the Dissenting Presbyterian interest in and about Lewestown, and signifying the earnest desires of that people for him to come and be their minister. Wilson wrote to the presbytery of which Golden was a member, to the same effect. This was probably the Eev. Alexander Golden, of Dunse-in-the-Merse, who had a sister of his wife's residing in Philadelphia. His son, Gadwalader Golden, M.D., visited his aunt in 1710; and, going to Xew York, he acquired the favour of Governor Hunter, and was made surveyor-general of the province, and was afterwards appointed lieutenant- governor. The aid from London to sustain missionaries" was continued but for a short time. The need of its continuance was pressing, and Dr. Gotton Mather and the Boston ministers, in 1709, cheerfully gave their concurrence in applying for its renewal. \Yilson and Andrews wrote to Sir Edmund Harrison in con- cert with the letter from New England ; and in 1710, McNish wrote to Dr. Tongue in London. Henry, in the following year, wrote to the Presb}- tery of Dublin ; "Wilson and Ander- son wrote to the Synod of Glasgow on the same head. The application to London failed. The Rev. Thomas Rey- nolds generously sent assistance and continued it for several years. The intercourse of the brethren for nine years was liarmo- nious and happy; quiet, steady growth in numbers marked each successive meeting, and the churches which had retained their New England connection and their independent form, gradually, with their ministers, joined their fellowship and walked by the same rule. ISTewtown and Southampton, on Long Island, led the way; Elizabethtown and Newark, ac- companied by their neighbours, followed. Thus in the formation of the churches, and in the establish- ment of the presbytery, the fathers of our Zion brought with them and planted on our soil the same system of church order and government to which they were attached, and for which PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 95 many of them had borne hardness in their native land. The essential elements of presbytery, containing the parity of pastoi*s and the prerogatives of ruling elders in their respective churches, together with the action of the "Kirk Session," from which an appeal might be taken to a higher court, in which the subject under consideration should be authoritatively dis- posed of, were principles of government as well known to them as to their descendants in more modern times. The formation of the s^-nod also occurred with as little parade as the opening of a flower; the bud burst its leafy bonds and expanded its beauty to the eye and poured its fra- grance on the air. It was rendered necessary by the extension of territory.* The Presbytery of Long Island embraced the province of ITew York ; Philadelphia Presbytery covered East and West Jersey and so much of Pennsylvania as lay north of the Great Valley. All the other churches belonged to !N"ew- castle Presbyteiy, the project of forming the ministers on the peninsula between the Delaware and the Chesapeake into the Presbyter}' of Snow Hill having failed. The synod met on the 17th of September, 1717, and was called upon by Newcastle Presbytery to pronounce authorita- tively on the marriage of a man to his brother's widow. Con- siderable time was spent in discoursing on it : they made a * [The Presbytery of Philadelphia met in that city on Tuesday, September 18, 1716. and was engaged -with business until Saturday, the 22d. On Friday, the 21st, the Presbytery adopted the following minute : — "It having pleased Divine Providence so to increase our number, as that, after much deliberation, we judge it may be more serviceable to the interest of religion to divide ourselves into subordinate meetings or presbyteries, constituting one annually as a synod, to meet at Philadelphia or elsewhere, to consist of all the members of each subordinate presbytery or meeting for this year at least : There- fore, it is agreed by the presbytery, after serious deliberation, that the first subor- dinate meeting or presbytery to meet at Philadelphia or elsewhere, as they shall see fit, do consist of these following members, — viz. : Masters Andrews, Jones, Powell, Orr, Bradner, and Morgan. And the second to meet at Newcastle or else- where, as they shall see fit, to consist of these, — viz. : Masters Anderson, McGill, Gillespie, Witherspoon, Evans, and Conn. The third to meet at Snow Hill or else- where, to consist of these, — viz. : Masters Davis, Hampton, and Henry. And, in consideration that only our brethren Mr. McNish and Mr. Pnmry are of our number on Long Island at present, we earnestly recommend it to them to use their best endeavours with the neighbouring brethren that are settled there which, as yet, join not with u*, to join with them in erecting a fourth presbytery." Records of the Presbyterian Church, pp. 43, 4-1. Board of Publication, 1841. Ed.] 96 Webster's history of the unanimous declaration of its being incestuous and unlawful, the parties not to be restored to church privileges until they parted. They also began a fund for pious uses, to which yearly con- tributions were made by the congregations: by it they aided feeble churches, assisted in building places of worship, and relieved the widows of their deceased members. About this period, a large emigration commenced from the north of Ireland ; year after year it flowed into Maine, Massa- chusetts, and Xew Ilampshire, and i^ew York, Xew Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. The immediate cause is supposed to have been the refusal to renew the leases to the tenants on the old terms, or on any terms which they judged reasonable. Cotton Mather* wrote to Principal Sterling, of Glasgow, on the 3d of Fourth month, 1713, expressing the hope that, " as gi'eat numbers are like to come to us from the north of Ire- land, the bond between the churches of Scotland and K'ew England will every day grow stronger and stronger." On the 6th of Eighth month, 1718, he writes to him : — ""We are com- forted with great numbers of the oppressed brethren coming from the north of Ireland. The glorious providence of God, in the removal of so many of a desirable character from the north of Ireland, hath doubtless very great intentions in it." Among these were Thomas Creaghead, who came in 1715; James McGregoire, in 1718, with a number of families, who established themselves at Londonderry, Xew Ilampshire ; Edward Fitzgerald, at the head of a company who settled at "Worcester, Massachusetts; William Cornwell, from Mona- ghan Presbytery, with a body of settlers at Casco Bay, in Maine, in Falmouth township, near Portland ; and "William Boyd, minister of Mecasky, (or Macosquin,) who returned soon after and settled at Taboyn. Mather also speaks in high terms of James "Woodside, who also returned. On the 10th of Sixth month, 1718, Mather wrote to An- drews : — " Sir : it has been a great satisfaction to your bre- thren here to understand how comfortably and admirably you are strengthened by an accession of excellent men to carry on * Mather MSS., American Antiquarian Society, Worcester. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 97 the work of the ministry with you. The compassion which our dear Saviour has heroin shown to the sheep in the wikler- ness and the encouragement given to his faithful servants who wanted such faithful labourers, we have observed with delight and veneration. And we promise ourselves that your wise, gracious, candid, and condescending union with one another, and your continual progression of services to be done for the kingdom of God, Avill be attended with many happy con- sequents in 3'our parts of the world." The Act of Toleration, relieving Dissetiters from the oppres- sive Act of Uniformity, was not enacted by the Parliament of Ireland till 1719, in the sixth year of George I. The Dissenters in England, in order to enjoy relief under the Toleration, were required to subscribe the doctrinal Arti- cles of the Church of England. The Irish Presbyterians were determined not to accept of the toleration if tendered on those terms. On the 10th of ITovember, 1714, there was a meeting of ministers and gentlemen at Antrim, to consider on what grounds they would receive it ; and their unanimous resolve was, that " the first thing we shall propose to the government and insist upon is, that the terms on which we will accept it shall be our subscribing the Westminster Confession of Faith." At a full synod in Belfast, June 19, 1716, an interloquitur was held, and the resolution was viuanimously approved and ad- hered to ; yet, as the government might refuse to allow sub- scription to the Westminster Confession to be enacted, as the condition, they agreed in that case to propose, that the condi- tion be subscription to this formula: — " I profess faith in God the Father, and in Jesus Christ the Eternal Son of God, and in God the Holy Ghost ; that these three are one God, the same in substance, equal in power and glory. I believe that the Holy Scriptures of the Old and IS'ew Testament were given by divine inspiration, and that they are a perfect rule of faith and practice ; and, pursuant to this, I believe all the doctrines common to the Protestant churches at home and abroad, contained in their and our public Con- fessions of Faith." To this, some objected that it might be regarded as a reced- ing from the Confession to propose such a formula. It was replied, that the formula was in substance the same with our 7 98 Webster's history of the Confession, and a compendious abridgment of divers of the most fundamental articles of it, and that to tolerate on the ground of it, would give the public sanction of authority to our standing by and preaching up to all known principles con- tained in our Confession. It was agreed, with but one dissent- ing voice, that to propose the formula could not rightly be construed as a relinquishing the Westminster Confession as our Confession. From the determination as a last resort to propose this formula, three ministers and two elders dissented, and one minister and one elder were non liquet. In 1721, at the Synod in Belfast, Mr. Haliday, having been called to the old congregation in that town, declined to declare for the Confession, though he had assented to it when licensed at Rotterdam. Testimonials of his soundness in the faith were produced from the London ministers, from Leyden, Rot- terdam, Basle, and Geneva, and from several presbyteries. He said, " My refusal to declare my assent does not proceed from my disbelief of the important truths contained in the Westminster Confession, the contrary of which, by word and writing, I have often declared, as this venerable body can bear me witness ; but my scruples are against the submitting to hu- man tests of divine truth, when imposed as a necessary term of Christian and ministerial communion, especially in a great number of extra-essential truths, without the knowledge or belief of which men may be entitled to the favour of God and the hopes of eternal life, and, according to the laws of the gospel, to Christian and ministerial communion." The synod utterly disclaimed all power of imposing on men's consciences, of which God alone is Lord ; and, at the solicitation of the reverend commissioners from Dublin Pres- bytery, they indulged Hallyday, who declined giving the rea- sons of his scruples, lest it should cause heat and altercation ; but they rebuked the Belfast Presbytery for having proceeded to settle him. They, however, by a majority resolved that each individual minister should express his opinion distinctly concerning the Supreme Divinity of our Lord and Saviour ; several declined and were excluded. Others professed their faith in the Trinity, but refused to subscribe the Westminster Confession. A great number of congregations supplicated the synod, PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 99 earnestly, that all its members and all the inferior judicatories should be oblisred to subscribe the Westminster Confession. An overture concerning the Eternal Deity of the Son of God •was brought in ; an interloquitur was held, and the overture remodelled, read three times, and reasoned upon at great length. Some withdrew, and, while professing in the strongest terms to believe the article, objected to the overture as unsea- sonable, and because, in their judgment, they were against all authoritative decisions and human tests of orthodoxy. The synod declared it to be an aspersion, wholly groundless BO far as they knew, that the Deity of the Son of God was im- pugned by their members ; and that " it is our resolution that whoever denies this article hereafter in the pulpit, or in con- versation, or in print, shall be proceeded against according to the law of the gospel and disowned." In 1721, Gillespie introduced a declaration into the Synod of Philadelphia, which waa adopted: — "Our opinion is, that if any brother have any overture to ofier to be formed into an act of synod, for the better carrying on in the matters of our go- vernment and discipline, he may bring it in against next synod." The design of Gillespie was probably to prepare the wa}' for an overture concerning some material point of doc- trine, perhaps the very one which had engrossed the attentiou of the mother-synod. Dickinson appears to have occupied the ground of Ilallyday, Abernethy, and otliers, who, while profess- ing the doctrine of the Deity of Christ, objected to any authori- tative decision by a human tribunal. He, therefore, with Mor- gan, Jones, D. Evans, Pierson, and Webb, protested against adopting the resolution, and against its being recorded. Andrews* wrote to Colman, April 30, 1722: — "Two or three things have happened within a twelvemonth among us of no very promising aspect among some few other better things. The business of the protestation that happened at our last sy nodical meeting, I've endeavoured to heal, and I hope 'twill be healed. I know not but the Pacificf Articles have had their * MSS. Massachusetts Historical Society. •j- The Pacification Articles were adopted, in 1720, by the Irish Synod. "If any person called to subscribe shall scruple any phrase or phrases in the Confession, he shall have leave to use his own expression, which the presbytery shall accept of, provided they judge such a person sound in the faith: the explanation shall be entered on the presbytcry-book." " It's a larger door," says Wodrow, "than we 100 Webster's history of the good use. In short, I think the difference is in words, for I can't find any real difference, liaving sifted the matter in seve- ral letters which have passed between Mr. Dickinson and me upon it. I am still of the mind, as I told you before, that the squabble at New York is at the bottom and has an evil influ- ence on our peace. I wish it may not do more hurt hereafter." Dickinson, as the moderator, opened the synod with a ser- mon* on 2 Timothy iii. 17, in 1722. It bore directly on his position assumed in the protest; asserting that the church has no authority to make new laws or alter or add to what is pre- scribed in the Bible. "I challenge the world to produce any such dedimus poiesiatcm from Christ, or the least lisp in the Bible, that countenances such a regal power." They had accompanied their protest with reasons. McGill and McNish produced answers ; when Jones, Morgan, Dickin- son, and Evans, brought in a paper testifying their judgment concerning church government, which was approved by the synod, and ordered by the synod to be recorded in the synod- book. Likewise, the said brethren being willing to take back their protestation against the act, together with their reasons given in defence of said protest, the synod doth hereby order that the protest, together with the reasons of it, as also the an- swers at the appointment of the synod given in to the reasons alleged by Mr. Daniel McGill and Mr. George McNish, be all withdrawn, and that the said act remain and be in all respects as if no such protest had been made. The articles are as follows : "1. We freely grant that there is full executive power of church government in presbyteries and synods, and that they may authoritatively in the name of Christ use the keys of church discipline to all proper intents and puri:)0ses, and that the keys of tlie church are committed to the church officers and to them only. "2. We also grant that the mere circumstantials of church discipline, such as the time, place, and mode of carrying on, in the government of the church, belong to ecclesiastical judica- tories to determine as occasions occur, conformable to the general rules in the word of God, that require all things to be allow of. The synod soon saw the advantage taken of these articles by unsotind men, and repealed them." — Wodiow Correspondence. * AISS. Massachusetts Historical Society. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 101 done decently and in order. And if these things are called acts^ we will take no ofteuce at the word, provided tliat these acta be not imposed on such, as conscientiously dissent from them. "3. We also grant, that synods may compose directories and recommend them to all their members, respecting all the parts of discipline; provided that all subordinate judicatories may decline from such directories, when they conscientiously think they have just reason to do so. "4. We freely allow that appeals maybe made from all infe- rior to superior judicatories, and that they have power to con- sider and determine such appeals." "The synod was so universally pleased with the abovesaid composure of their diflerence, that thej' unanimously united in a thanksgiving-prayer, and joyful singing the 130th Psalm." The reasons of protest and the answer were both dropped from the record. The four points presented as the basis of agreement were so material, in the judgment of the Synod of Ulster, that they decided, in 1725, that those who denied them should not be allowed to vote in any matter aiiecting those who believed them, "it being contrary to common equity, that, where there is a parity of power, the obligation to mu- tual submission should not be equal in all the members." The next year a Committee of Bills and Overtures was ap- pointed, on which Dickinson served ; but Jones and D. Evans dissented from the appointment of it. Immediately after the adoption of Gillespie's proposal ia 1721, a commission of synod was appointed to act in their name, and with all their authority, in the matter of the fund or any other business which may come before them. The commission was annually appointed until the formation of the General Assembly. The loss of all the minutes of its pro- ceedings is much to be regretted. In 1722, the Irish Synod resolved firmly and constantly to adhere to the Westminster Confession, as being founded on the Word of God and agreeable thereto; and to cleave to and maintain the Presbyterian government and discipline, hitherto exercised among them according to our known rules, agreeable to the Scripture. In 1723, for the security of the church, they resolved that the declaring of Articles of Faith in Scripture language only, 102 Webster's history of the which had been permitted by the Pacification Articles, shall not be accepted as sufficient evidence of a person's soundness in the faith; and that the condemning of all creeds, confes- sions, and declarations of faith in human words, opens a door to let errors and heresies into the church. These proceedings sent a wave across the Atlantic ; and in 1724, the Presbytery of Newcastle entered in their book a for- mula, expressing adherence to the Westminster Confession, and their candidates on being licensed cheerfully signed it : — "I do own the Westminster Confession as the confession of my faith." What the Presbyteries of Philaclelphia and Long Island did during these years cannot be ascertained, their records being lost. The formula used by Armagh Presbytery, in Ulster, was, "I do believe the Westminster Confession of Faith to be founded on and agreeable to the word of God, and therefore as such, by this my subscription, do own it as the confession of my faith." In 1725, the Irish Synod resolved to suspend from the mi- nistry all who reproached the church judicatories £pr requiring subscription; and "that whosoever shall maintain that Christ has not lodged any authority in the judicatories of this church, but that they are mere consultative meetings, whose decisions even in matters of prudence and expediency may be counter- acted and defeated by every man's private judgment, ought not to be allowed to vote in any matter the decision whereof may affect any member who believes the proper authority of our judicatories as the ordinance of Jesus Christ, to which submission is due in all things lawful for conscience." They ordered also that censure be inflicted on those who refused, when required by a regularly-constituted judicatory, to give a declaration of their sentiments on any important article of faith. They transmitted the following overture by a great majority to the presbyteries: — Whether or not we should, after the laudable example of the Church of Scotland in their General Assembly, require of every minister and ruling elder, before their admission to vote in the General Synod, that he subscribe or declare the Westminster Confession of Taith to be the confession of his faith as a qualification of membership? They also ordered, that if any inferior judica- tory shall reverse or alter the decisions of their superior judi- PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 103 catories, the moderator and clerk then in office shall incur Buspcnsiou as long as the next higher judicatory shall see fit. In 1726, the non-subscribers offered propositions for an ac- connuodation, which the subscribers rejected as inconsistent with the peace and unity of this church; and, "by these their principles and their declared resolutions to adhere to them, they put it out of our power to maintain ministerial communion with them in church judicatories as formerly, consistently with the faithful discharge of our ministerial office and the peace of our own consciences." The non-subscribers read their observations on this paper: eighteen ministers and four elders objected to proceed to the vote on it. It was agreed to by a great majority, eleven ministers and one elder dissent- ing. The non-subscribers, being thus excluded, withdrew, and formed the Antri^n Presbytery. Ill the Synod of Philadelphia, in September, 1727, Thomson, of Lewestovvn, introduced the following overture :* " That the synod, as an ecclesiastical judicature of Christ, clothed with ministerial authority to act in concert in behalf of truth and in opposition to error, w^ould, by an act of its own, publicly and authoritatively adopt the "Westminster Con- fession of Faith, Catechisms, &c. for the public confession of our faith; and oblige each presbytery to require every candi- date for the ministry to subscribe or otherwise acknowledge, coraiii i^resbijteris, the said Confession, and promise not to preach or teach contrary to it. All 'actual ministers' coming among us to do the like, and no minister to teach or preach contrary to said articles, unless first he propose the point to the presbyter}' or synod to be b}- them discussed. Each mi- nister to recommend to his flock to entertain the truth in love, be zealous, and fruitful, and earnest by prayer with God, to preserve the vine from being spoiled by these deluding foxes. "t iSTothing is said of it in the minutes of that year; but IS^ew- castle Presbytery, March 28, 1728, requested it to be produced, and, being read, a judgment on it was deferred till the next meeting. They say subsequently that the synod slighted it, and that Thomson published a letter which took effect. He * Printed in Hodge's History, from Mr. Ebenezer Hazard's MSS. t Page 92, Synod Records. 104 Webster's history of the printed the overture, with his reasons for its adoption. It wa* proposed, he says, as an expedient for preventing the ingress and spreading of dangerous errors among ourselves and our flocks. "Being an organized body, we ought, especially when apparent dangers call for it, to exert ourselves in vindication and defence of the truth we profess. "We are not accountable to the judicial inquiry of any superior earthly judicatory ; and, if we do not exert the authority inherent in us for maintaining the purity of gospel truth, there is no earthly authority to call us in question for our neglect, our errors or heresies. "Perhaps my unacquaintedness with our records may cause me to mistake ; but it seems to me we are too much like the people of Laish, — in a careless, defenceless condition, as a city without walls, having never, by a conjunct act of the represen- tatives of our church, made it our confession as we are a united body politic, and there being nothing to keep out of the mi- nistry those who are corrupt in doctrinals, or to prevent any among us from propagating gross errors. Pernicious and dan- gerous corruptions in doctrine have grown in fashion among those, whose ancestors would have sealed the now despised truth with their blood. Our infancy and poverty prevent ua from planting a seminary of learning ; and we must depend on other places for men to supply our vacancies, and so are in danger of having our ministry corrupted, by those who are leavened beforehand with false doctrine. If such an expedient be neglected, (now, I hope it may be done,) those who now discern not the necessity hereof, may, ere many yeai-s, see it when it will be too late; when perhaps the number of truth's friends may be too few to carry such a point in the synod." The synod met in the fall by delegates, it having been resolved to do so in 1724, and to have " a full synod"* every third year. The delegates were, from Philadelphia Presby- tery, Andrews, Morgan, William Tennent and his son Gil- bert, Pierson, Dickinson, and Parris; from Newcastle Pres- bytery, Creaghead, Thomson, Anderson, Gillespie, McCook, Gelston, Houston, and Boyd ; from Long Island Presbytery, Pomeroy and Cross. There were twelve elders, all Irishmen or Scotchmen, except John Budd, from Philadelphia, and * The Synod of Ulster speak of " a full synod" as early as 1716. The plan of delegation went out of use iu 1730. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IX AMERICA. 105 Kathaniel Hazard, of New York. Of the ministers, six were from New Englaud. Tlie overture on subscription being read, the synod, judg- ing it to be a ver}- important aftair, unanimously deferred tlie consideration of it for a year, recommending it to the mem- bers of each presbytery to give notice to the absent members of it, and agreeing that the next synod should be a full one. Andrews* wrote to Colman, April 7, 1729: — "^Ve are now likeK' to fall into a great diiierence about subscribing the Westminster Confession of Faith. An overture for it — drawn up by Mr. Thomson, of Lewestown — was offered to our synod the year before last, but not then read in the synod. Measures were taken to stave it oft"; and I was in hopes we should have heard no more of it. But last vear it was brought again, recommended by all the Scotch and Irish members present; and, being read among us, a proposal was made, prosecuted, and agreed to, that it should be deferred till our next meeting for further consideration. The proposal is, that all ministers and intrants should sign it, or be disowned as members. Now, what shall we do? They will certainly carry it by numbers. Our countrvmen sav thev are willing to join in a vote to make it the Confession of our church ; but to agree to making it a test of orthodoxy and term of ministerial com- munion, they will not. I think all the Scotch are on one side, and all the English and "Welsh on the other, to a man. Nevertheless, I am not so determined as to be incapable to receive advice; and I give you this account that I may have your judgment what I had best do in the matter. Supposing I do believe it: shall I, on the terms above mentioned, sub- scribe or not? I earnestly desire you by the first opportunity to send me your opinion. Our brethren have got the over- ture, with a preface to it, printed ; and I intend to send you one for the better regulation of your thoughts about it. Some say the design of this motion is to spew out our coun- trymen,— they being scarce able to hold way with the other brethren in all their disciplinary' and legislative notions. What truth there may be in this I know not. Some deny it; whereas others say there is something in it. I am satisfied, * Printed in Hodge's History from tke MSS. of Ebenezer Hazard. 106 WEBSTER'S HISTORY OF THE some of us arc an uneasiness to them, and are thought to be too much in their way sometimes, so that I think it would be no trouble to lose some of us. Yet I can't think this to be the thing ultimatehy designed, whatever smaller glances there may be at it. I have no thought, they have any design against me in particular; I have no reason for it. This busi- ness lies heavy on my mind ; and I desire that we may be directed in it, that we may not bring a scandal on our pro- fession. Though I have been sometimes the instrument of keeping them together, when they were like to fall to pieces, I have little hope of doing so now. If it were not for the scandal of a division, I should not be much against it ; for the difterent countrymen seem to be most delighted with each other and to do best when they are by themselves. My congrega- tion being made up of divers nations of different sentiments, this brings me under greater difficulty in this contested busi- ness than any other minister of our number. I am afraid of the event. However, I will endeavour to do as near as I can what I understand to be duty, and leave the issue to Providence." Dickinson published "Remarks"* on a discourse entitled *'An Overture." It is dated April 10, 1729, and was printed by J. P. Zenger, Smith Street, New York. He insists that poor defenceless Laish will not be bettered by the wall of subscription, which will fall if a fox go over it. Her true defence is the thorough examination of candidates on the saving work of grace in their hearts, in revi\ang ancient disci- pline, in bringing offenders to account, and being diligent in preaching the whole counsel of God. He shows that there may be a bond of union without subscription, that the 83'nod had already a bond of union in the general acknow- ledgment of the truth, and that subscription always causes disunion. To shut out of the ministry non-subscribers, is to make the Confession, not the Bible, our standard, and is an invasion of the royalty of Christ. He depicts the sad condition of a good man who cannot in conscience subscribe: he is, at best, treated as a weak brother, or held up to his people as an object of distrust. He refers to * Old South Church Library. PRESBTTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 107 the dismal group of heresies which crowded into the church, within seventy years after the adoption of the Xicene Creed ; all of which "flowed from the corrupt fountain of impositions and subscriptions. This was the mark set by rrovidencc on the first subscription of this kind, and this the defence and propagation of the truth that followed from it. The churches of Xew England have always been non-subscribers, and yet retain their first faith and love. Subscription, therefore, is not necessary to the being or the well-being of a church; unless hatred, variance, emulation, wrath, strife, sedition, and heresies are necessary to that end."* To this, if Thomson replied, no copy of his answer is known to remain. In his view, " secret, bosom enemies of the truth (I mean those who, being visible members of the church, do not openly and violently oppose the truth professed therein, but in a secret way endeavour to undermine it) are as dangerous as any; and the church should in a special manner exercise her vigilance against such, by searching them out, discovering them, and setting a mark upon them, whereby they may be known, and so not have it in their power to deceive." The result of this delay was manifest and happy. In 1729, all the members of synod were present, except Morgan, Pem- berton. Cross, Webb, Stewart, Pomeroy, and Hook ; four of whom were New England men. There were thirteen elders, of whom Mr. Budd was of American birth, and William "Williams was probabl}' a "Welshman. The overture was referred to Anderson, the moderator, Andrews, Dickinson, Thomson, Pierson, Creaghead, and Conn, and the elder John Budd. They brought in an over- ture, which, after long debating, was agreed on * When President Clapp established the Professorship of Divinity in Yale Col- lege, and made subscription to the Coufession binding ou the professor, Dr. John Gale, of Killingworth, attacked bim, and quoted the passage in the text. Mr. Clapp replied. Dr. Bellamy wrote on the same side, under the signature of " Paulinus." Dr. Hopkins was zealous for the subscription. Bostwick, on hearing of Dr. Dana's settlement at Walliugford, wrote to Bellamy, (January 1, 1759,) " 'Tis a mercy that all our ministers are professed adherers to the Confession of Faith. No Arminian can be encouraged or get his bread by preaching among us. A late attempt has been made by an ingenious young clergyman from Ireland, all ftloDg the coast, but to no purpose." 108 Webster's history of the "All the ministers of the synod now present, except one that declared himself not prepared, after proposing all the scruples that anj' of them had to make against any articles and expressions in the Confession of Faith and Larger and Shorter Catechisms of the Assembly of Divines at Westmin- ster, have unanimously agreed in the solution of those scru- ples, and in declaring the said Confession and Catechisms to be the Confession of their Faith; excepting only some clauses in the twentieth and twenty-first chapters, concerning which clauses the synod do unanimously declare that they do not receive those articles in any such sense, as to suppose, that the civil magistrate hath a controlling power over synods, with respect to the exercise of their ministerial authority, or power to persecute any for their religion, or in any sense contrary to the Protestant succession to the throne of Great Britain." The ministers present were Andrews, Creaghead, Anderson, Thomson, Pierson, Gelston, Houston, Tennent and his soa Gilbert, Boyd, Dickinson, Bradner, Hutcheson, Thomaa Evans, Stevenson, Conn, Gillespie, and Wilson. Observing the unanimity, peace, and unity which appeared in all their consultations and determinations in this affair, they unani- mously agreed in giving thanks to God in solemn prayer and praises. They also unanimously ackowledged and declared that " they judge the Directory for worship, discipline, and government, commonly annexed to the Westminster Confession, to be agreeable in substance to the word of God and founded thereon ; and, therefore, do earnestly recommend the same to all their members, to be by them observed as near as circum- stances will allow and Christian prudence direct." Ehner, who had recently come from New England, pro- fessed himself not prepared to act ; but, in 1730, he gave in his adhesion. Pemberton and Morgan "declared" before their presbyteries; and David Evans, who had withdrawn three years before, returned and adopted the Confession. This unanimity was remarkable, and ought to be re- * Pemberton, in a letter to Dr. Colman, calls it " our happy agreement." PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 109 gardcd ixs a signal manifestation of God's gracious love and care. The Presbytery of Charleston at the same time were sadly divided. The Rev. Josiah Smith, of Caiuhoy, and Mr. Basset, of Charleston, appeared as non- subscribers. The former represented to Dr. Colman* that the matter was urged in an unbrotherly and unchristian manner by the Scotch brethren. lie published a sermon, in 1729 : — " Human Impositions proved unscriptural ; or, the Divine Right of Private Judgment." The Rev. Hugh Fisher, of Dorchester, South Carolina, published, on the opposite side, a sermon entitled "A Preservative! against Dangerous Errors in the Unction of the Holy One," Smith's reply was headed, "No NewJ: Thing for Good Men to be evil-spoken of."' Smith said that they denied the right of private judgment and insisted on his putting the Confession on the same footing with the Bible. This they, of course, denied, and charged him with saying that Pierce, of Exeter, had as good right to hold his heretical views of the Trinity as they had to hold the truth. He declared that he believed every thing in the West- minster Confession, except the clauses on the power of the civil magistrate, on the divine right of ruling elders, and on the subject of marriage with wife's kindred. " There is but one book that I prefer to it." His adherence was read in Presbytery; but the majority refused to accept it, unless he subscribed also seven articles of their framing. The diffi- culties continued from March, 1728-9, to 1731. The White Meeting-house in Charleston had been occupied by Presby- terians and Independents : the Presbyterians withdrew, and the line of separation was drawn between the two bodies, not because of their ditFerent modes of church government, but as subscribers and non-subscribers. There seems to have been a general acquiescence in the Adopting Act, each Presbytery reporting yearly that those who were licensed or ordained did adopt, subscribe, or declare for the Confession in the fullest manner. A formula was entered on the records of Newcastle and Donegal Presby- * MSS. of Massachusetts Historical Society. ■(■ Massachusetts Historical Society Library. } Ibid. 110 Webster's history of the teries, and was signed by each member on being received. At Xottingham, some dissatisfaction arose from the suppo- sition of a laxness in the matter of scruples ; but Newcastle Presbytery hastened to allay it by " declaring openly before God and the world that we all with one accord adhere to the same sound form of doctrine in which we and our fathers were trained, and own the Westminster Confession and Catechisms to be the Confession of our Faith, being in all things agreeable to the word of God so far as we are able to judge and discern, taking them on the true, genuine, and obvious sense of the word." In Boston, an Irish minister expressing himself strongly against the non-subscribers, Dr. Colman laid the matter before the indefatigable Wodrow. He was shocked at such unpa- ralleled conduct, and feared it was " one of those whose heats, having nearly consumed them at home, have carried their fire to the Synod of Pennsylvania. We have a copy of their act about subscription ; but I know not well what to make of it."* He had lamented so much the divisions growing out of this controversy in England and Ireland, that he feared our Adopting Act might issue as unhappily. " We are saved from these things," says he, "by the Act of the Revolution, Parlia- ment making subscription binding on all." Xo instance of erroneous teaching is known to have oc- curred until 1735, in the case of Samuel Hemphill. He could hardly be called heretical, — being a trivial man, of no vigour of thought or capacity of expression, and who indifierently took up any printed discourse, committed it to memory, and delivered it fluently and handsomely as an extemporaneous effort. As soon as he was detected, he was foi-saken by his zealous friends, and passed at once out of notice. Henry Hunter was, in like manner, ready to sail with any wind : he used whatever came to his hand, and his folly was soon manifest. Branded as heretics, Hemphill and Hunter might have been canonized as martyrs; proved to be plagiaries, popular odium made them glad to escape from disgrace into obscurity. Hemphill had been received by the synod from the Presby- * Wodrow Correspondence. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. Ill tery of Strabanc in 1734, and he adopted tlie Confession in their presence. Letters from Irehmd induced Newcastle Pres- bytery (for he began his Uibours at Xew Loudon) to call him to account; but nothing was proved to his disadvantage. lie spent the winter in Philadelphia, expecting to lind a congrega- tion in the country. Being a young man, with a free, hand- some delivery, he was invited to preach as assistant to An- drews. He drew great numbers after him ; but many of the conscrosration were disu;usted with the sentiments he uttered, and ceased to attend. Andrews heard him regularly, and notified the moderator of the commission that he wished to present charges against Hemphill for erroneous teaching. Franklin was a great admirer of him; and, on the week be- fore the commission met, he wrote and published in his paper* a dialogue in w^hich he thus speaks: — "L'pon the supposition that we all have faith in Christ, as I think we have, where can be the danger of being exhorted to good works ? Is virtue heresy ? . . . . Will you persecute, silence, and condemn a good preacher for exhorting men to be honest and charitable ? .... Supposing our fathers tied themselves to the "West- minster Confession: why should not a synod in George the Second's time have as much right to interpret the Scriptures as one that met in Oliver's time ? .... If any doctrine there maintained is, or shall be thereafter found to be, not altogether orthodox, why must we be forever confined to that or any other Confession?" The commission was fully attended. Andrews presented eight articles, drawn from the sermons he had heard, either impugning or leaving ouf of view original sin and the blood of Christ, and representing salvation by the merits of Christ, as setting God forth as stern and inexorable. After many delays, Hemphill produced his notes, and the commission declared him erroneous in doctrine, and sus- pended him. They published an extract of their minutes ;f and Franklin, early in July, wrote and printed " Some Obser- vationsj on the Proceedings of the Commission in the Aflair of the Rev. Mr. Hemphill, together with a Defence of his Sermons against the Censure passed on them by the Commission." In * Gazette, April, 1735 : in Philadelphia Library. t Old South Church Library. J Ibid. 112 Webster's history of the this he assails Tennent of Xeshaminy, and his son Gilbert, and with virulence defames Hubbell, of Westfield, New Jersey. He takes the ground that the old man (Andrews) was jealous, and the commission, to uphold him, would have declared any doctrine "necessary and essential." He also advertised "A Narrative of the Proceedings of Seven General Synods of the Northern Presbyterians in Ireland, with relation to their dif- ference in judgment and practice from the year 1720 to 1726, in which they issued in a synodical breach : containing the occasion, rise, true state, and progress of the diflerence, by Antrim Presbytery, with Hallyday's reasons against the impo- sition of human tests."* Dickinson published anonymously, in September, "Re- marks on a Letter to a Friend in the Country ;t containing the substance of a sermon preached at Philadelphia in the congre- gation of the Rev. Mr. Hemphill, in which the terms of Chris- tian and ministerial communion are so stated that human im- positions are exploded, a proper enclosure proposed for every religious society, and the commission justified in their con- duct toward Mr. Hemphill. "f To this he appended the Adopt- ing Act, "to| convince the reader that we govern ourselves according to the principles here asserted and pleaded for." If a man be, in the society's opinion, qualified for the work of the ministry, and like to serve the interests of Christ's kingdom, they can with a good conscience admit him to the exercise of the ministry' with them, notwithstanding lesser ditierenccs of opinion in extra-essential points. But if he embrace such errors as, in the judgment of the society, un- qualify him for a foithful discharge of that important trust, they cannot admit him to the cure of souls without unfaithful- ness to God and their own consciences. To admit liim were deliberately to send poison into Christ's household, instead of the portion of meat which he has provided. * Franklin's Memoirs of bis own Life. The pamphlets he issued in this case have escaped the search of Mr. Sparks. The Letter to a Friend in the Country we have not seen; but the Observations on the Minutes of the Commission, and the defence of the observations, are both in the Old South Church Library, and are evidently from Franklin's pen. I American Antiquarian Society's Library. See advertisement, November, 1735. J Quoted by Dr. Hodge. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. Il8 Ilemphill contemptuousl}' disregarded the synod's citation, declaring tliat he had adopted the Confession only in its " es- sential and necessary doctrines," and that he "despised their claim of authority." The synod disowned him; and the speedy detection, in the printed works of Dr. James Foster, Dr. Ihhots, and Dr. Clarke, of his objectionable discourses, covered him and his adherents with confusion. The synod desired the brethren to answer any complaint of Hemphill if necessar}-, and agreed to defray the expense out of the fund. While this case was before the synod, it was resolved that " if any member prepare any thing for the press on any religious controversy, he shall submit the same to be perused b}' a com- mittee of the synod." One was appointed for the ITorth, con- sisting of Andrews, Dickinson, Hob, Cross, Pemberton, and Pierson ; another, of Anderson, Thomas Evans, Cathcart, Stevenson, and Thomson.* The people of Paxton and Deny in 1736 supplicated for an explanation of some expressions and distinctions in the first or preliminary act adopting the standards, great stress having been laid by the friends of Hemphill on the restriction con- tained in the words "necessary and essential doctrines." The synod declared they adopted and adhered to the Confession, Catechism, and Directory, without the least variation or altera- tion, and without any regard to said distinctions. The conjunct Presbyteriesf of N'ew Brunswick and IsTew- castle declared it to be an aspersion that they do not cleave to and maintain the standards as fully as the Synod of Philadel- phia in their public acts have done. " We believe with our hearts, and profess and maintain with our lips, the doctrines summed up and contained in the Confession of Faith and Larger and Shorter Catechisms of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster, as the truths of God revealed and contained in the Holy Scriptures of the Old and Xew Testaments, and do receive, acknowledge, and declare the said Confession and Catechisms to be the confession of our faith ; yet so as that no * In 1722, Newcastle Presbytery forbade Gillespie to publish any remarks on a decision of synod, in a case of discipline, until they gave consent. ■\ Quoted by Dr. Hodge. 8 114 Webster's history of the part of the twenty-third chapter of said Confession shall be construed as to allow civil magistrates, as such, to have any ecclesiastical authority in synods or church judicatories, much less the power of a negative voice over them in their eccle- siastical transactions; nor is any part of it to be understood as opposite to the memorable settlement of the crown of the three kingdoms in the illustrious house of Hanover." The jealousy of the people for the integrity of the standards, and for exact and hearty adherence to tliem, was most reason- able, from their knowledge of the spread of the New Light " at home," and from the probability that errorists would cross the ocean to corrupt "our church." Great alarm prevailed on ac- count of the progress of error in the British Isles. Dr. Col- man* wrote feelingly on the subject to Andrews, deploring the propagation of dangerous heresies by men who " sheltered themselves under the covert of believing the Bible, while they refused to avow how far they had departed from the faith of God's elect." No dispute seems to have arrayed brother against brother until 1738, when Gilbert Tennent and Cowell carried on in a correspondence a discussion on the ingredients of holy obedi- ence,— whether a view to our own eternal interests could in the sight of God be an acceptable motive for seeking salva- tion and keeping his commandments? *' Sundry large letters passed between them. The synod appointed a committee to converse with them together, and, if there be necessity, dis- tinctly to consider the papers. They ordered them to refi-ain from all public discourse on the controversy, and all methods of spreading it among the populace, until the committee have made their report to the synod. They were found to be sub- stantially and thoroughly agreed, although Tennent feared that there had been ' slighting and shufHing' to hide errors ' contrary to the express testimony of Holy Scriptures, our Confession of Faith, and Christian experience.' Immediately after the exclusion of Hemphill, an overture was presented and adopted, lamenting the great and uni- versal deluge of pernicious errors and damnable heresies, "and that so many wolves in sheep's clothing are invading the flock * MSS. of Massachusetts Historical Society. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 115 everywhere ; and, as wc are likely to have the most of our euppl}^ of ministers from the north of Ireland, the synod bears testimony against the late too common and now alto- gether useless practice of some presbyteries in that region, in ordaining men, sine tilido, immediatel}" before they come hither, and depriving us of the just right of inspecting into their qualifications." Robert Cross, Thomson, and Houston, wrote to the Gene- ral Synod, that "the continuance of the practice will be very disagreeable and disoblisrinsr to us; and that no minister so ordained in Ireland shall be admitted to the exercise of his ministry among us unless he submit to such trials as the pres- bytery to which he comes may appoint." They suggested, also, that it is " our earnest desires, that ministers, besides credentials, should bring letters from brethren who are well known to us to be firmly attached to our good old principles and schemes." A letter was received from the Synod of Ireland in 1738. Anderson and Thomson were directed to prepare and trans- mit a respectful answer. Yearly inquiry was made concern- ing the order in relation to ministers coming from Europe. It was faithfully observed. It being with exceeding difficulty that candidates from !N'ew England could be induced to visit our vacancies, there was no uneasiness felt, lest we should be overrun from that quarter. Not until the great revival did "that hive of preachers" swarm. Of the few who came, several returned as soon as they could find an eligible situation, — Joseph Smith to Mid- dletown Upper Houses, Moses Dickinson to Xorwalk, Chalker to Glastenbury, Gould to Middlefield, Tudor to East Windsor ; while four others made only a transient stay and passed to parts unknown. Philadelphia Presbytery, in 1735, wrote to the Rector of Yale in behalf of the waste places in "West Jersey. Daniel Buckingham,* who graduated at Yale in 1735, and was licensed by Hampshire Association, came ; but, though called to Pilesgrove and Gloster, he went to the East. Robert Small has the credit of being the first Xew Englauder who sought a field of usefulness in Xewcastle Presbytery; he also * MS. Records of I'Liladulphia Presbytery. 116 Webster's history of the went into West Jersey ; but the lack of good testimonials and some ill-reports deterred Philadelphia Presbytery from en- couraging him. The Rev. John Adams, a graduate of Har- vard, came as a candidate to Philadelphia for the post of assistant to Andrews. Dr. Cooper,* writing to Dr. Colman, March 25, 1735, said that he intended to have proposed to the ministers of Boston to resume the consideration of Mr. Adams for Philadelphia, " for I can't but think it a pity that such superior talents as his should be so much unimproved." Adams preached the opening sermon of Presbytery in May, 1736, from Isa. xxxv. 2. He settled at ]S'e\\^)ort, Rhode Island. In two cases the committee of synod declined to ordain. They had no uneasiness as to the orthodoxy of Cleverly; but, owing to the opposition made by some of his hearers, they did not proceed to ordain him at "West Hanover, (Morristown,) Kew Jersey. The congregation of Goshen seems to have been much distracted at the close of Bradner's life with a personal difference between him and Samuel Nealy. On his death, Samuel Tudor, a native of Poquonnok, in AVindsor, who gra- duated at Yale in 1728, came as a candidate.f Instead of applying to the presbytery, the congregation supplicated the synod, in 1735, to send as soon as possibly may be, a committee to ordain him. He wrote to the synod, declaring his readiness to adopt the Confession and submit to Presbyterian rules. The synod appointed him a Latin exegesis and a popular ser- mon on Rom. xi. 6, and directed Robert Cross to preside in that affair, and with Pumry, Webb, Nutman, John Cross, and Chalker, to meet there in the course of the next month and ordain. The congregation was publicly notified, on a Lord's day, that if any desired they might lay their objections. Robert Cross, Pumry, and Chalker met, and did not ordain him because of insuificiency. Tudor was born March 8, 1704-5, in East Windsor, and was married December 10, 1729, to Mary, daughter of the Rev. Joseph Smith, of Cohanzy, and afterwards of Middletown. He was ordained the second minister of Poquonnok Society * MSS. of Massachusetts Historical Society. I The New York papers of 1734 describe him as a Presbyterian minister in the Highlands ■who had been pursued by robbers, near the Fishkills, on the 12th of August. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IX AMERICA. 117 in "Windsor in January, 1740, and died September 21, 1757, — a faithful and useful minister, respected for intelligence, appli- cation to business, and dignity of manner. Only one minister besides John Orme seems to have come from England from the formation of the synod to the disrup- tion : — Mr. Peter Finch, in 1724. Ilis testimonials were ap- proved, and leave was given to the people in Kent county, Delaware, on their request, to employ him. The next year, a email sum was allowed him out of the fund. He is not a2:aiu mentioned. lie was probabh- the Rev. Peter Finch, of Korwioh, who was one of Matthew Henry's friends. John Madowell was accepted by the synod in 1736 as a probationer, being recommended by the Presbytery of Temple- Patrick, the Session of Dunagor, and several brethren of note in the north of Ireland. He was appointed to supply the new erection in Philadelphia during the months of October and Xovember. His name never again appears on the roll. Scotland sent us few men during the twenty -five years before the division. Laing and Hutcheson were Scotsmen, and per- haps John Cross, Carlisle, and one or two more. The great majority were North-of-Ireland men, educated at Glasgow. During the same period, only one impostor intruded him- Belf on them, — James Morehead ; he preached with acceptance in West Jersey and in Newcastle county, and for several years resisted the eft'orts of the synod to reduce him to obedience. He sunk into contempt and was forgotten. There was much laud to be possessed. There were none to go forth with them into the wilderness and contest the inhe- ritance. Great caution was used in meting out the bounds of each congregation, and no new erection was encouraged hastily. A perambulation of the territory was made by indif- ferent persons, and the projectors were required to furnish the neighbouring ministers with lists of their supporters and members who were to embark in the enterprise. There was no lack of delay on the part of the presbyteries, each pastor being naturally sensitive on the subject of the invasion or cession of his legitimate domain. Generally, the people strug- gled manfully till the synod or pi'esbytery yielded, and in every case the fears which had made the reverend judicatories 118 Webster's history of the pause were disappointed, in tlie mutual growth of the mother- churches and their flourishing daughters. The opposition to the erection of the New London congregation was protracted for 3'ears ; slowly, point by point, every thing was yielded, and for the obvious reason that all the gloomy apprehensions of the church of Elk River were dispelled. New London, in her turn, seems to have resisted the building at Fagg's Manor, and with the like result : the church rose on the site selected by the people, and no loss was sustained by New London. Boyd had a iield from 172-4 to 1735, covering Octorara, Pequea, Middle Octorara, and the Forks of Brandywine. Ilanover, iu East Jersey, struggled, as though its existence were at stake, against giving leave to West Ilanover or Morristowu to have a minister; but, seeing no prospect of reducing "the west part" to submission, they yielded, and at length admitted that they were no losers thereby. In New England the boundaries of the towns and the con- gregations were identical and unchangeable until the colonial legislature gave leave. This was a cause of great trial to the Irish Presbyterians in Massachusetts. In 1718, they settled in "Worcester,* having the Rev. Edward Fitzgerald for their minister. Their attempt to build a meeting-house was out- rageously defeated by a mob headed by some of " the con- siderable persons" of the place. They had afterwards the Rev. William Johnston ; but they were taxed for the support of the first church in the town, and finally he left them and settled in Londonderry. They retained their Presbyterian prefer- ences, and carried their children for baptism to the distant towns where there were Presbyterian ministers ; and the most of them, about 1740, removed to Otsego county, then the western frontier of New York. Bitter were the complaints of the Rev. Mr. Frink,t of Rutland, because of the obstinacy of the Irish in his parish. They constituted two-fifths of the population, but could obtain no privilege for themselves as a separate society until the west part of the parish was formed into a town called Oakham. Then they gathered a church after the model of the church in North Britain. The Rev. * Lincoln's History of Worcester. f MSS. of Massachusetts Historical Society. He subsequently took holy orders. PRESBYTEIUAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 119 Mr. Smith, of Falmouth, now Portland, wont over to Mr. Allen's, May 29, 1736, and met the ministers on the attair of the Irish. In the district of Maine,* the same trouble befell the Irish settled at Purpooduck, on Casco Ba}- : the Irish Pres- bj-tery, with William Johnston for moderator, and William McClenaghan for clerk, proposed as a compromise that the second church of Falmouth should allow the people the use of their meeting-house two Sabbaths in the year, for the ad- ministration of the sacrament by their own ministers. This was denied, and the presbytery proceeded to furnish them with regular supplies. The Irish Presbytery is mentioned in the Colman MSS. in the Massachusetts Historical Society's Collection ; but its real name was the Presbytery of Boston, and the date of its origin and its extinction are alike unknown. Among its members were the Rev. John Moorhead, of Boston, William Johnston and Davidson, of Londonderry, William McClenaghan, of Blandford, Massachusetts, James Morton, of Coleraine, Ruth- erford, Urquhart, John Harvey, and John Caldwell. The Rev. Mr. Lemercier, of the French church in Boston, was also a member. A curious pamphlet warfare arose on the receiving of the Rev. Mr. Hillhouse, of Isew London, Connecticut, in 1736 : Moorhead and Harvey approved, while Rutherford ob- jected. The ordination of David McGregoire over the second congregation in Londonderry was accomplished with- out the consent of the presbytery, and when he ofiered to take his seat, he was refused. Moorhead withdrew and met with them no more, and they suspended him "a6 officio et benejicio." No mention is made of this presbytery, in any work we have seen, except in a few pamphlets,t rare and unimportant, in t\^'0 sermons preached before it,J and in two or three letters, which are the onh- vestiges remaining of its existence. The influx from abroad, from 1718 to 1740, was wholly Pro- * Smith's Diary, in Deane's History of Portland. — MSS. of Massachusetts His- torical Society. ■)• Letter to John Presbyter, by Mr. Lemercier, in Massachusetts Historical Society's Library. J McClenaghan's sermon on the Christian soldier, and Caldwell on the false prophets, in the Massachusetts Historical Society's Library. 120 Webster's history of the testant and largely Presb}i;erian. The newspapers furnish curious items of the extent of it. In September, 1736, one thousand families sailed from Belfast on account of the diffi- culty of renewing their leases. On the ninth of that month, one hundred Presbyterians from Ireland arrived at Philadel- phia, as many more soon after at Newcastle, and twenty ships were daily expected from Ireland. At this time, three hun- dred and eighty-eight persons from Holland landed on our shores. The loss to Ireland is deplored, the linen-weavers and small farmers composing a great portion of the emigrants. Wodrow* says, the departure of the people in shoals excited the fears of the government, lest Ireland should be wholly abandoned to the Papists. He hoped it would lead to exten- sion of privileges to the Presbyterians. The efiect was soon visible. New York had seen for twenty years a small Presbyterian flock assembling in a house without galleries, six out of its eight windows being closed with boards, poverty preventing their being glazed, and the frac- tion of light being enough for the handful of people. But now the pews on the ground-floor were filled, three galleries ■were constructed, and the sun blazed unobstructed through the whole line of windows. The church in Philadelphia had increased so much that, in 1733, an assistant minister was needed. Newcastle Presbytery was large enough in 1734 to set oft' Donegal Presbytery on the west, and, having surren- dered Lancaster county, was able soon after, in 1738, to realize the long-cherished project of forming the Presbytery of Lewes out of the churches on the peninsula. Philadelphia I*resby- tery was divided in 1733, and East Jersey Presbytery was formed. Long Island Presbytery, declining from the attach- ment of the ministers in "the East Riding" to Connecticut, — an attachment growing out of its being the land of their birth, and strengthened by matrimonial ties and the convenience of crossing the sound to attend its associations, — was united, in 1738, to East Jersey Presbytery, under the style of the Pres- bytery of New York. Portions of New York and Philadel- phia Presbyteries were constituted the Presbytery of New Brunswick in the same year. * Correspondence Wodrow Soc. Pub. PRESBYTERIAN" CHURCH IN AMERICA. 121 CHAPTER rV. The methods in use in Ireland and Scotland were all intro- duced on the erection of congregations. They were so gene- rally accustomed to modes closely similar, that no solicitation. was needed to secure the acquiescence of the people in them. The emigration brought oyer many schoolmasters, and few Presbyterian settlements were without schools during most of the year. It was rare to find one, (except among the seryants, and eyen among them it was yery rare,) who could not read and who did not possess a Bible. The Shorter Catechism was learned at home and recited at school ; and the Psalms in metre were largely treasured in the memory ; they were the lullaby of the babe, and the song at the loom and at the wheel. They formed uniyersally a part of family worship. That pre- cious priyilege was regarded as an indispensable duty. Inquiry was made concerning the obseryance of it, on the occasion of asking baptism for their children. Family in- etruction was not neglected: the Catechism was "gone through" on Sabbaths by parents, children, and servants; ser- mons were repeated, and the points of doctrine duly compared with the Scripture. The congregations were divided into portions called "quar- ters," each of which was committed to the charge of an elder, and the people in each quarter were gathered at suitable and oft-recurring seasons at some convenient point, — it might be a kitchen or a barn, to accommodate large numbers, — and old and young were solemnly, carefully, and at length, catechized. The seed sown in the sanctuary was harrowed in by the cate- chizing. The minister knew the state of the flock and how they profited by the word preached. The presbyteries* visited the congregations, taking first the * MS. Minutes of Donegal Presbytery. 122 Webster's history of the minister by himself, and asking him how he performed the duties of preaching, visiting, and catecliizing, how the elders discharged their office, and how the people hearkened to the word and submitted to godly discipline. lie being put forth, the elders were called in and questioned concerning their minister's doctrine, life, diligence, and faith- fulness ; as to the extent to wliich they laboured in their quar- ters, and how the people deported themselves toward those who were over them in the Lord. Lastly, the people were called in, to answer by their representatives, — who were strictly what their name imported, — representatives. These were chosen to act and speak for the people, to sign the call and be the respon- sible agents in all secular matters. They were asked how the people were satisiied with their minister and with the elders, and how they performed their stipulations for his support. Each of the thi-ee parties was asked if any cause of complaint existed, or of dissatisfaction, and the presbytery proceeded authoritatively to investigate the alleged matter and to remove it or rebuke the offenders. The Lord's Supper was celebrated, according to the usage *'at home," twice in the year. It was preceded by a day of fasting: several of the neighbouring ministers attended, and sermons suitable to the approaching solemnity were preached on the Thursday, Friday, and Saturday previous. Ordinarily, a large body from adjacent congregations came with their mi- nisters, and were on the ground before the Sabbath. Tokens were distributed, and those from a distance received them on the testimony of their minister and his elders. Often they brought written requests from their pastors that they might share in the feast. Commonly it was in the open air that most of the sermons were preached; a covered stand, called a tent, being an appendage to every meeting-house. The tables were spread and reached across the house and from the pulpit to the door. The action-sermon was long and full of the marrow of the gospel ; the fencing of the tables was scarcely less solemn and even more heart-searching. "Tlien, in tlic siiii])lo music Of the old glorious ilnys, Tlie lionrts of jiious thousands Gush'd foi'th in streams of praise. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 123 Tlie Psalms iu metre, the work of Francis Rous,* an English gentleman, of Cornwall, were hallowed by innumerable pious and tender associations. Plain of speech, our fathers stumbled not at the rouo-hness of the verse nor sii>:hed at the lack of melody. The same words and the same tunes charmed unholy thoughts from the mind of Burns, as he sat, of a Saturday night, by the cotter's ingle-side. The same words and the same tunes harmonized with Brainerd's devotions, and thrilled Whitciield like the songs of heaven, at Cambuslang and White Clay, Our fathers were not virtuosi, charmed even iu God's house with rubbish if rare, and trifles if tasteful : "And surely God was praised, When David's words to David's tune Five hundred voices raised, "f ^Tien the sacred symbols were uncovered, how many hearts broke as if in bitterness for a first-born ! and, as they rose to take their places at the board, it was reverently, as though seeing Him that is in^^sible; even as though before their eyes Christ had been set forth evidently crucified among them. The Lord's Supper was, in its fullest sense, a monument of the great facts of redemption, — a memorial of the necessity of atonement, the glorious Deity of the Son of God, the freeness of justification, and the fulness of the promises. The mode * [Francis Rous, or Rouse, was born at Halton, in Cornwall, in 1579, and edu- cated at Broadgate Hall, now Pembroke College, Oxford. He studied law ; and in the first Parliament called by Charles I., he was returned for Truro, in Cornwall, for Tregony in the third, and for Truro again in the fifteenth and sixteenth of that reign. He was one of the few laymen appointed by the Commons to sit in the Assembly of Divines at Westminster. He sat in the Parliament called in 1653, and held the post of Speaker for a month. He aimed at conforming the government to the model of the Jewish ; but, failing in this object, be proposed that Cromwell should be elevated to rule with the title of Protector. Cromwell made him one of his privy-counsellors. He was made Provost of Eton in 1643, at which place he died in 1059, and was buried with great pomp and splendour. His chief works were Meditations dedicated to the Saints throughout the three nations; The Law- fulness of obeying the Present Government ; The Beauties of the Fathers of the first three centuries; Interiora Regni Dei; and a Translation of the Psalms into English Metre, printed in 1645, by order of the House of Commons. Vide Rose's Biog. Diet, vol. xi. p. 392. London: B. Fellowes, Ludgate Street, 1847. The Version of the Psalms, after being modified by a committee, was adopted, in 1649, by the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. — Ed.] f Mrs. Gray, of Easton, Pennsylvania. 124 Webster's history of the in which it was administered rendered it necessary that the highest truths, the loftiest themes, should be preached, and with unction. Every circumstance conspired to invest even the most lifeless pi'eacher with such a feeling of the greatness of the occasion, as made him surmount at least for the time the narrow limits of his talents, and speak in the demonstra- tion of the Spirit and with power. The closing service of thanksgiving prepared the way to return home, pondering in their hearts the great things which had been told them. Those were golden days, when souls were enlightened with such a knowledge of Christ, as if the light of the sun had been seven- fold, as if the light of seven days had poured at once on the worshippers, with healing in every beam. Many of the congregations furnished their ministers with a house and farm, or else promised him in the call a sum of money to buy a plantation. The salaries were mostly paid in kind, wheat, Indian corn, hemp, and linen yarn being fre- quently specified in the call ; and, from a riddle to a squire's " publishment of a marriage" or an " estray," every imaginable article is entered on their surviving "count-books" as being received in payment of stipend. Classical schools were established by many ministers. An- drews probably had one in Philadelphia; Dickinson had at Elizabethtown, Thomas Evans at Pencader, and William Ten- nent at Neshaminy. The school at New London went into operation soon after Alison's settlement. Two-thirds nearly of the ministers, until 1738, were graduates of Glasgow Uni- versity. The New England men Avere mostly from Yale. The few Welshmen were scholars of a high standard, their educa- tion having been thorough and on a liberal scale. Of the style of preaching little judgment can be formed. Franklin evidently had no favour to them; for he says, he would rather hear Hemphill preach other people's sermons fluently, than hear the old synod preach their own dull com- positions. Makemie printed but one sermon, long, full, clear, and valuable : his other productions are plain and vigorous in style. It is remarkable that Andrews, during a ministry of forty- five years in Philadelphia, is not supposed to have published a line; while Morgan put forth almost as many sermons as PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 125 any New England divine of his day. Dickinson appears to have passed twelve years of his ministry without using the press; hut, after that, he was hefore the puhlic to the latest year of his life, discussing the Evidences of Christianity, the Doctrines of Grace, the Claims of the Prolatists, the lifeless scheme of Baptismal Regeneration, and the serious errors of judgment among the unwise friends of the Revival. Rohert Cross published one sermon, Pierson three, and Pemberton several ; while Gilbert Tennent's writings issued from the press like bees from a hive ; no complete list of his multitude of publications will probably ever be made. None are known to have left any work in manuscript, ex- cept Henry, of Rehoboth. Scarcely a fragment of their corre- spondence exists. They were mostly worthy men, few of them of a rare order of talent, but learned and competent for an honourable dis- chai'ge of their office. Of their success in winning souls, we may hope there is a bright record on high; but on earth their memorial has perished with them. Morgan* tells us that at one or two periods of his ministry, he saw the word take effect on many souls. In 1719 and '20, f there was in Monmouth county an amazing change ; new con- gregations were formed, and " the marks of a work of grace were astonishingly plentiful among those who had lived longer under means of grace." Hopewell and Maidenhead received a large increase, the first-fruits of the youthful labours of Moses Dickinson. There is a tradition of a revival at Jamaica under Robert Cross. The Dutch Reformed church in New Jersey possessed, in the Rev. Theodore James Frelinghuysen, a most eminently wise, laborious, and successful servant of God. His faithful counsel roused Gilbert Tennent to consider nar- rowly his own performances, and to gird himself for a more vigorous invasion of Satan's kingdom. A considerable degree of success attended Tennent's preaching on Staten Island and at New Brunswick. His brother John came like "a dew from the Lord" on the plains of Monmouth, and changed Freehold, from a feeble, distracted congregation of careless hearers, into * Answer to an Anonymous Railer against Election. — Am. Antiq. Soc. Lib. f MS. Letters of Morgan to Cotton Mather. — Am. Antiq. Soc. 126 Webster's history of the a large and united body of devoted, well-taught Christians. John Cross, also, "at a place called the Mountains, back of iSTewark," enjoyed such a degree of success that the fame of it reached Xorthamptou, and is mentioned by Edwards in his Thoughts on Revivals. The "Marrow Controversy" in Scotland, and the secession of the Erskiues, could not fail of interesting deeply the members of synod. Gilbert Tennent and his father were correspondents* of the Erskines; and the alumni of Glasgow partook largely of the feeling pen-ading the "West of Scotland in regard to the growth of Pelagiauism and profanity under the deathlike shadow thrown by moderatism and patronage over " the hail kirk." When, therefore, in 1733, Gilbert Tennent introduced his overture concerning ministerial faithfulness in preaching and in dispensing the sacraments, the synod accepted it and formed it into an act ; each presbyteiy entered it on their book, and took order for the careful observance of it. For the first thirty years, the synod received, almost without an exception, its candidates and its ministei-s from the mother- country or i^Tew England ; but towards the close of that period, natives of the middle colonies, or pei'sous who had received all their education here, came forward to be taken on trials. The first who is known to have pursued his whole course of study in the bounds of the synod was Gilbert Tennent, who, shortly after being licensed, received from Yale the degree of A.M. His brother John was the next, and his performances were universally approved by Xewcastle Presbytery. The state of feeling in the synod towards other denomina- tions appears strikingly in the circumstance of their having allowed the Presbytery of Philadelphia to ordain the first Lu- theran minister who settled in Berks county. This case has been sadly misrepresented; Dr. Hill having charged Andrews with such laxness that he consented to ordain a Dunker. The Lutherans had, very early, a congregation in Xew York city, using the Low Dutch language. Li their settlements on the Mohawk, and in Dutchess county, the preaching was in Eliffh Dutch. The Swedish churches were Lutheran, and had ministers from their own country; but the German Luthei-ans * Whitefield's Letters, 3 vols. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 127 in Pennsylvania, though numerous, had none to minister to them in their own tongue. They had been involved in trouble, owing to objections being made to the title by which they held their land in Schoharie, in New York; and, in lT2i>, many removed to Oley and Tulpehocken, in Berks county. Among them was the well-known Conrad Weiser, the Indian interpreter. In August, 1730, John Peter Miller arrived in Philadelphia and began to preach to them. lie was born in Oberant Lan- tern, in the Palatinate, and had graduated at the University of Heidelberg. lie presented himself for ordination to the synod, who "agreed that the Dutch probationer be left to the care of Philadelphia Presbytery to settle him in the minis- try." Andrews, writing to Dr. Colman,* October 4, 1730, said, "There is lately come over a Palatine candidate for the minis- try, who, having applied to us at the synod for ordination, 'tis left to three ministers to do it. He is an extraordinary person for sense and learning. We gave him a question to discuss about Justiticatiou, and he has answered it in a whole sheet of paper in a notable manner. He speaks Latin as readily as we do the vernacular tongue, and so does the other, Mr. Weiss." Miller was " ordainedf at the end of 1730, upon order of the Scotch Synod, in the old Presbyterian meeting-house in Phila- delphia, by three eminent ministers, Teunent, Andrews, and Boyd." He officiated for the Lutherans in Oley and Tulpe- hocken for several years ; but in September, 1735, he was im- mersed by Conrad Beissel, of Ephrata, having adopted the views of the Seventh-day Baptists. In this Tie was followed by Weiser, who subsequently returned to the Lutheran church. !Miller removed to the "Kloster" at Ephrata, and assumed the name of Jabez, Beissel being called Friedsam. The fraternity dressed like Capuchins. Miller was well known in the literary world: he had an extensive correspondence, and was the au- thor of "Chronicon Ephratense." He succeeded Beissel as head of the society, and died September 21, 1796.;}: * Printed in Hodge's History, from E. Hazard's MSS. f Fahnestock's Sketch of the Dunkers. J Dr. Douglass, in his work on the Provinces, speaks of him as writing \eiy 128 Webster's history of the Mr. Weiss, mentioned by Andrews in connection with Miller, was the minister of the German Eeformed Church in Gosenhoppen, Pa. Mr. Johannes Ilenricus Goetschius, or Goetsch}^ applied, through Andrews, to the synod, in May, 1737, signifying the desire of many of the German nation that he might be or- dained on the synod's order. He was a native of Switzer- land, and had been educated at the University of Zurich. His testimonials from Germany were ample, and satisfied the synod as to his learning and good Christian conversation. They recommended him to Philadelphia Presbytery, to act upon further trials of him as to them should seem fit. The presbytery met two days after, and agreed that he might preach, but declined to ordain him for a season, because, though learned in the languages, he was deficient* in divinity and college learning. Where he was ordained, or by whom, is unknown to us; he served the Reformed Dutch Church in Bucks county, and was settled, in 1741, the first pastor of Jamaica, Newtown, Success, and Wolver's Hollow, on Long Island. In 1751, he removed to Hackensack, New Jersey. In 1729, the synod bore testimony against, and declared their great dissatisfaction at, the religious lawsuits that are main- tained among professors of religion, so contrary to that peace and love the gospel requires, and the express direction of the Holy Ghost, (1 Cor. vi. 1—3,) and consequently very much to the scandal of our holy profession. They recommended to each minister to bring his congregation into a joint agreement to avoid all imnecessary lawsuits for the future, and to refer difii- culties which catinot easily be accommodated between them- selves, to prudent, religious, and indififerent friends, (if it may be, of our own profession,) mutually chosen or otherwise, as such society shall think best, to decide and determine such differences. The particular occasion calling for this testimony was, pro- bably, the necessity of intrusting church and parsonage lands to individuals, to be held in their own name. It was removed finely in Latin on Religious Mortification. Morgan Edwards mentions him -with much respect. * Manuscript Records of Philadelphia Presbjtery. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 129 in Pennsj'lvania, by the law of 1731, allowing religious socie- ties to hold lands,* and securing to them the property already in their possession. In 1734, the synod forbade its members in "Pennsylvania and the lower counties from this time forward to many any by license from the governor, till the form of them be altered and brought to a nearer conformity to those of the neighbouring governments of Xew York and Xew Jersey; and particularly till they are altered in such a manner as hath nothing peculiar to the ministers of the Church of England, nor oblige us to any of the forms and ceremonies peculiar to that church." The Presbyteries of Newcastle and Donegal were ordered con- junctly to make such regulations for their members as was tit. Orr, of Nottingham, was soon tasked by his brethren for hav- ing married the Rev. Benjamin Campbell with a license; and, thirty years after, Hezekiah James Balch was gravely ques- tioned by Donegal Presb3'tery concerning his having been married by an Episcopal minister. He excused himself that, Mr. Bay not being at home, he had to submit to the Common Prayer-Book formula or go unwed. About that time, New- castle Presbytery called up Dr. Robert Davidson, then a licentiate, for having joined himself in marriage to an unbap- tized person. In 1738, the " marriage act" was so modified that ministers had liberty to marry by license in certain exempt cases ; but they were enjoined to marry none clandestinely, or without consent of parents or guardians; and if either of the par- ties belonged to any congregation of ours, not to marry unless they produced certificates from their minister of there being no hiuderance; and if from vacant congregations, then to bring like certificates from substantial persons. In 1739, the Presbyteriansf of Lancaster county, with their respective ministers, represented to the General Assembly of Pennsylvania, that they had been educated according to the doctrine, worship, and government of the Church of Scot- land, and were excluded from all ofiices, and from giving evi- dence, by a ceremony (kissing the book) which, in their judg- * Huston on the Lind Titles of Pennsylvania. J Watson's Annals of Philadelphia. 9 130 Webster's history of the ment, is inconsistent witli the word of God. They prayed that a law might pass authorizing them to take the oath with- out such form. The intercourse with the Church of Scotland was limited and unfrequent; hut two instances occur in thirty years of au interchange of letters. The first was in 1727, when the com- mittee to settle the difficulties in the congreffation of New York was directed to write an account of the aliair to Scot- laud. The committee met in Novemher; and a letter from tlie Commissioners of the Assembly was presented, and they wrote an answer. In 1730, the General Assembly sent to Dr. NicoU a copy of their act, securing the property in New York to the use of a Presbyterian church forever, and ordered him to la}' it before the synod. He did so, and the synod found that the terms of the act had been complied with. In 1733, on hearing that certain gentlemen in Virginia had behaved harshly and injuriously to the Rev. Ilugh Stevenson, while on a mission to our vacancies in the colony, a copy of his representation was sent to the Assembly, and that venerable body was requested to use their influence to pro- cure them three benefits : — 1. Assistance from the societies for propagating Christian knowledge, or some other source, to support itinerant minis- ters in Virginia. 2. The favourable notice of the government to restrain and discoui'age persons in that province from hampering, by illegal prosecutions, our itinerant missionaries. » 3. Some assistance from his Majesty for our encouragement, by way of regiam donum. Andrews, Anderson, Thomson, and Stevenson wrote and sent two copies of the letter, that one might, if not both, reach its destination. No answer was received. In 1730, the Commission of the Assembly wrote to the synod, informing them of moneys left by the Rev. Dr. Daniel Williams for the propagating of the gospel in foreign parts. After much discourse, Andrews, Anderson, Thomson, and the elder John Budd, wore appointed to write a reply, and also to address the associated ministers of Boston on the matter. In 1731, answers were received from Boston, and from Mr. William Grant, President of the Scottish Society for propa- PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 131 gating Christian Knowledge. They were read; but no action was tiikcn on them. This correspondence probably opened the way for Dickinson and Peniberton to propose to the society to undertake the support of missionaries to the In- dians in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The result was, that they, with others of New York Presbytery, were appointed correspondents of the society, with power to select fields, employ missionaries, and superintend their pro- ceedings. 132 Webster's history of the CHAPTER V. The causes were at work for a score of years, out of which rose the " Great Revival," giving existence and form to its glorious and memorable mercies, and to its deplorable and remediless catastrophe. There were circumstances — some obvious, and more unsuspected — creating the necessity for that amazing revolution in the hidden springs of our church's life. Zinzendorf, "Wesley, and Whitefield were not the authors of "the manner of the time;" they were but the lightning and the thunder, the rushing wind and the rain-tor- rents, in which the long-gathering storm breaks forth. God visits the waters, the parching pasture, and the withering field; we gaze on the dividing of the flames of fire, the shaking of the wilderness, and the terrific land-flood, as though the}^ had no king over them. In another age, how little could those great evangelists have accomplished ! "Thou preparest them corn, when thou hast so provided for it." It was a period of migration. Families left their homes for a forest. Untried paths and unthought-of embarrassments wrought amazing and rapid changes in the energies and the plans of the new settlers. Daring ventures, hazard of life, and want of old restraints, good influences, and holy privileges, shaped the spirits of the people after another pattern than that which was shown to Moses in the mount. They sought ex- citement rather than instruction, and wearied of the cus- tomary methods, so venerable in the meeting-house standing amid their fathers' sepulchres, a substitute was sought for the joy that grows out of meditating, reflecting, and praying. They desired to enjoy a sensible impression on their hearts; and comfort to be swallowed, as an exhilarating cordial, — stimulat- ing, strengthening, requii'ing no other ettbrt to understand or appreciate it than was needed beside the blazing fire, to feel the PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 133 genial heat pervading the freezing limbs, and driving the torpid current through the numbed extremities. They who live in settled homes may wait for the slow leavening of the dough and the thorough baking of the loaf; but he who came in hungry and exhausted, was glad of a cake baked before the glowing coals. The sudden summons to flee from the savage made them snatch up the food, however uninviting. There is a oneness in our bodily and our spiritual habits: they wanted preaching suited to warm and enliven them, — undervaluing the slow enlightening, the gradual process of the leaven in the three measures of meal. A remarkable succession of diseases, for a period of years, traversed the provinces, or, confined to a few localities, bore off the children and the youth ; yet those years were not more remarkable for unexampled mortality than for unbridled merri- ment. The gayety seemed unchecked, though the gayest had passed away; though the flower and the life of the revels had been mown down ; though the new lines of graves in every burial-place were like the swarths behind the reaper. There was mourning for the dead by many a hearth, — mourning admitting of no consolation, for they had died with- out repenting. Deep and bitter were the concealed heart- searchings of parents ; often the light-hearted wept upon their pillow. A vast change was visible in the churches of Xew England : the discipline was relaxed, the doctrine was diluted, and the preaching tame and spiritless. A written form of words super- seded the notes which had served for "a brief" in the pulpit; the confinement of the eye and the finger to the line, and the absorption of the minister in the reading of the scroll, left the young unawed and the aged slumbering, while the others glided in reverie to the farm or the trafiic, the fireside or the forest. The powerless Sabbath was followed, as soon as the sun went down, by visiting, gayety, and the resumption of worldly talk, if not of worldly work. Dancing became a re- spectable diversion, and attained to amazing popularity, espe- cially in the new settlements. The home of the emigrant furnished him with many induce- ments to remember and reflect. Disappointment and sorrow came; sickness and bereavement drove him to his Bible; and 134 Webster's history of the the family ■which had not known God, gladly gathered round the mercy-seat, because their soul fainted in them. There was a widely-difl'used remembrance of the powerful preaching of other days, when the terrors of the Lord darkened the sky and deluged the earth with the summer rain, and the gloi-y of Jesus — a rainbow like unto an emerald — shone round the Father's throne, and filled the heart with peace in be- lieving. There was a sighing after the consolations of the gospel, — the support of the everlasting arms. They asked for bread which would satisfy. This remembrance was kept alive by the occasional hearing of faithful preaching, and the con- stant renewal of reports of the success of the gospel in the Old World. These reports awakened much curiosity, and kindled in pious hearts a spirit of supplication and " a looking-for of re- demption." There were, throughout the land, many able ministers of the New Testament, — workmen that needed not to be ashamed ; and a large number of mature or aged disciples who prospered through the preaching of the truth. There was also the abiding presence of Christ in his church, like the unnoticed dew on the mown grass. His spirit was brooding on the face of the darkened deep, and the way of the Lord was prepared as the morning. The declining power of godliness was a subject of lamenta- tion in 1733; and the synod earnestlj' recommended, as a proper means to revive it, that all its members take particular care about ministerial visiting of families, and do press house- hold and secret worship according to the Westminster Direc- tory. Each presbytery was ordered to make inquirj^, at suitable seasons, of each minister, touching his diligence in each par- ticular. It being found, the next year, that the order had not been full}' put into execution, it was renewed ; and the brethren were earnestly obtested, conscientiously and diligently to pur- sue the good designs thereof. This meeting was very large, there being thirty-two ministers present and only seven absent, none of the latter being important persons. There were also fifteen elders. On the 20th of September, Gilbert Tennent introduced an overture that there be due care in examining candidates for the Lord's Supper, and for the ministry, on the PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 135 evidences of God's grace in them, as well as their other noces- eary quaUtications. lie had then heen in the ministry about seven years, and had been solemnly exercised during severe sickness concerning his manner of dealing with souls; and on recovering, had, upon examining "the states of his people," found that most had, in his judgment, "built upon sand." The short ministry of his brother John, his faithfulness and large success, had impressed him deeply; and he was ready to say, with Elijah, "I only am left, and they seek my life; I am very jealous for the Lord of hosts." How many of the errors of his life had never been com- mitted, could the still, small voice have been heard by him, declaring that God had reserved seven thousand undehled souls for himself! His overture was intrusted to a special committee of Ander- son, Thomson, Dickinson, and Cross. They reported, aud the admonition was unanimously approved by the whole synod : — "As it has been our principle aud practice, and is recom- mended in the "Westminster Directory, to be careful in this matter, so it awfully concerns us to be serious and solemn in these trials. "We do, therefore, in the name and fear of God, exhort and obtest our presbyteries to take special care not to admit into the sacred office loose, careless, and irreligious men; but particularly to inquire into the conduct, conversa- tion, and behaviour of such as ofier themselves to the ministry, and that they diligently examine them in their experience of a work of sanctifying grace in their hearts, and admit none to the sacred trust that are not, in the eye of charity, serious Christians. ""We do also seriously and solemnly admonish all our ministers to make it their awful, constant, and diligent care to approve themselves to God, to their own consciences, and to their hearers, as serious, faithful stewards of the mysteries of God, aud of holy and exemplary conversations. "We do also exhort them to use due care in examining those, they admit to the Lord's Supper." They added, also, a unanimous recommendation to the presbyteries to take effectual care that each of their members should be faithful in the discharge of their awful trust. In particular, that they frequently examine into the life of each 136 Webster's history of the minister, his conversation, diligence, and methods in dis- charging his calling; and that at least yearly, they examine into his manner of preaching, whether he insist on the great articles of Christianity, and recommend the crucified Saviour as the only foundation of hope ; the absolute necessity of the omnipotent influence of the divine grace to enable them to accept of this Saviour; whether he do, in the most solemn and afi'ecting manner he can, endeavour to convince his hearers of their lost and miserable state while unconverted, and put them upon the diligent use of those means necessary to obtain the sanctifying influences of the Spirit. "WTiether he do (and how) discharge his duty to the young people and children in cate- chizing and familiar instruction; and whether and in what manner he visits his flock and instructs from house to house.* This recommendation was to be copied into each presbjiiery- book, and to be read at the opening of each meeting; the ministers who are found defective to be censured, and, refusing to submit, to be reported to the synod. The records of Philadelphia Presbytery show that the rule was complied with in regard to candidates for the ministry. East Jersey Presbytery complained, the next year, that they are incapable to comply with the excellent design of the act, by reason that several of the members, and John Cross in par- ticular, neglect to attend their stated meetings. The synod, on hearing this, admonished Cross. Gilbert Tennent was not present. The synod, esteeming the act to be of the greatest moment and importance, exhorted the presbyteries to an exact compliance with all parts of it; and they also exhorted all to take due care that they who receive baptism, for themselves or their children, are of a regular life and have suitable ac- quaintance with the principles of the Christian religion ; that that seal be not set to a blank, and that those who are mani- festly unfit be not admitted to a visible church relation. East Jersey Presbytery was nearly equally divided in senti- ment; and, at the end of three years, they were divided by setting off Cross, Wales, the two brothers Tennents, and Blair, into a separate body, with the name of New Brunswick Presby- * They also directed them "to be as much in catechetical doctrine as possible." PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 137 terv. However kindly intended, this was the immediate and main cause of rending the church. The meeting in 1735 was Uirge ; the case of Hemphill having drawn thirty ministers and sixteen elders. The instance of Hemphill, and "some other considerations to the like purpose," secured the adoption of five new rules: — 1. That the moderator of each preshytery and two ministers be a committee to examine the credentials of everj^ European minister or probationer, and that he do not preach in any vacant congregation till he subscribe the Westminster Con- fession, and satisfy them of his firm attachment to it. 2. That no call be presented to such person till he has preached half a year in our bounds. 3. That all calls shall be moderated by a minister appointed by the presbytery under whose care the congregation is. 4. That no student shall be taken on trials till he give most of the members of the presbytery opportunity, at their houses, "to take a view of his parts and behaviour." 5. That no minister ordained in Ireland, sine iitulo, shall be allowed to exercise his ministry among us, till he submit to Buch trials as the presbytery in which he resides may appoint- As early as 1735, the synod blamed John Cross for re- moving, without the concurrence of his presbytery, from one congregation to another. It is not known whether any similar case had occurred ; but, in 1737, fears were expressed that irregular steps might be taken to effect the transporting of ministers from one presbytery to another. Five more rules were therefore adopted in relation to candidates for settlement : — 1. No probationer is to preach to a vacant congregation with- out the consent of his own presbytery. 2. 'Nov to a vacancy in another presbytery without the appointment of the presby- teiy under whose care it is. 3. That no presbytery make such appointment for him unless he has credentials or recom- mendations from his own presbyteiy. 4. That vacancies en- courage none to preach among them without the concurrence of presbytery. 5. That no minister invite probationers or ministers to supply vacancies without the advice and concur- rence of his brethren. As might have been expected, these rules were broken, ',138 Webster's history of the some miuisters and probationers having gone out of their bounds and preached, as candidates, without allowance asked or given. Who these persons were is unknown. The rule was adopted that if a minister, leaving his own presbytery to preach to a vacancy, is informed, by a minister of the presby- tery into the bounds of which he lias come, that he thinks his preaching will tend to divide or disturb the congregation, he shall not preach till the presbytery or synod allow him. An explanation was added, that, if he has already obtained leave of the presbytery, then he need not regard the advice. The same year, the Presbytery of Lewes introduced an overture, which, though most kindly meant, and in itself most wise, became an occasion of dissension, wrath, and confusion. Poverty pi'eventing our students from going to Europe or Kew England for a university education, they proposed that the sj-nod should appoint a committee, before which all students, with or without diplomas, should appear and be examined, and, if approved, receive a synodical testi- monial ; and that this, when they oiiered themselves to their presbytery, should be accepted as equal to a degree in the arts. Nothing but attendance was to be required ; no fee or gratuity of any kind. The synod, by a great majority, adopted the plan, and for that year appointed two committees, — the one noi-th of Philadelphia, consisting of Andrews, Eobert Cross, Gr. Tennent, Pembertou, Dickinson, Cowell, and Pierson ; the other, of Thomson, Gillespie, T. Ev-aus, Hook, Anderson, Martin, and Alison. There were twenty- eight ministers present and sixteen elders. It is to be ob- served that, in the committees, the three Presbyteries of New- castle, Xew York, and Philadelphia were represented by three members, Lewes and Doues^al bv two, and New Brunswick by one. Why some other member of the last body was not substituted for Cowell, one of the youngest members of Phila- delphia Presbytery, is only to be guessed. Probably the majority chose to testify their regard for him, seeing he had been so rudely assailed and so bitterly inveighed against by Gilbert Tennent, by letter and before synod. The proposal, to require candidates to exhibit a diploma before they were taken on trial, was simply conforming to the "Westminster Directory. It was the uniform practice of PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IX AMERICA. 139 the Synod of Ulster and the Scottish Kirk. "The synod* came to a public agreement to take all private schools, in which young men are educated for the ministry, so for under their care, as to appoint a committee to examine all such as had not obtained degrees in the, European or New England colleges, and to give them a certificate which was to serve our presbyteries instead of a diploma." Xo objection appears to have been made at the time to this method ; no dissent was entered ; but, in 1739, the Xew Brunswick Presbytery, having disregarded it, brought in their apology for dissenting from two acts or new religious laws passed at the last session of synod. The whole ground is gone over of the wrongfulness of the acts, in precisely the mode, and nearly the language, of the K'ew-Light Brethren of Antrim ; and might have been adopted for a manifesto by the Friendly Society of Belfast. It ex- pressly declares that it is a false hypothesis that the majority of any church judicatory has a power committed to them by Christ to make new rules about religious matters, which shall be binding on those who conscientiously dissent from them ; even though the majority judge the rules to be not against but agreeable to the word and serviceable to religion. This would include every law made by session, presbytery, or synod. It militated as strongly against the requirement of subscription to the "VTestminster Confession, or of classical learning in candidates, as against the two acts it aimed at. " It ist heterodox and anarchical, and plainly contradicts the thirty-first article, third section, of the Confession of Faith." It denied that any church court has power to make rules about expedients and prudentials. The Irish Synod declared, in 1725. that those who made this denial were deserving of exclusion from the pri\-ilegcs of membership in their body. A day was spent in debate on the objections ; the act was reaffirmed, except that the examination was to be before the whole synod or its commission. There were thirty-two ministers in attendance and eighteen elders, — all men of weight, age, and experience. On the decision of the matter, Gilbert Teuuent cried out that it was to prevent his father's * Svnod of Philadelphia to the Ract-or of Yale, ITiG. t Protestation of 1741. 140 •'' Webster's history of the school from training gracious men for the ministry. He pro- tested ; his father, his two brothers, his two co-presbyters, his elder, David Chambers, his brother Charles's elder, William McCrea, Thomas Worthington,* and John Weir, elders, joined in the protest. It is curious to notice that the synod's act, as remodelled, is identical with the course pursued by the Synod of Ulster for the last thirty years, as a preventive to the entrance of Arian or unlearned preachers into her communion. The opposition to the act in its new form was as fiery as at first. The protest was the third which had been presented since the formatioa of Philadelphia Presbytery. Personal rancour appears to have operated strongly on the minority. They regarded the act as bearing solely on the Presbytery of New Brunswick, depriving them of the power of taking up whatever candidates they pleased, and, in effect, closing every door of entrance against all whom the majority of synod did not approve. The protesters demanded the power of imposing on the synod whatever persons they pleased. The act about vacancies was remodelled, no one objecting. When the preaching of a minister from another presbytery seemed to cause divisions or hinder the settlement of a minis- try, complaint was to be made to the presbytery, and the minister was to appear and abide by their decision. The Presbytery of New Brunswick had not only objected to the synod's acts, but had taken Rowland on trials, and licensed him and sent him to preach to a vacancy in Philadel- phia Presbytery. The synod did not command them to revoke his license, but simply censured their action, and deter- mined not to admit Rowland as a preacher in their bounds until he should submit to the requirements of the act. [In a similar spirit, and for the preservation of order and discipline, the] Synod of Ulster [had] directed that if any judicatory reversed or disregarded the acts of the court above, the mode- rator and clerk in oflice at the time of the offence should be suspended from their ministerial functions during the pleasure of the next higher authority. * Probably from Upper Marlborough, who died March, 1753, aged 63, — five miles from Annapolis. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 141 The synod then decided the difficult}' between Tennent and Cowell, apparently to the mutual satisfaction of the parties. The project of a school or seminary was approved, and it was resolved to send Jwme to Great Britain, to prosecute the affair, either Pemberton and Dickinson, or Anderson and Robert Cross. The commission met in August to deliberate and proceed, but, discouraged by the small attendance, did nothing. Colman sent them the promise of aid from Boston ; but the breaking out of the Spanish war closed up all hope of aid from Europe. No answer appears to have been sent from the Church of Scotland. There was an overture presented from Thomas Evans ; but the contents are not known, nor whether it bore on the points in dispute. r This was an eventful juncture. The revival was in pro- gress ; Freehold, Hopewell, Xew Brunswick, Baskingridge, and Newark had received the heavenly gift, and from the east end of Long Island came tidings of " gracious communi- cations from God." The arrival of "WTiitefield was looked for. His way had been prepared by the publication of his journals and his sermons, and by highh'-coloured and flattering newspaper notices. He reached Philadelphia in November, 1739, with Seward, his affluent and munificent friend, and a company of persons for the Orphan-house. He brought a cargo of goods to be sold for the benefit of the institution, and hired a house, exposed them for sale, and advertised them in the city prints. He came as a gentleman, and lived as one who was the associate of the gentry and had friends among the nobility. Franklin notes how much the people in his day looked up to an "Old England man." The distinction of ranks was kept up in the colonies with the precision and etiquette of a German prin- cipality of four miles square. The sermons on Regeneration and the Almost Christian gained many hearts for him, and his captivating eloquence won many more. He was then* of middle stature, slender body, fair complexion, comely appear- ance, and extremely bashful and modest. Much had been published against him in England, and had * Newspaper account. 142 Webster's history of the found its way hither. » The Trial of Mr. Whitefield's Spirit" is an ingenious and able twisting of all his unwise expressions to his disadvantage. The Bishop of London's pastoral letter met the approbation of Dr. Watts, who could not help saying, "I wish* Mr. Whitefield had not risen above any pretence to the ordinary influence of the Spirit, unless he could have given better evidences of it. He has acknowledged to me that it was such an impression on his mind that he knows it to be divine, though he cannot give me any convincing proof of it." The bishop replied, very justly, "From the time that men imagine themselves singled out by God for extraordinary purposes, and, in consequence of that, to be guided by extra- ordinary impulses and operations, all human advice is lost upon them." The Dissenters in England were not cordial to him, having been denounced by him as baiided formalists. On the other hand, the Erskines admired him and loved him, and wrote to him to come to them in Scotland. In Philadelphia, all the churches were thrown open to him, and in the evenings he preached from the balcony of the court-house. Gilbert Tennent came to him ; his preaching powerfully influenced Whitefield, so that he came under Tennent's control, drank of his spirit, and spoke his words. He proceeded in company with him to New Yort, having been invited thither by Thomas Noble, a wealthy merchant, whose acquaintance he had made in England. The commissary refused him the church, — the court-house was shut against him ; he preached in the fields on Sabbath afternoon and in the Presbyterian meeting-house in the evening. Through the week he preached twice or thrice daily in the city. He treated Pemberton as a novice, a dauber, having readily taken Tennent's suspicion for the truth. This conduct he Boon deeply regretted, and wrote to Pemberton, f expressing his contrition. New York was under a universal concern ; so was Philadelphia. Returning, he preached for Dickinson, at Elizabethtown ; for Tennent, at New Brunswick, and at Maidenhead, Burling- ton, and Abington. Treat, of Abington, and Campbell, of Tehicken, gave up their hope in Christ, and mourned as self- * Philips's Life of Whitefield. f Wliitefielii's Letters PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 143 deceivers and soul-murderers. "God blessed the word wou- derfully at Philadelphia. I have great reason to think many are brought home to God." "It is not to be expressed with what great crowds he was followed." The writer liked not his doctrine, "yet could not but admire to see what a command he hud of the attention and the affections of the audience. His delivery was warm and atfeotionate, and his gestures natural and the most beau- tiful imaginable."* Franklin attended his sermons, with an enormous multi- tude of all sects. " It was| matter of speculation to me to observe the extraordinary influence of his oratory on hia hearei-s, and how much they admired and respected him, notwithstanding his common abuse of them, by asserting that naturally they were half beast and half devil. From being thoughtless or indiflerent about religion, it seemed as if all the world were growing religious, so that one could not walk through the town of an evening without hearing psalms sung in diflerent families in every street. lie had a loud and clear voice, and articulated his words so per- fectly that he might be heard and understood at a great distance, especially as his auditories observed the most per- fect silence. I computed that he might well be heard by thirty thousand." "What were the sources of Whitefield's power? " Neither^ energ}', nor eloquence, nor histrionic talents, nor any artifices of style, nor the most genuine sincerity and self-devoted- ness, nor all these united, could have enabled him to mould the religious character of millions of his own and future generations. The secret lies deeper, though not very deep. It consisted in the nature of the theology he taught, — its per- fect simplicit}^ and universal application. Man is guilty, and may obtain forgiveness ; man is immortal, and must ripen here for endless weal or wo hereafter. Expanded into innu- merable forms, and diversified by infinite varieties of appli- cation, these two cardinal principles were ever in his heart and on his tongue. Let who would invoke poetry to embellish * New York newspapers of that date. j- Franklin's Autobiography, + Edinburgh Keyiew ; article, " Philips's WhitefielJ." 144 Webster's history of the the Christian system, or philosophy to explore its esoteric depths; from his lips it was delivered as an awful, urgent summons to repent, believe, and obey. In fine, he was thoroughly and continually in earnest, and, therefore, pos- sessed that tension of soul which admitted neither of lassi- tude or relaxation, few and familiar as were the topics to which he was confined. His was, therefore, precisely the state of mind in which alone eloquence, properly so called, can be engendered, and a moral and intellectual sovereignty won." What Whitefield saw in Philadelpliia satisfied him of the degeneracy of the ministry and the lack of piety in the churches. On slight evidence, he was convinced of the want of spirituality in preachers and hearers. Tennent's testimony was doubtless the foundation, or at least the strongly-predis- posing inducement, to take up at once so harsh and unwar- rantable a judgment. He fancied that " he saw not as mau seeth :" faith in his own insight into secrets of the heart was his besetting sin. The cargo being sold, he purchased a vessel, and sent his people by sea to Georgia, while he and Seward journeyed by land. His stay in Philadelphia was of less than a month's continuance ; yet the change was so great that there was reli- gious service every day for a year after, and three times on the Sabbath. No less than twenty-six associations for prayer were formed. Ten thousand assembled on Society Hill* to hear his last sermon. A thousand persons accompanied him out of Philadeljihia. The judges at Chester sent him word they would defer the court till after the sermon. The church being too small, the church minister erected a phit- form, and he preached to seven thousand. At Wilmington he preached twice to five thousand ; at Newcastle to two thousand five hundred; at Christiana Bridge to three thou- sand ; and on Sabbath, at White Clay, to eight thousand. Ou Monday he preached at North East. At Annapolis the governor treated him courteously, and * Where the Third Church now stands, in Pine Street; so called from the Ian- having been owned by the " Society of Free Traders." — Waison') AnnaU. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 145 attended: the church minister* was under convictions, wept twice, and begged his pi'ayers. "Meeting with no opposition, he was ready to cry out, Satan, why sleepest thou ?" He reached Williamsburg, Virginia, December 15 ; not having met with an almost Christian since leaving Delaware, till, at Captain Whiting's, he saw a planter striving to know the way of God more perfectly. The governor, and Mr. Blair, the commissary, were attentive and polite, and were among his hearers. At New Bern, Korth Carolina, there was " an uncommon influence" accompanying the word ; at Newton, on Cape Fear, lately settled from Scotland, his labours were not without eftect. ,He published a journal of what God had done in Maryland and Virginia. From Georgia he wrote ; and Franklin pub- lished two letters on Archbishop Tillotson's Right to be called a Christian, and asserting that Mohammed has a better title to the name. Soon followed his letter to the planters on the subject of their slaves, and expressing his belief that God had a quarrel with them for their unworthy usage of them. In the middle of April he arrived at Newcastle ; and, it being the Lord's day, he preached twice, and on Monday, at Wilmington, to three thousand, and went to Philadelphia. The bishop's commissar}^, following the example of Dr. Gar- den at Charleston, closed the churches against him. He preached in the open air and in the meeting-houses of the Baptists and the Presbyterians. On Tuesday eight thousand were present on Society Hill ; Wednesday he preached twice in the city ; Thursday at Abingdon and Society Hill ; Friday at White Marsh and Germantown ; on Saturday and Sabbath at Philadelphia; on Monday at Greenwich and Gloucester; on Tuesday in the city; Wednesday at Neshaminy; and on Thursday at Skippack, where the famous Mr. Spalemburg (Spangenburg?) had resided. Peter Boehler followed the ser- mon with an exhortation in German. The next day — rising at three, and riding fifty miles — he preached at Amwell to five thousand, " with the same power as usual." Gilbert Tennent, Wales, Rowland, and Campbell, " four godly ministers, met us here." Saturday and Sabbath * Whitefield's Letters. 10 146 Webster's history of the lie preached at I^ew Brunswick, seven thousand being "pre- sent. On Monday he preached at Woodbridge and Elizabeth- town, and remained in New York from Tuesdaj- till the Sab- bath. Since his former visit the society had increased from seventy to one hundred and seventy. " The word ran." On Monday ho preached on Staten Island. Going to ISTew York, he had tlie company of the Rev. Jonathan Arnold, a graduate of Yale, who had conformed, and was then the society's itinerant missionary. They discoursed on regenera- tion; and Arnold* hearing afterwards that Whitefield had represented him as knowing nothing of religion, he wrote to Whitefield's diocesan, the Bishop of Gloucester, nis lord- shipf replied, that he had for some time refused to see "VVTiitefield, or " answer his letters, though he was very obli2;ino'." Tuesday he preached at Freehold and Allentown ; "Wednes- day at Bristol; Thursday in Philadelphia, — "things go on better and better, only Satan begins to cast some into fits ;" Friday at the ancient Baptist chui'ch in Pennepek ; Saturday and Sabbath at Philadelphia ; Monday at Darby and Chester, — the people having been crossing the ferry as fast as two boats could carry them since three in the morning ; Tuesday, "Wilmington and White Clay ; Wednesday at Nottingham. Gilbert Tennent had preached there, on the 8th of March, his sermon on "An Unconverted Ministry." Cross, being denied the use of the meeting-house, had preached in the woods, amid amazing manifestations of distress. "Whitefield had not spoken long wlien he perceived numbers melting. " As I proceeded, the influence increased, till at last, both in the morning and the afternoon, thousands cried out so as almost to drown my voice. Oh, what strong cryings and tears were poured forth after the dear Lord Jesus ! Some fainted ; and, when they got a little strength, M-ould hear and faint again. Others cried out almost as if they were in the * He insisted — at the house of Mr. Smith, in New York, " after a plentiful sup- per of wild fowl" — on examining Whitefield on his experience. This involved him in a newspaper controversy with Mr Smith, which was reprinted in the Philadel- phia papers. f New York Gazette. rRESBTTKRIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. lAT sliarpost agonies of death. After I had finished my last dis- course, I was so overpowered with a sense of God's love that it almost took away my life." The next day he preached at Fagg's Manor. The revival had recently begun under Blair. "Look where I would, most were drowned in tears. The 'word was sharper than a two-edged sword.' Their bitter cries and tears were enough to pierce the hardest heart. Oh, what diiierent visages were then to be seen ! Some were struck as pale as death, — others lying on the ground, — others wringing their hands, — others sinking iuto the arms of their friends, — and most lifting up their eyes to heaven and crying out to God for mercy. I could think of nothing when I looked at them so much as the great day. They seemed like persons awak- eued by the last trump and coming out of their graves to judgment." Twelve thousand were present. The Rev. James Anderson, of Donegal, was present, and as soon as the service ended, "furiously pressed," says Blair, in his Reply to The Querists, "to the stand, to reason with "Whitefield con- cerning his mode of procedure. His request was denied." "Whitefield then proceeded to Reedy Island, in Delaware, and sailed for Charleston before the meeting of synod. He said, " The war between Michael and the dragon has much increased. Blessed be God, the devil's children begin to throw off the mask ! I want to draw the lingering battle on." " I could not help recommending these men* in the strong- est manner wherever I went, because I saw they gloried in the cross of Christ." The synod met May 28. The attendance of ministers and elders was very large. It was a critical time ; llfew Bruns- wick Presbytery having assumed ground wholly untenable on any scriptural principle and subversive of all Presb}i;erian government, — and, indeed, of all ecclesiastical and civil sub- ordination,— and having, in defiance, taken Finley on trial, licensed Robinson and McCrea, and ordained Rowland. The strangest excesses in outcries in worship, — the most violent denunciations of all who " followed not us," — the most fla- grant errors concerning the witness of the Spirit, imparting * Tennent, Cross, Blair, and Rowland. 148 WEBSTER'S HISTORY OP THE immediate knowledge of our acceptance with God, and of the hearts of others, and of our duty in every conceivable in- stance,— startled and shocked all who were not wholly carried away with them. All the intervals of synod were spent by the "New Side" in preaching: there were fourteen sermons during the week on Society Hill, besides several in the Bap- tist church. Davenport and Rowland were there. IS'one were sufiered to preach on the stand who were not of White- field's principles. Dickinson was excluded on this ground, he having attacked from the pulpit at ITewark the delusion concerning the witness of the Spirit. Yet Dickinson said, " The alteration* in the face of things is altogether amazing. Never did the people show so great a willingness to attend sermons, nor the preachers greater zeal and diligence. Re- ligion became the subject of most conversation: books of devotion were chiefly in demand : psalms and prayers were the entertainment which almost superseded all others." * Letter to Foxcroft, in Christian History. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 149 CHAPTER VI. PiERSON was cliosen moderator, and Treat, wlio had recently resumed his ministry, clerk. At the first morning session,* upon reading the last year's minutes, a paper was brought in and read, of proposals to accommodate the difference about the trials of candidates. A copy of it was given to each party. On proceeding to consider it on the afternoon of the next day, the protesting brethren declared their dissatisfaction with the plan. This was pro- bably the plan of Dickinson, and it was in the largest sense courteous and conciliating. The majority, though denounced as enemies of the revival, being of a tar different temper, sought to heal the church's wounds, and agreed to submit a statement of the matter, drawn by mutual consent, either to the highest church courts in Scotland or Ii'eland, or to the associated divines of London or Boston, and obtain their judgment or advice. The protesters refused to concur, be- cause it would be difficult to frame a representation which both parties could adopt ; because they did not need the ad- vice of any body of men, seeing the Lord smiled on their course ; and because most of those whose judgment was de- sired were incompetent, as they averred, to give advice of any value ; being dead formalists, with religion decaying under their ministrations. The synod, still desiring that this unhappy difference might be accommodated, recommend that each brother consider some farther expedient, and, if possible, bring it in at the next sederunt. An overture with this intent was oflered next * Preface and Appendix to Protestation. Gilbert Tennent's Remarks on the Protestation. Examination and Refutation of Mr. G. Tennent's Remarks on the Protestation, and on it's preface and appendix. By some members of the synod, per order. Quoted largely by Dr. Hodge. loO Webster's history of the nioruing, but was rejected by the minority, the stumbling block being, \Yhetber the synod is the proper judge of the qualifications of its members, or whether each presbytery may force upon it whom they please. The uncomfortable debate was resumed, and was ended by a vote to continue the rule for the present. The protest was renewed, John Cross and Alexander Creaghead joining in it, and the following elders : — Robert Gumming, of Free- hold, James Cochran, of Fagg's Manor, Richard Walker, of JS'eshaminy, Daniel Henderson, of Forks of Brandywine, John Henry, of Lamington, William Emmitt, of White Clay, James Miller, James McCoy, Robert Matthews, Joseph Steel, and Hugh Lyon or Lynn. Gillespie and Hutcheson desired their dissent to be entered. The next morning, an overture explanatory of the acts con- cerning intrusions and candidates was oflered. It contem- plated a declaration that the synod do heartily rejoice in the labours of the ministry in other places besides their own par- ticular charge, and, as a proof of this, repeal the act on intru- sions. It went so far as to propose that those who are licensed and ordained in violation of the act shall be resfarded as gospel ministers, although we cannot admit them to be mem- bers of synod until they submit to our rule ; because we think that rule needful to be insisted on, for the well-being of this part of Christ's church. This act was not adopted, although Dr. Hodge says, (vol. i. 253,) " they passed the explanatory de- claration," and, (p. 248) "because the act was misinterpreted, they agreed to repeal it," and (vol. ii. 142) a general anxiety was felt to have the difiiculty arranged, and the act was re- pealed. This mistake grew out of the insertion of the paper on the records, it being a thing rarely done in the case of a rejected minute. Mr. Tracy* adds, "A minute was adopted acknowledging a work of grace in the land, and giving thanks for it." An inspection of the printed record shows this to be an error. On the introduction of this explanatory overture, two expe- dients for peace were oflered, and, after some consideration, they were deferred till the afternoon. One of them was from * Great Awakening. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 151 a member of ]N"ew Brunswick Presbytery, suggesting, tbat 8}niodical committees of two ministers attend each presbytery when engaged in examining candidates, and should accuse the presbytery to the synod if they saw cause. But, when asked if they would defer the trials on the committee's objecting and refer the matter to the synod, the protesters frankly replied they would not. Gillespie prepared the other. A fiiir copy of the trials of each candidate should be produced by the presbytery when they were to be admitted to membership in the sj^nod. Dick- inson asked, Would the protesters, if the synod saw or thought they saw insufficiency in the reported trials, submit the candi- date to the synod for examination or censure ? Gilbert Ten- nent said they might censure the presbytery, but that the can- didates should not be produced to the synod, however de- fective they might judge the trials to be. It being evident that nothing but submission to their will would satisfy him and his adherents, the synod passed to other business, no vote being asked for on these well-meant expedients. The majority made great concessions, j^et were stigmatized as stiff, pert, and arrogant, because they did not saci'ifice their own convictions, and abandon what they con- ceived to be necessary defences. Tennent insisted that each presbytery should be a sovereignty, with a private mint to put the guinea-stamp on pieces of such weight and such alloy as it chose, and to circulate them through the domi- nions of the synod currently, and as of equal value with the standard coin. The synod was disrobed of all its dignity, and each presbytery was at liberty to disregard and annul its decrees. The further consideration of the explanatory overture was deferred. What action might have been taken on it, or what good might have resuhed from its adoption, was lost sight of in the amazement, sorrow, and indignation caused by an unprecedented measure of Gilbert Tennent and Samuel Blair. Tennent asked for an interloquitur, — a secret session, in- formal, and from which it is believed even the elders were excluded. The design of it was to prepare business and to understand each other's views, before introducing afiairs of 152 Webster's history of the moment on the floor of synod. It being the closing after- noon session, the synod declined to go into an interloquitur, and directed Tennent to proceed with whatever he had to ofler. The house was full. The great multitude which had been attending on the preaching of Tennent, Blair, Rowland, Cross, Creaghead, and Davenport twice a day for a week, came up with highly-excited feelings. They were fully pre- pared to sanction Tenuent's course, and to go far beyond. Tennent then read a paper, and Samuel Elair followed Avith a like representation of their view of the state of the ministry. There was no concert between them. Each, unknown to the other, had drawn a most appalling picture ;* and we wonder why they did not conclude by declaring that they could not sit in synodical union with men whom they believed, and told to their faces, even weeping, that they were enemies of the cross of Christ. 'No attempt was made to interrupt them ; but, when the reading was finished, they were earnestly entreated to spare no man in the synod whom they could prove unsound in doctrine or immoral in practice; to take Christ's method, and not condemn the innocent with the guilty. They then ofiered to prove the matters of charge against particular members, if the s3mod required it. The majoi'ity declined to institute process on Tennent'e and Blair's statements, and urged that they should proceed in a regular way by tabling charges against particular persons. Both Blair and Tennent admitted they had never spoken with the persons they aimed at, or made any regular inquiry into the truth of the reports they had credited. With amazing moderation, the following minute was adopted: — "Mr. Blair and Mr. Gilbert Tennent representing many defects in our ministry that are matters of greatest lamenta- tion if chargeable on our members: the synod do, therefore, solemnl)'^ admonish all the ministers in our bounds seriously to consider the weight of their charge, and, as they will answer it at the great day of Christ, to take care to approve them- selves to God in the instances complained of And the pres- * Neither of these papers have I seen. They are quoted by Dr. Hodge at much length. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 153 byteries are recommended to take care of their members in these particulars." Having readily granted the request of Newtown and Tini- cum to be placed under the care of New Brunswick Presby- tery, they adjourned till the next year. The minute is scarcely such as would have been expected from a body in which the immense majority was stigmatized as bitter enemies to heart-religion. Yet there were no less than seventeen ministers who were so styled, six who scarcely escaped the like reproach, and, at the most, eight ministers only who could listen with patience to the unwar- rantable language of Tennent and Blair. The elders were more equally divided ; thirteen being with the majority and eleven with the protestei's. "WTiy they were not rebuked or suspended for their repre- sentations, is difficult to conceive. The New Haven Association deposed the Eev. Timothy Allen, for saying, that the reading of the Scriptures could no more convert a sinner than the read- ing of an old almanac. Yale College denied Braiuerd his degree, for having asserted, that the chair on which he leaned was as pious as his tutor ; and expelled the Rev. John Cleve- land, of Chebacco, and his brother, because they had wor- shipped with the Separate Church, of which their parents were members. The rector justified this last measure in the newspapers. They were expelled for being followers of the Paiues, — two lay exhorters, whose corrupt principles and per- nicious practices are set forth in the declaration of the minis- ters of Windham county. The moderation in the case only secured for the majority the unenviable reputation of being "close hypocrites, dumb dogs," who would not bark when beaten. It is only to be accounted for on the supposition of wisdom, piety, meekness, and forbearance on their part, to- gether with great tenderness toward honoured but misguided brethren, and an unwillingness even to seem to oppose good men, zealously labouring and with remarkable success. They submitted to the rebuke of the righteous, as though it were a refreshing anointing rather than a deadly blow. It is a spectacle worthy to be contemplated. The members against whom Tennent and Blair testified were respectable for their number, age, long-tried fidelity, and admitted ability. It is 154 Webster's history of the common to suppose that Dickinson and his co-presbyters en- joyed the high esteem of Tennent at the time : yet he would not suffer him to preach on Society Hill, because he was not of Whitefield's principles. One of the oldest and most distant members, Hugh Conn, was present, after an absence of eight years. Anderson and Houston were there for the last time, their earthly career being finished before the next synod. Who of the majority merited these castigations ? It is true we have the testimony of the friends of the revival against them ; but we have other testimony in their favour and quite as unexceptionable. Robert Cross is charged with having preached little of an experimental or awakening character in Philadelphia ; yet he left behind him at Jamaica* a precious memory of his faithfulness. Happily, Tennent lived long enough to lament the breach of that day, and to testify in favour of the men whom he had trodden down as mire in the streets. Tradition has sadly confused matters, and given all the credit for zeal and warm piety to the Kew Englanders and South Britons ; but in the pamphlets of that day not a syllable to that effect is breathed. Neither the 'New England divines of that generation nor their people experienced such lenity or favour from Whitefield or his votaries. The synod adjourned without a rupture ; but in what sense were the two parties united in one body ? The protesters had no fixith in the piety of the opposite side, and no respect for their judgment. The New Brunswick Presbytery renounced the jurisdiction of the synod, when it was not satisfi'ed with its decisions. The old side must have gone to shameful lengths in recrimination, if they returned the tithe, in kind, of the reproachful, unchristian attacks of the Nottingham sermon. They parted, but not to lay down their weapons. The Nottingham sermon issued from the press at Boston and Phila- delphia, and the representations of Blair and Tennent M-ere both published. Tennent also proceeded to evangelize in "West Jersey, Pennsylvania, and ^Marj-land. The commission met on the adjournment of the synod, and referred to the next synod the application of " a party in * Macdonald's History of Jamaica. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 155 Nottingham" to be dismissed from Donegal Presbytery. New Bi'uuswick Presbytery soon after licensed Samuel Finley ; and he went to supply "the party" who set forward the building of a meeting-house at the Rising Sun, separated from the Old Church only by the highway. "Wliile at Charleston, Whitefield was written to by Dr. Colman and Mr. Cooper, in the name of the associated minis- ters, to come to Boston. The letters of the Rev. Josiah Smith to Colman, in favour of "Whitefield, had been fully confirmed by Pembex'ton, of New York. There was a general anxiety through New England to hear him, and the Boston ministers took the lead in pressing him to come. He sailed for Rhode Island ; and while there he received a letter from Jonathan Barber,* one of the "young ministers on Long Island, who had great communications from God." In it, he used to Whitefield, the language of the centurion to the Saviour : — " I thought myself not worthy to come unto thee." This pleased Whitefield; and he published it, with the fact that Barber had waited a fortnight for him under an assurance of seeing him, from having these words impressed upon him : — " Is not Aaron thy brother ? I know that he can speak well. Behold, he cometh forth to meet thee ; and when he seeth thee, he will be glad in his heart." Like the eagle, he furnished many a feather besides this, to wing arrows against himself and against the cause of Christ. This interview decided him to place Barber at the head of the Orphan-house in Georgia, — a step which prejudiced many against him; for Barber was generally considered a kind of Quaker, guided by his own whimseys and impressions as implicitly as if they were the word of God. Yet he was doubtless a worthy, good man, of great excellence and piety, being beloved and ho- noured by Buel and the best men of his time. The exagge- rations of Chauncy and like spirits are too commonly relied on, to the great injury of a devoted servant of Jesus. The chafl" has been carefully garnered by the accusers of the breth- ren, and no record has been made below the skies, of the hundredfold of good seed, brought forth by the word in his heart, and long ago stored away by the Lord of the harvest. * Whitefield's Journals. 156 WEBSTER'S HISTORY OF THE Colman wrote down his first impressions of Whitefield. Happily, the notes remain. The opinion of such a man is truly valuable. "His holy fervour of devotion in prayer and of address to the souls of his hearers in preaching was such as we had never before seen or heard. My esteem for him was sincere and great." Governor Belcher showed him every honour, and besought him, with tears, not to spare ministers or magistrates, but to rebuke openly their degeneracy. The language of such a man must have inflated any minister of twenty-seven years of age to an amazing degree. Whitefield's previous conduct afibrded melancholy proof that he needed a wise- reprover. Edwards, at Northampton, ventured, as Watts had done at the outset, on this necessary but unwelcome duty. He cautioned him against pronouncing persons to be un- converted, and against giving way to every motion of his soul as if of divine origin. The impression left on Edwards was that Whitefield was not altogether pleased with the counsel; but he seems to have adopted it. At Boston, the Bishop of London's commissary and hia clero-y were civil, when he called. One of them began with him'' for calling "that Tennent" and his brethren faithful ministers of Christ. They questioned the validity of Presby- terian ordination, and quoted Whitefield's words against him- self and said that when AVesley was there, he was strenuous for the church and against all other forms of government. The discussion ran on, showing that they had no favour for the doctrines he preached. He left them without asking for their pulpits. , , The meeting-houses were open to him all along the road he travelled. At New Haven, he preached before the governor and the legislature, and in the college. At table, he expressed himself so as to leave an impression on Mr. Clap, the Rector of Yale, that he had concerted with Edwards to bring gra- cious youth from Great Britain, to be ordained by New Brunswick Presbytery, and to supersede the unconverted parish ministers of New England,-an impression, however, unfounded, and fitted to rally and marshal a legion against the supposed projectors. • . -»c-if i Cot Unusual success attended his preaching at Milford, Strat- PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 157 ford, Fail-field, Norwalk, and Stamford ; and, at the last place, he was visited by several ministers under deep concern. He preached at Eye, being kindly entertained by the Episcopal minister, and at Kingsbridge, and, on the 30th of October, reached New York, Davenport was there. He had lately, in two months, seen twenty instances of conversion among his people. Barber was there, and his marriage was accomplished by Pemberton, and followed by Wliitefield with a prayer, Whitefield preached, and Pemberton never before had seen the word fall with such power. At night there was a great dis- play of divine power. He spoke with authority ; some fainted, "others favouring," shrinking, crying, weeping, on all sides. He preached three days. He was shown two volumes of ser- mons, bearing his name, and lately published in London: he had never before seen one of them. On seeing the production called "The Querists," he remarked, "I have long expected close opposition : I believe it will increase daily." The title of this pamphlet explains its origin: — "The Que- rists ; or, an Extract of sundry passages taken out of Mr, White- field's Sermons, Journals, and Letters, together with some scruples proposed in proper queries raised on each remark ; pre- sented to Newcastle Presbytery at White Clay Creek, September 9, 1740, by sundry members of the Presbyterian persuasion," " The presbytery, having maturely considered them, resolved that, Mr. Whitefield being expected soon to come again into these parts, and as he best understands his own intentions in these expressions, we leave it to the people to print and him to answer them." From this decision Samuel Blair and Charles Tennent, with his elder, William McCrea, and Hutcheson's elder, John Bravade, (or Brevard,) dissented. Newcastle Presbytery was small, and nearly equally divided into three parts : Thomas Evans, Alison, and Cathcart being on the old side, Blair and Charles Tennent on the new ; Gil- lespie and Hutcheson, the senior members, being dissatisfied with both. Conn and Orme were so far oft' that they rarely attended presbytery, and of course were not of any weight in this eventful time. At this meeting Gilbert Tennent was pi-esent, being on a preaching tour. His representation and Blair's were called 158 Webster's history of the up, as the synod ordered. They, and Charles Tennent also, were most earnestly pressed by the presbytery to spare none of them, but to table charges if they could lay to their charge any thing unbecoming their office as Christ's ambassadors. Gillespie openly entreated them for God's sake to do so. Gil- bert Tennent replied that the proposal was matter of surprise to him ; that he had no thought of such a thing till it was mentioned in the face of the judicatory ; that his meeting with them was wholly accidental ; and that for him to enter on a judicial process was inconsistent with his design of itinerant preaching and the appointments already made. They then asked him to leave the matter with them in writing, and that they would take it in any way. How Blair answered is not mentioned. Charles Tennent* was subsequently called to answer for defending some of "Whitefield's expressions, Whitefield having himself retracted them. " The Querists" was soon published. Its bitterness was much complained of; but its bitterness consisted in doing what Ers- kiue had done in private letters to Whitefield, and what "Watts and Edwards had done in conference ; pointing out his errors and his inconsistencies with himself no less than with the Scriptures. The style is courteous, and the pamphlet is calm, judicious, searching, and fair. "VVhitefield wrote a reply on reading it; he thanked them for the opportunity of confessing his faults, acknowledged all they had said, and pointed out what they had overlooked. He had made the like acknow- ledgment to Erskine. His friends said, " The excellent meek- ness of his answer to The Querists will honour him much." Whitefield suspected it was the work of a minister, and many attributed it to Thomas Evans, of Pencader. He said, "K this be the work of the ministers put forth in the name of the people, they have not acted simply with me." He absolutely denied the doctrine of Universal Redemption, which they sup- posed him to hold. '.[ He persuaded Gilbert Tennent to go to Boston, to water what he had sown ; and, with the concurrence of the neighbour- ing ministers, he consented to go and "blow up the divine * Philadelphia papers of that date contaiu his explanatiou of his conduct. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 159 fire lately kindled there, although his cold coustitutiou of body poorly fitted him to endure the northern gusts." Whitefield was accompanied to Philadelphia by Davenport, and spent a Aveek there preaching in the Great House, which lie opened, though the roof was not on ; and he preached in it every day. "God has revived his own work in Philadelphia. His glory tilled the Great House." Being excluded from the Episcopal pulpits, and enormous multitudes* flocking to hear him, it was proposed to build a house. Sufficient money was at once procured to buy ground and build a house one hun- dred feet long by seventy broad. It was carried up with spirit, and was soon ready for use. " The aftairs belonging thereto are, I believe, well settled." The trustees were to be taken in equal numbers from each denomination, and the house to be open for any preacher of any religious persuasion, even a mis- sionary to propagate Mohammedanism. On the 15th of November, he preached in Cross's meeting- house, because of the snow. "The word was attended with a sweet and wonderful power." Xow he began to realize the truth of Edwards's remarks; and he declared that the openly exposing of our opinion of ministers as unconverted, was a lording over the brethren, and not to be tolerated. " Oh, pray for me," he wrote to Gilbert Tennent, "that I may not by any means grieve the children of God." On the 17th he preached at Gloucester, — "an afifecting melt- ing,"— and at Greenwich "to a few without power;" on the 18th, at Pilesgrove, to two thousand. ISTone were afiected. On the 19th he preached twice at Cohanzy, (Fairfield,) to some thousands. Gilbert Tennent had been there not long before. The whole congregation was moved, and two cried out. " The Spirit of the Lord moved over the whole face of the congre- gation." On the 20th he preached at Salem, to two thousand — a precious time. He crossed the bay and preached at New- castle : few were afiected, and some scofl'ed. Here Anderson desired a conference with him ; but Whitefield, who had turned fi'om him at Fagg's Manor, declined, and, identifying him with "The Querists," said, "You have made your remarks on me public : I can have no private discourse on the matter." The * Franklin's Memoirs. 160 Webster's history of the next day, at Wliite Clay Creek, he found thousands waiting to hear the word. Several of Anderson's associates were present. The people were greatly moved ; some cried out. On Saturday, the 22d, he preached at Fagg's Manor, to many thousands; there was a wonderful powerful moving of hearts, but not so great as at his first visit. He spent the Sabbath at Nottingham. There was a great concourse, and the blessing descended like the dew. The next da}-, November 24, at Bohemia, Maryland, Hutcheson's charge, he preached to thousands, and had not seen "a more solid melting since his ai'rival." He then went to Reedy Island to embark, and, the sloop being detained by contrary winds for a week, he preached frequently. The captains" and crews of the wind-bound vessels attended ; crowds came from the country, and some from Phila- delphia, and there was a general and deep concern. He sailed for Charleston the seventy-fifth day after he landed at Rhode Island, having preached one hundred and seventy-five times, exhorted frequently in private, collected, in money, goods, and provisions, ^700 for the Orphan-house, never hav- ing journeyed with so little fatigue or seen such a continuance of the divine presence with those to whom he preached. Donegal Presbytery was the field of the sorest conflict. Other presbyteries were on the circumference of the tornado, but it lay in the centre, and was devastated by its maddest whirlings and its mightiest uprootings. The senior ministers were Thomson, of Chestnut Level, Boj'd, of Octorara, and Bertram, of DeiTy; next in age was Alexander Creaghead, of Middle Octorara, a standard-bearer in the warfare ; and with him was associated in opposition to the rest of the body David Alex- ander, of Pequea, They two declined attendance on the stated meetings, because candidates were licensed and ordained after supei-ficial examination, and while giving no evidence of not being enemies to heart-religion. The five to whom they openly objected were Black, of Brandy wine Manor, Elder, of Paxton, Zanch}-, of Hanover, Samuel Thomson, of Pennsboro', and Cavin, of Conococheague. They two countenanced the itinerations of Finley and the separation at Nottingham, and were themselves complained of for seeking to promote divi- sions : Creaghead at New London and Alexander at Brandy- PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IX AMERICA. 161 vrino Manor. Tliomson complained of Blair for intruding into his charge at Chestnut Level, to foment alienation of feeling. Besides, Creaghead was charged with making adherence to the Solemn Leaijue and Covenant a term of admission to church privileges ; while the sin of drunkenness lay at Alex- ander's door. The presbyter}-* came to Middle Octorara to take up the complaints against the minister; they found liim in the pulpit preaching against "blind leaders of the blind." On conclud- inar. he invited the larsre consrregation to meet at the tent and hear his defence. The presbytery being about to proceed to business, the people rose in a tumult, railing on them; and they adjourned to another place. Creaghcad's defence was read from the tent by Alexander and Fiuley, and the next day, the presbytery were forced to hear it read from the pulpit. For this contumacy, he having renounced their authority in the first instance, he was suspended. The press was used by both parties. The Querists replied to Whitefield, showing how many things still needed explanation in his language and conduct. To this Samuel Blair replied with unsparing and inexcusable severity, imputing the most unworthy motives to the ministers, whom he regarded as its authors and patrons. "It is no sin to exclaim against dry, sapless, unconverted ministers, for such surely are the bane of the church." "That is," said The Querists, "it is no sin to defame a man after you have given him a bad name." "The Querists Xo. III." was composed of notes on Tennent's Not- tingham Sermon. In January, 1741, Fiuley preached a sermon on Matthew xii. 27, 28 : — " If I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom then do your sons cast thera out?" It was published with the title, Christ Reigxing and Satan Raging, — severe, bitter, unjust, and mischievous. He also printed a Letter to a Friend, in which he speaks of "the set of priests;" "pride and interest have hindered the general of ecclesiastics from embrac- ing Christ." " Christ kept aloof and damned them for their rotten performances, fastings, prayers, and alms." "Oh, the babbling ignorant priests that would seem such friends to holi- ness!" "Are not these the devil's advocates? whose spirit * MS. Records of Donegal Presbytery ; cited by Dr. Hodge. 11 162 Webster's history of the came from them?" "Diabolical reasoncrs, be they ministers or people. 0 ministers of Satan, enemies of all righteousness who like Elj'mas ."* These specimens mournfully illus- trate the state of things at that day. and explain the necessity for hesitating before we cast out, as vile, every man who joined in the outcry against Finley and the older ones from whom he learned such language. He used the same unmeasured and inexcusable invective in his answer to Thomson's able, scriptural, dignified sermon on Conviction and Assurance. "The Clear Light put out in Ob- scure Darkness," is the title of this performance; and Thom- son's doctrine is condemned as Moravian, Muggletonian, and detestable. Tennent made his tour through New England in the severe winter of 1741, Long Island Sound being frozen over; and, while Whitefield had been scrupulously exact, neat, and hand- some in his apparel, Tennent laid aside powder, discarded wigs, and wore a large greatcoat girt with a leathern girdle, as if the new era in religion was to date from the new style in clothes. lie appears to have avoided denunciation and extra- vagance, and to have preached with great clearness, solemnity, and power, the glorious distinguishing doctrines of the gospel. He was received with great respect and cordial welcome, and was signally honoured of God in winning souls. f In May, 1741, Donegal Presbytery met at Pequea to hear the complaints against Alexander; he took the pulpit and pre- vented the moderator from preaching. They cleared him of the charge of drunkenness ; but his excess in drink at a funeral, his reproaches of his presbytery, and his refusal to submit to the constituted authorities of the church, could not be over- looked. He was disowned till he manifested repentance. At the same time, "the dreadful scandals" of Cross, of * Library of Harvard University. " Mr. Whitefield is very sure of God's eternal love, and is not afraid he shall ever be ashamed of his hope. . . . Now, I would be glad to lenrn of these diabolical reasoners, (the Querists,) be they ministers or people, if it be the devil's custom to set the world in an uproar about their souls ?" f A letter from Portsmouth, New Hampshire, published in the Tennsylvania Gazette, says, " That heavenly man preached six sermons there, and spoke as I never heard man speak before. While dwelling on the grace of Christ towards the guilty, there were such outcries and weepings you could scarcely distinguish one sound from another." PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 163 Baskingridsre, came to light, and his absence from the meeting of Xew Brunswick Presbytery delayed his trial and condem- nation till after the synod. Divisions had already begun. William Tennent,* of Nesha- miny, had renounced the authority of Philadelphia Presbytery since the fall of 1T39. "Xew erections" of separate congrega- tions were nearly completed at Xottingham and Hopewell. To the Great House in Philadelphia, a large body had with; drawn from the Old Meeting-house, and all of these erections were supplied by the Xew-Side ministers and licentiates. The syrtod met on the 27th of May, 1741 ; the Old Side were exasperated by the misrepresentations and insults of the Pro- testers, and by their unwearied and successful schemes m alienating their people from them, and trembled with a godly jealousy lest the principles of the Xew Brunswick men (being like those of the Irish non-subscribers in the matter of church government) should bring in here, as there, contempt of the doctrines of grace and denial of the Supreme Deity of the Son of God. The Xew Side came flushed with success ; the shout of a king was in their camp; they had the favour of the people, as the men whom God had owned, and they had the favour of God, making them mighty to pull down the strong- holds of Satan. They did not me'et as brethren. Each was strongly prepos- sessed against the other, and the actions of each served to irri- tate and embitter the feelings alreadj- excited and wounded. They were blinded to each other's excellencies, and amazingly acute in discerning the dimensions of the mote in their bro- ther's eye. The strange incongruity was seen, of the smallest and the youngest presbytery refusing to be bound by any law of the synod which displeased them; and having three licentiates and one minister on their list, whom the synod could not accept without laying aside its authority, and sinking itself into a mere consultative body whose decisions were binding on none. The claim made by the non-subscribers in the Ulster Synod twenty years before, was renewed by the Protesters under a still more offensive form; for they admitted the synod's power to make rules, and the excellency of the rules, when the synod was com- * MS. Records of Philadelpkia Presbytery. 164 Webster's history of the posed of godly men ; and denied its power and the binding force of its enactments, only, when the church was crushed by a majority of 'blind guides, letter-learned Pharisees, and dead men. In effect, they asserted, "If we were the majority, it would be binding on you to obey the rules; but, seeing you sightless and Christless ones arc in the majority, the I'ules are null, and, like yourselves, fit only to be despised." No human skill could throw a bridc-e across the friirhtful gulf yawning between them, that they might meet half-way or stand on debatable ground. There can be no union where, in the eyes of a handful, the majority of their brethren are as grasshoppers. "What, then, was the great point of difierence? Ou neither side was there ignorance or hatred of the doctrines of grace, or the habit, or the wish, of sinking them unobserved into in- significance. Nor was there disbelief or dislike of the doc- trine of Regeneration, or its author, necessity, or nature ; nor yet as to the evidences of it, but only as to the convictions preceding the change from death to life, and the immediate inward witness of the saving change ; and even the difierence on these points, when divested of exaggerations and cleared of confusion of terms, was so small as to be indiscernible. There was no difference as to the mode of church government, or subscription to the Westminster standards, 'or the necessity of a learned ministry, much less of the higher necessity of piety in ministers and people. Nor yet as to the outcries, faintings, laughter, and other unusual accompaniments: both abhorred the thought that they were marks of saving operations of the Spirit; the one derided them as degrading public worship and substituting bodily exercise for reverent hearing of the truth ; the others contended that they were not necessarily contempt- ible or abominable as the effects of terror, or overwrought sensibilit}', or Satanic agency. In New England, the case was widely different. There Ar- minianisra was secretly working and widely diffused. Its effect was seen in the lethargic preaching, and the dead formal- ism, strangely joined with bitter denunciation, and tireless manoeuvres to put down every one who acknowledged another king besides Ciesar. In Connecticut, the legislative power was invoked, and the law giving liberty to sober dissenters from the PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 166 standing order to form themselves into congregations, was repealed. A minister of the colony, preaching in a parish with- out the consent of the pastor, though it were in a Baptist meeting-house hy the request of the Baptist preacher and his people, was deprived of his salary for a year. Ministers not of the colony, committing the like olience, were to be taken up as vagrants and carried from constable to constable, till they touched the soil of the nearest province. In the Bay, as well as in Connecticut, the associations issued warnings, testimonies, and declarations against the promoters of the Revival, and laid hold on every available opportunity to unsettle them from their pastoral charges, or to hedge up their admission to settle- ment in any vacancy. But the Old Side had no willing legis- lature to frame laws for their advantage ; they issued no testi- mony against Whitefield or an}- man ; no pious man was un- settled for his adherence to the Protesters; no hiuderance was oifered to congregations asking a change of jurisdiction. The measure of courtesy towards the Protesters, and especially the excellent meekness of their submission to the high-handed assaults on their personal and ministerial character by Blair and Tennent, greatly honours them. There were present twenty-six ministers and eighteen elders. Andrews was chosen moderator, and Boyd clerk. The whole of New York Presbyteiy were absent, probably by design, being apprized that a crisis was at hand, and being unable to act with either side, or compose the difterence be- tween them. There had been, doubtless, much concert on the part of the majority. They had fully mustered their forces. The right of some to sit as members in synod was the first branch of busi- ness; and Creaghead, having declined the jurisdiction of his presb^'tery and having been suspended, his case was taken up. He presented a paper, which was read; and the next day was consumed in considering a paper of charges made by his people against John Thomson, and a second paper oftered by Creaghead. The charges were handed to Thomson to peruse, and his presbytery was ordered to judge in that affaii speedily. The afternoon of Friday, the 29th, and the morning of Sar turday, were devoted to hearing the answer of Donegal Presby 166 Webster's history or the tery .to Creaghead's paper, and to discoursing on it. They adjourned at noon, till three on Monday. The Sabbath was a busy day. Gilbert Teunent preached five times, beginning at six in the morning, and baptized eight adults. On Monday, June 1, after the reading of the minutes, the following protestation was brought in by Robert Cross, and read : — Reverend Fathers and Brethren : — "We, the ministers of Jesus Christ, and members of the Synod of Philadelphia, being wounded and grieved at our very hearts, at the dreadful divisions, distractions, and convulsions which all of a sudden have seized this infant church to such a degree, that unless He, who is King in Zion, do graciously and seasonably intei-pose for our relief, she is in no small danger of expiring outright, and that quickly, as to the form, order, and constitution of an organized church, which hath subsisted for above these thirty yeai's past, in a very great degree of comely order and sweet harmony, until of late. We say, we being deeply afflicted with these things which lie heavy on our spirits, and being sensible that it is our indispensable duty to do what lies in our power, in a lawful Avay, according to the light and direction of the inspired oracles, to preserve this swooning church from a total expiration : and after the delibe- rate and unprejudiced inquiry into the causes of these confu- sions which rage so among us, both ministers and people, we evidently seeing, and being fully persuaded in our judgments, that, besides our misimprovement of, and unfruitfulness under, gospel light, liberty, and privileges, that great decay of practi- cal godliness in the life and power of it, and many abounding immoralities: we say, besides these, our sins, which we judge to be the meritorious cause of our present doleful distractions, the awful judgment we at present groan under, we evidently see that our protesting brethren and their adherents were the direct and proper cause thereof, by their unwearied, unscrip- tural, antipresbjterial, uncharitable, divisive practices, which they have been pursuing, with all the industry they were ca- pable of, with any probability of success, for above these twelve mouths past especially, besides too much of the like PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 16"? practices for some years before, though uot with such bare- faced arrogance and boldness. And being fully convinced, in our judgments, that it is our duty to bear testimony against these disorderly proceedings, according to our stations, capacity, and trust reposed iu us by our exalted Lord, as watchmen on the walls of his Zion, M-e having endeavoured sincerely to seek counsel and direction from God, who hath promised to give wisdom to those that ask him in taith, yea, hath promised his Holy Spirit to lead his people and servants into all truth, and being clearly con- vinced, in our consciences, that it is a duty called unto in this present juncture of affairs. Reverend fathere and brethren, we hereby humbly and solemnly protest, in the presence of the great and eternal God, and his elect angels, as well as in the presence of all here pre- sent, and particularly to you, reverend brethren, iu our own names, and in the names of all, both ministers and people, who shall adhere to us, as follows: — 1. We protest that it is the indispensable duty of this synod, to maintain and stand by the principles of doctrine, worship, and government of the Church of Christ, as the same are summed up in the Confession of Faith, Catechisms, and Direc- tory composed by the Westminster Assembly, as being agree- able to the word of God, and which this synod have owned, acknowledged, and adopted, as may appear by our synodical records of the yeai-s 1729, 1736, which we desire to be read publicly. 2. We protest that no person, minister or elder, should be allowed to sit and vote in this synod, who hath not received, adopted, or subscribed the said Confessions, Catechisms, and Directory, as our presbyteries respectively do, according to our last explication of the Adopting Act; or who is either accused or convicted, or may be convicted before this synod, or any of our presbyteries, of holding or maintaining au}- doctrine, or who act and persist in any practice, contrary to any of those doctrines, or rules contained in said Directory, or contrary to any of the known rights of presbytery, or orders made or agreed to by this synod, and which stand yet unrepealed, un- less or until he renounce such doctrine, and, being found guilty, acknowledge, confess, and profess his sorrow for such 168 Webster's history of the sinful disorder, to the satisfaction of this synod, or such infe- rior judicatory as the synod shall appoint or empower for that purpose. 3. We protest that all our protesting brethren have at pre- sent no right to sit and vote as members of this synod, having forfeited their right of being accounted members of it for Djany reasons, a few of which we shall mention afterwards. 4. We protest that, if, notwithstanding of this our protesta- tion, these brethren be allowed to sit and vote in this synod, without giving suitable satisfaction to the synod, and particu- larly to us, who now enter this protestation, and those who adhere to us in it, that Avhatsoever shall be done, voted, or transacted by them, contrary to our judgment, shall be of no force or obligation to us, being done and acted by a judicatory consisting in part of members who have no authority to act with ns in ecclesiastical matters. 6. We protest that, if, notwithstanding this our protestation, and contrary to the true intent and meaning of it, these pro- testing brethren, and such as adhere to them, or support and countenance them in their antipresbyterial practices, shall con- tinue to act as they have done this last year, in that case we, and as many as have clearness to -join with us, and maintain the rights of this judicatory, shall be accounted in no wise disorderly, but the true Presbyterian church in this province ; and they shall be looked upon as guilty of schism, and the breach of the rules of presbyterial government, which Christ has established in his church, which we are ready at all times to demonstrate to the world. Reverend and dear brethren, we beseech you to hear us with patience, while we lay before you, as briefly as we can, some of the reasons that move us thus to protest, and, more particularly, why we protest against our protesting brethren's being allowed to sit as members of this synod. 1. Their heterodox and anarchical principles expressed in their Apology, pages twenty-eight and thirty-nine, where they expressly deny that presbyteries have authority to oblige their dissenting members, and that synods should go any further, in judging of appeals or references, &e., than to give their best advice, which is plainly to divest the officers and judicatories of Christ's kingdom of all authority, (aud plainly contradicts PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 169 the thirty-first article of our Confession of Faith, section three, which these brethren pretend to adopt,) agreeable to whicli is the whole superstructure of arguments which they advance and maintain against not only our synodical acts, but also all authority- to make any acts or orders that shall bind their dis- senting members, throughout their whole Apology. 2. Their protesting against the synod's act in relation to the examination of candidates, together with their proceeding to license and ordain men to the ministry of the gospel, in oppo- sition to, and in contempt of, said act of synod. 3. Their making irregular irruptions upon the congregations to which they have no immediate relation, without order, concurrence, or allowance of the presbyteries or ministei*s to which congregations belong, therebv sowine the seeds of di- vision among people, and doing what they can to alienate and fill their minds with unjust prejudices against their lawfully- called pastors. 4. Their principles and practice of rash judging and con- demning all who do not fall in with their measures, both minis- ters and people, as carnal, graceless, and enemies to the work of God, and what not, as appears in Mr. Gilbert Tennent's sermon against unconverted ministers, and his and Mr. Blair's papers of May last, which were read in open synod; which rash judging has been the constant practice of our protesting brethren, and their irregular probationers, for above these twelve months past, in their disorderly itinerations and preach- ing through our congregations, by which (alas for it !) most of our congregations, through weakness and credulity, are so shattered and divided, and shaken in their principles, that few or none of us can say we enjo}- the comfort or have the suc- cess among our people, which otherwise we might, and which we enjoyed heretofore. 5. Their industriously persuading people to believe that the call of Gt)d, whereby he calls men to the ministry, does not consist in their being regularlv ordained and set apart to that work, according to the institution and rules of the word ; but in some invisible motions and workings of the Spirit, which none can be conscious or sensible of but the person himself, and with respect to which he is liable to be deceived, or play the hypocrite. That the gospel, preached in truth by uncou- 170 WEBSTER'S HISTORY OF THE verted ministers, can be of no saving benefit to souls; and their pointing out such ministers, whom they condemn as graceless by their rash judging spirit, they efiectually carry the point with the poor credulous people, who, in imitation of their example, and under their patrociny, judge their ministers to be graceless, and forsake their ministers as hurtful rather than profitable. 6. Their preaching the terrors of the law in such a manner and dialect as has no precedent in the word of God, but rather appears to be borrowed from a worse dialect ; and so indus- triously working on the passions and affections of weak minds, as to cause them to cry out in a hideous manner, and fall down in convulsion-like fits, to the marring of the profiting both of themselves and others, who are so taken up in seeing and hear- ing these odd symptoms, that they cannot attend to or hear what the preacher says; and then, after all, boasting of these things as the work of God, which we are persuaded do proceed from an inferior or worse cause. 7. Their, or some of them, preaching and maintaining that all true converts are as certain of their gracious state as a per- son can be of what he knows by his outward senses ; and are able to give a narrative of the time and manner of their con- version, or else they conclude them to be in a natural or grace- less state, and that a gracious person can judge of another's gracious state otherwise than by his profession and life. That people are under no sacred tie or relation to their own pastors lawfully called, but may leave them when they please, and ought to go where they think the}- get most good. For these and many other reasons, we protest, before the Eternal God, his holy angels, and you, reverend brethren, and before all here present, that these brethren have no right to be acknowledged as members of this judicatory of Christ, whose principles and practices are so diametrically opposite to our doctrine, and principles of government and order, which the great King of the Church hath laid down in his word How absurd and monstrous must that union be, where one part of the members own themselves obliged, in conscience, to the judicial determinations of the whole, founded on the word of God, or else relinquish membership; and another uart de- PRESBYTERIAN' CHURCH IN AMERICA. 171 clare, thoy are not obliged and will not submit, unless the de- termination be according to their minds, and consequently ■will submit to no rule, in making of which they are in the negative ! Again, how monstroush- absurd is it, that the}- should so much as desii-e to join with us, or we with them, as a judica- tory, made up of authoritative officers of Jesus Christ, while they openly condemn us wholesale; and, when they please, apply their condemnatory sentences to particular brethren by name, without judicial process, or proving them guilty of heresy or immorality, and at the same time will not hold Christian communion with them ! Again, how absurd is the union, while some of the mem- bers of the same body, which meet once a year, and join as a judicatory of Christ, do all the rest of the year what they can, openly and aboveboard, to persuade the people and flocks of their brethren and fellow-members to separate from their own pastors, as graceless hypocrites, and yet they do not separate from them themselves, but join with them once every year, as members of the same judicatory of Christ, and oftener, when presb\i:eries are mixed ! Is it not most unreasonable, stupid indolence in us, to join with such as are avowedly tearing us in pieces like beasts of prey? Again, is not the continuance of union with our protesting brethren very absurd, when it is so notorious that both their doctrine and practice are so directly contrary to the Adopting Act, whereb}- both they and we have adopted the Confession of Faith, Catechisms, and Directory composed by the Westmin- ster Assembly. Finallv, is not continuance of union absurd with those who would arrogate to themselves a right and power to palm and • obtrude members on our sjnod, contrary to the minds and judgment of the body ? In fine, a continued union, in our judgment, is most absurd and inconsistent, when it is so notorious that our doctrine and principles of church government, in many points, are not only diverse, but directly opposite. For how can two walk together, except the}-^ be agreed ? Reverend fathers and brethren, these are a part, and but a part, of our reasons why we protest as above, and which we 172 WEBSTER'S HISTORY OF THE have only hinted at, but have forborne to enlarge on them, as we might. The matter and substance of them are so well known to you all, and the whole world about us, that we judged this hint sufficient at present, to declare our serious and deliberate judgment in the matter; and, as we profess ourselves to be resolvedly against principles and practice of both anarchy and schism, so we hope that God, whom we desire to serve and obey, the Lord Jesus Christ, whose minis- ters we are, will both direct and enable us to conduct our- selves, in these trying times, so as our consciences shall not reproach us as long as we live. Let God arise, and let his enemies be scattered, and let them that hate him fly before him ; but let the righteous be glad, yea, let them exceedingly rejoice. And may the spirit of life and comfort revive and comfort this poor swooning and fainting church, quicken her to spiritual life, and restore her to the exercise of true charity, peace, and order. Although we can freely, and from the bottom of our hearts, justify the Divine proceedings against us, in suffering us to fall into these confusions for our sins, and particularly for the great decay of the life and power of godliness among all ranks, both ministers and people, yet we think it to be our present duty to bear testimony against these prevailing disorders, judging that to give way to the breaking down the hedge of discipline and government from about Christ's vineyard, is far from being the proper method of causing his tender plants to grow to grace and fruitful ness. As it is our duty in our station, without delay, to set about a reformation of the evils whereby we have provoked God against ourselves, so we judge the strict observation of his laws ■of government and order, and not the breaking of them, to be one necessary mean and method of this necessary and much- to-be-desired reformation. And we doubt not, but when our God sees us duly humbled and penitent for our sins, he will yet return to us in mercy, and cause us to flourish in spiritual life, love, unity, and order: though perhaps we may not live to see it, yet this testimony that we now bear may be of some good use to our children yet unborn, when God shall arise and have mercy of Zion. 31inisiers: — Robert Cross, John Thomson, Francis Alison, PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN AMERICA. 173 Robert Catbcart, Richard Zanehy, John Elder, John Crai\ 3(/.. and "proceeded to* such lengths that several of the principal inhabitants were harassed witli severe persecutions. heavy fines, and long imprisonment ; others fled out of the pro- vince, to avoid the rage of Episcopal cruelty." Their steadfiistness was stigmatized as obstinacy; and "they are encouragedf in it by their minister, a very designing man, who persuades them to what he will," The Venerable Society were gravely informed that the miller refused to grind Poyer's grain, saying he might eat it whole. as the hogs did; and the society, in consideration of his many hardships, sent him a gown, a cassock, and ten pounds. Before McNish came, the people had unanimously, at their own expense, built a meeting-house. In this he preached during his life. Governor Hunter sent to the clergy in the province, copies of the 72d article of the Queen's instructions, requiring the vestry of each parish to admit the minister as a member of their body, and to transact no business without his presence. In January, 1713, Poyer met with the vestry and produced the instructions. McXish was with them ; and they refused to do any business till Poyer re- tired. This was duly represented to the governor and the society. The Rev. Thomas Reynolds, of Loudon, J wrote to Cotton Mather, June 9, 1715, "I must now acquaint you that Mr. McXish has not been forgotten by me, who have endeavoured, upon all occasions, to solicit the concern of the foreign plantations, and have stirred up my brethren to counteract the designs of the missionaries. Endeavours have been used and much time spent for this purpose. The society proceeds, and is not without hopes of gaining bishops to be sent into his Majesty's plantations." He urges that an agent be sent over; "and that if Mr. McXish or any other can send any thing which may afford matter of fui-ther remonstrance to the society, we pray he will do it with all expe- dition, and with authentic testimonials." In the fall of 1718, there was "a prospect of his going to Britain on important business;" but he did not go. Pumry, of XewtoAvn, having joined the presbytery, and the con- gregation of Southampton having come under its care, it was, on the erection of the synod, earnestly recommended to McXish and Pumry to use their best endeavours, with their neighbouring brethren, to form a presbytery. In this they were successful ; and, with the Rev. George Phillips, of Setauket, they constituted the Presbytery of Long Island, and probably held theii* first meet- ing April 17, 1717, and ordained Gelston. There is a tradition that he had a grant of one thousand acres * ReT. Dr. Elihu Spenser: quoted by Macdonald. t Mr. Pojer to tlie Venerable Society. J Mather MSS. Am. Antiq. Soc. 21 322 JOHN HAMPTON. from the King on the Wallkill in Orange county. Eager mentions him among tlie hmd-owners in 1721. He died Maroli 10, 1722, leaving one son, who married* a daugh- ter of Joseph Smith, of Jamaica, and removed to New Jersey, where he was educated and licensed ; and whether ever ordained is not ascertained. He resided in Orange county, New York, and, in 1788, married Mary Fitch. He died at Wallkill, at the age of sixty-five, in 1779. His descendants remain there. Hef preached at Newtown, Long Island, between 1744 and '46. McNish gave reasons in 1710 for the absence of his elder. He was attended at synod in 1717, by John Rhodes, and in 1720 by Daniel Smith. JOHN HAMPTON. Whether he was a native of Scotland or Ireland is unknown. Lord Cornbury speaks of him as "a young Presbyterian minister lately come to settle in Maryland." He made application to Somer- set Court to be qualified, in Jan. 1706; the matter was referred to the governor, and he went northward with Makemie, and, having preached at Newtown on Sabbath in "a meeting-house offered to record," was arrested with Makemie and carried before Cornbury. He remained silent until the governor began to make out an order for his commitment, when he demanded a license to preach, accord- ing to the Toleration Act. Cornbury refused, and sent him to prison. He was not indicted, the attorney-general having dropped his name when the matter was laid before the grand jury. He was called to Snowhill in March, 1707, the salary to be paid in tobacco. He was "inaugurated" by McNish. He was long in feeble health, and visited his native country in 1717 for his recovery ; and the synod, in the following fall, accepted his demission of the pastoral care of his people, because he could not perform his duty to them "without apparent hazard of his life through bodily indisposition." He made his willj October 28, 1710, and died before February, 1721. His widow (probal)ly his second wife) survived him and her two previous husbands. Colonel Francis Jenkins and Rev. John Henry, and died in 1744. He also served Pitt's Creek ; and the united congregations were * Macdonald. f Rikcr's History of Newtown. J Spence. JOHN BOYD JOSEPH SMITH. 323 represented m 1709 by William Fossct ; in 1710, by Benjamin Aid- lett,* (Aydelotte;) in 1711, by Adnm Spence; in 1714, l)y Samuel Hopkins'; in 1715, by Nathaniel Hopkins; and in 1718, by Ed- mund Cropper. JOHN BOYD, A NATIVE of Scotland, came as a probationer, probably at the solicitation of his countr^^men, who, fleeing from persecution, settled in Monmouth between 1680 and '90. Wodrow is said to have cor- responded with the Scots in Jersey. He was ordained by the Presbytery of Philadelphia, December 29, 1706, at the public meeting-house, before a numerous assem- bly. He had no call, but laboured at Freehold and Middletown. The country around Upper Freehold was, at that time, a wilderness full of savages, t The people of Freehold wrote to the presbytery, about the settle- ment of Mr. Boyd, in May, 1708, and the presbytery requested them to consent to his preaching every third Sabbath at Wood- bridge. He died in 1708, and his tomb remains to this day, while Makemie and the other ministers, most of them, lie in unknown graves. JOSEPH SMITH. Ix Connecticut, the ancient barriers of Independency were swept away as by an ice-freshet. The legislature called synods to ad- judicate; but every step only led further from the rigid mode of separating the world from all participation in the government and * The Aydelotte family are still members of our church at Pitt's Creek. Adam Spence, one of the earliest settlers of Snowhill, came from Scotland during the persecution ; the late Irving Spence was his descendant, to whom we owe much, for his gathering many interesting materials of our early history. Nathaniel Hopkins stands at the head of the list of elders, indicating his rank in society. Edmund Cropper is mentioned as attending Newcastle Presbytery. f Morgan Edwards's History of New .Tersey. Colonel Morris says that Keith made the first settlement in Freehold; he preached scTcral times when a missionary at Toponemus, in Freehold. The congregation was probably represented by Joha Gray, in 1708. 324 JOSEPH SMITH. privileges of the church, and their children from the sacrament of baptism. A pacification was agreed on ; but tlie Lord's Supper was not celebrated for a long time in Hartford, and it was esteemed an oiFence that the aggrieved brethren sought a dismission to another church. It was grievous to tlie ruling powers that those who could not walk Avith the church of Hartford Avere treated as brethren in good standing by the church of Wethersfield. This led to the pur- chase of a large tract on the Connecticut, in Massachusetts, and to the unanimous engagement of the proprietors, in the spring of 1059, to remove thither with their families. Besides a larger number from Hartford, the minister of Wethersfield, Mr. Russell, with twelve heads of families, removed. Among them were Samuel Smith, and Philip his son, both men of good estate. Philip mar- ried Rebecca, daughter of Nathaniel Foote, one of the early' set- tlers of Wethersfield. " He* was largely employed in the affairs of the town, a lieutenant of the troop, and, Avhich crowns all, a man for devotion, sanctity, and all that was honourable, exceeding ex- emplary. Labouring under ischiatick pains, he seemed ripening apace for another world, filled with grace and joy to a high degree. Such was his weariness of, and his weanedness from this world, that he knew not whether he might pray for his continuance here. Such assurance had he of the love of God, that he would cry out, in raptures, 'Lord, stay thy hand; it is enough! it is more than thy frail servant can bear!' Such a man was, in the winter of tho year 1684, murdered, with a hideous witchcraft, that filled all those parts of New England with astonishment." Joseph, son of Philip Smith, was born at Hadley, in 1674, and graduated at Harvard, in 1095. About two years after, he married Esther, daughter of Cornet Joseph Parsons, one of the first settlers of Springfield. He preached for a time at Brookfield, Massachu- setts, and came early in 1708 to Cohanzy, in West Jersey, at the instance of his college classmate, Andrews, who said they were "the best people in this neighbourhood." The settlement on Cohanzy was made from Fairfield county, Connecticut, and they named their new homes Fairfield and Green- wich, after the towns from which they came. It is said the church was formed in 1700, and supplied by Mr. Black. The Rev. Thomas Bridge preached at Cohanzy in 1702 or '03, and was called from there to be colleague to Mr. Bradstrcet, in the First Church in Boston. He came to Boston in 1082, f with testimonials from John Owen, Matthew Mead, and six other divines ; he soon after settled at Port Royal, in Jamaica, and then in New Providence and Ber- muda. He died in Boston, September 16, 1715, aged fifty-eight. * Quoted from Mather's Magnalia, in the genealogy of the Foote family, by my honoured and indefatigable friend, N. Goodwin, Esq., of Hartford. f MSS. in Massachusetts Historical Society : Funeral Sermon of Mr. Bridge. JOHN HENRY. 825 Smith wjvs ordained and installed at Cohanzy in 1708 ; but, com- plaining of the nefrligcnce in niakinor up his support, he left, and returned to New England. The presbytery ordered him to go to Hopewell and Maidenhead and confer with them on such matters as may be propounded to him by them, concerning his being called to be their minister. lie preached for a short time at Greenwich, Connecticut, and about 1713 was called to the Second Society, in Middletown, Con- necticut, (commonly known as Upper Houses,) then newly formed ; and was installed January 5, 1715, and died there September 8, 1786, aged sixty-two. His widow survived him twenty-five years, and died May 30, 1760, in her eighty-ninth year. He left a son, Joseph, and two daughters, Mary, the wife of Rev. Samuel Tudor, of East Windsor, and Martha, the wife of Richard Hamlin, of Middletown. JOHN HENRY Was ordained by the Presbytery of Dublin, and came to Mary- land in 1709, having been invited, on the death of Makemie, to be his successor. He was admitted a member of presbytery ia 1710, having given good satisfaction by testimonials. Mr. Pierce Bray presented a call for him " from the good people of Reho- both;" and Hampton and Davis preached at his "admission." '• He* stood high as a citizen and a divine. He left a strongly- bound octavo volume of manuscript, entitled 'Commonplace,' of from three hundred to five hundred pages. It Avas a mass of reli- gious instruction, enforcing the prominent doctrines of the West- minster Confession in their length and breadth, and urging the performance of every Christian duty. It was made up with great care, and was more legible than many printed volumes. " He married ilary, the daughter of Sir Robert King, the agent of Maryland in 1690, and the widow of Colonel Francis Jenkins,t who, with herself, was the executor of Makemie's will, and M'ho died childless. Henry left two sons, both men of distinction, — Robert Jenkins Henry being Judge of the Provincial Court in 17o4, and residing in Somerset, Colonel John Henry sitting in the House of Delegates for Worcester county. One of his de- * Spence's Early History. f Colonel Jenkins was President of the Council in 1708, being then yevy old. He died before 1710. 326 JAMES ANDERSON. scendants vras Governor of Maryland, and was educated under Samuel Finley, at Nottingham. "His will is dated October 15, 1715; lie died before September, 1717." The elder from Rehoboth, in 1710, was Pierce Bray; in 1718, John Dridden, (Dry den,) whose descendants still reside there. JAMES ANDERSON "Was* born in Scotland, November 17, 1678, and was ordained by Irvine Presbytery, November 17, 1708, with a view to his settle- ment in Virginia. f He sailed March 6, 1709, and arrived in the Rappahannock, April 22 ; but, the state of things not warranting his stay, he came northward, and was received by the presbytery, Sep- tember 20. He settled at Newcastle. He was directed to write, in conjunction with Wilson, to the Synod of Glasgow ; and the application was answered by sending hither Wotherspoon and Gillespie. In 1714, out of regard to the desolate condition of the people in Kent county, he was directed to supply them monthly on a Sab- bath, and also to spend a Sabbath at Cedar Creek, in Sussex. An effort seems to have been made, after the acquittal of Ma- kemie, to have the city of New York supplied with a minister of our church. Vesey| wrote to a friend December 2, 1709, " that the Dissenting preacher is likely to gain no ground." His stay was brief; but the people kept together, and met for worship, with few interruptions, and with a gradual increase of numbers, till 1716, when they took measures to form a regular congregation. The next year found them strong enough to undertake the support of a minister, bein^ doubtless encouraged by promises from the mi- nisters of Glasgow. They presentet of June, directed Dubois, and his colleague, Antonidcs, to take him and examine him before the next Tuesday, in the pre- sence of two of her Majesty's council, and ordain him. They did not obey; and Van Vleck, on the 23d, prayed the Assembly to insist on their compliance. The next day, Mr. Livingston laid * Proceedings of New York Legislature. — N. T. Mercantile Lib. GEORGE GILLESPIE. 339 before the house a paper from the two ministers, stating that they were not empowered, by the Classis of Amsterdam, to oi-dain. The matter was dropped. In September, 1710, he joined the presbytery, being the minister of the Low Dutch congregation of Neshaminy, in Bucks county, Pennsylvania ; Mr. Lenard Vandegrift being his elder. By whom he had been ordained does not appear. In 1711, one of his elders was sent to presbytery, to state that his absence was caused by his being disabled through sickness. The next year he was charged with bigamy ; but the evidence was not sufficient to prove the crime, neither was his vindication such as to take off the scandal wholly ; he therefore consented, as the presbytery proposed, to desist from preaching till his innocence was completely established by proof of his first wife's death. The day after the presbytery broke up, he brought papers in his behalf, which were seen by all the mem- bers, and left by them with Andrews, McXish, and Hampton, to consider if they were sufficient to clear him of the imputation. They thought they were not ; besides, a new charge of falsehood was brought. On inspecting a letter from his mother, they learned that his wife was alive. Drunkenness, swearing, and "light car- riage" were also fastened on him. "He ran out of the country;" and, from 1715, he is passed over in silence. GEORGE GILLESPIE 1!Vas horn in 1683, in the town of Glasgow, and educated in the ancient university founded there centuries ago. He was licensed by Glasgow Presbytery early in 1712, and came to New England in the spring, fui-nished with recommendations from Principal Stir- ling to Cotton Mather, and "certificates of his conversation." The situation of Woodbridge had been made known to the ministers in Boston ; Mather heartily recommended Gillespie to that divided people. He was "at first generally liked, being of an excellent character and laudable carriage, and his manatrement being to universal satisfaction." The hope of his uniting the discordant parties was cheering; but Wade's factious course divided them still more. In September, the presbytery approved of his credentials; and, " if Providence make way for his ordination by a call from any congregation, Andrews, McXish, Anderson, and Morgan are ordered to ordain him." The presbytery recommended him again to the congregation of Woodbridge: — "We shall strengthen his hands and encourage his heart to try a while longer, waiting for 340 GEORGE GILLESPIE. the effect of our renewed essays for peace and quietness among you." He wrote to tlie presbytery ; and Henry prepared an answer, informing him that the people of White Clay had petitioned for a minister °and, if he left Woodbridge, he was ordered first to supply that people. -,o -,-- lo i. • He was ordained by a committee of three, May 28, 1 ( 1-3, havmg received a call from the people of White Clay Creek. He preached, the day before, on Gal. iv. 4, 5, and delivered an exegesis on "An Christus pro omnibus et singulis sit mortuusV" These were to good acceptance, as also his examination in the original languages, philosophy, and theology. Red Clay, Lower Brandywine, and Elk River, besides White Clay, seem to have formed his charge for several years. Abra- ham Emmit, who subsequently appears as an elder from Elk River, petitioned for a new erection in 1719, and was refused. _ Gillespie was zealous for strict discipline, and three times en- tered his dissent* when offenders were dealt with too leniently for their immoralities. He informed his presbytery that he would publish his animadversions on the synod's undue tenderness m a certain case; but he was strictly forbidden by them to do so. The Philadelphia papers, in 1735, advertise his " Treatise against the Deists or Freethinkers, shewing the Necessity of Revealed Reli- gion: for sale by John Cross, at the Drawbridge, in Front Street No copy is known to exist. Was it occasioned by Hemphill s course? . r .i tt i f He is said to have organized the congregation ot the Mead ot Christiana, and he served it till his death. Zealous for the interests of the church, he was remarkably punctual in attendance on presbytery and synod, and m bringing something for the fund. . . On the question of the Protest he did not vote, havmg m all the previous trying sessions sought the peace of Jerusalem: he with- drew with the excluded brethren, and joined with them, and pub- lished a letter to the New York Presbytery in their defence. In February 1743-4, he made a public, formal acknowledgment ot his error in having done so, before Newcastle Presbytery ; and he was cordially welcomed to membership. Soon alter, Franklin published his "Remarkst upon Mr. Whitefield, provmg him a man under delusion: Rom. xvi. 17; 1 John iv. 1." In discussing the terms of union, he objected to bemg required to acknowledge the events generally styled "the Great Revival, as "a glorious work of grace." He had seen so many sad issues * Morgan said, "Pious Mr. GiUcspie entered his dissent" against the limited suspension of Walton, in 1722. ^ , , „ fin the hands of Rev. Dr. Dickey, of Oxford, Pa. JOHX MACKET. 341 of hopeful beginnings, so many lamentable things in the proceed- ings of the chief actors, such sad confusions and wide-spread divisions, that his heart tremble*,! for the ark of God. He died January 2, 1760, aged 77. Alison, who knew him, calls him *' that pious saint of God." It was left to a generation "that knew not Joseph" to lavish on his name epithets of con- tumely. A long life passed in the service of Christ, unchronicled by the men of his own day, is simimed up in a few bare sentences. The storm leaves a record of its progress and its power, but the dew and the summer breeze ''return not void" to Him that sent them: though unolts^rved, they are not useless. Yet we would gladly see some record of a good man's life. — something more note- worthy than that, in 1750, the synod allowed five pounds towards the building: of his meetinjr-house, or that he urjed his brethren to remonstrate against the opening of a play-house in Philadelphia. JOHN MACKET. The earliest congregation that had a minister was the first to become extinct. Colonel Anthony Lawson was the leading man on the Eastern Branch of Elizabeth River, Virginia, when Make- mie came there, in 1683. His descendants resided at '• the new town." near Norfolk, until a recent date. Georse Keith, who was often in that neighbourhood, hanng a daughter married at Kicke- tan, (now Hampton.) said that Princess Anne county could not maintain a Church minister, the tobacco was so very poor. The congregation in Lynnhaven parish, on Elizabeth River, is men- tioned by Commissary Blair as existing at the close of the seventeenth century. Makemie* owned a house and lot in Elizabeth River, and gave them, by his will, to the congregation of Rehoboth, leaving it doubtful whether the Presbyterians in Norfolk county needed no aid, or were so greatly diminished that any efforts for the main- tenance of "our way"' in that neighbourhood would be useless. In 1710. the presbytery sent word to Dublin Presbytery that " in all Virginia there is but one small congregation at Elizabeth River, and a few families favouring our way in Rappahannock and York." Henry, in 1713, made "complaint to the presbytery of the melancholy circumstances Mr. John Mackey, in Elizabeth River, labours under." Hampton, being about to write to him on an * Spence. 342 THOMAS BRATTOX — ROBERT LATVSON. affair of his own, was desired by the brethren to signify "their regard to and concern for hira." The nature of liis distresses, and their issue, with all his history, is unknown. Thomas "Wilson, an English Friend, mentions his stopping, in 1713, at the house of a Presbyterian widow in Lynnhaven Bay. THOMAS BRATTON Arrh-ed in Maryland in the fall of 1711 ; and the next year, being detained by sickness, he sent to the presbytery a "certificate of his legal admission to the ministry." Robert Wilson, a com- missioner from Monokin and Wicomico, presented a statement of their church affairs, and a call for Bratton, and a paper of sub- scriptions for his encouragement. Anderson wrote to him in re- spect to the call in favour of the people. He had probably preached for them from his arrival, but the letter scarcely reached him before he was hurried away. He finished his course in October, 1712. ROBERT LAWSON Was a member* of Dumfries Presbytery in December, 1G06. The tobacco trade, for the first half of the eighteenth century, kept up direct communication between London and Virginia and Mary- land. The wants of Monokin and Wicomico speedily reached Great Britain; and, on the early death of Bratton. Lawson came over to supply his place. He was a native of Scotland; but, like McGill, his countryman and companion across the Atlantic, it was through Scottish merchants in London that he was directed to their correspondents in America. Mr. Reynolds, of London, sent by him a letter to the presby- tery, engaging to pay <£30 for the support of one or more ministers to spread the gospel "in the parts about you." At the presby- tery, in 1718, he produced ample testimonials of his ordination and good behaviour, and was received cheerfully. A call for him from Monokin and Wicomico was presented by the elder, James * Minutes of triul of Mr. Clannj : in the Lands of the Rev. A. B. Cross, of Bald more. DAKIEL McGILL. 343 Caldwell, and, being offered to him by the moderator, he took it under consideration, with promise to give the people an answer as soon as the circumstances of his affairs would allow. Ten pounds out of the sum promised by Reynolds were given to him. He died in 2sovember, a few mouths after his landing on our shores. DANIEL McGILL. On" the death of Taylor, Patuxent remained vacant, having only occasional supplies. Failing to obtain McXish, they applied to their friends in London, who procured McGill for them. They transmitted him a call, and he accepted it in England, and laid aside all business* that could be advantageous to him ; he was unemployed for nearly half a year in consequence, before he entered into ac- tual service in Marlborough. He joined the presbytery in 1713. In 1714, his elder was James Beall ; in '14, Alexander Beall ; in '15, "Wilson Scott. "■ On being interrogated touching the manner of his people's deportment to him in his pastoral work, he made his answer wholly to their advantage, and with a pleasing earnestness to com- mend them, as made it apparent he had good cause for what he spoke." But the presbytery, on the representation of the messenger, Mr. Scott, was sensibly affected : they heard of Satan's devices, threat- ening their gospel peace and mutual love. They made a few pro- posals to them, *' which it is in your power to make helpful to your present condition : — "Particularly with firmness and godly resolution oppose all dividing meastu-es. *• We apprehend the disproportion between the number of your elders and deacons may occasion some uneasiness in your session. We need only represent unto you the ends and institution of Scrip- ture deacons, and that there is no judicial power allowed them in the Scripture. " We expect your acquiescence in our last year's act touching sessions and session-books, which we presume you know to be agree- able to the laudable practice of the best reformed churches." In the neighbourhood of Marlborough, in the town of Providence, in the town-land of Seven, was the home of the Independents when driven from Virginia. The Scots from Fife, and the Inde- pendents, had little in common in regard to church government and discipline. Here we see them approaching to collision. Concerning Scripture deacons, Dickinson has expressed himself ♦ S^nod Records n. 62. 344 DAXIEL McGILL. stron^^ly in a pamphlet in vindication of Non-conformity, published in Boston in 1724 :— " We have no church stock, and therefore have no need of the office of deacons." The con^reo-ation sent a representative next year, a bcotsman, Archibald Edmundson ; but a doubt was raised whether he ought to be allowed to act as a representative in presbytery, in the absence of the minister. It was unanimously decided that he might. He was the bearer of a letter from Patuxent, which was " read twice to our great satisfaction." , , t,t *i t> „„ Another difficulty arose, and was considered by Newcastle Pres- bytery in 1718, during the intervals of synod. " Andros and Mc- Knish" (as David Evans spells ; his rare, curious handwriting bemg as uncommon as his spelling) sat as correspondents. A healing letter was written; but McGill insisted that it should not be sent until the last paragraph was expunged. The letter was sent with- out alteration; and. at the next synod, a testimonial was given him, he having no pastoral charge, and being uncertain how and where Providence may dispose of him." The tradition! at Marlborough is that he was an austere, sulky man In 1720, he asked the commission if he ought not to be naid by his people for the six months which elapsed between his acceptance of the call in England and his beginning to preach to them. About this, there was " a difference between his apprehen- sions and theirs," as there well might be at the end of eight years. The synod in 1719, having received a letter from the people ot Potomoke, in Virginia, requesting their care and diligence to pro- vide them an able gospel-minister, appointed McGill to preach to them in order to settlement on their mutual agreement. Conn and Cross wrote to the congregation on McGill's going to lotomoke. He spent some months, and put " the people into church order They manifested by letter their approbation of his whole conduct among them, and desire him, but in vain, to be their nunister The affair of Potomac was referred to the Committee of Bills, and is not acain mentioned. This was probably Bladensburg, subsequently described as on the East Branch of Potomac and Pamonkey ; and probably the advice of the synod about " dividing measures gre^v out of the wish to have the western part of Marlboroiigh congre- gation, living on Potomac, permitted to have a minister ol their own. ^McGill was called to Elk River, in Maryland, but, after a long del-iv declined. He was a supply for short periods in Kent, at S^l-- on Brandywine, arSnowhill, White Clay, Drawyers, Conestoffa, and Octorara. . , t j rn ,„<. He died Feb. 10, 1724, his home being in the London 1 1 act Newcastle county, Delaware. He was a valuable member of synod, a good preacher, and a learned man. * Quoted by Dr. Hodge, from T. Balch's MS. History. HOWELL POWELL. 345 Besides the following advertisement, nothing else has been res- cued, concerning him, from the river of oblivion : — 172:^. *'Kun* away from the Rev. D. Magill, a servant clothed with damask breeches and vest, black broadcloth vest, broadcloth coat of copper-colour, lined and trimmed with black, and wearing black stockings." HOWELL POWELL. Howell ap Howell offered himself for admission in 1713 ; and the presbytery, well satisfied of his ordination, advised him to procure within a year further credentials from some eminent ministers ia England, Avhom they knew. Till then he shall be free to exercise his ministry in all its parts where Providence shall call him, but not fully to settle as a fixed minister." Wlicn Smith left Cohanzy, there came thither Mr. Exell. The presbytery wrote to them, in 1711, that they "wished the congre- gation had taken better-advised steps for their provision as to the ministry : by the best account they had of him, they judged him not a suitable person to preside in the work of the ministi-y. Though invited to be present at our meeting, he neither came nor sent, intimating either a contempt or a supine neglect of ecclesias- tical judicatures. We cannot approve of some printed papers dis- persed by him among the people, as they contain, so far as they are intelligible, abundance of gross errors, — a great part consisting of nonsense and obvious self-contradictions." He settled at Chestertown, in Maryland, and formed an Indepen- dent congregation. A grant of land for its use was made, in 1727, to Mr. Samuel Exell. f By their messenger, John Ogden, Cohanzy sent a petition the next year, and the presbytery sent them a written answer. Ephraim Sayre, in their behalf, asked advice about the choice of a minister, and Powell was sent. In 1714, he sat in presbytery with his elder, Joseph Sealey. Though he had used diligence, he had not received the required credentials ; but the presbytery, being satisfied by so long trial and personal acquaintance, together with other considerable circum- stances, sustained, on mature deliberation, the unanimous call given him from Cohanzy. He accepted it ; and Andrews preached his admission sermon, Oct. 14, 1715. He died before September, 1717. Watson's Annals of Philadelphia. f Rev. A. B. Cross, Baltimore, Maryland. 346 MALACHI JONES. MALACHI JONES Offeked himself to the presbytery, Sept. 9, 1714, and they, being well satisfied of his ordination and other qualifications, did heartily accept of his offer, and admitted him as a member. He had been ordained in Wales. He came to Abingdon, about eleven miles from Philadelphia, where a church was organized in 1714 on the Congregational plan : it soon adopted the Presbyterian method. Being the oldest minister, he was frequently placed at the head of the commission and on the aflFair of the fund. At the close of the synod in 1727, he, with David Evans, Webb, and Ilubbell, brought in a protest, — probably against the delay in receiving Pemberton, — and declared his intention to join no more with them. He seems not to have retracted it; for his death is men- tioned thus in the records : — " Since our last, Mr. Malachi Jones, heretofore a member with U3, and Mr. Archibald McCook, departed this life." Andrews, in writing to Colman under date of March 7, 1729, adds, " P.S. — Ten days ago died Mr. Malachi Jones, an old Welsh minister. He was a good man, and did good." He made his will Sept. 28, 1727 ; he left three sons — IMalachi, Benjamin, and Joshua — and four daughters. He provides for his widow two rooms and the little cellar, and charges his son Malachi to give her comfortable maintenance, and to have her firewood cut and brought to her door, with five hogsheads of cider, whenever the plantation shall make so much. To each grand child he gave a ewe and a lamb. His will was proven March 25, 1729. His son Benjamin was an elder at Abingdon in 1733, and a member of Assembly from Bucks county in 1724. He and his brothers adhered to the Old Side. The elders who sat with Jones in presbytery were probably, in 1715, John Parsons; and in synod, in 1720, Benjamin Armitage ;* in 1723, Joseph Charlesworth ; in 1725, John Hall, (a member from Bucks county in 1740 ;) in 1726, Charles Hofty. George Renock (Renwick) attended synod as an elder in 1729. * He was frozen to death in a swampy meadow, in Dec. 1735, being an ancient man and feeble. Charlesworth died in 1748; Ilof'ty, in 1742. ROBERT VrOTHERSPOON — DAVID EVANS. 347 ROBERT WOTHERSPOON, A NATIVE of Scotland, ^Yrote to the presbytery in 1713, enclos- ing his credentials as a probationer. The people of Apoquiniiny petitioned that he might be ordained and settled among them; but they were informed that this could not be done until they presented a formal call. They did so ; and he was ordained to the sacred function and office of the ministry to the Presbyterian congrega- tion at Apoquinimy, May 13, 1714. Gabriel Thomas,* in his work on Pennsylvania, published in London in 1695, speaks of Apoquinimy as the place where goods come to be carted into Maryland. Settlements began to be made on the three branches of Drawyers Creek, as early as 1671, — chiefly from Holland and England. In 1703, the Venerable Society was asked for fifty pounds, in aid of North and South Apoquinimah,f which were about to build Episcopal churches. They were styled, in Latin, Appoquenomen and Quinquenium, the last being the ■original name for St. George's, and had for their missionary, in 1707, Mr. Jenkins, a Welshman, — the Episcopalians at St. George's having the Church services in their native tongue, the Welsh. On the 10th of May, J 1711, Isaac Vigorue, Hans Hanson, An- drew Peterson, and Francis King, bought an acre of land and built on it a meeting-house. The spot has been used ever since as the site of the house of God. Wotherspoon, in 1715, bought a farm, which still belongs to his descendants. He died in May, 1718. Hans Hanson sat in presbytery in 1714; Thomas Heywood, Qlyatt,) in 1715; and Elias Naudain in synod in 1717. DAVID EVANS, A NATIVE of Wales, was probably the son of David Evans, Esq., an elder in the Welsh Tract Church. A Baptist church was organ- ized in Wales in 1701, and the members came to Philadelphia in September of that year. They remained a year and a half at Pennepek, but could not hold fellowship with the church there, * New York Historical Society's Libr.iry. ■f Hawkins. J Kev. George Foot's Historical Discourse at Drawyers. 348 DAVID EVANS. because of disagreement about laying on of hands after immersion. Thirty thousand acres having been bought in Delaware, the newly- arrived church removed thither and settled in the neighbourhood of the Iron Hill. Welsh Presbyterian congregations existed in Pencadcr, or the Welsh Tract, and in Tredryffryn, or the Great Valley, in Chester county, as early as 1710; for in that year the presbytery agreed that David Evan had done very ill in preaching or teaching in the latter place, and he was censured for acting irregularly and for invading the work of the ministry. As the most proper method, to advance him in necessary literature, and prepare him for the minis- terial work, he was directed to lay aside all other business for a twelvemonth, and apply himself closely to learning and study under the direction of Andrews. Liberty was given to Andrews, Wilson, and Anderson to take him on trials, and at their discretion to license him. In 1711, a committee of presbytery examined him, and approved of his hopeful proficiency, and he was allowed to preach as a can- didate for one year, under the direction of Andrews, Wilson, and Anderson. In the next fall, David Evans a, candidate, was chosen clerk of presbytery, his penmanship being careful and in the extreme curious. The people of Welsh Tract and Great Valley petitioned that he might be ordained; but, though he had made considerable proficiency, it was voted that he should continue to Btudy as before. In 1713, he graduated at Yale College, and was sent at the request of the people to reside at Welsh Tract and preach there. They gave him a unanimous call, and, after a thorough examination and the usual trials, he was ordained, Nov. 3, 1714. There being divers persons in the Great Valley with whom he was concerned, they were declai'ed a distinct society from his pastoral charge. He was the recording clerk of Newcastle Presbytery for six or seven years. For his services each member gave him a half-crown. "An opinionative difi"erence" between him and Samuel James gave his brethren no small trouble ; they dismissed it and labored to pacify the excitement arising from it, but their healing letters and healing sermons did no good. He was dismissed in 1720, and •was called to Great Valley ; but he declined to accept it for several years. He was one of the first supplies sent to Sadsbury, West Branch of Brandywine, and Conestoga. When he removed to Tredryffryn, he was directed to spend one-fourth of his time at Sadsbury. He printed his sermon at the ordination of Treat, of Abingdon. On page 49,* he says, "That it is a wonder to see any gracious, * Quoted by Franklin in Lis defence of Hempbill. DAVID EVANS. 349 truly considerate, wise man in the ministry. It is no wonder to see thousands of ignorant, inconsiderate, carnal ministers ; but it is a wonder to see any truly understanding, considerate, gracious ones." lie brought in a protest after all the business of synod was done in 1727 ; but after three years he declared his hearty concern for his withdrawal, and desired to be received as a member again. Having declai'ed his adopting the Westminster Confession and Catechisms, he was unanimously received as a member, and, for his ease, was joined to Philadelphia Presbytery. Early in the spring of 1738,* he presented to the presbytery his scheme for supplying the English Presbyterians in the Valley. In December, 1789, the presbytery met, and heard the charges brought against him by Timothy Griffiths for suspending his elders from office. He was cleared, and the accuser blamed and debarred from church privileges ; but the charges were renewed in the spring, with a complaint of his heterodoxy, his not preaching enough in Welsh, and his church tyranny. The only point on which he was thought censurable, was his laying aside the elders and saying he would make no use of them. At his request he was dismissed, and accepted a call to Piles- grove and Quihawken,t in West Jersey. Either the church or- ganization at Pilesgrove had become extinct, or it was not to his mind ; for a church covenant| was signed, April 30, 1741, by him- self and twenty-five others. Among the signers were Isaac Van Meter, Henry Van Meter, Cornelius Newkirk, Abraham Newkirk, Barnet Dubois, Lewis Dubois, and Garret Dubois. He adhered to the Old Side on the division of 1741 : so did his sons. Samuel succeeded him at Tredyffryn. Joel graduated at Yale in 1740, was licensed by Philadelphia Presbytery, September 17, 1741, and supplied Woodbury and Deerfield. In April, 1742, Mr. Vandyke, from Appoquinimy, desired that he might be sent to them. He died before May, 1743. He printed in Franklin's Gazette what Samuel Finley calls "sullen remarks" on Tennent's letter to Dickinson; and, in 1748, published his "Law and Gospel; or, Man wholly ruined by the Law and recovered by the Gospel," being the substance of several sermons preached in 1734, at Tredyfifryn, from Galatians iii. 10; Eomans i. 16. He adds to his name A.M. and V.D.M. The following paper§ is curious and interesting: — * MS. Records of Philadelphia Presbytery. f In the neighbourhood of Salem ; probably Penn's Bock. j New Jersey Historical Collections. § Mr. W. E. Dubois, of Philadelphia. 350 DAVID EVANS. A petition in the behalf of Jonathan Dubois,^ a hopeful begin- ner in learning. To ALL OUR Christian Friends in Sopus or anywhere else, etc. This is to acquaint you that Jonathan, the son of Barnet Du- T..U the beaieihereof;) hath been at learning these three-quarters of a tea' t order 0 the gospel ministry, and proceeds in learmng hopefX: as also does his cousin John,t the ^o- «f ^^^^^^^^^^f ' hiJ^sc ool-fello^N'. But, his parents not being .veil able to bear the cb.r'es of his learning without assistance, ^;f, therefore, on be- h^lf^of the said Jonathan, earnestly desire and beg, m the bo^vels of Jesus Chdst, that his ne'ar relatives, and any others that are able would open their hearts and hands and contribute out of their lai^hly posse sions for the carrying on of so good and necessary a wk untoThich the Lord and owner of all that you have now by yioiK, unio ^^"^^ ,y entreat you, Christian brethren, to his P--\-;^-;^^^\,f ,"f ';. 'Ct istian faith and love, by being St 0 'd w^rS ? Tlithy vi. IT, 18, 19,) being assured that thev who sow bountifully shall reap also bountifully. I add no Lo?e,t;yesent,but all Lc.re wishes f y-rE^^.t^T utt and eternal happiness, by the mercy ^^^ Vln of God the Kolv the merits of God the Son, by the sanctification of God the Uoiy Ghost. Amen. And so rest Yours in the gospel of Jesus Llirist, xours, m Q ^ David Evans, Minister. Pilesgrove, in Salem county, in West New Jersey, May 7, 1745. Be it known to all whom it concerns that the moneys which B.rnet SuboL formerly collected at Sopus and elsewhere, for our public reUgious affairs, were honestly laid out according to the %r coti-eClon -of Pilesgrove had met with great discourage- z'z l^^:^^^^- To ^^-If^r^;:^^^ a messenger to Esopus and other parts of Lister, m .>ew ioik, ^'tl^^ni^'b^'w eccentric and high-spiritecL H^ -Sktf=t^^^^^ %t diS b^^^^TM^^ ^Z:^^tor, for many years, of the Eefomed Dutch Chu.-eh, in Bucks county. ^TD^'dt n45, at New London, whUe pursuing his studies ^ith AUson. J On record at Trenton. JOHN BRADNER — HUGH CONN. 351 that his people would settle a student from the College of New Jersey, and leaves a sum of money to be given to his successor for his encouragement. JOHN BRADXER. On his arrival from Scotland, Hampton and Henry, on good and sufficient reasons, took him on trial, and licensed him in March, 1714. He was called to Cape May, and ordained May G, 1715. He removed, in 1721, to Goshen, in Orange county, New York, and died before September, 1733. His son, Benoni, is said to have been born in 1733. He gradu- ated at Nassau Hall, in 1755; but by whom or where he was licensed or ordained, does not appear : it was not in our connec- tion. He was settled at the Nine Partners, in Dutchess county, and in June, 1786, became the minister of the Independent Church in Blooming Grove, in Orange. Consumptive, and troubled with shortness of breath, he lived to the age of seventy-one, and died, January 29, 1804, after a long and distressing illness. He was a trustee of the Morris County Society for Promoting Religion and Learning, from its formation. HUGH CONN. He was born at Macgilligan, in Ireland, about 1685 ; and, hav- ing studied at the school in Foghanveil, (Faughanvale,) he gradu- ated at the University of Glasgow. The trade from the Patapsco to Great Britain gave rise to a Presbyterian congregation in Baltimore county; and their appli- cation to the London merchants brought their case under the eye of the Rev. Thomas Reynolds, minister in London ; and, through his agency, the Rev. Hugh Conn came over to be their minister. He sent letters by him to several members of the presbytery, with the pleasing intelligence that he designed to continue his bounty (which was £30 per annum) for the furtherance of the gospel. Conn's credentials were approved ; and in September, 1715, Mr. James Gordon presented a call for him from the people of Baiti- 352 HUGH CONN. more county, and he was ordained on the third Wednesday of October following.* McGill, James Anderson, and George Gil- lespie officiated on the occasion, and installed him pastor of the congregation of Patapsco. In September, 1719, he obtained leave to demit his pastoral charge, on account of his usolessness there, from the " paucity of his flock. He immediately took charge of the people on the East Branch of Potomac and Po- monkey, — they having, by their commissioner, James Bell, (Beall,) petitioned Newcastle Pi-esbytery for a minister. Bladensburg is the modern designation of his field of labour; Pomonkey being a creek in that vicinity. He i-emained there till his death. He seldom met with NcAvcastle Presbytery, but attended with creditable regularity on the synod. He adhered to the Old Side. He died on the 28th of June, 1752, while preaching at the funcralf of a person who died suddenly. The subject^ he was upon gave him occasion to mention the certainty of death, the uncertainty of the time when it might happen, the absolute neces- sity of being continually pi-epared for it, the vast danger of delay and trusting to a death-bed repentance ; for that, although we may possibly live some years, yet we may be called away in a month or a week, or, for aught that we can tell, death might surprise ua the next moment. This part of his discourse he was observed to deliver with some elevation of voice, but had scarce uttered the word "moment," when, putting one hand to his head and one to his side, he fell backward and expired, verifying, in a most extra- ordinary manner, the truth of his doctrine. President Davies, in two of his printed sermons, refers to the manner of his death. In one, preached before the New Side Presbytery of Newcastle, in October, 1752, he says, "Death may surprise us in the pulpit, and leave the sentence unfinished on our lips. As Mr. Conn was observing, ' death may seize us the next moment: just as he had expressed the word 'moment,' he fell back in the pulpit and immediately expired." In his New-Year Day sermon, in 17G0, he says, " Consider the uncertainty of time to you. You may die the next year, the next month, the next week, the next day, the next moment. I once knew a minister, who, while making this observation, was made a striking example of it, and instantly dropped dead in the pulpit." * Records, p. 37 f Rev. Dr. Macsparran, in Updyke's History of the Church in the Narra- gansetts. X Maryland Gazette of July, 1752. ROBERT ORR — SAMUEL PUMRT. 353 ROBERT ORR, A PROBATIOXER froiti Ireland or Scotland, having preached some time for the people of Maidenhead and Hopewell, presented his credentials to the presbytery in 1715. They were approved; and, a call being presented by Mr. Philip Rings, he was ordained, October 20, 1715, at Maidenhead, by Andrews, Morgan, Dickin- son, Evans, and Bradner, before a numerous assembly. His field embraced the ground covered by Pennington, Lawrence, Trenton, (First Church,) Trenton City, Titusville, and perhaps Amwell. The ground for a Presbyterian house of worship in Hopewell was secured by deed before 1700. The Churchmen obtained a lot in 1703, and soon after built. Evans, the Church minister in Philadelphia, baptized nineteen children at one time at Maiden- head, in 1700. Andrews frequently went to Hopewell to baptize ■whole households. In 1711, the united congregations, by William Yard, asked assistance of the presbytery in getting a minister : they had then Mr. Sackett preaching for them, who afterwards settled at West Greenwich, Connecticut. Mr. Woolsey, of Long Island, also visited them; and a complaint was lodged against Governor Hunter by Henderson, the Church missionary, in 1712, because Woolsey had been allowed to preach in the Episcopal church in Hopewell. Of Orr's stay in Hopewell nothing is known. Andrews bap- tized his son Henry, July 18, 1715. He was dismissed from his charge in 1719, and received a synodical testimonial, being uncertain how Providence would dis- pose of him. Through the loss of the Records of Philadelphia Presbytery, his subsequent career cannot be traced. SAMUEL PUMRY Was the son* of Medad Pumry, of Northampton, Massa- chusetts,— his mother being the widow of the Rev. Israel Chaun- cey. He was born September 16, 1687, and graduated at Yale in 1705. He was a faithful recorder, and has left a store of accu- rate and valuable information. * Riker's History of Newtown. 23 354 SAMUEL PUMRY. Newtown, on Long Island, was settled in IBol, and had, for its first minister, William Leverich, — from 1658 till his death in 1669. The Venerable Society were told, in 1704, that there Tvas a church or chapel there, in which, according to the Tolera- tion Act, a Dissenting minister might preach: there was also a house for a minister. When Hampton preached there in January, 1706, there was " a meeting-house* offered to record ; but the town were afraid to ask Cornbury's leave to settle a minister of their choice." Purary marriedf Lydia Taylor, of Northampton, July 23, 1707; and, being at Newtown in July, 1708, a call, signed by some scores of heads of families, was offered to him. On his accept- ing it, the town sent two men to transport his family thither; and he and his wife and child were conveyed thither safely on the 18th of September, 1708. The members in full communion, and the rest of the people, making earnest request, the Rev. Solomon Stoddard, of Northampton, John Williams, of Deerfield, and William Williams, of Hatfield, ordained him, November 30, 1709, at Northampton, before a great congregation. He was heartily and unanimously accepted as a member of presbytery in Septem- ber, 1715, he promising subjection in the Lord. The next year, the reasons of his elder's absence were inquired into and sus- tained. This refutes the supposition, that there were no elders ia the congregation till 1724, when he stated his need of assistance in the work of the ministry. On his nomination. Content Titus, James Renne, and Samuel Coe were elected, and ordained June 28, and " the members of the church were required and exhorted to acknowledge them as men in authority, and to be subject to them in their government in the Lord." In 1722, he married a daughter of the Rev. Mr. Webb, of Green's Farms, in Connecticut. On the 24th of ]May, 1744, his absence from the Synod of Philadelphia was excused on account of bodily indisposition. He had preached for the last time on Sabbath, the 20th, from John xi. 15, and " was taken amiss in the evening, and died about eight in the morning of the 30th of June." The '•Church Record" adds, "He left his dear bosom friend and congregation to bewail an unspeakable loss." His daughters married Philip Edsall and Jacob Ryker. His son, the Rev. Dr. Benjamin Pumry, of Hebron, Con- necticut, was a man of real genius, — grave, solemn, and weighty in his discoui'ses, in manner animated, and full of zeal and affec- tion. In expostulating and pleading with sinners, he melted into * M.ikemie's Narrative. ■}• Prime's Historj' of Long Island ; Rilicr's History of Newtown. JOHN THOMSON. 855' tears ; with equal advantage he could set the terrors of the Lord in array, and the wonders of Christ's love, — his glory and the sufficiency of his righteousness, and the blessedness of all who are reconciled to God by him. He Avas one of the best preachers of his day, and one of the most zealous and successful promoters of the revival. For this his name was cast out as vile by the opposera of the work. He was ordained at Hebron in 1735, and died there in 1784, in the forty-ninth year of his ministry, aged seventy-one. JOHN THOMSON ' Came from Ireland as a probationer to New York, in the sum- mer of 1715, with his wife and child. He was recommended by the presbytery to the people of Lewes, in Delaware, and went thither. In the fall of 1716, they presented a call for him by their commissioner, William Shankland ; and he was ordained and installed on the first Wednesday of April, 1717. In 1723, a brick church* was erected. In 1727, Samuel Bownas,t an English Friend, visited George's Creek, Duck Creek, Motherkill, Iloarkill, (Lewes,) and Cool Spring. " Friends are seldom visited, and have few ministers. The Presbyterians and Churchmen have attempted to do something; but, the people being poor, and the pensions small, they gave out for want of pay." Thomson left Lewes in September, 1729, through want of sup- port. He was invited to Newcastle ; and the next fall he ac- cepted the call from Middle Octorara, sent by James Garner. His installation was appointed for the second Wednesday in Octo- ber; but, being harassed by disorders among his people, he re- moved, in 1732, to Chestnut Level. Being in great straits, the congregations in Donegal Presbytery kindly made collections for his relief in 1733. His thankful acknowledgment was placed on the record. His proposal for sending an itinerant to Virginia being ap- proved, he was charged with the duty, but was excused, because of the severity of the winter and the scarcity of provender. In the winter of 1738, he visited the Valley, and passed through the * Spence. f Friends' Library. 356 JOHN THOMSON. Rockfish Gap to Concord, Buffalo, and Cub Creek. " He* took up collections, to support preachers in itinerating in the new set- tlements, and was active in promoting the best interests of our church." In June, both parts of Opcquhon supplicated for him. In September, 1739, Alexander McDowell, from Virginia, was introduced to the presbytery, having (probably at Thomson's solicitation) detennincd to devote himself to the ministry. Thom- son asked to be dismissed from his charge, to remove to Virginia ; but the presbytery would not consent. In the troubles of the great rupture he had his full share. The state of his congregation made it uncomfortable for him to re- move ; he was poorly paid, and he turned towards Virginia, where he had steadfast friends. He was not released till July 31, 1744 ; and then he at once made his home in the Valley. Donegal Pres- bytery intrusted to him and Black and Craig the charge of the missionary operations in Western Virginia. An effort was made to bring him back to Chestnut Level. In 1744, he visited North Carolina, and again in 1751. During the last visit, he met with Henry Patillo, and engaged him to study for the ministry. He published at Williamsburg, in 1749, f an Explication of the Shorter Catechism. He was then labouring in Amelia. His son-in-law having removed to Buffalo, in Prince Edward, Thomson spent the closing years of his life with him, and died in 1753, in Centre, North Carolina. J During the distractions following the rending of the synod in 1741, he overtured the presbytery to suffer no person to be in- ducted into the eldership, or to sit in any judicatory, without hav- ing subscribed the Confession of Faith, — a vain remedy, when the agitators were as zealous for it as their opposers. His book on the " Government of the Church," and his sermon on " Conviction and Assurance," are as able, learned, judicious, and evangelical, as any of the writings of Dickinson and Blair. Even Gilbert Tennent, in 1749, quoted largely from them, with high com- mendation, to justify the Old Side from the misrepresentations cur- rent against them, and to prove the expediency and the duty of uniting the synods in one body, bound together by a common faith, by mutual esteem, and by fervent desire for the peace of Jeru- salem. It was told to Thomson that himself had been pointed out by some as an unconverted minister ; but, if Tennent spoke thus of him, repeating the sin of Moses while God renewed the mercies of * Dr. Foote. f In the hands of Rev. B. M. Smith, of Staunton, Virgina. I Dr. Foote ; but Dr. Alexander said, "He lies in the Buffalo graveyard, with- out a stone." JOHN PIERSO!!. 357 Meribali. it was to him as " waters that pass away," when he wrote his ''Irenicum." I Davies knew Thomson as a neighbour in the ministry, and, in 1751, speaks highly* of his judgment, and hopefully of his piety, and savs, " He acknowledged the Revival had done much good in Hanover, and rejoiced in seeing the prosperity of religion." He did not live to see the union ; but, on the proposal to prepare the way for it, he hastened to Philadelphia from Virginia, to assist with healing counsels. He lived long enough for Tennent to do his writings justice, and to vindicate his sentiments ; long enough to obtain, from the devoted admirer of Samuel Blair, unsolicited testimony to his judgment and his delight in the promotion of the work of God. His discourse entitled ''An Overture, urging the Synod to adopt, bv a public agreement, the Standards of the Scottish Church," was answered by Dickinson ; his "Examination of the Xew Brunswick Apology" was a treatise on the government of the church, and called forth a reply from Samuel Blair ; his sermon on Convictions •was attacked by Samuel Finley, but is deservedly commended as an excellent exhibition of the truth. JOHN PIERSOX "Was bom in 1689, and graduated at Yale in 1711. The Rev. Abraham Pierson was an Independent, and, with a com- pany of like sentiments, came to Lynn, in Massachusetts, and from thence removed to Southampton, on Long Island. But, when the Long Island towns put themselves under the Connecticut jurisdic- tion, he, with those of the ancient way, settled Branford. in the colony of New Haven, as their brethren in Hartford settled Had- lev. that thev might not be partakers in the growinj: laxity of dis- cipline. The colonies of New Haven and Connecticut united ; and the aged Pierson, like another Moses, said to his people, '•' Ye have dwelt long enough in this mount;' and they arose and took their journey and settled the town of Newark, in New Jersey. There he died. His son. being "a moderate Presbyterian," left Newark, and became the Rector of Yale. His Presbyterianism was that of Connecticut, in distinction from the Independency of his father. Woodbridge had vainlyt endeavoured, in 160^, to secure for its pastor the younger Pierson, then settled in Newark. They built * Letter to Bellamj. l868 JONATHAN DICKINSON. a meeting house thirty feet square, and, after passing through many uncomfortable seasons, obtained a pastor Avho served them faithfully through a long life. In 1715, Andrews wrote pressingly to the people of Woodbridge, urging them to use utmost diligence to have a minister ordained among them. At that time, Pierson was preaching there, and a call was offered to him the next year. He was ordained there, April 29, 1717, befoi-e a very great assembly. Andrews, Morgan, and Orr were assisted on the occasion by the venerable Prudden, of Newark, and Dickinson, of Elizabethtown. He is said* to have employed no elders in the management of church affairs ; but this tradition is inconsistent with the record, his elder at synod, in 1742, being John Ball ; probably, also, Moses Kolph attended in several previous years. He published a treatise on the " Intercession of Christ," and a sermon preached before the Presbytery of New York, May 8, 1751, on " Christ, the son of God, as God, Man, Mediator." His wife, Ruth, daughter of the Rev. Timothy Woodbridge, of Hartford, died in 1732, aged thirty-eight. Dickinson printed his sermon at her funeral. In 1753, he resigned his pastoral charge and settled at Mend- ham, New Jersey, and was the minister there for ten years. He then removed to Long Island, and resided on the farm of his second wife, Judith Smith. On her decease, he removed to Hano- ver, New Jersey, and closed his days under the roof of his son- in-law, the Rev. Jacob Green. He died August 23, 1770, aged eighty-one. JONATHAN DICKINSON Was the grandson of Nathaniel Dickinson, one of the first set- tlers of Wethersfield, Connecticut, who, with his minister, Mr. Rus- sell, and "the aggrieved brethren in Hartford," purchased and set- tled Hadley and the adjoining towns in lGo9. His estate was rated, on his removal, at two hundred pounds, — one of the largest in the town. His son Hezekiah lived in Hatfield, where Jonathan ■was born, April 22, 1G88. He graduated at Yale, in 1706. His father dying soon after, his mother married Thomas IngersoU, of Springfield. He came to Elizabethtown in 1708, and soon after married Jo- * Dr. Aael Roe's MS. Hbtory of WoodbriJge : quoted by Dr. Hodge. JONATHAN DICKINSON. S5& mnna, the daughter of the Rev. Samuel Melyen, or of some other descendant of Joseph Melyen, one of the associates in the purchase of the Elizabethtown Tract under Governor Nicolls's grant. His entry in the family Bible of the birth of his first child is, " Our Bon Melyen was born December 7, 1709." He was ordained by the ministers of Fairfield county, Connecti- cut, September 29, 1709. Morgan, of Freehold, preached from Mark xvi. 10. His field of labour embraced Rabway, Westfitld, Connecticut Farms, Springfield, and part of Chatham. He waa engaged in teaching, and in the practice of medicine. He met with Philailelphia Presbytery as a correspondent, in 1715, at the ordination of Orr, and became a member early in 1717. His first publication was his sermon preached before the synod in 17:22, on 1 Timothy iii. 17, — the expression of his news on the subject of Synodical Acts, or Church Legislative Power. He entered warmly on the Episcopal controversy when a heartless Arminianism and a hope of court favour led a few ministers in Con- necticut to conform. In 1724, he published his "Defence of Pres- byterian Ordination in Boston." A reply from a Churchman drew from him an answer, in which he says, ''High-Churchism is pro- perly no more a part of the Church of England than a wen is of the human body." He published "Remarks on Thomson's Overture, introducing the Adopting Act," in April, 1729; the "Reasonableness of Cbris- tianiiy," in 1732 ; the " Vanity of Human Institutions in Religious "Worship," a sermon he had preached at Newark, June 2, 1732, on the introduction of the Episcopal services into that town; the " Reason- ableness of Nonconformity," in 1738 ; the " Witness of the Spirit," in 1740 ; "A Treatise on Regeneration," in 1744 ; the "Vindication of the Sovereignty of Grace," in 177G ; and " Familiar Letters to a Gentleman," and a " Dialogue, entitled a Display of Saving Grace." Mr. Wetmore defended against him the doctrine of regeneration by baptism ; the Rev. Andrew Croswell condemned the "Dialogue on a Display of Grace" as pernicious beyond parallel. Dickinson replied to him, and also to the Rev. John Beach, who wrote against his book on " Sovereign Grace." Beach rejoined, and Dickinson left, at his death, an answer unfinished. It was completed and published by his brother. The Rev. Dr. Johnson, of Stratford, Connecticut, controverted his opinions, under the name of Aristocles. The Rev. Experience May- hew also addressed two letters to him. To both of them he replied. In 1740, he, with Burr and Pemberton, communicated to the Society in Scotland for Propagating the Gospel, the deplorable and perishing condition of the Indians on Long Island, in New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. They were appointed correspondents, and ■authorized to employ missionaries. They engaged Azariah Horton and David Braiuerd, and were forward to countenance them iu their work and to rejoice their spirits with hearty counsel. 360 JONATHAN DICKINSON. His former instances of joy in revivals, previously enjoye(1, were more eminent and remarkable tlian any of a late date. While ho preached to youth, there was weeping, audible sighing, and sobbing. About sixty were added to the communion; they were under a law- work for a considerable time ; pungent and thorough conviction emptied them of self-righteousness, and drew them to Christ. The disorders attending the awakening in New Jersey grew out of erroneous views of assurance and the witness of the Spirit. Antinomianism appeared, and denounced the practice of looking for evidence of justification in the progress of our sanctification. There was much arrogance in some who were called converts ; and many upheld a preacher who had been suspended for dreadful scandals. These things called forth his " Dialogue on the Display of Grace" and his sermon on the " Witness of the Spirit." His wife died April 20, 1745, aged sixty-three ; she was the mo- ther of a large family, of whom only three daughters survived her. The third child was named after his father, born Sept. 19, 1713, graduated at Yale in 1731, and took the Master's degree. He left his home ; and his father daily in the family entreated God for him. At length he ceased to do so. His household noticed, but none asked the reason, supposing that he had received privately intelligence of his end too painful to be uttered. His youngest daughter, Martha, married the Rev. Caleb Smith ; another was the second wife of Mr. Jonathan Sergeant, of Princeton, the grand- father of the Hon. John Sergeant, of Philadelphia; a third mar- ried Mr. John Cooper, probably of West Hampton, Long Island. Brainerd spent part of the closing year of his life under Dick- inson's roof, and solemnized his second marriage at Newark, April 7, 1747. He rode back to Elizabethtown in the evening, " in a plea- sant frame,, full of composure and sweetness." Dickinson died Oct. 12, 1747, of a pleuritic attack, in his sixtieth year. Pierson preached at his funeral. The New York Postboy contains a high eulogium on him. Dr. Johnes,* of Morristown, who Avas with him in his last illness, asked him, just before his death, concerning his prospects. " Many days have passed between God and my soul, in which I have so- lemnly dedicated myself to him ; and, I trust, what I have committed unto him, He is able to keep until that day." These were his last words. It is said that tidingsf of Dickinson's decease came to Mr.Vaughan, the minister of Elizabethtown, then lying on his death-bed, when he exclaimed, " Oh that I had hold of the skirts of Brother Jona- than !" They entered on their ministry in the town about the same time, and "in their death they were not divided." * Austin's Preface to the Five Points, •j- Dr. Murray's Notes on Elizabethtown. SAMUEL GELSTON. 3G1 Forty-six* years after his departure, " there were those who tes- tified tliat he was a most solemn, weighty, and moving preacher; a uniform advocate for the distinguishing doctrines of grace ; in- dustrious, indefatigable, and successful in his ministerial labours. His person was manly and of full size, his aspect grave and solemn, so that the wicked seemed to tremble in his presence." Bellamy speaks of him as "the great Mr. Dickinson." Dr. Ers- kine said the British Isles had produced no such writers on divi- nity in the eijihteenth century as Dickinson and Edwards ; he wished Hervey had seen their treatises before he prepared his works. Dr. Rodgers was often heard to sav that he was one of the most vene- rable and apostolical-looking men he ever saw. Foxcroft, of Boston, was his friend through life, and, in his pre- face to his posthumous piece, expresses a high sense of his excel- lence. His works were collected after his death and published in Boston. A selection, comprising all that were not local in their design, was printed iu Edinburgh, in an octavo volume, in 1793. His treatise on " The True Scripture Doctrine concerning the Five Points of Election, Original Sin, Grace in Conversion, Jus- tification by Faith," was issued at Boston, in 1741. Under the direction of New York Presbytery, in 1796, a new edition ap- peared; and another was undertaken at Chambersburg in 1800. f SAMUEL GELSTON "Was born in the North of Ireland in 1692, and came as a pro- bationer to New England in 1715. He was received in the fall under the care of Philadelphia Presbytery, and was sent to the people of Kent, on Delaware. Though desired to stay, he left with- out the consent of presbytery, and Avent to Southampton, on Long Island. There his brother Hugh resided: he was called as col- league with the pastor. Samuel Whiting and the congregation placed itself under the presbytery's care. The Presbytery of Long Island, on its organization, took him on trial, and ordained and in- stalled him, April 17, 1717. His stay was about ten years; and, Aug. 27, 1728, he was received as a member of Newcastle Presby- tery, and took into consideration a call to Newcastle. The next * The Rev. David Austin, in his Preface to the Five Points. j- John Colman, of Chambersburg, subscribed for 144 copies. 862 SAMUEL GELSTON. month, he was called to New London,* Chester county, Pennsyl- vania. This was a new erection, wliich for two years had vainly strug- gled for a separate existence, the congregation of Elk River op- posing. The presbytery, May 11, 1726, had refused leave to a few families residing on the northeast side of Great Elk, to build a meeting-house, and have a part of their pastor's labours performed in it. The house was put up, and the synod confirmed the action of the presbytery ; but the next year they modified it, requiring the house to be removed to a point six miles distant from Houston's church. Only one person dissented from this decision, and from the order forbidding any minister to preach in it, until removed. The site pointed out, near the Indian town, towards Fagg's Manor, cannot now be ascertained. The house was not removed, and the synod renewed its stringent order. The presbytery exacted of Gelston an apology for preaching in the forbidden building, and laid him under a solemn engagement to do so no more. In 1731, the matter was terminated, by leaving the house where it was built; none of the apprehended damage having accrued to the congrega- tion of Upper Elk. It is thought probable that the present New London Church stands on the very spot selected by the presby- tery, and so tenaciously refused by the congregation. Robert Finney, who was an elder in synod in 1721 from Elk River, was the principal mover for the new erection. In 1729, he, with James Muir, protested against the synod's refusal to have a perambulation made of the bounds in dispute by indifferent men, and against their hearkening to the representations of those who •were bent on defeating the enterprise. The arrangements for Gelston's installation in January, 1729, were postponed, as a rebuke for having preached in the objection- able locality. He left his charge as early as 1733, and fell under censure. Going into the Highlands of New York, many evil re- ports arose ; but a committee of synod met at Goshen and saw reason to remove his suspension. He seems to have visited Vir- ginia in 1735; for, in May, 1736, "both parts of 0 Pekon wrote for him" to Donegal Presbytery. He had joined that body about a month before, and was sent to Opequhon, to Conestoga, and Cone- doguinet. In the fall, he was directed to supply Pequea, and in the spring following, having informed the presbytery he was about to remove from their bounds, he was dismissed. In 1748, Robert Cross wrote to him to repay the money he had borrowed of the synod's fund ; and in 1753, a promise was made to remit all the in- terest in arrear, if he would forthwith pay the principal. He is saidf to have died Oct. 22, 1782, aged ninety. * Rev. R. P. Dubois's Histoncal Discourse at New London, •j- Thompson's Histoi-y of Long Island. GEORGE PHILLIPS — HENRY HOOK. 363 GEORGE PHILLIPS Came* of a distinguished Puritan ancestry, being the son of the Rev. Samuel Phillips, of Rowley, Massachusetts, and the grand- son of the celebrated divine, George Phillips, of Watertown, who came to New England, in 1680, with Sir Richard Saltonstall. George Phillips was born June 3, 1644, and graduated at Har- vard in 1686: he was employed as a licentiate at several places, besides Jamaica, where he laboured till his removal to Setauket, from 1693 to 1697. Brookhaven, an eight-sided township, the largest on Long Island, was settled from Boston, in 1655. The place where the planters fixed their abode was called Setauket, from the Indian tribe which had dwelt there. For thirty-five years, the town had for its minister Nathaniel Brewster, the grandson of the ruling elder of the Pilgrim Church, of Plymouth. As a colleague to him, Dugald Simson was employed from 1685 to 1691, when he retui-ned to Scotland. The town promised Phillips the gift of one hundred acres in fee, and the use of two hundred more for life. He was not ordained from 1697 till April 13, 1702. The Second Meeting-house was planned in 1710, and the dis- agreement about the site was not removed till 1714; when, by an appeal to the lot, it was decided to build on the old spot. This edifice was used till 1811 ; British soldiers occupied it in the war, and left on it marks of bullets and cannon-balls. Phillips joined in forming Long Island Presbytery, in 1717. On its extinction, he was connected with New York Presbytery till his death, in 1739. He was never present in synod. HENRY HOOK Came as an ordained minister from Ireland, and was received by the synod in 1718; and he settled at Cohanzy. Andrews wrote to Mather,t April 30, 1722 : — " The week before last, by the pressing importunity of the minister of Cohanzy, I went thither to heal some differences between the two consrreeations there; * Thompson's History of Long Island; Prime's ditto, f Mather MSS., Am" Antiq. See. 364 JOSEPH LAMB — WILLIAM TENNENT. which being effected, contrary to expectation, such charges were laid against him as have subverted him from acting there or any- where else." He removed to Delaware; and Newcastle Presby- tery met in Cohanzy to investigate the case. The synod judged, though several things were not proven, yet it was due to rebuke him openly, in Fairfield Meeting-house, and to suspend him for a season. He was sent to supply Conestoga and St. Jones, in Kent, on Delaware. Hans Hanson and John Burgess, commissioners from Drawyers or Appoquinimy, presented a call for him, March 12, 1723: lie did not accept till September 14, 1724, and Creag- head, of White Clay, installed him. He was sent frequently, as a supply, to St. Jones, and, in 1737, to Kent, in Maryland. He died in 1741, and was buried on land he had bought in 1724, and which is owned by his descendants at this day. JOSEPH LAMB Graduated at Yale in 1717, and was ordained, by Long Island Presbytery, December 6, 1717, pastor of Mattituck, Long Island. But few things are known of him, further than that his wife died in April, 1729; that he was appointed by the synod to supply Jamaica, in April, 1737; and that, being called to Baskingridge, in New Jersey, he joined New Brunswick Presbytery, May 24, 1744. Brownlee calls him "a Scottish worthy;" but he was probably a native of Connecticut, for he was sent, in July, 1744, to supply the Presbyterian Church in Milford, in that colony. He died in 1749. WILLIAM TENNENT Was born in Ireland, and was a cousin,* on the mother's side, of James Logan, the Secretary of the Province of Pennsylvania; the Rev. Patrick Logan having married Isabel Hume, a relative of the Laird of Dnndas and the Earl of Panmure. Tennent mar- ried. May 15, 1702, a daughter of the Rev. Mr. Kennedy, a dis- * Watson's Annals of Philadelphia. WILLIAM TENNENT. 865 tinpuished Presbyterian minister in Ireland. The Rev. Gilbert Kennedy, a kinsman of the good Earl of Cassilis, who sat in the "Westminster Assembly, having been ejected from his charge in Girvan, Ayrshire, went to Ireland, and became the minister of Dundonald. He was imprisoned, in 1670, by Boyle, Bishop of Down, and died February G, 1G87-8. Ilis brother Thomas was the minister of Donoughmore; and his grandson, Gilbert, suc- cessively minister of Lisburu, Killileagh, and Belfast, died in 177;]. William Tennent was ordained, by the Bishop of Down, a deacon in July, 1704, and a priest, September 22, 1706. He resided in Down at the time of his marriage, then in Armagh, and, after entering into orders, in Antrim and Down. He is said to have held a chaplaincy in a nobleman's family. A brief* family record states the births of Tennent's children, and their baptism by Church ministers. After having beenf in orders a number of years, he became scrupulous of conforming to the terms imposed on the clergy of the Establishment, and was deprived of his living. There being no satisfactory prospect of usefulness at home, he came to America with his wife, four sons, and a daughter, in September, 1716. He settled, November 22, 1718, at East Chester, New York, and removed. May 3, 1720, to Bedford. In 1721, he took charge of Bensalem and Smithfield, in Bucks county, Pennsylvania. He ac- cepted a call to Neshaminy in 1726. He had a school, at which his sons and others were educated, — the Latin being as familiar to him as his mother-tongue. In 1728, James Logan| gave him fifty acres on Neshaminy Creek, "to encourage him to prosecute his views, and to make his residence near us pei-manent." The presbytery did not send a minister to install him ; but the people, being asked in the meeting-house, declared their acceptance of him as their pastor. He had two congregations, distinguished on the presby- tery-book as the upper and lower. On obtaining the land, a log * building was erected, twenty feet square, in which his pupils studied. Whitefield says, eight ministers trained by him were sent out before the fall of 1739. Of these, four were his sons; two others were Samuel Blair and John Rowland. In September, 1734, the newly-formed congregation of Newtown asked for one-fourth of his time ; but his upper congregation would not consent. In June, 173G, he asked the presbytery if they con- sidered him the regular pastor of Neshaminy: they replied that they did. The people then carried the matter to the synod, who concurred with the court below. Again Tennent asked the presby- tery, in 1738, and they replied as before. Two years after, a * Published by Dr. Alexander, in the Log College. f Memoir of Wm. Tennent, of Freehold. J Watson. 366 WILLIAM TENNENT. petition, signed by sixty-six names, was brought, asking for an assistant. The presbytery called Boyd and Thomson to sit with them in considering the matter: they came, and Tennent freely and cheerfully agreed to the people's proposal. It was arranged that each party should pay their own minister, and the two should preach "day about." McHenry was chosen as assistant. Ilis people complained, September 18, 1739, that he had yielded his pulpit to Rowland, against the synod's express order in tho previous May. When the presbytery entered on the consideration of the case, he disclaimed their jurisdiction, and withdrew; and they did no more than beseech his friends not to suffer the like violation of the synod's authority any more. On the 10th of November, he came to Philadelphia to see White- field, who rejoiced to welcome "an old, gray-headed disciple and soldier of Jesus Christ, — a great friend of Mr. Erskine, but secretly despised by most of the synod." Two days after, Whitefield went to Neshaminy, and, on his arrival, found Gilbert Tennent preach- ing in the churchyard to three thousand persons. He stopped at once, and gave out a psalm; after which "Whitefield preached, and the people were unaffected; but, in the midst of my dis- course, the power of the Lord Jesus came upon me. The Lord brought great things to pass." The revival was extensive and powerful there. Tennent entertained Whitefield as one of the ancient patriarchs would have done. Whitefield saw in him another Zacharias; and his wife appeared like Elizabeth. There were then " several gracious youth" in the Log College, nearly ready for the ministry. Whitefield wrote to a friend in Philadelphia, July 15, 1740, " I rejoice you have been at Neshaminy. I can say of Mr. Tennent and his brethren as David did of Goliath's SAVord : — ' none like them." " Tennent was regularly at synod during the exciting scenes of the three years preceding the rupture, and concurred with his sons in all their measures. Regarding himself as cast out by the Protest, in 1741, he withdrew from the synod and joined New Brunswick Presbytery. He soon asked for an assistant ; and sup- plies were sent tilf 1743, when Beatty was called and ordained. Roan took charge of the school for a season. Tennent finished his earthly course May 6, 1746, aged seventy- three, having seen of his pupils, Samuel Blair, Rowland, McCrea, Robinson, John Blair, Samuel Finley, Roan, Beatty, Lawrence, and Dean, besides his four sons, make honourable proof of their ministry, as men " allowed of God." He lived and died poor. On his coming to this country, he bor- rowed from the synod's fund, McNish being his security. He asked, in 1724, for " some supply from the fund," in vain. On one occasion, the unpaid interest was remitted. His widow petitioned SAMUEL YOUNG — ROBERT CROSS. *367 for the same favour : eight pounds were thrown off, on condition that principal and interest were paid at once. His widow, Catharine, closed her days with her son Gilbert, and died in Philadelphia, May 7, lTo3, aged seventy. Of his daughter, Eleanor, we have no notice except of her birth, Decem- ber 27, 1708. To William Texxent, above all others, is owing the pros- perity and enlargement of the Presbyterian church. Other men were conservative, and to their timely erection of barriers we owe our deliverance from the " N ew Light" of Antrim; others were valiant for the truth, and exerted by the press a wide influ- ence on the age ; many were steadily, and largely useful in par- ticular departments and in limited spheres : but Tennent had the rare gift of attracting to him youth of worth and genius, im- buing them with his healthful spirit, and sending them forth sound in the faith, blameless in life, burning with zeal, and un- surpassed as instructive, impressive, and successful preachers. SAMUEL YOUNG Was received from Armagh Presbytery by the synod, Septem- ber 23, 1718, and was appointed by Newcastle Presbytery to supply Drawyers. In May, 1720, a number, (lately come from Ireland,) having settled about the branches of Elk River, sent Thomas Read and Thomas Caldwell to present their case to the presbytery. Young visited them, and countenanced their design of ha\-ing the gospel settled among them. They were organized as a congregation in June, and they made out a call for Young in September: he declined, and died before June 6, 1721, leaving a widow. ROBERT CROSS Was born near Ballykelly,* in Ireland, 1689 ; and his cre- dentials as a probationer were approved by the synod in 1717. After spending some time in Newcastle, he was called to that * Near LcUerkenny, according to Mr. Hazard. 868 ROBERT CROSS. place on^ September 17, 1718; he was ordained and installed, March 17, 1719. Young preached, and Andrews was present as a correspondent. The congregation of Jamaica, Long Island, called him, September 18, 1728, to succeed McNish. He ac- cepted the call ; and, on the failure of the Church missionary in his suit for the ejectment of the tenants from the parsonage lands, he was, by a vote of the town, (January 2, 1725,) put into pos- session of them. GOVERNOR BURNETT* TO THE BISHOP OF LONDON. "New York, July 14, 1727. "My Lord:— " I have been informed by Mr. Poyer that there is an action commenced by the Presbyterians of Jamaica for the English church, which they pretend was built by them, and taken from them by violence by my Lord Cornbury. " I know nothing certain about their claim ; but if they take the course of law I cannot help it ; but, they having committed a riot in taking possession of the church, the attorney-general here has lodged an information against them, and I refused them a nolle prosequi upon their application, — that their rashness may be attended with charge and trouble at least, if not punishment, which may perhaps discourage them in their suit, or make them "willing to compromise it. My lord, &c., " W. Burnett." Whether they were indicted, or prosecuted, or convicted, does not appear; but they proceeded in their suit for the church. The defendant's counsel demurred to some of the plaintiff's evi- dences; but Chief-Justice Morris bade them waive it, for if the jury found for the plaintiff he would grant a new trial. They were very unwilling to do so; but, knowing the man, and fearing the worst from him, they consented. The verdict being for the plaintiff, the defendant's counsel moved at the next term before judgment for a new trial. It was refused ; and, on reminding Morris of his promise, he denied having made it, but said, on being urged, "A bad promise ought always to be broken." So, in 1727, the Presbyterians recovered their church by due course of law. Morris was no friend to the Presbyterians, having been a pupil of George Keith. lie was openly charged with having taken a bi'ibe, and Governor Cosby suspended him from his office. He went to England for redress, and published the grounds of his * Quoted by Macdonald. BORERT CROSS. 369 decision in the Jamaica case. Cosby wrote in his own vindication to the Council, describing Morris as grossly intemperate, insuf- ferably haughty, shamefully neglectful of the business of his office, and destitute of regard for truth. The year after Cross settled in Jamaica, there were, according to Poyer, many infidels and eighty Church families in the town and the precincts of Newtown and Flushing. In 178o, the Assembly granted the A'estry of Jamaica leave to dispose of sixty pounds; and the king was vehemently importuned to disallow the act, because the money would be given to the Dissenters. Cross was called to Philadelphia, in 1734, as assistant to An- drews ; but the synod, on his leaving the matter to them, decided, after calling upon God, not to place the call in his hands. Pem- berton* wrote to Welstead, of Boston, August 2l3, 1734, "You live in a place of action, but we .... have nothing before us but the removal of Mr. Cross. The Jamaica people refuse to give him up ; the Philadelphia people insist on having him. He de- clares liimself willing to comply with the determination of synod, but has no wish to part with his present people." When the commission was called together, in April, 1735, in the case of Hemphill, Pcmbcrton and Cross preached, and both printed their sermons, to vindicate themselves from the charges brought against them. Hemphill was amazed at so much insin- cerity in Cross, who had seemed to be much his friend. In the fall of 1735, his friends in Philadelphia petitioned to be made a distinct congregation. Leave was granted in the next summer, and they presented a call for him. He told the synod, that he thought they could not determine the matter till his people had been duly apprized, and that he thought it his duty to stay ■with them. The matter was delayed a year, and both congrega- tions pi-esented their reasons. They were considered ; and, after calling on God for light and direction in the matter, they with one accord united in recommending his removal to Philadelphia. He is saidf to have been successful in winning souls. His work in Jamaica had been to him delightful, and for his work's sake he was very highly esteemed. Elizabeth Ashbridge,J the Quakeress, said, " His people almost adored him, and impoverished themselves to equal the sum offered him in the city ; but, failing in this, they lost him." He joined Philadelphia Presbytery, May 29, 1737. The two congregations uniting, he was installed, November 10; and An- drews preached from 2 Cor. iv. 7. * MSS. of Massachusetts Historical Society. f Macdonald. J Friends' Library. 24 m ROBERT CROSS. The ministry of Whitefield in Philadelphia ■n-as extensive and powerful in its influence. Many were alienated from Andrews and Cross; they did not preach, it was said, so as to alarm the conscience. ^Vhiteficld, when about to sail, wrote from Reedy Island, Delaware, May 19, 1740, " Mr. C. has preached most of his people away from him. He lashed me most bravely the Sunday before I came away. Mr. A. also preached against me." But, subsequently, when the snow prevented the roofless " Great House" from being used, Cross off'ered his meeting-house to "Whitefield, and he preached there, with a sweet and wonderful power. Then he entered in his journal his sense of the folly of exposing his opinion of ministers as unconverted: he saw it to be a lording it over brethren. On the death of Andrews, Cross had Francis Alison for his assistant; and, in 1753, application was made to Edinburgh and London for a colleague. The answer from Edinburgh is un- known ; but Dr. Chandler recommended Mr. Richard Godwin, of Little St. Helen's, in London, — " serious and reserved in con- versation, but very fluent in the pulpit." He (Cross) resigned the pastoral charge, June 22, 1758. He maintained a corre- spondence with the ministers of South Carolina Presbytery. He died on the 9th of August, 1766. His wife, who was born in Kew York, in 1688, died in the same year with him. They left no children. He was esteemed for prudence, gravity, and skill in the Holy Scriptures ; it is added, — and for his genteel deportment. He made his will on the 6th of June. " I do commit my soul to my heavenly Father, of whose mere mercy and free grace I hope to obtain the full and free pardon of all my sins, through the merits and mediation of his well-beloved Son, my only Saviour and Re- deemer, the Lord Jesus Christ, in whom I believe, and on whose iatouement and all-powerful intercession I solely depend for my acceptance with God and eternal salvation." He left to his bro- ther, Hugh Cross, .£100 in L-ish money ; " XIOOO proclamation to Margaret, only daughter of my brother William, who lives with me." He gave twenty-five pounds to the Widows' Fund; and the proceeds of his library, excepting several books given to Mrs. Humphreys, to the poor of the congregation, specifying that twenty pounds be given to the Widow Glen. His gold-headed cane he left to his executor, Mr. William Humphreys. At this period, Davics and Tennent were in Great Britain, in be- half of the college; and they suspected Cross of having sent to Chandler a copy of the Nottingham Sermon. They attributed its appearance tliere to the inveterate malignity of the Philadelphia Synod, though it is not unlikely it was ofliciously dispersed from hand to hand by the Rev. William Smith, a Churchman, who was JOHN CLEMEST — TOLLIAM STEWARD. 371 then in London, zealously moving for the Philadelphia Academy. Cross, however, wrote to Scotland to excite prejudice against the college and its agents: his letter was put into "sundry hands," and the Nottingham Sermon was industriously spread at Edin- burgh, among the members of the General Assembly. Tennent and Davies prepared an answer to the letter, which they stigmatized as a malignant, ungenerous, clandestine eflfort. JOHN CLEMENT Presented his credentials as a probationer from Britain ; and they were approved by the synod, September 18, 1718. A call was presented for him from Pocomoke, in Virginia, called some- times Coventry, from the parish in which it partly lay, and ordinarily Rehoboth, from the place where the meeting-house stood. His ordination was appointed to be according to the usual methods, and to be performed by Davis, Hampton, and Thomson, and such mem- bers of Newcastle Presbytery as they might choose to call to their assistance. He was ordained in June, 1719; but scarcely a year elapsed before some of his elders sent a written complaint of him to the synod. It was given to him, and he prepared a written an- swer ; but they suspended him. The suspension was taken off oa his full confession, and Philadelphia Presbytery employed him to preach at Gloster and Pilesgrove ; but, on inquiry into his manner of life, he was suspended again, and further mention of him ceases. WILLIAM STEWARD Was received as a probationer on the same day with Clement, and, being called to Monokin and Wicomico, was ordained on the same day with him. For several years he waited, in the hope of forming a presbytery in the peninsula ; but, in 1723, by order of synod, he joined Newcastle Presbytery. A new meeting-house was built at Monokin, on land conveyed by deed, in 172U. The congregation had then eight elders. Steward died in 1731. 372 JOSEPH WEBB — JOHN ORME. JOSEPH WEBB, The son, probably, of the ministei* of Green's Farms, Connecti- cut, graduated at Yale in 1715, and became a member of synod in 1720, being the pastor of Newark. He ■was attended by his elder, Caleb Ward. In 1724, he proposed to the synod a case of con- science, but in such general and doubtful terms, that it was re- mitted to the presbytery. In 1726, a committee of synod, at his request, went to Newark to heal the diiference there. The synod approved in 1727 of its doings. After all the business was done that year, Jones, David Evans, Webb, and Ilubbel put in a protest, declaring their intention to join no more with them. Webb re- tracted in two months after. As early as 1732, difficulties in his congregation led the Church missionaries to commence their service in the town. Dickinson preached on the " Vanity of Human Institutions in matters of Re- ligion." Colonel Josiah Ogden had been suspended from church privileges, because, for fear of losing his hay, he had gathered it in on the Lord's day. He wrote to the synod in 1734, and Cross and Pemberton replied ; but the letter did not satisfy him. Dickinson and Pemberton wrote the next year, Webb having opened the case more fully to the synod. Ogden connected himself with the Epis- copalians, and a Church missionary was stationed in Newark, Webb is said to have been dismissed from his pastoral charge in 1736 ; his name is mentioned as a member of synod till 1740. He was most punctual in bringing collections for the fund. He and his son, a student in Yale College, were drowned October 21, 1741, while crossing the ferry at Saybrook, Connecticut. JOHN ORME A MINISTER from Devonshire, England, was received by the synod, September 26, 1720. The congregation of Marlborough on Patuxent having, through their correspondents in London, engaged him, he became their pastor, and continued with them till his death, in 1758. He remained with the Old Side. Whitefield preached twice at Upper Marlborough, and wrote, December 8, 1739, to Noble, of New York, " This afternoon God has brought us hither. Some are solicitous for my staying here to-morrow. I have complied with their request. These parta are in a dead sleep." MOSES DICKINSON. 373 MOSES DICKINSON, A TorxGER brother of Jonathan, was born at Springfiehl, De- cember 12, 1695, his father having lived successively at Hatfield, Hadley, and Springfield. He graduated at Yale in 1717, and succeeded Orr, in Ilopewell and Maidenhead, before September, 1710, his sickness at that time having detained his brother from synod. His first child, Mary, was born August 18, 1721. The date of his ordination and installation is not known. He sat in synod for the first time in 1722. Morgan wrote to Mather, in May, 1721, of the astonishing marks of a work of grace around him, and which were more plentiful among those who had been longer under the means of grace ; and, in September, he speaks of "magnum incrementum ecclesine" in Dickinson's congregations. He was released from Hopewell and Maidenhead before August, 1727. On the* dismission of Buckingham from Norwalk, in Con- necticut, many in the congregation, having heard Gilbert Tennent, were desirous of calling him; but the Fairfield Association thouirlit he ought not to be taken from so destitute a region as the Jerseys. They advised them to call Dickinson, for whom th(^ expressed great respect and value. He was invited to preach for them, June 26, 1727, and was called on the 19th of August. Seventy-five voted for him, and thirty-nine against him : they objected to the call, not out of dislike to him, but because they felt bound in con- science to regard their previous minister as their pastor. The ad- joining parish of Wilton concui-red in the call the next day. The town sent the Hon. Joseph Piatt to New Jersey to remove Dickin- son's family at their expense. A large manuscript is in the possession of the Rev. George Hale, of Pennington, entitled " Some Meditations on the Occasion of the Removal of Mr. Dickinson, in 1727 ; delivered in Hopewell meeting- house, by Enoch Armitage." Armitage was an elder, and came from Yorkshire in 1719. Dickinson preached the sermon at the ordination of Elisha Kent, in Newtown, Connecticut, his predecessor, Mr. Beach, having gone to England and returned with holy orders and a commission as a missionary. At Norwalk, an Episcopal separation took place ; and, among others, Mr. Jarvis, a deacon, withdrew. It is doubtful whether Bishop Jarvis was baptized before or after his father took this step, and, consequently, whether he ever tasted any other than uncovenanted mercies. Dickinson published several sermons. On the death of his bro- * Bev. Dr. Hall's History of Norwalk. •7t THOMAS EVANS. ther, he completed his second "Vindication of the Sovereignty of Grace." Foxcroft, in his preface, highly commends the continuation. Dickinson also prepared a treatise on the questions, Whether blind- ness of mind is the primary cause of unbelief? and Whether re- generation is wrought by the Holy Ghost operating with the gospel, •whereby the sinner is enlightened and enabled to know the truth? He took the aflBrmative side, in opposition to the new theology then coming into vogue. It was read before the Fairfield County As- sociation and the trustees of Yale, and was approved by them. Early in 1764, he sought an assistant in William Tennent, Jr., the son of the patriarch of Freehold ; but, after his removal, during the closing years of life, he pursued his work unaided. He died May 1, 1778, aged eighty-three. Dr. Trumbull, in pre- paring his "History of Connecticut," had access to his manu- scripts ; but they have been lost or destroyed. THOMAS EVANS Was received by Newcastle Presbytery as a student from the Presbytery of Caermarthen, in Wales; and they recommended him, (September 14, 1719,) after appointed trials of his ministerial gifts and high satisfaction in his blameless life, as a very hopeful candidate. They licensed him. May 28, 1720, The congregation of Welsh Tract (where his relatives were among the wealthiest and most highly-esteemed people) petitioned for him ; but the pres- bytery persevered in efforts to reconcile them to their late pastor, David Evans. The call was placed in his hands, March 12, 1723; and he was ordained at Pencader, May 8. Proclamation was made thrice at the door of the meeting-house, by David Evans, Esq., that, if any had allegations to make against his life or doctrine, they should do so before the ordination. He was the brother* of Nathaniel Evans, a large proprietor in Delaware. He was an excellent scholar and a valuable instructor. Among his pupils were Abel Morgan, f the Baptist minister of Middletown, New Jersey, with whom President Davies acquired the rudiments of classic lore, and who maintained a discussion on baptism with President Finley. Evans was a bachelor, a book- * So I am informed by Joshua Edwnrds, ■whose fnther (Rev. Morgan Edwards) took for his second wife the widow of Nathnnii'l Kvans. •j- M. Edwards's History of the New Jersey l^ptists. ALEXA^'DER HUTCHESOX. 375 \rorm. possessed a fine library, and was continually adding to his store. lie was esteemed a truly pious man. He was absent from the synod in 1741: but the Old Side ap- pointed him, with two others, to defend the '' Protestation" in print, if need be. He died in 1743. ALEXA^'DER HUTCHESOX. The Rev. Alexander Hutcheson, of Saintfield, county Down, (Ireland.) was one of the 'miuLsters of the Synod of Ulster to whom Sir Arthur Forbes first spoke of the project of the Regium Donura. He died in 1711. Francis Hutcheson, Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Glasgow, took a deep in- terest in our infant church, and proposed to Francis Alison that the synod should establish a seminary of learning. When Alexander Hutcheson was received by Xewcastle Presby- tery as a probationer from Glasgow Presbytery, (September 10, 1722.) they transmitted a formal vote of thanks to that body for sending him to these parts. After supplying Drawyers, he was called (March 12, 1723) to Bohemia Manor and Broad Creek, in Cecil county, Maryland. After proclamation made, no objections being ofl'ered, he was ordained, June 6. His people were not numerous or wealthy, and he asked to be dismissed ; but the pres- bytery declined, and gave him aid out of the fund, and left him at liberty for one-third of hia time to supply vacancies which desired him. He, with Gillespie, dissented from the act requiring a synodical examination of candidates for the ministry ; and they withdrew with the Brunswick brethren. Hutcheson wrote to the Synod of Philadelphia, expressing his opinion of the proceedings of both parties, and giving his advice. Augustin Herman, a Bohemian, a large land-purchaser, was "the first founder and seater of Bohemia Manor." The '"Manor" covered eighteen thousand acres. In Whitefield's day, it was one of the most interesting portions of our country. The Bayard family were his choicest friends. He wrote from there, April 26, 1747, ''After two days' abode here, I purpose taking a three weeks' circuit in hunting for Maryland sinners." 1754: "Again I have got into Maryland, and into a family out of which five, I trust, have been born of God. To-day I am forty." From St. George's, November 24, 1740: — "We have had precious times at 376 ALEXANDER HUTCHESON. Bohemia. There were two thousand people present. I have not" Been a more solid melting since my arrival." There is no mention, in print, of Hutcheson's having had a part in this good work; every thing was swallowed up in ^Vhiteficld. His influence was like the long summer-rain on the field where others have cleared away the forest, gathered out the stones, ploughed thoroughly, and cast in abundantly and in season the good seed, which is the word of God. The rapid bursting forth of vegetation followed the rain : other men had laboured, and he entered on their labours. In 1750, soon after the settlement of Dr. Rodgers at St. George's, Robert Alexander made a deed of a lot to Peter Bayard, James Bayard, Sluyter Bouchell, Benjamin Sluyter, Wil- liam Moore, John Moody, James Chew, Thomas Rothwell, and John Vandyke, trustees of the Forest Congregation, incorporated as the "Congregation of Bohemia and Appoquinimy." The ser- vices of Dr. Rodgers attracted to the Forest Church so many from Bohemia and Drawyers that they were in danger of becoming ex- tinct. Hugh McWhorter, who had been an elder of Hutcheson's, (the father of Dr. McWhorter, of Newark,) became an elder at the Forest. Hutcheson died in October, 1766. Emigration to Virginia and North Carolina reduced the congre- gations rapidly. In April, 1770, Bohemia Manor and Back Creek* petitioned NeAvcastle Presbytery to be considered as a separate congregation ; but no subsequent mention of them by name is made. The Bohemia Church stood near Taylor's Bridge, and remained until 1809; only the tombstones are left now. Mr. Foot, of Port Penn, after much search, could not learn so much as the name of Hutcheson, or hear any mention of Whitefield's success in Bohemia. An elder at Bohemia, on Hutcheson's settlement, was Dr. Peter Bouchelle; another was John Brevard,t whose son Ephraim is so honourably connected with the movement in Mecklenburg, North Carolina, for the assertion of our independence; another was Manasseh Logue. * Mr. Foot, of Port Penn, says the Forest Church worshipped at Back Creek and St. George's till 1750. f Brevard and Bouchelle were of Huguenot descent, as also was the Biissot family and the Bayards. Mr. Brevard, on the Revocation of the Edict of Nautes, fled to Ulster, and then settled on Elk River, Maryland. He had five sons. Of these, John niariied a sister of the Rev. Dr. Macwhorter, of Newark, and rcnnoved to North Carolina, in the neighbourhood of Centre Church, in Iredell county. At the close of his days, his house, with its contents, were burned by the British, as a punishment for having eight sons in the rebel camp. General Davidson, who waa killed at Cowan's Ford, ou the Catawba, was his son-in-law. — W/tcder's Sketche* of iiorth Carolina. ROBERT LAIXG — JOHN WALTON. 377 ROBERT LAING, A MixrsTER from Great Britain, arrived in [Maryland in 1722, and supplied Snow Hill. In March, he removed to Brandywine and White Clay. In August, he was suspended for bathing on the Lord's dav, and, not rcceivinjr the sentence in a becomini; manner, he was deposed. Thomas Evans and Robert Cross ob- jected to so heavy a punishment ; and the synod, on the ground that he had sought relief under sickness by a water-cure, took off the sentence and rebuked him. In 1726, he, with the synod's advice, demitted the ministry, because of his weakness and defi- ciency ; aid was given him out of the fund ; and assurance was given that any minister prudently ministering to his necessities should be reimbursed. He passed out of notice. JOHN WALTON Graduated at Yale in 1720. Morgan wrote to Mather* from East Chester, May 28, 1721, that there had formerly been no Pres- byterian congregations within twenty miles of Freehold on the north and sixty on the south. '* Our ministrations wei'e as little desired as enjoyed ; but now, new congregations (Allentown, or Crosswicks, and Cranberry) are formed, where formerly the people thought us as bad almost as Papists. I engaged Hook, the two Dickinsons, and Webb, to preach to them: the appearances were encouraging. I also prevailed with one from Yale, of my own town born, (Xew London,) and he had double the good effect of all that were there before; but some things will make his labour useless." Morgan wrote to Mather, October 31, 1722, " Walton's preaching was admired. People heard him with tears. He had like to have brought over all the people to our way; and his imprudencies and wickedness are much to be admired," (won- dered at.) Andrews wrote to Colman, April 30, 1722, " One from Con- necticut, that was like to have done much good in the Jerseys, has, by his nonsensical importunities and madness, lost his honour, * Mather MSS. American Antiquarian Society. 578 JOHN WALTON. and is gone." He had been preaching at Crosswicks; and the Presbytery of Phibulclpliia, in his absence, took the testimony, suspended him, and publislicd the sentence from the pulpit in which he had preached. Subsequently the charges against him were regularly adjudicated and proved. Ilis conduct to the pres- bytery, and his mode of speaking of them, were abusive and unbecoming. The synod had a conference with him privately, and allowed him several days to consider and prepare a written ac- knowledgment of his misdemeanours. His paper was accepted pro tanto, and he was suspended for three Sabbaths.* His con- fession was to be read on the third Sabbath after the sentence, from the pulpit in Newark, in part, so far as related to his offences there. He was to own the confession publicly, and then to be ab- solved. On the day appointed, no minister being present, he read his confession and absolved himself. The synod refused to acknowledge such a proceeding, and remitted the case to Long Island Presbytery, with Dickinson, Morgan, and Pierson as corre- spondents. Regardless of the synod, he preached at East Chester. The committee, in October, 17:^3, were informed (by letter and otherwise) of several scandalous allegations against him, and con- tinued his suspension. When Morgan i-ose to give him an exhor- tation, he exclaimed against their conclusion, renounced all sub- jection to them, told them he wanted no exhortation from them, and rushed away in an angry manner. Immediately he advertised that he would teach in New York, on Broad Street, near the Exchange, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew; and that during the winter he would keep an evening school. In 1725, he requested the synod to leave his case to the Pres- bytery of Long Island ; but they consigned it to the same com- mittee as before. He went to West Chester county, and preached at Rye and White Plains. It seems probable that, during the ministry of the Rev. Christopher Bridge, Church missionary at Rye, there was a general acquiescence of the town. On his death, in 1719, the people desired Poyer, of Jamaica,! to come to them : he requested the \'enerable Society to send him, because the congregation said, if the}' could not have him, they knew whom they would have, — Mr. Buckingham, of Norwalk. " The humble Memorial of the Presbyterians of Rye and White Plains" to| the Governor of Connecticut and the Legislature, dated May 11, 1727, is headed by John Walton, and is signed by * Morgan says, "Wo, who went out, (Pliiladclphia Presbytery,) wondered that the r^ynod restored him. Pious Mr. Gillespie entered his dissent." •j- MSS. in hands of Hiiiry Onderdonk, Esq., of Jamaica, j MSS. iu Secretary's Office, Hartford. WILLIAM McMILLAX. 379 fifty others. It embraces nanies long familiar in West Chester, as Theall, Brundige, Lane, Purdy, Kiiapp, Hyatt, Bloomer, Turner, Horton, Travis, Ilacliiliah Brown, Sharkoe, Kniffin, Ilaiglit, Merrit, and Lyon. They were obliged to pay to the support of the Church of England, — "our way is not established;" and they •were opposed by the Church party, who lessened their number and too much strove to discourage and hinder; but they persevered because of their love of God's honour, and out of regard of the peace of their immortal souls. They formerly had hopes of settling a meeting-house, and had got timber ; but through long delay it rotted. They had begun a meeting-house at White Plains, and had covered it, but were in debt for part, and unable to finish it. Besides, they wished to build a meeting-house at Byetown, six miles from White Plains. They ask that a brief may pass through the colony for their relief, and that the collections be paid to Mr. Davenport, of Stamford. ''Oh, consider the indefatigable industry of the Church of Eng- land to help poor places Have you a little sister without any breasts ? What shall ye do for your sister in the day that she i3 spoken for? If she be a door, will ye not enclose her with boards of cedar? .... Is not one soul worth ten thousand worlds? Can you be easy while we perish? Surely, no." They add, "We have made up a small yearly competent salary for a minister." The Legislature refused the request. The trustees of Yale encouraged them to renew their application; and they held "an orderly meeting," October 4, 1727; and, "as we have no law authorizing us to appoint a moderator," the proceedings were certi- fied by "our justice, Caleb Hyatt." They add, that they are required to rebuild the Church of England. The trustees of Yale Bent the Rev. Mr. Davenport, of Stamford, to present the petition to the house, and it was granted. The church was built at Rye, in May, 1729 ; and Walton disappears from view. Did he become a Baptist minister, and settle at Morristown, Kew Jersey, and die there, 1768?* WILLIAM McMillan. It was a sad thing for our cause in Virginia that early death should overtake our labourers there. There were many dis- courajiements to hinder candidates from settlinjr amons the few people favouring our way in Rappahannock and York, or the small * Bills of Mortality of Morristown, New Jersey. 380 WILLIAM McMillan. congregation on Elizabeth River. The former had obtained the promise of Anderson's service ; but, when he came from Scotland, he felt no inclination to abide with them. A representation was made by some of the members of synod in 1722, " of the earnest desire of some Protestant Dissenting families in Virginia, together with a comfortable prospect of the increase of our interest there." Conn, of Bladensburg, Orme, of Marlborough, and Stewart, of Monokin, each spent four weeks there. The people of Virginia wrote to the synod in 1724 ; Jonathan Dickinson was recommended to spend some Sabbaths Avith them, and the three brethren in Maryland were appointed each to preach for them four Sabbath days. Jones and Andrews wrote to the people, and Dickinson and Cross prepared an address to the Governor of Virginia. Only Orme went. The people again wrote, and the synod referred the whole affair to the Presbytery of Newcastle. That body had met two days before, on the 14th of September, 1724; and, "a repre- sentation* being made of Mr. Wm. McMillan to the presbytery, as a fit and hopeful candidate for the ministry, they, being satisfied with his testimonials, order him to deliver a sermon on Gen. xxxiii. 2, at our next, and till then defer his extemporary trials. "September 17. — Mr. McMillan delivered a popular sermon on Gen. xxxiii. 2, and underwent some tryals in extemporary questions, as appointed, in both which he was approven: the further con- sideration of his affair is deferred till our next sederunt at White Clay Creek. " September 22. — The affair of Mr. McMillan being reassumed, the presb3'tery took tryal of him in the learned languages, and were highly satisfied; and, considering the difficulties he lies under to attend another dyet for further tryals, together with the deso- lateness of the people at Virginia, and being fully satisfied with the tryals they have taken of him, do allow and license him to preach the gospel of Christ." He then subscribed a declaration of his adherence to the Westminster Confession, being the first who is recorded to have done so. He was ordered to supply the people of Virginia during his abode there, — Mr. Stewart to give them one Sabbath in October, and Mr. Conn one Sabbath in May. Of him we know nothing further; nor has the locality been ascertained, which is designated as "Virginia." In the March following his licensure, the people of Coventry petitioned for sup- plies,— making it probable that it was llehoboth, on Pocomoke, in Coventry parish, with Accomac county, which contained "the people of Virginia." Occasional supplies were sent to them till 172T. * Kindly transcribed for me, from the Records, by the Rev. R. P. Dubois, of London THOMAS CREAGHEAD. 381 THOMAS CREAGHEAD Is said by some to have been a native of Scotland. He was probably the son of Robert Creaghead, the minister of Donoiigh- more. He was at Londonderry in the time of the siege : he left the city in the midst of that fearful and protracteil leaguer, and removed to Glasgow. His little work for communicants is practical, valuable, and still frequently reprinted. Thomas Creaghead is said to have studied medicine as well as divinity ; and, after being settled in Ireland for ten or twelve years, he came, in 1715, to New England. He was employed in the minis- try at Freetown, near Fall River, Massachusetts, Cotton Mather* wrote to Mr. Hathaway, 22nd, Fifth month, 1718, regretting that unkind treatment of some of the people had prevented the settle- ment of that gentleman's gracious and worthy relative in Freetown. " You will excuse me that I earnestly entreat you to give a demon- stration of the wisdom that is from above, and encourage Mr. Creaghead in the work in which he is now engaged." 21st, Fifth month, 1719: "You can't be insensible that the minister whom our glorious Lord hath graciously sent among you, is a man of an excellent spirit, and a great blessing to your plantation. Mr. Creaghead is a man of singular piety, meekness, humility, and in- dustry in the work of God. All that are acquainted with him have a precious esteem of him, and if he should be driven from among you, it would be such a damage, yea, such a ruin, as is not with- out horror to be thought of." These entreaties were vain. Creag- head left in 1723, and is said, in President Stiles's papers, to have gone to the Jerseys. Backus, the Baptist historian, said that he treated the people so abusively for their neglect to clear off the arrears, that they, in disgust, would not consent to settle another minister. They who wrong a minister of his salary are never slow to rob him of his good name. They continued twenty-five years without the stated ministration of the gospel, chiefly through unwillingness to pay a regular salary. A Congregational church was organized in 1747, and the Rev. Silas Brett was settled, his support not being col- lected as a tax, but contributed at each man's pleasure. After thirty years of faithful labour, he was dismissed. The church never had another pastor, and became extinct after the Revolution. Creaghead was received by Newcastle Presbytery, Jan. 28, 1724, and 'James Smith and John Hoge appeared as commissioners from * Mather MSS. American Antiqaarian Society 382 THOMAS CUEAanEAD. Elk, with a call for liim. The next month, John Montgomery and John Campbell presented a call for him from White Clay. He accepted it, iiaving leave to supply Brandywine every third Sab- bath ; he was installed, Sept. 22, Hutcheson officiating. In No- vember, 1728, his people, being now able to make up his full sup- port, asked for the whole of his time : the request was granted ; but he was directed to supply Brandywine every fifth Sabbath, and to catechize there as formerly. He removed to Lancaster county, and in September, 1733, a call from Pequea being presented to Donegal Presbytery by Patrick Moor, commissioner, he accepted it, and was installed on Wednes- day, the last day of October. Donegal Presbytery always speak of him as "Father Creaghead," and his name stands first on their book, and on that of Newcastle, among the subscribers to the Confession. His people having besought the presbytery to meet with them and hear their complaint against him, the case was opened in May, 1736. The charge was that he had suspended his wife from church privileges without consulting the session : he replied that, the reason for this being known only to himself, the session were not compe- tent to advise ; besides, he had not resolved on it till the Satur- day night preceding the sacrament. The presbytery judged that he was under a delusion or delirium of the head, and directed him to restore her, and not to insist on having his son John and his wife live under his roof.* His usefulness being at an end, he was dismissed, Sept. 7, 1736, and was sent to supply Monada, (now Hanover,) Paxton, and Conedoguinnet. In November, Robert Henry presented a call for him from Hopewell. The difficulties about the boundaries of Hopewell and Ponnsborough were settled by allowing the former to build at the Great Spring ; from which it has since borne the name of Big Spring. Anderson and Thom- son objected to allowing him to preach until the trouble in his family was allayed. After considerable discussion, Mrs. Creag- head, being present, was asked, and she said she had no cause for complaint against her husband. Alexander Creaghead was ap- pointed to install him ; but, failing to do so, the service was per- formed by Bertram, of Derry, on the second Friday in October, 1738. He is said to have expired in the pulpit, dropping dead after pronouncing the benediction, at the close of April, 1739. He lies without a monument, being buried, it is said, under the corner-stone of the present meeting-house at Big Spring. He is said to have been accompanied from New England by his younger brother, who settled first at Donegal and was one of the first who removed to the vicinity of Carlisle. His family is ex- tensively spread through Western Pennsylvania. * Their dwelling at the Head of Pequea. JOSEPH HOUSTON. 383 Thomas Creaghead is said to liavc left five children, — George, Thomas, John, Margaret, and Jane, vafo of Rev. Adam Boyd. George probably remained in Delaware when his father removed to Pequea, and was a judge, and, in 1770, an elder from Lower Brandywine. He was speaker of the Council at the adoption of the Federal Constitution. His son, Captain William Creaghead, removed to Virginia, was an elder in Davics's Church in Hanover, and died at an advanced age in Lunenburg county, — a man of great intelligence, public spirit, and piety.* Family tradition represents one of Thomas Creaghead's sons to have been a minister in Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, — making it probable that Alexander Creaghead, of Middle Octorara, was his son. Creaghead was one of the pioneers of the Irish Presbyterians in New England : he was employed by our presbyteries to correspond with ministers on their arrival there. He wrote to the Rev. .John McKinstry, afterwards of Ellington, Connecticut, and to the Rev. John Campbell, afterwards of Oxford, Massachusetts, to come to these parts; he also wrote in 17oG, in the synod's name, to Boston, to the newly^formed Presbyterian congregation there. JOSEPH HOUSTON Came from Ireland to New England and was received by Newcastle Presbytery as a probationer, July 29, 1724, was employed at New London, Connecticut,! during the absence of Mr. Ildlhouse in his native land. After preaching for a few months at Elk River, An- drew Steel and Roger Lawson, commissioners from that congrega- tion, presented a call for him in September. He accepted it, Oct. 5, and Robert Finney, with two other commissioners, petitioned that he might be ordained speedily. He was ordained on the 15th. In March, 1726, the presbytery proceeded to heal the difference which had arisen on " settling the seats" in the meeting-house on the branches of Elk. They ordained that the minister's seat should be on the right of the pulpit ; that William Finney should have his choice of the seats assigned to William Hoge and Andrew Steel ; and that Roger Lawson and Abraham Emmet should ex- change seats. * Dr. Alexander, who knew him well and valued hira highly, mentions him in his History of Colonization as one of the first to broach the idea of restoring our co- loured people to the land of their fathers. ■j- MSS. in Secretary's oflBce, Hartford. 1S^ ADAM BOYD. A long, wearisome, and unwise contest grew out of Houston's un- willingness to give a part of his time to the people living on the northeast of Great Elk. He and the body of his people opposed the erection of a meeting-house there, and were at last contented to admit, that they had received no damage, from establishing a separate congregation at New London. He was installed pastor of Goodwill or Wallkill congregation, in Orange county, New York, before May, 17-10, and died in the fol- lowing October, aged forty-eight.* In 1743, the synod agreed to remit his bond, dated July 25, 1740, in favour of his widow and family. Hia descendants still remain in Orange county. ADAM BOYD Was born at Ballymoney, Ireland, in 1692, and came to New Eng- land as a probationer in 1722 or '23 ; and, being minded to return to his native country, he was furnished by Cotton Mather with a commendatory certificate,! dated June 10, 1724. Plaving formed an attachment to a daughter of Mr. Creaghead's, he relinquished his design, and was received under the care of Newcastle Presby- tery in July. He was sent to Octorara, with directions to supply Newcastle and Conestoga. In September, Arthur Park and Cor- nelius Rowan presented a call for him from Octorara and "Pikquae," which he accepted in October, and Cornelius Rowan and John Dcver appeared as representatives to solicit his ordi- nation. He was ordained on the 13th at Octorara, Creaghead, Gillespie, Hook, Thomas Evans, and Hutcheson, with his elder, Dr. Peter Bouchelle, being present. Sadsbury is the township, and Octorara the stream, which give names to the congregation. They had supplies from 1721, and had been directed to "gratify" the ministers sent to them and not let them go home unpaid. In Oct. 1727, the families on the west side of Octorara asked for one-third of his labours, and it appeared they could raise fifty-one pounds. It being shown that the site selected for their meeting-house was nine miles distant by one road and eleven miles by another, from the Octorara house, Boyd was directed to spend every sixth Sabbath at Middle Octorara ; Nottingham being called the Mouth of Octorara, or Lower Octorara. The Forks of Brandy- wine composed part of his field till 1734. ■* Eager's History of Orange County, f Mather MSS. Am. Autiq. Soc. ADAM BOYD. S85 Ten days after his ordination, Oct. 23, 1725, Boyd married Jane, the difughtcr of Creaghead, of V»'hite Clay. Alexander Creaghead, her relative, if not her brother, became the minister of the adjoining congregation of Middle Octorara. In the progress of the Great Revival, a large portion of Boyd's congregation left him and joined the Brunswick brethren. He therefore asked leave, Aug. 11, 1741, to accept the invitation given him by the fraction of Brandywine whicli adhered to the Old bide, and which offered him twenty pounds for half of his time. At this period commences Boyd's account-book, full of minute memoranda, extending down to his last days. He had used the book for his exercises while in the grammar-school; it contains several sermons, in cramped, abbreviated letters. The first entry is : — '•Fforks records, &c., commencing 11th August, 1741," It embraces the payments of each subscriber, with the offsets, the time of their death or removal, and the attending circumstances. He says his relation to Forks was dis^solved " most irregularly in in 17o8, ' and that on the 1st of September, Octorara engaged to pay for two-thirds of his time. He had been joined by the synod to Newcastle Presbytery, on account of the fewness of the members ; and on the union, he seems to have acted harmoniously and com- fortably with his brethren, though the majority was of the New Side. At the close of his life, he asked supplies for his pulpit ; and the New-Side congregation, being vacant by the death of Sterling, united ■with his people in calling Foster. Robert Smith, of Pequea, pre- sided on this occasion. May 2, 17G8 ; and it was agreed to pay Boyd twenty -five pounds yearly during his life. He was able to be present at Foster's ordination, and died Nov. 23, 17G8. His widow survived till Nov. 0, 177y. He left five daughters and five sons. The eldest, John, is said to have been licensed, and to have died young; Thomas settled on a phintation, given him by his father; Andrew remained upon the homestead; Adam resided in Wilming- ton, N.C., and commenced the Cape Fear Mercury,* in Oct. 17G7; he was a true friend of liberty, " much respected, and was a leading member of the Committee of Safety." He engaged to resume the publication of his paper, Jan. 30, 1775, and, the next year, ex- changed the press for the pulpit. He Avas chaplainf of the North Carolina Brigade. Samuel, the youngest, entered Mr. McDowell's school at Elk in • GoTem<-T Swain's Sketch of the Occupation of North Carolina by the British, in the North Carolina Union Magazine. Wheeler, in his Sketches of North Carolina, calls him an Englishman. Colonel Anirew Boyl, of Octorara, writing to his mo- ther-in-law of tlie war in the Southern colonies, mentions the report that the Bri- tish hare seized Wilroinj^ton, "where my brother Adam is." f Stiles MSS., New Haven. 25 386 KOYES PARRIS — NATHANIEL HUBBELL. the summer of 1760, and became a student in the College of Phila- delphia in 1764. He entered on the practice of medicine, ind re- moved to Virginia. lie was a man of property, and of great exactness, recording in ■what articles his salary was paid ; thus, John Long paid by publi- cations (as a magistrate) of marriages and estrays, and by a riddle. His hearers seem to have been uniformly commendable in regard to his support : several remembered him, in their dj-ing testaments, by small bequests. Many of them removed over the river, and to Virginia and North Carolina. His marriage-portions to his daughters were large, according to the notions of that day, and show the thoughtfulness as well as tho liberality of the parents. A few of his sermons are in my hands. On his tombstone is engraved : — " Forty-foui' years pastor of thia church." XOYES PAREIS "Was the son of the Rev. Samuel Parris, of Salem -spillage, Massa- chusetts, so mournfully conspicuous in giving life and vehemence to the delusion and the judicial murders for witchcraft. He was born in 1692, and graduated at Harvard in 1721. He preached at Cohanzy from 1724 to 1729, when, having fallen under serious imputations, he in a disorderly manner withdreAv to Xew England. Dickinson was dii'ected to write to Boston and state the cii'cum- stances. NATHAXAEL HUBBELL Graduated at Yale in 1723, and became the pastor of West^ field and Hanover, New Jersey, in 1727, — the latter including the present congregations of Morristown, Chatham, and Parsippany. The Westfield* congregation gave him, as "a settlement" on his accepting their call, one hundred acres of their parsonage-lands in fee-simple. "A settlement" in land or money was the uniform * Rev. Jas. M. Huntting's Historical Discourse at Westfield. It would appear that H-inover did tbe same. His house having beeu burned, Jlr. Budd made a uew deed. — Rev. Jos. F. TuttL, Ruckaway, New Jersey. GILBERT TENXEXT. 887 NeTV England custom, and -nas frequent in Pennsylvania, it being understood that the minister was to spend his daj-s in their service. At Westfield, all who chose bound themselves by a covenant to be assessed according to their property, to make up whatever was de- ficient in the pastor's salary. The first time Hubbell met with the synod, he put in a protest with Webb and others, and seems for j-ears to have relinquished all connection with it. In 1732, his name appears again on the Re- cords, but generally as an absentee. In 1730, he gave up the charge of Hanover. He was present as a correspondent at the meeting of the com- mission in Hemphill's case; and, in one of tlie pamphlets in defence of that unworthy man, it is said that Hubbell avowed that " any method of promoting a good cause was innocent and lawful." He prosecuted a claim for arrears, which led to his dismission in 1745, just before his death. GILBERT TENNENT, The oldest son of Tennent, of Neshaminy, was born in the county Armagh,* Feb. 5, 1703, before his father entered into orders. He was converted, through the exertions of his father, at the age of fourteen, while crossing the Athmtic. He was educated by him, and was licensed by Philadelphia Presbytery in May, 1725. He received in the fall the degree of A.!M. from Yale. The honorary degree of Master of Arts was conferred by that institution for the first time in 1774, and he was the third person on whom it was be- stowed. He was called, Dec. 29, to Newcastle, and, after remain- ing some time, abruptly left. The congregation and the Presbytery of Newcastle complained of his departure ; and a letter was pro- duced, declaring his acceptance of the call. The synod concluded that his conduct was too hasty and unadvised ; and the moderator reproved him, and exhorted him to use more deliberation and cau- tion in future. The rebuke was sharp, and lie took it meekly.f He was ordained at New Brunswick, by Philadelphia Presbytery, in the fall of 1726. He would have been called soon after to Nor- ■walk, had not the Fairfield Association interposed their judgment that he ought not to be taken from so destitute a region as the Jerseys. When he went to New Brunswick, he found there several excel- lent persons who had been converted under the ministry of the * Family Record ia Dr. Alexander's Log College. \ MS. Records of Newcastle Presbytery. 888 GILBERT TENNENT. Rev. Theodorus Jacobus Frelingliuysen.* That good man sent him a letter on tlic necessity of riglith' dividing the Avord, Avhich ex- cited in him a greater earnestness of hil)our. lie was distressed at his want of success : though greatly admired and very popuhir as a preacher, there was no instance of a saving change in any of his hearers during the first year and a half after his settlement. A severe fit of sickness gave him affecting views of eternity, and he was exceedingly grieved that he had done so little for God. On recovering, he examined many professing Christians, and found their hope to rest on sand. With these he dealt faithfully. Some were apparently converted ; but others turned to be his enemies. He preached much on original sin, repentance, and the nature and the necessity of conversion : a considerable number around were hopefully converted, and at sacramental seasons there were fre- quently signal displays of the divine presence and power. " New Brunswick did then look like a field the Lord has blessed. Alas ! now (1744) the scene is altered." At Staten Island, — one of the places where he statedly laboured, — there was, in 1728 or '29, a more general concern ; and pretty many "were converted. Once, while preaching from Amos vi»l, the people, careless before, Avere so affected, that they fell on their knees to cry for mercy, and the general inquiry was, " What shall I do to be saved V In 1738, he laid before the s^mod "sundry large letters" which had passed between him and Covvell, of Trenton, on the subject of the true motive that should influence our obedience to God: whether it should be wholly a desire for God's glory, or whether, with this desire, there should be a desire for our own happiness : Is disinte- rested benevolence the essence of holiness ? The large committee to whom the papers Avere referred, heard both parties, and delayed their decision for a year. They presented a wise, happy statement of the true doctrine ; but it did not satisfy Tennent. lie again in- troduced the business in 1740 ; but the synod, by a large majoi-ity, refused to consider it. This he represented in his papei-, Avhioh he read a few days after, on the deplorable state of the ministry, as a slighting and shuffling the late debate about the glory of God, and as sanctioning the doctrine that there is no diflference between seeking the glory of God and our own happiness, and that self- love is the foundation of all obedience. At this time, he corresponded with Ralph and Ebenezer Erskine; and Whitefield, in giving them his advice, enforces it by saying, " Our dear brother and fellow-labourer, Mr. G. Tennent, thinks the same, and said he would write to you about it." On hearing Tennent preach, Whitefield said, "Never before heard I such a searching sermon. lie went to the bottom indeed, and did not daub with untempered mortar. He convinced me more * His Letter in the Christian History. GILBERT TENNENT. 889 and more that wc can preach the gospel no further than we have experienced the power of it in our hearts. I found what a habe and novice I was in the things of God. lie is a son of thunder, whose preaching must eitlier convert or enrage hypocrites." Whitefiehl preaclied, Nov. 20, "about noon, for near two hours, in worthy Mr. Tennent's meeting-house, to a hirge assembly ga- thered from all parts ; and amongst them, as he told me, there was a great body of solid Christians ; and again at three and seven. Several were brought under strong convictions, and our Lord's disciples were ready to leap for joy." Tennent sent him word, Dec. 1, 1739 : — '' Since you was here, I have been among my people, dealing with them plainly about their souls' state, examining them as to tlieir experience, telling natural people the danger of their state, exhorting them that were totallv secure to seek convictions and those that were convinced to seek Jesus. I reproved pious people for their faults. There are hopeful appearances among pretty many in the place I belong to." In April, it was said two had been savingly converted in November. Whitefield wrote to him from Williamsburg, Virginia, Dec. 15, 1739, '* Be not angry because you have not heard from me. In- deed, I love anil honour you in the bowels of Jesus Christ. You are seldom out of my thoughts. 1 trust the work goes on glo- riously in your parts: the hand of the Lord brought wondrous things to pass before we left Pennsylvania Last night I read the affecting account of A'our brother John. Let me die the death of that righteous man. Oh, my dear friend, my brother, en- treat the Lord that I may grow in grace and pick up the fragments of my time that nothing may be lost. Teach me, oh, teach me the way of God more perfectly. Rebuke, reprove, exhort me with all loner-suffering and doctrine : I feel I am but a babe in Christ. I only wish I was more worthy to subscribe myself your affection- ate brother and servant in Christ." From New Brunswick, April 28, 1740, he writes, " God has now brought me here, where I am blessed with the conversation of Mr. Tennent. Indeed, he is a good soldier of Jesus ; and God is pleased in a wonderful manner to own him and his brethren. The congre- gations where they have preached have been surprisingly convicted and melted down. They are unwearied in doing good, and go out into the highways and hedges to compel poor sinners to come in." To Mr. Habersham he wrote from Savannah, June 25, 1740, "I like tlie Messrs. Tennent for preaching in this manner. They wound deep before they heal : they know there is no promise made but to him that believeth, and therefore they are careful not to comfort overmuch those that are convicted. I fear I have been incautious in this respect, and have often given comfort too soon." To Mr. R , in Phihidelphia, he wrote from Charleston, July 11, 174U, " Keep close, my dear friend, keep close to the dear Mr. 390 GILBERT TENNENT. Tennents. Under God, they •will build up your soul on your most holy faith. It gladdens my heart to hear of their success in the Lord." Whitefield went to New Brunswick, Nov. 6, and Tennent, of Freehold, met him, besides other ministers. It was settled that Gilbert should go to Boston, though he pleaded inability for so great a work. His first wife had lately died ; and he was so much supported that he was able to preach her funeral sermon while she la}' before him in the coffin. Whitefield wrote to Governor Belcher, at Boston, from Philadel- phia, Nov. 9, " Great thing^^ has the great Immanuel done for me and for this people by the way. The word has been attended with much power. Surely our Lord intends to set America in a flame. This week, Mr. Tennent proposes to set out for Boston; to blow up the divine flame lately kindled there. I recommend him to your excellency as a solid, judicious, excellent preacher. He will be ready to preach daily." Tennent took Long Island in his way ; and his labours were greatly blessed. At Newport, there was a considerable concern. He preached at Westerly, Rhode Island, from Matt. xi. 28, in going, and, returning, from Gen. iii. 9 ; rousing up the people, and filling some with great wrath. He waked up the conscience. He arrived at Boston, Dec. 13. His first sermon was on " The Kighteousness of the Scribes," and was speedily printed. It was a period of protracted and unexampled cold ; Long Island Sound •was frozen across. The Rev. Dr. Cutler, Church missionary at Boston, laments to the Venerable Society that " Gilbert Tennent* afflicted us more than the most intense cold and snow. Though vulgar, crude, and boisterous, yet tender and delicate persons were not deterred from hearing him at every opportunity. The ill efiiects of Whitefield's visit might have worn off", if his followers could have been preserved from writing; but they carried on his design with too great success." Dr. Cutler said to Dr. Zachary Grey, (Nicholls's Lit. Anecdotes,) "Whitefield has plagued us with a vengeance, especially his friends and followers. Our presses are forever teeming with books. . . . While he was here, the town was as if it were in a siege ; the streets were crowded with coaches and chaises. He lashed and anathematized the Church of Eng- land. After him came one Tennent, a minister, impudent and saucy, and told them they were damned. This charmed them ; and, in the dreadfullest winter I ever saw, people wallowed in the snow day and night, for the benefit of his beastly brayings. Many ended their days under these fatigues. Both W. and T. carried more money out of these parts than the poor could be thankful for." He preached for nearly two months. The assemblies had been full from the time Whitefield preached ; but under Tennent, the concern be- ■* Hawkins. — Albauy Documents. GILBERT TENNENT. 391 came more general and powerful. From the deep and terrible con- victions he had passed tl. rough, he had such a lively sense of tlie divine majesty, holiness, and justice, tliat the very terrors of God seemed to rise in his mind afresh when he brandished them in the eyes of unreconciled sinners. Some of the most stubborn sinners ■were made to fall down at the feet of Jesus in lowly submission. The Rev. Thomas Prince says that " in private he was seen to be of considerable parts and learning, — free, gentle, and condescending : he had as thorough an aciiuaintance with exj)erimcntal religion as any person I ever conversed with ; his preacliing was as searching and rousing as any I ever heard. He aimed directly at the heart and conscience, to lay open numerous delusions and show the many secret, hypocritical shifts in religion, and to drive out of every de- ceitful refuge." His preaching produced no crying out or falling down : he did not so much preach the terrors of the law, as search man's delusive hopes, show their utter impotence and impending danger. He left Boston, March 2, 1741, and preached his f;irewell from Acts xi. 23. He was exceeding strict in cautioning against running into the church. Yet, the opposers say, the congregations, while he preached, expressed their religious joy by a hearty laugh, and that Tennent laughed over those who were under conviction. He preached eight sermons at I'lymouth, in March, with good re- sults, on the sin and apostasy of mankind in Adam ; on the blind- ness of the natural man in the things of God ; on the utter inability of the fallen creature to relieve itself; and on justification through the imputed righteousness of Christ. In Maine, he preached seven sermons at Piscataqua, and three at East York, going from thence to Hampton, X.H., and Greenland ; at Portsmouth, six or seven times, his voice drowned by the cries of the people in distress. In Massachusetts, he preached three sermons at Bridgewater, one from Matt. xi. 28, at Taunton, which awakened only a few, and was deep and lasting in only two in- stances. At Oxford, the Rev. Peter Thatcher, then under great de- pression, came from Middleborough to hear him, with sensible pre- judice, but had not heard three sentences of his prayer before he found him to be a man of God. " I desire to bless God for that ser- mon. I never saw more of the presence and power of God in prayer and preaching, and never felt more of the power of God ac- companying the word on my own heart. Every word made its own ■way. I felt the ■weight of it. This revived in me the ministry I sat under in my youth." At Middleborough, he preached from Rom. vii. 9, and said he was never so shut up but once before in his life. No one, however, perceived it. There was, however, no effect at the time; but the people were from that time inclined to hear, and half a dozen were awakened. At Lyme, the sermon, from Ezek. xxxviii. 9, was very dull. Parsons was afraid several times 392 GILBERT TENNENT. he would have notliing to say. One was convinced. Next day the text was Luke xiii. 24: the audience very attentive and deeply aflected. There was much visible concern ; but the effects were far more extensive than at the time appeared. At the East Parish of Lyme, the two sermons were excellent, and were attended by a great, if not general, awakening. At Saybrook, he gave a plain, searching sermon. At New Haven, he preached seventeen sermons. Several were in the college hall. The concern was general in the college and in the town. Among the pious students were Brain- erd, Bull, and David Youngs. They visited every room and con- versed with every student. Dr. Sproat, of Philadelphia, and Dr. Hopkins, of Newport, were brought to the Saviour. Hopkins was about twenty, — had lately heard Whitefield : he thought Tennent the greatest and best man and the best preacher he ever saw or heard. "His words were to me like apples of gold in pictures of silver. I thought, when I should leave college, I would go and live with him, Avherever I could find him." A large number of three upper classes entered the ministi-y : John Grant, Thomas Lewis, Caleb Smith, Job Prudden, Aaron Richards, and Thomas Arthur became pastors in our church. Tennent regretted, in 1744, having kept no journal of this tour, — the brokenness of his memory preventing his drawing up a full account of it.* It being assumed that he had gone into New England on the supposition of the unregeneracy and uselessness of the ministers, he said that the reason of his undertaking the tour was to promote his "progress in the Christian course, by that continual train of labours and hardships I foresaw I should be engaged in and ex- posed to." He said it was admitted on all hands there was a lamentable decline in that region : but, if there were not, " do not general rules admit of exceptions? In extraordinary times, when the Spirit of God is poured out, may not extraordinary methods be pursued without censure ?" He reached home just before the division of the synod, and preached in Philadelphia, May 31, 1741, five times, and baptized eight adults. The next day the Protest Avas introduced. He published at once "An Examination and Refutation of the Protest." He sooa lamented the rupture and the sad aspect of the churches through- out the colonies, and yet suffered a new edition of the Nottingham Sermon to appear. The rise of the Moravians troubled him greatly ; and he preached against them at New York, and printed the sermons on Rev. iii. 3 ; and Colman prefixed a preface. To this, " Philalethes" replied, contrasting Gilbert with Tennent, and * Gillies. He preached fre(iuently three times a day. Thirtj' of the students followed him on foot to Milford, and for this were fined by the rector. Tlie unscru- pulous author of the Account of the State of Religion in New Kngland since Mr. Whitefield's Visit says, " The college in Connecticut is nearly broke up." TeuQuut'd laboiu's at Harvard College were blessed. GILBERT TEXNENT. 393 placing in opposite columns his self-contradictions, accusing him of raising a hue and cry after Pharisees, and countenancing such unlearned exhorters as D 1 11 s, S 1 K-h-r, and L-j-r P e. He without delay published, " The Examiner Exa- mined: or, Gilbert Tennent harmonious." In 1744, he removed to Philadelphia and took charge of the Second congregation : his feet were blistered in traversing the streets and visiting such numbers of distressed souls. He called on Franklin to point out suitable persons from whom to solicit aid in erecting a house of worship. The philosopher told " the enthu- siast" to call on everybody : he did so, and built the church. He ceased his former method of uttering his discourses, and read them. He lamented his " extravagancy in discarding a wig and wearing his hair loose and unpowdered, with a large greatcoat fastened with a leathern belt for his outer garment." His ministry in Pliila- delphia was in the main unattended with encouraging success. Andrews said to Samuel Mather, April 17, 1745, " We are pretty quiet at present. Tennent lets me alone, and is generally mode- rate ; but many of his followers grow weary of him, and wish for Whitefield's return." Tennent now assumed that persons of moral life, possessed of a knowledge of the principles of the Chris- tian faith, should be admitted to the communion, and argued stre- nuously against his own former practice. In 1749, he preached and printed his " Irenicum, a Plea for the Peace of Jerusalem," to effect a union between the synods of New York and Philadelphia. He did full justice to the brethren he had so bitterly assailed, and especially holds up Thomson — once the object of his unsparing invective — as a wortliy representative of the excellent and estimable principles of his Old-Side associates. He freely justifies them from the charge of being opposers of the work of God or heart-enemies to vital godliness, — doing it as cordially as if he had not been foremost and loudest in creating these unfavour- able impressions of them. Davenport wrote to Bellamy, May 29, 1753, "Blessed be the great and good God for a remarkable reviving and quickening given lately, about the beginning of March, to Mr. William Tennent, and, about a fortnight after, to Mr. G. Tennent, before his wife's death and since." His second wife, Cornelia Depeyster, widow of Matthew Clark- son, made a hasty flight, March 19, 1753, aged fifty-seven ; and early in May he buried his mother. His family being taken from him, he consented to go to Great Britain, in conjunction with Davies, to solicit aid for the college. The expectation of so accomplished a companion in the embassy was an encouragement to Davies to undertake the arduous task. Whitefield writes in June, 1753, "I am glad Mr. Tennent is 394 GILBERT TENNENT. coming over with Mr. Davies. If they come with their old fire, I tru«t tliey will be enabled to do wonders." He sailed Nov. 17, and reached London on Christmas day. Davies was " deeply sensible of the kindness of Heaven in ordering his father and friend to be his companion, not only for the right management of the undertaking, but for his social comfort." Tennent was cheerful and courageous on the voyage, and preached from John iii. 5 of a Sabbath evening. The sermon was judi- cious, plain, pungent, searching, and well adapted to do good. Hav- ing no opportunity to address the people at another time, he said, " Where there is no good to be done, the door is not opened." The next evening after their arrival was spent with Whitefield. Tennent's heart was all on fire ; and, after having gone to bed, he suggested to Davies that they should watch and pray : they rose and prayed together till three in the morning. " Tuesday, Jan. 22. — Observing at Mr. Chandler's that our col- lege would be a happy expedient to unite the German Calvinists with the English Presbyterians, Mr. Smith, afterwards Provost of the University of Philadelphia, replied that a union would not be desirable.' Tennent immediately answered, ' Union in a good thing is always desirable.' Mr. Chandler said, 'I have seen a very ex- traordinary sermon against union,' and reached him his Notting- ham Sermon. Chandler had also read the examination of Tennent's answer to the Protest. All that we could say had no effect. He told us he would do nothing for us. The next day we waited on him, and Tennent made honest, humble concessions : — that the sermon was written in the heat of his spirit, when he apprehended a re- markable work of God was opposed by a set of ministers; that some of the sentiments were not agreeable to his present opinions ; that he had painted sundry things in too strong colours. He plead that it was now thirteen years, and he had used all his influence to promote union between the synods. He produced his ' Irenicum,' and the minutes of the synod, to show the state of the debate. He urged that, if the sermon was faulty, it was the fault of one man, and should not be charged on the whole body." Davies exerted all his powers of pathetic address ; and, in the end. Chandler gave them his name and co-operation. The sermon had been officiously dispersed through London from hand to hand, and Tennent was sadly discouraged; and his success in obtaining funds amazed him and delighted him, as a gracious "regarding of the cry of the destitute." Having, at Edinburgh, succeeded in obtaining from the Assembly an order for a national collection, Tennent went to Glasgow and to Ireland. He attended the General Synod ; and they agreed to make a collection through all their bounds. The Presbytery of Antrim, "the New Light," Non-subscribers, fast sinking into Arian- . GILBERT TENNEXT. 395 ism, dill tho same. He was advised to make private collections in DuMin. He returued to London early in Oc'tol)er, having received, in Ireland, above five hundred pounds, lie received three hundred and sixty jiounds for the education of pious youth for the ministry. He sailed November 13, and reached home safely. Burr* wrote to Erskine, in May, lTo5, that tlie labom'S of Ten- nent had been blessed in Pliiladelphia ; in June, " he Avas more than ordinarily engaged," and there was much to encourage him. He joined with Alison, and tlie Presbyterians generally, in op- posing the throwing oflf of the Proprietary government. In 17G2, he began to need an assistant ; and, the congregation being regularly summoned, he presided, and, by a considerable ma- jority, a call was made out for Duffield, of Carlisle ; yet he, with the trustees of the building, objected to the presbytery's considering the call, until the question between the trustees and the congregation had been submitted to arbitration. Tlie presbytery decided that the call was in order, and gave the commissioners leave to prose- cute it. Donegal Presbytery declined to place it in Duffield's hands. The Rev. John Murray, from Ireland, was then called and ordained ; but the synod would not acknowledge him, and he was soon cast off. He died January 23, 1764. President Finley preached at his funeral. He made his will October 20, 17G3, giving three hundred pounds and his library to his son Gilbert, and directing that he should be put to learning, in the hope that God would prepare him for the ministry. He provides also for his daughters Elizabeth and Cor- nelia. He constituted his wife,t his brother William, and the wor- shipful John Lyal, of New Brunswick, the guardians of his children, they being very young. His son was lost at sea. One daughter married Dr. William Smith, of Philadelphia ; the other died young. As he drew near his end, every symptom of dissolution filled him with comfort. His disposition, naturally calm, was sweetened by piety. Tennent was taller than most men, and every way proportion- able ; grave and venerable ; affable, condescending, and communi- cative. He was endeared by his openness and undisguised ho- nesty, eminent for public spirit and great fortitude ; his mind was enriched by much reading, and his heart was laden with a rich ex- perience of divine grace. As a preacher, he was equalled by few ; his reasoning was strong, his language forcible and often sublime ; his manner, warm and earnest. Most pungent were his addresses to the conscience. With admirable dexterity he exposed the false hope of the hypocrite, and searched the corrupt heart to the bot- tom. He said of some of his earliest sermons, that he begged * Gillies's Collections, Bonar's edition. f Mrs. Sarah Spafford, widcw. 396 QILBETRT TENNEXT. them with tears of tlie Lord Jesus. A lady asked him, at the close of his life, concerning his mode of preaching while in New Eng- land, during the Revival. He replied, he hardly knew what he preached ; he had no time to study. The many years he had spent in diligent preparation, and his prevailing absorption in divine things, nobly qualified him to preach without eflfort. The drop- pings of his lips were as choice silver. He was a mark for many archers. They emptied their quivers on him; he was sore wounded by their calumnies; but he "shook oif the venomous beasts," and lived, serving Christ, approved of God and acceptable to men. The publications of Tennent, like ''the fourth part of the dust of Jacob," are not to be numbered. The earliest seems to have been a sermon preached in New York in March, 1734 ; in 1735, *'A Solemn Warning to a Secure World from the God of terrible majesty; or, the Presumptuous Sinner detected, his Pleas consi- dered, and his Doom displayed;" to which is added the life of hia brother, the Rev. Mr. John Tennent. " The Necessity of Religious Violence to Durable Happiness," preached at Perth Amboy, June 29, 1735; two sermons on the nature and necessity of sincere sanctification, contrition, and an acceptable appreciation of a suf- fering Saviour, preached at New Brunswick iu July and August, 1736. A volume of his sacramental discourses was printed in Boston, in 1739; his sermon on an "Unconverted Ministry," in 1740; on the "Priestly Office of Christ," preached at New Bruns- wick, in 1741 ; on the death of Captain Grant, in 1756; on "Pub- lic Fasting," in 1749 ; on " Religious Zeal," in 1750 ; on the " Duty of being Quiet," and at the opening of the synod, in 1759. He was struck by lightning ; and the eagerness of some to proclaim it as a judgment led him to preach a sermon and print it, on the "Righteousness of the Scribes," in 1740; his Moravian sermons, in 1742; "The Examiner Examined," in 1743; on a thanksgiv- ing, and on another public occasion, and a third on Admiral Mat- thews's victory, in 1744; on the success of the expedition against Louisburg, in 1745. He published, in 1746, a volume of twenty-three sermons on import- ant subjects,* embracing "Man's Chief End," "The Divine Authority of the Scriptures," "The Divine Attributes," and "The Trinity." A French privateer came into Delaware Bay in December, 1747. The citizens of Philadelphia met in the New Meeting-house, and formed an association for defence. Tennent preached to them from Exodus xv. 3 : — " The Lord is a man of war." A large num- ber of copiesf lay unsold when the British held the city, and were torn up for cartridges. The sermon being attacked, he published, * It is snid to liave had "a florid preface" affixed by six divines. ■f Day's Pennsylvania Historical Collections. ARCHIBALD McCOOK — EBEXEZER TEMBERTON. 397 \ritliiu a niontli, "Defensive "War consistent with Christianity," — tlie animadversions on which he repelled, in 1748, by a third pamphlet: — ''Defensive War Defended." In 1748, he printed a Fast-sermon, and one preached before a sacramental solemnity; in 1749, on the "Display of Divine Jus- tice in the Tropitiatory Sacrifice of Christ;" in 1756, one before Captain Vanderspiegel's company; in 1758, several on important subjects; and, amid his closing days, he issued an "Address on the Liite Invasion of American Liberty by the Stamp Act." Most of these are very rare, being scattered in public libraries. They are all creditable to his abilities, were serviceable in their time, and, having served their generation, have passed into oblivion. ARCHIBALD McCOOK "Was received as a student from Ireland, by Newcastle Presby- tery, in March, 1726, and was licensed, September 13, having sub- scribed the Westminster Confession. He was sent to Kent, in Delaware, embracing Dover, St. Jones, and Mother Hill, was called March 28, 1727, and ordained June 7. Houston proclaimed, and Thomson preached. He died before September. The desolate condition of the people in Kent attracted the atten- tion of the presbytery in 1714. Anderson was sent as a monthly supply; Gelston went as a candidate, in 1715 ; and the next year they had occasional supplies in connection with Cedar Creek, in Sussex. Cross preached for them monthly for several years, and Hook, Thomas Evans, Steward, and Hutcheson visited them. They had also Mr. Peter Finch, probably from England, for a sea- son. After McCook's death, they had supplies for several years. EBENEZER PEMBERTON The son of one of the pastors in Boston, was born in 1704, and graduated at Harvard in 1721. When licensed, he was employed as chaplain at Castle William.* * Bobbins's Second Church, Boston. 898 EBENEZER PEMBERTOJT. On the dismission of Anderson, he was sent by the Boston minis- ters to Xew York ; and, at the request of the congregation, made in Ajiril, they ordained him in his native town, August 9, 1727. Cohiian preached the sermon,* from Mark ix. 38. He dwelt on the young man's leaving his beloved mother, and the city in which his father had laboured ; on his being called to the head-city of a pro- vince ; and on the goodness of God in having formed and endowed him for his service, and inclined and spirited him for this distant and important work. He reminded him of the hand of God in uniting the affections of the flock on him, and presents, as a motive to faithfulness, the piety of his parents and grandparents. He bids him prepare the beaten oil and the sweet incense for the sanc- tuary, contend earnestly against the common errors of the day, maintain the doctrine, worship, and discipline established from the beginning, assert expressly the Trinity, the true and real Godhead of Jesus, and justification by faith, insist on the observance of the Lord's day, and urge the duty of family worship and family govern- ment. He concludes, " The God of New England, before whom our fathers walked, go with you and give the blessing of Abraham to thee and to thy seed." The Xew York congregation informed the synod that they were satisfied with all Dr. Nicoll's proceedings, and desired them to ad- mit Pemberton as a member. This they declined to do, but not out of any disrespect to him. They appointed a committee (all New Englanders) to settle the difference between the Presbytery of Long Island and the congregation. The difficulty was settled by causing Inglis, Blake, and Leddell to make over by deed all their right to the meeting-house to the ministers of Edinburgh, and to Dr. Nicoll, in trust for the congregation ; and by requiring Nicoll to release those three from all bonds and obligations they were under to him on account of that property ; and by exacting of him a bond of two thousand pounds to the ministers of Edinburgh, not to alienate his right therein, and, when reimbursed, to transfer all his right to them. They required also a bond from him of two thousand pounds to Pierson, Cross, and Dickinson, obliging him- self to concur with persons appointed by Edinburgh Presbytery, in selling such pews as the majority of the congi-egation chose. The congregation was allowed to choose five representatives or managers of the property. Pemberton, at his request, was received as a member, by the committee, without hearing what the presbytery had to offer. The synod refused to sanction his reception, and then proceeded unanimously to receive him, leaving it to him and the congregation to join what presbytery they pleased. In 1735, he was moderator of the commission at the trial of * Massachusetts Historical Society's Library. EBENEZER TEMBERTON. 399 Hemphill; and his sermon on that occasion, from Luke vii. 35, being cavilled at, he published it. AVhitefield came to Now York in November, 1730, and was denied the use of the court-house. The commissary, before being asked, refused him the church. Dominie Boel declined to admit him to the Dutch Chui-ch, and Whitefield would not officiate in the meeting-house tendered bj the Presbyterians. He attended Trinity Church in the morning, and preached in the afternoon in the fields, and in the evening in the Presbyterian meeting-house. Pemberton wrote to him, that he had left the town under a uni- versal concern ; and that, to meet the wants of the people, he had appointed a lecture. Many were deeply affected; and some of the loose and profligate were ashamed, and set on reformation. Whitefield* wrote to him, November 28, 1739, " I have been much concerned, since I saw you, lest I behaved not with that humility towards you which is due from a babe to a father in Christ ; but you know how difiicult it is to meet with success and not be puffed up with it ; and, therefore, if any such thing was dis- cernible in my conduct, oh, pity me, and pray to the Lord to heal my pride. All that I can say is, that I desire to learn of Jesus to be meek and lowly in heart ; but my corruptions are so strong, and my employ so dangerous, that I am afraid." He wrote from L'pper Marlborough, December 8, " Till now I have had neither time nor leisure to answer your kind letter. Blessed be God, who has opened the heart of some of his people at New York to receive the word ! May he enable you to waterf what his own right hand hath planted, and grant to your labours a divine increase ! Oh that the Lord would be pleased to send forth experimental labourers into his harvest I for I fear, among you, as well as in other places, there are many who are well versed in the doctrines of grace, — having learned them at the university, — but notwithstanding are heart-hypocrites and enemies to the power of godliness. I use this freedom, because I love simplicity. I con- fess I am but a child in grace as well as years. At his second visit, October, 17-10, " the Holy Ghost came down as a mightv rushing wind." Dr. NicoU;}: wrote to Nicholas Spence, agent of the Church of Scotland, that " the effects were visible in the town, particularly in our congregation and in my own family. Little children fol- lowed Mr. Pemberton to his lodgings, weeping, and anxiously con- * Wtitefield's Letters. f Pemberton had set up a lectnre, on account of the increased desire for re- ligious instruction. Steward, in his published journal, scofFs at this, and says, " Some pretend to water what God has planted, by setting up lectures : they daub with untempered mortar, and say there is no need of giving an account of your conversion." I GlUies's Collections. 400 EBENEZER PEMBERTON. cerned about the salvation of their souls. The good Lord hatb stirred up Gilbert and William Tennent, Burr, Mills, (of Ripton,) Leonard, (of Goshen,) and Davenport, and spirited them, in his mercy, to water it ; but Satan is using (May 20, 1741) his utmost endeavours to drive some of them to extremes." Pemberton was sent for to Connecticut College, and preached twice a day while absent. He printed his sermon preached at Yale, April 19, 1741, immediately after Tennent's visit. The subject was, "Know Christ." In May, he attended the synod, with his elder, Nathaniel Hazard;* and both signed the protest against the exclusion oi the New Brunswick party. Hazard sat in synod as an elder in 1728. His place of business was at the store of Thomas Noble, at the " Old Slip:" he advertises "likely negroes, and a prime lot of old Cheshire cheese." Pemberton preached, September 13, 1742, at Stratfield, Con- necticut, on the duty of committing our souls to God, from 2 Tim. i. 12. This discourse was printed, as also the funeral ser- mon of Dr. Nicoll, his valued friend, the church's benefactor.f A petition was addressed by the congregation, March 12, 1746, to the associated ministers of Boston, seeking aid to enlarge the church, A copy of this document is preserved in Dr. Stiles'a papers, signed by J. Royal, William Smith, Jeremiah Owen, Wil- liam Eagles, Joseph Millikin, P. Jackson, and P. V. B. Livingston. They state that, when the church was first built, there were not more than seventy or eighty belonging to it ; that differences grew up among the original undertakers of the building, and that for four years after Pemberton's settlement, the congregation con- tinued small : after a time, six of the eight windows were glazed, having before been boai'ded. In 1739, showers of heavenly influ- ence descended, Avith an increase of gifts in the minister. The congregation grew till the floor was filled and three galleries ; and now they needed to repair, enlarge, and add a steeple and bell. Being about to engage an assistant minister, they would be unable, if not aided, to bear the whole expense of refitting the house. The years from 1740 to '50 were years of rapid increase. Mr. Cumming was settled as assistant minister. AVhitefield was in New York eight days in the summer of 1747. " People flock rather more than ever : the Lord vouchsafes us solemn meet- ings." * A native of Newtown, Long Island, and descendant from one of the early set- tlers there. His son, Nathaniel Hazard, was the friend and constant correspondent of Dr. Bellamy ; his second son, Samuel, was a merchant in Philadelphia, and a steadfast and invaluable member of the Second Church. f Dr. Sprague's Collection at Princeton. EBENEZER PEMBERTON. 401 lie wrote to Pemberton from London, November 14, 1748, urging him to come thither and solicit funds for Nassau Hall. In 17 3y, the Synod of Phihulolphia liad endeavoured to prevail on him to "go home to Europe" to obtain funds for erecting a semi- nary. The Synod of New York, in 1751, proposed it to him: he had* no family at the time, and was willing to go ; and a com- mittee was sent " immediately" to treat with his people. It was hisf settled purpose to have gone; but his people and Mr. Gumming hindered it. His intention of going caused great uneasiness among his people, and created dissatisfaction towards him in the minds of some. By death and removal,! he was left without an elder or deacon. Mr. Hazard removed to Philadelphia. On the death of Dr. Nicoll, trustees were chosen to manage the affairs, by those who were bound for the payment of the church debts, and out of their own number. Troubles arose. The trustees complained because Pem- berton insisted on having, by virtue of his office, a seat in their board and a voice in the temporal affairs. The matters in contro- versy passed from the presbytery to the synod in 1752. They decided that the church property belonged to those, without dis- tinction of name or nation, who conformed to the general plan of the Scottish Church, as practised by the New York Synod ; that the pastors had no right, by virtue of their office, to preside over the board of trustees, and that Gumming was imprudent in insist- ing on doing so ; that the trustees had acted faithfully and much to the advantage of the church. They commended Gumming for insisting that parents who present childr'en for baptism shall pray in their families, and condemned the plan of carrying round a paper to get subscriptions to introduce a new version of Psalms. Davies, Finley, and Beatty, as a committee, after careful inquiry, nominated Israel Horsefield and David Vanhorne;§ and they were elected elders. Though empowered to recommend Watts's Psalms if they thought proper, the committee declined to do so, recom- mending to both parties moderation and forbearance. In 1753, Pemberton was blamed by some of the people for neglecting family visiting, the session for introducing Watts of their own accord, and both ministers for neglecting to recommend the Gatechism in baptism, and for praying when asked at funerals. This was a matter of intolerable offence to the Scotsmen : they could not endure " orations" at funerJils. The committee dis- missed these charges, and lamented the injurious and contemptuous * Mrs. Catharine Pemberton died in June, 1751, having, in her last years, passed through "very melancholy scenes of affliction and pain." t Jonathan Edwards to Erskine. j MS. Records of Trustees of New York Congregation. i David Van Home died November. 13, 1775, aged sixty-three. 26 402 EBENEZER PEMBERTON. treatment on both sides. No one opposed Cumming's request to be dismissed ; but a number of gentlemen strongly remonstrated against giving up Pemberton. The committee advised him to stay for a while, and make a further trial ; and, if at the end of a month he had no success in healing the divisions, he was to be released. Visiting Boston, he received a unanimous call to the New Brick Church, and immediately wrote* to the synod, desiring that ho might be set at liberty. He was dismissed; and the Presbytery of New York addressedf a letter of high commendation in his favour to the ministers of Boston. He was installed, March 6, 1754. He was greatly admired, and his preaching was largely attended. But, towards the approach of the Revolution, his people, being zealous Whigs, were pained by the sight of Governor Hutchinson in the front pew, and standing high in the esteem of their minister. They withdrew; but the favour of Hutchinson preserved the church edifice from the desecration and ruin which befell the other places of worship. His salary was poorly paid, and he generously forgave the arrears. The Baptists, being with- out a house, were welcomed to an equal use of the church, — Dr. Stillman preaching alternately with the pastor. A vain attempt had been made to secure the Rev. William Tennent, Jr., after- wards of Charleston, as a colleague. The want was, in a mea- sure, supplied by the Rev. John Lathrop, of the New North Church, whose congregation had been despoiled of their sanctuary by the British; and, on the death of Pemberton, the two societies united. The pastoral relation of Pemberton was virtually dis- solved in February, 1774 : from that date he received no salary. During the war he retired to Andover, and died, September 9, 1779. Dr. Chauncey told President Stiles that Pemberton would go to the death for Edwards's distinguishing tenet: — refusing church privileges to the unregenerate. He published his sermons at the ordination of Wilmot and Brainerd. In 1750, he printed a memoirj of his mother, as a preface to her " Meditations," and dedicated it to her third hus- band,— Henry Lloyd, Lord of the Manor of Queen's Village. Her second husband was John Campbell, of Boston, the publisher of the first newspaper in that town. He corresponded with Doddridge. One of his letters, dated December 10, 1743,§ is preserved ; it was in answer to an inquiry * MS. Records of the Trustees, f Dr. Robbins's Historj' of Second Church, Boston. j Massachusetts IJi.storical Society's Library. 2 Doddridge Correspondence, by Humphreys. DANIEL ELMER. 403 concerning the injustice said to have been done to the Moravians by the Dissenters in America. He denies that there was any ground for such a storj. " With us, they are evidently en- deavouring to draw off the affections of the people from tho soundest and most zealous ministers in these parts." His valued friend, Mr. Noble, had already forsaken him. Davies said, " Mr. Price is by far the best orator I have heard in London. He is an affiible, affectionate gentleman, and is the likest man to Mr. Pemberton, both in conversation and in the pulpit, that I have seen." The Hon. William Smith, father of the historian, said, " His deficiency in delivery was natural, but surprisingly mended with great pains taken." DANIEL ELMER Was born in Fairfield, Connecticut, in 1690, and graduated at Yale in 1713. He married soon after, and, " for some time, car- ried on the work of the ministry" in Brookfield,* Massachusetts. The General Court allowed the town twenty pounds for three years, to aid in sustaining the gospel. Elmer received only half of this encouragement, having left before 1715. Where he spent the next twelve years is not known. In 1728, he settled at Fair- field, in Cohanzy. At the declaring for the Confession, in 1729, he was the only minister who professed himself unpi-epared to act. Time was granted him to consider; and the next year he in- formed the synod that he had declared before the presbytery his cordial adoption of the Confession and the Catechism. Whitefield visited West Jersey in the spring of 1740. Gilbert Tennent was there in the summer; and, while Whitefield was preaching (November 19) on Wednesday, the Holy Ghost came down "like a mighty rushing wind" at Cohanzy. Some thou- sands were present. The whole congregation was moved, and two cried out. At the separation in 1741, Elmer and his elder, Jonathan Fithian, though present at the opening of the sessions, seems to have gone home before the Protest was introduced. He ad- hered to the Old Side. The congregation divided: even his owi^ son occasionally went to Greenwich to hear Andi-ew Hunter. Fiuley spent much time in the vicinity; and New Brunswick * The Rev. Dr. Joseph J. Foot's Historical Discourse at Brookfield. .i 404 HUGH STEVENSON. Presbytery was constantly importuned for supplies, and their most promising candidates were sent to Cohanzy. At Elmer's request, Cowell, McIIenry, and Kinkaid were sent by the synod, in September, 1754, to endeavour to remove the diflBculties he complained of in his congregation ; but all proceed- ings were stayed by his death. He lies buried in the Old New England town-graveyard, with this inscription: — " In memory of the Rev. Daniel Elmer, late pastor of Christ's Church in this place, who departed this life, January 14, 1755, aged sixty-five years." Dr. Alison wrote to President Stiles, July 20, 1755, informing him that the two parts of Elmer's congregation had united on his death, and introducing Mr. Thomas Ogdon, whom they had sent as their messenger to Connecticut to procure a minister. Elmer married Margaret, daughter of Ebenezer Parsons, of West Springfield, Massachusetts, and sister of the Rev. Jonathan Parsons, of Newburyport ; she was the mother of three sons and four daughters. His second wife was a Webster, the mother of two sons and three daughters. His son Daniel was born in 1714, and was the father of Dr. Jonathan and Ceneral Ebenezer Elmer. HUGH STEVENSON, A STUDENT of theology from Ireland, was received under the care of Newcastle Presbytery, May 11, 1726, and was licensed, September 13. He was sent from time to time to supply Lower Octorara (now Nottingham) and Newcastle and Lewestown. He was called to Snow Hill, Maryland, March 26, 1728, Edmund Cropper being the commissioner. He accepted the call in June ; Anderson, Thomson, and Houston were appointed to examine his discourse, and Thomson, Stewart, and McCook to proceed with his trials. He was ordained before June, 1729. In 1733, while preaching in Virginia, he received harsh and injurious treatment from some gentlemen. A copy of his repre- sentation was sent by the synod to the Church of Scotland, and aid was asked to maintain some itinerant ministers in Virginia and elsewhere ; and especially was that venerable body urged to use its influence with the Government to lay " a restraint upon some gentlemen in said neighbouring province as may discourage them from hampering our missionaries by illegal prosecutions." JOHN WILSON — EBENEZER GOULD. 405 In 1739 or '40, he opened a grammar-school in Philadelphia, being a teacher of high reputation.* Just before the introduction of the Protest in 1741, he was suspended by the synod, having omitted his ministry and fallen into some irregularities. He died before May, 1744. JOHN WILSON, A MINISTER from Ireland, " coming providentially into these parts," presented his ci'edeutials to the synod in 1729, and was unanimously received. lie preached at Lower Octorara, and made a strong party in his favour. The Presbytery of Newcastle received, January 27, 1730, a letter from Armagh Presbytery concerning him ; and they resolved not to employ him. He was then preach- ing at Newcastle with much acceptance, and a misunderstanding sprung up between the congregation and the presbytery in regard to him. Robert Gordon,! Judge of Newcastle County Court, and Probate of Wills, wrote to the synod to interpose in the breach. This brought under review the presbytery's action, and the synod judged that they had not acted with any severity towards him, but rather the contrary. He removed soon after to Boston, and died there, January 6, 1733, aged sixty-six. It is supposed that the Rev. John Wilson was his son, who was born in Ulster and ordained pastor of the Presbyterian church in Chester, New Hampshire, in 1734, and who died there, February 1, 1779, aged seventy-six. EBENEZER GOULD, A NATIVE of New England, graduated at Yale m 1723, and became the minister of Greenwich, in Cohanzy, about the time Elmer settled in Fairfield, in 1727. In 1736, Philadelphia Presbytery was informed of difficulties in his congregation ; and, he being absent at the time set for consider- ing the case, tliey heard the complainants on two points : — 1. Whether it be lawful in any case to have evidence which is to be used in an ecclesiastical case, sworn before a magistrate '( * Miller's Life of Kodgers. 'j- He died, September, 173-5, "a man much beloved." 406 ELEAZER WALES. 2. Whether a congregation or a private member may, after proper means used, complain of their minister to the presbytery ? An affirmative answer was given, and the complainants went home; and, the day after, Gould came. The others were sent for to return, but in vain. It was all happily reconciled soon after, having grown out of Gould's saying that if he had money he would go to England. No notice was taken of it at the time, and when he afterwards expressed his scruples freely about "the Presbyterian way" in some things, it was surmised that only poverty kept him from going to England and taking orders. Further difficulties occurred in the summer of 1739, and he removed without being dismissed, and was installed in 17-40 at Cutchogue, Suffolk county. Long Island. He united in April, 1747, with Ebenezer "White, of Bridgc- hampton, Nathaniel Mather, of Acquebague, Ebenezer Prime, of Huntingdon, Sylvanus White, of Southampton, and Samuel Buell, of East Hampton, in forming Suffolk Presbytery. A member* of Gould's church was present, and approved of the plan, though not delegated by the brethren. The majority being rigid Congrega- tionalists, a crisis ensued : separations, divisions, and alienations left him with no prospect of support or of usefulness. He and they mutually agreed to part. No intimation is given that the Great Revival was felt at Cutchogue ; it doubtless was, and the separation was owing not to the matter of church government, but to the peculiar views of those who were carried away by Davenport in the outset of his CJ^j'eer, and who abjured him when he renounced his errors. They formed separate churches throughout the east end of the island, which bear to this day the name of Strict Congregational churches; the strictness being in the maintenance of the purity and exact- ness of discipline of the primitive era. He removed to Middlefield, the southwest part of Middletown, then newly organized into a society, and was installed, October 10, 1747. He removed in 1756, and died in Granville, Massachusetts, in 1778. ELEAZER WALES Is not mentioned in the published genealogy of the Wales family, though undoubtedly sprung from it. Nathaniel Wales, who settled at Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1636, was the father of Timothy, whose son Eleazer was born * Prime's History of Long Island. RICHARD TREAT. 407 '*2oth, Tenth month, 1057." lie was probably either the father or jirandfather of Elcazer Wales, who giaduated at Yale in 1727, and settled at Allentown, New Jersey, in 17o0. Ciosswicks, or Crossweeksung, was an early Quaker settlement. An Episcopal church Avas proposed to be erected there in 1702. Morgan probably refers to it when, in his Latin letter to Mather, in 1721, he speaks of two congregations suddenly grown up twenty miles from Freehold, and where formerly were only seven Presby- terian families. He began to preach there in May, 1720, and prepared the way for Walton. The Presbyterians had a meeting- house before 1722. In 1730, the sj^nod considered a supplication from Crosswicks, and directed Andrews to reply. Wales soon after settled there; but he asked leave, September 19, 1734, of Philadelphia Presbytery, to resign, on account of inadecjuate sup- port : his statement being confirmed by the representative of the congregation, Mr. Ingliss, he was dismissed. He was directed to join with Andrews in writing to the Hector of Yale for a minister to visit the destitutions of West Jersey. He was called to Mill- stone, September 19, 1735, and joined East Jersey Presbytery, ■within the bounds of which it lay. He was one of the first members of New Brunswick Presby- tery, and the only New Englander, besides Treat, who was ex- cluded by the Protest. He is mentioned incidentally, once or twice, in Whitefield's Journal, as having come to Amwell and New Brunswick to meet him. His name is also seen in Brainerd's diary, among the contributors to the support of his mission. Kingston is entered as giving £5 lis. No notice appears of Kingston or Millstone among the con- gregations highly favom-ed during the Revival. Wales died in 1749. RICHARD TREAT, Born at Milford, Connecticut, September 25, 1708, was a de- scendant or near relative of Governor Robert Treat, an early set- tler of that town. He graduated at Y'^ale in 1725, and was or- dained by Philadelphia Presbytery, and installed pastor of Abing- don, Pennsylvania, December 30, 1731. David Evans preached on the occasion, showing that it was a wonder to see a godly, con- siderate man in the ministry. Treat, in 1739, while hearing Whitefield preach, was convinced of his formal state, notwithstanding he held and preached the doC' trines of grace. 408 RICHARD TREAT. Whitcfield* was at Abingdon, April 17, 1740, and says, " God has lately shown mercy to him. He Avas deeply convinced, when I was here last, that he had not experienced the saving power of the gospel. Soon after I went away, he attempted to preach, but could not, and told his people how miserably he had deceived himself and them. He desired them to pray for him, and has ever since continued to seek Jesus Christ, sorrowing. He is now under deep convictions and a very humbling sense of sin. He preaches as usual, though he has not a full assurance of faith, because, he said, it was best to be found in the way of duty. I believe the Lord is preparing him for great services. I observed a great presence of God in our assembly, and the word came with a soul-convincing and comforting power to many." He had before acted with the majority of the synod; but now, becoming, in their judgment, "a ringleader in destroying learning and good order," he was excluded in 1741. With his neighbour Tennent, of Neshaminy, he joined New Brunswick Presbytery. A division in the congregation ensued; and, when Philadelphia Presbytery met (March 19, 1742) at Abingdon, Treat demurred to their jurisdiction, and they referred the matter to synod. In May, Benjamin Jones, Malachi Jones, Archibald McClean, Ben- jamin Armitage, and others, asked the presbytery for advice ; and they were directed to settle the matter as should be most for the glory of God. The next spring, the papers were laid before the synod ; and, on their recommendation, the presbytery sent supplies to Abingdon as often as they could. Whitefield often preached in the graveyard to a great con- course from all the region round. Treat's labours were also largely blessed. When the Presbyterians at Milford, Connecticut, asked New Brunswick Presbytery to ordain Jacob Johnson for their minister, they declined, but sent Treat to heal the difference. He failed ; for they of Milford, instead of succumbing to Congregational despotism, made out a call for him, August 10, 1743. The pres- bytery advised him not to accept it, and sent them Sackett, of Bedford, Lamb, of Baskingridge, and Youngs, of Southold. New Haven Association! retaliated by closing their pulpits against all the members of New Brunswick Presbytery. Treat published his sermonj preached, in 1747, at the ordina- tion of Lawrence, in the Forks of Delaware, and on the death of President Finley. In 1751, Abingdon Presbytery was formed, for the convenience of the ministers of Brunswick Presbytery residing in Pennsylvania and West Jersey. It was merged in Philadelphia Presbytery on the union. * Whitefield's Journal. f Tracy's Great Awakening. J Connecticut Historical Society. ROBERT CATHCART. 409 He died, November 20, 1778, surviving many years all who had been in our ministry before him, and being reverenced as a peace-maker and a man full of good worljs. lie laboured to the close of his days, having preached on " the West Branch of the Forks" (Allen township) shortly before his decease. The Rev. Joseph Treat, colleague with Dr. Kodgers in the city of New York, was his son. Another of his sons was settled there as a physician. ROBERT CATHCART, A LICENTIATE from Ireland, was received by Newcastle Presby- tery, April 15, 1730, and was sent to supply Middletown, Dela- ware county, Pennsylvania, and Brandywine, Kent, and Lewes, in Delaware. In December, he was called to Kent, but declined, and settled at Brandywine, and, probably, at Middletown. In 1720, an address from some people in Birmingbam, on Brandywine, was read in synod, and McGill was appointed to preach to them. The next year they were directed to apply to Newcastle Presbytery, and are described as people on Brandywine, "White Clay, and the north side of Red Clay. Laing was the sup- ply of White Clay and Brandywine in the spring and summer of 1723 ; and the 22d of August is noted by the presbytery for a re- markable freshet of White Clay Creek, as though it had risen ia its might to wash away all remembrance of Laing's Sabbath-day bathing. In the fall, McGill was there; and then Creaghead served them for several years. In 1727, they called the Rev. Patrick Vance, of Burt, Ireland ; and the presbytery sent the call to him in Ireland. In 1729, they had the services of John Ten- aent. A meeting-house being contemplated by the people of Brandywine and Middletown, the fears of White Clay Congrega- tion were aroused, and the intervention of the presbytery was in- voked. Leave was given them to build. In 1740, Cathcart began to preach in Wilmington.* The undertakers of the meeting-house. Captain Chambers and Captain Hutchinson, obtained a gift from the synod's fund of fifty pounds, and a loan of thii-ty pounds. Cathcart signed the Protest in 1741; and, as Whitefield * Thomas Chalkley, a Friend, in September, 1736, being there, says, "It is a newly-settled town on Christiana Creek, which, I believe, will be a flourishing place if the inhabitants take care to live in the fear of God." 4!L^ WILLIAM ORR. often preached at Wilmington and the vicinity, his congregation divided, and the New-Side Church of Lower Brandywine was formed, — his own, in process of time, having taken the name of Red Clay, He died in 1754:. WILLIAM OER "Was received by Newcastle Presbytery, as a student from Ire- land, November 15, 1730, and was licensed: before 1732, they ordained him pastor of Lower Octorara or Nottingham. The Mouth of Octorara began to receive supplies in 1725, and asked for Stevenson in 1727: it soon after obtained one-third of Hutcheson's time. It is frequently styled Lower Octorara, and is named Nottingham for the first time in April, 1730. Un- pleasant disputes seem to have grown out of the location of the meeting-house, and still more from the desire of some to have John Wilson settled over them. There were some who "scru- pled our way of adopting the Confession," being shocked at the possibility of having a minister admitted into our connection who had a difficulty concerning an iota of it. Donegal Presbytery forbade its members, in 1732, to baptize or preach among the people living between Nottingham, Chestnut Level, Donegal, and Swatara. Nottingham informed the presbytery, in 1733, that they had Jigreed on the following persons for elders, and they were ap- proved : — Hugh Kirkpatrick, John Kirkpatrick, James Buchanan, John Luckie, John Moor, Hugh Fulton, David Patterson, John Smith, and John Mackadoo. John Kirkpatrick accused his minister (April 2, 1733) of preach- ing false doctrine concerning election, — alleging that he had used against it the common Arminian flings. His explanations were accepted ; and a new complaint was made against him for having married the Rev. Mr. Campbell with a license, which seemed to acknowledge the jurisdiction of the Bishop of London. Moro serious complaints were made; and Gillespie, Thomas Evans, and Houston were invited to sit as correspondents in considering them. To this Orr objected ; but they proceeded, and acquitted him, though they blamed his conduct during process as insulting, in- decent, and reproachful. The synod sent a committee to adjudicate on the spot an appeal from this sentence of acquittal. Gillespie, Hutcheson, Treat, WILLIAM BERTRAM. 411 Thomas Evans, and Andrews met in November, 1734. They ob- tained from the presbytery an acknowledgment that they had erred in I'efusing to hear John Kirkpatrick's supplication and to give him copies of certain papers. Though these refusals had been owing to want of time, and disturbance among the people, they entered their acknowledgment on the records, and all of them signed it. Orr and his session made an acknowledgment of harsh- ness to some and undue lenity to other oftendors. The committee restored Kirkpa trick and his adherents to church privileges, on their acknowledgment of rashness and imprudence in representing their minister's doctrine as false, and in abruptly and irregularly breaking off fi'om the session. • The presbytery in the following year declared that they could not give Orr a certificate of good standing: he ceased to preach, and said he would not be at the trouble of carrying their certificate. He then sued Paton and Steel, the representatives of the congre- gation, on the bond for his salary, and harassed them sorely. The presbytery blamed his action as irregular, unaccountable, pro- fane, and disagreeable to the Christian character. Being dismissed from his charge, he deserted the bounds of the presbytery as a fugitive from discipline. He was ordained* by Gibson, Bishop of London, as a deacon, September 19, 1786, and was admitted to priests' orders ten days after. He arrived in South Carolina, from England, in 1737, and took charge of St. Philip's and St. Paul's. In March, 17-13, he reported that the Indian tribe of Cushoes, once numbering a thousand, were reduced to sixty -three; and that the number of his communicants in his church had increased from eight to thirty-four. In 1710, ho took charge of St. Helena parish, in Beaufort, and removed, in 1750, to St. John's, Colleton. He died there, in 1755. He was one of the ecclesiastical court which, with Commissary Garden at its head, cited Whitefield in 1740, condemned him for canonical irregularities, suspended and denounced him. WILLIAM BERTRAM Presented to the synod, in 1732, most ample testimonials from the Presbytery of Bangor, in Ireland, of his ordination, ministerial qualifications, and regular Christian conversation; and, having de- clared his full and free assent to the Confession and Catechism, * Dalcho's History of Protestant Episcopal Church, South Carolina. 412 WILLIAM BERTRAM. Tras unanimously received, and joined to Donegal Presbytery. At the same time, George Renick (Renwick) presented him an invita- tion to settle at Paxton and Derry, and at the first meeting of Donegal Presbytery he declared his acceptance of it. No regular call was made ; but he was satisfied with the paper of subscriptions put into his hands. He was installed, November 15, 1732, at the meeting-house on Swatara. The congregation then appointed re- presentatives: — "on this side, Thomas Foster, George Renick, Wil- liam Cunningham, and Thomas Mayes ; on the other side, Rowland Chambers, Hugh Black, Robert Campbell, John Williams, William Williams, James Quigley, William McCord, and John Sloan." They executed to Bertram the right and title to the Indian town they had purchased. He informed the presbytery that his wants had been tenderly regarded. Rowland Chambers* appeared before Newcastle Presbytery in behalf of the settlements towards Susquehanna, in September, 1722. John Harris, from Yorkshire, settled at the mouth of Paxton Creek in 1726; and soon after James, Robert, Joseph, and Benjamin Chambers, from county Antrim, took up land at the mouth of Fishing Creek. In 1729, Swatara had been allowed one-fifth of Anderson's time, and the next year Fishing Creek asked for sup- plies. Swatara called the Rev. John McKinstry, a minister from Scotland ; but he returned the call, and settled at Ellington, Con- necticut. On the settlement of Bertram, the congregation on Swatara took the name of Derry, and the upper congregation on Fishing Creek ■was styled Paxton. They gave the presbytery the list of the elders they had selected, and their choice was approved. Bertram complained, in 1735, of "the intolerable burden" he was under with the two congregations, and desired leave to confine himself to one. Derry engaged to pay sixty pounds in hemp, corn, linen yarn, and cloth, and he was released from the care of Pax- ton, September 13, 1736. He died May 3, 1746, aged seventy-two ; and " his tombf may be seen by leaving the main road, near Hummellstown, and tra- versing the cool, clear, spring creek to Dixon's Ford : there stands the venerable Derry meeting-house on the banks of the Swatara." Bertram's son was surveyor-general of Pennsylvania. * "1734, 3d of 10th month. Both of the proprietaries present. At the request jf Rowland Chambers and Thomas Armstrong, one hundred acres each were granted to the congregations of Paxton and Derry, at a half-penny sterling yearly, for meet- ing-houses."— Huston's Land Titles. •}• Mark Bancroft's Stories : in Atkinson's Casket. JOHN CROSS. 418 JOHN CROSS, Styled, by Dr. Brownlee, " a Scottish •worthj," vras received as a member of svnod in 1732, and settled at a place " called The Moun- tains, back of Newark." The remarkable revival in his confirofra- tion there, in 173-i and '35, is noticed in Edwards's "Thoughts on Revivals.'' East Jersey Presbytery blamed him, in 1735, for not attending their meetings, and for moving from one congregation to another without their consent. He was the minister of Basking- ridge and Staten Island, and was one of the first members of New Brunswick Presbytery. He distinguished himself greatly by his zeal and his success during the Great Revival. Whitefield was refreshed by meeting him and Gilbert Tennent on Staten Island, in 1740, and by hearing from him of the wonderful things often seen under his ministry. He had been absent from home, and had left Davenport to preach to his people. Whitefield went with him to Baskingridge, and found, on his arrival, Davenport with three thousand people assembled. Whitefield preached, standing in a wagon. Some cried out, and others wept. When this vehemence of feeling abated, Cross saw a little boy weeping as if his heart would break, and lifted him into the wagon. Whitefield was touched with the sight, and turned from his subject to dwell on the sovereignty of God, in melting a child and leaving so many in security. A universal con- cern immediately appeared: fresh persons dropped down, and the cry increased. At night Tennent preached in a barn on " Spi- ritual Desertion;" Whitefield prayed and exhorted, and there was a great commotion. The next day they went to New Brunswick, followed by a throng of persons from distant places. A deaf and dumb man from New Germantown lost no opportunity of being present on any of these occasions ; and to the end of life he amazed and delighted those who witnessed his delineations, by looks and motions, of those memorable scenes. Cross told Whitefield, in 1739, of the wonderful things often seen in his assembly : at first, only eight or nine had been afi"ected ; but afterwards, upwards of three hundred of his congregation, which is not large, were efi"ectually brought home to Christ. He had remarkable success on Staten Island, in 1741. When Whitefield preached at Nottingham, the heavenly influence descended as the dew. Tennent followed; and, the meeting-house being closed against Cross, he preached in the woods, amid an astonishing outcry, swooning, and overwhelming concern. 414 BENJAMIN CAMPBELL. Whitefield wrote to Noble, of New York, September 22, 1742, •who had expressed his high admiration of Cross, " I do not won- der; he is a dear soul, and one that the Lord delights to honour." He said of him also, "He is indeed one that I believe would re- joice to suffer for the Lord Jesus. Oh that I might be like- minded!" Tennent, on seeing these things in print, wrote to Whitefield, who replied, " I shall write to some friends about Mr. C.'s principles. I thank you for your kind caution. My mistakes often humble me." Thomson, of Chestnut Level, charges him with having required parents, on presenting their children for baptism, to own tho Solemn League and Covenant of Scotland's Reformation. More serious charges than this were laid against him, in April, 1739, and, new complaints being made, he was called up by hia presbytery and suspended, June 23,1742. Dickinson says, "Hia dreadful scandals came to light in the midst of the Revival, and hia previous high character for zeal and piety caused the enemies of God to felaspheme and triumph." Dickinson regarded his princi- ples as wholly Antinomian. A large body of people adhered to him and welcomed his ministrations. In October, 1746, he asked to be restored ; but the presbytery refused, on the ground that they had not sufficient evidence of his repentance. In the time* of the great land-riots, he was accused, by the par- ties who brought the ejectment suits, of being the counsellor of tho people who resisted the process, and of having, in connection with the Rev. Daniel Taylor, — the Independent minister of Newark Mountains, — encouraged them to liberate the prisoners, and to the like deeds of violence. The actual settlers, it was said, pretended a just title, having purchased of those who had obtained a tract fif- teen miles square, of the Indians, for a five-shilling bill and a bot- tle of rum. A New York paper, of December, 1747, suggests the publication of "Sermons to Violent Men," founded on Proverbs xxix. 7. BENJAMIN CAMPBELL, A STUDENT of divinity from Ireland, was received by Newcastle Presbytery, November 5, 1729, and was licensed and ordained to a charge in their bounds before September, 1733. He married be- * New York Papers. JOHN NUTxMAN. 415 fore January, 1734; and his death vras reported to tlie synod in September, 17 o5. Mr. Legate, who came over Avith him, a fellow-student, is not mentioned after his being taken on trials by Newcastle Presby- tery. JOHN NUTMAN Was a native of Newark, New Jersey. His father (James* Nut- man) was from Scotland, and married a daughter of the Rev. John Prudden. Dr. Alden, in his " Epitaphs," says, " The old rule at Yale was to rank the scholars on the roll according to the relative position of their family." As Nutman stands at the head of the graduates of 1727, we may understand that he was of a family of distinguished consideration. He was licensed by Philadelphia Presbytery, and ordained pastor of Hanover, New Jersey, in 1730. Dr. Alden calls the congregation Whippany : it included at first West Hanover and South Hanover. He appeared in synod, in 1733, to lay before them the diiEculties of his situation. A lot had been cast, with sacred solemnity, to determine the site of the meeting-house : the people of West Hanover or Morristown, being dissatisfied with the lot, formed a separate congregation, and left Nutman with only a portion of his people and a proportionate diminution of support. The synod blamed the resorting to the lot as unnecessary, and directed the Presbytery of East Jersey to travail with the people to reunite, at least till they be better able to subsist apart ; tailing in this, to grant him a dismission on his application. They did not succeed; and West Hanover applied to the synod, in 1734, for the ordination of Mr. Cleverly. The matter was left to Phila- delphia Presbytery; and they met at Hanover, August 8, 1737, — many delays having occurred, — and declined to ordain, though not judging the candidate unfit. The next year, the synod was in- voked by Mr. Budd, a commissioner, to consider whether West Hanover was bound by the lot, which had been cast in the lap five years before, to abide by a decision of a committee of East Jersey Presbytery. The matter was ended by appointing a committee of ministers to proceed to Hanover and hear both parties. Dr. Stearns's History of First Church, Newark. 416 SAMUEL HEMPHILL. On the 20th of July, 1738, Gilbert Tennent opened the com- mittee with a sermon on Ezek. xi. 19 : — " I will give them one heart." Andrews, Treat, and Cowell were there, with John Cross, Gilbert Tennent, and his brother William. It appeared that, since the lot was cast. West Hanover was one-half abler thaa before; and that Hanover was also much stronger, and, though "it was hard with them at present to support Mr. Nutman, yet they were in growing circumstances, and able to support of them- selves. They had no mind to unite with the whole of the western part, nor on any of the former terms." The committee decided, that it was now impracticable to comply with the engagements under the lot, and that every good purpose would be much better answered by there being two separate societies. All parties ex- pressed their satisfaction Avith this decision. Nutman resigned the charge in 1745, and engaged in teaching in Newark. He died, September 1, 1751, aged forty-eight. His daughter was the first wife of Jonathan Sergeant, and the mother of the wife of the Rev. Dr. Ewing, of Philadelphia. SAMUEL HEMPHILL, While* a probationer in Ireland, preached to the vacant con- gregation of Burt, and gave offence by his doctrine to the Rev. Patrick Vance. When HemphiU's name was published in the synod in the usual manner before ordination, Vance was present, but made no objections ; but in private he spoke of him freely as erroneous in his sentiments. When Hemphill came to America, Vance wrote to his brother-in-law, John Kilpatrick, (probably Kirkpatrick, the elder at Nottingham,) intimating his opinion of the man. Hemphill produced ample credentials to the synod from the Presbytery of Strabane ; and, having adopted the West- minster Confession and Catechisms as " the rule of his faith and the guide of his practice," he was received as a member. He preached at New London with acceptance; but, Kirkpatrick hav- ing showed Vance's letter to the ministers of Newcastle Presby- tery and to other persons, an investigation was made by that body, and they declared themselves satisfied with his teachings. * Hemphill's Eemarks on Minutes of the Commission: Old South Church Library. SAMUEL HEMPHILL. 417 -■•Andrews* wrote to Colman from Philadelphia, June 14, 1735, "There seems to be now a more dreadful plot laid by Satan to root Christianity out of the world than ever was known before, so that all Christ's friends have reason to be awakened, and to do what they can to save the sinking ship. It has been, since last November, the most trying time with me that ever I met with. There came from Ireland, at that time, one Mr. Hemphill, to sojourn in town for the winter, as was pretended, till he could fall into business with some people in the country; though some think he had other views at first, considering the infidel disposition of too many here. Some desiring that 1 should have assistance, — and some leading men not disaffected to that way of Deism, as they should be, — that man was imposed on me and the congrega- tion. Most of the best of the people were soon so dissatisfied that they would not come to meeting. Freethinkers, deists, and nothings, getting a scout of him, flocked to hear. I attended all winter, but, making complaint, brought the ministers together, ivho acted as is shown in the books I send you." Hemphill said, Andrews invited him to preach once a day, and, being grieved at seeing multitudes come to hear him, went from house to house to prejudice the people against him. He called the commission; and they met, April 17, IGSo.f Pemberton was moderator: the members present were Creag- head. Cross, Piei'son, Anderson, Gillespie, and Thomson. The correspondents were Tennent, of Neshaminy, David Evans, Treat, Boyd, Hutcheson, Houston, Archibald, Jameson, Thomas Evans, Cathcart, Hubbell, and Gilbert Tennent. " Never was there| such a trial known in the American World. I was obliged, though with great regret, to article against him." The articles were, in substance, these :§ — 1. The gospel is a revival, or new edition, of the law of nature, except two positive precepts, and the worship of God by a medi- ator. Taught in a sermon on Rom. viii. 8. 2. The Lord's supper is a means of promoting a good life; but in it the believer has no communion with Christ. Sermon on Gal. vi. 15. 3. He declaimed against salvation by the merits of Christ, as representing God as stern and inexorable. He said Christ is preached up as a charm to work up enthusiasm. Sermon on Acts xxiv. 25. * MSS. of American Antiquarian Society. f Franklin wrote a most artful, insidious dialogue, and published it, anony- mously, in his "Gazette," a few days previously. J Andrews to Colman. i Minutes of the Commission: Old South Church Library. 27 418 SAMUEL HEMPHILL. 4. Faith is a persuasion, founded on natural grounds. Mys- teries were onlj for those times in which the apostles lived. Faith and obedience are the same thing. Sermon on Mark xvi. 16. 5. Cornelius was a heathen when the angel appeared to him. Sermon on Acts x. 24. 6. In preaching on Ps. xli. 4, — "Heal my soul," — he made no mention of original sin. He said, the passions and affections were right in themselves ; he did not include the blood of Christ among the remedies of the soul, and advanced a pecuhar notion concern- ing hell. 7. In preaching from Eph. ii. 8, he said, it referred to the hea- then, and not to us ; and asked, Is not James as good as Paul ? 8. In prayer, he prays for mankind, and not for the church, and thanks God that he has given us reason for a rule. " If I am mistaken," said Andrews to the commission, "I shall be abundantly more ready to retract than to accuse." Hemphill objected to Thomson and Gillespie, as having avowed their opposition to him ; but the objection was overruled. Though he had promised to produce his notes, yet he fell back, and put Andrews on proof of his articles. Hemphill said he had promised to show Andrews his notes iu private; that he was not bound to furnish accusation against him self; and that it was contrary to the practice of the Church of Scotland to require it of him. He adds, but "they had prejudged the case already." Tennent and his son, however, testified that he had told them he would produce his notes to the commission. Andrews said, "I was put to a diflBculty; for those that would have been evidences did not attend, and I could not persuade them to it; and others that could, would not." Hemphill says, "Andrews did produce two men; but their evi- dence was of no value." One of them, it is said, testified that he had heard many of the things specified by Andrews, but he could not repeat the exact words in which they were uttered, or name the text of the sermon in which they occurred. " Thus the first week, from Thursday, P.M., was spent." On Sabbath, Pemberton and Cross preached, and, Hemphill alleged, with the design of holding him up as a heretic to the people. They, in self-defence, printed their sermons. On Monday, he consented to bring his notes. "Then," said Andrews, "I left all to the ministers and meddled no more. As Providence ordered, all my charges came out fair." The notes were publicly read on Monday. Under the first article, he admitted he had said, " This is no more than to live ac- cording to our nature, and have the government of ourselves in SAMUEL HEMPniLL. 419 our own hands. The gospel, as to its ultimate end and most essential parts, is implanted in our very nature and reason." The commission unanimously felt themselves obliged to declare his teachings unsound and dangerous, and suspended him. They printed their minutes, and appointed persons to defend ■what was done, who published a vindication of the commission from Hemphill's remarks on their minutes. " Since then," said Andrews, in July, " there have been many discourses of doing this and that ; and, though some are so angry as to stay away, yet most give their attendance. There is in the press an answer to the 'Abstract of the Minutes and a Vindication of his Sermons;' what it will be, I know not. Upon the whole, I am weary of these things, though all carry fair; and, though the best of the people dread the thing, I intend to get away and leave them." Franklin was a pewholder in the Presbyterian church, and attended with much pleasure on Hemphill's preaching ; and, finding that, though a fluent preacher, he could not write, he pre- pared one or two pamphlets in his defence, besides several columns in the newspapers. One of these was probably " Some Observations on the Pro- ceedings against Mr. Hemphill, with a Vindication of his Ser- mons." A second edition of this pamphlet appeared in 1735. The first issue was delayed by the illness of the printer. It is claimed .that, in all his discourses, Hemphill enforced Christian charity and the necessity of a good life. " The old man [Andrews] admitted that he was of an excellent temper." The commission having expressed surprise at his adopting the Confession, he replied, he had done so only so far as the funda- mental articles were concerned. That he asked the commission how many articles they esteemed fundamental, and they said they could not tell ; but, his defender says, " they would make all fundamental to serve a turn." The commission had said, they "were obliged to declare him unsound and dangerous;" he insinu- ates that the declaration was made solely to save Andrews's character, and that they had " no pattern for their proceedings but that hellish tribunal, the Spanish Inquisition." A manuscript note on one of the pamphlets* states, that a Quaker woman appeared before the commission and insisted on being heard in Hemphill's behalf. The synod approved of the doings of the commission; and Hemphill sent a silly message, in writing, with a postscript: — "I shall think you do me a deal of honour if you entirely excom- municate me." ♦ Old South Church Library. 420 ANDREW ARCHBOLD. In July, 1735, lie preached twice to a very numerous assembly, where the congregation generally met. His pamphlet was soon answered; but, to the shame of his friends, it appeared that the sermon* on Mark xvi. IG was in the published works of Dr. Clarke, the Arian, and those on Gal. vi. 15, Rom. viii. 8, and Ps. xli. 3, in the works of Dr. Ibbots, his colleague ; Dr. James Foster, also an Arian, being the author of the one on Acts xxiv. 25. Franklinf says, " Hemphill admitted that, by reading over a discourse two or three times, he could remember it so as to repeat it fluently from the pulpit as if extempore." " This, like a frost, nipped his popularity, and his adherents fell off like withered leaves, at once. Franklin upheld him, out of dislike to the old synod, and because he preferred hearing a man preach the fine compositions of others instead of his own ordinary or insipid pro- ductions." Another defence of Hemphill from Franklin's pen appeared, with this motto : — " I never knew any good to come from the meetings of priests." — Tillotson. "Wherefore, rebuke them sharply." — Paul. Andrew Bradford, of Now York, printed, in 1735, a satirical refutation of this piece: — "Remarks on Hemphill's Defence of his Observations, showing his orthodoxy, the excellency and meek- ness of his temper, and the justice of his complaints : by Obadiah Jenkins." The horrid profaneness of his book is censured, and his rude- ness in styling the synod men of impenetrable stupidity and reverend asses. He had said, that " original sin was as ridiculous as imputed righteousness," that there was "no need of spiritual pangs and convulsions," and that " good works put men in God's way and reconciles God to them." His plagiarism overwhelmed him : he slunk away into deserved obscurity. ANDREW ARCHBOLD "Was ordained by Newcastle Presbytery in 1733, and was sus- pended in 1735. Two instances of his gross wickedness being discovered, he "wholly absconded." * Obadinh Jenkiua's Remarka on HemphiU'a Defence, ■j- Memoira. JOHN TENXENT. 421 JOHN TENNEXT, The third son of Tennent, of Neshaminy, M-as born in county Armagh, (Ireland,) November 12, 1707.* His anguish Avhen awakened "was violent in degree. He had been subject to rash anger, and was for four days "a rack of acute and continued anguish under dismal apprehensions of impending ruin and end- less misery from vengeance of a just and holy God." Ilis con- solations were eminent and conspicuous. He was educated by his father, and was taken on trial by New- castle Presbytery, November 21, 1728, when he delivered "a homily to universal satisfaction." He was licensed September 18, 1729, and went as supply to Brandywine, Middletown, Newcastle, and Middle and Lower Octorara. Reports being raised of his having spoken unwisely, Creaghead, Thomson, and Hutcheson conferred with him, and were satisfied that the rumour was un- founded. About this time Freehold became vacant, and the people were BO grievously divided, that there seemed no hope of their ever settling a minister. Walter Kerr left his harvest-fieldt and went to Neshaminy to persuade Tennent to go home with him. He totally refused; but Kerr told him, on leaving him, that he knew he would soon decide diflferently. He sent after Kerr to say he would come ; but, on coming, he expressed his regret in having consented to visit a people who seemed given up by God for their abuse of the gospel. There was a German sect that styled themselves " The New Born," and were widely spoken of for their follies and their sins. In Monmouth, this name was applied in derision to those who pro- fessed to experience religion under the faithful laboiu'S of Freling- huysen and the English ministers. Tennent stayed only four or five Sabbaths ; but the Lord so blessed his labours]; that he was thoroughly persuaded Christ had a full harvest to bring home there. He said that, should they call him, he would settle with them, poor and broken though they were, and though, by so doing, he should be put to beg his bread. He had a unanimous call, April 15, 1730, and was ordained by Phila- delphia Presbytery, November 19. Rightly dividing the word of * Quoted by Dr. Alexander, from his life by Gilbert Tennent. f Ou Lis return, Le found that his neighbours had cut his grain and stacked it. A very general loss of the crop followed through some accident after housing it. Kerr's escaped, and furnished seed to those who had so kindly reaped his field. This tradition was mentioned to me by the Rev. Job F. Halsey. J William Tennent, of Freehold, in the Christian History. 422 WILLIAM TENNENT. truth, he avoided that "bane of preaching,* setting a common mess before his hearers and leaving to them to divide it among themselves as fancy and humour directed." Wonderful success attended him; the place of -worship was usually crowded with persons of all classes and persuasions, listening as for their lives. Sometimes the body of the congregation Avas moved, minister and people being wet with tears, many sobbing, and some carried out as if they were dead. There was "no public outcry." A great reformation followed ; " all talked of religion, though all did not approve of the power of it." He died April 23, 1732, aged twenty -five; for six months before he was unable to preach, his pulpit being supplied by his brother "William. During his sickness, many came, inquiring what they must do to be saved ; but the blessing on his labours to the con- viction and conversion of souls, was more discernible after his death. Almost in every neighbourhood were sin-sick souls, longing for Christ, the dear physician. His brother Gilbert appended to his "Presumptuous Sinner De- tected," a life of his brother, with his two sermons on the "Nature of Regeneration, and its absolute necessity in order to Salvation demonstrated." Whitefield, on reading it, exclaimed, "Let me die the death of that righteous man !" Dickinson prepared an epitaph for his tomb. Dr. Alexander speaks of his sermons as in no way remarkable, but sensible, solemn, and earnest. WILLIAM TENNENT, The second son of the minister of Neshaminy, was born in county Antrim, June 3, 1705. He was early led to the Saviour, and, upon finishing his classical course with his father, he began f the study of divinity with his brother Gilbert. While preparing for examination before the presbytery, he fell ill with a pain in his breast and a slight hectic fever. His flesh dropped away till little hope of life remained; his spirits sunk, and his hope of salvation was wellnigh gone. While conversing with Gilbert in Latin on his fears for his soul, he fainted, and every sign of life departed except a scarcely-percept- ible tremour under the left arm. He was laid on a cooling-board ; * Gilbert Tennent. t Memoir of Tennent, of Freehold, by Dr. Ilenderson, and commonly ascribed to Elias Boudiuot. iriLLIAM TENNENT. 423 but the physician, a young man, his intimate friend, having put his own liand in warm water, felt the lieart and affirmed tliat tliere was an unusual warmth. The eyes were sunk, the lips discoloured. Gilbert, hearing a hope expressed that he was not yet dead, ex- claimed, " What ! a man not dead that is as cold and stiff as a stake !" The body was restored to a warm bed, and all probable means used without success. On the third day the tongue was Swollen and read}' to crack; the physician moistened the lips, and Gilbert blamed him for "feeding the dead." Suddenly the eyes opened, and, with a dreadful groan, the body sunk as if twice dead. lu about an hour the eyes again opened, the dreadful groan followed, and then all was deathlike. In an hour, however, there was a re- vival of the vital action: for six weeks he Avas so low that his life was despaired of; in a twelvemonth he regained his health. His own account, as given to his elder. Dr. Henderson, and to his successor, Dr. Woodhull, was, that the three days seemed like twenty minutes ; that he felt himself wafted along under the guid- ance of a superior being, till at a distance he beheld an unutterable glory; he saw an innumerable host of happy beings, and heard their songs of praise Avith rapture. He thought, "Well, blessed be God, I am safe at last, notwithstanding all my fears." He was about to join the happy company, when one came to him and said, *'You must go back." It was like a sword through his heart: ■with the shock he awoke, and saw his brother disputing with the doctor. He had lost all his knowledge ; he did not know the Bible, nor how to read, nor what reading meant. When he became capable of attention, he was taught to read, like a child, and, when reciting Nepos, it appeared to him he had read the book before. Gradually his knowledge and his health were fully restored. He was licensed by Philadelphia Presbytery, and, being called to succeed his brother John, he was ordained by Philadelphia Presby- tery, October 25, 1733. His salary was not large, but there was an excellent plantation attached to the parsonage: leaving the care of it entirely to an overseer, he became clogged with debt. He married the widow of Mr. John Noble, of New York, and left to her the management of all his affairs. When his oldest child was about three or four years of age, his views of duty changed, and he saw the propriety of a minister's making reasonable provision for his household. After the remarkable outpouring of the Spirit on his brother's labours, God continued to bless his ordinances to the conviction, conversion, and consolation of precious souls, so that every year more or less were converted; but there were fewer from 1742 to '44 than formerly. Some, however, were awakened in 1744. Whitefield preached, in his journeys across the State, on week- 424 WILLIAM TEXNENT. days, in Freehold: "the new meeting-house" is mentioned in 1729. In the next April, Tennent refreshed Whitefield by telling him •what God was doing for hundreds in the HiglJands of Kew York, where he had lately been. His brother Gilbert mentions, in 1740, that his labours at that time were remarkably blessed in Burlington county. Several reli- gious societies were formed there. In 1757, a revival was granted to Freehold, equal in power to that which was then descending on the College of New Jersey. Burr speaks of it, in June, as a remarkable revival: — *' We have reason to remember it as the most glorious day of the Son of man. The assembly was large. The manner of administra- tion did particularly engage their attention. It appeared as one of the days of heaven to some of us, and we wished that, with Joshua, we could have delayed the revolutions of the heavens to prolong it." In March, 1753, there was a remarkable revival and quickeninga. Dui'ing the exciting scenes in the synod, he appears to have been a silent but steady supporter of his brother ; in all the fierceness of the pamphlet-warfare, not a syllable was uttered against him. He visited Virginia, in company with Samuel Blair, and assisted in dispensing the Lord's Supper in Hanover. In company with Rowland and two elders from Hopewell, in New Jersey, he attended a sacramental occasion in Maryland, in 1741 or '42. Not long after, Rowland was indicted for having stolen a horse in Hunterdon county, New Jersey. The time when the theft was committed being the time when he was with them in Maryland, Tennent and the elders came forward and proved that he was a hundred miles distant at the period alleged. Rowland was acquitted, but was assailed with a storm of invective, as having escaped by perjury. Tennent was indicted, and the elders; one was convicted, and the other escaped only by taking advantage of some error on the part of the prosecution. Able counsel appeared for Tennent; but, instead of sending for the minister, or others from Maryland, to sustain his veracity, they proposed that he should avail himself of a flaw. This he would not do ; and, just before the case came on, a man and his wife presented themselves to him, having come from Maryland in consequence of dreams of danger portending, which only their presence could avert from him. They must have been persons known in Trenton ; for their testi- mony was admitted, and the prosecution abandoned. "His manner was remarkably impressive, and his sermons, though seldom polished, were generally delivered with indescrib- able power; what he said seldom failed to instruct and please. He was remarkable for a pointed attention to the particular cir- cumstances of the afflicted in body and mind. Eminent as a WILLIAM TENNEKT. 425 peacemaker, all were charmed Avith his converse. His hospi- tality and domestic enjoyments ■were proverbial. '' More than six feet high, of a spare, thin visage, erect carriage, •with bright, piercing eyes, his countenance was grave and solemn, yet at all times cheerful. He lived above the world, with such clear views of heavenly things as seemed to give him a foretaste of them." Tennent took a deep interest in Brainerd's mission, and for a season took the oversight of it. When Whitcfield visited him, he saw with delight the school, and marked the proficiency of the pupils under Tennent's fatherly care. The life of Tennent was long. He devoted much time to the education of youth, and trained several in philosophy and divinity. Among others who studied theology with him were Gumming, McWhorter, and Oliver Hart, pastor of a Baptist church in Charleston. He had the pleasure of seeing his sons, John and William, awakened during the revival at Princeton, under Dr. Finley ; and of seeing another of great promise, but of loose habits, graciously brought back, on a bed of sickness, to the Shepherd and Bishop of his soul. This son died soon after. Another died in the West Indies ; and his son William, a distinguished minister and patriot in South Carolina, was suddenly called from earth, not long after his father's decease. Unlike Gilbert, he published but one sermon, — a plain, judicious discourse on Galatians v. 25. It was printed in Boston, in 1739, in the " Sacramental Discourses." Many striking incidents in his life are so universally known, that, beyond all the ministers of his day, he lives in the memory of the people. It has been supposed that he was a sleep-walker, from his having " gone to bed with ten toes on, And when he waked up, one was gone ;" as is smartly said of him, by one who ridiculed his undertaking to give advice to "His Grace the Archbishop of Canterbury." The toe disappeared; whether cut oflf by treading on glass in a som- nambulism,* or gnawed off by rats, or how else, may be disputed. Can it be that Tennent believed that he who contended wit'h Michael for the body of Moses strove also for his, and, failing, wrenched off the great toe? Such is the tradition. * As supposed by Dr. Alexander. 426 SAMUEL BLAIR. SAMUEL BLAIR Was born in Ireland, June 14, 1712, and came to this country when a lad. Where his parents* resided is not mentioned. "He •was blestf with early piety, and on his death-bed could recollect, with delight, various evidences of gracious influence in his tender years. He was made sensible, betimes, of his guilty state by na- tui*e and practice, felt his total inability to deliver himself, saw plainly that he lay at mercy, and that it was entirely at God's good pleasure to save or reject him. He was restless till he saw the way of life, — that God could save in consistence with the honour of governing justice, for that the obedience and sufferings of Christ in the room of sinners have made sufficient atonement for sin. His soul approved of the divine glorious plan. Strict holiness was his choice. He grew in stature and in grace." He studied at the Log College, became conversant with the original languages of the Scriptures, and had much critical learn- ing, with a thorough knowledge of divinity. He was licensed, November 9, 1733, at Abingdon, by Philadelphia Presbytery, at their first meeting after the Presbytery of East Jersey was set off; he preached his trial sermon before them, on Romans iv. 5. He was called. May 24, 1734, to Middletown and Shrewsbury, and also to Millstone and Cranberry. He accepted the former, Sep- tember 19, and was dismissed to East Jersey Presbytery, and was soon after ordained. AVhen licensed, and when ordained, he de- clared his acceptance of the Westminster Confession, Catechisms, and Directory. IMiddletown and Shrewsbury were among the towns first settled in East Jersey. A Baptist church was organized at the former place in 1689. There was a Presbyterian church there before 1711, J and "the spirit of mixed communion prevailed in both societies. The divisions among the Baptists rose very high ; and, as a healing measure, they agreed "to keep their own places, and not wander to other societies." Blair met with little success, the people in both of his congregations "being very irreligious." His pastoral relation was dissolved, September 5, 1739, and he was dis- missed by Brunswick Presbytery, October 12, to join Newcastle Presbytery. A sermon of his was published, about this time, in Boston, in a volume of Tennent's "Sacramental Discourses." * The name of William Blair occurs as an elder in 1729, and 1732, from Brandy- •wine or Red Clay. f Finley's sermon al his fuueraL J Morgan EJffards's History of New Jersey Baptists. SAMUEL BLAIR. 4-- His three sermons on Justification were also published, and are commended by Seward, in 1740, as full of solid divinity. At the earnest invitation of the people of Fagg's Manor, ho removed thither in the beginning of November, accepted their call in the winter, and was installed in April. The place Avas newly settled, from Ireland; the congregation had been formed in 1780, but had never had a minister. Some of them applied* to the As- sociate Presbytery in Scotland, in 1735, but without success. It was a great encouragement to Blairf to find some hopefully-pious people among them at his first coming ; but religion lay as it were dying, and ready to expire its last breath. " Having some view and sense of the deplorable condition of the land in general, the scope of my preaching for the first winter was mainly calculated for persons in a natural unregenerate state. I dealt solemnly and searchingly: four or five were brought under deep convictions. Leaving home in March, I obtained a neighbouring minister to preach a Sabbath in my absence." This was, in all probability, Alexander Craighead, of Middle Octorara. "He seemed to be earnest for the awakening and conversion of secure sinners. He preached, from Luke xiii. 7, on the dangerous and awful case of such as continue unregenerate and unfruitful under the means of grace. Under that sermon there was a visible appearance of much soul-concern ; some burst out with an audible noise into bitter cry- ing,— a thing unknown in those parts before." "A pretty light, merry sort of a youth" came to Blair, on his return, under deep trouble. The sermon had not impressed him ; but, the next day, when he went to grubbing in order to clear new land, as he saw a pretty large tree with a high top fall, the words " Cut it down : why cumbereth it the ground?" came to his remembrance, and ■went as a spear to his heart. " So must I be cut down by the jus- tice of God for the burning of hell, unless I get into another state than I am now in." He came under deep and abiding distress: "his conversation since becomes the gospel of Christ." Blaii''s first sermon, on coming back, was from Matthew vi. 33. In pressing the injunction, he urged that they had already too, too long neglected to seek the kingdom. This cut like a sword ; and several could not contain, but burst out into the most bitter weep- ing. He besought them to moderate their passions, but so as not to stifle convictions, and to avoid hindering themselves and others from hearing what was spoken. The number of the awakened increased very fast ; scarcely a sermon or a lecture through the whole summer failed to produce impressions. Often these impressions were very great and general : some were * McKerrow's History of the Secession Church. •}• Letter in Christian History. 12ft SAMUEL BLAIR. overcome and fainting, others deeply sobbing ; some crying in a most dolorous manner, many more silently weeping ; a solemn con- cern on every foce. Comparatively, a few were affected with some strange, unusual bodily motions. Very few in the congregation were without solemn thoughtfulness about their souls. The awa- kened had a rational, fixed conviction of their dangerous perishing state ; they were much given to reading the Scriptures and good books. Excellent works, which had lain neglected, were perused, and lent from one to another. Blair preached on Fridays, through the spring and summer, his great aim being to lay open the de- plorable state of man, by nature, since the fall, and the way of the sinner's closing with Christ by faith, and obtaining a right peace to an awakened, wounded conscience. Many afforded vei-y hopeful, satisfying evidence that the Lord had brought them to a true closure with Jesus Christ : several had had remarkable and sweet deliverances. Towards the end of the summer, there seemed to be a stop put to the awakening and conviction of sinners ; and, for the next four years, there were few instances of persons convinced. Blair makes no mention of the two visits of Whitefield. He made a tour of preaching through New England in the summer of 1744. Of the rupture of 1741, Blair spoke when near his end, "It pleased God to make me and a number of my brethren instru- mental in promoting what I always believed was a work of his power and grace ; but, somehow or other, our mother's children were angry with us who were instrumental in carrying it on, and unjustly excluded us from communion with them." Blair published a " Vindication of the Excluded Brethren," an answer to Thomson on the "Government of the Church," and to Creaghead's "Reasons for Forsaking our Church;" also, a "Trea- tise on Predestination." His school produced such men as Davies, Rodgers, Gumming, James Finley, Robert Smith, and Hugh Henry. "Each one re- sembled the children of a king." As scholars, preachers, pastors, patriots, — in their piety and their success, — a noble company, a goodly fellowship, showing the church what manner of men the apostles and martyrs were. Blair spoke* as one who knew the worth of souls, and felt in himself the sweet constraint of the love of God and man. He was grave and solemn, yet cheerful, even pleasant, facetious, witty. Davies spoke of him as the incomparable Blair. "When, in 1753, I passed the meeting-house where I had so often heard the great Mr. Blair, I could not help crying out, ' Oh, how dreadful is * Finley. SAMUEL BLAIR. 42d this place ! this is no other than the house of God, and this is the gate of heaven.' " He was a man of great weight in judicatories : " they waited for him as the rain." His zeal for the college made him journey when sick to promote its interests. After severe sickness in Pliiladcl- phia, he was, beyond his expectation, restored to health and home ; he then laboured as one near his end to awaken the perishing, but, failing, he changed his strain; "only he publicly reminded them of a certain day, March 25, 1744, when he was enabled to set eternal things before them with more than ordinary solemnity and pun- gency." lie then entered on a new course of sermons for the edification and establishment of the people of God, wherein he clearly ex- plained and satisfyingly confirmed the whole system of gospel doc- trine, from the state of innocence to the consummation of all things. He concluded the course with a sermon on 1 Corinthians xv. 24, with which he may be said to have closed his public ministry; for, though he afterwards preached twice, it was with so little strength and efiicacy, that he called them "supernumerary sermons." On the 7th of April, 1751, apprehending his end to be near, he sent for the elders and two out of every quarter of the congrega- tion, and gave them his parting counsels. He asked them to col- lect the remnant of his debts and give their good countenance to his widow and his half-a-score of children. " Adhere to your own presbytery ; but, if the synods unite, be not obstinate and separate." In seeking a successor, he bids them not to expect from a young man, at the outset, all that they saw in him after many years of experience. His son-in-law, Robert Smith, of Pequea, published his dying counsels, with several of his sermons. Blair had, through a long course of years, an habitual assurance of his interest in the favour of God. His last words, a minute or two before his departure, were, " The Bridegroom is come, and now we shall have all things;" and, under a gleam of heaven, he breathed his last, on July 5, 1751. His son Samuel was early in life elected to the presidency of Nassau Hall, and was settled in the Old South Church in Boston. His daughters married the Rev. George Duffield, Robert Smith, David Rice, of Kentucky, "William Foster, of Octorara, and John Carmichael, of the Forks of Brandywine. He was above the middle stature, comely, and well set; in aspect grave and venerable, with a clear understanding, quick apprehen- sion, prompt elocution, solid judgment, strong and lively imagina- tion, and tenacious memory. His voice was clear and command- ing; his pronunciation distinct and deliberate; his style natural, elegant, pure. He studied plainness, being naturally poetic, copi- ous, and florid; preaching without notes, but seldom or never ex 48d 8AMUEL BLAIR. tempore. His advise to Dr. Rodgers was, "Speak slow; speak low; be short." Finley speaks of him as gentle, prudent, cautious ; as having a glorious arousing view of God's power, the wisdom of his govern- ment, and the riches of his grace, with a particular appropriation of them to himself and his. His was a divine calmness. Davies said to Bellamy, " The greatest light in these parts is just about to take wing." In his travels in Great Britain, he heard no one equal to his instructor ; not one whom he thought, in any way, to resemble or approach to him in the matter or the de- livery of his discourses. In his elegiac verses* he says : — "Blair is no more! then this poor world has lost As rich a jewel as her stores could boast. While, hovering on the verge of life, he lay Eager for flight, and yet resign'd to stay, How oft did we, in agonies of prayer, Wrestle with Heaven his sacred breath to spare! But, ah ! his worth but cherish'd oiir despair, And threaten'd the denial of our prayer. So great, so heavenly, so mature a mind Required employment of a nobler kind. Too much refined in this dark world to bear The humble place of Zion's minister. Heaven call'd him to sustain some nobler function there. An intellect as clear as blaze of day, Sedate as midnight, boundless as the sea, Free as the wind, yet steady as the pole. Passive to truth, impatient of control From vulgar error ; regular and smooth As genuine reason and harmonious truth ; Truth link'd to truth and thought to thought fconjoin'd Spontaneous rose in his harmonious mind ; His rude, unstudied thoughts in order sprung, Express'd in equal order by his tongue ; Clusters of ripen' d sense on each young period hung. His passions vigorous, yet by reason ruled. By calmest reason kindled, temper'd, cool'd ; His heart reserved as prudence, and confined, And yet as truth sincere, as weeping friendship kind. His life, a fix'd, unerring walk with God, A constant progress in the heavenly road ; His heart, the rest of constant peace and love ; There glow'd the passions seraphs feel above; There, pleased and unmolested, dwelt the heavenly dove His breath, like grateful incense, to the skies Did daily in refined devotions rise. His soul exerted with his praying breath The almighty importunity of faith ; Hence guilty heads escape the falling blow, And blessings to unworthy millions flow. Nations partook the bounty of his prayer And future times the benefit shall share." * Printed in the collection of his sermons published after his death, containing Finley's funeral sermon, and Robert Smith's account of his closing days. JAMES MARTIN — ROBERT JAMISON. 431 JAMES MARTIN, From Ireland, was the pastor of Lewes, in Delaware, in 1734, and died there in 1743. lie is said to have organized the church at Cool Spring. WhitefieA landed about five (o'clock) in the evening of October 3, 1739, at Lewestown; and, in reference to this event, he ob- Berves, " We had not been long in the inn but two or three of the chief inhabitants, being apprized of his arrival, came and spent the evening with us, and desired me to give them a sei'mon on the morrow." He preached there, in 1740, to " as unaffected a congregation as he had seen in America. They Avept, next day, when he por- trayed the trial of Abraham's faith. Alas ! when I turned from the creature to the Creator, and to talk of the love of God in sacrificing his only Son, I observed their tears dry up. I told them of it; and could not but infer hence the dreadful depravity of human nature, that can weep at the sufi'erings of a martyr, — a man like ourselves ; but when are we affected at the relation of the sufferings of the Son of God?" The Church missionary gives a different view. He says White- field preached from a balcony, and that the enthusiasm of the people was violent, but after a time it abated. Martin signed the Protest in 1741. His death is mentioned in May, 1743. ROBERT JAMISON, From Ireland, settled in Delaware, and was a member of synod in 1734. From a manuscript of Joshua Evans,* an Independent, it appears that there were Welsh Baptists at Duck Creek ; and that the first name of their meeting-house was Bryn-Sion, i.e. Zion Hill. The Presbyterian meeting-house was built in 1733, on land given by Mr. Dickinson. Thomas Evans preached the first ser- * Quoted by Morgan Edwards, in his MS. History of the Baptists in Delaware; of which only a fragment remains. 432 ISAAC CUALKER. mon in it, August 12, 1733, and administered the communion, Kovember 9. At first the Baptists used the house, but after- wards worshipped in private houses. There was a great mortality in that region in the spring of 1737. Jamison began to preach, December 26, 1734. He died in 1744; and, the congregation having neglected to have the property conveyed to them by deed, it reverted, during the long vacancy that followed, to the Dickinsons, and was made over to the Baptists in 1771. * ISAAC CHALKER Of the family of Chalkers in Saybrook, Connecticut, graduated at Yale in 1728 ; and, after being licensed, he married, and re- sided on Long Island. He was ordained, in 1734, by East Jersey Presbytery, pastor of Bethlehem and Wallkill, in the Highlands of New York. John Smith, an elder from Bethlehem, sat with, him in the synod in 1735, and is almost* the only elder who, for fifty years, asked to have his dissent entered against a synodical decision. The presbytery had ordained Chalker at a distance from his congregations; and he found himself in great difficulty at Wallkill, through a wide-spread report of his not having adopted the Westminster Confession. He had lost the good-will of Samuel Neely, of Neelytown. The synod judged that Chalker was hearty in his adherence to our standards, and that Keely was to blame in exciting discontent. Chalker left the bounds of the synod in 1743, havingf lost his stock of cattle in the extremity of the cold winter of 1741-2. He also "lost a man," became very poor, and much in debt. In 1744, he was settled in Eastbury, (Second Society in Glasten- bui-y,) Connecticut, with a settlement of three hundred pounds, old tenor, and a salary of one hundred and thirty pounds a year. He petitioned the legislature for relief, and aid was granted to him, but not sufficient to set him free from his embarrassments. He remained until 1760, and died, May 28, 1765. * John Gardner, of White Clay, did the same in the case of Walton. f MSS. Connecticut State Library. SIMON HORTON — HUGH CARLISLE. 433 SLMON HORTON Was born in Boston, March 30, 1711. The family removed to East Jersey in 1727; and he graduated at Yale in 1731. lie was ordained, by East Jersey Presbytery, pastor of Connecticut Farms, New Jersey, in 1734. He succeeded Purary at Newtown in 1746. On the death of Colgan,* Church missionary at Jamaica, Long Island, the Dissenters prevailed — by their majority in the vestry in 1756 — to present to the governor " one Simon Horton" for induction into the parish; but Sir Charles Hardy, who was then at the head of the Provincial Government, refused to induct him into the cure. Horton seems to have resigned the pastoral care before 1773, as is supposed,! from his becoming sensible that he was not likely to do them good, by his plain and unattractive manner; but, on the removal of Bay, his successor, he acted as stated supply until his death. May 8, 1786, aged seventy -five. He was sent yearly by New York Presbytery, towards the close of his life, to supply the East and West Houses on Staten Island. Davies heard Horton, during the synod of 1753, preach on Sabbath morning " an honest, judicious sermon" on " Christ the Wisdom and the Power of God." During the Revolution, J he resided at Warwick, Orange county, with his son-in-law, Benjamin Coe. The congregation of New- town was so scattered during the war, that, at its close, there were only five communicants in the congregation.' The church was dilapidated through the madness of the British and the Tories. HUGH CARLISLE Was " admitted into the Newcastle Presbytery" before Septem- ber, 1735, probably from Great Britain or Ireland. He adopted the standards at that time ; but, not having seen the Adopting Act until he met with the synod, " he had the same I'ead to him, and did then concur in his assent to the terms of it." At that time, * Macdonald's Jamaica. f Biker's History of Newtown. J Ibid. 28 ^184 ALEXANDER CRAIGHEAD. Newtown and Plumstead, in Bucks county, obtained leaA'c of Phila- delphia Presbytery to employ him ; and he joined that body m June, 1736. Hugh Hunter and Anthony Thompson requested the presbytery that a call might be moderated for him. Treat was directed to preside. The call was presented in May, 1787 ; but, in August, he declined it, on account of the distance of Plumstead from Newtown. He continued to service them, and was sent, in November, to supply Amwell and Bethlehem, in Hunterdon county. New Jersey, with other vacancies. Martin met with Philadelphia Presbytery, March 14, 1738, to request that Carlisle might go into the bounds of Lewes Presbytery. He removed at once, and is mentioned as a member of that presbytery in 1742 : subsequently his name is not seen. ALEXANDER CRAIGHEAD "Was probably the son of the Rev. Thomas Craighead, and may have been born in this country. He appeared before Done- gal Presbytery, January 5, 1734; and was licensed October 8, having preached from Prov. x. 9. He was sent to Middle Octo- rara and " over the river," being the first to whom that duty was assigned. He was called (April 9, 1735) to Middle Octorara, the people promising sixty pounds, and declaring their ability to raise seventy-one pounds. He accepted in June, and was appointed to prepare a sermon on Col. ii. 7, a lecture on the first Psalm, and to discuss the question. Where revelation is necessary to salvation ? He was ordained November 18, Boyd having preached from 2 Tim. ii. 15. A zealous promoter of the "Revival," he accompanied White- field while in Chester county ; and they made the woods ring, as they rode, with songs of praise.* He carried the gospel to the people of New London, in opposi- tion to the wish of the minister, session, and most of the congre- gation. A part of his flock complained of his introducing new terms of communion, requiring them, when having their children baptized, to adopt the Solemn League and Covenant. He also was charged with denying that ministers should be confined within * WhiteficUl, nftcr preaching nt ■Winingston,( Wilmington,) rode townrds Not- tingham with Ti'nnent. Craighead, and Blair, accompanied by many from Phila- delphia, motit sweetly singing and praising God, May 13, 17-10. — O'dliei. ALEXANDER CRAIGHEAD. the bounds of one congregation, but should roam as evangelists; and with excluding from communion one who seemed opposed to the new methods. The presbytery came to his meeting-house in December, 1740, to adjudicate the case. He was preaching from — " They be blind leaders of the blind." It was a continued invective against Pharisee preachers, and the presbytery, as given over to judicial blindness and hardness. "He railed on Mr. Boyd." The people were invited at the close to repair to "the tent" and hear his de- fence, which was read by David Alexander and Samuel Finley. The presbytery, though summoned to hear it, remained in the church, and were proceeding to business, when the people rose in a tumult, and, with railing, compelled them to withdraw. When, they met next day, he, with his coadjutors, appeared ; and, having read the defence from the pulpit, he declined their juris- diction, because they all were his accusers. They suspended him ; but resolved that, if he should signify his repentance to any member, a meeting should be called at once, to consider his acknowledgment and take off the suspension. He sat in the next synod ; and, they having spent the first week in considering his case without coming to any decision, the Protest was introduced on Monday, and separated the conflicting parties. Some of his people respected the sentence of the presbytery, and forsook him. He asked the presbytery, just before the rup- ture, to see to it that those persons fulfilled their' engagements to him. He separated from the Brunswick party at the first meeting of the conjunct presbyteries, because they refused to revive the Solemn League and Covenant. Soon after, he published his rea- sons for leaving their connection, putting forward, as his promi- nent inducement, that neither synod nor presbytery had adopted the Westminster Standards by a public act. Blair replied to him; Gilbert Tennent lamented his party-spirit and censoriousness. Craighead addressed the Reformed Presbytery in Scotland, declar- ing his adherence to their views and methods, and soliciting helpers. He issued a manifesto, setting forth his opinions, to draw together all who held the like sentiments. Thomas Cookson, Esq., one of his Majesty's justices for Lan- caster county, appeared before the Synod of Philadelphia, May 26, 17-1:3, and, in the name of the governor, laid before them a paper to be considered. All other business was at once deferred, and the paper, with an accompanying affidavit, was read. The synod unanimously agreed, "That it is full of treason, sedition, and dis- traction, and grievous perverting of the sacred oracles, to the ruin of all societies and civil government, and directly and diametrically opposite to our religious principles, as we have on all occasions 436 ALEXANDER CRAIGHEAD. openly and publicly declared. "VVe hereby declare, with the greatest sincerity, that we detest this paper, and, with it, all principles and practices that tend to destroy the civil and religious rights of man- kind, or to foment or encourage sedition or dissatisfaction with the civil government that we are now under, or rebellion, treason, or any thing that is disloyal. If Mr. Alexander Craighead be the author, we know nothing of the matter. He has been no member of our society for some time past, nor do we acknowledge him as such, and heartily lament that any man that was ever called a Presbyterian should be guilty of what is in this paper." Dickinson, Pemberton, Alison, and the moderator, Cowell, pre- pared an address to the governor. It was presented to him, with a copy of the minute, by Andrews, Cross, and Cathcart. Tenncnt said, about the same time, "His late and present divi- sive conduct we utterly detest and disclaim. I hope he is a pious man ; but, having more zeal and positiveness than knowledge and judgment, he has schismatically broken communion with us, and adopted the rigid Cameronian scheme. He is indeed tinged with an uncharitable and party spirit, to the great prejudice of real reli- gion in some places this way. May the Almighty forgive him and rectify his judgment!" His success in forming praying societies is not known ; no minis- ter came from Bi'itain to his assistance. "With apparent sincerity, he objected to the deficiency of the system on which the Philadelphia Synod was constituted, and, with seeming sincerity, joined himself to the support of the languishing cause of the Reformed Presbyterian Church. He did not, how- ever, possess stability. Overstrained zeal is seldom permanent. This man, having co-operated with the Covenanters with an ardour which appeared to some of them enthusiastic, left his profession and voAvs, and turned to the flocks of his former companions. The societies which he had forsaken continued eight years in this dis- tressed condition, until, moved by their entreaties, the Rev. John Cuthbertson* came to them from Scotland, in 1752. "f In 1751, he wrote to the Anti-Burgher Associate Presbytery in Scotland ; but, though ministers were directed by the presbytery to go in answer to his appeal, they failed to comply. He is said to have removed to Windy Cove, on Cowpasture River, in Augusta county, Virginia, in 1749 ; J but it was probably not till after the ill success of his second application to Scotland. A * Through the kindness of the Rev. T. W. J. Wylie, of the Reformed Presbyte- rian Church, I learn that Cuthbertson laboured forty years at Middle Octorara, Lancaster county, and joined in forming the Associate Reformed body. He died there, March 10, 1791, aged seventy-three. f Reformed Principles exhibited by the Reformed Presbyterian Church. J Dr. Foote's Sketches of Virginia. ALEXANDER CRAIGHEAD. 437 large* buttonwood-tree, close to the river-bank, marks the site ■where stood his humble cabin. About a half mile above, stood his little log church ; nothing now remains of it but a few stones of the back-wall of the fireplace, amidst a thick grove of pines. He and his people went to the house of God fully equipped to meet anv sudden attack of savages. He joined Newcastle Presbytery before the fall of 1754. On Braddock's defeat, his congregation fled from the frontier, and a portion settled in North Carolina. He met with Hanover Presbytery, September 2, 1757, and, in January, was sent to Rocky River, in North Carolina, and to other vacancies. He was called, in April, to Rocky River; and Richard- son, on his way to labour among the Cherokees, was directed to install him. He died in March, 17GG, leaving behind him the affectionate remembrance of his faithful, abundant, and useful labours. He is said to have been a prey to dejection of spirits, as was also his relative, John Craighead, the pastor of Rocky Spring, PennsyU vania. The first numerous settlementf between the Yadkin and Ca- tawba was three miles north of Charlotte. In 1750, there were no white inhabitants ; but they poured in so rapidly that, in 1756, the church on Sugar Creek was formed. Here was Craighead's home, and his burial-place : no stone marks his grave ; but it is known by two large sassafras-trees, which grew, it is said, from the sticks being thrust into the ground, on which his coffin was borne to the grave. His son Thomas became a minister of our church in Tennessee, and rose to high standing. His third daughter married the Rev. David Caldwell, of Buffalo and AUemance. Her son, Samuel Craighead Caldwell, was licensed at nineteen years of age, and ordained pastor of Hopewell and Sugar Creek in 1792. His har- monious continuance in that relation for thirty-five years is hia best eulogium. At one time, seventy were added to the church. He died in 1826. Two of his sons are in the ministry. * Rev. Samuel Brown, of Windy Cove. f Dr. Foote's Sketches of North Carolina. ^438 JOHN PAUL — PATRICK GLASGOW — SAMUEL BLACK. JOHN PAUL Was received by the standing committee of Donegal Presbytery as a licentiate from Ireland, December 10, 1735, and was soon after called to Nottingham. Thomson "served his edict," and he was installed the second Wednesday of October, 1736. He preached at the ordination of David Alexander, at Pequea, in 1738, and was one of the first supplies sent to Deer Creek, Maryland. He died in 1739; and in June the commission remitted his bond for twelve pounds, and, the next year, gave his widow one pound out of the fund. His tomb remains in the old graveyard near the Rising Sun: the inscription, nearly obliterated, tells that he died at the age of thirty-three. PATRICK GLASGOW, After the ordinary trials, and after adopting the Westminster Confession, was licensed by Lewes Presbytery. Having a call to Monokin, he was, after the usual steps, and a repeated declaration of his adopting the Westminster Confession, ordained and installed in 1736. He is not mentioned after 1741 on our records : he was or- dained after the Episcopal mode, and became the rector of All-Hal- lows, in Worcester county, Maryland. He died there, March 23, 1753. SAMUEL BLACK, A STUDENT of theology, from Ireland, was licensed by New- castle Presbytery. The Forks of Brandywine, in Chester county, •were formed into a separate congregation. In September, 1735, Donegal Presbytery gave them leave to invite Black to preach as a SAMUEL BLACK. 439 candidate for settlement. He waa called, October 7, and was or- dained, November 18, 1735. Boyd preached from 2 Timothy ii. 15. A portion of his people preferred complaints against him, Septem- ber 2, 1740, and requested the presbytej-y to call, as correspondents, Charles Tennent and Samuel Blair, when they took up the case. This was just at the time of the extraordinary effects produced by the preaching of Whitefield. The presbytery, in writing to Newcas- tle Presbytery for correspondents, requested the moderator that any of the members might be sent to their aid but Blair and Ten- nent,— alleging that the congregation, in asking for them, evinced a desire to choose their own judges. Black was put on trial November 4, to answer the charges — 1. Of saying, "He sought not theirs, but them," while he did not seek their salvation. 2. Of representing himself as weary through much labour in the ministry, while he did not toil in the vineyard. 3. Of drunkenness. 4. Of lying, in speaking of the Revival at different times in dif- ferent ways. 5. Of sedition, in sowing dissensions among the people. G. Of making no application of the truth to the states or cases of his hearers. 7. For opposing the work of God then in progress in neighbour- ing congregations. The presbytery rebuked him for the drunkenness, and for slight- ing his work : he acknowledged his fault, and they laid no censure on him at the time. In May, they suspended him for a season, the people complaining that much evidence had been industriously kept back at the trial. The presbytery very soon after made inquiry on the spot, and restored him : the majority of his people following the " 13runswick Brethren," they released him from the pastoral relation. The new congregation of Conewago, in Mount Joy, (in Adams county,) Pennsylvania, called him in October, 1741, and he was in- stalled the second Wednesday in May. He began to visit Vir- ginia as a missionary, and was sent to Potomac in 1743. Diffi- culties arose in his flock, and they asked to have Steel sent to them. North and South Mountain, in Virginia, (the former six mile^ west of Staunton,) asked for him, March 6, 1745. He was dis- missed from Conewago in April ; but in the fall they sought to re- gain him. A division took place: those who left him obtained one-fifth of the time of Roan, pastor of the New-Side churches of Paxton and Derry. In 1747, he, with Thomson and Craig, was directed to take the oversight of the vacancies in Virginia. He was at the synod ia 440 FKANCIS ALISON. 1751, and was directed to supply Buffalo settlement, and the adja- cent places, four Sabbaths ; he also visited Hies, Eno, and Ilaw River, in North Carolina. He took charge of the congregations of Rockfish and Mountain Plain before 1752. In 1759, he attended synod, and vainly sought to have a presbytery formed west of the Blue Ridge. Hanover Presbytery decided that the people in Woods's .Gap, in the mountains of Albemarle, were not in his bounds, and erected them into the congregation of Albemarle. They dismissed him from his charge, July 18, 1759. He died August 9, 1770. The presbytery style him " an aged minister." FRANCIS ALISON, Born in Ireland, in 1705, studied at the University of Glas- gow, and came as a probationer to this country in 1734 or '35. On the recommendation of Franklin,* he was employed by John Dickinson, of Delaware, the author of the " Farmer's Let- ters," as the tutor of his son. Leave to take a few other pupils was granted ; and he is said to have had an academy at Thunder Hill, Maryland.f The commission, in 1736, wrote to him to officiate as a supply for the new erection in Philadelphia. He was ordained pastor of New London by Newcastle Presbytery before May, 1737. He was a correspondent of President Stiles, who has preserved many of his letters. He says, he commenced his school in 1713; and Professor Hutcheson, of Glasgow, having, in 1746, advised the setting on foot of a seminary by the synod, he also opened a correspondence with him. The synod, failing in their attempt to endow a college, did what was in their power, and took the New London school under their patronage. They gave Alison twenty pounds, (Pennsylvania currency,) with the liberty of choosing an aesistant at a salary of fifteen pounds. In 1748, the salaries "were raised ; one to forty pounds, and the other to twenty pounds. Alison complained to Donegal Presbytery, that Alexander Craighead had intruded into his congregation, " to rend and divide it against his mind, the mind of the session, and the de- clared opinion of the congregation in general." * Joshua Edwards, Esq. j- Watson's Annals of Philadelphia. FRANCIS ALISON. 441 He signed the Protest ; but he agreed with the New York bre- thren in demanding that the whole proceeding should be reviewed in 1742; and he entered his dissent from the vote refusing this request. Though foremost on the Old iSide, it does not a])pear that any of his congi*egation deserted him. In 1744,* they erected the largest church in that region. The building was sixty-three feet long by thirty-eight wide, with long, low, brick walls, an antique, Swedish, or hipped roof. The side of the edifice was turned to the road; and it hud arched doors and windows, with imported leaden sashes. The pulpit was on the side; and the pews were of forms, patterns, and colours as diverse as the tastes and the incomes of their respective owners. In 1749, he was invited to Philadelphia, a grammar-school having been opened in that city by subscription. He asked leave of the synod to sit as a member of Philadelphia Presbytery : they declined, and promised him thirty pounds for educating their beneficiaries, with liberty to charge at his pleasui-e for the tuition of others. The grammar-school in Philadelphia was incorporated in 1750, endowed in 1753, and erected into a college in 1755. Alison left New London before May, 1752, without consulting presbytery or synod ; but this was excused, owing to the pressing cii'cumstances of his position. He took charge of the grammar- school, and became colleague to Cross. Among his elders who sat with him in synod were the Hon. Charles Thomson and Mr. William Humphreys. He was made vice-provost of the college in 1755 ; and Nassau Hall gave him the degree of A.M. in 1756, and the University of Glasgow created him doctor of divinity in 1756. He was the first of our ministers who received that honour ; and the Synod of Philadelphia returned their thanks, for the favour, to the Uni- versity, f On the union of the synods, May 24, 1758, he preached from Eph. iv. 4-7. The sermon was published, with the title, " Peace and Union recommended," and a note, suggesting that, as in the perusal it might to many seem long, they may conveniently divide it by pausing at the twenty-eighth page. He went, with Colonel Burd, as chaplain to the expedition to Fort Cumberland, and remained from August to November. Together with Gilbert Tennent and the Presbyterians gene- rally, who were headed by Chief-Justice Allen, (father-in-law of Governor John Penn,) he opposed the throwing off of the Pro- * Dubois's Historical Discourse at New London. •}• The diploma was transmitted to him through the Rev. James Moody, of Newry. — Philadelphia Newspaper. 442 TRANCIS ALISON. prietary Government; and, as a reward* for his services in that matter, Richard Penn gave Alison the splendid tract of one thou- sand acres at the confluence of the Bald Eagle with the West Branch of the Susquehanna. He was the efficient agent in the establishment of the Widows Fund in our church; and was wisely active in the convention with the Connecticut ministers to withstand the gradual but determined innovations of Churchmen and the Crown on our liberties as citi zens and Christians. Among his correspondentsf were Dr. Gordon, of Stepney, England ; William Boyd, minister of Taughboyne, in Ireland, (who visited New England in 1718,) and John Holmes, of Glendermot, both able and zealous advocates for the subscription of the West- minster Confession ; and James Moody, of Newry, who differed with them on that point. Alison was so much pleased with Connecticut that at one time he thought of making it the retreat of his old age. Probably Bome hint of this induced the people of New London, who had remained vacant since his removal, to send Elijah McCIenachan and William Montgomery as commissioners to the Second Phila- delphia Presbytery, with a call for him, August 14, 1765. He took it under consideration, and returned it, November 2G, 1766. Although his family could ill afford it, he set free his slaves by •will: "the good man| followed the dictates of his conscience, leaving his widow to Providence." He died, November 28, 1779, aged seventy-four. His wife was an Armitage. He left a son (a physician, at Fagg's Manor) and two daughters : one of his sons died before him, at the age of twenty-eight. Among his pupils were Charles Thomson, Secretary of the Continental Congress, Dr. Ewing, of Philadelphia, Dr. Latta, of Chestnut Level, Matthew Wilson, of Lewes, Hugh Williamson, and David Ilamsay, the historian of North and South Carolina, and three signers of the Declaration of Independence, — Governor McKean, George Read, and James Smith. He had the reputa- tion§ of being the best Latin scholar in America. Bishop White was one of his pupils, and, in his "Memoirs," speaks of him as a man of unquestionable ability in his department, of real and * Day's Historical Collections of Pennsylvania. But Judge Huston says that the lands of the West Branch were laid out for officers of tirst and second bat- talions of regiment under Colonel Boquet. Fifteen hundred acres on west side of the mouth of Bald Eagle were conveyed to Dr. Alison, February 4, 17G9, and were paid for in full. April 3, 1772. — Land Titles. t Stilcs's iMSS., Yale College. J riiiladelpliia Newspjipcr. \ Morgan Edwards. DAVID COWELL. 443 rational piety ; with a pronone33 to anger, which was forgotten in his placabloness and aflabilitj. Davies speaks of him to Cowell as "our learned friend." DAVID COWELL "Was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1704, graduated at Harvard in 1732, and came as a licentiate to Trenton, N.J. , in 173(3. Trenton, which had formed a part of Hopewell, asked Phila- delphia Presbytery, in September, 1734, to provide them a minister. In the next fall, Cowell began his labours there. On his receiving a call,* the presbytery examined him on his religious principles and sentiments, heard him preach from Rom. iii. 25, and, after a sermon by Andrews, ordained him, November 3, 1736. A debate was maintained between him and Gilbert Tennent on a most important matter: namely, Whether a motive, to which the natural man is susceptible, a regard to what he sees to be on the whole most for his interest, is acceptable with God when it leads one to embrace Christ's salvation and God's service? Cowell disclaimed the affirmative, which Tennent charged him with holding, and probably was equally unwilling to admit that our obedience to God is worthless if we be influenced by a desire for our own salvation as well as the glory of God. He took no part at the division in 1741 ; but he was fully op- posed to the extreme measures of the Brunswick party. He re- mained with the Old Side ; but his intercourse with the New York brethren, and his intimate friendship with Burr, was not inter- rupted. In 1749, the commissions of both synods met at Trenton, to treat about a union. Cowell was chosen moderator ; but, a heated discussion arising about the Protest, they broke up, unanimously agreeing that each synod more fully prepare proposals of recon- ciliation, and that there be in the mean time a mutual endeavour to cultivate candour and friendship. He was an early, an ardent, and an indefatigable friend of New Jersey College, and unwearied in his efforts to place Davies in the presidency. He wrote to him,f " The college ought to be * It is dated April 7, 1736, and is in the hands of Mr. J. V. Cowell. f MSS. in the possession of Mr. Joseph V. Cowell, of Philadelphia. Davies 444 DAVID COWELL. esteemed of as much importance to the interests of religion and liberty as any other institution of the kind in America. God at first, in a most remarkable manner, owned and blessed it. It was the Lord's doing. He erected it; for our beginning was nothing. He carried it on, till it was marvellous in our eyes. But it hath been under terrible frowns of Divine Providence: first, in the loss of Mr. Burr, the life and soul of it; and then of Mr. Edwards, from whom we had such raised expectations. May the Father of mercies look with pity and compassion on the work of his own hands ! I am sensible that your leaving Virginia is attended with great difficulties ; but I cannot think your affairs are of equal importance with the college." Upon the union, he joined New Brunswick Presbytery, June 3, 1758 ; and, the next year, Trenton asked for supplies. He died, December 1, 1760, having never married. Davies preached at his funeral — himself so soon to follow — from Heb. iv. 11, having been " nominated by him to that service." " During* the short time I have been a resident of this pro- vince, he has been my very intimate friend ; and I have conversed with him in his most unreserved hours, when conversation was the image of his soul. I had only a general acquaintance with him for ten years before. " The characteristics of his youth were a serious, virtuous, re- ligious turn of mind, free from the vices and vanities of that thoughtless age ; and a remarkable thirst for knowledge : and I am witness how lively a taste for books and knowledge he cherished to the last. He appeared to me to have a mind steadily and habitually bent towards God and holiness. If hia religion was not so warm and passionate as that of some, it was perhaps proportionally more even, uniform, and rational. His religion was not a transient passion, but appeared to be a settled temper. Humility and modesty, those gentle virtues, seemed to shine in him with a very amiable lustre. He often imposed a voluntary silence upon himself, when he would have made an agreeable figure in conversation. He was fond of giving way to his brethren with whom he might justly have claimed an equality, or to encourage modest worth in his inferiors. He was not im- pudently liberal of unasked advice, though very judicious, impar- tial, and communicative when consulted. He had an easy, grace- ful negligence in his carriage, — a noble indifference about setting himself off; he seemed not to know his own accomplishments, though they were so conspicuous that many a man has made a relied upon bis skill as a physician, and requested bis presence when the student! bad been inoculated for the smallpox. * MS. Sermou of Davies. DAVID COWELL. 445 brilliant appearance with a small share of them. lie had a re- markable command of his passions; he appeared calm and im- rufflcd amid the storms of the world, — peaceful and serene amid the commotions and uproar of hmiian passions. Remarkably cautious and deliberate, slow to determine, and especially to censure, he was well guarded against extremes. In matters of debate, and especially in religious controversy, he was rather a moderator and compromiser than a party. Though he could not be neuter, but judged for himself to direct his own conduct, he could exercise candour and forbearance without constraint or re- luctance ; when he happened to diflfer in opinion from any of his brethren, even themselves could not but acknowledge and admire his moderation. " His accomplishments, as a man of sense and learning, were very considerable. His judgment was cool, deliberate, and pene- trating ; his sentiments were well digested, and his taste excellent. He had read not a few of the best modern authors, and was no stranger to ancient literature. He could think as well as read ; and the knowledge he collected from books was well digested, and became his own. He had carefully studied the Sacred Scriptures, and had a rational theory of the Christian system. " He had an easy, natural vein of wit, which rendered his con- versation extremely agreeable : he sometimes used it with great dexterity to expose the rake, the fop, the infidel, and other fools of the human species ; it was sacred to the service of virtue, or innocently volatile and lively, to heighten the pleasures of con- versation. " He was a lover of mankind, and delighted in every office of benevolence. Benevolence appeared to be his predominant virtue, and gave a most amiable cast to his whole temper and conduct. " That he might be able to support himself without oppressing a small congregation, he gave some part of his time to the study and practice of physic; in which he made no inconsiderable figure. A friend of the poor, he spared neither time nor expense to relieve them. " I never had the happiness to hear him in the sacred desk. In prayer, I am sure, he appeared humble, solemn, rational, and importunate, as a creature, — a sinner in the presence of God. " In the charter of the College of New Jersey, he was nomi- nated one of the trustees; and but few invested with the same trust discharged it with so much zeal, diligence, and alacrity. His heart was set upon his prosperity ; he exerted himself in this service, nor did he forget it in his last moments. " The church has lost a judicious minister, and, as we hope, a sincere Christian; the world has lost an inoffensive, useful mem- 446 CHARLES TENNENT. ber of society, this town an agreeable, peaceable, benevolent inhabitant, the College of New Jersey a father; and I have lost a friend." CHARLES TENNENT. The youngest child of Tennent, of Neshaminy, was born in the county Down, May 3, 1711, and was baptized by the Rev. Richard Donnell. He is said* to have learned the trade of a saddler. After studying with his father, he was taken on trials by Philadelphia Presbytery in May, 1736 ; in June, at Neshaminy, he was examined on the evidences of his piety, and was licensed Sept. 20. He was called, April 6, 1737, to Pilesgrove and vicinity ; but the call was not put into his hands. He soon after was ordained, by Newcastle Presbytery, the pastor of Whiteclay. In November, 1739, f Whitefield assisted him at the sacrament ; he preached from the tent to eight thousand persons. Among the hearers was Mrs. Douglass, the sister of Charles Thomson, Secre- tary to Congress, and the grandmother of the Rev. James W. Douglass, of Fayetteville. She describes Whitefield as bathed in tears during nearly all the service. It was a glorious day. The effect was happy and extensive. To his delight, he found there a family named Howell, who had heard him at Cardiff and Kings- wood. In the following year he was there on a like occasion ; some opposers being present, Whitefield felt peculiar pleasure in singing the 23d Psalm :— " My table thou hast furnished, In presence of my foes ; My head thou dost with oil anoint, And my cup overflows." A separation took place in the congregation : the Old Side joined with Elk River. On the union of the synods, some of the most zealous friends of the Revival forsook Tennent and went over to the Seceders, being unable to understand how it could be right to enter into fellowship with those they had been taught to regard as heart- enemies to the power of religion. " Shouldest thou help the un- godly, and love them that hate the Lord? therefore is wrath upon thee from before the Lord." Tennent was dismissed from his charge in 1763, and settled at Buckingham, now Berlin, on the * Letter of a Covenanting Presbyterian, •j- Log College, Whitefield' s JournaL 1 AARON BURR. 447 Eastern Shore of Mar^-land. " There was a great stir about reli- gion, " said Davies, in 1751, "some four j'cars ago in Buckingham, on the sea-shore, and a place called the Ferry, which were then without a minister." Of his success there little is known ; he was involved in difficul- ties that threw a gloom over his closing days. He died in 1771. His son, the Rev. Wm. M. Tennent, was licensed before his death : his granddaughter, Miss Stewart, died a few years ago, in advanced life. He is said to have been a good preacher, but high-spirited and hasty. Davies joins him with his brothers in high praise : — " Surviving remnant of the sacred tribe, Who knew the worth these plaintive lays describe, Tennents, three worthies of immortal tame, Brothers in otEce, birtli, and heart, and name." AARON BURR Was the son* of Daniel Burr, of Upper Meadows, in Fairfield, Conn., a descendant of Jehu Burr, an early settler of Springfield, Mass., and of the Rev. Jonathan Burr, who came from Redgrave, in Suffolk, in 1604, and was the minister of Dorchester, Mass. Aaron was born Jan. 4, 1715-6, and was baptized March 4. He graduated at Yale in 1735. The year afterf he took his first degree, he spent in the college ; and it is supposed that he then met with a saving change of heart, and became not only almost, but altogether, a Christian. The re- lation of this important event I have extracted out of his private papers, and shall give you his own words, as follows : — "This year God saw fit to open my eyes, and show me what a miserable creature I was. Till then, I spent my life in a dream ; and, to the great design of my being, had lived in vain. Though before I had been under frequent convictions, and was drove to a form of religion, yet I knew nothing as I ought to know. But then I was brought to the footstool of sovereign grace; saw myself polluted by nature and practice ; had affecting views of the divine wrath I deserved ; was made to despair of help in myself, and almost concluded that my day of grace had passed. These convic- tions held for some months, greater at some seasons than at others ; * MS. Letter of N. Goodwin, Esq., Hartford. •j- Funeral Sermon, by Rev. Caleb Smith. 448 AARON BURR. but I never revealed them to any, which I have much lamented since. It pleased God at length to reveal his Son to me in the gos- pel, an all-sufficient and willing Saviour, and, I hope, inclined me to accept him on the terms of the gospel. I received some conso- lation, and found a great change in myself. Before this, I was strongly attached to the Arminian scheme, but then was made to see those things in a different light, and seemingly felt the truth of the Calvinian doctrines." He was licensed in September, 1736, and preached his first ser- mon at Greenfield, Mass. While laboring at Hanover, N.J., he ■was invited to Newark ; he was received by all with great regard ; "much love was shown to him," and, coming in "a day of tempta- tion and darkness," in the fulness of the blessing of the gospel, the aspect brightened and all around beamed with peace. Within two months after beginning to preach, he went to Newark, and, full trial being made of his gifts, he was ordained by the Presbytery of East Jersey, Oct. 25, 1737-8. Pierson preached, and Dickin- son presided and gave the charge. "There* was a remarkable revival there in the autumn of 1739 : in March, the whole town in general was brought under an iincommon concern about their eternal interests ; and under some sermons the congregation appeared universally affected. In Feb- ruary, 1741, there was another effusion of the Holy Spirit, princi- pally upon the young. When Whitefield preached at Newark, it ■was nearly dark, and he could not see the effect produced ; but at night, at worship in Burr's house, some young men, studying with him, were greatly affected." Whitefield speaks of him as a young minister, "who, I trust, will come fairly out for God." In the divisions at New Haven, f growing out of the progress of the Revival, it was proposed in June, 1742, as a measure likely to satisfy all parties, that Burr should be settled in the First Church ; and a committee, with the rector of Yale at its head, was appointed to treat with him. The enemy sowed tares at Newark : there sprang up a spirit of arrogance and censoriousness in some of the converts ; strange no- tions concerning assurance and the witness of the Spirit, were em- braced ; and the great excitement about the ejectment suits, involv- ing the property and the homes of nearly every one, and the land- riots, sunk divine things out of notice. The College of New Jersey was, on the death of Dickinson, re- moved in 1747 to Newark, and Burr was placed at the head. He accompanied Whitefield through New England in 1752, and visited Edwards. Having seen his daughter Esther, he wrote expressing * Dickinson, in Christian History, f Bacon. AARON BURR. 449 his desire that, as he was una' le to go to her, she would come to hiin. Her mother accompanied her to 2se\v York, where they were married June 29, 1752. In 1755, his pastoral relation was dissolved, as it was thought best to establish the college in Princeton. Much urgency had been used to prevail on him to go to Great Britain in its behalf, but his nKirriage prompted him to decline. It grieved him to see the stu- dents bunded in parties, and exhibiting much alienation of feeling: there was in a degree a reconciliation eftccted in the winter of 1757, and it was followed by a gracious revival. The hand of God was visibly displayed in February, 1757; "much old experience" had taught Burr to place little reliance on relations of experience. The students carefully observed his cautions about giving way to irre- gular heats, and silenced the gainsa3-ers. Finley wrote to Davies an account of the good work, who said, " It was the most joyful news I ever heard. It began with the son of a considerable gen- tleman in New York, and was general before the President knew of it." "The President," said Gilbert Tennent, "never shone in my eyes as he does now. His good judgment and humility, his zeal and integrity, greatly endeared him to me." Spencer had seen nothing more evidently like a work of God, even in the Great Re- vival. The first Tuesday in April was observed as a day of fast- ing and prayer. In the summer there were some backslidings ; "but," said Burr, "certainly a glorious work is going on." In the summer,* being in a Ioav state of health, he made a rapid and exhausting visit, in a very hot, sultry season, to his father-in- law at Stockbridge. He soon returned to Princeton, and went im- mediately to Elizabethtown, and, on the 19th of August, made an attempt to pi-ocure the legal exemption of the students from mili- tary duty. He mourned with a friend, (probably Caleb Smith, of Orange, who had just lost his wife ;) and on the 21st, being much indisposed, he preached an extemporaneous sermon at a funeral in his successor's (Rev. John Brainerds) family at Newark. From Princeton he went to Philadelphia on business of the college, and on his return learned that Governor Belcher had died on the 31st. He prepared the sermon for his funeral under a high fever, and at night was delirious. He rode to Elizabethtown, and, on the 4th, preached, being in a state of extreme languor and exhaustion. His languor of countenance was noticed, but especially the failure of his harmonious delivery. Returning home next day, he sunk under nervous fever, and died Sept. 24, 1757. The Rev. Caleb Smith preached his funeral sermon. William Livingston, afterwards Governor of New Jersey, pronounced his eulogium. It was printed in New Y'ork, and speedily reprinted in Boston. The following is given as a specimen : — * Rev. Caleb Smith. 29 4S& AARON BURR. " To have all the qualifications that render a man amiable or great ; to be the object of delight wherever one is known ; to pos- sess learning, genius, and suldimity of soul : can there be born a greater blessing to the world 'i To exert tliese shining endowments for the benefit of mankind, and employ a great and elevated spirit only in doing good and diffusing good: can a nobler use be made of the happiest talents? Amidst such striking colours, in such. a degenerate age, who can mistake the picture of the excellent de- ceased? Can you image to yourself a person, moderate in pros- perity, prudent in difficulty, in business indefatigable, magnanimous in danger, easy in his manners, of exquisite judgment, of profound learning, catholic in sentiment, of the purest morals, and great even in the minutest things: can you image so accomplished a per- son without recollecting the idea of the late President Burr ? Few W'ere more perfect in the art of rendering themselves agreeable in company. His open, benevolent, undissembling heart inspired all around him with innocent cheerfulness, and made every one who knew him court his engaging society. Though a person of slender and delicate make, to encounter fatigue he had a heart of steel, and, for the despatch of business, the most amazing talents joined to a constancy of mind which induced success in spite of every ob- stacle. As long as an enterprise appeared not absolutely impos- sible, he knew no discouragement, but in proportion to its difliculty augmented his diligence, and by an insuperable fortitude often ac- complished what his friends conceived utterly impossible. To his unparalleled assiduity, next to the divine blessing, is doubtless to be ascribed the present flourishing state of the College of New Jer- sey, which, from a mere private undertaking, is become in a few years the joy of its friends, the admiration and envy of its ene- mies. " He was life and activity itself, and, though cut off in the bloom and vigour of his years, attained, with respect to his public utility, the remotest period of old age. His every year was replete with good works, and while others could boast here and there a shining action, like a scattered star in the vast expanse of heaven, his life, like the milky way, was one continued universal glow. " In the Scriptures he was a perfect Apollos. These were his constant study, the subject of his daily meditations. From these he extracted his divinity, and the maxims of his conduct, and by these he was made wise unto salvation. His piety eclipsed all his other accomplishments. He was steady in his faith, unfluctuating in principle, ardent in devotion, deaf to temptation, open to the motions of grace, without ostentation, without pride, full of God, evacuated of self, having his conversation in heaven, seeing through the veil of mortality the high destiny of man, breathing a spiritual life, and offering up a perpetual holocaust of adoration and praise. AARON BURR. 451 "In the pulpit he shone with superior histre. He was fluent, copious, sublime, persuasive. The momentous truths and the awful mysteries of religion so strongly possessed the mind, that he spoke from the heart. His language was intelligible to the meanest ca- pacity, and above the censure of the highest genius. He aimed at perspicuity, and inculcated the luminous and uncontroverted truths of Revelation. His invention was not so properly fruitful as inex- haustible, and his eloquence was equal to his ideas. He was none of those downy doctors who soothe their hearers into delusive hopes of the divine acceptance, or substitute external morality for vital godliness. He scorned to proclaim the peace of God till the rebel had laid down his arms and leturncd to his allegiance. He was an ambassador that adhered inviolably to his instructions, nor ever acceded to a treaty that would not be ratified in the court of Hea- ven. He searched the conscience with the terrors of the law, before he assuaged its anguish with the sweet emollients of a bleeding Deity. " What he preached in the pulpit he lived out of it. His life and his example were a comment on his sermons, and by his engaging deportment he rendered the amiable character of the Christian still more lovely and attractive. In him religion seemed to have set up her tlirone, and, as it were, doubled the beams of her majesty. The pastoral function he discharged with equal fidelity and success. "For public spirit and love of his country, who ever surpassed this reverend patriot ? Amid all the cares of his academic func- tion, he thought and studied, he planned and toiled, for the common •weal. He had a high sense of English liberty, and detested des- potic poAver as the bane of human happiness. With him the heresy of Arius was not more fatal to the purity of the gospel than the positions of Filmer to the dignity of man and the repose of states. Of our excellent Constitution he entertained the justest idea, and gloried in the privileges of a Briton. "'In propagating the gospel among the Indians, how assiduous! "With what dignity and reputation did he sustain the office of President ! He had the most engaging method of instruction ; nor inferior to his capacity of receiving Avas his facility of communi- cating knowledge. No man had a happier talent of expressing his sentiments, or calling latent truth from her deep and profound recesses. No man more capable of opening the mental soil to the kindly rays of science, or improving and fertilizing it with the gentle dews of exposition and comment. He neglected no oppor- tunity of imbuing his pupils with the seeds of virtue. With ease he secured their obedience and love." Davies heard him preach a valedictory sermon, Sept. 23, 1753, to the graduating class. " His subject was, ' And now, my son, the Lord be with thee, and prosper thee.' I Avas amazed to see 452 AARON BURR. how readily good sense and accurate language flowed from him ex- tempore. The sermon was very affecting to me, and might have been so to the students. " Sept. 24. — My drooping spirits were exhilarated by free conver- sation with him." He printed his sermon before the synod in 1756, on Isa. xxi. 11, 12; also a "■Vindication of the Supreme Divinity of the Son of God," in opposition to Emlyn ; and also a Latin Grammar. He left two very young children, who were soon deprived of their mother,* and their grandparents also. The son, like his father in form, in face, in talent, in energy, in eloquence, in polished and engaging manner, in his influence over men, rose to the Vice-Presi- dency in 1800. Oh that such a father might have lived to train such a son ! alas, that a son of such a father should have lived to old age with the heartlessness of a profligate and the brand of a traitor ! The daughter was the wife of Judge Reeve, of Litchfield, Connec- ticut, and was a follower of her parents, as they followed Christ. Davies wrote to Cowell, Feb. 20, 1758, "Mr. Burr! My heart fails me at the sound of the dear, melancholy name. What an illus- trious triumvirate have the college, the church, and the world lost by the death of Governor Belcher, Mr. Burr, and Mr. Davenport. I was the more aflected at the President's death, as a life so much less important than his was spared when in extreme danger about the time of his illness. Since that, I have had frequent touches of aflliction, under one of which I now languish, but, having ob- tained help of God, I continue unto this day. "As the death of these good men was undoubtedly gain to them, may we not modestly conjecture that it will also prove an advan- tage to the world, though we are apt to lament them as lostV I cannot conceive of heaven as a state of mere enjoyment without action, or indolent supine adoration and praise. The happiness of vigorous immortals must consist, one would think, in proper exer- cise suitable to the benevolence of their hearts and the extent of their powers. May we not suppose, then, that such devout and benevo- lent souls as these, when released from the confinement of mor- tality, and the low labour of the present life, are not only advanced to superior degrees of happiness, but placed in a higher sphere of usefulness, employed as ministers of Providence not to this or that particular church, college, or colony, but to a more extensive charge, and perhaps to a more important class of beings. And if, when they cease to be useful men, they commence angels, i. e. ministering spirits, we may congratulate them and the world upon this more extensive beneficence, instead of lamenting them as lost to all usefulness." * Mrs. Burr died of smallpox, April 7, 1758, aged twenty-six. Her father died at her house, a fortnight previously, March 22 ; her mother died ou the 2d of the next October. WALTER WILMOT — DAVID ALEXANDER. 458 WALTER WILMOT Was born at Southampton, Long Island, in 1709, and graduated at Yule in 1735. lie was ordained pastor at Jamaica, April 12, 1738. Pemberton preached from Colossians i. 7, and Dickinson presided, and delivered a discourse on "The Divine Appointment of the Christian Ministry, and the Method of its Conveyance." This, with the charge which he gave to the people, was printed. His wife died at the age of twenty-three. Prime preached at her funeral from Ezekiel xxiv. IG. The sermon was printed with her journal of her religious exercises. In the Great Revival, Jamaica was favoured highly ; Whitefield preached there, and Gilbert Tennent, on his way to Boston, in the winter of 1740. "Our church," savs Mr. Colgan to the Vene- rable Society, " has been depressed of late by those clouds of error and enthusiasm. Enthusiasm has of late been very predominant among us." Wilmot did not survive his wife and his babe many months. He was taken sick in the evening of the loth of July, 174-4, and died on the 6th of August. He was greatly beloved by his people. DAVID ALEXANDER. Alexander Davidson, a commissioner from Pequea, asked leave of Donegal Presbyterv, in November, 1736, to employ Alexander, who probably had lately arrived from Ireland. He may have been educated at the Log College, and licensed by Newcastle Presby- tery. He was at "Pacque" the next spring, but the West End (Lea- cock) desired leave to build. In August, no call having been made out, Bovd was directed to convene the con";refi;ation on a working- day. A call was presented in October, but, not being entirely in order, was not given to him. In April, 1738, the people promised him, in addition, one year's lodgings; and he was ordained and in- stalled October 18, Paul presiding and preaching. The West End (Leacock) petitioned that a portion of his time might be given to them. At length, in 1741, just before the rup- ture, Leacock was declared by the synod entitled to all the privi- leges of any vacant congregation. 464 JOHN ELDER. Alexander let no man outstrip him in his violation of all rules in his treatment of those ■whom he esteemed "opposers of the "work." He intruded into Black's congregation to carry the gospel to a people hurdened with a lifeless ministry. When* called, in October, 1740, to answer for his neglect to attend the stated meet- ings, he excused himself on account of his bodily weakness, and because the presbytery were too superficial in examining candi- dates, and opposed the Avork of God, and the ministers chiefly in- strumental in carrying it on ; and also because they opposed the crying out during sermons. He withdrew, and refused to answer a citation for intruding into Black's field. The presbytery met at his church to consider a charge against him of intoxication. He took the pulpit and preached. He acknowledged the intoxication at a funeral, and the presbytery judged it not so heinous as had been represented; but they sus- pended him till "satisfaction Avas given for his disregardful con- duct to us, and his refusal to submit to the government of Christ's church in our hands." Yet he was suffered to sit in the synod of 1741, and he withdrew with the excluded brethren. The conjunct Presbyteries of New Brunswick and Newcastle appointed him, on account of "the necessity in the Great Valley," to supply there. From that time he passes out of sight. JOHN ELDER VTx^s born in Scotland, and educated and probably licensed there. Paxton and Pennsborough, having obtained leave to apply to New- castle Presbytery for candidates, in August, 1737, Elder was sent the next month to those vacancies. The people of Paxton asked for him in November, and called him April 12; and he was ordained November 22, 1738, Black presiding. As the Great Revival spread, it entered Elder's bounds, and he ■was accused to the presbytery of preaching false doctrine: they cleared him, in December, 1740, but the separation was made soon after, and the conjunct presbyteries answered the supplications sent to them the next summer, by sending Campbell and Rowland to those who forsook him. He signed the Protest. His support being reduced, he took charge of the Old-Side portion of the Derry * MS. Records of Donegal Presbytery : quoted by Dr. Hodge. JOHN ELDER. 455 congregation. In a few years after, Roan became the pastor of the New-Siile cono-ro^ations of Paxton and Derry, and on his death the two congregations united in receiving Elder as their minister. \Vhen associations for defence were formed throughout the pro- vince, his hearers, being on the frontier, Avere prompt to embody themselves: their minister was their captain, and thoy were trained as rangers, lie superintended their discipline, and his mounted men became widely known as the "Paxton Boys." lie afterwards held a colonel's commission from the Proprietaries, and had the command of the block-houses and stockades from Easton to the Susquehanna. In tendering this appointment to him, it was* ex- pressly stated that nothing more would be expected of him than the general oversight. His justification lies in the crisis of affairs. Bay at York, and Steel at Conecocheague, and Griffith at New- castle, with Burton and Thompson, the Church missionaries at Lancaster and Carlisle, headed companies, and were actively en- gaged ; for no one can conceive the dreadful state of uneasiness on the borders from 1750 to 1763. Many a family mourned for some of their number shot by the secret foe, or carried away captive. Their rifles were carried with them to their work in the field, and to the sanctuary. Elder placed his trusty piece beside him in the pulpit. Death often overtook his flock as they returned to their scattered plantations. In 1756, the meeting-house was surrounded while he was preaching ; but, their spies having counted the rifles, the Indians retired from their ambuscade without making an attack. The next year, when leaving the meeting-house, they were assailed, and two or three were killed. Friendly Indians would come and stay with them in the summer. Murders occurred in the fall, and the ci'iminals could not be found, having, it was supposed, a hiding-place among the Conestogas. Elderf besought Governor Hamilton to remove them, because, although on the Avhole a harm- less tribe, they harboured murderers. He engaged, September 16, 176-j, that, if this were done, he would secure the safety of the frontier without expense to the province. The proposal was not accepted. A party of rangers determined to destroy the tribe, and they called on Elder, as one knowing the necessity of breaking up the den of miscreants, to lead them on. They were ready to set off: he was then in his fifty-seventh year, and, mounting his horse, he commanded them to desist, and re- minded them that they were about to destroy the innocent with the guilty. They replied, " Can they be innocent who harbour mur- derers?" They pointed to instances in which their wives and mo- * Colonial Documents: edited by S. Hazard, Esq. f Redmond Conyngham's Notes. 456 JOHN ELDER. thers had been murdereJ and the destroyers traced to the homes of the Conestogas. He still entreated, and, at last, placing him- self in their road, declared that only by cutting him down they could advance. They then prepared to kill his horse, and he, seeing his efforts all fail, left them to take their course. They were chiefly, if not wholly, Presbyterians, from Paxton, Derry, Hanover, and Donegal; not all young men, but some of them of Elder's own age, their leader, Lazarus Stewart, having been a commissioner from Monada Creek in 1735. They did their errand thoroughly and mercilessly, destroying, in Conestoga and Lancaster, nearly every remnant of the Indian race. The Indians were removed from every exposed place to Phila- delphia, and the citizens apprehended the "Pextang" Boys would pursue them thither. The Governor published a proclamation, setting a reward on the heads of Stewart and others. Elder wrote to the Proprietary, January 27, 1764, " The storm which has been so long gathering has at length exploded. Had Government re- moved the Indians, which had been frequently, but without success, urged, this painful catastrophe might have been avoided. What could I do with men heated to madness? All that I could do was done. I expostulated, but life and reason were set at defiance: yet the men in private life are virtuous and respectable ; not cruel, but mild and merciful. This deed, magnified into the blackest of crimes, shall come to be considered as one of those ebullitions of •wrath caused by momentary excitements, to which human infirmity is subjected." His pay was suspended, and he promptly laid down his commission. Pamphlets without number, truth, or decency, poured like a tor- rent from the press. The Quakers took the pen to hold up the deed to execration ; and many others seized the opportunity to defame the Irish Presbyterians as ignorant bigots and lawless marauders. A dialogue between Andrew Trueman and Thomas Zealot speaks of '"Saunders Kent, an elder these thirty years, that gaed to duty" just before the massacre, and while he "was saying grace till a pint of whiskey, a wild lad ran his gully [knife] through the wame of a heathen wean." This, and much more that is worse, lacks the first requisite of a good lie; it does not look like truth: it makes Irish Presbyterians talk like English Chui'chmen, to whom the phrase "saying grace" is peculiar. "Gaeing to duty" is a thrust at family worship, in use among Presbyterians, but highly ridiculous to godless "sayers of grace." The Presbyterians replied that "the infamous Teedyuscung" confessed that he would not have complained of the new settlers if he had not been encouraged by prominent Quakers. They pro- duced affidavits that the Indians who were killed vrere drunken, RICHARD SAXCKEY. 457 debauched, insolent, quarrelsome, and dangerous ; they refer to the Chri^^tian Indian, Rcnatus, as notoriously bad, and assort that tho Indian who sliot Stinson, in Alien township, while rising from his bed, was secured, in Philadelphia, from justice, and comforted in a good room with a warm bed and a stove. They also charged that the representation in the Assembly was unequal, and that Lan- caster, with a larger population, was allowed fewer members than other counties. In all the virulent attacks and retorts. Elder is never stig- matized as abetting or conniving at the massacre; nor is his authority or concurrence pleaded by the actors in their defence. Lazarus Stewart, and forty families of his neighbours, removed, and settled Hanover, in the Shawnee Flats, in Wyoming, under the Connecticut jurisdiction. Little did they think a few years before, when Elder marched them thither to disperse the New Englanders on the Susquehanna, and found, on reaching there, only the burned cabins and the mangled bodies, — the savages having vindicated their title to the land by an exterminating attack, — that they would soon make their home there, and stand for the defence of their hearths against the Pennsylvania troops. Stewart, with many of his friends, fell in the disastrous battle of Wyoming, July o, 1778. Tlie union of the synods brought Elder into the same presby- tery with Roan, Robei't Smith, and Duffield, they being at first in a minority, but rapidly settling the vacancies with New-Side men. Elder, by the leave of synod, joined the Second Philadel- phia Presbytery, May 19, 1768, and, on the formation of the General Assembly, became a member of Carlisle Presbytery. He died in July, 1792, aged eighty-six, having, for fifty-six years, preached in the Old Paxton meeting-house, two miles above Harrisburg. RICHARD SANCKEY, A NATIVE of Ireland, was taken on trial by Donegal Presby- tery, October 7, 1735: he was licensed, October 13, 1736, and was sent to Monada Creek. This congregation is first mentioned in Octobor, 1735, — Lazarus Stewart appearing to supplicate in its behalf the next year. Bertram, of Derry, moderated the call which was brought to the presbytery for Sanckey by John Cun- ningham and Robert Green, June 22, 1737. It is from that time 458 SILAS LEONARD. Styled Hanover. lie accepted, August 31 ; but, it appearing that his trial sermon was transcri})ed out of books, to give a false view of his ministerial powers, and contained most dangerous errors, his presbytery rebuked him, and delayed his ordination. Gil- lespie remonstrated with the synod not to countenance such lenity, especially as Sanckey had sent the notes to Henry Hunter, " who had preached them to his own overthrow." Hunter had passed himself off as an ordained minister of the New-Light Presbytery of Antrim, in the bounds of Lewes Presbytery ; and the synod, finding his credentials of license genuine, but that he had not been ordained, that he had been guilty of prevarication, and also that money had been given him to go to the Bishop of London for orders, resolved, nem. con., not to countenance him, especially as there was " ground to suspect his principles," until he has gone through the ordinary course of trials in some of their presbyteries. He ac- quiesced; and, coming before Newcastle Presbytery with notes stolen from heretical divines, he was rejected. The synod blamed the Presbytery of Donegal for not taking notice, in their minutes, of Sanckey's plagiarism, or censuring him on that account; but, as he had been sharply rebuked, and his ordination delayed a considerable time, they declined to lay any other burden on him. He was ordained, August 31, 1738, and removed, with many of his congregation, to Buffalo, in Virginia, about 1760, on account of the incursions of savages. In that year he joined Hanover Presbytery, and was appointed to preside at the opening of the Synod of Virginia in 1785. He lived to a good old age, respected by his people and his brethren in the ministry. SILAS LEONARD ^VAS a descendant of James Leonard, who, with his brother Henry, came from Pontypool, in Monmouthshire, in 1652, and settled at Raynham, in Massachusetts. They established a forge there. "Wherever any of the family took up their abode they engaged in the manufacture of iron, until it passed into a pro- verb, " Where is a Leonard, there is a forge." Such was their probity and excellence that the Indian rule was, " Never hurt a Leonard." Silas Leonard graduated at Yale, in 1736, and was ordained by East Jersey Presbytery, in 1738, pastor of Goshen, New York. He was not a regular attendant on presbytery. The llevival SAMUEL CAVIN. 459 spread through the Highlands; and ho* was " stirred up and spi- rited to water what was sown" in the city of New York and other places. Tennent, of Freehold, and Kobinson, came to his assist- ance, and witnessed blessed results. In 1742, ho met with the synod, to endeavour to heal the rupture, but, failing in this, joined in protesting against the ex- clusion of the New Brunswick party, and against the passages in the late pamphlets which disparaged the llovival. He died in 1TG4. SAMUEL CAVIN A LICEXTIATE from Ireland, was sent by Donegal Presbytery, November 16, 1737, to Conecocheague. This settlement was first mentioned in September, 1736, when the presbytery refused to sanction the employment of Mr. Williams, from England, who was then preaching there. They had leave soon after to apply to Newcastle Presbytery for candidates, and Cavin came to " Cano- gogig." This congregation then embraced Falling Spring (Cham- borsburg) and Greencastle, Mercersburg and Welsh Run. The separation of the congregation into East and West was somewhat precipitate, and without the consent of the presbytery. They ap- proved of it in August, 1738, the creek being the dividing-line, and "Alexander Dunlop the highest that belongs to the society on the west side." " Several papers being read, and a pretty deal said by several persons," the call of the East Side was presented to Cavin; and he accepted it, April 4, 1739. The people, by James Lindsay, commissioner, supplicated, in September, that his ordination might be hastened, — their subscriptions amounting to forty-six pounds, and they promising him what can be had over and above, and that they will do what they can to procure a plantation for him to live upon. They had a meeting-house then near Greencastle, and agreed that the other should be at Falling Spring, though the people of Hopewell thought this too nigh them. The ground at Falling Spring was given by Colonel Ben- jamin Chambers, — a cedar-grove, on the banks of the creek, where the Chambersburg church now stands. Cavin vras ordained and installed November 16; Anderson * Dr. Nicoll, of New York, in Gillies's Collection. 460 FRANCIS McHENRT. preached from 1 Tim. vi. 11. In September of the next year, representations for and against him were brought from Falling Spring. In the winter, he visited the settlements on the South Branch of Potomac. The presbytery in Philadelphia, during the session of synod in May, 1741, admonished him for his imprudent and unguarded ex- pressions; and, yielding to his request, they dismissed him from his charge at Falling Spring. He signed the Protest, and spent some time, in the summer, at Anteidem, (Hagerstown,) Marsh Creek, Opequhon, and on the South Branch. After labouring some time in the Highlands of New York, he was called, May 26, 1743, to Goodwill, or Wallkill. The remainder of his life was spent in itinerating in Vii'ginia and the other vacancies : — at one time, six Sabbaths on the East Branch of Potomac ; at another, preaching "between the two rivers." He was an occasional sup- ply of Falling Spring and Conecocheague, and was invited, No- vember 6, 1744, to the " South Side of East Conecocheague." He died, November 9, 1750, aged forty-nine, and lies buried in the graveyard at Silver Spring.* The Conecocheague settlement espoused the New Side warmly; and the complaints against Cavin were, that he never asked about the state of their souls, did not rebuke profanity, claimed for the natural man power to do good, and called the vehement, im- passioned language of Alexander Craighead blasphemy. The Old- Side congregations remained vacant many years; and the New- Side congregation in vain called Rodgers and others, and was left to depend on occasional supplies. FRANCIS McHENRY Married, before leaving Ireland, the eldest daughter of Hugh Wilson, of Coote Hill, in Cavan, who emigrated with his family and friends, and was among the first purchasers at Craig's Settle- ment, in the Forks of Delaware. INIcHenry appeared before Philadelphia Presbytery, November 10, 1737, with recommendations from Monaghan Presbytery and a letter from the Rev. Andrew Deane. He was examined as to his piety, and, having been licensed, was directed to supply Amwell, * Kevins' s Churches of the Valley. SAMUEL THOMSON. 461 Bethlehem, and other vacancies in Hunterdon county, New Jersey, and to preach every third Sabbath at Newtown, Bucks county, Pennsylvania. When Tennent, in October, 17-58, consented to have an assistant, " to preach day about" at Neshaininy, Mcllenry was sent to spend every third Sabbath, giving the rest of his time to Deep Run. In the spring, Neshaminy asked for half of hia time. A request being made for his ordination, the prcslntery met, July 12, 1739, at the meeting-house on the South Branch of Neshaminy: "he gave a modest but satisfactory account of his experience of the influences of the Holy Spirit." Kobert Cross preached; and he was ordained, September 18. In May, Deep Run asked leave to call him ; but the presbytery directed him to continue to serve Neshaminy. The congregation of Deep Run* was formed in 1732 : William Allen gave the parsonage and church lot. It was probably styled, on the presbytery's records, " Mr. Tennent's Upper Congrega- tion," until 1738, when the name of Deep Run appears. McHenry took no part in the time of the exclusion, but re- mained with the Old Side. A call for him from Nottingham was brought. May 28, 1742, by John Dick, a commissioner ; and the Rev. Adam Boyd at- tended, to urge the concurrence of the presbytery. Touched with the deplorable condition of the people, they directed him to supply them : he did so for a season, and then returned the call. He was installed at Deep Run and Neshaminy, March 16, 1743. In the spring of 1750, he spent eight weeks as a missionary in Virginia. He died in 1757. SAMUEL THOMSON, A LICENTIATE of Newcastle Presbytery, came as a candidate to the two societies of Pennsborough in November, 1737, and was taken under the care of Donegal Presbytery. Both societies united on him ; and Benjamin Chambers and Thomas Brown came as commissioners to ask for him in June, 1738. Thomson was blamed before the presbytery for having written an oflTensive letter to the Proprietary. His friends pleaded that he had been shame- fully used by certain persons, and that they had threatened to * Rev. Dr Andrews's Manual of the Doylestown Church 462 JOHN CRAIG. take him out of tlic pulpit, and drag liim at a horse's tail to the New Town. Thomson was ordained, at Pennsborough, November 14, 1739, pastor of Upper and Lower Pennsborough, Newcastle, and Silver Spring: Alexander Craighead preached from Ezek. xxxiii. 6. In March, 1745, Upper Pennsborough obtained the whole of his time. In 1749, he was charged with an immo- rality, and was suspended. He was subsequently restored, and dis- missed from Pennsborough. His congregation divided during the Revival. The first congregation " over the river" was on the Conedo- guinet, and had supplies in 1734: the first were A. Craighead, and Bertram, and Gelston. In 1736, Anderson preached at the New Town. In April, 1737, Anderson and Bertram were sent to Conedoguinet. John Penn gave the settlers three hundred acres for meeting-house and parsonage. They built their church first at the Meeting-house Springs; and in the old graveyard are to be seen the stones with coats of arms graven on them. He was often sent to supply in Virginia. He was dissatisfied with many things after the union, and Avithdrew ; but, on the final adjustment of the matter, he was annexed to Donegal Presbytery. He died, April 29, 1787. His son William took holy orders, and came to York and Cum- berland, as a missionary of the Venerable Society, about 1750, and was the rector of St. John's, in Carlisle. JOHN CRAIG "Was born in Ireland, September 21, 1710, but educated in America. He appeared before Donegal Presbytery in the fall of 1736, and was taken on trial the next spring, and licensed, August 30, 1738. He was sent to Deer Creek (now Churchville, Maryland) and to West Conecocheague. He spent the summer in those places, and Conewago and Opequhon. West Conecocheague called him in the fall of 1739 ; but he declined a settlement in that charge. In 1737, the new-settled inhabitants of Beverley's Manor ap- plied for supplies; and Anderson* visited them, and settled the bounds of the congregations " in an orderly manner, by the voice * Rev. B. M. Smith, of Staunton, in Presbyterian Magazine, October, 1752. JOHN CRAIQ. 46i of the people." Craig was sent, at the close of 1730, to Opoqu- hon, Irish Tract, and other j)laccs in Western Virginia, lie was "the commencer of the Preslnterian service in Augusta." Ho gathered two congregations in the south part of the Manor, now Augusta county, and, in April, 1740, received a call from Shana- dore and South River. It is described in the call as the con- gregation of the Triple Forks of Shenandoah, but long since known as Augusta and Tinkling Spring. On the 2d of Septem- ber, 1740, Robert Poag and Daniel Dcnniston appeared as repre- sentatives, and took on them the engagements made by the people at installations. On the next day, after Sanckey had preached from Jer. iii. 15, Craig was ordained and installed. At this time all things were working mightily " to draw the lingering battle on." " Having examined* the controversy, had free communication with both parties, (New Side and Old,) he ap- plied to God for light and direction in this important matter, and came — not instantly, but after time and deliberation — to clearness of mind to join in the Protest against the new and uncharitable opinions and the views of churcli government." The friends of the Revival passed through his bounds, but do not seem to have alienated his people to any large extent. They were blessed -with much success throughout the valley. He attended the synod in 1741, and signed the Protest. " Going downf from the splendid prospect of the Rockfish Gap, ?ou enter the bounds of the oldest congregation in Virginia, 'inkling Spring, with its old stone church. Here, in a wooden building finished by the widow of John Preston, Craig preached. He was greatly opposed to the lT)cation of the meeting, wishing it more central." The people chose it, among other reasons, for the convenience of the spring ; and, it is said, " he never suflfered its water to cool his thirst." The church in Augusta was strongly fortified in the French War, Craig refusing to flee from the savage. On the union, he heartily joined with Hanover Presbytery, and was as forward as any in soliciting funds for Princeton College. He resigned the pastoral care of Tinkling Spring in November, 1754 ; and the sermon which he preached on that occasion, from 2 Sam. xxiii. 5, is the only one of his discourses that can be found. It was printed, for the first time, in the " Baltimore Literary and Religious Magazine," in December, 1760. "In this short discourse," he says, "I have collected together the sum and substance of those doctrines I have declared to you these twenty-five years past * MS. Letter of Craig ; quoted by Mr. Smith. f Dr. Foote. 464 ' JOHN CRAIG. " I have long, often, and sincerely exhorted, entreated, invited, and besought you, in public, in private, in secret, to come and take hold of God's covenant and Christ the Mediator thereof. I hope some among you have sincerely complied : I wish I could say all that I have been so nearly concerned for or related to. But now our near and dear pastoral relation is dissolved. And, oh, how does my heart tremble to think and fear that too, too many among you have not sincerely accepted of and embraced Christ on gospel terms ! Oh, how can I leave you at a distance from Christ, and strangers to the God that made you? I cannot leave you till I give you another offer of Christ and the covenant of grace. Let me beg of you, for your souls' sake, for Christ'3 sake, to leave all your sins, and come, come speedily, and lay hold on the covenant and the Mediator ; never, never let him go till he bless you. " Few and poor, and without order, were you when I accepted your call ; but now I leave you a numerous, wealthy congregation, able to support the gospel, and of credit and reputation in the church. " For coming into the bond of this covenant of grace ; it is by faith we take hold of it. This we do when we are thoroughly, clearly convinced of our sin, and misery, and undone state under the covenant of works ; and do hence betake ourselves to the new covenant, to the gracious method of salvation proposed to us in the gospel through Jesus Christ and his righteousness, and do cor- dially approve of, and acquiesce in this noble contrivance, and accept of Jesus Christ as our only Mediator, Surety, and Peacemaker with God, and in him do sincerely make choice of God — Father, Son, and Holy Spirit — to be our God and portion. On our part, giving ourselves soul and body to be the Lord's ; engaging, in the strength of our great surety, Jesus Christ, to abandon all sin, live for his glory, and walk with him in newness of life, as becomes God's covenanted people. This great woi'k is carried on in all its parts by God's Holy Spirit, helping and determining our souls to do all these things heartily, cheerfully, and sincerely." In parting, he makes no complaints of them, and no boasting of himself. He remained in the charge of Augusta till his death, April 21, 1774, " after fifteen hours' affliction," aged sixty-three years and four months. "The old people* in Augusta county have learned from their fathers that he was a man mighty in the Scriptures, — ' in perils oft, in labours abundant,' for the gospel; and they hold his memory in the highest veneration." * Dr. Foote. AZARIAH HORTON. 465 Crai new there were no Lewu stones I just took dornacks. lig said,* when asked if he found suitable persons for elders m new settlements, wliere he had organized churches, " "When AZARIAH HORTON, A BROTHER of the Rev. Simon Horton, graduated at Yale ia 1735, and, on being licensed, probably by New York Presbytery, he received a call to a promising parish, Long Island, and was prepared to accept it. The case of the Indians on the island was pressed upon him by the correspondents of the Scottish Society for Propagating the Gospel ; and they prevailed on him to relinquish the call. He was ordained by New York Presbytery in 1740, and entered on his labours at the east end of the island in the midst of the Great Revival. f Thirty-five Indians were soon after bap- tized. Subsequently he had little or no encouraging success. Two churches! still exist, the remains of the fruit of his toil: one at Poosepatuck, on the Great South Bay, in the south of Brookhaven, the other at Shinnecock, the largest settlement, two miles west of Southampton. At the latter place he made his home. He printed two years of his missionary journal. On the 18th of May, 1742, he was at Smithfield, Pennsylvania, and he spent a fortnight in preparing the Indians on the Delaware for Brainerd's coming. He went from there to attend the synod in Philadelphia, and signed the Protest of the New York brethren against the exclusion and rupture of 1741. He met with many discouragements in his work. In his printed letter dated Southampton, September 14, 1751, he speaks of having been annoyed by the Separates ; this, together with the diminished number of the Indians, and the hopelessness of doing them any good, led him to abandon the mission in 1753. The Indians on the island numbered only four hundred in 1740. He became the pastor of South Hanover, New Jersey, the con- gregation having been set ofi" from Hanover in 1748 : for a long time it was called Bottle Hill, and now is known as Madison. He was dismissed in November, 1776, and died March 2, 1777, aged sixty -two. * Edward Graham, in Dr. Davidson's History of Kentucky. t Dr. Prime's History of Long Island. J He had, for his assistant. Miranda, formerly an Indian trader, who had lar boured to instruct the Delaware and Susquehanna Indians; but he died soon after his appointment. — Gillies. 80 46S JOHN GUILD. JOHN GUILD, Born in Massachusetts, graduated at Hansard, and came, pro- bably as a teacher, to Hopewell, New Jersey, in 1737. He offered himself to Philadelphia Presbytery at their meeting, in Maidenhead, in April; and, when on their way to adjust the difficulties between Hanover and the infant church of Morristown, the ministers stopped at Captain Edward Hart's, in Hopewell, and took him on trials. On the 19th of September they examined his pious inclina- tions and dispositions, and licensed him. He supplied Hopewell, then vacant by the removal of Morgan. There was much opposi- tion to him there; and his friends, though they had a majority on their side, condescended for three months, and the presbytery gave them leave to invite Davenport, and drew up a letter for the con- gregation to send to him. They, however, invited Rowland, then recently licensed by New Brunswick Presbytery, in disregard of the synod's act concerning the examination of candidates ; and he preached for them, although warned by Cowell that by doing so he ■would create and foment divisions. In October, Benjamin Stevens, John Anderson, Samuel Hunt, and Joseph Birt, petitioned for a new erection, — a division of the congregation ; and Enoch Armitage, Thomas Burrowes, Edward Hart, and Timothy Baker opposed. The synod, in 1739, on hearing both sides, condemned the friends of the new erection for their treatment of the presbytery, and for ''improving" Rowland, knowing that the synod had not allowed him as a candidate, and refused to form them into a new congre- gation until they submitted the location of their proposed meeting- house to the determination of the presbytery. They requested the presbytery, when determining the site, to call, as correspondents, Nutman, Blair, Burr, Hubbel, and Wales. Whether this was dune does not appear. The Revival was in progress in these congrega- tions; Gilbert Tennent published several of the sermons preached to them during this period, and the division of the congregation •was effected as though the captives Avere going out of Babylon, or the righteous were rising from their graves. Hopewell asked Philadelphia Presbytery for Guild, May 22, 1739, and they referred the matter to the synod. He was called, September 18, 1739, but not ordained till November 11, 1741. He joined New Brunswick Presbytery on the union of the synods, June 13, 1758. The New-Side congregation abandoned their separate state several years afterwards, sold their church to the Methodists, and became comfortably united with Guild's people. He died in 1787. SAMUEL EVANS. 467 SAMUEL EVANS, The son of the Rev. David Evans, graduated at Yale in 1730, and offered himself to rhiladolpliia Presbvtery, August 5, 1740. Thev iutjuired diligently touehinjx the workings of the Spirit upon him, and licensed hiui, January 8, 1741. The congregation of Tredrvffrvn, left vacant bv his father, asked to be set off to New Brunswick Presbytery : the matter was referred to the synod. A division took place. He was soon called to Deerfield, and asked for by the people in the Great Valley. He was ordered to supply both. He was called, October 7, 1741, to Great Valley, and was ordained, May 5, 1742. Xorrington had been rent asunder, and he was directed to supply the Old-Side remnant. He was suspected,* although he denied it, of being the author of a scurrilous lampoon, — "The History of a Wandering Spirit." It was never acknowledged by anybody. Tennent, in his " Ireni- cum," clears the Synod of Philadelphia and its members of having ever approved of it or owned it. It was probably more severe than scurrilous ; for even Blairf could only say, in defence of Whitefield, that his education had been very defective. In the affair of the School, the meetings of the projectors were Leld at his house. He relinquished the pastoral charge in 1747, without consent of the presbytery, and made several A'oyages to England. His conduct was so disorderly that the synod disowned him in 1751. He was the father of the Rev. Israel Evans. * Dr. Hodge. "The History of a Wandering Spirit" was printed in the General Magazine and Historical Chronicle, for February, 1741. (This number is wanting in the Philadelphia Libniiy.) Blair replied to it in the April number, setting together all the aspersions against the Saviour recorded in the Gospels, as the "History, by a R.ahbi, of a Wandering Spirit," once famous in Palestine. In the June number "was a supplement to the original article, asserting that it was the production of a layman, and that Blair had not touched the case, for he had set forth the words of an enemy, but they had given the ^Yande^ing Spirit's own testimony, ■}• Eeply to the Querists. 468 ALEXANDER McDOWELL. ALEXANDER McDOWELL,* A NATIVE of Ireland, offered himself to Donegal Presbytery, Sep- tember 4, 1739, and is stated to have come from Virginia. The McDowell family had settled on Burden's Tract in 1737; and it i8 probable that Thomson, while visiting the new settlements, became acquainted with the young man and brought him to the presbytery. He Avas licensed, July 30, 1740 : in the spring he was sent to Vir- ginia, supplications having been made by North Mountain, James River, Rockfish, Joy Creek, Buck Mountain, South Branch of Po- tomac, and by the Marsh, in Maryland. He was ordained, October 29, 1741, to go as an evangelist to Virginia ; and in the fall he was directed to itinerate in Newcastle Presbytery. West Cone- cocheague, White Clay, and Elk River, asked for him. He seems to have settled at Nottingham ; for, in 1743, he was, at the request of Alison, joined to Newcastle Presbytery, that he might answer the supplication of White Clay and Elk River; and, as the price of this favour, Newcastle Presbytery was directed to supply Not- tingham for a year, and, in 1744, it was placed under their care. The synod's school was intrusted to him, and was for several years at Elk, and finally, in 1767, at Newark, Delaware. In 1754, he declined to have the whole burden of the school. Matthew Wilson was appointed to teach the languages, and to receive twenty pounds yearly. McDowell, "from a sense of the public good," continued to teach the other branches. On the union he gave up the charge of Elk, and it united with East Nottingham, under James Finley, the latter being the New-Side portion which had withdrawn from Elk River in 1741. In April, 1760, Coneco- cheague asked for him. In 1767, the school at Newark was char- tered as an academy by the Proprietary, John Penn. Dr. Ewing, and Hugh Williamson, M.D., visited Great Britain to solicit funds for its endowment: they were very successful, and Ewing brought back six or seven thousand dollars. In 1771, Newark Academy had seventy-one students. McDowell died January 12, 1782, having never married. * A person of the same name, born in Ireland, graduated at Harvard University, and was settled as pastor of the Presbyterian Chuixh, Coleraine, Massachusetts, September 28, 1753, and was dismissed in 1761. HAMILTON BELL — JOHN ROWLAND. 469 HAMILTON BELL Was a student at Neshaniiny in 1738. He offered himself to the synod for examination, September 29, 1739, and, being recom- mended bj the commission in May, 1740, he was taken on trials by Philadelphia Presbytery, and licensed, September 30. Having spent some time at Nottingham, he was received by Donegal Pres- bytery, October 27, 1741, and on the 7th of April he received a call to Nottingham. He was also invited to Donegal and to Lan- caster, and to White Clay; but, having accepted the invitation to Donegal, he was ordained pastor, November 11, 1742. The next spring he was admonished, and in the fall he was suspended. In February, 1744—5, he published his renunciation of the presbytery in the newspapers. He "materially appealed" to the synod, in May, 1744, and they, at his request, appointed a committee to meet on the ground and determine the affair. It met at Donegal the second Wednesday in June, and deposed him ; and the synod ap- proved the sentence in 1745. JOHN ROWLAND Was a native of Wales.* He studied at Neshaminy, and was taken on trials by New Brunswick Presbytery at its first meeting, August 8, 1738, in disregard of the act requiring, in accordance with the direction of the Westminster Assembly, a degree from a university, or, in lieu of it, a certificate from the synod's com- mittee. They licensed him, September 7, and directed him to Maidenhead, the congregation having leave from Philadelphia Presbytery to ask for supplies. Cowell, of Trenton, informed Rowland that his going there would produce dissension; but he went. On the 19th, some of the people of Maidenhead and Hope- well complained to Philadelphia Presbytery of his having done so : Benjamin Stevens, John Anderson, Samuel Hunt, and Joseph Birt asked for a new erection, and for leave to come under the care of New Brunswick Presbytery; Enoch Armitage, Thomas Bur- * Professor Kinnersley's defence of himself for having blamed the Baptists in Philadelphia for admitting him to their pulpit. 470 JOHN ROWLAND. rowes, Edward Hart, and Timothy Baker appeared on the other side, and it was decided not to consent to their transfer yet. " The presbytery advised them that Rowland was not to be esteemed and improved as an orderly candidate of the ministry." lie, however, continued his labours ; and the presbytery referred the matter to the synod, and his friends complained of the presbytery, and asked to be set off as a new congregation. The sj-nod first heard the objections of New Brunswick Presbytery to the act, and resolved : — " It being the first article in our excellent Directory, that candi- dates be inquired of, what degrees they have taken in the univer- sity, and it being our desire to come to the nearest practicable con- formity to its incomparable prescriptions, therefore, all candidates not having a diploma shall be examined by the synod or its com- mission before any presbytery take them on trials." The proceed- ing in licensing Rowland was declared to be highly disorderly, and "such divisive courses are to be avoided;" and Rowland was re- quired to submit to the appointed examination, and not to be ad- mitted as a preacher in the bounds till he do so. They condemned the indecency of those of the congregation who had "improved" him, in disregard of their presbytery, in uttering unmannerly reflections and unjust aspersions against their presbytery and the synod. They refused their request to be made a separate congre- gation till they had submitted the matter to their presbytery with two correspondents from New Brunswick and three from New York Presbytery. The church doors were shut against Rowland, and barns were opened. Gilbert Tennent preached for them, and administered the sacrament,* and printed the sermons, with warm epistles of dedi- cation to those who had heard them. Rowland laboured also at Amwell, — "an agreeable people;" and they asked to have him for their minister, October 4, but the presbytery chose to ordain him as an evangelist, and performed that service, November 6. In a letter to Foxcroft, of Boston, Rowland says,f for the first six months there was no marked success, he having strove to con- vince them of their lost and guilty state. Then he changed his method with immediate happy effect. A sermon, in May, 1739, from John xi. 28-29, "The Master is come, and callcth for thee," and another from Matthew xxii. 4, "All things are ready; come unto the marriage," were blessed to many souls. On the Gth of October, through misinformation, only fifteen assembled ; but, while he preached, eleven were convinced, and cried out. He preached, December 30, from Isaiah xl. 6 : — "And he said. What shall I cry?" — showing that man knoweth not what to cry until guided by the word and by the Spirit of God. In the evening there was a great * Sacramental Discourses. f Christian History. JOHN ROWLAND. 471 impression made. At Maidenheail, while preaching on the " Para- ble of the Net," many were entangled in the meshes : not a few slipped out of them as soon as they could. After service, July 24, about fifty stopped at the "Christian houses," and the fifty-first Psalm was sung: the next day the mighty power of God was seen. There were also amazing manifestations at Amwell, July 27, and at Maidenhead, August 23. There was still a great revival in Sep- tember, 1740. He mentions that the zeal and diligence of the " Christian peo- ple" were especially serviceable to the converts, in promoting their stedfastness ; while, in Amwell, the same good effect was secured hy "both the husband and the wife being taken," in many instances, and brought into the fold. When the division took place, he was sent by New Brunswick Presbytery to the New-Side congregations in Pennsylvania, in the track of James Campbell, beginning at Fagg's Manor, as far as Pennsborough, (Carlisle,) and Conecocheague, (Chambersburg,) and returning by way of Pigeon Run, Christina Bridge, and Green- wich, in West Jersey. Charleston and New Providence, in the Great Valley, asked for him, October 12, 1741. While preaching in the Baptist church in Philadelphia, on a Thursday evening, during the set^sion of synod in 1740, the audience was sadly overcome by his description of their wholly-ruined con- dition as sinners ; and the distress rose to such a pitch that Gilbert Tennent went to the pulpit stairs and cried out, " Oh, brother Row- land, is there no balm in Gilead?" Then he changed his strain, and joyfully proceeded to unfold the way of recovery.* Mr. Daniel Kinley, a teacher at Deer Creek, Maryland, wrote downf from the lips of Davies, the following circumstance, which may be introduced with an explanatory statement of Samuel Blair : — •• Some believed there was a good work going on, and they desired to be converted: they saw others weeping, fainting, and lamenting, and they thought if they could be like those it would be very hopeful with them ; hence, they endeavoured just to get themselves affected by sermons, and if they could weep or be in- clined to vent their feelings by cries, now they hoped they were under conviction and in a very hopeful way." A woman in New Jersey, hearing many cry out under sermons, became convinced of the necessity of perceiving her undone con- * The Rev. Ebenezer Kinnersley, a Baptist minister residing in Philadelphia, waa present at this horrid harangue, and was shocked at his "designing, artful, delud- ing" way of working on the passions. He remonstrated with the congregation from the pulpit shortly after, and some rose up in a tumult against him. He defended himself in the public prints, and the I5apti-ts replied. t In a MS. volume of Excerp's from divines, in the hands of the Rev. A. B. Cross. 472 JOHN ROWLAND. dition before she could lieartily embrace the gospel offer. She attended wherever she thought she might be affected; but she heard the most rousing preachers and remained unmoved amid a general melting. She was concerned that she should be blind and past feeling. She availed herself of an opportunity to hear Rowland. The word was with power on many, but she felt it not. She desired to see him and open her case to him. She was shown to the room ■where he had retired after dinner. He Avas walking backward and forward, and, asking her to sit down, he continued walking in silence. He stopped of a sudden, and said to her, with a solemn voice and aspect, "Woman, did you hear there is a warrant out for you?" Instantly, struck with amazement, she replied, "No, sir." "No? not know it? that is surprising indeed!" said he; and, with much solemnity, he continued walking. She sat awfully silent and as- tonished, yet assured that there was no precept issued against her. He stopped of a sudden: — "It is truly amazing indeed that you have not heard of it. What ! not hear that there is a warrant out for you? can such a thing be possible?" AVith fear and trembling she replied, "No, indeed, sir; I never heard of it before." After a considerable pause, he broke forth, with a pathetic, solemn voice, "Woman, whether you know it or no, I now tell you there is a "warrant out for you, and from the highest authority ; and further, I tell you, the warrant is now in the officer's hands. 0 woman, I am the officer ; and I do here arrest you, in the name of the Eternal God, for the murder of his Son." She almost fainted, and was immediately struck with a sense of her lost and wretched condition. She soon found by experience what conviction was, and her convic- tions issued in sound conversion. Davies spoke of him to Finley as eminently holy, and peculiarly endowed with abilities, natural, supernatural, and acquired, to win souls to the blessed Jesus. At Maidenhead, Rowland was admit- ted to use the meeting-house; but at Hopewell the New-Lights built about a mile from Pennington, towards the Delaware. In the middle of September, 1744, Tennent, of Freehold, organized the church of Maidenhead and Hopewell. A remarkable adventurer, who has strangely escaped the notice of those who have transformed criminals into heroes of romance, appeared in the colonies about the middle of the last century. He ■was known by the name of Tom Bell, and performed the exploit of successfully passing off, in the South, a transported convict girl as a daughter of George II. Passing through Princeton in the twilight, he was invited by John Stockton, Esq., to his house, ■who addressed him as Mr. Rowland. Boll with much difficulty convinced him of his mistake, the resemblance being so strong.* * Bell was slim, thin-visaged. of middle stature, with a heav^- cough. His appear- ance under different names is often noticed, but he never seems to have been appve- JOHN ROWLAND. 473 The wretch went to a vacant congregation in Hunterdon county, ■where Rowhind was known by face to few, and, introducing himself as Rowknd, was invited to spend the week and preach on the Sab- bath. While riding with the ladies to church, he professed to miss his notes, and his host took his place in the wagon, that he might on horseback seek them, and be back in time for the service. The people waited; but ♦' Nor hide, nor hair, nor any trace, Of horse or man was seen." Bell rifled a desk of money and escaped, proclaiming himself as Mr. Rowland. Rowland at this very time, in 1741 or '42, was with two elders of his, Joshua Anderson and Benjamin Stevens, and Tennent, of Freehold, attending a sacramental service in Mary- land or Pennsylvania. On his retui-nhe was charged with the rob- bery, and gave bonds to appear at the court of Oyer and Terminer in Trenton. The chief-justice, who was well known for his disbelief of revelation, charged the grand jury on the subject with great severity : after long consideration, they found no bill. With an angry reproof the judge sent them back again, with the same result. They were sent back a third time, and, being threatened with severe punishment if they persisted in the refusal, they brought in a bill for the alleged crime. He was acquitted at once on the tes- timony of Tennent, Anderson, and Stevens. The popular feeling was against him ; his friends were indicted for perjury, and he with- drew from the province, and settled at Charleston and New Provi- dence, in Chester county. It was not an inviting field:* there was little piety or religious knowledge ; but while he was travelling, his ministrations were blessed to a remarkable work of conviction. It was of short con- tinuance ; in two months there was a cessation of the awakening. Rowland, on becoming their minister, wisely set himself to build up the converts in their most holy faith. In closing his narrative, he says to Foxcroft, " This is very little of what I might have said." He died before the fall of 1747. Dr. Henderson, of Freehold, in his Memoir of Tennent, says he possessed a commanding eloquence, and many estimable quali- ties. Whitefield said, " There was much of the simplicity of Christ discernible in his behaviour." headed. In 1752 or '53, he laid aside his bad habits, and taught school in Hauoyer, Virginia. * Rowland, in Christian History. 474 WILLIAM ROBINSON. WILLIAM ROBINSON "Was the son of a wealthy Quaker physician, near Carlisle, in England. Having gone up in early life to London, he was ensnared into foolish courses, which made him ashamed to return to his father's house. He came to America, and taught school in Hope- well, N.J., from 1729 until 1739. At the commencement of the Revival, and probahly under the influence of Rowland, his mind was filled with amazement, in con- templating the starry heavens, at the thought of his having lived so regardless of their Maker. " While meditating* on the beauty and grandeur of the firmament, and saying to himself, ' How tran- scendontly glorious must the Author of all this beauty and gran- deur be !' the thought struck him with the suddenness and the force of lightning, 'But what do I know of this God? Have I ever sought his favour, or made him my friend?' This impression never left him till he took refuge in Christ as the hope and life of his soul." He studied at the Log College while he went on with his school, and was taken on trials by New Brunswick Presbytery, April 1, 1740, and was licensed on the 27th of the next month. In August he was sent to Craig's and Hunter's settlements in the Forks of Delaware, (Allen township and Mount Bethel,) to "Mr. Green's and Pequally (Panaquarry,) N.J. He was ordained an evangelist, Aug. 4, 1741, and was again sent to the 'Forks.' " He declined the call to Neshaminy, which was presented to hira Aug. 2, 1742, and was directed to supply there and at the "New Erection," in Nottingham. " His dear mcraoryf will mingle with my softest and most grate- ful recollections as long as I am capable of reflection. The neces- sitous circumstances of many vacancies, and the prospect of more extensive usefulness, engaged him to expose his shattered constitu- tion to all the hardships and fatigues of almost uninterrupted itine- rations. Tracing his travels in sundry parts of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and "Virginia, I cannot recollect one place in which he officiated for any time where there were not some illustrious effects of his ministry. He had a noble, disinterested ambition to preach Christ where he was not named ; and therefore he took a journey to the new settlements at the South, in which he continued two years, oppressed with the usual difficulties a weakly constitution feels in travelling a wilderness, and animated only by his glorious successes." * Miller's Life of Rodgers. f Davies to Bellamy. 1 WILLIAM ROBINSON. 475 The smallpox is said to have left lasting debilitating effects on his frame, and to have disfigured his countenance and deprived him of an eye. James River had applied to New Brunswick Presbytery in 1789, and again in 1741 ; but nothing seems to have been done in the way of granting supplies. In the winter of 174'2, Robinson entered Virginia, and was seized near Winchester by the sheriff as an un- licensed pi'eacher, but was soon released, lie went up* the Valley, and spent the winter in North Carolina, where, by exposure, he contracted a disease which clung to him all his days, lie had not much success in that province : he penetrated as far as the Pedee. In 1751, one hundred families on that river petitioned Hanover Presbytery for a minister. Returning, he preached with great suc- cess in Charlotte, Prince Edward, Campbell, and Albemarle coun- ties, lately settled by great numbers of Irish Presbyterians from Pennsylvania. In Lunenburg, near the North Carolina line, there were a few Presbyterians settled among a number of loose Vir- ginians. He was the happy instrument of reclaiming many thought- less creatures, and of founding a flourishing congregation. In Hanover and Louisa,t Mr. James Hunt, Mr. Samuel Morris, and two other gentlemen, wei'e, by the reading of "Boston's Four- fold State," and "Luther on the Galatians," awakened to a sense of their perishing state : without being aware of any person's feel- ing as he did, each absented himself from the parish church and its lifeless ministrations. Being summoned to answer for this offence, each man found his case Avas not singular. They agreed to meet at each other's houses on the Sabbath and read the Scrip- tures and Luther's great work. For this they were frequently fined. A copy of the sermons which Whitefield had preached at Glasgow, and which were printed from notes taken by a hearer, fell into the hands of Morris in 1742 : benefited by it himself, he invited his neighbours to come and hear it. " The plainness and fervency of these discom-ses being attended with the power of the Lord, many were awakened, and could not avoid crying out, weep- ing bitterly and even giving strange and ridiculous indications of their concern. The house became crowded ; the Lord Avas speaking as on Mount Sinai, with a voice of thunder, and sinners, like that mountain, trembled to the centre. A goodly little number were healed by the word, that wondered and rejoiced understandingly in Christ. A reading-house was built: having not been used to social prayer, none of them durst attempt it. Other reading-houses were built, and the number of attendants and the force of divine influ- ence much increased." The leaders were 8ummoned| to appear at Williamsburg, and on * The river nins northerly, so that going southward is going up the valley. •J- Davies to Bellamy. J Mr. James Hunt: quoted Ly Dr. Fuwte. 476 WILLIAM ROBINSON. their way, being overtaken by a storm, they stopped at a poor man's house, ou whose shelf hiy a ragged copy of the Westminster Confession. The whole summary pleased them ; and, having received the book, they presented it to Governor Gooch as the expression of their views. The Governor was a Scotsman, and, recognising the book, at once said that they were Presbyterians according to the Kirk of Scotland, and could not be molested. During the delibe- ration of the Council, a thunder-storm shook the house and light- nings glared fearfully, and they were let go, with a caution not to disturb the peace. Being dismissed, they very naturally and joyfully regarded the storm as let loose to "still the enemy and the avenger." A man going from Augusta* to Hanover for iron and salt, spoke of Robinson, and excited a desire to hear him. Some young peo- ple from Hanover, being at Cub Creek, heard him ; and this led Morris, and his friends to send some of their number to hear him preach, and, if they approved of his doctrines, to invite him to visit Hanover. They found him at the Rockfish Gap, and prevailed on him to promise to come. He travelled through most of the night to reach the place at the appointed day. Having seen his credentials, learned his doctrine and method of procedure, they were very eager to hear him. A large crowd assembled ; a venerable spreading oak, with embower- ing shades, gave him and them shelter. It was the Sabbath, July 3, 1743 ; he preached from Luke xiii. 3. He preached four days: the concourse increased vastly. " 'Tishardf for the liveliest imagination to form an image of the condition of the audience in those glorious days of the Son of Man. Many came through curiosity, and were convinced of their entire ignorance of religion. There is reason to believe there was as much good done by those four sermons as by all preached in the next seven years." In private he succeeded in removing some doctrinal errors, and in engaging them to use prayer and singing of psalms in their meetings. They oifered to remunerate him : he said, " I have enough;" but, overcome by their urgency, he took the money and applied it to assist Davies in his studies. When he came to Cub Creek, J the people were warned that he would preach at the stand. David Austin, a half-breed, but terri- ble as a full-blooded Indian, went to hear, and lay down at a dis- tance, as if to sleep. He rose on hearing the text, " Awake, thou that sleepest," and pressed near to the stand, the people making way. He returned home in great distress: his convictions were agonizing, and his deliverance remarkable. He became an eminent * Davidson's Kentucky. f Mr. Samuel Moms : quoted by Daviea. J Tlelated to me in May, 1843, by Dr. Alexander. WILLIAM ROBINSON. 477 Christian ; troubled souls far and wide sought his counsel. The ex- cellent Mrs. Morton had hoard Davies and his compeers, and the Smiths and their associates; but she believed that none equalled Davy Austin in skill to administer consolation to the disquieted and desponding believer. On his way to Hanover, Robinson reproved a tavern-keeper for his profanity. " Who are you?" was the rude demand. " A minister of the gospel," was the reply. " Go with me, and you may hear me preach." He promised to do so, if Robinson would preach from the words, '' I am fearfully and wonderfully made," designing to jeer his visage, scarred and seamed. Robinson preached from the text : the wicked man heard, and became a very pious and useful member of the church. Davies was " the joyful witness of the happy effects of the four sermons on sundry thoughtless impeni- tents and sundry abandoned profligates. They have, ever since, given good evidence of a thorough conversion." His next field of labour was in "the Government of Xew York," probably in the Highlands. Gilbert Tennent heard that many had been awakened by his labours. In 1745, a most glorious display of grace began by his ministry in Wicomico, in Somerset county, Maryland. In Baltimore county, there was a considerable revival ; in Kent county and Queen Anne's, a number of careless sinners were awakened and hopefully brought to Christ. " The work was begun and mostly carried on by that favoured man, Mr. Robinson, whose success, whenever I reflect on it, astonishes me." The last six months of his life he spent at St. George's, Dela- ware, and took charge of the congregation. Of his labours there we have no record. There was a revival there under his occa- sional visits previously and those of Whitefield. It seems to have constituted a part of Bohemia congregation, and to have enjoyed the benefits of Whitefield's visit in November, 1740. It became a separate congregation ; and Robinson, in March, 1746, took his dismission from New Brunswick Presbytery to Newcastle, with a view of becoming their pastor. But his end was at hand. He died, August 1, 1746. Blair preached at George's Town, August 3, a sermon, in com- memoration of him, from Zech. i. 7. He speaks of his abiding sense of the deplorable condition of the unregenerate, and of his liberality, often giving away, at a time, twenty and forty pounds. The Synod of New York, at its first meeting in September, 1745, having considered the circumstances of Virginia, and the wide door that is opened for the preaching of the gospel there, are unanimously of the opinion, that Mr. Robinson is the most suit- 478 CHARLES BEATTY. able person to be sent, and do earnestly recommend him to go down and help them, as soon as his circumstances will permit, and reside there for some months. Kobinson was present at that meeting, and probably intended to go. On his death-bed, he left it as his last request to Davies to go to Hanover. To him he bequeathed* most of his books, having previously aided liim with money. Davies had him in the highest estimation : — " Oh, he did much in a little time ! Who would not choose such an expeditious pil- grimage through this world?" The father of Dr. Moses Iloge had heard him preach near Opequhon, Virginia, and thought that his sermons lacked method. They possessed a living power. " Thanks be unto God, who always caused him to triumph in Christ, and made manifest the savour of his knowledge by him in every place." CHARLES BEATTY Was born in county Antrim, Ireland, between 1712 and 1715. His father died while he was a child. His mother, Christiana, was of the Clinton family,! who removed from England to county Longford during the Great Rebellion, being attached to the Royalists. Her brother, Charles Clinton, with Alexander Den- niston and others, took ship, in 1729, for Philadelphia. They sailed in May, and reached Cape Cod in October, and remained in New England till 1731, when they began a settlement in Ulster, now Orange county, New York. Beatty had received a classical education in Ireland to some extent, and may have profited by the instructions of the pastors of Goshen, AVallkill, and Bethlehem. Reaching manhood, he engaged in trade ; and, as was the manner of that day, — when, in the country, few out of the seaport-towns had the capital to lay in a supply of imported goods, — he travelled^ on foot, or with his pack-horse, to display his "' auld-warld gear" to the people in their own homes. Stopping at the Log College, he amused him- self by surprising Tennent and his pupils with a proffer in Latin of his merchandise. Tennent, perceiving at once that this was "no pedlar's Greek," replied in Latin; and the convei'sation went * Davenport to Edwariis. f Hosack's Life of De Will Clinton. J Dr. MUIer: ou tlio authority of Dr. Rodgeis. CHARLES BEATTT. 479 on in the Roman tongue with such evidence of scholarship, re- ligious knowledge, and fervent piety, that Tennent commanded him to sell what he had and prepare for the ministry. He "was not disobedient to the heavenly vision ;" for he who spoke to Saul by the way called Beatty to " this grace and apostleship" also. Ilis kinsmen were not passed by in the Great Awakening; for Leonard, of Goshen, was specially " stirred up and spirited" to water what Whiteficld had planted in New York. Tennent, of Freehold, and llobinson, laboured in the New York Government, in the Highlands, with success. While pursuing his studies at Neshaminy, he was taken on trials by New Brunswick Presbytery, October 12, 1742, and was licensed the next day, and was sent to Nottingham. He was called to the Forks of Neshaminy, May 26, 174;J, and was or- dained, December 14, the excellent Tennent being present in pres- bytery then for the last time. Brainerd rejoiced in his society, having seasons of sweet spi- ritual refreshment with him. He went with him to assist Treat at the sacrament in April, 1740, and in June rode from the Forks, and preached in the afternoon to a crowded audience at Neshaminy, with great freedom in setting forth the sorrows of God's people and their comforting considerations. It was a sweet, melting season, happily preparing them for the Sabbath. Beatty preached, and there appeared some warmth in the assembly. Brainerd assisted in the administration of the Lord's Supper, and, towards the close, discoursed extempore from the sacred ■words, "Y^et it pleased the Lord to bruise him," and was greatly favoured with divine aid in addressing sinners. The word was attended with amazing power : many scores, if not hundreds, in that great assembly of three or four thousand, were very much affected: "there was a very great mourning, like the mourning of Hadad Rimmon." Beatty and his wife, with Treat, came to see Brainerd at Princeton in October, 1740, when about to leave for the Indians. "My spirits," says Brainerd, "were refreshed to see them ; but I was sutprised and ashamed that they had rode thirty or forty miles to visit me." They rode with him ten miles on his journey. There they parted ; but one special friend (Davenport) stayed on purpose to keep him company, and to cheer his spirits. The synod sent him to Virginia and North Carolina in 1754 ; and he accompanied Franklin, when he, with five hundred men, came up to defend the frontier, after the burning of the Moravian missionaries at Gnadenhuetten, near Lehighton. Franklin says,* * Memoirs. 480 CHARLES BKATTY. " The chaplain was zealous, and lamented the backwardness of the soldiers to attend the prayers and exhortations." Franklin suggested that the spirit-rations should be dealt out under Beatty's eye, after the religious exercises. This remedy secured uniform attendance ; but Beatty soon left, to go down into Bucks county and aid in recruiting. The synod, in 1756, judged it his duty to go with the Pennsylvania forces, if the Government should ask for his services. He was again invited in 1759 ; but the synod, on account of the state of his congregation, advised him not to go. They advised him to comply with Colonel Armstrong's request, and go as chaplain to his regiment. The Corporation for the Widows' Fund sent him to Great Britain in 1760. He was furnished with letters from Davies, which were of the highest service to him. The General Assembly of the Scottish Kirk ordered a national collection to be taken up. The Rev. Dr. Gordon, of Ipswich, wrote to Bellamy, October 27, 1761, " Mr. Beatty is over in England collecting. Have had the pleasure of his company. He is at my brother's, (Thomas Field, bookseller, London.) Expect he will get three thousand pounds before he returns." The Rev, Provost Smith, of Philadelphia, took the ground that much of the money had been raised for the distressed inhabitants on the frontier, who had been driven from their homes by the Indians. This involved Beatty in a long correspondence, to vin- dicate his character, and to prevent the fund from being per- verted from its rightful use. The corporation desired the synod to send two missionaries to the frontiers of the province; and they, in 1766, appointed Beatty and DuiBeld to preach two months in those parts, and to do what else is best for the advancement of religion, according to the instructions of the corporation. They left Carlisle in August, Duffield going through Path Valley, Fannet, and the Cove, and Beatty passing along the Juniata. The Delaware town, on the Muskingum, one hundred and thirty miles beyond Fort Pitt, was visited by them. They found a very agreeable prospect of a door opening for the spread of the gospel among the Indians. The white settlers were ready to exert them- selves to the utmost to have the gospel among them, but were very necessitous from the distresses and losses of the war. Beatty was married, June 24, 1746, to the daughter of the Hon. John Reading, of New Jersey. He took her to Great Britain, in 1768, to obtain relief for her from eminent surgeons ; but she died, soon after landing, at Greenock. The journal of his tour was printed in London.* He also published two pamphlets on the Indian missions, and a sermon, entitled, " Double honour * Pliiladelphia Library. JOHN niNDMAN — TIMOTHY JOHNES. 481 is due to the laborious Gospel Minister, which he had preached at the ordination of Mr. Ramsay, at Fairfield, New Jersey. To relieve the College of Now Jersey, he sailed for the West Indies, but died, August 13, 1772, soon after reaching Bridge- town, in Barbadoes. * Three of his sons became ruling elders in our church. Dr. Charles C. Beatty, of Steubenville, Ohio, is his grandson. His grand-daughter, the wife of the llev. Henry R. Wilson, died while labouring as a missionary among the Creek Indians. JOHN PIINDMAN Was received as a candidate by Donegal Presbytery, Septem- ber 3, 1740 ; and, Gillespie having represented to them " his im- prudence and childish simplicity," they resolved, in the next April, not to continue him. Soon, however, they were satisfied that they might retrace their steps; and he was licensed, May 30. He was sent to Virginia, and was, in 1742, at James River and Head of Shenandoah, and at Opequhon and Bullskin. He was ordained as an evangelist, to go to Virginia, November 11, 1742; and we find him at Opequhon, Rockfish, Potomac, "Cub Creek on Round Oak." Rockfish and Mountain Plain called him, March 26, 1745 ; and, in June, John Woods appeared, as a commissionei", to urge the request of Rockfish. He was also invited to Marsh Creek and Conecocheague. His name is not again seen on the records. TIMOTHY JOHNES, Of Welsh descent, was born at Southampton, Long Island, May 24, 1717, and graduated at Yale in 1737. Of the period between his leaving college and going to Morristown we have seen no notice, except that, in that perilous time, Mhen some " haply were found fighting against God," those who separated from the 31 482 TIMOTHY JOHNES. First Parish in New Haven worshipped in the house of Mr. Timo- thy Johncs.* He Avcnt to Morristown, Ncav Jersey, August 13, 1742 ; stayed six Sabbaths : '' fetchedf my family, and was ordained, February 9, 1748," by New York Presbytery. As early aS 1785, West Hanover had separated from Hanover, and asked for the ordination of Mr. Cleverly. He was graduatc-il at Harvard in 1715, and remained at Morristown till his death in December, 1776, aged eighty-one. He never married. His small property became nearly exhausted towards the close of life, and reduced him to hardships. The congregation of Morristown " was, under Christ, col- lected, settled, and watered" by Johnes. He had a happy faculty of instilling successfully the principles of religion. He was much with his people. He read accounts of revivals to them ; but no instance of more than ordinary success is recorded during the first twenty-one years of his labours. Ninety-four were added to the church in 17G4: "these were the sweet fruits of the won- derful effusion of God's admirable grace begun on our sacrament- day, July 1, 17(34." "The LordJ Jehovah has rent the heavens and come down, and the mountains are fleeing at his presence. There is something of this blessed work all around me." It was a season of " deep feeling and much anxiety," arising from awful apprehensions of the nature of sin and of the justice of God. Fifty were added in 1774: "those that follow are the ingather- ings of the divine harvest of 1774 ; — sweet drops of morning dcAV," As the result of the revival of 1790, forty united with the church; four hundred and twenty-four under his ministry pro- fessed their faith in Christ. " Few men laboured more zealously or more successfully." The American army passed the winter of 1777 encamped near Morristown. It was a disastrous stage of our public affairs: sick- ness swept away the soldiers ; and the gloom was made horrible by the abounding profanity and the ceaseless gaming. Washing- ton,§ as the communion drew nigh, asked Dr. Johnes if member- ship with the Presbyterian church was required by him as a terra of admission to the ordinance. He replied, "All who loved the Lord Jesus were welcome." " That is right," was the answer; and he sought, in the fellow- ship of God's people and in the remembrance of redeeming love, * Bacon's Historical Discourse at New Haven. ■f Quutcd from his memoranda by Rev. Albert Barnes, in Lis Manual of the Cliurc-h at Morristown, 1828. ;j: Quoted by Mr. lluiitiiig, in his discourse at Westfield, from Dr. Johnes'a Letter in the Contucticut Evangelical Magazine. ^ Tlic Rev. U. L. Kirtland, in the Presbyterian Magazine. TIMOTHY GRIFFirn. 483 on the Sabtath, relief from the scenes that appalled him, and from the forebodings that oppressed his soul. The services were held ia the open air, even in winter, in a sheltered spot. The church was at that time occupied as a hospital ; and often, in the morning, the dead were found lying in the pews. Dr. Johnes, the son of tlie pastor, was intrusted with the care of the sick, and, through his judicious arrangements, the comfort of the sufferers was promoted, and the mortality checked. " Distingmshed for his fidelity, his discourses were clear, plain, practical, persuasive. By an aifectionate appeal to the heart, he aimed to win men to the practice of holiness. Few congregations were so thoroughly instructed in all that pertains to the practical duties of religion and in the great doctrines of grace." A lover of peace, his own people and the neighbouring congregations unhesitatingly reposed with confidence in his judgment and tried friendship. He was not lacking in firmness as a ruler in the house of God, having, in one hundred and seventy cases, sought the welfare of the church by timely and wholesome discipline. In 1791, an unworthy man was associated with him in the pas- toral work. The truth, long suspected, was finally made clear enough to secure his dismission in 1793. The late Rev. Dr. Rich- ards, while a candidate, preached to the aged man in his owu dwelling, (then near his end,) that he might judge of his fitness. He received a call just before the death of Dr. Johnes, who was removed by dysentery, September 19, 1794, aged seventy-eight. TIMOTHY GRIFFITH "Was probably a son of Timothy Griffith, an elder in the Great Valley. He taught a classical school in Philadelphia in 1737, and graduated at Yale in 1742. Newcastle Presbytery ordained him, in 1743, as successor to Thomas Evans in Pencader. Understanding the Welsh language, he was ordered by the synod to supply Tred- ryffryn once a month for several years. On the death of Dick, he removed to a farm in Appoquinimy, and resided on it till his death in 1754. During that time, he probably supplied New- castle and Drawyers, they being, like Pencader, divided by the New Side, and left very feeble. When the province was thi-eatened with invasion, he was elected 484 JOHN STEEL. captain of the companv raised in Newcastle county in September, 1748. He was a missionary in Western Virginia in 1751. JOHN STEEL, A PROBATIONER from Londonderry Presbytery, appeared before the commission in May, 1742 ; and there being some irregularity in his marriage, by reason of a pre-contract, letters were written to Ireland before any steps were taken in his case. He was sent, in April, 1743, to supply Rockfish and Roanoke, and in the fall he •was sent to Conestoga, being under the care of Donegal Presby- tery. He was ordained by Newcastle Presbytery before May, 1744, and was, for a time, at New London. He removed to West Conecocheague* in 1752, perhaps earlier, and remained till the Upper W^est Settlement (now Mercersburg) was broken up. He was a man of great intrepidity: his church was fortified, and he led his men to attack the savages. In 1755, he received a cap- tain's commission, and held it many years. Several of his letters, in those difficult times, are preserved in the Colonial Documents. He preached for a time at Nottingham, and then at York and Shrewsbury ; and, on the union of the synods, he removed to Car- lisle and Silver Spring. Duffield had just before been called to Big Spring and the Now-Side congregation in Carlisle. The call to Steel was made out April 20, l759, and he was installed before June, giving two-thirds of his time to Carlisle. Duffield resented this, — his call being of an earlier date, and stipulating that two- thirds of his time should be given in town. The synod, in May, 1759, lamented the unhappy state of feeling, and directed the two congregations to unite in building a house of Avorship, and en- treated the ministers to join their counsels to bring about a cor- dial agreement. In 1761, the church was built by a lottery, and used by both parties. He withdrew from the synod, with the other Old-Side minis- ters of Donegal Presbytery, and finally was permitted to join the Second Philadelphia Presbytery. Pennf wrote to him, Februnry 24, 1768, to dispossess the settlers on the Red Stone and the * Rev. Thomns Creigh's Hi.storiciil Discourse at Mercersburg. •j- Colonial Documents : edited by Mr. Hazard. JAMES SCOUQAL — CHARLES MdCXIGUT. 485 Youghloo;eny. In April, he assembled the people, and reasoned the case witli them. There were one hundred and fifty families on the Youghiogeny. Dr. Martin said, " He was a good preacher ; sound in his theology." He died in August, 1779. JAMES SCOUGAL, A MEMBER of the Presbytery of Paisley, having received a call from the Old-Side portion of Snow Hill and the Ferry, in Wor- cester county, Maryland, (it had been sent to him with the con- currence of Newcastle Presbytery,) came to this country in 1743. He produced sufficient testimonials of his piety, prudence, learn- ing, soundness in the faith, and blameless conversation. " The place called the Ferry" is mentioned by Davies as the scene of a remarkable work of grace, at the time of his entrance on the ministry. Scougal died in 1746. CHARLES Mcknight Was taken up by New Brunswick Presbytery, June 23, 1741, and was hcensed probably in the fall. In the next May, the Forks of Delaware and Greenwich, in Warren county. New Jersey, asked for him, as did also Staten Island and Basking- ridge. In August, Amboy supplicated for his services, and Greenwich and Forks renewed their request. Staten Island and Baskingridge called him in October, and he was ordained, Octo- ber 12, 1742, at the same time with Finley and Youngs. He was installed, October 16, 1744, at Cranberry and Allentown. Allen- town asked supplies in 1788 ; Cranberry, at the same time, by their commissioner, John Chambers, asked advice, being troubled about a proposal to build their meeting-house in common with the Cliurch of England. 486 JOHN BLAIR. Whitefiekl preached several times, both at Crosswicks and Allen- town, on •weekdays. McKnight -was dismissed from Cranberry in October, 1756, and Burden's Town obtained one-fourth of his time in 1758. He was called, May 28,1766, to Middletown Point and Shrewsbury; and, in the fall, Trenton asked for him. lie was dismissed from Allentown in October, and accepted the call to Middletown Point, Shark River, and Shrewsbury, April 21, 17G7. He was seized by the British, and his church was burned. He died, soon after his release, in 1778. In 1789, Morgan Edwards said of the Presbyterian church at the Point, "The place which knew it knows it no more." It was rebuilt by a lottery, and was only rarely used by the Presby- terians till 1820. Shrewsbury remained vacant till 1812; and Shark River has long been surrendered to other denominations. JOHN BLAIR, A BROTHER of Samuel Blair, was born in Ireland, in 1720, and ■was educated at the Log College, and licensed by the New-Side Presbytery of Newcastle at its earliest sessions. He was ordained, December 27, 1742, pastor of Middle Spring, Rocky Spring, and Big Spring, in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. These places had been served by Thomas Craighead ; the first two being then called Upper and the third Lower Hopewell. They divided on the rupture, Hopewell having supplicated the conjunct presbyteries in 1741, and Campbell and Rowland having been sent to them. Blair gave two-thirds of his time to Big Spring, and divided the re- mainder between the others. He visited Virginia soon after Robinson. "Truly* he came to us in the fulness of the blessing of the gospel of Christ. Former impressions were ripened, and new ones made on many hearts. One night, a whole houseful of people was quite overcome by the power of the word, particularly of one pungent sentence; they would hardly sit or stand, or keep their feelings under any proper restraint. So general was the concern during his stay, and so ignorant were we of the dangers of apostasy, that we pleased our- * Samuel Monis. JOHN BLAIR. 487 selves with tbe tlionglit of more having been brought to Christ than now appear to have l)een. There is the greatest reason to believe that several bound themselves in an everlasting covenant to the Lord." He visited* the New-Side congregations east and west of the Blue Ridge, and also on his second visit in 1746. In that year he organized the congregations of North Mountain, including Bethel and Hebron, of New Providence, Timber Ridge, and the Forks of James River, now New JMonmouth and Lexington. The incursions of the Indians led him to resign his pastoral charge, December 28, 1748. lie seems to have remained without settlement till 1757, when he succeeded his brother at Fagg's Llanor. He continued his school with reputation. In 17G7, he was chosen Professor of Divinity and Moral Philosophy in the College of New Jersey, and officiated as President. On the acces- sion of Dr. Witherspoon, in 17Gil, he resigned, and accepted the call to Wallkill, in the Highlands of New York, May 19, 1769. He died, December 8, 1771. During the excitement growing out of the question concerning the examination of candidates on their experience of saving grace, one of the Old Side published "Thoughts on the Examination and Trials of Candidates." On this pamphlet Blair published "Ani- madversions," dated "Fagg's Manor, August 27, 1766." He also published a reply to Harker's "Appeal to the Christian Woi'ld," entitled "The Synod of New York and Philadelphia vindicated." He left behind him a treatise on Regeneration, orthodox, and ably written : it was published shortl}'' before his death, with the title, '•A Treatise on the Nature, L'se, and Subjects of the Sacraments ; on Regeneration ; and on the Nature and L"se of the Means of Grace." The preface is dated " Goodwill, alias Wallkill, December 21, 1770." In it he states that his opinions have undergone a change ; and he begs that those who attempt to answer his reasons for the change will not throw dust. He had formerly believed that, though the unre- generate ought to have their children baptized, they ought not to adventure to the Lord's table. On this point he had changed his views and his practice. He endeavours to prove that there is no more propriety in excluding those who wish to partake of the sacra- ments than there would be in excluding them from other parts of public worship. It was reprinted by Dr. James P. Wilson, in his collection of Sacramental Treatises. He married the daughter of John Durborrow, of Philadelphia. The Rev. John D. Blair, of Richmond, was his son. His daughter Kebecca was the wife of Dr. William Linn, of the Reformed Dutch Church in New York City. The Rev. Dr. John Blair Linn, of the First Church in Philadelphia, was her son. * Dr. Foote. 488 SAMUEL FINLEY. Davies said of him, in his elegy on Samuel Blair : •'When, all-attentive, eager to admit The tiowing knowledge, at his reverend feet Raptured we sat, 0 thou above the rest. Brother and imago of the dear deceased. Surviving Bhiir! oh, let spontaneous flow The floods of tributary grief you owe." SAMUEL FINLEY Was born in the county Armagh, Ireland, in 1715. His parents early sought the Lord's blessing on each of their children, and he vras seriously impressed by divine truth in his sixth year. The family arrived at Philadelphia, September 28, 1734, and made their home in West Jersey. He was in his eighteenth year, and had already made some progress in preparing for the ministry : he completed his studies at the Log College. New Brunswick Pres- bytery took him on trials, August 4, 1740, and licensed him the next day. He went into the bounds of Donegal Presbytery, and was present at the trial of Craighead, in December, and abetted him in his contumelious treatment of that judicatory. He preached, January 20, 1741, at Nottingham, from Matthew xii. 27, 28: — "If I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom then do your sons cast them out?" This sermon was published with the title, "Christ A'ictorious, and Satan raging," and was soon reprinted at Boston and London. Soon after appeared in print his letter in commendation of Whitefield. The conjunct presbyteries, in August, 1741, sent him to Dover and Baltimore, and directed him to supply the new erection at Not- tingham. He then M'ent into West Jersey, and his labours were remarkably blessed at Greenwich, in Cohanzy, and Deerfield, in Gloucester county. Whitefield had passed through the region, and Gilbert Tennent had laboured there. "There was a remarkable stir of a religious kind in Cape May." In the spring of 1740, Abel Morgan, the Baptist minister in Middletown, New Jersey, "was so affected by Whitefield's spirit that he went forth preach- ing the gospel on the sea-coast" and other places in that province. He came to Cohanzy, and Finley soon appeared: on Tuesday he went to Cape May, and on Thursday Finley came. The mode and the subjects of baptism became the topic of general discourse; "many of the disciples went among the Baptists, Avhich caused SAMUEL FIXLET. 489 great wrath."* Finley and Morgan had a debate vrhioh histed two days', with the usual result of greater estrangement of the parties. Two elders and six members left the Presbyterian for the Baptist church. Finley published "A Charitable Plea for the Speechless;" Morgan replied. Finley vindicated the claim of infants to the promise and the seal of the promise ; Morgan put forth a re- joinder. Morgan Edwards says that Morgan's book shows him to have been a man of wit, of very genteel irony, and master of the Greek. Morgan alludes to Finley's fondness for controversy. lie printed, in January, 1743, a sermon, on 2 Thessalonians ii. 11, 12, against the Moravians, entitled "The Strength, Nature, and Symp- toms of Delusion," and, in the same year, replied to Thomson's sermon on convictions, in a discourse headed, " Clear Light shining out in Obscure Darkness." In all of these early productions is much that is uncalled for, and much more that cannot be ap- proved. Cohanzy and Glost»r supplicated for him in May, 1742. The presbytery granted the request, and ordained him an evangelist, October 13: Robinson preached from Ezekiel iii. 17. He went to preach for the Presbyterians in Milford, Connecticut; but Lieu- tenant-Governor Law put an odious statute, lately enacted, in force, and he was carried from one constable to another and transported as a vagrant out of the colony. In August, 1743, calls were pre- sented to him from Cohanzy, Nottingham, and Milford, and the presbytery sent him to Milford "with allowance that he also preach for other places thereabouts where Providence may open a door for him." Having preached at Milford, he went, on the 1st of September, to preach for the Second Society of New Haven, at the request of Mr. James Pierpont, the son of the former pastor of the Fii-st Church, and the brother-in-law of the present pastor. The Second Church, though regularly organized, was not recog- nised by the civil authority or the New Haven Association ; it was an indictable offence to preach for them. Yet Finley went ; and, on September 5, as he was going to meeting, he was seized by the constable and confined. The grand jury presented him on the 11th, and judgment was given that he should be carried out of the colony as a vagrant. The sentence was executed. Finley peti- tioned in October that the Assembly would review the case ; pleas were heard in abatement, and his prayer was denied. During these visits he made many friends, and maintained a most affec- tionate correspondence with Bellamy till his death. He spent six months in Philadelphia, preaching to the new congregation. He * Morgan Edwards's History of New Jersey Baptists. 490 SAMUEL FINLET. was called, in June, 1744, to Nottingham, and was the pastor there seventeen years. In the summer of 1745, by appointment of the conjunct pres- byteries, Gilbert Tennent and Finley waited on Governor Gooch to repel the insinuations made against Roan, and the New Side in general, as schismatics, defamers, and fanatics. The governor received them kindly, gave them permission to preach, and opened the door for the preaching of New-Light ministers without moles- tation. They continued at Hanover about a week, and did much good. The people of God were refreshed, and some careless sin- ners awakened from their foolish trust in their moral conduct and religious duties. Thus the dreadful cloud which overshadowed them on Roan's persecution was scattered for a while: they con- tinued vacant for a considerable time, but the Lord favoured their reading-meetings with his presence. Finley's school soon became celebrated. Among his pupils were Governor Martin, of North Carolina, Ebenezer Hazard, of Phila- delphia, Benjamin Rush, M.D., and Judge Jacob Rush, (sons of Mrs. Finley's sister,) Dr. McWhorter, of Newark, Dr. Tennent, of Abingdon, and, most celebrated of all, James Waddel, of Virginia. In 1754, it was proposed to call him to New York : he was liked as a preacher, "but, his voice being uncommon low, it was thought he would not suit" that conjrregation. When Davies was urged, after having declined the presidency, to act as vice-president of the college for six months, he would not consent, on hearing from the messenger, Mr. Halsey, afterwards minister at Lamington, that some of the trustees preferred Finley. He wrote at once to Cowell, of Trenton, " I recommend Mr. Fin- ley, from long and intimate acquaintance with him, as the best- qualified person, in the compass of my knowledge, in America, — incomparably better qualified than myself. Though the want of some superficial accomplishments for empty popularity may keep him in obscurity for some little time, his hidden worth, in a few months or years at most, will blaze out to the satisfaction and even astonishment of all candid men. A disappointment of this kind will certainly be of service to the college." In a note to a sermon in May, 1758, he styles him "the best of men, and my favourite friend." He was elected, on the death of Davies, to be his successor; and, soon after entering on the ofBce, there was an extensive re- vival in the college: about half the students experienced religion. He died, July 17, 17G(3, while in Philadelphia, whither he had gone for medical advice. His state of mind was peculiarly happy and redolent of divine influence. Dr. Mason has placed, in strik- ing contrast, his end with the closing scene of David Hume's life. Treat, of Abingdon — the last survivor, except Tennent, of Free- ELIAB BYRAM. 491 hold, of the brethren cast out in 1741 — preached at the funeral of his ^te, " Yom" obedient, humble servant, "D. Beaineed." DAVID BRAIXERD. 521 dren: the women readily set out, and travelled ten or fifteen miles to give notice of his preachin 690 RESOLUTIONS OP of great raloe to all Presbyterians, — and the family of the author are interested in its sale, its extensive circulation is desirable : Therefore, Resolved, That this synod cordially recommend the History of the Presbyterian Church to the ministers and churches under our care, and earnestly request that every effort be made to secure the sale of as large a number of copies as possible. Resolved, That we would suggest to our Presbyterian Board of Publication the propriety of placing the work in the hands of their colporteurs, for the purpose of securing a more general circulation among all the members of our church. S. M. Andrews, Slated C'jerk. Also, the following presbyteries : — PRESBYTERY OF NEW BRUNSWICK. Resolved, That this presbytery cordially approve of the publication of the History of the Presbyterian Church, by the late Rev. Richard Webster, believing that the well-known industry and habits of patient investigation which he for so many years gave to the whole subject of the antiquities of the Presbyterian churches in this country will make it all that might be expected. Resolved, That the work be recommended to the patronage of all the churches under our care. A. D. White, Staled Clerk. PRESBYTERY OF FORT WAYNE. Resolved, That we heartily commend the work to the churches under our care, as well as to individuals, as worthy of their confidence, entitled to their patronage, and adapted to their profit. Wilson M. Donaldson?, Staled Clerk. PRESBYTERY OP DONEGAL. Resolved, That the presbytery have learned with great pleasure of the pro- posed publication of the History of the Presbyterian Church, by the late Rev. Richard Webster ; and, in view of the intrinsic value of such a work, especially from so competent a source, as well as the relation which the enterprise bears to the family of the lamented deceased, would cordially recommend the forthcoming rolume to the patronage of the members of our several congregations. John Farquhak, Stated Clerk. SYNODS AND PRESBYTERIES. 691 PRESBYTERY OP LONG ISLAND. Ruolved, That we heartily commend to the churches under our care, and to the community at large, the forthcoming History of the Presbyterian Church in America, by the late Rev. Richard Webster, and that we esteem it our privilege to give it the widest circulation possible within our bounds. T. McCaulet, Stated Clerk. PRESBYTERY OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Resolved, That, inasmuch as the work promises to be a standard volume of great value to the Presbyterian churches, and as the family of the self-denying and laborious author have an interest in its sale, we recommend that the members of this presbytery make special eflForts in procuring subscribers for it. T. L. McBrtde, Stated Clerk. PRESBYTERY OF BEDFORD. Resolved, That the members of presbytery be requested to act as agents in their respective charges, to procure subscriptions for the new work about to be published, entitled " The History of the Presbyterian Church," by the late Rev. Richard Webster. William Patterson, Stated Clerk. PRESBYTERY OF CARLISLE. Resolved, That presbytery recommend to the pastors and sessions under ita care, to promote, as far as possible, the circulation of the History of the Pres- byterian Church, by the late Rev. Richard Webster. James F. Kennedy, Stated Clerk. PRESBYTERY OF NEWCASTLE. The Stated Clerk read a circular, in regard to the publication of a History of the Presbyterian Church, by the late Rev. Richard Webster : whereupon it was Resolved, That this presbytery do hereby earnestly recommend this forthcoming work to the patronage of the congregations under its care. Robert P. Dubois, Stated Clerk. PRESBYTERY OF GREENBRIER. Presbytery, having learned that Joseph M. Wilson, of Philadelphia, expects to publish a work on the History of the Presbyterian Church in this country, do hereby express their gratification at the prospect of the publication of the work 692 RESOLUTIONS OF prepared by the late Rev. Richard Webster, and recommend it to the ministers and churches under our care. S. H. Bbown, Stated Clerk. PRESBYTERY OP NORTHUMBERLAND. Raolved, That presbytery would earnestly commend the History of the Pres- byterian Church, by the Rev. Richard Webster, deceased, to the attention and patronage of the officers and members of our churches ; and the ministers of pres- bytery are requested to publish this resolution from their pulpits. l3A.\c Greer, Slated Clerk. PRESBYTERY OF MAURY. Resolved, That we cordially and earnestly recommend the History of the Pres- byterian Church in America, by the Rev. Richard Webster, to the members of all our churches, and to all others. J. Stephenson Frierson, Stated Clerk. PRESBYTERY OF RARITAN. The Stated Clerk laid before presbytery a communication from Mr. Joseph M. Wilson, of Philadelphia, in relation to the History of the Presbyterian Church, by the late Rev. Richard Webster, of Mauch Chunk, which he is about to publish for the benefit of the family of the author : whereupon it was Resolved, That this presbytery highly approve of this enterprise, and cordially recommend it to the patronage of our churches, and, furthermore, request our pastors and ruling elders to use their endeavours to obtain subscribers to the ■work in their respective congregations. A true extract : P 0. Studdiford, Stated Clerk. PRESBYTERY OF CHEROKEE. Resolved, That the History of the Presbyterian Church, by the late Rev. Richard Webster, — now in course of publication by Joseph M. Wilson, — be cordially recom- mended to all the churches and members under our care. John F. Lanneau, Slated Clerk. PRESBYTERY OF ERIE. A letter having been read — from J. M. Wilson, publisher — relative to the History of the Presbyterian Church, by Rev. Richard Webster, deceased, it was Resolved, That this presbytery do cordially recommend said history to th* STNODS AND PRESBYTERIES. 693 faTOurable notice of ministers and members of churches throughout our bounds, as an interesting and valuable contribution en a subject of great importance to all lovers of the doctrines and order of the Presbyterian church ; and also to their acceptance, in view of the benevolent objects designed by its publication, as well as of its intrinsic excellency. Extract from Minutes of Presbytery of Erie, January 7, 1857. S. J. M. Eaton, Stated Clerk. PRESBYTERY OF CENTRAL MISSISSIPPI. Resolved, That this presbytery feel a deep interest in the publication of the above-named History, and would earnestly recommend to our ministers, elders, and members to subscribe for the same, and send their names and subscriptions to Mr. J M. Wilson, of Philadelphia, the publisher. James S. Montgomebt, Stated Clerk. PRESBYTERY OF MISSISSIPPI. Resolved, That this presbytery take a deep interest in the circulation of this work, and earnestly recommend it to all the members of the church within their bounds ; and, further, express the hope that each member of the presbytery, and the elders of our churches, will exert themselves to obtain subscriptions, and forward the same to Joseph M. Wilson, 27 Sov*h Tenth Street, below Chestnut, Philadelphia. R. Peice, Stated Clerk. PRESBYTERY OF PALMYRA. Whereas, We have learned that Joseph M. Wilson, of Philadelphia, is about to publish a History of the Presbyterian Church, by the late Rev. Richard Webster : Therefore — Resolved, That we recommend to all our ministers and elders to procure the work, and to introduce it into the families of our churches so far as practicable. A. P. FORMAN, Slated CUrk. PRESBYTERY OF LOUISIANA. Resolved, That the members of this Presbytery be requested to present the claims of Webster's History of the Presbyterian Church to the churches under their care, secure subscribers for it, and forward the same to Joseph M. Wilson, publisher, Philadelphia. John A. Smylie, Slated Clerk. 694 RESOLUTIONS OF SYNODS AND PRESBYTERIES. . PRESBYTERY OF STEUBEN\'ILLE. Resolved, That the History of the Presbyterian Church, by the late Rev. Richard Webster, — now in the course of publication by Joseph M. AVilson, of Phila- delphia,— will, no doubt, be both instructive and interesting, it be recommended to as many of the members as may find it convenient to subscribe for the same, especially as it is published for the benefit of the family of Mr. Webster. John R. Agnew, Stated Clerk. PRESBYTERY OF TUSCALOOSA. Resolved, That Presbytery earnestly recommend to the pastors and members of the churches under our care the History of the Presbyterian Church, by Rev. Richard Webster, now in course of publication, as, from the well-known reputa- tion of the author, it will be a volume of great interest and value. C. A. Stillman, Stated Clerk. PRESBYTERY OF HUNTINGDON. Resolved, That pastors be requested to interest themselves in the circulation of Webster's History of the Presbyterian Church. BOBEBT HaMHILL, Staled Clerk. PRESBYTERY OF CONCORD. Whereas, Mr. Joseph M. Wilson, of Philadelphia, is about to publish a History of the Presbyterian Church, prepared by the late Rev. Richard Webster; therefore, Resolved, That this presbytery would cordially recommend to all our ministers and members of our churches to supply themselves with the work. B. H. Laffertt, Stated Clerk. SECOND PRESBYTERY OF PHILADELPHIA. Extract from the Minutes of the Second Presbytery of Philadelphia, at Brides- burg, October 8, 1856:— " Presbytery earnestly recommended to all its members, ministers, and elders, to take such action in their respective congregations as, in their judgment, will best secure a wide circulation of the Church History prepared by the late Rev. R. Web- ster, and now in course of publication by Mr. Joseph M. Wilson, of Philadelphia." A true extract Jacob Belville, Stated Clerk. PRESBYTERIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. At a meeting of the Executive Committee of the Presbyte- rian Historical Society, held on August 5th, 1856, the undersigned was appointed to draw up a statement in reference to the plans and objects of the Society, and to append it to the Rev. Richard Webster's History of the Presbyterian Church. In conformity with this resolution, the following statement is respectfully presented to the public : — The Presbyterian Historical Society was organized at the meet- ing of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, in the city of Charleston, South Carolina, in May, 1852. At the anniversary meeting of the Society held in the city of BuflFalo in May, 1854, some amendments were made in the Constitution, chiefly with a view to secure the co-operation of all branches of the Pres- byterian church. These amendments were more definitely incorporated into the Constitution at the anniversary meeting held in the city of Philadelphia, in May, 1856. The Revised Constitution will be found annexed to this statement. The Presbyterian Historical Society aims at accomplishing the follow- ing objects: — I. To collect the materials — manuscript, published, or traditionary — which serve to illustrate the history of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. n. To preserve these materials safe from danger, and accessible to all, at a location convenient for general reference. III. To promote the knotcledge of the history thus collected and pre- served. This will be done, in part, by the circulation of an Annual £95 696 PRESBYTERIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Report and Address ; by public meetings, held from time t*. time in dif- ferent parts of the Church, at which papers on historical subjects may be read and discussed ; and by the publication of such of the writings of the Presbyterian fathers, and of other historical memorials, as may be deemed expedient. The MODE in which co-operation can be eflicicntly and successfully exerted may be in the following, among other forms which may suggest themselves to your independent reflections : — 1. By every presbytery, in all the churches represented in the So- ciety, taking measures to induce each minister to write, without delay, the history of the church or churches which he serves, — the whole col- lection to be arranged in historical order, and prefaced by a general history of the presbytery, by some person or committee appointed for that purpose; the latter committee also to secure the history of vacant churches. The following points in the history of the churches are of special im- portance,— viz. : the circumstances of their organization; the names of all their ministers and elders; number of communicants at different periods; revivals; donations to benevolent objects; candidates for the ministry; foreign missionaries; schools for education of children, &c., — in short, all the details of the religious or secular history likely to be interesting. 2. The presbytery may do a very important historical service by ob- taining a biographical sketch of every minister in their body who departs this life; and also of elders, or prominent laymen, as may seem desirable. A biographical sketch of our deceased ministers, in particular, is absolutely necessary in elucidating the history of the Church. The following points are of special biographical interest : — Age and place of birth ; whether of pious parents ; at what college and seminary educated ; circumstances of conversion ; when licensed and ordained ; his various fields of labour ; incidents and characteristics of his ministry or public life ; name of wife and of children ; publications ; circumstances and date of death, &c. 3. In the third place, the presbytery is requested to co-operate in obtaining, for present use, a complete list of all the ministers of the Presbyterian Church, from the beginning, with tJie dales of their ordina- tion, and their names uritten out in full, with the name of the ordaining presbytery. This can be done : — 1st. By each minister giving his own name, with date of ordination and the ordaining presbytery, to some PRESBYTERIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. G97 one who will transmit the whole list of the presbytery to the Society. 2d. By each presbytery authorizing some person, who may volunteer to do the work, to transcribe from the records of presbytery the names and dates of all the ordinations from the organization of the presbytery. By these means immediate information can be obtained, on the poiuts in question, which is an object of great interest, as records may be destroyed, deaths may ensue, and other providential hinderances may occur. 4. It is extremely desirable for every minister to transmit to the So- ciety a copy of every published sermon, or other religious and literary production of his pen ; and also to send a manuscript sermon, to be deposited among the archives of the Society as a memorial connected with tlie current history of the Church, — which will, with the lapse of time, possess increasing interest to Presbyterians generally, as well as to those specially concerned in such collections. 5. Each minister, elder, and member of the congregation may co- operate by collecting and transmitting old sermons, pamphlets, news- papers, magazines, letters, books, manuscripts, portraits, or any relics of the olden time, which throw light upon our annals. A copy of all the neic Presbyterian books, pamphlets, and periodicals, is also desired, — it being the purpose of the Society to publish annually an historical account of the current literature of the Presbyterian Church, and to collect all the publications — past, present, or future — which illustrate its lite- rature. Having thus frankly stated the objects of the Institution and the reliances for prosecuting them, the co-operation of every presbytery and of all the members of our congregations is respectfully solicited, in the modes and forms suggested, or in whatever way may best suit their con- venience. It will be seen at once that a work of no ordinary magnitude and dili- gence is before the Church. Much historical research, literary labour, patient toil, and miscellaneous drudgery, must be endured for history's and the Church's sake. Considerable expense will also be involved in carrying into execution plans for cultivating a field so extensive, and so long left a comparatively-neglected waste. The Society will endeavour to meet honourably all necessary and reasonable claims for remuneration j but they know too well the ministers and members of the Presbyterian chui'ches not to suppose that, in a work like this, much service will be 698 PRESBYTERIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Bpontaneousl^ and gratefully rendered. History presents interesting and important topics of investigation ; and the particular history of the Pres- byterian Church, in its different branches, has materials of doctrinal, ecclesiastical, literary, evangelistic, and political value, which invite the free and full investigations of her most devoted and ablest sons. All which is respectfully submitted. C. Van Rensselaer, Chairman of Executive Committee. Philadblphia, March, 1857. PS. — In this connection, it is deemed proper to append the CHARTER of the Presbyterian Historical Society, which has just passed the Legislature of Pennsylvania. The Constitution of the Society will be found in the Act of Incorporation. AN ACT TO incorporate THE PRESBYTERIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. Section 1. Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of ike Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met, and it is hereby enacted by authority of the same, That David Elliott, William M. Engles, W. R. De Witt, Albert Barnes, George H. Stuart, J. B. Dales, J. T. Cooper, James Hoge, Charles Hodge, Samuel Hazzard, Samuel Agnew, Robert J. Breckinridge, William Chester, George Howe, William B. Sprague, Henry A. Boardman, C. Van Rensselaer, John C. Backus, John Leyburn, William S. Martien, Alfred Nevin, Thomas H. Skinner, John A. Brown, Samuel H. Cox, Peter Force, Edwin F. Hatfield, George Duf- field. George Duffield, Jr., Henry B. Smith, Matthew W. Baldwin, Henry J. Williams, B. J. Wallace, J. N. McLeod, John Forsyth, James Wood, Thomas Beveridge, James M. Wilson, T. W. J. Wylie, S. J. Wylie, Thomas Smyth, M. L. P. Thompson, and J. F. Stearnes, and their asso- ciates and successors, shall forever be, and they are hereby, erected and created a body politic and corporate in deed and in law, by the name, style, and title of the Presbyterian Historical Society, and by that name, style, and title shall have and enjoy perpetual succession, and be able and capable to purchase, receive, take hold, and dispose of real and personal estate, to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, to receive and make all deeds, transfers, conveyances, and assurances, contracts, and agree- ments whatever, to have and use a common and corporate seal, and the same to break, alter, and renew at pleasure, and generally to do and per- PRESBYTERIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 699 form any act, matter, and thing necessary to promote the objects and design of this act of incorporation, with full power to enact and repeal all rules, regulations, and by-laws which may be found expedient or desirnble : Provided always, That such rules, regulations, and by-laws shall not be contrary to or inconsistent with the Constitution of the United States or of this Commonwealth. Sect. 2. That the fundamental articles of the Constitution of this So- ciety shall be as follows : — Article 1. This Society shall be known by the name of the Presby- terian Historical Society. Art. 2. The objects of this Society shall be to collect and preserve the materials, and to promote the knowledge, of the History of the Presby- terian Church in the United States of America. Art. 3. Any branch of the Presbyterian Church, whose admission shall be approved by the Society at its annual meeting, shall become an integral part of the same. The branches now constituting the Society are — The Presbyterian Church whose General Assembly met in the First Presbyte- rian Church in New York City, in one thousand eight hundred and fifty- six ; The Presbyterian Church whose General Assembly met in the Pres- byterian Church on Madison Square in New York City, in one thousand eight hundred and fifty-six; The Associate Reformed Church, the Asso- ciate Presbyterian Church, and the Reformed Presbyterian Church. Art. 4. Any person may become a member of this Society by the pay- ment of one dollar annually, and shall thereby be entitled to receive a copy of the annual report. The payment of ten dollars at one time, or in annual payments, shall constitute a life-member. Art. 5. The oflScers of the Society shall be a President, one Vice- President, (from each of the churches represented in the Society,) a Cor- responding and Recording Secretary, a Treasurer, and an Executive Com- mittee, of which committee at least one member shall be from each of the churches represented in the Society : all the officers shall be elected at each annual meeting of the Society. Art. 6. The annual meeting of the Society shall be held in the city of Philadelphia on the first Tuesday in May. Art. 7. The Executive Committee shall be composed of not less than nine nor more than twelve members, (of whom the Corresponding Secre- tary and the Treasurer shall be members ex officio,) to whom shall be com- mitted the work of devising and executing measures to secure the objects of the Society. They shall make an Annual Report of their proceedings at the Anniversary Meeting, shall cause an address or addresses to be de- livered during the meeting of the General Assembly or Synod of each Church represented in this Society, and shall have power to issue publi- cations from time to time, and to provide means for defraying the neces- 700 PRESBYTERIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY. sary expenses of their operations. The Executive Committee shall meet quarterly, on the first Tuesdays of February, May, August, and November, and at other times, if deemed necessary by any two members, on the call of the chairman. Vacancies occurring in their body by death or other- wise may be filled at any regular quarterly meeting. Art. 8. The formation of a library, containing publications and manu- scripts, shall be regarded as a prominent measure to be accomplished by the Society. The Executive Committee shall have charge of the library, and shall appoint a Librarian. Publications, manuscripts, and other his- torical relics, may be placed on deposit in the library, to be returned to the persons depositing the same on their written application. Art. 9. This Constitution may be amended by a vote of two-thirds of the members present at any annual meeting : Provided, That notice of such alteration be proposed at a preceding meeting of the Society. Sect. 3. That the ofiicers and members of the Executive Committee of this Society, until others are regularly chosen under the provisions of this act, shall be those now in office, namely : — President, Thomas H. Skinner, D.D.; Vice-Presidents, R. J. Breckinridge, D.D., LL.D., William B. Sprague, I>.D., Edward F. Hatfield, D.D., Colonel Peter Force, John Forsyth, D.D., John N. McLeod, D.D., Thomas Beveridge, D.D.; Secre- iary, J. B. Dales, D.D.; Treasurer, Samuel Agnew, Esq.; Executive Com- mittee, C. Van Rensselaer, D.D., J. C. Backus, D.D., Samuel Hazzard, Esq., George Duffield, Jr., B. J. Wallace, H. J. Williams, Esq., G. H. Stuart, Esq., J. B. Dales, D.D., and Joseph T. Cooper, D.D. Sect. 4. That the annual income of the real estate held at any time by the said Society shall not at any time exceed the sum of three thou- sand dollars. P.S. — All donations for the Presbyterian Historical Society may be sent to SiMCKL Agnew, Esq., 821 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. A LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS HISTORY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. Abbey, Charles, Philadelphia. Abbey, W. R., Philadelphia, Abbot, M., Summit Hill, Pa. Abbott, Rev. C. J., St. Louis, Mo. Abbott, J. W., Tamaqua, Pa. Adair, James A., McConnelsville, 0. Adam, Rev. M.T., Dykman's Station.N.Y. Agnew, B. L., Theol. Sem., Allegheny, Pa. Agnew, Rev. J. R., Steubenville, 0. Agnew, Samuel, Philadelphia. Albright, J. J., Scranton, Pa. Alexander, Francis, Potter's Fort, Pa. Alexander & Grier, Kishacoquillas, Pa. Alexander, J. A., D.D., Princeton, N.J. Alexander, J. B., Louisville, Ky. Alexander, John, Kishacoquillas, Pa. Alexander, S., M.D., Clinton, Ala. Alexander, S., Princeton, N.J. Algeo, James, Philadelphia. Allen, Rev. A. C, Franklin, La. Allen, John, Bordentown, N.J. Allen, John, Wysox, Pa. AUender, John, Williamsburg, Pa. Allison, Andrew, Huntingdon, Pa. Allison, John, Indiana, Pa. Allison, Mrs. Mary, Huntingdon, Pa. Allison, Robert K., AUenville, Pa. Anderson, Daniel S., Newton, N.J. Anderson, Rev. E., Summerfield, Ala. Anderson, James A., Clinton, Ala. Anderson, Rev. J. P. S., St. Louis, Mo. Anderson, Mrs. M. H., Huntingdon, Pa. Anderson, R. B.,Theo.Sem.Columbia,S.C. Andrew, James, Philadelphia. Andrews, James, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Andrews, James, Sr., Philadelphia. Ansley, J. A., Augusta, Ga. Ansley, W. J., Augusta, Ga. Anthony, J. J., Shelocta, Pa. Archibald, E. A., Pleasant Ridge, Ala. Archibald, J. H., Pleasant Ridge, Ala. Arden, Mrs. Allison, West Chester, N.Y. Arms, Rev. CliflFord S., Ridgebury, N.Y. Armstrong, E., Germantown, Pa. Armstrong, J., Meigsville, 0. Armstrong, J. D., Romney, Va. Armstrong, Rev. John, Hazleton, Pa. Armstrong, Rev. R., Adena, 0. Arnell, W. H., Florence, Ala. Arthur, AVilliam C., Baltimore, Md. Atkins, Layton T., Fredericksburg, Va. Atterbury, E. J. C, Trenton, N.J. Atwater, L. H., D.D., Princeton, N.J. Axtell, Rev. C, Galena, HI. Ayrault, Hon. Allen, Geneseo, N.Y. Ayres, Rev. John W., Pigeon Creek, Mo. Backus, John C, D.D., Baltimore, Md. Backus, John T.,D.D., Schenectady, N.Y. Baer, Mrs. M. S., Raltimore, Md. Bailey, Benjamin S., Richmond, 0. Bailey, James, Kishacoquillas, Pa. Bailey, Yancey, Hat Creek, Va. Baird, E. T., D.D., Columbus, Miss. Baird, Rev. J. H., Lock Haven, Pa. Baird, Rev. S. J., Woodbury, N.J. Baker, Elias, Altoona, Pa. Baker, Mrs. F. A., Quincy, 111. Baker, Rev. John F., Augusta, Ga. Baker, Miss P. Amelia, North Salem, N.Y. Baker, Peter H., Greenville, Ky. Baldwin, Rev. J. A., Newark, N.J. 701 702 A LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE Bank, Ephraim M., Greenville, Ky. Banks, Gen. E., Lcwistown, Pa. Banks, Hugh S., Newburg, N.Y. Barber, Augustus S., Woodbury, N.J. Bard, Rev. Isaac, Greenville, Ky. Barefoot, John, Milroy, Pa. Barker, Ralph, West Chester, N.Y. Barnard, Rev. Alfred, West Chester, N.Y. Barnard, John, D.D., Lima, N.Y. Barnes, Mrs. E., Tamaqua, Pa. Barnes, James C, D.D., Somerset, Ky. Barnes, J. Edward, Tamaqua, Pa. Barnwell, Robert, Indiana, Pa. Barr, Rev. Andrew, Crestline, 0. Barr, Rev. J. C., Princeton, 111. Barrett, Rev. Myron, Newton, N.J. Bates, Davis, Milroy, Pa. Bathgate, R. D., Sinking Valley, Pa. Bayard, James, Philadelphia. Bayard, Col. N. J., Rome, Ga. Beadle, Rev. E. B., Hartford, Conn. Bean, J. S., Augusta, Ga. Beard, Benjamin, Hardin, Iowa. Beard, John, Philadelphia. Beard, William, Hardin, Iowa. Beattie, Rev. D., Scotchtown, N.Y. Beattie, Rev. James, West Chester, N.Y. Beattie, Rev. R. H., Salisbury Mills, N.Y. Beatty, C. C, D.D., Sleubenville, 0. Beatty, John, Milroy, Pa. Beatty, John, Philadelphia. Beatty, Ormond, Prof., Danville, Ky. Beck, C. F., M.D., Philadelphia. Beck, T. W., Rodney, Miss. Beebe, Capt. E. H., Galena, 111. Beebe, Mrs. Sarah, Galena, 111. Beisel, William, Wilkesbarre, Pa. Belden, E. L., Theol. Sem., Allegheny, Pa. Belford, George, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Bell, George, Milroy, Pa. Bellas, Thomas, Philadelphia. Bellville, Rev. Jacob, Hartsville, Pa. Bemiss, J. W., M.D., Rodney, Miss. Benedict, A. W., Huntingdon, Pa. Benedict, G. C, North Salem, N.Y. Berry, J. M. S., Paris, Mo. Bertsch, Daniel, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Bertsch, Daniel, Jr., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Betts, N. N., Towanda, Pa. Beveridge, Rev. A. M., Hoosick Falls, N.Y. Beveridge, Rev. T. H., Philadelphia. Beveridge, Thomas, D.D., Xenia, 0. Bick, George, Port Carbon, Pa. Bigham, John, Baltimore, Md. Billington, H., Sunbury, Pa. Bingham, Rev. W. R., Warren Tavern, Pa. Bird, A. D., Hazleton, Pa. Bissell, Rev. S. B. S., New York. Bittinger, Rev.E.C, U.S.N., Philadelphia, Black, A. W., D.D., Sewickleyville, Pa. Blackburn, Rev. A., Bristol, Tenn. Blackwell, Rev. H., Flint Hill, Mo. Blackwood, John F., Hamburg, Ga. Blackwood, William, D.D., Philadelphia. Blair, Brice X., Shade Gap, Pa. Blair, D., Huntingdon, Pa. Bloom, Joseph, White Haven, Pa. Boal, Hon. George, Boalsburg, Pa. Boardman, H. A., D.D., Philadelphia. Boggs, A. C, West Liberty, Va. Boggs, Rev. John M., Independence, Iowa. Boiling, A., Richmond, Va. Bones, Mrs. S., Augusta, Ga. Borden, John, Philadelphia. Bossert, John J., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Bosworth, Rev. E., Baltimore, Md. Bouton, Edgar M., Galena, 111. Bower, Rev. E. R., Wappinger Falls, N.Y. Bowers, Aaron, Theo. Sem.,Allegheny,Pa. Bowers, C, M.D., Newton Hamilton, Pa. Bowman, Rev. J. R., Eutaw, Ala. Boyd, Alexander, Philadelphia. Boyd, David, Philadelphia. Boyd, Miss Jane, Washingtonville, Pa. Boyd, Mrs. Jean L., Philadelphia. Boyd, Joseph E., Mt. Vernon, Iowa. Boyd, J. Howard, Baltimore, Md. Boyd, J. S., Theol. Sem., Allegheny, Pa. Boyd, Mrs. Margaret, Rising Sun, la. Boyd, W. B., Petersburg, Va. Boyle, Edwin, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Boyles, James, Philadelphia. Brace, R. J., Trenton, N.J. Bracken, Rev. T. A., Independence, Mo. Brackett, Mrs. S. A., Rock Island, 111. Bradshaw, Rev. F., Bridgeville, Ala. Brank, Rev. R. G., Lexington, Ky. Brearley, Johnes, Lawrenceville, N.J, HISTORY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 703 Brearley, Joseph G., Trenton, N.J. Breckinri(lgc,R.J.,D.D.,LLD.,D.invillc,Kj Breed, Rev. W. P., Philadelphia. Brishin, David, Potter's Fort, Pa. Brodhead, A. G., Jr., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Brodhead, A. J., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Brodhead, L. W., White Haven, Pa. Brodrick, Thomas, Rockport, Pa. Brothwell, Miss Frances, Kingston, Pa. Broughton, J. E., Rodney, Miss. Brown, Rev.Allenll., May's Landing.N.J. Brown, Mrs. Andrew, Philadelphia. Brown, D., Philadelphia. Brown, Mrs. D., Princeton, N.J. Brown, Geo. W., M.D., Port Carbon, Pa. Brown, James, Augusta, Ga. Brown, John, White Haven, Pa. Brown, Joseph, Wilkesbarre, Pa. Brown, R. F., Sybertsville, Pa. Brown, Samuel H., Frankfort, Va. Brown, Samuel T., Huntingdon, Pa. Brown, Mrs. Sarah, Holmesburg, Pa. Brown, S. S., Galena, 111. Brown, Wallace, Mill Hall, Pa. Bryan, R. R., Hollidaysburg, Pa. Bryan, William F., Peoria, 111. Buck, R. S., Bridgeton, N.J. Buck, Miss Sarah H., Bridgeton, N.J. Budman, Miss Sarah, Danville, Pa. Buford, Goodloe W., College Hill, Miss. Bull, Edward C-, Rome, Pa. Bullock, Joshua, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Burdett, Rev. M., Philadelphia. Burgess, J. C, Scranton, Pa. Burnside, Francis C, Jeffersonville, Pa. Burr, Charles H., Astoria, L. I., N.Y. Burt, Rev. N. C, Baltimore, Md. Burtt, Rev. John, Blackwoodtown, N.J. Bush, Rev. George C, Stewartsville, N.J. Bush, Rev. Stephen, Cohoes, N.Y. Butler, A. W., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Caldwell, Hon. D., Hollidaysburg, Pa. Calvin, Hon. Samuel, Hollidaysburg, Pa. Cameron, A., Allegheny City, Pa. Cameron, Prof., H. C, Princeton, N.J. Camp, George H., Roswell, Ga. Campbell, Don, Knoxville, Tenn. Campbell, Hugh, Philadelphia. Campbell, James E., Rising Sun, la. Campbell, John W., Brimfield, 111. Campbell, Joseph, Jr., Belleville, Pa. Campbell, J. N., D.D., Albany, N.Y, Campbell, J. 0., Belleville, Pa. Campbell, Robert, Belleville, Pa. Campbell, S. C, Knoxville, Tenn. Canfield, W. B., Baltimore, Md. Canning, Mark, Philadelphia. Cargeu, Rev. William, Cambridge, Wis. Carmine, Andrew, Franklin, la. Carnahan, Rev. D. T., Baltimore, Md. Caruahan, James, D.D., Princeton, N.J. Can-, F. E. G., Charlottesville, Va. Carr, John, Trenton, N.J. Carrell, Rev. B., Clover Hill, N.J. Carroll, Miss Josephine, New York. Carson, Mrs. Mary, Marion, N.C. Carson, Thomas, Philadelphia. Carter, John, Bloomsbury, N.J. Carter, Robert & Brothers, New York, Caskey, Samuel, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Castner, Wesley W., Bloomsbury, N.J. Cater, Rev. Edwin, Haddrells, S.C. Catt, Christopher, Sinking Valley, Pa. Cattell, Rev. W. C, Easton, ?a. Catto, Rev. William T., Philadelphia. Chamberlain, John, Pontiac, Mich. Chambers, Col. Geo., Chambersburg, Pa. Chambers, John S., Trenton, N.J. Chapin, Lyman, Albany, N.Y. Chapman, J. 11., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Chapman, R. Hett, D.D., AsheviUe, N.C. Chappin, Thomas, Jr., Columbus, Ga. Chase, Joseph, Scranton, Pa. Cheesman, L., D.D., Philadelphia. Chester, Rev. Alfred, Morristown, N.J. Chester, William, D.D., Philadelphia. Chilas, Bradley, White Haven, Pa. Childs, Rev. Thomas S., Hartford, Conn. Chrisman, G. W., Milroy, Pa. Christian, Rev. L. H., Philadelphia. Christy, J. A., Mifflintown, Pa. Church, Harvey, Troy, N.Y. Clark, Miss Annie E., Washingtonville, Pa. Clark, John, Macomb, 111. Clark, John, Williamsburg, Pa. Clark, Lambert, West Chester, Pa. Clark, WiUiam F., Hat Creek, Va. 704 A LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE Clarke, Freeman, Rochester, NY. Clarke, Henry S., D.D., Philadelpbia. Clarke, Rev. Joseph, Charabersburg, Pa. Clarke, Robert C., Augusta, Ga. Clarke, Samuel S., Peoria, 111. Clayton, Rev. J. A., Clarkston, Mich. Clcgg, Isaac, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa. Clift, Joshua, Holmesburg, Pa. Clifton, WilUam B., Louisville, Ky. Close, II. L., Milroy, Pa. Close, W. T., Milroy, Pa. Cobb, Rev. A. P., Philadelphia. Cochran, Rev. William P., Hansons, Mo. CofFee, Alexander D., Florence, Ala. Coffee, Mrs. John, Florence, Ala. Collins, Charles, Philadelphia. Collins, Rev. Charles J., Wilkesbarre, Pa. Collins, Hon. Orestes, Wilkesbarre, Pa. Colt, Charles, Jr., Geneseo, N.Y. Colt, Rev. S. F., Towanda, Pa. Colwell, Stephen, Philadelphia. Condict, Rev. J. B., Stillwater, N.J. Condit, J. W., M.D., Dover, N.J. Condron, James, HoUidaysburg, Pa. Cone, Ephraim, Geneseo, N.Y. Connitt, Rev. 0. W., Deep Run, Conn. Connor, E. T., Summit Hill, Pa. Conrad, Rev. L. L., West Manchester, Pa. Cook, Cyrus, Rome, Pa. Cook, Rev. Darwin, Rome, Pa. Cook, Watts, Scranton, Pa. Cook, William G., Trenton, N.J. Cook, Ziri, Rome, Pa. Cooper, A. B., Prairie BlufiF, Ala. Cooper, Rev. Charles W., Pontiac, Mich. Cooper, John, Philadelphia. Cooper, Rev. Joseph T., Philadelphia. Cooper, Rev. S. M., Walker, Pa. Copp, Rev. J. A., Chelsea, Mass. Corey, Rev. Benj., Perth Amboy, N.J. Corl, Nathan, Boalsburg, Pa. Corning, Erastus, Albany, N.Y. Cortright, N. D., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Coryell, M., Hazleton, Pa. Coulter, Rev. David, Lexington, Mo. Conper, James, M.D., Newcastle, Del. Couper, William, Newcastle, Del. Covert, Daniel, Franklin, la. Covert, George L., Franklin, la. Covert, P. Q., Franklin, la. Cowell, Mrs. Sarah, Wilkesbarre, Pa. Cox, Alexander, Boalsburg, Pa. Crabb, Rev. John M., Bryan, 0. Craig, J., Augusta, Ga. Craig, Samuel, Bordcntown, N.J. Crane, Walter B., Rondout, N.Y. Craven, Rev. Elijah R., Newark, N.J. Craven, H. L., Th. Sem., Princeton, N.J Crawford, Alexander, Baltimore, Md. Crawford, Rev. A. L., Indiantown, S.C. Crawford, Armstrong, Sinking Valley, Pa. Crawford, E.D., M.D., Thorapaontown, Pa. Crawford, Mrs. Eunice, SinkingValley,Pa. Crawford, Holmes, Chambersburg, Pa. Crawford, Joseph, Sinking Valley, Pa. Crawford, J. R., HoUidaysburg, Pa. Crawford, Rev. Robert, Crookvifle, Pa. Crawford, Rev. Thomas M., Slatehill, Pa. Creveling, Jacob V., Washington, N.J. Creveling, John A., Bloomsbury, N.J. Crook, William T., Crookville, Pa. Crooks, H. L., Galena, 111. Crouch, George, Bethel, Pa. Crowell, Rev. James M., Philadelphia. Cullen, William, Rising Sun, la. Gumming, S. J., Monroeville, Ala. Cummiug, Thomas, Williamsburg, Pa. Cummins, Col. Wm., Kishacoquillas, Pa. Cummins, Williamson, Belleville, Pa. Cunningham, R., Mifflintown, Pa. Curran, Rev. Richard, Petersburg, Pa. Curtin, Hon. A. G., Bellefonte, Pa. Curwen, John, M.D., Harrisburg, Pa. Cuttler, J., Hardin, Iowa. Cuttler, W., Hardin, Iowa. Cuyler, Mrs. C. C, Philadelphia. Cuyler, Theodore, Philadelphia. Dale, Rev. James W., Chester, Pa. Dales, Rev. J. B., Philadelphia. Dana, Ara, Tunkhannock, Pa. Dana, Daniel, D.D., Newburyport, Mass. Daniel, Hugh, Green Tree, Pa. Daniel, Mrs. R. T., Richmond, Va. Daughtrey, M. F., M.D., Portsmouth, Va Davenport, Mrs. Mary, Hazleton, Pa. David, S., Knoxville, Ala. Davidson, A., Louisville, Ky. HISTORY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. ro5 Davidson, Robt.,D.D.,N. Bruaswick.N. J. Du Bois, Edward, Tamaqiia, Pa Davidson, R., Troy, N.Y. Davies, James W., Augusta, Ga. Davics, Rev. J.LeRoy,Coftte'sTavern,S.C. Davis, Rev. J. B., Titusville, N.J. Davison, John S., Pittsburg, Pa. Deaderick, David A., Knosville, Tenn. Deal, John, Fraukford, Pa. Doan, Samuel, Williamsburg, Pa. Dean, W. VV., West Liberty, Va. Deariu, Thomas, New Hamburg, N.Y'. Delancy, N., Knosville, Tenn. Dennis, N. M., Williamsburg, 0. Denuison, D. W., Philadelphia. Denniston, James, HoUidaysburg, Pa. Depuy. George, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Derrickson, Aquilla, Mermaid, Del. Dexter, Mrs. S., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Dick, Rev. John N., Kittanning, Pa. Dickey, Rev. Samuel, Oxford, Pa. Dickson, Rev. Cyrus, Baltimore, Md. Dickson, James N., Philadelphia. Dickson, Robert M., Vernon, Iowa. Diehl, Joseph, Danville, Pa. Dietrick, Mrs. C, Wilkesbarrc, Pa. Dilworth, Robert, D.D., Enon Valley, Pa. Doak, Rev. D. G., Oxford, Miss. Doby, Joseph, Tulip, Ark. Dod, Rev. W. A., Princeton, N.J. Dodge, Rev. J. V., Springfield, 111. Dodson, Mrs. C, Weatherly, Pa. Donaldson, Marj' C, Philadelphia. Donaldson, William, Tamaqua. Pa. Donnan, W. S., Richmond, Va. Doolittle, Rev. Henry L., Mill Hall, Pa. Doreraus, Rev. J.E.C., Oakland Coll., Miss. Dorrance, Col. Charles, Kingston, Pa. Dorrance, John, D.D., Wilkesbarre, Pa. Dorrance, Mrs. P., Wilkesbarre, Pa. Dorsheimer, B., Scranton, Pa. Doty, Edmund S., Miflintown, Pa. Dougherty, S. B., Bordentown, N.J. Douglass, A. A., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Douglass, David, Shirleysburg, Pa. Douglass, E. A., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Dowd, C. 11., Scranton, Pa. Dowd, William G., Scranton, Pa. Drake, Charles D., St. Louis, Me. Dreer, Henry J., Philadelphia. 45 Dudley, Rev. J. D., Dover's Mills, Va. Dutfiold, Rev. George, Jr., Philadelphia. Duffield, Rev. John T., Princeton, N.J. Duiioaii, Samuel, Sinking Valley, Pa. Duncan, Mrs. 8. P., Port Gibson, Miss. Duiigan, C. B., Philadelphia. Dunham, A. W., Clinton, N.J. Dunlap, James, Philadelphia. Duulap, J. E., Theol. Sem., Columbia, S.C. Duulap, John, Springfield, 0. Duulap, Robert, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Duulap, Maj. W. S., Coates' Tavern, S.C. Duuwody, John, Roswell, Ga. Dwart, William L., Suubury, Pa. Dysai-t, Alexander, Sinking Valley, Pa. Dysart, Joseph, HoUidaysburg, Pa. Eagleton, G. E., Cornersville, Tenn. Earp, Miss, Philadelphia. Easter, Hamilton, Baltimore, Md. Easton, Rev. AVilliam, Smyrna, Pa. Eaton, Rev. S. M. J., Franklin, Pa. Edgar, Rev. E. B., Westfield, N.J. Edgar, John, Philadelphia. Eckard, Rev. J. R., Washington, D.C. Edgar, Wm., Rahway, N.J. Edwards, James, Albany, N.Y. Edwards, Rev. J., South Hanover, la. Eolls, Rev. W. W., Carlisle, Pa. Elliott, David, D.D., Allegheny City, Pa. Elliott, Rev. George, Alexandria, Pa. Elliott, Mrs. H. G., Philadelphia. Elliott, Theo. H., Philadelphia. Elmer, Hon. L. Q. C, Bridgeton, N.J. Elmer, Wm., M.D., Bridgeton, N.J. Elstun, W. P., M.D., Columbia, 0. Ely, Richard, Binghampton, N.Y. Emery, Wm. P., Flemington, N.J. Engle, Mrs. C. B., Germantown, Pa. Engle, J., Sybertsville, Pa. Engle, M. D., Scranton, Pa. Engle, S., Hazleton, Pa. Engles, Joseph P., Philadelphia. Engles, Wm. M., D.D., Philadelphia. English, Rev. J. T., Liberty Corners, N.J. Erskine, Rev. E., Columbia, Pa. Erwin, John S., M.D., Marion, N.C. Eslcr, Benjamin, Philadelphia. 70G .1 A LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE 1£ Espey, Mrs. Agnes, Rising Sun, la. Evttus, Rev. R. II., Germantown, Tenn. Everhart, James B., AVest Chester, Pa. Evins, Col. S. N., Spartanburg, S.C. Ewing, Amos, Battle Swamp, Md. Ewing, Rev. C. H., West Philadelphia, Pa. Faires, J. W., Philadelphia. Paris, Rev. John M., Steubenville, 0. Farley, Mrs. S. R., CoUiersville, Tenn. Farnum, P., Holmesburg, Pa. Farquhar, Rev. J., Lower Chanceford, Pa. Farris, Rev. R. P., Peoria, El. Farrow, James, Spartanburg, S.C. Feay, Joseph, AVilliamsburg, Pa. Fegley, Nathan, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Fell, Mrs. M. A., W.averley, Pa. Fellows, A. W., Summit Hill, Pa. Fenton, Rev. Jos. F., Kirkwood, Mo. Field, James, Philadelphia. Fillmore, Rev. J. 0., Batavia, N.Y. Fine, Hon. John, Ogdensburg, N.Y. Finlay, Rev. J. B., LL.D., Kittanning, Pa. Finley, Rev. J. P., Paris, Mo. Finley, Rev. Robert S., Metuchin, N.J. Finley, AV. R., M.D., Hollidaysburg, Pa. Fish, Jonathan, Trenton, N.J. Fishback, Charles, M.D., Shelbyville, la. Fisher, Rev. James P., Johnstown, N.Y. Fisk & Little, Albany, N.Y. Fithian, George, Philadelphia. Fithian, Joseph, M.D., Woodbury, N.J. Fitten, John H., Augusta, Ga. Fleming, John, Shelocta, Pa. Fleming, John M., CoUiersville, Tenn. Fleming, Morton, Shelocta, Pa. Fleming, Porter, Augusta, Ga. Fleming, Rev. W. A., Farmington, 111. Foote, W. Henry, D.D., Roraney, Va. Ford, Rev. C. E., Williamstown, N.J. Forcsman, Rev. R. B., Middaghs, Pa. Forest, Joseph, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Forman, Mrs. A. H., Easton, Pa. Forra.an, Rev. A. P., Hannibal, Mo. Forsyth, A. R., Greensburg, la. Forsythe, Rev. W. H., Mt. Pleasant, Ky. Foster, Asa L., Council Ridge, Pa. Foster, John C, Jr., Bethel, Pa. Foster, Rev. Julius, Towanda, Pa. \ Foster, Thomas, Galena, 111. Foster, Wm., Boalsburg, Pa. Fowler, M. P., Tamaqua, Pa. Fowler, Peter, V. B., Newburg, N.Y. Frazer, Simon A., Hinesvillc, Ga. Fredericks, J.F., Th. Sem., Allegheny, Pa. Freeman, Alfred, M.D., New York City. Freeman, E. B., Scranton, Pa. Frew, H. B., Mifflintown, Pa. Fricrson, John M., College Hill, Miss. ' Frisbie, Chauncey, Rome, Pa. Frisbie, Zebulon, Rome, Pa. Frothingham, Rev. W., Johnstown, N.Y. Frymire, John, White Haven, Pa. Fuller, Charles, Scranton, Pa. i Fuller, E. C. Scranton, Pa. I Fuller, Mrs. Harriet, Wilkesbarre, Pa, t Fuller, J. S., Scranton, Pa. ' Fulton, Mrs. Sarah A., Philadelphia. Fulton, William F., Sumpterville, Ala. Futhey, J. Smith, West Chester, Pa. ' I Gahgan, Daniel, Boalsburg, Pa. ' Galbraith, Rev. R. C, Baltimore, Md. Gale, E. Thompson, Troy, N.Y. Gamble, Archibald, St. Louis, Mo. Garvin, W., Louisville, Ky. Gaston, Rev. Daniel, Philadelphia. Gates, Jabez, Germantown, Pa. Gayley, Andrew, Philadelphia. Gayley, Andrew W., Philadelphia. Gayley, James F., M.D., Philadelphia, Gayley, Oliver, Parkesburg, Pa. Gayley, Rev. S. A., Battle Swamp, Md. f Gayley, Rev. S. M., Media, Pa. Gayley, Rev. S. R., Shanghae, China. Gazlay, Rev. Sayrs, Williamsburg, 0 Gibboney, D. C., Hollidaysburg, Pa. Gibson, David, Romney, Va. Gibson, George S., M.D., Baltimore, Md. Gibson, John, Philadelphia. Gibson, J. W., M.D., St. Louis, Mo. Gibson, William J., D.D., Walker, Pa. Giger, Rev. G. M., Princeton, N.J. Gilbraith, Rev. J. N., Kirkwood, Mo. Gilchrist, Charles, Hat Creek, Va. Gildersleeve, W. C, Wilkesbarre, Pa. Gilfill.an, Henry, Philadelphia. Gillespie, James, Oxford, Miss. HISTORY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 707 Gillespie, Mrs. Margaret, Rising Son, la. Gilliland, David, Potter's Mills, Pa, Oilliland, John, Potter's Mills, Pa. Gilliland, Samuel, Boalsburg, Pa. Gilmore, H., Sybertsville, Pa. Gilson, William B., Academia, Pa. Given, Rev. James, Bakerstown, Pa. Glazier, Henry, Huntingdon, Pa. Glen, Rev. Wm. R., German Valley, N.J. Godfrey, Walter B., Stewartsville, N.J. Godfry, T. A., Tremont, Pa. Going, A. Pleasant Grove, Ala. Going, E. T., Pleasant Grove, Ala. Good, Abraham, Nescopeck, Pa, Good, Anthony, Nescopeck, Pa. Good, James, Nescopeck, Pa. Gordon, A. A., Louisville, Ky. Gordon, George, Philadelphia. Gordon, J. Smith, Th.Sem.,Princeton,N. J. Gould, W. H., D.D., Edinburgh, Scotland. Gould, William F., Augusta, Ga. Grafius, Israel. Alexandria, Pa. Graham, G. M., M.D., Perrysville, Pa. Graham, James, Philadelphia. Graham, John, Philadelphia. Graham, Rev. W. R., Woodbury, N.J. Grant, John C, Trenton, N.J. Grant, W. H., Richmond, Va. Gray, J. H., D.D., Memphis, Tenn. Gray, John, D.D., Easton, Pa. Gray, Robert, Philadelpliia. Gray, Wm. H., Philadelphia. Green, Caleb S., Trenton, N.J. Green, Rev. E. H., Portersville, Tenn. Green, George S., Trenton, N.J. Green, Henry W., Trenton, N.J. Green, John B., Philadelphia. Green, John C, New York. Green, Rev. W. Henry, Princeton, N.J. Gregg, Rev. George C, Mayesville, S.C. Gregory, Rev. C. R., Oneida, N.Y. Gregory, Henry D., Philadelphhia. Gretter, G. W., Richmond, Va. Grier, James K., Brandy wine Manor, Pa. Grier, J. Mason, Palmyra, Mo. Grier. John C, Peoria, 111. Grier, Rev. J. W., U.S.N. , Philadelphia. Grier, Rev. M. B., Wilmington, N.C. Grier, M. C, Danville, Pa. Grier, M. C, Philadelphia. Grimes, Rev, J. S., Salem, 0. Griswold, John L., Peoria, 111. Groninger, Jacob, Perrysville, Pa. Grove, Rev. T. A., Wegee, 0. Grubb, William A., Philadelphia. Gubby, Rev. James, St. Louis, Mo. Guiteau, Rev. S., Baltimore, Md. Guthrie, Rev. H. W., Mackinac, Mich. Guthrie, Miss Margaret, Cedar Creek, Ky Gwatheney, Mrs. H. B., Richmond, Va. Gwin, Hon. James, Huntingdon, Pa. Gwynn, Samuel, Looisville, Ky. Hageman, William L., Williamsburg, 0. Hagerty, Joseph, Sinking Valley, Pa. Haggarty, Miss Mary, Belleville, Pa. Haines, .V.W., TheoL Sem., Allegheny,Pa. Haines, R. T., EUzabeth, N.J. Hale, Rev. George Pennington, N.J. Hall, J. A., Huntingdon, Pa, Hall, John, D.D., Trenton, N.J. Hall, Wilfred, Philadelphia. Halsey, L., D.D., Blooming Grove, N.Y. Halsey, Rev. L. J., Louisville, Ky. Halsey, Stephen A., Astoria, L. I., N.Y. H.alsy, R. C, Jr., M.D., White Haven, Pa. Hamersley, Rev. Wm., Rough Creek, Va. Hamill, Rev. Robert, Boalsburg, Pa. Hamill, Rev. S., Lawrence\'ille, N.J. Hamilton, Alfred, D.D., Cochran ville. Pa. Hamilton, Miss C, Philadelphia. Hamilton, James, Annapolis, 0. Hamilton, James, W.Tjshington City, D.C. Hamilton, R. R., Hollidaysburg, Pa. Hamilton, Thomas, Indiana, Pa. Hand, Rev. A. H., Bloomsbury, N.J. Handy. Rev. I. W. K., Portsmouth, Va. Hiinewinckel, F. W., Richmond, Va. Hannay, A. M., Florence, Ala. Happersett, R., D.D., Philadelphia. Hardwick, Mrs. M. A., Philadelphia. Hardy, Mrs. Delia H., Ashe ville, N.C. Harned, Rev. A. G., Summit Hill, Pa. Harper, James, Philadelphia. Harper, John M., Philadelphia. Harper, T. Esmond, Philadelphia. Han-ington, James, Scranton, Pa. I Harris, Francis, Bordentown, N.J. 708 A LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE Harris, Rev. Jolin S., Gutliriesville, S.C. Harris, AVilliam D., New York. Harrison, A. S., Huntingdon, Pa. Harrison, J. R., Princeton, N.J. HarsLberger, A., M.D., Perrysville, Pa. Hartz, Miss Mary, Wilkcsbarre, Pa. Harvey, Joseph, Piiiladelpbia. Harvey, Samuel, Germantown, Pa. Hassinger, Rev. Peter, Moro, 111. Hassler, CharlesW., Washington City.D.C. Hatch, Rev. L. D., Greensborough, Ala. Hautz, D., M. D., Alexandria, Pa. Hay, Rev. Samuel H., Camden, S.C. Hays, Christiana, Williamsport, Pa. Hays, John, Hollidaysburg, Pa. Hays, John R., Williamsport, Pa. Hazard, F., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Hazlett, Andrew, AUenville, Pa. Hazlctt, Mrs. Ann C, Kishacoquillas, Pa. Hazzard, Samuel, Sr., Philadelphia. Heacock, Rev. Jos. S., Kingsborough.N.Y. Headings, John, AUenville, Pa. Heaton, Reuben, Tamaqua, Pa. Heaton, Mrs. Sarah, Tamaqua, Pa. Heberton, Rev. A., Williamsport, Pa. Heberton, G. Craig, M.D., Philadelphia. Heebner, Abraham, Port Carbon, Pa. Helm, Rev. James I., Princeton, N.J. Henderson, Mrs. C, Florence, Ala. Henderson, Rev. James, Newville, Pa. Henderson, Joseph, Shelocta, Pa. Henderson, Thomas, Franklin, la. Hendrick, J. T., D.D., Clarksville, Tenn. Henry, Alexander, Columbia, Ky. Henry, Mrs. Alexander, Philadelphia. Henrj', E., Nescopeck, Pa. Henry, George, Philadelphia. Henry, George W., Philadelphia. Henry, Rev. James V., Jersey City, N.J. Henry, Mrs. John S., Germantown, Pa. Henry, Rev. P. B., Bridgeton, N.J. Henry, Rev. Robert, Belfast, Ireland. Henry, S. C, D.D., Cranberrj-, N.J. Henrj-, William, Kishacoquillas, Pa. Hepburn, A., M.D., Williamsport, Pa. Hepburn, Rev. S. C, Goshen, N.Y. Heroy, Rev. P. B., Bridgeton, N.J. Herron, James B., Hillsborough, 0. Heston, Elisha B., Boalsburg, Pa. Hetrick, Andrew J., Elizabeth, N.J. Ileugh, AV alter, Philadelphia. Ilcwett, Benjamin L., Holliday.sburg, Pa. Hewett, Joseph N., Williamsburg, Pa. Jlcwit, N., D.L»., Bridgeport, Conn. Hibben, Hon. A., Haddrells, S.C. Hickok, Rev. Mile J., Scranton, Pa. Hileman, Philip, Hollidaysburg, Pa. Hiles, James, Oxford Furnace, N.J. Hinchman, Reuben, Salem, N.J. Hinsdale, Rev. II. G., Oyster Bay, N.Y. Hitchcock, Rev. R. S., Baltimore, Md. Hoagland, 0. M., Bardolph, HI. Hodge, Rev. A. A., Fredericksburg,Va. Hodge, Charles, D.D., Princeton, N.J. Hodge, Hugh, M.D., Philadelphia. Hodge, Rev. J. A., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Hoffman, Josiah, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Holby, John, Greensburg, la. Hollenback, Mrs. Sallie, Wilkesbarre, Pa, Hollond, Miss H., Philadelphia. Holt, B. S., Baltimore, Md. Holt, Mrs., West Chester, N.Y. Hood, A., Bridgeville, Ala. Hood, John, Sr., Kittanning, Pa. Hood, M. G., Philadelphia. Hood, Samuel, Sr., Philadelphia. Hope, Levi, Oxford, Miss. Hopkins, John, Scranton, Pa. Hornblower, Rev. W. H., Paterson, N.J. Houser, Sophia, White Haven, Pa. Houston, Robert, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Houston, Rev. S. R., Union, Va. Howard, Mrs. B. C, Baltimore, Md. Howard, Pleasant C, Hat Creek, Va. Howard, W. D., D.D., Pittsburg, Pa. Howard, William T., Hat Creek, Va. Howe, Alvah, Bedford, N.Y. Howe, Mrs. Anna M., North Salem, N.Y. Howe, George, D.D., Columbia, S.C. Howell, Rev. J. L., Dobbs's Feny, N.Y. Howsley, Rev. Alban S., Greenville, Ky. Hoy, James, Trenton, N.J. Hoyt, H. F., Theol. Sem., Columbia, S.C. Hoyte, Rev. James W., Nashville, Tenn. Hudson, Wm. A., Shade Gap, Pa. Iluey, William, Shade Gap, Pa. Hughes, Rev. James E.. Baltimore, Md. Ilulburt, Chauncey, Philadelphia. HISTORY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. l09 Hulsbizer, Daniel, Stewartsville, N.J. Humphiey, E. P., D.D., Danville, Ky. Huniphrej', Hugh, Albany, N.Y. Humphrey, Jnmes E., Keokuk, Iowa. Humphrey, J. D., Towanda, Pa. Hunt, G. F., Rodney, Miss. Hunt, Rev. Thomas P., Wyoming, Pa. Hunter, David, M.D., Tamaqua, Pa. Hunter, Rev. John, Danville, Ky. Hunter, Miss Nancy, Sunbury, Pa. Hunter, William, Kent, Pa. Hunter, Rev. William, Clinton, Pa. Huntington, Rev. C, EUicott's Mills, Md. Husted, Rev. John, Zion, Md. Hutchinson, John, Jlauch Chunk, Pa. Hutchinson, Saml. B., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Hutchinson, Saml. X., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Huyett, H. G., Williamsburg, Pa. Hyndman, Hugh, White Haven, Pa. Hyndman, James, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Hyndman, Mark, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Hyndshaw, Miss E., Stewartsville, N.J. Hynes, Rev. T. W., Greenville, 111. Ingham, Samuel D., Trenton, N.J. Invilliers, C. E. de, Philadelphia. Irvine, James, Florence, Ala. Irvine, William H., Hollidaysburg, Pa. Irwin, Crawford, M.D., Hollidaysburg, Pa. Irwin, Rev. D. S., Louisiana, Mo. Irwin, James, Philadelphia. Jack, William, Hollidaysburg, Pa. Jackson, Mrs. James, Florence, Ala. Jackson, ^rs. T., Hollidaysburg, Pa. Jacob, R. U., Lewistown, Pa. Jacobs, Rev. Ferdinand, Charleston, S.C. Jacobs, John, Perrysville, Pa. Jacobs, S., Sybertsville, Pa. Jacobus, Melancthon W. D. D., Pittsburg. Jacques, John, Washingtonville, N.Y. Jagger, Rev. S. H., Marlborough, N.Y. James, J. A., JI.D., Indiantown, S.C. Jamison, Daniel, Philadelphia. Janeway, J. J., D.D., New Drunswick.N. J. Janeway, Rev. J. L., Flemington, N.J. Janvier, George W., Pittsgrove, N.J. Jardine, Thomas, West Chester, N.Y. Jeunison, Rev. J. F., Danville, Pa. Jewett, Rev. D., Wilkcsbarre, Pa. .)ohnson,Mrs..\meliaG.,Hollidaysburg,Pa. Johnson. James T., Roalsburg, Pa. Johnson, Rev. John, Sybertsville, Pa. Johnson, L., Philadelphia. Johnson, Rev. 0. M., New Hampton, N.Y. Johnson, Stephen, Unionville, S.C. Johnson, William H., Newton, N.J. Johnston, D. O. N., Steubenville, 0. Johnston, Francis, Philadelphia. Johnston, Robert, Bethel, Pa Johnstone, Rev. W. 0., Philadelphia. Jones, Benjamin, Oratigeville, Pa. Jones, Rev. Charles J., New York. Jones, Hon. Joel, Philadelphia. Jones, Rev. John, Scottsville, N.Y. Jones, Joseph H., D.D., Philadelphia. Jones, Paul T., Philadelphia. Jones, Samuel B., D.D., Bridgeton, N.J. Jones, Simon, Scranton, Pa. Jordan, A., Sunbury, Pa. Joseph, John M., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Junkin, David X.,D.D.,Hollidaysburg,Pa. Juukin, J. M., M.D., Holmesburg, Pa. Kaufman, Rev. J. H., Baltimore, Md. Keck, Charles L., White Haven, Pa. Keen, Peter, Nescopeck, Pa. Kellam, S. L., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Keith & Woods, St. Louis, iMo. Kelly, Rev. David, Rock Island, IlL Kelly, John P., Perrysville, Pa. Kelly, Joseph, M.D., Academia, Pa. Kelly, Mrs. Mary E., Charlottesville, Va. Kelso, John T., Baltimore, Md. Kennedy, Mrs. David S., New York. Kennedy, D., D.D., Troy, N.Y. Kennedy, Rev. James F., Dickinson, Pa. Kennedy, John, Lewistown, Pa. Kennedy, Rev. R. W. B., Pleasant Ridge, Ala. Kennedy, T. B., Chambersburg, Pa. Kennedy, William, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Kenny, Miss Elizabeth, Belleville, Pa. Kerr, George, Thistle, Md. Kerr, James, Allenville, Pa. Kerr, John, Troy. N.Y. Kerr, William, Potter's Mills, Pa. Kierstead, J. 0., Scranton, Pa. 710 A LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE King, Mrs. B., Roswell, Ga. £een, Jacob, Holniosburg, Pa. King, Jamos Roswoll, Roswoll, Grt. King, Joseph L., Knoxville, Tenn. King, R. H., Albany, N.Y. King, T. E., Roswell, Ga. Kinkead, James M., Williamsburg, Pa. Kinzy, P., liazlcton. Pa. Kirkham, Mrs. Thomas, Florence, Ala. Kirkpatrick, Rev. J., Jr., Trenton, N.J. Kline, Rev. A. L., Tuscumbia, Ala. Knauss, Rachel, White Haven, Pa. Kneeling, AV. B., Th. Sem., Allegheny, Pa. Knickerbocker, Mrs. J., Waterford, N.Y. Knighton, Rev. F., Belvidere, N.J. Knowles, L. D., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Kno'wlson, James S., Troy, N.Y. Knowlson, R. J., Sand Lake, N. Y. Knowlson, Mrs. R. J., Troy, N.Y. Knowlson, Richard J., Sand Lake, N.Y. Knox, A., Philadelphia. Knox, Rev. J. II. M., Germnntown, Pa. Kocher, Conrad, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Kolb, Frederick T., Tamaqua, Pa. Kough, Jacob, Indiana, Pa. Kvebs, John M., D.D., New York. Kutz, Henry C, Philadelphia. Ladd, Rev. Francis D., Philadelphia. Ladson, George W., Milledgeville, Ga. Lafferty, Rev. R. H., Charlotte, N.C. Laman, George, Philadelphia. Lane, Rev. Charles W., Talmage, Ga. Lane, Rev. C. R., Tunkhannock, Pa. Lane, George, Fort Montgomery, N.Y. Lane, John G., Meigsvillo, O. Lane, Rev. John J., Wrightsville, Pa. • Lanier, T. C, Pleasant Ridge, Ala. Lanterman, William, Moro, 111. Lashell, James M., Allenville, Pa. Lathrop, A., Willimantic, Conn. Latimer, Misses, Philadelphia. Latta, Rev. James, Parkesburg, Pa. Latta, Rev. W. W., Honey Brook, Pa. Lauderdale, W. E., Geneseo, N.Y. Lawrence, Rev. S., Milroy, Pa. Leaman, Rev. John. M.D.. Blue Ball, Pa. Lee, Edward W., Ballston Spa, N.Y. Leeper, Samuel, Columbiana, Ala. Leet, J. D., Hollidaysburg, Pa. Leggett, C, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Leisenring, Mrs. A.M., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Leisenring. John. Council Ridge, Pa. Leisenring, Reuben, Council Ridge, Pa. Lemon, R. M., Hollidaysburg. Pa. Lewis, Asa S., College Hill, Miss. Lewis, J. L., Shelocta, Pa. Lewis, Justus, Rome, Pa. Lewers, Dickenson, Summit Hill, Pa. Lewers, Dixon, Summit Hill, Pa. Leyburn, John, D.D., Philadelphia. Library, Alexander Soc. of Inquiry, Phils. Library, Bd. of Domestic Missions, Phila. Library, Bd. of Education, Philadelphia. Library. Bd. of Foreign Missions, N.York. Library, Bd. of Publication, Philadelphia. Library, Classical Institute, Media, Pa. Library, Edge HiU School, Princeton, N.J. Library, Henry Institute of Science, Phila. Library, Judson College, LaGrange, Ga. Library, New York State, Albany, N.Y. Library, Presb. Ch., Dobbs's Ferry, N.Y. Library, Presb. Ch., Frankford, Pa. Library, Pre.«b'n Hist. Soc, Philadelphia. Library, Roseland Fem.Ins.,Hartsville,Pa. Library, Second Presb. Ch., Troy, N.Y. Library, Theol. Seminary, Allegheny, Pa. Library, Theol. Seminary, Danville, Ky. Library, Theol. Seminary, Princeton, N.J. Library, Th. Sem., Ref. Presb'nCh., Phila. Liggett, R., Philadelphia. Limaster, W. P., Memphis, Tenn. Line, S. M., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Lingle, Thomas, Potter's Fort, Pa. Linn, Samuel, Hillsborough, 0. Lippincott, Charles, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Lippincott, Thomas E., Holmesburg, Pa. Lisa, Mrs. Mary M., Galena, Ul. Littell, Rev. Luther, Mount Hope, N.Y. Livermore, Alouzo, Sunbury, Pa. Lockhart, Robert, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Lockwood, C. N., Troy, N.Y. Lockwood, H. N., Troy, N.Y. Logan, S. A., Johnstown, Pa. Logan, Rev. Saml. C, Constantine, Micli. Long, Thomas. Summit Hill. Pa. Lombaert, H. J., Altoona, Pa. Longshore, Mrs. Ann, Weatherly, Pa. HISTORY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 711 Lorance, Rct. James H., Courtland, Ala. Lord. Hon. Scott, Qcneseo, N.Y. Lord, Willis, D.D., Brooklyn, N.Y. Loucks, Peter 0., Peoria, 111. Lougbiuilk'r,W.C.,r.M.,Springplace,Ga. Love, Rev. Thomas, Loveville, Dol. Lovejoy, Amos, Bsiltiraore, Md. Loveland, George W., luugston, Pa. Lovell, John T., Dubuque, Iowa. Lowric, John C, D.D., New York. Lowrio, Rev. John M., Lancaster, 0. Lowry, Rev. A. M., Port Carbon, Pa. Lucas, Alexander, Sheloctjv, Pa. Lull, Augustus A., Pontiac, Mich. Lupton, Henry B., Bridgetou, N.J. Lyon. Rev. D. C, Bedford, N.Y. Lyon, John, Stover's Place, Pa. Lyon, Seth, Bedford, N.Y. Lyon, William M., Pittsburg, Pa. Lyons, Rev. D. W., Hardin, Iowa. Lyons, J. R., Scranton, Pa. Lytle, Griffith, Boalsburg, Pa. Macalester, Charles, Philadelphia. Mac.iUii^ter, James, Philadelphia. Macdonald, Rev. J. M., Princeton, N.J. Macfarlane, J., Towanda, Pa. MacKellar, Thomas, Philadelphia. Maoklin, A., D.D., Philadelphia. Maclean, John, D.D., Princeton, N.J. Magie, David, D.D., Elizabeth, N.J. Magill, Miss Helen, Roswell, Ga. Main, William, Philadelphia. Maitland, Miss Sarah, W^est Chester, N.Y. Mangum, Darius R., New Hamburg, N.Y. Mann, John E., Hinesville, Ga. Mannes, William, W., Scranton, Pa. Markle, 6., Hazleton, Pa. Marquis, Rev. John, Henry, HI. Marr, William P., M.D., Tamaqua, Pa. Mar.^h, Ephm., Schooley'sMountain,N.J. Marshall, George, D.D., Bethel, Pa. Marshall, Mrs. L. R., Natchez, Miss. Marshall, T. L., Battle Swamp, Md. Martien, Wm. S. & A., Philadelphia. Martin, Rev. B. A., Hat Creek, Va. Martin, Mrs. Harriet, Hazleton, Pa. Marvin, Alexander, Albany, N.Y, Marvine, H. L., Scranton, Pa. Mason, Rev. J. D., Davenport, Iowa. Mason, W. P., New York. Masser, G. W., M.D., Scranton, Pa. Massey, .Van, Port Kennedy, Pa. Mateer, Rev. Joseph, Curllsvillc, Pa. Matheson, A. S., Columbus, Ga. Masters, Rev. F. R., Mattewan, N.Y. Mathews, E. M., Oxford, Miss. Mattes, Charles F., Scranton, Pa. Matthews, Rev. James, Danville, Ky. May bin, Thomas, M.D., Kent, Pa. Mayne, James S., Princeton, N.J. McAleese, Rev. D. M., Montgomery, N.Y. McAllister, H. N., Bellefonte, Pa. McAllister, James, Philadelphia. McAllister, John, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Mc Arthur, John, Philadelphia. McAuley, Rev. R. M., Philadelphia. McAuley, Rev. Wm. H., Uniontown, Ala. McCahen, James A., HoUidaysburg, Pa. McCall, Mrs. H. K., Stewartsville, N.J. McCalla, Rev. W. L., Ashwood, La. McCallister, Rev. J. R., Rock Island, lU. McCamant, Mrs. Mary, Tipton, Pa. McCanagher, John, Wilkesbarre, Pa. McCants, William, Haddrells, S.C. McCarter, Agnes, Newton, N.J. McCarter, Mrs. Eliza, Newton, N.J. McCarter, J. James, Newton, N.J. McCarter, Mary E., Newton, N..J. McCarter, Thomas N., Newton, N.J. McCaskie, Rev. James, Philadelphia. McCaskill, H., Clauselville, Ala. JlcChesney, R., M.D., Shelocta, Pa. McClay, Samuel, M.D., Milroy, Pa. McClellan, R. H., Galena, lU. McClelland, H. T., Altoona, Pa. McClelland, Miss Jane, Belleville, Pa. McClerkin, John, Portersville, Tenn. McClintock, Andrew T., Wilkesbarre, Pa. McCIintock, Robert, Clinton Depot, S.C. McCloskey, R., Phoenix ville, Pa. McClure, A. K., Charabersburg, Pa. McClure, Archibald, Albany, N.Y. McClure, H. K., Chambersburg, Pa. McClure, John, Philadelphia. McCollum,MissMaryA.,Williamsport,Pa. McConn, John T., Troy. N.Y. McConneU, B. R., M.D., Summit Hill, Pa. ri2 A LIST or SUBSCRIBERS TO THE McConnell, John, Philadelphia. McCoray, M. M., Monroeville, Ala. McCoray, Neal, Monroeville, Ala. McCord, J. D., Pittsburg, Pa. McGord, Rev. W. J., Tribe's Hill, N.Y. McCormick, Hugh, Belleville, Pa. McCormick, Rev. W. J.,Yonguesville, S.C. McCoy, Daniel, Shelocta, Pa. McCoy, John A., Peoria, 111. McCrea, James, Mauch Chunk, Pa. McCrea, William, Mauch Chunk, Pa. McCreary, Irvine P., Moulton, Ala. McCue, Miss A. E., Mechanicsburg, Pa. McCuUough, William, Belleville, Pa. ^IcCuUough, William, West Chester, Pa. McCune, Clement, Philadelphia. McCurdy, David, Philadelphia. McDonald, Rev. S. H., Belleville, Pa. McDowell, John, D.D., Philadelphia. McDowell, Robert, Slatington, Pa. McElvain, J. N., Litchfield, 111. McFaden, Archibald, Hollidaysburg, Pa. McFarland, Rev. D., Elmwood, 111. McFarland, W., Kent, Pa. McFarlane, Andrew, Milroy, Pa. McFarlane, W. K., Minneapolis, Min. Ter. McGill, A. T., D.D., Princeton, N.J. McGill, William, Franklin, la. McGlashan, Cyrus, Mcigsville, 0. McHenry, Stephen, Philadelphia. Mcllwain, Rev. A., Indiana, Pa. •Mclntyre, Archibald, Germantown, Pa. Mclntyre, J.A.,Theo.Sem.,Allegheny,Pa. McKee, James, Kent, Pa. McKee, Mrs. Lilley, Greensburg, la. McKee, Samuel, Columbia, Ky. McKee, W. B., Theol.Sem., Allegheny, Pa. McKeen, Col. Thomas, Easton, Pa. McKeen, Mrs. Thomas, Easton, Pa. McKeever, Willi.am, Summit Hill, Pa. McKennan, Rev. Jas.W., West Liberty, Va. McKibben, Chambers, Chambersburg, Pa. McKinley, B. B., Philadelphia. McKinney, A., Philadelphia. McKinncy, A. F.jM.D., German town, Tenn. McLean, D. V., D.D., Easton, Pa. McLean, Rev. Hector, Melrose, N.C. McLean, James, Jr., Summit Hill, Pa. McLean, S. C, Mauch Chunk, Pa. McMnllin, John S., Philadelphia. McMuUin, Rev. J.P., Pleasant Ridge,.\l8. McMullin, Rev. R. B., Knoxville, Tinn. McMuUin, Rev. S. H., Newburg, N.Y. McMurray, A. S., M.D., Philadelphia. McMurray, Rev. Jos., Newportville, Pa.' McMurtrie, J., Summit Hill, Pa. McNair, Rev. John, Clinton, N.J McNair, Robert, Macomb, 111. McNeil, B. F., Mauch Chunk, Pa. McNeill, W. H., Columbus, Ga. McNite, William, Shirleysburg, Pa. McOmber, Philip H., Ballston Spa, N.Y. McPheeters, Joseph, Philadelphia. McPherson, James, Port Kennedy, Pa. McVicker, James, Washingtonville, Pa. Mead, Miss Loretta, North Salem, N.Y. Mead, Sarah, North Salem, N.Y. Mears, H., Hazleton, Pa. Mears, H. H., Hazleton, Pa. Mears, John S., Shelocta, Pa. Mebane, Rev. Wm. N., Madison, N.C. Menaidi, A. E., Wysox, Pa. Merle de Aubigne, J. H., D.D., Geneva, Switzerland. Metcalfe, Rev. A. D., Macon, Tenn. Metealf, Rowland, Wilkesbarre, Pa. Metz, John, Williamsburg, Pa. Meyer, M. H., Dobbs's Ferry, N.Y. Miles, George, Huntingdon, Pa. Miles, Samuel, Baltimore, Md. Millard, Walter, New Hamburg, N.Y. Millen, Hugh, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Miller, Charles H., Huntingdon, Pa. Miller, Mrs. C, Danville, Pa. Miller, Jacob, Huntingdon, Pa. Miller, Joseph, Bethel, Pa. Miller, Rev.' J. E., Stroudsburg, Pa. Miller, Gen. J. W., Spartanburg, S.C. Miller, Rev. L. Merrill, Ogdensburg, N.Y. Miller, R. Allison, M.D., Huntingdon, Pa. Miller, Samuel, Memphis, Mo. Miller, Sarah, Sybertsville, Pa. Miller, William, Philadelphia. Miller, W. T., Spartanburg, S.C. Milligan, William, Potter's Mills, Pa. Milliken, D. F., Kishacoquillas, Pa. Milliken, John, Academia, Pa. Milliken, Thomas J., Academia, Pa. HISTORY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 713 Milton, John, Loxiisville, Ky. Miner, Mrs. Joshua, Wilkesbarre, Pa. Mitchell. Joseph B., Gerraantown, Pa. Mitchell, Joseph G., Germantown, Pa. Mitchell, W. C, Milroy, Pa. Mitchell, William H., D.D., Florence, Ala. Moffatt, Rev. James C, Princeton, N.J. MoUison, Gilbert, Oswego, N.Y. Montgomery, Mrs. Jane B., Danville, Pa. Montgomery, Rev. J. S., Yazoo City, Miss. Moodie, Thomas, Columbus, 0. Moody, S. S., Louisville, Ky. Moore, E. C, Newton, N.J. Moore, George W., Sinking Valley, Pa. Moore, Jesse, HoUidayshurg, Pa. Moore, John, Boalsburg, Pa. Moore, John, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Moore, Perry, Sinking Valley, Pa. Moore, Samuel, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Moore, Samuel, Philadelphia. Moore, Silas, IloUidaysburg, Pa. Moore, Thomas B., IloUidaysburg, Pa. Moore, T. V., D.D., Richmond, Va. Moore, Hon. T. W., Lcwistown, Pa. Moore, Rev. William E., AVest Chester, Pa. Morgan, E. D., West Chester, N.Y. Morgan, Rev. Gilbert, Harmony Col!.,S.C. Morgan, Rev. J. J. A., Bridesburg, Pa. Morgan, Miss L., Hartford, Conn. Morris, Miss E., Thistle, Md. Morris, Rev. George, Mechanicsburg, Pa. Morris, Janet, Mechanicsburg, Pa. Morris, Rev. T. C, Mountain Home, Ala. Morrison, Rev. A. A., Jones's Creek, 111. Morrison, Mrs. Hannah, Springfield, 0. Morrison, H. M.,Theo. Sem. ,Columbia,S.C. Morrison, J. M., M.D., Waterloo, Pa. Morrison, Hon. J. R., Academia, Pa. Morrison, Rev. Robt., Cedar Creek, Ky. Morrison, Mrs. SallieB.,Shepherdsville,Ky. Morrow, Arthur, Bethel, Pa. Morrow, James, Wilmington, Del. Morrow, James S., Hollidaysburg, Pa. Morrow, Mrs. Marg., Sinking Valley, Pa. Moses, Lorenzo, New York. Mott, Rev. George S., Rahway, N.J. Mullen, John, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Mundy,Rev E.F.,Smithtown Branch, N.Y. Munson, Rev. Asahel, Jackson, Mo. Murkland. Rev. S. S., Richmond. Va. Murphy, Rev. Thomas, Frankford, Pa. Murphy, W. R., Trenton, N.J. Murray, Joseph A., Dillsburg, Pa. Murray, Nicholas, D.D., Elizabeth, N.J. Murray, William, Dobbs's Ferry, N.Y. Musgrave, G. W., D.D., Philadelphia, Myrick, Mrs. H. A., Pontiac, Mich. Nace, Jacob D., White Haven, Pa. Naginey, J. D., Milroj', Pa. Nassau, C. W., D.D., Lawrenceville, N.J. Nassau, Rev. Joseph E., Warsaw, N.Y. Noedham, B., Scranton, Pa. Neff, John K., Williamsburg, Pa. Neil, John, Kent, Pa. Neill, William, D.D., Philadelphia. Nelson, John, Annapolis, 0. Nelson, R., Philadelphia. Ncsbitt, Joseph, Norristown, Pa. Ncvin, Alfred, D.D., Lancaster, Pa. Nevin, Rev. D. E., Sewicklyville, Pa. Nevins, William, Quincy, 111. New, C. B., M.D., Rodney, Miss. Newell, Rev. George W., Orangeville, Pa. Newell, Rev. T. M., Waynesville, 111. Newlands, Mrs. Francis, West Point, N.Y. Newton, Rev. Thomas H., St. Louis, Mo, Nicholas, William P., Newton, N.J. Nichols, Rev. James, Geneseo, N.Y. Nickle, James, Battle Swamp, Md. Nixon, Rev. J. Howard, Cambridge, N.Y. Nixon, J. T., Bridgeton, N.J. Nixon, W. G., Bridgeton, N.J. Norris, Isaac, Jr., M.D., Philadelphia. Norton, B., Newton Hamilton, Pa. Notson, W., M.D., Phikdelphia. Nowell, Mrs M. E. A., Newburyport, Mass. Oakes, E. W., New Topia, Ala. Oakes, AV. F., Buzbeeville, Ala. Ogden, Rev. John W., Nashville, Tenn. Okeson, Saranel, Academia, Pa. Olcott, T. W., Albany, N.Y. Olmstead, H. M., Philadelphia. Olmstead, Rev. J. M., Philadelphia. Orbison, William P., Huntingdon, Pa, Orne, Mrs. S. T., Philadelphia. 714 A LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE Orr, Rev. Franklin, Kent, Pa. Orr, John, Sinking Valley, Pa. Orr, R.jbert, Philadelphia. Orr, Rev. Samuel, Gordo, Ala. Orr, Thomas, Philadelphia. Osier, J. T., Princeton, N.J. Osmond, Rev. Jonathan, Bald Mount, Pa. O.smond, Rev. S. M., Lambertville, N. J. Owen, Rev. Griffith, Baltimore, Md. Owen, Hannah, Sr., JeflFersonville, Pa. Owen, Rev. Roger, Chestnut Hill, Pa. Owens, William J., Trenton, N.J. Paddock, Mrs. E., Pontiac, Mich. Page, Rev. J. A., St. Louis, Mo. Painter, Rev. Joseph, Kittanniug, Pa. Palmer, B. M., D.D., New Orleans, La. Palmer, Rev. Edward, Pocotaligo, S.C. Palmer, John J., West Chester, N.Y. Palmer, S. C, Philadelphia. Pardee, ilrs. Anna M., Hazleton, Pa. Parish, Mrs. Phoebe, Wilkesban-e, Pa. Parke, Rev. N. Grier, Pittston, Pa. Parke, T. H., Battle Swamp, Md. Parker, Mrs. Dr., Port Gibson, Miss. Parsons, Rev. W. S., AVilkesbarre, Pa. Paterick, John, Tamaqua, Pa. Patterson, Andrew, Academia, Pa. Patterson, A., Williamsburg, Pa. Patterson, \. L., Independence, Pa. Patterson, Mrs. George, Springfield, Md. Patterson, James, Academia, Pa. Piitter.«on, James, Dobbs's Ferry, N.Y. Patterson, J. H., M.D., Baltimore, Md. Patterson, John, Academia, Pa. Patterson, John, Philadelphia. Patter.son, Mrs. Mary, Academia, Pa. Patterson, N. Summit Hill, Pa. Patterson, Robert M., Princeton, N.J. Patterson, Robert, Richmond. 0. Patterson, Rev. R., Oakland College,Miss. Patterson, Rev. Wm., Poundridge, N.Y. Pattison, James, Waterloo, Pa. Pattison, Robert, Holmesburg, Pa, Patton. Hon. R. M., Florence, Ma. Patton. Robert, Philadelphia. Patton, Thomas J., Knoxville, Ala. Paul, Sampson, Waltcrborough, S.C. Paull, Rev. Alfred, Wheeling, Ya. Paxton, Rev. Thomas N., Marion, N.C. Paxton, Rev. William M., Pittsburg, Pa. Pe.ase, Erastns H., Albany, N.Y. Peck, Rev. Thomas E., Baltimore, Md. Peebles, Matthew W., Bloody Run, Pa. Peelor, Jacob, Indiana, Pa. Pemberton, Ebenezer, Albany, N.Y. Perkins, Elisha H., Baltimore, Md. Perkins, Rev. Henry, Allentown, N.J. Peters, A. F., White Haven, Pa. Pettigrew, John, Shelocta, Pa. Pettigrew, John G., Philadelphia. Pettingell, Moses, Newburyport, Mass. Pharr, Edward, M.D., Houston, Ga. Pharr, Rev. Walter S., Park's Store, N.C. Phelps, Mrs. C, Pontiac, Mich. Phillips, Rev. B. T., Rondout, N.Y. Phillips, George C., Selma, Ala. Pierson, Rev. D. H., Elizabeth, N.J. Pierson, Rev, George, Florida, N.Y. Pierson, Rev. N. E., Unionville, N.Y. Piffard, Miss S., Piffard, N.Y. Pinkerton.J.A.,Theo.Sem.,.\llegheny,Pa. Piper, G. W., M.D., Philadelphia. Piatt, Ebenezer, New York. Piatt, W. H., Scranton, Pa. Plumer, George, Independence, Pa. Plumer, W. S., D.D., Allegheny, Pa. Polk, James A., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Pollock, Hon. James, Harrisburg, Pa. PoUock, Samuel, M.D., Williamsport, Pa. Porter, Alexander, Springfield, 0. Porter, Rev. David H., Savannah, Ga. Porter, James M., Jr., Easton, Pa. Potter, J. Barron, M.D., Bridgeton, N.J. Porter, John, Alexandria, Pa. Porter, Hon. J. M., LL.D , Easton, Pa. Porter, Robert, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Porter, W. A., Philadelphia. Potter, R. B., Philadelphia. Potter, W. W., Boalsburg, Pa. Potts, Joseph C, Trenton, N.J. Potts, Stacy G., Trenton. N.J. Powell, Joseph B., Port Kennedy, Pa. Powell, S. D., Philadelphia. Powers, F. H., Theol. Sem., Allegheny.Pa. Pratt, Rev. H. B., Bogota, New Granada, South America. Pratt, N. A., D.D., Roswell, Ga. HISTORY OF THE PILESBTTERIAN CHURCH. 715 Pr«ntico. E. P.. Albany, N.Y. PrH^e, Rev. Israel, Annapolis. 0. frioe. Rev. R., RodneT. Miss. Price, Samuel B., Mauch Chunk. ?». Priest, Rev. Thomas J., Pigeon Creek, Mo. Primrose, William, Philadelphia. PruuJSt, E., Troy, N.Y. Proudfwot, H. \V., Roswell, Oa. Parcel, S. H., Bloomsbury, S.J. Purviance, Rev. G. D., Baltimore, Md. Purviance, J.. D.D., Oakland ColL, Mias. Porviance, Miss M., Baldmore, Md. Quarterman, Rev. J, M., Pilatka, E. Flo. Ramsey, William, Milroy, Pa. Bandofph. B. F., Freehold, N.J. Saokin, A 'lam. Boalsburg, Pa. Baokin. James B., Asheville.S.C. Rankin, John, Troy, X.Y. Raukin. Rev. John C, B.-vskenidge, N.J. Rankin. Rev. H. V., New York. Rankin. William, Jr., New York. Ransom, Albion, Albany, N.Y. Ransom, Samuel C, Albany. N.Y. Raphael, William. Holmesborg, Pa. Ray, Rev. J. D., Mount Ebenezer, 0. Raymond. Rev. Moses, Springfield, Va. Reardon. Rev. J. D., Sunbury, Pa. Redd, William A., C Jambus, Ga. Reed. Alex., Theo. Sem., Allegheny, Pa. R«ed. Joel R.. Albany. N.Y. Reed, Mrs. Rhoda. Kishacoquillas, Pa. Reed, William, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Reed. W.. Milroy, Pa. Reeves. James S.. M.D., Meigsville, 0. Reeres. Joseph, Bridgeion, N.J. Reid. Rev. R. H., Spartanburg. S.C. Reid, William G.. Chambersburg, Pa. Reigart, Mrs. E. J., Windsor, Pa. Reiley. Rev. J. A., Blairstown, N.J. Reinlxith. Joseph D.. Philadelphia. Reinh:irt. Rev. E. H., Eliiabethport, N.J. Reyn'.iMs. Miss Clara, Kingston. Pa. Reynolds. William C, ELingston, Pa. Rice, N. L.. D.D.. Sl Louis, Mo. Rice, Philo H.. Perrysville, Pa. Richardson. Rev. R. H., Rochester. N.Y. Eiciiardsoa, Williaio, Looisville, Kj. Richey. .\ugustusG., Trenton, N.J. Richman. Moses, Jr., Salem, N.J. Riddle, Joseph B., HolUdaysburg. Pa. Riddle. Rev. Wm., Oakland College, Miss. Riddle, William, Port Gibson, Miss. Righter, Mrs. J. F., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Ripley, Rev. J. B., Philadelphia. Ripple, Isaac, White H.iven, Pa. Rittenhouse, Rev. J. M., Bart, Pa. Robbins, George S., West Chester, N.Y. Roberts, Rev. R. M. Hillsborough, IlL Robertson, Theodric, Richmond, Va. Robertson, Wm. C, Delaware City, DeL Robertson, Rev. W. W., Fulton, Mo. Robeson, Mrs. Sarah, Hollidaysburg, Pa. Robinson, Rev. C. S., Troy, N.Y. Robinson, R. Miles, Palmyra, Mo. Robinson, Rev. Stuart, Danville, Ky. Robinson, WiUiam, Gillespie, IlL Robfcson. WiUiam, Kent, Pa. Robison, H. C, Shade Gap, Pa. Robison, John H., Perrysville, Pa. Robison, Mrs. Nancy, Perrysville, Pa. Robison, T. C, Washingtonville, Pa. Rockwood, Charles G- Mauch Chunk. Pa. Rodenbough, Rev. H. S., Eagleville, Pa. Rodgers, James B., Philadelphia. Rodgers, Rev. James L., Mount Joy, Pa. Rodgers, R. K., D.D., Bound Brook, N.J Rogers, E. P., D.D., Albany, N.Y. Rogers, Rev. Jas. L., Atlanta, Ga. Rogers, Rev. J.M., Middletown Point,N.J Rogers, W. E., .M.D., Scranton, Pa. Roller, Josha.t, Williamsburg, Pa. Roller, Joshua H., Williamsbtirg, Pa. Roop, Edward, Piiiladelphia. Rose, Mrs. Jane, Philadelphia. Ross, James. Mauch Chunk, Pa. Ross, J. B., Philadelphia. Ross, Marine D., Greensburg, la. Roth, P., Sybertsville, Pa. Rowe, Rev. John, Gallipolis, 0. Rowe, Miss Susan, Woodbury, N.J. RowelL Rev. Morse, New York. Rowland, C. A., Augu.sta, Ga. Rowland.Wm.B., M.D., BatUeSwamp.Md Ruddle, John, M.meh Chunk, Pa. Rumple, Rev. J., Hemphill's Store, S.C.-- Bundle, L. J., Troy, N.Y. 716 A LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE Russell, Rev. D., Pike, N.Y. Russell, E. A., Jr., Middletown, Conn. Russell, James, Sinking Valley, Pa. Russell, Lawrence, Trenton, N.J. Russell, Rev. P., Fillmore, Pa. Rutter, Rev. L. C, Chestnut Level, Pa. Rutter, Nathaniel, Wilkesbarre, Pa. Ryerson, Hon. Martin, Newton, N.J. Ryors, Alfred, D.D., Danville, Ky. Salkeld, J. H., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Sargent, Winthrop, Philadelphia. Sartain, John, Philadelphia. Saunders, Rev. H., Trowbridge, Wis. Saye, Rev. J. H., Uuionville, S.C. Saye, Robert H., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Sayre, David A., Lexington, Ky. Schenck, Rev. W. E., Philadelphia. Schott, James, Philadelphia. Scott, A. G., Knoxville, Tenn. • Scott, Miss C, Adams's Mills, 0. Scott, Ezekiel, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Scott, George, East Palestine, 0. Scott, Geo. K., Theo. Sem., Allegheny, Pa. Scott, Rev. James, Holmesburg, Pa. Scott, James, D.D., Newark, N.J. Scott, James A., Richmond, Va. Scott, John, Huntingdon, Pa. Scott, John W., D.D., Washington, Pa. Scott, Joseph, Independence, Pa. Scovel, Rev. Alden, Bordentown, N.J. Scranton, George W., Scranton, Pa. Scranton, Joseph H., Scranton, Pa. Scranton, Selden, T., Scranton, Pa. Scribner, Rev. William, Red Bank, N.J. Scudder, Jasper S., Trenton, N.J. Sechler, H. B. D., Danville, Pa. Sellars, Jacob M., Williamsburg, Pa. Service, L. N., M.D., Schuylkill Falls, Pa. Sewjvrd, Rev. A., Port Jervis, N.Y. Shade, George, Holmesburg, Pa. Shafer, Thomas H., Railway, N.J. Shaiffer, G. W., Shirleysburg, Pa. Shane, Joseph, Richmond, 0. Sharon, J. D., Mifflintown, Pa. Sharp, Richard, Council Ridge, Pa. Sharp, S. M., Theo. Som., Allegheny, Pa. Sharp, S. McD., Chambcrsburg, Pa. Sharswood, Hon. George, Philadelphia. Shaver, Peter, Mount Union, Pa. Shaw, Rev. P. H., Greenfield Hill, Conn. Shaw, W. D., Alexandria, Pa. Sheadle, Henry, Kishacoquillas, Pa. Sheafe, Mrs. J. F., New York. Shearer, Miss Ellen, Washingtonville, Pa. Shearer, J., JefiFersonville, Pa. Sheddan, Rev. S. S., Rahway, N.J. Sheets, A., Grandview, 0. Shepard, Furman, Philadelphia. Sherrerd, John M., Belvidere, N.J. Sherrerd, Samuel, Scranton, Pa. Sherrill, Rev. R. E., Dancyville, Tenn. Shields, Rev. Charles W., Philadelphia. Shields, James R., New Albany, la. Shinn, Rev. James G., Philadelphia. Shoemaker, C. D., Forty Fort, Pa. Shotwell, Rev. N., Milroy, Pa. Shumaker, J. H., Academia, Pa. Silliman, Rev. A. P., Clinton, Ala. Silliman, R. D., Troy, N.Y. Simonton, Rev. William, Williamsport, Pa. Simpson, F. T., Washington, Ga. Simpson, G. W., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Simpson, Rev. J., Portrush, Ireland. Simpson, J., Summit Hall, Pa. Simpson, J. B., Anderson, S. C. Simpson, Miss M., farmington. 111. Simpson, Thomas, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Simpson, Thomas P., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Sinclair, William D., Trenton, N.J. Singletary, Rev. W. H., Claiborne, Miss. Sites, S. E., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Sitgreaves, Hon. C, Easton, Pa. Skidmore, Joseph B., New York. Skinner, E. W., Albany, N.Y. Slaughter, Mrs. E., Port Hudson, La. Slaughter, John R., Socotapoy, Ala. Sloan, G. W., Theo. Sem., Allegheny, Pa. Sraalley, E., D.D., Troy, N.Y. Smith, Andrew, Wegee, 0. Smith, D. D., North Salem, N.Y. Smith, George W., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Smith, H. A., Clauselville, Ala. Smith, Isaac R., Philadelphia. Smith, Rev. James, Rochester, Pa. i Smith, Jsunes, H., New Hamburg, N.Y. Smith, Mrs. Jane, Milroy, Pa. Smitli, Rev. J. Henry, Charlottesville, Va. HISTORY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 717 Smith, J. K., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Smith, J. P., Moro, 111. Smith, J. Si\nford, Newton, N.J. Smith, Joseph, Hollidaysburg, Pa. Smith, Joseph, D.D., Baltimore. Smith, Matthew, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Smith, O. P.. Milroy, Pa. Smith, Robert B., Hat Creek, Va. Smith, R. 1)., Williamsburg, O. Smith, Rev. S. llume, Stcwartstown, Pa. Smith, Silas E., Academia, Pa. Smith, William J., Bloomsbury, N.J. Smock, Rev. D. V., Birmingham, Iowa. Smyth, James P., Philadelphia. Smyth. Thomas, D.D., Charleston, S.C. Smythe, Rev. W. M., Cahaba, Ala. Snodgrass, C. E., Richmond, Va. Solly, Robert, Frankford, Pa. Somerville, Rev. James, Bridgeville, Ala. Somerville, William, Bridgeville, Ala. Sparr, Isaac, Boalsburg, Pa. Speedy, James, Shelocta, Pa. Spilman, R. L., Albany, N.Y. Spottswood, J. B., D.D., Newcastle, Del. Sprague, W. B., D.D., Albany, N.Y. Sproat, H. L., Philadelphia. Bproat, Samuel, Annapolis, 0. Sprole, W. T., D.D., Newburg, N.Y. Sproull, Rev. A. W., Chester, Pa. St.ickhouse, Caleb, PhcEnisville, Pa. Stahl, Nicholas, Galena, 111. Stalker, John, Stover's Place, Pa. Stanford, Augustus G., Columbus, Ga. Starbird, A. P., Louisville, Ky. Stare, Peter, Nescopeck, Pa. Stead, Rev. B. F., Astoria, L. I., N.Y. Steams, Rev.Timothy, Mt. Pleasant, Iowa. Stedman, Rev. J. 0., Memphis, Term. Steel, Robert, D.D., Abington, Pa. Steele, William, Pleasant Ridge, Ala. Steenson, Robert, Philadelphia. Sterling. Henry, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Sterling, Henry, Philadelphia. Sterrett, J. A., Lewistown, Pa. Stevenson, Rev. Ross, Johnstown, Pa. Stevenson, Rev. Samuel, Milford, Ireland. Stewart, Rev. C. B., Laurens C.H., S.C. Stewart. Rev. C. S., U.S.N., New York. Stewart, Rev. George D., Bath, N.Y. Stewart, James, Bloomsburg, Pa. Stewart, James, Bloomsbury, N.J. Stewart, Jessie, Bloomsbury, N.J. Stewart, Mrs. Nancy, Sinking Valley, Pa. Stewart, R., Williamsburg, Pa. Stewart, William, Bloomsbury, N.J. Stewart, William, Philadelphia. Stewart, William C, Philadelphia. Stewart, William J., Belleville, Pa. Stiles, R. D., Weatherly, Pa. Stillman, Rev. C. A., Gainesville, Ala. Stirling, John, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Stitler, Jonathan, Hollidaysburg, Pa. Stoddard, Mrs. Sarah, White Haven, Pa. Storms, John J., Dobbs's Ferry, N.Y. Storrs, Miss Patsey, Richmond, Va. Stott, Charles, Washington City, D.C. Strahan, Rev. F. G., Hopkinsville, Ky. Stratton, Rev. Daniel, Salem, N.J. Stratton, Thomas H., Trenton, N.J. Street, Rev. Robert, Union, N.J. Struble, Jacob, Zion, Pa. Struthers, J. R., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Stryker, J. T., Sinking Valley, Pa. Stryker, Thomas J., Trenton, N.J. Stuart, George H., Philadelphia. Studdiford, P. 0., D.D., Lambertville.N.J. Sturges, Rev. T. B., Greenfield Hill, Conn. Sullivan, Mrs. A. B., Colliersville, Tenn. Summerville, G. W., Pleasant Ridge, Ala. Summey, A. T., Asheville, N.C. Summey, D. F., Asheville, N.C. Sutton, John, Indiana, Pa. Sutton, William, Springfield, 0. Swain, John L., Harper's Ferry, Va. Swank, Philip, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Swartwood, John, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Swartzell, John, Milroy, Pa. Swift, E. P., D.D., Allegheny City, Pa. Symington, Wm., D.D., Glasgow, Scotland. Symmes, Rev. F. M., Pleasant, la. Symmes, Rev. Joseph G., Madison, la. T , Trenton, N.J. Tabb, R. M., Richmond, Va. Talmage, S. K., D.D., Talmage, Ga. Tas, Mrs. Jane H., Northumberland, Pa. Tate, Wm., Boalsburg, Pa. Taylor, A. A. E., Th. Sem., Princeton, N.J. 718 A LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE Taylor, Rov. C. H., Ballston Centre, N. Y. Taylor, David H., White Haven, Pa. Taylor, Hon. George, Huntingdon, Pa. Taylor, John, White Haven, Pa. Taylor, John M., Shelocta, Pa. Taylor, Justus F., Albany, N.Y. Taylor, Mrs. S. M., Philadelphia. Thacher, George H., Albany, N.Y. Thayer, Rev. Lorenzo, Windham, N.H. Theu, George W., Augusta, Ga. Thomas, Dubre, Shelocta, Pa. Thomas, Rev. Enoch, Beverly, Va. Thomas, Israel, Shelocta, Pa. Thomas, W. H., Kuoxville, Tenn. Thompson, Ira, Milroy, Pa. Thompson, James, Milroy, Pa. Thompson, J. B., Clinton, Ala. Thompson, J. J., Martha Furnace, Pa. Thompson, Lefferd, Bloomsbury, N.J. Thompson, Moses, Boalsburg, Pa. Thompson, Mrs. R. C, Oxford, Miss. Thompson, Rev. S. H., South Hanover, la. Thompson, Mrs. S., Milroy, Pa. Thompson, Rev. W. H., Bolivar, Tenn. Thorpe, John D., Cincinnati, 0. Timlow, Rev. Paul J., Marietta, Pa. Timlow, Rev. R. H., Newburyport, Mass. Titus, B. Wesley, Trenton, N.J. Todd, Rev. Isaac, Milford, Pa. Toomer, Joshua, HaddreUs, S.C. Townsend, D. W. , Th . Sem. , Allegheny, Pa. Townsend, Peter, Lewistown, Pa. Townsend, T., Albany. N.Y. Toy, John, Philadelphia. Treadwell, George, Albany, N.Y. Tully, Rev. A., Harmony, N.J. TuUy, Rev. David, Ballston Spa, N.Y. Turbett, Stuart, Perrysville, Pa. Turbett, William, Perrysville, Pa Turner, Jesse, 'Port Carbon, Pa. Turner, Thomas, Knoxville, Tenn. Turner, William, Kent, Pa. Tussey, David, Sinking Valley, Pa. Tyson, James L., M.D., Philadelphia. Umsted, Rev. Justus T., Keokuk, loTva. Upham, M.A., Troy, N.Y. Vail, George, Troy, N.Y. Vaill, Rev. Thomas S., Knoxville, HI. Van Artsdalen, Rev. G., Colerain, Pa. Van Cleve, A. H., Trenton, N.J. Vanderbilt, Mrs. H., Brooklyn, N.Y. Van Duzen, S. R., Newburg, N.Y. Vannuys, C. D., Franklin, la. Van Pelt, R., Elizabeth, N.J. Van Rensselaer, A., New York. ; Van Rensselaer, C, D.D., Philadelphia. Van Rensselaer, C, Jr., Burlington, N.J. Van Rensselaer, H., New York. Van Rensselaer, P. L., Burlington, N.J. Van Rensselaer, P. S., New York. Van Rensselaer, S., Albany, N.Y. Van Rensselaer, W. P., Port Chester, N.Y. Van Schoonhoven, J. L., Troy, N.Y. Vantries, S., Potter's Mills, Pa. Vanuxen, F. W., Knoxville, Tenn. Vaughan, Rev. C. R., Lynchburgb, Va. Venable, Rev. H. I., Oakland, 111. Vermilye, A. G., Newburyport, Mass. Vermilye, J. D., Newark, N.J. Vermilye, Thomas E., D.D., New York. Vermilye, W. Romeyn, New York. Veuve, Rev. P.de,Th.Sem.,Princeton,N.J. Viele, Stephen, Troy, N.Y. Von Spreckleson, Mrs. J., Baltimore, Md. Vosburgh, J. W., Albany, N.Y. Voss, E. W. de, Richmond, Va. Waddell, John M., D.D., Oxford, Miss. Wadsworth, Rev. Charles, Philadelphia. Wait, Miss Mary F., Greenville, 111. Walke, J. H., Richmond, Va. Walker, Alexander, Shelocta, Pa. Walker, Cyrus, Macomb, 111. Walker, H. J., Williamsburg, 0. Walker, John, Shelocta, Pa. Walker, John R., St. Louis, Mo. Walker, Peter, Philadelphia. Walker, R. F., Shelocta, Pa. Wallace, Rev. D. A., Nashville, 111. Wallace, Mrs. Elizabeth, Muncy, Pa. W'allace, James, Meigsville, 0. Wallace, Rev. James A., Kingstree, S.C. Wallace, Rev. R. M., Brownsville, Pa. Wallace, W. C, Lawrenceville, N.J. Waller, Rev. D. J., Bloomsburg, Pa. Walton, John, Summit Hill, Pa. HISTORY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. 719 Walton, W. A., Augusta, Gn. Ward, Mrs. Alexis, Albion, N.Y. WaiJ, Ucv. F. De W., Geneseo, N.Y. Ward, L. A., Rochester, N.Y. Ward, Levi, Rochester, N.Y. Wiirdlaw, Rev. T. De Lacey, Paris, Ky. Ware, II. B., Salem, N.J. Warren, Joseph, D.D., Greensburg, la. Warren, L. L., Louisville, Ky. Wasson, John, Albany, N.Y. Wasson, John D., Albany, N.Y. Watkins, F. N., Farmville, Va. Watson, Rev. A. M., Selma, Ala. Watscn, David, Hollidaysburg, Pa. Watson, John, Bordentown, N.J. Watson, S. S., St. Charles, Mo. Watson, WiDiam E., Bordentown, N.J. Watts, Rev. Robert, Philadelphia. Waugh, David, Independence, Pa. Wayt, James, West Liberty, Va. Weakley, H. V., Lancaster, 0. Webster, Rev. C, Middletown Point, N.J. Weir, Duncan, Tamaqua, Pa. Weir, M., Hazleton, Pa. Weiss, Francis, Council Ridge, Pa. Welch, Ashbel, Lambertville, N.J. Welles, Rev. H. H., Kingston, Pa. WelleSj Wm., Wyalusing, Pa. Wellford, F. P., Fredericksburg, Va. West, Nathaniel, D.D., Philadelphia. West, Rev. Nathaniel, Jr., Cincinnati, 0. AVestcott, William, Haddrells, S.C. Whilden, Elias, Haddrells, S.C. Whitaker, Rev. J. A., Belvidere, N.J. W , Philadelphia. White, A., Albany, N.Y. White, Rev. A. D., Trenton, N.J. White, Rev. Charles, Berryville, Va. White, David S., Knoxville, Ala. White, Duncan, Philadelphia. White, John, Hackettstown, N.J. White, Robert, Philadelphia. White, S. S., Kittanning, Pa. Whitehill, Mrs. Margaret, Boalsburg, Pa. Whitlock, John AV., West Chester, N.Y. WTiitridge, Mrs. H. L., Baltimore, Md. Wiggan, George, Tamaqua, Pa. Wilbur, E., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Wilcox, D. F., Columbus, Qa. Wilcox, Hon. G. II., Rodney, Miss. Wilcox, J. S., Augusta, Ga. Wilcox, Timothy, Scranton, Pa. Wiley, Yancey, College Hill, Miss. Will, Adam, Hazleton, Pa. Willcox, L. F., La Grange, Ga. Williams, Rev. F. T., New Hamburg.N.Y. Williams, James C, Philadelphia. Williams, J. D., Pittsburg, Pa. Williams, Owen, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Williivms, Rev. W. G., La Grange, Ala. Williamson, Rev. A., Warren Grove, N.J. Williamson, Rev. James, Athens, Pa. Willis, Rev. H. P. S., Memphis, Mo. Wilson, Alexander, Millville, N.C. ' Wilson, Alexander, Pittsburg, Pa. Wilson, A., Shade Gap, Pa. Wilson, Mrs. Catharine, Boalsburg, Pa. Wilson, Charles, Hillsborough, 0. Wilson, David, Perrysville, Pa. Wilson, Henry R., D.D., Sewicklyville,Pa. Wilson, Rev. H. N., Hackettstown, N.J. Wilson, Rev. J. Leighton, New York. Wilson, J.M.,P.M., Grindstone Point, Mo. Wilson, John, Bordentown, N.J. Wilson, John, Philadelphia. Wilson, John, Jr., Philadelphia. Wilson, Rev. John, PortersviUe, Tenn. Wilson, John K., Sewickly Bottom, Pa. Wilson, John, Sr., Belleville, Pa. Wilson, Mrs. Martha, Sinking Valley, Pa. Wilson, Miss M. V., Shepherdsville, Ky. Wilson, Napier, Columbia, Tenn. Wilson, Rev. S. T., Rock Island, 111. Wilson, Rev. T. B., Xenia, 0. Wilson, Thomas J., Belleville, Pa. Wilson, Hon. Wm., Lambertville, N.J. Wilson, William D., Philadelphia. Wilson, W. H., Beaver Meadow, Pa. Wilson, W. P., Bellefonte, Pa. Wilson, Rev. W. S., Warsaw, la. Wilson, Rev. Wm. V., Moorefield, Va. Wilson, W. W., Mifflintown, Pa. Winne, John, Albany, N.Y. Winning, Rev.Robt., Eaglesham, Scotland. Winterstein, A. J., Summit Hill, Pa. Winterstein, P., Sybcrtsville, Pa. Wissler, Jacob, White Haven, Pa. Witheron, S., Newton Hamilton, Pa. 720 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. Witherspoon, A. J., Linden, Ala. Wolfe, G. R., Milroy, Pa. W , Philadelpliia. AVood, Rev. Charles, Philadelphia. Wood, Rev. D. T., Middletown, N.Y. Wood, Edward P., Lawrenceville, N.J. Wood, F. M., Princeton, N.J. Wood, James, D.D., Philadelphia. Wood, Rev. Jeremiah, Mayfield, N.Y. Wood, John R., Lawrenceville, N.J. Wood, Rev. M. D., Walterborough, S.C. Woodruff, Jonathan, Rahway, N.J. Woods, J., D.D., Lewistown, Pa. Woods, Rev. J. E., Beutonport, Iowa. Wood.side, John, Waterford, Pa. Work, Samuel, Ilolmesburg, Pa. Work, Rev. William R., Pottstown, Pa. Worrell, Rev. C. F., Perrinesville, N.J. Worthington, W., M.D., West Chester, Pa. Wr.-iy, Wm., Mauch Chunk, Pa. Wright, Rev. William, Quincy, 0. Wurts, J. H., Princeton, N.J. Wycoff, Cornelius, Richmond, 0. Wycoff, C. W., Richmond, 0. Wycoff, Isaac, Richmond, 0. Wyers, Wm. F., West Chester, Pa. Wylie, J. D., M.D., Oakland, 111. Wylie, Rev. T. A., Bloomington, la. Wylie, Rev. T. W. J., Philadelphia. Wynkoop, Rev. S. R., Wilmington, DeL Yorks, William, Danville, Pa. Young, Q., Holmesburg, Pa. Young, 0. F., Rome, Pa. Young, William S., Philadelphia. ADDENDA. Adams, Rev. J. B., New Berlin, Pa. Agnew, David, Kinzers, Pa. Alexander, T. T., Columbia, Ky. Bain, Rev. J. R., Nashville, Tcun. Barnet, Rev. J. M., Superior, Wis. Belville, Jas. D., Prairie City, 111. Black, Mrs. Dr., New Castle, DeL Booth, Miss E., New Castle, Del. Bosley, Mrs. E., Nashville, Tenn. Brooks, J. C, Portland, Maine. Cattell, Rev. T. W., Deerfield Street, N.J. Clark, Henry, West Poultney, Vt. Coit, Geo. H., Theo. Sem., Columbia, S.C. Crane, Rev. W. H., Tallahassee, Fa. Cummins, Rev. D. H., Mountain, Tenn. Douglass, Rev. J., Beach Island, S.C. Du Bois, Rev. R. P., New London, Pa. Edgar, Rev. C. H., Easton, Pa. Erwin, Mrs. James, Nashville, Tenn. Ferris, C. E., M.D., Newark, Del. Finney, Rov. Wm., Churchville, Md. French, Mrs. H. S., Nashville, Tenn. Gray, A. C, New Castle, Del. Hamilton, Rev. W., Bellevue, Nebr. Ter. Harrington, Col. Burt, Tuscumbia, Ala. Hayes, Miss Annie, Cochranville, Pa. Hodge, Rev. S., Lyon's Store, Tenn. Hollyday, Rev. W. C, West Point, Iowa. Lanneau, Rev. J. F., Marietta, Geo. Latimer, Mrs. John, Wilmington, De}. Lichtenthaler, M., Prairie City, 111. Low, J. B., Knightstown, Ind. Lowrie, Hon. Walter, New York. Mac.Master, R. D., D.D., New Albany, Ind. Miller, B. J., Coatesville, Pa. Monaghan, Miss Kate, Cochranville, Pa. Morrison, Rev. A. G., Coatesville, Pa. Penland, Rev. A., Whitesburg, Ala. Pike, Rev. John, Rowley, Mass. Polk, Mrs. James K., Nashville, Tenn. Potter, Rev. L. D., Glendale, Ohio. Rumsey, Mrs. M., Salem, N.J. Sample, N. W., M.D., Paradise, Pa. Smith, English & Co., Philadelphia. Stewart, S. L., Prairie City, 111. Stoneroad, Rev. Joel, Woodvale, Pa. Thomson, Rev. P. W., Prairie City, IlL Wallace, Rev. B. J., Philadelphia. Whipple, S. K. & Co., Boston, Mass. Young, Thos. S., Jr., Coatesville, Pa.